Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/dictionaryofamerOOdrakrich p ^ p^ffl mmmm il^X/ t---f-'"'^'fv¥i.7 rnflffl ^^^^^^^ EX LIBRIS pjlf m L — i^^ yi _ — : — __ iiiij 1 n 1~ c^^ 890 DRAKE, F. S. Dictionary of American Biogra- Thick royal 8° sheep. Boston, 1872 DICTIONARY OF American Biography, MEN OF THE TIME; CONTAINING NEAKLY TEN THOUSAND NOTICES OF PERSONS OF BOTH SEXES, OF NATIVE AND FOREIGN BIRTH, WHO HAVE BEEN REMARKABLE, OR PROMINENTLY CONNECTED WITH THE ArtSy Sciences y Literature y Politics y or History y OF THB AMERICAN CONTINENT. GIVING ALSO THE PRONUNCIATION OF MANY OF THE FOREIGN AND PECULIAR AMERICAN NAMES, A KEY TO THE ASSUMED NAMES OF WRITERS, AND A SUPPLEMENT. BY \ FRANCIS S? DRAKE. X^z'^-X'i^^^ BOSTON : JAMES R. OSGOOD AND COMPANY, (.Latb Ticknor & Fields, and Fields, Osgood, & Co.) 1872. ■^1 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 187a, By FRANCIS S. DRAKE, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. % Boston : SttreofyPed and Prtnied by Rand, Avery, ut he acquitted himseif with great credit. He was a contributor to tie North American Review and to the Christian Examiner, and has edited his grandfather's col- lected writings, with a Memoir by himself, in 10 vols. 8vo ; " Letters of Mis. Adams," 4ih ed. 1848 ; and " Letters of John Adams addressed to his Wife ; " also a " Life of John Adams," 2 vols. 1870. His son, Johx Quincv, b. Bos- ton, Sept. 22, 1833 (H. U. 1853), has been sev- eral times democ. candidate for gov. of Ms. Adams, Daniel, M.D , physician, and author of school text-books, b. Townsend, Ms , Sept. 29, 1773 ; d. Keene, N.H., June 8, 1864. Dartm. Coll. 1797; M.D. 1822. He taught a select school in Boston in 1806-13; practised medicine in Lancaster, Boston, and Kvene, N. H. ; was State senator in N. H. in 1838-40; and was president of the N. H. Medical and Bible Societies. Besides an arichmetic, which was extensively used, and other school-books, he pub. an oration at Leom- inster, on the death of Washington ; edited the Telv^cope, at Mt. Vernon, and the Medical and Agricidtural Register, at Boston. — Dartm. CoU. Alumni. Adams, Ebenezer, educator, b. New Ips- wich, N H., Oct. 2, 1765; d. Hanover, Aug. 15, 184J. Dartm. Coll. 1791. Descendant of Henry of Devonshire, Eng., who settled in Braintree ab. 1630. Preceptor of Leicester Acad, in 1792-1806 ; then took charge of the Portland Acad.; prof, of mathematics in Phil- lips (Exeter) Acad.; prof, of languages at Dartm. Coll. in 1809-10, and of mathematics and natural philosophy there in 1810-33. Mem- ber of many scientific and literary societies. Adams, Edwin, comedian, b. Medford, Ms., Feb. 3, 1834. First appeared at the Na- tional Theatre, Boston, Aug. 29, 1853, as Stephen in " The Hunchback." His first ap- pearance in Phila. was Sept. 20, 1854, at the Chestnut, as Charles Woodley in " The Sol- dier's Daughter." His first great hit was at tlie St. Charles Theatre, Baltimore. He has appeared as a star in all the principal cities of the U.S. — Brown's Arner. Stage. Adams, Eliphalet, minister of New London, Cr.. b. Dedham, Ms., Mar. 26, 1677; d. Oct. 4, 1753. H. U. 1694. Ord. Feb. 9, 1709. William, his father, was second minister of Dedham. A Diary kept by him, 1667-85, is in Ms. Hist. Coll. iv. I. Eliphalet was a scholar of reputation, and pub. a number of sermons. His son William, also a minister, d. 1 798. — Sprague. Adam.S, Hannah, historian, b. Med field, Ms., 1755 ; d. Brookline, Ms., Nov. 15, 1831, and was the first person interred at Mt. Auburn Cemetery. Her father was a shop- keeper of literary tastes. Her mother d. when she was but two years of age. Evincing an early fondness for study, she obtained a knowledge of Latin and Greek from some divinity students boarding at her father's house. He failed in business when she was 17 ; and the children were obliged to provide for them- selves. During the Revol. she supported herself by making lace, and teaching. She was, perhaps, the first of those literary women of whom our country has since been so prolific, and, though much esteemed as a writer, de- rived little pecuniary benefit from her literary labors. Her friends, however, contributed liberally to her support, raising for her declin- ing years a comfortable annuity. Simple in her manners, she possessed rare modesty, and great excellence and purity of character. Small in stature, she was, in old age, very diaf, fond of strong tea, and an inveterate suutif-taker. She corresponded with learned men in Europe, among them, the Abbe Gre- goire, who assisted her with material for her " History of the Jews." She pub. " View of Religions," 1784; " History of New England," 1799 ; " History of the Jews," 1812 ; " a Con- troversy with Dr. Morse," 1814 ; " Letters on the Gospels," 2d ed. 1826 ; and " Evidences of the Christian Religion," 1804. Her Autobi- ography, with a continuation by Mrs. G. G. Lee, was pub. in 1832. Adams, Isaac, inventor of the power printing-press in general use, b. Rochester, N.H., 1803; descended from Rev. Joseph of Newington, 1689-1783. His education waa AJDA. # -AJD^ very limited. He first became a factory opera- tive, afterwards learned the trade of a cabinet- maker ; came to Boston ab. 1824, and went into a machine-shop. He invented a printing- press in 1828, which in 1834 he impro\'ed, making it substantially what it now is. Witli bis bro. Seth, he engaged in the manufac- ture of these and other machines, and acquired a competency. Member Ms. senate. Adams, James Hopkins, politician, b. S.C^ab. 1811; d. near Columbia, S.C., July 27, 1861. Yale Coll. 1831. He strongly opposed in the S. C. legisl. in 1830, the nullification doctrine ; was subsequently a member of the Senate; was gov. of S. C. in 18.55-7, and, after the passage of the " Secession Ordinance," was one of the commissioners to treat with the President concerning the U. S. property in South Carolina. Adams, Jasper, D.D., educator, b. Med- way, Ms., 1793 ; d. Charleston, S.C., Oct. 25, 1841. B. U, 1815. He studied theology; was prof, of mathematics in B. U. 1819-24; took charge of Charleston Coll. in 1824, and of Ge- neva Coll in 182.5-7; and was president of the former in 1827-36. He next occupied himself in preparing a treatise on moral science, pub. in 1837. He was in 1838-40 a prof, of geog- raphy, history, and ethics, in West Point Acad., and subsequently had charge of a seminary at Pendleton, S.C. Adams, John, poet and Cong, minister, b. 1704; d. Cambridge, Ms., Jan. 23, 1740. H. U. 1 721 . Son of Hon. John Adams of Nova Scotia. Settled minister of Newport, K.I., Apr. 11, 1728; dismissed Feb. 25, 1730, after- ward settled in Phila. His poems (Boston, 1745) include the Book of Revelations in heroic verse, and evince a lively fancy, and a harmony of versification remarkable for that period. An ingenious and satirical piece on the love of money, pub. during his lifetime, is not included in this volume. He had genius and learning, and was a popular preacher ; was " master of nine languages, and conversant with Greek, Latin, French, and Spanish authors." Adams, John, second President U.S., b. Biaintree, now Quincy, Ms., Oct. 19, 1735; d. there July 4, 1826. H. U. 1755. His father was a selectman and farmer of limited means. He first taught school at Worcester, and be- gan to study law ; though his early inclina- tion was for the army. Returning to Brain tree in 1758, he acquired a good practice, and in 1764 m. Abigail Smith, a woman of superior abilities and sense. He was the author of the Instructions of the Town of Braintree to its Representatives on the Subject of the Stamp Act, which were adopted verbatim by more than 40 towns. App. by the town of Boston, together with Gridley and Otis, to support a me.-norial addressed to the governor and council that the courts might proceed with business without stamps, Adams opened the case, boldly taking the ground that the Stamp Act was absolutely void, parliament having no right to tax the Colonies. Some papers writ- ten by him at this time for the Boston Gazette were subsequently pub. as an " Essay on the Canon and Feudal Law." He moved to Bos- ton in 1768; drafted the instructions to its rep- resentatives; and in 1770 was chosen to the General Court, notwithstanding his defence of Capt. Preston and his soldiers for the " Boston Massacre." He was from this time forward the chief legal adviser of the patriots, and a leader among them. Elected to the Provincial Council in 1773 and 1774, he was negatived by Gov. Hutchinson. Chosen a delegate to the Congress of 1774, he advocated resting colonial rights upon the law of nature as well as the law of England, and shaped the reso- lutions thereupon. On his return, he was cho- sen to the Provincial Congress. At this time, he wrote, under the signature of Novanglus, his reply to Massachusettensis, — a series of ef- fective papers in vindication of the course of Great Britain. An abridgment of them was pub. in Almou's "Remembrancer" for 1775 as " A History of the Dispute with America ; " and they have twice been repub. In the Con- tinental Congress of 1775, he carried the prac- tical measures of putting the Colonies in a state of defence ; adopting the N. E. army al)Out Boston ; and also, to conciliate Virginia and the South, proposed Washington for the chief command. In Sept. he drew up, as one of the Committee of Naval Affairs, rules and regu- lations, the basis of our existing Naval Co.!e. He urged upon Congress to advise all tlu provinces at once to institute governments of their own, which was done. His views upon State governments were printed under the title of " Tlioughts on Government Applicable to the Present State of the American Colonies." Placed on the Committee on the Declaration of Independence, and also on that of Foreign Relations, upon him devolved the task of battling the Declaration through Congress in a three-days' debate. President of the Board of War, June 12, 1776-Dec. 1777, and was also chairman of the committee which decided appeals in admiralty cases from the State Courts. Appointed, Nov. 28, 1777, commis- sioner to France to supersede Deane, he reached Paris Apr. 8, 1778, and finding a want of harmony between the commissioners, Franklin and Lee, advised intrusting the mis- sion to a single person. Franklin having been made sole ambassador, he returned home in time to lake a seat in the State convention for forming a constitution, and took a leading part in its formation. App. by Congress minister to treat with Great Britain for peace and com- merce, he sailed for France in Nov. 1779. Vcr- gennes, the French minister, who distrusted him, finally obtained from Congress the recall of Mr. Adams's powers to negotiate a treaty of commerce, and the conjunction with him of several colleagues, of whom Franklin was one. In July, 1780, he went to Holland to negotiate a loan, and Apr. 19, 1782 was received as am- bassador by the States-General, from wliom he soon after obtained a loan of two million dollars, and with whom he made a treaty of amity and commerce. In Oct. he returned to Paris to assist in making the treaty of peace, and was chiefly instrumental in securing the fisheries to the U. S. With Franklin and Jay he negotiated a treaty of commerce with Great Britain. In the following winter, ho negotiated another Dutch loan ; was conj- ^^OD^ JLJDA. missioned with Franklin and Jefferson to form treaties with foreign powers, and in May, 1785, went as minister to the court of St. James. While at this post, he prepared his " Defence of the American Constitutions." llecalledin Feb. 1788, on his arrival home, he was re-appointed a delegate to Congress, but did not take his seat, having been elected Vice- President of the U.S., receiving the next high- est number of votes to Washington in the first Presidential election. He sustained the policy of Washington, giving, as president of the senate, his casting-vote in many important measures The French Revol., to which he was opposed, led him to write his "Discourses on Davila," in which he controverted the radical democ doctrines of the day. Chosen president by a small majority over Jefferson for the terra begmning Mar. 4, 1797, his ad- ministration was vehemently opposed by the new party under the lead of Jefferson, called Republicans, who were friendly to the French Revol , while the Federal party were deter- mined to preserve neutrality. The French Directory having issued decrees and orders highly injurious to American commerce, a na- vy was set on loot, an army partly levied, with Washington for commander-in-chief; and a quasi war with France ensued. Commission- ers Ellsworth, Davie, and Murray, however, succeeded in arranging the matters in dispute with Bonaparte, then just elected consul. The heavy taxes to meet the expenses of warlike preparations, the ill-advised Alien and Sedition Law, and the charge of being under British influence, countenanced by Hamilton, de- stroyed Adams's popularity ; and in the follow- ing election he received i)ut 65 electoral votes, while Jefferson and Burr had 73 each. His subsequent life was passed in retirement at the homestead in Quincy. At the age of 85, he was chosen a delegate to the Convention to re- vise the Constitution of Ms,, and was request- ed to preside, but dechned. He lived to see his sou President, and to receive Jefferson's congratulations upon it. By a remarkable coincidence, they both expired on the fiftieth anniversary of that Declaration of Independ- dence in which they had both taken so active a part. His dau. Abigail m. Col. Wm. S. Smith, his secretary of legation in Lon- don. He wrote for the Boston Patriot many valuable contributions to the history of his times, a portion of which, entitled " Corre- spondence," was pub. 8vo, 1809. His Letters to Mr. Tudor led to the publication of the Life of Otis, and shed much light on the early his- tory of the Revol. His grandson Charles Francis Adams has pub. his collected writ- ings, including his "Autobiography." Among his other publications are " Twenty-six Let- ers on the American Revolution, written in Holland in 1780;" "Correspondence with W. Cunningham," 1823 ; and Letters on Gov- ernment to Samuel Adams," 1802. Though courteous in manner, Mr. Adams was some- what irritable in temper. Adams John, maj.-gen. C.S.A., b. Tenn. 1825; killed at the battle of Franklin, Tenn., Nov. 30, 1864. West Point, 1846. Entering the 1st dragoons, he was brevetted 1st lieut. for gallantry at Santa Cruz de Rosales, Mar. 16, 1848 ; capt. Nov. 30,1856 ; had seen consid- erable Indian fighting in Utah and N. Mexi- co; resigned Mar. 31, 1861, to join in the Re- bellion. Adams, John Quincy, sixth President of United States, b. Braintree, July 11, 1767 ; d. Washington, D.C., Feb. 23, 1848. H. U. 1787. Son of Pres. John Adams. He re- ceived his name of " Quincy " from his mater- nal grandfather, an influential citizen, who died just as his grandchild was born. In Feb. 1778, he accompanied his father in his mission to France, occupying himself, until his return in Aug. 1779, in studying the French and Latin languages ; enjoying the special favor and friendship of Fi'anklin. In Nov. he made a seconA» content." As a scholar, his attainments were various and profound. Congress devolved upon him the duty of pronouncing the eulo- gium upon Lafayette ; and he also pronounced at Boston the funeral-orations upon Madison and Monroe. As Sec. of State, the claims on Spain were by his influence adjusted ; Florida was added to the Union ; and the republics of S. America recognized. Mr. Adams's adminis- tration favored the application of all the super- fluous revenues of the country to internal improvements. The fearless stand which he maintained in Congress upon the right of petition was in the highest degree honorable to him. He looked upon slavery as an un- mitigated curse. His voice was heard on nearly every important question before the House. When more than fourscore, he was yet " the Old Man Eloquent." Independent, manly, and patriotic, he never swerved from what he believed to be the path of duty ; leav- ing behind him a high reputation for purity and disinterestedness. In 1810, his "Lectures on Rhetoric and Oratory " were pub. ; " Let- ters on Freeuiasonry," in 1833; " Dermot MacMurrough," a poem, 1832; and, in 1848 " Poems of Religion and Society." A Memoir by Josiah Quincy was pub. in Boston, 8vo, 1858. Adams, Matthew, writer, of Boston, d. Mar. 2, 1749. Though a mechanic or trades- man, he had a large collection of books. Dr. Franklin acknowledges his obligations for ac- cess to his library. He contrib. essays to the New-England Journal, and pub. some poetical essays. His son John, minister of Durham, N.H., 1748-78, b. June 19, 1725; d. June 4, 1792. H. U. 1745. Rev. Hugh, minister of Durham, bro. of Matthew. H. U. 1697, d. 1750. — See Drake's Boston, pp. 634, 675, Adams, Nathaniel, author, b. Ports- mouth, N.H., 1756 ; d. Exeter, Aug. 5, 1829. Dartm. Coll. 1775. He began the study of law with Gen. Sullivan ; but, before the ex- piration of his terra, was app. clerk of the N.H. Superior Court, and for more than fifty years oflBciated in the courts of the State. He was the reporter of the first vol. of " Decisions of the N.H. Court," pub. 1819, and author of " Annals of Portsmouth," 1825 ; one of the founders of the N.H. Hist. Society. Adams, Nehemiah, D.D., Cong, clergy- man, b. Salem, Ms., Feb. 19 1806. H. U. 1826 ; And. Theol. Sem. 1829. Settled as col- league with Rev. Dr. Holmes of the First Church, Cambridge, Dec. 17, 1829, and since Mar. 26, 1834, has been pastor of the Essex- st. Church, Boston. Many years an officer of the Amer. Tract Soc. and of the A. B. C. F. M. An eloquent and earnest preacher. Dr. Adams took an active part in the Uni- tarian controversy, and has pub. " Remarks on the Unitarian Belief ;"*' The Friends of Christ," 1851 ; " Autobiog. of Thos. Shepard," &c., 18.32; "Life of John Eliot," 1847; " Southside View of Slavery," 1854, present- ing a favorable view of the institution ; " Cor- respondence with Gov. Wise of Va." on the same subject ; occasional discourses, &c. He was a frequent contributor to the Spirit of the Pilgrims, Boston, 1826-33. Adam.s, Samuel, one of the foremost of the Revol. patriots, b. Boston, Sept. 27, 1722; d. there Oct. 2, 1803, H. U. 1740. LL.D. 1792, Samuel and Pres, John Adams were great-grandsons of the son of Henry, the first emigrant. His ftither, Samuel, many years a rep. in the Ms. Assembly, d. 1747. He studied for the ministry. On receiving the degree of A.M. in 1743, he proposed, and took the af- firmative in the discussion of, the question, " Whether it be lawful to resist the supreme magistrate, if the commonwealth cannot other- wise be preserved 1 " About the same time he pub. a pamphlet called Englishmen's Rights. Unsuccessful as a merchant, as a writer he soon became eminent, preserving by his efforts the estate of bis father, which had been at- tached on account of the " Land Bank Bub- ble," His able writings in opposition to the administration of Shirley procured him public esteem and confidence. App. tax collector, his political opponents styled him " Samuel the Publican." He was a member of a politi- cal club which originated important meas- ures ; fomented hostility to the Stamp Act, the tea-duty, and other aggressive measures; and drew up the instructions of the town of Bos- ton in May, 1764, to its representatives, against Grenville's schemes of parliamentary taxation. Elected a representative in 1765, he was chosen clerk, and for nearly ten years was the soul of that assembly. Courageous and ardent, he was yet prudent, and knew how to bend the passions of others to his pur- pose. He is said to have suggested the congress Avhich assembled at N. Y. in 1765. In conse- quence of the act imposing duties, in 1767, Adams suggested the non-importation agree- ment, which took effect Jan. 1, 1769. On the day following the " massacre " of Mar. 5, 1770, he addressed a public meeting with impressive eloquence, and was chairman of the committee to demand of Gov. Hutchinson the immedi- ate removal of the troops. The stern and in- flexible patriot carried his point, and clearly exposed the fallacy of Hutchinson's reply to the demand. Committees of correspondence were in 1772 first adopted by Ms., on motion of Adams ; and the plan was followed by all the provinces. To Gov. Gage's overture to him to make his peace with the king, he re- plied, " I trust I have long since made my peace with the King of kings. No personal considerations shall induce me to abandon the righteous cause of my country." He was one of those who matured the plan of a general congress; was one of the first delegates ; and was an active member from Sept. 5, 1774, to 1781, rendering most important services to his country. The last official act of the British Government in Ms. was to proscribe John Hancock and Samuel Adams, June 12, 1775. He was one of the earliest and most zealous ad- vocates of independence, which he had avowed as early as 1769, and which he wished to have declared immediately after the battle of Lex- ington. With John Adams he made the draft of the State Constitution, 1779, and also the address of the convention to the people. Pres- ident of the senate of Ms. in 178.1. Member of the convention which adopted the Federal -AJD^ 9 -AJ3E Constitution in Feb. 1788, though objecting to some of its provisions : some of his amend- ments, afterwards agreed to, now form a part of that instrument. Lieut-gov. of Ms. 1789- 94; gov. 1794-7. His only son, Samuel, b. Oct. 27, 1741 (H. U. 1770), studied medicine under Dr. Joseph Warren, served as a sur^^eon during the war, and d. Jan. 17, 1788. Though poor, Samuel Adams possessed a lofty and in- corruptible spirit, waa pure in morals, and grave and austere in manner, though warm in his feelings. An enthusiastic love of liberty, an inextinguishable hatred of tyranny, great promptness of decision, and inflexible firmness, were his prominent characteristics. His Revol. services were not surpassed by those of any in- dividual. From the commencement of the dis- putes, he was incessantly employed, — writing State papers from 1765 to 1774, planning and organizing clubs and committees, haranguing in town-meetings, or filling the columns of the public prints adapted to the spirit and temper of the times. As a speaker, he was pure, con- cise, logical, and impressive; and the energy of his diction was not inferior to the depth of his mind. Jefferson attributed to him a greater share than to any other member of Con- gress in advising and directing its measures in the northern war. He was jealous of all delegated power, even in the hands of a Washington. He was a warm admirer of the French lievol., and belonged to the Republi- can or JefFersonian party. His wife, Elizabeth, dau. of Rev. Samuel Checkley, whom he m. Oct. 17, 1749, was a most exemplary woman. Adams pub. a Letter to the Earl of Hillsborough, a Letter in Ansicer to Thomas Paine, in Defence of Chrislianifi/, and an Oration in 1776. Four Letters on Gooernment were pub. in pamphlet form in 1800. — See Life and Public Services, with extracts from his writings, edited by his grandson, William V. Wells. 3 vols. 8vo, 1866. Adams, Seth, inventor, b. Rochester, N.H., Apr. 13, 1807. Apprenticed to a cabi- netmaker; removed to Boston in 1828; worked in a machine-shop; began business for him- self in 1831 ; in 1833 became intert'sted in the printing-press invented by his bro. Isaac; erected a new machine-shop in 1836, and em- barked largely in manufacturing the new press, and establishtd the firm of I. & S. Adams, which continued until 1856, with great pecuniary profit. In 1849 he began the busi- ness of sugar-refining; and in 1859 built in So. Boston an establishment for this purpose, which is one of the most noteworthy in the world. He has been a member of the city council and of the board of public works. M. A. of Bowd. Coll., to which he gave a con- siderable sum for the enlargement of their buildings. Resides in Newton, Ms. Adams, William, D.D. (N. Y. U. 1842), LL.D. (N. J. Coll. 1869) ; b. Colchester, Ct., 1807. Yale Coll. 1827. His father, John Adams, LL.D., principal of the Colchester Acad., and afterward of that at Andover, Ms., d. Jacki-onville, 111., Apr. 24, 1863, a. 90. Yale Coll. 1795. At 27 he left his N. E. parish to vi.sit the South for his health, became pastor of the Broome-st. Church, N. Y. (1835-53), and has since been pastor of the New School Pres- byterian Church, cor. 24th St. and Madison Ave., N.Y. City. Besides sermons, Dr. Adams has pub. "The Three Gardens, — Eden, Geth- semane, and Paradise." Adams, William T., "Oliver Optic," writer of juvenile books, b. Medway, Ms., July 30, 1822. 20 years a teacher; for 6 years he was principal of the Boylston and Bowditch Schools, Boston. He has pub. " Boat Club," " Woodville," and "Army and Navy" series, 6 vols, each ; " Riverdale," 12 vols. ; " Young America Abroad," 6 vols., and " Starry Flag," 6 vols. These have been pub. by Messrs. Lee & Shepard, Boston, and have attained great popularity. He has for some years edited Oli- ver Optic's Magazine for Boys and Girls. Adams, Winborn, Revol. officer of Dur- ham, N.H., mortally wounded at the battle of Stillwater, Sept. 19, 1777. Capt. 2d N. H. regt., 1775 ; maj. in 1776 ; lieut.-col. in Reid's regt. in the spring of 1777. Adam.S, Zabdiel, minister of Lunenburg, Ms., b. Braintree, Nov. 5, 1739; d. Mar. 1, 1801. H. U. 1759. Ord. Sept. 5, 1764. His father was uncle to Pres. John x\dams. Ab. 1774, he pub. a jjamphlet maintaining that a pastor had a negative upon the proceedings of the church. Some ministers, in consequence of embracing this doctrine, lost their parishes. He pub. sermons on "Church Music," 1771 ; " Christian Unity," 1772 ; " Election Sermon," 1781 ; on Apr. 19, 1783, and at the ordination of E. Whipple, 1788. Addington, Isaac, sec. of the province of Ms., b. Jan. 22, 1645, in Boston ; d. there Mar. 19, 1715. Son of Isaac Addington, sur- geon, by Anne, sister of Gov. Levereti, and was bred to his father's profession. Member of the house of representatives and speaker in 1685; an assist, in 1686; was one of those who opposed the administration of Sir Edmund Andros, and on its overthrow, Apr. 1689, was chosen clerk of the Council of Safety, to whom the government was committed by the people. Sec. from his appointment in 1690 till his death, — a period of nearly 26 years. Judge of the Court of (^ommon Pleas from 1693 to 1702, and chief justice of the Superior Court in 1702-3. He was many years chosen to the council, and was successively clerk, registrar, and judge of the Probate Court of Suffolk; holding the latter office from 1702 till 1715. He was as remarkable for his modesty as for his gr< at integrity, wisdom, and industry. Addison, Alexander, a disting. lawyer of Pittsburg, Pa., b. 1759; d. Nov. 24, 1807. He was judge of that circuit 12 years; was an accomplished scholar and a cultivated writer. He pub. "Observations on Gallatin's Speech," 1798; "Analysis of the Report of a Commit- tee of the Va. Assembly," 1800; " Penn. Re- ports," 1800. Adet (a'da'), Pierre Augustus, French politician and chemist, b. Paris, 1763; d. ab. 1832. Brought up in the artillery service, he quitted it to devote himself to the study of the sciences, but, engaging in politics, was success- ively chief of the administration of the Colo- nies, member of the council of mines, colleague of the minister of marine in 1793, resident at Geneva in 1794, ambassador to the U. S. in -AJDL 10 -A.GS-N 1795-7; was afterward called to the tribunate; prefect of the Nievre in 1803; chosen to the senate in 1809, and to the chamber of deputies in 1814, as a constitutionalist. He pub. some chemical works. In 1796, he presented to con- gress, on the part of the French nation, the tri- colored flag, and in 1797 sent to the Sec. of State the famous note in which the Directory declared that the flag of tiie republic would treat all neutral flags as they permitted them- selves to 1)6 treated by the English, — a decla- ration regarded by our government as contrary to the tenor of the treaty of 1778. Adet then suspended his functions, and returned to France. Adler, George J., Pii.D., author, b. Leip- sic, Germany, 1821 ; d. Bloom ingdale Insane Asylum, N. J., Aug. 24, 1868. U. of N.Y. 1844. lie came to the U.S. in 18.33 ; was prof, of German at the U. of N.Y. from 1846 to 1854, and, until he lost his reason in 1860, was a teacher, and writer of text-books. Among his works are a German grammar, 1846; a reader, 1847; a dictionary, 1848, and a manual of German literature, 1853; a Latin grammar, 1 858 ; translations of the " Iphigenia" of Goethe, and a history of Proven9al Poetry, by C. C. Fauriel, 1860; notes on the Agamemnon of iEschylus, 1861 ; and his last, a " Review of Nathan the Wise," in Putnam's Magazine for Sept. 1868. He delivered lectures in N.Y. on " Koman Literature" in 1862, and in 1864 on Goethe's " Faust." His " Letters of a Luna- tic" appeared in 1854. Adrain, Robert, LL. D., mathematician, b. Carrickfergus, Ireland, Sept. 30, 1775; d. N. Brunswick, N.J., Aug. 10, 1843. He taught school. Was dangerously wounded in the Irish rebellion of 1798, in which he command- ed a company ; escaped pursuit, and, arriving in N.Y., taught school successively at Prince- ton, N.J., York and Reading, Pa., and was a contributor to a scientific journal pub. iu N. Y., and to the Annalist in Phila. ; prof, of mathe- matics and natural philosophy in Rutgers Coll. in 1810-13, and in Col. Coll. in 1813-25; from 1827 to 1834 was prof, of mathematics in the U. of Pa., and also vice-provost ; and after- wards ehgaged in teaching in N.Y, He was a member of many scientitic bodies in Europe and America ; edited an improved edition of " Button's Mathematics," also a periodical, the Mathematical Diary, in 1825-8, and pub. papers on *' The Figure and Magnitude of the Earth," and on " Gravity " in the periodicals of the day." Agassiz (a'-ga-see), Louis John Ru- dolph, naturalist, b. in the parish of Mottier, near Lake Neufchatel, Switzerland, May 28, 1807. Of Huguenot descent : his father was pastor of St. Imicr. He studied at Bieniie and the Coll. of Lausanne, at the Zurich medical school (1824-5), and at the universities of Heidelberg and Munich, besides attending, for four years, Schelling's lectures on philos- ophy. He aided Martius in his great work on Brazil, and, by the help of Cotta the pub- lisher, was enabled to complete his " Natural History of the Fresh Water Fishes of Europe." Receiving at Erlangen the degree of Ph. D., and at Munich that of M. D., he next studied the fishes of the Danube, and gave seven years to the study of fossil fishes. He was enabled by Christenat, a friend of his father, to prose- cute his studies in Paris, and was offered by Cuvier all his own collections. Jieturning in 1832 to Neufchatel, he was app. prof, of natural history tliere. The liberality of Humboldt enabled him to pub. his great work on "Fossil Fishes," 5 vols. (1834-44), with a folio atlas. He arrived in Boston in 1846, intending to study the natural history and geology of the couiitry, and lectured therS on the animal kingdom and on the glaciers. Returning iu the summer of 1847 from a journey south, Prof. Bache, superintendent of the U. S. Coast Survey, tendered him its facilities for the con- tinuance of his labors, of which offer he availed himself, and has since resided in Cambridge, Ms. Prof, of zoology and geology in the Lawrence Scientific school, Cambridge, since its foundation in 1848; in which year he made, with some of his pupils, a scientific explora- tion of the shores of Lake Superior. In 1850, he spent the winter upon the reefs of Florida. While prof, of comp. anatomy in the Charles- ton (8. C.) Med. Coll. (1852-4), he studied the marine animals of that coast. In 1865, he explored Brazil, the results of which, " A Journey in Brazil," by Mrs. Agassiz, was pub. 1867, and another vol., by C. F. Hartt, in 1870. In 1861, he received the Copley Medal from the Royal Society of London. From the Acad, of Sciences, Paris, he has received the Monthyon Prize, for experimental philos., and the Cuvier Prize ; the Wollaston medal from the Geolog. Soc, Lond. ; and the Medal of Merit from the King of Prussia. Member of the leading scientific bodies, and contributor to the prominent scientific journals of Europe and America. LL.D. of the Universities of Dublin and Edinburgh. Plis researches upon the glaciers of the Alps are embodied in "Etudes sur les Glacieres," 1840, and " Sys- teme Glaciale," 1847. Among his works are "Lake Superior," Svo, 1850, and "Contri- butions to the Natural Hist, of the U. S.," of which four vols, only have yet appeared ; "Methods of Study in "Natural Hist.;" Geo- logical Sketches," " The Structure of Animal Life," 8vo, 1862; and "Twelve Lectures on Comparative Embryology," before the Lowell Institute, Boston, 1849. Agate, Frederick S., artist, b. Sparta, N.Y., 1807; d. N.Y. City, May, 1844; visited Italy in 1835 ; was an assiduous student in art, but d. without leaving any works of very great interest. Of those he left, the best known are, "Dead Christ and Mother," " Co- lumbus and the Egg," " The Ascension," and " Count Ugolino." Agnel, Hyacinth R., teacher of French at West Point Milit. Acad, since Feb. 4, 1840, b. N. Y.; d. West Point, N. Y., ab. Feb. 15, 1871. Author of a "Treatise on Chess," 1867, and " Tabular System of French Instruction." Agnew, James, a British gen., killed at the battle of Germantown, Oct. 4, 1777. Maj. 58th Foot, Dec. 1757 ; lieut.-col. 44th, Dec. 1764 ; came to Boston late in 1775 ; was engaged at Brooklyn Heights, Aug. 27, 1776 ; when, as well as in the following campaign, -A.G-XJ 11 -a:ke he com. the 4th brigade of the royal array. He com. a detachment under Gov. Tryon, in his exped. to Danbury, Apr. 26, 1777, and ■was at the battle of Brandy wine, where he was slijihtly wounded by a cannon-ball. Aguirre (a-gel-'-ra). Lope de, a Spanish adventurer. He went to Peru during the exped. of Orsua, in quest of the imaginary Eldorado (1560-61), a history of which has been written by Southey, and committed great atrocities. He prompted Orsua to seize su- preme power, then killed him to obtain his place ; and from that time committed frequent murders. He d. by violence in Venezuela. Ahuitzol, emperor of the Aztecs ab. the close of the 1.5th century, is said to have en- larged his empire, and to have expended large sums in building canals and public edifices in Mexico. Tradition says, that, in 1486, he in- augurated a temple by the slaughter of 72,344 prisoners, the butchery lasting 43 days. Aiken, William, statesman, b. Charleston, S.C., 1806. S. C. Coll. 1825. After travelling for some time in Europe, he returned in 1829, and in 1830 became the pro])rietor of Jehossee Island, 30 miles south of Charleston, where he employed 1,000 negroes, and cultivated near 2,000 acres of rice. Member of the State legisl. in 1838-40; State senator in 1842; governor in 1844-6; and representative to Congress from 1851 to 1857. A Democrat of the Cal- houn school : he was supported by that party in Congress for the speakership, and la -ked but one vote. He has contrib. largely to the local enterprises of that region, making large donations to the Orphan Asylum of Charles- ton, and contrib. to the endowment of the Charleston Coll. and other public institutions of his native city. He took no part in the Rebellion. Aikman, Alexander,, loyalist editor, b. Scotland, 1755 ; d. Prospect Pen, St. Andrews, Jamaica, July, 1838. At 16, he emigrated to Charleston, S.C., and was apprenticed to Rob- ert Wells, printer. He left the country at the Revol., and settled in Jamaica, where he estab- lished the Jamaica Mercury, afterward the Rojjal Gazette. He was many years a member of the House of Assembly, and printer to that body and to the king. In 1795, he sailed for Great Britain, but was captured on the pas- sage, and compelled to ransom his property. — Sabine. Aillebout, Louis d', gov. of Canada 1647-51 ; d. Quebec, 1660. He came to Cana- da with colonists for the Island of Montreal ; administered its government in the absence of Maisonneuve ; was afterward gov. of Three Rivers, and, while gov. of Canada, endeavored, unsuccessfully, to form a combination with the N. -England governors to stop the encroach- ments of the Iroquois. — Mor(jan. Ainslie, Hew, poet, b. Baugeny Mains, Carrick District, Ayrshire, Scotland, Apr. 5, 1792. He received a good education, and in his 17th year went to Glasgow to study law, but,disliking the pursuit, obtained a situation in the Register House, Edinburgh, passing some of his time at Kinniel House, as the amanuen- sis of Dugald Stewart, and left it in 1822 to emigrate to the U. S. He landed at N.Y. City July 26, and purchased a small farm in Hoosic, N.Y. In 1825, he removed to the West, tried New Harmony one year, and, finding it a fail- ure, settled down as a brewer at Shippingport, Ky. In 1829, he built a brewery in Louisville, which was ruined by an inundation of the Ohio in 1832. Another in New Albany, Ind., was destroyed by tire in 1834. He has since em- ployed himself in superintending the erection of breweries, mills, and distilleries, at the West, and is a resident of Louisville, Ky. On the eve of his departure from Scotland, Ainslie pub. "A Pilgrimage to the Land of Burns," a volume of notes interspersed with numerous songs and ballads suggested by a visit to his early home in Ayrshire. These, with his other songs, ballads, and poems, which originally appeared in various maga- zines, were pub. in 1855. — Duyckinck. AinSWOrth, Laban, minister of Jaffrey, N.H., b. Woodstock, Ct., Julv 19, 1757; d. Jaf- frey, N.H., Mar. 17, 1858. Dartm. Coll. 1778. Son of Capt. Wm. Ainsworth. Ord. first pastor of the church at Jaffrey, Dec. 10, 1782, he continued 49 years without a colleague, and was pastor over the same people 76 years. He retained his bodily and mental powers so as to paiticipate at the public services at the church, celebrating his 100th birthday. Aitken, Robert, printer and bookseller, b. Scotland, 1734; d. Phila , July, 1802. He came to Phila. in 1769; pub. iha Pennsylvania Magazine, or Amaican Monthly Miiseiun, i'rom Jan. 1775 to June, 1776, with HojAinson and Witherspoon for contributors, and, for his at- tachment to the cause of liberty, was thrown into prison in 1777, and narrowly escaped a resi- dence in the prison-ships of N. Y. In 1782, he pub. the first American edition of the Bible, by which he was pecuniarily a loser. He is the supposed author of "An Inquiry concerning the Principles of a Commercial System for the U.S.," 1787. Akerly, Samuel, M. D., physician, b. 1785; d. Staten Island, July 6, 1845. Col. Coll. 1804. He studied medicine with his bro.- in-law, S. L. Mitchell. Besides being a large contributor to medical and scientific journals, he was a founder and most efficient supporter of the institutions for the deaf and dumb, and for the blind. Author of " Essay on the Geol- ogy of the Hudson River," 1820; "Observa- tions on Deafness," 1821. Akerman, Amos T., U.S., atty.-gen., app. Jan. 15,1870, b. N.H. 1819 ; adm. to the bar in 1841; removed to Elberton, Ga. in 1850; U.S. atty. for Georgia, 1866-70. Akers, Benjamin Paul, sculptor, b. Sac- arai)pa. Me., July 10, 1825 ; d. Phila., May 21, 1861. At 18 he went to Portland, where he worked in a printing-office; but the sight of Chantrey's statue of Washington in the State Hou.se, Boston, led him to become a si-ulptor. In 1849, he opened a studio in Portland, and modelled busts of Longfellow, and others. In 1851-2, he visited Italy, and, on returning to Portland, modelled a statue of " Benjamin in Egypt," which was exhibited at the N.Y. Crystal Palace in 1853. During a subsequent visit to Washington, he produced busts of Judge McLean, Edward Everett, Gerritt Smith, J^^JLiJ^ 12 J^ILJD and Sam Houston. In Jan. 185.5, he again visited Europe, residing two years in Rome, where lie produced his " Una and the Lion," a statue of "St. Elizabeth of Hungary," the " Dead Pearl-Diver," and an ideal head of Milton, his last, and perhaps his bust produc- tion in Rome. In 18.59, he revisited Rome, where he modelled a statue of Com. M. C. Perry lor the N.Y. Central Park. On return- ing to America in 1800, he established himself first in Portland, and then in Phila., where he died of consumption. He executed about 40 portrait busts and statues, besides some mar- hie copies from the antique. He contrib. papers ou art and artists to the Atlantic Month- ly. His wife, Elizabeth Akers, has contrib. to juvenile literature under the pseudonym of " Florence Percy." A vol. of her poems was pub. in Boston in 1866. Alaman (a-la-man'), Don Lucas, Mexican statesman, b. in the State of Guanaxuato ; d. Mexico, June 15, 1853. Educated at the Coll. of La Minerva, he entered the Mexican army soon after the breaking-out of the war of independence. Soon relinquishing the mil- itary profession for that of the law, he devoted himself assiduously to politics. After the de- position of Iturbide, Alaman became minister of foreign affairs; retiring on the return of the former in 1824. He then visited Europe; but upon the overthrow of Guerrero in Dec. 1829, at the invitation of Bustamente, he re- sumed his former office. Out of a state of the greatest confusion, under his hands, the country soon emerged to a settled and orderly condition; and, during the years 1830-.31, Ala- man effected many useful reforms. He intro- duced European machinery, encouraged indus- trial undertakings, and established a bank for the encouragement of those engaged in man- ufactures. Santa Ana, however, believing Alaman to be interfering with his plans, suc- ceeded in driving him from pul)lic life. He re-appeared in 1837, upon the return of Busta- mente to power; and afterwards became recon- ciled with Santa Ana, who. Mar. 17, 1853, on again coming into power, conferred on him the office of minister for foreign affairs. Alarcon, Hernando de, a Spanish navi- gator of the 16th century, to whom we owe the first precise knowledge of California. He sailed May 9, 1540, in the service of Spain; missed a junction with the exped. of Corona- do on the western coast of America, and, re- turning to New Spain in 1541, drew up his maps and observations. His discoveries and those of Ulloa were so complete, that the map of California of 1541 differs little from that made in our own day. Alarcon y Mendoza (a-lar-kon e m6n- dd tha), DON Juan Ruiz de, a celebrated Spanish-American poet, b. of a noble family at Tashco, Mex. ab. 1600. He was employed in Spain in 1622 ; and in 1628 is named Rela- tor del real Consejo de las Indlas. At a celebrat- ed ^e^e in Madrid in 1634, he was a competi- tor, and bore off the prize, for a dramatic com- position. A writer in the Nouvelle Biographie Universelle (Fcrd. Denis) calls him " The great- est poet that America has yet produced." His comedies were pub. Madrid, 1628; a second vol. in Barcelona, 1634. Some of his pieces have since been repub. in some Spanish collec- tions. — Nouv. Bio(^. Univ. Alcott, Amos Bronson, teacher and philosopher, b. Wolcott, Ct., Nov. 29, 1799. While a boy, he was a vender of merchandise in a small way among the plantations of Va. On his return to Ct., he taught an infant school; removed to Boston in 1S28, and ac- quired reputation as a teacher of young chil- dren at the Masonic Temple. (See "Record of a School," E. P. Peabody, Boston, 1834.) Mr. Alcott then removed to Concord, interest- ing himself in the study of natural theology, and the various questions of reform in educa- tion, diet, civil and social institutions. On his return from Eng. in 1842, he brought with him two of his English friends, Charles Lane and H. G. Wright; and Mr. Lane having bought a farm called " Fruitlands," at Harvard, Ms., they all went there to found a new com- munity. Messrs. Lane and Wright soon re- turned to Eng., and the scheme was aban- doned. Mr. Alcott removed to Boston, and has led the lil'e of a peripatetic philosopher, conversing in cities and in villages, whenever invited, on theoretical and practical questions. He attaches great importance to diet, and gov- ernment of the body, and to race and complex- ion. Author of " Tablets," pub. in 1868, and " Conversations with Children on the Gospels," 2 vols., 1836. Louisa May Alcott, his dau., is the author of " Little Women," " The Old- fashioned Girl," "Moods," " Hospital Sketch- es" (1863), "Emily Chester," and "Little Men." Alcott, Wm. Alex., M D., physician and author, cousin of A. B. Alcott, b. Wolcott, Ct., Aug. 6, 1798; d. Auburndale, Ms , Mar. 29, 1859. Educated at a district school, he sup- ported himself until 25 by farming and teach- ing. His health being poor, he studied medi- cine at Yale Med. School., practised physic a few years, and in 1832 engaged with William Woodbridge in preparing school-geographies and in editing " The Annals of Education " and " The Juvenile Rambler." He wrote upon school reforms in the Hartford and N. Haven papers, gaining a premium from the American Institute of Instruction for his article on the " Construction of Schoolhouses." Abandon- ing animal food and all drinks but water in 1830, his health gradually improved. Remov- ing to Boston in June,' 18-33, he engaged in various reforms in morals, education, and physi- cal training, having for his object the preven- tion of vice, disease, and poverty, and the dis- semination of physiological knowledge. He lectured in different parts of the country. He pub. above 100 works, among them " Young Man's Guide ; " " The House I Live In ; " " Young Woman's Guide ; " " Young House- keeper;" "Library of Health," 6 vols.; " Moral Reform ; " " My Progress in Error ; " " Young Mother ; " " Young Husband ; " "Young Wife;" and "Prize Essay on To- bacco." Alden, Ebenezer, M.D., b. Randolph, Ms., Mar. 17, 1788. H. U. 1808. M.D., U. ofPenn.1812. Practices medicine in R. Au- thor of "Alden Memorial," 1867; "Memoir .^^JL.33 13 ^I^D of Mrs. M. A. O. Clark," 1837; and "Hist. Sketch of Ms. Med. Soc," 1838. Alden, Ichabod, col. Rcvol. army, b. Dux- bury, Ms., Aug. II, 1739; d. Nov. 10, 1778. His father, Capt. Samuel (d. 1781, a. 92), was grandson of John, one of the original settlers of Plymouth. Ichabod was lieut.-col. of the Plymouth regt. before the Revol., lieut.-col. of L. Baldwin's regt. at the siege of Boston, and col. 7th Mass. regt. until slain by the Indians at Cherry Valley. Alden, James, rear-admiral U. S. N., b. Portland. Me., Mar. 31, 1810. Midshipman Apr. 1, 1328; lieut. Feb. 25, 1841 ; commander, Sept. 1 4, 1 855 ; capt. Jan. 2, 1 863 ; commodore, July 25, 1 866. AttacJied to Wilkes's exploring exped. in 1839-42. During the Mexican war was at Vera Cruz, Tuspan, and Tobasco ; com. steamer "South Carolina" early in 1861 ; re- enforced Fort Pickens; attacked the batteries in the rear of Galveston, and captured 13 schoon- ers laden with merchandise; com. steam-sloop " Richmond " at the passage of Forts Jackson and St. Philip and capture of N. Orleans; at the passage of the Vicksburg batteries twice ; at Port Hudson, 1862-3; com. steam-sloop " B -ooklyn " in the action with Forts Morgan and Gaines and rebel gunboats in Mobile Bay ; and in the two attacks on Fort Fisher. He took part in nearly all the great naval battles of the war, and was honorably mentioned in the offi- cial reports. App. in Apr. 1869 chief of the bu- reau of navigation and detail. — Hamersit). Alden, John, Pilgrim, b. England, 1599 ; d. Duxl)ury, Ms., Sept. 12, 1687. He was hired as a cooper at Southampton, where " The Mayflower" victualed, signed the compact in her cabin in 1620, and ab. 1621 m. Priscilla Mullens. He was many years an assist, to the governor; and by his wisdom, integrity, and decision attiuned a commanding influence over his associates, although the youngest of the Pilgrims. Alden, Joseph, D.D. (Un. Coll. 1838), LL D. (Coll. Col. 1857), b. Cairo, N.Y., Jan. 4, 1807. Un. Coll. 1829. He studied 2 years at the Princeton Sem. ; was 2 years tutor in Princeton Coll. Ord. pastor at Williamstown, Ms., July 3, 18.34; prof, in Williams Coll. from Aug. 1835 to 1852; prof of moral pliilos. in Lafayette Coll., Pa. 1852-7 ; pres. of Jeffer- son Coll., Pa., 1857-67; and, since 1867, prcs. of the N.Y. State Normal School. Author of numerous Sabb.-school books, " Elements of Intell. Philos.." " Science of Government in Connection with American Institutions," and " Christian Ethics." At one time editor, and long a coniributor to the A'^ Y. Observer. — Al- den Memorial. Alden, Roger, mnj. Revol. array, b. Leb- anon, Ct., 1748; d. West Point, Nov. 5, 1836. Y. C. 1773. Some time aide to Gen. Greene; agent of the Holland Land Co., residing at Meadville, Pa., from 1795 to 1825; ordnance storekeeper at West Point from Jan. 20, 1825, till his death. Alden, Timothy, D.D , Cong, clergyman and educator, b. Yarmouth, Ms., Aug. 28, 1771; d. Pittsburg, Pa., July 5, 1839. H. U. 1794. Son of Rev. Timothy of Yarmouth (H. U. 1762 ; d. Nov. 13, 1828). He was from Nov. 20, 1799, to Aug. 11, 1805, minister of Ports- mouth, N.H , where he taught school from 1800 to 1808, and in 1810-17 taught in the acad. at Newark, N.J. Removing to N.Y., he prepared and pub. his collection of Epitaphs in 5 vols. 1814, and while teaching in Bos- ton, in 1808-10, made the valuable Catalogue of the Library of the N. Y. Hist. Society. He next removed to Meadville, Pa., where he founded Alleghany Coll , of which he was first pres. (inaug. July 28, 1817), and for which he collected a valuable library. Want of patron- age caused his withdrawal from the college Nov. 11, 1831 ; and he resumed educational labors in Cincinnati in 1832, and in 1834 took charge of an acad. at East Liberty, near Pitts- burg, Pa. He pub. "An Account of Sundry Missions among the Senccas,"- N.Y. 12mo, 1827; "New-Jersey Register," 1811 and 1812; Alleghany Magazine, 1816; "History of the Pine-Creek Ch.," 1839. During the year be- fore his death, he preached as stated supply to the people ia Sharpsburg. — Sprague: Al- den Memorial. Alden, Timothy, inventor of a machine for setting and distributing type, b. Barnsta- ble, Ms., 1819; d. N.Y., Dec. 4, 1858. He was 6th in descent from John Alden, the Mayflower Pilgrim. When very young, and a compositor in his bro.'s priniingoffice, he said, " If I live, I Avill invent a machine to do this tiresome work." He steadily pursued this object, and after 20 years' labor accomplished it. It was improved after his death by Henry W. Alden. Aldrich, James, poet, b. near the Hud- son, Suffolk Co., N.Y., 1810; d. N.Y., Oct. 1856. Educated partly in Orange Co., and partly in N.Y. City. In 1836 he quitted mer- cantile for literary pursuits. He edited sev- eral popular periodicals, and in 1840 estab- lished the Literartf Gazette, in which first appeared many of the poems which established his reputation. One of these, "A Death-Bed Scene," is familiar to most readers. He sub- sequently engagc(l again in business under the style of Aldrich & Barton. — See specimens of his poetrij in Gristvold's " Poets and Poetry of America. Aldrich, Thomas Bailey, poet, b. Ports- mouth, N.H., Nov. 11, 1836. He passed his youth in La. ; was 3 years in a counting-house in N. Y. ; then became " reader " for a large publishing-house; and was afterward a writer for the N. Y. Evening Mirror, and an editor on The Home Journal, and Saturday Press. He has contrib. many poems and prose sketches to Putnam's Monthly, The Knickerbocker, Harp- er's Monthly, and the Atlantic. His writings have been reprinted in Lond. He pub. " The Bells," 1854 ; " Daisy's Necklace, ' 1856 ; " The Ballad of Baby Bell, and other Poems ; " " The Course of True Love," &c , 1858; "Pampinea, and other Poems," 1861 ; "Out of his Head," a prose romance, 1862; "Poems," 1863 and 1865; "The Story of a Bad Boy," 1869.— Duyckinch. Aldridge, Ira, a mulatto actor of merit, b. at Bellair near Bait., Md., 1804; d. Lodz, Polonia, Aug. 7, 1867. Entering in 1826 the service of Edmund Kean, he is said to have AJL.K 14 -AOLK accompanied him to Eng., where he stud- ied for the stage. He subsequently made an unsuccessful attempt at the Mud Theatre, Bait., but shortly afterwards returned to Eng. He made his (id)tU at the Royalty Theatre, Lond., as Othello; met with striking success at once ; and though, in Eng., he was pre- ferred in such plays as " Othello," " Merchant of Venice,'' "Zanga," "Orozcmba," " Pizarro," " Hugo," &c., he was generally regarded as one of the ablest and most faithful interpret- ers of Shakspeare's best characters. He first appeared at Covent Garden Theatre, Apr, 10, 1833, as Othello. At Belfast, Ireland, he played Othello to Kean's lago, and also Orozemba to his Alboin. Upon the Continent, where he performed in the principal cities, lie received tokens of high approbation. The King of Prussia wrote him an autograph-letter accom- panying the first-class medal of art and sci- ence. The Emperor of Austria conferred on him the grand cross of Leopold ; and at Berne he received the medal of merit in the shape of a magnificent Maltese cross. His wife was a white woman. Alemany, Joseph Sadoc, C.S.D., R. C. archbishop of California, consec. bishop of Monterey, June 30, 1850; made archb'p. July 29, 1853. Alexander, Abraham, chairman of the famous Mecklenburg Convention in Mav, 1775 ; d. near Charlotte, N.C., Apr. 23, 1786, a. 68. He was a magistrate of Mecklenb. Co., and represented it in the colonial legisl. Alexander, Archibald, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 1810), Presbyterian divine, b. Rockbridge Co., Va., Apr. 17,1772; d. Princeton, N. J., Oct. 22, 1851. His grandfather, Archibald, came from Ireland to Pa. in 1736, removing ab. 1738 to Va. At the age of 10, he was sent to the acad. of Rev. Wm. Graham a^ Timber Ridge meeting-house. At the age of 17, he became tutor in the family of Gen. John Posey. He studied theology ; was licensed Oct. 1, 1791 ; and was for seven years an itin- erant missionary in his native State. Succeed- ing Dr. Smith in the presidency of Hampden Sidney Coll. in 1796, he resigned that, and also his pastoral charge, in 1801. In 1802, he m. Janetta, dau. of the celebrated blind preacher. Dr. Waddel, and resumed his former position at Hampden Sid. Coll., but, ow- ing to the insubordination of the students, accepted a call from the Pine-st. Church, Phila., where he was installed pastor. May 20, 1807. From 1811 to his death, he was prof of the theological semin'y at Prince- ton. Author of " Outlines of the Evidences of Christianity," 1823; "Treatise on the Can- on of the Old and New Testament," 1826; " Lives of the Patriarchs," 1835 ; " Essays on Religious Experience," 1840; "History of African Colonization," 1846 ; " History of the Log College," 1846; "Advice to a Young Christian ; " " Bible Dictionary ; " " Counsels of the Aged to the Young,"' 1833 ; "Brief Compendium of Bible Truth ; " " History of the Israelitish Nation," in 1852; "Moral Sci- ence," 1852; a Memoir of his old instructor, Mr. Graham ; a " History of the Presbyterian Church in Va. ; " and biographical sketches of distinguished American clergymen and alumni of the college of N.J. He also con- tributed to the Biblical Repertory and other periodicals, and left a number of works in manuscript. {See his life by his son, Dr. J. W. Alexander iV. F., 1 854. ) — Sprague. Alexander, Barton Stone, brcv. brig.- gen. U.S.A., b. Ky. 1819. West Point, 1842. 2d lieut. Eng. Corps Sept. 30, 1843; capt. July 1, 1856; brev. maj.July 21, 1861, for Bull Run ; brcv. lieut -col. May 4, 1862, for siege of Yorktown ; maj. Eng. Corps Mar. 3, 1863; lieut.-col. Mar. 7, 1867 ; brev. brig.-g< n. Mar. 13, 1865, for merit, services in the Rebellion. He has been much engaged in the construction and repairs of forts, and in the erection of Mi- not's Ledge Lighthouse, 1855-61 ; was a.d.c, rank of lieut.-col., on the staff in Va. during the Rebellion, and was consulting eng'r in Sheri- dan's army, Shenandoah Valley, Va., and present at the battle of Cedar Creek, Oct. 9, 1864.— Cm/Z/oh. Alexander, Caleb, D.D., clergyman and scholar, b. Northfield, Ms., 22 July, 1755 ; d. Onondaga, N.Y., April 12, 1828. Y. Coll. 1777. Minister of New Marlboro' 1781-2, and of Mendon from Apr. 12, 1786, to Dec. 7, 1802. Not succeeding in the attempt to es- tablish a college at Fairfield, N.Y., he took charge of an acad. at Onondaga. He ]nib. Latin and English grammars ; an " Essay on the Deity of Christ," 1796 ; " Grammar Ele- ments ; " a translation of Virgil into literal English prose, Worcester, 1796; "Columbian Dictionary," 1800; Arithmetic, 1802, and " Young Ladies' and Gentlemen's Instruc- tor." — Spraque. Alexander, Edmund B., col. U. S. A., b. Va. ab. 1802. West Point, 1823. Asst. Q.- M., rank of capt., 6 Dec. 1833 ; capt. 3d Infy. Julv 7,1838; com. his regt. in Mexico in 1847 ; maj. 8th Infy. Nov. 10, 1851 ; col. 10th Infy. Mar. 3, 1855. Brev. for Cerro Gordo, Contreras, and Churubusco. In the spring of 1863, he was ordered to St. Louis as acting- asst. provo.-marshal-gen. Brev. brig.-gen. Oct. 18, 1865. Retired Feb. 22, 1869. Alexander, James, sec of the province of N.Y., b. Scotland; d. N.Y. Apr. 2, 1756. In 1715, he came to America in consequence of the part he had taken in favor of the Pretender, accompanied by Wm. Smith, afterward chief- justice of N.Y. He was the first recorder of Perth Amboy in 1718, but, having served as an officer of engineers in Scotland, was made sur- veyor-gen. of N.J. and N.Y. He devoted his leisure to the study of the law, in which he at- tained eminence; was many years a member of the legisl. and council ; was deputy-clerk of the council in 1719, attorney -gen. in 1721-3, naval officer 1723-33 ; was a particular friend of Gov. Burnet, and by his industry and abil- ities acquired great wealth. One of the coun- sel for Zcuger, the printer, he was arbitrarily excluded from the bar on that account in 1735, but, on a change of administration, was re- stored in 1737. A stanch advocate of liberal principles, he lost his lite by repairing to Al- bany while suffering from severe illness, to op- pose a ministerial project oppressive to the colony. He, with Franklin and others, founded -AJL.E 15 -AJLE tlie Amer. Philosophical Society. He was the father of Win, Alexander, commonly known as Lord Stirlinj^, and presumptive heir to the earldom of Stirling Alexander, Jamks Waddell, D.D., an eloquent Presb. clergyman and author, b. near Gordonsville, Louisa Co., Va., Mar. 13, 1804; d. at the Va. Springs, July 31, 1859. N.J. Coll. 1820. Eldest son of Dr. Archibald. Tu- tor in N.J. Coll. in 1824. He was a minister in Charlotte Co., Va., from 1825 to 1827; in Trenton, N.J., from 1829 to 1832, and of the Diuine-st. Church, N.Y. City, from 1844 to 1851, when he was elected pastor of the Fifth- ave. Church Editor of the Presbyterian news- paper pub. in Phi la. from 1830 to 1833 ; prof, of rhetoric and belles lettres in N.J. Coll. in 183.3-44; and from 1849 to 1851 prof of ecclesiastical history and church government in the theological sem. at Princeton. The degree of D.D. was conferred on him by La- fayette Coll. Pa., in 1843, and by H. Coll. in 1854. He pub. a vol. of sermons entitled " Consolation; " "Thoughts on Family Wor- ship ;" " The Amer. Mechanic and Working- man ;" a biography of his father. Dr. Archibald Alexander; " Discourses on Chri.'-tian Faith and Practice," 1858; a vol. of "Sacramental Discourses," and " Gift to the Afflicted ; " "Geography of the Bible," 1830; "Plain Words to a Yoang Communicant," 12mo; " Amer. Sunday School and its Adjuncts," Phila., 1856; numerous contributions to the Bib- lical Repertory and Princeton Review, and some of the publications of the American Tract Society. He wrote for the Literary World under the signature of " Caesariensis." After his death, 2 vols, of his letters were pub. by Dr. Hall of Trenton. Alexander, John Henry, chemist and physicist, b. Annapolis, Md., 1812; d. Balti- more, Mar. 2, 1867. In 1850, he pub. a " Uni- versal Dictionary of Weights and Measures," of standard authority. In 1857, he was com- missioner to England on international coin- age, and, in the summer of 1866, was app. by Pres. Johnson a commissioner to the Paris Exhibition, but was taken fatally ill just before he was ab. to set sail. He had held many positions of honor and trust, and was learned on the subject of weights and meas- ures and coins. Author of " Treatise on Math- ematical Instruments,'' &c., 8vo, 1835; " Treat- ise on Levelling by F. W. Simms, with large additions," 8vo, 1838; " Contributiuns to the History of the Metallurgy of Iron," 1840; " Introits, or Ante-Communion Psalms," 12mo, 1844 ; " Reports on Standards of Weights and Measures for Md.," 8vo, 1846 ; " Catena Domi- nica," Phila. 12mo, "Reports on the new Map of Md.," 1838-40; "International Coinage," 8vo, Oxford, 1857. Various papers by him are in the scientific journals of Europe and the U.S. A memoir by Wm. Pinkney, read before the Md. Hist. Society, was pub. Baltimore, 8vo, 1867. Alexander, Joseph Addison, D.D., a learned divine and author, b. Phila. Apr. 24, 1809 ; d. Princeton, N.J., Jan. 28, 1860. N J. Coll. 1826. Son of Dr. Archibald. From 1830 to 1833, he was adjunct prof, of ancient languages and literature in his alma mater, and was prof, of biblical criticism and ecclesi- astical history at Princeton Theol. Sem. from 1838 to 1852, when he was transferred to the chair of biblical and ecclesiastical history, which he held till his death. He received the degree of D.D. from Marshall Coll., Pa. His works are "A Translation of and Commen- tary on the Psalms," 3 vols. ; " A Critical Commentary on the Prophecies of Isaiah," and an abridgment of the same; a vol. on primitive church government, and numerous essays in the Biblical Repertory and Princeton Review. He subsequently aided Dr. Hodge in preparing a commentary on the New Testa- ment. He was an excellent linguist. — See a memoir by TL C. Alexander, 1869. Alexander, Dr. Nathaniel, gov. of N. C. 1805-7, b. Mecklenburg, 1756; d. Salis- bury, Mar. 8, 1808. Princeton Coll. 1776. He served in the Revol. army, and afterward practised medicine at the Higii Hills of Santee and Mecklenburg. He was several years a member of the legisl. andM.C. 1803-5. Alexander, Stephen, LL.D. (Col. Coll. 1852), astronomer, b. Schenectady, N.Y., Sept. 1, 1806. Un. Coll. 1824; Princeton Theol. Sem. 1832. Tutor in N.J. Coll. in 1833, ad- junct prof of mathematics from 1834 to 1840, prof, of astronomy from 1840 to 1845, of mathematics from 1845 to 1854. He has since that period held the professorship of mechan- ics and astronomy. Author of many scien- tific papers, some of which have been trans- lated and pub. in Europe. Among them is one on the " Physical Phenomena attendant upon Solar Eclipses," one on " The Funda- mental Principles of Mathematics," one on "The Origin of the Forms and the Present Con- dition of some of the Clusters of Stars," on " The Form and Equatorial Diameter of the Asteroid Planet," and also on the " Harmo- nies in the arrangement of the Solar System." In 1860, be led an exped. to the coast of Lab- rador to observe the solar eclipse of July 18. Alexander, William, first earl of Stir- ling, created earl in 1633, b. 1580; d. Lond., Feb. 1640. Through the friendship of Sir Fer- dinando Gorges, Sir Wm. received, Sept. 10, 1621, a patent, embracing the whole territory of Acadia, which was confirmed to him and his heirs by King James, and erected into a pala- tinate to be holden as a fief of the crown of Scotland. It resulted, however, only in losses and disappointments. He was knighted in 1613. Chai-les I. founded the order of Nova- Scotia baronets in Scotland to further the settlement. Sir Wm. was subsequently made sec. of State for Scotland, and created Viscount Canada. He was a poet of some merit. His uncle, John Alexander, was the ancestor of Lord Stirling of the Revol. army. He developed his colonization scheme in a pamphlet, "An Encouragement to Colonies," 1 625 ; " The Map and Delineation of N. Eng- land," &c., 1630. Alexander, William, " Lord Stirling," maj.-gen. Revol. army, b. N.Y. City, 1726; d. Albany, 15 Jan. 1783. Son of Sec. James Alexander. He received the best education the country afforded ; became the partner in AJL,^ 16 AJL^JL, business of his mother, the widow of David Provost ; joined the commis.'sariatof the British army, and, attracting the notice of Gov. Shirley, was for three years his aide-de-camp and pri- vate sec. Accompanying Shirley to Eng. in 1755, he was examined before the House of Commons in 1757, and commenced the prosecution of his claim to the earldom of Stirling, in which he was unsuccessful. Soon after his return in 1761, he m. the dau. of Philip Livingston. He succeeded his father as surveyor-gen., and, until the Revol., was a member of the prov. council. A prominent patriot, he was app, a col. in 1775, and Mar. 1776, was com mis. brig.-gen. by Congress. When Gen. Lee left for the South, Stirling was left in command at N.Y. His bravery was conspicuous at the battle of Long Island, 26 Aug. 1776, and he was made prisoner, but was soon exchanged. Maj.-gen. Feb. 1777. Disting. at Brandy wine and at Gcr- mantown, where he com. the reserve. At Monmouth, he com. the left wing, and so disposed his command as to aid in the success of the day. In 1781, he took command at Albany. He aided in founding a library ibr his native city in 1754, and in the founding of King's, now Col. Coll. His youngest dau. m. Col. Wm. Duer. He pub, "An Account of the Comet of June and Julv, 1770," in Am. Philos. Coll., and "The Conduct of Maj.-Gen. Shirley Briefly Stated." He was convivial in his habits, and dignified in his appearance, and displayed considerable scientific attainments, — See Life of Lord Stirling Inj his grandson, Wm. A. Duer, in N.J. Hist. Coll. Alexander, William, of the U. of Penn,, author of " Poetical Works," and sketch of his life. Phila., 1847. Alford, John, founder of the professor- ship of natural religion, moral philosophy, and civil polity in Harvard Coll., b. 1686; d. Charlestow'n, Ms., Sept. 29, 1761. He had been a member of the colonial council. His executors divided his bequest for " charitable uses " equally between Harvard Coll., Prince- ton Coll., and the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel among the Indians. To the latter $10,675 was paid in 1787. Alger, Cyrus, iron-founder, b. W. Bridge- water, xMs., 1782 ; ^ d. Feb. 4, 1856. He com- menced early in life the business of an iron- founder at Easton, but in 1809 established himself in South Boston ; made n)any improve- ments in the art of casting, and was partic- ularly celebrated for the excellent cannon which were made at his estai)lishment. He was prominent in various projects beneficial to South Boston. He was liberal and charitable, was a memi)er of the city council the first year of its organization, and alderman in 1824 and 1827. Alger, Rev. Horatio, jun., author, b. N. Chelsea, Ms ,Jan. 13, 1834. H.U. 1852 ; Camb. Theol. School 1860. From 1852 to 1857, he was a teacher, and wrote for the Bos con and N.Y. press. In 1861, he made a European tour. From 1861 to 1864, he was a private tutor at Cambridge, Dec. 8, 1864, he was ord. over a Unitarian Church at Brewster, Ms. He pub. " Bertiia's Christmas Vision," 1855 ; •' Nothing to Do, a Tilt at our Best Society," a poem, 1857; "Frank's Campaign; or, What Boys Can Do," 1864; "Paul Preston's Charge," 1865; and has contributed a number of poems to Harper's Weeklij and other period- icals. Alger, William Rounseviile, clergy- man and author, b. Freetown, Ms., Dec. 30, 1822, Camb, Theol, School, 1847. In that year he became minister of a Unitarian society at Roxbury,and in 1855 exchanged lor a similar charge in Boston. He now preaches at the Music Hall, Boston. He ])ub. " A Svmbolic History of the Cross of Christ," 1851"; "The Poetry of the East," 1856. His chief work is " A Critical History of the Doctrines of a Future Life," with a Complete Bibliography of the Subject, by Ezra Abbot, 1864. He also edited with an introduction, in 1858, " Studies of Christianity by James Alartineau." Contrib. to the Christian Examiner and other periodicals. — Dui/ckinck. Alison, Francis, D D., Presb. divine and scholar, b. Lac, Donegal Co., Ireland, 1705 ; d. Phila. Nov. 28, 1779. U. of Glas- gow. He came to America in 1735; was pastor of a church at New London, Pa., until 1752, when he took charge of an acad, in Phila, He had previously taught school at New London, and was the tutor of many of the eminent men of the Revol. From 1755 until his death, he was vice-provost, and prof, of moral philosophy of the College of Phila,, and pastor of the First Church, In Aug. 1758, he was chaplain to Col, Byrd's exped, to Fort Cumberlaud, He received the degree of D.D, from the U, of Glasgow in 1758. By his will he freed all his slaves. May 24, 1758, he preached before the synods of N.Y, and Pa. a sermon, entitled " Peace and Unity recommended," — Sprague. Allan, Col, John, Revol, patriot, b. Edinburgh Castle, Scotland, Jan. 13, 1746 ; d. Lubec, Me., Feb. 7, 1805, Wm. his father, a retired British officer, emigrated to Nova Scotia in 1749. John engaged in agricultural and mercantile pursuits near Fort Cumberland ; became a justice of the peace, clerk of the Supreme Court, and was a member of the Provincial Assembly in 1770-6, Sympathizing with the Americans in their struggle for liberty, he secured to them the friendship of the Indian tribes in his vicinity, and applied personally to Congress, who app. him superintendent of the Eastern Indians and a col. in the army in Jan. 1777. The authorities of N. S. ofi^'ercd a reward of £100 for his apprehension ; and, during the struggle, his house was burned, and his wife kept for months in prison at Ilalifiix. Col. Allan rendered great service to the patriot cause, and, with his Indian allies, protected the exposed north-eastern frontier. In 1784, he settled in Maine. He received from the govt, of Ms, 22,000 acres of wild land (now the town of Whiting) in 1792, and in 1801, in consequence of losses incurred by him in the war, a grant from Congress of 2,000 acres in Ohio, where Columbus now stands, but then of little value. — See " Military Ope- rations in Eastern Maine and Nova Scotia," by Frederic Kidder. J^SLuT^ 17 .AJL.L Allen, Rev. Benjamin, rector of St. Paul's Church, rhila. ; d. at sea on his return from Europe, Jan. 27, 1829. Author of " Hist, of . the Church of Christ," 2 vols. 1833. Editor of the Christian Magazine. — See Memoir by his brother, Phila., 1832. Allen, Charles, LL.D. (H. U. 1863), ju- rist and statesman, b, Worcester, Ms., Aug, 9, 1797; d. there Aug. 6, 1869. Adm. to the bar in 1818, he began practice at New Brain- tree, but soon removed to Worcester. Mam- years a member of the State legisl. ; member of the North-eastern Boundary Commission in 1842; Judge C. C. P. 1842-4; chief-justice Suf- folk Co. Sup. Court 1858-9, and of the Mass. Sup. Court 1859-67; M. C. 1849-53. One of the founders of the Free Soil party; editor of the Boston Whig, afterwards called the Re- publican. An influential member of the Const. Conv. of 1853, and a delegate to the Peace Congress in 1861. A sound lawyer, and an able and upright judge. He rec'd an hon. degree from Y. C in 1836. Allen's Reports make 14 vols. (1861-8). Allen, David Oliver, D.D., missionary, b. Barre, Ms., 1804; d. Lowell, Ms., July 17, 1863. Amh. Coll. 1823. After working on a farm, and teaching, he studied at the And. Theol. Sem., and in Sept. 1827, went to Bom- bay. There he labored until his return in June, 1853; and in 1856 pub. a " History of India." From 1856 to 1860, he preached at Wenham and other places. Myka his wife d. Bombay, Feb. 5, 1831. He contrib. extensive- ly to journals in India and America. Member of the " Royal Asiatic " and " American Ori- ental " societies. Allen, Ebbnezer, Revol. soldier, and one of the founders of Vt. ; d. 1805. He was at the capture of Ticonderoga and Mount Defi- ance, and disting. himself in the battle of Ben- nington. — Rogers. Allen, Ephraim W., printer, and 30 years editor of the Newbaryport Her>tld, b. about 1 780; d. Mar. 9, 1846. Allen, Ethan, Revol. soldier, b. Litchfield, Ct., Jan. 10, 1737; d. Burlington, Vt., Feb. 12, 1789. His parents removed to Cornwall, and subsequently to Salisbury ; where, in 1762, Ethan was one of the proprietors of the iron furnace. Of six brothers who received the bare rudiments of education, four emigrated in 1772 to the territory west of the Green Mountains,' where Ethan had preceded them in 1766, and where they became renowned in the border feuds and in the Revol. struggle. This territory called " The New-Hampshire Grants," was claimed by N. Y. ; but the settlers, under the lead of Allen, seconded by Seth Warner and Remember Baker, resisted their sheriffs and constables, and held them at bay, until the Revol. turned the efforts of all in another direction. During this controversy, several pamphlets were written by Allen, and in his peculiar manner, which were well suit- ed to the state of public feeling, exhibiting the injustice of the claims. The State of N. Y. declared Allen an outlaw, and offered a re- ward of £150 for his capture. Immediately after the battle of Lexington, a plan for the capture of Ticonderoga was matured in Hart- 2 ford; and Edward Mott and Noah Phelps with 16 men were joined by Cols. Easton and Brown at Pittsfield, and by Allen at Benning- ton, who was chosen to command. At Castle- ton, they were joined by Arnold, who had been commissioned by the Massachusetts Commit- tee to raise 4U0 men for the same object, and who, it is said, accompanied the expedition as a volunteer. They arrived at the lake oppo- site the fortress, on the evening of May 9 ; and at daybreak, Allen, with 83 men, surprised the garrison, and captured the stronghold with all its valuable stores. The capture of Crown Point by Col. Warner the same day, and of a sloop-of-vvar soon after, gave them the mastery of Lake Champlain, and gave a brilliant eclat to the opening of tlie war. His success as a partisan, occasioned his being twice despatched into Canada, during the fall of 1775, to gain over the Canadians to the American cause. In the last of these expeditions, he undertook, in conjunction with Col. Brown, the capture of Montreal. Crossing the river with 110 men on the morning of Sept. 25, he was attacked by a large force, before Col. Brown could ef- fiect a junction, and made prisoner. He was put in irons, and treated with great severity by Gen. Prescott; then sent to Eng., and treated with extreme cruelty on the passage, by Brooke Watson. After three weeks' con- finement in Pendennis Castle, he was, in Jan. 1776, sent to Halifax; and, five months after, was removed to N. Y. He experienced great kindness from the captain ; and, while on the passage, his refusal to join in an attempt to seize the vessel, prevented the execution of the plan. May 6, 1778, he was exchanged for Col. Camp- bell, returned to Vt., where he was received with honors, and given the command of the militia ; receiving also from Congress the com- mission of lieut.-col. in the Continental Army. A fruitless attempt was made by the British, through Beverley Robinson, to bribe him to lend his support to a union of Vt. with Cana- da, the only result of which was, that, by feigning negotiations, Allen was able to secure the neutrality of the British towards his moun- taineers until the close of the war. As a member of the State legisl. and a special dele- gate to Congress, he succeeded in his great ob- ject, — the ultimate recognition of Vt. as an independent State. Before the end of the war, he removed to Bennington, thence to Arling- ton, and finally to the vicinity of Onion River, where he died. Two of his sons, graduates of West Point, became capts. of artillery. Be- sides a narrative of his captivity, and some pamphlets on the Controversy with N. Y., he pub. in 1784 " Allen's Theology, or the Oracles of Reason," the first publication in the U. S. openly directed against the Christian religion. He was a brave, generous, and independent man, butwaseccentric and ambitious. A Life by Hugh Moore was pub. Plattsburg, 12mo, 1834; " Ethan Allen, and the Green Mountain Heroes of '76," by H. DePuy, 8vo, Buffalo, 1853. There is also a memoir in Sparks's Amer. Biog., vol i. Allen, Heman, LL.D., lawyer and politi- cian of Colchester, Vt., b. Poultney, Vt., Feb. 23, 1779; d. Highgate, Vt., Apr. 9, 1852. -ax.il. 18 AJToL, Dartm. Coll. 1795. Son of Maj. Heber, and nephew of Ethan Allen. He adopted the pro- fession of the law, was sht;ritf of Chittenden Co. in 1 808-9 ; chief-justice of the county court from 1811 to 1814; an active member of the State iegisl. from 1812 to 1817 ; quartermaster of militia with the title of brij^adier ; and a trustee of the U. of Vt. M. C. 1817-18. U. S. marshal for the liistrict of Vt. 1818-23. He was minister to Chili in 1823-8, and held the Presidency of tiie U. S. Branch Bank at Burlinjjfton, from 1830 until the expiration of its charter. — Darlin. Coll. Alainni. AUeu, Henry, a religious enthusiast, b. Newport, R.I., June 14, 1748; d. Northamp- ton, N.H., Feb. 2, 1784. He was settled at Falmouth, N. S., where he taught that our first JDarents were not corporeal before the Fall, that there will be no resurrection of the body, and that men are not bound to obey the ordi- nances of the gospel. He pub. some treatises and sermons, and a book of lyrics. Allen, Henry Watkins, statesman and soldier, b. Prince Edward Co., Va., Apr. 29, 1820; d. city of Mexico, Apr. 22, 1866. His father. Dr. Thomas Allen, removed to Lexing- ton, Mo. Disliking mercantile life, the son was placed in Marion Coll., but ran away two years after ; became a teacher at Grand Gulf, Mpi. ; studied law, and had attained a successful practice, when, in 1842, he raised a company for the Texan war. After its close, he returned, married, and in 1846 was elected to the State Iegisl. He afterward settled on his estate at West Baton Rouge; and in 1853 was in the La. Iegisl. In 1854, he went to Cam- bridge U. as a law-student. He visited Europe in 1859, one result of which was a volume of " Travels of a Sugar-Planter." Re-entering the Iegisl., he became a prominent speaker, and, when Buchanan became Pres., left the Whig for the Democ. party. When the Rebellion broke out, he was made lieut.-col., and then col., of the 4th La., and afterward military gov. of Jackson. He was wounded at Shiloh, com. a brigade at Baton Rouge, where he was despe- rately wounded; was made brig.-gvi.i. in Sept. 1864, but almost immediately after was elected gov. of La. In this position, he showed great ability, improving the finances of the State, encouraging manufactures, and enforcing the laws. At the close of the war, he took up his residence in Mexico, where he established the Mexican Times, which he edited until his death. — See " Recollections of Henry W. Allen," bij Mrs. Sarah A . Dorsey. iV. F., ' 1 86 7 . Allen, Ira, one of the founders of Vt., b. Cornwall, Ct., Apr. 21, 1751 ; d. Phila., Jan. 7, 1814. A younger bro. of Ethan, he went with him to Vt., and took part with him in the controversy with N.Y. He was an active patriot; was a member of the Iegisl. in 1776-7; a member of the convention which framed the constitution of Vt. in 1778; was sec. of State, and subsequently surveyor-gen., and treasurer, and member of the council. Upon Burgoyne's advance, Allen, then a mem- ber of the Committee of Safety and a col. of militia, suggested the raising a regt. by the confiscation and sale of Tory property. It was soon raised, and, together with that of Col. Warner, did good service in the battle of Ben- nington. With Messrs. Bradley and Fox, he was a commissioner to Congress in 1780-81, in behalf of Vt., and in opposition to the claims of neighboring States. In Apr. 1781, he was app. to settle a cartel, and also to agree to an armistice with the British troops in Canada, which was accordingly done. The.se politic measures brought about a final settlement of the difficulties with N.Y., whose claims were extinguished upon the payment of $30,000. In 1789, he drew up a memorial in favor of the establishment of the University at Burlington. In Mar. 1792, he was a delegate to the con- vention which ratified the U.S. Constitution. In 1795, having become senior maj. -gen. of mi- litia, he went to Europe to purchase arms for the supply of his State. On his way home with the muskets and cannon purchased of the French Republic, he was taken and carried to Eng., where, after a litigation of eight years in the Court of Admiralty, on the accusation of intending to supply the Irish rebels with arms, the case was decided in his favor. In 1798, he was imprisoned in France, and returned home in 1801. He was the author of a "Natural and Political History of Vermont," 8vo, London, 1798, and of " Statemehts Appended to the Olive Branch," 1807. Allen, Isaac, lawyer and loyalist of Trenton, N.J.; d. Frederickton, N.B., 1806, a. 65. N.J. Coll. 1762. In 1782, he was lieut.- col. of the 2d batt. of N.J. Vols. One of the grantees of St. John, N.B., he held a seat in the council, and was a judge of the Supreme Court. — Sabine. Allen, James, clergyman, b. Eng., 1632; d. Boston, Sept. 22, 1710. Fellow of New Coll., Oxford. Having been ejected for non- conformity, he came to N.E. in 1062, with a high reputation as a scholar and divine, and was ord. Dec. 9, 1668, as colleague with Mr. Davenport in the First Church, Boston. In 1669, 17 ministers pub. their testimony against the conduct of Allen and Davenport in regard to the settlement of the latter. This contro- versy between the 1st and 3d churches inter- ested the whole Colony. The General Court having, in 1670, declared the conduct of those churches and elders who assisted in establish- ing the 3d church illegal and disorderly, at its next session, some of the members being changed, the censure was taken off. Mr. Al- len possessed great Zealand influence, and took a deep interest in Harvard Coll., of which cor- poration he was several years a member. He pub. occasional sermons and essays on polemic divinity. Allen, James, first minister of Brookline, Ms., b. Roxbury, 1692; d. Feb. 18, 1747. H. U. 1710. Ord. Nov. 5, 1718. In 1722, he pub. a "Thanksgiving Sermon," in 1727 a " Discourse on Providence ; " a " Fast Ser- mon on the Great Earthquake in 1731." Allen, James, poet, b. Boston, July 24, 1739 ; d. there Oct. 21, 1808. The son of a wealthy merchant, he studied at Harvard Coll. but left it at the end of the third year. His chief production, " Lines on the Massacre," written at the retjuest of Dr. Warren, to ac- company the oration which he delivered, was AJUla 19 AX.L suppressed by the committee having the sub- ject in charge, owing to suspicions of his polit- ical faith. His friends, indignant at this treat- ment, pub. it, with extracts from the " Retro- spect," also by Allen, which they accompanied by a vindication of the author's political sound- ness and poetical merits: pub. Boston, 1772. He also wrote a patriotic epic, entitled " Bun- ker Hill," now supposed to be lost, and a few magazine pieces. — Uuijckinck. Allen, Col. John, b. Rockbridge Co., Va., Dec. 30, 1772; killed in battle of the River Raisin, Jan. 22, 1 813. His father was an early settler in Ky. The son was educated at Dr. Priestly's acad. at Bardstown ; settled in the practice of law at Shelby ville in 1795, and at- tained high rank in the profession. Early in 1812, he raised a regt. of riflemen, part of which was in the action at Brownstown, Jan. 18, 1813. It formed the left wing of the American force at the disastrous battle of the River Rai- sin. — Collins' s Hist, of Kentucky. Allen, Joseph, b. Boston, Sept. 2, 1749 ; d. Worcester, Sept. 2, 1827. H. U. 1774. His mother was a sister of Samuel Adams. He was a merchant in Leicester, Ms., and an ac- tive Whig ; a member of the State Const. Con v., 1778 ; clerk of Worcester Co. court from 1776 to 1810; M. C. 1811-13; council- lor 1815-18 ; a founder and patron of Leicester acad. He went to Worcester 1776. Allen, Joseph, D.D. (H. U. 1848), b. MedHeld, Ms., Aug. 15, 1790. H. U. 1811. Ord. 1814. He studied theology under Rev. Dr. Ware at Cambridge. Onl. minister of Northboro' Oct. 30, 1816, — a post he still re- tains. Deleg. to the Peace Congress at Paris in 1849. Author of " Hist. Account of North- boro' " in Worcester Alag., July, 1826; "Ser- mon on Completing the 25th Year of his Min- istry." 1841; "Centennial Discourse," 1846; " Memoir of Rev. Dr. Lathropof Sprinj^field," 1823; " Hist, of the Worcester Association," 1868; ' Allen Genealogy," 1869. Allen, Moses, minister of Medway, Ga., b. Northampton, Ms., Sept. 14, 1748; d. Feb. 8,1779. N.J. Coll. 1772. Ord. at Christ's Church parish, near Charleston, S.C., Mar. 16, 1775; resigned June 8, 1777, and established himself at Medway. His emigrant ancestor, Samuel, d. Windsor, Ct., 1648. An ardent patriot, he became obnoxious to the British, who dispersed his society, and burned his meeting-house. Made prisoner at the capture of Savannah, and put on board a prison-ship, he was drowned in attempting to escape to the shore. Allen, Paul, editor and poet, b. Providence, R.L, Feb. 15, 1775; d. Baltimore, Aug. 18, 1826. B.U. 1796. After studying law, he went to Phila., where he wrote for the Portfolio and U.S. Gazette. In 1801, he pub. a small vol. of poems, superintended the publication of" Lewis and Clarke's Travels," in 1814 ; and projected a " Life of Washington," and obtained a great number of subscribers, but from indolence made no effort to fulfil the obligation he had in- curred. Successivelv editor of the Federal Re- piihlican, the Journal of the Times, and a con- tributor to the Portico, a magazine, he sank into poverty, and was for a time insane. He final- ly became editor of the Morning Chronicle, at Baltimore, which he conducted until his death. In 1819, a history of the Amer. Revol. appeared in his name, but really written by John Neal, and another friend, named Watkins. Allen contrib. a portion of the preface. His poem of " Noah," pub. in 1821, was judiciously re- duced from 25 to 5 cantos, by his friend Neal. He also pub. a " Life of Alexander L," 1818. Allen, Philip, politician, b. Providence, R.I., Sept. 1, 1785; d there Dec. 16, 1865. B. U. 1803. He was long and successfully en- gaged in the cotton manufiicture in R.L ; was a member of the State legisl. in 1819-21 ; gov. of R.L 1851-3 ; and U.S. senator, 1853-9 ; pres. of the U.S. Branch Bank, 1827-36. He constructed the first Watt and Boulton steam- enjjine in Providence. Allen, Phineas, editor, b. Northampton, Ms., Aug. 11, 1776; d. Pittsfield, Ms., May 8, 1860. Son of Rev. Solomon. After serving an apprenticeship in the office of the Hampshire Gazette, he established, Sept. 16, 1800, the Pitts- field Sun, which he continued 60 years. He was often in the State legisl. AUen, Richard L., agriculturist, b. Hamp- den Co., Ms., Oct. 1803 ; d. Stockholm, Sweden, Sept. 22,1869. He was a merchant in N.Y., but impaired health led him to farming on a tract on the Niagara River, in 1832. In 1842, with his bro., A. B. Allen, he founded the American Agriculturist, contributing, co- editing, and publishing 14 years; when the brothers relinquished editing to carry on the agricultural-implement business, which became very extensive. He pub. " The American Farm-Book," 8vo, 1856 ; a valuable treatise on " The Diseases of Domestic Animals," 1848 ; "American Agriculture," and "American Farmer's Muck- Book," 18mo. At the time of his death, he was making the tour of Northern Europe. Allen, Col. Robert, soldier and politi- cian, b. Augusta Co., Va., 1777 ; d. near Car- thage, Tenn., Aug. 19, 1844. Bred a merchant, he settled in Carthage about 1804, and was many years clerk of the county court. He commanded a regt. in the War of 1812, serving under Jackson with honor and credit. He was a member of Con<^ress in 1819-27. Allen, Robert, brig.-gen. vols., b. O. West Point, 1836. Entering the 2d Art., he was made 1st lieut. July 7, 1838; assist.-quarter- master. May 11, 1846; brev. maj. for gallant and merit, conduct at Cerro Gordo, Apr. 18, 1847; quartermaster of Twiggs's division in the Valley of Mexico; capt. Oct. 19, 1847; maj. May 17, 1861 ; aide-de-camp, rank of col., Feb. 19, 1862; brig.-gen. May 23, 1863. He was stationed at St. Louis, where his services were of the greatest value during the Rebellion, since which he has been chief quartermaster div. of the Pacific; brev. maj.-gen. March 13, 1865 for merit, services in the Rebellion ; col. and as.sist. qnartcrmaster-gen. July 28, 1866. Allen, Samuel, gov. of N.H. ; d. New Castle, May 5, 1705, a. ab. 70. A merchant of London, he bought into Mason's patent in 1691 ; and was gov. in 1691-9. His purchase brought to him and his heirs only embarrass- ment and contention. His son Thomas con- AJLjLu 20 ASLuLa tinued to agitate his claim, which was contested by various persons. The final verdict in 1707 being against him, he appealed ; but his death in 1715, before the appeal was heard, put an end to the suit. Allen, Samuel Clbsson, politician, b. Ber- nardston, Ms., Jan. 5, 1772; d. Nonhfield, Ms., Feb. 8, 1842. Dartm. Coll. 1794. He was from 1795 to 1798 pastor of a Cong, church in Nonhfield ; afterward practised law in Green- field and Northfield ; was in the legisl. in 1806- 10; State senator, 1812-15 and 1831; M.C. 1817-29; and executive councillor, 1829-30. Afterward lecturer on political economy in Amh. Coll. He delivered a eulogy on Dr. Wheelock, pres. of Dartm. Coll. 1817, and an oration, July 4, 1806. — Dartm. Coll. Alumni. Allen, Rev, Solomox, b. Northampton, Ms., Feo. 23, 1751 ; d. N. Y., Jan. 20, 1821. He with four of his brothers served in the Revol. army ; Moses and Thomas as chaplains. At the time of Andre's capture, he was a lieut. and adj., and conveyed him to Lower Salem. Lieut. Allen then proceeded to West Point to deliver to Arnold the letter from Col. Jameson, his commander, which enabled the traitor to es- cape, by giving him the information so essential to his safety. After the war, in which he rose to the rank of maj. he was actively employed in quelling the insurrection of Shays. At the age of 50, though his education had been scanty, he became a preacher, and was exceed- ingly successful. His labors were performed in the western part of Ms. and the State of N. Y., in a country newly settled, and whose in- habitants were mostly poor. Allen, Thomas, minister of Charlestown, Ms., b. Norwich, Eng., 1608 ; d. there Sept. 21, IG73. He grad. at Cambridge; was minister of St. Edmond's ; was silenced by Bp. Wren in 1636, for refusing to read the "Book of Sports," as required of the clergy; and in 1638 came to Boston. He preached at Charlestown from that time till 1651, when he returned to Norwich, continuing his ministry until ejected in 1662, but continued to preach till his death. While in this country, he pub, an '■ Invitation to Thirsty Sinners to come unto their Saviour." He also pub. "The Scripture Chronology," 1659; " Way of the Spirit in bringing Souls to Christ ; " and several sermons upon " The Necessity of Faith." — Eiol. Allen, Thos., minister of Pittsfield, Ms., from Apr. 18, 1764, to his death, Feb. 11, 1810. H. U. 1762. Bro. of Moses and Solomon, b. Northampton, Jan. 17. 1743. A chaplain in the Revol. army at White Plains and atTicon- deroga. He was conspicuous at the battle of Bennington, and was one of the first to enter the German breastwork. He visited Eng. in 1799. He took an active part in the political discussions of his time. He pub. some ser- mons. — Sprague. Allen, William, chief-justice of Pa., 1 750- 74, and a distinguished friend of literature and the arts; d. Eng., Sept, 1780, Son of Wm., an eminent merchant of Phila., who d, 1725, His wife was a dau. of Andrew Hamilton, whom he succeeded as recorder of Phila, in 1741. He was a patron of West the painter, and CO operated with Franklin in establishing the Coll. of Phila. Being a loyalist, he with- drew to Eng. in 1774. He pub. m Lond., 1774, " The American Crisis," suggesting a j)lan for restoring the dependence of America. His son Andrew succeeded Mr. Chew as attorney-gen., and after being a member of Congress and of the Committee of Safety, together with his bros. John and William, put himself, at the close of 1776, under the protection of Gen. Howe at Trenton. This son d. in Lond., Mar. 7, 1825, a. 85. His bro. William had been a lieut.-col. in the Continental service, but in 1778 raised a regt. of Pa. Loyalists. He was noted for wit, good humor, and lor affable and gentlemanly manners. — SaUine. Allen, William, D.D. (D. C. 1820), cler- gyman and author, b. Pittsfield, Ms., Jan. 2, 1784; d. Northampton, Ms., July 16, 1868. H.U. 1802. Son of Rev. Thomas. After being licensed in 1804, he preached for some months in various places in the western part of N.Y. While a regent in Harvard Coll. he prepared the first edition of his "American Biographical and Historical Dictionary," pub. in 1809. The second edition of this work appeared in 1832 ; the third, in 1857. In 1807, he prepared the lives of Amer. ministers for Rev. David Bogue's " History of the Dissenters." In Oct. 1810, he was ord. pastor of the church in Pittsfield, as his father's successor. In 1812, hem. Maria M., dau. of Pres. John Wheelock. He was made pres. of Dartm. Coll. in 1817, and from 1820 to 1839 was pres. of Bowd. Coll. Among his writings are contributions of " Words not found in Dictionaries of the English Lan- guage," to Worcester and Webster ; " Bacca- laureate Addresses," 1823-9; "Junius Un- masked," identifying him with Lord Sack- ville ; "Accounts of Shipwrecks;" "Psalms and Hymns," 1835 ; " Memoirs of Dr. Eleazer Wheelock and of Dr. John Codman," 18.53; " An Historical Discourse on the Fortieth An- niversary of the Second Ch. in Dorchester," 1848; " A Discourse at the Close of the Sec- ond Century of the Settlement at Northamp- ton, Ms.," 1854 ; " Wunnissoo, or the Vale of Housatonnuk," a poem, 1856; besides a " Dudleian Lecture " at Cambridge ; " Chris- tian Sonnets," 1860; "Poems of Nazareth and the Cross," 1866 ; " Sacred Songs," 1867, and various sernions and reports. A discourse commemorative of Dr. Allen, by Dr. W, B. Sprague, has been pub. Allen, Wm. Henry, a distinguished naval oificer, b. Providence, R.I., Oct. 21, 1784; d. Aug. 15, 1813. His father, Wm. Allen, was a maj. in the Revol. army, and in 1799 brig.-gen. of State militia. His mother was a sister of Gov. Jones. At a very early period, he discov- ered a surprisingly inquisitive mind, and a ro- mantic inclination to visit foreign countn'es. He entered the navy as a midshipman, Apr. 28, 1 800, and sailed in the frigate " George Washing- ton," Capt. Campbell, to Algiers ; subsequently sailing to the Mediterranean, under Barron, in "The Philadelphia;" under Rodgers, in " The John Adams; " and a fourth time, in 1804, as sailing-master to " The Congress." In this voy- age, he narrowly escaped death, having fallen, during a gale, into the sea, luckily rising near the mizzi n -chains, which he grasped. Lieut, of ATiTi 21' JLLJLu '* The Constitution " in 1805, he visited jEtna luid Vesuvius. Hereulaneura and Pompeii ; and, retuinina: in 1806, was 3d lieut. of " The Chesa- peake" when she struek lier colors to the British irigate ** Leopard." He drew up the letter of the officers to the see. of the n.ivy, urgin<^ the arrest and trial of Barron for neglect of duty. In 1809, he became 1st lieut. of the frigate " United States," under Decatur, and, soon after the breaking-out of the War of 1812, highly dis- ting. himself in the action with "The Mace- donian," and bi'ought her safolv into N. Y. har- bor. Promoted, July 24, ISIJ, to be master- commandant, he carried Mr. Crawford, the min- ister, in the brig "Argus," to France, and then proceeded to the Irish Channel to harass Eng- lish commeice, in which he was highly success- ful. Aug. 14, 1813, he fell in with the British brig " Pelican," and, in the engagement which ensued, was soon mortally wounded, and his vessel, alter a vigorous resistance, taken. Car- ried into Plyniouih, the next day he died, and was buried with military honors. Allen, William Howard, a naval officer, b. Hudson, N.Y., July 8, 1790. Killed near Matanzas, Nov. 9, 1822, while gallantly lead- ing a boat-attack upon a piratical squadron. Midshipman Jan. 1, 1808; lieut. July 24, 1813. He was 2d lieut. of " The Argus," Capt. Allen, when she was taken by "The Pelican," on the English coast, in 1813, and commanded in the latter part of the action; both his superiors having been wounded. His native town erected a monument to his memory. Allende (al-ven'-de), il , a Mexican revo- lutionist, shot at Chihuahua in July, 181 1. A captain in the army, he lent to the revolution- ists the military skill they so much needed, and a powerful influence over the natives. Nov, 29, 1810, he joined Hidalgo, and transported over the Cordilleras, with the aid of the na- tives, heavy guns from San Bias. Hidalgo having fought a battle against his advice, he was defeated. Allende brought off the remnant of his army, but was taken near Saltillo by the treachery of Eiizondo, and was shot soon after. Allerton, Isaac, a Plymouth Pilgrim, b. ab. 1583 ; d. 1659. He was one of those who left Eng. in 1608, and settled in Leyden. His name is attached to the memorable compact signed on board " The Mayflower," Nov. 11, 1620. His wife Mary d. Feb. 25, 1621. He possessed a considerable estate, and was one of the leading and enterprising men of the colony. Mar. 22, he, with Miles Standish, ** went ven- turously " to treat with Massasoit. He was subsequently for some years an assistant. Ab. 1626, he ra. Fear, dan. of Elder William Brew- ster, and in the autumn of that year was sent to Eng., partly to obtain supplies, and partly to negotiate with the adventurers. Having in a second trip purchased for his associates their rights for £1,800, payable in nine yearly in- stalments, and obtained also a patent for a trading-station for Kennel)ec, he returned early in 1628 to Plymouth. In a fourth trip, after much delay and difficulty, he succeeded in ob- taining the enlargement and correction of the Kenn«!bec patent, and also another for Ply- moutti, and facilitated the removal of the re- mainder of the church at Leyden. In 1631, in consequence of a difficulty with the colony, " he was dismissed as their agent." Quitting them, he, in June, 1632, hired the " White An- gel," and attempted to establish a trading-house on the Kennebec River, and also at Penobscot; but the latter was destroyed by the French. In 1633, he established a trading-house at Ma- chias, which was attacked and plundered by the French and Indians in 1634, and burned soon afterwards. In 1634, his pinnace, return- ing from a trading-voyage with the French ab. Port Royal, was cast away; and in the same year his wife was carried off by a " pestilent fever." In Mar. 1635, he " was to be notified by the civil authorities that he had leave to de- part from Marblehead ; " and during this year another of his coasting-vessels was wrecked at Cape Ann, and 21 persons perished, including Rev. John Avery, his wife, and 6 children. From 1643 until his death, he resided at New Haven, though spoken of Oct. 27, 1646, as "of New Amsterdam in the province of New Neth- erlands, merchant." Chosen a member of the council of New Amsterdam in 1643. Point Alderton in Boston harbor is supposed to be named from him. His third wifed. 1684. His son Isaac grad. at H. U. 1650. Allibone, Samuel Austin, b. Phila., 17 Apr. 1816, author of a "Critical Dictionary of English Literature and Authors," 3 vols, roy. 8vo, 1859-70. A work of immense labor and research, and of very great importance and utility. Allin, John, first minister of Dedham, b. Eng., 1596 ; d. Dedham, Ms., Aug. 26, 1671. Driven from Eng. by the persecution of the Puritans in 1637, he was settled in Dedham, Apr. 29, 1639, and continued there till his death. Assisted by Mr. Shepherd of Cambridge, he pub. his " Defence of the Nine Propositions" of Church discipline, also a " Defence of the Synod of 1662 against Pres. Chauncey," and a few discourses. Dr. Mather calls him a diligent student and good scholar. — Eliot. Allison, Patrick, D.D. (U. of Pa. 1782), 35 years pastor of the Presb. Church, Balti- more, b. Lancaster Co., Pa, 1740 ; d. Bait. Aug. 21, 1802. Phila. Coll. 1760. Ord. 1765. He ranked high as a preacher, was an active patriot in 1775, and was app. chaplain to Con- gress, Dec. 23, 1776. He pub. treatises on Liberty, &c. An original founder of Baltimore Coll. and Library. — Sprague. Allouez, Claudk, a Jesuit missionary, who visited Lake Superior in 1665-7, founded a mission at Green Bay in 1669, where he en- dured many hardships, and in 1687 was at St. Louis. 'While confined to his bed at that place by illness, he stole away on hearing of the approach of La Salle, whom he had injured. — See Parkman's Discovery of the Great West. AUston, Gen. Joseph, gov. of S. C, 1812-14, b. 1778; d. Sept. 10, 1816. Son of Col. Wm. His wife Theodosia, dau. of Aaron Burr, was lost at sea in 1812. He was a planter of education and ability, and several years a disting. member of the S.C. legisl. Allston, Robert Francis Withers, gov. of S.C, 1856-8, b. All Saints' Parish, S.C, Apr. 21, 180] ; d. near Georgetown, S.C, Apr. 7,1864. West Point, 1821. Retiring from the ATiTi 22 ajjm: array in 1822, upon a rice-plantation on the Pedee, he became very successful. Survey.- gen. of the State, 1823-7 ; member of the lower branch of the lerr> 26 ^i^r) and was made a brig.-gen. in the rebel army. He commanded the N. C. coast-defences in Nov. 1861, and led a brigade at the battle of Antietam, where he received a wound in the foot, which caused his death. Anderson, Dr. Henry James, LL D. (1850), b. 1798. Prof, mathematics Col. Coll., N.Y., 1825-43; Emeritus prof. 1866. Col. Coll. 1818. MD. Coll. Phy. and S. 1824. Author of " Geology of Lieut. Lynch's Exped. to the Dead Sea," " Geological Reconnoissance of part of the Holy Lund," 1848; pub. by the U. S. Government. Anderson, Hugh J., lawyer, b. Me. 1801. Clerk Waldo Co. courts 1827-37 ; M. C 1837- 41 ; gov. of Me. 1844-7 ; commissioner of customs in Washington 1853-8; app. 6th au- ditor U. S. treas. Oct. 1866. Anderson, Isaac, D.D., clergyman and pioneer preacher in the West ; b. llockbridge Co., Va., Mar. 26, 1780; d. Rockfbrd, Tenn., Jan 28, 1857. At the age of 7, he had read the easier Latin authors. At 14, he entered Liberty Hall Acad., afterwards Washington Coll., and, after leaving the academy, studied theology. Removing with his father's family to Union, Tenn., he was in 1802 licensed to preach by the Union Presbytery ; preached there 9 years, and in 1811 became pastor of a church in Maryville, where he established the south-west Theol. Sera. — Sprague. Anderson, Jamks, first Presb. minister of N. Y., b. Scotland, Nov. 17, 1678; d. Done- gal, Pa, July 16, 1740. He was ord. by Ir- vine Presbytery, Nov. 17, 1708, with a view to his settlement in Va., where he arrived in Apr. 1709, but settled at Newcastle, Del , un- til, in Oct. 1717, he took charge of the church forming in N. Y. City. A division took place in 1720; and in Aug. 1727, he was installed in Donegal Pa. His bro. John of Perth Amboy was made in 1712 one of the council of the province, and d. Mar. 1736, a. 73, pres. of the council. Anderson, James, M. D., physician ; d. at his seat near Chestertown, Md., Dec, 8, 1820, a. 68. Commencing his medical studies under his father, a physician from Scotland, he contin- ued them at Phila. and at Edinburgh, but was obliged to return home before taking a degree. For more than 30 years he enjoyed a most ex- tensive practice, which his infirmities com- pelled him, when at the age of 60, to relinquish. He was a zealous disciple of Wesley, and was exceedingly liberal and benevolent. — Thacher. Anderson, James Patton, gen. C. S. A., b. Mpi. He was lieut.-col. commanding of batt. of Mpi. Rifle Vols, in Mexican war. He com. a brigade in the 2d corps of the rebel army at Shiloh and at Stone River; was highly commended for valor and ability. Anderson, John, lawyer and politician, b. Cumberland, Me., 1792; d. Aug. 21, 18.53. Bowd. Coll. 1813. He studied law with Ste- phen Longfellow, and was adm. to the bar in 1816. Member of the Me. senate in 1824; M. C. 1825-33 ; mayor of Portland in 1833 and 42; coll. customs at P. 1837-41 and 1843-8. Actively instrumental in securing the construc- tion of the Atlantic and St. Lawrence R.R. U.S. dist. atty. for Me. 1833-7. Anderson, John Wallace, M. D, phy- sician, b. Hagerstown, Md. 1802; d. Liberia, Apr. 12, 1830. M. D. Phila. Coll. 1828. Son of Col. Richard, a Revol. officer. He prac- tised medicine at Hagerstown, but in Jan, 1830 sailed to Liberia to promote the cause of tcmDerance there, and died of fever soon after his arrival. Anderson, Joseph, statesman, and Revol. soldier, b. N. Jersey, Nov. 5, 1757 ; d. Wash- ington, Apr. 17, 1837. He received a good education ; studied law ; was app. an ensign in the N. J. line in 1775 ; fought at Monmouth as a capt.; was in 1779 in the exped. of Sulli- van against the Six Nations ; in 1780 was at Valley Forge; in 1781 at the siege of York; and after the war received the brevet of maj. He practised law in Del.; was in 1791 app. by Washington judge of the territory south of the Ohio River, and remained in that position until the constitution of Tenn. was formed, and in which he assisted ; and was an influential member of the U. S. Senate from Tenn. from 1797 to 1815, serving upon many important committees, and acting on two occasions as pres. pro tempore of the Senate. From 1815 to 1836, he was first comptroller of the U. S. treasury. — Lnnman. Anderson, Mrs. Ophelia Brown, ac- tress, b. Boston, July 24, 1813 ; d. Jamaica Plain, Roxbury, Ms., Jan. 27 1852. Dau. of Mrs. Pelby ; made her debut at the Washing- ton Garden Theatre, Boston, in 1815, as Co- ra's child in " Pizarro." Afterward appeared at the Tremont Theatre, while it was under her father's management; and, after he took the National, she was for many years the chief attraction there. She was a superior actress and a great favorite. She first appeared at the Chestnut-st. Theatre, Phila., Sept. 7, 1840, as Julia in " The Duke's Bride." Anderson, Col. Richard, Revol. officer, d. Phila., June 22, 1835, a. 84. App. capt. 4th Md. regt. Nov. 15, 1777, he fought at German- town, and was wounded at the battle of Cow- pens. Anderson, Richard Clough, Jun., law- yer and politician, b. Louisville, Ky., Aug. 4, 1788; d. Tubaco, July 24, 1826. Wm. and Mary Coll. Son of R. C, a Revol. soldier, who d. Nov. 6, 1826, by a sister of Gen. George Rogers Clarke. He studied law under Judge Tucker, and practised with distinction in Lou- isville. Member of the Ky. legisl. ; M. C. 1817-21 ; again a member and speaker of the legisl. in 1822; minister to Colombia in 1823, and envoy extraordinary to the Panama Con- gress in 1826, but died while on the way there. Anderson, Richard Henry, lieut.-gen. C.S.A., b. S. C. ab. 1822. West Point, 1842. He was brev. for gallantry at San Augustin, Mexico, Aug. 20, 1847, and was a capt. 2d Dra- goons, when. Mar. 3, 1861, he resigned, and was made a brig.-gen. Confed. service. Maj. -gen. in Aug 1862, and com. the 5th div. of Bragg's army in Tenn. Wounded at Antietam; com. a division at Gettysburg, July 4, 1863 ; made lieut.-gen. May, 1864. June 23, 1864, he made a successful attack on Gen. Wright's division, in front of Petersburg ; Oct. 7, he attacked and routed the U. S. cavalry near New Market ; -AJSTD 27 .AJS^D and com. the 4th corps of Lee's army, at its surrender, Apr. 9, 1865. Anderson, Kobekt, bri^.-gen. U. S. A., b. near Louiaviile, Ky., June 14, 1805. West Point, 1825. His father was Col. Joseph of the lievol. army, and his mother a cojusin of Chief-Justice Marshall. Entering the artillery, be was an instructor at West Pomt; was brev. capt. for gallantry in the Florida war, Apr. 2, 1838; capt. Oct. 23, 1841 ; brev. maj. Sept. 8, 1847, for gallantry at Molino del Key, where he was severely wounded; maj. 1st Artillery, Oct. 5, 1857 ; col. May, 1861 ; and brig.-gen. May 15, 1861. lie was in command at Charles- ton harbor when tlie Uebeliion broke out, and transferred his small force to Port Sumter, which he held until Apr. 14, when, after a heavy bombardment of two days, he was obliged to surrender. Promoted, and assigned to the dept. of the Cumberland, ill health caused him to withdraw from active duty. He has trans- lated from the French "Instructions for Field Artillery " and " Evolutions of Field Batter- ies." Brev. maj. -gen. Feb. 3, 1865; retired Oct. 27, 1863. D. Nice, Oct. 26, 1871. Anderson, Robert H., brig.-gen. C.S.A., from Ga. West Point, 1857. Lieut. 9tn U.S. Inf. in 1861 ; killed at the battle of Jonesboro', Ga., Sept. 1, 1864. Anderson, Rufus, Cong, minister, b. Londonderry, N.H., Mar. 5, 1765; d. Wenhara, Feb. 11, 1814. Dartm. Coll. 1791. Oct. 22, 1794, he was ord. pastor in North Yarmouth, Me.; dismissed Sept. 1804; installed at Wen- ham, June 10, 1805, and dismissed in 1810. He pub. two discourses on the Fast, 1802, and sc-ven letters against the close com- munion of the Baptists, 1805. — Sprague. Anderson, Rkv. Rufus, D.D., LL.D., son of the preceding, over 40 years sec. of the A.B.C.F.M., b. Me., 1796. Bowd. Coll. 1818 ; And. Theol. Scm. 1822. Ord. May 10, 1826. Lecturer on Foreign Missions at And. Sera. 1867-9. Author of Observations upon the Pelo- ponnesus and Greek Islands, 12mo, Boston, 1830; History of the Sandwich Islands Mission, 1871; "Foreign Missions, their Relations and Claims;" "Memoir of Catharine Brown," 1825. Anderson, Samuel, a N. Y. loyalist ; d. near Cornwall, Can., Oct. 6, 1*336, a. 101. At the commencement of the Revol., he went to Canada, was a capt. under Sir John Johnson, and after the war received half pay. He be- came a magistrate, judge of a district court, and associate justice of the court of King's Bench. — Sabine. Anderson, William, Revol, officer, b. Chester Co., Pa., ab. 1759; d. there Dec. 13, 1829. He joined the army early in the strug- gle, and at its close was a capt., participating in the sufferings of Valley Forge, the battle of Germantown, and the siege of Yorktown. He held many public trusts; was a JefFersonian Democrat; M.C. from 1809 to 1815, and from 1817 to 1819; and in the latter part of his life was a judge of Delaware Co. court, and was employed in the collection of the customs. His daughter, Evelina, ra. Com. Porter, U.S.N. — Smith's Del. Co. Andrada e Sylva (an-dra'-da a sel'va), Bonifacio Jose de, a Brazilian naturalist, b. Santos, 1765; d. 1838. He studied at the U. of Coimbra, Portugal, and returned to Brazil in 1819. He possessed great courage, ability, and eloquence, and took the lead in making Brazil an independent empire in 1822. He was prime-minister of Brazil for a short time in 1822-3, and guardian of the emperor's minor children in 1831. He wrote several works on mining. His bros., Antonio Carlos (d. 1845) and Martin Francisco, were both disting. for talents and eloquence, and held high office under the Brazilian Government. Andre, John, maj , a British officer, who suffered as a spy in the Revol. war, b. London, 1751; d. Oct. 2, 1780. His father, a London merchant, and a native of Geneva, d. 1769. Alter receiving his education at Geneva, he returned to J^ondon before he was 1 8, and en- tered a counting-house. His literary taste and genius procured him the acquaintance of seve- ral of the writers of the day, among whom was Anna Seward. Between Andre and this lady's cousin, Honora Sneyd, a reciprocal attachment sprung up; but their marriage was prevented by the girl's father, and she became, a few years later, the wife of Richard Lovell Edge- worth. Andre entered the British army, Mar. 4, 1771 ; visited the courts of Germany in 1772-3 ; and, in Sept. 1774, as lieut. of the Roy- al Fusileers, landed at Phila. Taken prison- er by Montgomery at St. John's, Nov. 2, 1775, he was sent to Lancaster, Pa. ; but was ex- changed Dec. 1776, and promoted to a captain- cy Jan. 18, 1777, having gained the favor of Gen. Howe by a memoir with which he pre- sented him, on the existing war. In a letter to a friend, he said, " I have been taken prisoner by the Americans, and stripped of every thing except the picture of Honora, which I con- cealed in my mouth. Preserving that, I yet think myself fortunate." This picture he had himself delineated on his first acquaintance with her, at Buxton, in 1769. In the summer of 1777, he was app. aide to Gen. Grey, and was in the engagements in N.J. and Pa. in 1777. On the departure of Grey, he was app. aide to Sir Henry Clinton, by whom he was. in 1780, promoted to the rank of maj., and made adju- tant-gen. Selected by his commander to ar- range with Arnold the details of the treasonable surrender of West Point, he had, on his return from that post, passed safely all the American posts and guards by means of a pass from Ar- nold, when, on the 23d of Sept., he was stopped by 3 militiamen, whom he sought to bribe, hut without success. They found in one of his boots, in Arnold's handwriting, exact returns of the state of the forces, stores, ordnance, and defences of West Point, with those of all its dependencies, with various other kinds of in- formation necessary to the success of the plan. The board of officers composing the court- martial, at whose head was Greene, and among whom were Lafayette and Steuben, found him guilty of being a spy, and sentenced him to be hanged on his own admissions, he hav- ing thrown off all disguise, and acknowledged every thing. Every effort was made by Sir Henry Clinton to procure a remission of the verdict, but without avail. When led forth to execution, he manifested some emotion at the AJNID ^8 AJSrU sight of the gibbet, and exclaimed, "Must I die in this manner? " and in a moment added, "But it will be only a momentary ])ang," and met his fate with dignity and composure. The sympathy of the American officers was univer- sal for one so young, so gallant, so accom- plished, and so unfortunate. He contrib. poetry to the loyal newspapers; and it is a singular fact, that ihe last canto of his satirical poem, " The Cow-Chase," was pub. in liivington's Gazette, in N.Y., on the day of his capture. It ends with the ibllowing stanza : — "And, now I've closed my epic strain, I tremble as I show it, Lest this same warrio-drover "Wayne Should ever catch the poet J''' Wayne com. the division of the army at Tap- pan, where Andre was executed. His memory has been embalmed in verse by Miss Seward, and perpetuated by a beautiful monument near the "Poet's Corner" in Westminster Abbey. His remains were placed near this monument Nov. 28, 1821. A pension was settled upon his family, and the honor of knighthood was conferred upon his brother. Anna Marguerite, his last surviving sister, d. in London in 1848 a. 90. (Lossinrj). — See his Life, by Winthrop Sargent, 8vo, 1861. Andrew, James Osgood, D.D , bishop of the M. E. Church, South, b. Augusta, Ga., May 3, 1794; d. Mobile, Mar. 2, 1871. His father was a Kevol. soldier and a Methodist minister. Entering the S. C. Conference in 1813, he was ord. deacon in 1814, and bishop in 1832 at Phila. His marriage with a lady who owned slaves was one of the causes of the division of the church into two independent bodies. Andrew, John Albion, LL.D., states- man, b. Windham, Me., May 31, 1818; d. Boston, Oct. 30, 1867. Bowd. Coll. 1837. Robert his ancestor settled in Row^ley, Ms., and d. there in 1668. Adm. to the Boston bar in 1840, he became especially conspicuous in cases arising under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850; and in 1858, after being 10 years an anti- slavery man, was chosen to the legisl. In 1860, he was a member of the convention which nominated Mr. Lincoln to the Presidency, and was himself chosen gov. of Ms. by the largest popular vote ever cast for any candidate. An- ticipating the conflict with the seceded States, he took early steps to render the State militta efficient, and within a week after the President's proclamation of April 15, 1861, despatched live regts. of inf, a battalion of riflemen, and a battery of artillery, to the assistance of gov- ernment. He was re-elected by large majorities in 1861-4, evinced great executive ability, and declined a renom-ination in 1865, on account of impaired health and the pressure of private affairs. During the war, he was veiy active in raising troops, animating the people by his fervid eloquence, and in providing comforts for sick and wounded soldiers ; frequently confer- ring with the government officers on national affairs. He took part in the conference at Al- toona, Pa., in Sept. 1862, prepared the address which they presented to the President, and was one of the most urgent in impressing upon the administration the necessity of emancipating the slaves, and of accepting the services of col- ored troops. He declined the presidency of Ant. Coll. in 1865. In that year, he presided over the first national Unitarian convention, and was a leader of its conservative wing. He was a powerful debater and an eloquent orator. Pres. of the N. E. Hist. Geneal. Society 1866-7. A memoir of his " Official Life " by A. G. Brown, jun., was pub. 1868. Andrews, Ethan Allen, LL.D., b. New Britain, Ct., 1787; d. there Mar. 2.5,1858. Y.C. 1810. He studied law, and was some years engaged in practice. In 1822, he was prof, of ancient languages in the U. of N. C. at Chapel Hill. After this he taught at New Haven, Ct., and at Boston, a high school for young ladies ; returning in 1839 to his native town. In con- junction with Prof. Solomon Stoddard, he pub. a Latin grammar, of which 65 editions have been issued. He pub. many other books of Latin instruction, the chief of which is the large Dictionary on the basis of Freund. Andrews, Brig.-Gen. George L., b. Bridgewater, Ms., 1827. West Point (1st in class), 1851. Entering the engineer corps, he superintended, under Col. Thayer, the erection of Ibrtiflcations in Boston harboi . Acting assist, prof, of engineering at West Point, 1854; resigned, Sept. 1, 1855. He was subsequently a civil engineer in the em])loy of the Amos- keag Manuf Co. As lieut.-col. and then col. 2d Ms. regt., he was disting, in all its hard- fought engagements, first under Banks in the Shenandoah Valley, conducting the rearguavd in his memorable retreat, at Cedar Mountain, in the campaign under Pope, and at Antietam. Made brig.-gen. Nov. 10, 1862, and com. a brigade in Banks's exped. and the Port Hudson Campaign ; com. the Corps d'Afrique, July, 1863, to Feb. 13, 1865 ; and, for service at the capture of Mobile, brev. maj.-gen. Vols., Mar. 26, 1865. App. Apr. 8, 1867*, U. S. marshal for Ms. App. prof, of French at West Point, Feb. 27, 1871. Andrews, John, D.D., Epis. clergyman, b. near the head of Elk, Cecil Co., Md., Apr. 4, 1746 ; d. Phila., Mar. 29, 1813. Phila. Coll. 1765. Ord. at London, Feb. 1767. He offici- ated in different parts of Md., but, not sharing in the patriotic sentiments of the day, left his parish in Queen Anne Co., for school-teaching in Yorktown. Principal of the Phila. Epis. Acad. 1785-9 ; prof, of moral philos. U. of Pa. in 1789, vice-provost, 1789-1810 ; and provost from Dec. 1810 till his death. He officiated some years at St. James's, Bristol. Author of " Elements of Logic," and a sermon on the parable of the unjust steward, 1789. Andrews, Joseph, one of the best line- engravers of this country, b. Hingham, Ms., Aug. 17, 1806 ; was apprenticed to Abel Bowen of Boston in 1821, and in 1836-7 received in- struction in London from Goodyear, a leading English engraver. Of his best-known works are, " Annette de I'Arbre " by West, " Duke d'Urbino" by Titian, "Head of Washing- ton " by Stuart, and " Plymouth Rock, 1620," by Rothermel. Practises his art in Boston. Andrews, Loring, journalist, d. Charlee- ton, S.C, Oct. 19, 1805. Bro. of Rev. John of Newbury port (1788-1845; H.U. 1786). He AJNT> 29 AJSTG pub. in Boston the Hei-aJd of Freedom, after- ward, at Stockbrid^^e, the Western Star, and in 1803 established the Charleston Courier, an able political journal. Andrews, Stephkn Pearl, author, b. Ms., 1812, Pub. " Comparison of the ('ommon Law with the Roman, French, &c.," " Phono- graphic Class-books," " Love, Marriage, and Divorce," 12mo, "French with or without a Master," 12mo, " True Constitution of Govern- ment," &c. Contrib. to the London Times and other journals. — Allibone. Andrews, Col. Timothy Patrick, U. S. A., b. Ireland, 1794; d. Washington, D.C, Mar. 1 1 , 1868. He offered his services to Com. Barney, whose flotilla was confronting the en- emy during the War of 1812, and was employed as his aide. He was subsequently engaged in active service in the field, and in 1822 was app. paymaster in the army. In 1847, he re- signed to take command of the regt. of Volti- geurs raised for the Mexican war. He was disting. in the battle of El Molino, and brev. a brig.-gen. for gallantry at Chapultepec. At the close of the war, he was reinstated as paymaster, and in 1851 was made dep. pay- raaster-gen. .On the death of Gen. Larned, he succeeded him as paymaster-gen. of the army, Sept. 6, 1862. Retired Nov. 20, 1864. Andrews, Wm. D., inventor of centrifugal pumps and oscillating engines, b. Grafton, Ms., 1818. In 1828, his father removed to Needham, where he attended the district school. Removed to N. Y. City in 1840, and turned inventor be- cause of his connection with a wrecking com- pany ; the pumps then in use becoming choked with sand, &c. His pump was patented in 1846, was subsequently improved by him, and manuf. by Wm. D. Andrews & Bro. in N. Y. City. Andros, Sir Edm cnd, a colonial governor, b. Lond., Dec. 6, 1637 ; d. there Feb. 24, 1714. He was disting. in the war with the Dutch, which closed in 1667. Maj. in Prince Rupert's dragoons in 1672. In 1674, on the death of his father, he succeeded him as bailiff of Guernsey. He was gov. of N. Y., where he had previously held a command, from 1674 to 1681 ; gov. of New England from 1686 to 1689, and of Va. in 1692-8. Knighted by Charles IL in 1678. While in N. Y., he was principally occupied in passing grants to the subjects, and presiding in the Court of Ses- sions. He arrived at Boston, Dec. 21, 1686. Here he interfered with the liberty of the press, levied enormous taxes without authority, and required the proprietors of lands to obtain from him new titles at great expense. In Oct. 1687, he demanded at the head of his troops the surrender of the charter of Ct. ; but it was concealed in the famous Charter Oak. In 1688, he caused an Indian war by his aggres- sions on the Penobscot tribes. Apr. 18, 1689, the people of Boston deposed and imprisoned him. The abdication of James II. prevented trouble with the British Government ; but no judicial decision was rendered in his case. While gov. of Va., he founded Wm. and Mary Coll., encouraged manufactures and the cotton culture, and by these and other commendable acts gained the esteem of the people. Charges were, however, preferred against him by Com- missary Blair, as an enemy to religion, the church, and the college, and he was removed. Gov. of Guernsey, 1704-6. His narrative of his proceedings in New England was pub. in 1691, and repub. in 1773. The "Andros Tracts," edited by W. H. Whitmore, were pub. by the Prince Soc, Boston, 1868, 2 vols. 4to. — O'CaUaqhan. Andros, R. S. S , poet and author, son of Rev. Thos., d. Berkley, Ms., Aug. 1868. In early life, he was editor of several newspa- pers, and contrib. poems of great beauty to the Democ. Rev. Some years dep. -collector of the port of Boston, and latterly confidential agent of the treas. dept. at the South. Author of the " Customs Guide," a standard authority, and " Chocorua, and other Sketches," 1838. Andros, Tnos., minister of Berkley, Ms., from Mar. 19, 1788, to June 15, 1834, b. Nor- ^yich, Ct., May 1, 1759; d. Dec. 30, 1845. He joined the army at Cambridge in 1775, and was in the battles of Long Island and White Plains, and other engagements. In 1781, he enlisted in a N. London privateer, was captured, and placed in the Jersey prison-ship at N.Y., but escaped a few months later. He then studied theology with Dr. Benedict of Plain- field. His last sermon was preached Oct. 5, 1845, after walking 2 miles to church. He pub. some sermons, and a narrative of his im- prisonment, and escape from the Jersey prison- ship. Ange, Francis, d. 1767, a. 134. He lived between Broad Creek and the head of Wico- moco River, Pa. ; remembered the death of Charles L ; was in good health at the age of 130; and his memory and other faculties of mind were perfect when he died. Angell, Israel, col. 1st R. I. regt. in the Revol., d. Smithfield, R.I., May, 1832, a. 91. Maj. of Hitchcock's regt. at the siege of Bos- ton ; commissioned col. Jan. 18, 1777, and served through the war ; disting. at Springfield, N.J., June 23, 1 780. Angell, Joseph Kinnicut, legist, b. Prov- idence, R.I., Apr. 30, 1794; d. Boston, May 1, 1857. B.U. 1813. Adra. to the bar ab. 1816, he went in 1820 to Eng., where he prosecuted, without success, a claim to a large estate. From 1829 to 1831, he edited the Laiv Intelli- gencer and Review; was for some years re- porter to the Supreme Court of R. I., and editor of the earliest vol. of R. I. Reports. In connection with Sam'l Ames, he pub. a " Trea- tise on Corporations." His other publications are. the " Law of Watercourses," " Law of Tide- waters," " Limitations of Actions at Law and in Equity and Admiralty," " Law of Carri- ers," " Law of F'ire and Life Insurance," " A Practical Summary of the Law of Assign- ments," " Adverse Enjoyment," 8vo, 1837. His " Law of Highways " was completed after his death by Thos. Durfee. Angers, Real, an eloquent Canadian ad- vocate and author, b. 1823 ; d. Apr. 1860. Be- sides some poetical essays, he pub. Revela- tions du Crime, and a treatise on stenography. With M. Aubin, he reported and pub. the Speeches in the Lower House in 1857-60. — Morgan. AJSTG 30 ANrc Anghiera (an-ge-a'ra), PiBTRO Maetiro DE, or Peter Martyr, Italian historian and ge- ographer, b. Arona, Lake Maggiore, 1455 ; d. Granada, 1526. Of noble birth, he was edu- cated at Rome, served in 3 campaigns against the Moors, and entered the church, but, by de- sire of Queen Isabella, opened a school for the education of young noblemen. Sent in 1501 on a mission from the king to the Sultan of Egypt, he visited the Pyramids and other mon- uments of antiquity. Made prior of the church of Granada in 1505, Charles V. afterward pre- sented him with a rich abbey. His "History of the New World " is the best of the early works extant upon that subject. Original materials were furnished for it by Columbus, also from the minutes of the Council of the Indies ; and it contains a notice of newly-discovered islands. Angus, Samuel, capt. U. S. navy, b. Fnila., 1784; d. Geneva, N.Y., May 29, 1840. Entering the service in 1799, he was madelieut. Feb. 4, 1807 ; master-commandant, July 24, 1813; capt. Apr. 27, 1816. He was several times severely wounded, — in the action between " The Constellation " and the French frigate "La Vengeance," Feb. 1, 1800, and soon af- ter in an action between the schooner " Enter- prise " and a French lugger ; in an attack on the English opposite Black Rock, in 1812, and afterward while commanding the flotilla in Delaware Bay. He was selected to carry to Europe Messrs. Adams and Clay, Commis- sioners to Ghent. Owing to wounds received in the service, his mind as well as his health became impaired ; and he was dismissed fi-om the navy June 21, 1824. Anschutz, Karl, a German musical di- rector and composer, b. Coblentz, Germany, Feb. 1813 ; d. N. Y. City, Dec. 30, 1870. Ed- ucated by his father a musical prof., he was, until 1848, Royal Musical Director at Cob- lentz; was afterwaids a musical conductor in London ; came to the U. S. in 1857 ; founded the German Opera of N. Y. City in 1862, and established a conservatory of music there. Anselme, Jacques Bernard Modestb d', a French gen., b. July 22, 1740; d. 1812. Son of an officer of the regt. Soissonnals, in which, according to custom, his name was en- rolled at the age of 5 years. He became its lieut.-col. July 17, 1777, and made with it the campaigns of the war of Amer. Independence. Made lieut.-gen. May 22, 1792, in the follow- ing Sept. he passed the Var, at the head of his corps d'arm^e, took Nice and the fortress of Montalban, and also the castle of Ville- franche, defended by a hundred pieces of can- non, gaining a complete victory. Defeated at Sospello, accusation and imprisonment at I'Ab- baye soon followed The revolution of the 9th Thermidor (July 27,1794) restored him to lib- erty, and he d. in an obscure retreat. — Biog. Univ. Suppl. Ansorget Charles, teacher of music, and editor of the Ms. Teacher, b. Spiller, Silesia, 1817 ; d. Chicago, 28 Oct. 1866. He grad. at the Collegiate Institute of Breslau, was a teach- er and editor, and for his liberal sentiments was expatriated by the government of Prussia; came to Boston in 1849 ; was 13 years organist and chorister of the First Church, Dorchester, and 4 years teacher of music in the Asylum for the Blind, So. Boston. In 1853, he removed to Chicago, where he was a successful teacher of music. He took great interest in education, and was a thorough musician. Auspach. (ans'-pak). Rev. L. A., a magis- trate of Newfoundland, pub. " Summary of the Laws of Commerce and Navigation adapted to the Island of Newfoundland," Lond., 1809. — Allibone. Anthon, Charles, LL.D., a classical scholar, b. N.Y., Nov. 19, 1797 ; d. there Julv 29, 1867. (Col. Coll. 1815). His father. Dr. George C. Anthon, a German by birth, attained the rank of surgeon-gen. in the British army, in which he served from the commencement of the French war until the final surrender of Detroit, ab. 1784. He then resigned his com- mission, and settled in N.Y. Charles, the fourth of his six sons, studied law in the office of his bro. John, and in 1819 was adm. to the bar. In 1820, he was app. adjunct prof of languages in Col. Coll.; in 1830, he produced his edition of "Horace," and became rector of the grammar school attached to the college ; and in 1835 succeeded prof Moore as the head of the classical dept. of that institution. Besides his labors both in college and school, he produced some 50 vols., diiefly editions of the Latin clas- sics, and aids to classical study. He was an ac- curate and thorough scholar, and an acute and ingenious critic of the ancient languages. His works have often been repub. in Eng., and are used extensively in schools. His " Clas- sical Dictionary," pub. in 1841, entirely super- seded that of Lempriere. He excelled as an instructor, and conferred on the public schools of his native city 6 free scholarships. Anthon, Henry, D.D. (1832), bro. of the preceding, rector of St. Marks, N. Y. City ; d. there Jan. 5, 1861, a. 69. Col. Coll. 1813. Author of Hist. Notices of St. Mark's Church, from 1795 to 1845, 8vo, N. Y., 1845. Rev. Wm. H. Anthon, D.D., is a bro. Anthon, John, LL.D., b. Detroit, 1784 ; d. N.Y. Citv, Mar. 5,1863. Col. Coll. 1801. LL. D. 1861. Son of Dr. George C. Anthon. During the War of 1812, he com. a company at the Narrows for the defence of N.Y. He prac- tised law with great assiduity, and is said to have tried more causes than any man that ever lived. He was instrumental in establishing the City Sup. Court and the Law Institute, of which he was pres. at the time of his death. Author of " Digested Index to the Reports of the U. S. Courts," 5 vols. 8vo, 1813; "Re- ports of Cases at Nisi Prius in the N. Y. Sup. Court in 1820;" "Analyt. Abridgment of Blackstone's Commentaries, with prefatory Es- say ; " " Anthon's Law Student ; " " Amer. Precedents," 8vo, 1810. Anthony, Henry B., statesman, of Quaker ancestry, b. Coventry, R. I., Apr. 1, 1815. B.U. 1833. Edited \\\e Providence Journal from 1838 to 1859 ; gov. of R. L 1849-51, re-elected, but declined; U.S. senator, 1859-71. — Lan- vian. Anthony, Susan B., reformer, b. So. Adams, Ms., Feb. 15, 1820. Daniel her father was a Quaker and a cotton manufacturer. He moved in 1826 to Washington Co., N. Y., and AJ^rc 31 ^r»p in 1846 to Rochester. She was educated in a small select school in her father's house, and at a boarding-school in Phila. 15 years of teach- ing in N. Y., at one-third of the salary paid to men, taught her the lesson of woman's rights ; and, since 1852, she has hoenone of the leaders in that movement, and its acting sec. and gen- eral agent. As early as 1848, she engaged in the temperance cause, forming societies, and lecturing; and in 1851 she called a State con- vention in Albany. With her co-worker, Mrs. E. C. Stanton, she succeeded in obtaining the admission of women to educational and other conventions, with the right to speak and vote, to be put on committees, and to make reports. Miss Anthony in 1858, at Troy, read an able report on educating the sexes together. From 1857 to 1866, she was an agent and a faithful worker in the antislavery cause. She has been untiring in her efforts to secure liberal legis- lation for women in N.Y., assailing each year its legisl. with petitions, appeals, and addresses. In the winter of 1854-5, she held 54 conven- tions in different counties of the State, to de- mand equal property rights and the ballot. In the autumn of 1867, she went with Mrs. Stanton and Lucy Stone to Kansas, and succeeded in obtaining 9,000 votes in that State for woman's suffrage. Her bro. Daniel R. has been mayor of Leavenworth. She has since established " The Revolution," with the aid of Geo. Fran- cis Train, and has been one of the editors. Her style of speaking is rapid, vehement, con- cise, and in her best moods she is sometimes eloquent. — [Vonien of the Time. Anthony, Susanva. of Quaker parentage, eminent for piety, b. R.I. 1726; d. Newport, June 23, 1791. Dr. Hopkins pub. her mem- oirs, with many extracts from her writings. 12mo, 1799. Anville d' (don-vel'), N. de la Roche- foucauld, duke, b. ab. i7U0; d. of grief, Sept. 16, 1746, at Chiboucrou, now Halifax, N.S. He early entered the French navy, and in 1745 was sent with a fleet of 14 ships of the line to recover Louisburg. A violent tempest dis- persed his squadron, and ruined the exped. He had the literary taste and elegance of man- ners characteristic of his illustrious family. Apes, William., an Indian preacher of the Pequot tribe, pub. "Indian Nullification," Boston, 12mo, 1835 (written by W. J. Snell- ing) ; " Eulogy on King Phillip," pronounced at the Odeon, Boston, 8vo, 1836; "A Son of the Forest," 1831 ; " Experiences of Five Christian Indians of the Pequot Tribe," 1833. Appleton, Daxiel, founder of the exten- sive book-publishing house of Appleton & Co., b. Haverhill, Ms., 1785 ; d. N.Y., Mar. 27, 1849. Appleton, Jesse, D.D. (H.U. 1810), di- vine, b. New Ipswich, Nov. 17, 1772 ; d. Bruns- wick, Me., Nov. 12, 1819. Dartm. Coll. 1792. Samuel, his ancestor, came to Amer. in 1635. He taught an acad. in Dover ; was licensed to preach in 1795; and Feb. 22, 1797, was ord. pastor of the Cong, church at Hampton, N. H. From Dec. 1807, until his death, he was pres. of Bowd. Coll. Under the signature of Le'uih- ton, he contributed valuable essays to the Pis- cataqna Evangelical Magazine. His works, em- bracing lectures., course of theology, addresses, and sermons, with a memoir, were pub. in 2 vols., 1837. He was a member of the Acad, of Arts and Sciences ; and was, while at Hamp- ton, a trustee of Phillips (Exeter) Acad. His dan. Jane m. pres. Franklin Pierce. Appleton, John, lawyer and politician, b. Beverly, Ms., February 11, 1815; d. Port- land, Aug. 22, 1864 Bowd. Coll. 1834. He commenced the practice of law at Portland in 1837; was editor of a Democ paper, the Eastern Argus, from 1839 to 1844, and part of the time was also register of probate for Cumberland Co. In 1845, he became chief clerk in the navy dept. ; subsequently suc- ceeded Mr. Trist as chief clerk of the State depart. ; and in 1848, was app. charge d'af- faires to Bolivia. On his return from that mission, early in 1849, he resumed the practice of law at Portland ; was elected to Congress in Sept. 1850; in 1855-6 was Mr. Buchanan's sec. of legation in Lond. In 1857, having been obliged, from ill health, to decline the editor- ship of the Washington Union, he was assist, sec. of State ; app. minister to Russia in May, 1860. Appleton, John, LL.D., b. 1804. Bowd. Coll. 1822. Judge of the Sup. Court of Me. 1852; chief-justice, 1862; author of" Reports of the Sup. Jnd. Court of Maine," in 1841, 2 vols. Appleton, John James, diplomat, son of John, who was U. S. consul at Calais, b. France, Sept. 22, 1792; d. Rennes, France, Mar. 4, 1864. H. U. 1813. He was sec. of legation to Portugal in 1819-22; to Spain, 1822-5; charge d'affaires to the Two Sicilies, 1825, and to Sweden, 1826. He resided in France, where he owned a valuable estate. While at Stockholm, he negotiated a treaty of commerce. Appleton, Nathan, LL.D. (H.U. 1855), merchant, and writer on political economy, b. New Ipswich, N.H., Oct. 6, 1779; d. Boston, July 14, 1861. In 1795, he left Dartm. Coll. to engage in business with his bro. Samuel, in Boston, and, on coming of age, became a part- ner. He was one of the first proprietors of the Waltham cotton manufactory, where, in 1814, the power-loom was first put in operation in this country ; was one of the founders of Lowell ; and was the projector and largest proprietor of the Hamilton Company. He was several times in the State legisl., and in Con- gress in 1831-3 and 1842. Author of speeches and essays on currency, banking, and the tariff, and of an account of the introduction of the-power loom, and the origin of Lowell, 1858. He was a member of the Acad, of Sciences and Arts, and of the Ms. Historical Society. A memoir of his life was pub. by R. C. Winthrop. Appleton, Nathaniel, D. D. (H. U. 1771), Cong, minister, b. Ipswich, Ms., Dec. 9, 1693 ; d. Cambridge, Ms., Feb. 9, 1784. H.U. 1712. John, his fiither, 20 years judge of pro- bate for Essex Co., and one of the king's coun- cil, was disting. for his exertions to Christianize the Indians. The son was ord. to succeed Mr. Brattle, Oct. 9, 1717, and remained 66 years. He was a friend of civil and religious liberty, uniting useful talents with exemplary piety. He was one of the corporation of H. U. from AJ>I> 32 AJRC 1717 to 1779. He pub. a number of sermons and occasional discourses. — Sprague. Appleton, Samuel, philanthropist, b. N. Ipswich, N. H., June 22, 1766; d. Boston, July 12, 1853. One of twelve children. His early years were spent on a farm and in school- teaching. He next kept a store ; but removed to Boston in 1794, where he engaged in the importation of English goods, with his bro. Nathan, and acquired great wealth. He sut)- sequently engaged in the cotton manufacture at VValtham and at Lowell. From 1799 to 1820, he passed much of his time abroad. His liberality and beneficence kept pace with his means to indulge them. In 1823, on his retire- ment from active business, he determined to spend his entire income annually; and he gave, each year, the sum of $25,000. He also be- stowed his bounty upon various philanthropic, religious, charitable and scientific associations ; and, at his death, $200,000 was distributed for similar purposes. He regularly placed large sums in the hands of physicians and others, who were in the way of seeing those in destitution, to be distributed as their judg- ment should indicate. A memoir by I. A. Jewett, pub. 8vo. Boston, 1850. Appleton, Wm., merchant, b. Brook- field, Ms., Nov. 16, 1786; d. Longwood, near Boston, Feb. 15, 1862. Son of Rev. Joseph of Brookfield. He came to Boston in 1807. He was a successful merchant ; was pres. of the U.S. Branch Bank in 1832-6; and M. C in 1851-5 and 1861-2. He devoted his surplus means to benevolent objects ; giving, at vari- ous times, $30,000 to the Ms. Gen. Hospital, of which, as also the Provident Institution for Savings, he was president. Appling, Col. Daniel, b. Columbia Co., Ga., Aug. 25, 1787 ; d. Fort Montgomery, Ala., Mar. 18, 1817. He entered the army as lieut. of Rifles, May 3, 1808 ; was made capt. Apr. 1812, major Tst Rifles, Apr. 1814; brev. lieut.-col. May 30, 1814, "for gallant conduct in capturing a superior force of the enemy in Sandy Creek, N.Y;" brev. col. 11 Sept. 1814, " for disting. services at Plattsburg ; " resigned June 1, 1816. — Gardner. Apthorp, East, Episcopal divine and author, b. Boston, 1733; d. Cambridge, Eng., Apr. 17, 1816. U. of Cambridge, Eng., 1758. Charles, his father, was a merchant of Boston. While a missionary in N. K., for the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (1761-5), he engaged in a warm contro- versy with Dr. Mayhew, on the design and conduct of that body. The hostility of the people to the Episcopacy decided him to return to Eng., where he eventually filled the stall of Finsbury in St. Paul's Cathedral. Among his writings are " Letters on Christianity, in reply to Gibbon," " Discourses on Prophe- cy," 2 vols. 8vo. He ra. Elizabeth, dau. of Eliakim Hutchinson. Arbuckle, Matthew, soldier, b. Green- brier Co., near the Warm Springs, Va., 1776 ; d. Fort Smith, Ark., June 11, 1851. He en- tered the army an ensign, Mar. 3, 1799 ; was made capt. June, 1806 ; major 3d Inf. Aug. 15, 1812; lieut.-col. Mar. 9, 1814; col. 7th Inf. Mar. 10, 1820; brev. brig.-gen. Mar. 16, 1830. Stationed for many years on the fron- tier, he was well acquainted with the Indian character, and by his good conduct acquired their confidence. He com. a successful exped. against the Fowltown Indians, Nov. 23, 1817. Arbuthnot, Marriot, a British adm., b. ab. 1711 ; d. Loud., Jan. 31, 1794. Nephew of Dr. Arbuthnot the poet. After commanding various ships, he was naval commissioner, resi- dent at Halifax, in 1775-8, and returned to Eng. a rear-adm. Made vice-adm. of the blue, and com. -in-chief on the N. Amer. station, he proceeded to his destination in Mar. 1779; but was confined to port soon after his arrival, by D'Estaing's fleet. Dec. 26, 1779, he conveyed Sir Henry Clinton's troops to the siege of Charleston, in which he co-operated, and which was soon forced to surrender, and earned by this success the thanks of parlia- ment. Mar. 16, 1781, in a distant action with the French fleet off the capes of Va., he ob- tained some advantage, but was prevented, by a thick haze, from following it up. Made adm. of the blue, Feb. 1, 1793. Arce (ar'-tha), Manuel Jose, pres, of the Republic of Central Amer. in 1824-9. Having incurred the enmity of the aristocratic clerical party to which he belonged, a civil war broke out, and Arce was, in 1827, defeated at Apopa and Santa Ana. In April, 1829, Gen. Mora- zan, leader of the liberal party, entered Gua- temala, assumed the government, and seized Arce, who, together with some of the superior clergy, were expelled the country. Arehdale, John, gov. of N. C. 1695-6, author of a " History and Description of Car- olina," Lond., 1707. Son of Thos. of Loaks in Chippinir Wycomb, Bucks Co., Eng. Gov. Gorges of Me. m. his sister Mary ; and in 1664 he came as his ajicnt to N. E. Arehdale was in N.C. in Mar, 1686, and was a commissioner for Gorges in Me. in 1687-8. Landing first in S.C., he formed a new commission of sensible and moderate men ; arrived in N.C. in the sum- mer of 1695, and had a successful and highly popular administration. He was a proprietor of the province, and was a man of great pru- dence and sagacity. Though a Quaker, he promoted a militia law, exempting the Friends from military service. Elected a member of parliament in 1698, he would only affirm, in- stead of taking the required oaths, and was not permitted to take bis seat, — O'Cdllarjhan. Archer, Dr, Branch T., Texan revol'ist, b. Va,, 1790; d, Brazoria Co., Tex., Sept. 22, 1856. He studied medicine in Phila., prac- tised for many years in his native State, and was often a member of its legisl. Removing to Tex. in 1831, he became a prominent actor in her revolution ; presided over the " Consul- tation " in Nov. 1835, and was by that body elected a commissioner to the U, S. with S, F. Austin and N, H, Wharton, to solicit aid in her struggle for independence ; was elected to her first Congress on his return in 1836, was speaker of the house of representatives, and sec. of war from 1839 to 1842, when, on account of ill health, he retired to private life. He was a ripe scholar and an eloquent speaker. Archer, John, phvsician and legislator, b, Harford Co., Md. in 1741 ; d. 1810. Prince- J^TIC 33 J^Rl ton Coll. 1760. M.D. 1768. He received from the Pliila. Med. Coll. the first medical diploma ever issued in the New World. At the com- mencement of the Revol., he had command of a military company; was a member of the State le»,nsl.; and was'M.C. from Md. from 1801 to 1807. Several of his medical discoveries have been adopted by the profession. Archer, Col. Sam'l B. ; d. Phila., Dec. 11, 182.5. He was app. from Va., capt 2d Art. March 12, 1812; brev. maj. May 27, 1813, "for gallantry and good conduct in cannonade and bombardment of Fort George, May 26 and 27, 1813;" disting. at Stony Creek, June 6, 1813; insp.-gen., with rank of col., Nov. 10, 1821. — Gardner. Archer, Stkphenson, LL.D., judge of the Md. Court of Appeals. Son of Dr. John, b. Harford Co., Md. ; d. June 25, 1848. N. J. Coll. 1805. M.C.fromMd.,1811-17; then app. judge of Mpi. Terr., and was again in Congress in 1819-21. Archer, Wm. S., statesman, b. Amelia Co., Va., Mar. 5, 1789; d. there Mar. 28, 1855. Wm. and Mary Coll. Of Welsh descent. His grandfather. Col. Wm., captured by Tarleton, d. of small-pox on board a prison-ship. His father, Maj. John, aide to Wayne at Stony Point, was brev. capt. for gallantry in that affair. Wm. S. studied law; was a member of the legisl. 1812-19; M. C. 1820-35; U. S. senator, i841-7, and chairman of the commit- tee on foreign relations. In Congress he took an active part in all matters of national im- portance, and was a member of the committee on the Missouri Compromise. Arciszeffski (an-se-sh6v'-ske), Christo- niER, gov.-gen. of Brazil, b. ab. 1600; d. Lissa, Poland, 1668. Leaving Poland on account of religion, he entered the Dutch military ser- vice, and on the conquest of Brazil was app. its gov. He fortified the principal cities, and was an excellent mathematician as well as a skilful soldier. A medal was struck by the Dutch in commemoration of his services. Arey, Harriet Ellen Grannis, poet, b. Cavendish, Vt., Apr. 14, 1819. John Grannis, her father, a member of the Canadian parlia- ment at tlie brealdng-out of the rebellion of 1837, afterward held offices of trust under the U.S. Gov. She was a school-teacher in Cleve- land, 0., a contributor to the Daib/ Herald; was in 1848 m. to Oliver Arey; has since edited the Youth's Casket, and the Home Monthly in Buff'alo and N.Y. ; and in 1855 pub. "House- hold Songs and other Poems." — Poets and Pootrji of the West. Argall, Samuel, dep.-gov. of Va. in 1617, h. Bristol, Kng. 1572; d. 1639. In 1612. he carri( d off" Pocahontas to Jamestown, the temptation t<; the perfidious chief in whose charge she Wiis ln'ing a brass ketile. In 1613, he broke up the French settlement at Mt. Des- ert, on the coast of Me., causing a war be- tween the French and En<:lish colonists. He also destroyed the French settlements of St. Croix and Port Royal. After a visit of 3 years to Eng., he returned to Va. as deputy gov. ; his purpose being to traffic in violation of the laws he was to administer. He enacted severe sumptuary laws, and by his arbitrary conduct became odious to the colony. Recalled to an- swer for his misconduct, he was shielded by his trading partner, the Earl of Warwick. He was a capt. in the exped. against the Algerines in 1620; was knighted by James I. in 1623; and in 1625 was engaged in Cecil's exped. against the Spanish. An account of his voy- age from Jamestown, 1610, and his letter re- specting his voyage to Va. in 1618, are pre- served in Purchas. After the death of Lord Delaware, Argall took charge of his estate; and letters of the countess are in existence ac- cusing him of the most flagrant and barefaced peculation. Argenson, d' (dar-zhon'-son'j, Pierre DE VoYER, Viscount, gov. of Canada from Jan. 27, 1657, to 1661, b. 1626; d. France, ab. 1709. He was of a noble family, and disting. himself at the siege of Bordeaux and at the battle of Sens. Subsequently Reeve of Tou- raine. Some progress was made by him in dis- covery, in the country beyond Lake Superior, and on Hudson's Bay ; but his government seems to have " consisted of little else than barbaric invasions and civil and religious quarrels." — Morgan. Arias, Don Francisco Gabino, traveller, b. Salto, Buenos Ayres ; d. ab. 1808. He was a col. in the army, and in 1774 undertook to penetrate the desert part of the continent, des- ignated by the name of " grand chaco." Af- ter making an exploration of this region with Matorras, who d. ab. 1775, Arias, in 1780, cjntinued the labors of his former companion (the pacification of the Indian inhabitants), in an exped. lasting from June 2, 1780, to Jan. 31, 1781. The next year, he explored the course of the Bermijo, establishing the facts that the navigation of the rivc-r was free, that craft of a medium size could descend it, that the na- tions inhabiting its borders w. re pacific, and also that it emptied not into the Parana, as was supposed, but into the River Paraguay. The narrative of his expedition, drawn up by himself, was pub. by his son Dr. Jose An- tonio Arias, by order of the government. — Nouv. Biog. Univ. Arillaga (a-rel-la-ga). Rev. Basilio Man- uel, D.D., superior of Jesuits in Mexico, and rector of the Coll. of St. Ildeibnso ; d. Aug. 1867, in the prison of St. I., though over 80 years of age. In 1865, he pub. 3 pamphlets in reply to the charge of the French Abbe Tes- tory, that the Mexican clergy were ignorant and corrupt. He was one ot the most erudite of Mexican scholars ; and his reply is a master- piece of learning, wit, and sarcasm. Arismeudi, Juan Bautista, a Vene- zuelan gen., b. in the Island ot Margarita. He had attained the rank of capt. ; and, when the revol. broke out, took command of the i atriot forces, and, after a long struggle, defeated the Spanish gen. Morillo, and drove him from the island. In conjunction with Bolivar and Paez, he drove Morillo from New Granada in 1819, and from the greater part of Venezuela, of Avliich he was made vice-pres. In Paez's in- surrection against Bolivar, in 1826, he espoused the cause of the latter in his absence, and ren- dered great service to the nation. Arista (a-res'ta), Mariano, a Mexican A.TIM: 34 AJRD^l gen., b. San Luis Potosi, Mex., July 16, 1802 ; d. Spain, Au<:. 9, 1855. His father, a Spanish officer, gave him a military education ; and he served in the Spanish army till June, 1821 ; when he joined the patriots. In Apr. 1 829, he was made a lieut.-col., and, having supported Bustamente, was made a col., and brev. brig.- gen. Upon the accession of Santa Ana, Apr. 1, 1833, Arista was made gen. of brigade, and in June, 1833, was second in command of the army. Having joined Duran in his unsuccess- ful revolt, he was deprived of his rank, and expelled from Mexico. After passing a year and a half in the U. S , he returned in June, 1835, was restored to his rank in the army, and was judge of the supreme tribunal of war, from Aug. 1836, to Apr. 1837. Taken prisoner by the French at Vera Cruz, Dec. 5, 1 838, he was 2 months after released on parole. In 1839, with but 400 men, he suppressed the revolt of Urrea at Tampico. App. commandant-gen. of Tamaulipas, at the close of 1839 he became gen.-in-chief of the northern division. For defeating the insurgents of the eastern dept., he received a special cross of honor. Made gen. of division in Sept. 1841, he caused the government of Herrera, who succeeded Santa Ana in Dec. 1844, to be recognized through- out the eastern depts. In the war with the U.S., in 1846-7, he com. at the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma. In June, 1848, he was app. by Prcs. Herrera minister of war, and displayed activity and judgment in the suppression of 17 revolts that occurred during 2 years. Elected pres. of the republic in the fall of 1850, he resigned the government, Jan. 5, 1853. Banished from the country by his enemies, he made a voyage to Europe, visited Spain, and died while on his way to France, on the day that Santa Ana, who had usurped his seat, fled from the city of Mexico. The government of Alvarez in 1857 decreed him to have " merited well of his country." Armand (ar-m5n'), 'Charles Tufin, Marquis de la Houarie, a French soldier, b. nearRennes, France, 1756 ; d. Jan. 30, 1793. Entering the rjardes du corps, at Paris, his pas- sion for an actress in that city led to a duel, in consequence of which he left France. Volun- teering in the cause of America, May 10, 1777, he received from Congress the commission of col. He fought at Red Bank ; was with La- fayette in N.J. in the fall of that year; and in 1778 was actively engaged in Westchester Co., N.Y., opposing the corps of Simcoe, Em- merick, and Baremore the loyalist, whom he captured near Kingsbridge, Nov. 8, 1779. His corps was incorporated with that of Pulaski in Feb. 1780 ; and he was with Gates at the defeat of Camden, and strongly censured the conduct of that officer. In 1781, though dissatisfied with the promotions in the army, in which he saw no chance of advancement, he procured from his own means clothing and accoutre- ments in France, returning in season to par- ticipate in the victory at Yorktown. He was made a brig.-gen. Mar. 26, 1783. Returning home, he took part in the French Revolution ; was for a time a prisoner in the Bastille ; took an active part with the royalists of La Vende'e, and was a leader of those of Brittany, Anjou, and Poitou. The execution of Louis XVt. gave his system such a shock, that he sunk under a nervous malady. Gen. Armand was urbane and polished in manner, an eloquent and persuasive speaker, and was greatly beloved by his friends. Armistead, George, lieut.-col. U.S.A., b. Newmarket, Va., Apr. 10, 1780; d. Baltimore, Apr. 25, 1818. The ancestor of this family came from Hesse D'Armstadt. 5 bros. en- gaged in the War of 1812, — 3 in the regular army, and 2 in the militia. George was app. 2d lieut. Jan. 8, 1799; capt. Nov. 6, 1806; maj. 3d Art. Mar. 3, 1813; was disting. at the capture of Fort George, U C, May, 1813, and was brev. lieut -col. for the defence of Fort McHenry, Sept. 14, 1814. Armistead, Lewi s Addison, gen . C. S. A., b. Newbern, N.C., 18 Feb. 1817 ; killed at the battle of Gettysburg, July 3, 1863. West Point, 1836. Son of Gen. Walter K. Enter- ing the 6th Inf. in 1839, he won the brevets of capt. and maj for gallantry at Contreras, Churubusco, and Molino del Rey At Chapitl- tepec, he was one of the storming-party, was highly disting., and wounded. Capt. Mar. 3, 1855. In 1859, he com. a detachment sent against the Indians from Fort Mohave, Cal., and defeated them. He resigned in 1861 ; was made col. 57th Va. Inf. in Apr., and in the same month a brig.-gen. in the Confederate Army; took part in the peninsular campaign, and was in Longstreet's corps in Lee's invasion of Md., and was wounded at Antietam. Armistead, Walter Keith, brev. brig.- gen., hro. of George, b. Va. ab. 1785; d. Up- perville, Va., Oct. 13, 1845. Entering the en- gineer corps from West Point, Mar. 5, 1803, he was chief engineer of the army in Canada in 1812, and engaged at Fort Niagara, 21 Nov., and engineer for the defence of Chesapeake Bay in 1813-18; col. and chief engineer, Nov. 12, 1818; inspector Milit. Acad. Nov. 1818 to June, 1821 ; col. 3d Art. 1 June, 1821 ; brev. brig.-gen. Nov. 12, 1828. He com. in 1840-41 against the Seminoles in Florida. Armstrong, James, commodore U.S.N., b.. Shclbyville, Ky., 17 Jan. 1794; d. Salem, Ms., 27 Aug. 1868. His parents emigrated from Va. Midshipm. U. S. N. 15 Nov. 1809 ; lieut. 27 Apr. 1816 ; com. 3 Mar. 1825 ; capt. 8 Sept. 1841, and commo. 16 July, 1866. Cap- tured in " The Frolic " in 1814, by the British frigate " Orpheus," and kept a prisoner until Mar. 1815. Com. the E. I. squad, in 1855-8, and in 1857 attacked and captured the Barrier forts in the Canton River. Compelled by a large rebel force to surrender the Pensacola navy-yard 12 Jan. 1861. — -See Notice of Capt. A.'s Services in the N. E. II. Sj- G. lieq., July, 1871. Armstrong, James Francis, 30 years pastor of the church at Trenton, N.J., b. W. Nottingham, Md., 3 Apr. 1750; d. Trenton, Jan. 19, 1816. N. J. Coll. 1773. He studied under Rev. J,ohn Blair ; was licensed to preach in 1777, and served as chaplain through the War of Independence. — Sproijue. Armstrong, James F., capt. U. S. N., b. N.J., Nov. 20, 1816. Midshipm. Mar. 7, 1832 ; lieut. Dec. 8, 1842 ; com. Ai)r. 27, 1861 ; capt j^jrm: 35 AUN July 16, 1862. He com. steamer "Sumter," 1861 ; steamer " State of Georgia," N.A. block, squad. 1862-4; bombardment and surrender of Fort Macon, Apr. 25, 1862; comg. steamsloop "San Jacinto," E. Gulf block, squad. 1864; com. Pensacola navy-yard, 1865-8. — Hamersly. Armstrong, John, Gen , b. Pa. ; d. Car- lisle, Pa., Mar. 9, 1795, at an advanced age. In 1756, he headed an exped. as col. of the provincial forces of Pa. against the Indians at Kittaning, destroyed the settlement, and took the stores sent by the French for the use of their native allies. For this service, the cor- poration of Phila. presented him with a vote of thanks, a medal, and a piece of plate. He enjoyed in a high degree the confidence of the proprietors of Pa., and was resorted to for advice in whatever related to Indian affairs. Mar. 1, 1776, he was app. a brig.-gen. in the Continental Army, and did good service at the defence of Fort Moultrie and at the battles of Brandywine and Germantown, in which latter engagments, he com. the militia of Pa., hav- ing left the army, Apr. 4, 1777, on account of dissatisfaction in regard to rank. He was in Congress in 1778-80 and 1 787-8, and sustained many other honorable offices. Armstrong, John, soldier and writer, b. Carlisle, Pa , Nov. 25,1758; d. Red Hook, N.Y., Apr. 1, 1843. He was the youngest son of Gen. John Armstrong of Carlisle. In 1775, while a student at Princeton, he volunteered in Potter's Pa. regt. ; was soon made aide-de- camp to Gen. Mercer, and held a similar post with Gates in the campaign against l3urgoyne, and until the close of the war, having the rank of maj. He was the author of the celebrated " Newburgh Letters," setting forth the services and destitution of the soldiers, and urging them to take measures for their relief. These letters, powerfully and eloquently written, were in- tended to arouse Congress and the States to a sense of justice to the army then about to be disbanded, and, but for the prudence of Wash- ington, might have produced serious results. After the war, he was sec. of State, and adj.- gen. of Pa., and in 1784 conducted the vigor- ous operations against the settlers at Wyoming. App. by Congress in 1787 oneof the judges for the western territory, he declined, and having in 1789, m. a sister of Chancellor Livingston, removed to N.Y., purchased a farm, and devoted himself to agriculture U. S. senator in 1800- 2, and 1803-4 ; minister to France in 1804-10 ; brig.-gen. July 6, 1812; sec. of war, 1813-14, and effected many salutary changes in the army ; but the lack of success in the operations against Canada, and the sack of Washington City, made him unpopular, and he resigned. He pul). a brief but able " History of the War of 1812," " Memoirs of Gens. Montgomery an-i Wayne " (in Sparks's Amer. Biog.), valuable treatises on agriculture and gardening, and a "Review of Gen. Wilkinson's Memoirs." He had par- tially prepared a history of the Amer. Revol. Armstrong, Richard, lieiit.-gen. in the British army ; d. ab. 1823. Entered the Queen's Rangers as capt., became a maj., and a most efficient partisan officer on the side of the crown during the Revol. war. In 1783, he and Capt. Saunders were deputed to write Col. Simcoe a parting address. He became col. Jan. 26, 1797; maj.-gen. Sept. 25, 1803; lieut.-gen. Oct. 25, \9,09. — Sabine; PhUipart. Armstrong, Richard, D.D., missionary, b. Northumberland Co., Pa., 1805 ; d. Hono- lulu, Sept. 23, 1860, from injuries by a fall from a horse. Dickinson Coll. 1827 ; Prince- ton Theol. Sem. He went to the Sandwich Islands in 1832; was 8 months a missionary at Nukahivah, Marquesas Islands ; preached 5 years at Walluka, and then returned to Hono- lulu to take the station vacated by Mr. Bing- ham's return to the U. S. Dec." 6, 1847, he was made minister of instruction, and soon after pres. of the board of education. His talents were rewarded by the king's appointing him to a seat in the house of nobles and to a membership in the privy council. Armstrong, Gkn. Robert, b. E. Tenn., 1790; d. Washington, D.C., Feb. 23, 1854. He settled in Nashville ; com. a company of Tenn. artillery under Jackson, in the Creek war of 1813-14, in which he was disting., and dangerously wounded, Jan. 24, 1814, at Talla- dega ; disting. in command of the artillery at the battle of New Orleans ; and was brig.-gen. commanding Tenn. Mounted Vols, at the battle of Wahoo Swamp in the Florida war, 1836. Postmaster of Nashville, 1829-45; U. S. con- sul at Liverpool, Eng., 1845-52 ; and subse- quently editor and proprietor of the Washing- ton Union newspaper, and confidential adviser of Pres. Polk. Armstrong, William Jessup, D.D., sec. of the Amer. Board of Foreign Missions, b., Mendliam,N.J.,Oct.29, 1796; d. Nov. 27, 1846, in the wreck of the steamer " Atlantic." A. M. of N.J. Coll. 1816; DD. 1840. Son of the Rev. Dr. A. Armstrong. After three years of theo- logical study, he was sent to Albemarle Co., Va., as a missionary ; was pastor of a church in Trenton, N.J., three years, and in 1824-34 was pastor of the First Presb. Church in Rich- mond, Va. In 1834, he was app. sec. of the I'resb. Board of Foreign Missions for Va. and N.C., and at the same time general agent of the Amer. Board of Missions for these States. In Si-pt. of that year, he was app. successor to Rev. Dr. Wisner, sec. of the Amer. Board. In Apr. 1838, after a residence of two years and a half at Boston, he removed to N. Y. A memoir of his life, with a collection of his ser- mons, edited by Rev. Hollis Read, was pub. N.Y., 1853. Armstrong, William Morris, capt. U.S.N., b. Ky., 1797 : d. Norfolk, Va., June 24, 1861. Midshipman, Nov. 14, 1814; lieut. Mar. 3, 1821 ; commander, Sept. 8, 1841 ; capt. May 24, 1845. Arnold, Benedict, gen. Revol. army, in- famous for attempting to betray his country, b. Norwich, Ct., Jan. 3, 1741 ; il. Lond., June 14, 1801. In his youth he was mischievous, bold, and turbulent. Apprenticed to an apotliecary, he ran away, enlisted as a soldier, but soon deserted ; was a druggist and book- seller in New Haven in 1763-7 ; was afterward master and supercargo of a vessel trading to the W. Indies, and became a bankrupt with the reputation of dishonesty. Immediately after the battle of Lexington, he raised a volunteer JLRN 86 J^TIN company with which he marched to Cambridge, proposed to the Ms. Committee of Safety the capture of Ticonderoga, and, being commis- sioned a col., joined Allen's party in that affair in May, 1775. Sept. 16, with ab. 1,000 men, he began the march through the wilder- ness of Maine, having the capture of Quebec as its object, and displaying the qualities of an able commander. Wounded in the leg in the assault Dec. 31, in which Montgomery was killed, he was promoted, Jan. 10, 1776, to brig.- gen. Placed in command of a flotilla of small vessels on Lake Champlain, he encountered a superior force Oct. 11, 1776, and, though he exhibited great skill and bravery, was defeated. Congress, early in 1777, deeply offended him by promoting 5 of his juniors to the rank of maj.- gen. Though his appointment to the same gi-ade was afterward dated Feb. 17, 1777, the affront still rankled in his heart. He was involved in fre- quent difficulties by his violent temper, and his dishonesty in pecuniary transactions. In Aug. 1777, he relieved Fort*^ Schuyler, then invested by the British and Indians. At the battle of Bemis' Heights, Sept. 19, 1777, he com. the left wing, but resigned the post soon afterward in consequence of a quarrel with Gen. Gates, who appears to have been jealous of him. He fought with desperute courage as a volunteer without command in the decisive battle at Still- water, Oct. 7 ; was in the thickest of the fight, and, being the highest officer on the field, his orders were obeyed when practicable; though all accounts state that his conduct was rash in the extreme. Again severely wounded in the leg, he was disabled for several months, during which Congress accorded him his full rank. In June, 1778, he was app. the command of Phila. He lived here extravagantly, ran deeply in debt, and endeavored to sustain himself by acts of peculation and rapacity. In 1779, he m. Margaret, dau. of Edward Shippen of Phila. Charges were preferred against him ; and Jan. 26, 1780, he was sentenced by a court- martial to receive a reprimand from the com- mander-in-chief This, though mildly adminis- tered, was ill received, Arnold having 6 months previously begun his treasonable overtures to the enemy. To enhance the value of his treach- ery, he sought and obtained the command of West Point, the " Gibraltar of America," which he proposed to betray into the hands of Sir H. Clinton, who had employed Maj. Andre in the negotiation. The capture of Andre, Sept. 23, 1780, led to the exposure and defeat of the plot; and Arnold narrowly escaped (Sept. 2.5) in the British sloop " Vulture." For his deser- tion, he is said to have received as indemnity .£6,31. T, and the grade of brig.-gen. in the British service. App. to command an exped. against Va. in Dec. 1780, he ascended the James River, and inflicted great injury by burn- ing and pillage. In Sept. 1781, he led another exped., which took Fort Griswold, Ct. by assault, massacred the garrison after they had surrendered, and burned New London. In 1782, he com. the " American Legion." He afterward resided chiefly in Eng., where he was ''shunned and despised by everybody except the king and a few persons in authority." In 1786 and in 1790-2, he was at St. John'*s, N.B., engaged in trade and navigation, but was very unpopular, and was hung in effigy. His wife d, Lond., Aug. 24, 1804, a. 43, His son James Robertson became a gen. in the British army. — See Sparks's Life of Arnold in Amer. Biog. Arnold, Benedict, b. Eng., Dec. 21, 1615; d. June, 1678. He resided in Provi- dence as early as 1636. In 1657, he with Cod- dington, purchased of the Indians the Island of Quononoquat, afterward called Jamestown. Winthiop speaks of him as " a great friend of Massachusetts, especially in negotiations with the Indians, he having a perfect knowledge of their language. In 1653, he removed to New- port; was made assist, in 1654; pres. by the Royal Charter in 1663, and so continued for 8 years. Arnold, George ("McArone"), editor and poet, d. Strawberry Farms, N.J., Nov. 3, 1865. Widely known as the author of the *' McArone Papers," some biographical works, and by contributions to Vanity Fair, the Leader, and other journals. Some of his poems are of remarkable sweetness. He served with honor in the Union army during the civil war, doing duty a long time at one of the forts on Staten Island. His poetical pieces were collected and pub. in 1867 ; "Drift" and other poems, edited by Wm. Winter, in 1868. Arnold, Isaac N., M. C. from III. 1861-5; author of a " Life of Abraham Lincoln," 1866 ; b. Hardwicke, Otsego Co., N.Y., Nov. 1815; adm. to the bar in 1835, settled in 1836 in Chicago, where he was prominent in ])olitlcs, and was in 1865-6, sixth auditor U. S. treas. — Lanman. Arnold, Sir James Robertson, a British gen., b. Phila., 1780; d. Lond., Dec. 27, 1854. His father was Benedict Arnold the traitor. Entering the royal engineers in 1798, he at- tained the rank of col. ; was transferred from that arm in 1841, and became a lieut.-gen. in 1851. He was commanding engineer at Nova Scotia and N. Brunswick in 1816-23; displayed grent courage in the attack on Su- rinam, where he was dangeroush' wounded, and became aide-de-camp successively to William IV. and Victoria. In person and features, he bore a striking resemblance to his ftvther. Arnold, Dr. Jonathan, statesman, b. Providence, R.I., Dec. 14, 1741 ; d. St. Johns- bury, Vt., Feb. 2, 1798. He was a member of the Assembly in 1776, author of the act of May, 1776, rejjealing the laws providing for the oath of allegiance to the mother-country, member of the Old Congress in 1782-4, and surgeon in the Revol. army. After the war, moved to St. Johnsbury, Vt.. where he was judge of the Orange County Court from 1782 till his death. Arnold, Josiah Lyndon, poet, b. Provi- dence, Apr. 22, 1768; d. St. Johnsbury, Vt., June 7, 1796. Dartm. Coll. 1788. Son of Dr. Jonathan Arnold. After graduating, he taught school in Plainficld, Ct., then studied law in Providence, and was adm. to prac- tice, but quitted the bar for a tutorship at B. U. On his father's death, he returned to St. Johns- bury. His poems were collected after his death in a small volume (pub. 1797), with a biographical preface signed James Burrell, jun. j^^jsr 37 -AJRT It comprises translations and imitations of Horace, short descriptive pieces, a humorous eclo;;'ue, and a few song-s. — Dui/ckinck. Arnold, Lemcel Hastings, statesman, son of Dr. Jonathan, b. St Jolinsbury, Vt., Jan. 29, 1792; d. Kingston, K.L, June 27, 1852. Dartm. Coll. 1811. He practised law in Providence in 1814-21 ; then engaged in manufactures; was a member of tlie council during the Dorr Rebellion in 1842-3 ; gov. of 11. I. 1831-3 ; M. C. 1845-7, and represented Providence in the General Assembly in 1826-31. Arnold, Lewis G., bng.-gen. U. iS. Vols., 1). N.J. ab. 1816. West Point, 1837. Entering the 2d Art., he won two brevets in Mexico by his gallantry atContreras and Churubusco, where he com. his com])any, and at Chapul- tepec. He was afterward disting. in Florida, commanding a detathment in a conflict with a large force of Seniinoles at Big Cypress, Apr. 7, 1856. May 15, 1861, made maj. 1st Art., and Jan. 24, i862, brig.-gen. vols., serv- ing with the forces at N. Orleans. Lieut.-col. 2d Art. Aug. 1, 1863. Retired Feb. 8, 1864. He served at Fort Pickens in 1861-2, was in tiie repulse of the rebels on Santa Rosa Island, Fla., Oct. 9, 1861, and com. the Dep't of Fla. Feb.-Ocr. 1862. Arnold, Peleg, many years chief-justice of the Supreme Court of R. I.; d. Smithfield, R.I., Feb. 13, 1820, a. 68. He was a member of the Assembly, and a delegate to Congress in 1786-8, when he was app. judge. Arnold, Richard, brev. uimj. gen., b. Prov- idence, R.I., 12 Apr. 1828. West Point, 1850. Son of Gov. L. H. Arnold. Entering the ar- tillery, he served in Florida; was aide to G«n. Wool in Cal.; capt. 5th Art. June, 1861 ; served at Bull Run, and through the peninsular cam- paign ; app. chief of art. to Gen. Banks's exped. in Nov. 1862; brig.-gen. vols. 19 Nov. 1862; rendered important service at the siege of Port Hudson, and in the Red River campaign ; was afterward also chief of cavalry dept. of the Gulf; contrib. greatly to the reduction of Ft. Morgan in Mobile Bay, in Aug. 1864; was brev. maj. -gen. vols. 22 Aug. 1865 ; and Aug. 1866, brev. maj.-gen. U. S. A. — Bartlett's R. f. Officers. Arnold, Samuel Greene, historian and politician, b. Providence, R.I., 12 Apr. 1821. B. U. 1841. Camb. Law School, 1845, andadm. to the R. I. bar. After travelling extensively in Europe, in the East, and in S. Amer., he be- came, in 1852, lieut.-gov. of R I., being the only man elected on the Whig ticket. VVas in 1861 a delegate to the peace convention ; was again lieut.-gov. of the State ; took the field in 1861 in command of a battery of artillery, and as aide-de-camp to G<»v. Sprague ; was again lieut.-gov. in 1862, and U. S. senator in 1863, for the unexpired term of J. F. Simmons, serv- ing on the committee on naval affairs. Author of a valuable " History of R. I.," 7 vols , 1859-60; the article on " Tristam Burges" in "Appleton s Cyclop. ;" " Spirit of R. I. Histo- ry," a discourse before the R. I. Hist. Soc, 17 Jan. 1853 ; an address before the Amer. Insti- tute, N. Y., Oct. 1850 ; addresses, articles in the North American and Christian Reviews, &c. Arpin, Paul, journalist, b. France, 1811 ; d. N. Y. City, 18 May, 1865. Long editor of the N. Orleans Bee, later, of the Courier des I^tats Unis, and a contrib. to the " New Amer. CyclopjEdia." Arrington, Alfred W., lawyer, b. Ire- dell Co., N.C., Sept. 1810; d. Chicago, 111., 31 Dec. 1867. Son of Archibald (AL C. 1841-5). In 1829-34, he was a Methodist preacher in Ind. and Mo., displaying great el- oquence. Adm. to the Mo. bar, he removed ab. 1835 to Ark., attained distinction ; was sent to the legisl. ; was judge of the 12th Dist. of Te.\. in 1850-6; settled in Chicago in 1857, and had a high reputation as a constitutional lawyer. A fine scholar and writer, he contrib., under the nom de plume of '' Charles Summerfield," to the Democratic Rev, and Southern Literary Mes- senger. Arthur, Sir George, bart., a British statesman, b. June 21, 1784 ; d. Sept. 19, 1854. He early entered the army, in which he attained high rank, and, after being successively gov. of Honduras and Van Dieman's Land, Mar. 23, 1838, was app. lieut.-gov. of Upper Canada. His measures to suppress the rebellion of 1837-S were prudent, vigorous, and successful, and, with the aid of Sir John Colborne, peace ami harmony were completely restored. In 1839, on the union of the provmces, and the app. of C. Paulett Thompson as first gov.-gen. of Can- ada, Sir George returned hotne, and was imme- diately app. gov. of Bombay. — Morgan. Arthur, Timothy Shay, author, b. near Newburg, Orange, Co., N.Y., 1809. He had little education ; was apprenticed to a trader in Baltimore ; was for several years a clerk, and, in 1833, visited the West as agent of a banking company. On his return to Baltimore, where he pub. a newpsaper called the Atkemeum, he began a series of short novels, chiefly of a do- mestic character, which have been widely cir- culated in newspapers and in cheap editions, and were quite popular. For several years, Mr. Arthur has been engaged in journalism, and has resided in Phila. since 1841. In connection with W. H. (/arpenter, lie prepared a series of school histories of several of the States. Among his later novels are, " Out in the World," " Nothing but Money," and " Our Neighbors." Artigas (ar-tee'-'gas), Jose, a Montevidean gen., b. ab. 1760; d. Nov. 1825. During the insurrection of the Spanish colonies, the fate of the new republic of La Plata was for some time iti his hands. In 1811, while a capt. in tlie royal army, he entered the seiwice of Buenos Ayres in consequence of a quarrel with the gov. of Santo Sacramento, and, gaining a victory over the royalists at Las Piedras, the junta of Buenos Ayres speedily invested him with the command of an army with which hesoon brought the Bra- zilian Government to terms. Having withdrawn his troops from the siege of Montevideo, the jealousy and suspicion of Posadas, the director of the junta, were aroused; and Aitigas was outlawed. Placing hjmself at the head of the na- tive cattle-drivers of La Plata, called Guachos, he made himself master of Santa Fe and Mon- tevideo in 1815, and compelled the junta to recognize him as independent chief of the Banda Oriental. In 1816, the Portuguese again en- ^SB 38 J^S££ deavored to extend their territory to the La Plata, but, after several engagements, were forced to leave Artigas in possession of the country. In 1820, Artigas became master of the capital, in consequence of the government having lent itself to a plot for the establishment of an hereditary government, but was defeated in a decisive battle in Oct. 1820, and was, un- til his death, a captive in the hands of Francia, dictator of Paraguay. He was active and brave, and possessed an indomitable will. Asboth, Alexander Sandor, brig.-gen. U. S. Vols., b. Keszthely,Co.of Zaln, Hungary, Dec. 18, 1811 ; d. Buenos Ayres, Jan. 21, 1868. He studied at Oedenburg, served in the Aus- trian army, and afterwards devoted iiimself to engineering. Attaching himself to the Liberals on the outbreak of the war of 1 848-9, he entered the Hungarian army, took part in several bat- tles, and at the close of the struggle was adj.- gen. of the army. Accompanying Kossuth to Turkey, he shared his continement at Kutaiah, and on their release, in the autumn of 1851, came in the frigate " Mississippi " to the U. S., of which he becan)e a citizen. He was succes- sively a farmer, engineer, and manufacturer, until, in the spring of 1861, he offered his ser- vices to government, and in July went as chief of Fremont's staff to Missouri. Sept. 26, he was made brig.-gen., and in Fremont's western campaign com. the 4th division. His division formed the rearguard on the retreat to Rolla. He took an active part in Gen. Curtis's winter campaign in Ark, and was prominent in the 3- days' battle of Pea Ridge, where he was severely wounded. In Feb. 1863, he com. at Columbus, Ky., and in Aug. was assigned to the command of W. Florida. In the fight at Mariana, Fla., Sept. 27, 1864, his left cheek bone was broken, and his left arm fractured in two places. Brev. maj.-gen. for his services in Fla., Mar. 13, 1865; resigned Aug. 186.5. The wound in his face fi- nally caused his death. App. minister to the Argentine Republic in Mar. 1866. Asbury, Francis, bishop of the M. E. Church, b. Handsworth, Staffoi-dshire, Eng., Aug. 20, 1745; d. Spottsylvania, Va., Mar. 31, 1816. He became an itinerant under Wes- ley in his 23d year; came to theU. S. in 1771 ; in 1772 was app. by Wesley general supt. in Araer., and held the office throughout the Rev- olution. At the peace, the Methodists in this country organized as a body separate from the Church of Eng. ; and Asbury was consecrated bishop by Dr. ('oke in 1784. For 32 years, Bishop Asbury travelled yearly through the U. S., ordaining not less than 3,000 preachers, and preaching about 17,000 sermons. Asgill, Sir Charles, bart.,a British gen., b. 1762; d. July, 1823. Son of Sir Charles, alderman of London. Entering the 1st foot guards in Feb. 1778, he became a capt. Feb. 3, 1781, and, joining the army under Cornwallis in America, was included in the surrender at Yorktown. By order of Washington, the cap- tured officers of his rank drew lots, that one might suffer in retaliation for the execution of tiie Amer. capt. Huddy. The lot fell upon Asgill; but by the intervention of the French queen, to whon) his mother had made most pa- thetic appeals, he was, after 6 months' deten- tion, released by act of Congress. He afterward served during the Irish rebellion, and attained the grade of gen. June 4, 1814. AshburtOU, Alexander Baring, lord, many years the head of the great mercantile house "Baring Brothers & Co.," b. 1774; d. May 13, 1848. Son of Sir Francis Baring. After a business-education in Lond., came to the U. S. to co-operate in the business of his firm. From 1812, until he was raised to the peerage in 1835, he was a member of parlia- ment. Commencing political life as a Whig, he became, on the formation of the Peel ministry in 1834, pres. of the Board of Trade. In 1842, he was app. by Peel a special commis- sioner to settle the Maine boundary dispute, which then threatened to involve us in a war with Eng. In conjunction with Daniel Web- st-r, on the part of the U. S., an amicable set- tlement was effected, known as the Ashburton Treaty. In 1798, Lord Ashburton m. the dau. of Wm. Bingham of Phila. Ashby, Turner, brig.-gen. C.S.A., b. Rose Hill, Fauquier Co., Va., 1824 ; killed near Har- risonburg, Va., June 6, 1862, in a skirmish pre- ceding the battle of Cross Keys. His grand- father. Jack Ashby, was a capt. in Marshall's 3d Va. regt. in the Re vol. war. He engaged in the grain-business at Markham, Va., and was afterward a farmer and politician. When the civil war broke out, he raised a regt. of cavalry, and, being an accomplished horseman, soon be- came celebrated. He was with Gen. T. J. Jack- son, covering the retreat of his army before the advance of Gen. Banks, and subsequently of Gen. Fremont up the Shenandoah, and daily skirmishing with the Union vanguard. In May, 1862, he was app. a brig.-gen. Confed provis- ional army. Ashe, John, gen., b. Eng., 1721 ; d. Du- plin Co., N.C., Oct. 24, 1781. He came to Amer. with his father, who settled on Cape Fear River, N.C, in 1727. He was some years in the Colonial legisl., and was speaker in 1762-5 ; warmly opposed the Stamp Act, and, at the head of an armed force, com- pelled the stamp-master to resign. As a col. of militia, he aided Tryon against the Reg- ulators in 1771, but soon became a zealous republican. A member of the legisl., of the committee of correspondence and of safety, he was exceedingly active and vigilatjt ; was one of the first projectors of a Provincial (^ongress ; with 500 men, destroyed Foit Johnson, in 1775, and was denounced as a rebel. Member of the first Provincial Congress, he raised and equipped a regt. at his own expense ; was app., Apr. 23, 1776, brig, of Wilmington dis- trict, and, at the close of 1778, joined Lincoln in S. C. After his surprise and defeat by Gen. Prevost, at Brier (^reek. Mar. 4, 1779, he returned home. Wilmington became a British post in 1781 ; and Col. Ashe and his family suffered much at their hands. Made a prisoner, he contracted the small-pox during his confinement, of which disease he died. Ashe, John Baptiste, soldier and states- man, b. N. C, 1748; d. Nov. 27, 1802. Son of Gov. Samuel Ashe. In 1776, he was a capt. in the Continental service, and closed his mili- tary career at Eutaw, a lieut.-col. He was a ^SH 39 ^SF member of the State lej^isl., delegate to the oUl Congress in 1787-8, M. C, 1790-3. Elected gov. of N. C, but died before his in- auguration. Ashe, Samuel, jurist and statesman, bro. of Gen. John, b. N. C, 1725 ; d. Rocky Point, N.C., Feb. 3, 1813. He was a lawyer, and exhibited his patriotism and talents in the council of safety, in the Congress of N. C, of which he was a leading member in 1774-6, and also as a soldier in some of the emergencies of the times. Chief-justice of N. C. in 1777- 96, and gov. of N. C. in 1795-8. Ashe, Col. Samuel, son of the preced- ing, b. 1763; d. near Fayetteviile, N.C., Nov, 10, 1834. He was a Revol. soldier ; was made prisoner at the capture of Charleston in 1780, and, after his exchange, served to the end of the war; first under Lafayette, and finally under Gen. Greene. He subsequently represented in the State Assembly the county of New Hano- over for many years. He was a man of great kindness and benevolence. Ashe, Thomas, clerk, on board his Majes- ty's ship, " The Richmond," sent out in 1680; pub., on his return in 1682, " Carolina; or, a Description of the Present State of that Country, and the Natural Excellences thereof," &c. It forms 26 8vo pages in the reprint in Carroll's Hist. Coll. of S. C. — Duyckinck. Ashe, Thos., called Capt. Ashe, an English traveller, author of " Travels in America in 1806 ;" d. 1835. Ashley, Johx, maj.-gen., d. Sheffield, Ms., Nov. 5, 1799, a. 63. Y.C. 1758. Son of Col. John, one of the settlers, in 1732, of Hous- satonnuc, afterward Sheffield, who d. there Sept. 1, 1802, a. 92. Gen A. com. the militia which dispersed the insurrectionary force of Shay's at Sheffield, Feb. 26, 1787. He was a lawyer, and held many public trusts. Ashley, Joxathan, minister of Westfield ; and subsequentlv of Deerfield, Ms., b. 1713; d. there June, 1787. Y. C. 1730. Ord. 1738. He was a man of strong mind ; was an earnest and pungent preacher, and a warm loyalist, in consequence of which, and of the imprudent boldness with which he expressed his senti- ments, difficulties occurred between him and his people. He pub. a sermon on " Church- membership ; " at the ordination of John Nor- ton, Deerfield, 1741; "The Great Duty of Charity,' 1742; *' A Letter to W. Cooper," 1745. Ashley, Gen. William H., b. Powhatan Co., Va. ab. 1778; d. near Booneville, Mo., Mar. 26, 1838. He emigrated to Missouri, then Upper La. ; in 1808 settled near the lead-mines, and became brig.-gen. of militia. In 1822, he projected the '-Mountain Expedition," uniting the Indian trade in the Rocky Mountains with hunting and trapping; enlisted ab. 300 hardy men in the business, from which they realized handsome fortunes. He w:is the first lieut.-gov. of Mo., and M. C. from 1831 to 1837. — Lanman. Ashmead, Isaac, printer, inventor of composition ]>rinting-rollers, d. Phila., Mar. 1, 1870, a. 80. He was a founder of the Amer. S. S. Union, and aided in establishing the Amer. Preslji/terian and the Presb. Quarterly Review. Ashmun, Eli Porter, lawyer, b. Bland- ford, Ms., June 24, 1770; d. Northampton, May 10, 1819. Middlebury Coll. 1807. He practised law in his native town until 1807 ; was several years in the house and senate of M.-. ; and was U. S. senator from 1816 until his resignation in May, 1818. He received an honorary degree from H. U. in 1809. Ashmun, George, lawver and politician, b. Bradford, Ms, Dec. 25,' 1804; d. Spring- field, July 17, 1870. Y. C. 1823. He settled in Springfield as a lawyer in 1828; was some years in the legisl., and was speaker in 1841. M. C. 1845-51 ; and pres. of the Chicago Nat. Repub. Convention in 1860. He was an able debater and a sterling patriot. Ashraun, Jeiiudi, agent of the Amer. Colonization Soc, b. Champlain, N. Y., Apr. 1794; d. Aug. 25,1828. Bowd. Coll. 1816. After preparing for the ministry, he was for a short time prof, in the Bangor Theol. Sem. Removing to the Dist. of Columbia, he edited the 1'heological Repository. App. to take charge of a re-enforcement to the colony at Liberia, he arrived at Cape Montserado, Aug. 8, 1822. He was legislator, soldier, and engi- neer, laying out fortifications, and superin- tending their construction, though suflFering great affliction from the loss of his wife, and laboring under an attack of fever. Ab. three months after his arrival, his force of 35 men and boys was attacked by 800 armed savages, whom he repulsed, and a second time defeated them a few days later. Compelled by ill health to take a voyage to Amer., he d. a fortnight aftei his arrival at New Haven. He pub. " Memoirs of Rev. Samuel Bacon," 1822, and papers in the African Repository. — See Life by R. R. Gurley, 8vo, 183.S. Ashmun, John Hooker, legal scholar, b. Blandford, Ms., July 3, 1800; d. Cam- bridge, Ms., Apr. 1, 1833. Son of Eli P. H. U. 1818. He became associated with Judge Howe and Elijah H. Mills in conducting a law- school at Northampton ; and, when the law- school at Cambridge was organized in 1829, he was app. prof there. Though he d. young, he had acquired a high reputation. Judge Story, in his funeral discourse, said, " The honors of the university were never more wor- thily bestowed," and " he gathered about him all the honors which are usually the harvest of the ripest life." Aspinwall, Col. Thomas, b. Brookline, Aug. 23, 1784. H. U. 1804. Son. of Dr. Wm. He studied law with Wm. Sullivan, and, at the commencement of the War of 1812, was a practitioner at the bar. App. maj. 9th U. S. Inf, which he aided in raising, Mar. 12, 1812, he received the brevs. of lieut.-col. for gallantry at Sackett's Harbor, May 29, 1813, and of col. for Brown's sortie from Fort Erie, in which he lost an arm, Sept. 17, 1814 ; and was also disting. in Gaines's victory at Fort Erie. U. S. consul at- London from 1816 to 18.54. Since a resident of Boston. Aspinwall, William, M.D., physician, 1). Brookline, Ms., May 23, 1743; d. Apr. 16, 1823. H. U. 1764. He studied at Phila., and took his diploma there ab. 1768. He prac- tised in Brookline until the Revol. war. He jVS'P 40 ^TK served as a vol. at Lexington, then as a 8ur<;oon, and afterward as deputy director of a military hospital at Jamaica Plain. He afterward en;,faged in inoculation for small- pox, and erected hospitals in Brookline for that purpose, and adopted vaccine inoculation as soon as it was introduced into the U. S. Many years a member of the house and senate of Ms., and of the executive council, also a justice of the peace, and was in politics a decided Republican. He was blind for several years before his death. William, his eldest son, also a physician of Brookline, d. 1818. Astor, John Jacob, a wealthy merchant, founder of tlie Astor Library of N. Y., b. Waldorf, Germany, July 17, 1763; d. N. Y. City, March 29, 1848. At the age of 16, he joined his elder bro., a dealer in musical in- struments, in London, and at 20, with a small stock of furs, began business in N. Y. He carried on a fur-trade with the Indians, and, extending his business to the Columbia River, founded there, in 1811, Astoria. He was long engaged in the Canton trade ; and, by judicious purchases of real estate in N.Y., accumulated an immense fortune, the bulk of which he left to his son, Wm. B. Astor. Besides giving $400,000 for the library, he made many liberal donations during his life-time. His will con- tained, among other charitable provisions, one of $50 000 for the benefit of the poor of his native village. The incidents of the establish- ment of Astoria are narrated by Irving in his "Astoria" and in his "Life of Capt. Bonne- ville." Atahualpa (a-ta-hwar-pa), or Atabali- PA, last inca of I\-ru, strangled by order of Pizarro, Aug. 29, 1.533. Made king of Quito on his father's death in 1529, he soon after de- posed his eldest brother Hnescar, and sought to secure his seat by the murder of his children. The civil war which ensued enabled Pizarro to obtain a foothold in Peru. Obtaining posses- sion of the inca's person by treachery, he was for some time kept in respectful custody to issue such orders as the conquerors dictat_^d ; but at length, to prevent comention ab. the di- vision of his ransom between his captors and the newly-arrived troops cf Almagro, he was, after a mock trial, strangled at the stake. Atchison, David II., U. S. senator from Mo., 1841-55, b. Frogtown, Favette Co., Ky., Aug. 11, 1807. He settled in Liberty Co., Mo., in April, 1830 ; practised law ; was a member of the Mo. legisl. in 1834 and 1838; and, in Feb. 1841, was app. judge of the Platte Co. Circuit Court ; pres. pro tern. U. S. senate, 1846-9 and 1852-4. Prominent in the legisl, upon the or- ganization of the Territories of Kansas and Ne- braska, and claims to have originated the clause in the bill repealing the Missouri Compromise. He was a proslavery leader in the Kansas troubles in 1856-7. Resides in Clinton Co., Mo. Atherton, .Charles Gordon, senator, son of Charles H., b. Amherst, N.H., 4 July, 1804 ; d. Manchester, N.II., 15 Nov. 1853. H. U. 1 822. Adm. to the bar in 1 825, he opened an office in Nashua, and afterward in Dunstable ; was many years a Democ. member of the N. H. legisl., and three years speaker of the House. M. C. 1837-43; U. S. senator 1843-9, and again in 1853, and chairman of the finance committee. 11 Dec. 1838, he introduced re- solves declaring that " Congress has no juris- diction over the institution of slavery in the several States of the confederacy, and that all petitions relating to slavery, or to its abolition, be laid on the table without debate." These rules were in force until 1845. Atherton, Charles Humphrey, lawyer, b. Amherst, N.H., Aug. 14, 1773; d. there Jan. 8, 1853. H. U. 1794. Son of Hon Josh- ua. He descended from James, one of the founders of Lancaster, Ms. ; began to practise law in Amherst in 1797; soon established a reputation for solid attainments and exact hab- its of investigation ; and was register of pro- bate from 1798 to 1837. M. C. 181.5-17, and an ardent member of the Federal party. Mem- ber of the State legisl. in 1823 and 1838-9. Ho made valuable contributions to the collec- tions of the N. H. Hist. Soc Atherton, Humphrey, maj. -gen., a dis- tinguished Ms. soldier; d. Boston, Sept. 17, 1661, by a fall from his horse. He came from Eng. ab. 1636, at which time he signed the covenant of the church at Dorchester. Adm. a freeman in 1638; dep. to the General Court from Dorchester for that year, and in 1639, 41, and 53, from Springfield, when he was chosen speaker. Capt. of the Art. Co. 1650. In 1654, and from 1664 to his d. he was assist., and in 1656, maj. -gen. He was much employed in negotiations with the Indians. The manner of his death is commented on by Hubbard as one of the judgments of God. Atherton, Joshua, lawyer and loyalist, b. Harvard, Ms., June 20, 1737; d Amherst, N.H., Apr. 3, 1809. H. U. 1762. Son of Col. Peter of Lancaster. He studied law, be- gan practice at Petersham, removed to Litch- field, and in 1773, with the app. of register of probate of Hillsborough Co., to Amherst, where he acquired property, and reputation in his pro- fession. Though an open and firm loyalist, and subjected to all the insults and indignities bestowed on such, he refused to fly. Having taken the oath of allegiance to the U. S., he was in 1779 admitted to practise in the Supe- rior Court. Gradually recovering his lost popularity, he became a member of the Con- vention to adopt the Federal Constitution, and led the opposition. He objected to the provis- ions concerning slaves and slavery. Subse- quently he was elected to the house and senate of N. H., and in 1793 was made attorney-gen. of the State. His last office was that of com- missioner for U. S. direct tax. He was re- markable for courtesy, urbanity, and other social qualities. — Sabine. Atkinson, Henry, gen. ; d. June 14, 1842, at Jefferson Barracks, Mo , a. 60. He was app. from N. C. capt. 3d Inf. July 1. 1808 ; inspec- tor-gen. Apr. 25, 1813; col. 45th Inf Apr. 15, 1814; brig.-gen. May 13, 1820; adjutant-gen. June 1, 1821, and com. the Western army at the defeat of the Sac Indians under Black Hawk, near Bad Axe River, Aug. 2, 1832. His bro. Gen. Richard served in N.C. legisl.; was col. of a N.C. regt. in the Creek war (1813-14); d. Person Co., N.C, Dec. 3, 1821. -A.TK: 41 AXJB Atkinson, Theodore, judge, b. Newcas- tle, N.H., Dec. 20, 1697 ; d. Sept. 22, 1779. H. U. 1718. Son of Col. Theodore. Sec. of the Colony in 1741, chief -justice in 1754, and maj.-gen. of militia in 1769. The Revol. de- prived him of all these offices. A delegate to the Congress at Albany in 1754, he was one of the committee which drew up the plan of union for the defence of the Colonies. Many years in the legisl. and council; he also held the offices of clerk of the C. C. P., col. of militia, and in active service during the French and Indian wa;s ; collector of Ports- mouth, and sheriff. At his death, he left £200 to the Epis. Church of Portsmouth, the inter- est to be spent in bread for the poor. Atkinson, Theodore, Jun., his son, b. Portsmouth, Apr. 29, 1737; d. Oct. 28, 1769. H. U. 1757. Was a meml>er of the council, and sec. of the Colony, 1760-9. Atkinson, William King, lawyer, b. Portsmouth, N.H., Jan. 6, 1764 ; d. Sept. 29, 1820. H. U. 1783. He changed his name, which was King, from respect to h's relative, Judge A. Commencing the practice of law at Dover, N.H., he acquired high repute, was many years register of probate, was attorney- gen., and afterward a justice of the Supieme Court. Atlee, Samuel John, col. Revol. army, b. 1738; d. Phila., Nov. 1786 He com. a Pennsylvania company in the French war. Aug. 26, 1776, he.com. an advanced battalion on Long Island, and was made prisoner, re- maining some time in the hands of the British. He vvas afterward a commissioner to treat with the Indians. Member of the Continental Con- gress in 1778-82, and one of the committee on the mutiny of Pa. troops in 1781. Atlee, Washington L., M.D., lecturer and medical writer, b. Lancaster, Pa., Feb. 22, 1808. Has contrib. many valuable papers to the medical journals of the U. S., and is the author of 13 pamphlets, lectures, and addresses on medicine, chemistry, botany, &c. — Alitbone. AtondO y Antillon, Isidoro, a Spanish admiral concerned in the colonization of Lower California; d. in the latter part of the 17th century. He sailed from Chacala, May 18, 1683, with two vessels equipped at his own cost. Landing Oct. 6 in a great bay situated in latitude 26° 30', which he called St. Bruno, he built a church, and took possession of the territory of Lower California for the crown of Spain. After a year's exploration of the in- terior, during which 400 Indians were baptized, discouraged by the sterility of the soil, Aton- do quitted the bay, returned to Cinaloa, where lie had formerly revictualled his ship-;, and en- gaged in pearl-fishing. Ordered back to St. Bruno, he declined to remain there, and, after spending three years, returned. Atondo was charged with a new expedition in 1686 ; l)ut none took place until 8 years after, when Francisco de Hamarra undertook it, and the colonization was afterward completed l)y the fathers Kino and Salva Tierra, who accompa- nied Atondo. — Nouv. Dioy. Gen. AttUCks, Crispus, a mulatto, or half-In- dian, a resident of Framingham, Ms. Killed Mar. 5, 1770, in the affray known as the Bos- ton Massacre, in which he was a ringleader. Several affrays had recently taken place be- tween the people and the soldiery, who were mutually exasperated. Leading his party to King Street to attack the main guard, Attucks seized the bayonet of a soldier, knocked him down, and, in the fatal discharge which fol- lowed, was the first to fall. The funeral of the victims was attended with great pomp and solemnity. .The shops were all closed, and all the i)ells of the town were tolled, as were those of the neighboring towns. The Massacre, as it was called, was commemorated yearly by an oration in Boston, and was effectively used to stimulate the Revol. sentiments of the people. Atwater, Caleb, author, b. N. Adams, Ms., Dec. 25, 1778 ; d. Circleville, O., Mar. 13, 1867. Williams Coll. 1804. He practised law ; removed to O. in 1811 ; was some years member of the legisl., and postmaster of Cir- cleville; and vvas an Indian commissioner un- der Jackson. Author of a " Tour to Prairie du Chien in 1829," 12mo, Columbus, 1831 ; " Western Antiquities," 1833 ; " Writings of Caleb Atwater," 8vo, 1833; "History of Ohio," 8vo, 1838 ; and " Essav on Education," 1841. Atwater, Jeremiah, D.D. (Dick. Coll. 1810), first pres. of Middleimry Coll., Vt., 1800-9 ; pres. of Dick. Coll. Pa., 1809-15; b. N. Haven, Ct., 1774; d. there 29 July, 1858. Yale Coll. 1793. Tutor there, 1795-9. Aubert Dubayet (o-bair du-bar-ya), Jean Baft. Annibale, a French soldier,' b. La., Aug. 29, 1759; d. Constantinople, Dec. 17, 1797. In 1780, he was a lieut. in the regt. Bourbonnais in the army of Rochambeau, serv- ing in America; and at the outset of the French Revol. was a capt. of cavalry in gar- rison at Metz. A deputy in the legislative assembly in 1791, he was in 1792 its pres., and a defender of Lafayette. Brig. -gen. in 1793, he defended Mayence, and on its surrender led the garrison ag;iinst the Vendeans, who defeated him at Clisson. In 1796, he com. the army of the coast of Cherbourg, but was called to the ministry of war by the Directory, and 3 months later was sent ambassador to Constantinople, where he died. Auberteuil, Hillard d', see HiUiard d'A. Aubry, capt.. Knight of St. Louis; d. Feb. 24, 1770. Made prisoner by Sir Wm. Johnson at Niagara, in 1759, and was in com. of 4 companies at N. Orleans, where he suc- ceeded to the government of La., Feb. 4, 1765. In Mar. 1766, he surrendered the colony to Gov. Ulloa, upon whose expulsion in 1768, he continued to administer the government until relieved by Gen. O'Reilly, in July, 1769. He then sailed for Bordeaux, and was wrecked in the Garrone, nearly all on board perishing. — O'Ca/laghcDi. Aubrey, Col. Thomas, a British officer; d. Jan. 15, 1814. Son of Sir Thomas. En- sign 9th Foot, Oct. 26, 1762 ; capt. 47th, 1771, and eniraged at Bunker Hill, 1775 ; maj. 1782. He served through the Amer. war, particular- ly distinguishing himself in command of the troops upon Diamond Island, where he acquit- ted himself so as to receive the thanks of the ^TJO 4i& -A^XJG- commander in chief. M. P. for Wallingford, 1784-90. Auchmuty, Robert, an eminent lawyer, (1. Boston, Apr. 1750. His father, the descend- ant of an ancient Scotch baronial familv, settled in En< but Robert, after receivinture of Port Hudson, and maj.- gen. for services in the field during the Rebellion. He com. the dept, of Washington from Oct. 1863 to Aug. 1866. Assigned to the dept. of the Platte in 1867. Augur, Hezekiah, sculptor, b. Feb. 21, 1791, N. Haven, Ct.; d. there Jan. 10, 18.58. Not succeeding in trade, he turned his attention to art, and in 1827 chiselled a Washington and a Sappho. He produced several works, the best of which is his "Jephrhah and his Daughter," in the Trumbull Gallery of Yale Coll. Pos- sessing: also much mechanical genius, his inven- tion of the carving machine is now in general and successful use. A. M. of Y. C. 1833. Augustus, JoHX, a philanthropitr shoe- maker of Boston ; d. there June 21, 18.59, a. 74. For more than 20 years he attended the crimi- nal courts for the purpose of endeavoring to re- claim the poor and unfortunate, to whom his purse and his house were always open. Aulick, JoHx H.,commo."U. S. N., b. Va. Midshipman, Nov. 15, 1809; master's mate in the action between "The Enterprise" and "Boxer," Sept. 4, 1813; lieut. Dec. 9, 1814; com. Mar 3, 1831 ; capt. Sept. 8, 1841 ; commo. r tired list, July 16. 1862. He com. sloop " Vincennos," 1837 ; East India squad. 1852-3. Aury, Luis de, was from New Grenada; became a lieut. in tlie navy, 9 June, 1813 ; and com. the naval forces of New Grenada at the siege of Carthagena. Sept. 1, 1816, he ac- companied Herrera to Texas as commo. of the united fleets of the llepublics of Mexico, Vene- zuela, La Plata, and New Grenada ; was app. gov. of Texas and Galveston Island, and held the office until 1817. In July, 1817, he aided Sir Gregor McGregor in the exped. against Florida ; and afterwards assisted the patriots of the South Amer. republics. He m. a lady of N. Orleans, resided there some time, and was in 1845 at Havana Yoakum's Texas. Austin, David, 1). N. Haven, 1760. Yale Coll. 1779. Minister of Elizabethtown, N.J., from 1788 to 1797, when dismissed for his second-advent opinions, and of Bozrah, Ct., from 1815 to his death, Norwich, Feb. 5, 1831. He pub. the "American Preacher," by various ministers, 4 vols., "The Downfall of Babylon," and some sermons, and edited a commentary on the Bible. Austin, Benjamin, political writer, b. Boston, 1752 ; d. there May 4, 1820. Son of Benjamin, who d. Boston, Mar. 14, 1806, a 89. His mother was a Waldo. He was a merchant and a political writer before the Revol. In 1784, he engaged in business with his bro. J. L. Austin. He engaged zealously on the Democ. or Republican side of the violent po- litical controversy, which terminated in the triumph of Jefferson, and was app. by him commissioner of loans for Ms. He w:is a member of the house and senate of Ms , and was long known as a writer in the Independent Chronicle, under the signatures of Honestus and Old South. His essays under the latter title were pub. in 8vo, in 1803 His son Charles attempted, in 1806, to chastise Thos. 0. Selfridge for abuse of his father, and was killed by him in State Street, Boston. Selfridge was tried and acquitted. Austin, James Trecothic, LL.D., law- yer and author, b. Boston, Jan. 7, 1784; d. there May 8, 1870. H. U. 1802. Son of Jonathan L. Austin. He was town advocate in 1809, member of the State legisl., county attorney for Suffolk, 1812-32, and attorney -gen. of Ms. 'in 1832-43 He delivered an oration at Lexington, July 4, 1815; edited the Emer- ald, a literary periodical; was a contributor to the Christian Examiner and to various polit- ical journals ; pub. several orations and other simiiar productions, and in 1828 a "Life of Elbridge Gerry," whose dan. he m. in 1806. He was an anti-Federalist, and a decided op- ponent of the antislaverv movement. Austin, Jonathan Loring,, a merchant, b. Boston, Jan. 2, 1748; d. there May 10, 1826. H. U. 1766. Son of Hon. Benj. Austin. He became a merchant in Portsmouth, N.H. ; was maj. in Langdon's regt. ; became aide-de- camp to Gen. Sullivan, and was sec. of the board of war in Ms. until Oct. 1777. De- spatched to France with the news of Burgoyne's surrender, and to obtain supplies of clothing, &'\, for the army, tlie good Dr. Chauncy prayed, that, " whatevcrmight befall the young man, the ])acket might be preserved." Arriving in Nov., Dr. Franklin transferred to the messenger of such glorious tiding the affection of a father; constituted him additional private sec, and sent him as an agent to London. Charged with the despatches of the commissioners to Congress, he arrived in Phila., May, 1779. Sent to Europe by the State of Ms., in Jan. 1780, to negotiate a loan, he was captured on the passage ; was liberated in Eng. by means of his old friends, but did not succeed in his mission, and returned in the fall of 1781. He served many years in the State senate; represented Cambridge in the legisl., and was successively elected sec. and treas. of the State. He delivered the oration, July 4, 1786, in Boston. — Loring' s Bost. Orators. Austin, Col. Jonathan Williams, son of Benj., a Kevol. patriot, b. Boston, Apr. 18, 1751 ; d. ill a Southern State in the summer of 1778. H.U. 1769. He read law with John Adams ; was adm. to the Suffolk bar, July 27, 1772 ; was a member of the Middlesex con- vention in 1774, and chairman of the com- mittee that [)repared resolutions adopted by the convention. Mhj. in the army of the Revol., and in 1776 com. at Castle William. He wrote poetical and political essays, and de- livered the oration on the Boston Massacre, March 5, 1778. — Lor ing's Boston Orators. Austin, Rev. John Mather, b. N.Y., 1805. Author of " Voice to Youth," " Voice to Axra 44 A.-vm the Married," " Sunday-School Exposition," "Life of John Quincy Adams," &c. — Alli- bone. Austin, Moses, Texan pioneer, b Dur- ham, Ct. ; d. Louisiana, June 10, 1821. Emi- grating West with his family in 1798, he engaged in lead-mining from 1800 to 18*20, when he was at Bexar, Tex. He applied to the Mexican commandant at Monterey for permis- sion to colonize 300 families in Tex. ; and the enterprise was successfully prosecuted by his son Stephen F. On his return to the Sabine in Jan. 1821, he was robbed, and caught a severe cold, wliich caused his death. Austin, Samuel, D.D. (Williams Coll. 1807), pres. of the U. of Vt. (1815-21), b. New Haven, Ct., Oct. 7, 1760; d. Glastenbury, Ct., Dec. 4, 1830. Y.C. 1783. He spent two years in teacliing, and in the study of divinity ; was ord. at Fairhaven, Nov. 9, 1786, but was dismissed Jan. 19, 1790; and was many years pastor of the First Cong. Ciiurch at Worcester. Here he became celebrated for his eloquence and learning, and acquired great popularity. In 1821, he took charge of a small and pecuniarily-embarrassed congregation at New- port, R.L, once under the care of the celebrated Dr. Hopkins. Increasing aire and infirmities occasioned his return to Worcester in 1825. For the last three years of his life, he was partially deranged. He pub. "A View of the Church," 1807; " Letters on Baptism," 1805; " Reply to Merill's Letters," 1806 ; " Disserta- tions on Several Fundamental Articles of Christian Theology," 1806; a number of sermons, orations, and addresses, also numer- ous contributions to the periodicals of his time. — Spra'/un. Austin, Stephen F., founder of the first colony in Tex., son of Moses; d. Dec. 27, 1836. Leaving Natchitoches, July 5, 1821, to prosecute the grant for the formation of a colony previously issued to his father, he went to the city of Mexico, where it was con- firmed Feb. 18, 1823. By it he was invested with almost absolute power over the colonists of Austin, then the capital of Tex., the site of which he selected. A convention met Mar. 1, 1833, without the concurrence of the Mex- ican population, to form a State constitution ; and Austin was one of the delegates to the central government at Mexico, to obtain its ratification. In consequence of the delays he met with, he recommend '^d a union of all the municipalities, and the organization of a State under the Acta Conslitntiva of May 7, 1824. Arrested, and taken back to Mexico, he was detained until Sept. 1835. Finding the country in a state of confusion and insecurity upon his return, he took part wirh the revol. party ; was put in command of a small force, and undertook to drive the Mexicans out of Tex. Gen. Houston was elected to the command of the army in Nov. 1835 ; and Austin was made commissioner to the U.S. He returned to Tex. in July, 1836, and, at the time of his death, was engaged in negotiations to oI)tain the official recognition of Texan independence A biography of him by M. B. Lamar was said to have been prepared. Austin, William, lawyer and author, b. Charlestown, Ms., Mar. 2, 1778; d. there June 27, 1841. H.U. 1798. In 1801, he de- livered an oration at Charlestown on the battle of Bunker's Hill. His "Letters from London," written in 1802 and 1803, were printed in Boston, 8vo, 1804. Ab. 1805, he was wounded in a duel with James H. Elliott, growing out of a political newspajier alter- cation. In 1807, he pub. a vol. of Unitarian views, entitled "An Essay on the Human Character of Jesus Christ." Hecontrib. to the New-England Galuxji a remarkable legendary tale, entitled " Peter Rugg, the Missing Man," and to the Neiv- Engl and Magazine the paper " The Late Joseph Natterstrone." He was eminent at the bar of Suffolk and Middle- sex. — Dni/ckinck. Autichamp d' (do-te-shon'), Antoine Joseph P^ulalie de Beaumont, Comte, a French gen., b. 1744; d. 1822. He served in Corsica, where he was wounded at the affair of Ponte Nuevo. Returning to France, he became col. of the inf. regt. of Agenois, and led it in America under Rochambeau, distinguishing himself at Yorktown and at the taking of St. Christopher's, where he had the misfortune to lose his eldest son. During the Revol., he emigrate'', served in all the campaigns of the army of Conde, and returned to 1' ranee during the consulate. Avalos y Figuera (a-va'-lOs e fe-ga'-ra), DON Diego de, author of" Miscellanea Aus- tral," Lima, 1602 ; was of a noble family of Ecija, and left Spain on account of a hopeless passion. The last 15 chapters of his book, which is in prose and verse, treat of the history and antiquities of Peru. Avaugour (dar'vG-goo/), Pierre du Bois, Baron d', gov. of C'anada, 1661-3; killed in 1 664, while defending the fort of Serin in Croatia against the Turks. He had gained distinction in the wars of Hungary, and, being of resolute and unbending chaiacter, v/as, while gov. of New France, constantly engaged in disputes with the clerLry, especially with Bish- op Laval, who caused his recall. In 1662, he made a treaty with the Onondaga, Cavuga, and Seneca nations. — Morgan. Averill, William W., brev. raaj.-gen. U.S.A., b. N.Y., 1830. West Point, 1855. Entering the mounted rifles, hedisting. himself in N. Mexico by the sur])rise and capture of a party of Kiowas in Dec. 1857, and was severely wounded in a night-attack by the Navajoes in the autumn of 1858. 1st lieut. 14 Mav, 1861 ; col. 3d Pa. Cav. ; capt. 3d U.S. Cav. 17 July, 1862; brig.-gen. vols. 26 Sept. 1862. He took part in the battles of Williamsburg, Malvern Hill, and of Pope's campaign, July-Aug. 1862 ; re-enforced Pleasanton in the advance of the army after Antietam ; was brev. maj. for Kel- ley's Ford, Va., where he com. 17 Mar. 1863 ; com. the 2d div. of Stoneman's caval. corps of Hooker's army ; won a decisive victory over a force of 4,000 rebels at Droop Mountain, 6 Nov. 1863, for which he was brev, lieut.-col.; and brev. col. 15 Dec. 1863, for services in the Salem exped. in Va. He served in West Va. under Siegel, Hunter, and Sheridan in 1864, and was in the actions of Winchester, Moor- field, Opequan, and Fisher's Hill, and was brev. ^VK 45 uVYL •maj.-gen. for Moorfield, 13 Mar. 1865. U.S. consul-gen. in Canada since 1866. Avery, Epeiraim K., Moth, clerijyman, b. Ct. nb. 1739 ; d. PittsHeld, O., Oct. 23," 1869. He was noted for eloquence and ability, and was stationed at Fall River in 1832-3, when the murder and seduction of Sarah Muria Cornell, a m Mnl)er of his church with whom he had been intimate, led to the su'^picion that he was the murderer. He was tried and ac- quitted by an ecclesiastical court; and a civil court failed to make a case a;^ainst him : but the community believed him guilty ; and he withdrew from the ministry, and removed to O., where he was an industrious and highly- respected farmer. Avery, Waitstill, Revol. patriot, b. Groton, Cc, May 3, 1745 ; d. Burke Co., N.C., Mar. 1.5, 1821. N. J. Coll. 1766. He studied law in Md., and, in Jan. 1769, settled in practice in Mecklenburg, N.C. He was prominent among the petitioners and remonstrants of that day against the oppressive acts of the govern- ment, and also in the famous Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence. In 1775, he was a delegate to the Congress at Hillsborough which organized the military force ot the State. In the summer of 1776, he joined the army of Gen. Rutherford in the Cherokee nation, and was a commissioner at the treaty of Holston, which gave peace to the western frontier. In the fail of 1776, he was again a member of the State Congress. In 1779, he was col. of the county militia in active service daring the British in- vasion. In 1781, he moved to Burke Co., which he represented many years in the State legisl. He was the first State attorney-gen. of N.C. in 1777, and, for some years before his death, the patriarch of the N.C. bar. Avezae, Auguste d', lawyer, b. of French parents in tiie Isle of St. Domingo, 1777; d. Feb. 15, 1851. He was educated at a military acad. in France, while his family was obliged by the insurrection of the blacks to take refuge in the U.S. Studying medicine in N.C, he practised in Accomac Co., Va. ; but, after the annexation of La., by advice of his relative, Edward Livingston, he studied law, and becan>e disting., especially in criminal cases. In the War of 1812, he served as judge-advocate, j\nd aide to Jackson at the battle of New Orleans. In 1829, Pres. Jackson app. him sec. of legation to the Netherlands, chart/e d'affaires in 1831 ; and in 1841 and 1843, he was a representative in the N. Y. legisl. ; chaiye d'affaires to Holland, 1845-9. He prepared "Reminiscences of P]d- ward Livingston," a portion of which was pub. in the Democratic Review in 1840. Avezac, Pierre Valentin Dominique JtJLiAX d', a French scholar, b. St. Domingo, Jan. 17, 1769; d. U.S., Feb. 1, 1831. Edu- cated in France, at the outbreak of the French Revol., he returned to his native island, vainly hoping to save some of his property there. He came to N. Orleans, and occupied himself in literary pursuits. Avezac was pres. of the first college established at N. Orleans. He is the author of the French official translation of the penal code of La. His niece, the young widow de Lasay, ra. Edward Livingston, author of that code Avezzana(a-vet-za'-na),JosEpn,an Italian patriot, and merchant in NY. Citv, b.at Chieri, Piedmont, Feb. 19, 1797. He fought under Napoleon in 1813 and 14; served in the Sar- dinian array until Mar. 1821 ; next served as capt. of inf. in tiie Liberal cause in Spain, but was taken prisoner, and came to America, ar- riving at N. Orleans at the close of 1823. In 1825, he visited Mexico, obtained a grant of land on the site of the present city of Tampico, and in a short time gained a competence. In 1832, he espoused the cause of Santa Ana; was intrusted with the defence of the city; gained a complete victory over Gen. Mora at Ciudad Victoria, and on the triumph of the Liberals, resigned his command, having been previously named gen. of Tamaulipas, Colia- liuila, Texas, and Nuevo Leon. In 1834, he established himself in business in N.Y., where he married an Irish lady ; but, on the revol outl)reak of 1848, returned to Italy, and was app. commanding gen. of the National Guards of Genoa. After an unsuccessful struggle, he resigned, and withdrew on board the U.S. steamer " Princeton." Landing at Civita Vec- chia, he hastened to Rome, then under a re- publican government, and was app. minister of war and com. -in-chief of the army. For two months, this small force kept at bay 4 armies, amounting to 100,000 men; but on the night of July 2, he fled in disguise, ami at the close of Aug. reached N. Y., where he has since resided. — Api>leton's New Amer. Ci/clop. Axtell, CoL. William, loyalist, b. on the Island of Jamaica, 1720; d. Sept 2, 1795, at Chertsey, Eng. He resided many years in N.Y., where he m. Margaret, dan. of Abraham De Peyster, and was app. a member of the council, May 4, 1771. During the lifvol., by which he lost a large estate, he was col. of a provincial corps, became entitled to half-pay, and received from parliament a considerable sum of money as a loyalist. He was descended from the celebrated Col. Daniel Axtell, who was executed by Charles II. for the part he took in the great rebellion. He went to Eng. in 1783. Ayer, Peter, one of the founders of the society of Shakers at Canterbury, N.H., b. 1760; d. there Sept 14, 1857. He was a powerful and athletic man, and a soldier of the Revol. before becoming a member of the sect with which he was connected 70 years. Ayeta (a-ya'-tii) Francisco de, a Fran- ciscan friar, author of "Apologia del Orden de S. Francisco en la America," 1690, also " Ver- dad Vindicada," or "La Verdad Defendida;" the three titles, perhaps, of the same work. He was custoilian of the province of Santo Evangelio, and procurador-gen. of the Indies. — Duyckinck. Ayllon (da-il-yon), Lucas Vasquez de, a Spanish adventurer, who in 1509 was council- lor of the superior tribunal of St. Domingo, and was afterward employed by Cortes on amission to Velasquez, who was arming against liim ; d. 1526. In 1520, ho made an expcd. to Florida, landed near the mouth of the Conebahee River, S.C, treacherously made captive a large num- ber of the natives, who nearly all perished, and named the country " Chicora." He after- -A.YL. 46 BAB wara returned, wishinf? to found a colony, and obtained provisions of the gov. of Chicora, but was ruined by the expense. He is believed to have perished in a second exped. to Florida. Aylmer (ar-mer) Matthew Whit- worth, fifth lord, a British gen., b. 1775 ; d. Lond., Feb. 23, 1850. He succeeded to the peerage on the death of his father Henry, Oct. 22, 1785, entered the army as ensign 49th Foot in 1787, served at the siege of Copenhagen, in Portugal in 1809, in the peninsular campaigns, and became a lull gen. May 27, 1825. He was gov.-gen. of Canada from 1828 to Sept. 1833, and was held in high estimation by the Canadians. — Morgan. Ayolas, de or d'Atolas Juan, a Span- ish adventurer who sailed with Pedro de Men- doza in 1534, on a voyage of conquest and discovery to the La Plata. Mendoza, having been disabled by disease in 1536, gave the com- mand to Ayolas, who ascended the Paraguay to Asuncion, where he defeated the natives, and remained six months. Leaving a garrison there, he ascended the river about 80 leagues, and then marched westward with 200 Span- iards. He never returned. An Indian re- ported that Ayolas and his men were decoyed into a morass, and killed by the Payngos. Ayres, Romeyn B., brev. maj.-gen. U. S.A., b. N.Y. West Point, 1847. He served in the 3d Art. in the Mexican war, 1847-8; became capt. 5th Art. May 14, 1861; brig.-gen. vols. Nov. 29, 1862; was engaged at Bull Run; chief of Art. of Gen. W. F. Smith's div. Oct. 1861 to Nov. 1862, and of the 6th Corps from Nov. 1862 to Apr. 1863; was in the peninsular campaign ; was engaged at South Mountain, Antietam, and Fredericks- burg; com. a brigade in 5th Corps at Chan- cellorsville ; com. div., and brev. maj. for Get- tysburg, July 2, 1863; served through the Richmond campaign of 1864-5, earning brevs. of lieut.-col. for battle of Wilderness, Mav 5, 1864; col. Aug. 18, 1864, for battle on VVel- don Railroad; brig.-gen. and maj.-gen. Mar. 13, 1865, for battle of Five Forks, and for gal- lant and meritorious services during the Rebel- lion; lieut-col. 28th Inf. July 28, 1866.— Cullum. Azara (de-ath-a'ra) Felix de, Spanish naturalist, b. May 18, 1746; d. Aragon, 1811. He was educated in part at the military acad. at Barcelona; was wounded in the exped. against Algiers in 1775 ; became a lieut.-col. of engineers, and was app. a commissioner to determine the boundaries of the Spanish and Portuguese territories in S. Amer Reaching his destination in 1781, he devoted much time to constructing correct maps of the country, and in preparing his " Natural History of the Quadrupeds of Paraguay," pub. soon after his recall in 1801. This work was pub. in French by Moreau St. Mery, in 2 vols. 8vo. While in Paris in 1803, he made the acquaintance of M. Walkenaer, who pub. Azara's travels in S. Amer. from 1781 to 1801, with notes by the celebrated Cuvier, 4 vols, 8vo, 1809. AzevedO CoutinhO (a-za-va'-do ko-ten'- yo), Jose Joaquim da Cunha, a Portuguese bishop and author, b. Brazil, Sept. 8, 1742; d. Sept. 12, 1821. He pub. in 1792 '' Ensais economico sobi'e o commercio de Portugal e auas colonias." In 1794, he was made bishop of Pernambuco. He pub. in London, 1798, a pamphlet against the abo'ition of the slave- trade by Great Britain. Shortly before his death, he was chosen to the Cortes as a repre- sentative of Rio de Janeiro. Chosen bishop of Elvas, he declined, and was ap|). inquisitor- gen. Author of a memoir on the conquest of Rio de Janeiro by Duguai Trouin in 1711. AzevedO y Zuniga (a-tha-va'do e thoon- yee'-ga) Gaspakd de, Count of Monterey, a Spaniard, who in 1603 succeeded Luis de Ve- lasco as viceroy of Peru and Mexico ; d. Mar. 16, 1606. He equipped a fleet to search for the great southern continent, which, under the command of Pedro Fernandez de Quirre, dis- covered several islands ab. lat. 28° S. Babbitt, Isaac, inventor of the "Babbitt Metal " used in all railroad-car axle-boxes, b. Taunton, Ms., 26 July, 1799; d. McLean Asylum, Somerville, Ms., 26 May, 1862. He learned the trade of a goldsmith, and ab. 1831 made at Taunton the first britannia-ware man- ufactured in this country. Removing to Bos- ton in 1834, he was employed in Alger's foundry, and ab. 1839 invented the anti-friction metal which bears his name. He received in 1841 a gold medal from the Ms. Char. Mech. Asso., and from Congress $20,000, for this valuable invention, for which he took out pat- ents in Eng. in 1844, and in Russia in 1847. He was for many years engaged in the manu- facture of this metal, and subsequently carried on the manufacture of soap. He became de- ranged a few years before his death. Babcock, Maj. Elisha, pub. the Amer- ican Mei'cury 37 years ; d. Hartford, Ct., Feb. 1821, a. 68.' Babeock, Col. Henry, b. R.I., 1736 ; d. 1800. Y. C. 1752. Son of Chief-Justice Bab- cock of R. L ; bro. of Rev. Luke (b. 1738; d. 18 Feb. 1777. Y. C. 1755). At 18, he was a capt. ; at 19, he was in the force under Col. Williams, which was defeated at Lake George; maj. in 1756, lieut.-col. in 1757, and col. in 1758, of a R.I. regt., with which he took part in the attack on Ticonderoga, and was wound- ed in the knee. He was afterwards at its cap- ture by Amherst. M. and settled at Stoning- toh, Ct. Made, in Feb. 1776, com. of the forces at Newport, but was removed in May on account of insanity. Babeock, Rufus, D.D., clergyman and author, b. N. Colebrook, Ct., Sept 18, 1798. B.U. 1821. He was 2 years tutor in Col. Coll., D.C. ; was ord. pastor of the Baptist Church Poughkeepsie, 1823; became pastor 1st Baptist Church, Salem, 1826; was pres. of Waterville Coll., Me., in 1833-6; and for 3^ years was pastor of the Sprucc-st. Church, Phila. ; he then returned to his former charge in Poughkeepsie, and is now settled in Patterson, N.J. He was twice sec. of the Amer. and Foreign Bible Soci- ety, and has been sec. of the S.S. Union and the Pa. Colonization Society. He founded and for 5 years edited the Bajdist Memorial; pub. "Claims of Education Societies," 1829; "Re- view of Beckwith's Dissuasive from Contro- versy on Baptism," 1829; "Making Light of Christ," 1830; "Memoirs" of Fuller, 1830, B^C 47 BAC George Learned, 1832, Abraham Booth, and Isaac Backus; " History of VVaterville Coll.," 1836; "Talcs of Truth for the Young," 1837 ; " Personal Recollections of Rev. John M. Peck, D.I).," 1858; and "The Emigrant's Mother," 1859. Bache (batch), Alexander Dallas, LL. D., A.A.S., physicist, b. Pbila., July 19, 1806; d. Newport, R.I., Feb. 17, 1867. West Point, 1825. He was a great-grandson of Dr. Frank- lin ; and his mother was the dan. of A. J. Dal- las. He was a lieut. of engineers until his resignation in 1829, engaged in constructing Fort Adams and other works at the entrance of Narragansett Bay. From 1827 to 1832, he was prof, of mathematics in the U. of Pa , and then took charge of the organization of Girard Coll., spending some time in 1836 inspecting the great schools of Europe, publishing, u])on liis return, a valuable report on the subject. In 1839, he resigned his connection with this coll., and became in 1841 principal of the Phila. High School. In 1843, he was app. su- perintendent of the U. S. coast-survey. Its valuable contributions to geodetic and physical science are found in the annual reports of the survey, and in the proceedings of the Asso. for the Advancement of Science. He was one of the founders of the Amer. Asso. for the Pro- motion of Science, took a prominent part in founding the Amer. Acad, of Science, was made pres. of the Amer. Philos. Society in 1855, and was an active and efficient member of the U.S. Sanitary Commission throughout the war. The degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by the U. of N.Y. in 1836, by the U. of Pa. in 1837, and by H.U. 1851. He was made a regent of the Smithsonian Institution in Aug. 1846. In 1833, he edited Brewster's "Optics," with notes. He pub. "Observations" at the Observatory of Giiard Coll. 1840-5, 3 vols. 8vo; "Report of Experiments to navigate the Chesap. and Del. Canal by Steam," 8vo, Phila., 1834, and contril). many valuable papers to the scientific journals of the day. Sache, Benjamin Franklin, journalist, son of Richard, b. Phila., Aug. 12, 1769; d. there Sept. 10, 1798. He accompanied his grandfather. Dr. Franklin, to Paris, was edu- cated in France and Geneva, and gained a knowledge of printing in the celebrated publish- ing-house of Didot. Returning in 1785, he studied for a time in the Coll. of Phila., and in Oct. 1790 began to publish the General Adver- tise!-, afterwards called the Aurora, the ablest and most influential, as well as the most vio- lent, opposition journal during the administra- tions of Washington and Adams. Bache, Franklin, M.D., an eminent phy- sician, great-grandson of Benjamin Franklin, son of B. F. Bache, b. Phila., Oct. 25, 1792; d. there Mar. 19, 1864. U. of Pa. 1810; M.D. 1814. He was an assist, surgeon in the army in 1813, and surgeon in 1814-16, when he re- signed, and began practice in Phila. Physician to the Walnut-st. Prison, 1824-36; prof, of chemistry to the Franklin Institute, 1826-32; physician to the Eastern Penitentiary, 1829-39; pi of. of chemistry in the Phila. Coll. of Phar- raaicy, 1831-41 ; and from 1841 to his death held the saine chair in the JeflP. Med. Coll. ; pres. Amer. Philos. Soc, 1854-5, and at his death pres. of the Deaf and Dumb Asylum Corpora- tion. As joint author, with Dr. Wood, of the "U.S. Dispensatory," from 1833 to 1864, he is probably best known to the medical world. He also rendered much service to medical liter- ature by his contributions to the " U. S. Phar- macopa^ia" upon the Materia Medica. Author of "A System of Chemistry," 8vo, 1819; "In- troductory Lectures on Chemistry," 1841-52. Editor, with Dr. Hare, of " Ure's Dictionary of Chemistry," 8vo, 1821; "Cutbush's Pyro- techny," 8vb, 1825; "Dr. Hare's Chemical Compendium," 1836; "Turner's Chemistry," and one of the editors of the North Amer. Med. and Surg. Journal, 1823-32. Contrib. to a large number of medical and scientific jour- nals. (See Memoir by Geo. B. Wood, Phila., 1865.) Richard (1794-1836) capt. of ord- nance, U. S. A., author of " Notes on Colom- bia," 1 822-3, Phila., 8vo, 1827, was a brother. Bache, George Mifflin, hydrographer, b. Phila. ab. 1810; d. Sept. 8, 1846. Great- grandson of Franklin, bro. of A. D. Bache. Entering the navy Jan. 1, 1825, he became a lieut. Mar. 3, 1835, and ab. 1838 was placed upon the coist-survey. He was engaged upon the survey of the Gulf Stream, and perished in the hurricane of Sept. 8, 1846. Bache, Hartman, brev. brig.-gen. U. S. A., b. Pa. ab. 1797. West Point, 1818. Bro. of Franklin Bache. Entering the U. S. topog. engineers, he became brev.-maj. July 24, 1828 ; maj. July 7, 1838; lieut.-col. Aug. 6, 1861; col. Mar. 3, 1863; brev. brig.-gen. Mar. 13, 1865; retired Mar. 7,1867. Bache, Richard, U. S. postmaster-gen. (Nov. 1776-1782), b. Settle, Yorkshire, Eng., Sept. 12, 1737; d. Settle, Berks Co., Pa., July 29, 1811. He came while young to Amer., became a merchant, and, at the beginning of the Revol., was chairman of the republican soc. of Phila. In 1767, he m. Sarah, only dau. of Benj. Franklin, and succeeded him as postmas- ter-gen. His bro. Theophilact, a loyalist, pres. of the N. Y. Chamber of Commerce in 1773; d. N. Y. City, 1807, a. 78. His kind- ness to Whig prisoners during the war merits especial notice. Bache, Mrs. Sarah, only dau. of Dr. Franklin, b. Phila., Sept. 11, 1744; d. Oct. 5, 1808. In 1767, she m. Richard Bache, and deserves special mention for her patriotic ser- vices during the Revol. war. In the severe winter of 1780, many of the soldiers were barefoot and only half clad. The ladies undertook to supply them with clothing, and made the garments with their own hands. In this noble charity, Mrs. Bache was one of the most zealous. On other occasions, her active benevolence was called into exercise. She performed hospital duties, dressing the wounds of the soldiers, and administering to them medicines and cordials to mitigate their suffer- ings. Bachi (ba-kee'), Pietro, Ph. D. of the U. of Padua, teacher of Italian and Spanish in H.U. (1826-46), b. Sicily, 1787; d. Boston, Aug. 22, 1853. He vvas bred to the law. Implicated in Murat'.> attempt to ascend the throne of Naples in 1815, he was banished, and resided BA.C 48 BAG in Eng, until 1825, when he came to the U.S. He was well versed in jurisprudence, and was a skilful teacher, but became intemperate in his habits, was deprived of his post in H.U., and d. miserably. Author of an " Italian Grammar," 1829. Bachman (bak'-man), John, D.D., LL. D., b. Duchess Co., N.Y., Feb. 4, 1790, natural- ist and theologian, pastor of the German Lu- theran Church in Charleston, S.C, since 1815. He assisted Audubon in his great work on ornithology, and was the principal author of the work on the quadrupeds of N. A., illustrat- ed by Audubon and his sons. Author of " Notice of the Types of Mankind, by Nott and Gliddon," 1854; "Examination of Prof. Agassiz' Sketch of the Natural Provinces of the Animal World," &c., 1855; "Characteristics of Genera and Species as applicable to the Doctrine of the Unity of the Human Kace," 1854; "Catalogue of Phenogamous Plants and Ferns growing in the Vicinity of Charles- ton, S.C. ; " " Two Letters on Hybridity," 8vo, 1850 ; " Viviparous Quadrupeds of N.A.," and a work in defence of Martin Luther, 1 853, In the Med. Jour, of S.C, he has ably discussed the bearings of science upon theology. Back, Sir George, F.R.S., an arctic ex- plorer, b. Stockport, Eng., Nov. 6, 1796. En- tering the royal navy in 1808, he accompanied Capt. David Buchan on an exped. to Spitz- bergcn in 1817; and in 1819 went with Sir John Franklin on his overland exped. from the western shore of Hudson Bay to the northern coast, near the Coppermine River. The exped. returned to York Factory in 1823. In 1821, he was made lieut. In 1825, he joined Franklin's second exped. in the endeavor, in conjunction with Beechey and Parry, to dis- cover from opposite quarters the north-west passage. Lieut. Back penetrated as far as lat. 70° 24' N. ; long. 149° 37' W., and on the return of the exped. was left in charge of the remaining officers and men at Fort Franklin, with all the stores, journals of the voyage, &c. ; returning to Eng. in 1827, hav- ing in 1825 been made commander. In 1833, he took charge of the party sent in search of Sir John Ross, who had left Eng. in 1829, of which voyage he pub. an interesting history. Receiving news of Ross's safety, he returned home in 1835; obtained post rank, and in June, 1836, started on his last voyage (See Narrative of an Exped. in H. M. slap " Terror" undertaken toith a View to Geographical Discovery on the Arctic Shores in 1836-7.") He received a gold medal from the Geog. Society in 1837, was knighted in 1839, and subsequently held a lucrative treasury appointment. — Men of the Time. Backus, AzEL, D.D. (N. J. Coll. 1810), clergvman and educator, b. Norwich, Ct., Oct. 13, 1765; d. Dec. 28, 1816. Yale Coll. 1787. Nephew of Rev Charles Backus. After leav- ing college, he taught school at Weathersfield, Ct., with his classmate, John H. Lothrop. Licensed to preach in 1789; minister at Beth- lehem, Ct., and successor of Dr. Bellamvfrom 1791 to 1812 ; and pres. of Ham. Coll., N. Y., from its establishment in Sept. 1812, till his death. While at Bethlehem, he instituted and conducted a school of some celebrity. In 1798, he preached the annual election sermon before the Ct. legisl. A vol. of his sermons, with a sketch of his life, has been pub. — Sprague. Backus, Charles, D.D. (Williams Coll. 1801), theologiiin, uncle of Azd, b. Norwich, Ct.. Nov. 5, 1749; d. Somcrs, Ct., Dec. 30, 1803. Y. C, 1769. Pastor of the Cong. Church at Somers from Aug 10, 1774, until his death. He was a fervent and eloquent preacher, and a successful teacher of theology. Besides sermons, he pub. a vol. on Regener- ation, " Five Discourses on the Truth of the Bible," 1797, and an historical discourse upon the town of Somers, 1801. — Sprague. Backus, Electus, lieut.-col., mortally wounded in defence of Sackett's Harbor, May 29, and d. June 7, 1813. App. maj. light dragoons, Oct. 7, 1808; lieut.-col. Feb. 15, 1809. His son Electus, col. U.S.A., b. N.Y., 1804. West Point, 1824. Aide to Gen. Brady, 1828-37; capt. Oct. 17, 1837; brev. maj. Sept. 23, 1846, "for gallant and meritorious conduct at Monterey ; " maj. 3d Inf. June 10, 1850; lieut.-col. Jan. 19, 1859; col. 6th Inf. Feb. 20, 1862; d. Detroit, June 7,1862. He saw service in the Seminole War, 1838-40, and in the Navajoe exped. 1858. Backus, Franklin Thos., a disting. law- ver of Cleveland. O. ; d. there May 14, 1870 ; b. Lee, Ms., May 6, 1813. Y.C. 1836. He went to Cleveland in 1836; was adm. to the bar in 1839; pros atty. for Cuyahoga Co., 1841; member of the house of rep. 1846, of the State senate in 1848, and of the peace con- vention of 1861. — A. T. Goodman. Backus, Isaac, Bapt. minister and author, b. Norwich, Ct., 1724; d. Nov. 28, 1806. He began to preach in 1746; was ord. a Con- gregationalist, at Middleborough, Ms., Apr. 13, 1748 ; and, becoming a Baptist, formed achurch there in 1756. He was an advocate of religious freedom, and in 1774 was the agent to Congress of the AVarren Association to advocate equality of privileges to all denominations. He vin- dicated his course in this aflfair in an article in the Boston Clironide, Dec. 2, 1779, and argued againstanarticleintheBillofRightsof the State constitution then under discussion in the con- vention. He was the delegate of Middlel)orough to the convention which adopted the Federal Constitution, which he supported in a speech. The Baptist denomination is greatly indebted to him tor its prosperity. He pub. a " History of the Baptists," 3 vols., 1777 and 1784 and 1796 ; also an abridgment brought down to 1804, and a History of Middleborough in the 3d vol. Ms. Hist. Colls. — See Life and Times of by Alvah Hovey, D.D., 1859. Bacon, David Francis, M.D., author, and physician of the Colonization Soc. at Libe- ria, 1836-41, b. Prospect, Ct., 30 Nov. 1813; d. N.Y. City, 23 Jan. 1866. Y. C. 1831 ; Med. Coll. i836. He engaged in politics in N.Y. City, and frequently contrib. to the periodicals of the day; author of "Lives of the Apostles," 1835; "Wanderings on the Seas and Shores of Africa," 1843. Bacon, Ezekiel, LL.D., son of Rev. John, b. Stockbridge, Ms., Sept. 1, 1776; d. Utica, N.Y., Oct. 18,1870. Y.C. 1794. He was IBJ^C 49 JBJ^C a member of the State legisl. in 1805-6 ; chief- justice of Common Pleas, 1813; 1st comp- troller U.S. treasury, 1813-15; and M.C. 1807-13. Removed to Utica, N.Y.; delegate to the State Const. Conv. of 1821. He pub. " Recollections of 50 Years since " a lecture, 1843. Bacon, Henry, author, and Universalist minister, b. Boston, 12 Juno, 1813; d. Phila., 19 Mar. 1856. Ord. over 2d Church, Camb., Ms., Dec. 1834, remaining 3 years ; afterward successively settled at Haveriiill, Marblehead, Providence, R.L, and over the Church of the Messiah, Phila. 20 years editor of the Ladies' Repository, Boston. Author of " Christian Comforter," " Sacred Flora," " Memoir of Mrs. Jerauld," and over 50 tracts and sermons. " The Pastor's Bequest," selections from his sermons by Mrs. E. A. B.icon, was pub. Boston, 1857. Bacon, Henry, figure-painter, b. Win- chester, Ms., 1840. He studied with VV. A. Gay of Boston; went to Paris in 1864, whore lie has since resided ; studied at the Beaux Arts, and afterwards at Ecouen under E. Frere. He has a happy talent in telling a story by a picture. Bacon, Joel Smith, D.D. (Wash. Coll, 1845), Bapt. minister and educattn-, b. Cavuga Co., N.Y., 1801 ; d. Richmond, Va., Nov. 9, 1869. Ham. Coll. 1826; Newton Theol. Inst. 1831. Before graduating, he was a teacher in Amelia Co., Va. ; was afterward a classical teacher at Princeton, N.J. ; pros, of George- town Coll., Ky., 1831-3 ; pastor of the Baptist Church at Lynn, 1833-4; prof. Ham. Inst., N.Y., 1834-7 ; was some time an agent for Indian missions; pros, of Col. Coll, DC. 1843-54 ; then taught in female seminaries ; was two years at the head of an institution at Tuscaloosa, Ala, ; and in 1859-67 was a teacher at Warrenton, Va, He was finally a travelling agent in the South for the Bible Society. Bacon, John, clergyman and politician, b. Canterbury, Ct., 1737; d. Stockbridge, Ms., Oct. 25, 1820. N.J. Coll. 1765. He studied theology ; preached in Somerset Co., Md., in 1768; and Sept. 25, 1771, was settled over the Old South Church, Boston. Owing to difFer- unces of opinion with his church, he was dis- missed Feb. 8, 1775, and removed to Stock- bridge, where he was a magistrate, a representa- tive, associate and presiding judge of the Com- mon Pleas, a member and pros, of the State senate (1803-4), and M. C. 1801-3. He pub. a sermon after his installation, 1772; an answer to Huntington on a case of discipline, 1781 ; a speech on the courts of the U.S., 1802; " Con- jectures on the Prophecies," 1805. Bacon, Leona.rd, D.D., Cong, clergyman and author, b, Detroit, Mich., Feb. 19, 1802. Y. C. 1820; And. Theol. Sem. 1824. David, his father, was a missionary to the Indians, and the first settler of Tallmadge, 0. In Mar. 1825, he was installed pastor over the Centre Church, New Haven, Ct. X disting. cham- pion of N. E. Congregationalism, and a close adherent to the traditions and practices of the Puritan fathers. He has written a number of occasional addresses and sermons, 4 and has contrib. to the Christian Speclatar, the Neiv-Englander, and the N.Y. Independent. Among his pub, are " Select Practical Writings of Richard Baxter," 2 vol, 8vo, 2d ed., 1835 ; " Manual for Young Church-Members," 18mo, 1833 ; " Slavery Discussed," 8vo, N.Y., 1846; " Thirteen Discourses on the 200th Anniver- sary of the First Church in New Haven," 1839, " Hist. Disc, at the Old South Meeting-house, Worcester, 22 Sept. 1863." Bacon, Nathaniel, an early patriot of Va., b. Sutfolk, Eng. ab. 1646; d. 1 Oct. 1676. His father was the author of " Nathaniel Bacon's Historical and Political Observations," 1647. Ho was educated at the Inns of Court, Lond., settled in Gloucester Co., Va., owned a large estate at the head of James River, became in 1672 a member of the council, and acquired great popularity. An Indian war having sprung up, Gov. Berkeley built a few frontier foits ; but the people, desirous of more active and energetic measures, chose Bacon as their leader. The gov. refused to commission him ; but he defeated the Indians, and 29 May, 1676, was proclaimed a rebel. Tried and acquitted, he received the gov.'s pardon, June 9 ; was restored to the council, and was promised a gen. 's commission for the Indian war. Ber- keley refused to keep his promise; and Bacon, at the head of 500 men, extorted his signature. He then turned his attention to the war, which he vigorously prosecuted. Again proclaimed a rebel, he issued a declaration against the gov., whom he drove from Williamsburg, and whom he was about to attack at Accomac, when death ended his career. At the time of his death, he was one of the burgesses for the county of Henrico. His story has been novelized by Caruthers of Va. — See Force's Tracts, 1840; S pi irks s Amer. Biog. iii., New Series. Bacon, Samuel, Prot.-Epis. clergyman, b. Sturbridge, Ms., 22 Julv, 1781 ; d. Kent, Cape Shilling, Africa, 3 May, 1820. H. U. 1808. He studied law ; edited the Worcester ^Egis, afterward the Hive, at Lancaster, Pa. ; in 1812, was an officer of U.S. marines ; subsequently practised law in Pa., and then took orders in the Prot.-Epis. Church. App. U.S. agent to establish a colony in Africa, he reached Sierra Leone, 9 Mar. 1820, and d. shortly after. — See Life, by J. Ashmun. Bacon, Thomas, Prot.-Epis. clergyman and author, b. Frederickion, Md.; d. May 24, 1768. He compiled a complete system of the revenue of Ireland, 1737, also a complete body of the laws of Md., folio, 1765, Bacon, William Thompson, poet and clergyman, b. Woodbury, Ct,, Aug. 24, 1814. Y. C. 1837. After two years passed at the Epis. Acad, at Cheshire, he, at the age of 17, established himself in business at New Haven. He delivered the valedictory poem at Yale ; studied at the N. Haven Divinity School, and fronj 1842 to 1845 was pastor of the Cong. Church at Trumbull, Ct. He became sub- sequently one of the editors of the Neio-Eng- lander, was also for a few years editor and proprietor of the N. Haven Journal and Courier, since which he has been engaged in ministerial labors in Kent and in Derby, Ct. In 1837, Mr. Bacon pub. a vol. of poems, which in 1840 BJSJD 50 BA.E passed to a third edition. In 1848, a new vol. was issued. BadeSlU, Adam, brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. N.Y. Capt. and aide-de-camp U. S. Vols , Apr. 1862 ; on staff of Gen. Sherman ; severe- ly wounded at Port Hudson ; joined Gen. Grant, Jan. 1864, as military sec. and lieut.- coi., and was made brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A., for faithful and merit, services in the war. Col. and aide-de-camp to the gen. of the army, Mar. 1865 to May 1869, when retired. Sec. of le- gation to the court at London. Author of " Plisrory of Gen. U. S. Grant," 2 vols., 8vo, 1868. Badger, George Edmund, LL. D. (Y.C. 1848), statesman and jurist; b. Newbern, N.C., Apr. 13, 1795; d. Raleigh, N.C., May 11, 1866. Y. C. 1813. He practised law in Ra- leigh, where he soon disting. himself by solidi- ty and strength in his profession. He became a member of^ the legisl. in 1816; was judge of the Supreme Court in 1820-5; sec. of the na- vy in 1841, but resigned on Pres Tyler's veto- ing the bill to re-charter the U. S. Bank ; and U. S. senator from 1846 to 1854. Nominated to the supreme bench in 1851, but not con- firmed by the senate. In the State convention of May, 1861, he spoke ably in defence of the Union. He was an excellent lawyer, and a vigorous speaker, abounding in wit and humor. Badger, Gen. Joseph, b. Haverliill, Ms., Jan. 11, 1722; d. Apr. 4, 1803. Prior to his removal to Gilmanton in 1763, he held vari- ous civil and military offices in Haverhill, and became col. in 1771. During the Revol., he was an active and efficient officer, a member of the Provincial Congress, was muster-master of troops raised in his section of the State, and was employed in furnishing supplies for the army. He was app. brig. -gen. 1780, was judge of probate 1784 to 1797, member of the conv. which adopted the Constiiution, and of the State council in 1784, 90-91. He did much towards founding and erecting the acad. in Gilmanton. Badger, Joseph, an early missionary west of the Alleghanies, b. Wilbraham, Ms., Feb. 28, 1757 ; d. Perrysburg, O., May 5, 1846. Y. C. 1785. Giles his ancestor settled in Newbury, Ms., in 1635. His early education was slight; and, at the age of 18, he entered the Revol. army, in which, with the excep- tion of a few weeks, he remained until the end of 1778. $200, which he had saved in Continental bills, were then so reduced in value as hardly to purchase him cloth for an ordinary coat. Notwithstanding his destitu- tion, he resolved to obtain an education, and earned money to pay his coll. bills by teaching school. He studied for the ministry, was pas- tor at Blandford, Ms., 24 Oct. 1787-24 Oct. 1800, and was then sent by the missionary society to the unsettled parts of O. Here for 30 years his labors were only exceeded by his hardships. During the War of 1812, Mr. Badger was app. by Gen. Harrison brig, chap- lain. His familiarity with the country enabled him to act the part of a temporal as well as spiritual guide, and, at the close of the war, he resumed his missionary functions. His poverty was at times extreme; and in 1826 he became a Revol. pensioner. — See Life by E. G. Holland, N. Y., 1854. Badger, Luther, lawyer, b. Partridge- field, Ms., Apr. 10, 1785. Ham. Coll. 1807. Adm. to the bar of Broome Co., N.Y., in 1812; judge-advocate of the 27th brig. N Y. Militia, 1819-27; M. C. 1825-7; examiner in chanccrv, and commissioner U. S. loans, 1840-3; U! S. dist.-atty. for N. Y. 1846-9. Badger, Stephen, minister to the Natick Indians from Mar. 27, 1752, until disra. Julv, 1799 ; d Aug. 28, 1803 ; b. Charlestown, Ms., Apr. 12, 1726. H. U. 1747. He was em- ployed by the commissioners for propagating the gospel in N. E. He pub. a letter concern- ing the Indians, in the Ms. Hist. Coll., dated 1797, and two discourses on drunkenness, in 1774, afterward reprinted. Badger, William, gov. of N. H., 1834-6, b. Gilmanton, N.H., Jan. 13, 1779; d. Sept. 21, 1852. His youth was employed in business pursuits. He was successively in the legisl. (1810-12) and senate (1814-16) of his native State; Pres. of the senate in 1816; an asso. justice of the C. C. P. 1816-21, high sher- iff of Stafford Co. 1822-32. — Hist. Gilmanton. Badlam, Stephen, gen., a Revol. officer, b. Canton, Ms., 1751; d. Dorchester, Ms., Aug. 24, 1815. Left an orphan at an early age, his education was limited. Joining the army in 1775, he was made a licut. of artillery, soon became a capt., and was ordered to N.Y., where he made the acquaintance of Alex. Ham- ilton, who frequently consulted him on tactics. He bad also the esteem of Washington, whose disciple in politics he continued to his death. Made a mnj., he was ordered to command the artillery of the dept. of Canada. Returning thence to Crown Point, he took possession of^ Mt. Independence on the memorable July 4, 1776; from which circumstance it was named by Maj. Badlam. He did good service in the action at Fort Stanwix, under Willet, in Aug. 1777. In 1779, he was made brig.-gen. of mi- litia. — See Codman's Fun. Sermon : Panoplist xi. 572. Baena (ba-a'-na) Antonio Ladislaus Monteiro, Portuguese historian and geog- rapher in the military service of Brazil ; d. ab. 1851. Author of a " Chorographic Essay on the Province of Para," 1839, and of other valuable works. Baez, Buenaventura, pres. of Hayti, a mulatto, b. Azua, Hayti, 1820. His father was active in the insurrection of 1808. The son became influential by his wealth and tal- ents, and, having co-operated with Santana in securing the independence of the republic, was, after the expulsion of Jemines, chosen pres. At the next election, Santana was chosen ; and from being friends they became bitter enemies. Oct. 6, 1856, Baez again be- came pres., but surrendered the government to Santana, June 11, 1858, and left the coun- try. Returning in 1865, he was a third time elected pres., but in Mar. 1866 was again ex- pelled by Gen. Cabral. Late in 18Q7, he in- augurated a new revol., and has since been in power in the eastern part of the island ; the sale of which he endeavored to effect to the U. S. in 1871. B^F 51 33^i^j: BafSn, William, an English arctic ex- plorer, b. 1584; d. 1622. On returning from his tirst West Greenland voyage in 1612, he wrote an account of it, giving for the first time a method for determining the longitude at sea by an observation of the celestial bodies. He also pub. an account of a second voyage to Greenland in 1615, and of a voyage to Spitzbergen in 1614, containing important information. In 1618, he was mate of a mer- chant-vessel in the Arabian Sea. In 1616, he com. a vessel in which he is said to have reached 81^ deg. N. latitude, and is supposed to have ascertained the limits of the vast inlet of the sea since known by his name. He was killed at the siege of Ormuz in the Persian Gulf, while attempting, in conjunction with a Persian force, to expel the Portuguese from that island. Bagby, Arthur P., gov. of Ala., 1837- 41, b. Va., 1794; d. Mobile, Ala., 21 Sept. 1858. Liberally educated, he settled in Ala., taking at once a high position as a criminal lawyer; was a member of the legisl. in 1820- 2, and speaker of the house; U. S. senator in 184.3-9, and minister to Russia in 1849-53. Subsequently a commissioner to codify the laws of the State. Bagot, Sir Charles, a British statesman, b. Blithfield, Stafford Co., Eng., 23 Sept. 1781 ; d. Kingston, Canada, May 18, 1843. Second son of William Lord Bagot. Made un- der-sec. for foreign affairs in 1807 ; sent in 1814 on a special mission to Paris ; shortly after- ward min.-plenipo. to the U. S. ; successively ambassador to St. Petersburg, the Hague, and special ambassador to Vienna in 1834. From 10 Jan. 1842, to his death, gov.-gen. of Brit. North Amer., which he governed with wis- dom and prudence. Bailey, Ebenezer, educator, and author of a treatise on algebra ; d. 1839. Y. C. 1817. lie pub. also a " Review of the Mayor's Re- port upon the High School for Girls,'' 1828. — See Sketch of his Life and Educ. Labors, 8vo, 1861, Hartford. Bailey, Gamaliel, proprietor and editor of the National Era, b. Mt. Holly, N.J., Dec. 3, 1807; d. June 5, 1859, on board steamer "Arago," while on his way to Eng. Remov- ing to Phila. at the age of 9, be studied med- icine; receiving his degree in 1828. Sailed to China as physiciiin of a ship, and began his career as an editor on the ALthodist Protestant in Bait. In 1831, he removed to Cincinnati, and was physician to the cholera hospital dur- ing the pestilence. The expulsion of some students from Lane Sem. on account of their antislavery sentiments first prompted his hostility to slavery. In 1836, with J. G. Bir- ney, he conducted the first antislavery news- paper in the West, the Cincinnati Philanthro- pist, Their printing-office was twice attacked by a mob, the press thrown into the Ohio River, and the books and papers burned. In 1837, Dr. Bailey became sole editor of the Philanthropist, the organ of the Liberty party, and was a principal leader in the presidential canvass in 1840. In 1841, his press was de- stroyed by a mob, which was dispersed by the military. Jan. 1, 1847, he began to edit at Wasliington the National Era, an antislavery paper. ^ In 1848, a mob for three days besieged his office. Addressing the multitude in a speech remarkable for its coolness and its in- dependent spirit, the mob, that had proposed to tar and feather him, was disarmed by his eloquence. " Uncle Tom's Cabin " was ori- ginally pub. in the Era. Bailey, Jacob, soldier, b. Newbury, Ms., July 2, 1728; d. Newbury, Vt.. Mar. 1, 1816. Settled in Hampstead, 1745; was a capt. in French war, 1756, and escaped from the mas- sacre at Fort Wm. Henry in Aug. 1757; col. at the taking of Ticonderoga and Crown Point in 1759. In 1764, chartered a township in Vr., to which he removed ; app. brig.-gen. of mili- tia by the State of N.Y., and commis.-gen. Northern dcpt. during the Re vol., in which he performed valuable service with purse, pen, and sword. — Coffin. Bailey, Jacob, Pr.-Ep. clergyman and loyalist, b. Rowley, Ms., 16 Apr. 1731 ; d. Annapolis, N.S., 26 July, 1808. H. U. 1755. Ord. in Eng., he officiated many years at Pownalboro, now Wiscasset, Me. ; and in 1779, during the Revol. war, went to Annapolis, whore he was rector of St. Luke's. His eldest son Percy, a capt. in the British army, was killed at the battle of Chippewa, July 5, 1814. — See his Journal, 'with Memoir by Rev. W. S. BartUt. Bailey, Jacob Whitman, naturalist, b. Ward, Ms., Apr. 29, 1811 ; d. West Point, Feb. 26, 1857. Removing to Providence, R.I. in early life, he received a common school education. Grad. West Point, July, 1832, and was app. lieut. of art. In 1839, he was app. assist, and afterwards prof, of chemistry, botany, and mineralogy, at W. Point. His wife and (lau. perished when the steamer " Henry Clay" took fire on the Hudson in 1852*; and his exertions and exposure on that oc- casion caused his death. Inventor of "Bai- ley's Indicator," and of many improvements in the microscope. His investigations with this instrument, illustrating botany and zool- ogy, gave him great distinction. His "Mi- croscopic Sketches," together with his collec- tion of about 4,500 specimens of algae, he bequeathed to the Boston Soc. of Nat. History. He was pres of the Amer. Asso. for the Advancement of Science in 1857. His pub papers, more than 50 in number, are found in Silliman's Journal of Science, Transactions of the Asso. of Geol orjists and Natu7-alists, The Smithsonian Con- tributions to Knowledge, and in the various State geological surveys. — Journal of Micro- scopic Science. JBailey, Col. John, Revol. officer, b. Hanover, Ms, Oct. 30, 1730; d. there Oct. 27, 1810. At the outset «.f the war, he was licut.-col. of the Plymouth rcgt., with which he marched to Cambridge, in May, 1775; suc- ceeded Col. John Thomas in its command, and throughout the war was col. of the 2d Ms. regt. of the Continental line. He was con- spicuous in the campaign against Burgoyne, and had the reputation of a brave and faith- ful officer. Late in life he was an innkeeper in Hanover. IBAJL 52 BAI Bailey, Joseph, brig. -gen. of U.S. Vols. ; murdered by bushwhackers near Nevada, Mo., Mar. 21, 1867. Gen. Bailey achieved a high reputation in the Bed River expcd. in May, 1864, by a siiilful and original feat of eni:i- neering,by vvhicii he brought the iion-clad gun- boats of the M])i. squadron safely over the dangerous falls and rapids of the Red River above Alexandria. He joined the army in Wisconsin, where he had previously been a lumberman, and was acting chief-engineer of the 19th Army Corps, with rank of lieut.-col., when the retreating Union forces found that the water of the Red River had fallen so much, that Admiral Porter's squadron could not pass the rapids. In this perilous emergency, Col. Bailey proposed to construct dams which should raise the water suflicicntly lO permit the gunboats to descend safjly. The most skilful engineers in the army said the propo- sition was absurd; but in 11 days the fleet were safely over the falls. For this brilliant achievement, he was mnde brig.-gen., and re- ceived the thanks of Congress. He settled after the war in Newton Co., Mo., of which he was chosen sheriff. He became for- midable to buskwhackers, liut after arresting two of them, brothers, named Pixlcy, was shot by theui. Bailey, Joseph Roosevelt, R. C. bishop of Newark since 18.33, b. N.Y., 1814 ; studied for thePr.-Ep. Church, embraced Catliolicism, 1842; studied at St. Sulpice, Paris; was ord. priest, and returned to the U. S. in 1844. Bailey, Kiah, Cong, minister, b. Brook- field, Ms., 11 Mar. 1770; d. Hardwiek, Vt., 17 Aug. 1857. Dartm. Coll. 1793. He stud- ied thcol. under Dr. Emmons ; was minister of Newcastle, Me., 7 Oct. 1797-1824 ; subse- quently of Greensborough, Vt., and Thornton, N.H., and in 1833 settled on a farm at Hard- wick. Member Ms. leirisl. in 1819-20; ])res. of the Me. Missionary Soc, Bailey, Rufds Wm., D.D. (Hamp. Sid. Coll. 1859), clergyman and author, b. North Yarmouth, Me., Apr. 13, 1793; d. Huntsville, Tex., Apr. 25, 1863. D. C. 1813. He taught an acad. at Salisbury and at Blue Hill, Me.; was tutor at D. C. 1817-18; pastor of the Cong. ch. at Norwich, Vt., Nov. 29, 1819, to Novri2, 1835; at Pittsrteld, Apr. 14, 1824, to Sept. 27, 1827; taught .school in S. C, in Fay- etteville, N.C., and in Staunton, Va. ; Avcnt to Texas in 1854; prof of languages at Austin Coll , Huntsville, 2 years, and its pres. from Dec. 16, 1858, to his dea'th. He pub. " The Issue," a vol. on slavery, 1837 ; "The Family Preach- er," 1838; a ])rimary grammar, and a "Man- ual of Grammar ; " " The Mother's Request ; " and "The Beginnings of Evil "—AhmniD.C. Bailey, Tfieodorus, b. Duchess Co., N. Y., 1752; d. N. Y. City, Sept. 6, 1828. M. C. from N. Y., 1793-7 and 1799-1803; U. S. sen- ator 180.3-4; postmaster N. Y. City, 1804-28. Bailey, Theodorus, rear-adm. U. S. N., b. N. Y., 1803. Son of Judge Wm. Bailey of Plattsburg. Midshipman,' Jan. 1, 1818; lieut. Mar. 3, 1827 ; commander. Mar. 6, 1849 ; Ciipr. Dec. 15, 1855; commo. July 16, 1862; rear-adm. retired list, July 25, 186'6, He com. the storeship " Lexington " during the Mexi- can war, and manifested enterprise and gal- lantry in numerous cxpeds. against the enemy. Com. frigate " Colorado," West Gulf block, squad. 1861-2 ; second in command and offi- cially commended by Adm. Farragut for cap- ture of N. Orleans, where he led the attack and passage of the forts; com. the Eastern Gulf block, squad, 1862, and was energetic and suc- cessful in breaking up bloekade-running on the Florida coast. Com. Portsmouth navy-yard, 186.5-7. Said to have taken over 150 blockade- runners in a year and a half. Baillargeon, C. F., R. C. Bishop of Que- bec; d. Oct. 14, 1870, a. 72. App. administra- tor of that diocese in 1855. Bailly, Joseph A., sculptor, b. Paris, 1825 ; came to Phila., 1850. Among his works are "Adam and Eve," "Eve and her Two Chil- dren," and the monument of Washington, placed (1869) in front of the State House, Phila.^ Baily, John, clergyman, b. near Black- burn, Lancashire, Eng., 24 Feb., 1644; d. Bos- ton, Dec. 12, 1697. He began his ministry in Chester, Eng., in 1665, but was imprisoned for nonconformity, and preached to crowds through the bars of Lancashire jail. He preached 14 years in Limerick, and subse- quently again in Eng., i)ut was driven by persecution to Amer., and landed in Boston in 1684. Ord. minister of Watertown, Oct. 6, 1686, he became assist, minister of the First Church, Boston, July 17, 1693. He pub. an address to the people of Limerick. His funeral-sermon was preached by Cotton Ma- ther. — Sprague ; Nonconformist's Memorial ; Biorjraphia Evangelica. Bainbridge, Henry, lieut.-col. U. S. A., b. N.Y., 1803; d. at sea near Galveston, Tex., May 31, 1857. West Point, 1821. Capt. 15 June, 1836; brev. maj. Sept. 23, 1846, "for gallant and meritorious conduct at Monterey, Mexico," where he was wounded, Sept. 21 ; maj. 7th Inf 16 Feb. 1847 ; brev. lieut.-col. 20 Aug. 1847, "for gallant and meritorious con- duct in battles of Contreras and Churubusco ; " military and civil gov. of Jalapa, Mex., June, 1848 ; engaged in hostilities with the Seminoles in 1849-51 ; lieut.-col. 1st Inf. 11 June, 1851.— CnJlnm. Bainbridge, William, commo. U. S.N., b. Princeton, N.J., May 7, 1774; d. Phila., July 28, 1833. Son of Dr. Absalom B. He went to sea at 16, and at 19 com. a ship. App. Aug. 3, 1798, to com. the U. S. schooner "Retalia- tion," he was captured by the French while cruising near Guadaloupe, and, after 3 months' confinement, reached home in Feb. 1799, Mas- ter com. Mar. 29, 1799; capt. May 29, 1800. In 1799, he cruised again in the VV. Indies in the brig "Norfolk," "" 18 guns. In 1800, he sailed to Algiers in com. of the frigate " George Washington," and was compelled by the dey to convey his ambassadors, with pi'esents, to Constantinople. On his return to Algiers, he was instrumental in saving the French residents there, — the dey having declared war with France, thus preventing their imprisonment and slavery. For this act he received the thanks of Bonap.irte, then first consul, and the ap- proval of his own government. While com- SAl 53 B^VK raanding the frigate "Philadelphia," engaged in the blockade of Tnpoli, Oct. 31, 1803, she ran upon some I'ocks, and was, witli her crew, captured. Keleased after 13 months' confine- ment, Capt. Bainbridge was acquitted of all blame by a court of inquiry held at his own re- quest. Sept. 15, 1812, he took command of the frigate "Constitution." Cruising near the coast of Brazil, Dec. 29, he fell in with the Brit- ish frigate "Java," Capt. Lambert, which, in an action of an hour and o5 minutes, was so in- jured, that, after her capture, she was blown up. Both commanders were wounded, Lambert mortally. He treated his prisoners with great kindness ; was enthusiastically received upon his return, and was awarded a gold medal by Congress. After the peace of 1815, he superin- tended the building of "The Independence," 74, in which he sailed for Algiers, but was fore- stalled by a treaty of peace. He was afterward one of the navy commissioners, and com. the navy-yard at Charlestown. His last cruise was in " The Columbus," 80, in the Mediterranean, in 1820-21. (See Life, 6// 77*05. Harris, M.D., pub. Phila., 8vo, 1837.) His bro. Joseph, capt. 11. S. navy, d. Nov 18, 1824. A lieut. at the destruction of "The Philadelphia" frigate in the harbor of Tripoli, Feb. 16, 1804, and in the actions of Preble's squadron in that harbor, July-Sci)t. 18U4. Baine, A. C, lawyer and author, b. Ra- leigh, N.C., 21 Sept. 1810; d. Clitton, Nevada, 21 Dec. 1863. About 1849, he settled in Stock- ton, Cal., as a lawyer, and was greatly esteemed for scholarship and integrity. Author of " Di- vine Faith and Natural Rea.son," 1861; and at the time of his death had nearly completed a vol. on " Relations of Human Liberty to Nat- ural, Moral, and Divine Law." Baird, Absalom, brev. maj.-gen. U. S. A., b. Washington, Pa., Aug. 20, 1824. Wash- ington Coll. 1841 ; West Point, 1849. He studied law before entering the military acad, Ent. the 2d Art.; served in Fla. in 1850-3; and between 1853 and 1859 was assist, instruct- or, and assist, prof, of mathematics at West Point. In Mar. 1861, he was ordered to Wash- ington to com. Magruder's battery, and 1 1 May, became assist, adj. -gen., rank of capt. He was chief of statf to Gen. Tyler at the battle of Bull Run; 12 Nov. 1861, assist, insp.-gen, rank of maj. ; and in Mar. 1862, chief of staff, and insp.-gen. to the 4th army corps. Gen. Keyes : and was at the siege of Yorktown and the bat- tle of Williamsburg. Apr. 28, 1862, brig.-gen. of vols., and placed in com. of a brigade under Gen. Morgan, at Cumberland Ford, Ky. In April, 1863, he com. a div. under Gen. Gran- ger, when attacked by Van Dorn at Franklin, Tenn., and also at Chickamauga, for which he was brev. lieut.-col. 20 Sept. 1863. Biev. col. Nov. 20, for Chattanooga; brev. brig.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865, for the capture of Atlanta; and brev. maj.-gen. vols. I Sept. 1864, for services in the Atlanta campaign, particularly for the battles of Rosacea and Jonesborough, and op's against Savannah. He com. a div. of the 14th corps, in Sherman's " march to the sea," at the battle of Bentonville, N.C., 20 Mar. 1865, and surrender of Johnston's army, 26 Apr. 1865. — Cidlain. Baird, Robert, D.D., author and clergy- man, b. of Scotch parents, Fayette Co., Pa., Oct. 6, 1798; d. Yonkers, N.Y., Mar. 15, 1863. Jeff. Coll. 1818;D.D. 1842. He taught .school a year at Bellefonte; studied 3 years at Princeton Theol. Sem., in which he was one year a tutor ; had charge of a sem. at Prince- ton from 1822 to 1827 ; was agent of the N.J. Missionary Society in 1828; of the Anier. Sunday School Union in 1829, and in 5 years increased its revenue from $5,000 to $28,000. From 1835 to 1843, he was most of the time in Eui'ope, striving to revive the Protestant faith in the south, and to promote the cause of temperance in the nortli, earning the title of " The International Preacher," so wide- spread had been his labors. On the formation of the Foreign Evangelical Society in 1849, he became its agent and corresp. sec. On his last visit to Europe in 1862, he ably vindicated the cause of the Union against secession before London audiences. He pub. " Religion in America," 1842 ; " Visit to Northern Europe ; " " Memoir of Anna J. Linnard," 1835 ; " State and Prospects of Religion in America," 1842; " View of the Valley of the Mississippi," 1832 ; "Transplanted Flowers," 1839; "Memoir of Rev. Joseph Sanford," 1836 ; " Protes- tantism in Italy," 1845; "Impressions and Experiences of the W. Indies and N. America in 1849," 12rno, Phila. ; " The Christian Ret- rospect and Register," 1851 ; " History of the Albigenses, Waldenses, and Vaudois," " His- tory of tlie Temperance Societies of the U.S.," Paris, 1836; " Union of Church and State in N. England," Paris, 1837. Editor of the Christian Union, monthly, 1847-8, and corresp. of many leading foreign and Amer. journals. His son, Rev. Charles, had charge of a Prot- estant chapel at Rome ; and another son, Henry M., is disting. for proficiency in Greek literature, and pub. a memoir of his father, 1866. Baird, Spencer Fullerton, LL.D., natu- ralist, b, Reading, Pa., 1823 Prof. nat. sciences, Dick. Coll. 1840; assist, sec. Smiths'n. Inst. The editor and translator of " The Iconographie Encyclop.," 4 vols. 8vo, N.Y., 1851. Author of papers on zoology, and of reports on natu- ral history colls., made by Capt. Stansbnry, Capt. Miircy, Lieut. Gilliss, the U.S. and Mex- ican Boundary Survey, and the Pacific R. R. Survey; also,'with J. Cassin, "The Birds of North America," 2 vols. 4to, 1860; "Mam- mals of North America," 4to, 1861. He has made valuable contributions to the publications of the Jour, of Sciences, Phila., the Smith- sonian Institution, &c. Baker, Daniel, lieut.-col. U.S.A. ; d. Detroit, Mich., 10 Oct. 1836. App. from Vt., Ensign 16th Inf., 8 Jan. 1799; adj. in 1802; assist, military agent at Detroit ; capt. Mar. 1812; assist, dep. quartermaster, Apr. 1812; brev. maj. Aug. 9, 1812, for disting. service in battle of Brownstown, Maguaj^o, where he was wounded; aide-de-camp to Gen. Lewis, June, 1813; maj. 45 Inf Apr. 15, 1814; disting. in affair at Lyon's Creek, under Gen. Bissell; maj 7th Inf. 1 June, 1819 ; lieut.-col. 6th Inf May 1, 1829; com. his regt. in battle of the Bad Axe. — Gardner. BAK 54 :ba.Tu Baker, Daniel, D.D. (Laf. Coll. 1849), pres. of Austin Coll., Texas, Presb. clergy- man ; d. 1857. N, J. Coll. 1815. Has pub. "Affectionate Address to Mothers," and to "Fathers," "Plain and Scriptural View of Baptism," 18mo, " Revival Sermons," 12rao, 2 series. Baker, David Jewett, politician, b. E. Haddam Ct., Sept. 7, 1792; d. Alton, 111., Aug. 6, 1869. Ham. Coll. 1816. He went with his parents to Ontario Co., N.Y., in 1800, worked on a farm, studied law, and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1819; settling in Kaskas- kia, 111. He had a large practice, and was probate judge of Randolph Co.; US. senator 1830-1, carrying through Congress the im- portant measure of selling the public lands to actual settlers in quantities of 40 acres; U.S. attorney for 111. in 1833-41. He opposed the introduction of slavery into 111. in 1823, with such energy, that his opponents tried to kill him. Baker, Edward Dickinson, soldier and senator, b. Lond., Feb. 24, 1811 ; killed in the battle of Ball's Bluff, Oct. 21, 1861. His family came to the U.S. ab. 1815, and settled in Phila., but in 1825 removed to 111. The son studied law, was admitted to practise in Greene Co., 111. ; removed to Springfield ; in 1337 was chosen to the legisl. ; was State sen- ator from 1840 to 1844, and then M.C until the breaking-out of the Mexican war, when he resigned, and became col. of Illinois Vols. He shared in the siege of Vera Cruz, com. with great gallantry a brigade at Cerro Gordo and all the subsequent conflicts, and after the war removed to Galena, and aided in the nomination of Gen. Taylor to the presi- dency. In 1848-9, he was again in Congress, but, becoming connected with the Panama Railroad Co., declined a re-election, settled in the successful practice of law in Cal. in 1852, and connected himself with the Republican party. When Senator Broderic was killed in a duel in 1859, he delivered a funeral-oration over the body of his friend in the public square of San Francisco, and soon after removed to Oregon, where in 1860, by a coalition between the Republicans and Douglas Democrats in the legisl., he was elected to the U. S. senate. On the breaking-out of the civil war in 1861, he Vaised the "California" regt. in N.Y. and Phila., and, declining to be app. a gen., went into the field at its head. At Ball's Bluff, he com. a brigade, and fell in advance of the line while serving a pifce of artillery. Baker, Henry Felt, author and inventor, b. Salem, Ms., Nov. 7, 1797; d. Portsmouth, 0., Feb 20, 1857. H.U. 1815. He became a merchant and trader. In 1846, he patented the well-known " Improvement in Steam- Boiler Furnaces." Ab. 1848, he went to Cin- cinnati, became clerk in a bank, and in 1853 and 1854, pub. in two parts a work on " Banks and Banking in the tj.S.," and contrib. fre- quently to the Bankers' Magazine. The name of Baker, his stepfather, was added to his ori- ginal name. Baker, Lafayette C, brev. brig.-gen. vols., and chief of the detective service during the civil war, b. Stafford, N.Y., 1824 ; d. Phila , July 3, 1868. In 1867, he pub. a work detail- ing much of the secret history of the war, and charging President Johnson with being privy to the pardon-brokerage business. Baker, Osman Oleander, D.D., Bishop M. E. Church, b. Marlow, N. H., 1812. Licensed 1829. Consec. bishop in May, 1852. He was stationed in N.H., and was prof, in the Meth. Bibl. Inst, in 1847-52. Author of " Discipline of the M.E. Church," 12mo ; " Last Witness." D. Concord, N.H., Dec. 20, 1871. Baker, Capt. Remember, soldier and pioneer of Vt., b. Woodbury, Ct. ab. 1740; killed by Indians, near Tsle Aux Noix, in Aug. 1775. A soldier in the French war in 1757-9, and in the bloody battle at Ticonderoga ; settled at Arlington, on the " N.H. Grants," in 1764, and, in the struggles of the settlers against the claims of N.Y., was an active and efficient second to Ethan Allen. On one occa- sion, he was captured and cruelly maimed, but was rescued the same day. He was out- lawed by the gov. of N.Y., and a price set upon his head. May 10, 1775, with Col. Warner, he participated in the capture of Crown Point. He was on a scouting exped. when killed. Balboa, Miguel Cavello, a Spanish mis- sionary who visited S. America ab. 1566, and collected materials for a history of Peru, which was pub. in Paris, 1840. Balboa, Vasco Nunez de, a Spanish dis- coverer and conqueror in America,b. Xeresde los Caballeros, 1475; d. Castilla de Oro in 1517. In 1501, he went to the West Indies, in the ex- ped. of Bastidas. He is said to have been the first European who ascertained Cuba to be an island. From Hispaniola, he sailed in 1510 to the River Darien, and established a colony on the Isthmus of Panama, where he built Santa Maria de la Antigua, the first town on the con- tinent of South America. In Sept. 1513, Bal- boa set out on an exped. across the isthmus, and discovered the Pacific Ocean, Sept. 29. Kneel- ing, he thanked God for this great discovery, of which he took possession in the name of the sovereigns of Castile. Returning, he sent to Spain an account of his discoveries. His mer- its, however, were neglected, Enciso, a rival, having traduced him to the Spanish Govt.; and Pedrarias Davila was sent out with a fleet and troops as gov. of Darien. Balboa was alter- wards made lieut.-gov. with independent au- thority. But, disputes arising between him and Davila, the latter accused him of disloyalty, and a design to revolt ; on which charge he was tried and convicted : and in spite of the entrea- ties of the judges themselves, and of the whole colony, he was beheaded, leaving the character of an active and enterprising adventurer, infe- rior to none of the Spanish leaders in America in courage or abilities, and whose object was fame, and not the accumulation of wealth. In his intercourse with the Indians, he displayed great humanity and prudence. Balbuena de (da-bal-bwa'-na), Bernar- do, a Spanish poet, and bishop of Porto Rico, in the W. Indies, from 1620 to his death, 1627, b. Val de Penos, 1568. Author of " The Age of Gold," a pastoral romance; "El Bernardo," an epic poem, and some lyrics. — See Ticknora Hist. Span. Lit. JBAJu 55 JBAJLi Balcarres, Alexander Lindsay, Earl of, a British j^en., b. 1752; d, London, 27 Mar. 1825. Eldest son of the 5th Earl Balcarres, whom iti 1767 he succeeded in the family hon- ors. He became an ensign in the 53d Foot, obtained a majorate, Dec. 9, 1775, and served 3 years in N. America under Carleton and Bur- j^oyne. He was present at the actions of Trois Rivieres, June 1, 1776 ; com. the lij^ht infantry of the army at Ticonderoga and Habbardton, July 7, 1777; also at Freeman's Farm, Sept. 19, on the heights of Saratoga, with the com. of the advanced corps of the army. Brig.-Gen. Eraser being killed in the action, Oct. 7, Oct. 8 Balcarres was app. lieut.-col. 24th Foot, and was included in the convention of Saratoga. At the battle of Hubbardton, where he was wounded, 13 balls passed through his clothes. Made maj.-gen. 1793, and in 1794 sent to com. the forces in Jamaica, where he was also placed at the head of the civil administration as lieut.- gov., but soon after returned to Eng. Lieut.- gen. 1798 ; gen. 1803. At the time of his death, he was one of the representative peers for Scot- land, but took no active part in politics. Balch, George B., capt. U.S.N.,, b. Tenn., Dec. 30, 1821. Midshipman, Dec. 30, 1837; licut. Aug. 16, 1850; com. July 16, 1862 ; capt. July 25, 1866. Actively engaged in the war with Mexico from first attack on Alvarado, Nov. 1, 1846, to surrender of Vera Cruz, Mar. 1847. While on the sloop "Plymouth," in com. of the advance post at Shanghai, China, he was wounded in the hip in a fight between the rebels and imperialists. Com. steamer " Pocahontas," S. A. squadron ; engaged rebel battery at Stono, S.C, and on the Black River in Aug. 1862; com. steamer "Pawnee," at- tacked by 2 rebel batteries, who at the same time attacked Gen. Terry's forces, and were re- pulsed July 16, 1863 ; engaged and captured 2 rebel guns in the Keowah River, Dec. 25, 1863 ; in the operations of Dahlgren and Foster in Stono River, S.C, July,1864; and Feb. 9, 1865, with the " Sonoma" and " Daffodil," engaged 3 rebel batteries on Togoda Creek, North Edis- to, S.C, driving the enemy from his works. — Hamersly. Balch, William, minister of the Second Church, Bradford, b. Beverly, Ms., Oct. 2, 1704 ; d. Bradford, Jan. 12, 1792. H. U. 1724. Ord. 7 Jan. 1727. In 1744, he pub. a pamphlet upon a dispute between himself and a few dissatis- fied members of iiis church ; and in 1746, he wrote an able reply to Messrs. Wigglesworth and Chipman, who had attacked him ifbr propa- gating Arminian tenets. Besides the a!)Ove- named, he pub. " A Discourse upon Self-right- eousness," 1742, and "Election Sermon," 1749. —^//o^ Baldwin, Abraham, statesman, b. Guil- ford, Ct., Nov. 1754; d. Washington, D.C, Mar. 4, 1807. Y. C 1772. Being a good clas- sical and mathematical scholar, he was tutor there 5 years, and from 1777, till the close of the war, was a chaplain in the army. Remov- ing to Savannah at the request of Gen. Greene, early in 1784 he abandoned the clerical pro- fession for that of the law, was a member of the legisl. in 1784, a delegate to Congress in 1 785-8, an active and disting. member of tl>e convention which framed the Federal Consti tution in 1787, under which he was M. C. 1789-99, and a U. S. senator from 1799 till his death. During the 22 years of his legislative career, he was never absent an hour, until the week preceding his death. In the Georgia legisl. he originated the plan of the State Uni- versity, drew up the charter by which it was endowed with 40,000 acres of land, and, with the aid of Gov. John Milledge, carried it through successfully. It was located at Ath- ens, and he was several years its pres. He was the bro.-in-lawof Joel Barlow; was a man of great talents, ardent patriotism, and exten- sive benevolence. Having never been married, he was enabled by economy to assist many young men in obtaining an education ; and, on the death of his father in 1787, protected and educated 6 orphan-children, his half bros. and sisters, among them Judge Henry Baldwin. Baldwin, Ashbel, Pr.-Ep. clergyman, b. Litchfield, Ct., Mar. 7, 1757 ; d. Rochester, N.Y., Feb.8, 1846. Y. C 1776. He served as a quartermaster in the Revol. war, and was ord. by Bishop Seabury in 1785, — the first Epis. ordination in this country. Minister of Strat- ford, 1792-1824. He was a delegate to the General Convention, sec. of the Diocesan Con- vention for many years, and sec. of the General Convention several times. After leaving Strat- ford, he officiated at Wallingford, Meriden, North Haven, and Oxford, until 1832, when he became disabled by age. He had preached about 10,000 times, baptized 3,010, married 600 couples, and assisted at the burial of about 3,000 individuals. — Blake. Baldwin, Charles H., Capt. U. S, N., b. N. Y. City, Apr. 24, 1822. Midshipm. Apr. 24, 1839; lieut. Nov. 1853; resigned, and re-en- tered navy in 1861 ; com. Nov. 18, 1862; capt. 1869. Served in frigate "Congress" in Mexi- can war ; com. steamer " Clifton " at the cap- ture of New Orleans, and at the first attack on Vicksburg, 1862. — Hamersly. Baldwin, Elihu Whittlesey, Pres. Wa- bash Coll., Ind., 1835-40, b. Durham, N.Y.,25 Dec. 1789 ; d. Crawfordville, Ind., 15 Oct. 1840. Y. C 1812 ; And. Sem. 1817. S.T.D. Bloom. Coll. 1839. Minister 7th Presb. Ch., N. Y. City, 1 820-35. — See Memoir, by E. F. Hatfield, N.Y. 1843. Baldwin, Henry, LL.D. (1830), jurist and statesman, bro. of Abraham, b. New Haven, Ct., 1779 ; d. Phila., 21 Apr. 1844. Y. C 1797. He became eminent at the bar, settled at Pitts- burg, Pa., was M. C from Pa. in 1817-22, and in 1830 was made a justice of the U. S. Su- preme Court. Author of " A General View of the Origin and Nature of the Constitution and Govt, of the U. S.," Phila., 1837. Baldwin, Henry P., gov. of Michigan, 1869-71, b. Coventry, R.L, 22 Feb. 1814. He engaged in mercantile business in his youth, emigrated to Detroit in 1838, became pres. Sec- ond Nat. Bank, and was two years a State senator. Baldwin, Jeddthan, col. of engineers in the Revol. army, b. Woburn, Ms,, Jan. 13, 1732; d. Brookfield, Ms., June 4, 1788. He com. a company in the exped, against Crown Point, Sept. 15 to Nov. 27, 1755. He was ac- BAL 66 :bajl, tive in plaiinint^ the works around Boston during its investment; was made assist, en- jjineor, rank of capt., at Cambrid^iC, Mar. 16, 1776, and ordered to N.Y. ; placed on the continental establishment, with rank and pay of lieut.-col , Apr. 26, 1776, and ordered to Canada, Sept. 3,1776; made engineer, with rank of col., and served at Ticonderoga. He was at West Point with his regt of artificers in Oct. 1780, and resigned Apr.'26, 1782. He was a prominent member of the Ms. Provincial Congress, 1774-5, and a friend of literature. He left a bequest of £100 to Leicester Acad. Baldwin, John Dbnison, author, editor, and M.C. (1863-9), b. N. Stonington, Ct., 28 Sept. 1810. A. M. of Y. C. 1839. He studied law and theology ; connected himself with the press, first in Hartford, next in Boston, and afterward became proprietor of the Wor- cester Spy. Deleg. to the Chicago Conv. of 1860. Author of " Raymond Hill and other Poems," 1847, and "Prehistoric Nations." Baldwin, Joseph G., judge Sup. Ct. of Cal. 1857-63, chief-justice, 1863; d. San Fran- cisco, 30 Sept. 1 864. Author of " Flush Times of Alabama and Mississippi," 8vo, 1853, and " Party Leaders," 8vo, 1855. His son Alex. W., U.S dist. judge for Nevada, was killed at Alameda, Cal., by a railroad accident, 15 Nov. 18G9, a. 34. Baldwin, Col. Loammi, engineer, b. Woburn, Ms., Jan. 21, 1745; d. there Oct. 20, 1807. A descendant of Deacon Henry, one of the first settlers of Woburn. Having a good common school education, he devoted his lei- sure to the study of mathematics ; attended the lectures of Prof. Winthrop at Harvard Coll. with Benj. Thompson, afterward Count Rum- ford, and became a practical surveyor and en- gineer. A leading and active Whig of the Revol., he was a member of the county con- vention in Middlesex, held in Aug. 1774 ; en- tered the army as a major; was chosen lieut.- col. of Gerrish's regt. June 16, 1775 ; was col. of the 26th regt. in Nov. 1775 ; served at Lex- ington, at New York, and in the surprise of the Hessians at Trenton, but left the army early in 1777, in poor health. Sheriff of Mid- dlesex Co. 1780 to 1794. Member of Ms. legisl. 1778-9 and in 1800. A principal pro- prietor of the Middlesex Canal, of which he was superintendent, 1794-1804. Member of the American Acad. His son Loammi, engineer, b. Woburn, May 16, 1780; d. June 30^ 1838. H.U. 1800. Was often employed in public works by the govt. ; and his skill is well at- tested by the dry docks at Charlestown and Newport. Baldwin, Matthias W., a pioneer in- ventor, and builder of locomotive-engines, b. Elizabethtown, N.J., 10 Dec. 1795; d. Phila., 7 Dec. 1866. He was originally a jeweller, and, while thus employed, invented a new process of gold-plating. He afterward manu- factured bookbinders' tools, and calico-printers' rolls, at which time he built his first steam- engine. In 1832, he constructed his first loco- motive for the Phila. and Germantown Rail- way, called the " Ironsides." He made many important improvements in locomotive-engines, and, in Aug. 1842, patented the flexible truck locomotive. He was a member of the Const. Conv. of 1837, and of the State legisl. in 1853. Many years pres. of the Phila. Hortic. Soc. Baldwin, Roger Sherman, LL. D. {Y. C. 1845), lawyer and senator, b. N. Haven, Jan. 4, 1793; d. there Feb. 19, 1863. Y.C. 1811. Son of Judge Simeon by a dau. of Roger Sherman. He studied at the Litchfield Law School ; began practice at N. Haven in 1814 ; soon became eminent in the profession ; was State senator in 1837, and pres. jirotem. in 1838; representatiA^e in 1840-1; gov. of Ct. 1844-6; U.S. senator, 1847-51 ; and a mem- ber of the Peace Congress in Feb. 1861, oppos- ing the projected amendments to the Constitu- tion. His plea in the "Amistead" case, in which he was asso. with John Quincy Adams, was one of the ablest forensic efforts ever made in the U.S. Supreme Court. In the U.S. senate, he advocated the exclusion of slavery from the territory acquired by the Mexican war, and opposed the compromises of 1850, especially the Fugitive Slave Bill. — See Biog. Disc, by Rev. Dr. Dution in N. Enqlander, Apr. 1863. Baldwin, Simeon, jurist, father of the preceding, b. Norwich, Ct., 14 Dec. 1761 ; d. New Haven, 26 May, 1851. Y.C. 1781. Tu- tor at Yale in 1781-6; admitted to the N. Haven bar, acquired an extensive practice; was clerk of the District and Circuit Courts in 1790-1803; M.C. 1803-5; judge of the State Supreme Court, 1806-17, and of the Court of Errors ; ])res. of the Board of Corns, to locate the Farmington Canal in 1822-30, and mavor of the city of New Haven in 1826. Baldwin, Thomas, D.D. (Un. Coll. 1803), Baptist clergyman, b. Norwich, Ct., 23 Dec. 1753; d. W'aterville, Me., 29 Aug. 1825. With little early education, he became, by dili- gent effort, an eminent preacher, and the head of his sect in N. E. Ord. 11 June, 1783, at Canaan, N.H., and in Nov. 1790, over the Second Church, Boston. Prominent in the establishment of Waterville Coll., Me., 1820, and Columb. Coll., D.C., 1821. He began the Ainer. Bapt. Mag. in 1803; was sole editor until 1817, and senior editor till his d. Several times a member of the legisl., and mem- ber of the State Const. Conv. of 1820. Author of " Baptism of Believers only," 1806, and a number of sermons. Balfour, Nisbet, a British gen., b. Edin- burgh, 1743; d. Denbigh, Co. Fife, Oct. 10, 1823. Son of an auctioneer and bookseller of Edinburgh. Entering the service as an ensign in the 4th Foot in 1761, he obtained acompany in 1770; was wounded at the battle of Bunker's Hill in 1775, and again in the action at the lauding on Long Island ; was at the cap- ture of Brooklyn, and at the taking of New York in 1776, on which occasion he was sent home by the com.-in-chief with despatches, and received, in consequence, the brev. of maj. Nov. 19, 1776. He was present in the action near Elizabethtown, N.J., in the spring of 1777; in the engagements of Brandywine and Germantown ; at the siege of Charlestown, and served, under Lord Cornwallis, part of the campaign after the surrender of the latter place. He was com. at Charleston in 1781, and caused BAJL. 67 BASL, Col. Isaac Hayne's execution, an act of un- justifiable cruelty. He was app, lieut.-col 2.3d Foot in 1778, col. and aide-de-camp to the king in 1782; attained the rank of maj.-gen. in 1793; served in Flanders and Holland in 1794 ; became lieut.-gen. in 1798, and gen. in 1803. — Gent's Mag. 1823. Balfoiir, Walter, Universalis t clergy- man, b. St. Miniaus, Scotland, 1777; d. Charlestovvn, Ms., where he had long been settled, 3 Jan. 18.52. Educated a Presbyte- rian, he came to the U. S. at the age of 20 ; acquired popularity as an extempore speaker ; became a Baptist at 30, and a Univcrsalist 10 years later, by reading Prof Stuart's letters to Dr. Channing. He pub. " Inquiries Con- cerning the Devil," and " Scriptural Import of the Words translated Hell," 1824; " Tlie State of the Dead," 1833; " Keply," ane la (deh la \m), Antoine Le- FEVRE, a French naval officer ; d. May 4, 1688. He was app. gov. of Guiana in 1663, and re- took Cayenne from the Dutch, 1667. Lieut.- gen. in 1667, he defeated the English in the Antilles, forcing them to raise the blockade of St. Christopher. In 1682, he was app. gov. of Canada, succeeding Frontenac. He was, however, recalled in 1685, for having, by his irresolution, caused the failure of the exped. to treat with the savages. He was the enemy of La Salle, and is said to have enriched himself by his corrupt practices. Barrd, Col. Isaac, a British orator and soldier, b. Dublin, 1726; d. London, July 20, 1802. His parents, who were French, kept a small grocery-store in Dublin. Isaac entered the army in 1747 ; became alieut Oct. 1, 1755; accompanied the exped. against Louisburg ; was app. by Wolfe, " his early protector and friend," major of brigade, May 12, 1758; and May 4, 1759, adj.-gen. of the army before Que- bec. In the battle on the Plains of Abraham, he was so severely wounded as to lose the sight of an eye. In West's picture of the " Death of Wolfe," Barre's figure is conspicuous. He served under Amherst in 1760, and bore to England the news of the surrender of Mon- treal ; promoted to lieut.-col. Jan. 19, 1761. Placed in parliament through the interest of Lord Shelburne in 1761, Barre soon found himself in the opposition, and, in consequence, was deprived of the offices given for his services in America. His speech upon the Stamp Act in 1765 deserves a place in the memory of every American. Throughout the administra- tion of Lord North, Col. Barre continued the warm friend of the American Colonics ; disting. himself greatly by the boldness of his senti- ments, *and his inflexible o])position to the American war. He was blind during the last 20 years' of his life. For 15 years, he held a lucrative office. He was one of the supposed authors of Junius's Letters. A town in Ms. perpetuates his memory. His oratory was powerful, but coarse, his manners rugged, his countenance stern, and his stature athletic. Barringer, Daniel Moreau, statesman, b. Cabarrus Co., N.C., ab. 1807. U. of N.C 1826. He established himself in the practice of law in 1829, became distinguished in his profession ; was several years in the State legisl. ; member of the State Const. Conv. in 1835; M.C. 1843-9; minister to Spain in 1 849-53 ; afterward travelled in Europe, and, on his return, served in the State legi.sl. until 1855, when he devoted himself to literary pursuits. BAR 66 BAR He was a delegate to the Peace Congress of 1861, and to the Phila. convention of 1866. Sarritt, Frances Fuller, poet, b. Rome, N.Y., May, 1826. In 1830, her parents re- moved to Northern Pa , and, in 1839, to Wors- ter, 0. She early became a contrib. to the leading belle-lettres journals of the country. In 1851 apj)eared a vol. of her poems edited by Rufus W. Griswold, of great merit, containing, among other pieces, " Azlea, a Tragedy." In 1853, she m. Jackson Barritt of Pontiac, Mich. After a few years' residence west of the Missouri, she took up her residence in N.Y. City. A younger sister, Metta Victoria (see Victor), is also a poetess. — Poets and Poetrij of the West. Barron, James, commodore U. S. N., b. in Va., 1768; d. Norfolk, Apr. 21, 1851. He commenced his naval career under his father, James, who d. in 1787, and who held the rank of commodore of the Va. navy during the Revol. war, and was also a member of the Va. Board of War. His bro. Richard was a capt. during the whole war. The vessels com. by the Barrons were "The Liberty " and "The Pa- triot." The former was engaged in 20 actions, and was very successful. On the formation of the U S. navy, Mar. 9, 1798, he was made lieut., and served under Commo. Barry in the brief war with France. Made capt. May 22, 1799, and ordered to the Mediterranean under the command of his elder brother, Commo. Samuel Barron, and was esteemed one of the most accomplished and efficient officers, and one of the best disciplinarians, in the service. He served actively afloat until 1807, in which year he com. the frigate " Chesapeake" at the time of her unfortunate encounter with the British frigate " Leopard." Barron was tried by a court-martial, and suspended for five years. In 1820, a corresp., which grew out of this af- fair, led to a duel with Decatur, Mar. 22, 1820, in which the latter was killed, while Barron was severely wounded. Barron, Samuel, commo. U. S. K, bro. of James, b. Hampton, Va., Sept. 25, 1765; d. there Oct. 29, 1810. He was disting. for gal- lantry in the Revol. navy of Va., in which his father, his uncle, and his brother, also partici- pated. In 1798, he com. the brig "Augusta," fitted out by the citizens of Norfolk against the French. Made capt. U. S. navy, Sept. 13, 1798, he left the merchant-service; was con- spicuous in the Tripolitan war ; and in 1805 com. a squadron of 10 vessels. He co-operated with Gen. Eaton in the capture of the town of Derne, on the Tripolitan coast, Apr. 27, 1805, but, in consequence of extreme ill health, soon after returned to the U. S. Barron, Samuel, admiral in the Confed- erate navy, b. Va. Midshipm. U. S. N, 1 Jan. 1812 ; lieut. 3 Mar. 1827 ; com. 15 July, 1847 ; capt. 1855. He com." The Wabash," the flag- ship of Commo. Lavalette in the Mediterrane- an, in 1859. Made com. in the Confed. navy in 1861, and put in charge of the naval de- fences of N. C. and Va., with the rank of flag- officer; took charge of the defence of Forts Clark and Hatteras during the attack by Flag- officer Stringham and Gen. Butler, 27 Aug. 1861, and, after their surrender, was a prisoner in New York until exchanged in 1862. Barrow, Gen. Washington, minister to Lisbon, 1841-3; M. C. 1847-9; b. Tenn. ab. 1817; d. St. Louis, 19 Oct. 1866. He was a lawyer ; some years editor of the Nashville Banner, and a leader of the old Whig party ; State senator in 1861, and for a time impris- oned by the federal authorities during the civil war. Barrundia, Jose Francisco, statesman of Honduras, b. 1779 ; d. N. Y. City, Aug. 4, 1854. He was the first to raise the standard of revol. against the Spanish Govt. Member of the first republican assembly, Apr. 10, 1824, he introduced and carried a decree for the abo- lition of slavery, and devoted himself to the cause of social and civil reform. Pres. of the republic in 1829, he served with wisdom and moderation, and organized a general system of public instruction. Minister to the U. S. in 1854, he purposed the annexation of Honduras to the U. S., but died soon after his arrival. Barry, John, first commodore in the U. S. navv, b. Tacumshane, Wexford Co., Ireland, 1745 ; d. Phila., Sept. 13, 1803. He went to sea very young ; came to Phila. at the age of 15; soon rose to the com. of a ship, and accu- mulated wealth. When the war commenced, he offered his services to Congress, "abandon- ing," to use his own language, " the finest ship and the first employ in America." In Feb. 1776, he was app. to com. "The Lexington," 14, in which, after a sharp action, he took " The Edward," tender, the first war-vessel captured by a regular Amer. cruiser in action.. He was then transferred to " The Effingham," frigate, which being useless during the suspen- sion of navigation the following winter, he ob- tained the com. of a company of vols., and with some heavy cannon assisted in the opera- tions at Trenton, continuing with the army, and performing important services, during the winter campaign. At the head of 4 boats, he carried an enemy's man-of-war schooner in gallant style, without the loss of a man ; for which he was publicly thanked by Washington. He was for a short time aide-de-camp to Gen. Cadwallader. When the British obtained pos- session of Phila., he took " The Effingham " up the Delaware, with the hope of saving her; but she was subsequently burned by the enemy. An offijr was made him, by Gen. Howe, of 15,- 000 guineas if he would bring in the ship. It was rejected with scorn. In Sept. 1778, he took com. of " The Raleigh," 32, which a British squadron compelled him to run on shore at Fox's Island in Penobscot Bay. In Feb. 1781, he sailed in "The Alliance" with Col. Laurens, ambassador to France, and cruised successfully until autumn. May 29, he captured, after a severe contest, two British ves- sels, " The Atlanta " and " Trepasa." Return- ing in Oct. 1781, " The Alliance" was refitted, and after carrying Lafayette and Noailles to France, cruised in the West Indies, with suc- cess, until Mar. 1782. After the foundation of the present navy, June 6, 1794, Barry was named as the senior officer, in which station he died. He superintended the building of the frigate " United States," and was assigned to her command. He was a man of deep religious feeling, and strict honor. HASR 6T B^R Barry, Johx, D.D., R. C. bishop of Sa- vannah, consecrated Aujj, 2, 1857 ; d. Nov. 21, 1859. Barry, John S., gov. Michigan, 1842-6 and 1850-2, b. Vt. 1802 ; d. Constantine, Mich., Jan. 15, 1870. Educated at the public schools of Vt. ; studied law, but in 1832 went to Con- stantine, and engaged in mercantile business. Member of the first Const. Conv. of Mich., in which he took a leading part, and was chosen State senator in 1836, and again in 1840. Mem- ber of the Chicago Democ. Conv. of 1864. Barry, William Farqdhar, brev. maj.- gen. U.S.A., b. N.Y. City, Aug. 18, 1818. West Point, 1838. Entering the 4th Artillery, and stationed on the northern frontier during the troubles in Canada, he served part of the time on an armed schooner on the Lakes, and also as capt. of a guard at Lewiston. In 1838, he assisted Maj. Ringgold in organizing the first battery of light artillery introduced into the U.S. army ; was ordered to R.I., during the Dorr rebellion ; became 1st lieut. 1842; served throughout the Mexican war; was assist, adj.-gen. of Patterson's division, 1847; aide-de-camp to Gen. Woith, 1848; capt. in 1852, and served 2 years against the Seminole Indians. In 1857, he served against the Sioux and Chippewas in Minnesota. In April, 1861, he re-enforced Fort Pickens with a company of flying artillery. Maj. 5th Artil- lery, May 14, 1861. Ordered to Washington in July, he joined Gen. McDowell, participated in the battle of Bull Run, and, July 23, was ordered to re-organize the field artillery of the army. Brig.-gen. vols., Aug. 20, 1861, and assigned to the staff" of Gen. McClellan, as chief of artillery of the Army of the Potomac, taking part in the peninsular campaign. Lieut.- col. 1st Art., Aug. 1, 1863 ; col. 2d Art., Dec. 11, 1865 ; chief of Art. on staff" of Gen. Sher- man, 1864-6; brev.-col. U.S.A., and maj.-gen. vols, for campaign of Atlanta, 1 Sept. 1864; brev. brij^.-gcn. U. S. A., 13 Mar. 1865, for services in the campaign ending in the sur- render of Johnston's army ; and brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., for merit, services during the Rebellion. Author (with Gen. Barnard) of "Reports of Engr. and Art. Operations of the Army of Potomac to the Close of the Peninsular Cam- paign," 1863. — Cullum. Barry, William Taylor, statesman, b. Lunenburg, Va., Feb. 5, 1784; d. Liverpool, Eng., Aug. 30, 1835. William and Mary Coll. 1803. He moved to Ky. at the age of 11 ; and, being adm. to the bar, his gift of popular eloquence soon established his fame. He served in both branches of the Ky. legisl ; was M.C. in 1810-11 ; U.S. senator, 1814-16.; judge of the Supreme Court of Ky. ; succes- sively lieut.-gov., sec. of State, and chief- justice of Ky. Postmaster-gen. 1828-35 ; min- ister to Spain in 1835; died on his way to Madrid. He acted as sec. and aide to Gov. Shelby in the battle of the Thames, and was the first U. S. postmaster-gen. admitted to the cabinet. Barry, William Taylor Sullivan, l.iwyer, b. Columbus, Mpi., Dec. 12, 1821 ; d. there Jan. 29, 1868. Y. C. 1841, He took a plantation in Oktibbeha Go. ; practised law in Columbus 2 or 3 years; was a member of the legisl. in 1849 and 1851 ; afterward removed to Sunflower Co.; M.C. 1853-5; again practised law in Columbus; was speaker of the legisl. in 1855; seceded from the Charleston Conven- tion in 1860; and in 1861 was pres. of the secession convention of Mpi., and member of the Provisional Congress. He entered the military service of the Confederacy in June, raised and com. the 35th Mpi. Regt. in the spring of 1862, and until captured at Mobile, in Apr. 1865; afterward practised law in Co- lumbus. — Y. C. Obit. Record, p. 320. BarstOW, Col. William A., gov. Wis., 1854-6 ; d. Leavenworth, Kan., 14 Oct. 1865, a. 54. He raised the 3d Wis. Cavalry in 1861, with which he served in the south-west with credit until his health gave way. Barthe, J. G .Canadian journalist. Left the College of Nicolet in 1832. Studied medicine, and, after a short imprisonment on suspicion of having written an ode to Papineau and the exiles, established himself in 1838 as an advo- cate in Montreal. He was 5 years editor of L'Avenir-des Canadas. M. P. for the county of Yamaska, 1841-4; clerk of appeals of Lower Canada, 4 years, and resided in Paris in 1853-6, where he pub. " Canada Reconquis par la France." — Morgan. Bartholomew, Edward Sheffield, sculptor, b. Colchester, Ct., 1822; d. Naples, May 2, il,858. Becoming a resident of Hart- ford, he learned dentistry, then pursued paint- ing, and a&er.ward sculpture, in which he be- came disting. From 1845 to 1848, he had charge of the Wadsworth Gallery in Hartford, then came to New Y^ork, and about 1850 went to Italy. Among his most celebrated finished works, are Paradise Lost, Sheplierd Boy, Sappho, Youth and Old Age, Monument to Charles Carrol (greatly admired), Belisarius at the Porta Pincinia, a group representing Gany- mede and the Eagle of Jupiter, and Eve after the Fall. Bartlett, Eltsha, M.D. (B. U. 1826), physician and writer, b. Smithfield, R.I., Oct. 6, 1804; d. Providence, July 19, 1855. After passing a year in Europe, on his return in 1827, he commenced practice at Lowell, and, in 1836, became first mayor of the new city. He delivered courses of lectures at Pitts- field in 1832, and at Dartm. Coll. in 1839 ; took charge of the medical department of the Transyl. U., Lexington, Ky. in 1841, and .again, in the autumn of 1846, after a second visit to Europe ; that of the U. of Maryland in 1844; that of the Med Institute of Louisville in 1849 ; and in 1850, that of the U. of N.Y., which position he relinquished in 1852 to occupy that of Materia of Medica and Medical Jurisprudence in the Coll. of Physicians and Surgeons of that city, in which he continued «ntil his death. During the spring and sum- mer months from 1843 to 1850 inclusive, he occupied himself in lecturing in the Vt. Med. Coll. at Woodstock. His principal works are, "The Fevers in the U. S./* 1842; " An Es- say on the Philosophy of Medical Science," 1844 ; " An Inquiry into the Dignity and Cer- tainty in Medicine," 1848; " A Discourse on the Life and Labors of Dr. Wells, the Discoverer of BAR 68 BAR the Philosophy of Dew," 1849 ; " A Discourse on the Times, Character, and Works of Hip- pocrates," 1852 ; and poems, entitled " Simple Settings in Verse for Portraits and Pictures from Mr. Dickens's Gallery," 1855. He edited a while the Montldij Journal of Med. Lit., at Low- ell, afterward merged into the Med. Maj/azine. — See Memoir, by S. H. Dickson, in Gross's Med. Biog. Bartlett, Ichabod, lawyer, b. Salisbury, Ct., July 24, 1786; d. Portsmouth, Oct. 19, 1853. Dartm. Coll. 1808. Adra. to the bar in 1812. After practising a short time at Dur- ham, he removed to Portsmouth, where he re- sided till his death. He held high rank among his disting. competitors at the N.H. bar, in- cluding Webster and Mason. He was 7 years ill the State legisl. ; was clerk of the State senate in 1817-18 ; solicitor for the county of llockingham in 1819 ; speaker of the hou.se in 1821; and M. C. in 1823-29; member of the State Const. Conv. of 1850. Bartlett, John Russell, author, b. Prov- idence, II. I., Oct. 23, 1805 ; was early placed in a banking-house, and was for six years cashier of the Globe Bank, Providence. While there, he was one of the projectors of the Ath- enaeum, and an active member of the Franklin Society for the Cultivation of Science, before which he occasionally lectured. In 1837, he engaged in business in N. Y., but was unsuc- cessful. He then established a foreign book- store ; was an active manager of the N. Y. Hist. Society, and a projector of the Ethnolo- gical Society. In 1850, he was app. by Pres. Taylor commissioner to fix the boundary-line between the U. S. and Mexico, under the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which occupied him until Jan. 7, 1853. He pub. in 1854 a person- al narrative of explorations and incidents in the countries which he had visited ; having previously published, in 1847, a small work on the Progress of Ethnology, and, in 1848, a Dictionary of Americanisms. He became sec. of State of R. I., May 1, 1855, and still holds that office, having arranged, edited, and pub. the records of the colony (10 vols. 1636-1790); acting gov. 1861-2. Mr. B. has also pub. " Bibliography of R. I." 1864 ; " A History of the Destruction of HB. M. S'.'hooner, Gaspee" 1862 ; " Index to the Acts and Resolves of the General Assembly of R.I. ," 1758-1862; " Bib- liotheca Americana," 1493-1800, 4 vols., 8vo, 1865-70; "Literature of the Rebellion," N.Y., Svo, 1866; "Reminiscences of Albert Galla- tin," N. Y., 1849; "Memoirs of R. L Officers in Service during the Rebellion," 4to, 1867; "Primeval Man," 1868; "Naval Hist, of R.L," contrib. to the Hist. Mag. He has two sons in the U. S. service, John R., lieut. com. U. S. N., and Hi.NRY A., capt. U. S. marine corps. Bartlett, John Sherren, M.D., jour- nalist, b. Dorsetshire, Eng., 1790; d. N. J., Aug. 24, 1863. He was educated a physician in London ; app., on recommendation of Sir Astley Cooper, surgeon in the royal navy in 1812; was taken in the packet " Swallow," by an Amer. frigate, and remained a prisoner in Boston until 1813. He m. at Boston, and es- tablished himself there as a physician. The Albion was commenced by him in New Yoik, June 22, 1822, as an English conservative organ ; and it gained a large and profitable cir- culation. He afterwards established two other papers, also the European at Liverpool. He withdrew from the Albion in 1848. In 1855, he issued the Anglo-Saxon, a weekly paper at Boston. In 1857, he was British consul at Baltimore. Bartlett, Joseph, wit, poet, and adventur- er, b. Plymouth, Ms., 10 June, 1762 ; d. Bos- ton, 20 'Oct., 1827. II. U. 1782. Visiting Eng., he pursued a checkered and adventurous career, gambled, got into prison, wrote a play for his release, and went upon the stage himself. Procuring a large stock of goods on credit, he was shipwrecked on Cape Cod, and, failing in business in Boston, studied law. Capt. of vols, in Shays' insurrection, then opened a law- office in Woburn, painting it black, and call- ing it " the coffin" to attract notice. Remov- ing to Cambridge, he busied himself with the affairs of the town and of the college. Af- terwards a lawyer and politician in Me., and memberof the legisl. While in Saco, in 1805, he edited the Freeman's Friend, and, July 4, delivered an oration at Biddeford. He finally closed his improvident life in Boston. In 1799, he delivered a satirical poem on Physiognomy, before the Phi Beta Kappa Society. Tlie edi- tion of 1823, included aphorisms on men, principles, and things. His poem, "The Vicar of Bray," was quite celebrated. He delivered the 4th of July oration at Boston, in 1799. Bartlett, Josiah, M. D., signer of the Declaration of independence, b. Amesburv, Ms., Nov. 21, 1729; d. May 19, 1795. With a common-school education, and such knowl- edge of medical science as he could acquire from study with a practitioner of his native town, he commenced practice at Kingston, N.H., in 1750, and soon became eminent. Dur- ing the prevalence of a fatal throat- disease among children, in 1754, he introduced the use of Peruvian bark with success. In 1765, and annually until the Revol., Dr. Bartlett was chosen to the legisl.; in 1770 was app. lieut.-col. 7th regt. of militia, but was deprived of his commission in Feb. 1775, on account of the active part he took in the controversy with Great Britain ; he was a member of the com- mittee of safety, upon whom devolved, for a time, the whole executive govt, of the State, and on the organization of govt, by a provin- cial congress, of which he was a member, he was app. a justice of the peace, and col. of the 7th regt. Sept. 1775. A delegate to Con- gress in 1775 and 1776, he was the first to give his vote for the Declaration of Independence, and its first signer after the President. In 1777, he accompanied Gen. Stark to Benning- ton, as agent of the State, to provide medicine and other necessaries to the N.Ii. troops. From April to Nov. 1778, he was again a del- egate to Congress; was app. chief-justice of the Common Pleas in 1779, judge of the Supreme Court, 1782, and chief-justice in 1788. He was an active member of the convention called to adopt the Federal Constitution, in 1788. P'rom 1790 to 1793, he was pres. of the State, and, under the new constitution, gov. in 1793; retiring from public business in 1794 on account BAR BAR of infirm health. He was pres. of the N. H. ined. soc, which he was chiefly instrumental in founding, and received an honorary degree of M.D., irom Dartm. Coll. He was always a patron of learning, and a friend to learned men. His son JosiAH, M.D., M. C. 1811-13, a phy- sician of extensive practice, d. Stratham, N.H., Apr. 14, 1838, a. 70. Bartlett, William, a benevolent mer- chant, b. Newburyport, Jan. 31, 1748 ; d. there Feb. 8, 1841. Descended from one of the first settlers of that ancient town. Acquiring great wealth by mercantile enterprises, he em- ployed it in assisting the needy, and especially to advance the cause of religion and morals. The temperance reformation, foreign missions, and the gratuitous education of young men for the ministry, were especial objects of his muni- ficence. He gave $30,000 to found the Theol. Sem. at Andover; then liberally endowed a pro- fessorship, and erected an expensive dwelling- house for the use of the incumbent. His bene- factions to this institution were estimated, by those familiar with his affairs, to have reached the muniticent sum of a quarter of a million dollars. He gave a large amount in the ag- gregate to other worthy objects. Bartlett, William H. C, LL.D. (Geneva Coll.), prof, of natural and experimental phi- losophy at West Point, b. Lancaster Co., Pa., 1804. West Toint, 1826. Assist. Prof Eng'rg. Mil. Acad., Aug. 1826 to Aug. 1829. Acting prof. nat. and exper. philos. Nov. 1834, and Prof since Apr. 20, 1836. Author of "Elem. Treatise on Optics," 1839 ; " Elements of Mechanics," of " Nat. Philos.," 1850, " Acou- stics and Optics," N. Y , 1852; "Analytical Mechanics," 1854; "Spherical Astronomy," 1855. Member of Philos. Soc. of Phila., and of Acad. Arts and Sciences, Boston. Bartlet, Rev. William Stoodley, Prot.-Epis. clergyman, b. Newburyport, Ms., Apr. 8, 1809. Gen. Theol. Sem. 1839. A.M. of Trin. Coll., Hartford. Formerly rector of Immanuel Church, Little Falls, N.Y, ; of St. Andrew's, Providence, K.L ; and of St. Luke's, Chelsea, Ms. Member of the Ms. Hist. Soc, and of the N.E. Hist, and Geneal. Soc. He pub. " The Frontier Missionary," a memoir of Rev. Jacob Bailey, 8vo, 1853 ; contrib. to the National Quarterli/ an article on vocal cul- ture, in Mar. 1863; and in 1864 delivered at Lowell an oration at the tercentenary celeb, of the birth of Shakspeare, which was pub. Con- trib. hist, papers to various periodicals, and to the " Memorial of Bishop Burgess." Bartley, Mordecai, gov. of 0., 1844-6, b. Fayette Co., Pa , Dec. 16, 1783; d. Oct. 10, 1870. His grandparents emigrated in June, 1724, and settled in Loudon Co., Va. He at- tended school during intervals of labor on his father's farm, removed to Ohio in 1809, and engaged in agriculture in Mansfield, Richland Co. Capt. and adj. under Harrison in the War of 1812. Was a State senator 1817-18 ; register of the land office, 1818-23; M. C. 182.3-31. T. W, Bartley, was acting gov. in 1844. — Memoir, by A. T. Goodman. Bartol, Cyrus Augustus, author and Cong, clergyman, b. Frecport, Me., Apr. 30, 1813. Bowd. Coll. 1832 ; Camb. Div. School, 1835, Settled as colleague pastor with Rev. Charles Lowell, D.D., of the West Church, Boston, Mar. 1, 1837. His principal writings are "Pictures of Europe," 1855 ; " Discourses on the Christian Spirit and Life," 1850 ; " Dis- courses on the Christian Body and Form," 1854; and a history of the " West Church and its Ministers." His latest work is on ecclesiastical polity. He has also pub. many occasional and miscellaneous discourses and essays, besides numerous contribs. to the lead- ing periodicals of the day, and several poetical compositions. Barton, Benjamin Smith, M.D., natu- ralist, b. Lancaster, Pa., 10 Feb. 1766; d. 19 Dec. 1815. Son of Rev. Thos. Barton by a sister of Rittenhouse the mathematician. While a student in Pa. Coll., he accompanied Ritten- house and the other U. S. commissioners to settle the boundary line west of Pa. From 1786 to 1789, he was studying medicine at Edinburgh, London, and at Gottingen, where hs took his degree of M.D. He then settled in Phila., where he soon acquired an extensive practice; was in 1789 app. prof, of nat. hist, and botany in the Coll. of Phila., and Apr, 1813, was appointed prof of materia medica. Besides papers contrib. to the Amer. Philos. Trans, and to t\\Q Medical and Physical Journal, begun by him in 1804, he pub. "Observations on some parts of Natural History," Loud,, 1787 ; "New Views of the Origin of the Tribes of America," 1797 ; " Elements of Botany," 1804, and in 2 vols. 1812; an edition of Cul- len's Materia Medica ; " Eulogy on Dr. Priest- ley ; "Discourse on the Principal Desiderata of Nat. Hist.," Phila., 1807 ; "Collections to- wards a Materia Medica of the U. S.," 3d ed., 1810 — See Biog. Sketch, by his nephew, W^P. C. Barton, M.D., and Thacher's Med. Bioq. Barton, William P. C, M.D. (U. of Pa, 1808), prof of botany in the U. of Pa,, nephew of B. S, Barton ; d, 1855, N.J, Coll. 1805. He pub. " Florae Philadelphicae," 4to, 181.5-25 ; " Compendium "of the same, 2 vols., 1818; " Flora of North America," 3 vols., 4to, 1821-3; " Materia Medicaand Botany," 2 vols. "Medical Botany," 2 vols., 8vo ; "Hints to Naval Officers cruising in the W. I.," 1830; " Plan for Marine Hospitals in the U. S." 1817; "Memoirs of B. S. Barton," "Disser- tation on Nitrous-Oxide Gas," &c. 1808. — Allibone. Barton, Gen. William, Revol. officer, b. Providence, R.L, 1747 ; d. there Oct. 22, 1831. He held the rank of lieut.-col in the R.L militia, when on the night of July 10, 1777, with a small party, hecrossed Narragansett Bay, passed unobserved 3 British frigates, landed about half-way from Newport to Bristol Ferry, and captured the Briti-sh Gen. Prescott. For this service. Congress honored him by the presen- tation of a sword, a commission of col., and a grant of land in Vt. By the transfer of some of this land, he became entangled in the toils of the law, and was imprisoned for debt in Vt. many years, until liberated by Lafayette, who paid the claim against him in 1825. Col. Burton was wounded in the action at Bristol Ferry in Aug. 1778, and was disabled from further service during the war. Member of :bjs^r 70 B^T the convention which adopted the U. S. Con- stitution. — See Life of, by Mrs. C. M. Wil- liams, 1839. Bartow, Francis S., brig.-gen. C.S.A., b. Ga. ; killed in battle of Bull Run, Va., July 21, 1861. Bartram, John, botanist, b. Derby, Chester Co., Pa , 23 Mar. 1699; d. 22 Sept. 1777. Left an orphan at the age of 13, he was self-taught, and became proficient in botany, medicine, and surgery. In the intervals of agricultural labor, by which he supported a large family, he made excursions to Fla. and to Canada, and at the age of 70 made a journey to East Fla. to explore its natural productions. He was also a skilful mechanic, and built the house in which he lived. In 1728, he founded on the banks of the Schuylkill, near Phila., the first botanic garden in America, and which still bears his name. The gardens of Europe are indebted to his contributions ; and some foreign scientific bodies bestowed their honors upon him, and pub. communications from him in their transactions. Until 1758, he was a member of the Society of Friends. He pub. in 1751 " Observations " on his travels to Lake Ontario, and "Description of East Florida, with a Journal," 1766. — See Memorials of Bar tram and Marshall, edited hy Darlington, 1849. Bartram, William, naturalist, son of The preceding, b.Kingsissing, Pa., 9 Feb. 1739 ; d. 22 July, 1823. He established himself in business in N.C. in 1761 ; studied natural history, and accompanied his father in his botanical explorations in E. Fla. ; resided some time on the River St. John, and returned home in 1771. In 1773-8, he explored the Floridas, Carolina, and Georgia, and transmitted to his employer. Dr. Fothergill, at London his valua- ble collections. Elected in 1782 prof, of botany in the U. of Phila., he declined, on ac- count of ill health. In 1786, he became a member of the Amer. Philos. Soc, and was admitted into other scientific bodies at home and abroad. In 1790, he pub. an account of his travels, including notices of the Creeks, Cherokees, and Choctaws. In 1789, he wrote a reply to a series of questions proposed to him on the condition of those Indians, lately printed in the Trans, of the Ethnological Society. He was the author of the most complete and ac- curate table of American ornithology which had appeared previously to the work of Wilson ; and science owes to him its knowledge of many curious and beautiful plants peculiar to this continent. He also pub. " Memoirs of J. Bartram," " Anecdotes of a Crow," " Descrip- tion of Certhia," and a work on the site of Bristol. Bascom, Henry Bidleman, D.D., LL.D., bishop of the M. E. Church South, b. Hancock, Delaware Co., N.Y., May 27, 1796; d. Louisville, Ky., Sept. 8, 1850. Enter- ing the ministry in 1813, after filling various appointments in the Ohio, Tenn., and Ky. con- ferences, he was elected chaplain to Congress* Pres. of Madison Coll., Pa., in 1827 ; he then became agent of the Colonization Society. From 1832 to 1842, he was prof, of moral science and belles lettres in Augusta Coll., Ky., and was subsequently pres. of Transylvania U., Ky. He declined the presidency of La. Coll. and of the Mo. U. tendered him in 1839. In the general conference in 1844, when the separation between the Methodist churches North and South took place, he drew up the protest of the Southern members against the action of the conference upon slaveholding, and in 1845 was member of the convention at Louisville which organized the Church South, and author of its report. In 1846, he became editor of the Southern Methodist Quarterly Review. He was chairman of the commis- sioners of the Church South to settle the con- troversy between the two divisions of the Church. In 1849, he was elected bishop, ord. May, 1850. He pub. a vol. of " Sermons,'* 1850, " Lectures on Infidelity," " Lectures and Essays on Moral Science," and sermons and sketches. His life was written by Rev. Dr. Henkle; and his "Posthumous Works," edited by Rev. T. N. Ralston, appeared in Nashville, 2 vols., 8vo, in 1855. D.D. of Wesl. U. 1838. LL.D. of La Grange Coll. 1845. Basilio de Gama (ba-seeMe-o dagji'-ma), Jose, b. San Jose, Brazil, 1740 ; d. ab. 1795. One of the founders of the Brazilian Acad. Author of " Uruguay," a popular poem, and some lyrics. Bass, Edward, D.D. (U. of Pa. 1789.) first Prot.-Epis. bishop of Ms., b. Dorchester, Nov. 23, 1726 ; d. Sept. 10, 1803. H. U. 1744. He taught school for several years, and was ord. in Eng., May 24, 1752, by Bp. Sherlock at the request of the society of St. Paul's Church, Newburyport. In 1 796, he was elected bishop of the Prot.-Epis Church of Ms., and was consecrated May 7, 1797. He was after- wards elected bishop'of the R.I. churches, and in 1803 of those in N.H. Bassett, Richard, gov. of Delaware in 1798-1801 ; d. Sept. 1815. A member of the old Congress in 1787, and of the convention which framed the Constitution. He was U.S. senator in 1789-93, and was U.S. district judge in 1801-2. He was a lawyer of repute. His dau. Ann. m. James A. Bayard. Bassini, Carlo, music-teacher and writer, b. Cuneo, Piedmont, 1812; d. Irvington,N.J., 26 Nov. 1870. Obtaining distinction as a vio- linist, he went with an operatic company to South America, became director, and afterward settled as a teacher of music in N. Y. City. Among his best known works are " Art of Singing," 1857 ; "Method for the Barytone," 1868; "Method for the Tenor," 1866; "Me- lodic Exercises," 1865; " New Method," 1869. He composed some exquisite pieces. Batchelder, Samuel, inventor, b. Jaf- frey, N.H., 8 June, 1784. In 1808, he began the manufi^cture of cotton at New Ipswich ; superintended the erection of the Hamilton Mills at Lowell in 1825, and of a mill for the York Manuf. Co. at Saco, Me., in 1831. He now resides in Cambridge, Ms. Among his inventions, that of the dynamometer, for ascer- taining the power for driving macliinerv, first used in the York Mills in 1837, is perhaps the greatest. In early life, he contrib. to the Port- folio, and has pub. a " History of the Cotton Manuf. of the U. S " Bateman, Dr. Ephbaim, b. Cumberland, B^T 71 B^T N.J. 1770; d. there, Jan. 29, 1829. While a mechanic's apprentice, he studied medicine, became noted in the profession; was many years in the State legisl. ; was an M. C 1815- 23, and U. S. senator, 1826-9. Bateman, Kate Josephine ( Mrs. George Crowe), actress, b. Baltimore, Md., Oct. 7, 1842. Her father, H. L, Bateman, was a well- known theatrical manager ; her mother, Fran- ces, an actress and dx*araatist. The children, Kate and Ellen, were on the stage almost from infancy. Ellen retired from the stage, and is now Mrs. Claude Greppo. Kate re-appeared. Mar. 19,1 860, after 4 years' absence, as Evan- geline, in a drama by her mother, at the Winter Garden, and performed in a variety of parts until, in Dec. 1862, she made, at Boston, her first appearance as Leah, — a character with which her name is now identified, and in which she has appeared in all the large cities of the U. S. and Great Britain. In London, where she ap})eared first in Oct. 1863, the part was repeated 211 nights in succession. Oct. 13, 1866, she became the wife of George Crowe, some time editor of the London Daily News, who resides near Bristol, Eng. Bates, Barnabas, advocate of cheap post- age, b. Edmonton, Eng., 1785; d. Boston, Oct. 11, 1853. He was brought to this country by his parents when a child, and became a Baptist preacher in R. I., but was afterwards a Unita- rian. For a short time, he was collector of the port of Bristol, but in 1825 removed to N. Y., where he pub. a weekly paper, The Christian Liquirer. While holding an office in the N. Y. post-office, he turned his attention to cheap postage, publishing pamphlets, writing in the newspapers and magazines, and lecturing on the subject in various parts of the U. S. He succeeded in the reduction of the land postage to a reasonable rate, but died before effecting a corresponding decrease in the rate of ocean postage. Bates, Edward, LL.D. (H. U. 1858), statesman and jurist, b. Belmont, Goochland Co., Va., Sept 4, 1793; d. St. Louis, Mar. 25, 1869. Educated under the care of Benjamin Bates, a relative, he in 1814 emigrated to Mo. with his elder brother Frederick, who was sec. of the territory, and its gov. 1824-6. Com- mencing the practice of law in 1816, he became eminent at the bar ; was app. pros. atty. for the St. Louis Circuit in 1818; atty. -gen. of the new State in 1820-22; U. S. dist. atty. 1824-6; was many years a leading member of the Mo. legisl., member of the convention which framed the constitution of the State in 1820, and was a member of the 24th Congress. The delivery of his celebrated speech at the Chicago Internal Improvement Convention in 1847 brought him into general notice. He, however, refused to be a candidate for office in Mo., and declined a seat in Pres. Fillmore's cabinet. He was the friend of Henry Clay in 1824; supporte'l the administration of Mr. Adams ; in 1854 was an opponent of the re- peal of the Mo. Compromise; co-operated with the Free Labor party in Mo., and opposed the admission of Kansas under the Lecompton Constitution. Judge of the St. Louis Land Court iu 1 853-6, and pres. of the Bait. Whig convention in 1856. On the election of Pres. Lincoln, he accepted the post of U. S. atty.- gen., resigning in Sept. 1864. Bates, Isaac C, lawyer and statesman, b. Granville, Ms., 1780; d. Washington, D.C., Mar. 16, 1845. Y. C. 1802. He settled as a lawyer in Northampton, rose to eminence at the bar, and was for many years in both branch- es of the State legisl. and in the exec, council. M. C. 1827-35, and in 1842 was elected U. S. senator, making an able speech against the annexation of Texas only a few days before his death. Bates, Joshua, D.D. (Y. C. 1818), scholar and divine, b. Cohasset, Ms., Mar. 20, 1776; d. Dudley, Ms., Jan. 14, 1854. H. U. 1800. Descended from Clement, b. Eng., 1592, came to America ab. 1636, settled at Hingham, and d. 1671. The son of a farmer of limited means, he toiled on a farm until he was 17. On leaving Harvard, he became an assist, in Phillips Acad., pursuing a course of theol stud- ies at the same time. Ord. pastor of the Cong. Church in Dedham, Mar. 16, 1803, where he labored successfully until Mar. 1818. Pres. of Middlb. Coll. 1818-39. He was subsequently chaplain during one session of the U. S. sen- ate ; and was installed pastor of a church in Dudley, Mar. 22, 1843. Member of the Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sciences. He pub. " Remi- niscences of Rev. John Codman ; " two ser- mons on Intemperance, 1813 ; a volume of Ser- mons ; Inaugural Address, 1818; Anniversary Discourse at Dudley, 1853 , and Sermons and Discourses. — Sprague. Bates, Joshua, financier, b. Weymouth, Ms., 1788; d. London, Sept. 24, 1864; son of Col. Joshua, who d. 1804. He re- ceived his early education from Rev. Jacob Norton, and, at the age of 15, entered the counting-house of William R. Gray in Boston. Entering the employ of Mr. Gray's father, long a leading merchant of N.E., he was sent by him to the north of Europe, to look after his interests there. In 1826, he formed a con- nection in London with John Baring, under the firm of Bates & Baring. On the death of Mr. Holland, they were both made partners in the house of Baring Bros. & Co. In 1854, he was umpire between the commissioners of the English and U.S. govts, for settling claims growing out of the War of 1812. In 1852, he contributed $50,000 to the Public Library of the city of Boston, then being established, on condition that the income of his fund should annually be spent in the purchase of books of permanent value and authority, and that the city should provide comfortable accommoda- tions for their use, both day and evening, by at least 100 readers. Up to Jan. 1858, when the building was dedicated, he had given to it some 30,000 vols., besides the sum above named. The large hall of the library is desig- nated as Bates Hall. His only surviving child is the wife of Van de Weyer, an emineiit Belgian statesman. During the Rebellion, his sympathies were actively enlisted in behalf of his country, and he did much by prudent coun- sel and judicious suggestions to avert a war between England and the U S. — See Memorial of Joshua Bates, from the City of Boston, 1865. :BAjr 72 BAY Battle, Lorenzo, Uruguayan statesman^ b. 1812. Minister of war under Gen. Flores ; provisional pres. of Uruguay, 1866-8; eleeted pres. after the assassination of Flores, 28 Feb, 1868. Baugher, Henry L., D.D., Lutheran clergyman, and educator, b. Abbotstown, Pa., ab. 1803 ; d. Gettysburg, Pa., April 14, 1868. Dick. Coll. 182.5. He studied theology at Princeton and Gettysburg; was licensed to preach by the Md. synod ; elected pastor at Boonsboro' in 1829 ; took charge of the classi- cal school at Gettysburg in 1830; and in 1832, when it became a coll., filled the chair of the Greek language, and belles lettres, until 1850, when he became pres., continuing in that office until his death. He was a frequent contrib. to the Evangdical Review. Baume, Frederick, lieut.-col. of the Brunswick Dragoons in Burgoyne's exped., mortally wounded at the battle of Bennington, Vf., 16* Aug., and d. 18 Aug. 1777. He ar- rived in Canada in 1776 ; 13 Aug. 1777, he was sent on an expcd. to ol)tain supplies, and was defeated by the militia under Gen. Stark. Baxter, George Addison, D.D. (U. of N.C. 1812), Presb. clergyman, b. Rockingham Co., Va., 22 July, 1771; d. April 24, 1841. Liberty Hall, 1796. Licensed by the Lexing- ton Presbytery, 1 Apr. 1797. Prof, mathe- matics at Liberty Hall (afterward Wash. Coll ), 19 Oct. 1798-1827, and was at the same time pastor of New Montnouth and Lexington. In 1827, he became the second pres. of Wash. Coll., Lexington, Va., resigning in 1829. In Apr. 1832, he acce])ted the office of prof, in the Union Theol. Sem., Prince Edward Co — Spragne. Bay, Elihu Hall, jurist, b. York, Pa., 1754 ; d. Charleston, S.C, 19 Nov. 1838. An- drew, his fatlier, a native of Ireland, long a Presb. minister in Pa., d. Newtown, L.I., 1776. The son was attorney-gen. of S.C, under the colonial r^jiine, and, from 1791 to his d., asso. justice of the General Sessions and C. C. P. Author of " Reports of Superior Courts of S. C. since the Revol,," 2d ed., 2 vols., 1809-11. Bayard, George D., brig.-gen. vols, b. New York, 1835; killed at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 14, 1862. West Point, 1856. En- tering the 1st Cavalry, he became capt. 4th Cavalry, Aug. 20, 1861. He com. the Lst Pa. Cavalry, and was made brig.-gen. April 28, 1862. Attached to Gen. McCall's reserves, he participated in the various battles of that fight- ing corps. Nov. 20, 1861, he made a most brilliant and successful dash at the head of his regt. upon Dranesville. He subsequently served in the array-corps of Gen. McDowell, and in the army of Va., under Gen. Pope. After the battle of Antietam, he com. a cavalry- brigade in the advance of the army, with which he did excellent service, making frequent dashes into the enemy's lines, and driving them from the gaps of the Blue Ridge ; chief of cav. 3d army-corps ; engaged in the battles of Cedar Mountain, 9 Aug. 1862, Manassas, Aug. 27- 31, and in the defences of Washington, D.C., Sept.-Oct. 1862. He was attached to Gen. Franklin's com. at the attack on Fredericks- burg. Bayard, James Ashton, statesman, b. Phila., 28 Julv, 1767 ; d. Wilrain-rton, Del., 6 Aug. 1815. N.J. Coll. 1784. Of Huguenot descent. On the death of his father, Dr. J. A. Bayard (8 June, 1770), he was received into the family of his uncle. Col. John. He studied law under Gen. Joseph Reed ; was adm. to the bar in 1787; settled in Del., and acquired reputa- tion and practice. M.C. 1797-1803, and a leader of the Federal party ; U.S. senator, 1804- 13. He disting. himself in conducting the im- peachment of Senator Blount; contrib. power- fully to the election of Jeflferson over Burr in their memorable contest for the Presidency ; and in the debate which preceded the repeal, in Mar. 1802, of the judiciary bill, displayed consum- mate ability in defence of the system, which was, however, overthrown. He declined the post of envoy to the French republic, tendered him by Mr. Adams. In the senate, he opposed the declaration of war with Great Britain in 1812. Sent as a commissioner to treat for peace under Russian mediation, he left Phila., 8 May, 1813, arrived at St. Petersburg in July, and in Jan. 1814, proceeded to Holland. He afterward visited Eng., and with his colleagues, Messrs. Adams, Clay, Gallatin, and Rus.sell, negotiated in Dec. 18'l4, at Ghent, the treaty that bears the name of that place. Included in the commission to make a commercial treaty with Great Britain, he was preparing to go there, when an alarming illness caused him to return home, which he reached only to die. As a lawyer and political orator, he took high rank. His son James A. was U.S. senator from Del., 1851-64. Another son, Richard H., U.S. senator, 1836-9 and 1841-5; cliarg€ to Belgium, 1850 ; b. Wilmington, Del., 1796; d. Phila., 4 Mar. 1868. Ann, his wife, dau. of Gov. Richard Bassett, d. 10 Dec. 1854, a. 76. Bayard, Col. John, merchant, and Revol. patriot, b. Cecil Co., Md., 11 Aug. 1738; d. N. Brunswick, N.J., 7 Jan. 1807. Member of the Revol. Committee of Safety; maj. 2d Phila. batt., Avhich he led at the battle of Trenton ; many years speaker of the Pa. Assembly ; mem- ber Old Congress in 1785; removed in 1788 to N. Brunswick, of which he was mayor, and judge of C.C.P. Bayard, Samuel, jurist (1765-1840), pub. " A Digest of Cases on the Law of Evidence," 1810, and an "Abstract of the Laws of the U.S." Bayfield, Henry Wolsey, an English hydrographer, entered the navy in 1806 ; com. a gunboat on the Amer. Lakes in 1814 ; made surveys of Lake Ontario in 1815, Lakes Erie and Huron in 1817-23, Lake Superior in 1823-5, and of the River and Gulf of St. Law- rence in 1827, being the first to make known the wonders of the Saguenay ; miide capt. in 1834, and rear-admiral in 1856. His series of charts of the above surveys are leading author- ities. Bay ley, Matthias, remarkable for lon- gevity ; d. ab. 1 789, at Jones's Creek, a branch of the Pedee in North Carolina, a. 136. He was baptized at the age of 134. His eyesight re- mained good, and he retained his strength, in a great degree, up to the time of his death. — Blake. B^Y 73 BE^ Bayley, Richard, M.D., physician and medical writer, b. Fairfield, Ct., 1745 ; d. Staten Island, Aug. 17, 1801. Having finished his Srofessional education in London, he settled in [.Y. in 1772. The prevalence of the croup in that city afforded him an opportunity for the display of his skill and judgment, treating it in a new manner, as an inflammatory disease ; and, in 1781, his publication, entitled " A View of the Croup," led to the adoption of his plan. In the autumn of 1775, he revisited London, where he engaged in study and practice with the aid of Dr. Hunter ; and, in the following spring, he returned to N. Y. as a surgeon in the English army, under Sir VV. Howe. This post he resigned in 1777, and passed the re- mainder of his life in practice in that city. In 1787, he gave lectures on surgery ; in 1792, he was app. the first prof, of anatomy in Col. Coll. ; and, in 1793, prof, of surgery, his favorite subject. In 1796, he pub. a treatise on yellow- fever, in which he is said to have proved its local origin, repudiating the theory of con tagion. He had previously been app. health physician of N.Y., and, in 1798, pul). his "Letters from the Health Office." He died of ship-fever. In 1788, his house was broken into by the "Doc- tor's Mob," who destroyed his cabinet contain- ing his valuable colls, in morbid anatomy, be- sides some valuable preparations. To him the State of N.Y. is indebted for its quarantine laws. In 1781, he pub. "Angina Tracheatis," with the mode of cure, 8vo, N.Y. — Thacher. Baylies, Francis, lawyer and politician, b. Taunton, Ms., Oct. 16, 1783; d. there Oct. 28, 1852. After receiving an academical edu- cation, he practised law in Taunton. M. C. 1821-7; member of the State legisl. 1827-32 and in 1835; register of probate, 1812-20 ; charge d'affaires to Brazil in 1832. Author of a valuable history of Plym. Col., 2 vols. 8vo, 1828, repub., with notes and additions by S. G. Drake, in 1866. Baylies, Nicholas, judge, b. Uxbridge, Ms., 1772; d. Lyndon, Vt., Aug. 17, 1847. Dartm. Coll. 1794. He practised law at Wood- stock and Montpelier, and was a judge of the Supreme Court of Vt. in 1831-4. Author of "A Digested Index to the Modern Reports of the Courts of Common Law in Eng. and the U.S." 3 vols., 1814; and an " Essay on Free Agency." Baylies, William, M.D., physician, b. Uxbridge, Ms., Dec. 5, 1743 ; d. Dighton, Ms., June 17, 1826. H. U. 1760. He established himself as a physician in Dighton, where he remained through life an exceedingly successful and popular practitioner. He zealously en- gaged in the political controversies of the times, was a representative of the town of Dighton ; a member of the 3 Prov. Congresses of Ms. in 1775, serving on several important commit- tees ; was also a member of the State conven- tion that adopted the Federal Constitution ; and State senator, 1783. He was for several years a judge of the C. C. P. for the county of Bristol, and for a long time register of probate for that county. M. C. 1805-9. Member of the Acad, of Arts and Sciences ; of the Ms. Hist. Soc, and also of the Ms. Medical Soc, of which he wasi one of the founders. His two sons, William and Francis, were both disting. lawyers and statesmen. Baylor, Col. George, Revol. officer, b. Hanover Co., Va. ; d. 1784, at Barbadoes, whither he had gone for his health. App. aide to Washington, Aug. 15, 1775; served at Trenton, and carried the news of that success to Congress, by whom he was presented with a horse caparisoned for service, and recom- mended for promotion. Made col. of dragoons, Jan. 8, 1777; surprised and dangerously wounded on the night of Sept. 27, 1778, at Tappan, N.Y., by Gen. Gi-ey. 67 of his men were butchered in cold blood, and the remain- der, with himself, captured. He served to the close of the war, and was esteemed an officer of bravery and merit. Bayly, Thomas Henry, M. C. from Va., b. Accomac Co., Va., 1810; d. there June 22, 1856. U. of Va. Son of Thos. M. (1775-7. Jan. 1834. M. C 1813-15. N. J. Coll. 1794.) He came to the bar in 1830. At the age of 25, he was chosen a member of the Assembly, and was re-elected for five years in succession. He was elected by that body a brig.-gen. of militia ; was judge of the Circuit Superior Court until 1844, and M. C. 1845-56. He was for a time chairman of the house Committee of Ways and Means. He lived and died on the spot where his English ancestors landed in 1666, and where they established the family home. Beach, Abraham, D.D. (Col. Coll. 1789.) Prot.-Itlpis. clergvman, b. Cheshire, Ct., Sept. 9, 1740; d. Sept^ 11, 1828. Y. C. 1757. He was ord. by the bishop of London in June, 1767. Rector of N. Brunswick, N.J., until 1783; assist, minister of Trinity Church, N.Y., 1783-1813. He pub. "Hearing the Word," and a "Funeral Sermon on Dr. Chandler," 1790. Beach, Moses Yale, invent, and pub., b. Wallingford, Ct., Jan. 7, 1800; d. there July 18, 1868. Exhibiting in his boyhood some mechanical skill, he was apprenticed to a cabi- net-maker at Hartford, subsequently went into business for himself at Northampton and Springfield ; manufactured a gunpowder en- gine for propelling balloons, and endeavored to introduce steam-navigation on the Con- necticut, between Hartford and Springfield. His plan was executed by others, his inventive skill enabling them to take a steamer over what had before been deemed the insurmount- able Enfield Falls. He next devised a rag- cutting machine, now in general use in paper- mills ; then engaged in the manufacture of paper in Ulster Co., N.Y., but lost during the 7th year all he had before made. In 1835, he removed to New York, became interested in the Sun newspaper, the pioneer of the penny press, of which he soon made himself sole proprietor. During the Mexican war, he was sent to Mex- ico by Pres. Polk, as an agent, to arrange a treaty of peace. The negotiations, however, when nearly concluded, were broken off by a false report that Santa Ana had annihilated the army of Gen. Taylor. Mr. Beach retired from business in 1857, and returned to his native town. Beall, Benjamin Lloyd, col. U.S.A., b D.C. ; d. Bait., Aug. 16, 1863. Son of Maj. Beall BEA. 74 BISA of Md. ; app. cadet, Jan. 1814; capt. Wash. City Vols, for the Florida war, June 1, 1836; capt. 2d Dragoons, June 8, 1836; brev. major, March 15, 1837, "for gallantry in war against Florida Indians ; " maj. 1st Dragoons, Feb. 16, 1847; brev. licut-col., " for gallant conduct in battle of Santa Cruz de Rosales, Mex.," Mar. 16, 1848 ; lieut.-col. Mar. 3, 1855 ; col. 1st Cav- alry, May 13, 1861; retired Feb. 15, 1862.— Gardner. Beall, Gex. Rbazin, d. Wooster, Ohio, Feb. 20, 1843, a. 73. App. from Pa. ensign, March 7, 1792; batt.-adj. and q'master, 1793; served under Wayne ; and was brig. -gen. of Ohio Vols, in Sept. 1812. He occupied various public stations in Ohio, and was M.C., 1813- 15. Beall, William Dext, col. U.S.A., b. Md., 1 755 ; d. Prince George Co., Md., Sept. 24, 1829; a maj. in the Revol. army; disting. at Long Island and at Camden, S.C. ; he Avas app. maj. 9th Inf. Jan. 8, 1799; dep.-adj.-gen. and dept.-insp.-gen. April, 1800; disbanded June 15, 1800; lieut.-col. 5th Inf. Dec. 12,1808; col. 3d Inf. Nov. 30, 1810; transferred, April, 1812, to 5th Inf. ; resigned Aug. 15, 1812 ; he com. a regt. of militia in the battle of Bladensburg; sheriff of Prince George Count3^ — Gardner. Beard, James tl., artist, b. Buffalo, 1815. James, his father, removed to Painesville, O. ; d. there ab. 1827, leaving a wife and 5 small children penniless. With little teaching, he made himself a portrait-painter, settled in Cin- cinnati, and was many years a leading artist in the West. He painted Harrison, Clay, Taylor, and J. Q. Adams. Among his compositions are " The Long Bill," "The Land Speculat- or," and the " North Carolina Emigrants." — Tuckerman. Beard, Wm. H., artist, bro. of James H., b. Painesville, O., ab. 1824. At the age of 21, he became a peripatetic portrait-painter ; settled in Buffalo in 1850; visited Europe in 1858-60, and after the loss of his wife, to whom he had been recently united, in the latter year set- tled in N.Y. City. He brought with him a few humorous pictures, " The Astronomer," " The Owl," " Bears on a Bender," and " Grimalkin's Dream." His other pictures are " The Guar- dian of the Flag," "In and out," " Little Red Riding Hood," " Christmas Eve," " Raining Cats and Dogs," " A Bird in the Hand," and " Dance of Silenus." — Tuckerman. Beardsley, Samuel, LL.D. (Ham. Col. 1849), a N.Y. politician, lawyer, and judge, b. Otsego Co., N.Y. ; d. Utica, N.Y., May 6, 1860. He studied law in Rome, Oneida Co., where he practised until his removal to Utica in 1825; dist. atty. of Oneida Co., 1821-5 ; was State senator in 1823; U.S. dist. atty. for the north- ern district of N.Y. in 1827-31 ; M.C. from Oneida Co., N.Y., in 1831-6 and 1843-5; and chniiman of the judiciary committee; atty.- gen. of N.Y., 1837 ; app. judge of the Sup. Court of N.Y., 1844, and chief-justice in 1847. Beasley, Frederick, D.D., Pr.-Ep. cler- gyman and writer, b. near Edenton, N.C., in 1777; d. Elizabethtown, N.J., Nov. 2, 1845. N.J. Coll. 1797. He was a tutor in that insti- tution in 1798-1800, and, in 1801, was ord. deacon, and took charge of a parish in Eliza- bethtown, N.J. After being rector of St. Peter's Church, Albany, N.Y., and co-rector of Christ Church, Baltimore, he was, in 1813, app. pro- vost of the U. of Pa., filling also the chair of Mental Philosophy. Here he pub., in 1822, "A Search of Truth in the Science of the Human Mind," a work in defence of the phi- losophy of Locke. After 15 years' connection with this university, he took charge of the Ep. Church in Trenton, N.J., and, while there, pub an examination of Channing's arguments against the Trinity. In 1836, he returned to Elizabethtown. He also pub. "An Examina- tion of the Oxford Divinity; or, the Tracta- rian Controversy." — Blake. Beasley, Gen Nathaniel, pioneer of Ohio ; d. Knox Co., 0., Mar. 27, 1835, a. 84. He was a noted Indian fighter and scout, being a large and powerful man; was in St. Clair's and NVayne's campaigns; afterwards settled in Chillicothe, 0.; was a member of the legisl., and a canal commissioner, and many years a maj.-gen. of militia. — A. T. Goodman. Beatty, Rev. Charles, Presb. minister, b. Co. Antrim, Ireland, ab. 1715; d. Aug. 13, 1772, at Bridgeton, Barbadoes. He came while young to Amcr., engaged in trade, stud- ied theology under Wm. Tennent, was licensed Oct. 13, 1742, ord. Dec. 14, 1743, and succeeded Mr. Tennent at Neshaminy, 26 May, 1743. In 1760, he visited Eng. to obtain aid for the Presb. clergy, their widows and orphans. Sent to Va. and N. C. in 1754, he accomp. Franklin in an expod. against the frontier In- dians, as chaplain, in 1755. He was often en- gaged in missionary labors among the Indians in Western Pa., and was esteemed for his piety and charity. His journal of a two-months' tour to promote religion among the frontier inhabitants of Pa. was pub. in London, 8vo, 1768. — Sprac/ue. Beatty, John, M.D., physician and sol- dier, son of Rev. Charles, b. Bucks Co., Pa., Dec. 10, 1749; d. Trenton, N.J., May 30, 1826. N. J. Coll. 1769. He studied medi- cine with Dr. Rush, but joined the army early in the Revol. contest, anil, in Sept. 1776, had attained the rank of lieut.-col. in the Pa. line. At the capture of Fort Washington, he was taken prisoner. Severe treatment greatly im- paired his health; but, having been exchanged, he was app., May 28, 1778, to succeed Dr. Bur- dinot as commissary-gen. of prisoners, with rank of col., which post he resigned Mar. 31, 1780. He then settled as a physician in Princeton ; was a delegate to the Old Congress in 1783-5; was frequently a member of both branches of the State legisl., and speaker of the house; was a member of the convention that adopted the Federal Constitution ; and was a member of Congress in 1793-5. From 1795 to 1805, he was sec. of State for N.J. He su- perintended the erection of the bridge across the Delaware at Bloomsbury, and, in 1815-26, was pres. of the Trenton Bank. Beauharnais (bo'-ar'-na), Alex., Vis- count, a French gen., b. Martinique, 1760, guil- lotined at Paris, 23 July, 1 794. He served as a maj. under Rochambeau in the Amer. Revol. war. Dep. from Blois to the states-gen., he was one of the first to join the tiers kat; be- BB3A. 76 BEA came pres. of the National Assembly; gen, of division in the army of the Rhine in 1792; minister of war in 1793; falsely accused of having promoted the surrender of Metz, he was condemned by the revol. tribunal. Jose- phine, his widow, became Empress of France. Eugene, his son, made by Napoleon viceroy of Italy, d. 1824. Beauharnais, Charles, Marquis de, natural son of Louis XIV., gov. of New France, 1726-46, was an able and efficient officer. He had been disting., and held the rank of com- modore in the navy. On the breaking-out of war with Eng., he fortified and strengthened the country, and built the fortress of Crown Point. — Morrjan. Beaujeu (bO'-zhoo') Hyacinthb Marie L. de, a French officer, who com. and was killed at Braddock's defeat, at the battle of Monongahela, 9 July, 1755; b. Montreal, 9 Aug. 1711. He had attained the rank of capt. and the Cross of St. Louis, for ser- vice in the navy. In 1733, he obtained the seigniory of La Colle, on the Chambly ; suc- ceeded Contrecoeur at Ft. Du Quesne, in 1755, and planned the ambuscade which destroyed the army of Braddock. Beaujour (bo'-zhoor'), Louis Felix, de, author and diplomatist, b. Provence, 1765 ; d. July 1, 1836. He entered the diplomatic ca- reer in 1788, and was successively sec. of lega- tion at Munich and Dresden, and consul-gen. in Sweden and Greece. Afterwards sec. and pres. of the tribunate, be wrote two remarkable tracts on the treaties of Luneville and Amiens. In 1804, he was app. consul-gen. and chargtf d'- affaires to the U.S. While here, he composed a work, which, on his return in 1814, he pub. with an admirable map, under the title of " A Sketch of the U.S. at the Commencement of the 19th Century." He was made consul-gen. of Smyrna in 1816, insp.-gen. of the French establishments in the Levant in 1817, and, re- turning to France in 1819, was rewarded with the title of baron. Beaumarehais (b5'-mar-sha'), Pierre AuGUSTiN Caron, de, b. Paris, Jan. 24, 1732; d. May 19, 1799. He gave striking proof, while young, of the possession of me- chanical and musical talents ; assisted his fa- ther in watchmaking, and afterwards became teacher of the harp to the daughters of Louis XV. He laid the foundation of his immense wealth by a rich marriage. In his celebrated lawsuit against Goesman, he exhibited all his talent ; and his " Memoirs," pub. at Paris in 1774, entertained all France. "The Barber of Seville " and " The Marriage of Figaro " have given him a permanent reputation. In his memoir, " Mes Six I^poques," he relates the dangers to which he was exposed in a revol., where a celebrated name, talent, and riches were sufficient causes of proscription. As early as Sept. 1775, he had submitted to the king a memorial, in which he insisted upon the necessity for the French Govt, to come secretly to the assistance of the Colonies against Eng. As an agent of the French ministry, he passed part of 1775 in Eng., where he had interviews with Arthur Lee. By letters, representations, and adroit flattery, he brought over Maurepas, and obtained secretly from the French Govt. 1,000,00() livres, an equal sum from Spain, and arms and ammunition from the public arsenals, on condition that he would pay for or replace the same. Under the firm of Roderique Hor- talez & Co., early in 1777 he forwarded 3 sliips with 200 pieces of ordnance, 25,000 muskets, 200,000 lbs. of gunpowder, and other ammu- nition. He had also engaged more than 50 officers, among them Pulaski and Steuben. He continued his shipments, until, in the begin- ning of 1779, the U.S. were indebted to him in more than 4,000,000 francs. The final balance of this claim, ab. 800,000 francs, was not paid until 1835. The transaction, far from having been profitable to him, resulted in losses, which he was enabled to withstand, through govt, aid, and successful speculations of various kinds. The aid furnished by Beaumarehais was of in- calculable advantage to the Arner. cause. The recent biography of this remarkable man, by M. de Lomenie, discloses the falsity of Arthur Lee's statement to Congress, that this aid to Amer. was a gift : it was not so. The ship- ments of Roderique Hortalez & Co. were to be re-imbursed by return-cargoes of rice, to- bacco, and indigo; and the falsehood of Lee placed Silas Deane in the position of a man trying fraudulently to obtain payment for a gift, and prevented Beaumarehais from furnish- ing further aid, by cutting off his means of doing so; since he had already far exceeded the capital loaned him by France and Spain. — See De Lomenie, '^Beaumarehais and his Times." Beaumont de (deh-bo'-mon'), de la Bonniere, Gustave Auguste, a French advocate and writer, b. depart, of Sarthe, Feb. 6, 1802; d. Paris, Feb. 22, 1866. In 1831, he was commissioned, with DeTocqueville, to visit the U.S., and examine its penitentiary system. Their roport, " Du Si/steme Penitentiaire aux J^tats Unis et de son Application en France," has become a standard work on the subject. Beaumont also wrote " Marie, ou de I'Esclavage aux EtaU Unis" which has been translated and reprinted in the U. S. He was a member of the chamber of deputies in 1840, of the con- stituent assembly, 1848, and was app. ambassa- dor to Eng. by Gen. Cavaignac. He was a grandson of Lafayette, and, in 1836, he m. a grand-dau, of the marquis. He was imprisoned for opposition to the coup d'etat of Dec. 2, 1851. He wrote in 1839 " L'Irlande, Socials, Politique, et Reiigieuse " (2 vols., 1839). Beaumont, William, M. D., a celebrat- ed physician, b. Lebanon, Ct., in 1785; d. St. Louis, Apr. 25, 1853. After completing his medical education at St. Alban's, Vt., in 1812, he was app. assist, surgeon in the U. S. army, in which he served until 1837. In 1825, while stationed at Michilimacinac, he became acquainted with the Canadian St. Martin ; and it is to his experiments with this man, that Dr. Beaumont is indebted for his wide-spread fame. A gunshot wound in the side of St. Martin, healed without closing up, so that the stomach was exposed to observation ; and Dr. Beau- mont made careful experiments for several years upon the proces,se3 of digestion. The result of his observations, pub. in 1838, shed BEA. 76 BEC new light upon this most interesting and important subject, and is the only authority, based on actual observation, in that branch of science. After leaving; the army, Dr. Beau- mont practised his profession at St. Louis. Beauregard, Peter Gustavus Tou- TANT, gen. CS. A,, b. on his father's plantation, near N. Orleans, 1817. West Point, 1838. Entering the 1st Art., he was transferred to the engineer corps ; became 1st licut. in 1839, and in the Mexican war won the brevets of capt. at Contreras and Churubusco, and maj. at Chapultepec, where he was twice wounded. He was present at the capture of the city of Mexico, and received another wound at the Belen Gate. Capt. Mar. 3, 18.53. After the war, l>e had charge of the construction of the N. Orleans mint and custom-house, and of the fortifications near the mouths of the Mpi. Resigning his commission Feb, 20, 1861, he joined the rebel army; was made brig.-gen., conducted the attack on Fort Sumter, and, in June, took com. of the army at Manassas. July 21, he gained the battle of Bull Run, and was the same day promoted to be gen. C.S.A. Mar. 5, 1862, he took com-, of the army of the Miss., under Gen. A. S. Johnston, who joined him at Corinth, ab. Apr. 1, and directed the battle of Shiloh until he was killed, Apr. 6 ; after which, Beauregard held the chief com. Fortifying himself at Corinth, he held the army of Gen. Halleck in check for nearly 2 months, and, when forced to retire, did so with slight loss. He was soon after relieved, at his own request, on account of ill health. In Aug., he received the com. of the military dept. com- posed of S. C. and Ga. Jan. 31, 1863, he is- sued a proclamation, as gen. com'g in S. C, that the blockade of Charleston harbor had been raised. This canard was soon disproved ; but he successfully defended Charleston against Dahlgren and Gilmore. In May, 1864, he joined Lee at Richmond ; com. at Petersburg in June; took com. of the military division of the West, Oct. 17, and com. at Charleston, S.C., in the following spring; but, on Gen. Sherman's approach, retired to N. C, and united his forces with those of Gen. J. E. Johnston, who surrendered soon after to Sher- man. Beck, Charles, Ph. D., LL.D. (H. U. 1865), scholar, b. Heidelberg, Germany, Aug. 19, 1798; d. Cambridge, Ms., Mar. 19, 1866. Educated at the U. of Berlin, he studied theol- ogy also; was ord. July, 1822, and, in 1823, re- ceived his degree at Tiibingen. He was some time tutor at the U. of Basle ; but his republi- can sentiments endangered his liberty, and, in 1824, he came to New York. He soon con- nected himself with the Round Hill School, Northampton, but in 1830 established a school at Philipstown, on the Hudson, opposite West Point. From 1832 to 1850, he was prof, of Latin language and literature at Cambridge U. He pub. in 1863 "The Manuscripts of the Satyricon of Petronius Arbiter, described and collated." He was a member of the Oriental Society, and of the Acad, of Sciences ; was 2 years in the State legisl., was a man of en- larged views and great public spirit; and was specially interested in the soldiers' fund, the sanitary commission, and the orgaruzations for the care and education of the freedmen. Beck, George, painter and poet, b. Eng., 1749 ; d. Lexington, Ky., Dec. 24, 1812. He was app. prof, of mathematics in the Royal Acad, at Woolwich in 1776, but lost the office for neglecting its duties. After coming to Amer. in 1795, he was employed in painting by Mr. Hamilton of the Woodlands, near Phila. Besides original poetic pieces, he trans- lated Anacreon, and large portions of Homer, Virgil, and Horace. He pub. " Observations on the Comet," 1812. Beck, John Brodhead, M.D., b. Sche- nectady, Sept. 18, 1794; d. Rhinebeck, N.Y., Apr. 9, 1851. Columb. Coll. 1813. Bro. of T. R., Nicholas, Lewis, and Abraham Beck. Ed- ucated by his uncle, Rev. John B. Romcyn of Rhinebeck. He commenced practice on the completion of his medical studies, in 1817, and became disting. In 1822, with Drs. Dyckman and Francis, he established the N. Y. Med. and Phjjs. Journal, of which he was 7 years ciiief editor. In 1826, he was app. prof, of materia medica and botany in the Coll. of Physicians and Surgeons, but subsequently exchanged the chair of botany for that of medical jurispru- dence, which, together with that of materia medica, he continued to hold until his death. Physician of the N. Y. Hospital, 1835-45. He pub. "Medical Essays," 1843, and, with his bro. T. Romeyn Beck, produced the great work on " Medical Jurisprudence," 1823. Al- so author of " Infant Therapeutics," 12mo, N. Y., 1849 ; " Hist;. Sketch of the State of Medi- cine in the Colonies," 1850. — See Memoir, by C. R. Gilman, hi Gross's Med. Biog. Beck, Lewis C, M.D., chemist, b. Sche- nectady, N.Y., Oct. 4, 1798 ; d. Albany, April 21, 1853. Un. Coll. 1817. Bro. of John B. and Theod. Romeyn Beck. Adm. to practise medicine in Schenectady in 1818, he resided in St. Louis in 1820-21, and afterward settled in Albany. Prof, of botany in the Rensselaer School, 1824-9; prof, of botany and chemis- try in the Vt. Acad of Med., 1826-32 ; gave a course of chemical lectures at Middleb. Coll. in Apr. 1827 ; mineralogist of the survey of N. Y. in 1837. In 1830, he was app. prof of chem- istry and natural history in Rutger's Coll., and, at the time of his death, was prof, of chemistry in the Albany Med. Coll. He pub. " Account of the Salt Springs at Salina," 1826; "On Adulterations," 12mo, N. Y., 1846 ; "Botany of the U. S.," and of the " U. S. North of Vir- ginia," 12mo, 1848; " Mineralogy of N. Y.," 4to, 1842; "Illinois and Missouri' Gazetteer," 8vo, 1823; "Chemistry," 1831. For a com- plete list of Dr. Beck's writings, see Memoir, by Alden March in Gross's Med. Biog. Beck, Paul, a philanthropic merchant, b. Phila. ab. 1760; d. there Dec. 22, 1844. His father emigrated from Nuremberg in 1752. The son was apprenticed to a wine-merchant, served in the militia during the Revol., and, at its close, began a highly-successful business- career, accumulating a very large fortune. He was long port-warden of Phila., one of the founders of the Pa. Acad, of Fine Arts, pres. and a liberal benefactor of the Deaf and Dumb Institution, one of the originators, and subse- BEC 77 BEr> quently the prcs., of the Amcr. S. S. Union, and was a liberal contrib. to literary, religious, and charitable objects. Beck, TlIEODORIC ROMETN, M.D., LL.D., medical prof, and author, b. Schenectaly, N.Y., 11 Aug. 1791; d. Utica, N.Y., 19 Nov. 185.5. Un. Coll. 1807. He studied medicine under Dr. Hosack, obtained his degree in 1811, be- gan practice in Albany, and in 1813 addressed the Albany Society of Arts upon the mineral resources of the U. S., believed to be the first pub. systematic account of Amer. minerals. App. in 1815 prof, of the institutes of medicine, and lecturer on med. jurisprudence, in the Coll. of Phys. and Surgeons in Western N. Y. ; prof, of med. jurisp. at Fairfield Med. Coll. in 1826-36, and, from 1836 to 1840, prof, of mate- ria medica; prof of materia medica in the Al- bany Med. Coll. 1840-54; principal of the Al- bany Acad. 1817-48; made pres. of the State Med. Society in 1829 ; a manager of the N. Y. State Lunatic Asylum, and in 1854 elected pres; a founder and active supporter of the Al- bany Institute, and some years its pres ; mem- ber of numy learned societies, and an earnest promoter of all philanthropic enterprises. His statistics of the deaf and dumb influenced the State legisl. to take measures for their educa- tion. He edited for many years the American Journal of ItUanitf), and iii 1823 pub. his fa- mous work on "Medical Jurisprudence," — a standard work in Europe as well as in America. He also pub. many addresses, reports, and con- tribs. to scientific journals. — See Memoirs, bt/ F. II. Ilaiiii/ton, in Gross's Med. Biocj. Beckwith, Sir George, an English gen., b. 1753; d. 20 Mar. 1823. He served as adj. of grenadiers in the unsuccessful attack on Fort Moultrie; was at the battles of Brooklyn, White Plains, Brandywine, Monmouth, and the capture of Fort Griswold ; became a capt. in May, 1777, and aide to Knyphausen, and in June, 1782, became aide to Carleton, whom he accomp. to Canada in 1786. Adj -gen. in N. Amer. in 1793; col. 1795; gov. of Bermuda, 1798-1803, and afterwards of St. Vincent's and Barbadocs; and, in 1809-10, captured all the French W. Indies. Made full gen. 4 June, 1814, and com. -in-chief in Ireland in 1816-20. Beckwith, George C, D.D., Cong, cler- gyman, d. Boston, 12 May, 1870, a. 70. A founder of the Amer. Peace Society ; 33 years its corresp. sec. ; editor of its magazine. The Advocate of Peace, and devoted his whole time and mind to the cause. Bedard, Pierre, Canadian jurist and pol- itician, b. Quebec, 1763; d. 1827. One of the first native Canadians adm. to the bar, leader of the opposition to Gov. Craig in the As- sembly, and one of the founders of Le Cana- dien, newspaper. He was nnprisoncd for some violent attacks upon the executive in this jour- nal, and, after his release was long a district judge. — Morgan. Bedel, Col. Timothy, Kevol. officer, d. Haverhill, N.H., Feb. 1787. Originally from Salem, N.H., he settled in Haverhill, was a lieut. in Gofle's regt in 1760, and served in Canada. App. capt. of rangers, July 6, 1775. Ool. 1st N. II. regt. Jan. 20, 1776, he joined the Northern army under Schuyler. While absent at Montreal on duty, his subordinate, Capt. Buttcrfield, surrendered in a most cowardly manner at the Cedars. July 30, 1776, he was ordered by Congress to be tried by court-mar- tial for neglect of duty. He was afterward maj.- gen. 2d div. N. H. militia. Bedell, Gregory Townsend, D.D., an eloquent clergyman, b. Staten Island, Oct. 28, 1793 ; d. Baltimore, Aug. 30, 1834. Col. Coll. 1811. His mother was a sister of Bishop Moore of Va. Ord. deacon, Nov. 4, 1814. In 1815,he became rector of the church in Hudson, and, in 1818, of that in Fayetteville, N.C., when, after 3 years of successful labor, ill health in- duced him to come north. The Church of St. Andrew's, in Phila., was built for him, and was consecrated May 21, 1823. Here Dr. Bedell officiated till his death. His sermons were re- markable for simplicity and point ; and none could have heard him preach without remem- bering and appreciating the peculiarities of his oratory. He pub. " Cause of the Greeks," 1827; "Ezckiel's Vision;" "Is it Well?" " It is well ; " "Onward, or Christian Progres- sion ; " "Pay thy Vows;" "Renunciation;" " Way Marks ; " " Basket of Flowers ; " " Bi- ble Studies," 2 vols., 1829; "Religious Sou- venir," 1834. Thirty of his sermons were pub., with a Memoir by Rev. Dr. Tyng, 1836, Svo, 2 vols. Bedford, Gunning, Revol. patriot, mem- ber Old Congress in 1783-5 ; gov. of Del. 1796- 7 ; d. Newcastle, Del, 30 Sept. 1797, while in office. B. Phila. Lieut, in the French war in 1755; maj. 20 Mar. 1775; lieut.-col. in Has- let's regt., 19 Jan. 1776, and wounded at White Plains; muster-m.-gen. 18 June, 1776. — See Life Geo. Read, by Wm. T. Reed, 1870. Bedford, Gunning, jun., cousin of the preceding, also a Revol. patriot, b. Phila., 1747; d. Wilmington, Del., 30 Mar. 1812. N. J. Coll. 1771. Practised law at Dover, and afterwards at Wilmington, Del. Member of the legisl., and atty.-gen. of the State; member Cont. Congress, 1785-6, and of the convention that formed the U. S. Constitution; U. S. district judge from 1789 to his death. — Life of Geo. Read. Bedford, Gunning S., M.D. (Rutg. Coll. 1829), b. Baltimore, 1806; d. N.Y. City, 5 Sept. 1870. Mt. St. Mary Coll. 1825. Grand- nephew of the preceding. Prof, at Charleston, S.C., and afterwards in the Albany Med. Coll., but in 1836 went to N.Y., and olitained a lucrative practive. Prof, of midwilery in the U. of N.Y., 1840-62. Author of " Lectures on the Diseases of Women and Children," " Midwifery," 1859, and has translated from the French, and edited, " Chailly's Midwifery," " Magrier's Anatomy," " Baudelocque on Puerperal Fever," "Boisseau on Cholera, &c." Bedinger, Maj. George M., Revol. officer, b. Va. ; d. Lower Blue Licks, Ky., ab. 1830. One of the earliest emigrants to Ky., he served as adj. in the cxped. against Chil- licothe in 1779, as maj. at the battle of Blue Licks in 1782, and did good service throughout the war as an Indian spy. He led a batt. from VVinchester, Va., under St. Clair, in his exped. in 1791 ; was maj. of U.S. Inf. from Apr. 1792, to Ft-b. 1793 ; was a member of the BIGD 78 BEE Ky. legisl. in 1792, and M. C. from 1803 to 1807. Bedinger, Henry, politician, b. near Shepherdstown, Va., 1810; d. there Nov. 26, 18.58. Daniel his father, a Revol. soldier and a Democ. leader, d. ab. 1820. He began to practise law at Shepherdstown at 22 ; was after- wards a partner of his bro.-in-law. Gen. George Rust, at Charlestown ; sncceeded him as M. C. in 1845-9, and, in 1853-8, was minister to Den- mark, settling by a treaty the vexed question of the Sound dues. He was a popular and effective speaker. Bee, Barnard E., brig.-gen. C.S.A., b. Charleston, S.C, ab. 1825 ; killed at the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861. West Point, 1845. Entering the 3d Inf., he was brev. for gal- lantry at Cerro Gordo, where he was wounded, and for Chapultepec, where he was one of the storming-party. 1st lient. 1851 ; capt. 10th Inf. Mar. 3, 1855, and, being ordered to Utah, was acting lieut.-col. of a batt. of vols, from Dec. 1857, to Sept. 1858. He resigned Mar. 3, 1861, and was app. brig.-gen. in the rebel army. Bee, Judge Thomas of S.C, a Revol. patriot; meml>er of the Assembly, speaker of the house of reps., member of the privy council ; judge of the State courts ; member of the council of safety ; lieut.-gov. ; member of Continental Congress, 1780-2, and finally judge of the district. Suffered greatly in prop- erty by the war. He pub. " Reports of the Dist. Court of S.C." 1810. Beebe, Bezaleel, Col., a Revol. officer, b. Litchfield, Ct., Apr. 28,1741 ; d. there May 29, 1824. In 1758, he joined Rogers's Rangers, and was engaged in the sanguinary fight in which Putnam was captured, and shared in the reduction of Montreal. Capt. in Jan. 1776, he was app. to Hinman's regt., and was made prisoner at the capture of Fort Washington. Maj. in Aug. 1777, having just been exchanged ; lieut.-col. 1780; col. early in 1781; and was soon after app. to the command of the Ct. troops raised for the defence of the sea-coast. From Oct. 1781 to 1795, he was frequently a member of the State legisl. His son Ebenezer, maj. U.S. A., d. in the service during the War of 1812. Beecher, Catherine Esther, eldest dau. of Rev. Lyman, b. East Hampton, L.I., Sept. 6, 1800, received her early education at Litchfield. The death of Prof Fisher of Yale Coll., to whom she was betrothed, was a severe blow, from which she sought consolation in a life of activity. In 1822-32, she conducted a female sem. at Hartford, and prepared for the press a manual of arithmetic, 1830, and ele- mentary books of instruction in theology and moral philosophy. In 1832, she accomp. her father to Cincinnati, where, for 2 years, she was at the head of an institution for female in- struction. She has for many years employed herself in developing a plan for female Chris- tian education, to be promoted through a national board, with high schools and normal schools to provide a sufficient supply of well- instructed teachers. Among her writings in this cause are " Domestic Service," " The Duty of Amer. Women to their Country," " The True Remedy for the Wrongs of Wo- man," 1851; "Treatise on Domestic Econo- my," a work on "Physiology, and the Condition and Habits of American women," 1856, and the first vol. of a course on theology and moral philosophy. She has also pub. " Housekeeper's Receipt Book," " Suggestions on Education," 1829; "Letters on Difficulties in Religion," 1 836 ; " The Moral Instructor," 1 838 ; Memoir of her brother. Rev. George Beecher, 1 844 ; "Truth Stranger than Fiction," 1850; Phys- iology and Calisthenics," " Letters on Health and Happiness," 1855. Beecher, Charles, son of Dr. Lyman, b. 1810. Ord. 1844 pastor of a church at Newark, N.J. ; settled at Georgetown, Ms., since 1857. He has pub. a popular vol., " The Incarnation, or Pictures of the Virgin and her Son ; " " Review of the Spiritual Manifesta- tions," 12mo, N.Y., 1853; "Pen Pictures of the Bible," 1855. With his brother Henry Ward, he prepared the " Plymouth Coll. of Hymns and Tunes," 1856. Beecher, Edward, D.D. (Marietta Coll. 1841), eldest son of Rev. Lyman, clergvman, b. 1804. Y. C. 1822. He studied divinity at Andover and New Haven ; was tutor at Y.C. in 1825, pastor of Park-st. Church, Boston, 1826-31; pres. 111. Coll., Jacksonville, 1831- 44 ; pastor of Salem-st. Church, Boston, 1846- 56 ; now pastor of a church in Galcsburg, 111. He has pub. " Conflict of Ages," 1854, " Papal Conspiracy," 1855, a work on "Baptism," 12mo, 1850, and "Riots at Alton," 1838. Beecher, Henry Ward, a popular orator, and minister of Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, N.Y., son of Rev. Lyman Beecher, b. Litch- field, Ct., June 24,1813. Amh. Coll. 1834. He studied theology under his father at the Lane Sem., Cincinnati, and Avas first settled in 1837 as Presb. minister at Lawrenceburg, Ind. In 1839, he removed to Indianapolis. In 1847, he became pastor of the Plymouth Church. He visited Eng. in the summer of 1863, and rendered important sei*vice to his country by his eloquent vindication of its policy in the war for the Union. In Apr. 1865, at the request of the govt , he delivered an oration at Fort Sumter, on the anniversary of its fall. Be- sides occasional addresses, he is the author of " Lectures to Young Men," editor of " The Ply- mouth Collection of Hymns," also one of the founders of the Independent, a weekly religious newspaper of N.Y. Two vols, of these contribu- tions have been collected under the name of the " Star Papers." Fragments from his discourses, entitled " Life-Thoughts," and " Notes from Plymouth Pulpit," have had a wide circulation. He has also pub. "Eyes and Ears," 1862; "Freedom and War," 1863; "Norwood," a novel of New-England life, 1866; and "Ser- mons," 2 vols. 8vo. He is a popular lecturer; and, as a preacher, he addresses himself with vigor and effect to the hearts and understantl- ings of his hearers. He opposed the in^tittttion of slavery, and, in the presidential eontest of 1856, took an active part in favor of the Repub- licans, not only with his pen, but by addressing mass meetings throughout the Northern States. — See Men of our Time, hi/ //. B. Stoice. Beecher, Lyjian, D b., an eminent Presb. BEH! 79 BKJ-. clergyman, b. N. Haven, Ct., Oct. 12, 1775 ; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., Jan. 10, 1863. Y.C. 1797. He studied theology under Pres. Dwight ; was pastor of the church in E. Hampton, L.I., from Dec. 1798 to 1810 ; of the First Church, Litch- field, Ct., from 1810 to 1826 ; of the Hanover- st. Church, Boston, from 1826 to 1832, and of the Second Church, Cincinnati, O , in connec- tion with the presidency of the Lane Theol. Sem. there, from 1832 to 1851. Returning to Boston, he preached occasionally, but removed to Brooklyn in 1855, where he ended his days. In Litchheld, he aided in organizing the Mis- sionary, the Education, and the Amer. Bible Societies. In the theological controversies which led to a division of the Presb. Church in 1837-8, he took an active part, though free from bitterness. His forcible preaching, his strong views in regard to evangelical truth, and his boldness in denouncing laxity in regard to the standard of Christian orthodoxy, made a deep impression on the public mind. He was the most widely known, and the most influential, preacher in the country, from 1815 to 1851. He was conspicuous in the temperance move- ment, and pub. a famous series of sermons on intemperance, which greatly aided the cause. His numerous publications, mostly sermons, include a vol. on " Political Atheism." His Autobiography, and a selection of his works, edited by his son Charles, were pub. in 1865, in 2 vols., l2mo. His works, 3 vols., 8vo, were pub. Boston, 1852. All his sons became Cong, clergymen ; viz., William, Edward, D. D., George (d. 1843), Henry Ward, Charles, Thos. K., and James. The daughters are Catherine E. and Harriet (well-known authors), Mary, and Isabella- Beechey, Frederic William, British navigator, b. London, Feb. 1796 ; d. there Nov. 29, 1856. Son of the painter. Sir Wm. He entered the navy at the age of 10, and saw service at New Orleans; a lieut. in 1815; in 1818, he sailed under Sir John Franklin on his first voyage of arctic discovery, acting as artist to the exped. In 1819, he accomp. Sir Edward Parry in " The Hecla," in his first arctic voy- age. In 1821, he was commissioned, with his brother, H. W. Beechey, to survey the north coast of Africa from Tripoli to Derne. Made a com., he sailed in 1825, in "The Blossom," on another arctic exped., via. Cape Horn, to act in concert with Franklin and Parry, and, having passed Behring's Straits, aiTived in Aug. 1826, at a pohit north of Icy Cape, reach- ing in boats 71° 23' 31'' N. lat., and 156° 21' 30" W. long. He pub. a narrative of this voy- age in 1831. Beeehey subsequently discovered, in 1827, two secure harbors south-east of Cape Prince of Wales, and near Behring's Straits, which he named Port Clarence and Grantly Harbor. In 1829-39, he was employed in mak- ing surveys of the coasts of S. America and Ireland. In 1854, he was app. rear-adm. of the blue, and in 1855 was chosen pres. of the Roy. Geog. Society. Behem, Martin, geographer and navi- gator, b. Nuremberg, ab. 1430; d. Lisbon, July, 1506. He studied astronomy and mathema- tics ; went in 1477 to Flanders, and in 1480 to Lisbon, where he is said, by Herrera, to have sustained Columbus's view of a western passage to India. In 1483, he was app. a commis. for calculating an astrolabe and tables of declen- sion. Next year, he was cosmographer to the exped. to the W. coast of Africa. In 1486, he established a Flemish colony at Fayal, and in 1490 returned to Nuremberg, where he con- structed a terrestrial globe, on which historical notices were written, and which is a valuable memorial of the discoveries and geog. knowl- edge of the time. The discovery of Fayal is claimed for Behem in 1459, and of Brazil in 1484 (8 years before the voyage of Co- lumbus). Behring) Vitus, a Danish navigator, well known for his shipwreck and death on an island still disting. by his name, b. Horseus, Jutland, 1680 ; d. Dec. 8, 1741. In his youth, he made several voyages to the East and West Indies. He made, in 1725, an exped. to the Northern Seas, to discover an overland passage to America. He served in the Russian navy, and, in 1728, was intrusted by Peter the Great with an exped. to ascertain how far the coast of Amer. extended towards the east, but made no discoveries of consequence, either in this or the two subsequent voyages for the same govt, in 1730 and 1741. In the last of these at- tempts, he was shipwrecked and lost in the straits, and on the island which retain his name. He became a commodore in 1732. Though Behring's exped. terminated so unfor- tunately, the finding of this island led to the discovery of others abounding with valuable furs, and finally to that of the Aleutian Isles : it is also the foundation of the claim of Russia to that part of America. Belcher, Sir Edward, arctic explorer, grandson of Judge Jonathan, b. 1799. Entered the English navy, 1812; present at the battle of Algiers; com. "The JEtna," 1830; "The Terror," and " The Erebus,"' .'or arctic service, in 1833, and "The Sulphur" in 18.36-42; knighted in 1843; capt. of " The Samarang" in the E. Indies, 1843-9; com the exped. in search of Sir John Franklin, 1852-4 ; admiral, 1861. Author of several narratives of his voy- ages, and other works. Belcher, Jonathan, a colonial governor, b. Cambridge, Ms., Jan. 1682; d. Elizabeth- town, N.J., Aug. 31, 1757. H.U. 1699. Son of Andrew, one of the council of the province, who d. in 1717 ; and grandson of Andrew, who lived in Cambridge in 1646. His education was carefully superintended by his father. Visiting Europe, he formed an acquaintance with the Princess Sophia and her son, after- wards King George I., which laid the founda- tion of his future honors. After his return from a six-years' sojourn, he was a merchant of Boston, a member of the Prov. Assembly, then a member of the council, and in 1729 was sent as agent of the province to Eng- land. This position, according to Hutch- inson, was not attained by him in a very creditable manner. In 1730, he was app. gov. of Ms. and N.H. He was superseded in 1741, in consequence of the violent clamor against him. He succeeded in vindicating him- self at the British court, and took the govt, of N.J., where he arrived in 1747, and where he BKL 80 BEL passed the remainder of his life. He extended the charter of N.J. Coll., was its chief patron and benefactor, and rendered eminen* service to the State. Belcher, Jonathan, jurist, b. Boston, July 28, 1710; d. Halifax, March 29, 1776. H.U. 1728. Son of Gov. Jonathan. He studied law at the Temple, London, and attained some eminence at the English bar. He was one of the first settlers of Chebucto, afterwards called Halifax, and being, in 1760, senior councillor, was, on the death of Gov. Lawrence, app. lieut.- gov., in which office he was succeeded by Col. Wilmot in 1763; app. chief-justice in 1761, and in the same year, as com. -in-chief, made a treaty with the Miramichi, Micmac, and other tribes of Indians. Andrew, his son, a disting. citizen of Halifax, was member of the council, 1801. Belcher, Joseph, D.D., clergyman and author, b. Birmingham, Eng., April 5, 1794; d. Phila., July 10, 1859. He came to this country in 1844. His publications number nearly 200, Among them are lives of Whitefield and Robert Hall, " History of Re- ligious Denominations of U.S.," 185.5 ; " Bap- tist Manual," " Sketches from Life," "Poetical Sketches of Biblical Subjects," " The Clergy of America," 1855; "The Baptist Pulpit of the U.S.," 1850. He furnisbed many of the biog- raphies for the Amer. Portrait Gallery. His last book was " A History of Hymns and their Authors." Belgrano, Manuel, a Soutb-American patriot, b. Buenos Ayres; d. 1820. His par- ents, who emigrated from Italy, were wealthy ; and their son, after completing his education at the U. of Salmanca, was app. sec. of the con- sulate at Buenos Ayres, and became popular. He entered zealously into the measure of de- posing the Viceroy Cisueros, in May, 1810. Raised to the rank of gen., he com. an unsuc- cessful exped. against Paraguay. Sept. 4, 1812, Belgrano gained a victory over the royalist gen. Pio Tristan at Tucuman, and on the 13th Feb. following obtained another victory over him at Salta, but imprudently released Tris- tan and his troops upon their parole, which the Spaniards dishonorably violated. In conse- quence of this. Gen. Pezuela.with the very same troops, added to others collected in Peru, at- tacked and defeated him at Vileapuzio, Oct. 1, 1813, and again at Ayoma in the same year; and San Martin succeeded him in the com. Belknap, Jeremy, D.D. (H. U. 1792), clergyman and historian, b. Boston, June 4, 1744; d. there June 20, 1798. H. U. 1762. He studied theology, taught school 4 years, was pastor of a church in Dover, N.H., from Feb. 18, 1767, to 1786, and of the Federal-st. Church, Boston, from April 4, 1787, until his death. He founded the Ms. Hist. Society in 1794 ; was an overseer of Harvard U., and was a useful member of many literary and humane societies. He was a warm friend of the Revol. and of the Federal Constitution, an opponent of African slavery, and a promoter of literature and science. Besides numerous sermons, he pub. a " History of New Hampshire," 3 vols., Svo, 1784-92; a collection of Psalms and Hynans, 1795 ; "American Biography," 2 vols., Svo, 1794-8 ; " The Foresters," a work of wit and humor, descriptive of American manners ; a century discourse on the Discovery of Amer- ica, 1792; " Dissertations upon the Character and Resurrection of Christ," 1795, 12mo; and contribs. to the Columbian and Boston mag- azines, the Hist. Colls., and the newspapers of the day. His historical writings are charac- terized by extensive information and research. He was highly esteemed as a preacher. A Memoir, with selections from his corresp., was pub. by his grand-dau. in N. Y., in 1847. Belknap, William Goldsmith, brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. Newburgh,N.Y., Sept. 14, 1794; d. Fort Wachita, Tex., Nov. 10. 1851. Made a lieut. 23d Inf. Apr. 5, 1813 ; disting. and wounded in the sortie from Fort Erie, 17 Sept. 1814; capt. 1 Feb. 1822; brev. maj. I Feb, 1832; maj. 8th Inf. 31 Jan. 1842; and Mar. 15, 1842, brev. lieut.-col. for good con- duct in the Florida war. He was with Gen. Taylor on the Rio Grande ; was brev. col. for services in the battles of May 8 and 9, 1846, and was presented with a sword by his fel- low-townsmen of Newburgh. Acting insp.- gen. at the capture of Monterey; lieut.-col 5th Inf. Sept. 26, 1847; brev. brig.-gen. 23 Feb. 1847, for Buena Vista. From Dec. 1848 to May, 1851, he was in com. of Fort Gibson. In 1828-9, Capt. Belknap established Fort Leav- enworth near the site of the thriving city of that name. Belknap, William Worth, sec. of war, 1869, b. lo., 1831. N.J. Coll. 1848; Princeton Mil. Coll, N. J. Served through the Rebellion, and, in the campaigns of Tenn. and Ga., com. a division. Coll. of revenue in Iowa, 1866-9. Bell, Charles H., rear-adm., b. New York, Aug. 15, 1798. Midshipm. June 18, 1812; lieut. Mar. 28, 1820; com. Sept. 20, 1840; capt. Aug. 12, 1854; commo. July 16, 1862; rear-adm. July 25, 1866. He was in Decatur's squadron in 1813-14, in that of Chauncy on Lake Ontario, in 1814, and in Decatur's, in the Mediterranean, in 1815; in 1824, com. schooner "Ferret" in the W. Indies; was cap- sized at sea, and remained 21 hours on the wreck; attached to " The Erie " in 1829 ; as- sisted in cutting out the pirate schooner "Fed- eral " from the forts at Guadaloupe, W. I. ; com. Norfolk navy-vard, 1860; com. Pacific squad. 1862-4; N. Y. navy-yard, 1865-8.— Hamershj. Bell, Henry H., rear-adm. U.S.N., b. N.C. ab. 1808; drowned at the mouth of Osaka, River, Japan, Jan. 11,1868. Midshipm. Aug. 4' 1823 ; lieut. Mar. 3, 1831 ; com. Aug. 12, 1854 , capt. 1861 ; commo. July 16, 1862 ; rear-adm. July 25, 1866. His first service was in " The Grampus," in clearing the coast of Cuba of pirates. He com. one of the vessels of the E. I. squadron, which, in Nov. 1856, captured and destroyed the four barrier forts near Canton, China. Assigned to the Gulf squadron in 1861, he took an active part, as fleet-captain, in the capture of New Orleans and the siege of Vicksburg, and did essential service in the coast blockade. He was for a time, in 1863, in com. of the West Gulf squadron; and, when Adm. Thatcher was ordered to other duty, its com. again devolved on him. In July, 1865, BEL 81 BEL he was ordered to com. the E. I. squadron, and was very active in putting down the pi- rates that infested the Chinese seas. In 18G7, he was retired, but had not been relieved when he was drowned. ^ Bell, James, hiwyer and statesman, b. Fran- ccstown,N.H.,Nov. 13,1804; d. Gilford, N.II., May 26, 1857. Bowd. Coll. 1822. Son of Gov. Samuel. He studied law with his bro. Samuel D. Bell, and at the law school at Litchfield, Ct. ; in 1825, was adin. to practise in Gilman- ton, N.H., and ab. 1831 removed to Exeter, where he practised till 1846, when he removed to Gilford. In 1846, he was elected to the N. H. legisl. from Exeter ; in 1850, a member of the State-Const. Conv. from Gilford ; and in 1855, he was elected by the legisl. to tie U. S. senate. Bell, John, gov. N. II., 1829-30; d. Ches- ter, N.H., 22 Mar. 1836, a. 70. Bro. of Gov. Sam'l Bell. Many years a merchant in Ches- ter; councillor of the State; and sheriff of Rockin^hnm Co., 1823-8. Bell, Joiix, statesman, b. near Nashville, Tenn., Feb. 15, 1797 ; d. there Sept. 10, 1869. U. of Nashv. 1814. lie studied law; was adm. to the bar in 1816, and settled at Franklin, Williamson Co. In 1817, he was elected to the State senate; was M. C. in 1827-41, offi- ciating during one term as speaker; was sec. of war in H41 ; was in 1847 a member of the Tenn. legisl., hut, before the close of the year, was elected to the U. S. senate, and was re- elected in 1852, serving from time to time as chairman of important committees. He was the Union candidate for Pres. in 1860, Mr. Ev- erett being on the ticket for vicc-pres. In Con- gress, he was an earnest advocate of the policy of protecting American industry, and of im- proving the great rivers and lake harbors. He opposed nullification, favored the reception of petitions for the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia, opposed the policy of an- nexation, favored the compromise measures of 1850, and protested against the passage of the Nebraska Bill in 1854. He took decided ground against the so-called Lecorapton Constitution, and in an elaborate speech charged that that measure tended directly to the overthrow of the Union. Mr. Bell was one of the very few Southern men whose course was wholly na- tional in character. Bell, Luther V, M.D., LL.D., physician, son of Gov. Saml. Bell of N.H., b. Chester, N.H., Dee. 20, 1806 ; d. in camp near Budd's Ferry, Md.,Feb. 11,1862. Bowd. Coll. 1823. He studied medicine in N.Y. City with an elder bro., received his degree from the Hanover Med. School,and began practice in N.Y. Afterwards, removing to his native town, he became eminent as a surgeon and as a medical writer, gaining 2 Boylston prizes before he was 30. The es- tablishment of the State Lunatic Hospital at Worcester, Ms., caused him to advocate a simi- lar institution for N. H. ; and he was superin- tendent of the McLean Asylum, at Somerville, Ms., from Jan. 1837 to 1856. In 1845,he visited Europe for the trustees of the Butler Hospital fur the Insane, at Providence, R.I. Dr. Bell was in 1 850 one of the exec, council of Ms., and was a member of the Const. Conv. of 1853. Pres. Ms. Med. Asso. 1857. He went to the seat of war as surgeon of the Uth Ms. regt., but was soon after made brigade-surgeon in Hooker's division. Dr. Bell was the author of several able professional works, and some polit- ical essays, also of an investigation of alleged spiritual manifestations. Bell, Peter Hansbrough, col., b. Va. Capt. Texas Rangers, 1845-6, on frontier ser- vice. Lieut.-col. of Hays's regt. mounted vols, in Mexican war, 1847-8*; col. of regt. for frontier defence, from July 1848, to Feb. 1849; gov. of Texas, 1849 to 1853; M.C. 1853-7, after- ward judge of the Supreme Court of the State. — (hvdner. Bell, Samuel, LL.D., statesman and ju- rist, b. Londonderry, N.H , Feb. 9, 1770; d. Chester, N.H., Dec. 23, 1850. Dartm. Coll. 1793. His ancestors were originally from Scotland, but settled near Londonderry, Ire- land, where his grandfather John was b-, who, in 1722, emigrated to Amcr. with his family, and settled in that part of N. H. known as the town of Londonderry, where bed. in 1742. He worked on his father's farm until 18, when he prepared himself for coll. After graduating, he studied law, and was adm. to practise in 1796 ; member of the legisl. in 1804-8, occupy- ing the position of speaker; in 1807 and 1808 was a member of the senate; in 1809, a mem- ber of the exec, council; in 1816-19, jndgeof the Sup. Court of the State; and in 1819-23, gov. Declining a re-election, he was a member of the U.S. senate from 1823 to 1835. He re- ceived the degree of LL.D. from Bowd. Coll. 1821. Among his sons were James, a celebrated lawyer, Saml. Dana, LL.D, and Luther V, M.D., LL.D. His youngest son, Col. Lewis Bell, b. 1836, d. of wounds at Fort Fisher, Jan. 16, 1865. Brown U. 1853. He began the practice of law, entered the army in April, 1861, as capt. 1st N.H. vols., and, at the time of his death, was col. 4th N.H. vols., and acting brig.- gen. Bell, Samuel Dana, LL.D. (D.C. 1854), jurist, b. Francestown, N.H., Oct. 9, 1798; d. Manchester, N.H., July 31. 1868. II.U. 1816. Son of Gov. Saml. Bell. He began to practise law in Meredith, removed to Chester in 1820, to Concord in ! 830,and from 1839 to his deathlived in Manchester. He was a member of the legisl. in 1825 ; solicitor for Rockingham Co. in 1823- 8 ; several years clerk of the legisl. ; commis- sioner to revise the statutes of N.H. in 1830, 1842, and 1867; judge of the Police Court, Manchester, 184G-9; justice of the Superior Court, 1849-55; justice of the Supreme Court, 185.5-9; chief-justice, 1859, to Aug. 1, 1864. He was one of the most eminent and profound jurists of N.E., and an early and valuable member of the N.H. Hist. Society. Vice-pres. of the N.E. Hist. Gen. Society, from 1859 till his death. Bellamy, Joseph, DD. (U. of Aberdeen, 1768). Cong, minister of Bethlehem, Ct., from 1740 to his d., 6 Mar. 1790 ; b. N. Ches- hire, Ct., 1719. Y.C. 1735. He was one of the most learned divines of the country, was a supe- rior pi;eacher, and instructed many young men in divinity. His system of theology is similar to that of Jona. Edwards. His appearance was BEr. 82 BEINT coramandinj^ ; and he possessed great wit and humor. During the great revival of 1742, he preached in many places in N.E. and NY. Author of "True' Religion Delineated," 1750, " Theron, Paulinus, and Aspasio," 1759, and "Nature and Glory of the Gospel," 1762. His works were pub. in 3 vols., 1811, and in 2 vols., 1850, wiih a Memoir by Dr. T. Edwards. Bellingham, Richard, gov. of Ms., of which he was an original patentee, b. in Eng. in 1592; d. Dec. 7, 1672. He was bred a lawyer; came to Amer. in 1634, and tlie next year was chosen dep.-gov. In 1641, he was chosen gov. in opp. to Winthrop ; was re-chosen in 1654, and again in 1666, after the death of Endicott, continuing in office for the remainder of his life. He was long a prominent public man, was dcp.-gov. 13 years, and gov. 10. In 1664, he was made maj.-gen. ; and in that year the king sent four commissioners to regulate the affairs of the province, ordering Bellingham and others, who were obnoxious, to proceed to Eng., and answer the accusations against them in person ; but the Gen, Court, by the advice of the ministers, refused compliance, and main- tained the charter rights. His Majesty, how- ever, was appeased by the presentof a shipload of masts. He was violently opposed to inno- vation in religious matters, and was exceeding- ly severe towards the Quakers, who affirm that he died distracted. This is rendered probable from the fact, that he suffered at times from temporary aberration of intellect. His sister Anne, widow of Wm. Hibbens, an assist., was executed as a witch in June, 1656. His will provided, that after the decease of his wife, and of his son by a former wife, and his grand- daughter, the bulkof his estate should be spent for the yearly maintenance "of goodly minis- ters and preachers " of the true church, which he considered to be that of the Congregation- alists. Bellomont, Richard Coote, Eari., a popular colonial gov., b. 1636 ; d. N.Y., Mar. 5, 1701. His father, Richard, was raised to the peerage for services in restoring Charles II. Richard was the first of his three sons ; was in parliament in 1688, and in several succeeding ones ; but in that held by James II. at Dublin, in 1689, he was attainted, having been one of the first who went over to the Prince of Orange. He received his appointment early in May, 1695, but did not arrive in N.Y., a place then remarkably infected with the two danger- ous diseases of an unlawful trade and practice of piracy, until April, 1698. He reached Bos- ton, May 26, 1699. He succeeded, by affabili- ty and condescension, in ingratiating himself with the people; wisely avoided all controver- sies with the legisl., and thus obtained a larger sum as a salary and as a gratuity than any of his predecessors or successors. He did much to suppress piracy, and sent the notorious Capt. Kidd to England for trial, the law here being insufficient to execute criminals guilty of pira- cy. Soon after the May session of the General Court in 1700, he returned to N.Y., where he died. Bellows, Henry Whitney, D.D. (H.U. 1854), pastor of All Souls' Church, N.Y., b. Walpole, N.H., June 11, 1814. H.U. 1832; Camb. Divinity School, 1837, Ord. pastor of the First Cong. Church (All Souls'), New York, Jan. 2, 1838. He was the principal originator of the Christian Inquirer, a Unitarian newspaper of N.Y. in 1846, and its chief contrib. until the summer of 1850. He is a ready extempore speaker, and a popular lecturer, and has spoken and pub. much upon the prominent topics of the day, especially those of a social and philan- thropic character. He was a contrib. to the Christian Examiner. In 1857, he delivered a course of lectures on "The Treatment of Social Diseases," before the Lowell Institute, Boston, and before the Dramatic Fund So- ciety of N.Y. an address since pub., entitled " The Relation of Public Amusements to Pub- lic Morality, especially of the Theatre to the Highest Interests of Humanity," N.Y., 1857. In 1860, Dr. B. pub. in N.Y. " Re-statements of Christian Doctrine in 25 Sermons," and has since pub. " The Old World in its New Face" During the war for the Union, Dr. Bellows held the important post of head of the U.S. sanitary commission. In 1884, he supplied for a time the pulpit of his deceased friend Starr King, in San Francisco. — Diujckinck. Belmont, Rev. Francis Vachon de ; d. Montreal, 1732. Of a disting. family in Burgundy, and highly educated, he abandoned b.iliiant prospects at home to become a mis- sionary in Canada. In 1680, he took charge of the school connected with the Iroquois Mission at Montreal, and at his own cost built a church there, of which he became pastor in 1681. From 1701 to his d., he was superior of the Seminary of Montreal. Author of a ^' Histoireda Canada," printed in the Colls, of the Quebec Lit. and Ilist. Soc. — O'Callofjhan. Belton, Francis S., col. U.S.A., b, Md. ; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., Sept. 10, 1861. App. 2d lieut. light dragoons, March 27, 1812; pay- master, June 22, 1813; aide-de-camp to Gen. Gaines, and disting. in defence of Fort Eri(> ; assist. -adj.-gen. Oct. 18, 1814; assist.-insp.- gen. May, 1816; capt. 4th Inf. July, 1817; major 4th Art. Sept. 16, 1838; lieut.-col. 3d Art. Oct. 13, 1845 ; com. his regt, in the Val- ley of Mexico ; brev. col. for gallant conduct in battles of Contreras and Churubusco, Aug. 20, 1847, and disting. in the capture of the city of Mexico; col. 4th Art. June 10, 1857; re- tired in Aug. 1861, — Army Diet. Benavides (ba-na-vec-des), Alonso de, Franciscan friar, author of a memoir addressed to the King of Spain in 1630, concerning the temporal and spiritual affairs of New Mexico, the character of the country, and the nations inhabiting it, pub. Madrid, 4 to, 53 leaves. When, in 1621, the religious establishment was erected by the provincial chapter into a Cus- todia, Benavides was elected custodian. So successful was his administration, that, in 1627, the viceroy ordered him to report thereon in person to the king. The rcsul t was the above memoir. — Duyckinck. Benedict, David, D.D., b. Oct. 16, 1778. Settled in the ministry in early life ; pub., in 1813, " Gen. Hist, of the Baptist Denom. in America and Other Parts of the World," 2 vols., 8vo, new and enlarged ed., N.Y. 1838 ; " His- tory of All Religions," l2raOj 1824 ; " Poem de- :bie:n 83 33k:n- livered in Taunton," 6 Sept. 1807; " Fifty Years among the Baptists," 1860. He preached, Oct. 16, 1870, at the age of 92, at Pawtucket, R.I. Benedict, Erastus Cornelius, LL.D. (Rutg. Coll. 1865), author, b. Branford, Ct., Mar. 19, 1800. Wms. Coll. 1821. Son of Rev. Joel. T. He taught school ; was adni. to the bar in 1824 ; became a trustee of schools in New York in 1842 ; a member of the Board of Education in 1850, and prcs. for several years, resigning in 1863. Since 1855, a regent of theU. ofN.Y. Member of the city council in 1840, and of the legisl. in 1848 and 1864. Au- thor of "American Admiralty," 1850; "A Run through Europe," 1860; "The Hymn of Hildebert, and other Mediaeval Hymns," 1868, and many pamphlets, reviews, and addresses, including " The Beginning of America," an anniversary discourse before the N.Y. Hist. Soc. in 1863. Benedict, Lkwis, brev. brig.-gen. U. S. vols., b. Albany, N.Y., Sept. 2, 1817; killed at the battle of Pleasant Hill, La., Apr. 9, 1864. Wms. Coll. 1837 Adm. to the Albany bar in 1841 ; was city atty. in 1845-6 ; judge advo- cate, 1847; surrogate of Albany, 1848-52; member N.Y. assembly, 1860. Made lieut.- col. 73d N.Y. vols. June, 1861 ; served in the peninsular campaign, and was captured at Williamsburg, Va. After several months' con- finement in Libby and Salisbury Prisons, he was exchanged ; col. 162d N.Y. in Sept. 1862, and ordered to the Gulf, where he became acting brig.-gen. His bravery was conspicuous in the assault on Port Hudson, June 14, 1863, where he gained his brevet, and in the Red River campaign at Pleasant Grove, Apr. 8, and at Pleasant Hill, Apr. 9, where he com. the 3d brig., 1st div., 19th corps, and where he fell, while bravely leading a charge on the enemy. Benet, Stephen V., maj. U.S.A., b. Fla. West Point, 1849. Entering the ordnance dept., he was instructor in ordnance and gun- nery at West Point, 1861-4; brev. maj. and lieut.-col. 13 Mar. 1865, and maj. ordnance 22 Dec. 1866. Translator from the French of Jomini of "Campaign of Waterloo," 1853; author of" Military Law and Courts-Martial," 1862. — Cullum. Benezet, Anthony, philanthropist, b. St. Quentin, France, Jan. 31, 1713; d. Phila., May 3, 1784. His parents, who were Huguenots, were driven from France ; spent some years in London, where they became Quakers, and came to Phila. in Nov. 1731. Apprenticed to a merchant, he found that trade excited too worldly a spirit, and articled himself to a cooper, but in 1742 began to teach in the Trinity School, continuing to teach nearly all his life. His simplicity and benevolence made him the idol of-the poor. During the Revol., and the occupation of Phila. by the British troops, he was indefatigable in alleviating the sufferings of prisoners. His writings were com- posed chiefly with the view of inculcating the peaceful doctrines of the gospel in opposition to the spirit of war, to expose the flagrant injus- tice of slavery, and to fix the stamp of infamy on the traffic in human blood. He was the author of " A Caution to Great Britain and her Colo- nies, in a Short Representation of the Calamitous State of the Enslaved Negroes in the British Dominions," 8vo, 1 767 ; " Some Historical Ac- count of Guinea, with an Inquiry into the Rise and Progress of the Slave Trade'," 1772 ; " 0I> servations on the Indian Natives of this Conti- nent," 1784 ; " A Short Account of the Society of Friends," 1780; "Dissertation on the Christian Religion," 1782, and tracts against the use of ardent spirits. In 1783, he ad- dressed a letter to the Queen of England, on the subject of the slave-trade, soliciting her in- fluence on the side of humanity. By his will, he left his estate, after the decease of his wife, to the African school, in which he taught the last two years of his life. There is a full and interesting memoir by Roberts Vaux, 12mo N.Y., 1817. Benham, Henry W., brev. maj.-gen. U.S. A., b. Cheshire, Ct., ab. 1816. West Point, 1837, first in his class. App. 1st lieut. en- gineers in July, 1838; wounded at Buena Vista, Mexico, and brev. capt. 24 May, 1848; assist. U.S. coast survey. Mar. 1853, and super- intended the construction of fortifications around N.Y. City; brev. col. 13 July, 1861, for Carricks Ford ; brig.-gen. vols. 13 Aug. 1861, and disting. at Rich Mountain and Cheat Mountain Pass ; atcaptureof Fort Pulaski, 11 Apr. 1862; com. in attack on Secession ville, S.C, 16 June, 1862; com, engineer brigade. Army of the Potomac in 1863-4; maj. of engineers, 6 Aug. 1861 ; lieut.-col. 3 Mar. 1863; col. 7 Mar. 1867; brev. brig.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865, for the campaign ending in Lee's surrender, and brev. maj.-gen. for gallant serv- ices in the Rebellion. Engaged in the construc- tion of harbor and coast defences of Boston, 186.5-7.— Cullum. Benjamin, Judah Peter, lawyer and politician, b. in St. Domin.:o, of Jewish par- ents, in 1812. In 1816, the family emigrated to Savannah, Ga. The son entered Y. C, but left, without graduating, in 1827. He began to study law in N. Orleans in 1831, was clerk to a notary, taught school, and afterward m. Miss St. Martin, one of his pupils. Adm. to the bar in 1834, he was soon its leader in N. Or- leans. A Whig in politics, he was in 1845 a member of the State Const. Conv. U.S. sena- tor in 18.5.3-61, he attained pre-eminence in the soutliern wing of the Democ. party. He had ^ sharp controversy with Jefferson Davis ; but a duel was prevented by an apology from the latter. He advocated the Kansas-Nebraska Bill in 1854, but subsequently insisted that the principle of popular sovereignty was set aside by the Dred Scott decision. Withdrawing from the senate Feb. 4, 1861, he was immedi- ■ ately app. atty.-gen. in the southern confeder- acy. In Aug. 1861, he became acting sec. of war, and was sec. from Nov. 10 till after the capture of Roanoke Island, Feb. 7, 1862, which caused his resignation ; and he was app. sec. of State, to succeed R. M. T. Hunter. Mr. Benjamin was largely interested in the Tehuantepec Railroad speculation, and a par- ticipant in the so-called Houmas land-grant- He is at present (1871) a member of the Lon- don bar Benjamin, Park, poet and journalist, b. BEN 84 BEN" Deraerara, Aug. 14, 1809 ; d. N. Y. City, 12 Sept. 1864. Trin. Coll., Hartford, 1829. His father, a N. Englander of Welsh descent, re- sided as a merchant at Demerara. An illness in his youth, improperly treated, caused him a permanent lameness; and he was sent to his father's home in N. E., for medical advice, and to be educated. He studied two years at H.U., began to practise law in Boston in 1832, and was one of the original editors of the New- England Mag. In 1836, he removed to N. Y. ; edited, in connection with C. F. Hoffman, the American Monthlii Maq., and subsequently the New-Yorker, with Horace Greeley. He was engaged Jan. 1840, in connection with Epes Sargent and R. W. Griswold, as editor of the New World, a cheap weekly periodical. 5 years after, he sold his interest in this journal, and was afterward a lecturer both in prose and verse. His poems have never been collected. Benner, Philip, pioneer iron manufac- turer of the West, b. Chester Co., Pa., 1763 ; d. 29 July, 1832. He served in the Revol. ar- my under his relative, Gen. Wayne. In 1792, he erected a forge in Spring township, Centre Co., and by so doing assisted in developing the mineral wealth of that district. The bor- ough of Bellefonte was greatly indebted to his enterprise and liberality. He was a maj.- gen. of militia. Bennett, Caleb p., gov. of Del., and last surviving officer of the Del. regt. in the Revol. array; d. Wilmington, Del., May 7, 1836, a. 78. He held the rank of maj., and was en- gaged in the battles of Brandywine, German- town, and Monmouth. Gov. from 1833 to his death. Bennet, David, physician, b. Eng., Dec. 1, 1615; d. Rowley, Ms., Feb. 4, 1719. He possessed his teeth and his senses to the ago of 103. His wife was Rebecca, dau. of Roger Spencer, and sister of the wife of Sir Wm. Phips ; and his son Spencer took that name, and was lieut.-^ov. of Ms. Bennett, James Gordok, founder and pro- prietor of the N. Y. Herald, b. ab. 1800, at New Mill Keith, in Banffshire, Scotland. He went to a Roman-Catholic sem. at Aberdeen, intending to take orders in that church ; but, acting under a sudden impulse, he embarked for Amer. in Apr. 1819, and, arriving in Hali- fax, kept school for a living. Coming to Bos- ton in the autumn of 1819, he became proof- reader in the pub. -house of Wells and Lilly, and wrote several poetical pieces. In 1822, he went to New York, connected himself with various papers, and became a warm partisan of the Democ. party in the columns of the New -York Courier, the National Advocate, the Inquirer, Courier and Inquirer, New-York Globe, Pennsylvanian, at Phila., and in May, 1835, issued the first numlter of the New-York Herald, with which journal his name has since been identified. — See Memoirs of J. G. Bennett and his I^imes, by a Journalist, N.Y., 1855. Bennett, Milo Lyman, LL. D. (D. C. 1851), jurist, b. Sharon, Ct.,1790; d. Taunton, Ms., 7 July, 1868. Yale, 1811. Litchf. Law School. Practised law in Burlington, Vt. ; Judge Vt. Sup. Court, 1839-59. Author of "Vermont Justice," and other le? was wrecked in the frigate " Phi- ladelphia" off Tripoli in Oct. 1803, and was a prisoner 1 9 months ; lieut. Feb. 11,1 807. As 1 st lieut. of " The Wasp," he led the boarders in the brilliant action with " The Frolic," Oct. 18, 1812. Captured by " The Poictiers," 74, and taken to Bermuda, "he was exchanged, Mar. 5, 1813 ; made master com., and given a flotilla of gunboats on the Delaware. While in com. of " The Hornet," he was blockaded in N. London, but escaped, and March 23, off the island of Tristan d'Acunha, captured the British brig "Penguin," after a sharp action, in which he received a wound in the neck. April 27, he displayed his seamanship in escaping from " The Cornwallis," 74, after a chase of 4 days, during which he threw overboard his guns and equipments to lighten his ship. For his action with " The Penguin," Congress voted Capt. Biddle a gold medal ; Phila. presented him a service of plate ; and other honors were bestowed upon him. Capt. Feb. 28, 1815. He afterward held special and important commands at vari- ous times, in the Pacific, upon the coast of S. America, and in the W. Indies, and the Medi- terranean squadron from 1830 to 1832, during which period he was a commissioner to nego- tiate a treaty with the Ottoman Govt. In 1845, he ratified a treaty with China as a U. S. com- missioner ; visited Japan in "The Columbus," 74; and subsequently com. the squadron cruis- ing on the W. coast of Mexico during the war. From 1838 to 1842, he had charge of the naval asylum on the Schuylkill. Biddle, Nicholas, a gallant naval officer, bro. of Judge Charles Biddle, b. Phila., Sept. 10, 1750; killed Mar. 7, 1778. Manifesting a partiality for the sea, he had, before the age of 14, made a voyage to Quebec. In a voyag-e to the West Indies in 1765, he was cast away, and for two months lived on an uninhabited island. In 1770, he went to London, and en- tered the British navy. While a midshipman, he absconded from his own vessel, and entered on board " The Carcass," before the mast, in the exploring exped. of Capt. Phipps, in which Horatio Nelson also served. Returning to Phila. after the commencement of the Revol , he was app. to com. the brig "Andrea Doria," and sailed under Com. Hopkins in the success- ful exped. against New Providence. After re- fitting at New London, he cruised off New- foundland, and in 1776 captund, among other prizes, two ships from Scotland, with 400 High- land troops. App. to com. the frigate " Ran- dolph," of 32 guns, he sailed from Phila. in Feb. 1777, and soon carried into Charleston 4 valuable prizes. A small fleet was now fitted out under his com., with which he cruised in the West Indies. Mar. 7, 1778, in an action with the British ship " Yarmouth " of 64 guns, Biddle was wounded ; and a few minutes after- wards, while he was under the hands of the sur- geon, " The Randolph " blew up, and of the en- tire crew, consisting of 315 men, but 4 escaped. Biddle, Nicholas, LL.D., financier, b. Phila., Jan. 8, 1786; d. there Feb 27, 1844. N. J. Coll. 1801. His ancestors came over with Wm. Penn. His father, Charles, vice-pres. of Pa., d. Apr. 4, 1821, a. 76. He was named for his uncle the commodore. In 1804, he went to Paris as sec to Armstrong the American min- ister, and afterward filled a similar post with Monroe in London. After travelling in Eu- rope, he returned to Phila. in 1807, and prac- tised law. He edited the Portfolio, compiled a commercial digest, and prepared the narrative of Lewis and Clarke's exped. to the Pacific. He was in the State legisi. in 1810-1 1, disting. BZD 89 BIG- himself by his efforts to establish a general sys- tem of education, and was a senator in 1814, and an ardent supporter of the war with Eng. His report of a committee of the senate respect- ing the Hartford Convention was an able State paper. A director of the U. S. Bank in 1819, and pres.from 1823 to 1836, his administration of its affairs demonstrated high ability. In 1836-9, he was pres. of the U. S. Bank of Pa. He was a zealous promoter of public improve- ments and beneficent institutions. During the suspension of the payment of interest on the debt of Pa., he pub. a series of essays with sug- gestions for its liquidation, someof which were adopted by the Icgisl. He was pres. of the Agric. and Hort. Societies, and of the trustees of the U. of Pa. and of Girard Coll. The Bank of the U. S. and Girard Coll., Phila., evince his taste in architecture. A polished and effective speaker, lie delivered an eulogium on Jefferson before the Philos. Society, and an address on the Duties of the Amei ican, before the alumni of Princeton Coll. Hi was a model man of business, a vigorous writer, and an accom- plished scholar. — See Memoir, by R. T. Con- rad, in Ainer. Port. Gallery. Biddle, Richard, lawyer and author, bro. of Nicholas, b. Phila., 25 Mar. 1796 ; d. Pitts- burg, Pa., 7 July, 1847. During the War of 1812, he served for the protection of Phila. He became a leader of the Pittsburg bar; visited Eng. in 1827-30 ; occupied in historical investigations ; resumed practice on his return, and was M. C. in 1837-41. While in Eng., he pub. an expoi^c of Capt. Basil Hall's " Travels in America." His *' Life of Sebastian Cabot" (1831) brought to light new and im- portant facts in the discovevy of America. Biddle, Maj. Thomas, V. S. A., son of Charles, b. Phila., Nov. 21, 1790 ; d. St. Louis, Aug. 29, 1831. App. capt. of art. July 6, 1812; disting. at Fort George and at Stony Creek ; com. the art. at the reduction of Fort Erie; was severely wounded in the subsequent defence of that place, and brev. maj. Aug. 15, 1814 ; com. a light battery at the battle of Niagara, July 25, 1814, particularly disting. himself by bringing off the field the only piece of the enemy's artillery retained by the Amer- icans as a trophy of that hard-fought battle, and ag:iin wounded. Aide-de-camp to Gen. Izard, Dec. 1814, and paymaster, 1820. He was killed in a duel with Spencer Pettes, the distance, in consequence of the defective eye- sight of Maj. Biddle, being 5 feet; and both were mortally wounded at the first fire. Bid well, Daxiel D., brig. -gen. U.S. vols., b. Buffalo, N.Y., ab. 1816; killed at Cedar Creek, Va., Oct. 19, 1864. He resigned the office of police justice in Ruffilo to enter the Cith regt. as a private, and, in Sept. 1861, be- camecol. 49th regt. and, during the Seven-Days' battles, com. a Inigade, l)ut, after the battle of Antietam, resumed com. of his regt. He was at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville ; com. a brigade at Gettysburg ; and in all the battles near Petersburg and in the Shenandoah Val- ley, and was made brig-gen. in July, 1864. Biedma (bead'-ma), Luis Hernandez DE, a Sp mish officer in the army of Hernando de Soto in the cxped. for the conquest of Fla. in 1538; wrote a " Relacion de la Tsla de la Florida" printed, in 1857, in the Colleccion de Varios Documenios para la Historia de la Florida." London, folio, pp. 208, with notes by Juan Baptista Munoz. — Duyckinck. BienviUe (bean'-vel), Jean Baptiste Lemoine, sieur de, colonial gov. of La., b. Montreal, Feb. 23, 1680; d. France, 1768. Son of Charles, he entered the French naval service, with his bro. Iberville, serving under him in 7 voyages. He was severely wounded in a conflict off the coast of N. E., between the French ship "Pelican," 42, Capt. Iberville, and three English men-of-war, in which " The Peli- can " was victorious. When Iberville in 1698 founded a colony at the mouth of the Mpi., he took with him his two brothers, Sanvollc and Bienville. The latter explored the country around the first settlement at Biloxi, Dec. 7, 1699. Sanvolle was made gov. of La.; and Jan. 17, 1700, Bienville assisted in constructing a fort 54 miles above the mouth of the river, where he afterwards com. On SanvoUe's death, July 22, 1 701 , Bienville took the direction of the colony, whose principal seat was now trans- ferred to Mobile. May 1 7, 1713, Bienville was superseded by Lamotte Cadillac ; andBienville was made lieut.-gov. De I'Epinay super- seded Cadillac, Mar. 9, 1717; and Bienville received the Cross of St. Louis. He succeeded De I'Epinay as gov. March 9, 1718, planted the city of N. Orleans, and, May 14, took Pen- sacola from the Spaniards, placing his brother Chateauguay in command. In 1723, he trans- ferred the seat of government to N. 0. Jan. 16, 1724, he was ordered to France to answer charges that had been brought against him, and was removed from office, 9 Aug. 1726. Before leaving the colony, in March, he. pub. his Black Code, relating chiefly to slaves, which remained in force till after thetransferof La. to the U. S. In 1733, Bienville was re-app. gov., and raised to the rank of lieut.-gen. In 1736, and again in 1739, he led expeds. against the Chickasaws. Bienville was soon after super- seded, and May 10, 1743, departed for France, where he passed the rest of his life. Bierstadt, Albert, landscape-painter, b. Dusseldorf, 1829. In 1831, his parents brought him to New Bedford, where he received his school education, and first developed his artistic powers by clever sketches in crayon. In 185-3- 7, he visited Europe, where he painted his "Sunshine and Shadow," which brought him into notice. Accompanying Gen. Lander's exploring exped. in 18.')8, he produced his great pictures, " The Pocky Mountains, Lander's Peak," " Storm in the Rocky Mountains," " Tlae Domes of the Yo Semite," '' Laramie Peak," "Valley of the Yo Semite," "Emi- grants crossing the Plains," «&c. He visited Europe again in June, 1867, to make studies for a picture of the discovery of the North River, on whose banks, near the Tappan Zee and the Palisades, he has a spacious studio. — Tudcennan. Bigelow, Erastus Brigham, LL.D. (Amh. 1867), inventor, b. W. Boylston, Ms., Apr. 1814. His father was a cotton manufac- turer. The son, before he was 18, had invented a hand-loom for weaving suspender-webbing, BIG- 90 BIG- a machine for making piping-cord, and had ])ub. a book on stenography. He obtained a patent for an automatic loom in 1838 for weav- ing counterpanes, which he improved in 1840. He also invented a loom for weaving coach- lace, and soon after turned his attention to carpet-weaving. In 1839, he produced his lirst power-loom for weaving 2-pIy ingrain carpets. This he subsequently improved, and it is ex- tensively used. In the spring of 1862, Mr. Bigelow proposed a scheme of uniform taxation throughout the U. S. by means of stamps, and the same year pub. " The Tariff Question con- sidered in Regard to the Policy of Eng. and the Interests of the U S." He is the founder of the manufacturing town of Clinton, Ms. Bigelow, George Tyler, LL.D, jurist, b. Watertown, Ms., Oct. 6, 1810. H. U. 1829. App. a judge of the Ms. Supreme Court, Nov. 21, 18.50; chief-justice, Sept. 7, 1861 ; resigned, 1868; State senator, 1847-8. Bigelow, Jacob, M.D., LL.D., physician and writer, b. Sudbury, Ms., Feb. 27, 1 787. H. U. 1806, and commenced practice in Boston in 1810. A skilful botanist, he pub. in 1814 the " Florula Bosloniensis," enlarged in 1840; also, in 1820, " American Medical Botany," 3 vols., Svo, plates. He was many years a disting. practitioner in Boston ; 20 years physician of the Ms. General Hospital, and held (1815-55) the office of prof, of materia medica and of clinical medicine in II. U. In 1816-27, he de- livered lectures on the application of science to the useful arts at Cambridge, as Rumford Prof., and pub,, in 1829, " Elements of Technology." One of the committee, in 1820, to form the "American Pharmacopoeia," the nomenclature of the materia medica afterwards adopted by the British colleges is due to him. He has pub. numerous medical essays and discourses ; some of them in a vol., entitled "Nature in Disease," 1854; "A Discourse on Self-limited Diseases," delivered before the Ms. Med. Soci- ety in 1835; in 1858, a "Brief Exposition of Rational Medicine, to which is prefixed the Paradise of Doctors, a Fable ; " " The Useful Arts," 2 vols., 1840; "Treatise on Materia Medica," 1822; "History of Mt. Auburn," 1 860. He was the founder of Mt. Auburn Cem- etery, the first of the kind in the U. S. He has occasionally contrib. to the literary period- icals and reviews. A vol. of poems, entitled " Eolopoesis," has been attributed to him. He was many yeai's pres. of the Ms. Med. Society and of the Amer, Acad, of Arts and Sciences. — Duj/ckinck. Bigelow, John, editor and author, b. Mai- den, Ms., Nov. 25, 1817. Un. Coll. 1835. He practised law in N. Y, City about 10 years. In 1840, he was literary editor of the Plebeian, in 1843-5 was a frequent contrib. to the Demo- cratic Review, for which he wrote " Consti- tutional Reform," " Executive Patronage," " The Reciprocal Influences of Civil Liberty and the Physical Sciences," " Pascal," &c. He also edited Gregg's " Commerce of the Prai- ries," and other popular books of travel. An inspector of Sing-Sing Prison in 184.5-8, he originated useful reforms in its discipline. In Nov. 1850, he became a partner of Bryant in the Evenimj Post. His "Jamaica in 1850 " gave an accurate picture of the social and political condition of that island. He again visited the West Indies in 1854, collecting materials for a work on Hayti. He pub. a " Life of Fre- mont " in 1856; Corresp. from Abroad with the Post in 1854-60; became consul at Paris in 1861, and succeeded Mr. Dayton as minister in 1864-6. He pub. in Paris " Les Flats Unis d'Amerique en 1863," giving to the French valu- able information of the statistics and resources of this country, and edited " AutoI)iography of Franklin," 1868. Ed. N. Y. Times since 1869. Bigelow, Lewis, lawyer, b. Worcester, Ms., ab. 1785; d. Peoria, 111., Oct. 3, 1838. Wms, Coll. 1803. He studied and practised law in Ms.; was M. C. in 1821-3; and was the author of the Digest of the first 17 vols, of the Ms. Reports ; also of a Digest of Pickering's Reports, vols. 2-7, 2d ed., Svo, Boston, 1825. He subsequently removed to 111., where he pur- sued his profession, and at the time of his death was clerk of the court of Peoria Co. Bigelow, Col. Timothy, b. Worcester, Aug. 12, 1739; d. there March 31, 1790. He was a blacksmith and a leading patriot; mem- ber of the Prov. Congress, 1774-5 ; marched at the head of a company of minute-men to Cam- bridge on hearing of the battle of Lexington ; was a maj. in \yard's Worcester regt. May 23, 1775, and in Arnold's exped., and was cap- tured in the attack on Quebec, remaining a prisoner until the summer of 1776. Made col. Feb. 8, 1777 ; at the head of the 15th Ms. regt., he assisted in the capture of Burgoyne; was at R. I., Valley Forge, and West Point. Af- ter the war, he had charge of the arsenal at Springfield. He was an original grantor of Montpclier, and a benefactor of Leicester Acad. His son Timothy, lawyer (H. U. 1786), many years in the Ms. legis., b. 30 Apr. 1767; d. 18 May, 1821. His dau. Katharine m. Hon. Abbott Lawrence. Bigger, Samuel, Whig gov. of Indiana in 1840-3, b. Warren Co., Ohio, ab. 1800; d. Fort AVayne, 1845. Athens U. He studied law at Lebanon, and commenced practice in Ind., at- taining eminence in the profession. He was a representative in 1834 and 1835, and after- wards judge of the Circuit Court. By his recommendation, the Indiana Hospital for the Insane was established. Bigler, William, Democ. politician, b. Shermansburg, Cumberland Co., Pa., Dec. 1814. Receiving a moderate school education, and becoming a printer, he established, and for several years carrieil on, the Clearfield Demo- crat. In 1841, he was elected to the State convention, and was a member of the State senate, part of the time speaker, up to 1847 ; in 1852-5, he was gov. of Pa. ; subsequently be- came pres. of the Phila. and Erie Railroad Co., and in 1855-61 was U. S. senator. Delegate to the Chicago convention in 1864, and to the Phila. convention of 1866. Biglow, William, poet and schoolmaster, b. Natick, Ms., Sept. 22, 1773 ; d. Boston, Jan. 12, 1844 H. U. 1794. He taught school in Salem, and then took charge of the Latin School in Boston, preaching occasionally, and writing for periodicals. Becoming intemperate, he was obliged to retire to his home in Natick. BIIL. 91 BIN- He afterwards taught a village school in Maine, and was ultimately proof-reader in the Univer- sity printing-office, Cambridge. His " Cheer- ful Parson/' and others of his songs, were very popular. In 1830, he pub. a history of Natick, and one of Sherburne, Ms. ; " The Youth's Library," 1808; "Introd. to the Making of Latin," 1809 ; " Education, a Poem," delivered at Cambridge, 18 July, 1799. His best writ- ings were in the Village Messencjer of Amherst, N.H., which he edited in 1796, the Federal Orrery, and Ms. Magazine. Billings, Elkanah, F.R.G.S., Canadian geologist, b. Gloucester, Canada, May 5, 1820. His father, a native of Ms., settled, after the Revo!., near Brockville. He was adm. to the bar in 184.5, and practised in Ottawa, but, since 1856, has been paleontologist of the geological survey of Canada. Besides contributions to papers and scientific journals, he has pub. val- uable memoirs of the third and fourth decades of the geol. survey of Canada, and in 18.56 edited the Canadian Naturalist, to which he has since contrib. — Morgan. Billings, Joseph, an English navigator in the Russian service. He accompanied Cook in his last voyage, and took charge of the astro- nomical departmint. In 1785, he entered the service of Catharine IL, who sent him on a voyage of discovery " to complete the knowl- edge of ihe seas situated between Siberia and the continent of Amcr." He set out overland in Oct. 1785, j'Ut to sea from Kolyma in 1787, visited and examined many islands of the N.W. coast; in July, 1790, penetrated Prince Wm.'s Sound, where Cook had been in 1778 ; and re- turned to Kamtschatkain 1791. An account of his voyage was pub. in London in 1802. BiliingS,WiLLiAM, the first Amer. musical composer, b. Boston, Oct. 7, 1746; d. there Sept. 26, 1800. By trade a tanner. A love of music led him, whi^e still young, to become a teacher of singing and a composer of psalm- tunes, which became highly popular ; among them that called "Jordan" is well known. He pub. 6 collections, which, with a few exceptions, were of his own composition. They were founded upon the new style of church-music, and caused a revolution in musical taste in N.E. Billings's patriotic songs were in vogue among the N.E. troops of the Revol. army. He was the first teacher of singing in this country, introduced the first musical concerts, the first instrument — the bass-viol — as an accompa- niment, formed the first choirs to unite in sing- ing in churches, and kept the first music-store in Boston. His "Psalm-singers' Amusements" became very popular. Bingham, Caleb, teacher and bookseller, b. Salisbury, Ct., 1757; d. Boston, Apr. 27, 1817. D. C. 1782. He was preceptor of Moore's Acad., and was many years a teacher in Boston. He next kept a large book-shop in Cornhill, Boston, and was for several years a director of the State Prison, in which capacity he exerted himself for the mental improve- ment of the younger criminals. He pub. " The Hunters," " Young Lady's Accidence," 1789, " Epistolary Correspondence," " Historical Grammar,'.' 1802, "The Columbian Orator," " Amer. Preceptor," "Child's Companion," and the "Geographical Catechism." Of the Amer. Preceptor, 64 editions, or 640,000, were sold. Bingham, John A., lawyer and politician, b. Pa., 1815; spent twoyears'in Franklin Coll., O. ; adm. to the Ohio bar in 1840 ; State atty. for Tuscarawas Co., 184.5-9; MC. 1855-63 and 1865-71 ; judge-advocate of the army, 1864; solicitor Court of Claims, Aug. 1864; assist, judge-advocate in the trial of the con- spirators for the murder of Pres. Lincoln in May, 1865 ; delegate to the Phila. conven- tion of 1866, and one of the managers of the impeachment-trial of Pres. Johnson in 1868. Bingham, Kinsley S., statesman, b. Camilius, Onondago Co., N.Y., Dec. 16, 1808 ; d. Green Oak, Livingston Co., Mich., Oct. 5, 1861. He received an academic education, be- came a clerk in a lawyer's office, emigrated to Mich, in 1833, and settled upon a farm; was a member of the legisl. in 1835-42; three years its speaker; M.C. from 1849 to 1851 ; was gov. of Mich, from 1855 to 1859, and US. senator from 1859 till his decease. He had also held the offices of postmaster, supervisor, prosec- atty., judge of probate, and brig.-gen. of militia. Bingham, William., statesman, b. Phila., 1751 ; d. Bath, Eng., Feb. 7, 1804. Phila. Coll. 1768. In 1771, he was consul at St. Pierre.W.I. During the Revol., he was Amer. agent at Mar- tinique; was delegate to Congress in 1787-8, and U.S. senator from 1795 to 1801. In 1780, he m. Anne Willing of Phila., a lady of great beauty and accomplishments, and the centre of fashionable society in Phila. She d. May 11, 1801, a. 37. A dau. m. a son of Sir Francis Baring. Bingham was a man of great wealth and aristocratic hauteur. He pub., in 1 784, " A Letter from an American on the Subject of the Restraining Proclamation," "Description of Certain Tracts of Land in theDist. of Maine," 1793. Binney, Amos, naturalist, b. Boston, 18 Oct. 18U3; d. Rome, Italv, 18 Feb. 1847. Brown U. 1821. M.D. 1826. ' He was a success- ful merchant, but, devoting his leisure to natu- ral science, was a founder of the Boston Society of Natural History, and its pres. in 1843-7, and was active in establishing the Amer. Asso. of Geologists and Naturalists. As a member of the legisl. of Ms., he was instrumental in pro- curing zoological and botanical commissions, which resulted in the important volumes of Harris, Emerson, Storer, and Gould. He gave many years' study to the mollusks of the U.S., and fitted out several expeds. to Florida, Texas, and other places, to collect materials. His " Tc^-res trial Mollusks of the U.S." was pub. 1851-7, in 3 vols., 8vo. Many of his papers are pub. in the "Proceedings" of the Soc. of Nat. Hist. Binney, Rt. Ret. Hibbert, Prot.-Epis. bishop of Nova Scotia, consec. 4th bishop, 1851, b. Nova Scotia, 1819; educated at King's Coll., London, and at Oxford, where he grad. 1842. Binney, Horace, LL.D, (H. U. 1827), lawyer of Phila., b 4 Jan. 1780. H. U. 1807. Son of Dr. Barnabas, surgeon Revol. army. Adm. to the bar in 1800, he attained high dis- tinction in the profession. Member of the BIN 92 BIS Pa. legisl. in 1806-7 ; an opponent of the ad- ministration of Jackson, and a leading member of Congress in 1833-5, and an early and active antislavery man. Many years a director in the U.S. Bunk, and one of the trustees in wind- ing up its affiiirs. One of his most successful efforts at the bar was his defence of the city of Phila. against the heirs of Stephen Girard. Author of " Reports of Sup. Ct. of Pa , 1799- 1814," 6 vols., 1809-15 ; I'^ulogiums on Chief- Justices Tilghman and Marshall, 1827 and 1836, and "Naturalization Laws," 8vo, 1853. Binns, John, journalist, b. Dublin, Ire- land, Dec. 22, 1772 ; d. Phila., June 16, 1860. He received a good education, but, becoming involved in the revol. movements in Ireland, was arrested, and for two years imprisoned, for his alleged political offences. Soon after his release in 1801, he came to Baltimore with his brother Benjamin, and commenced at Northumberland, Pa., in March, 1802, the Republican Argus, which gave him great in- fluence with the Democ. party. From 1807 until Nov. 1829, he conducted', at Phila., the Democratic Press, the leading paper in the State, until, in 1824, it opposed the election of Jack- son. He was for 20 years an alderman of Phila. In 1854, he pub. an Autobiography, entitled " Kecollcctions of the Life of John Binns ; 29 Years in Europe, and 53 in the U.S.," "Binns's Magistrate's Manual," 8vo, 1850. Birch, Thomas, artist, b. London ab. 1779; d. Phila., Jan. 14, 1851. He emigrated to the U.S. in 1793, established himself in Phila. about 1800, and commenced the paint- ing of profiles. A visit to the capes of Del. in 1807 turned his attention to marine views, in the delineation of which he acquired a high reputation. During the War of 1812, he ex- ecuted a series of historical paintings, repre- senting the naval victories of the U.S. He also painted many landscapes, which are highly prized, particularly those representing snow- scenes. — Blake. Bird, Robert Montgomery, M.D., novelist, b. Newcastle, Del., 1803; d. Phila., Jan. 22, 1854. He was educated in Phila. for the medical profession, but early turned his attention to literature ; contrib. to the Monthli/ Magazine of FhWci., and wrote three tragedies, — " The Cladiator," " Oraloosa," and " The Bro- ker of Bogota; " all of which have been popular on the stage, especially the former, the princi- pal character of which is one of the favorite personations of Edwin Forrest. His first novel, " Calavar," appeared in 1834, and was suc- ceeded by " The Infidel," 1835 ; " The Hawks of Hawk Hollow;" "Nick of the Woods," 1837 (scene in Ky. ab.the close of the Revol.) ; 'Peter Pilgrim,"'' 1838; and "Robin Day," 1839. They are marked by picturesqueness of description, and an animated narration. In 1839, Dr. Bird retired to his native village, but, for a few years previous to his death, edited the Philadelphia North- American, of which he became a proprietor. Birdseye, Nathan, remarkable for lon- gevity, b. Stratford, Ct., 19 Aug. 1714 ; d. June 28,1818. Y.G. 1736 He was settled pastor at West Haven from 1742 to 1758, and preached occasionally in his latter years, — once at Strat- ford, when he was more than 100 years old. At his death, he left 206 descendants. — Spragne. Birkbeck, Morris, traveller and author, b. Eng. ; drowned in returning from a visit to Robert Owen at Harmony in 1825. Having purchased 16,000 acres of land in 111., he founded the town of New Albion, and resided there. When the State was organized in 1818, he opppo.sed the introduction of slavery into it. Author of "Notes on a Journey through France," 8vo, 1815, and "Notes on a Journey in America," 8vo, 1818 (in which he gave flattering accounts of Illinois), and "Letters from Illinois," 1818. Birney, David Bell, maj.-gen. vols., b. Huntsville, Ala., May 29, 1825; d. Phila., Oct. 18, 1864. In youth, he removed to Cincinnati with his father, J. G. Birney, and studied law, but, before beginning practice, was engaged in business in Michigan. In 1848, he removed to Phila., where he practised law. He raised the 23d Pa. Vols, in May, 1861; was made brig.-gen. Feb. 3, 1862; was disting. at York- town, Williamsburg, and the battles before Richmond, and especially in the second battle of Bull Run, Aug. 29, 1862, also at Freder- icksburg and at Chancellorsville, and aided in cheeking the advance of Jackson's troops after the panic in the 11th corps. After the death of Berry, he took com. of his division (maj.- gen. May 23, 1863), led it at Gettysburg; and com. the corps after Gen. Sickles was wound- ed. In all the operations of Gen. Grant in Va. in 1864, his bravery and skill were conspicuous. July 23, 1864, he received com. of the 10th corps. He died of malarious fever, contracted in the service. Birney, James G. antislaverv politician, b. Danville, Ky., 4 Feb. 1792 ; d. Eagleswood, N.J., 24 Nov. 1857. N.J. Coll. 1812. He studied law in the offlce of A. J. Dallas, Phila. ; began practice in Ky. in 1814, and at 22 was a member of the legisl. In 1825, he became a planter in Ala., served in the legisl , and prac- tised law at Huntsville. Removing to Ky., he, in 1834, emancipated his slaves, and, being un- able to find there a printer for an antislavery paper, established one in Ohio at great personal risk. About 1836, he went to New York as secretary of the Amer. Antislavery Society, and labored to build a political party upon that sole issue. In 1840, he took part in the anti- slavery movetnents in Eng. In 1844, he was the candidate of the Liberty party, for Pres., one result of which whs the defeat of Henry Clay, the candidate of the Whig party. Fa- ther of Gen. D. B. Birney. Biscaccianti, Eliza (Ostinelli), b. Boston, 1825, a distinguished vocalist. Louis Ostinelli, her father, leader of the orchestra in the principal cities, and a talented musician, m. in Apr. 1822, the dau. of Mr. Hewett, a celebrated musical composer of Boston. Eliza went to Italy in 1843, studied under the best masters, was m. to Signor Biscaccianti, also a musician, and in May, 1847, made her first appearance at Milan, with complete success. She made her debut in America at the Astor Place Opera House, in Feb. 1848, and in BIS 93 BT^tV Phila., Mar. 1, 1848, at the Chestnut-st. thea- tre, as " Lucia." Sui)g in the principal cities with great applause, and became an especial favorite in California. Bishop, Abraham, a political writer, b. New ilavcn, 1763; d. there Apr. 28, 1814. Y. C. 1778. lie was an active politician, and for more than 20 years was collector of the port of New Haven. He pub. orations, and "Proofs of a Conspiracy," 1802. Bishop, Madame Anna, ?j^e Reviere, a celebrated sin;^er, b. London, 1816 ; educated at the Royal Acad of Music, London ; made her debut at a concert given by M. Bochsa, July .5, 1839, and won a triumphant success. She sang in most of the principal cities of Eu- rope and the U. S., where she made her debut at the Walnut-st. theatre, Phila., Nov. 22, 1847, as " Norma." Author of " Travels in Mex- ico in 1849," Phila, 18.55. Her husband, H. Bishop, d. xVpr. 30, 1855. Apr. 30, 1858, she m. Martin Shultz. Bishop, George, a Quaker writer, joined the sect in 1654, and, between 1660 and 1668, pub. several works on their doctrines. He pub., in 1661, " New England judged, being a Brief Relation of the Sufferings of the Quakers in that part of Amer. from the Beginning of the 5th Month, 1656, to the Endof the 10th Month, 1660," (Sec. A second part appeared in 1667; and both were reprinted in 1703, with " An Answer to Cotton Mather's Abuses," by John Whiting, with an Appendix. Bishop, Joel Prentiss, b. Volney, Oswe- go Co., N. Y., 1814, author of " Commenta- ries on the Law of Marriage and Divorce," 2 vols.,8vo, 1856 ; " Criminal Law," 2 vols.,8vo, Boston, 1858; "Thoughts for the Times," 1863 ; " Secession and Slavery," 1864 ; " Com- mentaries on Criminal Procedure," 2 vols., 1866 ; " First Book of the Law," 1868. Bishop, Robert Hamilton, D.D. (N. J. Coll. 1825), Presb. divine and scholar, b. near Edinburgh, Scotland, 26 July, 1777 ; d. College Hill, O., 29 Apr. 1855. U. of Edinb. 1797. He came in 1801, at the solicitation of Dr. Ma- son, to N.Y. ; preached there a while ; was ord. a missionary to the north-west territory, and ar- rived at Chillicothe in 1802. Prof, in Transylv. Univ. 1804-24; pres. of Miami Coll. 1825-^1; prof. hist, and polit. science until 1844, and subsequently prof, of hist, and polit. economy in the Parmer's Cii- tion on the stage which he now holds. He made a professional visit to Eng. in the sum- mer of 1861, played at the Haymarket, studied his artoneyear on the Continent, and returned to its practice in N.Y. in Sei)t. 1862. He has won high distinction in the character of Ham- let. In 1869, he erected on 23d St., N.Y., a magnificent theatre. His first wife, Mary Devlin, a danseuse, d. Dorchester, Ms., Feb. 21, 1863. June 7, 1869, he m. Mary McVick- er, r)^e Runnion. Booth, James C, chemist, b. 1810. Prof, of applied chemistry in Franklin Institute; melter and refiner in U.S. Mint., Phila. Has pub. " Encyclopaedia of Chemistry," &c., 1850 ; *' Recent Improvements in the Chemical Arts," 1851, in the Smithsonian Reports. In both works, he was assisted by Campbell Morfit. Booth, John Wilkes, the assassin of President Lincoln, b. Harford Co., Md., 1839 ; d. April 26, 1865. Third son of the celebrat- ed actor. His early education was irregular, and deficient in moral training. In 1856, he went on the stage, where he was noticeable for beauty, grace, and physical strength, but be- came dissipated in his habits. From the out- break of the Rebellion, he was a violent seces- sionist, so much so, that his brother Edwin, the tragedian, forbade him his house. He with- drew from the stage early in 1864, for the pur- pose, as is supposed, of plotting the crime he afterward perpetrated ; failed in an attempt to abduct Mr, Lincoln early in 1865, and failed again in the attempt to murder him on theday of his inauguration. Enlarging his scheme to include the principal members of the cabinet, the vice-pres., and the lieut.-gen., he trained several accomplices, who all failed ; though Mr. Seward and his son were saved from death almost by miracle. On the evening of April 14, after firing the fatal shot at Mr. Lincoln, at Ford's Theatre, Booth leaped from the box to the stage; and, his spur catching upon the flag which draped the front of the President's box, he fell upon the stage, and fractured one of the bones of the leg, but, springing up, he flourished a knife, and shouting, '' Sic semper tijrannis," fled by a private entrance, where one of his accomplices was holding a horse for him. With Harold, another accomplice, he rode near 30 miles, to the house of Dr. Mudd in Va., where his broken limb was set. Mudd aided his escape southward ; and he crossed the Rap- pahannock at Swan Point, making his way with great dificulty to Garrett's Farm, ab. 20 miles below Fredericksburg. Here Col. Bak- er, with a squad of detectives, found him on the night of April 25 ; and, refusing to sur- render, he was shot. Booth, Junius Brutus, the greatest of American tragedians, b. London, May 1, 1796 ; d. on the passage from N. Orleans to Cincin- nati, Dec. 1, 1852. His father was an atty., his mother a lineal descendant of John Wilkes. After trying various avocations, he joined a strolling company, atid appeared at Peckham, Sept. 13, 1813, as Campillo, in " The Honey- moon." After performing at Deptford, near London, and at Brussels, in 1814 he made his debut at Covent Garden Theatre, London, as Richard III. His personification of the char- acter was sostrikitig, that he competed success- fully with the famous Edmund Kean. The managers of Drury Lane induced him to act there in the same plays with Kean ; but when, after a few nights, he was again announced at Covent Garden, his appearance was the signal for a serious theatrical riot, which resulted m driving him, for a time, from the London stage. July 13, 1821, he made his first appearance in the U.S., at Petersburg, Va., and, Oct. 5, at the Park Theatre, N.Y., in his favorite character of Richard. From that time until the close of his life, he acted in nearly every theatre in the U.S., and in spite of his irregular habits, which sometimes interfered with the performance of his engagements, enjoyed an extraordinary popularity. In 1824, he bought a farm in Bel Air, 30 niiles from Baltimore, where he lived in a retired and frugal manner, selling his eggs and butter in that city. In 1825, he visited Eng., opened at Drury Lane as Brutus, and revisited it in 1836. His last appearance was at the St. Charles, N. Orleans, Nov. 19, 1852, as Mortimer and John Lump. He had just returned from a lucrative tour to Cal. when he died. His range of characters was confined almost exclusively to those which he had stud- ied in the beginning of his career. In that of Richard, after the death of Kean, he had no rival. Among his other most popular person- ations were lago, Sir Giles Overreach, Pcscara, Lear, Shylock, Hamlet, and Sir Kdmund Mor- timer. In his peculiar sphere, — the sudden and nervous expression of concentrated pas- sion, — as also in the more quiet and subtile passages of his delineations, he exercised a won- de.ful sway over his audience. His voice was singularly flexible and melodious, and suscepti- ble of the most exquisite pathos. He was, un- questionably, one of the greatest actors that ever lived. No animal food was permitted in his family, and ail animal life was sacred to him. He reverenced all forms of religion and all temples of devotion ; never passing thera without baring his head. Several of his chil dren inherited a portion of his dramatic talent; and one of them, Edwin, has attained an envi able position on the American boards. — See Life, bi/ his dau(jhter,N.Y.,lS66. Booth, Mrs. Mary H. C, poet, b. Ct., 1831; d. N.Y. City, 11 Apr., 1865. She m. an editor, with whom she went to Milwaukie, Wis., ab. 1850. She I'esided a few years in Zurich for the benefit of her impaired health, corresponding with some American papers and BOO 105 BOS journals, and, in 1864, pub. a vol. of pocm^', *• Wayside Blossoms." She returned to N.Y. in that year. Sooth) Mary L., author and translator, b. Yaphauk, L.I., April 19, 1831. In 1845-6, she taught in her fathers' school at Williams- burg, L.I., but relinquished the pursuit on ac- count of ill health. She then became a con- trib. to various journals and magazines. She has translated many works from the French. In 1859, she pub. "A Hist, of the City of New York" She is at present engaged in translat- ing Henri Martin's " History of France." — Dui/ckinck. Borda, Jean Charles, a scientific French navigator, b. Dax, 4 May, 1733 ; d. Paris, 20 Feb. 1799. He was a teacher of mathematics; became a capt. in the French navy, and by his scientific knowledge was of great service to the Count D'Estaing during the Amer. war, in which he com. the " Solitaire" with distinction. Made a member of the Acad, of Sciences in 1756. In 1771, he made a voyage to Amer. for scientific purposes, and again in 1774, and at a later period, of which he pub. an account in 1778. He founded the School of Naval Architecture in France, invented nautical in- struments, was one of the scientific men who framed the French metric system, and pub. some treatises on hydraulics. Member of the French Institute. Borden, Simeon, civil engineer, b. Fall River, Ms., Jan. 29, 1798; d. there Oct. 28, 1856. Brought up at Tiverton, R.I., he studied mathematics and geometry, as applied to me- chanical combinations, and made himself one of the ablest practical mechanics of his day. Becoming a surveyor, he made his own survey- ing compass, took charge of a machine-shop in Fall River in 1828, and in 1830 devised and constructed for the State of Ms. an apparatus for measuring the hase line of the trigonomet- rical survey of that State, of which he took charge in 1834-41. An account of it may be found in " The Amer. Phil. Transactions," vol. ix., p. 34. He traced and marked the boundary lines between Ms. and R.I. ; also constructed several railroads, and pub. in 1851 "Formula for Constructing Railroads." In 1851, he sus- pended a telegraph-wire across the Hudson, from the Palisades to Fort Washington, upon masts 220 feet high. Member of the Acad, of Arts and Sciences, the Philos. Society, and other learned bodies. Bordley, John Beale, judge and agric. writer, b. Annapolis, Md., Feb. 11, 1727; d. Phila., Jan. 26, 1804. A lawyer by profession, he was prothonotary of Baltimore Co. in 1753-66; judge of the Prov. Court in 1766, and of the Admiralty Court in 1767-76, and a commissioner to fix the boundary line be- tween Md. and Del. in 1768. He was one of the few who held seats in the Prov. councils of the time, who acquiesced in the Revol., and rejoiced in its accomplishment. Removing to Phila. in 1793, he estiiblished there the first agric. society in the U. S. Fond of husbandry, by his experiments upon his estate in Wye Is- land, in Chesapeake Bay, and by his writings, he was instrumental in diffusing a knowledge of the art. He pub. "Forsyth on Fruit-Trees, with Notes ; " " On Rotation of Crops," 1792 ; " Essays and Notes on Husbandry and Rural Affiiirs, with plates," 1799-1801 ; and " A View of the Courses of Crops in Eng. and Md.." 1784. Borland, Solon, soldier and statesman, b. Va. ; d. in Texas, Jan. 31, 1864. Educated in N.C. Settled as a physician in Little Rock, Ark. Served in the Mexican war as maj. in Yell's caval. ; made prisoner with Miij. Gaines in Jan. 1847, and aide-de-camp to Gen. Worth in the battle of El Molino, and up to the capture of the city of Mexico, Sept. 14, 1847. U. S. senator from Ark. from 1849 to 1853, and was app. by Pres. Pierce minister to Central Amer. He also received from him the app. of gov. of the Territory of New Mexico, but declined. An insult offered him in May, 1854, at San Juan de Nicaragua, was the principal cause for the bombardment of the town by Com- mander HoUins of the sloop-of-war "Cyane," July 13, 1854. He resumed practice at Little Rock, until the spring of 1861, when, long before the secession of the State, he raised a body of troops, and, Apr. 24, took possession of Fort Smith. He held the rank of brig.-gen. in the rebel army. Boscawen, Edward, a Brit, admiral, b. Aug. 14, 1711 ; d. Jan. 10, 1761. Capt. R.N. 12 Mar. 1Z37. Having particularly disting. himself at Portobello and at Carthagena, he was in 1744 promoted to " The Dreadnought " of 60 guns, in which he took " The Media." At the battle off Cape Finisterre in 1747, he signalized himself under Anson, and, being made a rear-admiral, was despatched in 1748, with a squadron, to the East Indies. Failing in an attempt on Pondicherry, he succeeded in making himself master of Madras, and, upon returning to Eng., took his seat at the admi- ralty board in 1751. In 1755, he sailed for N. Amer., and, in an action with a French squad- ron, captured two ships of the line. In 1758, he succeeded in reducing Louisburg and Cape Breton in conjunction with Gen. Amherst, who com. the land forces; and in 1759, having then the com. in the Mediterranean, pursued the Toulon fleet under De la Clue through the Straits of Gibraltar, and, coming up with it in Lagos Bay, completely defeated it, burning two ships, and taking three. The thanks of parliament, and £3,000 a year, with the rank of gen. of marines, was the reward of these services. M. P. 1743-61. Bostwick, David, Presb. divine, b. New Milford, Ct., Jan. 8, 1721 ; d. N.Y. Citv, Nov. 12, 1763. A. M. of N.J. Coll. 1756. John, his grandfather, came from Cheshire, Eng., to Stratford, Ct., ab. 1668. After teaching in an acad. at Newark, N.J., he was pastor of the church at Jamaica, L. I., from Oct. 9, 1745, to May, 1756, and of the Presb. church in N.Y., from 1756 till his death. He was a man of great eloquence. He pub. a sermon, " Self disclaimed, and Christ exalted," 1758; a " Life of President Davies," prefixed to his sermon on the " Death of George II." 1761 ; and a " Vindication of Infant Baptism," repub. Lond., 1765. — Sprar/ne. Bostwick, Helen Louise (Barrow), poet, b. Charlestown, N.H., 1826. Dau. of Dr. BOS 106 BOXJ Putnam Barrow ; removed to O. in 1838; m. there in 1844 ; resides at Ravenna, 0. Long a contrib. to literary journals. A vol. of her poems has been pub. in N.Y., entitled " Buds, Blossoms, and Bei'ries." — Poets and Poetry of the West. BOSSU, F., a French traveller, b. Baijrneux- les-juit's, ab. 1725. Capt. in the navy, he was one of the first travellers who explored La. He made three journeys in this country by order of his government, and pub. an account of his discoveries, in two works, entitled " Nouveaux Voyages aux Indies Occidental es," etc. Paris, 1768, translated into English by J. B. Forster, with the title of " Travels through that Part of North America formerly called Louisi- ana, Lond., 1771; and ''Nouveaux Voijajes dans l'Am€rique Septentrionale," Amsterdam, 1777, 8vo. Botetourt, Noubonne Berkeley, Bar- on de, one of the last and best of the royal governors of Va., b. ab. 1734; d. Williams- burg, Va., Oct. 15, 1770. Son of John Symes Berkeley ; was col. of the N. Gloucestershire militia in 1761 ; represented that shire in par- liament, and in 1764 was raised to the peer- age. Having ruined himself by gaming, he became, says Junius, " a cringing, bowing, fawning, sword-bearing courtier." In July, 1768, he was made gov, of Va. Instructed to assume more dignity than was usual with colonial governors, he paraded the streets of Williamsburg with guards, a coach, and other insignia of vice-regal pomp. The Va. Assem- bly, having in 1769 passed resolutions against parliamentary taxation, and the sending ac- cused persons to Eng. for trial, was dissolved by him. He was deeply mortified by the wid- ening of the breach between Eng. and the Colonies,- and soon after d. of disease aggravated by mental sufifering. In 1774, a statue was erected to his memory by the Assembly. He was a warm friend to William and Mary Coll. and was extremely partial to literary men. Botta, Anne Charlotte (Lynch), poet- ess, b. Bennington, Vt. Her father, one of the United Irishmen of '98, was banished for life, and came to Amer. Miss Lynch, who was educated at Albany, began early to contrib. to literary journals ; pub. at Providence, in 1841, " The R.I. Book," and soon after removed to N. Y. City. A coll. of her poems, illustrated by Durand, Darley, Huntington, Brown, and other artists, has been pub. Her prose contribs. to periodicals, consisting of essays, tales, and criticisms, are numerous. She was m. in 1855 to Vincenzo Botta, nephew of the historian of America, formei-ly doctor of philosophy and divinity in the U. of Turin, member of the Sardinian parliament of 1849, and author of a work on public education, pub. under the patronage of that government ; author, also, of " Hand-book of Universal Literature." Botta, Carlo Giuseppe Guglielmo, an Italian historian, b. San Giorgio Canavese, Piedmont, Nov. 6, 1766; d. Paris, Aug. 10, 1837. He received a medical education at Tu- rin, and occupied his leisure in studying bota- ny, music, and literature. In 1 792, he was imprisoned, and put to the torture, on a politi- cal accusation, but, after 17 months' incarcer- ation, established his innocence, and was re- leased. He then went to France, served as a sur- geon in the Army of the Alps, then in that of Italy, and produced his first work, — apian of govt, for Lombardy. While stationed in 1796, in the Venetian Islandsof the Adriatic, he wrote his " Historical and Medical Description of the Island of Corfu." In 1798, he was app. a mem- ber of the provisional govt, of Piedmont, which the Austro-Russian invasion soon terminated. He went to France, and was restored to his rank in the medical staff of tlie Army of Italy. After the battle of Marengo, he was one of the executive commission for the govt, of Pied- mont, and in that capacity procured the release from prison of the man wlio had caused his own imprisonment and torture. He also aided in the establishment of a permanent fund for pub- lic instruction. When, in 1802, Piedmont was re-annexed to France, he became a member of the administrative council, and in 1803 was the representative of the dept. in the deputation to Bonaparte. He then pub. his " Precis His- torique de la Maison de iSavoie et du Piemont." In 1804, he represented the dept. of the Dora in the legisl. bo(ly,and thenceforth resided in Paris. In 1808 and '9, he was vice-pres. of the legisl. assembly. On the fall of Napoleon, he retired to private life. In 1815, he pub. ''11 Camillo o vejo conquistuta," an epic poem in 12 cantos. From 1817 to 1822, he was rector of the acad. of Rouen. His " History of Italy, from 1789 to 1814," appeared in 1824. In 1830, he pub. his "History of Italy, from 1532 to 1789." Hia " History of the American Revel." was pub. in Paris in 1809, and was translated by G. W. Otis of Boston. It was long the best work on that subject. Botsford, William, jurist, b. N. Haven, Ct., Apr. 1773; d. Sackville, N.B., 8 May, 1864. Y.C. 1792. Amos, his father, a loyalist, b. Newtown, Ct., 31 Jan. 1744; d. St. John, 14 Mar. 1812 (Y. C. 1763). He was a law- yer, and was two years speaker of the N. S. assembly. The son was adm. to the bar in 1795; was judge of Vice-Admiralty of N. B., 1802-7; member of the assembly, 1812-17; speaker, 1817-23 ; solicitor-gen. 1817-1823, and was judge of the Supreme Court in 1823-46. BottS, John Minor, Whig politician, b. Dumfries, Prince Wm. Co., Va., 16 Sept. 1802; d. Richmond, Va., 8 Jan. 1869. He lost his parents at the burning of the Richmond Thea- tre in 1811. Adm. to the bar in 1820, he prac- tised 6 years, and then retired to a farm in Hen- rico Co. Prominent in the legisl. in 1833-9; M. C. 1839-43 and 1847-9; a supporter of Mr. Clay for the Presidency in 1844 ; afterwards attached himself to the Amer. party ; opposed the repeal of the Mo. Compromise, and did his best to prevent the secession of Va., after which he retired to his farm, an object of hatred to his fellow-citizens. In Mar. 1862, he was taken at night, and kei)t in prison 8 weeks in solitary confinement. In 1866, he was prominent in the Southern Loyalists' Convention, and la- bored earnestly for the early restoration of his State to the Union. After the war, he pub. " The Great Rebellion, its Secret History, &c." Boucher, Jonathan, Pr.-Ep. clergyman, b. Blencogo, Cumb. Co., Eng., 1738; d. Ep« BOTJ 107 BOTJ som, 27 Apr. 1804. He came to Amer. in 1 754 ; was a private tutor some time ; afterward an Epis. clergyman at Hanover and St. Mary's Parish, Va., until 1775, when, being a loyalist, his estates were confiscated, and he went to Eng., where he was, until his d., vicar of Ep- som. He pub. in 1797 "A View of the Causes and Consequences of the Amer. Revol.," in 13 discourses preached in N. A., 1763-75. He subsequently prepared a " Glossary of Provin- cial and Archffiological Words," purchased of his family in 1831 for the proprietors of Web- ster's Dictionary. Boucher {boo'-sha'),PiERRE, gov. of Trois Rivieres, Canada, pub in 1664 an account of Canada, eiicitled "Histoire Veritable et Naturelle des Moeurs et Productions." He was sent to France to represent the temporal and spiritual wants of the colony, and lived nearly a cen- tury. Couchette (boo-shSt'), Joseph, topogra- pher, b. Canada, 1774; d. Montreal, Apr. 9, 1841. Son of Commo. B., who was disting. in the early operations of the war of the Revol. on the northern frontier. The son, in 1790, en- tered the office of his uncle, Maj. Holland, sur- veyor-gen. of British N. A., to which office he succeeded in 1804. He served meanwhile in the prov. navy on the Lakes, and in the Roy. Cana- dian Vols., until 1802. He was actively em- ployed in the campaigns of 1813 and 1814. In Aug. 1814, he went to Eng. to pub. his topog. and geog. description of Canada, which ap- peared in 1816. While thei'e, he was app. sur- veyor-gen., under the treaty of Ghent, for estab- lishing the boundary between the British pos- sessions and the U. S. This labor occupied him during the years 1817 and 1818. During a second visit to Eng., he pub. " The British Do- minions in N. A.," 1831, tlie result of 15 years' labor on the geography, topography, and sta- tistics of the country ; and " Topog. Diet, of Lower Canada," 4to, 1832. Bouck, William C, statesman, b. Scho- harie Co., N.Y., 1786 ; d. there Apr. 19. 1859. He was early elected to town offices ; was app. sheriff of the county, 1812; member of the State Assembly, 1813, '15, and '17; State sen- ator, 1820; canal commissioner, 1821-40; gov. of the State, 1843-5; member of the Const. Conv. in 1846; and from 1846 to 1849 was assist, treasurer in N. Y. City. The last ten years of his life were devoted to agriculture. Boudinot, Elias, LL.D. (Y. C. 1790), philanthropist, b. Phila., May 2, 1740; d. Bur- lington, N. J., Oct. 24, 1821. Of Huguenot descent. He received a classical education, and studied law under Richard Stockton, whose sister he m., and became eminent in his profes- sion. In 1776-9, he was commissary -gen. of prisoners, and in 1777 was elected a delegate to Congress, of which body he was chosen pres'. in 1782, and in that capacity signed the treaty of peace. Resuming the practice of law, he was M. C. 1789-95, and in 1796 succeeded Rit- tenhouse as director of the U. S. mint, which office he resigned in 1805. He devoted himself earnestly to the study of biblical literature, and, being possessed of an ample fortune, made liberal donations to various charitable and theol. institutions. He was the first pres. of the Bi- ble Society, which he assisted in creating in 1816, and to which he gave $10,000; was a member of the Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, to whom he gave £100 ster- ling ; and was a trustee of Princeton Coll., in which he founded in 1805 the cabinet of natu- ral history, which cost $3,000. He was deeply interested in the efforts to meliorate the con- dition of the Indians, to instruct the deaf and dumb, to educate youth for the ministry, and to relieve the wants and miseries of the sick or suffering poor ; and his home was the seat of hospitality and benevolence. By his last will, he bequeathed his large estate principally to charitable uses. Dr. Boudinot pub. '" The Age of Revelation," 1790; an Oration before the Society of the Cincinnati, 1793 ; " Second Advent of the Messiah," 1815; "Star in the West, or An Attempt to discover the Long-lost Tribes of Israel," 8vo, 1816, in which he con- curs with Adair in the opinion that the Indi- ans are the lost tribes. Bougainville (boo'-gan'-veK), Louis An- TOiNE, a French navigator, b. Paris, 11 Nov. 1729; d. August 31, 1811. He studied for the bar, and was adm. a counsellor of the Par- liament of Paris. He paid particuhir attention to mathematics, and pub. in 1752 a work on the Integral Calculus. In 1753, he became aide-de-camp to Gen. Chevert. He then went to London as sec. of embassy, and was made fellow of the Royal Society. He afterwards served as aide-de-camp under the Marquis de Montcalm, in Canada, was sent to France in 1758 to demand re-enforcements, and returned to Canada in 1759 a col. and a Knight of St. Louis. It was principally owing to his exer- tions in 1758, that 5,000 French withstood suc- cessfully an English army of 16,000 men. On tiie capture of Quebec, where he distinguished himself greatly, he returned home, and in 1760 was aide-de-camp of Choiseul Stainville in Ger- many. Peace ensuing, he engaged in the naval service. In his voyage round the world in 1766-9, pub. in 1771, he enriched geography with a great number of discoveries. He com. with distinction ships of the line in the Ameri- can war, disting. himself in all the engage- ments between the fleets of France and Eng. He was made commodore in 1779, and in 1780 obtained further promotion. In the memora- ble defeat of De Grasse, " The Auguste,"com. by Bougainville, suffered most severely, but maintained its station in the line to the last extremity, and by a judicious movement suc- ceeded in rescuing 8 sail of his own division, which he conducted safely to St. Eustace. He endeavored, ineffectually, to allay the disturb- ances at Brest in 1790, but at length retired from professional employment, after having served in the army and navy with great repu- tation for more than 40 years. In 1796, he was elected a member of the geog. section of the institute, and afterwards of the Bureau dea Longitudes. He was made a senator on the cre- ation of that body, and afterwards a count of the empire. Commersan, who accompanied him in his voyasie round the world, as botan- ist, gave his name to a new genus of plants of the family of Nyctaginea, or night-blooming flowers. BOTJ 108 BOTJ Bouille (boo'-ya'), Francis Claude Amo uu, Marquis de, a French gen., b. Auvergne, Nov. 19, 1739 ; d. London, Nov. 14, 1800. Ho entered early upon a military career, disting. himself in the seven-years' w.ir ; was app. gov. of Guadaloupe in 1768; and, during the Amer. war, conquered Dominica, St. Eu- statia, Tobago, St. Christopher, Nevis, and Montsorrat, disting. himself no less by his mag- nanimity than by his prowess. Returning to Paris after the peace of 1783, he was app. a lieut.-gen., and after travelling in England, where he received tokens of admiration from the merchants, through Holland, and a great part of Germany and the Cont,, he vvas made chief of the province Trois-Eveches. In the assembly of notables, he supported the proposed reforms of Calenne, and displayed bravery and ability in repressing the outbreak of the garri- sons of Metz and Nancy, but was distrusted by the revolutionists. He concerted the plan for the escape of Louis XVI., which doubtless would have succeeded, but for the prohibition of bloodshed by the king, and whic h, even then, came so near succeeding, as to turn upon the slightest accidents. After enlisting under the banners of Conde, and sharing the dan- gers and fatigues of the emigrant nobility, he went to Eng. in 1796. There he wrote his in- teresting and impartial "Memoirs of the Revol.," London, 1797. Boulbon (or Raousset-Boulbon), Gas- ton Haoulx, Comte de, a French adventurer, b. Avignon, 1817 ; d. near Guaymas, Aug. 12, 1854. After having squandered his estate in Paris and Algiers, he went, in 1852, to Cal., induced a number of adventurers to join him in an expcd. to Sonora, and took pos- session of the Mexican gold-mines at the point of the bayonet. He then raised 500 men, seized Arispe, the capital of Sonora, and pro- claimed a republic. Defeated by the Mexicans Jan. 4, 1853, he returned to Cal., from whence he planned a new invasion in April, 1854, but, again repulsed by the Mexicans July 13, he was captured, and put to death. An account of him was pub. in Paris in 1855. Bouquet, Gen. Henry, a British officer, b. Rolle, v*>witzerland, 1719 ; d. Pensacola, Fla., Feb. 1766. Entering the Dutch service, he was afterward in that of Sardinin, and in 1748 was a lieut.-col. in the Swiss Guards, in the service of Holland. He entered the English array as lieut-col. in 1756 ; Feb. 19, 1762, col. 60th Foot; brig.-gen. 1765. He co-operated actively with Gen. Forbes, and Oct. 12, 1758, repulsed an attack by a large body of French and Indians at Loyal Hanna, which was fol- lowed by the capture of Fort Duquesne. Sent from Canada by Gen. Amherst for the relief of Fort Pitt, he was attacked Aug. 5 and 6, 1763, by a large Indian force, but by skill and l)ravery defeated them, and reached the fort with supplies four days later. In an cxped. against the Ohio Indians, in Oct. 1764, he compelled the Shawancse, Delawares, and others, to make peace at Tuscarawas. An ac- count of thisexped., by Wm. Smith, D.D., was pub. in Phila., 1765, with map and plates. Bourlamarque (boor'-la-mark), M. DE, a French gen. ; d. 1764, gov. of the Island of Guadaloupe. Col. of engineers ; arrived with Montcalm in Canada, May, 1756 ; directed the operations at the capture of Forts Oswego and George, 14 Aug. 1756, in which he was wound- ed ; at the capture of Fort Wm. Henry, com. the left column, and directing the siege, and risked his life to save the English from massa- cre after the capitulation ; 9 July, 1757, he commanded the left of the defences of Ticon- deroga against the assault of Gen. Abercrom- bie, and vvas dangerously wounded ; promoted brig.-gen. 19 Feb. 1759 ; com. at Ticonderoga, which he blew up and abandoned in July, 1759; retired to the Isle AuxNoix; disting. and again wounded at the battle of Sillery, 28 Apr. 1760; returned to France after the con- quest of Canada; 1 Aug. 1762, he addressed a memoir on Canada to the French Govern- ment, which see in O'Callaghan's Paris Docs. X. p. 1139. Bourne, Benjamin, LL.D., jurist, b. Bris- tol, R.L, Sept. 9, 1755; d. Sept. 17, 1808. H.U. 1775. Grandson of Ezra (chief-justice C. C. P. Barnstable Co. ), who was grandson of Benj. Was an able lawyer, often a member of the State legisl. ; M. C. 1790-6 ; and in 1801 was app. judge of the Circuit Court of the U.S. Bourne, Richard, missionary to the Marshpce Indians, b. Eng. ; d. Sandwich, Ms., ab. 1685. Acquiring the Indian language, he began as early as 1658 to devote himself to their instruction and welfare, and was ord. pastor of the Indian Church at Marshpee, Aujr. 17, 1670. Bouton, John Bell, author, b. Concord, N.H., Mar. 15, 1830. Dartm. Coll. 1849. He read law; became in 1851 associate editor of the Cleveland Plain Dealer ; removed to N. Y. City in 1857, and was one of the editors of the Journal of Commerce, 1857-64 ; and is engaged in commercial- business in that city. He pub. "Loved and Lost," a scries of essays, 1857; " Round the Block," a novel, 1864 ; "Treasury of Travel and Adventure," 1865 ; andcontrib. most of the scientific articles to the New Am. Cyclop, for \9>^^. — Alumni D. C. Bouton, Rev. Nathaniel, D.D. (Dartra. Coll. 1851), b. Norwalk, Ct., settled over a Cong, church in Concord, N.H., 23 Mar. 1825. Y.C. 1821; And. Sem. 1824. Author of "Memoir of Mrs. Eliz. McFarland," 1839; " Hist. Discourse on the 200th Anniv. of the Settlement of Norwalk, Ct., 9 July, 1851;" " The Fathers of th.- N.H. Ministry," a dis- course, 22 Aug. 1848 ; " Hist, of Education in N.H." a discourse, 12 June, 1833; "History of Concord, N.H." 1856; "Discourse Coni- mem. of a 40 years' Ministry, Concord, 23 Mar. 1865." Boutwell, George Sewall, LL.D. (H. U. 1851 ), statesman, b. Brookline, Ms., Jan. 28, 1818. He worked on a farm when a boy ; was engaged in mercantile business 20 years; then studied law, and was adm. to the bar; was 7 years in the Ms. legisl. between 1842 and '50; member of the Const. Conv. of Ms. in 1853; bank commissioner, 1849-50; gov. of Ms., 1851-3; 5 years sec. of the Ms. Board of Education ; 6 years member of the Board of Overseers of Harvard Coll. ; first commis- sioner of interval revenue, from July, 1862, to BOTJ 109 BOT\r Mar. 1863; M. C. 1S63-9; sec. of the U. S. treasury since Mar. 1869. One of tlie man- agers of the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson in 1868. A vol. of his "Speeches and Papers " was pub. in 1867. Author of •'Manual of U. S. Direct and Excise Tax System," 1863. Resides in Groton, Mass. Bouvier, Jonx, jurist, b. Codognan, France, 1787 ; d. Phila., Nov 18, 1851. Of a Quaker family, whi.h emigrated to this coun- try in 1802. He was employed in a bookstore some years, pub. a newspaper, The American Telegraph, at Brownsville in Western Pa., 1814; studied law, and was adm. to the bar at Uniontown, Fayette Co., in 1818. At this place, he pub. The Genius of Liherfij and Ainei-ican Telegraph, from Apr.' 1818, to July, 18:20. He began practice in Phila. in 1823; was recorder of Phila., Jan. 1836 ; asso. judge of the Court of Criminal Sessions from Mar. 1838, and was learned in the law, as well as in the literature of several languages. He pub. a " Law Dictioiuiry," 1839; an edition of " Bacon's Abridgment of the Law," in 1841, and *' In- stitutes of American Law," 1851. Bovadilla (bo-va-deK-ya), box Franqois DE, an arrogant and incompetent Spanish gov. ; d. June 29, 1502. He was commander of the order of Calatrava, and in 1500 was sent to Saint Domingo by Ferdinand and Isabella, charged to examine the conduct of Columbus, and, if he found him guilty, to deprive him of command, and sseize his person. He performed the latter part of his instructions regardless of the former, seized upon the authority on his arrival, put Columbus in irons, and sent him home to Spain, with an act of accusation filled with contemptible charges. Bovadilla was soon succeeded hy JNicolas Ovando; and Columbus was restored to liberty. The persecutor of this great man embarked in the Spanish fleet, to render an account to his country of his conduct, and perished in a tempest with the greater part of the vessels which accompanied him. Boves (bo'-v6s), Joseph Thomas, a Span- ish-American partisan ; d. Dec. 5, 1814. He was a Castilianof low origin, a sergeant of marines; afterwards served in the coast-guard, but was punished by imprisonment for allowing him- self to be bribed, and, on leaving prison, became a peddler. Becoming a capt. of militia in 1810, the defeat of the royalist Cagigal, to whose corps he was attached, decided him to make war on his own account. He established himself at Calabozo, and with about 500 men, mostly slaves, defeated Marino, dictator of the eastern provinces. Thenceforward with his little army, swollen with vagabonds, escaped convicts (black and white), he commenced a devastating partisan warfare. His atrocities gave his horde the well-merited name of the " Infernal Division ; " and the butchery of 1,200 prisoners was the commencement of a long series of similar barbarities on both sides. Feb. 19, 1814, he defeated Bolivar at Saint Mateo, and again, June 14 ; Boves then advanced upon Valencia, raised the sie^xe of Porto Cabello, driving back the independents : the city capi- tnlatcd. To give to the articles (»f capitulation a more solemn sanction, mass was celebrated between the two armies ; and, at the moment of the elevation, the royalist gen. promised a faithful and strict observance of the treaty. Entering the city, Boves had the repub. officers and a number of soldiers shot. Again a con- queror at Antimano, Bolivar withdrew to Bar- celona; and the Spaniards entered Caracas. Aug. 8, he gained a new success, killing or wounding 1,500 of the independents, and tak- ing four pieces of cannon. Dec. 5, he saw at Urica his last triumph, being killed by the thrust of a lance. — Nouv. Biog. Univ. Bowden, Johx, D.D., a Pr.-Ep. divine, b. Ireland, Jan. 1751 ; d. Ballston, N.Y., Julv31, 1817. Col. Coll. 1770. The son of a British officer who served during the French war, lie followed his ftither to Amer., and, after study- ing 2 years at N. J. Coll., returned with him to Ireland. He came to Amer. again in 1770, studied divinity, and returned to Eng., where he was ord. in 1774. In the summer of that year, he returned to N.Y., where he became assistant minister of Trinity Church. He took charge of the church at Norwalk, Ct., from Dec. 1784, until Oct. 1785, when weakness of the lungs induced him to take charge of the church at St. Croix in the West Indies. Com- pelled, after two years' residence, to give up preachiuir, he settled at Stratford, Ct. From 1796 to 1805, he had charge of the Ep. acad. in Cheshire, Ct., and from 1805 to 1817 was prof, of moral philos. and belles lettres in Col. Coll. He pub. a number of controversial letters, an address to the members of the Ep. church in Stratford, some remarks, &c. ; A Full-length Portrait of Calvinism; The Essentials of Or- dination, and Observations on the Catholic Controversy. Bowditch, Nathaniel, LL.D. (H. U. 1816), F.R.S., mathematician and astronomer, b. Salem, Mar. 26, 1773; d. Boston, Mar. 16, 1838. The poverty of his parents occasioned his withdrawal from school at the age of 10, and, after an apprenticeship in a ship-chandler's shop until he was 21, he spent nine years iu a seafaring life, attaining the rank of master. He was pres. of a Marine-Ins. Co. in Salem, from 1804 to 1823, when he became actuary of the Ms. Hospital Life-Ins. Co. in Boston. ' By his extraordinary genius and industry, he made greatacquisitionsin knowledge, mastered many languages, and did more for the reputation of his country among men of science abroad, than has been done by any other man, except, per- haps, Dr. Franklin. He pub. in 18')0, while engaged as a supercargo, his well-known " Practical Navigator," still a standard work of great utility and value. Among his scien- tific labors were numerous and important com- munications to the memoirs of the Amer. Acad., of which he was pres. ; but his fame as a man of science will principally rest on his Commentary on the M€cani3-7 ; agent of the U.S. under the treaty of Ghent, and meml)er of the State Const. Conv. in 1857. Bradley, Wiilliam H., m. D., poet, b. Hartford, Ct., July 24, 1802; d. Cuba, 1825. Educated a physician. He pub. " Giuseppino,'* 1822, and many fugitive pieces. Son of Dr. Wm. Bradley, afterward a resident of Phila. Bradstreet, Anne, poet, b. Northampton, Eng., 1612; d. Sept. 16, 1672. She was the dau of Gov. Thomas Dudley, and m. Simon Bradstreet, afterwards gov. of Ms., with whom she came to N. E. in 1630. Her poems, dedi- cated in verse to her father, and entitled " The Tenth Muse lately sprung up in Amcr., or Sev- eral Poems compiled with Great Varii;ty of Wit and Le'arning, full of Delight," were pub. at London, 1650. A more complete edition, pub. at Boston in 1678 (after her death), contains her best piece, entitled " Contemplations." A reprint of this appeared in 1758. Her works, including poetry and prose, were pub. at Charlestown in 1867, edited by John Harvard Ellis. Bradstreet, John, maj.-gen., b. 1711 ; d. N.Y. City, 25 Sept. 1 774. In the exped. against Louisburg in 1745, he was lieut.-col. of Pep- perell's (York, Me.) regt., and contrib. largely to its success by his zeal, activity, and judg- ment, and by " his particular knowledge in the circumstances of this place." Made a capt. in a regular regt., called Pepperell's, 5 Sept. 1745, and app., 16 Sept. 1746, to the sinecure place of lieut.-gov. of St. John's, Newfoundland. Ordered i)y Braddock to Oswego in 1755, aifd made adj. -gen. to Gov. Shirley. In 1756, he was again ordered to conduct supplies to Os- wego, and on his return, July 3, was attacked by a strong party of the enemy, which he de- feated ; app. to a company in the 60th (Roy. Araer.) regt. in Mar. 1757, and, 27 Dec, was BRi^ 117 BR^ made lieut.-col. and dep. Q.M. gen In 1758, he took part in the unsuccessful attack on Ticonderoga ; was made Q.M. gen., rank of col., in Amer., 20 Aug., and, 27 Aug., captured Ft. Frontenac. An account of this exped. was pub. in London in 1759. He accomp. Amherst in his exped. against Ticonderoga and Crown Point; was made col. in Feb 1762, maj.-gen. 25 May, 1772. In 1764, he com. an exped. against the Western Indians, with whom he negotiated a peace at Detroit, Sept. 7. He had two daughters, Martha and Aga- tha, by his wife Mary, who had by her first h'lsb. (Maj. John Bradstreet), Elizabeth, who became the wife of Peter Livius, and Samuel, maj. 40th Foot. Bradstreet, Simon, gov. of Ms., b. Hor- bling, Lincolnshire, Eng., March, 1603; d. Salem, Ms., March 27, 1697. His father, Rev. Simon Bradstreet, was a nonconformist minis- ter. Bred in the religious family of the Earl of Lincoln, after studying one year at Eman- uel Coll., Cambridge, he became steward to the Countess of Warwick. Having m. Anne, dan. of Thomas Dudley, he was persuaded to engage in the settlement of Ms., was chosen asslst.-judge of a court about to be established there, and arrived in Salem in the summer of 1630. He took part in the proceedings of the first court held in Charlestown, Aug. 23; be- came agent and sec. of Ms., and commissioner of the United Colonies. In 1631, he was among the founders of Cambridge. He was among the first settlers of Andovcr, and resid- ed also at Ipswich, Salem, and Boston. In 1653, he, with his colleagues, vigorously and successfully opposed making w.ir on the Dutch in N.Y., and on the Indians ; though it was strongly urged by all the commissioners of the other Colonies. In 1662, he was sent to Eng. to congratulate Charles II. on his restoration, and to act as agent for the Colony. He was assistant from 1630 to 1679.; gov*, from 1679 to 1686, when the charter was annulled. He strenuously opposed the arbitrary measures of Andros, and after his overthrow in May, 1689, was again gov. until May, 1692, when, at the a. of 89, he became first councill. He was in service in the govt. 62 years, except during the brief administrations of Dudley and Andros. He was a popular magistrate ; a man of great integrity, piety, and prudence ; was opposed to the witch delusion in 1692, and lived to be the Nestor of N.E. He advised the surrender of the charter of Ms. to Charles II., warily dis- trusting the ability of the Colonists to resist. Bradstreet, Simox, minister of Charles- town, Ms., from 26 Oct. 1698 to his d., 31 Dec. 1741 ; b. New London, Ct., 7 Mar. 1671. H.U. 1693. Son of Rev. Simon of N. L., (1638-83). and grandson of Gov. Simon. He ranked high as a preacher and a scholar. His son Simon, minister of the second Cong. Church, Marblehead, and a disting. linguist, d. Marblehead, 5 Oct. 1771, a. 62. Ord. 4 Jan. 1738. H.U. 1728. Brady, Hugh, maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. North- umberland Co., Pa., in July, 1768 ; d. Detroit, April 15, 1851. He was a bro. or nephew of Capt. Samuel Brady, a celebrated Indian scout and fighter, b. Shippensburg, 1758. Ensign, March 7, 1792, and served in Wayne's Indian campaign. He left the service, but re-entered it in 1808; July 6, 1812, was app. col. 22d regt. ; col. 2d Inf , 1816 ; brevet brig.-gen. July 6, 1822; maj.-gen. May 30, 1848. He disting. himself at Lundy's Lane, at Chippewa, and at Niagara, and was wounded in the two latter engagements. Stationed at Detroit during the patriot disturbances in Canada, he contrib. greatly to the preservation of peace on the frontier. Brady, James Topham, an eminent law- yer of New York, b. there A|)ril 9, 1815; d. Feb. 9, 1869. His f^uher, Thos. S. Brady, a lawyer and politician, trained him to the bar, to which he was. adm. in 1835, and where he early attained reputation. His forte was crimi- nal cases, in nearly all of which for 30 years he was engaged; and he won especial distinction in the celebrated Forrest divorce case, and by his defence of Daniel E. Sickles in 1859. A State-rights man and a Dcmoc. before the Re- bellion, when that crisis came, he was a zealous supporter of Mr. Lincoln's administration, but would never take any political office, though often urged to do so. During the civil war, he made many speeches on national questions. Near the close of the war, he was one of a com- mission to inquire into the administration of the Dept. of the Gulf, under Gens. Butler and Banks. He was an amiable and social man, of much literary culture and taste, and had been a contrib. to the old Knickerbocker Mci'j- azine. One of the best of his pieces, "A Christ- mas Dream," was put in a vol. as an illustrated holiday present. Bragg, Braxton, gen. C.S.A., b. Warren Co., N.C., ab. 1815. West Point, 1837. Enter- ing the 3d Art., he served against the Semi- nole Indians, 1839-43; brev. capt. for gal. conduct in defence of Fort Brown, May 9, 1846 ; capt. 8 June, 1846 ; brev. major for gal- lantry at Monterey, Mex., Sept. 23, 1846 ; brev. lieut.*-col. for Buena Vista, Feb. 23, 1847; maj. 1st cav., March 3, 1855; resigned Jan. 3, 1856, and lived on his extensive plantation at Thibodeaux, La., until the civil war. Made a brig.-gen. in the Southern army in March, 1861, and took com. of the forces at Pensacola des- tined to reduce Fort Pickens. In Feb. 1862, he was made maj.-gen., and ordered to join the army of the Mpi. He bore an important part in the battle of Shiloh, where he com. the 2d corps. ; was promoted to gen. in place of Gen. A. S. Johnston, killed in that battle, and in May succeeded Beauregard in com. of that dcpt. In Aug., he left Chattanooga, success- fully turned Buell's left flank, and, passing through East Teim., entered Ky. at the head of a large army. Buell leaving his posts in Ala., marching on a much shorter line, reached Louisville before him, and compelled Bragg to retire after the battle of Perryville, Oct. 9, with the force under Gen. McCook. He carried away a vast amount of supplies and a large number of recruits from Ky. He was removed from his com., and placed under arrest in Rich- mond, but was soon restored, and took com. of the army opposed to Rosecrans, Nov. 1862. At the battle of Murfreesboro', Dec. 31, 1862, after a partial success, he was forced to retire. JBRA 118 BRA Sept. 19, 1863, he defeated Rosecrans atChick- amauga; Nov. 25, 1863, he was decisively de- feated by Gen. Grant at Mis.^ion. Ridj^e. Re- lieved from com. ah. 2 Dec. 1863. He led a small force from N.C. to Ga. in the autumn of 1864. Bragg, Thomas, politician, b. Warrenton, N.C, Nov. 9, 1810. Chiefly educated at the Middletown, Ct., Milit. Acad. ; beo^an to prac- tise law in 1831 ; member of the N.C. Assem- bly, 1842; gov. of N.C. 1855-9 ; U.S. senator 1859 to July, 1861, when he was expelled, hav- ing previously taken part in the Rebellion. — Lanman. Brainerd, David, missionary to the Indi- ans, b. Haddam, Ct., April 20, 17*18; d. North- ampton, Oct. 9, 1747. He was remarkable at an early age for a serious turn of mind. He entered' Y. Coll. in 1739, and was disting. for application and general correctness of con- duct, but was expelled in 1742 for some trivial offence. Licensed to preach in July, 1742. His strong desire to preach the gospel among the heathens was at length gratified by an app. from the Society for Propagating Chris- tian Knowledge, as missionary to the Indians. In 1743, he commenced his labors at Kauna- muk, an Indian village situated between Stock- bridge and Albany. On the removal of the Kaunamuks the next year to Stockbridge, he turned his attention to the Delaware Indians. Ord. in Jane, 1744, by the presbytery at New- ark, N.J., he took up his habitation near the forks of the Delaware, in Pa., where he resided for a year, and made two visits to the Indians on the Susquehanna River. His exertions, however, were unattended with much success, until he went to the Indians at Crosweeksung in N.J. A complete reformation in the lives of the savages took place within a year, and nearly 100 were baptized. In 1747, he went to Northampton, Ms., and passed there, in the family of the celebrated Jonathan Edwards, the residue of his days. Brainerd was a man of vigorous intellect and quick discernment. Gift- ed with a powerful eloquence, a strong memo- ry, and with an intimate knowledge of human nature, he was eminently qualified for the business of instruction. His biography was written by Pres. Edwards. A new edition, to- gether with his journals, " Mirahilia Dei apud Indicos," and " Grace Displayed," was pub. in 1822. John, his brother, also a missionary, b. Haddam, Ct.,28 Feb. 1720; d. Deerfield, Ms., March 21, 1781. Y.C. 1746. He succeeded to his brother's mission in 1748 ; resided in New- ark, N.J., in 1755 ; was some time at Mt. Holly, and officiated to churches arou?id Egg Harbor, in 1760-77, but went to Deerfield in 1777. — See Life of, by Rev. Thomas Brainerd, 1865. Brainerd, John Gardiner Calkins, poet, b. New London, Ct., Oct. 21, 1796; d. there Sept. 26, 1828. Y.C. 1815. He was the son of Judge Jeremiah G., who d. Jan. 7, 1830, a. 69. Educated for the bar, inadequate success in that vocation led him to assume in 1822 the editorial charge of the Ct. Mirror at Hartford ; but the ravages of consumption obliged him, about a year before his death, to return to New London. A vol. of his poems was pub. in N.Y., 1825; an enlarged ed. in 1832, entitled " Literary Remains," and a 3d ed. (Hartford, 1S4-J) edited by J. G. Whittier. Brainerd, Thomas, D.D., Presb. clergy, man, b. Central N.Y., June 17, 1804 ; d. Scran- ton, Pa., Aug. 22, 1866. Ord. Oct. 7, 1831. Descended from Daniel Brainerd the Puritan. He at first studied law, but soon entered the And. Theol. Sem., studied afterward under Dr. Patterson of Phila., and removed to Cin- cinnati, where he assisted Dr. Lyman Beecher; edited the Christian Herald, Cincinnati Journal, and Youths' Magazine, 1833-6, and assisted on iha Preshijterian Quarterhj Review. From 1837 to his death, he had charge of the Old Pine- street Church, Phila. Author of "The Life of John Brainerd." — See Memoir, by M. Brai- nerd, 8vo, Phila. Branch. John, sec. of the U. S. N., b. Halifax, N.C., Nov. 4,1782 ; d. Edgefield, N.C, Jan. 4, 1863. U. of N.C. 1801. Hestudiedand practised law; became a judge of the Superior Court ; was a member of the State senate from 1811 to 1817; gov. of the State in 1817-20; again a State senator in 1822; a U.S. senator from 1823 to 1829; sec. of the navy under Pres. Jackson from 1829 to 1831 ; M.C 1831- 3; again a State senator in 1834; in 1835, a member of the State Const. Conv.; and, in 1854-5, gov. of Fla. Terr. — Lanman. Branch, Lawrence O'Brien, gen. CS.A., b. Halifax Co., N.C, in 1820; killed in battle at Antietam, Sept. 17, 1862. N.J. Coll. 1838. Son of the preceding. He stud- ied law, settled at Raleigh, and was M C from 1855 to 1861, supportinjr the measures of the Democ. party. Alter the secession of N.C, May 21, he entered its military service, and was made brig.-gen. in Nov. 1861. He com. at Newbern when it was captured by Gen. Burnside, and subsequently took part in sev- eral of the battles in that State and on the pe- ninsula. Brandt, Joseph (Thayandanega), a Mohivwk chief, b. ab. 1742; d. at his seat at the head of Lake Ontario, U.C, 24 Nov. 1807. He is said to have taken an active part in the Niagara campaign of 1759, under Sir Wm. Johnson, who, in 1761, sent him to Dr. Whee- lock's Indian school at Hanover, where he translated portions of the New Testament into the Mohawk language In 1763, he was in the war against Pontiac. He was, at the breaking-out of the Revol. war, sec. to Guy Johnson, superintendent of the Indians, whom he excited to take arms against the Colonists. Returning from a visit to Eng. in 1775-6, he was employed by the British in predatory ex- cursions against the Colonists in connection with the savage Tory refugee, Col. John Butler ; served under St. Leger at the investment of Fort Stanwix ; was a leader in the severe battle of Oriskany, 6 Aug. 1777, and, though not present at the Wyoming Massacre, was in that at Cherry Valley, and in July, 1779, led the band that destroyed Minisink, and defeated the party of Col. Tusten. He held a col's, com- mission from the king, and, after the war, pre- vailed on the various tribes to make a perma- nent treaty of peace. In 1786, he again vi.-it- ed Eng., where he was received with distinc- tion, and collected funds for the erection of BR^ 119 BRE the first church built in Upper Canada, and was afterward employed by Gov. Carleton in the public service. Ho opposed the confederation of the Indians, which led to the exped. of Wayne in 1793, and did his utmost to preserve peace between the Indians and the U.S. He translated the Gospel of St. Mark into the Mohawk languaj^e, and did much for the wel- fare of his people. His son John, an officer in the British service in the War of 1812, d. Biantford in Sept. 1832, a. 36. A dau. m. W. J. Kerr of Niagara in 1824. — xbee Life of Brandt, hij \V . L. Stone. Brannan, Johx Miltox, brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. D.C.ab. 1820. West Point, 1841. Entering the 1st Art., he became 1st lieut. Mar. 3, 1847 ; disting. himself at Cerro Gordo ; won the brev. of capt. for gallantry at Con- treras and Churubusco ; was severely wounded at the Belen Gate of Mexico, Sept. 13, 1847 ; capt. 1st. Art. Nov. 4, 1854; and brig.-gen. Vols. Sept. 28, 1861, and served in the dep. of the South, having for a time com. of South- ern Florida. Transferred to B.C., he com., Oct. 22, 1862, a reconnoissance from Hilton Head to the Broad River and its tributaries, and had an engagement with a Confed. force, which he drove across the Pocotaligo River, with severe loss on both sides. He com. a division in McCook's corps at Chickamauga, 20 Sept. 1863 ; was chief of art. dept., Cumberland, 1863-5 ; brev. col. for Chickamauga; maj. 1st Art. Aug. 1, 1863; in the battle of Mission- ary Ridge, Nov. 23-25, 1863; in the battles and operations ending in the capture of At- lanta, 2 Sept. 1864, for which brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A., 13 Mar. 1865; and brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A. for merit, services in the field during the Rebellion. — Cullum. Brannan, William Penn, artist and poet of Cincinnati, b. 22 Mar. 1825 ; d. there 9 Aug. 1866. Author of the "Harp of a Thousand Strings;" wrote under the pseudo- nyme of " Vandyke Brown," and produced some paintings of decided merit. — See Poets and Poetri/ of the West. Brattle, William, F.R.S., lawyer, preach- er, physician, soldier, and legislator, b. Cam- bridge, Ms., ah. 1702; d. Halifax, N S., Oct. 1776. H.U. 1722. Son of VVm., minister of Cambridge (b 22 Nov. 1662; d. 15 Feb. 1717. H.U. 1680. Old. 25 Mar. 1696). Author of a compendium of logic. The son was long a member of the legisl. and of the council ; practised physic extensively ; was capt. of the Art. Co., 1733, and a maj.-gen. of militia; a benefactor of H. U. ; member of the Stamp Act Congress in 1765; and, being a loyalist, left Boston with the British troops in Mar. 1776. Bravo (bra'vo), Nicolas, a Mexican gen., b. Chilpanzingo, ab. 1792; d. there Apr. 22, 1854. Leonardo his father, a patriot, b. near San Luis Potosi, 1766; d. of pri.son-fevor, in the hands of the Spaniards in the city of Mexico in 1812. Attached to the party of in- dependence from the outset, he placed himself, after the death of Hidalgo in 1812, under Morelos, and contrib. powerfully to the suc- cess of the Republican cause by his victory over the Spanish gen. Musitu. In 1817, he was taken by the viceroy Apodaca, who spared his life only at the urgent solicitation of many prominent royalists, lie was released at the general amnesty, March, 1820. He op- posed Iturbide in 1822 ; and the provisional govt, which succeeded was confided in 1823 to Bra- vo, Vittoria, and Negrette. Feb. 2, 1824, Vit- toria obtained the presidency, and Bravo the vice-presiiiency ; Dec. 23, 1827, he put him- self at the head of a Revol. movement, but was easily defeated by Gen. Guerrero ; Bravo and other officers who were taken, after passing 5 months in prison, being banished to Guate- mala. Recalled in 1829 by the overthrow of Guerrero, he was sent against him, and ob- tained his revenge on that chieftain, whom he took with arms in his hands, and who was shot Feb. 14, 1831. At the close of 1833, Bravo was again at the head of a small body of insurgents, and was beaten in the year fol- lowing by Vittoria. In July, 1839, as pres. of the council, he was charged with the supreme administration of the govt, during an inter- im of a week, and again, from Oct. 26, 1842, till March, 1843, during Santa Ana's absence as dictator at the head of the army, and for the last time from July 29 to Aug. 4, 1846, when he was deposed by a Revol. During the war with the U.S., he took part in the battle of Cerro Gordo. Bravo was one of the most upright, honorable, and disting. men Mexico has produced. — N. B. G. Braxton, Carter, signer of the Decla- ration of Independence, b. Newington, Va., Sept. 10, 1736; d. Oct. 10, 1797. Wm. and Mary Coll. 1756. His father was a wealthy planter, and his mother the dau. of Robert Carter,, at one time pres. of the council. In 1760, he returned from a residence of some years in Eng., and in 1765 disting. himself in the Va. H. of burgesses, in support of Pat- rick Henry's celebrated Stamp Act resolu- tions, and in the subsequent assemblies which were dissolved by the gov. He was a member of the Va. convention of 1769, and of that of Williamsburg in 1774; was an active mem- ber of the last house of burgesses convened under royal authority in Va., and was a mem- ber of the committee to whom was referred the difficulty between it and Gov. Dunmore. In 1775, he was a member of the convention which met at Richmond to devise measures for the public good, and was, Dec. 15, app. successor to Peyton Randolph in Congress. He did not remain long in that body, but served in the Va. legisl. till 1786 ; from 1786 to 1791 was a member of the State council, and also from 1794 to 1797. He inherited several planta- tions ; but the close of his life was imbittered by pecuniary embarrassment, and the entire wreck of his fortune. He was a man of talent, of sound judgment, and remarkable prudence and forethought. In 1776, he pub. at Phila. " An Address to the Convention of Va. on the Subject of Govt." Brearly, David, jurist; d. Trenton, N. J., 16 Aug. 1790, a. 44. Lieut-col. in the Revol. army, and a cool and brave officer. Member of the State and Federal Const. Convs,, and 9 years chief-justice of N.J. — Alden's Epitaphs. Breathitt, John, gov. Ky., 1832-4, b. near BRJB 120 BRE New London, Va., Sept. 9, 1786; d. Frank- fort, Ky., Feb. 21, 1834. His father settled in Logan Co. in 1800. John was a surveyor and school-teacher, and, acquiring some prop- erty, studied law ; adm. to the bar in Feb. 1810 ; was several years thereafter in the legisl.; was lieut-gov. in 1828-32. He was a warm supporter of Jackson for the Presidency. — Collinses Hist, of Ky. Brebeuf, Jean de (1593-1649), was one of the earliest missionaries sent to Canada, whither, in 1625, he accompanied Champlain, and established himself among the Hurons. During a residence among them of 3 years, he acquired their language, gained their confi- dence, and exercised a paternal influence ovei them. He fell a victim to the implacable hatred which existed between the Hurons and Iroquois. In 1649, in a combat where the Hurons, unexpectedly attacked, had the disad- vantage, Brebeuf fell into the hands of the Iroquois, who put him to death with the fright- ful torments which they usually inflict on their prisoners of war. At the end of his " Voyages," Champlain has printed the " Catechisme traduit dans la Langue des Hurons," by father Brebeuf. This is the first known specimen of the idiom of the savages of Canada, Paris, 1652. Breck, Daxiel, LL.D., jurist, son of Rev. Daniel (1748-1845), b. Topsficld, Ms., Feb. 12, 1788. D.C. 1812. He studied law, and re- moving to Richmond, Ky., in 1814, commenced practice there. Judge of a county court; from 1824 to 1829, he was a member of the State legisl. ; from 1835 to 1843, he was pres. of the branch bank of Ky. at Richmond ; in 1843, he was app. judge of the Supreme Court of Ky., and was M.C. from 1849 to 1851. LL. D. of Transyl. U. in 1843. — Lanman. Breck, Robert, minister of Springfield, Ms., from Julv26, 1 736, to his d., Apr. 23, 1784, b. July 25, 17^13. H.U. 1730. Son of Robert, minister of Marlborough, 1704-31. His settle- ment gave rise to much controversy as to his religious views. He was a man of great learn- ing, and a close reasoner. He pub. a century sermon on the burning of the town by the In- dians, Oct. 16, 1675. — Sprague. Breck, Samuel, son of Kev. Daniel, b. Boston, 17 July, 1771 ; d. Phila., 1 Sept. 1862. At the Roy. Milit. Coll. of Loreze in 1783-7. His family moved to Pa. in 1792. He was many years in the Pa. legisl. and in the Phila. city govt. ; M.C. 1823-5 ; member of the Pa. Hist. Soc. He pub. historical sketch of Con- tinental paper-money, 1843, and some histori- cal addresses. Breckinridge, Gen. James, lawyer and politician, b. near Fincastle, Botetourt Co., Va., March 7, 1763 ; d. there Aug. 1846. W. and M. Coll. 1785. He was a Revol. soldier, serving in Col. Preston's rifle regt., under Greene, in 1781 ; was adm. to the bar in 1787, and became a successful lawyer ; a prominent leader of the old Federal party in the gen. as- sembly of the State, and M.C. 1809-17. He was an active and efficient friend of that great improvement by which Va. proposed to con- nect the waters of the Chesapeake with those of the Ohio, and a zealous co-laborer with Mr. JeflFerson in founding the U. of Va. Breckinridge, John, U.S. atty.-gen. in 1805, author and advocate of the celebrated " Resolutions of 1798-9 " in the Va. legifl., b. Va. 1760; d. Lexington, Ky., Dec. 17, 1806. Emigrating to Ky., he was chosen U.S. sen- ator in 1801, and introduced, in 1802, a resolu- tion for the repeal of the Judiciary Act of 1801 , establishing several new tribunals. In the de- bate which followed, Mr. Breckenridgedisting. himself by his eloquent speeches. He also took an active part in the discussion relative to the free navigation of the Mpi. A vol. of his speeches was pub. Breckinridge, John, D.D. (Un. Coll. 1835), b. Cabell's Dale, Ky., 4 July, 1797 ; d. near Lexington, Ky., 4 Aug 1841. N.J. Coll. 1818. Son of the preceding. Licensed to preach in 1822 ; chaplain to Congress in 1822- 3 ; pastor of a Presb. church at Lexington, 10 Sept. 1823-1826, during which time he estab- lished the Western Luminary, a religious news- paper. In 1826-31, he was colleague with Dr. Glendy at Baltimore ; sec. and gen.-agent of the Presb. Board of Education at Phila. in 1831-6; prof, of theology at the Princeton Sera, in 1836-8; sec. and gen. agent of the Board of Foreign Missions, 1838-40, and at the time of his d. pres. elect of Oglethorpe U., Ga. In 1836-8, he was settled at N. Orleans. He was an able controversialist ; and his discus- sion with Bishop Hughes of N.Y. was pub. with the title, " Roman-Catholic Controversy." He was an eloquent preacher and an able polemic writer. Pres. of the African Coloni- zation Soc. — Spral, and in 1776 pub. " Travels through the Middle Settlements of North America, in 1759-60." In 1786, he was preferred to the archdeaconry of Leicester. He also wrote a vol. of sermons, and a journal of a tour to Corsica in 1766, 8vo. Burnap, George W., D.D. (1849), Uni- tarian clergyman and author, b. Merrimack, N.H., Nov. 30, 1802; d. Phila., Sept. 8, 1859. H.U. 1824. Son of Rev. Jacob Burnap, ord. pastor in Baltimore, Apr. 23, 1828. Forcible and impressive in the pulpit, he was character- ized also by his sturdy integrity and inde- pendent frankness. Among his pubs, are "Lectures to Young Men," 1840; "On the History of Christianity," 1842; "On the Sphere and Duty of Woman," 1840; "Life of Lemuel Culvert" in "Sparks's Am. Biog.," 1844 ; " Popular Objections to Unitarian Christianity considered and answered," 1848 ; "Expository Lectures on the Bible," 1845; " Lectures on the Doctrines of Controversy between Unitarians and Other Denominations of Christians," 1835; a vol. of "Miscella- nies," and a " Biography of Henry A. Ingalls," 1845; in 18.50, 20 di.>courses " On the Recti- tude of Human Nature," and, in 1855, " Chris- tianity, its Essence and Evidence," the most compendious statement of the biblical theology of the author's school of Unitarianism ; and occasional addresses and discourses. Burnet, Jacob, LL.D., jurist, son of Dr. W. B., b. Newark, N.J., Feb. 22, 1770; d. Cincinnati, April 27, 1853. N. J. Coll. 1791. He studied law in the office of Judge Boudinot, and was adm. to the bar in 1796. He then re- moved to Cincinnati, where he became disting. In 1799, he was app. to the legisl, council of the territory, continuing until the formation of a State govt. In 1812, he was a member of the State legisl., was a judge of the Su- preme Court of Ohio in 1821-8, and in 1828- 31, U.S. senator. He was soon after chosen by the legisl. of Ky. a commis. to adjust some ter- ritorial disputes with Va, ; took a leading part in the establishment of the Lancastrian Acad, of Cin., and of the Cin, Coll., of which he was the first pres, ; was active in re-organizing the Med, Coll. of Ohio, over which he several years presided. A delegate to the Harrisburg con- vention in 1839, he was mainly instrumental in securing the nomination of Harrison to the Presidency. He was the first pres. of the Col- onization Soc. of Cin., also of the Astron. Society, and at the instance of Lafayette, the friend of his father and of his bro. Maj. Bur- net, was elected a member of the French Acad, of Sciences, His efforts in 1821 to alleviate the distress felt by the purchasers of Western lands, on account of indebtedness to govt, which they were wholly unable to pay, result- ed in an act of Congress granting relief to the entire West, raising the n from a state of de- pression, which, had it been continued, must have produced distressing results. In 1847. he pub. a vol., entitled " Notes on the Early Set- tlement of the Northern Territory." — Lan- man. Burnett, David G., b. Newark, N,J., April 4, 1789; d. Galveston, Texas, Dec. 5, 1870. He entered a counting-house in N.Y.; joined Gen. Miranda's cxped. in 1806; in 1817, BTJR 144 BTJR became a merchant in Natchitoches, La., after- ward studied law in Cincinnati ; emig. to Texas in 1 826 ; was a member of the San Felipe Con- vention in 1 833 ; app. judge of the municipality of Austin in 1834, and, when Santa Ana as- sumed dictatorial powers in 1836, became pres. ad interim of the incipient republic. He was afterward chosen vice-pres., and lived in re- tirement, near the battle-field of San Jacinto. Chosen U. S. senator from Texas after the llcbellion, Congress refused to admit him. Burnett, Waldo Irving, M.D. (1849), naturalist and microscopist, b. Southborough, Ms., July 12, 1828; d. Boston, July 1, 1854. He early began the study of entomology; studied medicine under his father, who was a physician; and visited Europe. During the last 5 years of his life, and while suffering from consumption, he accomplished a great share of intellectual labor, the results of which may be found in various scientific periodicals. His principal work was the Prize Essay on " The Cell, its Physiology, Pathology, and Philos- ophy." He was last engaged in translating from the German the " Comparative Anatomy of Siebold and Stannius." Burnett, William, a colonial gov., b. at the Hague, Mar. 1688; d. Boston, Sept. 7, 1729. Son of Bishop Burnett, he had for a godfather William of Orange. Involved pecuniarily by the "South Sea" speculation, he accepted the govts, of N. Y. and N. J. to retrieve his for- tunes. He had previously been a comptroller of the customs. Arriving in N. Y. 19 Sept. 1720, his administration was popular until the passage of an act prohibiting the sale to the French of goods proper to the Indian trade. Some of his decrees as chancellor also gave dis- satisfaction ; and, on the accession of George II., he was transferred to the govts, of Ms. and N.H. He arrived in Boston in July, 1728, and at once became unpopular by insisting upon a fixed salary. He was majestic in stature, frank in manner, possessed a ready wit, and shone in con- versation. He pub. astron. observations in the Trans, of the Roy. Soc., and in 1724 an essay on Scripture prophecies. Burnett, William, physician and patriot, b. Elizabeth, N.J., Dec. 13, 1730; d. Newark, N.J., Oct. 7, 1791. N.J. Coll. 1749. He held at different times various offices in the State govt.; was a member of Congress in 1780-81, and was chief physician and surgeon in an im- portant section of the army during the Revol. war. He suffered much in property by the dep- redations of the enemy, who carried off his large and valuable library. He was a skilful and successful physician of extensive practice. Judge Jacob B. of Cincinnati was his son. — Alden. Burnham, Hiram, brig.-gen. vols., b. Me.; killed at Chaffin's Farm, Sept. 29, 1864. He entered the service as col. 6th Me. regt., be- haved gallantly through tlie peninsular cam- paign, at Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Gettys- burg; brig.-gen. April, 1864. Conspicuous in all the campaign from the Wilderness to Peters- burg. He com. a brigade in Stannard's div. 18th corps. Burns, William W. brev. brig.-gen. U. S. A., b. O., ab. 1827. West Point, 1 847. En- tering the .5th Inf., he became 1st lieut. Aug. 12, 1850, and in Jan. 1859, relinquished rank in the line, being made a capt. in the subsistence dept. Maj. and com. subsistence, 3 Aug. 1861 ; bng.-gen. vols. Sept. 28, 1861; served in the Army of the Potomac; was wounded in one of the battles before Richmond, and Nov. 2, 1862, took com. of a div. in the army corps of Gen. Wilcox; participated in the battle of Fredericksburg; maj. -gen. vols. 29 Mar. 1862; resigned March 20, 1863; brev. lieut.-col. U.S.A. 29 June, 1862, for Savage Station; brev. col. 30 June, 1862, for Glendale, and brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865, for merit, ser- vices in the Rebellion. — Culhim. Burnside, Ambrose Everett, maj.-gen. vols., b. Liberty, Ind., May 23, 1824. West Point, 1847. His grandparents came from Scotland near the close of the last century, and settled in S-C. Entering the 3d Art., he marched in Patterson's column to the city of Mexico, and was in 1849 ordered toNewMex., where, in charge of a squadron of cavalry, he highly disting. himself in a conflict with the Apaches. In 1850-51, he was quartermaster to the Mexican boundary commission. Dec. 1851, became 1st lieut. He went to R.I. ; re- signed in 1853, and built an establishment for the manuf. of his breech-loading rifle, which he invented when on duty in Mex. This proving unprofitable, he removed to Chicago, and be- came cashier in the land office of the 111. Central Railroad. He soon became treasurer, and transferred his office to N.Y. City, where he resided in 1861. Col. 1st R.I. Vols. At the battle of Bull Run, July 21, he com. a brigade in Hamilton's div., and was highly commended by Gen. McDowell for braverj and coolness. Made brig.-gen. vols., Aug. 6, 1861, he assisted Gen. McClellan in organizing the army. In- trusted with an exped. for the capture of Roanoke Island, he left Hampton lioads in Jan. 1862, with 10,000 men, convoyed by a fleet under Flag-officer Goldsborough. Feb. 8, the island was taken by a combined attack; 2,000 of the enemy being captured. For this victory, the legisl. of R.I. voted him a sword ; and Mar. 18, he was made mnj.-gen. of vols. Mar. 14, he captured Newbern, and Beaufort and Fort Macon soon afterward. On McClellan's retreat to the James River, July, 1862, Burn- side was ordered to re-enforce him with the greater part of his army. Occupying Fred- ericksburg, the defeat of Gen. Pope compelled him to fixll back toward Washington. When the Confederates invaded Md., his com. was largely increased, and, with Gen. McClellan, he pushed forward to meet them, defeating them at South Mountain, Sept. 14. At the battle of Antietam, Sept. 17, he com. the left wing, and was highly disting. Assigned to the 9th army corps, he occupied Leuttsville, Va , Oct. 26. Ab. the same time, he was placed in com. of one of the 3 grand armies into which the Army of the Potomac was divided. Nov. 7, he superseded McClellan in com. of the Array of the Potomac, and Dec. 13, was defeated by the Confederates under Lee at Fredericksburg. Relieved of the com., Jan. 28, 1863, assumed com. of the dept. of the Ohio, Apr. 26 ; re- pulsed Longstreet's attack on Knoxville, Nov. BTJR 145 BTJIt 28, 1863, and took com. of the 9th corps in the followin;^: Apr., participating in the campaigns around Richmond and Petersburg until Lee's surrender. Gov. of R. I., 1866-71. Burnyeat, John, one of the earliest preachers of the Society of Friends, b. Crab- treebeck, Cumberland, 1631 ; d. Dublin, July 11, 1690. He travelled in Eng. and Ireland, and in 1672 came with George Fox to Amcr. His " Memorials " describe the condition of Md., and the other Colonies through which he passed from N. Eng. to N.C. He was a zeal- ous advocate of his creed, and suffered much persecution. Burr, Aarox, pres. of N.J. Coll., b. Fair- field, Ct., Jan. 4, 1716 ; d. Sept. 24, 1757. Y.C. 173.5. Of German extraction. He was a de- scendant of John, an early settler of Springfield, Ms., and of Rev. Jonathan, minister of Dor- chester, who d. Aug. 9, 1641. Ord. by the Pres- bytery of East Jersey, Oct. 25, 1 737. In 1 738, he was invited to take charge of the Presb. church at Newark, N.J. Unanimously elected in 1748 to the pres. of the coll. which he was instruMicntal in founding. In 1754, he accomp. Mr. Whiteficld to Boston. Mr. Burr. pub. " The Supreme Deity of our Lord Jesus Christ Maintained ; " also a Fast-day sermon, Jan. 1, 1755; "The Watchman's Answer to the Question, What of the Night ? " a sermon, 1756, and a funeral sermon on Gov. Belcher, 1757. He prepared a Latin grammar, pub. in N.Y. in 1752, used in the college of N. J., and known as " The Newark Grammar." The eulogium on his death, by William Liv- ingston, celebrates his virtues with animated panegyric. He was pre-eminent in force and elegance of mind, in learning, eloquence, and excellence as a preacher. In 1752, he m. a dau. of Jonathlin Edwards. Burr, Aaron, vice-pres. of the U.S., b. Newark, N.J., Feb. 6, 1756 ; d. Staten Island, Sept. 14, 1836. N.J. Coll. 1772. Son of Pres. Burr, and grandson of Pres. Edwards. In 1775, he joined the army at Cambridge; accomp. Arnold as a private in his exped. against Quebec ; acted as aide -to Gen. Mont- gomery in the assault on that stronghol I, en- deavoring to bring off his body when he fell at his side ; acted as brigade-major to Arnold, and on his return, in May, 1776, joined the military family of Washington with the rank of maj. Dissatisfied with this position, he quitted it in 6 weeks to become an aide to Gen. Putnam, participating in the defence of N.Y. In July, 1777, he became a licut.-col. in Malcom's regt , and was disting. at Monmouth, where he com. a brigade in Stirling's division. Dur- ing the winter of 1778-9, he was stationed in Westchester Co., N.Y., and com. for a short tiraeat West Point, but resigned from ill health, Mar. 10, 1779. Burr belonged to the Lee and Gates faction, and always affected to despise the military talents of Washington. He began to practise law at Albany in Apr. 1782, but removed to N.Y. in 1783. He was a member of the N Y. legisl. in 1 784 and 1 798 ; was app. atty.-gen. of the State, Sept. 27, 1789 ; com- mi.ssioner on Revol. claims in 1791, and from 1791 to 1797 was a conspicuous Democ. leader in the U. S. senate. At the next presidential 10 election, Jefferson and Burr had each 73 votes; and the choice was decided by Congress, on the 36th ballot, in favor of Jefferson for pres. and Burr, for vice-pres. July 12, 1804, he mortally wounded in a duel Alexander Hamilton, long his professional rival and political opponent. He soon after undertook his mad enterprise in the western territories of the U. S., for which he was apprehended and tried at Richmond, on a charge of treason, in Aug. 1807, and, after a long trial, acquitted. To escape further legal requisition, and to avoid numerous creditors, he went to London in 1808, and lived some years in extreme poverty there and in Paris, endeavoring, unsuccessfully, to procure means to carry out his Mexican project. It was sup- posed that he intended establishing an empire in Mexico, which should embrace some of the South-western States of the Union. He re- turned to N.Y. in 1812, and practised law, but lived in obscurity and poverty. By his first wife, the widow of Gen. Augustine Prevost, he had a dau., who m. Mr. Allston of S. C. At the age of 78, he m. his second wife, a Mrs. Jumel. Burr was small in stature, had a remarkably brilliant eye, and a striking ap- pearance. He possessed disting. talents, but manifested a lamentable want of principle both in public and private life. He was charitable, and benevolent to the poor. A memoir of his life and times was pub. by James Parton, N.Y., 1857. Another, by M. L. Davis, 2 vols., 1836-7. Burrell, Jonathan, a Revol. officer, b. 1753; d. Goshen, N.Y., Nov. 18, 1834. In 1776, he joined the northern army under Schuyler. His talents soon procured him the app. of assist. paym.,and, at thecloseofthe war, a place in the commission for settling the ac- counts of the commissary and quarterm. depts. He was afterward assist, postmastcr.-gen. ; cashier of the U. S. Branch Bank of N.Y., and one of the managers of the N.Y. State lotteries at a time when public confidence in them had been shaken. His ability, industry, and in- tegrity were of a high order. Burrill, Alexander M., legal writer, d. Kearney, N.J., Feb. 7. 1869, a. 62. Col. Coll. 1824, with highest honors of the class. He studied several years in the office of Chancellor Kent, and was remarkable for his scholarly precision and discrimination in the use of lan- guage. Author of" Circumstantial Evidence," " As-ignments," "Practice," and a "Law Dictionary." He also aided in compiling " Worcester's Dictionary." Burrill, James, LL.D., lawyer and states- man, b. Providence, R.I., April 25, 1772; d. Washington, Dec. 25, 1820. B.U. 178S. Adm. to practise law in Sept. 1791, his superior talents soon gave him the first rank at the bar. He was atty.-gen. of R.I. from 1797 to 1813, when the decline of his health caused his retire- ment from the bar. Member of the legisl. in 1813, speaker in 1814, chief-justice of the Su- preme Court in 1816, U.S. senator, 1817-20. He bore a disting. part in the U.S. senate, espe- cially in the debate on the Mo. Compromise, to which he was inflexibly opposed. He was dignified in character and eminent in scholar- ship. BXJR 146 BUR Burrington, George, gov. of N.C., 1723- 4 and 1 730-4 : was ajjp. because his father had been active in support of the govt, at the accession of George I. He withdrew from the Colony in l734, to avoid prosecution, and evade justice, and was found murdered one morning in St. James's Park, Lond. — Williamson's N.C. Burritt, Elihu, " the learned black- smith," reformer, b. New Britain, Ct., Dec. 8, 1811. The son of a shoemaker, he was edu- cated at a common school, and at 16 was ap- prenticed to a blacksmith. Desirous of read- ing the Scriptures in their original languages, in the intervals of labor, by diligence and a remarkable facility, he acquired several lan- guages. He removed to Worcester for the benefit of the library of the Antiquarian Soci- ety, and, while still plying his trade, became acquainted with the principal ancient and mod- ern languages. In 1844, he edited at Worces- ter the Christian Citizen, a paper advocating a peaceful settlement of international difficul- ties. In this cause, he delivered many public lectures. In 1846, he went to Eng., where he formed the "LeagueofUniversalBrotherhood," whose object was "to employ all legitimate means for the abolition of war throughout the world ; " and was proprietor and editor of the Peace Advocate, and pub. a periodical tract, the Bond of Brotherhood. He took a promi- nent part in all the European peace congresses, returning to America in 1853. The promotion of temperance, cheap ocean-postage, and the abolition of American slavery, have been ob- jects of his exertions. He has been for some years U.S. consul at Birmingham. His prin- cipal publications are, " Sparks from the An- vil," 1848, " Miscellaneous Writings," 1850, and " Thoughts and Things at Home and Abroad," Boston, 1854. Burroughs, Charles, D. D., Prot.-Ep. clergyman, b. Boston, 27 Dec. 1787; d. Ports- mouth, N.H., 5 Mar. 1868. H.U. 1806. Ord. priest, 1812, and rector of St. John's Church, Portsm., nearly 50 years. Nearly 30 years pres. N.H. Asylum for the Insane; of the Portsm. Athenaeum nearly 40 years, and of the Gen. Theol. Library of Boston, from its origi- nation until his death. Author of " Memoirs of Horace B. Morse," 1829, " The Poetry of Religion and other Poems," 1851. Burroughs, George, minister of Salem ; executed for witchcraft, 19 Aug. 1692. H.U. 1670. In 1676, he was settled at Falmouth (now Portland), Me. ; 25 Nov. 1680, he was ord. at Salem, but, in consequence of a dispute with some of his people, resigned in 1685, and returned to Falmouth. On the destruction of this place by the Indians, in 1690, he is said to have returned to Salem. Examined for witch- craft, and imprisoned at Boston, May 8, he was brought to trial, 3 Aug., for having, by his " wicked arts, tortured, afflicted, pined, 'con- sumed, wasted, and tormented Mary Walcott, and also for having performed feats of extraor- dinary strength." On the strength of these charges, made by professed witches, or those who were victims of their influence, he was hung. Burroughs, Stephen, adventurer, b. Hanover, N.H., 1765; d. Three Rivers, Cana- da, 28 Jan. 1840. Son of a Cong, clergyman, and reputed "the worst boy in town." At 14, he joined the army, but soon deserted. He left Dartm. Coll. clandestinely, became succes- sively privateersman, ship's physician, and schoolmaster, and finally a preacher. Under the name of Davis, he was a Cong, pastor in Pel- ham, Ms. ; was afterward imprisoned in Spring- field for passing counterfeit money ; set fire to his jail, and was removed to Castle Island, Boston harbor. After his release, he again connected himself with a gang of counterfeiters, in Canada, but afterward became an exem- plary Catholic,andeducated the sons of wealthy Canadians. He was remarkable throughout his career for charitable deeds. He pub. 2 vols, of Autobiography. Burrows, William, U.S.N., b. Kender- ton, near Phila., Oct. 6, 1785; d. Sept. 5, 1813. Son of col. W. Ward Burrows, com. of U.S. marines; midshipm. 10 Nov. 1799, and served under Preble in the Tripolitan war; lieut. March 19, 1807 ; app. to the sloop-of-war "Enterprise," he sailed from Portsmouth, and on Sunday, Sept. 5, 1813, fell in with the British brig " Boxer " off Portland, and, after an action of 45 minutes, captured her, her com. Blythe being killed. Burrows was mortally wounded at the first fire. For his gallantry, Congress voted a gold medal to his nearest male rela- tive. Burt, William A., surveyor, b. Worces- ter, Ms., 13 June, 1792; d. 18 Aug. 1858. He received a good education ; was some years an engineer in Erie Co., NY. ; settled near Detroit, Mich., in 1824; served several terms in the Terr. Council ; became U.S. dep. sur- veyor, and in 1840-7 surveyed Northern Mich. He originated the idea of the solar compass, introduced important improvement^ in geol. surveying; received in 1851, from the London Industrial Exhib., a prize medal for his com- pass, and in 1856 patented an equatorial sex- tant, but d. before bringing it to perfection. He had been a judge of the Mich. Circuit Court, and member of the legisl. for several terms, and was a prime mover in the construc- tion of the Saute Ste. Marie Canal. Burton, Asa, D.D. (Middleb. Coll. 1804), divine, b. Preston, now Griswold, Ct., Aug. 25, 1752 ; d. Thetford, Vt., May 1, 1836. Dartm. Coll. 1777. Ord. at Thetford, Jan. 19, 1779, over a church of 16 members, he continued his pastorate more than half a century. He pub- lished several sermons and discourses, and "Essays on Some of the First Principles of Metaphysics, Ethics, and Theology," 8vo, 1824. A memoir has been pub. by Thomas Adams. — Sprague. Burton, Henry S., brev. brig.-gen. U.S. A., b. N.Y., 1818; d. Fort Adams, R.I., April 4, 1869. West Point, 1839. He served in the art. in the Seminole war ; was an in- structor at West Point in 1843-6; and, as lieut.-col. N.Y. vols., disting, himself by his defence of La Paz in Lower Cal., in Nov. 1847 ; maj. May 14, 1861 ; lieut-col. July 25, 1863; col. 5th Art. Aug. 11, 1863 ; brev. brig.-gen. March 13, 1865, for services at the capture of Petersburg. Burton, Hutchins G, a politician of BTJR 147 BTJS N. C, b. Granville Co.; d. Apr. 21, 1836. After studying law, he settled in Mecklenburg, which, in 1810, he represented in the House cf Commons. Atty.-gen. of the State, 1811-16 ; removed to Haliflix Co. in 1816, again becom- ing a member of the House ; was M. C. 1819- 24, and gov. 1824-7. Burton, Napier Christie, a British gen., " an American by birth ; " d. Eng., Jan. 1835, a. 76. He entered the service in Aug. 1775, as ensign 22d; was made capt. Sept. 1779. During the winter of 1779-80, he served in the Jerseys ; in actions of Elizabethtown and Springfield in 1780; in Aug. went to Ports- mouth, Va., and thence to S. C ; engaged in the affairs of the Catawba and Yadkin, in the battles of Guilford and Cross Creek, and was taken prisoner at Yorktown ; lieut.-col. in 1789; served in Flanders; app. lieut.-gov. Up- per Canada in 1799 ; lient.-gen. Jan. 1, 1805; gen. June 4, 1814; M. P. for Beverley, 1796- 1806. —Philipart. Burton, iVUj.-Gen. Ealph; d. 1768. lieut.-col. 48th Foot, Oct. 14, 1754, and wound- ed at Braddock's defeat ; com. the 3d brigade in the exped. against Louisburg in 1758; was wounded at the capture of Quebec ; com. the reserve at the Plains of Abraham ; was made lieut.-gov. of Quebec, brig.-gen. in 1760, and maj.-gen. July 10, 1762. In Gen. Murray's operations at the reduction of Montreal, *he com. the 1st brigade. — 0' Callaghan. Burton, Col. Robert, Re'vol. officer, b. 1747, Mecklenburg Co., Va. ; d. Granville Co., N. C, 1825. He was a planter, and moved to Granville ab. 1775. Member of the Old Con- gress, 1787-8. Commissioner on boundary line between N. and S. Carolina and Ga., in 1801 . Burton, W.\rren, author and clergvman, b. Wilton, N. H., Nov. 13, 1800 ; d. Salem, Ms., June 6, 1866. H. U. 1821. His grand- fiither was one of the first settlers of Wilton, a soldier in the French war, and an officer of theRevol. war. He studied at the Cambridge Theol. School, was ord. 5 Mar. 1828, at East Cambridge, Ms., but, after a brief ministry, devoted himself to objects of reform, still con- tinuing to preach occasionally. He was a min- ister at large in Boston, from 1844 to 1848. Chaplain of the Worcester prison in 1849, to the State senate in 1852, to the house in 1858 and 1860, and to the State convention in 1853. He labored to promote true culture, to raise the condition of schools, and especially to secure universal attention to the sphere of home education, by lectures, meetings for dis- cussion, and through the newspaper press. His publications are, " Cheering Views of Man and Providence ; " " Uncle Sam's Recommen- dations of Phrenology," 1842 ; "District School as it was ; " " Helps to Education in the Homes of our Country," 1863 ; " Scenery Showing, or Word-Paintings of the Beautiful, Pictur- esque, and Grand in Nature ; " " My Religious Experience at my Native Home," 1829 ; " Es- say on the Divine Agency in the Material Uni- verse," besides articles in annuals and periodi- cals. Burton, William Evans, comedian and author, b. London, Sept. 1802; d. N. Y., Feb. 10, 1860. Intended for the church, he received a classical education, but, at the age of 1 8, took charge of his father's printing-office, and edited a monthly magazine. After acting several years on the Norwich circuit, he appeared with success at the Hay market in 1832. He wrote several dramatic pieces, one of which, " Ellen Wareham," was played at 5 theatres in Lon- don on the same evening. He made his debut at the Arch-st. Theatre, Phila., as " Dr. OUa- pod," Sept. 3, 1834, appearing first in N.Y. at a complimentary benefit to Woodworth, in 1839. He was the lessee of theatres in the chief At- lantic cities, residing principally in Phila. and N.Y. In Phila., he buiit the "National," and started in 1837 the Gentlemen's Magazine. He was proprietor of the Opera House, N. Y., when burned in 1841. In 1847, he purchased Palmo's Opera House, in Chambers Street, where he managed dramatic performances with popular favor 10 years. In 1856, he purchased the Met- ropolitan Theatre on Broadway, to which his name was attached. The part of " Toodles " was one of his specialties. He was very success- ful as a manager and performer, and was unri- valled in a wide range of eccentric and comic parts. An excellent Shaksperian scholar, he possessed a very full Shaksperian library. He edited for several years the Literari/ Souvenir, and compiled in 1858 a " Cyclopaedia of Wit and Humor," 2 vols, royal 8vo. He was a man of unsullied integrity and great generosity. Bush, Maj. George, Revol. officer of Del. ; d. ab. 1794. His bro. Maj. Lewis fell at the battle of Brandy wine, Sept. 11, 1777. Wil- liam S. Bdsh, lieut. of marines, nephew of George and Lewis, killed in the action between the frigates " Constitution " and " Guerriere," Aug. 19, 1812. Bush, Rev. George, an eminent Sweden- borgian divine and author, b. Norwich, Vt., June 12, 1796; d. Rochester, N.Y., Sept. 19, 1859. Dartm. Coll. 1818. He studied theol- ogy at the Princeton Sem., made a brief mis- sionary tour in Indiana, and was pastor of a Presb. church in Indianapolis, from 1824 to 1829. Elected in 1831 prof, of Hebrew and Oriental literature in the U. of N.Y., he first became known as an author by his popular " Life of Mohammed," 1832. He afterwards pub. " Scriptural Illustrations," " Treatise on the Millennium," 1833 ; " New Church Miscel- lanies," 1855; "Priesthood and Clergy un- known to Christianity," 1857 ; " Hebrew Gram- mar," 1 835 ; in 1 840 commenced a series of Bible commentaries in 7 vols.; " Anastasis," 1844, and edited the Hierophant, a monthly mag., in 1844. In his work on mesmerism, 1847, he deems it a confirmation of the truth of Sweden- borg's revelations. He was a man of simple manners, genial and kind. Embracing the doc- trines of Swedenborg, he became pastor of the New Jerusalem Church, N.Y., in 1845, and be- came editor of the New Church Repository, tp develop and maintain the principles of that philosopher. He finally became a Spiritualist. A vol. of Memoirs of Bush, by W. M. Fernal^, appeared in 1860. Bushnell, David, inventor, b. Saybrook, Ct., ab. 1754; d. Warrenton, Ga., 1824. Y.C. 1775. During the Revol., he turned his mind to the invention of a machine for blo\yipg: ,^p BUS 148 BUT vessels : he marie one capable of conveying an operator, with 100 lbs. of powder, which was tried in vain on " The Eagle," a British 64 gun- ship lying in N.Y. harbor. An account of this machine is found in Silliman's Journal for 1820 Bushnell prepared a large number of machines in kegs to be floated by the tide upon the British vessels lying in the river at Phila., the result of which attempt occasioned the bal- lad of the "Battle of the Kegs," by Hopkin- son. He became a capt. in the army, and af- ter the war went to France. Returning, he was several years at the head of one of the most respectable schools of Ga., and later set- tled at Warrcnton, as a practitioner of physic, where he was known as Dr. Bush. Bushnell, Horace, D.l). (Wesl. U. 1842), Cong, divine and author, h. Litchfield, Ct., 1802. Y.C. 1827. At one time literary ed. of the N. Y. Journal of Commerce, then a teacher in the Norwich Acad, ; tutor at Yale in 1829-31. Since May, 1833, pastor of the North Cong. Church, Hartford, Ct. ; an elo- quent preacher, and a distiny:. philos. essayist. In 1837, he delivered at N. Haven a Phi Beta Kappa oration on the " Principles of National Greatness." He also pub. " Christian Nur- ture," 1847; "God in Christ," 1849, and a defence of it, entitled " Christian Theology," in 1851 ; " Sermons for the New life," 18.58 ; " Nature and the Supernatural," 1858 ; " Work and Play," 1864 ; " Christ and his Salvation," 1864; "The Vicarious Sacrifice," 1865, and " Woman's Suffrage, the Reform against Na- ture." Also a contrib. to theiV. Enc/lander and other periodicals. Bushy head, Jesse, chief -justice of the Cherokees ; d. at the mission in the Cherokee nation. West, July 17, 1844. He was a self- made man, acquired great distinction among his tribe, and filled with fidelity many public trusts. Bussey, Benjamin, a benefactor of H.U., b. Canton, Ms., March 1, 1757; d. Roxbury, Jan. 13, 1842. At 18, he enlisted as a soldier in the Revo), army, and was at the capture of Burgoyne. At age of 22, he m., commenced business as a silversmith in Dedliam, with a capital of $10, and in 1782 removed to Bos- ton ; where, engaging in foreign commerce, he acquired a fortune. He left a widow, one grandchild, and some great grandchildren. On the death of the last survivor, the whole of this estate, estimated at $350,000, will pass to Har- vard University, one half to endow a Farm School, for instruction in practical agricul- ture, &c., the other half to be devoted to the sup|)ort of the law and divinity schools. Bustamente (boos-ta-man'-ta), Anasta- Sis, pres. of M xico, b. in Guadalajara, 1782; d. St. Miguel de Allende, 1851. At 21, he re- ceived the diploma of M.D., began practice in San Luis Potosi, and was family physician to Calleja, viceroy of Mexico. On the breaking- out of the revol. of 1810, he fought in behalf of the Spanish Govt. ; but the cruelty of Cal- leja made him a patriot When, Feb. 24, 1821, Iturbide pronounced against the Span- ish Govt., Bustamente was one of the first to sustain him. Iturbide made him gen. of div., and com. of the interior provinces, which office he held till called to the vice-pres. of the republic, Dec. 31, 1829. He took part against Guerrero, and in Dec. 1830, Santa Aiia having headed a Revol. called the " plan of Jalapa," he was charged with the executive power till Aug. 14, 1832. Being succeeded in the presidency fiy Pe- draza, he took com. of the army, and was soon after overthrown by Santa Ana, who banished him. He visited France, but, on the outbreak of Texas in 1836, returned to Mexico; in 1837-41 was again pres., excepting a short interval in 1839, but was again overthrown and banished by Santa Ana. He fled to Eu- rope, resided some time in Genoa, but, on the fall of Santa Aiia in 1845, again returned to Mexico, and served his country in many offices till his death. Under his administration, the rcpul)lic prospered. Bustamente, don Carlos Mabia de, Mexican archaeologist, b. Mexico, ab. 1790. Author of " Statistical Memoir on the Oaxaca Country," 1821 ; " Tezcoco in the Last Days of its Ancient Kings," 1826; ''Description Hist, y Cronol. de las dos Piedras," &c., 1832. Editor of a " Com])lcte Hi^rofanas," with a commentary by Gen. Stoekler. A new edition of his poetical works, exclusive of his translations, was brought out in 1836. Calderon de la Barca (Frances In- GLis), b. Scotland ; m. in 1 838 to Don Calderon de la Barca, Spanish minister to the U. S., and subsequently to Mex. ; pub. " Life in Mexico," with a preface by Win. H. Prescott the his- torian, in 1843. Caldicott, Thomas Ford, D.D., Baptist clergyman and author, b. Buckby, Eng., 1803 ; d. Toronto, Canada, July 9, 1869. He emi- grated to Canada in 1824 ; removed to Hamil- ton, N.Y., in 1831, and preached successively there, at Lockport, at Boston, and at Brooklyn, N.Y., 26 years, writing much for the periodical press during the time. From 1860 till his death, he was pastor of the Bond-st. Church, Toronto. A thorough scholar, an able writer, and an eloquent preacher. Caldwell, Charles, M.D., physician and author, b. Caswell Co., N.C., May 14, 1772; d. Louisville, Ky., July 9, 1853. The son of an Irish officer. He first taught school in N.C. ; went to Phila. in 1792 ; studied and practised medicine there ; and, during the yellow-fever of 1793, particularly disting. himself. He was surgeon of a brigade during the " Whiskey Insurrection." In 1810, he filled the chair of natural history in the U. of Pa. ; was prof, of materia medica in Transyl. U. in 1818-37; and in 1837-40 in the Louisville Med. School. He translated Blumenbach's " Elements of Physiology" in 1795; pub. " Malaria," 8vo, CJ^lJu 154 C^^JL. N.Y., 1831; "Unity of the Human Race," 8vo, 1830; edited the Portfolio in 1814; edited " Cullen's Practice of Physic " in 1816, and in 1819 pub. his "Life of Gen. Greene." In 1855, his Autobiography appeared. He pub. " Memoirs of Horace Holley," 1828 ; and " The Royal Foundlings," a Persian tale ; " Medical and Phys. Memoirs," &c., 1801; "Medical Theses," &c., 1805 ; and wrote over 200 pieces in various departments of literature and science. He wrote much upon phrenology. A bio- graphical sketch was read by Dr. 13. H. Coates before the Amer. Phil. Soc. CaldweU, Charles Henry Bromedge, capt. U.S.N., b. Hingham, Ms., June 11, 1823. Midshipm. Feb. 27, 1838 ; lieut. Sept. 4, 1852 ; com. July 16, 1862; capt. Dec. 12, 1867. With a detachment from " The Vandalia," he defeated a tribe of cannibals at Wega, one of the Fejee Islands, and burned their town, Oct. 11, 1858; com. steamer "Itasca," West Gulf block, squad, at the battle of New Orleans ; at Grand Gulf, Mpi. River, June 10, 1862 ; com. ironclad "Essex," Mpi. squadron, 1862-3; Port Hudson, from March to July, 1863, in com. of " Essex," and mortar flotilla ; com. steamer " Glaucus," N. A. B. squad., 1863-4; steamer "R. R. Cuyler," N. A. B. squad., 1864-5, and present at surrender of Wilming- ton. — Hamersly. Caldwell, David, D.D. (U. of N.C. 1810), b. Lancaster Co., Pa., Mar. 22, 1725; d. Aug. 25, 1824. N.J.CoU. 1761. He was a house-carpenter until his 25th year; was li- censed to preach in 1763 ; ord. July 6, 1765, and installed pastor of Buffalo and Alamance, Hanover, N.C. He also opened a classical school, which he continued nearly 50 years, and became a skilful and successful physician. Member of the convention which met at Hali- fax, Nov. 12, 1776, and of the convention to ratify the Federal Constitution. He retired from the ministry in 1820. — See Life, by E. W. Caruthers, D.D., 1842. Caldwell, Howard H., poet, b. New- bury, S.C, Sept. 20, 1831. S.C Coll. 1851. Adm. to the bar, 1855; has since practised at Columbia. In 1853, he pub. "Oliatta and other poems." He has contrib. frequently to the periodicals of the South ; and a new vol. of his poems was pub. 1858. Caldwell, James, Presb. minister and Revol. patriot, b. of Scotch parents, Charlotte Co., Va., Apr. 1734; d. Elizabethtown Point, N.J., 24 Nov. 1781. N.J. Coll. 1759. Ord. over the 1st Church at Elizabethtown, Mar. 1762. Eloquent and energetic in arousing a Revol. spirit, in the people, he served in the war as chaplain, and afterward as commissary to the N.J. troops ; was the special object of the hatred of the loyalists, and was obliged to remove his family to Connecticut Farms for safety. During the frequent incursions of the enemy, the bell of his church always sounded the alarm, and raised the country. His church was burned ; his wife, Hannah Ogden, whom he had ra. in 1763, was deliberately shot at and killed, 6 June, 1780, then her house fired and burnt down ; and he himself was shot by a sen- tinel who had been bribed to do the deed. A marble monument at Burlington was dedicated to their memory on the 64th anniversary of his death. His son, Johx E. of N.Y.,*was taken to France, and educated by Lafayette. He was a disting. philanthropist, edited the Christian Herald, and founded the Bible Society. — Spraf/ite. Caldwell, Gen. John, lieut.-gov. of Ky., 1804; b. Prince Edw. Co., Va. D. Frank- fort, Ky., Nov. 9, 1804. He went to Ky. in 1781 ; served in the conflicts with the Indians ; became a maj.-gen of militia ; member of the State conventions of 1787-8, and of the State senate, 1792-3. Caldwell, Joseph, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 1816), b. Leamington, N.J., April 21, 1773 ; d. Chapel Hill, N.C., Jan. 24, 1835. N.J. Coll. 1791. At school, he displayed a taste for math- ematics, and that diligence and energy which characterized his subsequent career. He stu- died for the ministry, taught school, and in 1796 was chosen presiding prof, of the infant U. of N.C, also performing the duties of math- ematical prof. Licensed to preach 22 Sept. 1796. In 1804, a presidency was created, to which he was chosen, and which he held until the period of his death. Upon his election to the presidency, he vacated the mathematical chair for that of moral philosophy. In 1824, he visited Europe in order to direct in person the construction of a philosophical apparatus, and to select books for the library. To him N.C. is indebted for various internal improve- ments of his suggesting, as well as to his ser- vices in the cause of education. He pub. in 1822 a treatise on geometry, and " Letters of Carlton," 1825. — Sprague. Caldwell, Samuel, gen., maj. of Ky. " levies of 1791 ; " disting. in Wilkinson's ex- ped. against the Indians on the Wabash in Aug. 1791 ; lieut.-col. com. Ky. Vols. 1812, and in Clay's brigade under Gen. Harrison in 1813; brig. Ky. Vols. Aug. 1813, and com. a brigade in battle of the Thames, Oct. 5, 1813. — Gardner. Calef (or Calfe), Robert, merchant of Boston, famous for his opposition to the witch- craft persecution of 1692 ; d. ab. 1723. 2d son of Robert of Roxbury, who d. Apr. 13, 1719. Such was the prevalence of the belief which he so powerfully attacked, that, un- able to pub. his defence in Boston, it was print- ed in London in 1700. Its title, "More Won- ders of the Invisible World," was suggested by Cotton Mather's "Wonders of the Invisi- ble World ; " and its plain facts and common- sense arguments contrib., notwithstanding the learned and powerful were its opponents, most essentially to a change of public opinion. Dr. Increase Mather, pres. of H. C., ordered the wicked book to be burnt in the coll. yard. The members of the Old North Church pub. a de- fence of their pastors, the Mathers, entitled ** Remarks upon a Scandalous Book," &e., with the motto, " Truth will come off Conquer- or." The complete triumph of Calef turned the satire upon them ; judges and jurors con- fessed their errors ; and the people were aston- ished, and ashamed of their own follies. Jus- tice was, however, withheld from him in his day ; and traces of his unpopularity are discov- erable in several proceedings of the town. A CAI^ 155 CAJii new edition of his work was printed at Salera in 1796. Calhoun, John Caldwell, LL.D., states- man, b. Abbeville District, S.C.,18 Mar. 1782; d. Washington, D.C, 31 Mar. 1850. Y. C. 1804, with the first honors. Patrick, his fa- ther, a native of Ireland, com, a company for frontier defence, and was for 30 years, and until his d. in 1796, a member of the legisl. His mother, Martha Caldwell, was of Scotch- Irish descent. From his boyhood, he was grave, thoughtful, ardent, and persevering. He studied law at Litchfield, began practice in his native district in 1807, took high rank in his profession, and, with a lucrative practice, entered early upon the political arena. He was in the State legisl. in 1808-10; M.C. 1811-17, and influential in procuring the dec- laration of war with England in 1812 ; sec. of war in Monroe's cabinet, 16 Dec. 1817-Mar. 1825 ; vice-pres. of tlie U.S., 182.5-31 ; U.S. senator, 1831 and 1845-50; sec. of State 1844- 5. As presiding oflScer of the senate, he was punctual, methodical, and accurate. The pe- culiar doctrine of this eminent man, which he honestly entertained and earnestly advocated, was, that the Constitution was a mere treaty, from the conditions of which any State might separateherself if desirable to the inhabitants, — the doctrine of " State Rights," as it is called. Calhoun's influence in his own State was so great, that his ultra views of the tariff, nullifi- cation, and slavery, controlled the opinions of the majority of his constituents. His collected writings and speeches, edited by R. K. Cralle, with a biography, were pub. in 6 vols., 8vo. His son, Maj. Patrick, U.S.A., d. Pendleton, S.C, 1 June, 1858, a. 37. Another son, Col. William Lowndes, a planter, d. Abbeville Dist., 19 Sept. 1858, a. 28. Calhoun, John Ewing, lawyer and sen- ator, b. 1749; d. Pendleton District, S.C, Nov. 26, 1802. N.J. Coll. 1774. While very young, he lost his father, but was taken by his Uncle Patrick, who provided him with an ex- cellent education. He studied law, became disting. in the profession, was many years in the legisl. of S.C., and was a U.S. senator in 1801-2. He was on the committee to report a modification of the judiciary system of the U.S., and was an eloquent and independent man. Calhoun, William Barron, LL.D. (Amh. Coll. 1858), b. Boston, Dec. 29, 1795 ; d. Springfield, Ms., Nov. 8, 1865. Y. C. 1814. He studied law with George Bliss of Spring- field, and for 40 years was prominent there. Member of the Ms. legisl. 1825-35; speaker, 1834-5; M.C. 183.5-43; pres. of the State senate, 1846-7 ; sec. of State of Ms. 1848-51 ; mayor of Springfield, 1859 ; and again member of Ms. legisl. 1861. Many years a contrib. to the Springfield Republican. John, his brother, who while surv.-gen. of Kansas, gained an unenvia- ble reputation in the attempt to force the Le- compton Constitution upon the people, d. Oct. 19, 1859. Call, Daniel D., an eminent lawyer; d. Richmond, Va., May 20, 1840, a. ab. 75. Bro.- in-law of Judge Marshall. He pub. 6 vols, of "Reports of the Va. Court of Appeals," 1790-1818, 2d ed., 1824-33, edited by Joseph Tate. ^ ^ Call, Maj. Richard of Va. Revol. offi cer; fought at Charleston, S.C, May 6, 1780; com. rifle corps in action with Col.'Simcoe at *' Spencer's Ordinary," Va., June 25, 1781, and served under Lafayette; made surv.-gen. of Ga , Jan. 1784. Call, Richard K., gen., b. Ky. ; d. Talla- hassee, Sept. 1862. App. from Kv. lieut. 44th Inf, July 15, 1814; brev. capt. Nov. 7, 1814; vol. aide to Gen. Jack.son, April, 1818, and acting insp.-gen. to the army in the field. May, 1818 ; capt. July, 1818 ; resigned May 1, 1822. Member legisl. council of Fla., Apr. 1822; brig.-gen. W. Fla. militia, Jan. 1823 ; delegate in Congress, 1823-5 ; receiver land office, W. Fla. March, 1825; gov. of Fla. and com. of the army against the Seminoles, Dec. 6, 1835, to Dec. 6, 1836; com. in 2d and 3d battles of Wahoo Swamp, Nov. 18 and 21, 1836; U.S. gov. Fla. Terr., 1836-Mar. 1 844 ; maj.-gen. Fla. militia, July 1 to Dec. 8, 1846. — Gardner. Calleja' (kal-la'-ha), Don Felix del Rey, Count de Calderon, a Spanish gen., b. 1750 ; d. ab. 1821. After having been treas. of the council of the Indies in Amer., he com. in 1810 at San Luis Potosi, Mexico, when he was ordered to pursue the insurgent Hidalgo, who was advancing on the capital with a large native force. Easily defeating him, he carried Guanaxoato by assault, and Jan. 12, 1812, de- feated and mortally wounded him at Guadalax- ara. He gained other advantages, but through his cruelty caused the insurrection to become much more formidable ; and, under Morelos, the success was balanced between the two par- ties. Calleja was made viceroy, 4 Mar. 1813; ordered Morelos, who had been made prisoner, to be shot, 22 Dec. 1815; was succeeded in his viceroyship in 1817,and,returning to Spain, was made a count. In 1819, he was given the com. of troops destined to act against the in- dependents of Paraguay, but was taken pris- oner by Riego, and confined in the Isle of Leon, dying soon after recovering his liberty. Callender, James Thompson, political writer, b. Scotland ; d. Richmond, Va., July, 1803. He was exiled for pub. his "Political Progress of Britain," Edinb., 1792. Came to Phila., where he pub. the " Political Register," 3 Nov. 1794 to 3 Mar. 1795, 8vo ; "Amer. Annual Register for 1796," Svo, 1797. He was at one time the friend of Jefferson, but became his enemy and calumniator. The Richmond Recorder, which he edited some years, was noted for its virulent assaults upon the admin- istrations of Washington and John Adams. He was drowned while bathing' in the James River. Author, also, of " The Prospect before us," and " Sketches of Amer. Hist.," 1798. Callender, John, Baptist minister of Newport, R.I., b. Boston; d. Jan. 26, 1748, a. 4 1 . H.U. 1 723. He was a nephew of the Rev. Elisha, a Baptist minister of Boston ; was li- censed to preacli in 1727 ; was pastor of the Baptist Church in Swansey, Ms., from Aug. 1728 to Feb. 1730, and Oct. 13, 1731 was ord. minister of the second Baptist church in Amer., formed in 1644. His centennial discourse in 1738 is very valuable, and contains much of the CAJL. 156 CJ^JL, early history of R. I., especially in ecclesiasti- cal affairs: this was reprinted in 1838, in the Colls. Tl. I. Hist. Soc, with notes by Dr. El- ton. He also pub. sermons on the death of Rev. Mr. Clapp, 1745, and Rev. Mr. Condy, 1739. His collections relating to the history of the Baptists in this country were used by Mr. Backus, Callieres (deh-ka'-leair'), Chevalier Louis Hector, de, b. Torigny, France; d. Montreal, Ca., May 26, 1703. He' was a gallant military officer, and came to Canada as a mem- ber of the Montreal company. App. gov. of Montreal in 1684, he enclosed the town with palisades. In 1689, he went to France to sug- gest a project for the conquest of N. Y., in which, but for its failure, he would have had the chief com. Gov. of Canada from the death of Frontenac, in 1698, until his own death: his ability and valor made him popular in the Colony. He had several negotiations with the Indians, but died in the midst of his labors, and was succeeded by Vaudreuil. He endeav- ored to unite all the Indian tribes in a perma- nent peace, and.^to attach them to the French interest. — Charlevoix. Calmes, Gen. Marquis, Rcvol. officer; d. Woodford Co., Ky., Feb. 27, 1834, a. 79. He was a capt. in the Revol., and was disting. at the battle of Monmouth. Made brig.-gen. Ky. Vols., Aug. 31, 1813. He served under Harrison, and com. a brigade at the battle of the Thames. Calvert, Benedict, gov. of Md., 1727-32 ; d. June 1, 1732, on his passage toEng. Ed- ward Henry, bro. of Benedict, and pres. of the council, d. Annapolis, Apr. 24, 1730, a. 28. His wife was dau. of the Earl of Litchfield, and sister of the wife of Edward Young the poet. Frederick, Baron Baltimore, and last proprietor of Md., succeeded Charles, Lord B., in 17.51 ; d. Naples, Sept. 30, 1771, leaving his property in Md. to his son Henry Harford. He pub. a " Tour in the East," &c.^ 1767. Calvert, Sir George, the first baron of Baltimore. Founder of the province of Mary- land, b. Kipling, in Yorkshire, in 1582 ; d. London, Apr. 15, 1632. He was. descended from a Flemish family. Grad. at Oxford in 1597, and, after travelling abroad, entered the service of Robert Cecil, afterwards Earl of Salis- bury. He was knighted by James I. in 1617, and made clerk of the privy council, and, in 1619, one of the sees, of State. This post he resigned in 1624 in consequence of having be- come a Roman Catholic. Notwithstanding this, he retained the confidence of the king, who in 1625 raised him to the Irish peerage of Baltimore. He had ])reviously obtained a grant of land in the Island of Newfoundland, which he named Avalon, where he was pre- vented from making a settlement by the inva- sions of the French. Still desirous of forming a settlement in Amer., whither he might retire with his family and friends of the same reli- gious principles, he in 1629 visited Va., whose fertility and attractions had been highly laud- ed. Meeting with an unwelcome reception on account of his religion, he turned his attention to the territory north of the Potomac, and, on his return to Eng., obtained a grant of it from Charles I. ; but, dying before the patent was completed, it was again drawn in the name of his eldest son Cecil, who succeeded to his honors, and it passed the seals, June 20, 1632. This territory, named in honor of Henrietta Maria, queen-consort of Charles I., was col- onized under the patronage of Lord Baltimore, who displayed justice and good faith in his dealings with the Indians, and liberality to re- ligious sectaries in his legisl. arrangements, highly creditable to his principles and charac- ter. Lord Baltimore wrote some political tra!:ts ; and his speeches in parliament, and let- ters of State, have also been pub. — See Life of Calvert, by S. F. Streeter. Calvert, George Henry, author, b. Bal- timore, Md., Jan. 2, 1803. H. U. 1823. His father was of the family of the founder of Md. ; and his mother, a lineal descendant of the painter Rubens, was a native of Antwerp. Af- ter studying at Gottingen, he edited for several years the Baltimore American. In 1832, he pub. " Illnstrations of Phrenology," the first Amer. treatise on the subject; in 1833, "Life of Rob- ert Barclay;" in 1836, a metrical version of Schiller's " Don Carlos ; " in 1840, a fragment on " Arnold and Andre," 2 cantos of " Cabi- ro "a poem, and " Count Julian," a tragedy ; in 1 845, a portion of the correspondence of Goethe and Schiller, and, in 1846 and 1852, 2 series of *' Scenes and Thoughts in Europe ; " in 1856, "An Introduction to Social Science;" " The Gentlemen," 1863 ; tAvo additional cantos of " Cabiro " in 1864; a new edition of his " Scenes and Thoughts in Europe," 1865 ; and " Comedies," Boston, 12mo, 1856 ; " Thoughts of Joseph Joubert, with a Biog. Notice." Since 1843, he has resided at Newport, R.I., of which city he was mayor in 1853, and was the orator at the celebration of the 40th anni- versary of the battle of Lake Erie. He has contrib. to the zV. A. Review, Putnam's Monthly, and other literary periodicals. — Dui/ckinck. Calvert, Leonard, first gov. of Md. ; d. June 9, 1647, a. 41. His bro. Cecil, the pro prietor, sent him to Amer. as superintendent of the colony in 1633. After landing with his company of 200 at Point Comfort, Va., Feb. 24, 1 634, he sailed up Chesapeake Bay, Mar. 3, entered the Potomac a distance of 12 leagues, and anchored at an island which he named St. Clement's, of which he took formal possession. Having convinced the natives that his designs were peaceful, he took possession of the territory, giving to the town the name of St. Mary's, and to the creek on which it was situated the name of St. George. The liberal policy of security of property and toleration, upon which its col- onization was based, made a Roman-Catholic colony an asylum for those who were driven from N. E. by the persecutions there carried on among Protestants. He experienced much trouble from a settler of Kent Island, Wra. Clay borne, who denied his jurisdiction, and took up_ arms against him, but who was ultimately driven out of the province. Calvert superin- tended the affairs of the colony until the civil war in Eng., when the name of a papist became so obnoxious, that the parliament assumed the govt, of the province, and app. a new gov. At the restoration, Cecil Calvert recovered his right. CJ^lSl 157 C^iNX Cambreling, Churchill C, mercliant and M.C., b. Washington, N.C., 1786; d. West Neck, L.I., Apr. 30, 1862. He received an academical education at Newborn, removed in 1802 to N.Y. City, where he subsequently re- sided, and, engaging at an early day in mercan- tile pursuits witli John Jacob Astor, travelled extensively over the world. He was M.C. from N.Y. from 1821 to 1839, and chairman of the com. of commerce, of ways and means, and of foreign affairs. Of his numerous reports and political pamphlets, that on commerce and navi- gation passed through several editions, and was repub. in London. While travelling in Europe in 1 839, he was app. minister to Russia. Mem- ber of the State Const. Conv. in 1846. — Lan- man. Cameron, Sir Alan, a British gen. ; d. Fulhara, Eng., Mar. 9, 1828. He was con- cerned with Connolly in 1775 in the plan of arousing and combining the Indian tribes against the Colonists ; was taken prisoner near Hagerstown, Md., and remained for nearly 2 years in the common jail at Phila. In attempt- mg to escape from this confinement. Sir Alan had both his ankles shattered and broken; and he never perfectly recovered from the pain- ful effects of those injuries. He was subse- quently placed upon half-pay as a prov. officer ; but in 1793 he raised the 79th, or Cameron Highlanders, at his own expense. With this regt. as major, and then col. comg., he served in the Netherlands and in the West Indies, and subsequently in the peninsula, where he disting. himself particularly at Talavera and Busaco. Sir Alan was app. maj.-gen. July 25, 1810; after the peace, K.C.B.; and, on the 12th of Aug. 1819, lieut.-gen. Cameron, Simox, statesman, b. Lancaster Co., Pa., 1799. Left an orphan at 9, he learned the trade of a printer ; worked at Harrisburg and at Washington, D.C., employing his leisure in study. In 1820, he became editor of a news- paper at Doylestown, Pa.; in 1822 settled in jHarrisburg, editing a journal advocating Gen. Jackson's election to the Presidency, and in 1832 was pres. of the Middletown bank of Pa. He became pres. of two railroad companies, and adj.-gen. of the State. U.S. senator in 1845-9 and 1857-61. In that body, he voted for Mr. Douglas's proposition to extend the Mo. Compromise line to the Pacific. After the repeal of the Mo. Compromise in 1854, and the attempt to force slavery upon the people of Kansas, he connected himself with the "People's Party" in Pa., and in 1856 voted for Fremont. Mr. Lincoln made him, 4 Mar. 1861 , sec. of war, which post he filled until Jan. 14, 1862, when he resigned, and was app. minister to Russia ; but he soon returned to the U.S., arriving Nov. 8, 1862. Delegate to the Bait, convention, 1864, the Phila. convention of 1 866, and Avas again a U.S. senator for the term ending in 1873. Suc- ceeded Mr. Sumner as chairman of the com. on foreign affairs in Feb. 1871. His brother Col. Jamks, b. Mnytown, Pa., Mar. 1, 1801 ; killed at the battle of Bull Eun, July 21, 1861, leading a charge of the 79th N.Y. regt. He began life a printer in his bro.'s office, and edited the PoUfkat Sentinel, 1827. Cammerhof, Frederick, a Moravian bishop ; d. Bethlehem, Pa., Apr. 28, 1751. He came to the U.S. in 1746, visited the establish- ment at Shomokin on the Susquehanna in 1749, and in 1750 went to Onondaga to labor amongst the Iroquois. His was a character of much benevolence, and he was greatly beloved. — Loskiel. Campbell, Alex., D.D., founder of the sect called " Campbellites," b. Antrim Co., Ireland, June, 1786; d. Bethany, Va., 4 Mar. 1866. Educated at the U. of Glasgow. He came to the U.S. in 1800, settled in Washing- ton, Pa., and preached at Brush Run in 1810. Originally a Presb., but in 1812 became a Bap- tist. With his father Thomas Campbell, he founded several congregations, which united with the Baptists, bvit protested against all creeds; and in 1827 was excluded from fel- lowship with the Baptist churches. In 1833, his followers numbered 100,000, mostly in the States of Va., Ky., and Tcnn. In 1844, he founded Bethany Coll., of which he was made pres. A history of the sect is in the Christian Baptist and XJillennial Hrirliiiifjer, edited by him in Bethany (1823-63). Including his "De- bates," he pub. 52 vols. He was a man of strong intellect, fine scholarship, and great logi- cal powers. — See Memoir, by Robert Richardson, 2 rofs., Phila., 1868. Campbell, Sir Archibald of Invei-mell, a British maj.-gen.; d. Mar. 1791. App. capt. 42d regt. Oct. 1758; maj. Dec. 1780 ; licut.- col. 71 st in 1775, and was, with a portion of his corps, made prisoner while entering Boston harbor, just after Gen. Howe had departed. Made a subject of retaliation for the cruel treatment of captive American officers, he yet displayed gentleness and humanity towards his foes, while conducting, afterward, active opera- tions in the South, where he proved himself a brave and skilful commander. Nov. 27,1778, he com. an exped. against Savannah, defeated Gen. Robert Howe, and, Dec. 29, captured that city. He captured Augusta, Ga., Jan. 29, 1779; was made col. Dec. 7, 1779 ; M.P. for Stirling, 1774-80 and in 1789; gov. of Madras, 1785-89, and gov. of Jamaica in 1789-91. Campbell, Col. Arthur, a Western pio- neer, b. Augusta Co., Va., 1742; d. Yellow Creek, Knox Co., Ky., 1815. At the age of fifteen, he was taken by the Indians and made himself master of their language. Escaping in 1759, he served as guide in an exped. to the Upper Lakes, and was rewarded by govt with 1,000 acres near Louisville, Ky. In 1769, he settled at " The Royal Oak^' on Holstein River; was app. mnjor of militia; was col. of a regt^more than 30 years; and was engaged in and com. several military expeds., especially that against the Chcrokees, in Jan. 1781, with whom he made an important treaty. In the spring of 1776, he was elected to the Va. assem- bly, and, as a member of the State Const. Conv., took a decided srand agiiinst an established church. He was for some years county lieut. of Washington Co., Va. After 35 years' resi- dence at Holstein, he removed to Yellow Creek. He m. a sister of Gen. Wm. Campbell, and was the father of Col. John B. Campbell, Charles, historinn, b. Peters- burg, Va., 1807. N.J. Coll. 1825. Son of C-AJM 158 C.AJVI John "Wilson Campbell, a bookseller of Pe- tersb. Authorofa Hist.of Va.,l813. Has pub. " The Bland Papers," 8vo, 1840 ; " History of Virginia," 8vo, 1869; "Memoir of John Daly Burke," 1868 ; " Genealogy of the Spotswood Family," 1868. Contrib. to the Southern Lit. Messenger from its commencement. Editor of " The Orderly Book " of Gen. Andrew Lewis in 1776, 4to, 1860. Campbell, David, gov. of Va., 1 836-9 ; d. Abingdon, Va., March 19, 1859, a. 80. App. major 12th Inf., July 6, 1812 ; lieut.-col. 20th Inf., Mar. 12, 1813; resigned Jan. 28, 1814. Campbell, Duncan R., D.D., Baptist clergyman, b. Scotland, ab.l797 ; d. Covington, Ky., Aug. 11, 1865. Graduate of a Scottish university ; soon after came to the U. S. ; preached some years, and after a pastorate at Georgetown, Ky., was pres. of Georgetown Coll. from 1849 until his death. Campbell, George Wash., statesman, b. Tenn., 1768; d. Nashville, Feb. 17, 1848. N.J. Coll. 1794. M. C. from 1803 to 1809, during the last two years of which period he was chair- man of the committee of ways and means; U.S. senator, 1811-14 and 1815-18; sec. of the treasury from Feb. 9 to Oct. 6, 1814; envoy- extraor. and minister- plenipo. to Russia in 1818-21; and at one time judge of the U. S. Dist. Court of Tenn. A commissioner in 1831 to settle the claims on France. Campbell, Hugh F., commodore U. S. N; d. Washington, Nov. 11, 1820. App, raaster- com. July 27, 1799; capt. Oct. 16, 1800. Campbell, Jacob, author of "Political Essays," b. R.I. 1760; d. 1788. — ^///6one. Campbell, James, jurist, b. Phila., 1813. Son of an Irish emigrant, who gave his chil- dren a thorough education. His persevering, energetic, prompt, and inquiring mind soon gave him a high rank among the proverbially acute and eloquent members of the Phila. bar; and in 1841-50 he was a judge of the C. C. P.; atty.-gen. of the State in 1850-3 ; U. S. post- master-gen. in 1853-7. Campbell, James Archibald, judge U. S. Supreme Court, 1853-61, b. Washington, Ga., June 24, 1811, U. of Ga. 1826. His grandfatherwas an aide-de-camp to Gen. Greene. Adm. to the bar in Montgomery, Ala., in 1830, and practised with success. He opposed the secession of Ala. ; did all in his power to bring the war to a close in 1864, and in 1865 re- sumed practice in N. Orleans. Campbell, John, bookseller, and post- master of Boston many years, and until 1718 ; pub., 24 Apr. 1704, the Boston News Letter, the first permit, newsp. issued in N. Amer ; b. Scot- land, 1653; d. Boston, Mar. 1728. Some years justice of the peace for Suffolk Co. — Drake's Boston, 528, 538. Campbell, John, political writer, b. Edin- burgh, Mar. 8, 1708; d. Dec. 28, 1775. Agent of the British Govt, for Ga. from 1755 to his d. Author of a " Concise Hist, of Span. America," 1741; "Lives of the Eng. Admirals," 1744; "New Sugar Islands in the W. Indies," 8vo ; " Trade of Great Britain to America," 4to, 1772; "Political Survey of Great Britain," &c. Campbell, John, a British gen., b. Stra- chur, Scotland ; d. early in 1 806. He entered the army in June, 1745, as lieut. of Loudon's Highlanders ; served through the Scotch rebel- lion ; made the campaign in Flanders in 1747 ; capt. 1 Oct. 1747 ; April 9, 1756, he was app. to the 42d Highlanders ; was wounded in the at- tack on Ticonderoga in 1 758 ; major of the 1 7 th Foot, July 11, 1759; lieut.-col. in the army, Feb. 1, 1762, and com. this regt. in the expeds. against Martinico and Havana. May 1, 1773, he became lieut.-col. of the 37th Foot ; returned to Amer. in 1776 with his regt, at the outset of theRevol.; was app. maj.-gen.Feb. 19, 1779; col. of his regt. Nov. 2, 1780; and com. the British forces in West Fla., where, after a gal- lant defence, he was obliged to surrender Pen- sacola to the Spaniards, May 10, 1781 ; lieut.- gen. Sept. 28, 1 787 ; gen. in the army, Jan. 26, 1797. Campbell, John B., col., b. Ky. ; d. of wounds reed, in the battle of Chippewa, Aug. 28, 1814. Nephew of Col. Campbell of King's Mountain renown. Was app. lieut.-col. 19th Inf., March 12, 1812 ; com. detachment against the Mississinewa Indians, Dec. 1812, for which he was brev. col. ; col. 11th Inf , Apr. 9, 1814 ; disting., and severely wounded in battle of Chippewa, July 5, 1814, where he com. the right wing of the army under Scott. — Gardner. Campbell, John N., D.D. (N.J. Coll. 1835), Presb. clergyman, b. Phila., March 4, 1798; d. Albany, March 27, 1864. He stud- ied theology with Rev. Ezra Stiles; was for a while at the U. of Pa., and was afterward a teacher of languages in Hainp, Sid. Coll. In May, 1817, he was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Hanover, Va. In 1820, he was chaplain to Congress. After preaching in Pe- tersburg, Newbern, and elsewhere, he, in 1823, became the assist, of Dr. Balch of Georgetown, D.C. From 1825 to 1831, he was pastor of the N.Y,-ave. Church in Washington, D.C, ; and from 1831 to his death, he was pastor of the First Presb, Church at Albany. He was for more than 20 years one of the regents of the N.Y. U. He was an eloquent preacher and a vigorous writer. Campbell, John Poage, M.D., Presb. minister of Chillicothe, 0., b, Aug. Co., Va,, 1767; d. near Chillicothe, 4 Nov. 1814. Hamp. Sid. Coll. 1790. Licensed to preach in May, 1792 ; settled in Ky. in 1795. He pub. "Doc- trine of Justification Considered," " Strictures on Stone's Letters," 1805; "Vindex," in an- swer to " Stone's Reply," 1806. He left a MS. Hist, of the Western country. — Sprague. Campbell, John W., jurist, b. Augusta Co., Va., 23 Feb. 1782 ; d. Delaware, O , 24 Sept. 1833. His parents removed to Ky. in 1791, and afterward to 0. He received a com. school education; was adm. to the bar in 1808; became pros. atty. Adams and Highland Coun- ties; member of the legi.sl. ; M.C. 1817-27, and U.S. dist. judge from 1829 to his d. — ^ee Biog. Sketch and Lit. Refhains by his widow, 8vo, 1838, Campbell, Lewis D,, Democ. politician, b, Franklin, 0., 9 Aug, 1811. He had a lim- ited education ; became asst. editor of the Cin- cimmti Gazette; studied and practised law; was M.C. 1849-57, and chairman of the com. on CA3I 159 C-Ajsr ways and means, 1853-5; app. minister to Mexico in Dec. 1865; again M.C. 1871-3. Campbell, P-, author of " Travels in N. Amer. in 1791-2," Edinb., 8vo, 1793. Campbell, Col. Richard of Va. ; killed at the battle of Eutaw Springs, S.C., Sept 8, 1781. Was commissioned capt. Feb. 19, 1776 ; was a lieut.-col. at the battle of Hobkirk's Hill, and at the siege of Ninety-six. Campbell, Col. Robert, Indian fighter, b. Va., 1755; d. near Knoxville, Tenn., Feb. 1832. He displayed great bravery in many conflicts with the Cherokees, and subsequently at the battle of King's Mountain. He was nearly 40 years a magistrate of Washington Co., Va., and in 1825 emigrated to Tenn. Campbell, Lord William, gov. of S.C. ; 1774-5; d. Sept. 5, 1778. Youngest son of the 4th Duke of Argyle. Became a capt. in the navy, Aug. 20, 1762"; M.P. in 1764; gov. of Nova Scotia in 1766-73. Entering upon his administration in June, 1775, he was active in fomenting insurrectionary movements favor- able to the crown among the border population and the red men . Detected in this practice, and the public military stores having been secured by the people, he fled on board a frigate, and in the following year was mortally wounded on board " The Bristol," during the attack on Fort Moultrie. In May, 1763, he m. Sarah, sister of Ralph Izard, a leading patriot of the Revol. Campbell, Gen. William, Revol. offi- cer, b. Augusta, Va., 1745; d. Sept. 1781. He received a liberal education. Formed by Nature for a soldier, and was at the battle of Point Pleasant, 1774; was app. a capt. in the first Va. regt. in 1775, but resigned in the latter part of 1776, on account of the breaking-out of an In- dian war, which called him home. He was then made lieut-col. of Washington Co, mili- tia, and in 1778, col. With his regt., he marched 200 miles to attack Maj. Ferguson, at King's Mountain, at which battle he com. Oct. 7, 1780; and for his disting. services on this occasion, the Icgisl. presented him with a sword, horse, and pistols, and named a county after him. His conduct at Guilford drew from Greene and Col. Lee flattering letters, and from the Va. legisl. the rank of brig.-gen. He joined Lafayette to oppose the invasion of Cornwallis, and received the com. of the light infantry and riflemen, but died, after a short but brilliant military career, just before the siege of York town. — Va. Hist. Colls. Campbell, William B., soldier and pol- itician, b. Sumner Co., Tenn., Feb. 1, 1807 ; d. Lebanon, Aug. 19, 1867. He studied law; practised at Carthage, Tenn. in 1830; was elected dist-atty. 4th dist. in 1831, and be- came a member of the legisl. in 1835. He was a capt. of vols, during the Creek and Fla. wars; M.C. in 1837-43; col. 1st Tenn. Vols, in Mexican war ; com. a brigade, and was dis- ting. in the battle of Cerro Gordo, and at Mon- terey ; was made judge 4th circuit of Tenn. soon after his return, and was in 1851-3 gov. of the State ; chosen judge of the Circuit Court in 1857. In 1861, he canvassed his State in opposition to the secessionists, and June 30, 1862, was made brig.-gen. vols., but, on account of feeble health, resigned 26 Ja-n. 1863. Campbell, William W,, judge, grand- son of Col, Samuel ; b, Cherrv Valley, N,Y., June 10, 1806. Un. Coll. 1827. He studied law with Judge Kent ; commenced practice in N, Y. City in 1831 ; was M. C. in 1845-7 ; then spent a year in Europe; app, in 1849 a justice of the Superior Court of N, Y, City ; served seven years, and was subsequently elected a judge of the State Supreme Court, Author of "Annals of Tryon County, N.Y,," 8vo, 1831 ; new ed,, revised, entitled "Border War- fare," N.Y., 1849, 12mo; "Life and Writings of De Witt Clinton," 1849, 8vo; " Sketches of Robin Hood and Capt, Kidd," 12mo, 1853; "Life of Mrs. Grant, Missionary to Persia," 12mo, 1840, Canby, Edward Richard Sprigg, brig.- gen. U. S.A,, b. Ky., ab, 1819, West Point, 1839, Served in the Florida war, 1839-42; assist, adj,-gen. (rank of capt,) 3 Mar. 1847; disting, at Cerro Gwdo ; brev, major for Con- treras and Churubusco, Aug, 20, 1 847 ; brev. lieut,-col. for gallant conduct at the Belen Gate, Sept. 13, 1847 ; capt, 2d Inf. June, 1851 ; major 10th Inf, Mar, 3, 1855; col. 19th Inf. May 14, 1861, and brig.-gen, vols. March 31, 1862. He served in the TJtah exped, under Gen, A. S. Johnston, and in 1 859-60 com. Fort Bridger, Utah. When the civil war began in 1861, he was in New Mexico, and displayed great energy and skill in defending the territory against the confederates. He afterwards served in the war dopt. at Washington ; com. the troops in and around N.Y, City'at the time of the riots in July, 1863, and resumed his post in the war dept, m Nov. 1 863. 7 May, 1 864, he was made maj .-gen. comg, the district embracing the depts, of the Mo,, Ark,, and the Gulf. He com. the exped. which captured Mobile, Apr. 12, 1865, and May 4, received the surrender of the rebel Taylor and his army. Brev. maj.-gen. U, S, A, Mar, 13, 1865; brig.-gen. U.S.A. July 28, 1866; brev. brig.-gen. U,S,A, for battle of Valverde, New Mex,; maj, -gen, for Mobile; Nov. 4, 1868, cotn- 5th military district. CaufLeld, Francesca Anna, poetess, b. Phila,, 1 803 ; d. 1823, Dau. of Dr, F, Pascalis, an Ital, physician. She was distinguished for her knowledge of languages, and the excellence of her verses, many of which are in Griswold's Female Poets of Amei-ica, and in the periodi- cals of the day, — AUibone. Canfleld, Henry Judson, b. Ct., 1789; d. 1856. Y. C. 1806. Author of "Treatise on Sheep." Contrib. to Ohio Cultivator, Amer. Agriculturist, &c, — AUibone. Cannon, Charles James, poet, dramatist, and no^'«list, b, N. Y., of Irish parentage, Nov. 4, 1 800 ; d. there Nov. 9, 1 860, Among his numer- ous works are " Facts, Feelings, and Fancies," " The Poet's Quest," " Mora Carmody," " Fa- ther Felix ; poems, dramatic and miscellaneous ; dramas, including the " Oath of Office " and " Tighe Liffbrd." He also compiled a speller and a series of readers, — See Brownson's Qitar- terlyfor Oct. 1857 ; Hist. Mag. v, 30, Cannon, James Spencer, D,D,, clergy- man of the D. R. Church, b. 1776; d. New Brunswick, N, J., July 25, 1852. Rutg. Coll. 1811. He was for 51 years a trustee, and from 1826 until his death, prof, of metaphysics cJAJsr 160 CAR, and the philosophy of the human mind in Rutg. Coll. Author of "Lectures on Chro- nology," "Lectures on Pastoral Theology," 8vo, 1853. Cannon, Newton, soldier and statesman, b. Guilford Co., N.C., ab. 1781 ; d. Nashville, Tenn., Sept. 29, 1841. Member State legisl. 1811-12, and State Const. Conv. of 1834. Col. Tenn. Mounted Rifles, Sept. to Dec. 1813, and com. the left in battle of Tallahatchie, Nov. 3, 1813 ; was M.C. from Tenn. from 1814 to 1817 and from 1819 to 1823; was app. by Monroe one of two commissioners to treat with the Chickasaws in 1819; and was gov. of Tenn. from 1835 to 1839. Cannon, William, gov. of Del., 1864-5, b. Bridgeville, Del., 1809 ; d. Phila., Mar. 1, 1865. He was some time in the State legisl.; was State treasurer, and member of the peace congress in 1861. Canonicus, a Narragansett chief, uncle of Miantonomoh, b. ab. 1565; d. June 4, 1647; was the firm friend of the English, especially of Roger Williams. From him, Williams obtained, March 24, 1638, the grant of land for his settlement of the future State of R.I. In 1622, two years after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, Canonicus sent as a challenge a bundle of arrows tied Avith a snake-skin. The skin was returned filled with powder and ball ; but the peace was unbroken. In 1632-5, there was a war between the Pequots and Nar- ragansetts, about the ownership of land lying between Paucatuck River and Wecapang Brook. Canonicus, afccr losing his son, burned his own residence, and all his goods in it. Roger Williams calls him " A wise and peace- able prince." During his life, the Narragan- setts, though engaged in wars with other Indians, remained at peace with the whites. Many years after his death, however, under the famous King Philip, they made war on the English, and were exterminated. Capers, William, D.D. (Aug. Coll., Ky., 1839), bishop M. E. Church, b St. Thomas's Parish, S.C, Jan. 26, 1790; d. Anderson, S.C., Jan. 29, 1855. S.C. Coll. 1808. He became a travelling minister in 1808. In 1821, he was app. missionary to the Indians in Western Ga., and travelled extensively throughout the State. He established a mission among the Creek In- dians on Flint River in 1822; preached in Charleston from 1825 to 1831, and edited the Wesleyan Journal. In 1828, he was sent to Eng. as the representative of his church at the British conference. In 1835, he was elect- ed prof, of the evidences of Christianity in the U. of S.C, and afterwards took charge of the Southern Christian Advocate. For several years, he was one of the gen. missionary secretaries, and in May, 1846, was elected bishop of the southern division, which, at the gen. conference held at N.Y. in 1844, had separated from the northern on the slavery question. He was remarkable for urbanity, elegance of style, and the oratorical finish and force of his pulpit ministrations. Capron, Elisha S., counsellor at law, author of " Hist, of California, from its Dis- covery to 1854," b. N.Y., 1806. CardOZO) Isaac N., journalist and politi- cal economist, b. Savannah, Ga., Jime 17, 1786 ; drowned in James River, Va., Aug. 26, 1850. He received a plain English education in Charleston, S.C. In 1816, he became edi- tor of the Southern Patriot, a free-trade organ in Charleston, becoming sole proprietor in 1823, in which year he was active in establish- ing the chamber of commerce. He opposed the tariff act of 1828, but did not adopt ex- treme nullification views. In 1845, he sold the Patriot, and soon after established the Evening News, another daily, of which he was commer- cial editor. He was a contrib. to the Southern Quarterly Review, and other periodicals, and in 1826 pub. "Notes on Political Economy. Carew, Sir Benjamin Hallowell, adm. R.N., b. Boston, 1760; d. Beddington Park, Eng., 2 Sept. 1834. Son of Benj. Hal- lowell, customs commissioner at Boston. En- tering the navy at an early age, he became a lieut. in Aug. 1781, capt. 1793, rear-adm. 1811, and vice-adm. 1819, K.C.B. 1819, K. G.C. 1831. He was with Rodney in the great fight with DeGrasse ; com. a ship of the line under Hotham in the action off the Hieres Islands ; was a vol. on board " The Victory," in the battle of Cape St. Vincent; and, in com. of " The Swiftsure," contrib. essentially to the great victory of the Nile. He was with Hood at the reduction of St. Lucia and Tobago, and with Nelson in the W. Indies. He succeeded to the estates of the Carews on the death of a cousin in 1828. — Sabine. Carey, Alice and Phcebe, two sisters, poets. Alice was b. Mount Healthy, nearCin- cin., O., April, 1820; d. N.Y. City, 12 Feb. 1871. Walter, her emigrant ancestor, settled at Bridge water, Ms. Her grandfather, a Revol. soldier of Ct., settled after the war in Hamilton Co., O. Robert her father, one of the first settlers of Cincin., d. 11 Feb. 1866, a. 80. Alice first became known by a series of sketches in the National Era, signed " Patty Lee." The sisters pub. jointly in 1850 a vol. of poems. She pub. a vol. of prose-sketches, " Clovernook," in 1851, a second scries in 1853, and a third in 1854 ; " Lyra and other Poems," 18.53; "Hagar, a Story of To-day," 1852; " Married, not Mated," 1856 ; a new collection of poems, 1855; "Pictures of Country Life," 1859; "Lyrics and Hymns," 1866; "The Bishop's Son," 1867; "*The Lover's Diary," 1867 ; and " Snowberries." In 1850, the sisters removed to N.Y. City. Phoebe, b. Clover- nook, 1825, like her sister, was a frequent contrib. to periodicals, pub. in 1854 a vol. of poems and parodies, and recently, "Poems of Faith, Hope, and Love." D. 31 July, 1871. Carey, Henry Charles, political econo- mist, son of Matthew, b. Phila., Dec. 15, 1793; was brought up a bookseller, liecoming a partner in his father's firm in 1814. In 1821, he became the leading partner in the firm of Carey & Lea, the largest j)ublishing-house in the country, and in 1835 withdrew from busi- ness to employ his capital in industrial enter- prises. Long a student of political economy, and originally a zealous partisan of free trade, he eventually became a protectionist. He has pub. "Essay on the Rate of Wages," 1835; "The Principles of Political Economy," 3 CAJEl 161 CJAH vols., 8vo, 1837-40; "The Credit System in France, Great Britain, and the U.S.," 1838; " The Past, the Present, and the Future," 1848; "The Harmony of Interests," 1850; ** The Slave Trade, Domestic, and Foreign ; " " Letters on International Copyright," 1863 ; " Letters to the President on the Foreign and Domestic Policy of the Union," 1858; "Prin- ciples of Social Science," 3 vols., 8vo, 1858-9 ; " A Series of Letters on Polit. Economy," addressed to W. C. Bryant, 1860, and another series addressed to Hon. Schuyler Colfax, 1865. For several years, he contrib. the leading pa- pers in the Plough, the Loom, and the Anvil, some of which were afterwards collected in his " Harmony of Interests." He has also written much on other subjects in the newspapers. — Duj/rkinck. Carey, Matthew, political writer, pub- lisher, and philanthropist, b. Dublin, Ireland, 28 Jan. 1760; d. Phila., 16 Sept. 1839. Ap- prenticed to a printer, he in 1779 wrote a pamphlet on the Irish Catholic question, and was obliged to withdraw to France. Return- ing in 1780, he pub. the Freeman's Journal, and, 13 Oct. 1783, began the Volunteer's Journal, for which he was committed to Newgate prison. Restored to liberty, 14 May, 1784, he came to Amer., landed in Phila,, 15 Nov., and by the aid of Lafayette, who sent him S400, established the Pennsylvania Herald, 25 Jan. 1785. In a duel with Col. Oswald, 21 Jan. 1786, he re- ceived a wound which confined him to his house for 16 months. He was subsequently connected with the Columbian Magazine and the American Museum, and engaged extensively in bookselling and publishing in connection with his sons. He took an active part in chari- table enterprises, and every fortnight dispensed food and other necessaries of life to hun- dreds of poor widows. In 1793, he founded the Hibernian Society. He pub. a " History of the Yellow Fever of 1793 ; " " Miscellane- ous Trifles," 1796; "Amer. Pocket Atlas," 1801 ; " Essavs on Polit. Economy," 8vo, 1822 ; "Miscell. Essays," 1830; "The Olive Branch," an attempt to harmonize the Fed- eral and Democ. parties, 1814; " Vindiciae Hibernica," 1819; and " Philosophy of Com- mon Sense ; " " The New Olive Branch," 1820 ; A zealous champion of the " protective system " of American industry, his writings in its favor number 59. He also advocated the system of internal improvements to which Pa. is so much indebted. In 1833-4, he contrib his Auto- biography to the A^. E. Magazine. In 1796-8, he had a controversy with Wm. Cobbett, which he closed with " The Porcupiniad, aHudibras- tic Poem," 1799. Carillo (ka-rer-yo), Braulio, dictator of Costa Rica, b. Cartago, 1800; assassinated 1845. Member of the Federal Congress of Central Amer., he was afterward elected gov. of Costa Rica, and dictator from 1838 to 1842. His dictatorship was advantageous to the country ; for, while he repressed with a strong hand all revol. tendencies, he devoted the energies of a powerful mind to the promotion of the material interests of the State. He adjusted its foreign debt, built roads and bridges, and, above all, introduced the culture of coffee, 11 now the great staple of the country, and raised it from the poorest to the richest State of Central Amer. He transacted all public affairs with the aid of his wife only. Carleton, Guy (Lord Dorchester), a British gen., b. Strabane, Ireland, 1722 ; d. 10 Nov. 1808. Entering the Guards at an early age, he became in 1748 lieut.-col. 72d regt. ; was aide-de-camp to Cumberland in the German campaign of 1757 ; served under Amherst at the siege of Louisburg in 1758 ; under Wolfe, at Quebec, as quartermaster-gen. in 1759 ; and was a brig.-gen., and was wounded at the siege of Belleisle. Made a col. in the army in Feb. 1762, heserved asquarterm.-gen.in the Havana exped., and was wounded in the successful as- sault on the Moro Castle. In 1767, he became licut.-gov,, and in 1 768, gov., of Quebec ; in 1772, maj.-gen. and col. 47th Foot ; and 29 Aug. 1774, gov.gen. of the Province of Quebec. In Oct. 1775, he attempted to retake Ticonderoga and Crown Point, recently captured by the Amer- icans, but was defeated, and himself narrowly escaped capture. Reaching Quebec, he exerted himself successfully in putting it in a state of defence, and, 31 Dec. 1775, repulsed the assault of the Americans, who lost their brave leader, Montgomery. Receiving re-enforcements from Eng., he drove the Americans from the province, and in a naval battle on Lake Champlain, 13 Oct. 1776, totally defeated the flotilla under Arnold. In 1777, he was superseded by Bur- goyne ; in 1778, was made alieut.-gen., and in 1781 was app. com. -in-chief in Amer., where he had the credit of having done all in his power to soften the rigors of war and to conciliate the people. He embarked for Eng., 25 Nov. 1783 ; was created Baron Dorchester, 21 Aug. 1786, and, from 1786 to 1796, was gov. of British N. Amer.; his administration being marked by mildness and justice. He was succeeded in his title and estate by his eldest son Thomas. Carleton, Henry, jurist, b. Va., 1785; d. Phila., Mar. 28, 1863. Y.C. 1806. Origi- nally named Henry Carleton Coxe. Removing to Mpi., he established himself in N. Orleans in 1814 ; served as a lieut. under Jackson in the campaign of that year ; practised law, and, with L. Moreau, translated of " Tms Siete partidas," a celebrated Spanish code, such portions as were in u'^e La. Made atty. of the east, district of La. in 1832, he was afterward judge of the Supreme Court, resigning in 1839. He visited Europe several times, and pub. in 1857 a vol. on " Liberty and Necessity." — Ob. Record, Y. C. Carleton, James Henry, brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Me. In Feb. 1839, during the boun- dary dispute with Great Britain, he was capt. of a company of Maine riflemen, and, on its set- tlement, was made 2d lieut. 1st U.S. Dragoons. 1st lieut. Mar. 1845, served on Gen. Wool's staff in Mexico ; made capt. Feb. 1847, and brev. maj. for gallantry at Buena Vista; Sept. 7, 1861, made maj. 6th caval. Early in 1862, he raised the vols, known as the " Column from Cal.," and marched with them to the Rio Grande. He was made brig.-gen. vols. Apr. 28, 1862, and ordered to relieve Gen. Can by in com. of the dept. of N. Mexico ; lieut -col. 4th cav. July 31, 1866; brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A. for merit, services in the war; col. 2d U.S. car. CAJEl 162 CAJR June, 1868. Author of a "History of the Battle of.Buena Vista," N.Y., 1848. Carleton, Osgood, a teacher of mathe- matics and navigation ; d. Litchfield, N.H., in June, 1816. A resident of Ms., he pub. valuable maps of that State and of the district of Me. " The Amer. Navigator," 1801 ; "The South Amer. Pilot," 1804; "A Map of the U.S.," 1806, and " Practice of Arhmetic," 1810. Carleton, Thomas, British gen., bro. of Sir Guy; d. Jan. 1817, a. 85. App. ensign Wolfe's regt., 1755; capt. 1759; brev. maj., 1773 ; quartermast.-gen. to the army in Canada in Nov. 1775; lieut.-col. 19th, 1776 ; col. Nov. 20,1782; maj.-gen. 1793; lieut.-gen., 1798; gen. 1803. He had seen service in Germany ; was wounded in the naval contest with Arnold on Lake Champlain in 1776, and was gov. of N. Brunswick in 1783. — Philipart. Carlin, Thomas, gov. of III., 1838-42, and a pioneer to that State in 1813, b. Ky., 1791 ; d. 4 Feb. 1852. Carlin, William P., brev.-raaj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Greene Co., 111., Nov. 24, 1829. West Point, 1850. Entering the 6th Inf., ho took part in the Sioux exped. in March, 1855, under Gen. Harney, and, in the summer of 1857, com. a company in the exped. of Col. Sumner against the Cheyennes, who were de- feated at Solomon's Fork, Ks., Aug. 29, 1857. Early in 1858, he joined the Utah exped. under Gen. A. S. Johnston; capt. March 2, 1861 ; Aug. 15, 1861, he took com. of the 38th 111. regt., and, Oct. 21, defeated JefF. Thompson at Fredericktown, Mo. He com. the district of South-east Mo. till March, 1862, then com. a brigade under Gen. Steele in the exped. into Ark., and joined Pope's army in season to aid in the pursuit of Beauregard from Corinth. He disting. himself in the battle of Perryville,Ky., Oct. 8, 1862, and at Knob Gap, near Nolens- ville, where he defeated Wharton's rebel cav- alry. His brigade bore a prominent part in the battle of Stone River, Dec. 31, 1862, as is shown by its losses in that memorable conflict. He was made brig.-gen. 29 Nov. 1862 ; was in the Tullahoma campaign, battles of Chicka- mauga,LookoutMountain, and Mission. Ridge, Ringgold, Buzzard's Roost, Resacca, Kenesaw Mountain, siege and capture of Atlanta ; com. 1st div. 14th corps in Sherman's march to the sea ; breA\ col. for the battle of Jonesboro', Ga., Sept. 1, 1864 ; brev. brig.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865, for Bentonville, and brev. maj.-gen. for gallant and merit, services in the field during the Re- belllion. Maj. 16th Inf., 8 Feb. 1864; transfer- red to 34th Inf., 21 Sept. 1866. ~ Cullum. Carlisle, Frederick Howard, 5ih earl of, one of the 3 commissioners sent to Amer. in 1778 to treat with the revolted colonists, b. May, 1748; d, Sept. 4, 1825. In the house of peers, he first disting. himself by his recom- mendation of conciliatory measures toward the American Colonies. Lord lieut. of Ireland, 1780-2. Uncle and guardian of Lord Byron, and himself a poet of some merit. Carman, Capt., a brave seaman ; lost at gea on the coast of Spain in Dec. 1645. In Dec. 1642, he sailed from New Haven for the Canaries, and, near the Island of Palma, was attacked by a Turkish pirate-ship of 300 tons, with 200 men and 26 cannon ; he having only 20 men and 7 cannon. The tiller of the Turk was disabled ; and she fell off, leaving 50 men who had boarded Carman's ship. These he attacked and killed, or forced overboard. He, with others o-f his men, were wounded ; but he lost only one man. — Savage's Winth. ii., 124, 239. Carmiehael, William, diplomatist, b. Md. ; d. early in 1795. A man of fortune, of a disting. family. He was on his way to Amer. in July, 1776, with despatches from Arthur Lee, but was detained at Paris by sickness, and assisted Mr. Deane, our minister, in his corresp. and transaction of business for more than a year. He communicated to the king of Prussia, at Berlin, intelligence concerning Amer. commerce ; assisted the commissioners at Paris ; was a delegate to Congress from Md. in 1778-80; was sec. of legation during Mr. Jay's mission to Spain ; and when the lat- ter left Spain, in June, 1782, he remained as charge d'affaires, and retained that office ab. 13 years. In March, 1792, Wm. Short was joined with him in a commission to negotiate a treaty with Spain ; but the attempt was unsuccessful. His letters are in vol. ix of Sparks's " Dipl. Corresp." Carnahan, James, D.D., LL.D., pres. of the Coll. of N.J. from 1823 to 1854, b. Cum- berland Co., Pa., Nov. 15, 1775; d. Newark, N.J., March 2, 1859. N.J. Coll. 1800. At the time of his death, he was one of the trustees of the Coll., and pres. of the board of trustees of Princeton Theol. Sem. D.D. of Ham. Coll. 1821. Carnes, Thomas P., jurist, b. Md. 1762; d. Milledgeville, Ga., May 8, 1822. Removing to Ga., where he attained high rank as a lawyer, he became successively solicitor-gen., atty.- gen,, and judge of the Supreme Court. M.C. 1793-5. Carnochan, John Murray, surgeon, b. Savannah, 1817. His father was a native of Scot- land, and his mother was descended from Gen. Putnam. After graduating in the high school and U. of Edinburgh, he returned to the U.S., and studied in the office of Dr. Valentine Mott of N.Y. After taking his degree, he again visited Europe, and passed several years in at- tendance upon the clinical lectures of Paris, London, and Edinburgh. In 1847, he began practice in N.Y., where his skilful and original operations gained him distinction. In 1851, he was app, surgeon-in-chief of the N.Y. State Immigrant Hospital. In 1852, he performed the operation of amputating the entire lower jaw. In 1854, he exsected the entire ulna, saving the arm, with its functions unimpaired, and subse- quently, in another case, successfully removed the entire radius. In 1856, he performed the startling operation of exsecting, for neuralgia, the entire trunk of the 2d branch of the 5th pair of nerves. Amputation at the hip-joint he has frequently performed. In 1851, he became prof, of surgery in the N.Y. Med. Coll. He has pub. his lectures on partial amputations of the foot, lithotomy and lithothrity, and also a " Treatise on Congenital Dislocations," 1850 ; '* Contributions to Operative Surgery," and has translated Sedillot's " Treatise on Operative CA.R 168 CAJEl Medicine," and Karl Rokitansky's " Pathologi- cal Anatomy." Carpenter, Benjamin, b. Eehoboth, 1726; d. Guilford, Vt, Mar. 29, 1823. He was a founder of Guilford in 1770, a field-officer of the Revol., member of the first Const. Conv. of Vt., member of the council, and lieut.-gov. in 1778, and one of the council of censors. Carpenter, Francis B., portrait-painter, b. Homer, N.Y. His portrait of David Lea- vitt was exhibited at the Nat. Acad, in 1852. Besides portraits of several ex-presidents and governors, he has produced "The Emancipa- tion Proclamation," the likenesses in which are excellent. His book, " Six Months in the White House," contains valuable personal me- moirs of Abraham Lincoln. — Tuckerman. Carpenter, George W., merchant and scientist, b. Germantown, Pa., July 31, 1802 ; d. there June 7, 1860. He was a highly-suc- cessful merchant ; was treasurer of the Acad, of Nat. Sciences from 1823 ; had a choice collection of minerals; ranked high as a geolo- gist, and was a member of many European scientific societies. Author of " Essays on Materia Medica," and " Medical Chest Dis- pensatory," and was a contrib. to the Journal of Medical Science. Carpenter, Stephen Cullen, author, b. Eng. ; d. 1820. Reporter of Hastings's trial. Came to Amer. in 1803. In 180.5, he com- menced in Charleston, S.C., with Bristed, the Monthly Register, Magazine, and Revieio of the U.S. In 1809, he pub. at N.Y. 2 vols of "Memoirs of Jefferson," a decidedly anti-Jef- fersonian work. In 1810 and 11, he edited at Phila. the Mirror of Taste, and Dramatic Cen- sor, and in 1815 pub. at Phila. 2 vols, of " Se- lect Amer. Speeches, with Prefatory Re- marks," being a sequel to Dr. Chapman's " Se- lect Speeches." He also wrote "D. Campbell's Overland Journey to India," N.Y., 1809-10. — Duyckinck. Carr, Dabnet, a member of the Va. house of burgesses; d. Charlottesville, Va., May 16, 1773, a. 30. He moved and eloquently supported a resolution to app. a committee of corresp. in consequence of British encroachments, which was adopted Mar. 3, 1773. He m. a sister of Jefferson, by whom he is described as a man of sound judgment and inflexible purpose, and of a powerful eloquence. Dabney his son, b. Apr. 1773, d. Richmond, Va., Jan. 8, 1837. Commenced to practise law at Albemarle ; was chancellor of Winchester dist. from 1811 to 1824, and judge of the Court of Appeals from 1824 to 1837. Carr, Dabney S., of Baltimore, several years naval officer of that port, and U. S. min- ister to Turkev in 1843-9; d. Charlottesville, Va., Mar. 24, 1854, a. 51. Carr, Eugene A., brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Erie Co., N.Y., Mar. 20, 1830. West Point, 1850. Entering the mounted rifles, he was for several years engaged in Indian warfare in New Mexico, Texas, and the West. In a skir- mish near Diablo Mountain, 10 Oct. 1854, he was severely wounded, and for his gallantry was promoted to Ist lieut. 1st cavalry. In 1 858, he was in the Utah exped. ; 1 1 June, 1 858, he was made capt. 1st car., and in 1861, he was made col. 3d 111. vol. cavalry, and fought under Lyon at Wilson's Creek; At Pea Ridge, he com. a division, and was severely wounded. For his gallantry, he was made brig.-gen, vols., dating from Mar. 7, and assigned a command under Gen. Curtis, in Ark.; July 17, 1862, maj. 5th cavalry. He com. a division in the battles of Port Gibson, 1 May, 1863; Big Black, 17 May ; the assaults on Vicksburg, 19 and 22 May ;. at the capture of Little Rock, Ark., Sept. 10, for which he was brev. brig.- gen. U.S.A., 13 Mar. 1865; and com. the 3d div. of A. J. Smith's corps, and led the assault on Spanish Fort, the key of the defences of Mobile, which was captured Apr. 3, 1865. For this exploit, he was made brev. maj.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865. Carr, Joseph B., brig.-gen. vols., b. Alba- ny, N.Y., ab. 1824. Apprenticed to a tobacco- nist at Troy, he entered the vol. militia, rose to be col., and, in Apr. 1861, became lieut.-col. 2d N.Y. Vols. Col. in May, 1861, he was or- dered to Newport News. During the cam- paign of the Chickahominy, he was attached to Gen. Hooker's command, and made brig.- gen. Sept. 7, 1862. He com. the 4th div. Han- cock's corps in the Va. campaign of 1864, and was in the battles of the Wilderness. Carr, Sir Robert, British commissioner in N. E. ; d. Bristol, Eng., June 1, 1667. He was of Ithall, Northumberland Co. He was app. commis. by' Charles II. in 1664, in conjunc- tion with NicoUs, Cartwright, and Maverick. Aug. 27, 1664, Nicolls and Carr captured New Amsterdam from the Dutch, and called it New York in honor of the duke, afterwards James II. Carr forced the Swedes and Dutch on the Delaware, into a capitulation, Oct. 1, 1664 ; returned to Boston in Feb. 1665, and, in con- junction with his co-adjutors, assumed the principal powers of govt. Carrell, George Aloysius, D.D., R. C. Bishop of Ky., b. Phila., June 13, 1803 ; d. Covington, Ky., Sept. 25, 186§. Completing his theol. studies at Mount St. Mary's, Em- mettsburg, he was ord. priest in 1829 ; spent several years in Phila. and Wilmington, Del.; became in 1837 prof in the U. of St. Louis, and pastor of the coll. church of St. Xavier; was rector of the U. in 1845-8 ; pres. of the Purcell Mansion Coll. and St. Xavier Church, Cincinnati, in 1849-53; and Nov. 1, 1853, was consecrated Bishop of Covington. Carrera (kar-ra'-ra) Jose Miguel, Juan Jose, and Louis, three bros., disting. in the revolutions of Chili. The first of these, b. St. Jago, Chili, was a maj. of grenadiers at the beginning of the troubles, and defeated the Spaniards on many occasions. After the bros. had been some time at the head of the revol. govt., they were taken prisoners by the Span- iards in 1813, and confined at Taloa, but soon regained their liberty, and also their power, which had been assumed by O'Higgins during their, confinement. The defeat at Raucagua, in Oct. 1814, compelled the Carrerras to quit the country. Juan and Luis were again taken at Mendoza, and, at the instigation of Gen. San Martin, were executed Apr. 8, 1817. Don Jose was also captured after a brave resistance, and, after a partial trial, execiited Sept. 1, 1821, C^R 164 OA.R Carrera, Martinez, ex-pres. of Mexico; d. 11 Apr. 1871. Carrera, Rafael, ruler of Guatimala, b. Guatimala City, 1814, of mixed Indian and negro blood ; d. Apr. 14, 1865. In 1829, when Morazan was pres., Carrera became a drumraer- boy. In 1837, he placed himself at the head of a band of insurgent mountaineers, and in Feb. 1838, occupied the city of Guatimala, with 6,000 Indians, whom he restrained from their anticipated pillage and massacre ; but, an accommodation having taken place, Carrera was sent in an official capacity to Meta, a neighboring district. Apr. 13, 1839, he again entered the capital, and in 1840 he completed the triumph of the disunionistsand State-rights party by the defeat of Gen. Morazan. Ruling first as gen-in-chief, he was elected. Mar. 21, 1847, pres., and Oct. 19, 1851, pres. for life. In Feb. 1851, with 1,500 men, he defeated the combined forces of San Salvador and Hondu- ras. When first elected pres., he did not know how to read and write, but afterward, in some measure, repaired the deficiencies of his educa- tion. His govt, was absolute. — Men of the Time. Carrier, Thomas, of remarkable longevity, b. in the west of Eng. ; d. Colchester, Ct., May 16, 1735, a. 109. He settled in Andover, Ms., and in 1664 m. Martha Allen, who, Aug. 19, 1692, fell a victim to the witchcraft delusion at Salem. He passed the last 20 years of his life at Colchester, and, shortly before his death, walked 6 miles to see a sick man, and visited his neighbors the very day before he died. Notwithstanding his age, his head was not bald, nor his hair gray. Carrigain, Philip, lawyer, b. Concord, N.H., Feb. 20, 1772 ; d. there Mar. 16, 1842. Dartm. Coll. 1794. His father Philip, b. N.Y., 1746, d. Concord, Aug. 1806, was a physician and surgeon of eminence in C. The son practised law successively at Concord, Ep- som, Chichester, and again at Concord ; was sec. of State of N. H. 4 years, and also clerk of the senate. He surveyed a great part of N.H., of which he pub. an excellent map in 1816. Carrington, Edward, lieut.-col. Revol. army, b. Va., Feb. 11, 1749; d. Richmond, Va., Oct. 28, 1810. Commissioned lieut.-col. of Harrison's art. regt., Nov. 30, 1776. De- tached with a portion of this regt. to the South, he was made prisoner at Charleston. Carring- ton was afterward employed by Gates and by Greene, who made him his quartermaster-gen. Aided by capt. Smith of the Md. line, he ex- plored the River Dan, and made every prepa- ration for Greene to cross it with his army ; then joined him near the Yadkin, and was an active and efficient officer in the memorable re- treat to the Dan. He com. the artillery, and did good service at the battle of Hobkirk's Hill, Apr. 24, 1781, and also at Yorktown. M. C. in 1785-6, and was foreman of the jury in Burr's trial for treason. Carrington, Col. Paul, statesman of the Revol., bro. of Col. Edward, b. Va., Feb 24, 1733; d. at his seat, Charlotte Co., Va., June 22,1818. Wm. and Mary Coll. Of English de- scent, his maternal grandfather and his father had emigrated to Va. by way of Barbadoes, and were both engaged in the exped. of Col. Byrd, in 1736, to fix the boundary-line between Va. and N.C. He studied law in the office of Col. Clem- ent Read, clerk of the Co. of Lunenburg, ab. 1748 ; m. his dan. ; commenced practice at 21, and soon rose to eminence. From 1 765 to 1775, he was a member of the house of burgesses, and voted against the Stamp-act resolutions of Pat- rick Henry. He was a member of various con- ventions in 1775-6, and of the committee which reported the Declaration of Rights and the State Constitution. He then took his seat in the house of delegates, from which he passed to the bench of the General Court in May, 1779, and to the Court of Appeals in 1789, in which last he remained until 1811. Member of the committee of safety during the whole of its existence, and, in the Va. convention, voted for the adoption of the Constitution, and was a member of the committee to report amend- ments. Three of his sons were in the army, — George ; Paul, who was at the battle of Guil- ford, a graduate of Wm. and Mary Coll., mem- ber of the H. of delegates at 22, afterward in the Va. senate, and judge of the Superior Court, d. Jan. 8, 1816, a. 52 ; and Col. Clem- ent, who was severely wounded at Eutaw. — Griqshy. Carroll, Charles, last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence, b. Annap- olis, Sept. 20, 1737; d. Baltimore, Nov. 14, 1832. Descended from a wealthy Irish Catholic family, who came to Md. during the reign of William and Mary. He was educated at St. Omer's, and at a Jesuit coll. at Rheims, and studied law in France, and at the Temple, Lon- don. Returning home in 1764, he soon became noted as an able political writer, and advocate for liberty. He inherited a vast estate, and was considered the richest man in the Colonies. In 1775, he was a member of the first committee of observation established at Annapolis, and a delegate to the prov. convention. In Feb. 1776, he was app. a commissioner with Franklin and Chase, accomp. by Rev. John Carroll, to visit Canada, and induce the Canadians to unite with the Colonies. A journal of this mission, with a memoir by B. Mayer, was pub. 1845. Returning in June, he labored assiduously in the convention to authorize the Md. delegates in Congress to join in a decl. of indep., which was done June 28. He was a delegate to Con- gress from July 4, 1776, until 1778, and an effi- cient meml)er of the board of war. In the lat- ter part of 1776, he was one of the committee to draft the constitution of Md.; and in Dec. 1776, also in 1781,1786, and 1797, was elected to the State senate. He was a U. S. senator in 1789-91 ; and in 1799-1801 was a commis- sioner to settle the boundary-line between Va. and Md. July 4, 1828, when ho had passed the patriarchal age of 90, attended by one of the most imposing civic processions ever seen in the U. S., he laid the corner-stone of the Bal- timore and Ohio Railroad. In natural saga- city, in refinement of taste, and in unaffected and habitual courtesy, he had few equals. His grand-daughter, Miss Caton, afterward Mar- chioness of Wellesley, d. Hampton Court Pal- ace, Dec. 17, 1853. OA-R 165 CJLR Carroll, Daniel, cousin of Charles, b. Md.; d. Washington, D. C., 1849, at a great age. Delegate to the Old Congress, 1780-4. He was a delegate from Md. to the convention which framed the U. S. Constitution ; M. C. in 1789-91, and was in the latter year app. commissioner for surveying the Dist. of Co- lumbia. His farm formed the site of the pres- ent city of Washington. Carroll, Daniel Lynn, D.D., Presb. cler- gyman, b. Fayette Co., Pa., 10 May, 1797 ; d. Phila., Nov. 23, 1851. Jeff. Coll. 1823. Li- censed to preach, 6 Oct. 1826. D.D. of the U. of N. Y. He succeeded Dr. Beecher as the minister of Litchfield (1827-9) ; was in 1829- 35, pastor in Brooklyn ; in 1835-8, pres. of Hamp. Sid. Coll. ; in 1838-44, pastor in Phila.; and afterward sec. of the N. Y. Colonization Society. He pub. 2 vols, of sermons, 1846-7, sonie addresses, sermons, and tracts. — Sprar/ue. Carroll, John, D.D., LL.D., cousin of Charles, R. C. bishop of the U. S., b. Upper Marlborough, Md., Jan. 8, 1735; d. Bait., Dec. 3, 1815. Educated at St. Omer's, Liege, and Bruges; ord. a priest in 1769, and became a Jesuit shortly after. In 1770, he accomp. Lord Stourton on a tour through Europe as private tutor, and in 1773, on his return to Bruges, ac- cepted a professorship in the coll. After a brief residence in Eng., he returned to Md. in 1775, and entered upon the duties of a pariah priest. Apr. 2, 1776, by desire of Congress, he accomp. Dr. Franklin, Charles Carroll, and Samuel Chase, on a mission to Canada. In 1786, at the instance of Dr. Franklin, Mr. Carroll was app. vicar-gen., and fixed his abode in Balti- more. In 1789, he was named first R. C. bishop of the U. S., and went to Eng. in the summer of 1790, where he was consecrated, Aug. 15. In the same year, he returned to Baltimore, and, as the seat of his episcopal .see was established in that city, assumed the title of Bishop of Bal- timore. In 1791, he founded St. Mary's Coll., and, in 1804, obtained a charter for Baltimore Coll. Devoid of intolerance, he lived in friend- ly communion with persons of other sects. A few years before his d., he was raised to the archiepiscopacy. Carroll, Samuel Sprigg, brev. mnj.-gen. U. S. A., b. Washington, D.C. West Point, 1856. Entering the 10th Inf., he became capt. 1 Nov. 1861; col. 8th Ohio Vols., 15 Dec. 1861 ; brig.-gen. vols., 12 May, 1864 ; lieut.-col. 21st U. S. Inf., 22 Jan. 1867. He served in West Va., Dec. 1861, to May, 1862; com. a brigade in Shields's division, May-Aug. 1862 ; engaged at Port Republic and Cedar Mountain ; was wounded at the Rapidan, 14 Aug. 1862; com. brigade 3d corps at Fredericksburg; brev. maj. 3 May, 1863, for Chancellorsville, and lieut.-col. 3 July, 1863, for Gettysburg; com. brigade 2d corps, and brev. col. 5 May, 1864, for battle of the Wilderness; wounded, and brev. brig.-gen., 13 Mar. 1865, for battle of Spottsylvania (9-13 May, 1864); and brev.maj.- gcn. vols., and also of U. S. A., 13 Mar. 1865, for gallant and merit, services during the Re- bellion. — Cullum. Carroll, Gen. William, soldier and statesman, b. Pittsburg, 1788; d. Nashville, Tenn., Mar. 22, 1844. He was engaged in the hardware business in Pittsburg, whence, in 1810, he went to Nashville. Tall, well-formed, and fond of military life, he attracted the at- tention of Jackson, by whom he was made capt. and brigade-insp. in his division, Feb. 20, 1813; col and insp.-gen. Sept. 1813, to May, 1814. In 1813, he fought a duel with Jesse, brother of Col. Thos. H. Benton. Disting. him- self at Euotochopco ; was wounded in the battle of the Horse-shoe Bend of Tallapoosa River, Mar. 27, 1813; maj.-gen. of Tenn. militia, Nov. 13, 1814, to May 13, 1815; disting. in the de- fence of New Orleans, and especially in the battle of Jan. 8, 1815. Gov. of Tenn. in 1821-7 and 1829-35. Carruthers, William A., novelist, b. Va., ab. 1800; d. ab. 1850. He was a student of Wash. Coll. in 1818; and in the Knicker- bocker Mag. for July, 1838, gives an account of a hazardous ascent of the Natural Bridge, Va. He pub. several works in N.Y., ab. 1834, and removed to Savannah, Ga., where he practised medicine, and wrote for the Magnolia, and other Southern magazines. He pub." The Cavaliers of Virginia," " The Kentuckians in New York, or the Adventures of Three Southerners," '* The Knights of the Horse Shoe," Wetump- ka, Ala., 1845, and "Life of Dr. Caldwell." — Dm/ckinck. Carson, Christopher, popularly known as " Kit Carson," mountaineer, trapper, and guide, b. Madison Co., Kv-, Dec. 24, 1809; d. Fort Lyon, Col. Terr., May 23, 1868. While yet an infant, his family emigrated to Howard Co., Mo. He became a skilful hunter. The early years of his life were passed as a trapper ; and he was for 8 years hunter to Bent's fort. Fremont engaged him as guide in his explora- tions. In 1847, Carson was sent to Washing- ton, bearer of despatches, and received an app. as lieut. U.S. Rifles. In 1853, he drove 6,500 sheep to Cal., a difficult undertaking, and, on his return to Taos, was app. Indian agent in New Mexico. He was subsequently largely instrumental in bringing about treaties between the U.S. and the Indians. During the late war, he rendered great service to the Union, in New Mexico, Colorado, and the Indian Territory, and was a brev. brig.-gen. At its close, he re- sumed his duties as Indian agent. In 1868, he visited Washington with a deputation of the Red men, and made a tour of several of the Northern and Eastern States. Unlike many of his profession, he was a man of remarkable modesty, and was an excellent judge of the Indian character. Carter, James Gordon, educationist, b. Leominster, Ms., Sept. 7, 1795; d. Chicago, July 22, 1849. II. U. 1820. He taught school at Leominster until 1830. In 1823, hecontrib. to the Boston Patriot a series of papers subse- quently pub. with the title of " Carter's Essays on Popular Education." In 1823, his "Letters to the Hon. William Prescott, on the Free Schools of N.E., with Remarks on the Princi- ples of Instruction " first developed the idea of a normal school, or seminary for teachers. In 1824, he edited the U.S. Review, at Boston. In 1830, he assisted in organizing the Amer. Institute of Instruction, of which he was long an active member and officer. His lectures be- C^R 166 C.AJR fore that body in 1830-31 are valuable contri- butions to it's transactions. From 1835 to 1840, he was a member of the house or senate ; was chairman of the committee on education, and in 1837 drafted the bill establishing the board of education. Gov. Everett app. him the first member of the board. Author of Geography of Ms., of Middlesex and of Wor- cester Counties, 1830, and of N. H., 1831. Carter, Nathaniel Hazeltine, author, b. Concord, N.H., Sept. 17, 1787; d. Mar- seilles, France, Jan. 2, 1830. Dart. Coll. 1811. He taught school at Salisbury, N.H., and at Portland, Me.; studied law; and, from 1817 to 1820, wasprof.of languages in Dartm. Coll. In 1820, he became editor and proprietor of the Albany Register, afterward the A^. Y. Statesman, a paper of Clintonian politics, and in Jan. 1822 removed to N.Y. City. He made the tour of Europe in 1825-7, and, on his return, pub. " Letters from Europe," 2 vols., 8vo, 1827. He passed the winter of 1828 in Cuba ; relinquished his paper in 1829, and went to France for his health, and while on shipboard, believing his end near, he wrote the lines entitled " The Closing Scene ; or. The Burial at Sea." His longest poetical piece, entitled " The Pains of Imagination," was delivered at Dartm. Coll. in 1824. His " Hymn for Christmas" is pre- served in " Specimens of American Poetry." Carter, Samuel Powhatan, brig.-gen. vols., b. Elizabcthtown, Carter Co., Tenn., Aug. 6, 1819. He was educated at N.J. Coll., and, in Feb. 1840, became midshipman in the navy. From 1851 to 1853, he was assist, in- structor of inf. tactics at the naval acad. In 1855, he was made lieut. ; was present at the capture of Vera Cruz, serving on board " The Ohio," and also assisted in the capture of the Barrier forts near Canton, China, in 1856, and was complimented for gallantry on that occa- sion. He was ordered again to the Annapolis naval school as assist, instructor of seaman- ship, 1858-9. In July, 1361, he was tempora- rily transferred to the war dept., for the special duty of organizing troops from East Tenn. He was app. col. 2d Tenn. Vols. ; was acting brigadier at the battle of Mill Spring, and was made brig.-gen. May 1, 1862. In Dec. 1862, he com. a cavalry exped. which cut the E.Tenn. Railroad, destroying nearly 100 miles of the track, besides inflicting other damage. He participated in the capture of Knoxville, and com. in E. Tenn. in the fall of 1863. He com. a div. under Gen. Schofield in the N.C. cam- paign of Mar 1865. Cartier, Hon. George Etienne, Canadi- an lawyer and statesman, descended from Jacques, b. St. Antoine, L.C., 6 Sept. 1814. St. Sulpice Coll., Montreal. In 1835, he began practice in Montreal; member of the Canadi- an parliament, 1848-61 ; prov. sec. Jan.-May, 1856; atty.-gen. May 24, 1856; leader of the French Canadian conservative party; prime- minister, Aug. 1858-May, 1862 ; atty.-gen. for Lower Canada, Mar. 1864; delegate to Eng. on the questions of confederation and the inter- colonial railway in 1865, and again in 1866. Author of many legislative and judicial re- forms. Cartier (kar'-teea'), Jacques, a French navigator, b. St. Malo, Dec. 31, 1494 ; d. ab. 1555. The importance of having a colony- near the fisheries of Newfoundland induced Francis I., after some unsuccessful attempts, to send out Cartier in 1534. He sailed from St. Malo, Apr. 20, with 2 ships of 60 tons, and 122 men. May 10, he saw Bona Vista, on the Is- land of Newfoundland ; but, compelled by the ice to steer to the south, he entered a harbor at the distance of 5 leagues, to which he gave the name of St. Catharine. Entering the Straits of Belle Isle, he visited the greater part of the coast of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and took possession of the country in the name of the king. A bay which he discovered, was, on ac- count of the sultry weather experienced in it, named by him de Chaleur; and he explored the great river afterwards called the St. Lawrence, returning home in Sept. A settlement having been determined upon, he received a more ample commission, was assigned 3 vessels, and sailed May 19, 1535. Ascending the St. Law- rence, he discovered an island, which he named Bacchus, but which is now called Orleans, in the vicinity of Quebec, and continued his voyage as far as ilochelaga, an Indian settle- ment upon an island which he called Monte Roj/al, now Montreal. He set sail for France in "the following May, taking with him 10 of the natives, and arrived in July. In May, 1540, as pilot, with the command of 5 ships under Koberval, commissioned lieut.-gov. of Canada, he sailed on his third expedition, and built a fort which he called Charlesbourg, near the present site of Quebec. On his way to France, in the spring of 1542, he stopped at St. John's, Newfoundland, Avhere he met Ro- berval, who did not accompany him in his voy- age, by whom he was ordered to return to Canada; but choosing, rather, to pursue his voyage to France, he sailed out of the harbor privately in the night. After his return from his second voyage, he pub. (1545) "Memoirs of Canada." The journals of the two first jour- neys of Cartier are contained in the 32d vol. of Ramusio's Italian Collection (Venice, 1565), also in Lescarbot's " Histoire de la Nouvelle France ; " a description of his 3d journey is in the 3d vol. of Hakluyt's "Principal Naviga- tors," &c., 1600. Cartwright, Col. George, was one of the commissioners to N.E. with NicoUs, Carr, and Maverick, in 1664. When, on their arri- val at Boston, the commissioners informed the General Court that they should next day sit and hear a cause against the gov. and company, the court pub. "by sound of trumpet " its disap- probation of this proceeding, and prohibited all persons from abetting it. The commission- ers, finding that they had to deal with men of this stamp, soon departed in displeasure. Cartwright, on his voyage to Eng. in 1665, was taken by the Dutch, and barely escaped with his life. Cartwright, Capt. George, author of "A Journal of Transactions and Events during a Residence of nearly 16 Years in Labrador," 3 vols., 1792, Newark; b. Marnham, 1739; d. 1819. In the 7-years' war, he served in Germa- ny, and attained the rank of capt. Cartwright, Major John, political re- C.AJR 167 CAJR former, b. Eng., Sept. 28, 1740j d. London, Sept. 23, 1824. He had been an officer in the British army. In 1774, he attracted notice by advocating the freedom of the Colonies, and, in 1775, pub. a tract, entitled "American Inde- pendence the Glory and Interest of Great Bri- tain." This publication caused a rupture be- tween him and his friend, Lord Howe, whose offer of a com. under him, ajj^ainst the Ameri- cans, he had rejected. It advocated a union between the Colonies and the mother-country under separate legislatures, and placed the question on the foundation of natural, inherent right. April 2, 1777, he presented to the king an address, recommending peace with Amer., and proposing the union he had before sug- gested in his letters on Amer. independence. In 1 780, he joined with Dr. Jebb and Granville Sharpe in forming the " Society for Constitu- tional Information." His sentiments in favor of liberty subjected him to trial, and the pay- ment of a fine, June 1, 1821. He pub. several political tracts, and, in his "Letters on the Slave Trade," favored the making that traffic piracy. His Life and Corresp., by his niece, Frances D. Cartwright, contains a map of his discoveries and explorations in Newfoundland, remarks on the aborigines, corresp. with Thos. Jefferson, &c. Carvajal (kar-va-hal'), Fraxcis de, a Spanish captain, b. ab. 1464; d. 1548. He disting. himself at the battle of Pavia, and at the sack of Rome in 1527; then served in Amer., whither avarice had led him, and con- tributed to the victory of Chiapas, which Vaca de Castro, gov. of Peru, obtained over the young Almagro, and, in 1542, became a major- gen. Ranging himself on the side of Gonzales Pizarro, he became the soul of his party. Made prisoner with him in 1548, he was condemned to be hung. He was then 84 years old. Car- vajal resembled the other conquerors of the New "World, both in valor and cruelty. More than 20,000 Indians whom he had enslaved are said to have given way under the weight of the labor he had heaped upon them. Carvallo (kar-val'-yo), Manuel, lawyer and diplomatist of Chili, b. Santiago, June, 1808. Finishing his education in the National Institute in 1830, he was at once app. chief clerk of the congress of plenipotentaries at San- tiago, chief clerk of the state dept., represen- tative in Congress, and charged' affaires to the U. S. He m. at Washington, returned home in 1835, and became a disting. lawyer. Minis- ter to the U. S. in 1846. He has a profound knowledge of the law of nations ; is a member of the committee to reform the Chilian Code ; of the faculty of law and political science of the U. of Chili, and of some foreign societies. His printed legal opinions and arguments form a thick vol. Carver, John, first gov. of Plymouth, b. Eng. ; d. Plymouth, Ms., April 5, 1621. He had a good estate in Eng., which he spent in the emigration to Holland and Amer., and was a deacon or elder in Mr. Robinson's church. He had quitted his country for the sake of re- ligion, and had established himself at Leyden, when he was sent to effect a treaty with the Va. Company concerning territory in N. Amer. He obtained a patent in 1619, embarked in *' The Mayflower," and, after a dangerous voy- age, landed at Plymouth, Dec 21, 1620. Pre- vious to their landing, on Nov. 21, the colonists agreed upon and subscribed a written instru- ment, by which they formed themselves into a body politic for their better order and preser- vation ; and Carver was unanimously elected gov. He managed the affairs of the infant colony with prudence ; was a man of great piety, integrity, and firmness of mind; and exhibited great address in his intercourse with the Indi- ans, but died soon after landing. Carver, Jonathan, traveller, b. Stillwater, Ct., 1732; d. London, Jan. 31, 1780. In the French war, he com. with reputation a company of provincials in the exped. against Canada. lu 1763, he undertook to explore the vast territory gained by Great Britain in N. Amer. He ac- cordingly left Boston in 1766, and having reached Michilimacinac, the remotest English post, applied to Mr. Rogers, the gov., for an assortment of goods, as presents for the Indians inhabiting the track he intended to pursue. Having received a part of the required supply, with a promise that the remainder should be sent after him at the Falls of St. Anthony, he continued his journey ; but, the remainder of the goods not reaching him, he was under the necessity of I'cturning to Prairie du Chien. Hence, in the beginning of 1767, he directed his steps northward, with a view of finding a communication from the heads of the Missis- sippi into Lake Superior. He reached Lake Superior, and returned, after continuing some months on its northern and eastern borders, and exploring the bays and rivers that empty themselves into this large body of water. Soon after his arrival at Boston, in Oct. 1768, up to which time he had travelled near 7,000 miles, he set out for Eng., " to communicate the dis- coveries he made, and render them beneficial to that kingdom." On his ai-rival, he presented a petition to the king, praying for a re-imburse- ment of the sums he had expended ; and, after undergoing an examination by the board of trade, he received permission to publish his papers. His travels were pub. in 1778. The profits he derived from it were, however, in- sufficient to relieve his necessities; and, in the winter of 1779, he obtained a subsistence by acting as clerk in a lottery-office. Having sold his name to a historical compilation, which was pub. in 1779, in folio, entitled " The New Universal Traveller," containing an account of all the empires, kingdoms, and states in the known world, he was abandoned by those whose duty it was to support him. In the early part of 1780, he was reduced to a state of extreme destitution, and was carried off by dysentery. The circumstances of his death were made known to the public by the benevo- lent Dr. Lettsom, who brought out a new edi- tion of his travels, for the benefit of his widow and children, and made such a representation of the author's sufferings, as finally led to the institution of the Literary Fund. Besides his " Travels," Carver wrote an excellent trea- tise on the cultivation of the tobacco-plant. Cary, Col. Archibald, patriot and states- man, b. Va.,ab. 1730; d. Ampthill, Sept. 1786. CAJEl 168 c^s He early became a member of the H. of bur- gesses. In 1764, he served on the committee which reported the address to the king, lords, and commons ; in 1773, he was one of the com- mittee of correspondence, and he served with distinction in the convention of 1776. As chair- man of the committee of the whole, he reported the resolutions instructing the Va. delegates in Congress to propose independence. Upon the organization of the State govt., he was re- turned to the senate, where he presided with great dignity and efficiency until his death. He was descended from Henry, Lord Hunsdon, and at the time of his death was heir-apparent of the barony. He was a man of singular courage and intrepidity, short in stature, but possessed of great personal beauty. Gary, John, colored servant of Washing- ton, wliom he accomp. in the old French war, at Braddock's defeat, and through the Hevol. war; b. Westmoreland County, Va., Aug. 1729; d. at Washington, June 2, 1843, in his 1 14th year. Gary, Lott, a Baptist preacher, originally a slave in Va., b. there ab. 1780; d. Monrovia, Nov. 10, 1828. In 1807, he joined a Baptist church in Richmond, Va., made rapid progress in learning, and soon, exhibiting talents of a superior order, became a preacher, and saved a sum sufficient to purchase the freedom of him- self and family. He accomp. a colony of emi- grants to Liberia in 1821, the existence of which was mainly preserved by his efforts, in appreciation of which, he was in 1825 elected the vice-agent. While engaged with others in making cartridges for an exped. against the natives, who had robbed a neighboring fac- tory, a candle was overturned, occasioning an explosion, which caused the death of Carey and seven others. Gary, Col. Richard, aide-de-camp to Washington in theRevol., b. Charlestown, Ms., Jan. 13, 1747 ; d. Dec. 13, 1806. H. U. 1763. App. A. D. C, 21 June, 1776. Gary, Col. Simeon, b. Bridgewater, Ms., Dec. 6, 1719; d. 1802. Capt. in the French war, col. in the Revol., and held many local offices. Gasa Irujo de (ka-sae-roo-ho), Carlos Maria, Martinez, Marquis, a Spanish statesman, b. Cartagena, 1765; d. 1824. From 1795 to 1808, he was minister to the U.S., where he m. a dau. of Gov. Thos. McKean. Plenipo. at the congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818 ; ambassador to Paris in 1821 ; minis- ter of foreign affairs, and pres. of the council, 1823-4. Gasal de (da-ka-saK), Manuel Ayres, a Portuguese geographer, who emigrated to Bra- zil in his youth ; made explorations there, resid- ing some time in Rio Janeiro, and d. in Lis- bon many years after the publication of his Historical and Geographical Description of Brazil, 1817. Gasas (dalaska-sas), Bartholomew de las, a philanthropic Spanish missionary, b. Seville, 1474; d. Madrid in 1566. In 1493, he, with his father, accomp. Columbus to the West Indies. 5 years after, he returned to Spain, and entered the ecclesiastical order. He again accomp. Columbus in his second, third. and fourth voyages ; was ordained on his arrival at St. Domingo in 1510, and, on the conquest of Cuba, settled there, and disting. himself by his humane conduct towards the oppressed na- tives, over whom he attained great influence. Besides setting at liberty those who had fallen to his share in the division, he interested him- self so much for them, that, in 1516, he went to Spain to lay a statement of their case before King Ferdinand, whose death at that time pre- vented any measures for their redress. The regent. Cardinal Ximenes, however, app. a com- mission, whom Las Casas accomp. with thj title of " Protector of the Indians." He next ap- plied for a grant of an unoccupied tract in order to try his own plan with a new colony. Having obtained this, with 200 persons whom he had persuaded to accompany him, he landed at Porto Rico in 1521, but found an exped. advancing to ravage this very tract, and con- vey its inhabitants to Hispaniola as slaves. He endeavored in vain to prevent the threat- ened danger, and with a few adherents returned to Hispaniola to solicit succor. During his absence, the natives attacked the colonists with such success, that, in a short time, not a Span- iard remained in that part of America. In despair at the failure of his project. Las Casas retired to the Dominican Convent at St. Do- mingo, and assumed the habit of the order. While on a mission to Spain in 1542, he com- posed his celebrated treatise, "Brevissima Rela- cion de la Destruccion des Indes," in which he exposed the cruelties practised by the Spaa iards. His unremitting perseverance at length obtained a new code of laws and regu- lations, by which the natives were greatly relieved. He returned in 1544, at the age of 70, and for the 8th time, to Amer. as Bishop of Chiapa, which office he resigned upon his return to Spain in 1551. He met with diffi- culties in the administration of his bishopric, and, having refused the sacraments to those of the colonists who reduced the Indians to sla- very, drew upon himself not only the hostility of the planters, but also the disapproval of the church. The charge that he advised the im- portation of negro slaves as a substitute for In- dians has been completely refuted by M. Gre- goire, says the "Nouvelle Biographie G^iierale.'* He composed several unpublished works, among which is a " General History of the Indies," which greatly assisted Herrera in his history. All his works display profound learn- ing, piety, and sound judgment. Gase, Augustus Ludlow, commodore U.S.N., b. Newburgh, N.Y., Feb. 3, 1812 ; mid- shipm. Apr. 1, 1828; licut. Feb. 25, 1841; commander, Sept. 14, 1855 ; capt. Jan. 2, 1863 ; commo. Dec. 8, 1867. He served in the Bra- zil squad, and in the W.I., 1828-34 ; in the ex- ploring exped., 1838-42. During the Mexican war, 1846-8, he participated in the capture of Vera Cruz, Alvarado, and Tabasco ; after taking possession of Laguna, he took with 25 men, and held for a fortnight, the town of the same name on the Palisada River; com. steamer " Caledonia," Brazil squadron and Paraguay exped., 1859; com. steam-frigate "Minnesota," 1861-2; engaged Forts Clark and Hatteras, Aug. 28, 29, 1861 ; took part in CA.3 169 c^s the battle of Roanoke Island, Feb. 7-8, 1862 ; com. Iroquois N.A. blockad. squad. 1863. He had charge of the blockade of New Inlet, N.C., and was engaged in cutting out the steamer " Kate " from under the batteries at New Inlet. Lighthouse insp. 1867-69; chief of bureau of ordnance, Aug. 10, 1869. Casey, Gen. Levi, Revol. officer; M.C. 1803-7, b. S.C.,1749; d. Washington, D.C., Feb. 1, 1807. He com. a company, with which he assisted in the assault on Savannah ; was disting. at Rocky Mount, Hanging Rock, Musgrove's, King's Mountain, Fishing Creek, Blackstocks, and the Cowpens, where he per- formed services of great importance to Mor- gan ; and represented the Newbury dist. in the State legisl. and in Congress. —*iVa<. Litell. Feb. 6, 1807. • Casey, Silas, brev. niaj.-gen. U.S.A., b. East Greenwich, R.I., July 12, 1807. West Point, 1826. Entering the 2d Inf., he became capt. 1 July, 1839, disting. under Worth in Flor- ida war in 1837-41 ; brev. major forContreras and Churubusco, Aug. 20, 1847 ; com. and severely wounded while leading stormers at Chapultepec ; and brev. lieut.-col. July, 1848 ; lieut.-col. 9th Inf., March 3, 1855 ; com. and disting. in operations against Indians on Puget's Sound, W.T,, 1856 ; col. 4th Inf., Oct. 9, 1861 ; brig.-gen. vols., Aug. 31, 1861, and charged with organizing and disciplining the vols, in and near the capital. He was afterward assigned a division in Gen. Keyes's corps of the Army of the Potomac, and, occupying with it the ex- treme advance before Richmond, received the first attack of the enemy at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862, for which he was brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A.; maj.-gen.May 31, 1862; brev. maj. -gen. U.S.A., 13 Mar. 1865, for gallant and merit, services in the Rebellion. Retired July 8, 1868. In 1867, he received the thanks of the R.I. legisl. for his services in the Rebellion, and especially for his bravery, skill, and energy at the battle of Fair Oaks. Author of " System of Infantry Tactics," 2 vols., 1861, and of " In- fantry Tactics for Colored Troops," 1863.— Cullum. Casilear, J. W., landscape-painter of New York. Engraver and designer for the Amer. Bank Note Co. until 1854. He spent 2 years in Europe in 1840-2, visiting the great galleries of art. In 1857-8, he sketched in Switzerland' and Savoy. Pic excels in lake scenes and in Alpine peaks. Among his best works are " Lake George," "June," "Swiss Lake," " The Four Seasons," and " Chocorua Mountain, N.H." His works evince truth, precision, and delicacy. He m. a N.H. lady in 1867. Cass, Lewis, statesman, b. Exeter, N.H., 9 Oct. 1782; d. Detroit, 17 June, 1866. Son of Jonathan, capt. in Revol. army, who d. Zanesville, O., 14 Aug. 1830, a. 77. At 17, with an academic education, he crossed the Alle- ghany Mountains on foot, studied law, and be- gan practice in Zanesville, ab. 1802. Member O. legisl. at 25 ; marshal of the State in 1807- 13 ; col. 3d O. rcgt., which, imdor Gen. Hull, invaded Canada, and surrendered at Detroit, Aug. 16, 1812 ; app. col. 20th Inf., Feb. 1813 ; brig.-gen. U.S.A., 12 Mar. 1813, and was a vol. aide to Harrison at the battle of the Thames; app. gov. of Michigan Terr., Oct. 1813, and, as superintendent of Indian affairs, negotiated 19 Indian treaties. In 1819-20, he organized a scientific exploration of the Up- per Mpi. Resigning the office of gov. in 1831, he was app., in July, sec. of war by Pres. Jack- son ; was minister to France in 1836-42; U.S. senator, 1845-8, and, nominated by the Democ. convention at Baltimore to the presi- dency in May, 1848, received 137 electoral votes to 163 for Gen. Taylor, the Whig candi- date. Again U.S. senator, 1851-Mar. 1857, he voted for Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska Bill in 1854. Sec. of State to Pres. Buchanan, Mar. 1857-Dec. 1860, resigning on account of the pres. declining tore-enforce the garrison of Fort Sumter. VVhile sec. of war, the policy of removing the Indians to the west of the Mpi., which he strenuously advocated, led to the war with the Scminoles in Florida, who were finally subdued at the cost of much blood and treasure. At the close of his diplomatic career, he attacked the "quintuple treaty," for the suppression of the slave-trade. His criti- cisms on the Ashburton Treaty, negotiated by Mr. Webster, then sec. of State, produced a sharp controversy between the two. In his letter to Mr. Nicholson, in Dec. 1847, he op- posed the Wilmot Proviso, and questioned the power of Congress to exclude slavery from the Territories. It first enunciated the dbc- trine of " Popular (Squatter) Sovereignty." He supported the compromise measures of 1850, and favored a compromise in the disunion movement that followed Mr. Lincoln's election. Though approving Buchanan's denial of the existence of any power in the Constitution to coerce a State, he was yet in full sympathy with the national cause during the Rebellion. Author of "France, its King, Court, and Gov- ernment," 1840 ; articles upon Indian affairs in the N. A. Review, Nos. 50 and 55, also contrib. to the Southern Lit. Messenger. — See Schoolcraft, Life of Cass, 1848; W. L. G. Smith, Life of Cass, 1856. Cassin, John, capt. U.S.N., b. Phila., ab. 1750; d. Charleston, S.C, Mar. 24, 1822. He was app. from the merchant-service a lieut. in the navy, Nov. 13, 1799 ; master, Apr. 2, 1806; post capt. July 3, 1812. He com. the naval forces in the Delaware, for the protec- tion of Phila., in the War of 1812. Father of Com. Stephen Cassin, U.S.N. Cassin, John, ornithologist, b. near Ches- ter, Pa., Sept. 6, 1813 ; d. Jan. 10, 1869. He removed to Phila. in 1834, and, excepting a few years of mercantile pursuit, devoted himself to ornithology. He contrib. descriptions of new species to the Proceedings and the Journal of the Phila. Acad, of Natural Science, and pub. " Birds of California and Texas," 8vo, con- taining descriptions and colored engravings of 50 species not given by Audubon ; a " Sy- nopsis of the Birds of N. America," " Ornithol- ogy of the U.S. Exploring Exped.," " Ornithol- ogy of the Japan Exploring Exped.," "Orni- thology of Gilliss's Astronomical Exped. to Chili," and the chapters on rapacious and wad- ing Birds in " The Ornithology of the Pacific Railroad Explorations and Surveys." He was c^s 170 C-A.T of a Quaker family, several of whom have disting. themselves in the naval and military service. Com. John Cassin was his great-un- cle. Cassin, Stephen, commodore U.S.N., b. Phila., Feb. 16, 1783; d. Georgetown, D.C., Aug. 29, 18.57. Son of Capt. John Cassin, Entered the navy as midshipman, Feb. 21, 1800; became a lieut. Feb. 12, 1807 ; master, Sept. 11, 1814; capt. Mar. 3, 1825. Served with distinction in the war with Tripoli ; com. " The Ticonderoga," in Macdonough's victory on Lake Champlain ; was rewarded by Congress with a gold medal for bravery in that action, and was a terror to the pirates who infested the West Indies, and captured 4 of their ves- sels, Sept. 28, 29, 1822. Castilla (kas-tel'-ya), Ramon, pres. of Peru; b. Tarapaca, Aug. 31, 1797; d. May 25, 1867. In 1821, Castilla, then a lieut. in the Spanish cavalry, joined the liberating army, and disting. himself. In 1834, he fought brave- ly against Pres. Orbegoso, when the latter be- trayed his country to Santa Cruz, pres. of Bolivia. In 1844, he overthrew the dictator Vivanco, for which eminent service he was elected pres. in 1845. Under his administra- tion, negroes received equality of rights, Indi- ans were freed from oppressive burdens, capi- tal punishment was abolished, and freedom of the press secui-ed. At the close of his term, in 1851, he was succeeded by Gen. Echenique, but usurped the power in 1855, and was re- elected pres. in Aug. 1858. In 1861, he made an unsuccessful attempt to annex Bolivia. In 1867, he headed an insurrection against Pres. Prado. Castilla was one of the last of the representative men who freed S. Amer. from Spanish rule. Castin (kas-teen'), Vincent, baron de, b. Oleron, France. Was of a noble family ; was well educated; was col. of the king's body- guard, and of the regt. of Carignan, which he accomp. to Canada in 1665. Disbanded At the close of the war, he established a trading- house, at Penobscot, now Castine, in 1687, and m. the dau. of Madocawando, a Penobscot chief During his absence in 1688, his house was pillaged by the English. In 1696, he, with Iberville, led 200 savages against Pemaquid, which he captured. In 1706, he assisted in the defence of Port Royal, and again in 1707, when he was wounded. He was much es- teemed by the Indians, and feared by the Eng- lish. His son, the Baron de St. Castin, who succeeded him in the com. of the Penobscot Indians, was surprised in Dec. 1721, and car- ried prisoner to Boston. He d. on his estate in France. Castries (kas'-tre'), Armand Nicolas Augustine, Due DE, son of the Marshal de Cas- tries, and a col. in the Amer. war, where he was known as the Count de Charlus, b. Apr. 1756 ; d. 1842. Col. en second regt. Saintonge; made brig, of cavalry in 1782; received the brevet title of Duke de Castries in 1784. He was deputy to the nat. assembly in 1789, and defended the monarchy with such energy as occasioned a duel with Charles Lameth. In 1794, he raised a corps of emigrants in the pay of Eng., returned to France with Louis XVIII., and was made a peer and lieut.-gen. He was gov. of Rouen when Napoleon returned from Elba, and made strenuous efforts in the cause of royalty. Castro de (da kas'-tro), Vaca, a Spanish officer, b. at Leon ; d. 1558. He was a judge of the Royal Court at Valladolid, when, in 1540, Charles V. sent him as gov. to Peru, then dis- turbed by the rebellion of Almagro. In 1542, a battle was fought at Chupas, in which Al- magro was defeated and taken, and, by order of Castro, executed on the spot. Super- seded in 1544, he returned to Spain, where he was several years imprisoned. — Prescott's Con- guest of Peru. Caswell, Alexis, D.D. (B.U. 1841), LL.D. (1865), pres. of Brown U. since Feb. 1868. B.U. 1822. Prof of languages Col. Coll., D.C. ; prof of math, and nat. philos. B.U., 1828-50, and of math and astron., 1850- 64, Author of " A Memoir of John Barstow," 1864. Caswell, Richard, statesman and soldier, b. Md., Aug. 3, 1729; d. Fayetteville, N.C., Nov. 20, 1789. He moved toN.C. in 1746; was for some years employed in the public of- fices, and afterward studied and practised law successfully. He was a member of the assem- bly from 1754 to 1771 ; speaker of the house in 1770-1, and com. the right wing of Gov. Tryon's forces at the battle of Allamance, May 16, 1771. Identifying himself with the patriots at the breaking-out of the Revol., he was a dele- gate to Congress in 1774-5; treasurer of the southern district of N.C., Sept. 1775 ; 3 years pres. of the Prov. Congress, which framed the State constitution in Nov. 1776, and was gov. of the State during the trying period of 1777-9. Feb. 27, 1776, he com. at the battle of Moore's Creek, defeating a large body of loyalists under Gen. McDonald, who was made prisoner, — a victory of great benefit to the patriot cause in N.C., and which earned for him the thanks of Congress and the app. of maj.-gen. for the dis- trict of Newbern. In 1780, he led the State troops in the disastrous battle of Camden ; was chosen speaker of the senate, and controller-gen. in 1782; was again gov. in 1784-6; was a delegate to the convention which framed the Federal Constitution in 1787, and in 1789 was elected to the State senate from Dobbs Co., and also a member of the convention which in Nov. ratified the Federal Constitution. When the assembly met, he was chosen speaker, and while presiding, Nov. 5, 1789, was struck with paralysis. He was grand-master of Free Masons in N.C. ; and on his death a funeral oration was delivered by Francois X. Martin. His son William served through the Revol., and was a brig.-gen. of militia in 1781. Catesby, Mark, F.R.S., naturalist, b. Eng., 1679; d. London, Dec. 24, 1749. A taste for natural history, early imbibed, induced him in 1710, after studying the natural sciences in London, to make a voyage to Va., where he was occupied in collecting its various produc- tions. He returned to Eng. in 1719, with a rich collection of plants, but at the suggestion of Sir Hans Sloane, and other eminent natu- ralists, re-embarked for Amer., with the pro- fessed purpose of describing, delineating, and OAT 171 CJSJV collecting the most curious natural objects in that country, arriving in May, 1722. He re- sided cliiefly in Carolina, whence he made excursions to Ga., Fla., and the Bahama Is- lands, and, on his return to Eng. in 1726, he prepared for publication, in two vols, folio, " The Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands,'' 1731-48. In this work were found the first descriptions of several plants which are now cultivated in all Euro- pean gardens. The figures were etched by himself, from his own paintings; and the colored copies were executed under his own inspection. Catesby was a fellow of the Roy. Society, to whose transactions he contrib. a paper assert- ing the migration of birds, on bis own obser- vations. A plant of the tetrandrous class has been called, after him, Catesbea, by Gronovius. He wrote " Hortus Brittanno Americanus." Cathcart, William Shaw, Earl, soldier and diplomatist, b. 1755; d. June 16, 1843. Educated at the U. of Glasgow, and designed for the law. Entered the army in June, 1777 ; came to Amer., and served with the 16th dra- goons, and afterward as the aide of Gen. T. S. Wilson and Sir Henry Clinton. He served gallantly at the storming of Forts Montgomery and Clinton, and was wounded at Brandywine and at Monmouth. He raised and com. the Caledonian Vols., subsequently known as Tar- leton's British Legion ;, maj. 38th Foot, April 13, 1779, and com. that regt. in the actions at Springfield and Elizabethtown, N.J., in June, 1780; served as quartermaster-gen. until the arrival of Gen. Dalrymple; was present at the siege of Charleston, and returned to Eng. in Oct. ; brig. -gen. in 1793, under Lord Moira, and served under the Duke of York in 1794 ; lieut.-gen. 1801 ; com. in Hanoverin 1805; was minister to Sweden in 1807, and joined Lord Gambier in the exped. against Copenhagen ; made viscount, Nov. 3, 1807; gen. in 1813; minister to Russia, 1813-14, and created a Bri- tish peer, June 18, 1814. He was the represen- tative of England in the Congress of Vienna. In April, 1779, he m. the dau. of Andrew Elliot ofN.Y. Cathrall, Isaac, M.D., phvsician, b. Phila., 1764; d. Feb. 22, 1819. He studied medicine under Dr. Redman, and in London, Edinburgh, and Paris. Returned home early in 1793, and during the prevalence of yellow-fever in that year (in which he suffered severely with the disease), and in 1797-9, he remained at his post, and even dissected those who d. of the disease. He pub. " Remarks on the Yellow- Fever," 1794; " Buchan's Domestic Medicine, with Notes," 1797 ; " Memoir on the Analysis of the Black Vomit," 1800, in vol. 5 of the "Trans, of the Amer. Philos. Society," and a pamphlet on the yellow-fever in conjunction with Dr. Currie, in 1802. He was a surgeon of the city almshouse from 1810 to 1816. — Thachet: Catlin, George, artist, and tourist among the Indians, b. Wyoming Valley, Pa., ab. 1796. His father was a lawyer. George studied law in Ct., practised 2 years, and subsequently, though un instructed in the art, became a painter in Phila. In 1832-9, he visited some 48 Indian tribes, painted 200 of the chiefs and warriors. He also visited Fla. and Ark. His letters were pub. in 2 vols., 8vo, with illustra- tions, 1841; also " North- American Portfolio of Hunting-Scenes," fol., 25 plates, Lond., 1844; " Notes of 8 Years' Travel and Residence in Europe," Lond., 2 vols., 8vo, 1848; "Life among the Indians," " Okeepah,"Lond., 1867. His gallery of aboriginal portraits was exhib- ited in the principal cities of America and Europe. Catron, John, jurist, b. Wythe Co., Va., 1778; d. Nashville, Tenn., 30 May, 1865. With only a common school education, he studied in Tenn., and was adm. to the bar in 1815. He served one campaign, under Gen. Jackson ; became State atty. for his circuit, and removing in 1818 to Nashville, where he sub- sequently resided, attained high rank as a chancery lawyer; chosen judge of the State Supreme Court in Dec. 1824; he was chief- justice in 1830-6, and in March, 1837, was madeajusticeof thelJ.S. Supreme Court, where his great knowledge of the laws applicable to land-titles rendered him exceedingly useful. In 1860-61, he opposed secession, and was driven from the State, but returned in 1862. His State decisions are in " Yerger's Tenn. Re- ports," i.-viii.; his opinions as a national judge, in the later vols, of Peters, the 20 vols, of Howard, and the 2 vols, of Black. Caulkins, Frances Manvvaring, au- thor, b. N. London, Ct., April 26, 1795; d. there Feb. 3, 1869. She taught school in Nor- wich and N. London, until 1834, when she adopted literature as a profession, residing in New Haven from 1836 to 1842, and afterward in N. London. She was a contrib. in prose and verse to the N. London papers, and wrote for the Amer. Tract Society ; 6 vols, of " Bible Studies," 1854-9; and " Eve and Her Daugh- ters," 1861. She was also a contrib. to their American Messmger. Author of a " History of Norwich," 1845, a new and enlarged edition, 1866, 8vo, and "History of New London," 8vo, 1852 and 1860. She was a member of several historical societies. Cavendish, Lord John, a British states- man. Son of the 4th Duke of Devonshire ; d. Dec. 19, 1796. He was one of tbe lords of the treasury under the ministry of the Marquis of Rockingham, and, in the Amer. Avar, was a constant opponent of Lord North, whom he succeeded as chancellor of the exchequer in 1782. Cavendish, Thomas, an eminent English navigator, b. 1564; d. 1593. He was the son of a gentleman who possessed a good estate at Trimley St. Martin, in Suffolk, which he in- herited; but, having impoverished himself by living at court, he fitted out some vessels for a predatory exped. against the Spanish-American Colonies, with a view to retrieve his affairs. In 1585, he accomp. the exped. under Ralph Lane and Sir R. Grenville, to colonize Va. He sailed from Plymouth with 3 small ships, July 21, 1586, and after having ravaged the western coasts of America, and taken a Spanish vessel of 700 tons, richly laden, he sailed across the South Sea, and returned by way of the Cape of Good Hope to Eng., Sept. 9, 1588 ; having circumnavigated the globe in less time CER 172 CJELA. than any preceding adventurer. The great wealth, as well as fame, which he acquired from this undertaking, prompted him to engage in another voyage, on which he embarked Aug. 26, 1591. Tempestuous weather, sickness, and other causes, contributed to render the scheme unfortunate; and Cavendish himself died on the coast of Brazil, or on the passage home, from sickness, and grief at his ill success. Au- thor of " Voyage to Magellanica in 1586." Cerraehi (cha-rak'-kee), Giuseppe, an Italian sculptor, and an ardent Republican, guillotined for conspiring against Napoleon, 1802, b. ab. 1760. Came to Phila. in 1791, and executed a noble bust of Washington, also of Alex. Hamilton, and other eminent men. When Bonaparte invaded Italy in 1796, he made a statue of that general. In 1800, hav- ing formed with Arena and others a design to assassinate the first consul, he proposed to make another statue ; but his design was de- tected. Chabert (sha'-bair'), Joseph Bernard, Marquis of, a distinguished navigator, astron- omer, and geographer, b. Toulon, Feb. 28, 1724; d. Paris, Dec. 1, 1805. He entered the naval service in 17-41 ; was an enthusiastic to- pographer, and planned and executed maps of the shores of N. America and the Mediterra- nean, especially of Greece; became in 1758 a member of the French Academy, and, during the Amer. wai*, he disting. himself so highly, that, in 1781, he was made commander of a squadron, and vice-admiral, 1792. Driven by the Revoi. to England, he returned to Paris in 1802, when Bonaparte assigned him a pen- sion, and, in 1804, app. him to the board of longitude. One of his principal works com- prises his observations on the American coast, and is entitled "Vui/ages surles Cotes de l'Am€- rique Septentrionale," Paris, 1753, 4to. — Nouv. Biog. Gen. Chalkley, Thomas, Quaker preacher, b. London, Mar 3, 1675 ; d. Tortola, one of the Friendly Islands, Sept 4. 1741. He was pressed on board a man-of-war at the age of 20, but was dismisscil, as his principles forbade him to fight. After finishing his apprenticeship to a trade, he travelled and preached in Eng. for a {q\v months, and engaged in the love of the gospel to visit friends in Amer. Landing in Md. in Jan. 1698, he travelled one year, visiting N. Eng. and Va., and, after " several good and open meetings in Va.," returned to Eng. After a journey to Ireland, he removed permanently to Amer. Settling his wife in Phila., 1701, he occupied himself in journeys through various parts of the country. In 1707, he again visited Barbadoes; sailed thence for Eng , and was shipwrecked on the Irish coast. Upon leaving Ireland, he journeyed through Great Britain, and, after a visit to Holland and Germany, re- turned to Phila. His " Journal," which he continued to within a few days of his death, was pub., with a coll. of the author's writings, in Phila. in 1749, reprinted at N.Y. in 1808. By a bequest in his will, he founded the Library of the Friends at Phila. — Dut/clcinc/c. Chalmers, George, historical and political writer, b. Fochabers, Scotland, 1742 ; d. in London, May 21, 1825. He was educated at King's Coll., Aberdeen, and at Edinburgh. In 1763, he accomp. his uncle to Amer, for the purpose of giving him legal assistance in the recovery of a large tract of land in Md., and practised his profession at Baltimore, where in a few years he acquired an extensive and profit- able business. On the breaking-out of the Revol. in 1775, he went to Eng., not one of the least suffering loyalists. Not receiving com- pensation for his losses, he applied himself to the preparation of his " Political Annals of the Present United Colonies," pub. in 1780 ; " An Introduction to the History of the Revolt of the Colonies ; " " Estimate of the Comparative Strength of Great Britain during the Present and Four Preceding Reigns," which went through several editions, and was translated into French and German ; and " Opinions on Interesting Subjects of Public Law and Com- mercial Policy, arising from American In- dependence." In Aug. 1786, he was app. chief clerk of the board of trade ; and, for the next 40 years, continued to pub. a variety of works, of which the principal are " Churchyard Chips concerning Scotland," " Life of Mary, Queen of Scots," and his " Caledonia," which he did not live to complete, but by which alone he will be known to posterity. Under the nom de plume Francis Oldvs of the U. of Pa., he pub. " Life of Thos. Paine," Lond. 8vo, 1791-2. Chalmers, Lionel, M.D., physician, b. Caml)leton, in the West of Scotland, ab. 1715 ; d. 1777. A graduate of the U. of Edinburgh. He came to Carolina when very young, and practised, first in Christ Church Parish, and afterwards in Charleston. In 1754, he wrote " Useful Remarks on Opisthotonos and Te- tanus," which Avere pub. in the first vol. of " The Observations and Inquiries of the Medical Society of London," and in 1767, at Charleston, " An Essay on Fevers." Besides several smaller productions, he also pub. a valuable work illustrative of the weather and diseases of S. C, 2 vols., Lond., 1776. — Tkacher. Chambers, Ezekiel F., LL.D. (Y. C. 1833), jurist and statesman, b. Kent Co., Md., Feb. 28, 1788; d. Charlestown, Md., Jan. 30, 1867. Wash. Coll., Md., 1805. Adm. to the Md. bar in 1808. In the War of 1812, he did military duty, and subsequently became brig.- gen. of militia. In 1822, he was elected to the State senate; was a U. S. senator from 1826 to 1835, disting. himself as an able debater; was chief judge of the second judicial dist. and of the Court of Appeals, from 1834 to 1851, and was an active member of the State Const. Conv. in 1850. In 1852, ill health compelled him to decline the post of sec. of the navy offered him by Pres. Fillmore. Chambers, George, LL.D. (Wash. Coll., Pa., 1861), jurist and author,b. Chambcrsburg, 1786; d. there, Mar. 25, 1866. N.J. Coll. 1804. Grandson of the founder of his native town. Was adm. to the bar in 1807, his talent, energy, and integrity placing him in the front rank of his profession. He was M.C. in 1833- 7. Member of the Pa. Const. Conv., and in 1851 became a judge of the Pa. Supreme Court. He was much interested in the early history of his State, had pub. some of his re- CHA. 173 CHLA. searches in his " Tribute to the Scotch-Irish/' and had prepared others for the Hist. Society, unfortunately destroyed when the rebels burned Chambersburg. Chambers, John, chief-justice of N.Y., member of the exec, council in 17.54, and a commissioner to the Albany Congress, June 14, 1754; d. N.Y., April 10, 1765.— Allen. Chambers, John, lawyer, and gov. of Iowa (1841-.5), b. N.J., 1779; d. near Paris, Ky., Sept. 21, 1852. At the age of 13, he went to Ky., and located himself in Washington, Mason Co., where he studied and practised law, soon obtaining a lucrative business. In 1813, he became a vol. aide to Gen. Harrison, whose election to the presidency in 1840 he zeal- ously promoted. Mr. Chambers was frequent- ly a member of the Ky. legisl., and M.C. 1827- 9 and 1835-9. Chamorro, Fruto, a Central Amer. statesman and gen., b. Guatimala, 1806, elect- ed supreme director or pi'es., 1853 ; d. 1855. Champe, John, a brave Revol. soldier, b. Loudoun Co., Va., 1752; d. Ky., ab. 1798. He is noted for his daring attempt to capture the traitor Arnold, for which duty he was selected by Col. Lee, of whose legion he was sergt. -major. He failed in the attempt in con- sequence of the removal of Arnold's quarters on the day designated for liis capture. Champlain (sham-plan'), Samuel de, founder and gov. of Quebec, b. of good fami- ly, in Brouage, Saintonge, ab, 1570; d. Dec. 1635. He had acquired a high reputation as a skilful officer previous to his employment by De Chasles to make a voyage to Canada, whither he sailed, March 16, 1603, arriving at Tadoussac, May 25. In a light bateau, he ascended the St. Lawrence to the fjills of St. Louis, which was the limit of Cartier's discov- eries in 1535 ; and, after exploring much of the country along the river, he sailed for France in Aug. On his arrival there in Sept., De Monts engaged him as his pilot in another voy- age to the New World. Sailing, March 7, 1 604, he arrived at Acadia, May 6, and selected for settlement a small island, to which De Monts gave the name of " St. Croix." In this voyage, he explored the coast as far as Cape Cod. In 1608, he was sent on another voyage to Tadous- sac, accomp. by Pontgrave. In July, 1C08, he laid the foundation of Quebec, and subsequent- ly, Avhilc engaged in a hostile exped. against the Iroquois, discovered the lake which still bears his name. He again sailed from France in April, 1610, and, in another exped, against the Iroquois, was wounded by an arrow, and soon after returned to P'rance. App. lieut.- gov., with extensive powers, he returned to Amer. in 1612, where he made new discoveries, exploring the Ottawa River, Lakes Huron, and Ontario. He went home to get permis- sion to fortify the settlement. He returned with his family, and the title of gov. in 1620. In July, 1629, he wis obliged to capitulate to Sir David Kirk, and was carried to France in an English ship. In 1632, Canada, with Acadia and Cape Breton, being restored to France by treaty, the company of New France resumed all their rights, and app. Champlain gov. His zeal for the propagation of Christianity was very great. A coll. was established at Quebec, in which the children of the savages were trained in habits of civilization, and in the use of the French language. In 1603, he pub. an account of his first voyage, in 4to, and, in 1620, a continuation, in 8vo. In 1632, he pub. an edition of both these in one vol., entitled " Les Voyages a la Nouvelle France Occidentale, et Can- ada," 4to, This work comprises a history of New France from the first discoveries of Ver- razani to 1631. The best edition of his works is that pub in 4to, 1640. His " Voyage to the W. Indies and Mexico," 1599-1602, ed. by N. Shaw, was pub. by the Hakluyt Soc, Lond., 1859. Champlin, Christopher Grant, b. Newport, April 12,1768; d. there March 28, 1840. H.U. 1786, His uncle George (1738- 1809) was a merchant of Newport, an officer of the Revol.; memb. Cont. Congress, 1785- 6, and of the convention which adopted the U.S. Constitution. He resided some years in Europe, where a part of his time was passed at the Coll of St. Omer's ; M.C. 1797-1801 ; U.S. senator, 1809-11. Many years pres. of the Bank of R.L Champlin, Stephen, commodore U.S.N,, b. S. Kingston, R.I., Nov. 17, 1789; d. Buffa- lo, Feb. 20, 1870. His father Stephen was a vol. in the Amer. Revol. His mother, Eliza- beth Perry, was an aunt of Com. Perry. At 16, he began a seafaring life, and, at 22, com. a ship out of Norwich. May 22, 1812, he was app. sailing-master in the navy; lieut. Dec. 9, 1814; commander, June 22, 1838; capt. Aug. 4, 1850, and com mo, on retired list, July 16, 1862. He first com. a gunboat under Perry at Newport ; was second in com. of " The Asp," in the affairs of Little York and Fort George, U.C. ; and, joining Perry at Lake Erie, took com. of " The Scorpion," in which he did good service at the battle of Sept. 10, 1813, captur- ing " The Little Belt." Of this battle, in which he fired the first and last guns, he was the last surviving officer. In the following spring, ho com. " The Tigris," and, while block- ading Mackinac, was attacked at night by an overwhelming force, severely wounded, and made prisoner. In 1816, he com. " The Por- cupine," but performed little subsequent ser- vice on account of his wound. He was a resi- dent of Buffalo from 1834. — Buffalo Coml. Adv., Feb. 21. Cham.plin, Stephen G., brig.-gen. vols. ; d. Grand Rapids, Mich., Jan. 29, 1864. He rose from the rank of major to that of brig.- gen. Nov. 29, 1862, was dieting, in the princi- pal battles of 1862-3, including those of Antie- tam and Fredericksburg, and was severely wounded at Fair Oaks. Champney, Benjamin, landscape-painter, b. N. Ipswich, N.H., Nov. 20, 1817, Came to Boston in 1834, worked in Pendleton's litho- graphic establishment in 1837-40; studied and painted at the Louvre Gallery, Paris, in 1841-5 ; then visited Italy with Kensett, and, revisiting Europe in 1847-8, painted a panorama of the Rhine. Since 1853, he has passed his sum- mers at N. Conway, where he has a cottage and studio, and has painted many White Mountain views, as well as those of Switzerland, which OELA. 174 CHLA. are owned in and around Boston. In 1865-6, he ai?ain visited Italy and Switzerland. Champney, James Wells, " Champ," painter of genre pictures, b. Boston, July 16, 1843. Apprenticed to a wood-engraver at the age of 16. Enlisted for 9 months in the 45th Ms. Vols. In '63, after return from the war, designed on wood. Teacher in drawing at Dr. Dio Lewis's Sem., at Lexington, for two years. Sailed for Paris, Oct. 16, 1866 ; studied abroad until June 1870. Pupil of Edouard Frere, and of the Fine Arts School in Ant- werp. Settled in Boston in Oct. 1870. Has painted, among other pieces " The Roguish " Sister," " Little Boy Shelling Peas," and " Domino-Player." Chanche, John J., D.D., E.G. bishop of Natchez, consec. March 14, 1841 ; d. July 22, 1852. Chandler, Abiel, a philanthropic mer- chant, b. Concord, N.H., Feb. 26, 1777; d. Walpole, N.H., March 22, 1851. H.U. 1806. Occupied until the age of 21 in agricultural labors, and from 1806 to 1817 was a teacher in Salem and Newburyport. For many years, he was engaged in business in Boston, and was well known as a partner in the house of Chan- dler, Howard, & Co., retiring in 1845 with a for- tune. He bequeathed $1,600, and also the sur- plus of his estate, to the N.H. Asylum for the Insane, and $50,000 to Dartm. Coll.,for the es- tablishment of a scientific school connected with that institution. Chandler, Elizabeth Margaret, poet, b. Centre, near Wilmington, Del., Dec. 24, 1807; d. Nov. 22, 1834. Dau. of Thomas Chandler, a Quaker farmer; was educated at the Friends' school in Phila., and commenced writing verses at an early age. Her poem, "The Slave-Ship," written at 18, gained a prize offered by the Casket, a monthly maga- zine. Most of her subsequent productions ap- peared in the Genius of Universal Emancipation, an antislavery periodical of Phila. In 1830, she removed to Mich., and settled near the vil- lage of Tecumseh, on the River Raisin. In 1836, her poetical works, with a Memoir by Benjamin Lundy, were pub. at Phila. — Duyc- hinck. Chandler, Gen. John, b. Monmouth,Ms., 1760; d. Augusta, Me., Sept. 25,1841. Ori- ginally a blacksmith, by perseverance and indus- try, he became wealthy. Was a counsellor and senator from 1803 to 1805; M. C. 1805-8; brig.-gen. July 8, 1812; wounded and made prisoner at Stony Creek, U.C, June 6, 1813 ; and from 1820 to 1829, U.S. senator from Me.; collector of Portland, 1829-37 ; trustee of Bowd. Coll., sheriff of Kennebec Co., and maj.-gen. of militia. Chandler, Joseph R., editor, b. Kings- ton, Ms., 1792. He adopted the profession of the law ; was M.C. from Pa., 1849-55 ; and in 1858-61 was minister to Naples. He edited the United-States Gazette in Phila. for many years, and subsequently the Philadelphia North American. He pub. a " Grammar of the Eng- lish Language " in 1821, and subsequently a large number of essays and addresses upon lit- erary and social topics, and congressional speeches. Chandler, Thomas Bradbury, D.D. (Oxf. U. 1766), Prot.-Epis. clergyman and con- troversialist, b. Woodstock, Ct., 26 Apr. 1726; d. Elizabethtown, N.J., 17 June, 1790. Y. C. 1745. In 1747, he became lay-reader in St. John's Church, Elizabethtown, and, after being ord. in Eng. in 1751, was rector there till his death, excepting in 177.5-85,when, being a loy- alist, he was in Eng. App. bishop of Nova Scotia, but declined. He was a zealous defend- er of Episcopacy, and in 1767 pub. "An Appeal in Behalf of the Church of Eng. in Amer." This was attacked by Dr. Chauncey, to whom he replied with " The Appeal Defended," and, in 1771, "The Appeal Further Defended." Also author of " A Life of Samuel Johnson," pres. of King's Coll., 12mo, 1805. Channing, Edward Tyrrel, LL.D. (H.U. 1847), prof, of rhetoric in H. U. {1819- 51), b. Newport, R.L, 12 Dec. 1790; d. Cam- bridge, Ms., 8 Feb. 1856. Bro. of Rev. Wil- liam E. Channing. He studied at H.U., but did not graduate, and opened a law-office in Boston. Editor of the N. Amer. Rev. 1819- 21, and a contrib. until his death. His style was vigorous and pure, his taste severe and critical ; and he excelled in conversation. He delivered the oration in Boston, 4 July, 1817. Author of a Memoir of William Ellery, in Sparks's "Amer. Biog." In 1856, a vol. of his lectures was pub. with a memoir, by R. H. Dana, jun. Channing, Walter, M.D. (U. of Pa.), physician, bro. of W. E. and E. T. Channing, b. Newport, R.L, Apr. 15, 1786. He was at H.U. in 1804-7. Studied medicine under Dr. James Jackson of Boston, and Prof. Barton of Phila. Afterward studied at the U. of Edinburgh, at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospi- tals, London, and began practice in Boston in 1812. Lecturer inl812, and prof, of obstetrics and med. jurisp. in H.U. from 1815 to 1854; assist, phys. Ms. Hospital from 1821 to 1840. Dr. C. has been a frequent contrib. to med. and literary periodicals, besides pub. a vol. of "Miscellaneous Poems," 1851; "A Physi- cian's Vacation, or a Summer in Europe,'* 1856; "Etherization in Childbirth," 1848; " Address on the Prevention of Pauperism," 12mo, 1843; "Professional Reminiscences of Foreign Travel," 8vo ; "New and Old," 12 mo, 1851 ; "Reformation of Medical Science," 1851. He has also written many fugitive pieces in prose and verse. His son, William Ellery, (whose wife, Ellen K., sister of Mar- garet Fuller, d. Sept. 22, 1856, a. 36), has pub. "Poems," 1843, 1847, and 1849; "Youth of the Poet and Painter," in "The Dial," 1844 ; " Conversations in Rome," 1847. Channing, William Ellery, D. D. (H.U. 1820), a Unitarian divine of great celeb- rity, b. Newport, R.L, April 7, 1780; d. Ben- nington, Vt., Oct. 2, 1842. H.U. 1798. His father Wm., an eminent lawyer of Newport, d. Oct. 1793, a. 42 : his mother was the dau. of Wm. Ellery, one of the signers of the Decl. of Indep. The influences of the climate and scenery of the island where his boyhood was passed, had no slight influence upon the social and moral attributes of his mind. At the university, he attained the highest honors. CJE3LA. 175 CHA On leaving coll., he spent one year in Rich- mond, Va., as a teacher in the family of David M. Randolph. Returning from the South in feeble health, in 1802, he went through a course of theol. study, and June 1, 1803, became the pastor of the Federal-st. Society in Boston, which was extremely small at the time of his ordination, but soon rose from his popularity to be one of the first parishes in the city. A feeble constitution, and liability to disease, oc- casioned, probably, by his residence in Va., proved great impediments to his labors through- out his professional career. He made a voyage to Europe in 1822 for this cause, remaining little more than a year ; and, in the autumn of 1830, he again left the U.S., and spent the win- ter in St. Croix. His bodily infirmities occa- sioned the app. of a colleague in 1824 ; but he occasionally officiated in the pulpit until 1840, when he resigned, delivering his last public ad- dress 1 Aug. 1842, at Lenox, in commemora- tion of the abolition of slavery in the West Indies. The pub. works of Dr. Channing in- clude a large number of religious discourses, the articles on Milton, Bonaparte, and Fenelon, which appeared in the Christian Examiner in 1826-9, and a variety of tracts on temperance, education, slavery, and the condition of the laboring classes. An edition of his works has been pub. in 6 vols., 1846. His " Sermon on War," before the conv. of Cong ministers in 1816, was widely circulated, and contrib. power- fully to the formation of peace societies in the U.S. His lectures on "Self-Culture," 1839, and on " The Elevation of the Laboring Class- es," 1840, had an extensive circulation, and were repub. in Eng. He was one of the earli- est agitaiors of antislavery in the U.S., but did not, until he delivered his address in Faneuil Hall in 1837, become publicly identified with the political movement for abolition. In 1837, he addressed a letter to Henry Clay, against the annexation of Texas, and in 1841 pub. his work on Slavery. Among his theol. discours- es, his lecture on " The Evidences of Chris- tianity," delivered at H.U. in 1821, is, perhaps, the most remarkable. He was a man of great independence of mind. He paid no respect to men on account of their wealth or oflSce. His sermons on " The Paternal Character of God," on " The Loveliness of the Example of Christ," on " The Evidence of Christianity," and on " Political and Moral Integrity," are admirable. He spoke out in intelligible terms on conjugal infidelity and licentiousness. In the pulpit, his gravity and solemnity exceeded that of most preachers. His elocution was peculiar. His preaching and his writings weie corroborated by a life of high moral character. During the Unitarian controversy, Dr. Channing was the acknowledged head of the liberal party, and was obliged, though averse to disputation, to take an active part. " He was unrivalled in his en- thusiasm for moral and progressive ideas, and in his high estimate of the moral capacities of man." Coleridge said of him, "He has the love of wisdom, and the wisdom of love." — See " Memoirs, Correspondence," Sfc, by his nephew, W. H. Channing, 1848. Channing, William Francis, M.D., son of Wra. Ellcry, b. Boston, 1820; has pub. *' Davis's Manual of Magnetism," 12mo, 1841 ; "Notes on the Medical Application of Elec- tricity," 1849; "Fire-Alarm Telegraph," 1855; contrib. to " Silliman's Jour.," &c. One of the inventors of the system of fire-alarm tele- graphy now in general use. — Allibone. Channing, William Henry, clergyman, nephew of Wm. E., b. Boston, May 25, 1810. H.U. 1829 ; Camb. Divinity School, 1833. Ord. Cincinnati, May 10, 1839. His father, Francis Dana Channing, died when he was very young. He has been settled in Mcad- ville. Fa., N.Y. City, Cincinnati, Nashua, Bos- ton, Rochester, and Liverpool, Eng., where he is pastor of the Hope-street (Unitarian)Church, as successor of Rev. James Martineau. He ed- ited the Western Messenger one year, the Pres- ent, the Harbinger, and the Spirit of the Age, and has been a contrib. to the Dial, Christian Examiner, and N. Amer. Review. He has writ- ten and pub. " The Translation of JoufFioy's Ethics," 2 vols., 1840 ; "Memoirs of Dr. Wm. E. Channing," 3 vols., 1848 ; " Life and Writ- ings of James H. Perkins," 2 vols. ; " Memoirs of Madame Ossoli (MargaretFuller)," sermons, reviews, and miscellanies. He has labored much in social reforms, and is a zealous and eloquent preacher. Chapm, Alonzo Bowen, D.D., clergy- man and author, b. Somers, March 10, 1808; d. Hartford, July 9, 1858. He quitted the study of theology for the law ; adm. to practise in 1831, and established himself at Walling- ford. He edited the Chronicle of the Church, an Episcopal paper at N. Haven, 8 years, and, re- suming his theol. studies, was ord, in 1838; was rector of Christ Church, West Haven, until 1850, and of St.Luke's, Glastenbury, until 1855, when he removed to Hartford, and edit- ed the Calendar. Besides numerous contribs. to magazines and reviews. Dr. Chapin is the author of "A View of the Organization and Order of the Primitive Church," 1850 ; "Views of Gospel Truth;" "Glastenbury for 200 Years," 1853 ; a " Classical Spelling-book ; " "Puritanism not Protestantism," 1847; " In- aug. Discourse at Beloit Coll., 1850," as pres. Chapin, Calvin, D.D., Cong.clergvman, b. Springfield, Ms., Julv 22, 1763; d. Weth- ersfield, Mar. 17, 1851. Y. C. 1788. He was a teacher in Hartford two years ; from 1791 to 1794 was a tutor in Y. C, and was pastor of a church in Wethersfield, Ct., from 1794 to 1847. Dr. Chapin was an efficient member of the mis- sionary, Bible, and temperance societies, and was for 32 years rec. sec. of the A. B. C. F. M. During his connection with the church at Wethersfield, he was offered, and declined, the presidency of 2 different colleges. He pub. an essay recommending the substitution of water for wine in the Lord's supper. — Allen. Chapin, Edwin Hubbell, D.D. (H. U. 1856), an eloquent preacher, b. Union Village, Wash. Co., N.Y., Dec. 29, 1814. He conipleted his school-education at a sem. in Bennington, Vt. ; commenced preaching in 1837 ; was first settled over a society of Unitarians and Uni- versalists in Richmond, Va.; removed to Charlestown, Ms., in 1830; thence to Boston in 1846, and in 1848 to New York, where he is still pastor of the 4th Universalist Church. Dr. CHA 176 GELA. Chapin is one of the most powerful and effec- tive pulpit orators of America. He has been a frequent speaker before lyceums and literary associations, and, as an advocate of temperance and other movements of moral reform, he ex- ercises a vast influence. One of his best speech- es is, perliaps, that before the Peace Conven- tion at Frankfort-on-the-Main, in 1850. He has pub. "Moral Aspects of City Life," 1853 ; "True Manliness," 1854; several vols, of ser- mons and religious lectures, and a few occa- sional discourses. His " Crown of Thorns " attained a wide circulation. — See Golden Age of Amcr. Oratory, by E. G. Parker, 1857. Chapin, Stephen, D.D. (B. U. 1822), clergyman, b. Milford, Ms., Nov. 4, 1778; d. Washington, D.C.,Oct. 1,1845. H.U.1804. He studied theology with Dr. Emmons. Ord. pas- tor of the Cong. Church in Hillsborough, N.H., June 1 9, 1 805. In Nov. 1 809, he took charge of the Cong. Church in Mt. Vernon, N.H., but, becoming a Baptist, resigned in 1818, and was pastor of the Baptist Church, North Yarmouth, Me., from Nov. 28, 1819, imtil called, in 1822, to the chair of theology in Waterville Coll., Me. He remained there until 1828, when he was made pres. of Col. Coll., Washington, which office he resigned in 1841. Chaplin, Jeremiah, D.D. (S. C. Coll. 1819), Baptist minister, b. Rowley, Ms., 2 Jan. 1776 ; d. Hamilton, N.Y., May, 1841. B. U. 1799. Descended from Hugh. 3 years tutor in B. U. ; minister in Danvers "from 1802 to 1818; pres. Waterville Coll., Me., 1820-32; afterward preached in Rowley, Willington, Ct., and Hamilton, N.Y. Chapman, Charles, an eminent crim. lawyer, and politician, b. Newtown, Ct., 21 June, 1799; d. Hartford, Ct., 7 Aug. 1869. Son of Judge Asa. Educated at an acad. ; adm. to the bar in 1823 ; practised at Newton, 1824-7 ; at N. Haven, and, from 1 832, at Hart- ford ; 3 times member of the legisl. ; U. S. dist. atty. 1841-5 ; M. C. 1851-3. A man of great powers of wit and sarcasm. Chapman, George Thomas, D. D. (Trans. U. 1824), Pr.-Ep. clergyman, b. Pilton, Devonshire, Eng,, Sept. 21, 1786. Dartm. Coll. 1804. He came to the U. S. in 1795; practised law in Bucksport, Me., from Dec. 1808 to 1815 ; ord. deacon by Bishop Griswold, 1816; priest, Jan. 6, 1818; rector of Christ Church, Lexington, Ky., July 1, 1820, to July 1, 1830; of St. Paul's Church, Portland, Me., 1832-5; of Grace Church, Newark, N. J., 1837-41 ; preached in Belleville, N.J., in 1842 ; rector of St. Stephen's Church, Pittsfield, Ms., 1846-52; preached some months in Hanover, N.H. Resides in Newburyport, Ms. He pub. " The Ministry, Worship, and Doctrines of the Prot.-Epis. Church," a vol. of 20 sermons, also a vol. of 27 "Sermons to Presbyterians of all Sects," besides 18 other sermons, and, in 1867, " Sketches of the Alumni of Dartm. Coll." Chapman, John G., b. Charles Co., Md., July 5, 1798; d. Dec. 10, 1856. Educated at Yale, but did notgrad.,on account of his health. He studied law with Wm. Wirt ; practised some years ; between 1824 and '44 was almost constantly in the Md. legisl. ; M, C. 1845-9; pres. of the Const. Conv. of Md., and of the National Whig Conv. of Baltimore in 1856. He was an eloquent speaker. — Lanman. Chapman, John Gadsbt, artist, b. Alex- andria, Va. He studied and practised his art at Rome several years. Establishing himself in New York, he obtained ample employment by his ingenuity and taste. He has furnished many original designs for the illustration of works of taste or fancy, among them Schmidt's " Tales," Whittier's " Songs of Labor," and Harper's Bible. He also painted the "Bap- tism of Pocahontas" for one of the panels in the rotunda at Washington. Since 1848, he has resided in Rome. Among his pictures are, " Israelites Spoiling the Egyptians," "Etruscan Girl," "A Donkey's Head," "The Last Arrow," and "Pirst Italian Milestone." He pub. "American Drawing-Book," N.Y., 4to, and "The Amateur's Drawing Manual," 4to, 1858. Chapman, Nathaniel, M.D., physician and scholar, b. near Alexandria, Va., 28 May, 1780; d. Phila., 1 July, 1853. U. ofPa. 1801. His paternal ancestor, a capt. in the army, and a relative of Sir Walter Raleigh, came to Va. with the first colonists. Completing his stud- ies at London and Edinburgh, where he took his degree, he began practice in Phila. in 1804. Prof, of materia medica in 1813-16, and of practice, institutes, and clinical med., in the U. of Pa., from 1816 to 1850. Pounder of the Med. Institute in 1817, he lectured there dur- ing the summer for nearly 25 years. He had charge of the city hospital during the epidem- ic of 1820, and was many years clinical lecturer in the hospital of the city almshouse. Pres. Amer. Philos. Society, 1846-8, and for many years of the Phila. Med. Soc. Author of " Lec- tures on the Theory and Practice of Medicine," "Eruptive Fevers," " Thoracic Vi-scera," " El- ements of Therapeutics and Materia Medica,'* 1817, "Select Speeches, with Critical and Il- lustrative Remarks," 5 vols., 8vo. In 1820, he began, and for many years edited, the Phila. Journal of the Medical and Phijsical Sciences, and contrib. to the Portfolio under the signature of "Falkland." — J. B. Biddle, in Gross's Amer. Med. Biog. Chapman, Robert Hett, D.D. (Wms. Coll. 1815), pres. of the U. of N. C. at Chapel Hill, 1812-16, b. Orange, N.J , 2 Mar. 1771 ; d. Winchester, Va., 18 June, 1833. N.J. Coll. 1789. Son of Rev. Jedediah of Western N.Y., who d. 22 May, 1813. Licensed by the Pres- bytery of N. Y., 2 Oct. 1793 ; pastor of Rah- way, N. J., 1796-1801, and of Cambridge, N.Y., in 1801-12, afterwards officiating in Va., N.C, and Tenn. Charlevoix ( shar-leh-vwa'), Peter Fran- cis Xavier, a French historian and mission- ary, b. St. Quentin, Oct. 29, 1682 ; d. Lafleche, Feb. 1, 1761. He acquired reputation as a teacher of languages and philos. in Jesuit col- leges. Was for some years a missionary in Canada, and, on his return, had a chief share in the Journal de Trevoux for 24 }^^ears. In 1720, he again visited Canada, by order of the French king, and passing up the St. Lawrence, and through the Lakes, to Michilimacinac, he descended through Lake Michigan and the Rivers 111. and Mpi., to N. Orleans. In 1722, CHIA. 177 OHA. he returned to France by way'of St. Domingo. His works are, " Journal of a Voyage from Kaskaskias to the Gulf of Mexico," 1721 (French Hist. Colls, of La., vol. ii.), " His- toire et Description Gen€rale de Japaii," " His- toire Generale de Paraguaif," " Ilistoire de I 'Isle de St. Dominique," " Vie de Mere Marie de I 'In- carnation," and a " Hisfoire Gen&ale de la Nouvelle France," of which the latter is most valuable, describing his own experience, and the manners and customs of the natives, for which he is often quoted as good authority, though not free from partiality and creduhty. Charlton, Robert M., jurist and author, b. Savannah, 19 Jan. 1807; d. there 18 Jan. 1854. Son of Judge Thos. B., a capt. of art. at the capture of Charleston, S.C, who d. Nova Scotia, 1847. Adm. to the bar, and elected to the legisl. in 1828; app. U.S. dist-atty. i)y Pres. Jackson, and at the age of 27 was app. and afterward elected judge of the Sup. Court of the eastern dist. of Ga. Twice mayor of Savannah, and U.S. senator in 1852—3. He pub. in 1839 a vol. of poems, including the poetical remains of a deceased bro., 2d ed., 1842 ; and contrib. many pieces both in prose and verse to the Kncikerhoclcer Mag. Esteemed for his finished oratory and for his geniality. Chase, CAnLxoN, D.D. (U. of Vt. 1839), Prot.-Epis. bishop of N.H. (consec. 20 Oct. 1844), b. Hopkinton, N.H., Feb. 20, 1794 ; d. Ciaremont, N.H., Jan. 18, 1870. Dartm. Coll. 1817. Ord. deacon, 1818; priest. 1820; rector of Immanuel Church, Bellows Falls, Vt., from 1819 to 1844; and of Trinity Church, Ciare- mont, N.H. in 1844-63. After the deposition of Bisho]) Onderdonck of N.Y., Bishop Chase performed for a time the episcopal duties of that diocese. At his death, he was a royal arch Mason. Chase, Dudley, statesman and jurist, b. Cornish, N.H., Dec. 30, 1771 ; d. Randolph, Vt., Feb. 23, 1846. Dartm. Coll. 1791, where also his 4 bros. were educated, — Salmon, father of the senator ; Baruch, a lawyer ; Heber, who d. in 1797 ; and Philander, bishop of O. Adm. to the practice of law in 1793, he was State atty. for Orange Co. from 1803 to 1811 ; mem- ber of the Const. Conv. of 1814 and of 1822 ; lor a number of years a member, and, from 1808 to 1812, speaker, of the house of repre- sentatives of Vt. ; U.S. senator from 1813 to 1817; chief-justice of the Supreme Couit of Vt., 1817-21, and again U.S. senator in 1825-31. Chase, Irah, D.D., theologian, b. Strat- ton, Vt., Oct. 5, 1793; d. Newtonvi!le,Ms., Nov. 1,1864. Middleb. Coll. 1814. After studying at Andover, he was ord. in 1817 ; labored as a Baptist missionary in Western Va. ; became in 1818 prof, in the theol. school at Pliila., which was soon after transferred to Washington. In 1825, he was prominent in establishing the theol. school at Newton Centre, Ms., of which he was prof, till 1845. In 1830, he was instrumental in founding the Baptist mis- sion in France. He subsequently contrib. to reviews on questions of church history and Christian doctrine. He pub " Life of Bunyan," " The Design of Baptism," " The Constitu- tion of the Holy Apostles," " Infant Baptism an Invention of Man," &c. 12 Chase, Lucien B., M.C. from Tenn., 1845-9; author of a "History of President Polk's Administration." B. Vt., 1817; d. Dec. 1864. Chase, Philander, D.D., Prot.-Epis. bishop of 111., b. Cornish, N.H., Dec. 14, 1775 ; d. Peoria, 111., Sept. 20, 1852. Dartm. Coll. 1796. He was descended from Aquila Chase, who came from Cornwall, Eng., in 1640, and settled at Newbury. His grandson Dudley, father of the bishop, removed to a township above Fort No. 4 on the Ct., and founded the town of Cornish. A severe injury to one of his limbs prevented his becoming a farmer. Ord. deacon, May 10, 1798, and priest, Nov. 10, 1799, and was for several years zealously en- gaged in missionary labors in Western N.Y. In 1805, he went to N. Orleans, and took an active part in the organization of the Prot.-Epis. church in that city ; returning to the North in 1811, and, until 1817, was rector of Christ Church, Hartford, Ct. Feb. 11, 1819, he was consec. bishop of 0., and in 1823 went to Eng. to solicit aid for Kenyon Coll. and theol. sem. in his diocese, with great success. Difficulties having arisen with some of his clergy in regard to the disposal of the funds he had collected, and other matters, he resigned the jurisdiction of his diocese, Sept. 9, 1831 ; removed toMich., and Mar. 8, 1835, being made bishop of III., he visited li^ng. a second time in behalf of education in the West. In 1838, he returned, with funds sufficient to lay the foundation of Jubilee Coll. at Robin's Nest, Peoria Co., 111. Bp. Chase, notwithstanding his size and cor- pulence, was an exceedingly active and labori- ous man, and, though not learned, had great diplomatic talents, and intuitive knowledge of hun^ian nature, great shrewdness, and accom- plished an amount of good tenfold greater than many incomparably his superiors in scholastic knowledge. He pub. in two 8vo vols. " Rem- iniscences " of his life and labors; "Plea for the West," 1826 ; " Star of Kenyon Coll.," 1828; "Defence of Kenyon Coll.," 1831. A serious injury, caused by being thrown from his carriage, hastened the aged bishop's decease, and, a few days after, he sank quietly to rest. Chase, Salmon Portland, statesman, nephew ot Bishop Chase, b. Cornish, N.H. ,13 Jan. 1808. Dartm Coll. 1828. Losing his father at the age of 12, he found a home with his uncle, the bishop, who superintended his studies. He taught school in Washington, D.C., in 1827-9 ; studied law under Wm. Wirt; settled in Cincinnati ab. 1830; prepared an edition of the statutes of 0., of received author- ity ; and became eminent at the bar, where his hostility to slavery found frequent expression. He was in the city council in 1840, and sup- ported Harrison for the presidency ; took a lead- ing part in organizing the " Liberty party" at Columbus in Dec. 1841 ; was active in its con- ventions; and in that held at Cincinnati in June, 1845, prepared an address, widely circulated, giving a history of slavery in the U.S., and arguing the necessity of political organization to denationalize it. The convention of the "Free Soil" party at BuffiUo in Aug. 1848, called through his efforts, nominated VanBuren for the presidency. Chosen by the Democrats CltA. 178 CII^ of the Ohio legisl. to the U.S. senate in Feb. 1849, he spoke aj^ainst the Compromise Bill in 1850, and separated from that party on the nomination of Mr. Pierce to the presidency in 1852. In 1854, he drafted an appeal to the people against the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, and in a speech, 3 Feb., elaborately exposed its objects. He proposed to add a clause to it, that " the people of the territory, through their ap- propriate representatives, may, if they see fit, proliibit the existence of slavery therein : " rejected 10 to 36. He advocated the Homestead Bill, and the grant of aid toward the construc- tion of the Pacific Railroad. Gov. of 0., 1 85.5- 9. Supported J. C. Fremont for the presidency in 1857. His decided action compelled the resignation, in 1857, of the State treasurer, who was a defaulter ; and bis prompt and judicious arrangements protected the credit of the State, and averted a large pecuniary loss. At the peace conference in Feb. 1861, he proposed compen- sation to the owners of fugitive slaves. Made sec. of the treasury in Lincoln's cabinet. Mar. 4, 1861. In Jan. 1862, he recommended that the U.S. notes be made a legal tender. He raised money by the issue of " greenbacks," which bore no interest, and by loans, which were taken at moderate rates, mostly by the people of the U.S. His financial services during the Rebellion were second only in importance to those of the war dept. Resigning, 30 June, 1864, his friends endeavored to procure for him the nomination to the presidency, but without success. He succeeded Chief Justice Taney as the head of the U.S. Supreme Court, 12 Oct. 1864. He presided over the court of impeach- ment (Mar. 1868) for the trial of Pres. Johnson, whose acquittal he favored. Unsucessful can- didate for the Democ. nomination for pres. in July, 1868. He has contrib. to the N. A. Review, and to the Western Monthly Magazine, and is the author of some good verses. — See Mrs. Stowe's Men of our Time. Chase, Samuel, jurist and statesman, b. Somerset Co., Md., 17 Apr. 1741 ; d. 19 June, 1811. Son of Rev. Thos. Chase, a native of Eng., by whom he was carefully educated. Adm. to the bar in 1761, and settled in Annap- olis, where his talents, industry, intrepidity, imposing stature, sonorous voice, and energet- ic elocution raised him to distinction. In the colonial legisl., of which he was 20 years a member, he vehemently opposed the Stamp Act; was a member of the committee of cor- resp., and a delegate to Congress in 1774-9, He denounced Zubly of Georgia as a traitor, compelling him to flee the Congress, whose se- crets he was divulging to the enemy ; was in 1776, with Franklin and Carrol, a commission- er to form a plan of union between the Colo- nies and Canada, and, on his return, labored successfully to change the sentiment of Md., BO as to authorize him to vote, as he did, for the Declaration of Independence, of which he was one of the signers. He served with unwearied industry on many of the important committees of Congress. In 1 783, he was the agent of Md. in Eng., to reclaim a large sum of money in- trusted to the Bank of Eng., $650,000 of which was subsequently paid over to the State. In 1788. he was a member of the convention to consider the Constitution of the U. S., which he did not regard as sufficiently democ. ; chief- justice of the Gen. Court of Md., 1791-6; asso.-justice U. S. Supreme Court, 27 Jan. 1796 to his d. Warmly attached to the prin- ciples and measures of the administrations of Washington and Adams ; after the change of administration in 1804, he was, at the instance of John Randolph, impeached for his conduct in the trials of Fries and Callender, solely on political grounds, but was acquitted by the senate. He was a somewhat irascible man, and sometimes was overbearing as a judge, but was learned, able, and patriotic. Chase, Thomas, dep. Q. M. gen., north- ern department, in Revol. war; d. Boston, May 17, 1787. Chastellux (sha'-ta'-luks'), Francois Jean, Marquis de, author and soldier, b. Paris, 1734; d. there Oct. 28, 1788. Entering the army at 15, he was col. of the regt. Gnjjenne through the war in Germany, 1754-63; be- came Mare'chal de Camp, and in 1780 was a maj.-gen. in Rochambeau's army in Amer., gaining the particular friendship of Washing- ton. On his return to France, he was made a field-marshal, and a member of the Acad. His literary reputation was established, in 1772, by his De la I'YIicif^ Publiqne." His " Voyage dans I 'Am€riqae Septentrionale dans les Antie'es 1780-2," 2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1786, contains noti- ces of the natural history of the country, inter- esting details of the localities and events of the war, and observations on the character of the principal actors in it. This work was translated by Geo. Grieve, and pub. in London in 1787. liis discourse " De la D€converte de I 'Ame'rique," and " Di scours en Vers, addresses aux Officierset Soldats des Differentes Armies Am^ricaines," were translated by David Humphreys. The year before he d. he m. Miss Plunket, a young lady of Irish extraction. Chatham, William Pitt, Earl, orator and statesman, b. Westminster, 15 Nov. 1708 ; d. 11 May, 1778. Son of Robert Pitt, Esq., of Boconock, Cornwall. Studied at Eton and Oxford, entered parliament in 1735, and opposed Sir Robert Walpole with such effect, that the Duchess of Marlborough bequeathed Pitt a legacy of £10,COO. Made joint vice- treas. of Ireland in 1746, soon afterward treas. and paymaster of the army, and privy council- lor. He was dismissed from office in 1 755, hav- ing connected himself with the Grenville party, through his marriage with Hester, dau. of Richard Grenville. Made in 1757 sec. of State, he infused his own spirit and energy into the public service everywhere, made Eng. trium- phant in every quarter of the globe, and added Canada to her dominions. He resigned in Oct. 1761, and received a pension of £3,000 a year. He advocated a conciliatory policy toward the Amer. Colonies, and the repeal of theStamp Act. In 1766, he formed a new ministry, in which he took the privy seal, and was made Earl of Chatham, but quitted office finally in 1768. In the house of lords, he opposed the coercive measures employed against Amer., in speeches of great ability and eloquence; but in reply to a motion by the Duke of Portland, in Apr. 1778, urging the acknowledgment of CHA. 179 OHLA. the independence of Amer., Chatham, who had just left a sick-bed, opposed it with all the ar- dent eloquence of his younger days. The Duke of Richmond having replied to this speech, Chatham attempted to rise again, but fainted, and was borne home in a state of ex- haustion, from which he never recovered. He had a public funeral at the national expense, and a monument in Westminster Abbey. Chaumonot (sho'-mo'-no''), or Chaumox- NOT, PiERRK Marie Joseph, a French Jesuit, b. near Chatillon-sur-Seine, in 1611 ; d. Lorette, near Quebec, Feb. 21, 1693. After robbing an uncle, wlio directed his education, he went to Rome, where, under an assumed character, he became a Jesuit. Repenting of his errors, he was, after being ord. priest, sent, at his own request, as a missionary to the N. Amer. Indi- ans. Landing at Quebec with Father Poncet, in 1639, he devoted himself to the instruction of the Hurons and Neutrals. When the Hu- rons were dispersed by the Iroquois, in 1650, he accomp. a small party of the fugitives to Quebec. The next year, he formed with the Hurons a Christian settlement at Isle Orleans. In 1655, he visited the Onondagas, but re- turned in 1658, and helped found the mission of Notre Dame de Foye, near Quebec. Soon after its removal to Lorette, in 1693, which mission he had founded ab. the year 1670, he ended his long career of labor and hardship. . He left an excellent grammar of the Huron tongue, pub. by the Hist. Society of Quel)cc, 1835, a list of radical and derivative words, a catechism, and a series of instructions, all in the same language, and a memoir of his own life. These are unpub. — App/eton's New Amer.Cijdo. Chauncy (chahn'-si), Charles, B. D., 2d pres. of H. U., and the ancestor of all who bear the name in the U.S. ; b. Yardley Herts., Eng., 1592; d. Feb. 19, 1672. Educated at Westminster and Cambridfre, he made the ac- quaintance of Archbishop Usher, and was app. prof of Hebrew, and afterward of Greek, at Cambridge. He was a scholar at Westminster at the time of the gunpowder plot to blow up the building. In 1627, he became vicar of Ware, Hertfordshire. His stern Puritanism involved him in difficulties with the ecclesiastical au- thorities : he was imprisoned and fined, and recanted, but soon repented of his recantation. He therefore determined to embark for N.E,, where he arrived a few days before the great earthquake, June 1, 1638. He was re-or- dained, and for 3 years remained in Plymouth, as assist, pastor to Mr. Raynor, and then took pastoral charge of the church in Scituate, Ms. A change in the ecclesiastical polity of Eng. determined him to return to his vicarage in Ware; but the offer of the presidency of the. university, which he accepted Nov. 27, 1654, kept him here till his death. He pub. a few theol. works, and a number of sermons. He was zealous against wearing long hair, and baptizing the children of non-communicants ; a man of great industry and learning, and was eminent as a physician. He left 6 sons, who all grad. at Harvard, and became preachers. Chauncey, Charles, D.D. {U. of Edinb. 1742), clergyman of Boston, great-grandson of Pres. C, kJan. 1,1705; d. Feb. 10, 1787. H.U. 1721. Ord. pastor of the 1st church in Boston, Oct. 25, 1727, as the colleague of Mr. Foxcroft. He was minister of one parish for 60 years. Among his numerous publications are, " A Complete View of the Episcopacy," being the substance of a discussion with Dr. Chand- ler of N.J. ; " Seasonable Thoughts on the State of Religion in N. England; " " Discourse on Enthusiasm," 1742, directed against White- field ; " Remarks on the Bishop of LandafFs Sermon," 1767; "Mystery hid from Ages, or the Salvation of all Men," 1785; "The Benevolence of the Deity," 1784; "Five Dis- sertations on the Fall and its Consequences," 1785. He was a warm friend of his country during the Revol. struggle, was a man of great learning and piety, and was an active contro- versialist. — See Chauncey Memo' Is, W. C. Fowler. Chauncey, Charles, LL. D. (Mid. Coll. 1811), a disting. lawyer, b. Durham, Ct., June 11,1747; d. New Haven, April 18, 1823. Y. C. 1779. Removing to New Haven, he was adra. to the bar in Nov. 1768 ; app. State's atty. in 1776; and was a judge of the Superior Court in 1789-93. He was 40 years a lecturer on jurisp., and was pres. of the first agric. society of Ct., of which he was a principal founder. His son Charles, LL. D. (Y. C. 1827), a leading lawyer of the Phila. bar, b. N. Haven, Aug. 17, 1777; d. Wilmington, N. J., Aug. 30, 1849. Y. C. 1792. He removed ab. 1798 to Phila. Chauncey, Isaac, capt. U. S. N., b. Black Rock, Ct., Feb. 20, 1772; d. Washington, Jan. 27, 1840. Entering the merchant-service very young, he com. a ship at 19, and made several successful voyages to the E. Indies in the ships of J. J. Astor. On the organization of the navy, he was made a lieut. Sept. 17, 1798; was acting capt. of the frigate " Chesapeake" early in 1802; was hi;:hly praised for his conduct in several actions off Tripoli ; became master. May 23, 1804; and capt. April 24, 1806. In the War of 1812, he com. the naval force on Lake Ontario, but was unable to bring the British com., Sir James Yco, to action. April 25, 1813, he conveyed Gen. Pike's force to York, which was captured, Chauncey's gallantry being conspicuous. May 27, he again co-operated with the land-force in the capture of Fort George, which brought about the evacuation, by the British, of the whole Niagara frontier. Sept. 27, Chauncey succeeded in getting up with Yeo, in York Bay. " The Pike," his flagship, was, on this occasion, manoeuvred and fought in a man- ner ever since a theme of admiration in the navy. Before the whole Amer. squadron could get into action, the enemy bore up, Chauncey following. A heavy gale stopped the chase, and prevented the destruction of the British fleet. After the war, he com. in the Mediterra- nean, and with Wm. Shaler, consul, negoti- ated a treaty with Algiers. Navy commiss. at Washington in 1820, and from 1833 until his death. He was a model of gallantry, energy, and skill ; father of Com. J. S. Chauncey, Com. John S., U. S. N., b. New York; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., 11 Apr. 1871. Midshipman, Jan. 1,1812; lieut. Jan. 13, 1825; com. Sept. 8, 1841 ; capt. Sept. 14, 1855 ; comm. July 16, 1862; in sloop " Peacock," W.I. CHA 180 cm^ squadron, in Aug. 1822; engaged in capturing 7 pirate vessels and a heavily-armed pirate scliooner off Biihia Honda, Cuba; assist, insp. of ordnance, 1838-43; insp. of do., 1847-50; com. sloop " Vandalia," W. I. squadron, 1843- 5 ; corn, steam-sloop " Susquehanna," 1861 ; en- gaged forts Hatteras and Clark, as second in com., Aug. 29-30, 1861 ; in com. of blockade of sounds of Va. and N.C.,Sept.l86l. — Hamerslji. Chauncey, Ichabod Wolcott, capt. U. S. N. ; d. Pensacola, Oct. 14, 183.5. Mid. June 28, 1804; lieut. Jan. 7, 1810; master, March 5, 1817 ; capt. Apr. 24, 1828. Chauveau (sho-v5'), Pierre J. O., LL.D., Canadian author and politician, b. Quebec, May 30, 1820. Son of a merchant. Was edu- cated at the sem. of Quebec ; studied law, and wrote politiciil articles for " Le Canndien " and " Le Courier d( 8 E tats Unis," N. York. Pie was elected to parliament in 1844 and 1848; was app. solicitor-gen. in 1851 ; prov. sec. in 1853 ; and in July, 1855, superintendent of educa- tion. His best work is "Charles Gu6in,Roinan de McEurs Canadiennes," 1853. He is liberal in politics. — Morgan. Chauvenet, William, LL. D., mathe- matician, b. Milford, Pa., 1820; d. St. Paul, Minn., 13 Dec, 1870. Y. C. 1840. He was first employed in taking meteor, observations at Girard Coll. Obs. ; became in 1841 instr. in maths, at the U. S. Naval Asylum, Phila. ; prof of astron. and maths, at the Naval Acad., Annapolis, 1845-59 ; prof of astron. and maths, at Wash. U., St. Louis, 1859-62; chancellor of the U., 1862-9. Author of "Binomial Theorem and Logarithm^," 1843; "Plane and Spherical Tiigonoinetry," 1850; "New Method of Correcting Lunar Distances," 1850; "The Great Circle-Protractor," fol., 1855; "Manualof Spher. and Pract. Astron., "2 vols., 1863; and " Elem. Gcom.," 1870. Cheetham, James, editor American Citi- zen, NY., 1798; d. there Sept. 19, 1810, a. 37. He pub. "Reply to Aristides," 1804; "Nine Letters on Burr's Defection," 1803; "Peace, or War?" 1807; "Life of Thos. Paine," 1809. Of this work, penned with " settled malignity," Cheetham left a revised copy in the library of the N. Y. Hist. Soc. He was an English radical, escaped from the Manchester riots of 1798, had a mind largely cultivated by reading, and remarkable powers of invective. — See Dr. Francis's Old New York. Cheever, Ezekiel, an eminent N. E. schoolmaster, b. London, Jan. 25, 1616; d. Boston, Aug. 21, 1708. The son of a linen- draper. He had a superior classical training, as evinced by some Latin verses and essays still extant in MS. Came to Boston in 1637, but in 1638, with Davenport and Eaton, founded New Haven. Chosen a deacon soon after the organization of a church, he occasionally offi- ciated as a preacher; taught a public school there from 1638 till 1650, and represented the town in the Gen. Assembly in 1646. He was master of the grammar school at Ipswich from 1650 to 1661 ; taught the free school in Charlestown from 1661 to 1770, and from that time until his death had charge of the Boston Latin School. While teaching at New Haven, he prepared the " Accidence, a Short Introduc- tion to the Latin Tongue," which, in 1785, had reached 20 editions, and was for more than a century the hand-book of the Latin scholars ■■ of N. E. He also wrote a little treatise, j " Scripture Prophecies Explained, in 3 short \ Essays." A funeral disc, by Cotton Mather, \ with poems from his MS., was pub., Boston, i 1828. His son Samui;l, first minister of ■ Marblehead, d. there May 29, 1724, a. 85. H. i U. 1659. B. New Haven,Ct., Sept. 22, 1639 ; ord. Aug. 13, 1684. | Cheever, George Barrell, D.D., clergy- | man and author, b. Hallowell, Me., Apr. 17, j 1807. Bowd.Coll. 1825 ; And. Thcol. Sem. 1830. i Ord. pastor Howard-st. Cong. Church, Salem, j Ms., 1832. While at Andovcr and Salem, he j contributed in prose and verse on literary and ; theolo;:;ical topics to the North Am. Review, Bib- ' lical Repository, and other periodicals. Enga- \ ging in the Unitarian Controversy, he wrote a j defence of the orthodoxy of Cudworth. Es- j pousing the temperance cause, he pub. in a | Salem newspaper, in 1835, a dream, entitled ' "Deacon Giles's Distillery." The friends of | the deacon made a riotous attack on Mr. ] Cheever, who was tried for libel, and imprisoned \ 30 days. Resigning his pastorate, he went to | Europe, contrib. letters to theiV. Y. Observer, t\nA^ \ on his return in 1839, took charge of the Allen-st. ; Prcsb. Church, N Y. He soon after delivered i his lectures on the "Pilgrim's Progress," and ; on "Hierarchical Despotism." In 1843, in 3 i public debates with J. L. O'Sullivan, he argued forcapital punishment. He was in Eu- ] rope in 1844, as corresp. editor of the N.Y. ^ Evanrjelist, of which he was principal editor ! after his return in 1845. Since 1846, he has | been pastor of the Church of the Puritans, in ■ iS'ew York, and is disting. as a preacher. He has contrib. much to the N.Y. Inde}yendent, and the Bibliotheca Sacra. Among his publications are " Commonplace Books of Prose and Poetry," 1828 and 29; "Studies in Poetry," 1830; " SelectWorks of Archbishop Leighton," 1832 ; ' "Lectures on the Pilgrim's Progress," 1844; "Wanderings of a Pil-rim," 1845 and '46; "Journal of the Pil-rrims at Plvmouth in ■ 1620," 1848; "Windings of the River of the i Water of Life," 1849; "Lectures on the Life, Genius, and Sanctity of Cowper," 1 856 ; " God i against Slavery," 1857 ; " Voyage to the Ce- ; lestial Country," &c. ; Cheever, Henry T., brother of the pre- j cedinii:, a Cong, clergyman, has written several ; popular books of travel and biography, among | them " Island World of the Pacific," " Life in i the Sandwich Islands," " The Whale and his ' Captors," 1849; " Autobiog. and Memorials j of Capt. Obadiah Congar," 1851 ; " Biogra- ' phy of Nathaniel Cheever, M.D.," 1851 ; " The ^ Pulpit and the Pew," 1858. Resides at Green i Point, L.I. I Cheney, Harriet V., author, dau. of Hannah Foster, b. Ms. Has pub. " The Sun- j day-school," written in conjunction with her sis- j ter, "A Peep at the Pilgrims," 1850; "The i Rivals of Acadia," " Sketches from the Life of 1 Christ," " Confessions of an Early Martyr," ! 1840. Mrs. Gushing, her sister, has pub. " Es- ' ther," a dramatic poem, and some works for I the young. — Allibone. CHE 181 CHE Cheney, Seth, an artist celebrated for his crayon-drawings; d. Manchester, Ct., Sept. 10, 1856, a. 55. He excelled in giving a purity and spirituality to his pieces. John Cheney, his brother, excelled as an engraver of heads. — Even. Post, Sept. 1 1 . Chesebro, Caroline, authoress, b. Ca- nandaigua, N. Y. Her first talcs and sketches appeared in 1848, in Graham's Magazine, and Ilolden's Dollar Magazine. In 1851, a vol. of her writings was pub., entitled " Dreamland by Daylight, a Panorama of Romance ; " in 1852, "Isa a Pilgrimage," and in 1856, " Vic- toria, or the World overcome," a novel. She has also pub. ''The Beautiful Gate, and other Tales," and has contrib. occasionally to news- papers, and frequently to Putnam's, Harpers', the Knickerbocker, and' the Atlantic Magazines. Cliester, Col. Johx, Revol. officer, b. Wethersiield, Jan. 29, 1749; d. there Nov, 4, 1809. Y.C. 1766. Son of Col. John (H.U. 1722), whose gr.-grandfather Leonard, of Bla- by, Leicestershire, Eng., came over in 1633, was an original settler of W., and d. there 1 1 Dec. 1648, a. 39. A representative in 1772, he was a capt., and disting. at the battle of Bunker's Hill ; was afterwards made col., and continued in the army until 1777. He was subsequently some time speaker of the legisl. of Ct., and a member of the council, 1788-91 and 1803; supervisor of the dist. of Ct , 1791-1801, and he also held for some time the office of judge of the county court of probate. Chester, Joseph Lemuel, antiquary, b. Norwich, Ct., April 30, 1821. He was en- gaged in mercantile pursuits in Phila. until 1852, and was a frequent contrib. to the press, principally under various signatures, of which the best known is that of "Julian Cramer." He then became connected with the Phila. press, and was some time an assist, clerk in the U. S. H. of representatives. Since 1858, he has resided in London. In 1869, he assist- ed in forming at London " The Harleian So- ciety," for the pub. of inedited MSS. relatmg to genealogy, heraldry, &c., and was chosen a meml)er of its council. In 1870, he was made one of the council of the Hist. Soc. of Great Britain, recently organized. He has pub. •'Greenwood Cemetery and other Poems," 1843; "A Preliminary Treatise on the Law of Repulsion," 1853; " Educational Laws of Va., the Personal Narrative of Mrs. Margaret Douglas," 1854; "John Rogers," with a genealogy of the family, 1861. He is a con- trib. to various historical and genealogical journals, and is an hon. member of several learned societies in Eng. and America. Chevalier (shoh-va ka) Michel, a French political economist, b. Limoges, Jan. 13, 1806; studied at the polytechnic and the mining schools, and was app. engineer in the dept. du Nord. He joined the Disciples of St. Simon, shared the penalties they incurred, and, after a short imprisonment, was sent by M. Thiers to the U.S., with the special mission of acquainting himself with the Amer. system of railroads. He arrived in N.Y. near the end of 1832, travelled 2 years over the US., Mexi- co, and Cuba, and pub. the results in the Journal desDebats, and in 1836, in book-form, entitled, "Lettres sur I' Am€riqne da Nord." He entered the council of state m 1840, suc- ceeded M. Rosse as prof of political economy at the Coll. of France, and, a few months later, was made chief eng. of mines. In his " iJis- toire et Description des Voies de Communication aux Etdts Unis," 2 vols., 1840-42, he gives a full account of American railroads, with a view of their influence upon social intercourse. He is an advocate of free trade, and in 1851 was elected a member of the acad. of moral and political science. JNlade a senator in 1860, grand officer of the Legion of Honor, 1861. He has also pub. '' L'Isthne de Suez," 1844 ; '' La Liberty aux J^ tats Unis," 1849; "Ques- tions Politiqueset Sociales," 1852 ; " Mexico An- cient and Modern," 1864; " U Expedition da Mexiqne," in 1862, and " Oours d'Economie Politique." Cheverus (shSv'e-rus) Jean Louis Anxe Madeleine Lefevrb de, D.D., cardinal, arch- bishop of Bordeaux, b.Mayenne, 28 Jan. 1768; d. Bordeaux, 19 July, 1836. Educated at the Coll. of Louis le Grand, Paris, 1786 ; ord. priest in 1790; was some time a curate at Mayenne; came to Boston in Oct. 1796; was consec. 1st R.C. bishop of Boston, 1 Nov. 1810 ; bishop of Montauban, 1823; archbishop of Bordeaux, 1826, and cardinal in 1835. He founded a church in Newcastle, Me. ; spent 3 months in successful missionaiy labors among the Indi- ans on the Penobscot, and, during the preva- lence of yellow-fever in Boston, manifested de- votion and benevolence not confined to those of his own creed. Learned, talented, amiable, and devout, he was regarded by Protestants, as well as Catholics, with sincere affection and respect. Gheves, Langdon, LL.D. (Col. Coll. 1824), jurist and statesman, b. Abbeville Dist., S.C, Sept. 17, 1776; d. Columbia, S.C, June 25, 1857. He was adm. to the bar in 1800; entered the legisl. in 1808, becoming its leader ; was atty.-gen. of the State; M.C. 1811-16; speaker during the 2d session of the 13th Con- gress; judge of the C. C. P. 1816-19, and for some time pres. of the U.S Bank. He was a zealous supporter of the War of 1812; was chairman of the naval com. in 1812, and of that of ways and means in 1813, and made several eloquent speeches, and advocated the creation of a navy. He was chief commission- er under the treaty of Ghent for settling some of its provisions. Though advocating a South- ern confederacy, he reiused to sanction the scheme of nullification in 1832. He was a del- egate to the Nashville convention in 1850, and to the State convention in 1852. Of his lit- erary efforts, the best known is his essay on the subject of the U.S. Bank, signed " Say." Chew, Benjamin, jurist, b. W.River, Anne Arundel Co., Md., Nov. 29, 1722; d. Jan. 20, 1810. His grandfather, Col. Saml. Chew, came from Chcwton, Somersetshire, in 1671, with Lord Baltimore. Samuel, his father, phys. and judge, and a Quaker, d. 16 June, 1744. His speech to the grand jury of Newcastle, on the lawfulness of defence, was pub. in 1741, and repub. in 1775. After studying law with Andrew Hamilton, and also in London, in 1743 he settled on the Delaware, and in 17.54 Clil 182 CHZ went to Phila., where he held respectively the offices of recorder (1755-72), register of wills, atty.-gen. (resigned in 1766), and be- came in 1774 chief-justice of Pa. He was long speaker of the H. of delegates of the 3 lower counties in Del. Claimed by both par- ties when the Revol. broke out, he took, after the Decl. of Indep., a decided stand against the Whigs. Refusing in 1777 to sign a parole, he was sent a prisoner to Fredericksburg, Va. Pres. of the High Court of Errors and Appeals, 1790-1806. Chickering, Jesse, M.D. (1833), a sta- tistical writer, b. Dover, Aug. 31, 1797; d. West Roxbury, Ms., May 29, 1855. H.U. 1818. He studied theology, and became a Uni- tarian preacher ; then medicine, which he prac- tised ab, ten years in Boston, when he removed to West Roxbury. Author of " The Popula- tion of Ms. from 1765 to 1840," 1846 ; " Ira- migration into the U.S.," 1848, and " Reports on the Census of Boston," 1851, and contrib. many valuable articles to magazines and peri- odicals. His last publication was a "Letter addressed to the Pres. of the U.S. on Slavery considered in Relation to the Constitutional Principles of Govt, in Great Britain and in the U.S.," 1855. Ctlickering, Jonas, philanthropist, and pianoforte maker, b. New Ipswich, N.H., Apr. 5, 1798 ; d. Boston, Dec. 8, 18.53. The son of a blacksmith. After receiving a common school education, he learned the trade of a cabinet- maker. In 1818, he went to Boston, and became a workman in John Osborne's piano- forte manuf., and in 1823 began business for himself. He latterly constructed 1,500 instru- ments annually, and at least one grand piano, worth $1 ,000, or more, every week. Just a year before his death, he lost, by the burning of his establishment, more than ^200,000, but at once projected and completed an extensive factory at the south part of the city, covering a space of between 60 and 70,000 square feet, 5 stories in height. He was widely known for his liber- ality and kindness to the poor, and those who have struggled for fame in their musical career. He had been a member of the legisl., pres. of the Handel and Haydn Society, and of the Ms. Charitable Mechanics Asso., which last office he filled at the time of his death. His son Thomas E. Chickering, col. 41st Ms. regt. in the civil war, b. Boston, 22 Oct. 1824 ; d. there 14 Feb. 1871. Succeeded his Either in the management of the large piano-forte manuf. established by him. Child, Lydia Maria, philanthropist and author, b. Medford, Ms., Feb. 11, 1802. Her ancestor, Richard Francis, settled in Cam- bridge, Ms., in 1636. Her brother, Convers Francis, was an eminent Unitarian divine. She was educated at the public schools, and one year in a sera, at Medford. From 1825 to 1828, she kept a private school in Watertown, and in 1828 was m. to David Lee Child, a law- yer of Boston. In 1841-9, she, with her hus- band, edited the Antislavery Standard in N.Y., where she was a member of the family of the Quaker philanthropist, Isaac T. Hopper. While there, she wrote for the Boston Courier her 2 series of "Letters from N.Y ," afterward pub in 2 vols., 1843 and 1845. She hag since resided at Wayland, Ms. She has pub. " Ho- boraok, a Tale of Early Times," 1821 ; " The Rebels, or Boston before the Revol.," 1822; "Juvenile Miscellany,'' 8 vols, from 1827 to 1835; " The Frugal Housewife," 1829, which had in 1855 reached 33 editions ; "Mother's Book," 1831 ; " The Girl's Own Book," 1831 ; "The History of Woman," 1832; "Biogra- phies of Good Wives," " Memoirs of Madame DeStael, Madame Roland, Madame Guyon, and Lady Russell; "The Coronal," 1833; " Appeal for that Class of Americans called Africans," 1833; the first antislavery work ever printed in Amer. in book-form ; " The Oasis," an annual, 1834; "Antislavery Cat- echism ; " " Authentic Anecdotes of American Slavery ; " " The Evils of Slavery and the Cure of Slavery;" "Philothea," a novel, 1836; "Fact and Fiction," a collection of Tales, 1846; "Flowers for Children," 3 vols., collected from the Juvenile Miscellany ; " Isaac T. Hopper, a True Life," 1853 ; " The Progress of Religious Ideas," 3 vols. 1855 ; "Autumnal Leaves," 1857 ; "The Patriarchal Institution " and " The Duty of Disobedience to the Fugitive Slave LaAV," 2 small tracts, 1860; "The Right Way and the Safe Wav," 1860 ; " Looking Towards Sunset," 1864 ; " The Frecdman's Book," 1865 ; and, in 1867, " A Romance of the Republic." IJpon the arrest of Capt. John Brown, she wrote to him, offering her services as a nurse, enclosing it in one to Gov. Wise. He replied, declining her offer, but asking her to aid his family, which she did. With this letter came one from Gov. Wise, reproving her expi'csbions of sympathy for the prisoner, which she answered. She was also the recipient of a singular epistle from Mrs. M. J. C. Mason, to which she replied in her best vein. This series of letters, pub, in pam- phlet form in 1860, had a circulation of 300,- 000. Her antislavery writings contrib. in no slight decree to the formation of the public sentiment which ultimately prevailed; but they long subjected her to popular odium. Childs, Henry IIalsey, M.D., physician, b. Pittsfield, Ms., June 7, 1783; d. Boston, Mar. 22, 1868. Wras. Coll. 1802. Son of Dr. Timothy, an eminent physician. In Sept. 1823, he organized the Berkshire Med. Institute, which became a college in 1837, and of which he was prof of the theory and practice of med., and pres. until 1863' He was a Jeffer- sonian Democ. ; represented Pittsfield in the legisl. of 1816 and 1827; in the Const. Conv. of 1820; State senator in 1837, and was lieut.- gov. of Ms. in 1843. He was a man of strict integrity and great benevolence. Childs, Thomas, brig.-gen. U. S. A., b. Pittsfield, Ms., 1796 ; d. Tampa Bay, Fla., 8 Oct. 1853. Son of Dr. Timo., and gr.-son of Col. James Easton. West Point, 1814. Enter- ing the art., he was disting. at Niagara and Fort Erie ; became capt. 1 Oct. 1826 ; brev. maj. for gallantry at Fort Drane, Fla., 21 Aug. 1836 ; brev. lieut.-col. for gallantry in the Fla. war, 1840-2 ; brev. col. for Palo Alto and Resaca, 9 May, 1846 ; com. the storming party at Mon- terey ; joined Gen. Scott before Vera Cruz ; maj. 1st Art., 16 Feb. 1847 ; disting. at Cerro CHI 183 CJdLl Gordo; brev. brif?.-gen. for defence of Puebla, 12 Oct. 1847; mi, it. j^^ov. of Jalapa, Apr. 1847, and of Piiebla, Auf?. 1847. He joined to un- daunted bravery great professional skill. Childs, Timothy, M.D. (H. U. 1811), physician and patriot, b. Deerfield, Ms., Feb. 1748; d. Feb. 25, 1821. Entering H. U. in 1764, he was obliged fiom poverty to leave there in 1767, and, returning to Deerfield, studied physic, and in 1771 removed to practise in Pittsrteld. An ardent patriot, he was com- missioned in a company of minute-men, with which he marched to Boston in Apr. 1775, and was soon after app. surgeon of Col. Patterson's regt., with which he went to N. Y., and in the exped. to Montreal. In 1777. he left the ar- my, and resumed practice at Pittsfield, where he continued till his death. In 1792, and for several years after, he was a representative, and also a senator in the General Court, and was a member of the exec, council. He was a warm supporter of the Republican, or Democratic party, — Thacher. Chipman, Daniel, LL.D. (Dartm. Coll. 1848), lawyer, b. Salisbury, Ct., Oct. 22, 1765 ; d. Ri'pton,'Vt., Apr. 23, 1850. Dartm. Coll. 1788. In 1775, his father removed to Tinmouth. Daniel labored on a farm until 1783. After studying law with his bro. Nathaniel, at Rut- land, Vt., he commenced practice there, but in 1794 removed to Middlebury. He became dis- ting. in his prof , and also in litei'ature; was madeamemberofthe Amcr. Acad., 1812 ; prof of law in Mid. Coll. from 1806 to 1816. He rep- resented Rutland in the State Const. Conv. of 1793, and was often a member of the State legisl. between 1794 and 1808, when he was elected a member of the council, and from 1809 to 1815, and again in 1818 and '21 ; speaker in 1813-14; M. C. 1815-17; member of the Const. Convs. of 1816 and 1850. Besides these duties and distinctions, he was the first reporter of the Supreme Court of Vt. ; pub. a valuable treatise on the Law of Contracts, and a vol. of Reports of the Supreme Court, 8vo, 1835 ; a bi- ography of his bro. Nathaniel Chipman, and also of Col. Seth Warner and Gen. Thos. Chit- tenden, 1849. He was the youngest of 7 bros., all highly distinguished men. Chipman, Nathaniel, LL.D. (Dartm. Coll.) jurist, I). Salisbury, Ct., Nov. 15, 1752; d. Tinmouth, Vt., Feb. 15, 1843. Yale Coll. 1777. Bro. of Daniel. Lieut, in the Revol. army in the spring of 1777, and participated in the battles of Monmouth and White Plains. He studied law, was adm. to the bar in March, 1779, and removed to Tinmouth, Vt. He im- mediately took a high stand at the bar ; was a member of the State legisl. in 1784-5 ; a judge of the Supreme Court of Vt. in 1786, and chief- justice in 1789. In that year, he was one of the commissioners on behalf of Vt. to adjust differences with N. Y., and in 1791 to nego- tiate the admission of Vt. into the Union. In 1791, he was app. by Washington judge of the U. S. Dist. Court of Vt., which he resigned in 1793; in Oct. 1796 was again chosen chief- justice of the Supreme Court, and at the same time was app. one of a committee to revise the statutes, the duties of which were almost wholly performed by him. He was U. S. senator from 1797 to 1803 ; from 1806 to 1811 was a repre- sentative to the State legisl.; in 1813, he was one of the council of censors ; in 1813-15 was once more chief-justice of the Supreme Court; and was prof of law in Mid. Coll. from 1816 until his death. Judge Chipman enjoyed high reputation as a jurist and a lawyer, and pos- sessed, also, considerable literary and scientific attainments. He pub. in 1793 " Sketches of the Principles of Govt.," and a small vol. of " Reports and Dissertations." In 1826, he re- vised the laws of Vt. His bro. Daniel pub. a memoir of his life. Chipman, Ward, LL.D., chief-justice of N. Brunswick, b. St. John, N.B., July 10, 1787 ; d. St. John, 26 Dec. 1851. H.U. 1804. Son of Judge Ward Chipman, a loyalist. He held, successively, the oflSces of advocate-gen. and clerk of the circuits, recorder of St. John, solicitor-gen., puisne jud which was vested with all the powers of cm 184 CTTR govt, executive, legislative, and judicial. A memoir of him, with a history of the con- stitution of Vt. during his administration, was pub. in 1849, by Daniel Chipman. Un- der the constitution established in 1778, he was elected jL'Ov. of the State, and, with the exception of one year, filled that office nutil his death. In the difficult position in which Governor Chittenden was placed, contending for independence on the one hand, and unac- knowledfjed by Congress as a State, in conse- quence of the claims of N.Y., upon the other, a profound policy was requisite. To prevent invasion, hopes were held out to the British, of a return to its allegiance to the king ; while the possibility of her deserting the Anieri'^an cause operated, in Congress, to prevent her be- ing required to submit to the claims of N.Y. ChitWOOd, M. Louisa, poet, b. 29 Oct. 1832; d. Mt. Carmel, Ind., 19 Dec. 1855. She was a contrib. to the Louisville Journal, Ladies' Repos., Arthur's Home Gazette, &c.,and, at the time of her death, was preparing for publication a vol. of poems, which appeared in 1857, with an introd. bv Geo. D. Prentice. Choate, Rufus, LLiD. (Y.C. 1844), an eminent lawyer and orator, b. Essex, Ms., 1 Oct. 1799; d. Halifax, N.S., 13 July, 1859. Dartm. Coll. 1819. Tutor in D.C. one year; he then studied at the Camb. Law School, and in the office of Wm. Wirt, at Waslrngton, D.C. ; began practice at Danvers in 1824, and, in 1834, removed to Boston, where he gained the highest position as an advocate. He was a State representative in 1825; State senator in 1827, and M.C. from the Essex District in 1832-4 ; U.S. senator, as successor to Mr. Webster, Feb. 1841-Aug. 1845. He spoke ably on the McLeod case, the Fiscal Bank Bilf, Oregon, the Smithsonian Institution (of which he was a regent), and in opposition to the an- nexation of Texas. In 1853, he was atty.- gen. of Ms. and a member of the Const. Conv. After the death of Mr. Webster, he was the acknowledged leader of the Ms. bar. In 1858, impaired health compelled his retire- ment from professional labor ; and he sailed for Europe, but proceeded no farther than Hali- fax, where he died. Tall and commanding in person, he had a face of remarkable expres- sion, and a rich, musical, and sympathetic voice. His speech was wouderfuily persua- sive, exuberant, and brilliant, and his learning various and extensive. In the management of causes, he possessed consummate tact, and uner- ring judgment. Skilful in the examination of witnesses, never making a mistake himself nor overlooking one in an opponent, his powers as a lawyer were seen to the greatest advantage in the unpremeditated discussion of the law-points that incidentally arose. Rukus, his son, an officer in the 2d Ms. Vols., d. Dorchester, Ms., 15 Jan. 1866, a. 32. — -See his Works, with Memoir bjj S. G. Brown, 1862; Golden Age of American Orafori/, bi/ E. G. Parker, 1857. Choisi de (deii shwa'-ze'), a French gen. of briirade, of disting. merit, in the army of Rochambeau ; com. the force which invested Gloucester, Va., Oct. 3, 1780, attacked and de- feated Tarleton's Legion, and aided in the cap- ture of Cornwallis at Yorktown, Va. Choules, John Overton, D.D., Baptist clergyman and author, b. Bristol, Eng., Feb. 5, 1801; d. New York, Jan. 5, 1856. After completing his school education, he became in 1822 a divinity student in the Baptist Coll. at Bristol. After his arrival in America in 1824, he was 2 years principal of an acad. at Red Hook, N.J. ; officiated in his clerical capacity in Newport, R.I., in New Bedford, Ms., Buf- falo (1837-41), at Jamaica Plain, near Boston, 1843, and while at the latter place, and in New- port, he had charge of a select school of boys, for which he was admirably qualified. At the time of his death, he had the pastoral charge of a Baptist church at Newport. He was also a public lecturer, a contrib. to the press, and pub. " The History of Christian Missions," a narrative of a yacliting excursion to Europe in company with Mr. Vanderbilt, 1854, an edition of Neal's " History of the Puritans," 1843; a continuation of Hinton's "History of the U.S.," edited an edition of Foster's "Statesmen of the Commonwealth of Eng- land," 1846; James's "Church-Member's Guide," and " Young American Abroad, or Va- cation in Europe," describing an excursion- tour with several of his pupils. He delivered excellent anniversary addresses ; was much in- terested in agricultural and political matters; and was a warm partisan and personal friend of Mr. Webster. Of low stature, in person the beau ideal of a bon vivant, his knowledge of the world, humor, and vivacity, made him a most agreeable companion, in addition to which, he was exceedingly benevolent. Chouteau (shoo'-to'), Augustb and Pierre, two brothers, founders of the city of St. Louis, b. N, Orleans ; d. (the first) Feb. 24, 1829, a. 80, and Pierre, July 9, 1849, a. 90. They joined the exped. of Laclede in Aug. 1763, to establish the fur-trade in the region west of the Mpi. Auguste, the elder, was in com*, of a boat. In the following winter, they selected a point 61 miles above St. Genevieve, on the western bank of the Mpi., for their principal post, and named this St. Louis. Auguste was in charge of the party that commenced opera- tions here Feb. 15, *1764. The brothers be- came, in time, the heads of numerous families of the highest respectability ; acquired affluence and a name, which, after a lapse of 70 years, is still a passport that commands safety and hos- pitality among the Indians of the north-west. Pierre, son of the last-named, b. 19 Jan. 1789; d. 8 Sept. 1865. Was a leading mer- chant in the fur-trade in St Louis ; a principal member or the head of most of the successive companies formed for conducting this business. In 1834, he, with Messrs. Pratte and Cabanne, purchased the interest of John Jacob Astor in the American Fur Company. In 1839 was formed the house of P. Chouteau, jun., & Co., which nearly monopolized the fur-trade of the west and north-west. — Edwards's Great West. Christian, Col. William, b. Berkeley Co., Va., 1732; d. June, 1782. Emigrating with his family to Pa., he served against Pontiac; wasacapt. in Forbes's exped. against Fort Duquesne in 1758, and was efficient in Dunmore's campaign against the Sciotos. He was an intimate friend of Washington. CUR 185 CETCJ Settled at Braddock's Ford on the Youghi- ogeny in 1768, and raised and com. a regt. dur- ing the Revol. In 1782, he reluctantly accepted the com. of an exped. to ravage the Wyandotte and Moravian Indian townson the Muskingum; was taken prisoner, and put to death with ex- cruciating tortures. Christie, Gen. Gabriel ; d. Montreal, Nov. 1798. Capt. 48th Foot, Nov. 13, 1754, and was in com. at Albany in the summer of 1757. He served at the siege of Louishurg in 1758, was app. maj. Apr. 7, 1759 ; d.q.-m.-gen. in Amer., Aug. 14, and entered Canada with the British army in 1760. He became brevet lieut.-col. Jan. 27, 1762; licut.-col. 60th roy. Americans, Dec. 24, 1 768. Sept. 1 8, 1775, he was changed to the first batt. ; app. quartermast.- gen. in Canada, Apr. 2, 1776 ; brev. col. Apr. 29,1777; col. com. 2d batt. May 14, 1778; m.-gcn. Oct. 19,1781 ; lieut.-gen.Oct. 12, 1793; gen. Jan. 1, 1798. Gen. C. was proprietor of Isle Aux Nois in the Richelieu River, a little north of Lake Champlain, which he afterwards sold to the crown ; andof several seigniories in the vicinity of the island. Christie, John, col. U.S.A., son of James, b. N.Y. Citv, 1786; d. Fort George, U.C, July 22, 1813. Col. Coll. 1806. He studied law; was app. lieut. of inf.. May 3, 1808; capt. Feb. 1809; lieut.-col 13th Inf., Mar. 12, 1812; wounded at Queenstown, Oct. 13, 1812, where he com. the regular troops. He displayed here the courage and skill of a veteran, but was compelled, after an heroic struggle, to surrender to an overwhelming force. Insp -gen.. Mar. 18, 1813 ; col. 23d InK', Mar. 12, 1813. Christie, Robert, M.P.P., a Canadian historian, b. Nova Scotia, 1788; d. Quebec, Oct. 13, 1856. Author of "History of L. Canada," 6 vols., 12mo. He was at various times a contrib. to the Quebec Gazette and to the Quebec Mercun/. Christophe (kres'tof ), Henri, king of Hayti, b. Oct. 6, 1767, in the Island of ("Tranada, or of St. Christopher; d. Oct. 8, 1820, by his own hand. One account states that he was, at the age of 12, taken to St. Domingo, sold as a slave, and employed as a cook : others rehite, that after serving in the Amer. war, and receiv- ing a wound at the siege of Savannah, he went to St. Domingo, and was employed on tlic plantation of Limonade, displaying as an over- seer his characteristic severity. From the com- mencement of the troubles amongst the blacks, he took a decided part in favor of independence, and signalized himself by his energy, boldness, and activity in many bloody engagements. Toussaint made hima brig.-gen., and employed him to suppress an insurrection. This was speedily accomplished ; and Christophe was made gov. of the province of the north. He com. at the cape in 1802, when Leclerc arrived with a French army destined for the subjugation of the negroes. Dessalinesand Christophe were declared outlaws. Their heioic efforts, aided by the climate, left, at tffe close of 1805, no vestige of a French force in Hayti. Christophe was pen. -in-chief during the brief administration of Dessalines,andwas app., in Feb. 1807, pres. for life. The popularity of Petion in the south, however, led to the organization, at the same time, of a republic at Port au Prince under that officer ; but the civil war which ensued did not prevent Christophe from taking judicious measures for the establishment of order, and the promotion and encouragement of the industry of his people. Having abolished the repub- lican forms, he was. Mar. 28, 1811, proclaimed king of Hayti by the name of Henri I., and was crowned at the cape, June 2, 1812. Fol- lowing the example of Napoleon still further, he compiled from the " Code Napoleon " the " Code Henri," which had the meritof judicious adaptation to the situation of Hayti. A sus- pension of hostilities between Petion and him- self took place in 1814. They broke out afresh upon the death of Petion in 1818 ; and an in- surrection, begun by the army, soon extended itself in all directions. Christophe, whose deposition was demanded, and who was confined by illness in his fortified palace of Sans Souci, perceiving his case to be desperate, and resolved not to gratify the insurgents by becoming their prisoner, shot himself. His eldest son was mas- sacred ; but his widow and daughter were pro- tected by Boyer, who enabled them to withdraw to Europe with a competent fortune. Christy, William, lawyer, b. George- town, Ky., Dec. 6, 1791. He began practice in 1811. Served under Harrison in the War of 1812, and was afterward a merchant in N. Orleans. Resuming practice, he pub. in 1826 a " Digest of the Decisions of the Sup. Court of La." During the Harrison presidential campaign in 1840, he was a ready and fre- quent speaker in behalf of his old friend. Chronicle, Maj. William, an officer of the Revol., b. S.C, 1755 ; killed at the battle of King's Mountain, N.C., Oct. 7, 1780. He belonged to the S.C. contingent, furnished in 1779, after the defeat at Savannah. In 1780, he became maj., and fell while gallantly leading his men in the attack on Maj. Ferguson. A monument was erected to his memory upon the battle-field. Church, Albert E., LL.D. (Y.C. 1852), mathematician, b. Salisbury, Ct. West Point (1st in class), 1828. Son of Judge Samuel. Entering the 3d Art., he became 1st lieut. 13 Jan. 18"36 ; assist, prof, of math., West Point, Oct. 1833 ; prof, since 13 Mar. 1838 ; A.M. of Wash. Coll., Ct., and N. J. Coll. 1837 ; mem- ber of several scientific asso. Author of Ele- ments of D iff. and Integ. Calculus," 1842 ; iniproved ed., 1851; "Elements of Analyt. Geom.," 1851; "Elements of Descriptive Geom.," &c., 1865. — Cul/um. Church, Col. Benjamin, disting. in the early Indian wars of N. E., b, Plymouth, Ms., 1639 ; d. Little Compton, where he had settled in 1674, .Ian. 17, 1718. He was engaged in several severe skirmishes in King Philip's war, one of which was in a swamp near Bridge- water; and in Aug. 1676, com. the party by which Philip was killed. Com.-in-chief of an exped. against the Eastern Indians in 1689, he ascended the Kennebec, and rescued Ca.sco for a time. He made 4 other expeds. against the Indians in Me., doing much injury to the French and Indians on the Kennebec, Penob- scot, and Passamaquoddy Rivers. Under his di- CHXJ 186 CIE rection, and from his minutes, his son Thomas wrote a " History of Philip's War," 1716, last edition, with notes by H. M. Dexter, 1865. He was equally disting. in the various walks of life by his inte;irity, justice, and piety. In his old age, he was corpulent ; and he d. by a fall from his horse. Thomas, his grandson, b. Little Compton, d. Dighton. Ms. ; was app. col. in the R.I. army of observation in May, 1775; was a member of the State senate in 1776, and an assist, in the II. I. govt. Church, Benjamin, physician, great- grandson of the preceding, b. Newport, R. I., Aug. 24, 1734; lost at sea, May, 1776. H.U. 1754. He studied medicine in London, and, after his return to Boston, became eminent as a surgeon. Ab. 1768, he built an elegant man- sion at Raynham, where he is said to have led an extravagant and licentious life. The pecu- niary embarrassment resulting from this is supposed to have led to his defection from the cause of his country. For several years pre- ceding the Revol., he was a conspicuous and leading Whig. He was a representative, a member of the Prov. Congress of 1774, and physician-gen. to the patriot-army. In 1774, Church was found to have written parodies of popular songs, composed by himself in favor of liberty, for the Tory journals. In Sept. 1 775, an intercepted letter in characters, to Maj. Cain in Boston, which had passed through the hands of a woman who was kept by Church, was deciphered; and the woman final- ly confessed that Church was its author. Oct. 3, 1775, he was convicted by a court-martial, of which Washington was pres., " of holding a criminal corresp. with the enemy," and was imprisoned at Cambridge. He was expelled from the house, notwithstanding a brilliant and ingenious defence, and by order of Congress was confined in jail at Norwich, Ct., and debarred the use of pen, ink, and paper. Released in May, 1776, on account of failing health, he sailed for the W. Indies, and was never after- ward heard from. His family was pensioned by the crown. He was an elegant orator and poet, and the best of the contributors to the Pietas et Gratalatio. He wrote " The Choice," a poem ; "The Times," 1760, a satire on the Stamp Act and its abettors ; an elegy on Dr. Mayhew, 1766, on Whitcfield, 1770 ;" Address to a Provincial Bashaw, by a Son of Liberty," 1769 ; " Oration, Mar. 5, 1773." An account of his examination and defence is in Ms. Hist. Colls, vol. i. Church, Frederic Edwin, landscape- painter, b. Hartford, Ct., May, 1826. A pupil of Thos. Cole, he was first brought into notice by his view of East Rock, near New Haven. Subsequent representations of Amer. scenery, increasing his reputation, he went in 1853 to S. Amer. His views of the great mountain-chains of New Granada were among the first seen here ; and they attracted great attention at the exhibition of the N.Y. Acad, of Design. In 1857, he made a second visit, and also painted a large view of Niagara Falls, which greatly increased his reputation. It represents the Horse-Shoe Fall as seen from the Canadian shore, near Table Rock, and has been pro- nounced, both here and in Eng., the best rep- resentation of the Falls ever painted. Mr. Church has for some years been a resident of N.Y. His " Heart of the Andes," " Cotopaxi," "The Icebergs," and "Rainy Season in the Tropics," are among his best efforts. Church, Samuel, LL.D. (Trin. Coll. 1847), jurist, b. Salisbury, Ct., Feb. 1785; d. at Newtown, Sept. 12, 1854. Y.C. 1803. He studied law, and settled in his native town, of which he was a representative and senator (1818-31) ; 11 years judge of probate; judge of the Superior Court in 1833, and in 1847-54 chief-justice. He removed to Litchfield in 1845. He pub. an address at the Salisbury Centennial Jubilee, 1841. Churchill, Sylvester, brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. Woodstock, Vt., Aug. 2, 1783; d. Wash- ington, Dec. 7, 1862. Educated in the schools of his native place, he pub. in Windsor, in 1808, a weekly Democ. newspaper. The Ver- mont Republican. App. lieut. of art. in Mar. 1812; capt. Aug. 1813, of a company raised by himself, and did good service on BuiHngtoa Heights in protecting Macdonough's fleet dur- ing an attack, while undergoing repairs. Asst. insp.-gen. Aug. 29, 1813; ordnance officer under Gen. Wade Hampton, serving as such through the war. He was in the attack on La Cole Mill ; was subsequently on the staff of Gen. Iziird, and was acting adj.-gen. to Gen. Macomb, at Plattsburg; maj. 3d Art., Apr. 6 1835; acting insp.-gen. in Creek Nation and in Florida, from July, 1836, to 1841 ; insp.-gen. June 25, 1841 ; brev. brig.-gen. Feb. 23, 1847, " for gallant and meritorious conduct in battle of Buena Vista." Retired Oct. 1861. His eldestson, Capt. Wm. H. Churchill, d. at Point Isabel in 1847. West Point, 1840 Churchman, John, Quaker preacher, b. Nottingham, Pa., June 4, 1705 ; d. there July 24, 1775. He entered on the ministry in 1733 ; travelled and preached in N.E. in 1742; in N.Y. in 1743, and again in 1774; in Eng., Scotland, Wales, Ireland, and Holland in 1750-4, and, in 1775, visited the Eastern shore of Md. He was an able preacher and an ex- emplary man. An account of his labors and experiences was pub., Lond., 1780. — Coll. of Quaker Memorials. Churchman, John, a Quaker, disting. for his researches after the cause of the varia- tion of the magnetic needle, b. Md. ; d. on the passage from Europe, July 24, 1805. He pub., besides several philos. tracts, a useful variation- chart of the globe, magnetic atlas and explana- tion, Phila., 1790 ; was a member of the Rus- sian Imperial Acad., and was presented by it with a set of its Transactions. Churruca y Elorza de (da choor-roo'- ka e a-lor'-tha), C. Damian, an able Spanish naval officer, b. Guipuzcoa, 1761 ; killed at the battle of Trafalgar, 1805. Sent with the exped. to survey the Straits of Magellan, his valuable " Diary of the Exploration of Terra del Fuego," was pub. in 1793. He com. an exploring exped. to the Gulf of Mexico in 1 791 , from which resulted nuiflerous charts of the coasts. Cieza, or Cieca de Leon (the-a'-tha da la-6n'), Pedro, b. Seville, ab. 1520 ; served under Pizarro in the W. Indies ; resided many cm. 187 CIxA. years in Peru. Author of " Crovica del Peru " (1553), commended by Prescott. — See Con- quest of Peru. Cilley, Gen. Joseph, Revol. officer, b. Not- tingham, N.II., 1734; d. there Aug. 1799. His father was one of the first settlers of N. in 1727. With little education, he became a self-taught lawyer. In Dec. 1774, he, with other patriots, dismantled the fort at Portsmouth, and re- moved the cannon. Immediately after the bat- tle of Lexington, he led 100 vols, to Boston ; became a major in Poor's regt. in May, 1775; lieut.-col. Nov. 8, 1776, and col. IstN.H. regt., Feb. 22, 1777. He com. his regt. at Ticonde- roga in July, 1777 ; was conspicuous for brav- ery at Bemis Heights in Sept. ; was at the storming of Stony Point, at the battle of Mon- mouth, and in Sullivan's exped. against the Indians in 1779, serving to the end of the war. Maj.-gen. of militia, June 22, 1786, and held various offices. Cist, Charles, editor and author; d. Cin- cin., 6 Sept. 1868. Editor of " Cists's Adver- tiser," Cin., 1844-53, and of 3 vols, of Annals of Cincinnati, 1841, '51, and '59, and Cincinnati Miscellany, 8vo. Cist, Lewis J., poet, son of Charles, b. Harmony, Pa., 20 Nov. 1818. Removed when a child to Cincinnati, and in 1852 to St. Louis, where he has long been a bank-officer. From his contribs. to the " Hesperian," his father's " Advertiser," and other papers, he collected and pub. in 1845 a vol. of "Trifles in Verse." — See Pods and Poetry of the West. Claflin, WiLLiAxM, LL.D.(VVesl. U. 1868), gov. of Ms., 1869-71, b. Milford, 6 Mar. 1818. Many years engaged in the shoe and leather business, Boston. Member Ms. legisl. 1849- 52; senator, 1860; pres. senate, 1861, and lieut.- gov. 1866-9. Claggett, John Thomas. D.D., first Ep. bishop of Md., b. Oct. 2, 1742, at White's Landing, Md.; d. Aug. 2, 1816. N.J. Coil. 1764; D.D. 1787. Son of a cler«ryman ; adm. to priest's orders by the bishop of Lond,, Oct. 1 1, 1767. He took charge of All Saints' parish, Calvert Co., Md., until the Revol., and after- wards of St. James's parish, Anne Arundel Co., preaching alternately in both. In 1791, he removed to his large paternal estate at Croom in Prince George's Co. After the organiza- tion of the church in the diocese of Md., Dr. Claggett was elected its first bishop, and was consec. Sept. 17, 1792. Claiborne, Ferdinand Leigh, gen., b. Sussex Co., Va., 1772; d. 1815. Bro. of Wm. C.C. App. ensign of inf , Feb. 1793 ; capt. Oct. 1799; brig.-gen. militia Mpi. Terr., Feb. 1811 ; col. Mpi. vols. 1812-13; brig.-gen. vols. 1813 ; com. in engagement with Creek Indians at the "Holy Ground," Dee. 1813 ; legislative coun- cillor Mpi. Terr., 1815. He settled in the Mis- sissippi Territory, and presided over the delib- erations of its legisl. Claiborne, John F. H., journalist and author, b. Natchez, Mpi. Educated as a lawyer in Va. ; member Mpi. legisl. 3 sessions; MC. 1835-8 ; editor Natchez Fair Trader and Louisi- ana Courier, and afterward of an agric. paper in N. Orleans ; app. U.S. timber agent for La. and Mpi. by Pres. Pierce ; author of " Life of Gen. Sam. Dale," 1860; " Life of Gen. Quit- man," 2 vols. 12mo. — Hist. Mag. iii. 352. Claiborne, Nathaniel Herbert, poli- tician, of the same family as the above, and bro. of Gov. Wm. C C, b. Franklin Co., Va., 1777 ; d. on his plantation there, Aug. 15, 1859. He was the son of Wm. Claiborne and Mary Leigh; was many years a disting. member of both branches of the Va. legisl., where he was a reformer of extravagance and abuses of the govt. ; was afterward a member of the exec, council, and was a M.C. from 1825 to 1837. Author of "Notes on the War in the South," Richmond, 12rao, 1819. Claiborne, William Charles Cole, statesman, b. Va., 1773; d. N. Orleans, Nov. 23, 1817. Bred a lawyer, he settled in Tenn., where he soon received the app. of territorial judge ; assisted in framing a State constitution in 1796, and was M.C. from 1797 to 1801. He was app., by Jefferson, gov. of Mpi. in 1802; was a commissioner with Gen. Wilkinson to take possession of La. on its purchase from the French, and, on the establishment of the new govt, in 1804, was app. gov., to which position he was elected by the people from 1812 to 1816. Elected to the U.S. senate in the latter year, he was prevented by sickness from taking his seat. Of the same family as the above were, 1st, Col. Thomas of Brunswick, Va., M.C. 1793-9, 1801-5; 2d, his son. Dr. John, M.C. from 1805 to his death, Oct. 9, 1808; 3d, Thomas of Nashville, Tenn., M.C. 1817-19; 4th, Nathaniel H. of Va. — Lanman. Clap, Nathaniel, minister of Newport, R.I. , b. Jan. 20, 1669; d. Newport, Oct. 30, 1745. H.C. 1690. Grandson of deacon Nicholas, a settler of Dorchester in 1636. He began to preach in Newport in 1695 ; was ord. Nov. 3, 1720, and preached there until his death. Whitetield and Bishop Berkeley both s|)eak of his appearance as most venerable. He was a man of great earnestness, goodness, and charity. He pub. " Advice to Children," 1691, and a sermon on some extraordinary dispensa- tions, 1715. Clap, Capt. Roger, one of the first settlers of Dorchester, b. Sallora, Devonshire, Eng., Apr. 6, 1609 ; d. Boston, Feb. 2, 1691. Emi- grating to Ms. in 1630, with Warham, Maver- ick, and others, he began a plantation at Dor- chester. He sustained several military and civil offices; was a representative from 1652 to 1666, and capt. of Castle William from Aug. 1665, till his removal to Boston in 1686. Being a man of remarkable piety, he officiated as chap- lain at the castle. His manuscript memoirs — a most touching memorial of the New-England worthies, prepared for the benefit of his chil- dren, to whom he gives excellent advice — were first pub. by Rev. Thos. Prince in 1731, and have been 5 times reprinted, the last time by the Dorchester Hist. Soc. — Hist, of Dorchester. Clap, Thomas, divine and scholar, b. Scit- uate, Ms., June 26, 1703 ; d. N. Haven, Jan. 7, 1767. H. U. 1722. He was educated by Dr. McSparran, the R. I. missionary ; was minis- ter of Windham, Ct., 1726-39, and pres of Y. C. 1739-66. He was one of the most learned men of his time in N. E.; constructed the firsi orrery in America, and was eminent as a math- CIxA. 188 CluA. ematicinn, astronomer, and natural philoso- pher. The coll., under his administration, rose greatly in reputation. He was an accomplished instructor, and a man of indefatigable industry and unaffected piety. He wrote a " History of Yale Coll.," 1766; "An Abridgment of the Established Doctrines of the N. E. Churches," 1755 ; also sermons ; a tract on meteors; " Ks- say on the Religious Constitution of Colleges," 1754; " Nature and Foundation of Moral Vir- tue and Obligation," 1765; "Letter to Mr. Edwards," 1745 ; and " Remarks on Graham's Vindication of B. Gale." Clapp, Asa, merchant, b. Mansfield, Ms., March 15, 1762; d. Portland, May 17, 1848. The son of a respectable farmer. He was a vol. in Sullivan's exped. to R. I. in 1778, and served as an officer of a privateer until the close of the Revol., when he obtained the com. of a ship. He was at St. Domingo during the negro insurrection, and rendered much service to the distressed inhabitants. Quitting the sea in 1796, he established himself in business in Port- land, and became one of the wealthiest and most disting. merchants of Me. He was a State councillor, a delegate to the convention for framing the constitution of Me. in Oct. 1819, and several years a representative in the State legisl. He was noted for benevolence and rectitude. A memoir, by J. A. Lowell, is in " Lives of American Merchants." — Portland Advertiser, May 18. Clapp, Rev. Theodore, Unitarian clergy- man, b. Easthampton, Ms., March 29, 1792 ; d. Louisville, Ky., Apr. 17, 1866. Y. C. 1814. He studied theology at Andover in 1818-19, and in 1822 became pastor of the First Presb. Church in N. Orleans. In 1834, he adopted Unitarian views, and dissolved his connection with the Presb. Church, but remained pastor of nearly the same congregation as before, or- ganized under the name of the Church of the Messiah. He resided in N. Orleaiis through 20 fatal and wide-spreading epidemics, including yellow-fever and cholera, and, by his laborious devotion to all classes, earned the esteem and affection alike of his own parishioners and of the whole body of Protestant and Catholic in- habitants. In 1847, he travelled in Europe; re- signed his pastorate from ill health in 1857, and in 1858 pub. a vol. of "Autobiographical Sketches and Recollections of a 35- Years' Res. in N. Orleans ; " in 1859, " Theol. Views," &c. An instance of the esteem in which he was held, even by his bitterest religious foes, is found in the fact, that, for many years, the use of a large church in N. Orleans was given him by its owner, Judah Touro, a wealthy Jew, free of expense. Clapp, William Warland, Jun., jour- nalist, b. Boston, 11 Apr. 1826, succeeded his father, in 1847, as editor of the Boxton Sat. Evening Gazette. After the death of C. O. Ro- gers, he became a proprietor of the Boston Jour- nal. Author of a " History of the Boston Stage." Clark, Abraham, signer of the Decl. of Indep., b. Elizabethtown, N.J., 15 Feb. 1726; d. Rahway, Sept. 15, 1794. Bred a farmer, he taught himself a knowledge of mathematics and of the law ; held the offices of high sheriff and clerk of the assembly, and, from his habit of giving legal advice gratuitously, was called "the poor man's counsellor." Active in the Revol. movement, he was on the committee of public safety; was, with few intermissions, a delegate to Congress from June 11, 1776, un- til the adoption of the Federal Const., and was a member of the conventions at Annapolis in 1786, and of that which framed the U. S. Const, in 1787. Member of the State legisl., 1782-7 ; M. C. 1789-94. Two of his sons, officers of the army, were at one time inmates of the Jer- sey prison-ship ; and the sufferings of one of them were such that Congress ordered a retali- ation. His zeal, public spirit, and patriotism made him one of the most useful men of his time. Clarke, Sir Alured, a British field-mar- shal, b. 1745; d. Sept. 16, 1832. He entered the army in 1755; became maj. Nov. 1771; lieut.-col". 7th Foot, 1777 ; brev. col. May, 1781 ; maj.-gen. 1790; lieut.-gen. 1797; gen. 1800; field-marshal, 1830. He com. the British forces in Savannah, until their withdrawal, 11 July, 1782, and gained the good will of the Ameri- cans by his courtesy and by the protection of property at the evacuation. Gov. of Jamaica ; gov. of Quebec, 1792-3 ; com. at the capture of the Cape of Good Hope in 1794; com. -in- chief of Madras, 1795-7; gov.-gen of India, Sept. 1797-Apr. 1808; and com.-in-chiefof the forces in India, May, 1798-1801. Clark, Alvan, portrait-painter, and maker of telescopes, b. Ashfield, Ms., March 8, 1804. A fixrtner's boy, at 22 he became a calico-engrav- er at Lowell. In 1836, he became a success- ful portrait-painter in Boston, and still contin- ues to practise this art. When over 40 years of age, he became interested in telescopes, and, with his sons, succeeded in producing instru- ments of great accuracy. No. 9 of vqI xvii. of the " Proceedings of the Roy. Astron. Society of Lond.," contains a list of discoveries by Mr. Clark, with telescopes of his own manufacture. He is also the inventor of a double eye-piece, an ingenious and valuable method of measur- ing small celestial arcs from 3' to 60'. Jan. 3, 1863, the French Imperial Acad, of Sciences awarded him the La Lande prize for his dis- covery of the new star near Sirius with the great reflecting telescope made by him. A.M. of Amh. and N. J. Colleges. Clark, Davis Wasgatt, D.D., Methodist clergyman, b. on the Island of Mt. Desert, Me., Feb. 25, 1812; d. Cincin , 23 May, 1871. Wcsl. U. 1836. He presided over Amenia Sem., N.Y., 7 years. For 9 years, he filled important sta- tions, 4 of them 'in N. Y. City. In 1852, he was elected editor of hooks and of the Ladies* Reposifori/, at the Western Book Concern, Cin- cinnati, O. He presided over 42 annual con- ferences. Elected pres. of Lawrence U. 1852, and in 1853 of Ind. Asbury U. Elected bishop in 1864. In 1849, he received from his alma mater the degree of D.D. He pub. an algebra in 1843; was a frequent contributor to the Methodist QwirterJy Revieio ; pub. a " Treatise on Mental Di.scipiine," 1848; "Fireside Read- ings," 5 vols.; "Life and Times of Bishop Hedding," 1854; "Man Immortal," 1864; " Sermons," 1868. 27 vols, have been edited aHiA. 189 crL,A. by him, and pub. by the Book Concern. He has also been actively engaged as a preacher. — Alumni Rec. Wesl. (J. Clark, Danikl, lawyer and senator, b. Stratham, N.H., Oct. 29, 1809. Dartm. Coll. 1834. He began practice at Epping in Sept. 1837, and in Manchester in 1839; member N.H. legisl. 1842-3, '46, and 18.54-5; U.S. senator, 1857-66, and pres. pro tem. 1864-5; judge U.S. District Court since 1866. Clarke, Rev. Dorus, D.D., b. Northamp. Ms., Jan. 2, 1797. Wms. Coll. 1817. Some time pastor 4th Cong. Ch., Springfield, Ms. Author of " Lectures to Young People in Man- ufocturing Villages ; " " Fugitives from the Es- critoire of a Retired Editor," 1864. "Ortho- dox Congregationalism" 1871. Several years editor N. E. Puritan and the Christian Times in Boston, and of the Christian Parlor Mag. in N.Y. Clarke, Gex. Elijah, b. N.C. ; d. Wilkes Co., Ga., Dec. 15, 1799. He removed to Ga. in 1774 ; became a capt. in 1776, and disting. himself in engagements both with Indians and British on the frontiers of Ga. App. a col. of militia, and subsequently a brig.-gen., he de- feated the British at Musgrove's Mill and Black- stocks, and contrib. greatly to the capture of Augusta in June, 17S1. At the battle of Long Cane, he was severely wounded, and, on his recovery, joined the com. of Gen. Pickens. He afterward fought many battles, and made several treaties, with the Creek Indians. He was accused, in 1794, of a design to establish an independent govt, in the Creek nation, where he had settled in violation of law. Clarke, George, gov. of N.Y. from March, 1736 to 1743 ; d. Chester, Eng.. 1763. Of an ancient family in Somersetshire, he was bred to the law, and assumed the administration as senior counsellor on the death of Gov. Cosby. His administration, like that of his predecessor, was agitated by contention with the assembly. Clark, Gborge H., poet, b. Northamp- ton, Ms, 1809. Inn-merchant at Hartford, Ct., and, besides contributing poems to news- papers and magazines, has pub. " Now and Then," and " The News," poems of ab. 1,000 lines, and " Under Tow of a Trade Wind Surf," a coll. of sentimental and humorous pieces. — Dwjclcinck. Clarke, George Rogers, gen., b. Albe- marle Co., Va., Nov. 19, 1752 ; d. near Louis- ville, Ky., Feb. 13, 1818. Originally a land- surveyor, he com. a company in Dunmore's army in 1774. In 1775, he went to Ky., and took com. of the armed settlers. In the spring of 1778, Miij. Clarke was intrusted by Gov. Henry of Va. with the com. of an exped. against the British fort at Kaskaskia, which he surprised and captured. He succccled, also, in reducing other posts in this region, including that at Vincennes, which were organiz'd into a county, under the jurisdiction of Va., and named Illinois. Promoted to col. by the Va. authorities, he applied himself successfully to the pacification of the Indian tribes. AVhile thus engaged, he learned that Gov. Hamilton of Detroit had captured Vincennes, and that further blows were to be struck against Amer. posts. Anticipating the enemy, Col. Clarke commenced his march against Vincennes, Feb. 7, 1779,with 175 men, traversing a wilder- ness and the drowned lands of Illinois, suffering every privation from wet, cold, and hunger. The place was besieged on the morning of the 19th, and was surrendered the next day. He intercepted a convoy of goods worth $10,000, and built Fort Jefferson on the west bank of the Mpi. In retaliation for the inroads of the British and Indians into Ky., in June, 1780, he led a force against the Shawnees on the Great Miami, defeating them, with heavy loss, at Pickawa. DuringArnold's invasion, Clarke took a temporary com. under Baron Steuben. He afterwards succeeded in raising a considerable force for an exped. against Detroit, and was made a brigadier ; but the progress of Cornwal- lis, and the poverty of the country, restricted the frontiersmen to the defensive. In Sept. 1782, Gen. Clarke, at the head of more than 1 ,000 mounted riflemen, assembled at the mouth of the Licking, invaded the Indian towns on the Scioto, burned five of their villages, and laid waste their plantations, pi*oducing a salu- tary effect, and so awing the savages, that no formidable Indian war-party ever after invaded Ky. In 1786, Clarke com. an exped. of 1,000 men against the Indians on the Wabash. It was a failure. His great services to his coun- try were passed over, and he d. in poverty and obscuritv. " A Sketch of his Campaign in 111. in i 778-9," by H. Pirtle, was pub. 8vo, Cincinnati, 1869. Clark, Gen. Isaac, d. Castleton, Vt., Jan. 31, 1822, a. 73. Member of the Const. Conv., and many years chief-judge of the Vt. Co. Court, a soldier of the Revol., and col. 11th U.S. Inf., Mar. 12, 1812. Com. a successful exped. against Massequoi, L. Canada, Oct. 12, 1813. Clark, J. Henry, M.D., physician and author, b. Livingston, N.J., June 23, 1814 ; d. Montclair, N.J., March 6, 1869. U. of N.Y. 1841. He studied medicine in N.Y. and Eu- rope, and settled in practice at Newark, ab. 1846, gaining a high reputation. He was some years pres. of the Essex Co. Med. Society. Author of " Sight and Hearing," 1856 ; " Med. Topography of Newark and its Vicinity," 1861. Clark, Col. James, b. July 1730; d. Leb- anon, Ct., Dec. 29, 1826. Descended from Daniel, an early settler of Windsor, Ct. A capt. in Putnam's regt., and disting. at Bun- ker's mil ; made lieut.-col of Huntington's regt. Nov. 4, 1775, and was disting. at Harlem Heights and White Plains. Clark, James, gov. Ky., 1836-9, b, near the Peaks of Otter, Bedford Co., Va., 1779 ; d. Frankfort, Ky., Aug. 27, 1839. His father having moved to Clark Co., Ky., James prac- tised law in Winchester in 1 797 ; was several times a member of the State legisl., was judge of the Court of Appeals, 1810-12 ; M.C. 1813- 16 and 182.5-31 ; jmlge of the Circuit Court, 1 817-24, and member of the State senate, and speaker, in 1832. — Collins' s Hist. Ky. Clarke, James, journalist and politician, b. Westmoreland Co., Pa.; d. near Burlington, Iowa, July 28, 1850, a. 38. He went to St. Louis in 1836, then to Beloit, Wis., where he was territorial printer, and in 1837 to Bnrling- CJiiJL 190 CIxA. ton, Iowa, where he conducted the Territorial, now State Gazette, until the winter of 1839-40, when he was app. sec. of the Terr. ; resumed the conduct of that paper from 1843 to 1845; was gov. of the Terr, in 1846, and again edited the Gazette, from the fall of 1848, till his death. Clarke, James Freemax, D.D. (H.U. 1863), clergyman, b. Hanover, N.H., April 4, 1810. H. U. 1829 ; Camb. Div. School, 1833. Pastor of the Unitarian Church at Louisville, Ky., from 1833 to 1840, of the Church of the Disciples, Boston, from 1841 to 1850, and from 1853 to the present time. He edited the Western Messenger at Louisville, 1836-9 ; translated De Wette's" Theodore," 2 vols., 1840; pub. "Life and Military Services of Gen. Wm.Hull," 1848; " Eleven Weeks in Europe," 1851 ; " Christian Doctrine of Forgiveness," 1852 ; " Service- Book and Hymn-Book for the Church of the Dis- ciples," 1844,1856; "Memoirs of the Mar- chioness D'Ossoli," 1852 ; " Christian Doctrine of Prayer," 1854 and 1856 ; " Ten Great Re- ligions," 1870; also occasional sermons, poems, articles in reviews, &c. In 1864, he delivered a tercentenary discourse on Shak- speare in Boston. Dr. Clarke has ever been devoted to practical reforms, to the im- provement of the forms of worship and fellow- ship, and was long engaged in the antislavery movement. The worship of the Church of the Disciples combines the features of re- sponses on the part of the congregation, as in the English Church, the extempore prayer of the Congregationalists, and the silent prayer of the Friends. His treatises on prayer and forgiveness have attracted much attention. Clarke, John, a founder of R.I., b. Bed- fordsh. Eng., Oct. 8, 1609; d. Newport, April 20, 1676. He was a physician in Lond., came to Ms. soon after its settlement, but espousing the cause of Anne Hutchinson, and publicly claiming, with Roger Williams, full license for religious belief, was obliged to flee from the Colony. Welcomed by Roger Williams, the fugitives formed themselves into an organiza- tioii, March 7, 1637-8, and obtained from the Indians Aquidneck, which they named the Isle of Rhodes, or Rhode Island. The settlement began at Pocasset, in 1638; and Mr. Clarke, who commenced preaching, founded at New- port in 1644, and became pastor of, the second Baptist Church in Amer. In 1649, he was treas. of the Colony. Visiting his friends in Lynn, while preaching there, July 24, 1651, he was arrested, was taken before the court, and was condemned, for what were adjudged false teachings, to pay a fine of £20, or be publicly whipped. He proposed a discussion, but was obliged to pay his fine, and was ordered to leave the Colony. He was sent to Eng., with Roger Williams, in 1651, as an agent of the Colony of R.I., and there pub., in 1652, "111 News from New England ; or, a Narrative of New England's Persecution." Remaining 12 years in Eng., he succeeded in obtaining a revocation of Coddington's commission as gov., and finally procured a second charter for the Colony, which secured to every person complete freedom in matters of religious concernment. Returning in 1663, he resumed his pastorate at Newport, retaining it till his death, and was for 3 suc- cessive years dep. gov. of the Colony. In his will, he left his farm for charitable purposes, the income of it only to be expended; and it has since produced annually about $200. — DuycJdnck. Clarke, John, D.D. (U. of Edinb.), Cong, minister, b. Portsmouth, N.H., April 13, 1755 ; d. April 2, 1798. H.U. 1774. He became a teacher, and was ord. pastor of the First Church, as colleague with Dr. Chauncey, July 8, 1778. He pub. a tract, entitled "An Answer to the Question, Why are you a Christian?" 1797, and " A letter to a Student at Coll.," 1796. A vol. of his sermons Wi\s pub. in 1799, and " Discourses to Young Persons " in 1804. Clarke, John, gov. of Del., 1816-17 ; d. Smyrna, Del., Aug. 1821. Clarke, Gen. John, gov. of Ga., 1819-23, b. 1766 ; d. West Fla., Oct. 15, 1832. At 16, he was app. lieut., then capt., of militia. He fought under his father. Gen. Elijah Clarke, in the Revol. army ; at the siege of Augusta ; and, at the battle of Jack's Creek in 1787, greatly disting. himself, and attained the rank of maj.- gen. of the State militia. At a critical period in the War of 1812, he was app. by the gov. to the com. of the forces destined to defend the sea- coast of Ga. Clarke, John A., D.D., Pr.-Ep. clergy- man and author, b. Pittsfield, Ms., May 6, 1801 ; d. Nov. 27, 1843. Rector of St. An- drew's Church, Phila. Un. Coll. 1823. He early became a popular preacher and writer. He pub. "Gathered Fragments," "Awake, Thou Sleeper," " The Pastor's Testimony," " The Young Disciple," " Gleanings by the Way," and " A Walk about Zion." " Glimpses of the Old World " was pub., with a memoir of the author, bv the Rev. S. H. Tyng, in 2 vols., 8vo, Lond., 1847. Clark, John B., lawyer, b. Madison Co., Ky., April 17, 1802. Removing to Mo., he was clerk of Howard Co. Court, 1824-34 ; com. a mounted regt. in Black Hawk war; maj.- gen. of militia, 1848; member of legisl. 1850- 51 ; as gen. of militia, expelled the Mormons from Mo. ; M.C. from 1857, until expelled in July, 1861. Clark, Rev. Jonas, minister of Lexing- ton, and Revol. patriot, b. Newton, Ms., Dec. 25, 1730; d. Lexington, Nov. 1.5, 1805. H.U. 1752. Ord. successor of Mr. Hancock at Lex- ing'on, Nov. 5, 1755, he proved an able and faithful minister. He was disting. as a patriot, and saw his people shot down at their doors on the 19th of April, 1775. During the war, him- self and parishioners religiously observed the anniversary of this event. He pub. sermons, and " Narrative of the Lexington Battle," \11&. — Allen. Clark, Laban, DD. (Wesl. U. 1853), Methodist clergvman, b. Haverhill, N.H., July 19, 1778; d. Middletown, Ct., Nov, 28, 1868. He received an academical education at Brad- ford, Vt. ; began to preach in 1800 ; joined the N.Y. Conference in 1801, and for 50 years was a successful and able preacher in N.Y., N. E., and Canada. He was one of the founders of the Methodist Ep. Miss. Society in 1819, and also of the Wesleyan U. at Middletown, Ct., where he fixed his residence in 1851. CL^ 191 ciuJs. Clark, Louis Gaylord, editor, b. Otisco, N.Y. 1810. He and his twin-brother Willis were chiefly educated by their father, a Revol. soldier, and a man of reading and observation. In 1834, Louis became editor of the Knicker- bocker Magazine. His contribs,, called " The Editor's Table," and " Gossip with Readers and Correspondents," display humor, pathos, culture, and geniality. In 1852, "Knick- Knacks from an Editor's Table," selected from the magazine, appeared in an 8vo vol. He had previously pub. a selection of papers by Ir- ving and others, called " The Knickerbocker Sketches." Li 1855. the leading Amer. con- tribs. to his magazine pub. " The Knickerbocker Gallery," illustrated with their portraits, and consisting wholly of their original contribs. The design was to purchase a cottage residence for Mr. Clark at Piermont on the Hudson, where he has lived many years. Clarke, McDonald, poet, b. N. London, Ct., June 18, 1798; d. N.Y., Mar. 5, 1842. He went to NY. City in 1819 ; m. an actress, and was for many years one of the features of Broadway ; was always celebrating in verses the belles of the town and the topics of the day, and was familiarly known as the " mad poet." His oddities were all amiable ; he had no vices ; always preserved agentility of deportment, and was a regular attendant at the fashionaI)le Grace Church. His poems were humorous, sentimental, and indignant, and have a vein of tenderness pervading all their grotesqueness and irregularity. They contain many touches of delicate human sensibility. They are now rare, though several times pub. ; some of their titles being, " A Review of the Eve of Eter- nity, and other Poems," 1820; "The Elixir of Moonshine," by the Mad Poet, 1822; " The Gossip," 1825; "Poetic Sketches," 1825; "The Belles of Broadway;" "Death in Dis- guise," a temperance poem, 1833 ; "Poems," 1836. His last effusion, "A Cross and a Coronet," was pub. 1841 Appletou's Cijclop. Clarke, Newman S, brev. brig. -gen. U.S.A. ; d. San Francisco, Oct. 16, 1860. App. from Vt. ensign 11th Inf., Mar. 12, 1812; adj. 1813; bri».-maj. to Gen. Ripley, 1814 ; brev. capt. " for gallantry in the battle of Niagara," July 25, 1814; capt. Oct. 1814; brev. maj. July 25, 1824; maj. 2d Inf., July 21, 1834; lieut.-col. 8th Inf., July 7, 1838 ; col. 6th Inf., June 29, 1846 ; com. brig, in Mexico in 1847 ; brev. brig -gen. " for siegeof Vera Cruz," Mar. 29, 1847. — Gardner. Clark, RuFus Wheelwright, D.D. (U. of N.Y. 1862), Presb. minister, b. Newbury- port, Ms., 1813. Y.C. 1838. Rector of the North Church, Portsmouth, until Dec. 1851 ; of the Maverick Church, E. Boston, from Dec. 1851 to 1856 ; now of the D. R. Church, Al- bany. Has pub. " Heaven and its Scriptural Emblems ; " " Memoir of Rev. John E. Em- erson," 1851; "Lectures to Young Men," "Review of Prof. Stuart on Slavery," 1850; "Romanism in America," 1859; "Life- Scenes of the Messiah ; " also pamphlets, ser- mons, &c., and contribs. to various journals. Clarke, Samuel (1.599-1682), pastor in Saint Bennet Fink, Lond., pub. " A True and Faithful Account of the Four Chiefest Plan- tations of the English in America," Lond., folio, 1670 ; also a number of theol. works. ; " New Description of the World," 1689, fol. Clark, Samuel A., Epis. minister, b. New- buryport, Ms. Has pub. " Memoir of Rev. Albert VV. Day," prefaced to Day's Sermons, 8vo, 1846; "^History of St. John's Church, Elizabethtown, N.J." ( 1 703-1857 ), Phila., 1 857, 12 mo. Clark, Sheldon, benefiictor of Yale Coll., b. Oxford, Ct., Jan. 31, 1785 ; d. there Apr. 10, 1840. He studied under the direction of Pres. D wight, and became a farmer. He founded, in 1823, a prof, of moral philos. and metaphysics at Y.C. ; afterwards established a scholarship fund; bought for the coll. a superior telescope, and bequeathed to it the residue of his property, $15,000. Clark, Thomas, author of a" Naval Hist, of the U.S.," 2 vols., 181-3-14, and " Sketches of the Naval Hist, of the U.S.," 1813; app. from Pa. lieut. of art., Apr. 1813 ; assist, topog. engr., rank of capt., 1 Apr. 1813; disbanded, June, 1815. — Gardner. Clark, Thomas March, D.D. (Trin. Coll. 1851), LL.D. (Cantab. 1867), bishop of R.I., b. Newburyport, Ms., July, 1812. Y.C. 1831. Ord. 1836; consec. Providence, Dec. 16, 1854. Has pub. " Lectures on the Formation of Cluu-acter," 1852; "Puritv, a Source of Strength," " The Efficient S.S. Teacher," "An Efficient Ministry," " Early Discipline," 1855. Clarke, Gen. William, explorer, and gov. of La. Terr. 1813-20, b. Va., Aug. 1, 1770; d. St. Louis, Sept. 1, 1838. In 1784, he removed to where Louisville now stands, where his bro. George Rogers had built a fort. He served in campaigns against the Indians, was adj. and quartermaster in 1793, resigned in 1796. App, lieut. of art. in 1803, and joined with Meri- wether Lewis in the north-western expl. exped. which left St. Louis in Mar. 1804, returned in the fall of 1806, and kept the journal of the exped., afterwards pub. He was then made In- dian agent, and afterward brig.-gen. of Upper La. App. supt. of Indian affairs in May, 1822, he made treaties with many tribes. Four of his bros. were disting. in the Revol. One fell in the struggle, another was killed by the Indians on the Wabash. Well acquainted with Indian character and habits, he was ever considerate in his treatment of them. Clark, Willis Gaylord, miscell. writer, bro. of Louis, b. Otisco, N.Y., 1810; d. Phila., June 12, 1841. He gave early indications of literary talent ; established a weekly journal at Phila.'in 1830, which was soon abandoned ; be- came co-editor with Dr. Brantley of the Colum- bian Star, a religious and literary weekly; and was subsequently, until his d., editor and pro- prietor of tho Phila. Gazette, In Sept. 1833, he recited his longest poem, " The Spirit of Life "before the Franklin Soc. of B.U. In 1844, a vol. of his literary remains, including " Ollapodiana," poems, and magazine articles, was pub. A complete ed. of his poems was pub. in 1847, under the supervision of his bro. He was a frequent contrib. to the annuals and magazines, particularly the N.Y. Knickerbocker, in which appeared the original, racy, and fan- ciful ptipers, entitled "Ollapodiana." CLA 192 CIL.^ Clarkson, Col. Mathew, a disting. Re- vol. officer; d N.Y. City, April 22, 1825, a. 66. His great-grandfather, Mathew, 13 years sec. of the province, d. in the autumn of 1708, the year of the great sickness. He was aide-de- camp to Gen. Gates in the battle of Stillwater, and, while carrying an order in front of the lines, was severely wounded in the neck. He had previously been aide to Arnold, and was wounded at Fort Edward, in July, 1777. In his later years, he was vice-pres. of the Am. Bible Society. Clary, Albert G., capt. U.S.N., b. Ms., May 8, 1815. Midshipm. May 8, 1832; lieut. Apr. 11, 1845 ; com. July 16, r862; capt. Nov. 21,1866. Attached to the sloop "Preble," present at Tuspan and Tabasco, during the Mexican war ; comg. steamer " Anacosria," Potomac flotilla in engagement at Acquia Creek, May 31 and June 1, 1861; battle of Port Roval, Nov. 7, 1861 ; com. steamer " Mt. Vernon," N.A.B. squad., 1862; steamer "Ti- oga," VV.I. squad., 1863; steamsloop " Daco- tah," N.A.B. squad., 1864; steamsloop " Semi- nole," W. Gulf squad., 1864-5. — Ilamerslt/. Clason, Isaac Starr, author and actor, b. New York, 1789 ; d. Lond., 1834. The son of a wealthy merchant. He possessed brilliant natural parts. He received a good education, and inherited a fortune, which he soon dissipat- ed; and he supported himself as a writer, teacher of elocution, and actor. He appeared at the Bowery and Park Theatres in leading parts, but with moderate success. In 1825, he pub. 2 cantos of " Don Juan," supplementary to the work of Lord Byron, which, probably, approach nearer to the brilliant original than any other of its numerous imitations. In 1826, he pub. poems, entitled "^ Horace in New York." He is also the author of some feeling lines to the memory of Thomas Addis Emmett. Having gone to London as a theatrical adventurer, and being reduced to poverty, he sealed up, in com- pany with his mistress, the room in which they lodged, lighted a fire of charcoal, and died by its fumes. Claviere (kla'-veair'), Etienxe, states- man and financier, b. Geneva, 1735 ; d. Dec. 8, 1793. He was forced from political reasons to emigrate to France. Displaying great zeal in the revol. in France, he was app. minister of finance in Mar. 1792, but, on the fall of the Gi- rondists, was imprisoned, and committed sui- cide. He accomp. Brissot in his tour in the U.S. in 1783, and pub., in conjunction Avith him, " De la France et des Jbldts Clnis," transl. and pub. in Lond., 1788. Clavigero (kla-ve-ha'-ro), Fraxcisco Sa- VERio, a Mexican historian, b. Vera Cruz, Mexico, ab. 1720; d. Cesena, Italy, Oct. 1793. Educated as an ecclesiastic, and resided nearly 40 years in the provinces of New Spain, where he acquired the languages of the Mexicans and other indigenous nations, collected many of their traditions, and studied their historical paintings and other monuments of antiquity. After the suppression of the order of Jesuits, of which he was a member (1767), he retired to Cesena. The fruit of his researches was a" His- tory of Mexico," written in Italian, an Eng- lish translation of which was pub. in 2 vols.. 4to, 1787. This work affords mucli information relative to the natural and civil history, anti- quities, and religion of Mexico. Claxton, Alexander, commodore U.S.N., b. Md., ab. 1790; d. March 7, 1841, at Tal- cahuana. Chili, while in com. of the squad- ron in the Pacific Ocean. Entering the navy in June, 1806, he was promoted to a lieut. Jan. 8, 1813, and served in the sloop-of-war " Wasp," in her action with " The Frolic," Oct. 18, 1812. Master com. March 28, 1820; capt. Feb. 22, 1831. His son, Col. F. S. Claxton, invented the mitrailleur, or canister-battery, recently introduced in France. His brother Thomas, midshipm. U.S.N., Dec 17, 1810, mortally wounded at the battle of Lake Eric, Sept. 10, 1813; d. early in Oct. Clay, Cassius Marcellus, politician, son of Gen. Green Clay, b. Madison Co., Ky., Oct. 19,1810. Y.C. 1832. He practised law; was a meml)er of the Ky. legisl. in 1835, '37, and '40, andofthenat. Whig conv. of 1840 at Harris- burg. The improved jury system, and the common school system, of Ky., are principally due to his efforts while in the legisl. He de- noimced the scheme for the annexation of Texas; stumped the Northern States in f\wor of Henry Clay, Whig candidate for the Pres. in 1844, and June 3, 1845, issued, in Lexing- ton, Ky., the first number of the True Ameri- can, a weekly antislavery paper. In Aug., his press was seized by a mob ; and it was afterward printed in Cincinnati, and pub. in Lexington, whither he had removed in 1 840, and afterward in Louisville. Capt. in the Mex. war, and made prisoner at Encarnacion, 23 Jan. 1847. He aided in nominating Taylor to the presi- dency in 1848 ; called a convention of emanci- pationists at Frankfort in 1849 ; separated from .the Whig party in 1850, and, as an antislavery candidate for gov., received nearly 5,000 votes. App. maj.-gen. U.S. vols., 11 Apr. 1862; re- signed. Mar. 11, 1863; minister to Russia, 1 862-9. A vol. of his speeches, edited by Horace Greeley, was pub, in 8vo, 1848. ClaV, Clement Comer, jurist and states- man, b. Halifax Co., Va., Dec. 17, 1789; d. Huntsville, Ala., Sept. 9, 1866. U. of East Tenn. His father, Wm. Clay, a Revol. soldier, after the war settled in Granger Co., Tenn., where he d. Aug. 4, 1841. He was adm. to the bar in 1809, and in 1811 removed to Hunts- ville, Ala. During the Creek war (1813), he saw some service as a soldier. In 1817, he was elected to the territorial council of Ala. ; in 1819, he was chosen one of the judges of the Circuit Court ; in 1820 was chosen chief-justice, and resigned in 1823. In 1828, he was elected to the State legisl., and was made speaker ; M.C. 1829-35; conspicuous as an advocate and defender of the leading measures of Jack- son's administration ; gov. of Ala. in 1836 and 1837, and U.S. senator from 1837 to 1842, and a supporter of Van Buren's administration. His son, C. C, jun., was U.S. senator from Ala. Clay,CLEMENT Comer, jun., son of the pre- ceding, also U.S. senator from Ala., b. Madi- son Co., 1819. He grad. from the law dept. of the U. of Va. in 1839; was adm. to the bar in 1840; was elected to the legisl in 1842 and 1844 ; Judge of the county court, 1846-8 ; CJL^ 193 GLiA. took his seat in the U.S. senate in Dec. 1854, and was re-elected for 6 years, from March 4, 1859. In Dec. 1857, he pronounced abrief but eloquent oration on the occasion of the death of Senator Butler of S.C. In the spring of 1858, he delivered a speech in fiivor of the ad- mission of Kansas under the Lecompton con- stitution. He also spoke in favor of a bill re- pealing the bounty on vessels engaged in the Newfoundland fisheries. He left his post in Feb, 1861, to take part in the slaveholders' Re- bellion, as a senator in the Confed. congress. After the surrender of Lee, he took refuge in Canada. Clay, Edward W., caricaturist, b. Phila., 1792 ; d. N. Y. City, Dec. 31, 1857. He was a relative of Henry Clay; had a liberal educa- tion ; served as a midshipman under Perry, then turned his attention to the law, and, though very young, was at once app. prothon- otary of Phila. His artistic tastes, however, led him to Europe, and he studied the old mas- ters for 3 years. On his return to Phila., he sketched " Tiie Rats Leaving the Falling House," on the dissohition of Jackson's cabi- net. This brought him into notice, and, for more than 20 years, he was a noted caricatur- ist. Failure of eyesight caused him to accept the offices of clerk of the Chancery Court, and of the Orphan's Court, Del., which he held lor several years. Clay, Green, gen., b. Powhatan Co., Va., Aug. 14, 1757; d. Oct. 31, 1826. He emi- grated to Ky. before he was 20 ; became a dep. surveyor; afterwards a surveyor on his own account, and, by locating lands, laid the foun- dation of a fortune. He was a representative of the Ky. dist. in the Va. legisl. ; was a mem- ber of the Va. convention which ratified the Federal Constitution in 1789, and was a leader of the convention which formed the Ky. consti- tution in 1799. He served for a long time in both branches of the State legisl., and was speaker of the senate. App. brig.-gen. March 29, 1813, he led 3,000 Ky. vols, to the relief of Fort Meigs, and forced the enemy to withdraw. Gen. Harrison left him in com. of Fort Meigs, which he skilfully defended from the attack of a large force of British and Indians under Gen. Proctor and Tecumseh. Clay, Henry, orator and statesman, b. Hanover Co., Va., Apr. 12, 1777; d. Washing- ton, D.C., June 29, 1 852. Ilis father, a Baptist minister, d. when Henry was 5 years old. He was taught the rudiments of education in a log-cabin schoolhouse ; labored on a farm, and, at 15, entered the office of the clerk of the Chancery Court ; adm. to the bar in Nov. 1797, he opened an office in Lexington, Ky. ; soon acquired extensive practice, and gained repute in criminal cases. He was elected to the legisl. in 1803 and in 1807-8, and was speaker in 1808; U.S. senator, 1806-7 and 1809-10; M.C. and speaker, 1811-14; a commissioner to Ghent, to treat for peace, in 1814 and 1815 ; again M.C. 1815-21 and 1823-5, and 5 times re-elected speaker; sec. of State, 1825-9, and again senator, 1831-42. He was an unsuccess- ful candidate for Pres. in opposition to Jack- son in 1832, and again in 1844, when defeated by Polk, the Deraoc. nominee. Though de- 13 feated, he was long the most popular man in the U.S. He was in the senate for the last time in 1849-52, and took a leading part in the compromise measures of 1850. Mr. Clay re- ceived from Madison the successive offers of the mission to Russia, and a place in the cabinet, and, from Monroe, a cal)inet office and the mis- sion toEng., all of which he declined. In Con- gress, his eloquence roused the country for the VVarof 1812 with Eng. ; contrib. to secure the recognition of S. Amer. Independence, to inau- gurate a system of internal improvements, and the protection of Amer. industry. He advocated a thorough Amer. policy, to the exclusion of European influence on this continent. Some of his most eloquent speeches were said to have been made to Ky. juries in criminal cases, be- fore he had passed his 25th year. He fought a duel with Humphrey Marshall in 1808, and subsequently with John Randolph, who had attacked the administration of J. Q. Adams. He was interested in the Colonization Society, and was for a time its pres. His Life and Let- ters were pub., and also his Speeches, by Calvin Colton, 1846-57. His widow, Lucretia Hart, d. Louisville, Apr. 6, 1864, a. 83. Thomas Hart Clay, his son, min. to Nicaragua during Lincoln's administ., and afterwards to Hon- duras, d. Lexington, Ky., Mar. 18, 1871, a. 68. Clay, Henry, lieut.-col., b. Ky., April 10, 1811; killed, Feb. 23, 1847, at the battle of Buena Vista. Transylv. U. 1828 ; West Point, 1831. Son of Hon. H. Clay. He applied him- self to the study of the common and civil law; twice represented his native county of Fayette in the general assembly, 1835-7. He became lieut.-col. of McKee's regt. Ky. Vols, in the Mexican war, June 9, 1846, and ex.tra aide-de- camp to Gen. Taylor, Oct. 5, 1846. Clay, James B., M.C. 1857-9, son of Hen- ry, b. Wasliington, D. C, Nov. 9, 1817; d. Montreal, Jan. 26, 1864. Transylv. U. At 15, he went to Boston, spent two years in a count- ing-house ; then settled upon a farm near St. Louis ; at 21, removed to Ky. ; was engaged two years in manufactures. He then studied at the Lexington Law School, and practised as the partner of his fa ^.her until 1849, when he was app. charge d'affaires to Lisbon. A change in the administration soon brought him home. He resided again at Mo. from 1851 to 18.53, when he became the proprietor of Ashland. He was also a member of the peace conven- tion of 1861 ; but, fraternizing with the Rebel- lion, he died in involuntary exile, and, it is said, through his own excesses. Clay, Col. Joseph ; d. Savannah, Ga., Jan. 1805. He was a member of the Revol. committee of 1774-5; member of the Cont. Cong. 1778-80, and judge of the Dist. Court of Ga. 1796-1801. Paym.-gcn. of the Southern dept. in the Revol. — Ga. Hist. Colls. Clay, Rev. Joseph, lawyer and clergyman, son of the preceding, b. Savannah, Ga., Aug. 16, 1764 ; d. Bo.ston, Jan. 11, 1811. N.J. Coll, 1784. He studied law, rose to the highest em- inence in his profession ; was a leading mem- ber of the State Const. Conv., and was U. S. dist. judge of Ga., 1796-1801. In 1802, he entered the Baptist ministry. Ord. Sav., CLA. 194 CLE 1804; installed colleague with Dr. Stillman, Boston, Aug. 19, 1807 ; dism. Nov. 1808; vis- ited Savannah, but returned to Boston, 1810. Clayborne, William, an early Va. colo- nist, received in 1627, from the gov. of Va., au- thority to discover the head of Chesapeake Bay, or any part of Va. from lat. 34° to 41° N. In 16.31, King Charles granted him a license to make discoveries, and trade. He established a trading-post on Kent Island, in Chesapeake Bay, near Annapolis. Ejected by Lord Balti- more, he took refuge in the more settled part of Va. ; and his estate on Kent Island was seized by the Md. authorities as forfeited. He went to Eng. with witnesses, presented a pe- tition to Charles I., setting forth his griev- ances ; and, in 1638, the king severely repri- manded Lord Baltimore for having, in viola- tion of his royal commands, ousted Clayborne from his rightful possessions on Kent Island, and slain several persons inhabiting there. Nev- ertheless, in 1639, the commissioners of plan- tations decided in favor of Lord Baltimore. In 164.5, taking advantage of the civil war in Eng., at the head of a body of armed insurgents, he expelled Leonard Calvert, dep.-gov., and seized upon the govt. In 1646, Calvert was re-instat- ed ; but Clayborne escaped with impunity. In 1651, he was app. a commissioner to reduce Va. to obedience to the Commonwealth of Eng. Bennet and Clayborne, in " The Gui- nea," frigate, reduced Md. also to obedience ; the former was made gov., and Clayborne, sec. of State. After the restoration, he was superseded in the office of sec. He was a member of the court-martial that tried the prisoners in Ba- con's rebellion. He lived in New Kent Co., and d. at an advanced age. His descendants, now numerous, spell the name Claiborne. Clayton, Augustin Smith, jurist, b. Fredericksburg, Va., Nov. 27, 1783 ; d. Athens, Ga., June 21, 1839. U. of Ga. 1804, and sub- sequently a tutor there. He practised law with eminent success; served in the State legisl., which, in 1810, app. him to compile the statutes of Ga. from 1800 ; was judge of the Superior Court of the western circuit, from 1819 to 1825, and from 1828 to 1831, when he was superseded for maintaining,in opposition to the policy of the State, the right of the Cherokee Indians to dig gold on their lands ; M. C. 1831-5, and a prom- inent opponent of the tarifFand the U. S. Bank. He was a proficient in the classics, and in high esteem as an able writer. He acquired some distinction as a politician, and is said to have written the political pamphlet called " Crock- ett's Life of Van Buren.'* He pub. "Laws of Georgia, 1800-10," Augusta, 4to, 1812. Clayton, John, botanist, b. Fulham, Eng., 1686; d. Va., Dec. 15, 1773. Ab. 1706, he emigrated to Va., where his father was atty.- gen., and resided near Williamsburg. Edu- cated a physician, he was an indefatigable bot- anist ; passed a long life in exploring and de- scribing the plants of his country, and is sup- posed to have enlarged the botanical catalogue as much as any man who ever lived. 15 years clerk of Gloucester Co. J. Clayton's letter to the Roy. Soc, May 12, 1688, giving an ac- count of several observables in Va., is in Force's Tracts, vol., III. His essays on the natu- ral history of Va. were pub. in the " Phil. Transactions " of the Roy. Soc. of Lond. lie also sent dried specimens of the flora of Va. to Gronovius, who, with Linnaeus, pub. an ac- count of a portion of them at Leyden, 2 parts, in 1739-43. After the death of Gronovius, the remainder were described in a 3d part by his son, in 1762, who gave Clayton's name to a genus of plants. Clayton, John Middleton, LL.D. (Y.C. 1846), statesman and jurist, b. Sussex Co., Del., July 24, 1796; d. Dover, Del., Nov. 9, 1856. Y. C. 1815. He was bred to the bar, having studied at the Litchfield Law School ; commenced practice in 1818, and soon attained eminence in his profession. He was in 1824 elected to the State legisl., and subsequently sec. of State; from 1829 to 1837 was U. S. senator; chief-justice from 1837 to 1839 ; again U. S. senator from 1845 to 1849, when he be- came U. S. sec. of State under Pres. Taylor, which position he occupied until the death of Taylor in July, 1850. He was a third time U. S. senator, from Mar. 1851, until his death, and vindicated with marked ability the princi- ples of the Clayton-Bulwer treaty, which he negotiated in 1850. He was an active and in- fluential member of the convention to revise the State constitution in 1831. In the U. S. senate, he delivered a speech during the famous debate on Foote's resolution, which secured for him a place among the leading members of the body. He also made an impressive argu- ment in favor of paying the claims for French spoliations. One of his most remarkable speeches was on Pres. Pierce's veto of the act ceding public lands for an insane asylum. Clayton, Joshua, physician and states- man, d. Del., Aug. 1798. He practised medi- cine many years. During the scarcity of Peruvian bark in the llevol. war, he success- fully substituted for it in his practice a mixture of poplar and the root of the dogwood in nearly equal parts, and half the quantity of the interior bark of the white-oak. He was pres. of Del. from 1789 to 1793; gov. 1793-6, and U.S. senator, 1798. Clayton, Powell, gov. Ark. 1866-71 ; U.S. senator for the term 1871-7. Before the war, he was a lawyer in Leavenworth, Kan. Early in 1861, made col. 1st Kan. cav. ; brig.- gen. 1864; May 6, 1863, he com. an exped. from Helena, Ark., to the White River to break up a guerilla band, and destroy Confed. stores, which was successful. He also com. a success- ful exped. from Pine Bluffs, Ark., in March, 1864, inflicting severe loss on the enemy. Clayton, Thomas, senator and jurist of Del., b. 1778; d. Newcastle, Del,, Aug. 21, 1854. M. C. 1813 to 1817; U.S. senator^ from 1823 to 1826, and from 1837 to 1847 ; Mr. Clayton also served at different times in the State legisl. as well as in the offices of chief- justice of C. C. P. and of the Superior Court. He was opposed to the Mexican war. Cleaveland, Col. Benj., Revol. soldier ; d. Wilkes Co., Ga. Before the war, he moved from Culpeper Co., Va., to Wilkes Co., N.C. App., in 1775, ensign 2d N.C. regt. ; fought at Guilford, also in many actions against the Tories, and was one of the leaders and heroes CLE 195 CIjIS of Kind's Mountain. He was afterward sur- veyor of Wilkes Co. An impediment in his speech prevented his Attaining political dis- tinction. His son John was capt. of dragoons at the battle of Camden. Cleaveland, Elisha Lord, D.D., Cong, clergyman, b. Topsfieid, Ms., 25 Apr. 1806; d. N.' Haven, Ct., 16 Feb. 1866. Bowd. Coll. 1829; And. Sem. 1832. Ord. 24 July, 1833, over the Third Cong. Church, N. Haven. He Jub. some occas. sermons. Grandson of Rev. ohn of Ipswich, son of Dr. Nehemiah of Topsfieid, 1760-26 Feb. 1837. Cleaveland, John, minister of Ipswich, Ms., from 1747 to his d., Apr. 22, 1799, b. Canterbury, Ct., Apr. 22, 1722. Y.C 1745. Descended from Moses of Woburn, Ms. He first ministered to a Separatist society in School Street, Boston, but declined settlement there. Chaplain in Col. Bagley's regt. at Ticonderoga in 1758, and at Louisburg in 1759, and was in the army at Cambridge in 1775, and in Ct. and N.Y. in 1776 in the same capacity. He had a controversy with Dr. Mayhew, which brought out several ponderous pamphlets. He Avas an energetic and successful preacher. He pub. a " Narrative of the Work of God at Chebacco in 1763-4," an essay in defence of the atonement, and a treatise on infant baptism, 1784. Cleaveland, Parker, M.D., LL.D., mineralogist, b. Rowley, Ms., Jan. 15, 1780; d. Brunswick, Me., Oct. 1.5, 18.58. H.U. 1799. Son of a surgeon in the Revol. army. He taught school at Haverhill and York, Me. ; was tutor of mathematics at H.U. in 1803-5 ; prof, of mathematics and nat. philos in Bowd. Coll., Me., 180.5-28, and prof, of chemistry, mineral- ogy, and nat. philos. there from 1828 to 1855. In the science of mineralogy, he had no equal in America ; and his proficiency procured him the honors of Amer. and foreii^n literary and scientific institutions. The mineralogical col- lections of the coll. were made very complete by his zealous and laborious explorations of the surrounding country. He aided the med. school at Bowd. Coll. in 1820, and was con- nected with it as a lecturer on chemistry, dean, and librarian. He pub. "Elements of Mine- ralogy and Geology," 1816, an enlarged edition in 1822, and a still larger one in 1856, pronounced the most useful work on the subject in the English language. He m. Martha Bush of Cambridge, Ms. Cleaveland, Capt. Stephen of the Revol. navy, b. E. Haddam, Ct., 1740; d. Salem, 1801. He went to sea at 14 ; was taken by a British press-gang in Boston in 1756, and kept in service till 1763. Soon after the Decl. of Indep., he was commissioned by Congress capt. in the navy, and brought from Bordeaux valuable munitions of war. His son, Richard Jaffrey of Salem, has pub. his " Voyages and Commercial Enterprises," 2 vols. From 1829 to 1834, he was U.S. vice-consul at Havana. — Allen. Cleburne, Patrick R., gen. C. S. A., b. near Quecnstown, Ireland, Mar. 17, 1828; killed at the battle of Franklin, Tenn., Nov. 30, 1864. At the age of 22, after 3 years' ser- vice as a private in the British army, he came to the U.S., settled at Helena, Ark., and stud- ied law. He was in successful practice when the war broke out ; enlisted as a private, but was soon promoted to col. In Mar. 1862, he was made a brig.-gen., and at Shiloli com. the 2d brigade of the 3d corps, being specially com- mended for valor and ability. He was wounded at the battle of Perry ville. Maj.-gen. Dec. 1862, com. a division of the right wing at Mur- freesboro' and Chickamauga ; disting. himself in com. of the rear-guard at Mission. Ridge, and received the thanks of the rebel congress for his def-'uce of Ringgold Gap. AtJonesboro', he covered the retreat of Hood's defeated army, and at Franklin he com. a corps whun killed. He was very popular with both officers and men ; was skilful and daring in action, and possessed a commanding presence, being over 6 feet in height. Clemens, Jeremiah, lawyer and politi- cian, b. Huntsville, Ala., Dec. 28, 1814; d. there May 21, 1865. U. of Ala. 1833. He studied law at Transvl. U., Ky., and was adm. to the bar in 1834. In 1838, he was app. U.S. atty. for the northern (list, of Ala. ; was elected to the State Icgisl. in 1839-41, and '43, '44; in 1842, he raised a company of vols., and went to Texas. Having volunteered for the Mexi- can war, he was app. maj. 13th Inf , Mar. 3, 1847; lieut.-col. 9th Inf , July 16, 1847; col. Apr. 1848. In 1848, he was app. gov. of the civil and military dept. of purchases in Mexico, and was U.S. senator from 1849 to 1853. In 1855, though previously a Democrat, he publicly advocated the principles of the Amer. party. Member of the Ala. convention which voted the State out of the Union, but protested against its action. He afterwards held office under the Confederacy, but, in 1864, advocated the re-election of Lincoln. He was eminent at the bar and in debate. He pub. " Bernard Lile," 1856; "Mustang Gray," 1857, — a story of the times of Aaron Burr and Alex. Hamilton; and " Tobias Wilson," 1865. — Lanman. Clemens, Samuel Langhorne, " Mark Twain," humorist, b. Florida, Munroe Co., Mo., 30 Nov. 1835. Entered journalism in Virginia, Nevada, in 1862 ; continued in it 3 years there, 3 years in San Francisco, and one in Buffalo. Author of " The Jumping Frog, and other Sketches," 12mo, 1867; "The In- nocents Abroad," 8vo, 1869, of which 100,000 copies have been sold in two years. Contrib. of humorous sketches to " The Galaxy," 1870-1. Clerc, Laurent, a deaf-mute, one of the founders and teachers of the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb at Hartford, Ct., b. La Balme, near Lyons, France, Dec. 26, 1785; d. Hart- ford, July 18, 1869. His father was mayor of the commune 34 years. When ab. a year old, Laurent fell into the fire, was badly burned, and lost the sense of smell and hearing. Taken to Paris at the age of 1 2, to the Abbe Sicard, under whose skilful instructions he made rapid proficiency ; in 1 805 was app. tutor, and, in 1806, a teacher. While on a visit to Eng. in 1815, he made the acquaint- ance of Dr. Gallaudet, who persuaded him to come to this country to lay the foundation of deaf-mute instruction. They arrived in N.Y., CLE 196 CTJL Auj?. 1816, opened the asylum at Hartford, April 15, 1817; and much of its success is doubtless due to his patient and earnest labors. He retired on a pension in 1858. His eldest son is an Episcopal clergyman of high repute at St. Louis. Cleveland, Aaron, poet and clergyman, b. Haddam, Ct, Feb. 3, 1744; d. Sept. 21, 1815. Aaron, his ftither, a missionary of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, dying when the son was but 13 years of age, the latter had little education. He was for many years a hatter in Norwich and in Guil- ford, Ct., and was an active member of the legisl. iit the age of 19, he produced a de- scriptive poem of some merit, " The Philoso- pher and Boy," "Family Blood," a burlesque poem ; soon after, became a Cong, minister ; pub. a poem on slavery in blank verse in 1775, and also wrote some satirical poems against the Jefferson i an s. He preached in Royalton, Vt., and in N. Haven, but was never settled. His Memoir, by his grandson Arthur Cleveland Coxe, with extracts from his poems, is in " The Poets of Ct." Rev. Charles Cleveland, missionary among the poor of Boston, is a son. Cleveland, Charles Dexter, LL.D. (U. of N.Y. 1866), author and scholar, b. Salem, Ms., Dec. 3. 1802 ; d. Phila., Aug. 18, 1869. Dartm. Coll. 1827. Son of Rev. Charles of Boston. Originally in a counting- house ; prof, of Latin and Greek, Dick. Coll., 1830-2; of Latin language and literature, U. of N.Y., in 1832-4, and, from Oct. 1834 till his healtli failed, taught a young ladies' school in Phila. ; U.S. consul at Cardiff, Wales, in 1861-7. He is best known by his Compendiums of Eng- lish, American, and classical literature, but has written a large number of school text-books. Also " Address of the Liberty Party of Pa. to the People of the State," 1844; "Hymns for Schools," 1850; and, in 1853, an ed. of Milton's poetical works, with a complete in- dex ; "Lyra Sacra Americana," 1868; "The Moral Characters of Thcophrastus," 1827 ; "Epitome of Grecian Antiquities," 1828, en- larged in 1831. — Alumni of D.C. Cleveland, Chauncey F., LL.D., lawyer and statesman, b, Hampton, Ct., 1799. He received a common school education, studied law, was adm. to the bar in 1819 ; was in the legisl. in 1826-9, '32, '5, '6, '8, '47, '8, and twice elected speaker; State atty. in 1832; gov. of Ct. in 1842 and 1843, and M.C. from 1849 to 1853; member of peace congress. Mar. 1861, — Lanman, Cleveland, Henry Russell, writer of Boston ; d. St. Louis, Mo., June 12, 1843, a. 34. H.U. 1827. Son of Richard Jaffrey. He edited an approved edition of " Sallust," con- trib. to Sparks's " Amer. Biog." a " Life of Henry Hudson," also many pieces, of much excellence, both of style and thought, to our pe- riodical literature, and pub. a little vol. on classical studies in 1834. He also pub. "Ad- dress before the Harvard Musical Assoc," 1840, 8vo, " Letter to Daniel Webster on the Causes of the Destruction of the Steamer Lexing- ton," 1840; contrib. to the N. A. Rev. and the N. E. Marj. A selection of his writings, with a Memoir by G. S. Hillard, was pub. Boston, ' 1844. ! Clevenger, Shobal L. Vail, sculptor, b. ! Middletown, O., 1812; d. at sea, Sept. 28, ' 1843. Jn his youth, he was a stone-cutter in Cincinnati, and attracted attention by the fig- j ure of an angel, which he carved on a tomb. ! Removing to Boston, he executed busts of Web- \ ster, Everett, Allston, Clay, Van Buren, and ' others. He afterwards executed similar works in Italy. Clifford, John D. ; d. Lexington, Ky., May 8, 1820, a. 42. He formed a valuable cabinet of natural history, and pub. essays on the antiquities of the western country in the \ Western Review, 1 8 1 9-20. \ Clifford, John Henry, LL.D., gov. of Ms., 1853-4, b. Providence, R.I., 16 Jan. 1809. \ Brown U. 1827. LL.D. 1849. Lawyer in N. ! Bedford ; memb. Ms. legisl. 1835 ; atty.-gen. of , Ms.,1 849-53 and 1854-8. Pres. Ms. senate, 1862. Clifford, Nathan, jurist, b. Rumnev, Grafton Co., N.H., Aug. 18, 1803. He stud- ! ied at the Haverhill Acad, and at the Hamp- ] ton Literary Inst ; studied law, and, after being ' adm. to the bar, removed to Me. in 1827. From 1830 to 1834, he was a member, and two ' years speaker, of the State legisl. ; was atty.- gen. of Me. from 1834 to 1838 ; M.C. from 1839 ; to 1843 ; U.S. atty.-gen. from 1846 to Mar. 1847, when he was app. commissioner to Mexico, i and was sub.sequently minister to that Repub- | lie. On his return to the U.S., he settled as a lawyer in Portland, and in 1858 was app. by ! Pres. Buchanan an assoc.-justice of the U.S. i Supreme Court. Author of U.S. Circuit Court ; Reports, 2 vols., 8vo., 1869. — Lanman. i Clifton, William, poet, b. Phila., 1772 ; d. ; Dec. 1799. He was the son of a wealthy j Quaker mechanic, and early displayed a taste j for literature; but his father brought him up I strictly in the manners and principles of his sect. At the age of 19, the rupture of a blood- vessel incapacitated him for active business, and enabled him to devote himself to the lite- rary pursuits so much to his taste. Clifton was member of an association called the Anchor Club, combining social objects with that of "producing a disposition in the public mind towards war with France." He first contrib., in prose and verse, to the newspapers and other fugitive publications, exercising his pen in satires in support of Jay's treaty and the administration of Washington, the longest of which was entitled " The Group : " another of similar tenor, " A Rhapsody on the Times," was in Hudil)rastic measure. He commenced a poem, entitled " The Chimeriad," which he left unfinished, in which he personifies with much spirit and boldness the genius of false philosophy then prevalent in France, in the character of the witch Chimera. Probably the best of his productions is the epistle to Gifford, pub. anonymously in the first Amer. edition of GifFord's poems. One of his best papers was a pretended French MS. in prose and verse, describing a descent of Talleyrand into hell. He became also accomplished in music, drawing, and field-sports, and relinquished the Quaker dress. A collection of his poems was pub. in New York in 1800. CUL 197 CXJ Clinch, Duncan L., brig.-f^en. U. S. A., b. N.C.; d. Macon, Ga., Nov. 27, 1849, a. 51. App. ft first licut. 3d Inf., July 1, 1808, capt. 1810, lieut.-col. in Aug. 1813, col. 1819, and in 1829 was biev. a brig.-gen. Wiien the Semi- nole war broke out in Florida, in 1835, Gen. Ciincli was in com. of that dist. ; and in its earlier events he acted a conspicuous part. In the battle of Onithlecooche, Dec. 31, 1835, he displayed the most intrepid courage. He re- siguecl his commission in Sept. 1836, and from 1843 to 1845 was M.C. from Ga. His dau. m. Gen. Robert Anderson. Clingmau, Thomas L., lawyer and poli- tician, b. Huntsville, Surrey Co., N.C. U. of N.C. 1832. He studied law, but was elected to the H. of commons just as he was ab. to com- mence practice. On his retirement from the legisl. in 1836, he removed to Ashville in Bun- combe Co., where he still resides. He was soon after elected to the State senate, was M.C. from 1843 to 1858, with the exception of one term, and, in Nov. 1858, was app. a U.S. sena- tor. He has made contiibs to the sciences of geology and mineralogy, and brought to light many facts connected with the mountains of N.C, one of the hijihest peaks of which now bears his name. While a member of Congress, he shared in almost all important debates, and acquitted himself with ability as chairman of the committee on foreign relations. Originally a Whig, he afterwards united himself with the Democ. party. Expelled from the senate in July, 1861, he took part in the Rebellion as a col. — Laninan. Clinton, Col. Charl?:s, soldier and judge, b. Longford Co., Ireland, 1690; d. Ulster, now Orange Co., N.Y., Nov. 19, 1773. His grand- father, Wm., an officer in the army of Charles I., settled in Ireland. In May, 1729, with a number of relatives and friends, he chartered a ship to convey his party to Phila.; but the cap- tain, having formed the design of starving them to death, either with a view to acquire their property, or deter emigration, landed them at Cape Cod, after receiving a large sum of money as a commutation for their lives. Many of the passengers died, among them a son and dau. of Mr. Clinton. In the spring of 1731, he removed to the county of Ulster, N.Y., where he formed a flourishing settlement, ab. 60 miles from the city of N.Y., and 8 miles from the Hudson River. Mr. Clinton pursued the occupation of a farmer and surveyor. He was soon app. a justice of the peace, county judge, and lieut.-col. of the militia of Ulster Co. March 24, 1758, he was app. a lieut.-col. in DcLancey's regt., in which he served under Col. Bradstrect at the siege and capture of Fort Frontenac. Of four sons, Alexander (N.J. Coll. 1750) was a physician, Charles was a surgeon in the army which took Ha- vana (d. Apr. 1791 ), James was maj.-gen., and George vice-pres. of the U.S. — Rogers. Clinton, DeWitt, statesman, b. Little Britain, Orange Co., N.Y., 2 Mar. 1769; d. Albany, 11 Feb. 1828. Col. Coll. 1786. Son of Gen. James and Mary DeWitt. Adm. to the bar in 1788, but practised very little. Pri- vate sec. to his uncle, Gov. George Clinton, 1790-5, and a leading champion, through the press, of his administration, and a Repnb. in politics. Member of the legisl. in 1797, and in 1798-1802 of the State senate, and a leader of the Democ. party ; U.S. senator, 1802-3, and made a powerful speech on the navigation of the Mpi., and opposed a war with Spain ; mayor of N.Y. City, 1803-7, 1809-10, and 1811-14, and, by his wise and efficient adminis- tration, contrib. much to the prosperity of the city. The Historical Society and the Acad, of Fine Arts were established under his auspices. Offered the embassy to Eng. by Mr. Adams, he declined ; was a member of the State sen- ate in 1805-11, and lieut.-gov. in 1811-13. Clinton was the political rival of Aaron Burr, and, after his disgrace, of Daniel D. Tompkins, who excelled him in gaining popular favor. Opposed to the War of 1812, he was the peace candidate for the presidency in 1812, receiving 89 electoral votes, but was defeated by James Madison. He was the first pres. of the Lite- rary and Philos. Soc, founded ab. 1814; ini- tiated the construction of the Erie Canal in 1815, and was, in 1816, canal commissioner, and pres. of the board, which post he also held in 1823-4; gov.ofN.Y.in 1817-22 and in 1824- 7. The opening of the Erie Canal was cele- brated with great pomp in Oct. 1825, when Clinton was conveyed in a barge on a trium- phal progress from Lake Erie to N.Y. City. He was pre-eminent for comprehensive views, and his liberal patronage of learning and of schools. In 1811, he delivered an elaborate discourse on the Iroquois, before the N.Y. Hist. Soc., and, in 1814, an introductory discourse before the Lit. and Philos. Soc, in whose Trans- actions appeared in 1822 his "Letters on the Natural History and Internal Resources of the State of N.Y." — See Renwick's Life of Clinton, 1840 ; IV. IV. Campbell's Life of Clinton, 1849 ; D. Uosack's Life of Clinton', 1829. Clinton, Admiral George, gov. of N.Y. Sept. 1743-Oct. 1753; d. gov. of Newfound- land, 10 July, 1761. Youngest son of Francis, sixth Earl of Lincoln. App. commodore and gov. of Newfoundland, 1732. Subsequently app. gov. of N.Y., his want of skill in civil af- fairs peculiarly exposed him to the tumults and commotions of colonial govt. In his contro- versies with the assembly, Coldcn, afterwards lieut.-gov., was his champion with the pen ; his chief opponent being Horsemander. Clinton afterwards became gov. of Greenwich hospital ; in 1745 became vice-adm. of the Red, and adm. of the fleet in 1757. Clinton, George, soldier and statesman, son of Col. Charles, b Ulster, N.Y., July 26, 1739; d. Washington, April 20, 1812. After returning from a cruise in a privateer, he ac- comp. his bro. James in the exped. against Fort Frontenac, as a lieut. He subsequently studied law under WnL Smith ; settled in his native county, where Gov. George Clinton gave him a clerkship ; practised law with repute, and, as a member of the assembly, opposed the ar- bitrary measures of the British ministers. He took his place in Congress, May 15, 1775, and voted for independence; but the invasion of N.Y., calling him to her defence, prevented his signing the instrument. In 1776, he was a dep. to the N.Y. Prov. Congress, which framed CX.I 198 CLI tlie first State constitution. Active in defend- ino; the State as a gen. of militia, he was app. brig.-gen. by Congress, March 25, 1777. He defended the posts at the highlands, and proved his heroism by tlie brave defence of forts Mont- gomery and Clinton, when attacked by Sir H. Clinton, Oct. 6, 1777. Chosen first gov. of the State, April 20, 1777, he was re-elected until 1795, exhibiting great energy, and ren- dering important services throughout the war, both in his civil and military capacity. In June, 1788, he presided over the convention to ratify the Federal Constitution, the adoption of which he opposed, not deeming it sufficiently decided in favor of State sovereignty. When, in 1792, Washington was re-elected pres., Clin- ton received 50 electoral votes for the vice- presidency. Chosen to the legisl. in 1800, he was again gov. in 1801-4, and vice-pres. of the U.S. in 1804-12. His casting-vote negatived the renewal of the U. S. Bank charter in 1811. Clinton, Siu Hexry, an English gen., and com.-in-chicf of the British forces in Amer., b. 1738 ; d. Dec. 23, 1795. Grandson of Francis, sixth Earl of Lincoln, and son of George, gov. of N.Y. After receiving a liberal education, he entered the army ; served for some time in Han- over, and on the Continent during the 7-years' war, and in 1775 obtained the rank of major- gen., and disting. himself during the early part of the Amer. war. He participated in the bat- tle of Bunker's Hill, leading the re-enforcement, and after having assisted at the unsuccessful attack on Charleston, S.C., entered N.York, after the defeat of the Americans on Long Is- land, and took the command. He attacked and carried Forts Clinton and Montgomery in Oct. 1777, and May 11, 1777, was made Knight of the Bath. In Jan. 1778, he succeeded Howe in the chief com., and arrived on the 8th of May at Phila., whence, on the approach of Washington, al)Out the middle of June, in obedience to previous orders from Eng., he commenced his retreat to N.Y. At Monn)outh Court House, he engaged and compelled the Amer. to retreat with considerable loss. In 1779, he became col. of the 7th or "King's Own" regt., and in the course of the year undertook an exped. against N.J., where his troops be- haved with great barbarity. He also, in con- junction with Gen. Prevost, who com. in East Florida, concerted and carried into effect an invasion of Ga., and captured Savannah, invest- ing Charleston, S.C., in Jan. 1780. It sur- rendered on the 11th of the following May. He shortly afterwards, through the medium of Andre, endeavored, unsuccessfully, to obtain possession of West Point, esteemed the Gibral- tar of America. After having made an inef- fectual attempt to succor Cornwallis, who was compelled to capitulate, he commenced prep- arations, in 1782, to attack the French settle- ments in the Antilles, but was superseded in his com. before he could carry the project into ef- fect. On his return to Kng., June 12, 1782, a pamphlet war took place between him and Cornwallis, as to the surrender of the latter, the entire blame of which each party attributed to the other. He subsequently obtained the governorship of Limerick, and, in 1793, that of Gibraltar, in possession of which he died. He was for some time a member of parl't. Clin- ton is justly chargeable with the barbarities ex- ercised by his troops in N.J., as admitted even by the British historian Stedtnan, himself an officer in the army in America. In 1783, he pub. " A Narrative of his Conduct in Amer.," 8vo ; "Observations on Earl Cornwallis's An- swer to the Narrative," 8vo, 1783; " Letter to the Commissioners," 8vo, 1784. Clinton, James, brig.-gen. Revol. army, b. Oran^-e Co., N.Y., Aug. 9, 1736 ; d. Dec. 22, 1812. He was third son of Col. Charles, who provided him with an excellent education ; but his ruling inclination was for a military life. App. by Gov. Sir Charles Hardy an ensign in the 2d regt. of Ulster Co. militia, he became its lieut.-col. before the commencement of the Revol. During the war of 1756, between the English and French, he particularly disting. himself at the capture of Fort Frontenac, Avhcre he was a capt. under Bradstreet, rendering essential service by capturing a sloop-of-war on Lake Ontario, which impeded the operations of the army. The confidence reposed in his character may be estimated by his app. as capt.- commandant of four regts. levied for the pro- tection of the western frontiers of Ulster and Orange Counties, — a position of great respon- sibility and danger. After the French war, he m. Mary DeWitt. At the commencement of the Revol., he was app. (June 30, 1775) col. of the 3d N.Y. regt., and in the same year ac- comp. Montgomery to Quebec. App. a brig.- gen. Aug. 9, 1776, he com. Fort Clinton when it was attacked, in Oct. 1777, by Sir Henry Clinton. After a gallant defence by about 600 militia against 3,000 British troops, Fort Clin- ton, as well as Fort Montgomery, of which his bro. George, the gov., was com. -in-chief, was carried by storm. Gen. Clinton was the last man to leave the works, escaping with a severe wound.. In 1779, he joined with 1,600 men the exped. of Gen. Sullivan against the Indians, by way of the Mohawk. After an engagement, in which the Indians were defeated with great loss at Newtown, now Elmira, all resistance upon their part ceased ; their settlements were destroyed ; and they fled to the British fortress of Niagara. Gen. Clinton, during a great part of the war, was stationed at Albany. He was present at the siege of Yorktown. He was a commissioner to adjust the boundary- line between N.Y. and Pa. ; member of the legisl. and of the convention which adopted the present Constitution of the U.S., and a senator. Clitz, Henry B., brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. N.Y. Son of Capt. John, 2d U.S. Inf. West Point, 1845. Entering the 7th Inf., he served with distinction in most of the battles of the Mex. war ; brev. 1st Hcut. for Cerro Gor- do, 18 Apr. 1847 ; capt. 3d Inf., 6 Dec. 1858; served in defence of Ft. Pickens, Fla., Apr.- June, 1861 ; maj. 12th Inf., 14 May, 1861; wounded at siege of Yorktown, Va. ; wounded, and made prisoner, at the battle of Gaines's Mill, Va., 27 June, 1862, and brev. lieut.-col. ; com. cadets, and instr. tactics, 23 Oct. 1862, to 4 July, 1864; lieut.-col. 6th Inf., 4 Nov. 1863; brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. for gallant and dist. CLI 199 COB services in the field, 13 Mar. 1865, Col. 10th. Inf. 22 Feb. 1869.— Cu//mwi. Glitz, John M. B., capt. U. S. N. b. N.Y., Dec. I, 1820. Midshipman, Aug. 12, 1837; lieut. Apr. 6, 1851 ; com. July 16, 1862 ; capt. July 25, 1866. Attached to bomb brig " Heclii " at capture of Vera Cruz and Tuspan, 1847; com. steamer " Penobscot," N.A. block, squad., 1863 ; steam-sloop" Juniata, "East Gulf squad., 1863 ; steamer " Osceola," N. A. block squad., 1864-5, in both attacks on Fort Fisher; com. "Pawnee," S. A. squad., 1868-9. — Hamershj. Clowes, Rev. Timothy, LL.D. ; d. Hemp- stead, L.I., June 16, 1847, a. 60. Col. Coll. 1808. In 1821, he was principal of Erasmus Hall. In 1823, he was chosen pres. of Wash- ington Coll., Md., and rector of the church in Cbestertown and St. Paul's, Kent Co. From 1828 to the fall of 1832, he presided over the Clinton Liberal Institute, Oneida Co. He excelled as a mathematician. Cluseret (klu'-zeh-ra'), Gustave Paul, brig.-gen. vols., b. Paris, France, June 13, 1823. He received a good education. Entering the military school of St. Cyr in 1841, in 1843 he became sub.-lieut. in a regt. com. by his father. For4 years, he taught fortification, topography, tactics, and strategy. During the revol. of June, he com. a column in the Rue St. Jacques under Gen. Dumesne, and was wounded. In July, he was made a chevalier of the Legion of Honor. He was retired from active service in Jan. 1849, and soon after put on half-pay by Pres. Louis Napoleon on account of his re- publican opinions. He then opened a painter's studio, but, after 2 years, returned to the service as lieut. of chasseurs a pied in Algeria. Here he participated in several expcds., and was en- gaged in preparing the " DictioiDiaire Hislorique et (jeorjrap/dque de I'Alrj&ie." In 1854, he was ordered to the Crimea, where he was twice wounded, and was promoted to capt. at the Mamelon Vert. He returned to France in 1856; joined the exped! against the Kabyles in 1857 ; on the outbreak in Italy, joined the staff of Garibaldi, with the rank of major in the Italian army; and was soon afterward placed in com. of the French legion. Wounded at the siege of Capua, he received, two days after, the brev. of col. (Nov. 1, 1860). He arrived at Wash- ington in Jan. 1862 ; was app. aide-de-camp to Gen. McClellan, with rank of col., and was soon after assigned to Gen. Fremont, who placed him in com. of his advanced guard. He was in the battles of Strasburg, Harrisonburg, and Cross Keyes, and, for his gallantry in the latter buttle, was made brig.-gen. of vols. Oct. 14. Resigned, Mar. 2, 1 863. A leader of the Paris Communists in the spring of 1871, and minis, of war. Clymer, George, signer of the Declara- tion of Independence, b. Phila., 1739 ; d. Mor- risville, Bucks Co., Pa., Jan. 23, 1813. His father emigrated from Bristol, Eng., to Phila., and left him an orphan at the age of 7. His maternal uncle, Wm. Coleman, educated him, took him intohiscounting-room, and eventually left him the bulk of his fortune. At the tea- meeting in Phila., Oct. 16, 1773, he was app. chairman of the committee to request the tea- agents to resign. He was also a member of the council of safety. July 20, 1775, he was app. joint treasurer of the State with Michael Hillegas, and converted all his specie into Continental currency, besides subscribing lib- erally to the loan. July 20, 1776, he was delegated to Congress. Sept. 1776, be was sent with Stockton to confer with Washington on the affairs of the army ; and when, in Dec., Congress retired to Baltimore, Clymer was one of the commissioners left in Phila. to guard the public interests. Again elected to Congress in 1777. His house was plundered by the British after the battle of Brandywine. Dec. 7, 1778, he was a commissioner to treat with the Indians at Fort Pitt; in 1780 was a third time elected to Congress; in Nov. 1780 was deputed, with John Nixon, to organize the Bank of North America, and in 1782 wasassoc. with Rutledge in his mission to the Southern States. Re- moving to Princeton at the close of the war, he was in 1784 elected to the Pa. legisl., where he aided in modifying the criminal code. He was a member of the convention that framed the Federal Constitution, and in Nov. 1788 was elected to the first U.S. Congress. In 1791, he was app. collector of the duty on spirits, w^hich, in Pa., led to the whiskey riots. Resigning this office, he was, with Messrs. Pickens and Haw- kins, app. to negotiate a treaty with the Creeks and Cherokees, consummated June 29, 1796, when he withdrew from public affairs. Besides other institutions indebted to him were the Pa. Ag;icultural Society, of which he was vice- pres., the Acad, of Fine Arts, and the Pa. Bank, of both which he was pres. Cobb, David, Revol. soldier and legislator, b. Attleborough,Ms., 14 Sept. 1748 ; d. 17 Apr. 1830. H. U. 1766. Many years a practising physician ; sec. of the Bristol Co. convention of 1774, and member of the Prov. Congress in 1775. Lieut.-col. of H Jackson's regt. in 1777-8, serving in N. J. and R. I., and several years a member of Washington's milit. family. Afterwards maj.-gen. of militia; judge of C. C. P. : M. C. 1793-5 ; member of the Ms. senate and house, and some time pres. and speaker; member of the exec, council, and lieut.-gov. 1809. While a resident of Me. (1796-1820), he was chief-justice of C, C. P., maj.-gen. 10th milit. div., and, during the War of 1812, was on the board of milit. defence, Cobb, Howell, lawyer, and clergyman of the M. E. Church, b. Savannah, Ga.,"^1795. After serving an apprenticeship to a printer, he engaged in teaching in Perry, Houston Co., till, in 1827, he was adm. to the bar. In 1830, he was a State senator; soon after established the Cherokee Gazette. In 1845, he pub. a work on legal forms, and soon after compiled the penal code of the State. He has written much for the press, and is the author of a curious work on the African race. Cobb, Howell, statesman, b. Cherry Hill, Jefferson Co., Ga., Sept. 7, 1815 ; d. N. Y. City, Oct. 9, 1868. Franklin Coll., Athens, 1834. Adm. to the bar in 1836 ; solicitor-gen. of the western circuit of Ga. in 1837-41, and built up an extensive and lucrative practice ; M. C. 1843-51; speaker of the 31st Congress; gov. of Ga., 1851-3; again M. C. 1856-7 ; sec. of the treasury under Buchanan, 1857-60. Zeal- COB 200 COB ous in the secession movement, he was a dele- gate to the Montgomery Congress, and chosen its pres. Feb. 4, 1861. Made a brig., and then a maj.-gen., but did not disting. himself in the field. At the close of the war, he opposed all the measures for reconstruction. In Congress, he disting. himself by his familiarity with the rules of the house, his skill as a debater, his vehement professions of love for the Union, and his equally earnest advocacy of State rights. His inipcriousness, and his bold championship of slavery, made him the leader of the Soutli- ern party in the house. He demanded the ex- tension of slavery into Cal. and New Mexico, and advocated the compromise measures of 1850. — See Memorial Vol., ed. by Saml. Boykin, Phila., 1869. Cobb, Joseph Beckham, politician and author, son of Thos. W., b. Oglethorpe Co., Ga., Apr. 11, 1819; d. Columbus Ga., Sept. 15, 1858. Educated at Wilmington, N.C.,and at Franklin Coll., Ga. He removed in 1838 to Noxul)ee Co., Mpi. In 1851, he was elected by the Whigs to the State convention ; was sub- sequently, for some years, a member of the State senate, and in 1*853 an "American " can- didate for Congress. Author of " The Creole," a novel, 1848; "Sketches," 8vo, 1851; and "Leisure Hours," 1858; and a contrib. to Pe- terson's National Man. and to the Amer. Rev. Cobb, Nathaniel R., a philanthropic mer- chant of Boston, b. Falmouth, Me., Nov. 3, 1798; d. Boston, 22 May, 1834. Cobb, Sylvanus, D.D., Universalist min- ister, b. Norway, Me., July, 1799; d. E. Bos- ton, Oct. 31, 1866. In 1828, he was settled at Maiden and Waltham, Ms.; Avas the author of a " Commentary on the New Testament," " Compend of Divinity," " Discussions," and some other works, and edited the Christian Freeman more than 20 years. His son Stl- VANDS, 1). Waterville, Me., 182.3, is a popular writer of novelettes. He was editor and pub. of a paper called The Rechabite ; edited the New- England Washingtonian; and was a principal contrib. to (Jleason's Pictorial, Flag of our Union, and the N. Y. Ledger. He pub. " The Autobiog. of Rev. Sylvanus Cobb," with a memoir, in 1867. Cobb, Capt. Thomas, b. Buckingham Co., Va.; d. Columbia Co., Ga., Oct. 1832, a. 110. He took a patriotic part in the Revol. strug- gle ; was often associated in the councils of the times ; held offices under the State govt, until his removal to Ga., ab. 1783, and effi- ciently managed his plantation for 80 or 90 years. — N. E. Mag., iii., 520. Cobb, Thomas R. R., lawyer, b. Jefferson Co., Ga., 1820; killed at the battle of Freder- icksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862. U. of Ga. 1841. Bro. of Howell. Adm. to the bar, he was re- porter of the Supreme Court of Ga. from 1849 to 1857. In 1851, he pub. a new digest of the laws of Ga., and in 1858 an " Inquiry into the Laws of Negro Slavery." He was a trus- tee of the university, was active in the cause of education in Ga., and had a high reputation and large practice as a lawyer. An able and eloquent member of the Confederate Congress, in which he served as chairman of military affairs ; afterward a gen. in the rebel army. Cobb, Thomas W., statesman, b. Colum- bia Co., Ga., 1784; d. Greenesborough, Feb. 1, 1830. After studying law in the office of Wm. H. Crawford, he settled at Lexington, Ga., and disting himself at the bar. M. C. from 1817 to 1821 and 1823-4 ; U. S. senator from 1824 to 1828; judge of the Superior Court from 1828 till his d. He wrote excellent political essays, and was an eloquent and argumenta- tive debater, prominent in the discussion in 1819 of the Mo. question. Cobbett, Thomas, clergyman and author, b. Newbury, Eng., 1608 ; d. Ipswich, Ms., Nov. 5, 1685. He studied at Oxford, but left on a(icoiint of the plague, and became a pupil of Dr. Twiss. Persecuted for nonconformity, he came to Ms. in 1637 with Davenport, and was colleague to his old friend, Mr. Whiting of Lynn, until, in 1656, he became pastor of the First Church in Ipswich, where heremained till his death. During his ministry, there was a powerful and extensive revival in that town. He was remarkable for the frequency of his prayers, and his assurance of their efficacy. He pub. in 1645a work on infant baptism; " The Civil Magistrate's Power in Matters of Religion, modestly debated," &c., 1653; "A Practical Discourse of Prayer," 8vo, 1654; "On the Honor due from Children to their Parents," 1656; "Narrative of New Eng- land's Deliverances " (in N.E. H. and G. Reg., vol. vii.). Cobbett, William, political writer, b. Farnham, Surrey, Eng., 9 Mar. 1762; d. 17 June, 1835. He was a farmer's son, and was self-educated. After a clerkship of some months to an atty. in London, he, ab. 1784, enlisted in the army, in which, by good conduct, he rose to the grade of sergt -maj. After 5 years' service in Nova Scotia, he returned to Eng. in 1791, obtained his discharge, m., and in 1792 settled as a bookseller in Phila. There he issued Peter Porcupine's Gazette, a Federalist paper, assailing with great power, and coarse- ness of language, the supporters of the French Revol. ; pub. his " Observations," and other political tracts, and was fined $5,000 for a libel on Dr. Rush. Returning to Eng. in 1800, he began a daily paper called The Porcupine, but in 1802 established his famous Political Regis- ter, at first a Tory paper, afterward in opposi- tion to Pitt and the Tories, and discontinued in 1835. For his libels or satires on members of the govt., he was several times heavily fined, and in 1810 was imprisoned for two years. The passage of the famous " Six Act Bill " caused him to emig. again to the U.S. ; und his Registers were dated from Long Island, from 1817 to his return in Dec. 1819, on which occasion he took to Eng. the bones of Thos. Paine. Again tried for libel in 1831, he de- fended himself with such ability, that he was acquitted. After two unsuccessful attempts to enter parliament for Oldham, he was returned in 1832, and again in 1834. Besides his politi- cal writings, he was the author of many use- ful and popular books. Ho was master of a vigorous Saxon-English style, unrivalled for sarcasm and common sense ; and possessed great powers of observation and descrintion. Among his works are " Advice to Young COB 201 coo Men," " Cottage Economy," " Grammars of the English and French Languages," " A Year's Residence in America," " History of the Refor- mation," "Rural Rides," " Emigrant's Guide," 20 vols, of " Parliamentary Debates," " Letters on the Late War between Eng. and the U.S.," 1815, and " Pride of Brittania Humbled," 181.5; "Life of Andrew Jackson," 1834; "Life of Peter Porcupine," 1796; "Porcu- pine's Works," 12 vols., 8vo, 1801. — See Life of Cohbett, Phila., 1831 j HazUtCs Misc. Works, vol. V. Cobbs, Nicholas Hamner, D.I)., Pr.-Ep. bishop of Ala., b. Med ford Co., Va., Feb. 1796 ; d. Jan. 11, 1861. He tauglit a classical school some years; was ord. deacon in 1824; priest in 1825 ; then labored 14 years in his native county, and 4 years in Petersburg, Va. ; then took charge of St. Paul's Church, Cincinnati, O.; and was consec. bishop, Oct. 20, 1844, at Phila. Cochrane, Sir Alex. Forester Inglis, an Eng. adm. (1758-1832). Disting. in the wars with Amer. and France, especially for an unequal combat with five French vessels in Chesapeake Bay. Com. the British fleet on the Amer. station in the War of 1812-15, and assisted the land-forces in the attack on N. Orleans. Made adm. of the Blue in 1819. Cochran, James, inventor of the art of making cut nails, b. 1763, Batavia, Genesee Co., N.Y. ; d. Dec. 31, 1846. He was a brass- founder; and to his shop, while he lived in Phila., Franklin paid frequent visits. In ad- dition to the above invention, he claimed to have manuf. the first centos in this country. Cochran, John, M. D., physician and surgeou-gen. of the Revol. army, b. Chester Co., Pa., Sept. 1, 1730; d. Palatine, Mont- gomery Co., Apr. 6, 1807. Educated at the school of Dr. Francis Allison, and had finished his medical studies when the war with France broki3 out in 17.>5. Entering the army as sur- geon's mate, he quitted the service at the close of the war, with the character of an able and experienced practitioner, and, settling in Alba- ny, m. Gertrude, sister of Gen. Schuyler. He soon removed to New Brunswi(.-k, N.J.j and, late in 1776, offered his services as a vol. in the hospital dept. At the warm recommendation of Washington, he was app. Apr. 10, 1777, physician and surgeon-gen. in the middle dept.., and in Oct. 1781, Congress app. him director- gen, of the hospitals of the U.S. His experi- ence in the British service enabled him to make great improvements in the hospitals. Soon after the peace, he removed his family to N.Y., and, on the adoption of the Federal Con- stitution, Washington made him commis. of loans for N.Y. — Thacher. Cochrane, John, brig.-gen. vols., b. Pala- tine, Montgomery Co., N.Y.. Aug. 27, 1813. Ham. Coll. 1831. Adm. to the bar, he prac- tised law some years in the Valley of the Mo- hawk ; removed to N.Y. City in 1846 ; became a leader of that branch of the Democ. party popularly called " Barnburners," and, during the administration of Pres. Pierce (1853-7), was surveyor of the port of N.Y. M.C. from 1856 to 1862. Mar. 1861, he visited Richmond to confer with the Union members of the Va. convention, and in Aug. took the field as col. 1st US. (vol.) Chasseurs, which he com. at Fair Oaks, Malvern Hill, and other battles of the Chickahominy campaign. Brig.-gen. of vols. 17 July, 1862, he was assigned a brigade in Couch's division of the Potomac Army. He was with the reserve at thcl;^ttle of Antietam, and afterward pursued the retreating enemy. Resigned Feb. 25, 1863. Nominated in 1864 vice-pres. on the ticket with Fremont. Atty.- gen. N.Y., 1865. Cock, Tiio.MAS, M.D., physician and med- ical author, b. Glen Cove, L. I., 1802 ; d. N.Y., June 14, 1869. He studied in the office of Dr. Seeman, with whom he was afterward partner. During the yellow-fever epidemic of 1822, he was indefatigable in his efforts to overcome the disease, as also during the cholera of 1832. He had been pres. of the Acad, of Medicine of N.Y., prof, and subsequently pres., of the Coll. of Physicians and Surgeons, and was many years attending and consulting physician of the N.Y. hospital. Long an active member, and at his death vice-pres., of the American Bible Society. Coekburn (ko'-burn). Sir George, an English adm., b. Lond., 1771 ; d. Aug. 1853. He entered the navy in 1783, became a post- captain in 1795, and, after disting. himself on many occasions, became, in 1812, a rear-adm. In the early part of 1813, he com. " The Marl- borough " 74, on the N. Amer. station, and suc- cessfully attacked various towns, and reposito- ries of stores, on the banks of the rivers at the head of Chesapeake Bay. June 26, 1813, he assisted in taking the camp and fortified works at Hampton. In the following month, he ob tained possession of two islands in N.C, and captured two small vessels of war. In the be- ginning of Aug. 1814, he accomp. the exped. which succeeded in taking the city of Wash- ington, and which had, it is said, been suggest- ed by himself to the commanders. Gen. Ross and Adm. Cochrane. He was employed in the unsuccessful attempt on Baltimore, in Sept. 1814. In Jan. 1815, he was made a K.B ; on the 12th of Aug. 1819, a viee-adm., and on the 5th of April, 1821, maj.-gen. of marines. Cocke, John, gen.,b. Brunswick, Nottaway Co., Va., 1772; d. Granger Co., Tenn., Feb. 16, 1854. Wm. his father participated in the civil, legislative, and military service of Va. ; removed to Tenn., and became a gen. of mili- tia; State legisl. 1813; judge Circuit Court ; US. senator, 1796-7 and 1799-1805; app. in 1814 agent for the Chickasaw Indians. In early life John emigrated to Tenn., adopted the profession of the law, became a member of the first legisl. in 1796, was speaker of the house for many years, was Subsequently a member of the senate, and was M.C. from 1819 to 1827. He was maj.-gen. Tenn. vols., Sept. 25, 1813, in service against the Creeks. Col. Tenn. regt. Nov. 14, under Gen. Jackson, at New Orleans. — Gardner. Cocke, John H., brig.-gen. War of 1812 ; d. at his residence, Fluvanna Co., Va., July 1, 1866, a. 85. Cocke, Philip St. George, gen. C.S.A. b. Virginia, 1808; shot himself at his resi- dence in Powhatan Co., Va., Dec. 26, 1861. COID 202 COB^ West Point, 1832. Entering the 2d art., he was adj. in 1833-4; resij^ned, April, 1834, and was made a brig.-gen. Confed. army early in 1861, and took part in the first battle of Bull Run, com. the 5tli brigade. After a campaign of 8 months, he returned to his home shattered both in mind and body, and in a paroxysm of insanity put an end to his life. President Va. Agric. Soc. 1853-6. Author of " Plantation and Farm Instruction," 1852. Codazzi (ko-dat'-see), Agostino, an Ital- ian engineer, b. near Ferrara, 1792. He made several camjiaigns under Napoleon, and after- wards disting. himself as an engineer in S. America. Entering the Columbian service as lieut.-col. of art., he was employed in making charts, and in preparing plans of defence. In 1831-40, he prepared charts of Venezuela, and was rewarded with the rank of col. In 1838- 9, he explored the interior of Guiana, pene- trated nearly to the sources of the Orinoco; and the valuable results of his labors, "Geo- graphia de Venezuela," appeared in Paris in 1841, accomp. by an extensive chart of Venezu- ela. Codazzi afterwards established a German colony in Veneznela. In 1848, he was em- ployed by the govt, of New Granada upon a topographical survey. Codding, Ichabod, Presb. clergyman, and an eloquent antislavery lecturer, b. Bristol, N.Y., 1811 ; d. Baraboo, Wis., 17 June, 1866. He studied at Middleb. Coll., lectured for the Amer. Antislavery Society in 1837-42 ; entered the ministry, and was successively pastor at Princeton, Lockport. Joliet, Baraboo, and Bloomington, HI. His addresses were marked by great eloquence and fervor. Coddington, William, fourtder of R.I., b. Lincolnshire, Eng., 1601 ; d. Nor. 1, 1678. In 1630, he came in " The Arabella " to Salem, a magistrate of Ms., app. by the crown. For some years, he was a merchant in Boston. In 1636, when Winthrop succeeded Vane as gov., Coddiugton's name was dropped from the roll ; but the freemen, on the following day, sent him and Vane as deputies to the court. He defend- ed Anne Hutchinson against Winthrop and his party, and opposed, though unsuccessfully, the proceedings against Wheelwright, but finally, with 18 others, removed, Apr. 26, 1638, to the Island of Aquidneck, now R.I. Cod- dington was elected judge, with a council of 3 elders, who were enjoined by a vote of the freemen to be "guided by God's laws." Mar. 12, 1640, Coddington was elected gov.; contin- ued 7 years in office, until a charter was ob- ^ tained, and the island incorporated with the Providence plantations. Having made a voy- age to Eng. in 1651, he returned with a com- mission as gov. of Aquidneck Island, but he soon resigned. He was again gov. in 1674-5. After his settlement in R.I., he adopted the tenets of the Quakers. He was earnest for liberty of conscience. Author of "A Demon- stration of True Love unto you the Rulers of the Colony of Ms.," 4to, 1674. Codm'an, John, D.D. (II. U. 1840), min- ister 2d (yh., Dorchester, from Dec. 7, 1808, to his d., Dec. 23, 1847 ; b. Boston, Aug. 3, 1782. H.U. 1802. Son of John, a Boston merchant. He studied at Cambridge and at Edinburgh, and preached in the Swallow-st. Church, Lond., in 1808. He was a benefactor of the theol. seminaries of Princeton and Andover. A Memoir by Dr. Allen, with 6 sermons, was pub., 8vo, 1853 ; sermons on various occa- sions, 1834 ; narrative of a visit to Eng., 1836, and many separate sermons. — Allen. Coffee, John, gen., b. Nottaway Co., Va., 1772; d. near Florence, Ala., July 7, 1833. In 1804, he engaged in business with Andrew Jackson, near Nashville, Tenn., but in 1807 resumed his old occupation of surveying. Ever the strong pei'sonal friend of Jackson, he seconded him in his affray with thcBentons in Sept. 1813. Col. of Tenn. vols, under Jack- son, Dec. 1812 to Apr. 1813; brig.-gen. Tenn. mounted gunmen, Sept. 24, 1813; com. de- tachment engaged with Creek Indians at Tal- lahatchie, Nov. 3, 1813; badly Avoundcd in battle under Gen. Jackson, with Creek Indians at Emucfau, Jan. 22, 1814 ; in attack on Pcn- sacola, Nov. 1814; disting. in defence of N. Orleans in battles of Dec. 23, 1814, and Jan. 8, 1815; in service to June, 1815. US. survey- or of public lands, March, 1817. His son An- drew J. served as extra aide-de-camp to Gen. Taylor at Buena Vista, and was brev. lieut.- col. for his gallant and meritorious conduct, Feb. 23, 1847. Coffin, Charles. D.D. (Wms.CoU. 1808), Presb. clergyman, b. Newburyport, Ms., Aug. 15, 1775; d. Greenville, E. Tenn., June 12, 1853. H.U. 1793. Son of Dr. Charles. Li- censed to preach by the Essex Middle Assoc., May 14, 1799. Pres. of Greenville Coll., Tenn., 1810-27, and of Knoxville Coll. 1827-33. He passed the last 50 years of his life in Tenn. — Spragiie. Coffin, Sir Isaac, a British adm., b. Bos- ton, 16 May, 1759; d. Cheltenham, Eng., 23 July, 1839. Son of Nathaniel, collector of the customs, and a loyalist, by Elizabeth, dau. of Henry Barnes of Boston. Educated in the Boston schools ; entered the British navy in 1773; became a lieut. in 1778; was actively era- ployed on the Amer. coast; was made com- mander in July, 1781; acted as signal-officer to Adm. Arbuthnot in the action off Cape Henry, 16 March, 1781, and served as a vol. in the action between Rodney and DeGrasse in 1782. Post-capt. 1790; rear-adm. of the Blue, 23 Apr. 1804 ; baronet, 19 May, 1804 ; vice-adm. April, 1808; June 4, 1814, adm. of the Blue, and, on the death of George IV., adm. of the White. M. P. 1818, and again in 1826. He ever retained a strong regard for his native land, and in 1826, while visiting Nantucket, where many of his kindred resided, authorized the purchase of a building for the " Coffin School," for the support of which he after- wards invested a fund of £2,500. Coffin, John, a British gen., bro. of Sir Isaac, b. Boston, 1751 ; d. St. John's Co., N. Brunswick, 12 May, 1838. He accomp. the British troops in the action at Bunker's Hill; rose to the rank of capt. of the N.Y. vols. ; disting. himself at the siege of Savannah, the battle of Hobkirk's Hill, the action of Cross Creek, near Charleston, S.C., and especially at the battle of Eutaw, 8 Sept. 1781, where he exacted even the admiration of Greene in his COB^ 203 COG- despatches to Congress, and was at once made major of the King's Araer. regt. At the close of the war, he settled in N. Brunswick ; became a col. in the army in 1797; maj-gen. 1803; lieut.-gen. 1809; gen. 1819. In 1783, he was wounded in a duel with Col. Campbell ; mem- ber of the N. B. Assembly, chirf magistrate of King's County, and member of the council, retiring to private life in 1828. His wife Ann, dau. of Wm. Mathews of S. C, d. Bath, in Apr. 1839, a. 76. Cofl3.n, Joshua, genealogist and antiqua- ry, b. Newbury, Ms., Oct. 12, 1792; d. there June 24, 18.64. Dartm. Coll. 1817. Many years a teacher. He pub. " The History of Ancient Newbury," 8vo, 1845, genealogies of the Woodman, Little, and Toppan families, besides many articles in periodicals. He was the schoolmaster of the poet Whittier, CoflB.n, Nathaniel, M.D., physician, b. Portland, Me., May 3, 1744 ; d. there Oct. 18, 1826. He studied under his father Nathaniel, who was a physician, and at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals, Lond., under Hunter, Akenside, and McKenzie; and commenced practice at the age of 21. At the death of his father, in 1766, he succeeded to an extensive practice, and in 1769 m. the dau. of Isaac Fos- ter of Charlestown. When Capt. Mowatt, in 1775, prepared to destroy the town, then called Falmouth, Dr. Coffin, with two others, went on board his ship, and endeavored fruitlessly to avert the impending storm. As an opera- tive surgeon, he ranked high. The hon. deg. of M.D. was conferred on him by Bowd. Coll., Brunswick. He was the first pres. of the Me. Med. Society, and for many years discharged the duties of hospital surgeon for marine pa- tients in his dist. — Tliacher. Coffin, IJoBERT S., printer and poet, b. Brunswick, Me., 1797 ; d. Rowley, Ms., May 7, 1827. He was apprenticed to a printer in Newburyport, whither his father had removed; was a sailor during the War of 1812, and once a prisoner on board an English frigate, and sub- sequently worked on newspapers in Boston, N.r., and Phila., publishing occasional verses. His poems were coll. in a vol. entitled " The Oriental Harp, Poems of the Boston Bard," Boston, 1826. His Lite, written by himself, was pub., 12mo, 1825. Coffin, Sir Thomas Aston, bart. (19 Mav, 1804), loyalist, b. Boston, Mar. 31, 1754; d. London, May 31, 1810. H.U. 1772. Son of Wm. of Boston, and cousin of Adm. Sir Isaac. At one period of the Revol., he was private sec. to Sir Guy Carlcton. He was afterward commiss.-gen. in the British army, and in 1804, sec. and comptroller of accounts of Lower Canada. — Sabine. Coffin, Timothy Gardner, lawyer, b. Nan- tucket, Ms., Nov. 1,1788; d. New Bedford, Sept. 19, 1854. B.U. 1813. He early en- gaged in a seafaring life, but, receiving severe injuries from a fall, turned his attention to the law. Adm. in 1816 to practise at the Bristol bar, he obtained the foremost rank in the pro- fession, trying his intellectual strength against such opponents as Webster and Choate. As a nisi prius lawyer, he had few equals. Coggeshall, Capt. George of Ct., b. 1 784. Pub. " Voyages to Various Parts of the World, 1799-1841," 2 vols., 8vo, 1851-2; " History of Amer. Privateers," 8vo ; '• Reli- gious and Miscellaneous Poetry." He com. two privateers in the War of 1812-15. Cogswell, Rev. Jonathan, D.D. (U. of N.Y. 1836), b. 3 Sept. 1782; d. N. Brunswick, N.J., 1 Aug. 1864. H.U. 1806. Tutor at Bowd. Coll. ; prof, of cccl. hist., Theol. Inst, of Ct. at East Windsor, 1834-44 ; afterward a resident of N.B. Author of a sermon delivered 24 Aug. 1819, before the York Co. Assoc., Alfred, Me. ; " Farewell Discourse at Saco," 12 Oct. 1828 ; " Discourses," 8vo, Hartford, 1842; " Discourses," N. Brunswick, N. J., 12mo, 1845 ; "Hebrew Theocracy," 12mo, 1848; " Calvary and Sinai," 8vo, 1852; also discourses, &c. — Alii bone. Cogswell, Joseph Green, LL.D. (H.U. 1863), scholar, b. Ipswich, Ms., Sept. 27,1786. H. U. 1806. Proceeding to the East Indies in a merchant-ship, on his return, he studied law with Fisher Ames, and in 1814 was a tutor at Cambridge. In 1816, he went to Europe, studied at Gtittingen and other German uni- versities, and travelled on the Continent. From 1820 to 1823, he was librarian, and prof, of mineralogy and geology, at Cambridge, when, with George Bancroft, he founded the Round Hill School at Northampton, which he carried on for five years. He afterwards had charge of a similar establishment in Raleigh, N.C., but before 1839 settled in N.Y. City, edited the N. Y. Review, and assisted John Jacob Astor in arranging the plans for the great library which he endowed. He several times visited the principal libraries and cities of Europe, collecting books for it. He presented to it his own bibliographical coll., one of the largest and finest in the country. Many years snpt. of the Astor Library. With Mr. Andrew Rit- chie, he purchased in Germany, and presented to H.U., a cabinet of ab. 5,000 minerals, and gave to the Botanic Garden at Cambridge nearly 4,000 choice speoimens of dried ])lants of Central Europe. He has been a contrib. to B'ackwood's Mag., Monthlij A7itholo^}/, and the xV. A. Review. A resident of Cambridge until his death, 26 Nov. 1871. Cogswell, Mason Fitch, M.D., physi- cian, b. Canterbury, Ct., 1761 ; d. Hartford, Dec. 1830. Y.C. 1780. Son of Rev. James. He assisted his bro.. Dr. James, a surgeon in the army; established himself in Hartford in 1789, and took high rank, especially as a sur- geon. He was particularly successful in opera- tions for the cataract, and, in Nov. 1803, was the first in this country to secure the carotid artery by a ligature. He was chiefly instrumental in founding the asylum for the deaf and dumb, and was a friend and supporter of the Retreat for the Insane at Hartford, and Avas 10 years pres. of the State Med. Soc. His son, of the same name, also an eminent physician, b. Hartford, Ct., 10 Nov. 1809; d. Albanv, 21 Jan. 1865. M. D., Coll. of Phys. and Surg. 1832. — Williams Med. Biog. Cogswell, Nathaniel, son of Thomas, b. Haverhill, Ms., Jan. 19, 1773; d. Rapids of Red River, La., Aug. 1813. Dartm. Coll. 1794. He began to practise law at Gilmanton, COGJ- 204 con. 1805; removed to Nevvburyport in 1808, and afterward was a gen. in the Spanish Patriot Army. Cogswell, Thomas, soldier and jurist, b. Haverhill, Ms., Aug. 4, 1746; d. Gilmanton, Sept. 3, 1810. He was a capt. in Gerrish's rcgt. at Bunker's Hill ; maj. of Vose's regt., Feb. 21, 1777; lieut.-col. 15th Ms. regt., Nov. 26, 1779, serving to the close of the war. Set- tling at Gilmanton, he was chief-justice C.C.P. from 1784 till his death. Two of his sons d. in the army, in the War of 1812. M., in 1774, Ruth, dau. of Gen. Joseph Badger of Gil- manton. — Hist. Gilmanton. Cogswell, William, D.D. (Wms. Coll. 1833), clergyman and author, b. Atkinson, N. H., June' 5, 1787; d. Gilmanton, N. H, Apr. 18, 1850. Dartm. Coll. 1811. The son of a physician of Atkinson. From Apr. 26, 1815, to Dec. 15, 1829, he was pastor of the South Church in Dedham ; was in 1829 app. gen. agent of the Amer. Education Society, its sec. and director in 1832 ; prof, of hist, in Dartm. Coll. in 1841, and in 1844 was elected pres. of the Gilmanton Theol. Sem., and prof, of theology. Dr. Cogswell pub., besides dis- courses, "A Manual of Tlieol. and Devotion," "Christian Philanthropist," "Theol. Class- Book," "Letters to Young Men preparing for the Ministry," "Occasional Sermons," " Re- ports of the Amer. Education Society," and " Reports of the Northern Acad, of Arts and Sciences." He edited the N. 11. Repositorif, the N.E. H. and G. Register, for 1847, and the Amer. Quarterly Reijister. Member of many literary societies. — A'umni Dartm. Coll. Coit, Thomas Winthrop, D D.(Co1. Coll. 1834), LL.D. (Trin. Coll. 1853), b. N. London, Ct., June 28, 1803. Y. C. 1821. Pres. Transyl. U. Prof. Trinity Coll. 1849. Has pub. " Theol. Cummonplace Book," 1832-57 ; "Remarks on Norton's Statement of Reasons," 8vo, 1833; "Paragraph" Bible, 1834; " Townsend's Chronol. Bible," 2 vols., 8vo, 1837-8; "Puritanism," 12mo, 1844. Con- trib. to Church Review, Churchman, &c. — Allihone. Coke, Thomas, D.D., LL.D., one of the first bishops of the M.E. Church, b. Brecon, S. Wales, Sept. 9, 1747 ; d. at sea. May 2, 1814. He was educated at Oxford, and at 23 became mayor of his native town, but took orders, and obtained a curacy at Petherton. Making the acquaintance of Wesley in 1776, he joined the Methodists ; became in 1780 supt. of the Lond. dist.,and pres. of the Irish conference in 1782. Ord. by Wesley as bishop of the church in Amer., he arrived in N. Y. in 1 784, and, on Dec. 27, ord. Asbury a bishop, and joint supt. of the church in Amer. They proceeded together to visit the different conferences until June, 1785, when he returned to Em;., and visited Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. The first mission which he established was in the W. Indies, in 1786, which he again visited in 1788-9, 1790, and 1792-3. His 9th and last visit to Amer. was in 1803. After the death of Wesley, he was chosen sec. of the English Conference, and, in conjunction with Mr. Moore and Dr. White- head, pub. in 1792 a Life of Wesley. In a voyage to Amer. in 1797, the vessel he was in was taken by a privateer, and he was most cru- elly treated, being plundered of every thing but his books. He completed his Commentary on the Bible in 1807. In 1803, he established a mission in Gibraltar. From this time until 1808, he was engaged in travelling to various parts in aid of the missionary cause. Through his influence, a mission was established in 1811, at Sierra Leone, and missionaries sent out. De- termining in 1813 to establish a mission at Ceylon, such was his zeal, that, when the con- ference hesitated on account of the expense, he furnished the money from his own private purse. The missionaries embarked Dec. 30 ; and, after having been out 4 months, he was found dead in his cabin. Besides his Commen- tary, he wrote " A History of the W. Indies," " History of the Bible," " Six Letters in De- fenceof the Doctrine of Justification by Faith," "Four Discourses on the Duties of a Minis- ter," "Preacher's Manual," 12mo. He ren- dered valuable assistance to Wesley in procur- ing what was called the deed of declaration, providing for the settlementcof the Methodist Chapels in the connection, and restricted the conference to 100 of the preachers, and their successors, forever. — See Memoir btj Samuel Drew, 1853. Colborne, Sir John, Lord Seaton, a British gen., b. 1779; d. 1863. He entered the army an ensign, in 1794; served in Hol- land, Egypt, and Italy; was in the battle of Maida in 1806; was military sec. to Sir John Moore, and fought at Corunna; served un- der Wellington in Spain and at Waterloo. He received several orders of knighthood for his brilliant services; became lieut.-gov. of Guernsey; maj. -gen. in 1825; lieut.-gen. 1838; gen. 1854,andin 1860 field-marshal. In 1829, he became lieut. gov. of U. Canada. He found a strong reform party, which he firmly repressed. In 1835, he solicited and obtained a recall, but as he wasab. to embark for Europe, was app com.-in-chief of the forces in Canada. He returned to Quebec, and took efficient and prompt measures to check the rebellion then preparing, and, on its breaking-out, took the field in person, in several engagements, and completely routed and discomfited the insur- gents. He was twice temporarily gov.-gen. of JBritish N. Amer., and rendered great services to that country. In 1839, he returned to Eng., where his great services were requited with the barony of Seaton, the post of privy-councillor, and a pension of .£2,000 per annum. He was afterward com. in Ireland. — Morgan. Colburn, Warren, mathematician, b. Dedham, Ms., Mar. 1, 1793; d. Lowell, Sept. 15, 1833. H. U. 1820. The son of poor parents, he worked in factories, but studied mathematics, and acquired the trade of a machinist. He opened a select school in Boston in 1821, and pub. " First Lessons in Intellectual Arithmetic." It had an extraordinaiy sale of more than 2,000,000, and has been translated into most of the languages of Europe, and into several of the languages of Asia. In April, 1823, he was app. supt. of the Boston Manuf. Co. at Waltham, and, Aug. 1824, of the Mer- rimack Co. of Lowell. Many important im- provements in the machinery of our manuf. cor. 205 COL establishments are the fruits of his scientific researches and inj^cnuity. In 1825, he delivered a course of lectures on the natural history of animals, followed, in subsequent years, with lectures on light, the eye, the seasons, electricity, hydraulics, astronomy, &c. His "Sequel" was pub. in 1824; his'" Algebra," 1828. Mem- ber of the Acad, of Arts and Sciences. Colburn, Zerah, mathematical prodigy, b. Cabot, Vt., 1 Sept. 1804; d. Norwich, Vt., 2 Mar. 1839. At 8, he began to show his pre- cocity in computation, and was exhibited by his father in Vt., N.H., and Ms., visiting Boston in Nov. 1810, where the boy excited great interest, as well as at the South, and in Eng., where ho went in May, 1812. The Earl of Bristol placed him at school ; but his father took him out in 1819. He studied, unsuccess- fully, for the stage ; then taught school ; re- turned to the U.S. on the death of his father in 1824 ; was ord. in the Meth. Church in 1825, and labored as an itinerant, until, in 1835, app. prof, of languages and literature in the infant U. at Norwich. He lost his wonderful talent some time before leaving Eng. Ar^ong his mental operations was giving the number of seconds from the commencement of the Christ. Era, tlie square root of 106,929 (given before the number could be written down), and the cube root of 268,336,125, given with equal facility and promptness. Through practice, he increased his powers of computation. His processes did not differ from those in ordinary use, excepting in finding the square root of large numbers, for which he had invented a method. — See Colbuni's Autohiofj., 1833. Colburn, Zbrah, engineer, b. Saratoga, N.Y., 1832 ; d. by his own hand, 4 May, 1870, in a country town in Ms. He was named for his uncle, the celebrated arithmetician. In his boyhood, he worked on a farm. At 15, he entered the Lowell machine-shop, Boston, and afterwards became supt. of the locomotive works of Mr. Souther, and of those at Patter- son, N.J. He connected himself with the Rail- road Journal; pub. the Railroad Advocate in N.Y. in 1854-5 ; and in 1858, with Mr. Holley, visited, and made a valuable report on, the rail- ways of Europe, which was pub. with many illiistrations. For some years, he edited the London Engineer, and, from 1866 until a few weeks before his death, pub. there his scientific journal, Engineerim], He received medals from the Institution of Civil Engineers for his papers on " Iron Bridges," and on " Amer. Locomo- tives and Rolling Stock," and was a first-rate authority on these subjects, and on general mechanical engineering. Overwork and irregu- larity caused him to become partially insane. He came to the U.S. in April, avoided all his old friends, and, straying away, committed suicide. He pub. " The Locomotive Engine," Boston, 1851. Golden, Cadwallader, physician, author, and politician, b. Dunse, Scotland, Feb. 17, 1688; d. at his seat on Long Island, Sept. 28, 1776. U. of Edinburgh, 1705. Son of Rev. Alex. Colden. He devoted himself to medicine and mathematics, in which he made great pro- ficiency. Emigrating to Pa. in 1708, he prac- tised physic a few years, and in 1715 returned to Eng., where he acquired considerable repu- tation by a work on " Animal Secretions." After visiting Scotland, became again to Amer. in 1716; settled a second time" in Pa , but, in 1718, removed to N.Y. at the request of Gov. Hunter. The next year, he was app. the first surveyor-gen. of the Colony, and also master in chancery. In 1720, he obtained a seat in the king's council under Gov. Burnet. Ab. 1755, he took up his residence on a tract of land about 9 miles from Newburgh, on the Hudson, for which he had received a patent, and where he was exposed to the attacks of the Indians. Succeeding to the presidency of the council, he administered the govt, in 1760. In 1761, he was app. licut.-gov. of N.Y., which station he occupied during the remainder of his life ; being repeatedly placed at the head of affiiirs by the absence or death of several govs. During one of these periods, the paper intended for distribution in N. Y., under the Stamp Act, arrived, and was put under his care in Fort George. The populace burned him in effigy, and destroyed his carriage in his sight. After the return of Gov. Tryon in 1775, he retired to a seat on Long Island. Besides some medical treatises, he is the author of a " History of the Five Indian Nations of Canada," 1727, 3d ed., Lond., 1755. Colden took a great interest in the study of botany, and first introduced the Linnaean system in America a few months after its publication in Europe. His description of 300 or 400 Amer. plants was printed in the Acta Upsaliensa. From 1710 to 1776, he corresp actively with the leading scientific men of Europe and Amer. Among his MS. are" Observations on Smith's Hist, of N.Y." He was a man of great learn- ing and superior talents. Golden, Cadwallader David, lawyer, b. Spring Hill, Flushing, Apr. 4, 1769; d. Jersey City, Feb. 7, 1834. Son of David, who excelled in mathematics and nat. philos., and grandson of Cadwallader. His education, begun in the town of Jamaica, L.I., was completed in Lon- don. Returning to the U.S. in 1785, he stud- ied law ; commenced practice in N.Y. in 1791, and in 1793 removed to Poughkeepsie, where he became district atty., and, in a few years, stood at the head of his profession as a com- mercial lawyer. In 1812, he was col. of a regt. of vols. In 1818, he was elected to the as- sembly, and the same year was mavor of N.Y. City. M.C. 1821-3, and in 1824-7 a member of the State senate. He was, in con- nection with De Witt Clinton, among theearliest and most efficient promoters of the system of internal improvements. Upon the completion of the EMe Canal, he pub. a memoir of the subject. He also wrote, in 1817, " The Life of Roi)crt Fulton," of whom he was an early and intimate friend. Public education, and the reformation of juvenile offenders, were also subjects to which he devoted much attention. For many years, he was one of the govs, of the N.Y. Ho.spital. Gole, Joseph Foxcroft, landscape and figure painter of Boston, b. Jay, Me., 9 Nov. 1837. Was a pupil of Lambinet and Charles Jacque, Paris; has painted a large picture owned by the Union Club, " The Ram and COL. 206 COIL. Ewe," "New -England Farm/' and "The Shepherdess." Cole, Samuel ; d. Chelsea, Ms., Dec. 3, 1851. Author of a valuable work on " Fruits and Fruit-Trees," and other agric. works, and editor of the N. E. Farmer. Cole, Thomas, a celebrated painter, b. Bolton-lc-Moor, Lancashire, Eng., Feb. 1, 1801 ; d. Catskill, N.Y., Feb. 11, 1847. His parents, who had lived here previous to his birth, re- turned to Amer. in 1819, and settled in Phila., where Thomas applied himself to wood-en- graving, amusing his leisure-hours with a flute ; having a passionate fondness for music. In Jan. 1820, he went to St. Eustatia to recruit his health ; and, on his return in May, he joined his father in Steubenville, 0., where he began portrait-painting. In Feb. 1822, he left home as an itinerant portrait-painter, but, not meet- ing much success, turned his attention to landscape-painting. He returned in Nov. 1823 to Phila., and met with encouragement. In the spring of 1825, he removed to N.Y., where his family were then established. The scenery of the Hudson called out all his artistic en- thusiasm ; and, during a visit to the Catskills in the autumn, he painted several landscapes, which were exhibited on his return to the city. This was the turning-point in his career. For the next 4 years, commissions flowed in from all quarters. In 1829, he visited Eng., remain- ing about 2 years ; then Paris, and thence to Italy, returning to N.Y. in Oct. 1832. He finally took up his residence at Catskill, N.Y. His two great works are, " The Course of Em- pire " and " The Voyage of Life ; " the former consisting of 5, and the latter, of 4 pictures, — "Childhood," "Youth," "Manhood," and "Old Age." A second visit to Europe in 1841, to ena!)le him still further to perfect himself by studying the great masters, resulted in a sequel to " The Voyage of Life ; " and, after an absence of less than two years, he returned. He painted, among other works, " The Cross in the Wilder- ness," "L' Allegro," and "II Penseroso," " Home in the Woods," " The Hunter's Return," " The Mountain Ford," &c. In 1835, he composed a dramatic poem, " The Spirits of the Wilderness," still unpublished. In early life, he wrote for the Phila. Saturday Evening Post " a tale called " Emma Moreton ; " and some of his sketches of travel have been pub. in the Literary World. A memoir of his life has been pub. by Rev. L. L. Noble, 12 mo, 1855. Coleman, John, D.D., Episc. clergyman, b. Baltimore, 1803. Editor of " Faber's Dif- ficulties of Romanism," with Introd. Essay, Phila., 1840 ; of " The Episc. Manual," by Dr. Wilmer, 1841. Contrib. to various religious journals. Editor of the Banner of the Cross, Phila., with Rev. F. Ogilbv. —Altibone. Coleman, Lyman, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 1847), b. Middlefield, Ms., 14 June, 1796. Y. C. 1817. 3 years principal of the Latin School, Hartford ; tutor at Yale, 1820-5; pastor of a church at Belchertown, Ms., 7 years ; principal of the Burr Sem., Vt., 5 years; principal of the English depart, at Andover; studied and travelled a year in Germany ; prof, of German in N. J. Coll. ; prof, of Latin and Greek in Laf. Coll. Has pub. " Antiquities of the Chris- tian Church," trans, from the German, N. Y., 1 846 ; "The Apostolical and Primitive Church," 12mo; "Hist. Geog. of the Bible," Phila., 1850; "Ancient Christianity," 8vo, Phila., 1852; "Hist. Text-Book and Atlas of Bibli- cal Geog.," 8vo, Phila., 1854, new ed., revised, l^b^.—AlUhone. Coleman, Otho M., inventor, b. Barnsta- ble, Ms., Jan. 23, 1817; d. Saratoga, N.Y., Apr. 5, 1845. Of German and English par- entage. At the age of 16, he lived in New Bed- ford ; was relieved from extreme poverty by the sale of his invention of the automaton lady- minstrel and singing-bird for $800 ; removed to Saratoga in 1842, and invented the -^olian attachment to the piano-forte, for which he re- ceived $100,000 here, and $10,000 in Eng., whence he returned in Jan. 1845. Coleman, William, journalist, b. Boston, Feb. 14, 1766; d. New York, July 13, 1829. He was educated for the bar, and ab. 1794 com. practice in Greenfield, Ms., which he repre- sented twice in the legisl. He served against thr* insurgents in Shays' rebellion. Removing to^e'iw York in 1797, he was for a short time a partner of Aaron Burr in the practice of law; afterwards, until 1800, he was reporter of the Supreme Court of N. if., and was editor of the Eveninfi Post, a leading Federal paper, from 1801 to his d.,and sole editor for 20 years. He was an able, honest, fearless man, and a warm Federalist. — Appleton's Cud. Coles, Edward, statesman, b, Albemarle Co., Va., Dec. 15, 1786; d. Phila., July 7, 1868. Wm. and Mary Coll. 1807. In 1810-16, he was private sec. to Pres. Madison, who sent him to Russia on a diplomatic mission in 1817. Returning in 1818, he soon after removed to Illinois, taking with him his slaves, whom he liberated. He was gov. of 111. from 1823 to 1826; a resident of Phila. subsequent to 1833. He read before the Pa. Hist. Societv, June 9, 1856, "A History of the Ordinance of 1787," pub. 8vo, Phila. Coles, Isaac A., col. U. S. A., b. Albera. Co., Va., Feb. 15, 1780 ; d. Charlottesville, Va., July 21, 1841. Capt. light dragoons, Jan. 16, 1809 ; maj. 12th Inf., Mar. 20, 1812 ; col. Mar. 12, 1813; dish. June, 1815. He was sec. to Pres. Jefferson 4 years ; member of the Va. legisl. Coles, Col. Thomas, b. Eng., Dec. 4, 1752; d. Providence, Oct. 13, 1844. Capt. in C. Greene's (1st) R. I. regt. in April, 1779; became aide-de-camp to Lafayette, and after- wards a naval commander. Collector of the port of Providence many years, and was re- moved by Pres. Jackson. — Walker Family, 159. Colesworthy, Daniel Clement, b. Port- land, Me., July 14, 1810. Descended from an old Boston family, one of whom was a member of the famous " Tea-Party." He became a printer ; pub. and edited the Portland Tribune in 1840-4, and since 1850 has been a book- seller in Boston. He has pub. " Sab.-School Hymns," 1833; "Advice to an Apprentice," 1836 ; " Opening Buds," 1838 ; " Touch at the Times," 1840; "Chronicles of Casco Bay," 1850 ; " Group of Children, and other Poems," 1865, &c. COIj 207 COL Colfax, SciiUYLEK, vice-pres. U.S., b.N.Y. City, Mar. 23, 1823. Grandson of Gen. Wm. of tiie Rcvol ,coni. of WasIiin<^toii's Life Guard, who d. Fompton, N.J., 7 Sept. 1838. A mer- chant's clerk for 3 years ; in 1838 removed, with his widowed mother, to Ind., wiiere he studied law. In 1845, he established the Saint Joseph Vuliei/ Refjister, an able Whig paper, at South Bend, which he continued until 18.'j5. Mem- ber of the State Const. Conv. in 1850, and op- posed the clause prohibiting free colored men from settling in that State; delegate and sec. of the Whig national conventions of 1848 and 1852; M. C. 1855-G9, and speaker of the house in 1863-9 ; became vice-pres. 4 Mar. 1869. While in Congress, he made an eloquent speech on the Kansas question, of which 500,000 were circulated. During the civil war, he was the intimate friend and adviser of Pres. Lincoln. He was the most popular presiding officer of the house since Henry Clay. — See Lives of Colfax, by Moore and Martin ; Grant and Colfax, by C. A. Phelps. Coliioun, Edmund K., capt. U. S. N., b. Pa., May 6, 1821. Midshipm. Apr. 1, 1839; lieut. 1861; com. Nov. 17, 1862; capt. 1869. During the ISIcxican war, he served at the at- tack on Alvarado and at Tabasco, init left the navy, June 27, 1853. Com. steamer " Hunch- back," N. A. B. squad., at Roanoke Island, Feb. 7-8, 1862 ; capture of Newbern, March 14, 1862; engagements on the Blackwater River, Oct. 1862; com. steamer " Ladona," 1863, monitor *' Weehawken," S. A. B. squad., in the diiferent actions with the Charleston forts, July to Sept. 1863 ; com. monitor ** Saiigus," N. A. squad., 1864-5; engaged Howlett's battery on James River, June 21 and Dec. 5, 1864; in both attacks on Fort Fisher; now (1870) commands iron-clad "Dictator," N. A squad. — llamersli/. CoIIamer, Jacob, LL.D. (U. of Vt. 1849; D. C. 1857), jurist and senator, b. Trov, N.Y., 1792; d. Woodstock, Vt., 9 Nov. 1865^ U. of Vt. 1810. His father removed to Burlington, Vt., where Jacob pursued his studies without any other pecuniary means than his own indus- try supplied. He served as a subaltern in 1812, in the war with Eng. ; was adm. to the bar in 1813 ; practised in the Counties of Orange and Windsor,with marked ability and success, until 1833 ; was several years a member of the legisl.; judge of the Sup. Court of Vt. in 1833-42 ; M. C. 1843-9; U. S. postmaster-gen. 1849- 20 July, 1850 ; again judge Sup. Court of Vt., from 8 Nov. 1850, to Oct. 1854; and was U.S. senator from Mar. 1855, to his death. He was a logical reasoner, and a man of remarkable industry. Colles, Christopher, philosopher, b. Ire- land, ab. 1738; d. New York, 1821. Left an orphan at an early age, he was educated by Po- cocke, afterward Bishop of Ossory, upon whose death, in 1765, he left Ireland, and in 1772 lectured in Phila., upon pneumatics. The next year, he delivered in New York a series of lec- tures on inland lock-navigation. In April, 1774, he proposed to build a reservoir for N. Y. City. In 1775, he lectured on gunnery, and was employed as instructor to the artillery dept. of the army, until the arrival of Baron Steuben in 1777. Colles was the first to sug- gest canals and improvements to connect Lake Ontario with the Hudson, and surveyed the Mohawk River as far as Wood Creek. The results of his labors were pub. by Samuel Lou- don in 1785. In 1808, Colles pub. a pamphlet on inland navigable communications. He next made a tour through Pa. and N. Y. ; and in 1789 pub. a book of roads through N.Y. In 1796, he settled in N.Y. City, and manuf. band- boxes and paper-hangings, rat and mouse traps, Prussian blue and other pigments; and, by these and various other useful avocations, he barely maintained himself His chemical skill pro- cured him an app. to test the specific gravity of imported liquors, and he also made proof- glasses. Finally, through his friend John Pintard, he received the app. of supt. of the Acad, of Fine Arts. He was benevolent ; and his long career was highly useful to his adopted country. During the War of 1812, he was the projector and attendant of the telegraph erected on Castle Clinton. He is said to have built, the first steam-engine in Amer. — Appleion's New Amer. Cycl. CoUeton, James, colonial gov. of S. C. from 1686 to 1690. He was a bro. of one of the proprietors ; was app. landgrave, and en- dowed with vast landed possessions. Assum- ing the govt, when disputes were rife concern- ing tenures of land and quit-rents, he procured alterations in the fundamental laws in 1687 ; declared martial law during a rebellion of the people, and was impeached by the assembly, and banished from the province. Collier, Sir George, a British adm. ; d 6 Apr. 1795. Made capt. R.N., 12 July, 1762; commo. in N. Amer., 1779; adm. 1 793. He cap- tured " The Hancock," Capt. Manly, in Apr. 1777; in May, 1779, he destroyed the princi- pal towns in the Chesapeake; ravaged the coasts of Va. and Ct., destroying several armed ves- sels; assisted at the capture of Stony Point, on the Hudson, in June ; July 5, took part in the plundering exped. to N. Haven, and then sailed to the Penobscot, where he captured and destroyed the fleet of Com. Saltonstall. He was knighted for his services in Amer. Col- lier's Journal in "The Rainbow," 1776-9, was pub. by Ithiel Town, N.Y., 1835. Collier, Henry Watkins, jurist, b. Lu- nenburg Co., Va., Jan. 17, 1801 ; d. Bailey's Springs, Ala., Aug. 28, 1855. Educated in Abbeville Dist., S.C. ; went to Ala. in 1818; adm. to the bar in 1821 ; began practice at Huntsville, and, in 1823, removed to Tuscaloo- sa ; judge of the Circuit Court of that dist. 1827-37 ; chief-justice of Ala. in 1837-49; gov. 1849-53. Collins, Charles, D.D. (Dick. Coll., Pa., 1851), b. N. Yarmouth, Me., Apr, 17, 1813. Wesleyan U. 1837. Pres. of the Emory and Henry Coll., Va., 1838-52, and of Dickinson Coll., Pa., from 1852 to 1860, of the State Female Coll., Tenn., 1860-6. Author of " Methodism and Calvinism Compared." Con- trib. to Methodist journals of the U.S. Collins, Isaac, printer and bookseller, b. Del., Feb. 16, 1746 ; d. Burlington, N.J., Mar. 21, 1817. Charles, his father, was an eraig. from Bristol, Eng. Isaac learned the trade of COL 208 COL IJ a printer, and at 21 went to Phila., and in 1770, to Burlington, N.J., having been app. printer to George III. He removed to Tren- ton in 1778, and pub. the first quarto Family Bible in the U.S. In 1796, he removed his family and business to N.Y., but returned to Burlington in 1808. He was some years one of the govs, of the N. Y. Hospital. Several of his sons became prominent booksellers and ublishers in N. Y. — See Memoir of Isaac Col- ins, 1848. Collins, John, gov. of R.I., 1786-9, mem- ber of the Cont. Congress from 1778 to 1783 ; d. Newport, R.I., March, 179.5, a. 78. M. C. 1789. Ho was first assist, in 1776, and in Apr. 1778, a commissioner to settle the accounts of R.I. with Congress. Collins, John, gov. of Del., 1820, to his d., Apr. 15, 1822, at Wilmington. Collins, Napoleon, commo. U. S. N., b. Pa., May 4, 1814. Midshipman, Jan. 2, 1834; lieut. Nov. 6, 1846; com. July 16, 1862 ; capt. July 25, 1866; commo., Jan. 1871. Attached to sloop " Decatur," and present at Tuspan and Tabasco, Mexican war ; comg. steamer "Ana- costia," Potomac flotilla, in engagements at Acquia Creek, May 31 and June 1, 1861; comg. gunboat " Unadilla " at battle of Port Royal, Nov. 7, 1861, and in various expeds. on the coasts of S.C, Ga., and Fla., 1861-2 ; comg. steamer "Octarora," VV.I. squad , 1863 ; steamer " Wachusett," special service, 1863-4. Oct. 7, 1864, he seized the rebel steamer " Flor- ida," in the harbor of Bahia, Brazil. — Ham- ersly. Collins, Thomas, gov. Del., 1786-9, b. 1732; d. near Duck Creek, Kent Co., Del., 29 Mar. 1789. High sheriff of Kent Co. ; 4 years a member of the council ; brig.-gen. of militia, 1776-83; member of the assembly, and chief- justice of C.C.P. Collins, Zaccheus, philanthropist, b. Phila., Aug. 26, 1764; d. there June 12, 1831. Member of the Society of Friends ; an ardent promoter of the advancement of the natural sciences, and was an officer or member of many philosophical, humane, and religious societies. CoUot, A. G., b. France, 1796; settled in the U.S. Pub. " Complete Study of French," 6 vols ; " French and English Dictionary," 8vo, Phila., 1853. — Allibone. Collot, Gen. Victor, pub. a map of De- troit in 1796, also "Voyage dans le Nord de I'Am&ique en 1796," an English trans, of which was pub. in 1826. CoUyer^ Rev. Robert, pastor of Unity Church, Chicago, since Feb. 1859 ; b. Keighly, Yorkshire, Eng., 8 Dec. 1823. His youth was passed in a factory and at the forge; but all his leisure was devoted to study. In 1847, he joined the Methodists, emigrated to the U.S. in May, 1850, and was a blacksmith and preacher at Shoemakerstown, Pa. ; but in Jan., having embraced Unitarian views, he was brought up for heresy, and the conference refused to renew his license to preach. He is a simple, earnest, and eloquent preacher, a worker in all needed reforms, and a successful lecturer. Author of a Life of A. H. Conant, 1868. Colman, Benjamin, D.D. (U. of Glasg. 1731), clergyman, b. Boston, 19 Oct. 1673 ; d. there 29 Aug. 1747. H. U. 1692. Son of Wra., who came from Lotid. ab. 1671. He began to preach in Medford in 1693, embarked for Eng. in July, 1695, but was captured by a privateer, and kept some time pris. in France ; then visited and preached in Eng., gaining the friendship of Bates, Calamy, Howe, and other em. divines, and, returning to Boston in 1699, became pastor of the Brattle-st. Church, where he preached on the last Sunday of his life. This church was formed in opp. to the Cam- bridge platform ; and the other I3oston church- es long refused to hold communion with it. Chosen pres. of H.U, in 1724, but declined. A benefactor of Harv.and Yale Colleges ; was employed by the Gen. Court in important affairs; and was much esteemed as a pulpit orator. A coll. of his sermons was pub. in 3 vols., 1707-22. Author, also, of some poems, and a tract in favor of inoculation for the small-pox, 1721. His " Life" was pub. in 1749, by Rev. E. Turell, who m. his dan —N.E. H. and G. Reg. iii. 110. Colman, Henry, agric. writer and clergy- man, b. Boston, Sept. 12, 1785; d. Islington, Eng., Aug. 14, 1849. Dartm. Coll. 1805. From 1807 to 1820, he was a Cong, minister at Hingham, Ms., where he also taught school ; was a teacher in Boston in 1820-5, and, from Feb. 1825 to Dec. 1831, had charge of a Uni- tarian church in Salem, when he left, in ill health. Engaging in agriculture at Deerfield, Ms., he was employed by the State, from 1836 to 1842, to investigate its agric. condition and resources. In 1842, he visited Europe, in the employ of the Ms. Agric. Soc, for a similar purpose, and pub. in 2 vols., 8vo, " European Agric. and Rural Economy," and " Agric. and Rural Economy of France, Belgium, Holland, and Switzerland," 8vo, 1848, the result of 6 years' oI)servation. He also pub. " Report on Silk Culture," 1840, and "Reports on the Agric. of Ms.," 1838-9; "Letters on European Life and Manners," 2 vols., 1849, and 2 vols, of ser- mons. Visiting Eng. again for his health in 1849, he d. soon after his arrival. Colman, Samuel, landscape-painter, b. Portland, Me., 1832. Son of Samuel, book- seller and publisher of N.Y., and also dealer in engravings and pictures ; has painted, among other fine pictures, " Rock of Gibraltar," " Lake George " " Street Scene in Seville," " Conway Valley," " Harbor of Seville," and " Barges on the Hudson," " Hill of the Alhambra," and " Tower of the Giralda." His first picture was exhib. at the Acad, in 1850. He went abroad in 1860, studied and sketched in Anda- lusia and in Paris, and was made a member of the Acad, of Design in 1862. He is one of the most poetical of Amer. painters. Colquitt, Walter T., Democ. politician, b. Halifax Co., Va., Dec. 27, 1799; d. Macon, Ga., May 7, 1855. Adm. to the bar in 1820; brig.-gen. of militia at the age of 21 ; in Dec. 1826, app. a dist. judge; re-app. in 1829; a member of the State senate in 1834 and 1837 ; M.C. 1839-43; U.S. senator, 1843-9. He sup- ported the Polk administration in the contro- versy relative to Oregon, and, throughout the Mexican war, was prominent in oppo. to the Wilmot Proviso, and was one of the most COL 209 cox. earnest speakers in the Nashville convention in 1850, in defence of the " rights " of the South. He had also been a Methodist preacher, and, even during the turmoil of a most exciting po- litical career, was in the habit of officiating at the Methodist churches. He took an active part in public affairs, and was a ready speaker. — Bench and Bar of Ga. Colt, Samuel, inventor, b. Hartford Ct., July 19, 1814; d. there Jan. 10, 1862. In July, 1829, he ran away from home, and shipped, as a boy before-the-mast, on an East-India voyage. After his return, under the assumed name of Dr. Coult, he lectured on chemistry in the U.S. and Canada. The proceeds of these earnings were devoted to the prosecution of his invention of the revolver, the first model of which, in 1829, was of wood. In 1835, when only 21, he took out his first patent for revolv- ing fire-arms, securing patents in Eng. and France ; and a company was formed at Patter- son, N.J., which suspended in 1842. In 1837, during the Florida war, Colt's revolvers were first successfully used. During the Mexican war, a demand sprung up; and Mr. Colt com- menced their manuf at Hartford. The extraor- dinary emigration to Cal., and afterward to Australia, greatly increased the demand ; and he erected an armory of Portland stone, with a capacity for the manuf. of 1,000 per day. A part of the establishment is devoted to the manuf. of machinery for making these fire- arms elsewhere, which has already supplied a large portion of the machinery for the armory at Enfield, Eng., and the whole of that for the Russian Govt, armory at Tula. Various im- jjrovements were patented after the Mexican war; and it was adopted by the U.S. Govt, as a regular weapon for the army. The Cri- mean and Indian campaigns suggested still further improvements in its construction, also secured by patent, rendering the arm compar- atively perfect, and of superior efficiency. From almost all the govts, of Europe, he received orders of merit, medals, diplomas, and other tokens of their appreciation of his great inven- tion. Mr. Colt also invented a submarine battery of great power and efficacy, and was one of the inventors of the submarine teleg. cable ; having laid, and operated with perfect success, in 1843, such a cable from Coney Island and Fire Island to the city -of N.Y., and from the Merchants' Exchange to the mouth of the harbor. He acquired an immense fortune. Colton, Calvin, LL.D. (Hob. Coll. 1852), clergyman and author, b. Longmeadow, Ms., 1789'; d. Savannah, Ga., March 13, 1857. Y.C. 1812. Settled over the Presb. church at Batavia, N.Y., 1815 ; he subsequently entered the ministry of the Pr.-Ep. church, but relin- quished preaching in 1826 from failure of his voice. After a long tour through the U.S., he went to Eng. in 1831, as corresp. of the N.Y. Observer. In 1848, he wrote on political economy, of which science he was clioson prof, in Trin. Coll., Hartford, in 1852. From 1842 to 1844, he edited the True Wh'uj in Washing- ton. He pub. in Eng. " A Manual for Emi- grants to Amer.," and the " History and Char- acter of Amer. lievivals of Keligion," 1832; " The Americans, by an Amer. in London," 14 1833; "Amer. Cottager," "A Tour of the Lakes," 1833 ; "Church and State in Amer.," "Protestant Jesuitism," 1836; "Abolition a Sedition," and " Abolition and Colonization Contrasted," 1838 ; " A Voice from. Amer. to Eng.," 1839; "The Crisis of the Country," "Amer. Jacobinism," and "One Presidential Term," 1840; "Junius," a series of tracts, 1843-4; "Life and Time of Henry Clay," 1846; "Four Years in Great Britain," 1835; " Thoughts on the Religious State of the Country," " The Genius and Mission of the Ep. Church in the U.S." 1 853 ; " The Rights of La- bor," 1844 ; " " Public Economy of the U.S.," 8vo, 1848; "Private Corresp. uf Henry Clay," 8vo, 1855 ; " Last Seven Years of the Life of Henry Clay," 8vo, 1856; "Speeches of Henry Clay," 2 vols., 8vo, 1857. Colton, George Hooker, author, b. Westford, N.Y., Oct. 27, 1818; d. NY. City, Dec. 1, 1847. Y.C. 1840. Son of Calvin. He immediately after grad. engaged as a teacher in Hartford, where he wrote the poem of " Te- cumseh ; or. The West 30 Years Since," pub. 1842. He delivered a course of lectures on the Amer. Indians in 1842-3, and a poem before the Phi Beta Kappa Society, Y. C, 1844, and in 1845 started the American Whij Revieio in N.Y., which he conducted till his death. — Duyc- kinch. Colton, Walter, author, bro. of Calvin, b. Rutland, Vt., May 9, 1797; d. Phila., Jan. 22,1851. Y.C. 1822. After teaching school, and studying theology at Andover, he became, in 1825, prof, of moral philos. and belles-let- tres at Middlctown Acad., Ct. In 1828, he was editing a AVhig paper in Washington, but, becoming a favorite with Pres. Jacks(,n, was app. chaplain in the navy. In 1831, he sailed to the W. Indies in " The Vincennes ; " in 1 832-5 in " The Constellation," to the Mediter- ranean, and in 1838 was assigned to Phila., where, in 1841-2, he was principal editor of the North American, and pub. a pamphlet, entitled " The Bible in the Public Schools." July 28, 1846, he was made by Com. Stockton alcalde of Monterey, Cal., also officiating there as judge of admiralty during the Mexican war, and established the first newspaper in Cal. He returned to Phila. in 1849. Among his works are "Ship and. Shore," 1835; "Con- stantinople and Athens," 1836 ; " Deck and Port," 1850; "Three Years in California," 1850 ; " Land and Sea," 1851 ; " The Sea and the Sailoi-," " Notes on France and Italy," and other literary remains, with a memoir by Rev. H. T. Cheever, 12mo, 1851. Columbus, Bartholomew, a younger bro. to Christopher, b. Genoa, ab. 1436; d. 1514. He displayed great ingenuity in drawing spheres and sea-charts at Lisbon in 1470. Ab. 1486, he visited the Cape of Good Hope, prob- ably with Barthelemi Diaz. Queen Isabella sent him, in com. of 3 store-ships, to the new colony of Hispaniola, where Christopher re- ceived him with joy, and app. him adelantado, or lieut.-gov. of the Indies. In this position, he showed great bravery and decision. The Spanish monarchs confirmed his title, and gave him the lordship of the small Island of Mona, near St. Domingo, with 200 Indians as his cor. 210 COL Eersonal body-guard. Bartholomew shared the onors and dangers of his brother's discoveries; became very wealthy, and was the founder of the town of St. Domingo. Columbus, Christopher, discoverer of America, b. at Cogerio, 20 miles west of Genoa, ab. 1435; d. Valladolid, Spain, May 20, 1506. He was the eldest son of Domenico Colombo, a cloth-weaver ; though his ancestors followed the sea. Sent at the age of 10 to the U. of Pavia, he studied cosmography, history, phi- losophy, and other sciences having a bearing on navigation. Entering the Genoese marine in 1449-50, he continued in it 20 years. In an action with the Venetians, his vessel took fire, and he saved himself by swimming ashore, whence he went to Lisbon, where lie staid until 1484, supporting himself by drawing charts in conjunction with his brother, and making occa- sional voyages to Madeira, tlie Canaries, Azores, and the Portuguese settlements in Af- rica. While at Lisbon, he m. Felipa, dau. of Bartolomeo di Palestrello, a disting. Italian navigator. In 1477, he made a voyage to the N. VV., 100 leagues beyond Ireland, into lat. 73°. Columbus had by this time matured his views ; namely, that the earth was spherical, that Asia extended to the parallel now known as 180° E. from Greenwicli, that a navi- gable ocean only intervened, and that not more than 5" of the earth's circumference separated Europe and Asia. He applied for aid in find- ing this western route to India, first to the re- public of Genoa, and, subsequently, to either Alfonso v., or John II. of Portugal. The lat- ter referred it to his council, who reported against it. Hopeless of success in Portugal, he set out, in 1484, with his son Diego, for Spain. Stopping at a convent near Palos to beg some bread for liis boy, he acquired the friendship of the superior, Juan Perez de Marchena, with whom he remained till the spring of 1486. While awaiting the result of his application to Ferdinand and Isabella, Columbus served in the war against the Moors of Granada. Re- ceiving an unfavorable reply in 1491, he next applied to Charles VIII. of France. Finally, with the aid of the Spanish sovereigns, 3 small ships were fitted out at Palos, and sailed, Aug. 3, 1492. At 2 o'clock, a.m., of Friday, Oct. 1 2, 1492, after having been 71 days at sea, "The Pinta " fired a gun, the signal for land. This land he took possession of in the name of the crown of Castile, and named the Island San Salvador. He also discovered others of the W.I. Islands, and built on the Bay of Caracola a fort with the timbers of " The Santa Maria,'' and, leaving in it 39 men, sailed, Jan. 4, 1493, for Spain; taking with him several of the natives. He was well received by the king and queen, confirmed in all the dignities previously be- stowed, and given the command of 17 ships and 1,500 men to prosecute the discovery. With this fleet, he sailed from Cadiz, Sept. 25, 1493 ; discovered the Windward Islands, Ja- maica, and Porto Rico, and founded a colony in Ilispaniola, of which he left his brother Bar- tholomew lieut.-gov., and reached Cadiz June 11, 1496. He succeeded in clearing himself of the charges and clamor raised against him h) the adventurers who had accomp. him in the expedition of finding gold, and May 30, ; 1498, sailed on his 3d voyage with 6 ships. He discovered the mouth of the Orinoco, then re- visited Hispaniola to recruit his enfeebled health, and again became the victim of malice | and misrepresentation. A commissioner sent ; from Spain to inquire into the trouble put Co- i lumbus and his bro. in chains, and sent them to I Spain. The officers of the ship offering to ! liberate him from his fetters, he replied proudly, I "I will wear them as a memento of the grati- \ tude of princes." The indignation expressed j throughout Spain at this outrage caused the i king to disclaim having authorized it ; but the \ nobles were jealous of his superior rank, and \ the king dissatisfied with the small profits of ^ the enterprise. The only subsequent employ- ' ment Columbus received was the command of 4 caravels, with 150 men, to search for a passage : through the sea, now the Gulf of Mexico. He left i Cadiz, May 9, 1 502 ; coasted the south side of the Gulf of Mexico, and, after much suffering from \ hardship and famine, reached San Lucar, Nov. i 7, 1504, where he lay sick some months, and, ; upon recovery, had his claims for redress finally ; rejected by the king. At the age of 70, infirm | in body, but in full possession of his mental i faculties, having, in his own words, " Noplace to repair to, except an inn, and often with ; nothing to pay for his sustenance," the dis- , coverer of the New World died. The tomb over ! his remains bears this inscription, " To Castile and Leon, a new world gave Colon." His re- mains, taken in 1536 to St. Domingo, were, i in 1796, conveyed with great pomp to the | Cathedral of Havana, where they now repose. | His son Diego sued the king in the high • council of the Indies, and, recovering the ] viceroyalty of Ilispaniola, m. Maria, niece of i the Duke of Alva. Their eldest son, Luis, \ became Duke of Veragua, Marquis of Ja- j maica. — See Life and Voijar/es, bi/ Irving. \ Colver, Khv. Nathaniel, D.D., Baptist clergyman, b. Orwell, Vt., May, 1794 ; d. Chi- i cago, Sept. 25, 1870. He had a limited edu- cation, was a vol. in the War of 1812, and ' was by trade a tanner. He began his ministry \ at Union Village, N.Y., in 1836, and was set- ' tied successively in Boston (1843), Detroit, i Cincinnati, and Chicago (1860). He was emi- j nent as an antimason and an abolitionist, was \ an able preacher, and had great power with ' the masses. After the war, he founded, and i put in successful operation at Richmond, the " Colver Institute," for educating young men ; of color for the ministry. Author of three ' lectures on Odd Fellowship, 1844. j Colvilie, Alexander, lord, made an i adm. in 1762, and com. in N. Amer. ; retook Newfoundland; d. 1779. Colvocoresses, George M., capt. | U.S.N., I). Greece. App. from Vt. midshipra. j Feb. 2 1 , 1 832 ; com . July 1 , 1 86 1 ; capt. and re- ' tired, 1867. Attached to Wilkes's expl. exped. 1838-42 ; as 1st lieut., participated in capture I of the barrier forts, Canton, China ; com. store- j ship "Supply," 1861-3, and captured "The " Stephen Hart," loaded with arms and am- \ munition for the rebels ; com. " Saratoga," S.A.B. squad., 1864, and received thanks of i the adm. and of the navy dept. for merit, ser- ' COL 211 coisr vices ; com. sloop " St. Mary's," Pacific squad., 1865-6. — Hamershf. Colwell, Stephen, author, b. Brooke Co., Va., Mar. 2.5, 1800. JefF. Coll., Pa., 1819. Adm. to the bar in Va , 1821 ; practised some time in Pittsburji;, hut has been many years an iron-merchant in Phila. Author of *• New Themes (or the Protestant Clergy," &c., 1851 ; "Politics for Amer. Christians," 1852 ; " Religious Instruction in Public Schools," &c., 1854 ; " The Ways and Means of Commercial Payment," &c., 1858 ; and a number of pam- phlets on politics, banking, and polit. economy. Died Phila. 15 Jan. \%1 \ .—Mibone. Combe, George, a Scottish phrenologist, b. near Edinburgh, Oct. 21, 1788; d. Moor Park, Surrey, Eng., Aug. 14, 1858. He was bred to the legal profession, bat in 1816, with his bro. Andrew, devoted himself to the propa- gation of the science of phrenology as writer and lecturer. In 1838-40, accomp, by his wife, he visited the U.S., and delivered 158 lectures in various parts of the country. He pub. many works on phrenology and educa- tion, and also " Notes on the U.S. of Ameri- ca," 3 vols., 1841. Combs, Leslie, lawyer and politician, b. Ky., 1794. His father, a Virginian, was a Revol. oificer, and a hunter of Ky. Leslie, the youngest of 12 children, joined the army in 1812 ; was disting. for energy and bravery ; com. a company of scouts ; was wounded near Fort Meigs, and narrowly escaped death. He afterward practised law, took part in politics as a personal friend and supporter of Henry Clay, and was a fluent, eloquent, and effective speaker. In 1836, he raised a rcgt. for the south-western frontier at the time of the revol. in Texas. A gen. of militia, and resides in Lexington, Ky. Comegys, Cornelius G., M.D., b. Del. Prof, of Institutes of Medicine in Miatui Coll., 0. Author of " A History of Medi- cine," 8vo, Cincin., 1856. Comer, Thom.\s, actor and musician, b. Bath, Kng., Dec. 19, 1790; d. Boston, July 27, 1862. He played at Covent Garden and Drury Lane; came to this country in 1827, and was successively musical director at the Tremont Theatre, Museum, and Boston Thea- tre. He excelled in eccentric parts and in Irish personations, and was skilled in musi- cal composition. Comly, John, a Friend, author of some popular school text-books, b. Pa. ; d. Ryberrv, Pa., Aug. 17, 1850, a. 76. — See Journal of the Life and Religions Labors of John Comly of Ry- berry, pub. by his children, hvo, Phila., 1853. Comonibrt, Ygnacio, pres. of Mexico, 1855-8, b. Pucbla, March 12, 1812; murdered Nov. 13, 1863. He entered the Jesuit Coll. in 1826, became a capt. of cav. in 1832, and es- poused the liberal cause. In 1 834, he was made prefect and military gov. of the dist. of Tlapa ; in 1842, he was elected to Congress, and re- elected in 1846. In the revol. of Aug. 1846, Comonfort took a conspicuous part. App. 3d alcalde of the capital, and afterward prefect of Western Mexico, he relinquished these posi- tions to engage in the war with the U.S., at tho close of which he was summoned to the Congress of Queretaro. He was then chosen senator of Puebla, and served until 1851. In 1852-3, he represented in Congress the newly- created State of Guerrero, and acted as custom- house director of Acapulco and other places, until Santa Ana's return, when he was dismiss- ed from office. He now joined Alvarez, raised the standard of revol., proclaimed the plan of Ayutla, March 11, 1854, visited N.Y., and raised funds there to carry on the war, finally compelling Santa Ana, in 1855, to abdicate. Alvarez resigned the supreme power to Comon- fort, Dec. 11, 1855. He soon met with strenuous opposition from the clergy, the army, and the large body of the conservative party. An in- surrection broke out at the capital, resulting, after a [)loody struggle, in the elevation of Juarez; and Comonfort, in Feb. 1858, came to the U.S. He soon went to France, but, on the first movement of the French for the invasion of Mexico, returned thither, and offered his services to Juarez, who made him com. in chief. He was murdered by banditti while oa his way to San Luis Potosi. ComstOCk, Adam, a Revol. officer; d. Saratoga Co., N.Y., Apr. 10, 1819, a. 79. Formed by nature for a soldier, he early en- gaged in the Revol. conflict, and was lieut.-col. of Lippits's R.I. Regt. Enjoying the confi- dence of Washington, he was soon ])romoted to a colonelcy ; was the " officer of the day " at the victory of Red Bank, and alternately com. with Col. Saml. Smith in the gallant af- fair of Mud Fort. After the war, he settled in Saratoga, N.Y. ; filled various judicial offices, serving near 20 years in the legisl. and the council. Comstoek, Andrew, M.D,, prof, of elo- cution, and lecturer on oratory, b. N.Y., 1795. Author of a "New System of Phonetics," " Phonetic Speaker," "Testament," "Reader," " Historia Sacra," and " Homer's Iliad," " El- ocution," 16th ed., 1854. Comstoek, John Lee, physician and au- thor, b. East Lyme, Ct., 1789; d. Hartford, Ct., Nov. 21, 1858. He was self-educated ; was a surgeon in thearmyduriug the War of 1812-15, and afterwards resided in Hartford. Pie pre- pared for the use of schools, text-books on chem- istry, natural history, botany, physical geogra- phy, physiology, and mineralogy ; a " History of Gold' and Silver;" " History of the Greek Revolution," 1829; and " Cabinet of Curiosi- ties," His " Natural Philosophy " became a standard book ; and its sale, which was not con- fined to this country, reached nearly a million copies. He possessed great mechanical skill, constructed most of his apparatus himself, and, being a skilful draughtsman, made the drawings for most of the illustrations of his works. Couant, Hannah O'Brien Chaplin, dau. of Rev. Jeremiah Chaplin, b. Danvers, Ms., 1812; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., Feb. 18, 1865; m. Dr. T. J. Conant in 1832. In 1838, she began editing the Mother's Monthly Journal, and was a constant contrib. to the periodical press. By her knowledge of Oriental languages, she ren- dered great service to her husband in the prep- aration of the new version of the Scriptures. Author of a number of works, original and coisr 212 CON translated, among them, " Lea ; or, The Bap- tism in Jordan," by Strauss, 1844 ; translations of Neander's Commentaries on the P^pistles of John and James, and the Epistle of Paul to the Philippians, 1850-52; the "Earnest Man," a biog. sketch of Dr. Judson, 1855 ; a " Popular History of English Bible Translation," 1856; and the "New-England Theocracy," 1857, a translation from the German; "The History of the English Bible," 1859. Conant, Roger, an early settler in Ms., b. Budleigh, Devonshire, Eng., April, 1593; d. Beverly, Ms., Nov. 19, 1679. He came to Plymouth in 1623; removed to Nantasket in 1625, and thence, in the autumn, to Cape Ann, charged by the adventurers in Eng. with the care of that settlement. He founded Salem, where, in 1626, he built the first house. He was a representative at the first court in 1634 ; in 1637, he was a justice of the Quarterly Court in what was afterward known as Essex Co. He organized the first Puritan church at Cape Ann. In 1640, his son Roger, "being the first-born child in Salem," received from the town a grant of 40 acres of land. — See Notice of Conant, hij ./. B. Felt, in Geneal. Reg., ii., 233, 329. Conant, Thomas J.,D.D., Orientalist and biblical scholar, b. Brandon, Vt., Dec. 13, 1802. Midd. Coll. 1823. After a brief tutor- ship at Col. Coll., D.C., he was made prof, of languages in Wat. Coll., Me., which he resigned in i833. In 1835, he was made prof of bibli- cal literature and criticism in the theol. sem. at Hamilton, N. Y., and in 1850, he assumed a similar office in Rochester Sem., which he re- signed ab. 1859. While prof, at Hamilton, he visited Europe, spending 2 years at Halle and Berlin. He has been long engaged in the prep- aration of an improved popular version of the Scriptures. His first elaborate production, writ- ten while at Middlebury, was an essay on the laws of translation. In 1839, he translated " Gesenius's Hebrew Grammar." He pub. a version of the " Book of Job" in 1857. Concanen, Luke, O. p., fir.^t R. C. bishop of N. Y. ; consec. Apr. 24, 1808; d. 1810. Concha, Jose, Marquis de la Habana, capt.-gen. of Cuba, b. Buenos Ay res, 1800. Took ])art in the struggle in S A., and against Don Carlos; was app. licut.-gen. in 1839, and was capt.-gen. of the Basque provinces from 1843 to 1846. Placed at the head of the Span- ish cavalry, he was capt.-gen. of Cuba from 1849 to 1852, when he was removed, after the attempt of Lopez, and replaced by Canedo. Joining his bro. in opposing the govt., he was banished from Spain in June, 1854. After the rcvol. of July, 1854, he was re-app. capt.-gen. of Cul)a, and, with the exception of a short pe- riod in 1856, held the office until Dec. 1858. Minister of war, 1863; pres. Spanish senate, 1864 ; app. nominal prime-minister by the queen just after the revol. broke out in Spain in Sept. 1868. Condamine, Charles Marie de la, a French mathematician and geographer, b. Paris, Jan. 28, 1701 ; d. there Feb. 4, 1774. Educated at the U. of Paris, he abandoned the military career, in which he was disting., and, joining an exploring cxped., visited Troas, Cy- prus, Jerusalem, and Constantinople. In 1735, the Acad, of Sciences sent him to Peru to measure an arc of the meridian. He returned to France in 1743, and prepared accounts of the voyage, travels, and labors of the commission. His " Voyage up the Amazon," and " Travels in S. America," appeared in 1745, and " The Figure of the Earth," in 1749. In 1748, he was made a fellow of the Roy. Soc. of Lond , and in 1760 a member of the Acad, of Sciences in Paris. Condict, John, senator, b. 1755; d. Or- ange, N.J., May 4, 1834. He was a soldier and surgeon in the Revol. army ; was several years a member of the N.J. legisl.; M. C. from 1799 to 1803 and 1819-20; and U, S. senator from 1803 to \^\1. — Lanman. Condict, Lewis, M.D. (U. of Pa. 1794), politician, b. Morristown, N.J., Mar. 1773 ; d. there May 26, 1862. He was high-sheriff of Morris Co. before 1800 ; member of the State legisl. from 1805 to 1810, officiating as speaker two terms; one of the commissioners for set- tling the boundary between N. Y. and N. J. ; and M. C. in 1811-17 and 1821-33. Condict, Silas, member of the State le- gisl., M. C. 1831-3, member of the State Const. Conv. of 1844, many years pres. of the Newark Banking Co. b. N. J., 1777 ; d. Newark, N.J., Nov. 29, 1861. N.J. Coll. 1795. Silas, his father, was a delegate to the Old Congress in 1781-4. Condie, D. Francis, M.D. (U. of Pa. 1818), b. Phila., May 12, 1796. Has pub. "An Abridgment of Thomas's Practice," 1817 ; " Course of Examination for Med. Students," 1824 ; " Catechism of Health," 1831 ; " Trea- tise on Epidemic Cholera," in conjunction with Dr. John Bell, 1832 ; "Diseases of Chil- dren," 4th ed., 8vo, 1854. Editor of Church- ill's " Diseases of Women." Contrib. to " Cyclopaedia of Practical Medicine," Phila., 1834, ajid to numerous medical journals. — Allibone. Condorcanqui, Joseph Gabriel, an American Spaniard, who, having been ill-treat- ed by a magistrate of Lima, attempted the re- dress of his own grievances, and the oppres- sions of the Indians, by exciting an insurrec- tion in 1780. He was an artful and intrepid man, and, to conciliate the Indians, assumed the name of the luca Tupac-Amaru, professing a design to restore the ancient dynasty of Peru, — a project which had been entertained by Raleigh. His plan was at first successful ; and, attera contest of 3 years, he was hailed inca of Peru. Having become obnoxious to the Spanish settlers, troops were sent against him ; and, the effiarts of the Indians proving too fee- ble and desultory, he was deserted by his fol- lowers, taken, and cruelly put to death. — Humboldt. Cone, Spencer Houghton, D.D. (B.U. 1842), a Baptist clergyman, i). Princeton, N.J., Apr. 30, 1785; d. N.Y., Aug. 28, 1855. At the age of 14, he was obliged to leave N. J. Coll., and assist, by teaching, in the support of his widowed mother and family. Becoming an actor, he played 7 years with great success, principally in Phila. Abandoning the stage in Dec. 1812, he connected himself with the CON- 213 CON- Baltimore American, and afterwards with the Baltimore Whig. He was present, in com. of a company of vols, from Baltimore, at Bladens- burg and Fort McHenry, and afterwards be- came a clerk in the treasury dept. at Washing- ton. Ord. a Baptist minister in 1815, he be- came, a few weeks afterwards, chaplain to Congress; was pastor of the Baptist Church in Alexandria, D. C, from 1816 until May 1823 ; of the Oliver-st. Church, N.Y. City, for 18 years ; and of the First Baptist Church, from 1841 until his death. In 1836-49, Dr. Cone was pres. of the Bible Society. He was one of the most popular pulpit orators in the U.S. He was a leading member of the Baptist gen- eral Convention of the U.S. till he became its pres. in 1832 ; was foremost in directing the measures of the Societies of Home and Foreign Missions ; and was one of the authors of a tract in 1850, calling for a new translation of the Bible more definitely in accordance with Bap- tist views. — See Memoir, by his Sons, N. Y^.,1 856. Conkling, Alfred, jurist, b. E. Hamp- ton, N.Y., Oct. 12, 1789. Un. Coll. 1810. Adm. to the bar in 1812 ; dist.-atty. for Mont- gomery Co., two or three years ; M.C. 1821-3 ; settled in Albany ; app. U.S. dist. judge of the northern dist. of N.Y. ; minister to Mexi- co in 1852, and, on his return, settled at Gene- see, N.Y. Author of " Conkling's Treatise," " Conkling's Admiralty," 1857; "The Pow- ers of the Executive Departments of the U.S.," 1867; " Young Citizen's Manual." Two of his sons are members of Congress. Conkling, Roscoe, lawyer and senator, son of Alfred, b. Albany, 1828. Received a good education, and adopted the profession of law ; settled in Utica in 1846, of which place he was mayor in 1858 ; app. dist.-attv. of Oneida Co. in 1849; M. C 1859-63; U. S. senator, since 1867. Disting. as a debater. Conner, David, commo. U.S.N., b. Har- risburg, Pa., 1792; d. Phila, Mar. 20, 1856. Reentered a counting-house in Phila. in 1806, and, in a voyage to the W. Indies, developed an inclination for the sea. Midshipman, Jan. 16, 1809, and, as acting lieut., took part in the action between " The Hornet " and " Peacock," Feb. 24, 1813. Charged with the duty of re- moving the prisoners, Lieut. Conner was among the last to leave the sinking vessel. July 24, 1813, he became a lieut., and remained in " The Hornet" under Capt. Biddle. In the action with " The Penguin," Mar. 23, 1815, he was dangerously wounded, and, for his gallantry, was presented with a medal by Congress ; and the legisl. of Pa. unanimously voted him a sword. Mar. 3, 1 825, he was promoted to the rank of com., and Mar. 3, 1835, to that of capt. Com. the squadron on the W. India station, just before the commencement of hostilities with Mexico, he was much commended by govt, for the manner in which he performed his duties. He established an efficient blockade of the Mex- ican ports on the gulf. Nov. 14, 1846, the port of Tampico was captured. Mar. 9, 1847, he di- rected the landing of the army of Gen. Scott, at Vera Cruz, but was soon after compelled, by the failure of his health, to return home. Conner, Samuel Shepard, b. N.H. ; d. Covington, Ky., 17 Dec. 1820. Y. C. 1806. App. maj. 21st Inf., Mar. 12, 1812; aide-de- camp to Gen. Dearborn, 1813; lieut.-col. 13th Inf., Mar. 1813 to July 1814; M. C. from Ms., 1815-17; surveyor-gen. in O., 1819. — Gardner. ConoUy, John, physician and adventurer, b. Lancaster Co., Pa. He resided at Pittsburg, and was a business corresp. of Washington's, who pronounced him, " A very sensible, intelli- gent man." He was seized and imprisoned, while at the head of an armed party, in 1774, by the authorities of Pa., with whom he had a bitter controversy respecting land at the Falls of the Ohio, granted him by Lord Dun- more. In 1775, he was authorized by Dun- more to raise and com. a regt. of loyalists and Indians, to be called the " Loyal Foresters." While on his way to execute this design, he was taken, and held prisoner till near the end of the war. Ab. 1788, he and other disaffect- ed persons held conferences at Detroit, with prominent citizens of the West, as to the seiz- ure of N. Orleans, and the forcible control of the navigation of the Mpi. The attention of Washington was attracted to the subject; and measures were taken to counteract the plot. — Sabine. Connolly, John, R. C. bishop of N.Y,, consec. Nov. 16, 1814 ; d. N.Y. Feb. 6, 1825. Connor, Henry W., M. C. 1821-41, b. Prince George Co., Va., Aug. 1793 ; d. N.C., Jan. 1.5, 1866. U. of S. C. 1812. Aide to Gen. Graham in the Creek war of 1814; member of the assembly in 1848. Conover, Thomas A., com. U. S. N.. b. N.J., 1794 ; d. S. Amboy, N.J., Sept. 24, 1864. Midshipm. Jan. 1, 1812; lieut. Mar. 5, 1817 ; com. Feb. 28, 1838; capt. Oct. 2, 1848. His first cruise was in " The Essex," Com. Porter. He was in Macdonough's fleet in the victory on Lake Champlain, Sept. 11, 1814. Com. the African squadron in 1857-9, and was made commo. on the retired list, July 16, 1862. Conrad, Charles M., statesman, b. Win- chester, Va., ab. 1804. While an infant, he was taken by his father to Mpi., and thence to La., where he has since resided. Adm. to the N. O. bar in 1828; served some years in the State legisl. ; U.S. senator in 1842-3 : member of the State Const. Conv. in 1844 ; M.C from 1849 to Aug. 1850; sec. of war under Pres. Fillmore from Aug. 15, 1850, to Mar. 7, 1853 ; served as a brig.-gen. in the rebel army ; mem- ber Confed. Congress, 1862-4. Conrad, Robert T., lawyer, politician, and man of letters, b. Phila., June 10, 1810; d. there June 27, 1858. Son of John, publisher and bookseller of Phila. Educated for the bar, his tastes led him to literature. Before he was 21, he wrote a tragedy, Conradin, and in 1832 pub. the Daily Commercial Intelligencer, which was merged into the Phila. Gazette. Abandon- ing this occupation from ill health, in 1834, he returned to the law; became recorder of the Northern Liberties, and, in 1838, judge of the criminal sessions for the city and county of Phila. When the latter court was dissolved, he resumed the pen, edited Graham's Magazine, and became asso. editor of the North American. Upon the consolidation of the districts with the city, he was elected mayor by the Whig and coisr 214 coo American parties. In 1856, he was app. to the bench of the Quarter Sessions, serving in that capacity till the fall of 1857. In literature, he is best known by the tragedy of " Aylmere," purchased by Mr. Forrest, and in which that actor sustains the part of " Jack Cade." In 1852, Judge Conrad pub. a vol. entitled " Aylmere and Other Poems," the principal of which are " The Sons of the Wilderness," and a series of sonnets on the Lord's Prayer. Judge C. was also celebrated as a popular political speaker. Conrad, Timothy Abbott, naturalist, b. N.J., 1803. Member Imperial Soc. of Nat. Hist, of Moscow. Hai; pub. " Fossil Shells of the Tertiary Formations of the U.S.," 1832; *' New Fresh Water Shells of the U.S.," 1836 ; " Miocene Shells of the U.S.," 1 838 ; " Paleon- tologv ofLvnch's Palestine Exp." in. /our. Acad. Nat "Sci, Phil. ; of " The Pacific R. R. Survey inCal.," 1854; of " The Mex. Boundary Sur- vey," 1854, and in " N.Y. State Ann. Report," 1840; " Monographv of the Urionidae of the U.S." 1836; N.Y. 'Geological Report, 1837, and " New Fresh Water Shells and Fossils of the U.S." in Silliman's Jour. — Allihone. Contee, Benjamin, D.D., Prot.-Epis. clergyman ; d. Charles Co., Md., Nov. 3, 1815, a. 60. An oflBccr in the 3d Md. batt. in 1776 ; a delegate to the Old Congress, 1787-8 ; M.C. 1789-91; chief judge of the County Tes- tamentary Court. Converse, Charles Crozat (Karl Reden, E. C. Revons, and C. O. Nevers, noms de plume); b. Warren, Ms., 1834; grad. in music, Leipsic, 1857, and in law, 1861. Author of " Spring and Holiday," a cantata, 1855; *' New Method for the Guitar," 1855 ; " Musi- cal Bouquet," 1859; a cantata, the 126th Psalm, 1860; "Sweet Singer," 1863; " Church Singer," 1863 ; " Sayings of Sages," 1863. — AlUbone. Conway, Thomas, Count de, gen. in the Revol. army, b. Ireland, Feb. 27,1733; d. ab. 1800. Taken to France when 6 years old, he was educated there, attained the rank of col. and the decoration of St. Louis ; and in 1777, on the recommendation of Silas Deane, came to the U.S.; made brig.-gen. May 13, 1777, and led his brigade at Brandywine and Germantown ; maj.-gen. and insp.-gen., Dec. 13, 1777; resigned, 1778. Conway was one of the most active of the secret enemies of Washington, and endeavored to elevate Gates to the supreme com., — a conspiracy known as the " Conway Cabal." His course made him unpopular ; and, much to his surprise, his res- ignation was accepted. In a duel with Gen. Cadwallader, July 4, 1778, receiving what he supposed a fatal wound, he wrote a letter of apology to Washington, containing the ex- pression, " You are, in my eyes, the great and good man." He recovered, returned to France, and in 1784 was marshal-de-camp, and app. gov. of Pondicherry and all the French settle- ments in Hindostan. He desired, in 1788, to assist the Republican party in the Dutch set- tlements, but was prevented by the Marquis Cornwallis. When the French revol. broke out, he was obliged to fly ; and his life was saved only by the energetic efforts of the British authorities. He m. a dau. of Baron de Copley, marshal-de-camp. — See Boss's Life of Corn- wallis. Conway, William, actor, b. London; d. 1828. Educated for the bar, his first appear- ance on the stage was at the Haymarket. He terminated a 3-years' engagement in 1816; starred till 1821, and, after an engagement at the Haymarket, came to America in 1823. After visiting the Western and Southern cities, early in 1828 he took passage for Savannah, and, off Cliarleston bar, threw himself into tho sea, and was drowned. He possessed a cul- tivated mind, and in Coriolanus was excelled by Kcmble alone. Conwell, Henry, D.D., R.C. bishop of Phila., consec. Lond., Eng., 1820 ; d. Phila., Apr. 22, 1842, a. 91. Cony, Samuel, gov. of Me., 1864-7, h. Augusta, Me., 27 Feb. 1811 ; d. there Sept. 5, 1870. B. U. 1829. Son of Gen. Samuel ; grandson of Dr. Daniel. He began the prac- tice of law in 1832; member Me. legisl. 1835 and 1862; member council, 1839; judge of probate, 1840-7; State treas. 1850-5; mayor of Augusta, 18.54. Cooke, Elisha, father and son, eminent politicians of Ms. I. A physician, b. Bo.s- ton, Sept. 16, 1637; d. May 31, 1715. H.U. 1657. An assist, under the old govt., he was in 1689 the agent of Ms. in Eng. for the res- toration of her charter. He opposed the ac- ceptance of the new charter in 1691, and was in the exec, council from 1694 to 1703. He was for 40 years in places of public trust. II. An orator and politician, b. Boston, Dec. 20, 1678; d. Aug. 24, 1737. H.U. 1697. He was a representative to the Gen. Court, from 1713 to 1734 ; was a member of the council in 1717, and a popular opponent of Gov. Shute. Rechosen in 1718, he was negatived by the gov., as also for the speaker's chair in 1720. Agent for Ms. in Eng. in 1 723 ; member of the coimcil soon after his return in May, 1726; in 1730, justice of C. C. P. Suffolk Co. He was long the leader of the popular party, and pub. some political tracts. Cooke, George Frederick, actor, b. Eng., 17 Apr. 1756; d. N.Y. City, 26 Sept. 1812. A printer's apprentice. His fondness for the stage led him early into that career; he be- came a star at the provincial theatres ; was 3 years in Dublin, and, in Oct. 1800, appeared at Covent Garden as Richard III., taking his place in the first rank of actors. He was also celebrated in Macbeth, lago, Shy'ock, Sir Per- tinax Macsycophant, &c., and was the rival of John Kemble. Oct. 21, 1810, he app. as Rich- ard at a N.Y. theatre. He attracted large au- diences there, and in Phila , Bait., and other cities, but, by his capricious and contemptuous conductjdisgusted everybody, and finally, by his habitual intemperance and debauched habits, destroyed his constitution, and hastened his death. — See Cooke's Life, bu Wm. Dunlap, 1812, and his novel, " Thirty Years Ago," pub. 1836. Cook, Henry F., brig.-gen. C. S. A., b. Mpi.; killed at Bristow Station, Va., Oct. 14, 1863. In the Mex. war he was 1st lieut. in Jeff. Davis's rcgt. ; was disting. and wounded at coo 215 coo Monterey; com. company C at Buena Vista; joined the Confed. army in 1861, and rose by successive steps to brif^.-gen. in 1863. Cook, James, an illustrious English navi- gator, b. Murton in Yorkshire, Oct. 27, 1728; d. Feb. 14, 1779. Owing to the poverty of his parents, his education was limited. He en- tered the merchant-service; in 175.5, embarked in " The Eagle," man of-war, obtained the notice of the capt., and was May 15, 1759, app. master of " The Murray," in which he joined the fleet engaged in the siege of Quebec. Em- ployed to take the soundings of the St. Law- rence, between Orleans and t!ie north shore, as well as to survey the most dangerous parts of the river below Quebec, those important ser- vices he most successfully performed in the very face of fhc French encampment. Having as- sisted at the recapture of Newfoundland, he, in 1762, returned to Eng. Early in 1763, he went out, with Capt. Greaves, to Newfound- land, as surveyor of its coasts, and in tlie fol- lowing year accomp. Sir Hugh Pallisser to Labrador and Newfoundland, as marine survey- or. Lieut, in 1768, he was app. to the com. of " The Endeavor," in which he sailed to Otaheite, accomp. by Mr. Banks and Dr. So- lander to observe the transit of Venus in 1769. This object accomplished, Cook proceeded upon his voyage of discovery, and, after en- countering many difficulties, "The Endeavor" arrived in En^. on the Uth of June, 1771; and, on the 29th of Aug., Cook was made a capt. in the navy. After another voyage, com- menced the following year, in which many valuahle discoveries were made, and which lasted 3 years, he was promoted to the rank of post-captain, Aug. 9, 1775. In 1776, he re- ceived the Copleian gold medal from the Roy. Soc. His third and last exped. had for its ob- ject to determine whether a maritime communi- cation existed between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in the arctic regions of the glohe. Unhappily, while touching at Owhyhee, Cook was murdered by the natives, A medal in commemoration of him was struck by order of the Roy. Society, Cooke, Jay, financier, b. Sandusky, O., Aug. 10, 1821. Francis Cooke, theemig. ances- tor, came over in " The Mayflower." Eleuthe- ros.his father, a prominent lawyer, and M.C. of Ohio, d. Dec. 28, 1864. Jay went in 1838 to Phila., entered the banking-house of E. W. Clark & Co., in which he became at 21 a part- ner; retired in 1858, and in 1861 established the firm of Jay Cooke & Co, By his energy and business-capacity, Mr. Cooke succeeded in popularizing the govt, loans, and thereby con- tributed materially to the success of the Union arms. Now (1871), of the banking-firm of Cooke, McCulloch, & Co., London. Cook, John, brig.-gen. vols., b. Belleville, III., June 12, 1825. Left an orphan with a large fortune at an early age, he entered the coll. at Jacksonville, but was not a graduate, and in 1855 was mayor of Springfield. Made col. 1st III. vols. April, 1861 ; and for gallantry at the capture of Fort Donelson, where he com. a brigade, was made brig.-gen. March 22, 1862. Cooke, John Esten, novelist, son of J. R. Cooke, b. Winchester, Va., Nov. 3, 1830. His family removed to Richmond in 1839, where he commenced the practice of law in 1851. He served in the Confed. army, first as a pri- vate of art., and afterward on the staff' of Stewart and other generals, throughout the war. He wrote a Life of Stonewall Jackson, which appeared in New York, as tlie work of John M. Daniel. Since the war, he has writ- ten much for the N.Y. World. Author of "Fairfax," and "Mohan," "Hilt to Hilt," " Hammer and Rapier," " Out of the Foam," "Leather Stocking and Silk," "The Virginia Comedians," and " The Youth of Jeff'erson." In 1855, he pub. " Eilie, or the Human Come- dy ;" in I 856, " The Last of the Foresters," and in 1858, " Henry St. John, Gentleman." He has written much for the Southern Literary Messenger, flarpeis' Magazine, and other peri- odicals. He has also written poems, among thetn a tribute to Dr. E. K. Kane. Cooke, John H., brig.-gen. in the War of 1812; d. Richmond, Va., June, 1866, a. 86. He was a successful farmer and vigorous agri- cultural writer. Cooke, John P., composer and musician, b. Chester, Eng., 1820; d. N.Y. City, 4 Nov, 1865. His father was a musician and actor. After leading the orchestra of the Adelphi, the Strand, and Astley's London, he came in 1850 to N.Y. as leader at Burton's Theatre. He composed and arranged the music for the Winter's Tale, Midsummer Night's Dream, and other Shaksperian plays ; also for the Sea of Ice, and furnished many other compositions of merit. Cooke, Joseph Platt, delegate to the Old Congress, 1784-8, b. Ct., 1730 ; d. Danbu- ry, Ct., 1816. Y.C. 1750. Cooke, Nicholas, gov. of R.I., b. Provi- dence, Feb. 3, 1717 ; d. Sept. 14, 1782. Dep. gov. from May to Oct, 1775; gov, of R,I. from Oct. 1775 until May, 1778. " He merited and won the approbation of his fellow-citizens, and was honored with the friendship and con- fidence of Washington:" such is the inscrip- tion upon his monument in Providence bury- ing-ground. Cooke, Parsons, D.D., Cong, clergyman and writer, b. Hadley, Ms., Feb. 18, 1800; d. Lynn, Ms., Feb. 12, 1864. Wms. Coll. 1822. He studied theology. June 26, 1826, he was ord. pastor of a newly-organized church in Ware, Ms. ; removed to Portsmouth in 1836, and, a few months after, became pastor of the First Church at Lynn, remaining there until he died. In 1840, he edited the N. E. Puritan, and subsequently the Boston Recorder. An active controversialist, he pub. in 1829 a ser- mon on "The Exclusiveness of Unitarian- ism," and was constantly in controversy with the new-school Calvinistic Congregationalists, or other religious denominations. Cooke, Phillip Pendleton, poet, son of J. R. Cooke, b. Martinsburg, Va., Oct. 26, 1816; d. Jan. 20, 1850. N. J. Coll. 1834. Adm. to the bar in 1837. He pub. several poems in the Knickerbocker Magazine, contrib. to the Southern Lit. Messenger, and in 1847 pub, "Froissart Ballads, and Other Poems," At the time of his death, he was publishing coo 216 coo serially " The Chevalier Merlin," an historical prose poem. His best pieces are the short hrrics," Florence Vane," "To My Daughter Lily," and " Rosa Lee." The first of them has been translated into many languages, and taken as a theme for music by celebrated com- posers. — Appkton's Netv Amer. Cycl. Cooke, Philip St. George, brev. maj.- gen. U.S.A., b. Berkeley Co., Va., 1809. West Point, 1827. Adj. 6th Inf. at battle of the Bad Axe ; capt. May 31, 1835 ; lieut.-col. com. batt. of vols, in Mex. war, 1846-7, in Cal. ; maj 2d Drags., 16 Feb. 1847 ; brev. licut - col. for merit, services in Cal., 20 Feb. 1847; col. 2d Drags., 14 June, 18.58; brig.-gen. 12 Nov. 1861; brev. maj. -gen. 13 Mar. 1865; com. and disting. in conflict svith Apaches in New Mex., Apr. 8, 1854; defeated the Co- manches at Cineguihis, New Mex., in 1855; com. in Kansas during the troubles there in 1856-7, performing that delicate duty to the sat- isfaction of all ; took part in the Utah cxped. ; com. all the regular cavalry in the Potomac Army, particularly in the siege of Yorktown, and battles of Williamsburg, Gaines's Mill, and Glendale. Author of " Scenes and Adven- tures in the Army," Phila., 1856. — Cullum. Cook, Russell S., Cong, clergyman, b. N. Marlboro', Ms., March 6, 1811 ; d'. Pleasant Valley, N.Y., Sept. 4, 1864. He studied at the Auburn Theol. Sem., and was settled over the church at Lanesboro', Ms., in 1836-8. Losing his voice, he connected himself with the Tract Society, of which he was a sec. from 1839 to 1856. Devoting himself to the system of American colportage, he was instru- mental in placing religious reading in almost every dwelling in the land, still further aiding 'he objects of the society by establishing the American Messenger in 1843. Visiting Europe in 1853 and in 1856, he succeeded in estab- lishing the colporter enterprise in Scotland. — Appleton's Ann. Ci/clop., 1864. Cook, Thomas, R.C. bishop of Three Rivers, Canada, from 1852 ; d. Montreal, 30 Apr. 1870, a. 78. Cook, W. H., M.D., b. N.Y. Citv, 1832. Prof, therap. in Phys. Med. Coll., O. Au- thor of "Treatise on Dysentery," 1855; "Piinciples and Practice of Physio. Med. Surgery," Cincin., 8vo, 1857. Cookman, George G., Meth. preacher, b. Kingston-upon-Hull, Eng., 1800; lost at sea March, 1841, in the steamer "President." In 1821, he cp.me to the U.S. on business, but obtained a license to preach ; went to Phila. in 1825, and, at the ensuing session of the Phila. conference, was adm. into the travelling con- nection. In 1833, he was transferred to the Bait, conference, and was twice chaplain to Congress. His preaching was nervous and elegant, and attracted large crowds. A vol. of his speeches was pub. 18mo, by the Meth. B.C. Cooley, Dr. Abiel a., inventor of fric- tion-matches ; d. Hartford, Ct.,Aug. 18,1858, a. 76. He was also the inventor of one of the first power-presses in use, as well as of an in- genious shingle-machine, and was the first to apply the cam-movement to pumps. Cooley, James Ewing, b. Ms., 1802. Pub. " The American in Egypt," &c., in 1839- 40, 8vo, N.Y., 1842. Cooley, Thomas M., jurist, b. Attica, N. Y., 6 Jan. 1824. Removed to Mich, in 1843; was adm. to the bar at Adrian in 1846, where he settled permanently in 1848. In 1857, he was app. to compile the statutes of Mich., which were pub. in 2 vols. Reporter of the Supreme Court, 1858-64, and pub, 8 vols, of reports Jay prof, of law in Mich. U. since 1850, and since 1864, a justice of the Supreme Court He has also pub. a " Digest of Mich. Re ports," 1866, and a " Treatise on Constitu tional Limitations of the Legis. Power of the States," 1868. — Lanman. Coolidge, Carlos, LL.D. (Mid. Coll. 1849), gov. of Vt, 1849-51, b. Windsor, Vt., 1792; d. there Aug. 15, 1866. Mid. Coll. 1811. He practised law in Windsor 52 years; was State atty. for the Co. in 1831-6 ; repre- sentative, 1834-7 and 1839-42; speaker in 1836 and 1839-42 ; and senator, 1855-7. Coombe, Thomas, D.D. (Dub. U. 1781), Pr.-Ep. divine and loyalist, b. Phila., 1747 ; d. London, 15 Aug. 1822. Phila. Coll. 1766. Ord. by the bishop of London in 1769. App. chaplain to the Marquis of Rockingham in 1771 ; app. assist, min. of Christ Church, Phila., in 1772, but was removed for his Toryism; went to Eng. in 1779; became chaplain-in-or- dinary to the king in 1794 ; prebendary of Can- terbury in 1800, and, in 1808, rector of St. Michael's Queenhithe. Many years minister of Curzon-st. Chapel, an impressive speaker, and a disting. scholar. He pub. sermons, and " The Peasant of Auburn," a poem, 1783. — Gents' Mag., 1822. Cooper, Bexjamin, commo. U.S.N., b. N. J. ; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., June 1, 18.50, a. 57. He entered the service, Jan. 16, 1809, and served with distinction under Lawrence in " The Hornet," in the action with " The Pea- cock," Feb. 24, 1813. Lieut. Dec. 9, 1814; master, Apr. 24, 1828 ; capt. 28 Feb. 1838. Cooper, George H., capt. U.S.N., b. N.Y., July 27, 1821. Midshipm. Aug. 14, 1837 ; lieut. May 8, 1851 ; com. July 16, 1862 ; capt. Dec. 2, 1867. He served in the Florida war in 1837, and in the Mexican war, 1846-7; present at Tabasco, Alvarado, and Tuspan ; com. supply-steamer "Massachusetts," 1862; steamer " Mercedita," S A.B. squad., 1863 ; was 7 weeks in com. of monitor "Sangamon,"inside of Charleston Roads, on picket-duty, constant- ly shelling Fort Sumter and the batteries on Sullivan's Island; stationed at Stono Inlet, S.C., co-operating with the army, and fre- quently engaged; com. steamer "Sonoma," S.A.B. squad., 1863-4; steamer " Glaucus," E.G.B. squad., 1864-5 ; steamer " Winooskie," special service, 1866-7. Cooper, James, brig.-gen. vols., b. Fred- erick Co., Md., Mav 8, 1810 ; d. Columbus, O., Mar. 28, 1863. Wash. Coll., Pa., 1831. He studied law with Thaddeus Stevens ; was adm. to the bar in 1834; was M.C. in 1839-43, and a leading advocate of the tariflF of 1842 ; mem- ber of the State legisl. in 1843-6 and 1847, when he was speaker, introducing and carrying through, after a violent struggle, measures to relieve the credit of the State, then on the verge coo 217 coo of permanent repudiation ; travelled in Europe in 1847; was made atty.-gen. in 1848, and U.S. senator from 1849 to 1855. In politics, he was a Whig. Authorized in 1861 to raise a brigade of loyal Marylanders, he was app. brig. -gen. May 11, 1861, and served in Va. un- der Fremont. Cooper, James B., commander U.S.N., b. Bucks Co., Pa., Mar. 6, 1753; d. Haddonfield, N.J., Feb. 5, 1854. He was a capt. in Lee's Legion in the Revol. War ; was at Stony Point and Paulus Hook, Guilford Court House, and Eutaw Springs ; was a sailing-master in the navy in the War of 1812, and served through the war; lieut. Apr. 22, 1822; commander, Sept. 8, 1841. Cooper, James Fenimore, novelist, b. Burlington, N. J., 15 Sept. 1789; d. Coopers- town, N.Y., 14 Sept. 1851. Son of Judge Wm. He studied at Yale, but did not grad- uate, and in 1811, after 6 years' service in the navy, m. a Miss De Lancey, and settled at Mamaroneck, N.Y. His first work, " Precau- tion," pub. anonymously in 1821, was followed by " The Spy," "'The Pioneer," 1823, and "The Leather-stocking Tales," which gave him great popularity. This was increased by his sea- novels, "'The Pilot," " Red Rover," " Water Witch," " Two Admirals," " Wing and Wing," &c., and by " The Bravo," " Heidcn- maur," and " Headsman," pub. during a visit to Europe, in 1826-33. After his return, he pub. " Letter to his Countrymen," " Home- ward Bound," and " Home as Found," which somewhat lessened his popularity. Besides oth- er works of fiction, he wrote a " History of the U.S. Navy," 2 vols., 8vo ; "Battle of Lake Erie," 1843; " Lives of Amer. Naval Officers," 2 vols., 12mo; 6 vols, of "Gleanings in Eu- rope," " Sketches of Switzerland," and a com- edy performed at Burton's Theatre, N.Y., in 1 850. The latter part of his life was imbittercd by quarrels and lawsuits with the editorial fra- ternity. His later productions were unworth}' the high fame which Mr. Cooper justly de- served and enjoyed. Cooper, Myles, LL.D. (Oxf. U. 1768), scholar and clergyman, b. Eng., 1735; d. Edinburgh, May I, 1785. Oxford U. 1760. Afterward a Fellow of Queen's Coll. In 1761, he pub. at Oxford, by subscription, a vol. of poems. In 1762, he came to Amer., on the nomination of Archbishop Seeker, as assist. of Dr. Samuel Johnson, pres. of Col. Coll., whom he succeeded in that office. May, 1763. In 1771, he visited Eng. ; and on his return to N.Y., on the breaking-out of the Revol., Cooper was active on the Tory side, and is said to have had a hand in the tract, " A Friendly Address to all Reasonable Ameri- cans," &c., which one of his pupils, young Alex. Hamilton, answered with signal ability. Be- coming exceedingly obnoxious to the Whigs, in Apr. 1775 he and his friends received a sig- nificant hint from a pub. letter, signed "Three Millions," to fly for their lives. On the night of May 10, after destroying the guns on the bat- tery, the njub proceeded to expel him from the coll. He escaped on board an English ship of war, in which he sailed to Eng. A poem commemorating this event was pub. by him in the Gents* Mag. for July, 1776. Dec. 13; 1776, he preached a sermon before the U. of Oxfoi'd, " On the Causes of the Present Rebel- lion in Amer.," which gave rise to much con- troversy between the Whig and Tory parties of the day. He was, until his decease, one of the ministers of the English Chapel in Edinburgh. He was a man of taste and learning; advocated, in an " Address to the Episcopalians of Va.," the app. of bishops for the Colonies. He pub. in 1774 "The Amer. Querist." — Duifckinck. Cooper, Peter, a benevolent and enter- prising manuf., b. N. Y. City, Feb. 12, 1791. His maternal grandfather, John Campbell, was mayor of N. Y., and dep. quarterm.-gen. dur- ing the Revol. war. His father, also a Revol. officer, established a hat manuf., in which Peter assisted him. He afterward learned coach- making, the manuf. of cabinet-ware, then the grocery business, and finally engaged in the manuf. of glue and isinglass, about 1828. In 1830, he erected extensive iron-works at Can- ton, near Baltimore. He next erected a roll- ing and wire mill in the city of N. Y., in which he first successfully applied anthracite to the puddling of iron. In 1845, he removed the machinery to Trenton, N.J., where he erected the largest rolling-mill then in the U. S. for the manuf. of railroad-iron, and there first rolled wrought-iron beams for fire-proof build- ings. At Baltimore, he built the first locomo- tive-engine on this continent. Pres. of the N. Y., Newfoundland and London Teleg. Co..; pres. of the Amer. Teleg. Co., and of the N. A. Teleg. Assoc. He has served in both branches of the N. Y. common council, and was a prom- inent advocate of the construction of the Cro- ton aqueduct. In pursuance of his great object, the education and elevation of the industrial classes, the " Union for the Advancement of Science and Art," commonly called the Cooper Institute, has been established in N. Y., at the intersection of 3d and 4th Avenues, at a cost of over $500,000, devoted, with all its rents and profits, to the instruction and elevation of the working-classes of N. Y. It includes a school of design for females, evening courses of in- struction for mechanics and apprentices in the application of the sciences to the business of life, a free reading-room, galleries of art, and collections of modern inventions, and a poly- technic seliool. Cooper, Samuel, D.D. (U. of Edinburgh, 1767), an eminent divine and patriot, b. Bos- ton, Mar. 28, 1725; d. Dec. 29, 1783. H. U. 1743. Son of the Rev. William. At the age of 20, he commenced preaching in the Brattle- st. Church, where he was ord. colleague with Dr. Colman, May 21, 1746, continuing his min- istry until his death. He took an early and decided part in the politics of his time. In 1754, he wrote the "Crisis," in opposition to the "Excise Act" then in contemplation. From the time of the Stamp Act, some of the best political pieces in the Boston Gazette were from his pen. The letters of Gov. Hutchinson were sent him by Dr. Franklin, with an injunction not to allow their publication. He placed thera in the hands of a friend, whose disregard of the prohibition, though a breach of private con- fidence involving serious consequences, was a coo 218 coo great public benefit. Dr. Cooper was a mem- ber of several relij^ious and literary societies, and was the first vice-pres. of the Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sciences. He was remarkable in prayer, in the taste and elegance of his ser- mons, and as a critic, and was the esteemed corresp. of many disting. Europeans. Cooper, Gen. Samuel, jun., b. N. Y., ab. 1796. West Point, 181.5. Aide-de-camp to Gen. Macomb from May, 1828, to 1836; capt. 11 June, 1836; assist, adj.-gen. July 7, 1838; chief of staff to Col. Worth in Florida war, 1841-2, and in action of Pilaklikaha, 19 Apr. 1842; brev. col. "for meritorious conduct in the war with Mexico," May 30, 1848 ; adj.-gen. of the army, July 1.5, 1852 ; resigned March 7, 1861, and app. adj.-gen. in the rebel army, standing first in its list of generals. Bro-in- law of J. M. Mason of Va., formerly U. S. senator. Author of "Concise System of In- struction for the Militia and Vols, of U. S.," Phila., 1836.— Cullum. Cooper, Susan Fenimore, b. 1815, eld- est dau. of the novelist, and author of " Rural Hours," 18.50; "llhyme and Reason of Coun- try Life," 1854; an annotated edition of an English work, the "Journal of a Naturalist," 1852 ; and, in 1858, a beautiful little tribute to the character of Washington, given in aid of the fund for the purchase of Mt. Vernon. She has also contrib. to various popular periodi- cals. Cooper, Thomas, M.D., LL.D., natural philosopher, politician, and author, b. London, Oct. 22, 1759; d. Columbia, S.C, May 11, 1839. Educated at Oxford, he afterward stud- ied law and medicine ; was adm. to the bar, and travelled a circuit for a few years, and, with Watt the inventor, was sent by the Democ. clubs of Eng. to those of France, where he sided with the Girondists. Called to account for this by Mr. Burke in the house of com- mons. Cooper replied with a violent pamphlet. While in France, he had learned to make chlo- rine from common salt; and he became a bleacher and calico-printer in Manchester, but was unsuccessful. In 1795, he established him- self as a lawyer in Pa., whither his friend Priest- ley had also emigrated. Uniting himself with the Democrats, he violently attacked Pres. Ad- ams in a newspaper in 1799; was tried for libel, and sentenced to 6 months' imprisonment and a fine of $400. He became a land com- missioner in 1806, and overcame the ditficulties with the Ct. claimants in Luzerne Co., but, being made judge, became obnoxious to mem- bers of his own party, and was removed in 1811, on a charge of arbitrary conduct. He was an efficient supporter of the administrations of Jef- ferson, Madison, and Monroe. He successively occupied the chair of chemistrv in Dick. Coll., in the U. of Pa., and in Col .'Coll., S. C, be- coming pres. of the latter in 1820, discharging also the duties of prof, of chemistry and politi- cal economy. On his retirement in 1834, he was app. to revise the State statutes, 4 vols, of which ho had completed when he died. He possessed great versatility and extensive knowl- edge, displaying, as a lecturer, great erudition, and was an admirable talker. In philosophy, he was a materialist, and in religion a free- thinker. In the nullification contest, he was an ultra State-rights' man. He pub. " Informa- tion Concerning America," Lond., 1794; a collection of political essays, reprinted from a Phila. newspaper in 1800; a translation of the "Institutes of Justinian," 1812; a work on " Med. Jurisprudence," 1819 ; 2 of the 5 vols, of " Emporium of Arts and Sciences," Phila., 1812-14; "Lectures on the Elements of Polit. Economv," Charleston, 1826; " Letters on the Slave Trade," 1787 ; " Tracts, Ethical, Theo- logical, and Political," 1790 ; " The Bankrupt Law of America compared with that of Eng.," Phila., 8vo, 1801; "Account of the Trial of Thomas Cooper of Northumberland," 1800; "Introd. Lecture at Carlisle Coll.," 1812; " Observations on the Writings of Priestley ; " two Essays, " Foundation of Civil Govt.," and "On the Constitution of the U. S.," 1826; an 1 many vigorous polit. pamphlets. Cooper, ^Thomas Apthorpe, actor, b. Lond., 1776; d. Bristol, Pa., Apr. 21, 1849. He received a good education ; became the ward of Ilolcroft and Wm. Godwin on the death of his ftither, and at 17 made his clelnit upon the stage in Stephen Kcmble's company at Edin- burgh. In 1795, he appeared with success at Covent Garden, as Hamlet and Macbeth, and Dec. 9, 1796, made his de1>ut in Phila., with Wignell's company, as Hamlet. Ho soon ob- tained a considerable reputation as a tragedian, and in 1802 returned to Eng., where, for nearly 3 years, he was one of the chief actors on the London boards. Returning to the U.S. in Nov. 1804, he soon after became a lessee of the N.Y. theatre. In 1810, he again visited Eng. He continued on the stage until late in life, App. military storekeeper at Frankford, Pa., in 1841, by Pres. Tyler, whose son m. Cooper's dau. He was some years insp. to the N.Y. and Phila. custom-houses. He was 6 feet in height, and possessed a remarkably fine per- son. Cooper, William, clergyman, b. Boston, 1694; d. there Dec. 13, 1743. H.U. 1712. Ord. 23 May, 1716, colleague pastor with Mr. Colraan of Brattle Street, Boston, where he preached till his death. In 1737, he was chosen pres. of H.U., but declined the trust. He excelled in prayer, and was an eminent preacher, having a pleasing voice and an im- pressive elocution. Author of" Predestination Explained and Vindicated," 1740, repub. in 1804, and a number of sermons. William his son, 49 years town-clerk of Boston, and an eminent patriot of the Revol., d. Boston, Nov. 28, 1809, a. 89. Coote, Sir Eyre, a British gen. ; d. Dec. 10, 1823, a. 66. Nephew of the celebrated Sir Eyre Coote. Ensign 37th regt. Apr. 15, 1774 ; lieut. July, 1776 ; capt. Aug. 10, 1778; ma j. 47th, Feb. 20, 1783; col. Jan. 21, 1796; maj -gen. 1798; lieut.-gen. 1805; gen. June, 1814. He served at the battle of Brooklyn, L.I., at the reduction of Fort Washington, and in the expeds. to R.I. and the Chesapeake, the battles of Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth, and the attack on Mud Island. He was present at the siege of Charleston, the campaign in Va., and was taken at Yorktown. He served under Gen. Grey in the W. Indies in 1793-3; was COI> 219 COR severely wounded in the Ostend exped. in 1798, and served under Abcrcrornbie in Ejjypt. On his return to Eng., he received thanks of par- liament, the order of the Bath, and afterward the Turkish order of the Crescent. Lieut.- j^ov. of Jamaica, 1805-8. Publicly disgraced, and deprived of all rank, in consequence of an abominable act committed in one of the chari- table institutions of England. — Philipart, &c. Cope, Thomas Pym, merchant, b. Lan- caster Co., Pa., Aug. 26, 1768; d. Phila., Nov. 22, 1854. Son of Caleb, a Quaker of Lancas- ter, Pa., who protected Andre from a mob, while a prisoner in 1775. Said to be maternal- ly descended from John Pym. He entered a counting-house in Phila. in 1786; began on his own account in 1790, importing his own goods; established in 1821 the first line of packets between Phila. and Liverpool, and ac- quired great wealth. He was active in allevi- ating the small-pox sufferers in 1797 ; was a a member of the city council ab. 1800 ; an effi- cient member of the committee for introducing water into the city ; served in the State Icj^isl. in 1807, and in the State Const. Conv. ; was prcs. of the Board of Trade and the Mercantile Library Co., and was an executor of Girard's will, and a trustee of the bank, and subse- quently a director of the Girard Coll. He was also an efficient worker in completing the Ches- apeake and Del. Canal, and in securing the construction of the Pa. Railroad. Edwaru D. Cope, naturalist, author of " The Origin of Gejiera," " Extinct Batraehia and Reptilia of N.A.," " Our Own Birds of the U.S.,'^ &c., is a grandson ofThos. P., and son of Alfred. — See Hunt's Amer. Merchants ; Simpson. Copley, John Singleton, painter, b. Boston, July 3, 1737 ; d. Lond., Sept. 9, 1813. Like West, he was self-taught ; and some of his pieces executed at Boston, and, to use his own words, " before he hud seen any tolerable pic- ture," were unsurpassed by his later productions. After acquiring considerable reputation, par- ticularly by his portraits (among which are those of Samuel Adams, Thos. Hancock and lady, W. W. Boylston, Judge Tyng, Judge Foster, Mrs. D. Sargent, &c.), he, in 1774, pro- ceeded by way of Eng. to Rome, where he arrived in Aug., and returned to Lond., with the intention of settling there, late in 1775, where he was joined by his wife and children, and devoted himself to port, painting. He was introduced by West to the Roy. Acad., of which he was adm. an associate in 1777. His historical paintings soon rendered his name famous, and procured for it, in 1783, the hon- orable addition of R. A. His first and most popular composition was " The Death of the Earl of Chatham." He afterwards produced " Tlie Death of Major Pierson," " The Siege of Gibraltar," " The Arrest of the Five Mem- bers, by Charles the First," " De Winter's De- feat by Admiral Duncan," and sketched, but left unfinished, a picture on the subject of Nel- son's fall at Trafalgar, &c. He also painted many portraits, his last work being a portrait of his son, Lord Lyndhnrst. He m. the dan. of Richard Clarke, one of the consignees of the tea destroyed in 1773. His dau. Elizab. m. Gardiner Greene of Boston, d. there 1 Feb. 1866, a. 95. Copley was peculiar both in man- ner and dress. As an artist, his chief merit consists in his coloring and drawing. Coppde, Henry, LL.D. (U. of Pa., and Un. Coll., 1866), author, b. Savannah, Ga., Oct. 15, 1821. West Point, 1845. He was at Y.C. in 1836-7. Was 3 years a student of civil engineering, and employed in the con- struction of the Central Railroad from Savan- nah to Macon, Ga. He served through the Mexican war, and was brev. capt. for the battles of Contreras and Churubusco, Aug. 20, 1847 ; resigned 30 June, 1855. From 1848 to 1855, he was instructor in French, and assist, prof, of ethics and English studies, at West Point. Prof of belles-lettres in the U. of Pa., 1 855- 66 ; since then president of Lehigh U., Bethle- hem, Pa. Member of several scientific and historical societies. He has pub. " Elements of Logic," 1858; "Elements of Rhetoric," 1859; "Select Academic Speaker," 1861; "Field Manual of Evolutions of the Line," 1861 ; " Field Manual of Battalion Drill," 1861 ; "Field Manual of Courts-Martial," 1863; " Grant and his Campaigns," 1866; a transla- tion of Marmont's "Esprit des Institutions Mllitaires," 1862; he has edited the " Gallery of Famous Poets," " Songs of Praise," 1866 ; " Gallery of Famous Poetesses," 185U-60. In 1864-6, he edited the U.S. Service Magazine. — Dw/ckiiick. Copway, George (Kah-ge-ga-gah-bowk), an Ojibway chief. Has pub. " Acts of the Apos- tles in Ojibway Lang.," 1838 ; " The Ojibway Conquest," 1850; "Life and Travels"" (by himself), 6th ed., 1847 ; " History and Sketches of the Ojibway Nation," illustrated by Darley, 1851, and "Organization of a New Indian Terr.," &c., 1850. Coram, Thomas, a philanthropic English mariner, 0. ab. 1667; d. London,- March 9, 1751, a. 84. Having been master of a mer- chant-vessel trading to the American Colonies, he is usually styled Capt. Coram. He set- tled in Taunton, Ms., ab. 1692, and owned a firm on the river, now within tlie limits of Berkeley, where he constructed vessels, probably for the Newfoundland fishery. He is styled " shipwright of Boston," in Prov. Laws, act of Apr. 16, 1701 . He left in 1703, and gave his farm toward erecting an Episcopal church in Taunton. Tie was the ])rojcctor of the Found- ling Hospital, in promoting the cstablit^hment of which he sednously exerted himself during many years, till he had procured a royal char- ter for the institution. He also promoted the settlement of Ga. and Nova Scotia; and, through his advice, a bounty was given on naval stores imported from the Colonies. After he relinquished his profession, his lime was wholly employed in contriving and executing various schemes of public utility. He seems to have neglected his private affairs ; and, towards the close of his life, a subscription was raised for his support. — Drake's Boylies's New Plj/m. Corbin, Thomas G., capt. U.S.N., b. Va., Aug. 13, 1820. Midshipm. May 15, 1838; lieut. June 10, 1852; com. July 16, 1862; capt. July 25, 1866. Attached to steam frig- ate " Wabash," S. Atl. block, squad., 1861-3 ; at the capture of Forts Beauregard and Walk- COR 220 COR er, Port Koyal, Nov. 7, 1861 ; com. of mid- shipra. at Naval Acad., 1863; steamer "Au- f,^usta," 1864-5 ; fleet-capt. W.I. squad., 1865- 6 ; steam sloop " Guerriere," flag-ship S.A. squad., 1868. — ZTawers/y. Corcoran, Michael, brig.-gen. vols., b. Carrowkill Co., Sligo, Ireland, Sept. 21, 1827 ; d. Dec. 22, 186-3, near Fairfax C H., Va. He came to America in 1849, obtained a clerkship in the N.Y. City post-office, and first came into public notice as col. of the 69th N.Y. militia. On the call for troops, April, 1861, he took the field with his com., and disting. himself highly at the first battle of Bull run, where he was wounded, and taken prisoner. He was confined successively at Richmond, Charleston, Colum- bia, Salisbury, N.C., and other places., and was one of the officers selected for execution, had the Federal authorities carried out their threats of punishing the crews of captured Confederate privateers as pirates. Exchanged Aug. 15, 1862, he was made brig.-gen., dating from July 21,1861. He afterward recruited an "Irish Legion," and served in N.C., at the battles of the Nau.scmond River and Suffolk, in April, 1862, and checked the advance of the enemy upon Norfolk. He died of injuries received by a fall from his horse. Cordova, Francisco Fernandez de, discoverer of Mexico; d. 1518. Feb. 8, 1517, this navigator sailed from Cuba with Juan Ala- minas, a pilot who had accomp. Columbus in his fourth voyage, steered for the continent, and in March ranged the coast of Yucatan, where he lost many men in his various encounters with the natives. It appears certain that Cor- dova left two of his companions in this region; for in 1518, when Grijaloa explored the coun- try, he was informed that one of them survived, but was unable to procure his release. After exploring the coast, and remarking the grand monumental structures of Yucatan, he was forced by a tempest to abandon its shores. He visited Fia. 5 years after the exped. of Ponce De Leon, and, on returning to Cuba, d. ten days after his arrival, of wounds received from the natives. Cordova, Jose M., a Colombian gen., b. Antoquia, New Granada, 1747 ; killed at San- tuario, Oct. 17, 1829. The son of a rich mer- chant of the Spanish party, Cordova, on the contrary, when 15 years of age, jomed the In- dependents. His conduct at the battle of Boyaca, Aug. 8, 1819, gained for him, from Bolivar the victor, the rank of col. ; and he was charged with the expulsion of the royalists from Antoquia. This duty he successfully per- formed ; and his first care was to levy on his father the sum of 10,000 piastres. His exactions occasioned his recall, and he disting. himself anew in many combats on the banks of the Magdalina. By a skilful manoeuvre he captured a Spanish fleet of 27 vessels at anchor in the port of TcnerifFe, and, after a bloody battle, took possession of the town. Named general, Cordova was in the Colombian division left by Bolivar in Peru. Dec. 9, 1824, Cordova took the greatest share in the victory of Ayacucho, and he was named gen. of division on the field of battle. Covering his ambition with the pre- text of establishing a federal govt., Cordova conspired many times against Bolivar, and openly revolted* in Aug. 1829, but found few partisans. Hunted at Santuario, Oct. 17, by the united forces of Andradu, Ureta, and O'Leary, he defended himself with vigor, but fell at length, covered with wounds. Coreal (ko-ra-al'), Francisco, a Spanish traveller, b. Cartagena, 1648; was in the W. Indies in 1666-97, and left an interesting nar- rative, which was pub. in French in 3 vols., 1722. Corlet, Elijah, an early teacher of Cam- bridge, Ms., b. Lond.. 1611 ; d. Feb. 24, 1687. Oxford U. 1627. He taught the grammar school at C. 46 years. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel compensated him for preparing Indian scholars for the university. N. Walter pub. an elegy on his death, in blank verse. Cornbury, Edward Hyde, lord, gov. of N.Y. ; d. Lond., Apr. 1, 1723. Son of the 2d Earl of Clarendon, and one of the first of the household troops to go over to the Prince of Orange. In return, he was made gov. of N. Y., where he arrived. May 3, 1702. He was ra- pacious and bigoted to such a degree as to have left the memory of the worst gov. ever app. to the Colony. He imprisoned two ministers sent out from Lond., for preaching without license. It was not unusual for him to dress in women's costume, and then patrol the fort in which he resided. He earned the contempt, as well as the hatred, of the colonists. He was removed from oflSce in 1708, when his creditors had him taken into custody, but, after the death of his father, returned to Eng., and succeeded to the earldom. Cornelius, Elias, D.D., educator and missionary, b. Soraers, N.Y. 1795; d. Hart- ford, Ct., Feb. 12, 1832. Y.C. 1813. His father, surgeon's mate of Col. Angell's regt., and at one time an inmate of the "Jersey" prison- ship, d. Somers, N.Y., June 13, 1823, a. 65. He studied theology, and in 1816 became an agent of the A. B. C. F. M., and visited the Cherokee and Chickasaw Indians. The winter of 1818 was spent at N. Orleans in the employ of the Missionary Society of Ct. Installed colleague with Dr. Worcester at Salem in July, 1819, he was dismissed in Sept. 1826, having been app. sec. of the Amer. Education Society. In Oct. 1831, he was chosen sec. of the A. B. C. F. M. Contrib. to the Quarterly Journal, and pub. annual reports of the Educa- tion Society. — See Memoir, by D. B. Edwards, 1833. Cornell, Gen. Ezekiel.RcvoI. officer of Scituate, R.I. App. in 1775 lieut-col. of Hitch- cock's regt. ; present at the siege of Boston ; dep. adj.-gen. Oct. 1, 1776, and subsequently brig.-gen. and com. of the brigade of State troops ; in service 3 years and 3 mos. ; disb. Mar. 16, 1780. This force was of great service in protecting the State during the British oc- cupation. Member of the Cont. Congress, 1780-3, and chairman of the military commit- tee. He was a mechanic before the war, but was self-educated, and established a valuable library in his native town. Cornell, Wm. Mason, M.D., D.D. (Jeff. Coll. 1864), LL.D. (West. U. 1863), b. Berk©- COR 221 COR ley, Ms., 16 Oct. 1802. B.U. 1827. Ord. 19 Jan. 1830; pastor 1st Cong. Church, Wood- stock, Ct., 1832-4, and of the Trinit. Church, Quincy, 1834-9. He then studied medicine, and since 1845 has pract. chiefly in Boston. Author of some med. treatises, and contrib. to many med. and relirrious periodicals. Editor of the Journal of Health, 1846-9. He now edits Pastor and People, and Guardian of Health, and is preparing a medical dictionary. With a feeble constitution, Dr. C. has performed a hirge amount of literary labor. Corning, Erastus, merchant, and M.C. 1857-9, 1861-3, and 1865-7; b. Norwich, Ct., Dec. 14, 1794. When 13 years of age, he went to Troy, and entered the hardware store of his uncle, Benj. Smith, the bulk of whose property he subsequently inherited. In 1814, he removed to Albany, where he established the well-known house of Erastus Corning & Co. Alderman of theciry, and 3 years mayor. He was also, for several years, an influential railroad, bank, and Canal Co. pres. ; for several terms, a mem- ber of the State legisl. In 1863, he retired from the iron-business with a fortune of 5 millions. Member of the peace congress, Mar. 1861 ; delegate to the State Const. Conv. 1867. CornpIanter( Garyan-wah-gah), a celebrat- ed Seneca chief, b. Conewaugus on the Gene- see River ; d. at the Seneca Reservation, Pa., Feb. 17, 1836, a. ab. 100. He was a half-breed, the son of John O'Bail, an Indian trader. He is first noticed as the leader of a war-party of Senecas, in alliance with the French against the English; was present at Braddock's de- feat, and, at the period of the Revol., was one of those who spread destruction over the fron- tier settlements in N.Y. and the Valley of Wy- oming. During the war, he was the most in- veterate foe of America, for which he ever after manifested sincere friendship. He, with his as- sociate. Red Jacket, was for many years the counsellor and protector of the interests of his people. He made great efforts to stop intem- perance in his nation, and was the first and most eloquent temperance-lecturer in America. In his later years, he cultivated a farm on the Alleghany River. Cornwallis, Charles, Earl and Mar- quis, a British gen., b. 31 Dec. 1738; d. Gha- zepore, India, 5 Oct. 1805. Eldest son of the first earl, before whose d., in 1762, he was styled Lord Broome. Educated at Eton and Cam- bridge, he was a capt. in the army at the age of 20 ; was aide-de-camp to Lord Granby in the German campaign of 1761, and, though an aide-de-camp and favorite of the king, opposed in the house of lords the measures which caused the Amer. war. Notwithstanding this, he accepted a com., and, as maj.-gen., took part in the exped. under Sir Peter Parker, which attacked Charleston in June, 1776, and which failed in consequence of the gallant defence of Fort Moultrie. In Aug., he com. the reserve of Howe's army, which drove the Americans from L.I., and through the Jerseys, but was outgeneralled by Washington at Trenton. He displayed great gallantry at the battle of Bran- dywine, and com. the detachment which took possession of Phila., 24 Sept. 1777; shortly after which he returned to Eng., and on his examination before the house of commons, respecting the conduct of Gen. Howe, testified strongly in his favor. He was present at the capture of Charleston in May, 1780 ; was made com. of the dist. of S.C ; defeated Gen. Gates at Camden, 16 Aug. 1780 ; gained an unimpor- tant advantage over Gen. Greene at Guilford, 15 Mar. 1781 ; and having invaded Va., and oc- cupied Yorktown, his embarkation thence was prevented by the fleet of DeGrasse, and he was compelled to surrender hisarmy of about 8,000 men to the combined forces of Washington and Rochambeau, 19 Oct. 1781, virtually end- ing the war. He was the ablest and most en- ergetic of the British gens, employed in the Revol. war. He endeavored to place the blame of his capture on Sir H. Clinton, who repelled the charge; and Cornwallis pnb. an "Answer" to Clinton's strictures upon his conduct. App. in 1786 gov. gen. and com. -in-chief in India. In the war with Tippoo Saib, he took Bunga- lorc in 1791 ; was victorious at Seringapatam in 1792, and compelled as the price of peace the cession of half his domains. Returning to Eng. in 1793, he was made a marquis, and master-gen. of the ordnance. Lord-lieut. of Ire- land in 1798, he pacified the rebels by a mod- erate policy, negotiated the treaty of Amiens in 1802, and in 1805 was again app. gov.-gen. of India. Napoleon said of him, " He had tal- ent, great probity, sincerity, and never broke his word. He was the first to impress upon me a favorable opinion of Englishmen.*' Without brilliant talents, his enterprise, perse- verance, alacrity, and caution made him a suc- cessful general. Coronado (ko-ro-nah'-do), Francesco Vasquez de, an early explorer of N. Mexico; d. 1542. The oxped. of Marco de Niza, in 1539, strengthened the belief in the existence of treas- ure among the Indian tribes north of Fla. ; and a second exped. was fitted out under Coronado, which left Culiacan on the Pacific coast, in April, 1540. Passing through what is now Sonora, and crossing the Gila, he reached the little Colorado, and visited the famed cities of Cibola, but found the reports of their wealth untrue. He found there "very excellent good stone houses 3, 4, or 5 stories high, wherein are good lodgings and fair chambers, with lad- ders instead of stairs." Drawings of these cities and houses were sent to Spain with hi." report. The people all wore mantles of cotton ; and cotton yarn was found in their houses. They reached the city of Quivera, the ruins of which are ab. 170 miles N.E. of El Paso. On his way back, in March, 1542, Coronado fell from his horse at Tiguex, near the Rio Grande, " and," says the narrative, " with the fall fell out his wits, and he became mad." The nar- rative of this exped. furnishes the first authen- tic account of the buffalo and the great prairies and plains of N. Mexico. Correa da Serra, Abbe Joseph Fran- cis, LL.D. (IT. U. 1823), Portuguese botanist, and minister-plenipo. to the U. S., 1816-21, b. Serpa, 1750 ; d. Caldas, 11 Sept. 1823. Chosen perpetual sec. of the Acad, of Sciences of Lis- bon ab. 1780. He studied at Rome and Na- ples, and, after residing 11 years at Paris, came in 1813 to the U. S. to prosecute researches in COR 222 COR natural history. Ab. 1814, he supplied the place of Mr. Barton as prof, of botany in Phila. Pie pub. several botanical papers, — one, on tlie soil of Ky., in Am. Philos. Trans, i., new series. Corse, John M., brig.-gen. vols. (11 Aug. 1863.) Col. 6th la. vols., disting. at Chicka- manga. In Oct. 1864, he defended Alatoona with success against a superior force of Con- federates, and com.a division of Sherman's army in its march through Ga. and the Carolinas. Corse, Montgomery D., brig.-gen. C.S. A., b. Alex., D.C., 14 Mar. 1816. Capt. in Mex. war. Engaged in banking at Alex, when the war broke out. Maj. and afterwards col. 17th Va. regt. ; brig.-gen. 1 Nov. 1862. Woundod at second Bull Run, Boonsboro', and Antie- tam ; afterward com. a brigade in Pickett's div. in the cxpcd. against Knoxville, and captured at Sailor's Creek, Va., in Apr. 1865. Con- fined some months at Fort Warren. Cortereal, Gaspard, a Portuguese navi- gator, b. Lisbon; d. 1.501. In the year 1500, this intrepid navigator, by appointment of the King of Portugnl, left the mouth of the Tagus with 2 ships, well equipped, and at his own cost, and proceeded as far as the regions since known by the name of Canada. He reached 60° north, and imposetl upon many places purely Portu- guese names, such as Labrador. Sebastian Ca- bot had visited thesecoasts in 1497, but he did not land upon them. After his return from this voyage, he again left Lisbon for the arctic re- gions, May 15, 1501, but never returned ; and an exped. sent by King Emanuel in 1503 found no traces of him. In this last voyage, he seized and carried off 57 natives, most of whom were lost in his ship. The other ship mached Lis- bon in Oct. 1501. His father, John Vaz Costa Cortkreal, a gentleman of the house- hold of Alphonso V. of Portui^al, is said to have discovered Newfoundland ab. 1463. Cortes (kor'tdz), Hernando, conqueror of Mexico, b. MedcUin, Estremadura, 1485 ; d. near Seville, Dec. 2, 1547. He left the U. of Salamanca in 1501, and was bred to the legal profession, which he quitted for military life. In 1504, he went to the W. Indies; was re- ceived with favor by the gov. of Hispaniola ; was employed under Diego Velasquez in paci- fying a revolt, and received from his country- man Ovando a riparthniento of Indians, and a notarial office in Azuna. He held successively several appointments, and in 1511 accomp. Ve- lasquez to subdue and colonize Cuba. He af- terwards held the office of alcalde of Santiago in the new colony. He received from Velas- quez, gov. of Cuba, the com. of a fleet sent on a voyage of discovery. Nov. 18, 1518, with 10 small vessels and 600 Spaniards, he left San- tiago, and arrived in the Gulf of Mexico, where he burnt his ships, that his soldiers might have no other resource than their own valor. He first landed on the shores of Mexico, in the province of Tabasco, Mar. 4, 1519. The na- tives were greatly terrified by the movable for- tresses in which they came, the iron which cov- ered them, the horses on which they were mounted, and the noise of the cannon. Having conquered the TIascalans, and induced them to become his allies, Cortes entered the city of Mexico, Nov. 8, 1519, and was received by Montezuma, the sovereign of the country, as his master, and was regarded by the natives as a god, and a child of the sun. By allying him- self to those caciques who were inimical to Montezuma, employing force or stratagem with others, he obtained possession of a great por- tion of the country. A chieftain, acting under secret orders from Montezuma, having attacked the Spaniards, Cortes repaired to the imperial palace, had the com. and his officers burnt alive, and forced the emperor, while in chains, publicly to acknowledge the sovereignty of Charles V. To this homage he a-^lded a pres- ent of a large quantity of pure gold and a num- ber of precious stones. Meantime, the jealousy of Velasquez was so aroused by the deeds of his representative, that he sent an army against him under Narvaez. Re-enforced by fresh troops from Spain, Cortes advanced to meet them, was victorious, and, uniting the vanquished troops with his own, again made war with the Mexicans, who had revolted aj:ainst Monte- zuma, whom they accused of treachery. Mon- tezuma having, in the attempt to restore tran- quillity, fallen a victim to the rage of the mul- titude, his nephew and son-in-law, Guatimozin, succeeded him, and successfully resisted the Spaniards for three months, but could not with- stand their artillery. Cortes again entered Mexico; and Guatimozin, with many of his nobles, was executed in 1521, after he had un- dergone horrid tortures to compel him to dis- close the place where his treasure was con- cealed. Commissioners having been sent to inspect and control his measures by the court of Madrid, which had become jealous of the power of Cortes, who had some time before been app. capt.-gen. and gov. of Mexico, his property was seized, his dependents were imprisoned; and in 1528 he returned to Spain. His recep- tion was flattering, and he returned to Mexico in 1530, with an increase of titles, but a dimi- nution of power. The civil administration was in charge of a viceroy ; and Cortes, with the military command, had the privilege of pros- ecuting his discoveries. Dissension ensued ; and though, in 1536, he discovered the Peninsula of California, many of his plans were frustrated, and his life imbittered ; and on his final re- turn to Spain, in 1540, he was received coldly, and neglected. Once, having forced his way through a crowd round the carringe of the king, Charles coldly inquired who he was. " I am a man," replied Cortes, " who has gained you more provinces than your father left you towns." His " Letters and Despatches," transl. by George Folsom, were pub. 8vo., N. Y., 1843. Corwin, Thomas, statesman, b. Bourbon Co., Ky., July 29, 1794; d. Washington, D.C., Dec. 18, 1865. His father, Matthias, many vears a member of the O. legisl., removed with liis family to O. in 1798, and settled near Leb- anon, Warren Co. Thomas was reared on a farm, had few opportunities for education, early exhibited a talent for oratory, was in May, 1818, adm. to the bar, and at once took high rank. His eloquence was unrivalled. Member of the State legisl. in 1822-9 ; M. C. 1831-40. Dur- ing the administrations of Jackson and Van Buren he uniformly sided with the Whigs. In 1836 and 1840, he supported Gen. Harrison. COS 223 COXJ Whig candidate for gov. of Ohio in 1840, he made speeches in almost every county of the State, and contributed more than any other person to swell Harrison's majority. Gov. 1841-2; U. S. senator 1845-50. His speech on the Mexican war is one of his ablest efforts. Sec. U. S. treas. July, 1850-Mar. 1853 ; M. C. 1859-61 ; app. minister to Mexico in 1861, but came home on the arrival of Maximillian. — See Life and Speeches, ed. by Isaac Strohm, 1859. Cosby, William, gov. of N. Y. from 1731 till his d., Mar. 7, 1 736. He hud been previously gov. of Minorca and of the Leeward Islands, and a col. in the army. His administration was turbulent and unpopular. He app. Dc- lancy, a man bf intrigue, his successor; held in contempt the elective I'ranchise; and continued the same assembly 6 years, without permitting its dissolution. Costa da, Claddio Mangel, a Brazilian poet, b. 1729; d. 1789. Educated at Coimbra, he returned to Brazil, and wrote " Villarica," and other poems of merit. Cottineau, Denis Nicholas, capt. in the Revol. navy of the U. S., b. Nantes, France; d. Savannah, Ga., Nov. 29, 1808, a. 62. For- merly a licut. in the French navy, and a knight of the order of St. Louis ; com. " The Pallas " in the battle of Paul Jones with the British squadron under Sir R. Pearson. Cotton, John, one of the first ministers of Boston, b. Derby, Eng., Dec. 4, 1585 ; d. Bos- ton, Dec. 23, 1652. He entered Trin. Coll. at 13 ; afterward removed to Emanuel Coll., and became a lecturer and tutor there. Ab. 1612, he became vicar of St. Botolph's Church, Bos- ton, Lincolnshire, where for more than 20 years he was a noted preacher and controversialist, inclining toward the Puritan worship. Cited to appear before Archbishop Laud for not kneeling at the sacrament, he fled to London, and thence to America, landing in Boston, Sept. 4, 1633. Oct. 17, he was ord. colleague with Mr. Wilson, and teacher of the Boston Church. For 19 years, he was so influential as to have been called the patriarch of New England. In 1642, he was invited, together with Hooker and Davenport, to assist the assembly of divines at Westminster, and was in favor of accepting the invitation, but was dissuaded by Hooker, who was himself forming a system of church govt, for New England. His death was brought on by exposure in crossing the ferry to Cam- brige, where he was going to preach. He was a man of learning, a critic in Greek, wrote Latin with elegance, and could discourse in He- brew. Simple and plain in his discourses, he was exceedingly effective in exciting attention to religion. His publications were numerous, mostly sermons and controversial works, the most important being his controversy with Roger Williams, and his "Power of the Keys," on the nature of church government. He de- fended, against Roger VVilliams, the interfer- ence of the civil power in religious affairs for the support of truth. A monumental tablet, with a Latin inscription by Edward Everett, was erected in St. Botolph's Church, Boston, Eng., in 1857, in his honor, chiefly by contri- butions from his descendants in JBoston. A memoir, by John Norton, with notes by Prof. Enoch Pond, was pub. Boston, 1834. His son Seaborn (H. C. 1651) was minister of Hamp- ton, N.H., 1660-86. Cotton, John, b. Boston, Mar. 13, 1640; d. Charleston, S.C, Sept. 18, 1699. Minister of Plymouth, Ms., from June 30, 1669, to Oct. 5, 1697; of Martha's Vineyard from 1664 to 1667; and of Charleston, S.C, in 1698-9. H. U. 1657. Son of the preceding. Eminent for his knowledge of the Indian language. He rendered great assistance to Thos. May hew at Martha's Vineyard; frequently preaclied to the aborigines while at Plymouth; and revised and corrected Eliot's Indian Bible, printed at Cam- bridge in 1685. His sons, John, Roland, and Theophilus, were ministers. Cotton, Jos I All, judge, and preacher to the Indians, b. Plymouth, Jan. 8, 1680; d. Aug. 19, 1756. H. U. 1698. Grandson of Rev. John Cotton. He studied theology, taught school in Marblehead and Plymouth, and, though not ord. over any church, preached occasionally for several years. He also gave his attention to agriculrure, having a good farm in the north part of Plymouth. Having acquired consider- able knowledge of the Indian language, he vis- ited various tribes in Plymouth Colony as a mis- sionary during nearly 40 years. He was also clerk of the County Court, register of probate, and j ustice of the peace. He prepared a vocabu- lary of the language of the Ms. Indians, pub. in Ms. Hist. Colls., vol. ii., 3d series. Couch, Darius Nash, maj.-gen. vols., b. Putnam Co., N.Y., July 23, 1822. West Point, 1846. Entering the 4th Artillery, ho served in the Mexican war ; was brev. for gal- lantry at Buena Vista, Feb. 1847, and became 1st lieut. Dec. 1847. He was afterward in com. at Key West barracks ; aided in suppressing the last outbreak of the Seminoles, and in 1853 made a scientilic tour in Mexico, pub. under the title of "Notes of Travel." In 1855, he re- signed, and engaged in mercantile pursuits in N. Y. City, but in 1859 removed to Taunton, Ms. June 15, 1861, he became col. 7th Ms. regt., and in Aug. brig.-gen., dating from May 17. On the re-organization of the Potomac Ar- my, he was assigned the com. of a division in the corps of Gen. Keyes, with which he greatly disting. himself at the battles of Fair Oaks, Williamsburg, and Malvern Hills. Promoted to maj.-gen. July 4, 1862, he took part in the battle of Antietam, in Franklin's corps, and was soon after put in com. of the 2d (late Sum- ner's) army corps. He took a prominent part in Burnside's operations at Fredericksburg, Hooker's at Chancellorsville ; com. dept. of the Susquehannah, June, 1863-Dec. 1864; com. 2d div. 23d corps in the defeat of Hood near Nash- ville, and also in the operations in N.C. in Feb. 1865. Pres. of a Va. mining and manuf. co. since 1867. — Culluin. Court de Gebelin (koordeh zhab'-lan'), Antoine, a French author, b. Nismes, 1725 ; d. Paris, May 10, 1784. A preacher in early life, he established himself in Paris in 1763, and, be- tween 1775 and 1784, pub. 9 vols, of his great work, " Le Monde Primitif." He sympathized deeply with the American struggle for inde- pendence, and co-operated with Franklin and COXJ 224 cox others in the publication of a work advocating the American cause, entitled "Affaires de VAn- gleterre et de VAinerique," 15 vols., 1776, et. seq. He was the author of a defence of animal mag- netism, and of a variety of works, historical, philosophical, and political. Courtenay, Edward H., LL.D. (H. Sid. Coll. 1846), mathematician, b. Md., 1803; d. Charlotteville, Va.,21 Dec. 1853. West Point (1st in chiss), 1821. Teacher and prof, of math, and exper. philos. therefrom 1828 to 31 Dec. 1834; prof, of math. U. of Pa., 1834-6, and at U. of Va., 1842-53. Engr. in construct, of Ft. Independence, Boston Harbor, 1837-41 ; cliief- engr. of dry dock, Brooklyn navy -yard, 1841-2. Author of " Elem. Treatise on Mechanics," from the French of Boucharlat, 1833; and " Treatise on Differential and Integral Calcu- lus, and Calculus of Variations," 1855. A.M. U. of Pa., 1854. Covington, Leonard, brig. -gen. U.S.A., b. Aquasco, Prince George Co., Md., Oct. 30, 1768; d. French Mills, Nov. 14,1813. Mar. 14, 1792, he obtained from Washington the com. of licut. of dragoons ; joined the army under Gen. Wayne ; disting. himselfat Fort Recovery and the battle of Miami ; was honorably men- tioned in Wayne's official report ; was promoted to the rank of capt. in July, 1794, and retired to the pursuits of agriculture. Many years a member of the legist, of Md. ; was M.C. from 1805 to 1807 ; was app. in 1809 lieut.-col. of a rcgt. of cav. ; in Aug. 181 3, he was app. brig.- gen., and ordered to the northern frontier. At the battle of Chrystler's Fields, he received a mortal wound, and died 2 days after. He had the reputation of being one of the best officers in the service. Covode, John, M.C. from Pa., 1855-63 and 1867-9, b. Westmoreland Co., Pa., 17 Mar. 1808; d. Harrisburg, 11 Jan. 1871. He was a farmer, and was extensively engaged in coal- mining. Chairman of a special committee of 36th Congress to investigate certain charges against Prcs. Buchanan ; and his "Report," pub. by Congress, attracted much attention at the time. Cowdery, Dr. Jonathan, senior surgeon U. S. N., b Sandisfield, Ms., Apr. 22, 1767 ; d. Norfolk, Va., Nov. 20, 1852. App. assist, surg., Jan. 1, 1800; surgeon, Nov. 27, 1804. He served in the frigate " Philadelphia," which was stranded on the coast of Tripoli, Oct. 31, 1803, and was a prisoner in the hands of the Turks nearly 2 years. In 1806, he pub. a journal of this captivity. Cowell, Benjamin, b. Wrentham, Ms., 1782 ; d. Providence, R.I., May 6, 1860. B.U. 1803. He settled as a lawyer in Prov. ; was clerk of the federal courts, and for a time chief- justice C.C.P. He pub. in 1850 a vol. of Revol. history, entitled " The Spirit of '76." Cowell, Joseph, comedian, b. Kent, Eng., Aug. 7, 1792; d. Lond., Nov. 14, 1863. He made his delmt, Jan. 23, 1812, at Daven- port, Eng. First app. in the U.S. as Le Clair in "Foundling of the Forest" at the Park, N.Y., in Oct. 1821. Kate Bateman is a grand- daughter. Author of " 30 Years among the Players of Eng. and Amer.," 8vo, N.Y. 1844. Coxe, Arthur Cleveland, D.D., Prot.- Epis. bishop of Western N.Y. Son of Rev. S. H. Coxe, b. Mendham, N.J., May 10, 1818. U. of N.Y. 1838. He took orders in 1841; became rector of St. John's, Hartford, Ct., 1842, and was settled successively at Morris- ania, Hartford, and Baltimore, where he was rector of Grace Church in 1854-64, and Jan. 4, 1865, was consec. at Geneva bishop of West- ern N.Y. He has written " Christian Bal- lads," a vol. of religious poems, N.Y., 1840 ; " Saul, a Mystery, and Other Poems," 1845 ; a vol. of travels in England, 1856; a coll. of sermons, 1855 ; "Halloween and Other Poems," 1844; "Advent, a Mystery, a Dramatic Poem," 1837 ; " Athwold, a Romaunt," 1838 ; " Saint Jonathan, the Lay of a Scald," 1838; " Athanasion, and Other Poems," 1842; " Thoughts on the Services." He visited Eng. ill 1851. While at Baltimore, he nobly main- tained the cause of the Union, against great and bitter opposition, during the Rebellion. Cox, Jacob Dolson, maj.-gen. vols,, b. Montreal, Canada, Oct. 27, 1828. His mother was a lineal descendant of Elder William Brewster. His parents resided in N.Y. City, where the son studied law for some time, after- ward spending 3 years at Oberlin Coll., O., and was adrn. to the bar in 1852. He practised at Warren, O., until elected State senator in 1859. In Apr. 1861, he was made brig.- gen. State nnlitia, and placed in com. of a camp of instruction. Brig.-gen. of vols., May 15, 1861, he com. in the Kanawha Valley, and soon drove out Gen. Wise, and took Gauley Bridge. He remained in com. of this dept. except for a short time, when Gen. Rosccrans was over him, until Aug. 1862, when he was assigned to the Army of Va. under Gen. Pope. Oct. 6, 1862, he was ordered to the district of the Kanawha ; com. the 9th army corps after the death of Gen. Reno ; at South Mountain, Sept. 14, 1862, and, 3 days after, Antietam. Placed in com. of the district of Ohio, Apr. 16, 1863, and of a division of the 23d army corps, he served in the Atlanta campaign of 1864, and was in the battles of Franklin and Nashville, Tenn. Maj.-gen. for these disting. services from Dec. 7, 1864. Li Mar. 1865, after fighting a battle at Kinston, N.C, he joined Sherman's army. Gov. of 0., 1866-8 ; sec. of the interior, 1869 to Nov. 1870. Cox, James, b. Monmouth Co.,N.J., 1753; d. there Sept. 12, 1810. Several years mem- ber of the legisl. and speaker of the assembly ; com. a company of militia at Germantown and Monmouth, and was subsequently a brig.- gen. of militia; M.C. 1809-10. Coxe, John RiiDM.\N, M.D., b. Trenton, N.J., 1773 ; d. Phila., Mar. 22, 1864. He stud- ied medicine under Dr. Rush, and at London, Paris, and Edinburgh. Settled in Phila. in 1796 ; was port-physician in 1798, during the yellow-fever visitation ; was for several years a physician of the Pa. hospital and of the Phila. dispensatory; prof, of chemistry in the U. of Pa. in 1809-18, and prof, of materia medica from 1818 to 1835. He first introduced vac- cination in Phila. Dr. Coxe never had a sick day, and d., aged 91, without any appreciable disease. He pub. "On Inflammation," 8vo, 1794; "Importance, &c., of Medicine," Svo, cox 225 CIEIJ^ 1800; "Vaccination," 8vo, 1800; "Combus- tion, &c.," 8vo, I81I ; " Anier. Dispensatory," Svo, 1827 ; " liefut. of Harvey's Claim to the Discov. of the Circulation of the Blood," Svo, 1834; "Female Biography;" " Recog. of Friends in Another World," 1845, 12mo. Edited Phila. Med. Museum, 6 vols., 8vo, 1805, new series, 1811; ^^ Emporium of Arts and Sciences," 5 vols., 8vo, 1812. Cox, Lemuel, an eminent mechanic, b. Boston, Ms., 1736; d. Charlcstown, Ms., Feb. 18, 1806. Near the close of 1775, he was in prison at Ipswich for his attachment to the cause of the crown. Mr. Felt, in his " Annals of Salem," supposes him to have been the per- son who was the chief architect of Essex bridge in 1788, and who subsequently constructed bridges in Eng. and Ireland. " In 1796," says Mr, Felt, " he had a grant of 1,000 acres of land in Me., from our legisl., for being the first inventor of a machine to cut card-wire, the first projector of a powder-mill in Ms., the first suggester of employing prisoners on Castle Is- land to make nails, and for various other dis- coveries in mechanical arts." The celebrated bridge at Waterford, Ireland, was in 1793 built under his direction and superintendence. He also built bridges from Salem to Beverly, and over the Mystic River to Maiden. — Sabine ; Bradford. Coxe, Margaret, b. Burlington, N.J. Pub. " Claims of the Country on Amer. Fe- males," 2 vols., 12mo, Columbus, 1842; "Bot- any of the Scriptures ; " " Wonders of the Deep ; " " Young Ladies' Companion and To- ken," 12mo. — Allibone. Cox, Samuel Hanson, D.D., LL.D., Presb. divine, b. Leesville, N.J., Aug. 25, 1793. Commenced the study of law in 1811, afterward studied theology, and was ord. by the N.J. Presbytery, July 1, 1817. From 1820 to 1833, he had charge of the Spring-st. Church, N.Y ; prof, of sacred rhetoric at Auburn, N.Y., from 1834 to May, 1837, and from that time until 1854, when obliged by the failure of his voice to give up his charge, pastor of the First Presb. Church in Brooklyn. Having sympathized with, and aided in founding the Antislavery Society, he was one of the sufferers by a mob, and had his house and church sacked, July 10, 1834. He successively advocated abolition, temperance, colonization, and New School Pres- byterianism, and the Evangelical Alliance, and r.vnks high as a writer and preacher. He has been frequently a delegate to the religious anni- versaries in London. Author of " Quakerism not Christianity," " Interviews, Memorable and Useful, from the Diary of Memory," N.Y., 1853, and other publications. Father of Bishop A. C. Coxe. Cox, Samuel Sullivan (" Sunset" Cox), b. Zanesville, 0. Brown U. 1846. He became a lawyer and an editor in O. ; was sec. of le- gation to Peru in 1855; M.C. 1857-65 and 1869-71, and is an occasional lecturer. Au- thor of " The Buckeye Abroad," N Y., 1852 ; " Eight Years in Congress," 1865, and " Search for Winter Sunbeams." Coxe, Tench, writer on political economy, b. Phila., May 22, 1755 ; d. there July 17, 1824. His great-grandfather. Dr. Daniel Coxe of 15 Lond., was the proprietor of West New Jersey and of Carolina, between the 31st and 36th parallels of N. latitude. He had been physi- cian to Queen Anne, and was a gov. of St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London. In 1698, he sent 2 ships and several hundred colonists to settle this territory, which were the first ships to enter the Mpi. from the sea. The colonists were, however, by French machinations, divert- ed from their purpose, and settled in S.C. His son. Col. Daniel, inherited his interests; came over in 1702 ; resided at Burlington, and then at Trenton, N.J. ; filled important stations in that province ; was speaker of the assembly in 1716; judge of the Sup. Ct. 1734-9, and wrote " A Description of the Province of Carolina," 8vo, Lond., 1722; "Collect, of Voyages and Travels," Svo, 1741 ; d. Trenton, May, 1739. Tench was educated at the Phila. Coll. ; became a partner in business with his father, Wm., in May, 1776; was a commissioner to the Federal convention at Annapolis, in 1786; member of the Cont. Congress in 1788 ; assist, sec. of the treas. May, 1790 ; commissioner of the revenue May, 1792, and purveyor of the public supplies from 1803 to 1812. He devoted his life to the encouragement of our manufactures. His sym- pathies appeared to be on the side of the crown during the Revol. He pub. " A Brief Exam- ination of Lord Sheffield's Observations on the Commerce of the U.S.," 1792; "A View of the U.S.," 1794, and " A Statement of the Arts and Manufiictures of the U.S. for 1810," 1814 ; "An Address on American Manufactures," " An Inquiry into the Principles of a Commer- cial System for the U.S.," 1787; "Thoughts on the Naval Power, and the Encouragement of Commerce and Manufactures," 1806; "Memoir on the Cultivation, Trade, and Manufacture of Cotton," 1807; "On the Navigation Act," 1809. — AS/m/Json. Cox, William, author, b. Eng. ; d. there ab. 1851. He came to the U.S. in early life; was a printer ; was employed in the N. 1. Mir- ror, to which he was a contrib., and pub. " Crayon Sketches," 2 vols., 1833. Cozzens, Frederick Swart wout, au- thor, b. N.Y., March 5, 1818; d. Brooklyn, Dec. 23, 1869. He was educated in his native city. In 1853, he coll. a series of articles con- trib. to the Knickerbocker Magazine, in a vol. entitled " Prismatics," by Richard Hayward. In 1856, he pub. the " Sparrowgrass Papers." A leading wine-merchant, he pub., in connec- tion with his business, a periodical entitled the " Wine Press," for which, as well as for other publications, he wrote interesting essays on grape-culture. In 1858, he attended the copy- right congress of Brussels, as delegate of the N.Y. Publishers' Association. Author of " Acadia ; or, A Sojourn among the Blue- noses," 12mo, 1858; "Stone House on the Susquehanna;" "Memorial of Fitzgreene Hal- leck," 1868. Cozzens, Issachar, uncle of F. S., b. Newport, ii.I., 1781. Pub. " Geological His- tory of N.Y. Island," N.Y., Svo, 1843. Crabbe, Thomas, rear-adm. U.S.N., b. Md. Midshipm. Nov. 15, 1809; lieut. Feb. 4, 1815 ; com. Mar. 3, 1835 ; capt. Sept. 8, 1841 ; commo. July 16, 1862; rear-adm. retired list, CR^ 226 CRJ^ July 25, 1866. Engaged in attack by gunboats on 3 British frigates in Hampton Roads, June 20,1813; also in repelling attack on Craney Island, June 22, 1813 ; com. sloop of war" Van- dalia," W.I. squadron, 1837; and, during the Seminole war, had charge of Fort Brooke,Tam- pa Bay, Jan. 28 to May 17, 1837 ; com. frigate " Brandy wine," Brazil squad., 1841 ; steam- sloop " San Jacinto," Medit. squad., 1852-3 ; com. squad, coast of Africa, 1855-7 ; prize commis.. East. Dist. Pa., 1864-5. — Hamerslfj. Cradock, Matthew; first gov. of the Ms. Company (18 Mar. 1628),an opulent Lond. mer- chant; d. May 27, 1641. "He was," Hutchin- son says, " more forward in advancing out of his substance than any other, being generally the highest in all subscriptions," and at his decease left a large claim upon the Colony. He con- tinued many years to carry on a trade in the Colony by his servants; but he never came over. To him is due the important measure of trans- ferring the govt, from the Lond. company to the inhabitants here, a measure pregnant with independence. He was a member of the cele- brated Long Parliament from the city of London, in 1640. — N.E. H. and Geneal. Reg., viii. 27. Cradock, Thomas, rector of St. Thomas's Church, Baltimore Co., Md. ; d. 1760. He preached a sermon in 1753, before the gov. and assembly, on the irregularities of the clergy. In 1756, he pub. a version of the Psalms, in heroic measure. Crafts, Samuel Chandler, jurist and statesman, b. Woodstock, Ct., Oct. 6, 1768; d. Craftsbury, Vt., Nov. 19, 1853. H.U. 1790. His father, CoL Ebenezer Crafts, founded Lei- cester Acad.; settled in Vt. in 1790; d. 1810, a. 70. Y.C. 1759. The son was town-clerk of Craftsbury, 1792-1829; youngest delegate to the State Const. Conv. in 1793; was several years a representative, and clerk of the house in 1798 and 1799; register of probate for the Orleans dist. from 1796 to 1815; member of the exec, council from 1809 to 1812 and from 1825 to 1827 ; a judge of Orleans county court from 1800 to 1816, being pres. judge for the last six years, and from 1825 to 1828; and clerk of the court from 1836 to 1838; M. C. 1817-25 ; gov. 1829-32; was pres. of the Const. Conv. in 1829, and in 1842 was app. a U.S. sena- tor. M.A. of the U. of Vermont, 1809. In June, 1802, while there were but a few log- huts on the site of the present city of Cincin- nati, he commenced a tour of observation to the Lower Mpi., and, in company with Mi- chaux the younger, made a botanical recon- noissance of the Valley of the Great West in canoes and arks. Crafts, William, lawyer and author, b. Charleston, S.C, Jan. 24, 1787; d. Lebanon Springs, N.Y., Sept. 23, 1826. H.U. 1805. He was a successful practitioner, and an eloquent advocate of Charleston, especially in criminal cases, and was several years a member of the State legisl. As editor of the Charleston Courier he contrib. many essays, suggested by topics of the day. He delivered the Phi Beta Kappa address at Cambridge, 1817, and wrote a few poems ; the " Sea Serpent," or " Gloucester Hoax." a drama in 3 acts, and contribs. to the " Omnium Botherum," a serial devoted to local satire. A selection from his writings, including some of his orations, was pub. at Charleston in 1828, with a memoir, by Rev. Samuel Oilman. Cragin, Aaron H., senator, b. Weston, Vt., 3 Feb. 1821. Lawyer; member N H. legisl. 1852-5; M.C. 1857-61; U.S. senator 1865-71 ; re-elected in 1870. Craig, Henry Knox, brev. brig.-gen. U. S.A., b. Pa. ; son of Isaac, a maj. in the Revol. war, by a dau. of Gen. John Neville. Lieut, art. Mar. 17, 1812 ; engaged in the occupation of Fort George, and night assault at Stony Creek, U.C. ; capt. Dec. 1813 ; brev. maj. Dec. 23, 1823; maj. of ordnance, May 30, 1832; disting. in battles of Palo Alto and La Palma ; brev. lieut.-col. "for Monterey, Mex.," Sept. 23, 1846; lieut.-col. Mar. 25, 1848; col. of ord- nance, July 10, 1851; retired, June 1, 1863; brev. brig.-gen. Mar. 13, 1865. — Gardner. Craig, James, brig.-gen. vols., b. Pa. ab. 1820. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar; removed to Mo., and settled at St. Joseph's ; was a member of the State legisl. in 1846-7; served in the Mex. war, and was a capt. Mo. mounted rifles from Aug. 1847 to Nov. 1848; circuit-atty. 12th judicial circuit. Mo., from 1852 to 1856; Democratic M.C. in 1857-61 ; app. a brig.-gen. of vols. Mar. 21, 1862, and employed in the West. Craig, Sir James Henry, a British gen., b. Gibraltar, 1749; d. Jan. 12, 1812. luisign in 1763; aide-de-camp to Gen. Boyd at Gibral- tar in 1770; in 1771, capt. 47th Foot, with which he went to America in 1774; was in the battle of Lexington ; severely wounded at Bunker's Hill, again at Hubbardton, and a third time at Freeman's Farm, Sept. 19, 1777. Included in the convention at Saratoga, sent to Eng. with despatches, and app. maj. 82d, Dec. 1777. He was engaged in the operations on the Penobscot in 1779; was ordered to the South; in Jan. 1781 occupied Wilmington, N.C., whicli he abandoned when Cornwallis surrendered in Nov. 1781, when he held the rank of lieut.-col. He saw much active ser- vice, usually in com. of light troops, and was an officer of merit. As a maj.-gen. he com. the exped. against the Cape of Good Hope in 1795, and in 1797 the successful exped. against Manilla. Lieut.-gen. Jan. 1801. With Sir John Stuart, he led the army of the Mediter- ranean to Sicily in 1805. App. com.-in-chief of Canada in Aug. 1807, he proved wholly unfit for a civil station. He saw in every op- ponent of his policy a disaffected rebel, seized liberal presses, suppressed opposition, and em- ployed spies. He returned to Eng., June 19, 1811. Craig, Col. Thomas, RevoL oflScer; d. Lehigh Co., Pa., Jan. 14, 1832, a. 92. Made capt. in St. Clair's batt. Jan. 5, 1776; maj. Sept. 7, 1776; col. 3d Pa. rcgt. 1777. Craighill, William P., maj. engr. corps U.S.A., b. Va. West Point, 1853. Entering the engr. corps, he became capt. 3 Mar. 1 863 ; brev. lieut.-col. 13 Mar. 1865, for services in defence of Cumberland Gap; maj. 23 Nov. 1865. He was engaged some years in the con- struction and repairs of Southern forts and CRA. 227 CRA. harbors ; was assist, prof, of engineering at West Point, 1859-63; chief engr. of Gen. G. W. Morgan's div., June-Oct. 1862, and of dept. of the Monongahela, June-Aug. 1863; assist, engr. in construction of defences of Bait, harbor, Sept., 1863-June, 1864; chief engr. middle dept. and 8th army corps, Apr.-June, 1864. Compiler of "Army Officer's Pocket Companion," 1861 ; translator of Dufour's " Cours de Tactiques," 1863, and, jointly with Capt. Mendell, of Jomini's " Pr€cis de I 'Art de la Guerre," 1862. — Cu/lum. Craik, James, M.D., physician, b. Scot- land, 1731 ; d. Fairfax Co., Va., Feb. 6, 1814. Educated for the medical service of the British army, he came to Va. in early life ; was with Washington in the exped. against the French and Indians, in 1754, and the next year was in Braddocks fatal campaign. In 1775, by the aid of Washington, he was transferred to the medical dept. of the army, and rose to the first rank and distinction. In 1777, he was active in unveiling the conspiracy to remove the commander-in-chief. In 1781, he was director of the hospital at Yorktown. After the Revol., Craik settled near Mount Vernon, and attended Washington in his last illness. Cralle, Richard K., author, b. S.C. ; d. Va., 10 June, 1864. Relativeof J. C. Calhoun, and his amanuensis while sec. of State, and pub. an edition of his works in 6 vols., with a memoir. Previously an editor in Washing- ton and a Sweden bo rgian clergyman. Author of some New Church publications. Cranch, Christopher Pearse, artist and poet, son of Judge C, b. Alexandria, D C, March 8, 1813. Col. Coll. 1831. He studied divinity 3 years at H.U., but, in 1842, devoted himself to landscape-painting in N.Y. May 25, 1840, he delivered a poem at the 200th anniv. of the town of Quincy. In 1847-8, he visited Italy; went again to Europe in 1853, and resided some years in Paris. During his 10 years' absence, he executed many admira- ble landscapes. Since his return, he has re- sided in N.Y. and at Fishkill, and has painted views of Venice, some fruit-pieces, and other compositions. He was one of the contribs. to the Dial, in which were pub. some of his best poems. In 1854, a vol. of his poems appeared at Piiila. He has also pub. two stories, " The Last of the Huggermuggers," 1856; and " Koboltozo," a sequel to the former, 1857. He still writes occasionally for various journals and magazines. Cranch, William, LL.D. (H.U. 1829), jurist, b. Weymouth, Ms., July 17, 1769; d. Washington, Sept. 1, 1855. H.U. 1787. Richard, his father, b. Eng., Nov. 1726; d. Oct. 16, 1811 ; came to Ms. in 1746; m. Mary, dau. of Rev. Wm. Smith of Weymouth ; was a man of learning; many years a member of the legisl., and judge of the C.C.P. ; pub. " Views of the Prophecies concerning Anti- Christ." Wm. studied law ; was adm. to the bar in July, 1790; practised in Braintree and in Haverhill, 'but in Oct. 1794, removed to Washington. In 1801, his bro.-in-law, Pres. Adams, app. him jun. assist, judge of the Circuit Court of the D.C., of which he was chief-justice from 1805 to 1855. In these 55 years, but 2 of his decisions were overruled. He pub. 9 vols, of Reports of U.S. Supreme Court, and 6 vols, of Reports of Circuit Court of D.C., from 1801 to 1841. He also prepared a code of laws for the district ; pub. a memoir of John Adams, 8vo, 1827, and, in 1831, an address on temperance. Member of the Acad, of Arts and Sciences. Crane, Ichabod B., col. U.S.A., b. N J.; d. Port Richmond, Staten Island, NY., Oct. 5, 1857. App. 2d lieut. marines, Jan. 1809; capt. 3d Art. April 25, 1812; brev. maj. for merit, services, Nov. 13, 1813; maj, 4th Art., Sept. 15, 1825; lieut.-col. 2d Art., Nov. 3, 1832; col, 1st Art., June 27, 1843; gov. of Military Asylum at Washington, May, 1851 to Nov. 1853 ; bro. of Com. Wm. M. Crane. — Gardner. Crane, Col. John, Revol. officer of Ms. ; d. Aug. 21, 1805. He com. the regt. of Ms. Art. through the war. During the siege of Boston, he held the rank of major, and did good service. Crane, William Montgomery, com. U.S.N., b. Elizabethtown, N.J,, Feb. 1, 1784; d, Washington, March 18, 1846. His father. Gen, Wm., severely wounded at Quebec, and a col. in the Revol. armv, d. Elizabethtown, July 30, 1814. Midshipm. May 23, 1799; lieut. July 20, 1803; com. March 4, 1813; capt. Nov. 22, 1814. Comg. the brig " Vix- en," he disting. himself in the attack on Trip- oli, and was in " The Chesapeake," when at- tacked by " The Leopard." In July, 1812, while comg. the brig. " Nautilus," he was taken by " The Southampton," frigate. On his ex- change, he was ordered to the Lakes, where, in com. of " The Madison " and *• Pike," in Chauncey's squadron, he served with distinc- tion for the remainder of the war. In 1827, in the flag-ship " Delaware," he com. the Mediterranean squadron, acting as joint com- missioner with Mr. Offley, U.S. consul at Smyrna, to open negotiations with the Otto- man Govt. App. navy commissioner in 1841, and in 1842 chief of the bureau of ordnance and hydrography. He died by his own hand ; cause unknown. Cranfleld, Edward, gov. of N.H., 1682- 5 ; d. Eng., 1704. He exchanged a profitable office in Eng. to better his fortune here, but exer- cised his power in so arbitrary a manner, that he soon lost his place. Venturing to tax the people without their consent, he soon found "all his efforts ineffectual, and his authority con- temptible." The complaints were taken up by the lords of trade, and decided against him. Returning to Eng. in 1685, he was afterwards app. collector of Barbadoes. Crapo, Henry H., gov. of Mich., 1865-9, b. Dartmouth, Ms., 24 May, 1804 ; d. Flint, Mich., July 23, 1869, He resided in New Bed- ford until his removal to Saginaw, Mich., in 1856, where he entered largely into the lumber- business. State .senator in 1862, and at one time mayor of Flint. Craven, Charles, sec. to the proprietors of S.C, and gov. in 1712-16. Ordered in 1712 to sound Port Royal River, it is probable that he founded Beaufort. The Yemassees and other warlike tribes, having, in 1715, combined OR^ 228 CR^ for the destruction of the Colony, Gov. Cra- ven at the head of 1,200 men, part of whom were blacks, defeated them in a series of des- perate conflicts. Craven, Tuxi8 Aug. Macdonough, com- mander U.S.N., b. Portsmouth, N.H. ; killed in the iron-clad " Tecumseh," destroyed by a torpedo in Mobile Bay, Aug. 5, 1864. Mid- shipm.Feb. 2, 1829; lieut. 1841 ; com. Apr. 24, 1861 . He had seen 20 years' service, — 8 years' in the coast-survey, — and, during the civil war, com. " The Crusader," " The Tuscarora," and " The Tecumseh." Craven, Thomas T., rear-adm. U.S.N.,b. D.C. Son of Tunis Craven of N J. Many years U.S. naval storekeeper at the Portsmouth and Brooklyn navy-yards. Midshipni. May 1, 1822; lieut. May 27, 1830; com. Dec. 16, 1852; capt. June 7, 1861; commo. July 16, 1362; rear-adm. Oct. 10, 1866; lieut.-com. of the flag-ship " Vincennes " in Wilkes's U.S. Exploring Exped., 1838-42. While at Valparaiso, in July, 1839, he was instrumental in saving the crew of a Chilian vessel, wrecked in a gale there, for which he was complimented by Sec. Paulding. From 1851 to 1855, com. of midshipm., and instructor, U.S. naval acad. at Annapolis; June 27, 1861, he took com. of the Potomac flotilla, and of " The Brook- lyn," in the autumn of 1861. In the attack on Forts Jackson and St. Philip, " The Brook- lyn" became entangled in the obstructions in the river, and was attacked by a ram and a steam- er. The latter received a broadside at 60 yards, which put a stop to her attack ; while the chain-armor of " The Brooklyn " prevented in- jury by the shock from the ram. Capt. Craven took part in the subsequent engagements on the Mpi., until Aug. 1862. Com. N. Pacific squad., 1869. Crawford, George W., statesman and lawyer, b. Columbia Co., Ga., Dec. 22, 1798. N. J. Coll. 1820. He studied law, and com- menced practice at Augusta, Ga., in 1822 ; was atty.-gen. 1827-31 ; was in the State legisl. from 1837 to 1842, with the exception of one year; M.C. 1843 ; gov. 1843-7, and a mem- ber of Pres. Taylor's cabinet, as sec. of war, 1849-July, 1850; subsequently visited Europe, since which time he has lived in retirement at his home in Richmond Co. — Lanman. Crawford, Nathaniel Macon, D.D., di- vine, b. near Lexington, Ga., Mar. 22, 1811. U. of Ga. Aug. 1829. He studied law with his father, Wm. H. Crawford, but never prac- tised. Prof, of mathematics in Oglethorpe U., 1837-41 ; licensed to preach in 1843, and ord. in the Baptist ministry, 1844. Pastor in Wash- ington, Ga., in 1845, and in Charleston, S.C, in 1846. Prof, of biblical literature in Mercer U., 1847-54, and was pres. in 1855-6 ; in 1857, he was prof, of mental and moral philos. in the U. of Mpi , and was prof, in the Western Baptist Thcol. Sem. at Georgetown, Ky., until July, 1858. He afterward resumed the presi- dency of Mercer U. ; pres. of the Bible Revision Assoc, in 1857. Author of " Christian Para- doxes," 1858. He is considered one of the first pulpit orators of the Baptist Church at the South. Crawford, Samuel Wylie, brev. brig.- gen. U.S.A., b. Franklin Co., Pa., Nov. 8, 1829. U. of Pa. 1847. He studied medicine, and in 1851 was made assist, surgeon, U.S.A.; was on duty in Texas 3 years, and in New Mexico until 1856, when he went to Mexico. While there, he made scientific researches, and became a member of the Geog. Society of Mex- ico. He was one of the garrison of Fort Sum- ter in Apr. 1861 ; com. a battery during the action ; was made maj. of the 13th Inf., May 14, 1861 ; ordered to Eastern Va., and made insp.-gen. of that dept. ; brig.-gen. Apr. 25, 1862, he was assigned to the corps of Gen. Banks in the army of the Shenandoah. He was in the battle of Winchester, and was mentioned in the report of the comg.-gen. He bore a leading part in the battle of Cedar Moun- tain, where he lost more than half his brigade, and, after the death of Gen. Mansfield, com. his division in the battle of Antietam, where, though severely wounded, he kept the field till the close of the action. He com. 3d div. 5th corps, at the Wilderness battle, at Hatch- er's Run, and in the battles around Petersburg. Brev. maj.-gcn. Mar. 13, 1865; brev. col. U.S.A. for Gettysburg; brev. brig.-gen. for Five Forks, 13 Mar. 1865; col. 2d U.S. Inf. Crawford, Thomas, sculptor, b. N.Y., Mar. 22, 1814 ; d. Lond., Eng., Oct. 10, 1857. He early manilcsted a remarkable taste for art, in which he was encouraged by his father, who caused him to be thoroughly instructed in drawing, carving, and in modelling in clay. In 1834, he went to Italy, and at Rome enjoyed the instruction and friendship of Thorwaldsen. After a few years' study, he established his stu- dio in Rome, and soon obtained abundant em- ployment. Among the most felicitous and characteristic of his works is the bust of Josiah Quincy, placed in the library of H.U. In 1 839, he designed his famous group of " Orphe- us," which, with his " Cupid and Psyche," is in the Athenaeum in Boston. Of his ideal busts, the " Saj)pho " and " Vesta " are models of purity and taste. He executed many bas-reliefs ; and his religious subjects, especially those in which the person of the Saviour is introduced, are marked by singular propriety and dignity of treatment. Among the noblest of his works are his statue, in bronze, of Beethoven, in the Music Hall, Boston, and the bronze equestrian statue of Washington, ordered by the State of Va., and erected at the Capitol "in Richmond. Visiting Ainer. in 1844, he m. Miss Ward, by whom he had several children. He made a second visit to the U.S. in 1849, and a third in 1856. Crawford received from Congress a commission to furnish marble and bronze stat- uary for the new Capitol at Washington, for which he designed — perhaps his grandest work — the colossal statue of the Genius of Amer., destined for the pinnacle of the Capitol dome. He suffered for the last years of his life from a malignant tumor or cancer of the eye, which nearly deprived him of sight, and caused him to renounce his art entirely, with many works unfinished. The industry of Crawford was wonderful. He finished upward of 60 works, many of them colossal, and left ah. 50 sketches in plaster, and designs of vari- ous kinds. CR-A. 229 CRE Crawford, Thomas Hartley, b. Chani- bersburg, Pa., Nov. 14, 1786; d. Washington, D.C., Jan. 27, 1863. N. J. Coll. 1804. Ad- mitted to the bar in 1807 ; M. C. 1829-33 ; member Fa. legisl. 1833 ; in 1836 a commis- sioner to investigate frauds in the purchase of lands of the Creek Indians ; U.S. commissioner of Indian atfairs, 1838-45; and from 1845 till his d., judge of the Criminal Court of D. C. Crawford, Col. William, Revol. officer, b. Berkeley Co., Va., 1732 ; d. June, 1782. A capt. in Forbes's exped. in 1758, and the inti- mate friend of Washington, then a surveyor. He served in therontiac war in 1763-4; moved to Pa. in 1768 ; was an efficient officer in Dun- more's campaign against the Scioto Indians ; made lieut.-col. 5th Va. regt., Feb. 13, 1776; became col., and resigned, Feb. 10, 1781. One of the bravest of frontiersmen, he often led parties across the Ohio against the Indians, to whom, from his success, he was particularly obnoxious. In May, 1782, he accepted, reluc- tantly, the com. of an exped. against the Wyan- dottes on the Muskingum, fell into an ambus- cade, was taken prisoner, and tortured to death at Sandusky. Crawford, William Harris, lawyer and statesman, b. Nelson Co., Va., Feb. 24, 1772 ; d. near Elbertou, Ga., Sept. 15, 1834. His father Joel, in 1783, removed his family to Ga., but d. in 1788 ; and young Crawford, after assisting his mother to support the family, by teaching, for several years, at length studied law. In 1799, he commenced practice in Lexington, Oglethorpe Co., and soon became disting. in his j)rofession. In 1800, he was app. with Ho- ratio Marbury to revise the laws of Ga., and compiled the first digest of her laws, pub. Sa- vannah, 4to, 1802. Member of the State legisl. 1803-7 ; U. S. senator, 1807-13, and was its pres. pro tern, in March, 1812. In this body, he .shone pre-eminently, soon making himself known and respected by the force of natural al)ility, energy, and loftiness of mind. His in- fluence was further increased by his perfect in- tegrity and unflinching firmness. He evinced, in the consideration of many important and ex- citing questions, statesmanship of a high order. He was opposed to the policy of war with Gi'cat Britain, but finally voted for it. Having de- clined the war secretaryship in 1313, he ac- cepted the post of minister to France, where he remained two years, and acquired the friend- ship of Lafayette, who appointed him agent for his American lands, and with whom, after his return home, he carried on a confidential corresp. On his return to the U. S., he was app. to the war dept., but in Oct. 1816, was transferred to the treasury dept., the duties of which he continued to discharge until 1825, when he became the Democ. nominee for the presidency, but was defeated. A long and se- vere sickness destroyed all chanceof his election by the house, and removed him henceforth from the political arena. Mr. Adams offered to con- tinue him as sec. of the treas. ; but he declined. He was strongly opposed to the nullification movement, and is generally regarded as the greatest of the citizens of Ga. In 1827, he was app. judge of the Northern Circuit Court of Ga., which office he retained until his death. Creighton, John Orde, commo. U.S.K, b. N. Y. City; d. Sing Sing, Oct. 13, 1838. Midshipm. June 25,1800; served under Preble before Tripoli ; became a lieut. Feb. 24, 1807, and was attached to the frigate *' Chesapeake " in June, 1807, when attacked by "The Leop- ard." He was afterwards attached to " The President," and was first lieut. in her action with "The Little Belt," May 16, 1811. In 1813, he com. the brig " Rattlesnake," with the rank of master-commandant (July 13), and was made capt. Apr. 27, 1816. In 1829-30, he com. the squadron on the coast of Brazil. Creighton, Johnstox B., capt. U.S.N., b. R. L, Mar. 12, 1821. Midshipman, Feb. 10, 1838; lieut. Oct. 9, 1853; com. Sept. 20, 1862; capt. Nov. 26, 1868; comg. steamer " Ottawa," S. A. B. squadron, i 862 ; steamer "Mahaska," bombarding forts Wagner and Gregg, Morris Island, Aug. 8 to 21, 1863; comg. steamer " Mingo," S. A. B. squad., 1864-5 ; steamsloop " Oneida," Asiatic squad., 1867-9. Crele, Joseph, the oldest man in America, b. Detroit,, 1725; d. Caledonia, Wis., Jan. 27, 1866. The date of his birth is established by the record of his baptism in the French Cath- olic Church, Detroit. He resided for about a century in Wis. He m. in 1755; settled at Prairie du Chien ; bore arms at Braddock's de- feat, and, before the Revol. war, carried letters between Prairie du Chien and Green Bay. A few years before his death, he testified in the Circuit Court of Wisconsin, in a case involving the title to some real estate, to events that oc- curred 80 years before. He lived for some years at Caledonia with a dau. by his third wife, b. when he was 69. Until 1864, he was as hale and hearty as most men of 70 ; could walk miles without fatigue, and often chopped wood for the family use. During the last year or two of his life, he would sometimes say sadly, "I fear death has forgotten me." Cresap, Capt. Michael, b. Alleghany Co., Md., June 29, 1742; d. N. Y. City, Oct. 18, 1775. Son of Col. Thomas, an emigrant from Yorkshire, who settled in Western Md. Michael was a trader; moved to the Ohio in 1774, and commenced clearing land. Difficul- ties with the Indians followed ; and Cresap re- turned to Md. Capt. in the militia, and served in Dunmore's exped. against the western tribes. Com. a rifle company, July, 1775, in the army near Boston, but was obliged, by illness, to re- turn to N. Y., where he died. A Memoir, vin- dicating his character from the aspersion in Jefferson's Notes, has been pub. by his son-in- law, J. J. Jacob ; and a new ed. edited by Brantz Mayer, in 1866. Crespel, Emmanuel, a Flemish mission- ary of the order of Recollets. Embarked for Canada in Jan. 1724, and was successively cur^ near Montreal, and aamonier in various localities. The ship in which he returned to France in Nov. 1736 having been wrecked, he landed with some companions on the coast of Labrador, and, after passing the winter in that frightful place, returned to Quebec in June, and to France in Dec. 1738. An account of his travels and shipwreck was pub. in Am- sterdam, 1757; an Eng. transl. was pub. in Lend, 1797. CRE 230 CRI Cresson, Elliot, philanthropist, b. Phila., Mar. 2, 1796 ; d. there Feb. 20, 1854. Brought up in the Society of Friends, he imbibed from them an ardent love of benevolent deeds, of which his life was passed in the continual ex- ercise. He became a successful merchant ; was one of the pioneers in African colonization, and pres. of the society. In his will, he made gen- erous contributions to a great variety of objects. Creswell, John A. J., postmaster-gen., app. Mar. 1869; b. Port Deposit, Cecil Co., Md., 18 Nov. 1828. Dick. Coll. 1848. Adm. to the Md. bar in 1850; member of the H. of delegates, 1861-2; assist, adj.-gen. of Md., Aug. 1862-Apr. 1863; M. C. 1863-5; U. S. senator, 1865-7; 22 Feb. 1866, he delivered, at the request of the House, a eulogy on Henry Winter Davis, his friend and colleague. Cretin, Joseph, D.D., R. C. Bishop of St. Paul, Minn., consec. Jan. 26, 1851 ; d. Feb. 22, 1857. CrevecCBUr (krav'-ku/). Hector St. John, author and agriculturist, b. Caen, France, 1731 ; d. Sarcelles, Nov. 1813. Sent by his parents to England, to complete his education at 16, he passed 6 years there ; came to Amer. in 1754, settled on a farm near N.Y. City, and m. In the war, his lands were over- run by the British troops. In 1780, his affairs requiring his presence in Eng., he was permit- ted, with one of his sons, to embark from New York. A French fleet on the coast detained the vessel in the harbor ; and he was arrested as a spy, and kept in prison 3 months. Released, after examination, he sailed for Dublin, arrived in Dec, and Apr. 2, 1781, he reached the paternal roof in France, after an absence of 27 years. He became a member of the Agric. Society of Caen, and introduced the cultivation of the potato there. His " Letters from an' Amer. Farmer" were pub. Lond., 1782, Paris, 1784 and 1787. His glowing and extravagant pictures of American life induced many fam- ilies to emigrate to the borders of the Ohio, where they suffered the extremities of famine and fever. In 1783, he returned to N.Y. as French consul. He found his house burnt, his wife dead, and his children in the hands of a stranger, Mr. Flaver, a merchant of Boston, who had been led to take charge of them by the kindness Crevecoeur had shown to prisoners abroad. Resigning his office in 1793, he re- turned to France. In 1801, he pub. at Paris, " Voijage dans la Haute Pennsyhanie," &c. St. John was by nature, by education, and by his writings, a philanthropist ; a man of serene temper and pure benevolence. — Dayckinck. Crittenden, George B., gen. C.S.A. Son of Senator Crittenden, b. Ky. West Point, 1832. Resigned, 1833 ; counsellor-at-law, Ky., 1835-46; capt. mounted rifles. May, 27, 1846; brev. major for gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco, Aug. 20, 1847; major, March 15, 1848; lieut.-col. Dec. 30, 1856; resigned, 10 June, 1861, and joined the Confederate army, in which he was made amaj.-gen., and ordered to S. E. Ky., where, Jan. 19, 1862, he was de- feated by Gen. G. H. Thomas in the battle of Mill Spring, or Somerset. He was put under arrest ; was not released until November, and resigned soon afterward. Crittenden, John Jordon, lawyer and senator, b. Woodford Co., Ky., Sept. 10, 1786; d. Frankfort, Ky , July 26, 1863. When quite young, he entered the army, and, during the War of 1812, was an officer in Gen. Hopkins's exped., and was aide-de-camp to Gov. Shelby at the battle of the Thames. After adopting the profession of law, he, in 1816, was elected to the Ky. legisl., of which he was several years speaker, and was U.S. senator from Ky. in 1817-19. From 1819 to 1835, he continued in the practice of his profession, residing princi- pally at Frankfort, and occasionally represent- ing his county in the State legisl. Again U.S. senator in 183.5-41, when he was app. atty.- gen. by Pres. Harrison. In Sept. 1841, lie resigned, and resumed his seat in the U.S. senate in 1842. He was re-elected senator for six years, from March, 1843, but, in 1848, was elected gov. of the State, which office he held until his app. as atty.-gen. by Pres. Fillmore, in 1850; again elected to the U.S. senate in 1855. In early life, Mr. C. belonged to the Repub., and, subsequently, to the Whig party. He was one of Mr. Clay's friends ; always favored the protective policy ; was for a U.S. bank, and against the sub-treasury system; and opposed Calhoun's bill, in 1835, empowering postmasters to take from the mails documents hostile to slavery. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and strove to bring the Mexican war to a peaceful termination as soon as practica- ble. It was Mr. Crittenden, who, in 1847, in- troduced the bill in the senate for the relief of the starving in Ireland and Scotland, support- ing it in an eloquent and feeling speech. He opposed the admission of Kansas under the Topeka Constitution in 1856; voted against the repeal of the territorial laws, and in favor of Toombs's Kansas Bill, and in 1858 opposed the admission of Kansas under the Lecompton Constitution. He was considered the patri- arch of the senate, a designation to which his charactei*, as well as his age, entitled him. He was an excellent, extemporaneous debater. Dur- ing the memorable second session of the 36th Congress, he proposed the plan known as the "Crittenden Compromise," prohibiting slavery north of 36° 30', admitting new States with or without slavery, and prohibiting the aboli- tion of slavery in the District of Columbia while it existed in Va. or Md. He re-entered Congress in July, 1861 ; participated in the chief debates, and was an ardent Union man, but opposed confiscation, emancipation, and the enlistment of negroes. Crittenden, Thomas Leonidas, ,brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Russellville, Ky., 1819. Second son of John J. Crittenden. Studied law under his father ; was adm. to the bar, and be- came Commonwealth's atty. On the breaking- out of the Mexican war, he was app. vol. aide to Gen Taylor, in which capacity he highly disting. himself at Buena Vista. As lieut.-col. 4th Ky. vols., he took part in the memorable battles in the Valley of Mexico under Gen. Scott. Gen. Taylor, on his elevation to the presidency, app. him consul at Liverpool (1849). Returning in 18.53, he resided awhile at Frankfort, Ky., but afterward engaged in mer- cantile pursuits at Louisville. Brig.-gen. Sept, CRO 231 CRO 17, 1861, and assigned acom. under Gen. BucU. For gallantry at the battle of Shiloh, April 6 and 7, 1862, he was promoted to maj.-gen., July 17, and assigned a division in the array of the Tenn. lie afterward com. the 2d corps, com- posing the left wing of the army of the Ohio under Gen. Buell, and in Oct. was attached to Gen Rosecrans's dept. of the Cumberland, tak- ing part in the battles of Stone River and Chick- amauga, where his corps was routed, and after- wards com. a division of the 9th corps in the Va. campaign of 1864; col. 17th U.S. Inf., July 28, 1866; brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A. 2 Mar. 1867. Crocker, Hannah Mather, grand-daugh- ter of Cotton Mather, and widow of Joseph C. of Taunton, b. Boston, 1765; d. Roxbury, Ms., July 10, 1847. Pub. '' Letters on Free Mason- ry," 181.5, with a preface by T. M. Harris; " The School of Reform ; " " Seamen's Safe Pilot," &c.; "Observations on the Rights of Wo- man," 1818; "Statement" respecting Mad- am Knight, in the Lib. of the Antiq. Soc. at Worcester. Dau. of Rev. Samuel. — See Liv- ing Age, No. 735 ; AlUhone. Crocker, Mahcellus M., brev. maj -gen., vols.; d. Washington, D.C., Aug. 1865. Studied 2 years at West Point ; settled as a lawyer in Des Moines, Iowa. Maj. 2d Iowa vols.. May, 1861 ; col. 13 July, 1861, and disting. at Shiloh ; brig.-gen. in the Atlanta campaign under Sherman. Crockett, Col. David, noted for eccen- tricity, b. Greene Co., Tenn., 17 Aug. 1786; d. 6 Mar. 1836, at San Antonio de Bexar. Son of a Revol. soldier. His education was scanty ; but he became a noted marksman and hunter. Served under Gen Jackson in his Creek cam- paign, 1813-14; was a member of the Icgisl., and was M.C in 1828-34, but, becoming an opponent of Pres. Jackson, lost popularity, and, in 1834, removed to Texas. At Washington, his singular manners and oddity of expression, gave him great notoriety. Engaging with zeal in the contest with the Mexicans, he fell, while heroically fighting in defence of the Alamo. His autobiography was pub. Phila., 1834, " Tour to the North and Down East," 1835 ; "Sketches and Eccentricities," 1847; " Exploits in Texas," "Life of Van Buren," 1835. His son John W., M C. 1838-43, d. Memphis, Tenn., 24 Nov. 1852. Croes, John, D.D. (Col. Coll. 1811), Pr.- Ep. bishop of N.J., b. Elizabeihtown ^ 'jS ; d. New Brunswick, July 30, 1832. Oi German extraction. His early efforts to procure an education by his own exertions were retarded by the Revol. war, during tlie latter years of which he was engaged in defence of his coun- try. Ord. deacon in 1790, and, in 1792, [uiest. After officiating at Swedesborough, he was, in 1801, invited by the societies of Christ Church, N. Brunswick, and St. Peter's Church, Spotts- wood, to become their pastor, and was at the sime time elected principal of the Acad, at N. Brunswick. This charge he resigned in 1808, having previously resigned that of the church at Spottswood,and devoted himself solely to the church at N. Brunswick. Elected, in 1815, bishop of Ct., he declined the appt., and was consec. bishop of N.J., 19 Nov. 1815. Croghan (kro'-gan), CoL. George, Indian agent, b. Ireland ; d. Passayunk, Pa., ab. Au^-. 1782. He was educated in Dublin; settled near,Harrisburg, Pa. ; was an Indian trader as early as 1746, and, acquiring their languages and their confidence, became agent for the Colony. He was a capt. in Braddock's exped. in 1755 ; was employed in defence of the Wes- tern frontier in 1756, and in Nov. was made dep. Indian agent for the Pa. and Ohio Indi- ans by Sir W. Johnson, who in 1763 sent him to Eng, to confer with the ministry ab. an Indian boundary-line. In this voyage, he was shipwrecked on the coast of France. While on his way, in 1765, to pacify the Illinois Indians, he was attacked, June 8, wounded, and taken to Vincennes, but was soon released, and accom- plished his mission. In May, 1766, he made a settlement 4 miles above Fort Pitt. He con- tinued to render valuable service in pacifying the Indians, and conciliating them to the Bri- tish interest until 1776. He was an object of suspicion to the Revol. authorities in 1778, but, as he continued to reside on his farm, was, doubtless, unjustly accused. — O'Ca/laghan. Croghan, George, insp.-gen. U.S.A., b. near Louisville, Ky., Nov. 15, 1791 ; d. N. Or- leans, Jan. 8, 1849. Wm. and Mary Coll. 1810. His father was Maj. William Croghan of the Revol., and his mother was a sister of Gen. Geo. Rogers Clarke. Aide to Col. Boyd at the battle of Tippecanoe in 1811, and made capt. 17th Inf., Mar. 12, 1812. He highly disting. himself under Harrison, in the sortie from Fort Meigs ; became his aide-de-camp, rank of maj., Mar. 30, 1813, and, on the 1st and 2d of Aug. following, conducted the memorable de- fence of Fort Stephenson, at Lower Sandusky, against Gen. Proctor, with an army of 500 reg- ulars and 700 Indians. Maj. Croghan was brev. licut.-col. for his gallantry on this occasion, and subsequently received from Congress a gold medal. Made a lieut.-col. Feb. 21, 1814; upon the reduction of the army at the close of the war, he was transferred to the 1st Inf. He resigned in 1817 ; was postmaster at New Or- leans in 1824, and was app. insp.-gen., with the rank of col., Dec. 21, 1825. In 1846, he joined Taylor's army in Mexico, and served with credit at the battle of Monterey. His son, Col. George St. John Croghan, was killed in a skirmish in W Va. during Floyd's retreat from Colton Hill, in Dec. 1861. He invented a pack-saddle for mules, for conveying wounded men over the steep mountain-passes of W. Va., successfully used. Croix, John Baptist de la, bishop of Quebec, b. of a noble family of Grenoble, France, 1653 ; d. Quebec, Dec. 28, 1727. Fir.>t almoner to Louis XIV., he came to Canada in 1 685 as successor of Bishop Laval. He founded 3 hospitals, and displayed great charity to the poor. Cronyn, Rt. Rev. Benjamin, consec. bishop of Huron in 1857, b. 1802. Educated at Trin. Coll., Dublin. Taking orders, he held a pastoral charge in Canada. D. Sept. 22, 1871. Crook, George, brev. maj.-gen. U. S. A., b, near Dayton, O., Sept. 8, 1828. W. Point, 1852. Entering the 4th Inf., he became 1st lieut. Mar. 1856, and capt. May 14, 1861 ; com. cno 232 CRO Pitt River exped., and wounded by an Indian arrow, 10 June, 1857 ; became, Sept. 12, 1861, col. 36th 0. vols., serving in Western Va., and, at the head of 1,300 men, repulsed a much larger body of Confederates at Louisburg, Greenbrier Co., Apr. 23,1862. Brig.-gen, Sept. 7, 1862 ; took com. of the dist. of Kanawha, and engaged in the battles of South Mountain and Antietam; transferred in Jan. 1863 to com. the 2d cavalry div. of the Army of the Cum- berland ; fouglit at Chickamauga ; defeated and drove the rebel Gen. Wheeler across the Ten- nessee with great loss; com. the 3d div. in W. Va. in April, 1864; defeated and killed Gen. Jenkins at Cloyd Mountain, May 9 ; brev. maj.-gen. July 18, and put in com. of the army of W. Va. He took part in Sheridan's brilliant operations in the Shenandoah Valley, especial- ly at Opequan, Fisher's Hill, and Cedar Creek, and in his cavalry operations, ending in Lee's surrender. Maj.-gen. vols. 21 Oct. 1864; Feb. 21, 186.5, he was captured by guerillas, who surprised his quarters in the night, and was ex- changed Mar. 20 ; brev. brig.- gen. U. S. A. 13 Mar. 1865, for the camp, of 1864 in W. Va; lieut.-col. 23d Inf., July 2S, 1866; brev. maj.- gen. U. S. A. for Fisher's Hill, Y&.—Reid's Ohio in thf. War. Crooks, George R., D.D., clergyman and lexicographer, b. Phila., Feb. 3, 1822. Dick. Coll. 1840. He entered the ministry of the M. E. Church in 1841 ; labored in' Fulton, Knox, and Peoria Counties, 111.; was chosen tutor in Dick. Coll. in 1842, and in 1843 be- came principal of the grammar school of the coll., and assoc. with Prof. McClintock in pre- paring Latin and Greek text-books. In 1846, he was elected adjunct prof of ancient lan- guages, but in 1848 resumed the pastoral office. He has had charge of prominent churches in Phila., Wilmington, and New York, and holds a high rank as a preacher. He has pub. an edition of " Butler's Analogy," with an analy- sis, notes, and an index, and a Latin-English lexicon. Contrib. to Meth. Qiarterly Rev. Cropper, Gen. John, Revol. officer, b. Va., 1756; d. Bowman's Folly, Accomac Co., Va., Jan. 15, 1821. Capt. in the 9th Va. regt. in 1775, he was soon promoted to a majority in the 5th regt., which, at the battle of the Bran- dy wine, was nearly cut to pieces ; was then made lieut.-col. of the 7th Va. regt., and was at the battles of Germantown and Monmouth. Lieut.-col. 1 1th regt.. May 15, 1778; afterwards its col. Cropsey, Jasper Francis, artist, b. Stat- en Island, N.Y., Feb. 18, 1823. He studied ai'chitecture, but, on account of ill-health, de- voted himself to landscape-painting, and by his picture of Greenwood Lake, N. Y., gained a membership in the Acad, of Design. From 1847 to 1850, he studied in Europe. Among his most successful pictures since are the " Sibyl's Temple," "American Harvesting," " Peace " and " War," " Autumn on the Hud- son," " Richmond Hill," and " Niagara Falls." F>om June, 1856, to 1863, he resided in Eng. He has executed designs for illustrated books of poems, compositions entitled " The Olden Time," "A Tournament," and " Return from Hawking." Crosby, Alpheus, scholar, b. Sandwich, N.H., Oct. 13, 1810. Dartm. Coll. 1827. Pre- ceptor of Moor's Charity School, Hanover, 1827-8; tutor at Dartm. Coll., 1829-31; prof, of Latin and Greek there, 1833-7 ; of Greek only, since 1837 ; principal of the Normal School at Salem, Ms., 1857-65. Has pub. Greek text-books, an edition of Xenophon's " Anabasis ; " " First Lessons in Geometry ; " and an " Essay on the Second Advent." Crosby, Enoch, a Revol. patriot, said to be the original of Cooper's "Harvey Birch," the " Spy," b. Harwich, Ms., Jan. 4, 1750 ; d. June 26, 1835. During his infancv, his parents set- tled in South-east, Duchess Co., N.Y. He be- came a shoemaker, but, when the Revol. broke out, shouldered a musket, became engaged in the " secret service," and afterward joined the army under Heath, stationed in the Highlands. The narrative of his life and adventures, taken from his own lips by Capt. H. L. Barnum, has been pub., entitled " The Spy Unmasked,'* 8vo, N.Y., 1828. — Lossiriff. Crosby, Howard, b. N.Y. City, 1826. Prof, of Greek in the U. of N.Y. ; chancellor, Nov. 18, 1870. Great-grandson of Wm. Floyd. Pub. "Lands of the Moslem," 8vo, 1851; the New Testament, with brief explan. notes. Editor of Sophocles' CEdipus Tyrannus. Crosby, Pierce, capt. U. S. N., b. Dela- ware Co., Pa., Jan. 16, 1823. Midshipman, Jan. 5, 1838; lieut. Sept. 3, 1853; com. Sept. 2, 1862; capt. May 27, 1868; attached to sloop " Decatur," and present at Tabasco and Tuspan, Mexico ; served in Chesapeake Bay, 1861, and sloop " Cumberland," N.A B. squad- ron, at capture of Hatteras, where he rendered essential service in landing troops; com. steamer "Pinola," W. Gulf squad , 1862 ; co-operated in bombard, and capture of Forts Jackson and St. Philip, and N. Orleans, and in the removal of obstructions in the river previous to the battle ; and at Vicksburg, and engagement with the ram "Arkansas ; " com. iron-clad "Sangamon," 1863; steamer " Florida," 1863-4, in engage- ment at Masonboro'InletjN.C, while destroying four blockade-runners; com. steamer " M eta- comet" in attack on Mobile, and planned and constructed torpedo drag-nets for BlakelyRiver, and com. " Shamokin," S.A. squadron, 1 866-8. — Flameish/. Cross, Trueman,co1., assist.quarterm.-gen. U. S. A., b. Md.; killed by Mex. banditti, near Fort Brown, Apr. 21, 1846. Ensign 42d Inf., Apr. 27, 1814; capt. Sept. 1819; assist, insp.- gen. Oct. 19, 1820; q.-mr. May 22, 1826 ; assist, q.-mr.-gen., rank col., July 7, 1838; chief of q.-mr.'s depart, of army of occupation from Oct. 1845 till his death. Author of "Military Laws of the U.S." — Gardner. Croswell, Andrevv, clergyman, b. Charlestown, Ms., 1709; d. Boston, April 12, 1785. H.U. 1728. Ord. North Groton, Oct. 14, 1736. After having been two years settled in Groton, Ct., he was, Oct. 6, 1748, installed over a society in Boston, formed by persons from other churches. He was much engaged in religious controversy ; wrote a narrative of the new Cong. Church ; a defence of the doc- trine of justification, 1746; an answer to Giles Firrain's 8 arguments on this subject; several CRO 233 CRXJ sermons against Arminians; controversial writings with Turell, Gumming, and others ; part of an exposition of Paul's journey to Da- mascus, 1768; remarks on Bishop Warburton's sermon before the Society for Propagating the Gospel, 1768 ; remarks on commencement drol- lery, 1771, &c. Croswell, Edwin, journalist and politi- cian, nephew of Rev. Harry, b. Catskill, N.Y., 29 May, 1797; d. Princeton, N.J., 13 June, 1871. He became assist, editor of the Catskill Recorder, sustaining the War of 1812, and, on the retirement of his father, managed the paper so as to attract the attention of prominent pub- lic men. In 1824, he took charge of the Alba- ny Argus, which he changed to a daily, and niade one of the chief organs of the Democ. party. State printer, 1823-40. He retired from the Argus in 1854. He pub. addresses and other literarv productions. Croswell, Harry, D.D.(Trin. Coll. 1831), clergyman, b. West Hartford, Ct., June 16, 1778; d. New Haven, March 13, 1858. Noah Webster was his schoolmaster. In 1802, he became editor and proprietor of the Balance, a famous Federal newspaper, at Hudson, N.Y. He wrote vigorously and severely of political opponents. An article published in the Wasp, a journal also under his direction, levelled at Jefferson, led to a libel-suit, and the celebrat- ed trial in which Hamilton made his last and one of his greatest forensic efforts. Removing to Albany in 1808, he established a Federal paper, and was again prosecuted for libel ; his opponent, Mr. Southwick recovering damages. Dissatisfied with politics, Mr. Croswell took deacon's orders in the Pr.-Ep. Church in 1814, preached at Christ Church, Hudson, N.Y., and in 1815 commenced his ministry at Trinity Church, New Haven, which terminated only with his death. He was the author of a me- moir of his son Rev. Wm. Croswell, " Rudi- ments of the Church," and " Family Prayers," Croswell, William, D.D. ( Trin. Coll. 1846), Pr.-Ep. clergyman and scholar, son of Dr. Harry, b. Hudson, N.Y., Nov. 7, 1804 ; d. Boston, Nov. 9, 1851. Y. C. 1822. He com- menced the study of law at Albany, N.Y., in conjunction with literary labors in 1824, but in 1826 entered the gen. theol. sem. in New York. He pursued his theol. studies at Hart- ford, in 1827, under the direction of Bishop Brownell, at the same time editing the Christian Watchman, and induliiing his poetic vein in compotsitions, among the sweetest and most pa- thetic in our language. Adm. in the spring of 1 829 to the priesthood ; rector of Christ Church, Boston, 1829-40 ; of St. Peter's, Auburn, N.Y., 1840-44 ; but in 1844 returned to Boston to take charge of a new parish, the Church of the Advent, and was involved in a controversy with Bishop Eastburn. A menjoir of his life by his father, together with his poems and cor- respondence, was pub. in New York, 8vo, 1853. His life was a beautiful example of self- denying charity and religious devotion. Crowe, Frederick, clergyman and author, b. Belgium ; d. N.Y. City, Nov. 7, 1858. He was the son of a British subject. Came to Balize about 1838, and established himself as an independent missionary; labored 13 years in disseminating the Scriptures in Spanish Amer., and was the author of a valuable his- torical work on Central America. He was expelled from San Salvador, as is said, by the Catholics, because he circulated the Bible, and intended to open a school in San Miguel. After being imprisoned, harassed, and at last driven by mob-violence from the country, he came to N.Y., and soon after died. Crowninshield, Benjamin Williams, sec. navy, Dec. 1814, to Nov. 1818; M C. 182.3-31 ; b. Boston, Dec. 27, 1772; d. there, Feb. 3, 1851 ; State senator, 1811, '22, '23. Cruger, Henry, jun., politician, b. N.Y. City. 1739; d. there Apr. 24, 1827. Henry, his father, merchant, and member of the as- sembly and council of N.Y., went to Eng. for his health, and d. Bristol, Feb. 8, 1780, a. 78. He established himself in trade in Bristol with his father, succeeding him as mayor in 1781. Elected to parliament as the colleague of Burke in 1774, and re-elected in 1784, he advocated upon all occasions a conciliatory course toward his countrymen. He retorted with such sever- ity upon Col. Grant, who stated in parliament that the Americans would never dare to face an English army, as to be called to order by the speaker. After the war, he was a merchant in N.Y., and was elected to the State senate while still a member of parliament. A bro., J. H., was a col. in the royal army ; another, a merchant of N.Y., was identified with the Whigs, and a friend of Gen. Washington. Cruger, John, uncle of Henry ; d. N.Y. City, 1791-2, a. 82. Mayorof N.Y. City, 1764 ; speaker of the assembly, 1765; a proposer, and afterward a prominent member, of the first N.Y. Prov. Congress in 1775. The Declaration of Rights issued by that body was written by him. Cruger, Lieut.-Col. John Harris, loyalist, b. N.Y. City, 1738; d. London, June 3,1807. Nephew of John, and brother of Henry. He succeeded his father Henry as a member of the council, and at the beginning of the Revol. was also chamberlain of N.Y. City. He was a son-in-law of Col. Delancey, and com. the 1st batt. of his loyalist corps. Captured at a plantation in Belfast, Ga., in June, 1780, but was soon exchanged for Col. John Mcintosh. In Sept. he made a forced march to Augusta to relieve Col. Browne, and arrived most opportunely. His corps formed the British centre at the battle of Eutaw Springs, and was disting. His defence of Ninety-Six, when attacked by Greene in May, 1781, backed by the engineering skill of Kosciusko, and until relieved by Rawdon, earned for him great and just applause. His pi-operty was confiscated ; and he went to Eng. after the war. Cruse, Peter Hoffman, b. Baltimore, 1793; d. 1832. He edited the Baltimore American several years, and contrib. largely to reviews. Some of his poetry will be found in " The Red Book," a periodical pub. in Bal- timore, 1818-19, by Mr. Cruse and J. P. Ken- nedy. — Allibone. Cruttenden, David H., b. Saratoga Co., N.Y., 1816. Un. Coll. 1841. Author of a series of " Systematic Arithmetics," " Philos- CUD 234 cum: ophy of Sentential Language ;"" Geography and History combined," &c. — Allibone. Cudworth, Gen. James; d.Eng., 1682,a. ab. 70. Son of Rev. Ralph, and bro. of Ralph Cudworth, D.D., author of " The Intellectual System of the Universe." He came to Ply- mouth in 1634; soon removed to Scituate ; was several years assist, and one of the council of war. He com. the Plymouth troops in Philip's war ; was next in military renown to Standish, and was a brave and prudent officer. Independent in his opinions, and tolerant, he opposed the severe measures against the Quakers, and was therefore unpopular. He went to Eng, as agent for the Colony in 1681, andd. soon after his arrival. Such of his let- 'ters on public business as are still extant afford evidence of a good education. Dep. gov. 1681. Cuffee, Paul, a philanthropic negro sea- capt., b. on one of the Elizabeth Isles, near N. Bedford, Ms., 1759; d. Sept. 7, 1818. His father, a native of Africa, was once a slave; his mother was of Indian extraction. A com- manding presence, strong common sense, and untiring industry and enterprise, procured him a handsome fortune in seafaring pursuits. He was an esteemed member of the society of Friends. He encouraged the emigration of the free people of color in this country to Siei-ra Leone. In 1815, he carried thither 38 emigrants, 30 at his own expense, furnishing them, on arrival, with means of subsistence ; spending in this enterprise nearly $4,000. He pub. in 1812 a brief account of the colony of Sierra Leone. Cullum, George Washington, brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. N.Y. City, Feb. 25, 1812. West Point, 1833. Entering the engr. corps, he became capt. July 7, 1838; maj. Aug. 6, 1861; lieut.-col. Mar. 3, 1863; col. Mar. 7, 1867. He was employed in the construction of Fort Adams and other works at Newport, R.I. ; from 1838 to 1848, he superintended the erection of Fort Trumbull, and the battery at Fort Griswold, New London, Ct., and from 1846 to 1848 of Forts Warren, Independence, and Winthrop, in Boston harbor. From 1848 to 1855, he was instructor of practical engineer- ing at West Point, during which time he spent two years in foreign travel for his health, and in 18.53-4 constructed the N.Y. assay office. He was also, in 1848, com. of sappers, miners, and pontoniers in the army. He afterward superintended the construction of the ibrtifica- tions and other public works in N. and S. Carolina, and in 1858 took charge of those at N. Bedford, Newport, N. London, and New York, on the Sound. Early in 1861, he was ordered to Washington ; served as aide-de-camp to Gen. Scott, with the rank of col. Nov. 1, 1861, he was made a brig.-gen. of vols., and app. chief of staff and engrs. to Gen. Halleck, serving through the campaign before Corinth, and accomp. him to Washington. While at the West, he also had com. for some time at Cairo, 111., and in 1861-4 was a member of the U.S. sanitary commiss. ; supt. U.S. military acad., 8 Sept. 1864 to 28 Aug. 1866 ; brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., 13 Mar. 1865, for merit, services in the Rebellion. Gen. Cullum has pub. a " Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U.S. Military Academy," 1850 ; " Mili- tary Bridges with India-Rubber Pontoons," 1849, 2d ed., 1863 ; a translation of Dunarcq's " Elements of Military Art and History,*' 1863, and " Biog. Register of the Officers and Grad. of West Point," 2 vols.,. 1868. Culpepper, John, a surveyor-gen. and political leader in the Carolinas, was a refugee from the Southern or Clarendon colony, and in 1678 headed an insurreclion in the Northern or Albemarle colony, in fiivor of popular lib- erty. Under his lead, the people deposed tne pres. and deputies of the proprietaries, seized the public funds, app. new magistrates and judges, called a parliament, and took all the functions of govt, into their own hands. Cul- pepper was then sent to Eng. to negotiate a compromise. Indicted for high-treason, he was, through the influence of Shaftesbury, ac- quitted ; returned to Carolina, and in 1680 laid out the city of Charleston. — Appleton. Culpepper, Thomas, Lord, gov. of Va., 1680-3 ; d. 1719. He was one of the grantees of the territory of Va., and in 1669 purchased of his co-grantees their rights between the Rap- pahannock and Potomac Rivers. He had been one of the' commissioners for plantations in July, 1675. He was an able but an artful and covetous man. His estate descended to his dau.. Lady Fairfax. Returning to Eng. in 1 683, in violation of his orders, he was arrested immediately on his arrival ; and having re- ceived presents from the assembly, contrary to his instructions, a jury of Middlesex found that he had forfeited his commission. Culvert, George, a head chief and war- rior of the Choctaw nation, b. 1744 ; d. Fort Towson, Ark., Nov. 4, 1839; served under Washington in the Revol., and received from him a com. of mnj. of militia in the U.S. ser- vice, and a sword. He served under Wayne, and also under Jackson, against the Seminoles, in 1814. For his bravery, Jackson presented him with a col's, com., and afterward (during his presidency) with a sword. He educated his sons, and established them on plantations among his people. He was, physically and mentally, a great man. Cumming, Alfred, brig.-gen. C.S.A., b. Ga., 1829 ; killed at the battle of Jonesboro', Ga., Sept. 1, 1864. West Point, 1849. Capt. 10th Inf., 20 July, 1856 ; res. Jan. 19, 1861, and entered rebel army. — Cullum. Cumming, Gen. John Noble, Revol. officer; d. Newark, N.J., July 6, 1821, a 69. N.J. Coll. 1774. He was a relative of Rev. Alex. His son, Rev. Hooper Cumming, D.D., minister of Newark, d. Charleston, S.C., Dec. 1825. N.J. Coll. 1805. Cumming, Major-Gen. Robert, naval officer of the Revol. ; d. Libertytown, Md., Feb. 14, 1826, a. 70. Cumming, William, col., b. Ga., 1788 ; d. Augusta, Ga., Feb. 1863. App. maj. 8th Inf., 25 Mar. 1813; wounded at the battle of Chrystler's Fields, 11 Nov. 1813; adj. -gen., rank of col., 16 Feb. 1814 to 31 Mar. 1815; severely wounded at Lundy's Lane ; app. maj.- gen. 3 Mar. 1847, declined. He studied at the Litchf Law School, but, inheriting a fortune, never practised. He wounded McDuffie in a duel. cum: 236 CTJE. CummingS, Asa, D.D. (B.C. 1847), min- ister of North Yarmouth, Me., 1821-9; editor of the Christian J/iV/or, Portland, from 1826 to 1856; b. Andover, Ms., Sept. 29, 1790 ; d. at sea, June 5, 18.56, while returning fiom Pana- ma. H.U. 1817. Tutor at Bowd. Coll. 1819- 20 He pub. "Memoirs of Dr. Pavson." CummingS, Henry, D.D. (H.U. 1800), divine, b. Holhs, N.H., Sept. 28, 1739 ; d. Bal- timore, Sept. 5, 1823. H. U. 1760. Ord. at Baltimore, Jan. 26, 1763. Many years settled at Billerica, Ms. Fourteen of his occasional discourses were pub. — Allen. CummingS, Jacob A., teacher and book- seller .of Boston, b. Hollis, N.H., Nov. 2, 1772 ; d. Feb. 24, 1820. H. U. 1801. He pub. some elementary school-books, " New-Testament Questions," 1817; "Geography, Ancient and Modern." CummingS, Joseph, D.D. , LL.D., pres. of the Wesl. U., Middletown,Ct., b. Falmouth, Me., March 3, 1817. Wesl. U. 1840. He be- came prof, of natural science in the Amenia Scm., N.Y., and principal in 1843. He was licensed to preach in 1841 ; in 1846 joined the N. E. conference; was in 1853 app. prof, of theology in the Meth. gen. biblical institute at Concord, N.H. ; pres. of Geneva College, 1854- 7, and of Wesleyan U. since 1857; D.D. of Wes. U. 1854; LL.D. of the North-western U. 1866. Cummins, Ebenezer H., clergyman and author, b. N.C. ; d. Washington, Jan. 17, 1835. Frank. Coll. 1804. He was educated for the bar in Ga.; served in the State legisl.,tlien entered the marine corps; afterward studied di- vinity, and settled in Baltimore, where he was a magistrate. Author of a " History of the Late War," 8vo, Bait., 1820; " Geography of Ala.," 1819. Cummins, Francis, D.D. (U. of Ga. 1820), Presb. clergyman, b. nearShippensburg, Pa., 1752; d. Greenesboro', Ga., 22 Feb. 1832. A. M. of N.J. Coll. 1787. He was a Revol. patriot ; and his name is connected with the celebrated Mecklenburg Declaration of Inde- pendence of May, 1775; licensed by the pres- bytery of Orange, N.C, 15 Dec. 1780; mem- ber of the S.C. convention, to consider the U.S. Constitution in 1778. For 53 years, he was pastor of different churches in S.C. and Ga. — Sprague. Cummins, Maria S., novelist, b. Salem, Apr. 10, 1827 ; d. Dorchester, Ms., Oct. 1 , 1866. Dau. of Judge David. Author of " Lamp- lighter," 1853; " El Fnreidis," 1860; "Mabel Vaughan," 1857 ; " Haunted Hearts," and other novels. She was a contrib. to the Atlan- tic Monthhj and Young Folks. Her first book attained a sale of 100,000. Cunha Barbosa (Koon'-ya bar-bo'-sa), Januario da, Brazilian prelate and states- man, b. July 10, 1780 ; d. Feb. 22, 1846. He was chaplain of John VI., and afterward prof, of moral philosophy. Dec. 15, 1821, he estab- lished, in conjunction with Ledo, a political journal at Rio de Janeiro, favoring Brazilian independence. After this had been declared, Cunha was, at the instigation of his enemies, arrested Dec. 7, 1822, and banished to France. To repair this injustice, he was app. in 1824 canon of the imperial chapel. In 1826, he be- came a member of the assembly. In concert with Gen. Cunha, he founded 'the Hist, and Geog. Society of Rio de Janeiro. He also ed- ited a political journal favorable to the govt., and an agricultural paper. He was also impe- rial historiographer, and director of the nation- al library. He left a small vol. of poems. — Ap- pleton. Cunha Mattos, Raymunde Jose da, Brazilian gen. and author, b. Faro, Prov. of Al- garve. Nov. 2, 1776; d. March, 1840. He entered the Portuguese army in 1790, served 3 years in the south of France, and 18 years in Africa, then served in Rio Janeiro, and was afterwards acting gov. of St. Thomas. In 1817, he re- turned to Brazil, com. the art. of Pernambu- co, and subsequently governed the province of Goyaz. He pub. a work on the interior of Brazil, in 1836. Removing to Rio de Janeiro in 1826, he was elected to the legisl. ; directed the military acad. of Rio in 1832, and was soon after made com.-in-chief of the Brazilian army. He was sec. for life of the Industrial Aid Society, and one of the founders, and for several years vice-pres., of the Hist. Society of Rio de Janeiro, Cunningham, Gen. Robert, loyalist; d. Nassau, New Providence, 1813, a. 74. In 1769, he settled in the dist. of Ninety-Six, and be- came a judge ; imprisoned by the Whigs in Charleston, in 1775-July, 1776; made a brig.- gcn. of loyalists in 1780, and placed in com. of a garrison in S.C. He removed to Nassau, N.P. The British Govt, compensated him for his losses, and gave him an annuity. Cunningham, William, prov.-marshal of the British army in New York during the Revol. war, Avas executed for forgery at London Dock, Aug. 10, 1791. (See his con- fession in Ms. Centinel, Feb. 15, 1792.) Of the prisoners under his care, 2,000 were starved to death, and more than 250 were privately hung without ceremony. Curry, Daniel, D.D. (Wesl. U. 1852), clergvman and author, b. near Peekskill,N.Y., Nov.'26, 1809. Wesl. U., Ct., 1837. Princi- pal of the Troy Conference Acad., 1837. In 1839 he removed to Ga., where he was sta- tioned successively at Athens, Savannah, and Columbus. He entered the N.Y. Conference in 1844. After having been stationed in the cities of N.Y., N. Haven, Brooklyn, and Hart- ford, he was, in 1854-7, pres. of the Indiana Asbury U. Returning to Brooklyn, he was, in 1858, pastor of the church in Middletown, and in 1862, at 37th St., N.Y. City. He has contrib. to the magazines of the day. Author of " Life of WyclifFe, and " Metropolitan City of America." He has also edited Southey's "Life of Wesley." Ed. of the Christian Ad- vocate since 1864. Curry, Jabez Lafayette Monroe, politician, b. Lincoln Co., Ga., June 5, 1825 ; removed in 1838, with his family, to Talladega Co., Ala. U. of Ga. 1843 ; H.U. Law School in 1845, and became a disting. lawyer. Mem- ber of the Ala. H. of representatives in 1847, '53, and '55; and in 1857-61, M.C., distin- guishing himself as a debater. Jan. 7, 1861, he joined the other representatives of Ala. at CXJR 236 CTJR Washington in advising the immediate seces- sion of the State. He was a member of the Con fed. Congress, After the war, he became a Baptist preacher, and pres. of Howard Coll., Ala., in 1865. Curtin, Andrew Gregg, statesman, 1). Bellefonte, Pa., Apr. 28, 1817. Adm. to the bar in 1839, and practised at Bellefonte. He canvassed the State for Clay in 1844, and for Taylor in 1848. From 1855 to 1858, he was sec. of state, and supt. of common schools for Pa. In 1 860, he was elected gov. by the Repub. party. When the civil war broke out in 1861, he was zealous in organizing troops, and in May, 18G1, in a message to the legisl., advised the establishment of a reserve-corps, which ren- dered important service to the country. He was re-elected in 1863, and was one of the lead- ing spirits among the loyal govs, of the North- ern States during the civil war. He was active in the election of Gen. Grant, who app. him minister to Russia in Apr. 1869. Curtis, Alva, M.D., b. N.H., 1797. Edit- ed Physico-Med. Recorder 20 years in Cincin. Author of " Medical Discussions," 12mo, 1833; " Lectures on Obstetrics," Svo, 1838 ; " Theory and Practice of Medicine," 8vo, 1842, repub. in Eng. ; "Medical Criticisms," 1856. —Al- libone. Curtis, Benjamin Bobbins, LL.D. (H.U. 1852), jurist, b. Watertown, Ms., Nov. 4, 1809. H.U. 1829. Adm. to the bar in 1832, he com- menced practice at Northfield, Ms., but in 1834 removed to Boston, where he took high rank. App. to the bench of the U.S. Supreme Court in Sept. 1851, he resigned in the autumn of 1857, and has since practised his profession in Boston. He was two years in the Ms. H. of representatives. In Mar. 1868, he was one of the counsel for Pres. Johnson before the Court of Impeachment. Author of" Reports of U.S. Circuit Court," 2 vols., 1857 ; " Decisions of the U.S. Sup. Court," 22 vols. ; " Digest " of the same to 1854, 8vo, Boston. Curtis, George Ticknor, jurist and author, bro. of B. R. Curtis, b. Watertown, Ms., Nov. 28, 1812. H.U. 1832. Adm. to the Suffolk bar, Aug. 1836. and representative in 1840-4. Mr. Curtis has pub. " Rights and Duties of Merchant Seamen," " Digest of the Decisions of the Courts of Common Law and Admiralty," 2 vols. ; also of " Cases in the Amer. and English Courts of Admiralty," "American Conveyancer," " Treatise on the Law of Patents," "Equity Precedents," a ract, entitled " The Rights of Conscience and Property, " a treatise on the " Law of Copyright," and a "Life of Daniel Webster," 2 vols., 8vo. He has also delivered a course of 12 lectures on the History of the U.S. Con- stitution. In 1854-8, hepub. " Commentaries on the Jurisprudence, Practice, and Peculiar Jurisdiction, of the Courts of the U.S." His best known work is a " History of the Origin, Formation, and Adoption of the Constitution of the U.S.," 2 vols., 1855-8. Curtis, George William, author, b. Providence, R.I., Feb. 24, 1824. His mother, was a dau. of Senator Burrill of R.I. He re- ceived his early education at Jamaica Plain, Ms. When he was 15, his father removed to N.Y., where he was one year in a counting- house. In 1 842, he went with his elder brother to reside with the Brook Farm Assoc, where he remained 18 months, and also spent a similar period in Concord, Ms., engaged in agriculture and study, and enjoying the society of Emer- son and Hawthorne. In 1846, he went to Europe, and, after a year in Italy, entered the U.of Berlin, witnessingtherevol. scenesof 1848. The 2 following years he spent chiefly in travel in Europe, Egypt, and Syria. He returned to the U.S. in 1850. Joining the editorial staff of the N. Y. Tribune, a series of letters to that journal afterwards appeared, entitled "Lotus Eating." He was one of the original editors of Putnam's Monthhj, and, in the attempt to save its creditors from loss by the failure of the pub- lishers, sunk his entire private fortune. As a lyceum lecturer since 1853. he has met with great success. In the presidential canvass of 1856, he enlisted with great zeal as a public speaker on behalf of the Repub. party. He has delivered several poems and orations before literary bodies. In the winter of 1858, he ad- vocated the rights of women in a lecture en- titled " Fair Play for Women." He has contrib. to, and for many vears edited, Harpers' MonthJij, and since 1857 tiarpers' Weekly. Author of " The Potiphar Papers," a series of satiric sketches of society ; " Trumps," a novel ; " Nile-Notes of a Howadji," 18.i0 ; " Howadji, in Syria," 1852; " Prue and I," 1856. He edited A. J. Dovvning's "Rural Essays," with a memoir. Curtis, Samuel Ryan, maj.-gen. vols., b. O., Feb. 3, 1807; d. Council Bluffs, la., Dec. 25, 1866. West Point, 1831. Hisfamily was from Ct. Resigning from the army in 1832, he studied and practised law, and was in 1837-40 engr. of the Muskingum Works. As col. 2d 0. vols., he served under Taylor, and as assist adj. -gen. to Gen. Wool in the Mexican war, and was for a time gov. of Saltillo, Mex. He was afterward engaged in engineering at the West ; settled as a lawyer at Keokuk, la., in 1855, and was M.C. in 1857-61. Here he was identified with the Repub. party and with the Pacific Railroad project. Member of the peace congress, 1861. When the Rebellion broke out, he became col.. 2d la. vols. ; app. brig-gen. May 17, 1861, and maj.-gen. Mar. 21, 1862. He com. the army operating in S. W. Mo., and gained the victory of Pea Ridge over Price and McCuUoch, Mar. 6-8, 1 862. He was in com. at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., during the Price raid in Oct. 1864, and co-operated in the pursuit and defeat of Price's army. U.S. commis. to treat with the Sioux, Cheyennes, and other Indian tribes, Aug.-Nov. 1865, and to examine the Union Pacific Railroad, Nov. 1865 to Apr. 1866. Curtiss, Abby Allin, poet, b. Pomfret, Ct., 15 Sept. 1820. Daniel Allin, her father, was a sea-captain of Providence, R I. Her first piece, " Take me Home to Die," app. in Neal's Gazette in 1846. In Sept. 1852, she m. Daniel S. Curtiss, farmer-editor of Chicago, and resides at Madison, Wis. Author of "Home Ballads," Boston, 1850. — Poets and Poetn/ of the West. Curwen, Samoel^ a merchant and loyalist, CTJS 237 CTJS b. Salem, Ms., Dec. 28, 1715; d. there Apr. 9, 1802. Son of Rev. George. He was educated for the ministr}', but engaged in commercial pur- suits in Salem, and in the winter of 1 744-5 was a capt. in Feppereli's successful exped. against Louisburg. In 1759, Mr. Curwen was app. im- post officer for Essex Co., and in 1775 was judge of the Admiralty Court. He left his country in May, 1775, and resided abroad un- til the autumn of 1784, when he returned to his native town. His Journal and Letters were pub. in 1842, with notices of his fellow-loyal- ists, by the editor, Geo. A. Ward of N. Y. Gushing, Caleb, LL.D. (H. U. 1852), politician, orator, and jurist, b. Salisbury, Ms., Jan. 17, 1800. H. U. 1817. His father ac- quired a handsome fortune in the shipping business. He studied law at Cambridge ; was tutor of mathematics and natural pliilos. two years, and then removed to Newburyport to practise law. In 1825-6, he served in the State legisl., and in 1829 vi>ited Europe, publishing, on his return, " Reminiscences of Spain," and " Review of the Revol. in France." He also wrote for the N. Amer. Review, mainly on his- torical and legal subjects. In 1833-4*, he was again elected to the legisl., and was M. C. from 1835 to 1843. During the administration of Tyler, Mr. Gushing was one of the few Whigs who sustained the course of that Pres. in aban- doning his political friends ; since which, he has been connected with the Democ. party. App. by Pros. Tyler commissioner to China in 1843, he negotiated an important treaty in 1844. Re- turning to Newburyport in 1846, he was again elected to the legisl., in which he was the most prominent member. He advocated the policy of the Mexican war, advanced the money from his own means for equipping the Ms. regt., of which he was chosen col., accomp. it to the Rio Grande in the spring of 1847, and April 14, 1847, was app. a brig. -gen. While in Mexico, in 1847, he was the Democ. candidate for gov. of Ms., and was defeated. In 1850, he was a 5th time elected to the legisl., and was mayor of Newburyport ; in 1852 was made a justice of the State Superior Court; was atty.-gen. under Pres. Pierce, 1853-7, and, on his return home was again re-elected to the legisl., remain- ing until 1860. In 1860, he was pres. of the Democ. convention at Charleston, S. C. In July, 1866, he was app. one of three to re- vise and codify the laws of the U. S. His lit- erary, historical, and political productions, as well as his orations and addresses, have been very numerous. He delivered a poem before the Phi Beta Kappa Society in 1819, and an oration on the Durability of the Federal Union, on taking his degree. In 1826, he pub. a " His- tory of Newburyport," and a treatise on " The Practical Principles of Political Economy ; " " Growth and Territorial Progress of the U. S.," 8vo, 1839; "Life of Wm. H. Harri- son," Boston, 12mo, 1840. Gushing, Jonathan Peter, pres. of Hamp. Sid. Coll., 1821-35, b. Rochester, N.H., March 12, 1793 ; d. Raleigh, N.C., April 25, 1835. Dartm. Coll. 1817. He purchased with the proceeds of his overwork, as an apprentice, the remainder of his time, and entered Phil- lips (Exeter) Acad., where, by working at his trade a portion of the time each day, and by school-keeping, he paid his expenses, and went through college. To restore his health, he went South; became a tutor in Hamp. Sid. Coll. in Nov. 1817; prof, of chemistry and nat- ural philos., 1819-21. This institution, then disorganized and broken down, was, by his ex- ertions built up and placed high in rank among kindred institutions. The labor and responsi- bility of the enterprise exhausted his strength, and hastened his death. Gushing, Luther Stearns, jurist, b. Lu- nenburg, June 22, 1803; d. Boston, June 22, 1856. Camb. Law School, 1826. He for some years conducted The Jurist and Law- Magazine in Boston ; was clerk of the house from 1832 to 1844; representative in 1844; judge of C C.P., 1844 to 1848, and subsequently reporter of the decisions of the Supreme Court. In 1845, he pub. a "Manual of Parliamentary Practice;" " Elements of the Law and Practice of Legis- lative Assemblies," 1855; 12 vols. Ms. Sup. Court Reports; "Introd. to the Study of Roman Law," 1854; and " Rules of Proceeding and Debates in Deliberative Assemblies," 1854. He transl. "Pothieron Contracts," 1839. Gushing, Nathan, jurist, b. Sept. 24, 1742 ; d. Scituate, Ms., Nov. 3, 1812. H. U. 1763. Counsellor, and judge Ms. Sup. Court, 1800-12. Gushing, Col. Nathaniel, Revol. officer, b. Pembroke, Ms., Apr. 8, 1753 ; d. Marietta, O., Aug. 1814. Lieut, in Brewer's regt. in July, 1775 ; capt. in R. Putnam's regt. from 1777 to the close of the war ; was in many ac- tions ; surprised Col. Delancey's loyalist corps in May, 1780, and brev. major in 1782. Emi- grated to Belpre, Ohio, in 1789. Gushing, Thomas, LL.D. (H. U. 1785), Revol. statesman, b. Boston, Mar. 24, 1725; d. Feb. 28, 1788. H. U. 1744. Son of Thos., speaker of the H. from 1742 to his d., 11 Apr. 1746. Many years a representative from Bos- ton ; and when Otis, who had been chosen speaker, was negatived by the gov., he was elected in his place, filling it until 1774, when he was a member of the Prov. Congress, and of the Congress which met at Phila. On his return, he was elected to the council ; was com- missary-gen. in 1 775 ; judge of the C C. P., and of Probate in Suffolk Co., in 1777 ; declined a seat in the Cont. Congress in 1779, and was lieut.-gov. of Ms. from 1779 until his death, and acting gov. in 1785. His signature being affixed to all public papers, as speaker of the house, caused him to be regarded in Great Bri- tain as the leader of the Whigs in this country. Dr. Johnson, in his " Taxation no Tyran- ny," says, " One object of the Americans is said to be to adorn the brows of Mr. Gushing with a diadem." He was the devoted friend and counsellor of Hancock, and the friend and corresp. of Franklin, from whom he received the letters of Hutchinson and others, that pro- duced so great an effect at the time. He was a commissioner of the Society in London for Propagating the Gospel in N. E., and one of the founders of the Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sciences. Pie was moderate and conciliatory in character, and possessed great influence. Gushing, Thomas Humphrey, brig.-gen. CTJS 238 CXJS U.S.A., b. 1755; d. N. London, Ct., Oct. 19, 1822. With his bro. Nathaniel, he served through the Revol. war, and was a sergeant under him in Arnold's naval battle on Lake Champlain ; was app. capt. 2d Inf., March 4, 1791; maj. 1st sub. legion, March 3, 1793; insp. Feb. 24,1797; adj. and insp. April 1, 1802; lieut.-col. 2d Inf. ; col. Sept. 7, 1805; adj.-gen. and brig. -gen. July, 1812; app. col- lector of New London, Jan. 1816. He fought a duel with Mr. Lewis, M. C. from Va., in which his life was saved by his watch, which was struck by his adversary's ball. An account of his trial by court-martial was pub. in 1812. Cushing, Thomas Parkman, a public- spirited merchant of Boston, b. Ashburnham, Ms., 1787; d. Boston, Nov. 23, 1854. By his will, he bequeathed the bulk of his fortune, supposed to amount to $150,000, for the main- tenance of 2 schools in his native town. Gushing, William, LL.D. (H.U. 1785), jurist, b. Scituate, March 1, 1732; d. there Sept. 13, 1810. H.U. 1751. He was the de- scendant of Matthew of Boston, 1638, whose grandson John, judge of the Supreme Court in 1728, d. Scituate, Jan. 19, 1737, a. 75. His father John, also a judge of the Supreme Court, d. 1772 ; was one of the presiding judges at the trial of the Brit, soldiers for the massacre at Boston, March 5, 1770. He studied law with J. Gridley ; was atty.-gen. of Ms. ; judge of Probate, Pownalboro', Lincoln Co., Me., 1768; judge of the Ms. Superior Court, 1772 ; chief-justice, 1777; judge of the Supreme Ju- dicial Court, 1782, and at the beginning of the Revol., alone among the high in office, sup- ported the rights of his country. First chief- justice of the State under the constitution of 1788; asso. justice U.S. Supreme Court, Sept. 27,1789; he was, in 1796, nominated by Wash- ington chief-justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, which honor he declined. In 1788, he was vice-pres. of the Ms. convention ; was a found- er and member of the Am. Acad, of Arts and Sciences in 1780. He was an eloquent speaker, and invincible at town-meetings. Gushing, William B., lieut.-com. U.S.N., b. Wis., Nov. 24, 1 842. App. from N. Y., Sept. 24, 1857 ; resigned, Mar. 23, 1861 ; re-app. act- ing officer, 1861; lieut. July 16, 1862; lieut.- com. Oct. 22, 1864, There was not a year during the war that Lieut. C. did not disting. himself by some perilous adventure. Nov. 23, 1862, he was ordered in the steamer " Ellis " to capture Jacksonville, and destroy salt-works, if any, in New River Inlet. After performing this duty successfully," The Ellis " got aground. Lieut. Gushing fired her, and escaped in a small boat, receiving special commendation for his coolness, courage, and conduct in this af- fair. For his daring exploit on the night of Oct. 27, 1864, in blowing up the rebel ram *' Albemarle," at Plymouth, he received a vote of thanks from Congress, and a complimen- tary letter from the sec. of the navy. In this affair his boat was sunk ; and Lieut. Cushing escaped by swimming ashore, and making use of a picket-boat belonging to the rebels, with which he reached the fleet. He com. the steamer " Mauraee," Asiatic squadron, 1868-9. — Hamersly. Gushman, Charlotte Saunders, an eminent actress, b, Boston, July 23, 1816. At the age of 12, she contributed to the support of her family by her fine voice; and she was advised by the celebrated Mrs. Wood to culti- vate it for the stage. April 18, 1835, she made her d€but at the Tremont Theatre, Boston, as the countess in " The Marriage of Figaro." Accepting an engagement at N. Orleans, her voice failed her. Determining to become an actress, under the tuition of Mr. Burton, she studied the part of Lady Macbeth, in which she appeared with complete success. She played for 3 years to large audiences at the Bowery and at the Park, N.Y., in a great vari- ety of parts, and brought out her younger sis- ter Susan, taking herself the chief male parts ; and for one season, in Phila., they played all the principal characters. She afterwards directed one of the Phila. theatres, until invited by Mr. Macready, in 1844, to accompany him on a professional tour in the Northern States, in the course of which she played with success the higher range of tragic parts. In 1845, she ap- peared at the Princess's Theatre, Lond., as Bi- anca in "Fazio." Her reception was enthusi- astic ; and for 84 nights she appeared in a vari- ety of characters. With her sister, she acted for several years at the Haymarket Theatre^ Lond,, and in the chief provincial towns. In 1849, she revisited the U.S., and played Meg Merrilies in " Guy Mannering." She has since played both in Eng. and Amer. Her sister Susan was m. in March, 1848, to Dr. James S. Muspratt of Liverpool. Gushman, Henry Wyles, Heut.-gov. of Ms., 1851-2, b,Bernardston, Ms,, 9 Aug. 1805; d. there 21 Nov. 1863. Descended from Rob- ert. He studied at the Norwich Milit. Acad. ; was a member of the legisl. in 1837, '39, '40, and '44, and of the Const. Conv., 18.53. He held many public and private trusts, and was a member of the N.E. H. and G. Soc, and many years pres. of the Franklin Co. Agric. Soc. Author of the Cushman Genealogy, 1855. He had nearly completed a Hist, of IBernardston, at the time of his d. — See Geneal. Register, 1864. Gushman, Robert, one of the founders of Plymouth Colony, b. Eng. ab. 1580; d. 1625. He joined the nonconformists at Ley- den, and in 1617 was sent by them to Lond., with John Carver, to negotiate with the Va. Company for leave to settle within their do- main in Amer., and to petition King James for " liberty of conscience there." Sent again in 1619, with Wm. Brewster, a patent was fi- nally obtained. He made a 4th jouiney to Lond. in 1620, with Carver and Martin, pro- cured " The Mayflower," a pilot, &c., and sailed in her as "assistant gov." from Southampton, Aug. 5, 1620, in company with " The Speed- well." The latter, proving unseaworthy, re- turned ; and Mr. Cushman took charge of those who remained, and followed in the next vessel, " The Fortune," reaching New Plymouth, Nov. 9, 1621. Dec. 12, he preached the first sermon in Amer. that was printed, " On the Sin and Danger of Self-love." This sermon, with a Me- moir of Cushman by John Davis, was re-pub. Plymouth, 1785. He sailed for Eng. the next CXJS 239 CUT day, but was captured by the French, plundered, and detained 2 weeks on their coast. After his arrival, he wrote and pub. an eloquent vindi- cation of the colonial enterprise, and an appeal for Christian missions to the Amer. Indians. He continued in Lond. as agent for the Colo- nists. In 1623, he, with Edward Winslow, pro- cured from Lord Sheffield a charter for terri- tory on Cape Ann. Custer, George A., hrev.maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. NewRumley, O., Dec. 5, 1839. West Point, 1861. Entering the second cav., he served in the Potomac Army ; was aide to McClellan, and engaged at Yorktown, So Mountain, and An- tietam, and Stoneman's raid ; was aide to Gen. Pleasanton ; brig.-gen. of vols. 29 June, 1863; held with his cav. brigade the right of the line at Gettysburg ; com. a brigade of the cav. corps in the Richmond campaign, Apr. to Aug. 1864 ; and of the 3d div. cav. corps in Shenan- doah Valley, Oct. '64 to Mar. '65. He routed the rebel rear-guard at Falling Waters ; at Winchester, he captured 9 battle-flags, and more men than he had engaged; rendered most important service at Fisher's Hill; brev. maj.-gen. for conduct at Cedar Creek; routed Gen. Rosser, Oct. 9, 1864 ; and at Waynesboro' captured the remnant of Early's armv, ab. 18,- 000 strong, in Feb. 1865. In the battles of the campaign ending in the surrender of Lee, Cus- ter com. a cav. division, and bore a most im- portant part; disting. himself at Dinwiddie C. H., at Five Forks, Sailor Creek, and finally at Appomattox C. H., and Apr. 15, 1865, was made maj.-gen. of vols. He never lost a gun or a color, captured more guns, flags, and pris- oners than any other general not an army commander, and was exceptionally fortunate in his career. Lieut.-col. 7th cav. 28 July, 1866 ; brev.-maj. for Gettysburg; lient.-col. for Yellow Tavern, Va., 11 May, 1864; col. for Winchester, 19 Sept. 1864; brig.-gen. for Five Forks, and maj.-gen. U.S.A., for services end- ing in Lee's surrender. — Citllum. Custine (kus'-ten'), Adam Philip, Count DE, a French gen., b. Metz, Feb. 4, 1740; guillotined at Paris, Aug. 28, 1793. After serving as capt. in the Seven-Years' War under the Great Frederick, he ol)taincd, through the influence of Choiseul, a regt. of dragoons in 1762, Avhich was called by his name; but in 1780 he exchanged this for the regt. Saintonge. Was quar -master-gen. of the French forces in Amer. in 1780-3, and was present at the sur- render at Yorktown. On his return, in 1783, he was made mar€chnl-de-camp, and gov. of Tou- lon. In 1789, he was dep. of the nobility of Metz, and was one of the first who declared for the popular party. He afterwards com. the army of the north; received in June, 1792, the com. of the army of the Lower Rhine, and after some successes took com. of the northern army, in May, 1793, from which, however, he was soon recalled by the committee of safety, and placed at the bar of the revol. tribunal, which, spite of a spirited defence, having de- termined upon his death, condemned him. Custis, George Washington Parke, the last of Washington's family, b. Apr. 30, 1781 ; d. Arlington, Oct. 10, 1857. His father, Col. John Parke Custis, the son of Mrs. Washington, was aide-de-camp to Washington at the siege of Yorktown, and d. Nov. 5,1781 a. 28. The son had his early home at Mount Vernon, pursued his classical studies at Prince- ton, and, having built " Arlington House," de- voted himself to literature and agriculture. This estate, which came to him under the will of Washington, passed, at his death, to R. E. Lee, who m. his only dau. Mr. Custis Avrote some orations and plays, and executed some paintings of Revol. battles. He was in his early days an eloquent and effective speaker, and was well known for his generous hospital- ity. His Recoils, of Washington, with a me- moir of the author, by his dau., was pub., with notes by B. J. Lossing, 8vo, 1860. Cutbush, James, b. Pa. Pyrotechnist, prof, of chemistry, at West Point; d. there Dec. 15, 1823. He pub. the "Useful Cabinet," 1808; "Philos. of Experimental Chemistry," 2 vols., 1813; "Treatise on Pyrotechnics," Phila., 1825; app. apothec.-gen. U.S.A., 12. Aug. 1814 ; post-surgeon at W. Point, 1820-1. Cutler, Benjamin Clarke, D. D. (Col. Coll. 1836), b. Ro.xbury, Ms., 6 Feb. 1798; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., 10 Feb. 1863. Brown U. 1822. Ord, in Nov. 1822; was settled in Quincy 7 years ; spent the winter of 1830 in Savannah, was rector of Leesburg parish ab. a year ; in 1832 took charge of the first city mission of the Ep. Church in N.Y. ; rector of St. Ann's, Brooklyn, from Apr. 1833, to his d. Has pub. " Century Sermon, Christ Church, Quincy, Ms., 1828;" "21 Parochial Sermons," Phila., 12mo, 1857; also many other discourses, ser- mons, tracts, &c. — See Memoir by Rev. Horatio Gray, 1864. Cutler, Enos, col. U.S.A., b. Brookfield, Ms., Nov. 1, 1781; d. Salem, July 14, 1860. B.U. 1800. Tutor there one year. He studied law, settled in Cincinnati ; app. lieut. 7th Inf., 1808; capt. Sept. 1810; assist, adj. -gen. Feb 15, 1813;assist. insp.-gen. Mar. 18, 1813; maj.38th Inf., May 1, 1814; lieut.-col. 3d, Apr. 28, 1826; col. 4th Inf., Sept. 21, 1836; res. Nov. 30, 1839. He saw service in the War of 1812, in the first Seminole campaign with Gen. Jack- son, and in the Creek war. Cutler, Jervis, a Western pioneer, b. Ed- gartown, Ms., Sept. 19, 1768; d. Evansville, Ind., June 25, 1 844. Son of Manasseh Cutler, LL.D. One of the band of emigrants from Ms., under Gen. Rufus Putnam, who in 1788 settled Marietta. He was an officer of the Ohio militia, and also of the regular army. In 1823, he settled as an engraver in Nashvilfe, Tenn., and in 1841 at Evansville. He pub. in 1812 "A Topographical Description of the Western Country, with an Account of the In- dian Tribes." Cutler, Lysander, maj.-gen. U.S. vols., b. Me., ab. 1806 ; d. Milwaukie, Wis., Julv30, 1866. In 1861, he took com. of the 6th Wis. regt., which he made one of the best in the ser- vice. While commanding the " Iron Brigade " of the Potomac Army, by his faithfulness and gallantry he won the grade of brigadier, and afterward of maj.-gen., proving himself an excellent leader both of brigade and division, and was twice wounded. Cutler, Manasseh, LL.D. (Y. C. 1791), CTJT 240 CXJY clergvmnn and botanist, b. Killin<;lv, Ct., May 3, 1742 ; d. Hamilton, Ms., July 28,'l823. Y.C. 1765. He engaged in the whaling-business; then opened a store in Edgartown ; was adm. to the bar in 1767, but removed to Dedham ; studied theology; was licensed in 1770, and Sept. 11, 1771, was ord. minister of Hamilton. In Sept. 1776, he became chaplain of Col. Fran- cis's regt., taking part in the action inR.I., Aug. 28, 1778, receiving for his bravery the gift of a fine horse from his col. He also studied and practised medicine, and became noted for his scientific attainments. Made a member of the Amer. Academy in 1781 : the vol. of its me- moirs for 178.5 contains several of his scientific papers. His botanical paper was the first at- tempt at a scientific description of the plants of N. E. With Dr. Peck's assistance, he pre- pared the chapter on trees and plants in "Bel- knap's History of N. H." In 1784, he became a member of the Philos. Society of Phila. In 1787, as agent for the Ohio comp., he purchased from Conj^ress 1,-500,000 acres of land N.W. of the Oiiio River. Dr. Cutler started the first company of emigrants to that region, who be- gan the settlement of Marietta, Apr. 7, 1788. He himself travelled thither in a sulky, accom- plishing the 750 miles in 29 days. He returned with his family to N. E. in 1790. Washington, in 1795, app. him a judgeof the Supreme Court of Ohio Terr.; but he declined. He was after- ward a member of the Ms. legisl., and M. C. from 1800 to 1804. Author of a Century Dis- course at Hamilton, 27 Oct. 1814. Cutler, Timothy, DD. (Oxf. 1723), pres. of Y. C, 1719-22, b. 1684; d. Boston, Ms., Aug. 17, 1765. H. U. 1701. Ord. Jan. 11, 1 709, at Stratford, Ct. In 1 722, he renounced his connection with the Cong, churches, went to Eng., took orders, returneti to Boston, and Avas rector of Christ Church from Dec. 29, 1723, till his death. He pub. a sermon before the General Court at N. Haven in 1717, and one on the death of Thomas Graves, 1757. A se- ries of his letters in Nichols's " Illustrations of Literary History " have considerable historical value. " He was," says Pres. Stiles, " a good logician, geographer, and rhetorician," and was a man of extensive reading, and of a command- ing presence and dignity. Cutt, John, pres. of the Province of N.H., b. Wales ; d. Mar. 27, 1681. He came to this country, with his bros. Robert and Richard, previous to 1646; settled as a merchant in Portsmouth, N.H., became also a farmer and mill-owner, and acquired by industry and probi- ty a large property. He was a deputy to the Gen. Court during the union with Ms., and was one of the committee of Portsmouth app. under the jurisdiction of Ms., and against the claims of Mason. He was app. pres. in 1679. His bro. Richard settled at the Shoals, and carried on fishing, but removed to Portsmouth, all the northerly part of which was owned by himself, his bro. John, and two others. Robert settled in Kittery, where he was a noted ship-builder. From these brothers are descended all the CUTT8 families on both sides the Piscataqna. Cutter, Ammi Ruhamah, M. D. (H. U. 1792), physician, b N.Yarmouth, Me., Mar. 4, 1735; d. Portsmouth, N.H., Dec. 8, 1819. H.U. 1752. His fi\ther, a clergyman (H.U. 1725), was at the time of his death chaplain of a N.E. regt. at the siege of Louisburg, 1745. He studied physic with Dr. Clement Jackson of Portsmouth; was surgeon to Col, Robert Rogers's rangers until disbanded, and in 1758 was surgeon of the N.H. troops in the successful exped. against Louisburg. On his return, he m., and soon obtained a very ex- tensive practice. He was a decided Whig, and was physician-gen. of the eastern dept. ; stationed at Fishkill from Apr. 1777, until the beginning of 1778, when he resumed prac- tise at Portsmouth. He was a delegate to the N.H. Const. Conv. ; was long pres. of the N.H. Med. Society. — Tliacher. Cutter, George W., poet, b. Ms.; d. Washington, D.C., 24 Dec. 1865. He prac- tised law successfully in Ky. until 1845; was a capt. in McKee's Ky. Vols, in the Mexican war ; was at one time a member of the Ind. legisl., and was a clerk in the treasury dept. during Fillmore's administration. Among his best pieces are, " E Pluribns Unum" and the "Song of Steam." Author of "Poems, Na- tional, and Patriotic," 8vo., Phila., 1857 ; " Song of Steam and Other Poems," Cincin. 12mo. — Poets and Poetrtj of the West. Cutting, FRAXCI8 Brockholst, an emi- nent commercial lawyer of N.Y. M.C. in 18.53-5, b. N.Y. City, 1805; d. there 26 June, 1870. Col. Coll. 1825. Grandson of Leon- ard, Pr.-Ep. rector, of St. George's Church, Hempstead, L.L, 1766-84; d. 1794, a. 69. In the N.Y. legisl., he rendered efficient service to the Democ. party in 1836-7. He refused to follow the lead of the South wliile in Congress, and had a personal difficulty with J. C. Breck- inridge. In 1861, he became a "war Demo- crat," and did good service in securing the re- election of Pres. Lincoln. Leading counsel in nearlv all important commercial questions in N.Y.'in 1840-55. Cutting, James A., inventor; d. July, 1867, in the Lunatic Asylum, Worcester, Ms. Early in life, he resided in Haverhill, and gained some money by the patent for a bee- hive. He went to Boston, learned the art of daguerrotyping, and invented the process of making ambrotypcs, for which he received a large sum. He' established an Aquarial Gar- den in Boston. CuttS, RiCfiARD, politician, b. Saco, Me., June 28, 1771 ; d. Washington, Apr. 7, 1845. H.U. 1790. He studied law ; engaged in com- merce and politics ; was captain of a merchant- man ; visited Europe; was 2 years in the Ms. legisl. ; M C. in 1801-13 ; supt. gen. of mili- tary supplies in 1813-17, and, from 1817 to 1829, second compt. U.S. treasury. In Con- gress, he supported efficiently the administra- tions of Jeffl'rson and Madison, voting for the war with Eng., although it would necessarily prove ruinous to his private fortune, consist- ing principally in ships. Cuyler, Sir Cornelius, bart., a Brit. ^Q^., b. Albanv, N.Y. ; d, St. John's Lodge, Herts, Eng., March 8, 1819. Bart. Oct. 29, 1814. In May, 1759, he joined as ensign the 55th Foot, and was at the reduction of Ticon- deroga in 1759, and of Montreal in 1760; CUY 241 1DAJ3: capt. 46th, May 9, 1764; first A.D.C. to Gen. Sir W. Howe from July, 1775, to Jan. 15, 1776, when he was made maj. 55th. He con- tinued first aide to Gen. Howe ; was at the battles of Long Island, Brandywine, and Ger- mantown ; lieut.-col. Nov. 16, 1777; com. his regt. at Monmouth ; was at the reduction of St. Lucie in 1779 ; adj. -gen. to the army in the W. Indies in 1781 ; col. Nov. 20, 1782; Q M. G. W. Indies, 1787-92; com. the forces there in 1792-3; captured Tobago, April 1, 1793; maj. -gen. Oct. 12, 1793; lieut.-gen. 1798; gen. 1799 ; gov. of Kinsale, and col. 69th, at the time of his death. — PhiUpart ; Sabine. Cuyler, Cornelius C., D.D. (Un. Coll. 1828), Presb. clergyman, b. Albanv, N.Y., Feb. 15, 1783 ; d. Phila., Aug. 31, 1850. Un. Coll. 1806. His ancestors came from Leyden to N.Y. ab. 1650. His mother was a sister of Chief-Justice Yates. Ord. Jan. 2, 1809, over the Dutch Church of Poughkeepsie ; 14 Jan. 1834, betook charge of the 2d Prcsh. Church, Phila.; sided with the "old school" in the split of that denomination ; exercised a con- trolling influence over the deliberations of that party, acting as pres. of the convention of 1837, which defined its doctrine and policy. He was many years pres. of the board of trus- tees of Jefl'. Med. Coll. Author of "The Signs of the Times," 12mo, Phila., and occa- sional sermons. — Sprague. Dablon, Claude, superior of the Jesuit missions on the Upper Lakes, and a friend and companion of Father Marquette ; labored principally at the Saute Ste. Marie, and at the head of Green Bay. He took part in the ex- peds. for the survey of Lake Superior, which resulted in a valuable and curious map of that region, and statements concerning its copper- mines. An account of his labors is in the Jesuit Relation of 1671, repub. N.Y., 1860. Dabney, Richard, a self-taught scholar, b. Louisa Co., Va., ab. 1787; d. Nov. 1825. He was an assist, teacher at Richmond, and in Dec. 1811, barely escaped with life from the burning theatre there. In 1812, he pub. a vol. of original poems and translations, of which a new ed. appeared in 1815, in Phila. Daboll, Nathan, mathematician ; d. Groton, Ct., Mar. 9, 1818, a. 68. He was an able teacher, had instructed 1,500 persons in navigation ; pub. a valuable system of arith- metic, and also of navigation. His son, C. L. Daboll, inventor of the fog-trumpet, d. New London, Ct., Oct. 13, 1866, a. 48. Dacres, James Richard, a British adm. ; d. Eng., Dec. 4, 1853. His father, Vice-Adm. Dacres, com. " The Carleton " on Lake Cham- plain, in the fight with Arnold's flotilla, in 1776. The son entered the Royal Navy in 1796; was promoted to the com. of the sloop "Elk" in 1805 ; was transferred to " The Bac- chante" in 1806, and to " The Guerriere," " a worn-out frigate," in 1811. In the action be- tween this ship and "The Constitution," Capt. Hull, Aug. 19, 1812, Dacres was wounded, and " The Guerriere " captured. He was tried by court-martial, and acquitted. In 1838, he at- tained flag-rank, and in 1845 was com.-in-chief at the Cape of Good Hope. Dadd, George H., M.D., b. Eng., 1813. Veterinary surgeon, settled in the U.S., 1839. Author of " Anatomy and Physiology of the Horse," 8vo ; " American Cattle Doctor," 8vo ; "Modern Horse Doctor," 8vo, 1854; "Man- ual of Veterinary Science," 8vo,. 1855. — Ed. Amer. Veter. Jour. Dade, Francis Langhorne, maj. U.S.A., b. Va. ; killed by Indians near Fort King, Fla., Dec. 28, 1835. App. lieut. 12th Inf., Mar. 29, 1813; capt. Feb. 1818; brev. maj. Feb. 24, 1828 ; com. a detachment on a march to Fort King, which was nearly destroyed. Daggett, David, LL.D. (Y.C. 1827), jurist, b. Attleboro', Ms., Dec. 31, 1764; d. N. Haven, Apr. 12, 1851. Y.C. 1783. Adm. to the bar in 1778 ; member of the State legisl. 1791-1813, and speaker in 1794; U.S. senator, 1813-19 ; judge of the Supreme Court, 1826- 32, and chief -justice in 1832-4. He was State- atty. in 1811, and at one time mayor of New Haven. Instructor of the law-school in 1824 ; Kent prof, of law in Y.C, from 1826 until compelled to resign by the infirmities of age. — See. Life, hij Dr. Out ton, pub. in 1851. Daggett, Napthali, D.D. (N. J. Coll. 1774), scholar and divine, b. Attleboro', Ms., Sept. 8, 1727; d. N. Haven, Nov. 25, 1780. Y.C. 1748. Minister of Smithtown, L.I., from Sept. 18, 1751, to Nov. 1755; prof, of divinity in Y.C. from Mar. 4, 1756, till his death, and acting pres. in 1766-77. He received the de- gree of D.D. from both N. J. and Yale Col- leges. When the British attacked N. Haven, in July, 1779, he went into the fight, fowling- piecx3 in hand, but was taken prisoner, and com- pelled, in an intensely-hot day, to act as guide to the advancing columns of the enemy ; while they repeatedly pricked him with tiieir bayo- nets when his strength foiled. He never fully recovered from this treatment. He pub. some sermons ; his son Henry, an officer of the Revol., and a graduate of Y.C, d. N. Haven, June 20, 1843, a. 85. Dahlgren, John A., rear-ad m. U.S.N., b. Phila., Nov. 1809; d. Wash., D.C, July 12, 1870. Midshipm. Feb. 1826; lieut. Mar. 8, 1837; com. Sept. 14, 1855; capt. July 16, 1862; rear-adm. Feb. 7, 1863. In 1847-57, he was employed on ordnance duty, and, with the exception of a short cruise in com. of " The Plymouth," sloop-of-war, was engaged in impor- tant experiments at the. navy-yard at Washing- ton, perfecting the Dahlgren gun. In 1862, he was made chief of the bureau of ordnance. He took com. of the S. A. block, squad., July 6, 1863, and, in conjunction with the land for- ces of Gen. Gilmore, captured, after a long and severe struggle, Morris Island, reduced Fort Sumter to ruins, and ended blockade-running in that quarter. In Feb. 1864, he led a suc- cessful exped. up the St. John's River to aid a military force intended to be thrown into Flor- ida. In Dec. 1864, he co-operated with Gen. Sherman in the capture of Savannah, and Feb. 18, 1865, moved his vessels up to the city of Charleston. Adm. Dahlgren also invented a rifled cannon for the navy, and introduced the light boat-howitzers, which are held in high estimation. Author of " Report on the 32- Pounders, of 32 cwt.," 1850; " System of Boat Armament in the U.S. Navy," 1852 and 1856 ; t^j^jh: 242 D^^JL. "Naval Percussion Locks and Primers/* 1852 ; "Shells and Shell-Guns," 1856; "Report on Cruise of the Ordnance Ship, Plymouth," 8vo, 1857. Dahlgren, Col. Ulrich, b. 1842; killed in a skirmish at King's and Queen's C.H., Va., Mar. 4, 1864. Son of Adm. D. A midshipm. before the war, on its breaking out, he assisted his father in the ordnance dept. ; became aide- de-camp to Sigel ; was disting. at the second Bull Run, and, in Nov. 1862, made, at the head of Sigel's body-guard, that attack on Freder- icksburg so famous in the annals of the war. Transferred to Gen. Hooker, he again disting. himself at Chancellorsville. Retained by Gen. Meade, he performed most dangerous and im- portant service at the head of a picked body of men in the Gettysburg campaign, in which he lost a leg. Made a col. for his gallantry. He lost his life in a raid planned to release the Union prisoners from Libby Prison and Belle Isle. Daille, Peter, a Huguenot clergyman ; d. Boston, May 21, 1715, a. 66. He was one of the earliest French Protestant ministers of N.Y. ; but incurring Gov. Leisler's displeasure in 1690, and subsequently having some differ- ence with his congregation, he went to Boston, and had charge of the French Church in School Street, before 1696, and continued there till his death. Dalcho, Frederick, physician and cler- gyman, b. London, 1770; d. Charleston, S.C, Nov. 24, 1836. On the death of his father, a Pole, who had been an officer in the army of Hanover, he was invited by an uncle to Md., and received an excellent education in Balti- more. He became a medical practitioner in Charleston, where he was active in establishing the Botanic Garden. Ab. 1810 Dr. Dalcho re- linquished his practice, and became associated with Mr. A. S. Wiilington, in conducting the Courier, a daily Federal newspaper. He sub- sequently studied theology, became lay-reader in St. Paul's Church, Colleton, in 1814,'received priest's orders, and was assist, minister of St. Michael's Church, Charleston, from 1819 till his d. He pub. a treatise on " The Evidence of the Divinity of our Saviour," an " Historical Account of the Prot.-Ep. Church, in S.C" and " Ahimon Rezon for Masons," 8vo, 1827. Dale, Richard, commodore U. S. N., b. near Norfolk, Va., Nov. 6, 1756; d. Phila., Feb. 24, a826. He went to sea at 12, and at 19 com. a merchant- vessel. Early in 1776, while a lieut. in the Va. navy, he was captured by the English, and thrown into a prison-ship at Norfolk. Here he was surrounded by royal- ists, many of them old schoolmates, who pre- vailed on him to embark in a cruiser against the vessels of the State. In an affair with an Amer. flotilla soon after, he received a wound, with which he was confinied several weeks ; and he resolved " never again to put himself in the way of the bullets of his own countrymen." In the summer of 1776, he was a midshipman in " The Lexington," Capt. Barry. She was captured on the British coast by " The Alert," in Sept. 1777; and officers and men were confined in Mill Prison. In Feb. 1778, most of the officers and some of the men escaped; but Dale was retaken in Lond., and earned back. In Feb. 1779, he escaped in the guise of a British naval officer, reached France, and joined Paul Jones as master's mate, and soon became 1st lieut of the " Bon Homme Richard." In the memorable battle of Sept. 2-3, 1779, with " The Serapis," Dale was highly disting., and received- a severe splinter-wound. Returning to Phiia., Feb. 18, 1781, he was placed on the list of lieutenants in the navy. Joining " The Trum- bull," Capt. Nicholson, in June, his ship was taken two months later,after a severe action with " The Iris " and " Monk." In this action, Dale experienced his 3d wound and his 4th capture. Being exchanged in Nov., he was employed in letters-of-marque, and the merchant-service, until the end of the war. While commanding "The Queen of France," in 1782, he, after a severe conflict, beat off a privateer of 14 guns. June 4, 1794, he was made a capt. in the navy, and in May, 1798, com. the sloop-of-war "Gan- ges." In 1801, he com. the squadron ordered to the Mediterranean, of which " The Presi- dent " 44, was the flag-ship. He was so fettered, however, by his instructions, that no serious enterprise could be attempted; but his vigilance was such that the Tripolitans made no cap- tures during his command. He returned home in Ap^il, 1802, and resigned his commission Dec. 17, 1802. He spent the latter part of his life in Phila. in the enjoyment of a competent estate. Dale was a thoroughly brave and in- telligent seaman, and an honest and honorable man. Two of his sons were in the navy. Richard d. of wounds received in the frigate "President." Montgomery d. in Dec. 1852, a. 55. Dale, Gen. Samuel, pioneer, b. Rock- bridge Co., Va., 1772; d. Lauderdale Co., Mpi., May 23, 1841. He became a famous In- dian fighter, and afterward a trader among the Creeks and Cherokees. Maj. commanding a batt. of Ky. vols, against the Creeks.Feb. 1814; disting. under Jackson, and brev. brig.-g. After the war, he settled at Dale's Ferry, on the Ala., and engaged in merchandising. In 1816, he was a member of the convention to divide the Mpi. Territory, and served several terms in the Ala. legisl. His celebrated canoe-fight with 7 Indian warriors, all of whom he killed, would be thought fabulous, if it had not been wit- nessed by some soldiers, who, not having a boat, could render him no assistance. — See Life, hy F. II. Claiborne. Dale, Sir Thomas, gov. of Va. ; d. near Bantam, E.I., early in 1620. A soldier of distinction in the Low Countries, knighted by King James in June, 1606, as Sir Thomas Dale of Surrey; June 20, 1611, ab. a month after his arrival in Va., the States-General gave him 3 years' leave of absence, which in 1614 was extended. He administered the govt, on the basis of martial law, planted a new settle- ment at Henrico, and introduced important changes in the land-laws of the colony, gaining praise for his vigor and industry, his judgment and conduct. He conquered the Appomattox Indians, and took their town. He was suc- ceeded in Aug. 1.611 by Sir Thomas Gates, but continued to take an active part in the affairs of the colony ; and on Gates's return to Eng. IDAJIu 243 JDAJL,, in 1614, he resumed the govt. He retarned to England in June, 1616; was in Holland in Feb. 1617 ; in Jan. 1619 was made com. of the E.I. fleet, and had an engagement with the Dutch near Bantam, but soon succumbed to the climate. Dalhousie (dal-hoo'-ze), Gen. George Eamsay, 9th Earl of, b. 1770; d. Dalhousie Castle, Scotland, March 21, 1838. He suc- ceeded to his title and estate, on the death of his father in Nov. 1787. Entering the army in that year, he was maj. of the 2d Foot, in 1792, and was severely wounded at Martinique. He served in Ireland in 1798, in the exped. to the Helder in 1799, in Egypt in 1801, under Sir R. Abercrombie, and in April, 1305, was made a maj. -gen. He was in the exped. to the Scheldt in 1809, and afterward in the Peninsular cam- Saigns, where he rendered important service, uly 18, 1815, he was made an English baron; in 1816, lieut.-gen. com. in Nova Scotia, and was gov.-in-chief and com. of the forces of British N. A., from 1 820 to 1 828. He was com.- in-chief in India, 1829-32. Dallas, Alexander James, statesman and financier, b. in the Island of Jamaica, June 21, 1759; d. Trenton, Jan. 16, 1817. Son of a Scotch physician, and was educated at Edin- burgh and at Westminster. His mother be- coming a widow, and again marrying, he was prevented from obtaining any share of his fa- ther's property, and in April, 1783, quitted his native place, and settled in Phila. Having taken the oath of allegiance to the State of Pa. in June, 1783, he was in July, 1785, adm. to practise as an advocate in the Supreme Court, and in a few years became a practitioner in the U.S. Courts. He also employed himself in literary undertakings, wrote for the public journals, and at one time edited the Columbian Magazine. In Jan. 1791, he was app. sec. of Pa., by Gov. Mifflin; and in Dec. 1793, his commission was renewed. Not long after, he was constituted paymaster-gen. of a force which he accompanied in an exped. to Pitts- burg. In Dec. 1796, he again became sec. of state. On the election of Jefferson to the presidency in 1801, Mr. Dallas was app. U.S. atty. for the eastern dist. of Pa., and occupied that post until his removal to Washington. Oct. 6, 1814, he was made sec. of the U.S. treasury, then in a di'plorable condition ; and in that highly responsible and difficult situa- tion, he exhibited great ability and energy of character. In March, 1815, he undertook the additional duties of the war-office, and success- fully performed the delicate task of reducing the army. In Nov. 1816, peace and tranquilli- ty being restored, the financial condition of the country being improved under the influence of the National Bank, which he had so long en- deavored to establish, he resigned his post, and returned to the practice of the law at Phila., in which he was eminently successful. He pub. "Features of Jay's Treaty," 1795 ; " Speeches on the Trial of Blount ; " " Laws of Pennsylvania,-" with notes; "Reports," 4 vols., 1806-7 ; " Treasury Reports ; " " Exposi- tion of the Causes and Character of the War of 1812-15," &c. Dallas, Alexander James, capt. U.S.N,, son of the preceding, b. 1791 ; d. in Callao Bay, June 3, 1844, commanding Pacific squa- dron. He entered the navy, Nov. 22,1805; lieut. June 13, 1810; master-com. March 5, 1817; capt. April 24, 1828; served under Rodgers in "The President " in 1812, afterwards under Chauncey on Lake Ontario ; accomp. Porter in his cruise for the extermination of the West-India pirates, and attained distinction in his profession. Dallas, George Mifflin, LL.D. (N.J. Coll. 1853), statesman, bro. of prec, b. Phila., July 10, 1792; d. there Dec. 31, 1864. N.J. Coll. 1810. Adm. to the bar in 1813. Accomp. Mr. Gallatin to Russia as private sec. ; visited France, Eng., and Holland ; returned home in 1814, and, after assisting his father in the U.S. treasury dept., resumed the practice of law. In 1817, while dep. of the atty. -gen. of Phila., he won a high reputation as a criminal lawyer. Mayor of Phila. in 1828; dist.-atty. 1829-31, and, as U.S. senator in 1832-3, ably advocated the re-charter of the U.S. Bank, a protective tariff", and other important measures. Declin- ing a re-election in 1833, he was atty .-gen. of Pa. in 1833-5 ; ambassador to Russia from 1837 to Oct. 1839; vice.-pres. of the U.S. in 1845-9, and minister to Eng. in 1856-61. While vice-pres., his casting vote in the sen- ate made the Tariff" Act of 1846 — a free-trade measure — the law of the land. As minister to Eng., he was at once called upon to settle the Central-American question, and the recall of the British minister Crampton, both which matters were amicably adjusted. During the Rebellion, he manifested publicly, on all suitable occasions, his abhorrence of it and its abettors. He was an ablestatesmananddiplomatist, a suc- cessful and influential lawyer. Allibone gives a list of 30 of Dallas's speeches and other pam- phlets. His Letters from London in 1856-60 have been edited and pub. by his dau. Julia. Dalling, Sir John, bart. of Burwod, Sur- rey, a British gen. ; d. 1798. Maj. 27th Foot, Feb. 2, 1757 ; served under Loudoun in 1757; at Louisburg, 1758, and com. a corps of light inf. under Wolfe at Quebec, in 1759; lieut.- col. 43d Foot in 1760, and com. it at the siege of Ilavanna, in 1762; app. in 1767 lieut.-gov. and a few years later, gov. of Jamaica ; maj.- gen. Aug. 29, 1777; lieut.-gen. Nov. 1782; bart. 1783. In 1780, he led an exped. against the Spanish Main. — 0' Callaghan. DaltOU, John, D.D., R. C. bishop of Har- bor Grace, N.F., consec. 1856 ; d. May 5, 1869. Dalton, John C , physiologist, b. Chelms- ford, Ms., 2 Feb. 1825. H.U. 1844. M.D. 1847. His essay on the " Corpus Luteum," &c., 1851, won the prize of the Amer. Md. Assoc. His treatise on " Human Physiology," 1859 (4th ed. 1867), placed him at once in the first rank of Amer. physiologists. He has also pub. " Phy- siology and Hygiene, for Schools, Families, and Colleges," 1868. — 7^0/ftas. Daltou, Tristam, senator, b. Newbury- port, Ms., May 28, 1738; d. Boston, May 30, 1817. H.U. 1755. He studied law; m. the dau. of Robert Hooper, with whom he engaged in mercantile pursuits, and took a deep interest in thCvCultlvation of a large estate in W. New- bury^ where Washington, John Adams, Louis T>AJL, 244 IDAJ^ Philippe, Talleyrand, and other disting. guests, partook of his hospitalities. A leading Revol. patriot of Essex Co. ; he was speaker of the house, and a member of the senate of Ms., and U.S. senator in 1789-91. Investing his for- tune in real estate in Washington, he lost nearly all of it by tlie mismanagement of an agent, and was surveyor of the port of Boston from 1815 till his death. He was remarkable for his fine person, gentle and elegant manners, integ- rity, and scholarly accomplishments. Daly, Charles P., LL.D. (Col. Coll. 1860), jurist and scholar, h. of Irish parents N.Y. -City, 31 Oct. 1816. At first a sailor, afterward a mechanic's apprentice, and in 1839 adm. to the N.Y. bar. Member of the legisl. in 1843; judge of the C.C.P. of N.Y. City since 1845, and first judge since 1857. He has pub. a " Hist. Sketch of the Judicial Tribunals of N.Y., 1623-1846," 8vo, 1855; "Memoir of Chancellor Kent," pamphletson Banking, Natu- ralization Laws, the Introduction of the Drama (1863), &c.; contribs. to Appleton's Cyclop. ; has delivered lectures on legal subjects before the law school of Col. Coll., speeches and ad- dresses upon political, lltei*ary, and historical subjects ; and is pres. of the Amer. Geog. and Statist. Soc, and vice.-pres of theEthnol. Soc. — Duycktnck. Damas (da'-mas'), Joseph Francois Louis Charles dug de, French gen., b. 1758; d. Paris, March 5, 1829. As aide-de-camp to Rochambeau, he made the Amer. campaigns of 1780-2; and, "Of all the officers," says Chastellux, " who fought for Amer. Indepen- dence, he was, perhaps, the only one in whom the spectacle of a people breaking their fetters awakened no ideas of liberty." After his re- turn, he was made col. of dragoons, and was arrested at Varennes with Louis XVI., whose escape he was endeavoring to effect. He emi- grated in 1792 ; fought in the royalist ranks in 1 793, and accompanied Louis XVIII. to Italy as captain of tlie guards. He took an active part in subsequent royalist enterprises, and in 1825 he received the title of duke. — Nouv. Biog. Gen. Dampier, William, a celebrated navigator, b. East Coker, Somersetshire, in 1652; d. ab. 1712. He went to sea at an early age; became t>verseer of a plantation ; made several voyages in a Jamaica coaster, and cut mahogany three years in the Bay of Honduras, of which place he pub. a description on returning to Lond. in 1B78. He was afterward a buccaneer, but quirrelled witli his companions, and left them. Was in Va. in 1682, and joined Capt. Cook in a cruise against the Spaniards in Aug. 1683. They burned the town of Plata, then advanced to the Bay of Panama, near which they took a Spanish ship which was carrying despatches to Lima ; and, from the intelligence obtained, they concerted an attack on the>treasure-ships, which resulted unsuccessfully. They next attacked Leon and Rio Leja on the Mexican coast, when Dampier left Davis, Cook's successor, and sailed with Capt. Swan across the Pacific for the East Indies. After visiting St John's Is- land, New Holland, and Nicobar, Dampier aban- doned his companions, journeyed to the Eng- lish factory at Achan, where he subsequently joined with Captain Weldon in trading voy- ages during 15 months, and then engaged as gunner at a factory at Bencoolen. In 1691, he escaped the vigilance of the gov., and arrived at the Downs, Sept. 16, bringing with him all his papers and journals. Being now in want of money, he sold his share in an Indian prince, whom his companions carried about for exhibi- tion. Capt. R. navy, 26 July, 1698. Hav- ing sailed in " The Roebuck " on a voyage of discovery, in Jan. 1699, his ship foundered at the Isle of Ascencion, where, with his crew, he remained from Oct. 1700 until relieved, April, 1701. He was employed, 1708-11, in prose- cuting a voyage to the South Seas under the patronage of British merchants. This voyage round the world has been frequently pub., and is an accurate and valuable work. The best edition is that of 1729, 4 vols., 8vo, Lond. In 1707, he pub. a defence of his buccaneering on the Spanish Main. He also wroLe a treatise on Winds and Tides. Dana, Charles Anderson, journalist, b. Hinsdale, N.H., Aug. 8, 1819. He studied two years at H.U., but did not grad., owing to a disease of the eyes. He edited the Harbinqer, was a contrib. to the Boston Chronotifpe, was connected with the N.Y. Tribune in 1847-58, and is now editor of the Sun. FTe edited " The Household Book of Poetry," N.Y., 8vo, 1858, and, in connection with Geo. Ripley, edited Appleton's Cycl. Ass. Sect. War, 186.3-4. Dana, Daniel, D.D., Preso. clergyman, b. Ipswich, Ms., July 24, 1771 ; d. Newburv- port, Ms., Aug. 26, 1859. Dartm. Coll. 1788. Son of Rev. Dr. Joseph. Settled pastor of the First Presb. Church, Newburyport, Nov. 19, 1794; pres. of Dartm. Coll. in 1820-21; set- tled in Londonderry, N.IL, Jan. 16, 1822; dis- missed Apr. 1826, and from May 31, 1826, to 1845, he was settled over the Second Prcsb. Church in Newburyport. Trustee of the And. Thcol. Sem. from 1804 to 1856. He pub. 21 occasional sermons, besides discourses, essays, &c. — Alumni D C. Dana, Edmund Trowbridge, J.U.D. (Heidelberg, 1854), translator and editor of works on international and pul)lie law, and polit. economy, b. Cambridge, Ms., 29 Aug. 1818; d. there 18 May, 1869. Vt. U. 1839; Camb. Law School, 1 841 . Son of R. H. Dana. Practised law with his bro. R. H.. jun., a few years in Boston, then studied at the German universities. Dana, Francis, LL.D. (H.U 1792), states- man and jurist, b. Charlestown, Ms., June 13, 1743 ; d. Cambridge, Ms., April 25, 1811. H. U. 1762. Richard, his father, was an eminent magistrate and patriot. Francis studied law with Judge Trowbridge ; was adm. to the bar in 1767 ; became an active Whig ; was a delegate to the Provincial Congress in Sept. 1774 ; passed the year 1775 in Eng. ; member of the exec, council from May, 1776, to 1780; delegate to Congress in 1776-8 and in 1784; mcmlxjr of the board of war, Nov. 17, 1777, and chairman of the committee charged with the responsibil- ity of re-organizing the army ; accomp. Mr. Adams to Paris in Nov. 1 779, as sec. of legation ; and from Dec. 19, 1780, until 1783, was minis- ter to Russia. Prevented from attendinsr the T>JLN 245 UAJN convention for framing the Federal Constitu- tion, of which he was a member, in 1787, he strongly advocated its adoption in the conven- tion of Ms. He declined the embassy to France in 1797. Judge of the Supreme Court of Ms. from Jan. 1785, until 1792; chief-justice 1792-1806. A founder of the Acad, of Arts and Sciences, and a vice-px'es. of that body. Early in life, he m. a dau. of Wm. Ellery. His corresp. while in Europe will be found in Sparks's " Diplom. Corresp.," vol. viii. Dana, James, D.D. (U. of Edinb.), Cong, minister, b. Ms., May 11, 1735 ; d. New Ha- ven, Ct., Aug. 18, 1812. H.U. 1753. Ord. at Wallingford, Ct., Oct. 12, 1758, in disregard of the '* Saybrook Platform," and a long con- troversy ensued ; dism. 1 788. Minister of New Haven from Apr. 29, 1789, to the fall of 1805. He regarded the scheme of Edwards as acquit- ting the creature of blame, and impeaching the truth and justice of the Creator. He pub. anonymously an " Examination of Edwards on the Will," 8vo, Boston, 1770; a continuation of the same, with his name, in 1773 ; a century discourse, Apr, 9, 1770, and a number of ser- mons. Samuel W. Dana, U.S. senator, was his son. Dana, James Dwight, LL.D. ( Amh. Coll. 1853), physicist, son of James, b. Utica, N.Y., Feb. 12, 1813. ' Y. C. 1833. App. teacher of mathematics in the U.S. navy, and sailed to the Mediterranean in " The Delaware," return- ing in 1835. In 1835-6, he was assist, to Prof. Silliman at Y.C. ; from Aug. 1838 to 1842, he was mineralogist and geologist of Wilkes's ex- plonng exped., and for 13 years after was en- gaged in preparing for pub. the various reports of this exped., and in other scientific labors. He returned to New Haven in 1844, m. Henri- etta Francis, dau. of Prof. Silliman, and has since resided in that city. In 1855, he became Silliman prof, of nat. hist, and geology in Y.C, a post he still occupies, while editing the American Journal of Science, founded by Silli- man in 1819. He has also contrib. various important scientific papers to the Proceedings of the Am. Acad, of Arts and Sciences in Bos- ton, the Lyceum of Natural History of N.Y., and the Acad, of Natural Sciences of Phila. In 1854, he was elected pres. of the Am. Assoc, for the Advancement of Science, and is a mem- ber of many learned societies in Europe. He pub. "Mineralogy," 1837, 4th edition revised and enlarged, 1854; reports on "Zoophytes," 1846, proposing a new classification, and de- scribing 230 new species ; on the " Geology of the Pacific," 1849; on "Crustacea," 1852-4, describing 658 new species; on "Coral Reefs and Islands," 8vo, Phila., 1853 ; " Suppt. to System of Mineralogy," 1855-6 ; " Man- ual of Geology," 1862, and articles in the Am- er. Jour, of Science. A series of 4 articles from his pen, entitled " Science and the Bible," called forth by Taylor Lewis's work on " The Six Days of Creation," appeared in the Bibli- otheca Sacra in 1856-7. Dana, James Freeman, chemist, b. Am- herst, N.H., Sept. 23, 1793 ; d. N.Y. City, Apr. 14, 1827. H.U. 1813. He was the son of Lu- ther Dana, a naval officer of the Revol. Stud- ied medicine in Boston ; spent 6 months in Lond., under the instruction of the celebrated chemist, Accum, and, on his return, was em- ployed to refit the laboratory of Harvard Coll., and settled in Cambridge as a physician, holding also the office of assist, prof, of chem- istry. In 1817, he received the degree of M.D.; in the autumn of that year was app. lec- turer on chemistry in Dartm. Coll., and in 1820 prof, lecturing also on mineralogy and botany. In 1826-7, he was prof, of chemistry in the N.Y. Coll. of Physicians and Surgeons. He pub. a small work on the mineralogy and geol- ogy of Boston and vicinity, in conjunction with his bro. Dr. S. L. Dana, 1818; "Epitome of Chemical Philosophy," 1825; "Report on a Singular Disease of Horned Cattle in Burton, N.H." He also contrib. many scientific pa- pers to the Journal of Science, the N.E. Jour- nal of Medicine, and the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of N. Y. In 1815 and"l816, he received Boylston prizes for dissertations. Dana, John W., gov. of Me., 1847-50, min- ister to Bolivia, 1854, son of Judah, b. Fryeburg, Me.; d. near Rosario, S. Amer., Dec. 22, 1867, of cholera. He was a Democ. politician. Dana, Judah, lawyer, b. Pomfret, Ct., April 25, 1772; d. Fryeburg, Me., Dec. 27, 1845. Dartm. Coll. 1795. His mother was a dau. of Gen. Putnam. He began to practise law at Fryeburg in 1798 ; was county atty. in 1805-11 ; 'judge of probate, 1805-22, and of the circuit of C. C. P. in 1811-23; member of the Me. Const. Conv. in 1819, one of the com. by whom the instr. was drafted ; a mem- ber of the exec, council in 1834, and of the U. S. senate in 1836-7. — Z). C. Alumni. Dana, Napoleon Jackson Tecu.mseh, maj.-gen. vols., b. Fort Sullivan, Eastport, Me., Apr. 10, 1822. West Point, 1842. Entering the 7th Inf., he served with distinction in Mex- ico ; was severely wounded at Cerro Gordo, and brev. capt. Resigning in 1855, he engaged in business in St. Paul until Oct. 1861, when he became col. 1st Minnesota Vols. On the 2 1 St, he participated in the affair at Ball's Bluff. Made brig.-gen. Feb. 3, 1862, he served with the Potomac Army in all the battles be- fore Richmond. At Antietam, he com. a bri- gade in Sedgwick's division of Sumner's corps, and was wounded. Maj.-gen. Nov. 29, 1862; in the operations with Army of the Gulf, and engaged at Fordoche Bayou, Sept. 1863; at Brazos Santiago, Oct. 27; com. 13th army corps, Dec.-Jan. 1864; com. dist. of Vicks- burg, Aug.-Oct. 1864; 16th army corps, and dist. of W. Tenn. and Vicksburg, Nov. 1864, and dept. of Mpi. Dec. '64, to 27 May, 1865. Dana, Richard, jurist, b. Cambridge, Ms., July 7, 1699; d. May 17, 1772. H. U. 1718. Grandson of Richard, who settled in Cambridge in 1640. After practising law at Marblehead and Charlestown, he removed to Boston, where he attained high rank in the profession. He was prominent in the ante-Re vol. movement; occasionally presided over the Boston town- meetings, between 1763 and 1772 ; reported the instructions to the town representatives, Nov. 20, 1767, and May 8, 1770; was one of the asso- ciated Sons of Liberty, and at their celebrated meeting of Dec. 17, 1769, administered to Sec. Oliver the oath of non-execution of the Stamp 3D.AJSr 246 iDAJsr Act. His death was considered a great loss to the patriot cause. He m. the sister of Judge Trowbridge, and was the father of Chief-Jus- tice Francis Dana. Dana, Richard Henry, poet and essayist, b. Cambridge, Ms., Nov. 15, 1787. He was educated at H. U. and at Newport, R.I. ; stud- ied law with his father, Francis Dana ; was adm. to the Boston bar in 1811, and soon after to that of Baltimore, but in 1812 entered upon the profession in his native town, and became a member of the legisl. His first literary pub- lic appearance was as an orator on the 4th of July, 1814, in which year he joined the club by whom the North American Review was ori- ginated, and for a time conducted. In 1818-19, he was its assoc. editor with Prof. E. T. Chan- ning. In 1821-2, he pub., in numbers, "The Idle Man." His first pieces in verse, " The Dying Raven," and " The Husband and Wife's Grave," appeared in the N. Y. Review in 1825. In 1827, he pub. " The Buccaneer, and other Poems," which was well received and highly commended. It was praised by Wilson in Blackwood's Marjazine, as " the most powerful and original of Amer. poetical com- positions." In 1833, he pub. an enlarged vol., including new poems and the papers of " The Idle Man," and in 1850, "Poems and Prose Writings," 2 vols., being a complete coll. of his writings, excepting a series of lectures on Shakspeare, delivered in Boston, N. Y., and Phila., 1839-40. Dana, Richard Henry, Jun., advocate and writer, son of the preceding, b. Cambridge, Ms., Aug. 1, 1815. H. U. 1837. In 1834, he made the voyage described in his " Two Years be- fore the Mast," which details the ship and shore life of a common sailor from personal experience. Adm. to the Boston bar in 1840. In 1841, he pub. " The Seaman's Friend," re- pub, in Eng. as " The Seaman's Manual." Mr. Dana was engaged in the numerous trials for the rescue of the slave Shadrach in 1853, and in the case of Anthony Burns in 1854. He was a delegate to the Buffalo convention of 1848; a speaker in the Repub. movement of 1856-60, and a member of the Ms. Const. Conv. of 1853. In 1861-6, he was U. S. atty. for the dist. of Ms. He has occasionally con- trib. to the N. A. Review and to the Law Re- porter. In 1859, he pub. a vol. of travel, "To Cuba and Back." He is the author of many speeches and addresses on political and general topics. jDana, Samuel, an eminent lawyer and ju- rist, son of Judge Samuel (H. U. 1755; min- ister of Groton, 1761-75 ; b. Jan. 14, 1739 ; d. Apr. 2, 1798), b. Groton, Ms., June 26, 1767; d. Charlestown, Ms., Nov. 20, 1835. Pres. of the Ms. senate; M. C. 1814-15* and chief-jus- tice of the Circuit C. C P. He pub. an ora- tion delivered at Groton, July 4, 1807. — Sabine and Allen. Dana, Samuel Luther, M.D., LL.D., chemist, bro. of James F., and grandson of Rev. Samuel of Groton, b. Groton, Ms., July 11, 1795; d. Lowell, Ms., Mar. 11, 1868. H.U. 1813. Lieut. 1st U. S. Art., and served until the close of the War of 1812-1 5. He then stud- ied medicine ; received the degree of M.D. in 1818 ; practised from 1819 to 1826 in Waltham, where he established a chemical laboratory for the manuf. of the oil of vitriol and bleaching- salts, and founded the "Newton Chemical Co.," of which he was the chemist till 1 834. Subse- quently resident and consulting chemist to the Merrimack Manuf. Co. In connection with his bro., he pub. " The Mineralogy and Geology of Boston and Vicinity," 1818. In 1833, while in Eng., he pub. a clear exposition of the chemical changes occurring in the manuf. of sulphuric acid. This was followed by a report to the city council of Lowell on the danger arising from the use of lead water-pipes. He made many experiments in agricultural science ; pub. " The Farmer's Muck Manual" in 1842; an "Es- say on Manures," 1843, honored by the prize of the Ms. Agric. Society ; a translation of Tauquerelon Lead-Diseases; and assisted in the agric. and geol. reports of the State survey. He also contrib. several articles to the N A. Review and other periodicals. He contrib. to the improvement of the important art of print- ing cotton, beside his discoveries in the art of bleaching it. Dana, Samuel Whittlesey, an eminent and leading Federalist, son of Rev. James, b. New Haven, Ct., July, 1757 ; d. Julv 21, 1830. Y. C. 1775. M. C. 1796 to 1§10;'U. S. sen- ator, 1810-21. Many years mayor of Middle- town, Ct. Dane, Nathan, LL.D., an eminent jurist and statesman, b. Ipswich, Dec. 27, 1752 ; d. Beverly, Ms., Feb. 15, 1835. H.U. 1778. John, his ancestor, came from England, as early as 1638, and settled in Ipswich. He practised law in Beverly, where he resided till his death ; was a member of the Ms. legisl. in 1782-5, and was an able and influential member of Congress in 1785-8; member of the Ms. senate in 1790, '94, '96-8 ; a commis- sioner to revise the laws of the State in 1795 ; in 1811, to revise and publish the charters which had been granted therein ; and again, in 1812, to make a new publication of the statutes. In 1814, he was a member of the Hartford Convention, and in 1820 of that for revising the State constitution, but, on account of deaf- ness, declined taking his seat. He was the framer of the celebrated ordnance, passed by Congress in 1787, for the govt, of the territory north-west of the Ohio, — a code, by which the principles of free gt., to the exclusion of slavery, were eJctcnded to that immense region. He in- corporated in this ordnance a prohibition against all laws impairing the obligation of contracts, which the convention that formed the Constitution of the U.S. a few months after- wards extended to all the States of the Union, by making it a part of that Constitution. His professional practice was laborious and exten- sive; and his great work, entitled "A General Abridgment and Digest of American Law," in 9 large vols, 8vo (1823-9), remains as a proof of his learning and industry. The Dane pro- fessorship of law, founded by his munificence at H. U., and the law hall for the use of the students and professors of law, are enduring monuments of his desire to promote the inter- ests of the legal profession and the welfare of the community. j:>ajn 247 r».AjR Danforth, Samuel, minister of Roxbury from Sept. 24, 1650, to his d., Nov. 19, 1674 b. Framlingham, Suffolk, Eng., Sept. 1626 came to N.E. with Nicholas his father, 1634 H. U. 1643. Tutor and fellow of H. U Brother of Thos., pres. of Me. He pub. a number of Almanacs, an " Astronomical De scription of the Comet of 1664," a heavenly body, the appearance of which he believed por- tentous, and the election sermon, 1670, enti- tled " A Recognition of New England's Errand into the Wilderness." Danforth, Samuel, M.D., physician, b. Cambridge, Ms., Aug. 1740; d. Boston, Nov. 16, 1827. H.U. 1758. Son of Judge Samuel, grandson of Rev. John of Dorchester. After studying medicine with Dr. Rand, he practised a year or two at Newport, and then settled in Boston, where his loyalty occasioned his being treated somewhat harshly after the evacuation of that city by the British. He practised with success until near 80 years of age, and in- creased his reputation by his chemical studies. In all difficult medical cases, his opinion was relied on as the utmost effort of human skill. From 1795 to 1798, he was pres. of the Ms. Med. Society. Member of the Acad, of Arts and Sciences. — Thacher. Danforth, Thomas, pres. of the district of Maine, b. Eng., 1622; d. Nov. 5, 1699. Son of Nicholas, who d. Cambridge, 1637. He had great influence in public affairs ; was an assist, from 1659 to 1678; dep. gov. in 1679; pres. and dept. gov. until the arrival of Andros in 1688. He was also a judge of the Superior Court. In 1681, he, with Gookin, Cooke, and others, opposed the acts of trade, and assert- ed the chartered rights of his country. During the witchcraft troubles in 1692, he condemned the proceedings of the courts. Daniel, Isaac, a soldierof the Revol. and of the War of 1812, b. Westchester Co., N.Y.; d. N.Y. City, 29 June, 1864, a. 109 years. Daniel) John M., journalist, d. Richmond, Va., March 30, 1865. Noted as a newspaper writer in Richmond. He was in 1854 app. by Pres. Pierce, minister resident at the court of Sardinia, but became very unpopular, and in 1858 resigned. Soon after, he became again connected with the Richmond press, and was noted for the violence of his language, and his readiness to resort to the duello. He was a strenuous advocate for the hanging of John Brown in 1859; was a zealous secessionist; was for a time on the staff of one of the Va. corps commanders, but soon returned to Rich- mond, and edited the Examiner, in which he attacked Mr. Davis virulently. A Life of Stonewall Jackson, pub. in his name, was written by J. Esten Cook. A Memoir of Daniel, by bisbro. F. S. Daniel, was pub. 1868. Daniel, Joseph J., jurist, b. Halifax Co., N.C., ab. 1783; d. Feb. 1848. After receiv- ing a classical education, he studied law, be- came an ornament to the bar; in 1807 was elected a member of the house; in 1816 was app. a judge of the Superior Court of Law and Equity, and, from 1822 to his d., was judge of the N.C. Supreme Court. Daniel, Junius, brig.-gen. C. S. A., b. N.C. 1828; killed near Spottsylvania, Va., May 11, 1864. West Point, 1851. 1st lieut. 3d U.S. Inf., May, 1857 ; resigned, June, 1858, and was a planter at Shreveport, La., 1858-61. Daniel, Peter Vtvian, jurist, b. Stafford Co., Va., 1785; d. Richmond, Va., May 31, 1860. N.J. Coll. 1805. His father, Travers Daniel, was an extensive land-proprietor and planter in Stafford Co., Va., to which State his ancestor emigrated in 1649. Adm. to the bar in 1808. In 1809-10, he was a member of the H. of delegates ; one of the privy council from 1812 to 1835, being a portion of the time ex-officio pres. of the council, and lieut.-gov. ; app. judge of the U.S. Dist. Court of Va. in 1836, and 3 Mar. 1841, judge of the U.S. Su- preme Court. He m. a daughter of Edmund Randolph, in whose office he studied law. He was a Democ. politician, and sustained the Dred Scott decision of Judge Taney. Daniel, William, judge, b. Va., 1771 ; d. Lynchburg, Nov. 20, 1839. In 1798-9, he was a conspicuous member of the State legisl., and, during the last 23 years of his life, was on the bench of the general and circuit courts of Va. Danielson, Timothy, Revol. patriot, b. Brimfield, Ms., 1733; d. there Sept. 19, 1791. Y.C. 1756. He studied theology, but did not engage in the clerical profession. In Sept. 1774, he was chairman of the Hampshire Co. convention ; a delegate to the Prov. Congress at Concord, Oct. 1774, at Cambridge, Feb. 1775, and at Watertown, May, 1775. In May, 1774, being then a representative, he was chosen to the council, but was negatived by Gov. Gage. Col. of a provincial regt. in May, 1775. His chief service, however, was in the legisl., of which he continued a member several years. Member of the State Const. Conv. in 1779, and afterward of the State senate and executive council; chief-justice of Hampshire Co. His widow m. Gen. Eaton. Large and finely formed, he possessed great in- fluence. Daponte, see Ponte. Darby, William, statistician and geogra- pher, b. Pa. 1775 ; d. Washington, D.C., Oct. 9, 1854. An officer under Gen. Jackson in La., and one of the surveyors of the boundary between the U.S. and Canada. Author of "Geog. Descrip. of La.," 8vo, 1816; "Plan of Pittsburg and Adjacent Country," 1817 ; "Emigrant's Guide to the Western Country," 1818; "Tour from N.Y. to Detroit," 1819; " Geog. and Hist, of Florida, with a map," 1821; 3d ed. of "Brooke's Univ. Gazetteer," 1823 ; " View of the U.S.," 8vo, 1828 ; " Lec- tures on the Discovery of Amer.," 1828 ; " Geographical Dictionary," 8vo, 3d ed., 1843 ; "U.S. Gazetteer," 1830 (with Theo. Dwight), and " Mnemonica, a Register of Events to 1829." Darden, Miles, noted for his great size, b. N.C. 1798; d. Henderson Co, Tenn., Jan. 23, 1857. He was 7 feet 6 inches high; and at his death his weight was a little over 1,000 lbs. Until 1853, he was active and lively, and able to labor ; but from that time, was obliged to stay at home, or be hauled about in a 2-horse wagon. In 1850, it required 13|^yds. of cloth, one yard wide, to make him a coat. D^AJR 248 DAV His coffin was 8 feet long, 35 inches deep, 32 inches across the breast, 18 across the head, and 14 across the feet. Dare, Virginia, the firstchildof English parents in the New World, b, at Roanoke, Aug. 1587. Grand-daughter of John White, gov. of the colony sent by Sir Walter Raleigh. White's dau. m. Mr, Dare, one of the assist- ants of the gov. ; and Virginia was b. ab. a month after the arrival of the exped. Darke, William, gen., b. Phila, Co., Pa., 1736; d. Jefferson Co., Va., Nov. 26, 1801. In 1740, his parents moved to Va. He was in Braddock's army at its defeat in 1755, and was made a capt. at the beginning of the Rev- ol. war. He was made prisoner at the battle of Gerniantown, and was col. com. of the Hampshire and Berkeley regts. at the capture of Cornwallis. He was often a member of the Va. legiil., and, in the convention of 1788, voted for the Federal Constitution. Lieut.-col. of a regt. of "Levies" in 1791, he com. the left wing of St. Clair's army, at its defeat by the Miami Indians, Nov. 4, 1791. He made two gallant and successful charges with the bayonet in this fight, in the second of which, his youngest son, Capt. Joseph Darke, was killed, and he himself was wounded, and nar- rowly escaped death. He was afterward a maj.-gen. of Va. militia. Darley, Elle.v Westray, actress, b. Buth, Eng. ; d. Phila., Sept. 26, 1849. Made her first app. in Amer. at the Haymarket, Boston, Dec. 26, 1796, as Narcissa, in "Inkle and Yarico;" in N.Y. in 1798, at the Park, as Joanna in "The Deserted Daughter." Darley, Felix O. C, artist, b. Phila., June 23, 1822. Placed by his parents in a mercantile establishment, he devoted his lei- sure to drawing, and, receiving from the pub- lisher of the Saturdaji Museum a handsome sum for a few designs, he applied himself wholly to that pursuit. For several years, he was employed by large publishing-houses in Phila., and soon acquired reputation. The series pub. in the " Library of Humorous American Works " was very popular in the Southern and Western States. In 1848, he removed to New York, where he illustrated " The Sketch Book," " Knickerbocker," &c. He had previously made a series of designs in outline, from Judd's novel of " Margaret," which were pub. in 1856. The committee of the American Art Union commissioned him to illustrate in similar style Irving's " Rip Van Winkle" and his "Legend of Sleepy Hollow," both of which are highly creditable productions. Offers were made to him to set- tle in London, which he declined. He has also been engaged in the preparation of vig- nettes for bank-notes, and in illustrating Coop- er's works ; has executed " The Massacre at Wyoming," and 4 other Revol. pieces of merit, and has contrib. designs to Irving's "Life of Washington," Dickens's and Sims's novels. Another of his works is an illustration of the wedding-procession in Longfellow's poem of " The Courtship of Miles Standish." For Prince Napoleon, when in N.Y., he executed four drawings illustrative of American life, " The Unwilling Laborer," " Repose," " The Blacksmith's Shop," and " Emigrants attacked by the Indians." Among his pictures of the late civil war are " Giving Comfort to the Enemy " and " Dahlgren's Charge at Fred- ericksburg." He m. the dau. of Warren Col- burn, and resides at Claymont, Del. — Tuck- erman. Darling, Noyes, a disting. agriculturist, b. Woodbridge, Ct., 1782; d. New Haven, Sept. 17, 1846. Y. C. 1801. Tutor there 1804- 8. Engaged at one time in mercantile pur- suits in N.Y. City, he afterward became espe- cially interested in horticulture, and, also in in- vestigating the habits of insects injurious to vegetation, and wrote frequently on this sub- ject. He passed the latter portion of his life in New Haven, of which city he was mayor, having served long as Co. surveyor, and was at the time of his death judge of the Co. court. Darlington, William, M.D. (U. of Pa. 1804), LL.D. (Y.C. 1848), botanist and poli- tician, b. of Quaker parents in Birmingham, Pa., Apr. 28, 1782 ; d West Chester, Pa., Apr. 23, 1863. With only a common country school education, he began to study medicine at the age of 18 ; studied languages and botany 2 years, and then went to Calcutta as surgeon of a ship. His "Letters from Calcutta " were afterward pub. in the Analectic Magazine. Re- turning in 1807, he m., and practised medicine for several years successfully at West Chester. He wrote in defence of the policy of Mr. Madison ; raised an armed corps on the break- ing-out of hostilities, and, after the sack of Washington in 1814, was chosen major of a vol. regt., and was a Democ. M.C. in 1815-17 and 1819-23. He founded at West Chester in 1812 an academy, an athena3um, and a pi'os- perous society of natural history, of which he was pres. In 1813, he began a descriptive cata- logue of plants growing around West Chester, pub. in 1826, with the title," Florula Cestrica," afterwards enlarged as the " Flora Cestrica," 1837, and repub. in 1853, containing a com- plete description and classification of every plantknown in the county. In 1843, he edited the corresp. of his friend, Dr. Wm. Baldwin, and accomp. it with a memoir, entitling the work " Reliquice Baldioiniana." In 1853, the name of Darlingtonica California was given, in his honor, to a new and remarkable variety of pitcher-plant found in California. In 1847, he pub. " Agric. Botany ; " " Mutual Influence of Habits and Disease," 8vo, 1804-6; " Agric. Chemistry," 1847. In 1849, he coll. and pub. the corresp. of Humphrey Marshall and John Bartram. His last work, pub. in the W. Ches- ter Village Record, was his " Notce Cestrienses." He was a member of some 40 learned societies in America and Europe. — Gen. Beg. xviii. 97. D*Arusmont, see Wright. Daveiss, Col. Joseph Hamilton, law- yer and soldier, b. Bedford Co., Va., Mar. 4, 1774; d. Nov. 7, 1811. He was bred to the law, and was at the time of his death U.S. atty. for Ky. A maj. of Ky. vol. dragoons under Gen. Harrison at Tippecanoe, he was killed while leading his men to the cliarge. He pub. in 1807 " A View of the President's Conduct concerning the Conspiracy of 1806." ID^V 249 jyArv Davenport, Col. Abraham, Revol. pa- triot, b. Stamford, Ct., 1715; d. there Nov. 20, 1789. Y.C. 1732. Son of Rev. John, minis- ter of Stamford, 1694-1731. He was a man of stern integrity and generous beneficence. In a time of scarcity, he sold the product of his farm to the poor at old prices. He was a judge of the C.C.P. ; a member of the exec, council of Ct. ; 25 years in the State legisl. ; senator, 1766-84 ; and during the war was one of the State com. of safety. — Hist. Stamford. Davenport, Addington, judge, b. Aug. 3. 1670; d. Apr. 2, 1736. H.U. 1689. After visiting Eng., Spain, and the West Indies, he returned to Boston, and was register of deeds for Suffolk Co. He was afterward successively clerk of the H. of representatives, Supreme Court, and C.C.P. ; member of the council ; representative, 1711-13, and from 1715 to his death was judge of the Supreme Court. He was one of the founders of Brattle-st. Church in 1698. Davenport, Addington, D.D., a Prot.- Epis. clergyman of Boston, son of the preced- ing, b. May 16, 1701 ; d. Sept. 8, 1746. H.U. 1719. He was educated for the law, but entered the ministry. From Apr. 15, 1730, to 1737, he was minister of St. Andrew's Church, Scit- uate ; was assist, minister of King's Chapel from Apr. 15, 1737, to May 8, 1740, when he became rector of Trinity Church. On leaving Scituatc, he gave his house and land to the Society for Proi)agating the Gospel in Foreign Parts. Dec. 23, 1729, he m. Jane, dau. of Grove Hirst, a merchant of Boston. Davenport, Edward L, one of the best actors on the American stage, b. Boston, 1816. Made his debut at the Lion Theatre, Providence, as Passion Will to Booth's Sir Giles Overreach. First appeared in N.Y. at the Bowery, under llamblin's management; at Phila., at the Walnut, in 1838, as Count Montalban in the Honeymoon. Dec. 6, 1847, he opened at the Manchester Theatre, Eng., as Claude Melnotte, and supported Mrs. Mowatt. During Macready's farewell from the stage, he sup- ported him. He m. Fanny Vining. Davenport, Frankhn, of Woodbury, N J., served in the Revol. war under Gen. Saml. Smith at Fort Mifflin ; was a U.S. senator in 1798-9; M.C. 1799 to 1801, and also a judge. Davenport, Hexry K., capt. U. S. N., b. Ga., Dec. 10, 1820. Midshipm. Feb. 19, 1838; licut. Dec. 19,1853; com. July 16, 1862; capt. Mar. 14, 1868. Attached to sloop " Portsmouth " at the storming of the 6 forts. Canton River, China, Nov. 1856 ; to the sloop " Cumberland " at the capture of Hatteras, Aug. 1861 ; in repulseof rebel steamer " James- town," in James River, Dec. 1861 ; com. steamer " Hetzel " at the capture of Newbern, and destruction of rebel fleet in those waters ; defence of Fort Anderson, Neuse River, and repulse of Pettigrew's army. Mar. 14, 1863; defence of Newbern, and repulse of Hoke's army, May, 1864 ; com. flag-ship " Lancaster," Pacific squad., 1864-6, and captured 7 pirates on board Amer. steamer " Salvador " off the Bay of Panama, Nov. 10, 1864, and received thanks of navy dept. — Hamersly. Davenport, James, lawyer and M.C. 1796-9; son of Col. Abraham; b. Stamford, 12 Oct. 1758; d. there 3 Aug. 1797. Y.C. 1777. He was in the commissary dept. in the Revol. ; was a judge of the C.C.P., and a man of literary tastes and abilities. Davenport, John, a Puritan divine, one of the founders of New Haven, b. Coventry, Eng., 1597; d. Boston, Mar. 15, 1670. At the age of 16, he entered Merton Coll., Oxford. After 2 yrs. rem. to Magdalen, where he re- ceived the degree of B.A., and subsequently that of B. D. He commenced preaching in Lond., where his purity and worth, his learning, and talent as a preacher, were greatly esteemed. Ab. 1626, in connection with Drs. Sibs and Gouge, the lord-mayor of London, and oth- ers, he devised a plan to purchase impropria- tions, with the profits of which a number of ministers should be maintained, who would assist in reformiiig abuses. But Archbishop Laud procured its condemnation, and the confiscation of the money to the king's use. At the close of 1633, Mr. Davenport was com- pelled, by the increasing persecution of non- conformists, to resign his pastoral office over St. Stephen's Church, Coleman St., and retire to Holland. After officiating for a time as a private instructor, he returned to Lond. in 1635. He had been concerned in the patent of the Ms. Colony, and determined to come over. June 26, 1637, he landed at Boston with Mr. Eaton and Mr. Hopkins, was received with great respect, and invited to sit with the synod at Cambridge, to which his learning and wis- dom made him a valuable accession. March 30, 1638, he sailed with his company for Quin- nipiack, or New Haven, to found a new colony. Here, under the branches of an oak, he preached Apr. 18, the first Sunday after their arrival, and ministered there near 30 years. June 4, 1639, holding their constituent assem- bly in a barn, the " Free Planters," resolved that church-members only should be burgesses ; and Davenport was chosen one of the "seven pillars" to support the ordinance of civil govt. Two of the regicides, Goffxj and Whalley, were concealed in his house; and he instigated the people, by his preaching, to protect them from the commissioners of tiie king. With Cotton and Hooker, he was invited to join the West- minster Assembly; but his church was unwill- ing to part with him. He was ord. Dec. 9, 1668, over the First Chuch, Boston ; but he sur- vived this change but a short time. He wrote sermons, several controversial pamphlets, " A Discourse about Civil Govt, in a New Planta- tion," " The Saint's Anchor-Hold in all Storms and Tempests," a Catechism containing the chief heads of the Christian religion, and other theol. tracts. Davenport, John, lawyer, M.C, 1799- 1817, b. Stamford, Ct., 16 Jan. 1752; d. there 28 Nov. 1830. Y.C. 1770. Tutor there 1773. An active Revol. patriot, and a maj. in the commis. dept. Son of Col. Abraham. — Hist. Stamford. Davenport, Col. William, b. Culpeper Co., Va., Oct. 12, 1769; d. Walnut Fountain, Caldwell Co., N.C., Aug. 19, 1859. He held at various times the offices of justice of the X)A.V 250 T>AJV peace, Co. surveyor, legislator, &c., and con- trib. largely to the erection of the female coll. of Lenoir, which bears his name. Davenport, William, col. U.S.A., b. N. C; d. Phila., Apr. 12, 1858. App. capt. 16 Inf., Sept. 28, 1812 ; maj. 6th Inf., Dec. 16, 1825 ; lieut.-col. 1st Inf., Apr. 4, 1832; in bat- tle of Bad Axe, under Gen. Atkinson ; brev. col. for meritorious service in Florida, July 7, 1838; col. 6th Inf., June U, 1842; 1st Inf., July, 1843; resigned, Jan. 31, 1850. He dis- ting. himself at Chippewa and Bridgewater in the War of 1812, also in the Black Hawk and Florida wars. — Gardner. David» John B., D.D., Rom. Cath. bishop of Louisville, Ky. Consec. 15 Aug. 1819; d. 1841. Davidson, John Wynn, brig.-gen. vols., b. Fairfax Co., Va., Aug. 18, 1824. West Point, 1845. Entering the 1st dragoons, he accompanied Gen. Kearney, in 1846, to Cal., in com. of a howitzer battery. Was in the battles of San Pasqual, Dec. 6, 1846 ; San Ber- nardo, Dec. 7 ; San Gabriel, Jan. 8, 1847 ; Plains of Mesa, Jan. 9, 1847 ; Clear Lake, Cal., May 17, 1850, and at Russian River, June 17, 1850, under Capt. Nath. Lyon. He fought the battle of Cieniguilla, N. Mexico, Mar. .30, 1854, against the Apache and Utah Indians, losing 3-4 of his command, and being himself wounded. Capt. 20 Jan. 1855 ; maj. 2d Cav. Nov. 14, 1861 ; brig.-gen. vols. Feb. 3, 1862 ; com. a brigade in Smith's division in the Potomac Army. He served at the battles of Lee's Mills, Apr. 5, 1862 ; Mechanicsville, May 24 ; Golding's farm, June 28, and White- oak Swamp, June 30. Early in Aug. he was transferred to the dept. of the Mpl., and put in com. of the S. E. dist. of Mo. He co-ope- rated with Gen. Steele in his exped. against Little Rock, meeting the rebel cavalry at Bayou Metre; was in the actions of Ash- ley's Mills, Ark., and Little Rock, 10 Sept. 1863; com. cav. exped. from Baton Rouge to Pascagoula, 24 Nov. 1864; brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A., 13 Mar. 1865, for capt. of Little Rock; maj.-gen. for merit, services in the Rebellion; lieut.-col. 10th Cav. 1 Dec. 1866.— Cullum. Davidson, Lucretia Maria, a remarka- ble instance of early genius, b. Plattsburg, N.Y., Sept. 27. 1808; d. Aug. 27, 1825. When but four years old, a number of her lit- tle books were found to be filled with rude drawings, accompanied with explanatory verses written in characters of the printed alphabet. From an early age, every leisure moment was devoted to reading. The earliest of her pro- ductions which are preserved were written when she was 9 years old. So early, ardent, and so fatal a pursuit of intellectual improve- ment is unparalleled, except in the cases of Chatterton and Kirke White. In Oct. 1824, a gentleman who knew her intense desire for education placed her at a female seminary, where her incessant application soon destroyed her constitution, previously debilitated by dis- ease ; and she d. before completing her 17th year. A biog. sketch, with a coll. of her po- ems, was pub. by S. F. B. Morse, in 1829, en- titled " Amir Khan and other Poems, the Re- mains of L, M. Davidson." Although a great part of her compositions were destroyed, 278 remain. — See Life, by Catharine M. Sedgwick, 1843. Davidson, Margaret Miller, poetess, sister of L. M., b. Mar. 26, 1823 ; d. Nov. 25, 1 837. Sharing her sister's precocity, she began to write at 6 years of age. At 10, she wrote and acted in a passionate drama in society at N.Y., and, notwithstanding the warning of her sister's fate, her intellectual activity was not restrained. Margaret's poems were issued under the au- spices of Washington Irving; and the works of both sisters wei-e pub. together in 1850. A vol. of Selections from the Writings of Mrs. Margaret M. Davidson, the mother, with a preface by Miss C. M. Sedgwick, appeared in 1843. Lieut. L. P. Davidson, U.S.A., the bro. of Margaret and Lucretia, who also d. young, wrote verses with elegance and ease. Davidson, Gen. William, Revol. officer, b. Lancaster Co., Pa., 1746; killed at the bat- tle of Cowan's Ford, NC, Feb. 1, 1781. In 1750, he removed with his family to Rowan Co., N.C., and was educated at Charlotte Acad. App. a major in 1776, he served under Wash- ington, until in Nov. 1779, detached to re-en- force the army of Gen. Lincoln, at which time he com. his regt. with the rank of lieut.-col. Visiting his family on the way, he was saved from captivity, as the investiture of Charleston prevented him from rejoining his regiment. In an engagement at the head of some militia, with a party of loyalists, near Calson's Mill, he was severely wounded ; but, having been app. brig.-gen. by the State of N.C., took the field 8 weeks after, and e.xerted himself to interrupt the progress of Cornwallis. Detached by Greene, on the last day of Jan. 1781, to guard the very ford selected by Cornwallis for his passage of the Catawba, Davidson posted him- self there at night at the head of 300 men, and was killed on the following day. Congress decreed him a monument. — Rogers. Davie, William Richardson, lawyer, statesman, and soldier, b. Egremont, near White Haven, Eng., June 20, 1756 ; d. Camden, S.C, Nov. 8, 1820. N.J. Coll. 1776. His father brought him to S.C. soon after the peace of 1763, and, returning to Eng., confided him to the care of Rev. Wm. Richardson, his maternal uncle, who educated and adopted him as his son and heir. He commenced the study of law at Salisbury ; but, soon obtaining a lieutenancy in a troop of dragoons, he succeeded to the com., annexed it to the legion of Pulaski in 1779, and was promoted by Gen. Lincoln to be brigade-major. He fought at Stono, where he was severely wounded, at Hanging Rock, and Rocky Mount. Taking the field with a legionary coi'ps, and rank of maj., after expend- ing the last shilling of the estate bequeathed to him by his uncle, in its equipment, he was actively engaged in protecting the country between Charlotte and Camden from the enemy's predatory excursions. When Corn- wallis entered Charlotte, N.C., Col. Davie severely handled Tarleton'slegion,killing a large number, and wounding its commander, Maj. Hanger, withdrawing his own force without loss. His eflBciency in saviug the remnant of the army after its overthrow at Camden, as D^V 251 iDJkrv well as his other services, procured for him the rank of col. com. of the cavalry of the State. Gen. Greene, on taking com. of the Southern dept., gave him the post of commiss., in which his zeal, talents, influence, and local knowledge contrib. greatly to the successful operations which followed. After the war, he settled, at Halifax, on the Roanoke, in the practice of law, and soon rose to great eminence. He was possessed of great sagacity, knowledge, and eloquence ; was many years a member of the State legisl. In 1787, he was a delegate to the convention which framed the Federal Constitu- tion ; but the illness of his family called him home before its labors were terminated, and his name does not appear on that instrument. In the convention of N.C., he was its most able champion. To him the U. of N.C is mainly indebted for its establishment and support. App. a major-gen. of the State militia ; in 1799, he was gov. of the State, but was soon after sent by Pres. Adams with Ellsworth and Mur- ray on a mission to France. Soon after his return, he withdrew from public life to his farm at Tivoli, on the Catawba River, S.C. App. a maj.-gen. by the govt, in Mar. 1813, he declined on account of bodily infirmities occa- sioned by his wounds in the Revol. He was a man of commanding appearance, affable, hos- pitable, and delightful as a companion. — See Sparks's Amer. Biog., vol xv., 2d series. Davies, Charles, LL.D. (Gen. Coll. 184U), mathematician, b. Washington, Ct., 22 Jan. 1798. West Point, 1815. Emig. to St. Lawrence Co., N.Y. He worked on a farm till he entered West Point in 1814. Prof at West Point from Dec. 1816 to Mav, 1837 ; at Trinity Coll. in 1839-41, and in the'N.Y. U. in 1848-9, when he withdrew to his residence at Fishkill Landing, N.Y., and completed his series of text-books. He afterward resumed his profes- sional duties, first in the Normal School at Albany, and in Columb. Coll. in 1857-6.5. His works are characterized by great perspicuity, and close logical arrangement. They consist of a series of arithmetics, algebras, and geome- tries, "Elements of Surveying," " Stiades, Shadows, and Perspective," " Differential and Integral Calculus," "Grammar of Arithmetic," " Practical Mathematics," " Logic of Mathe- matics," and " Mathema4;ical Dictionary " (with G. W. Peck). Prof Davies was a paymaster in the army in 1841-5. Davies, Samuel, D.D., divine and scholar, b. Newcastle Co., Del., Nov. 3, 1723; d. Princeton, N.J., Feb. 4, 1761. He was care- fully and religiously educated at home by David his father, a pious Welsh planter ; studied at Mr. Blair's school at Fogg's Manor. Was licensed to preach, July 30, 1746; ord. Feb, 19, 1747, and officiated at different places in Hanover Co., Va., where dissenters from the established Episcopal Church of Va. were ob- noxious to the civil authorities. The success of his labors led to a controversy between him and the king's atty-gen., as to whether the act of toleration which had been passed in Eng. for the relief of Protestant dissenters extended also to Va., — a question ultimately decided in the affirmative. Sent with Gilbert Tennent to Eng. in 1753 to solicit funds for the Coll. of N.J., he preached with acceptance there and in Scotland, and succeeded in the object of his mission. On his return in Feb. 1755, he re- sumed his pastoral labors, and, after Braddock's defeat, preached a sermon which was pub., in a note to which occurs the prophetic passage : " That heroic youth, Col. Washington, whom I cannot but hope Providence has hitherto pre- served in so signal a manner for some impor- tant service to his country." The First Va. presbytery was established through his efforts in 1755, and July 26, 1759, he succeeded Jona- than Edwards as pres. of the N.J. Coll. A coll. of his sermons was pub. Lond., 1767, in 5 vols., and passed through several editions in Great Britain and Amer. The edition of his sermons pub. N.Y., 1851, 3 vols., 8vo, contains an essay on the Life and Times of Davies, by Rev. Albert Barnes. He was an eloquent preacher; and his sermons are highly esteemed for elegance of style, as well as their masterly treatment of important subjects. He also wrote verses of considerable merit, among thera an elegy on his old preceptor, Samuel Blair. His son Col. William left N.J. Coll. in 1775, became an officer in the army, and enjoyed the esteem of Washington. He was app. a sub- inspector under Steuben, in April, 1778, and was the most efficient of his assistants. He was afterward in the auditor's office, Richmond, and removed to Sussex Co., where he died. Davies, Thomas Alfred, brig.-gen. vols., b. St. Lawrence Co., N.Y., Dec. 1809. West Point, 1829. Entering the 1st Inf. he resigned in 1831 ; followed mercantile pursuits and civil engineering in N.Y. City, where, in 1840-41, he was engaged on the Croton Aqueduct. In May, 1861, he became col. 16th N.Y. vols. In the first battle of Bull Run, he was acting brig., com. the left wing of the army, and, for his gal- lantry on that occasion, was made brig.-gen. March 7, 1862. Joining the army of the West, under Gen. Halleck, he com. the 2d division in the movement against Corinth, and took part in the battle of Oct. 3-4, 1862 ; com. the dis- trict of Rolla, Mo., Mar. 1863 to Mar. 1864, and of N. Kans. 1864-5. He is the author of " Answer to Hugh Miller and Theoretical Geologists," " Cosmogony," 8vo, 1858. Davila y Padilla (da'-ve-lae pa-del'-ya), AuGUSTiN, became bishop of St. Domingo ; d. 1604. Author of " History of the Province of Santiago de Mexico," 1596. Davis, Andrew Jackson, clairvoyant, b. Blooming Grove, Orange Co., N.Y., Aug. 11, 1826. His parents were extremely poor, and his youth was passed in various labors, with but little schooling. Early in 1843, Mr. Wm. Levingston of Poughkeepsie, by mesmerism, developed in him extraordinary clairvoyant powers. He discoursed learnedly on medical, psychological, and scientific subjects, and suc- cessfully treated diseases. March 7, 1844, dur- ing a trance of 16 hours, he conversed, as he asserts, with invisible beings, and received inti- mations and instructions concerning the posi- tion he was subsequently to occupy as a teacher from the interior state. In Nov. 1845, he dic- tated to Rev. Wm. Fishbough, at New York, while clairvoyant, his first and most consider- able work, " The Principles of Nature, her j:>asv 252 DAV Divine Relations, and a Voice to Mankind," 8vo, 800 pp. This book presents a wide range of subjects, and repudiates any special author- ity in the teachings of the Bible. He has pub. several other works under the same influence, — the " Great Harmonia," 4 vols. ; the " Ap- proaching Crisis ; " the " Penetralia," 1 856 ; the " Present Age," and " Inner Life," " Review of Dr. Bushnellon Supernaturalism ; " " Philoso- phy of Spiritual Intercourse/' 8vo; "Philosophy of Special Providences ; " " Free Thoughts con- cerning Religion," 8vo, 1854; "Harmonial Man," 8vo. He is more successful as a writer than as a lecturer, and has been principally in- strumental in inaugurating the modern move- ment known as "Spiritualism." — See ihe Magic Staff, an Autohiog. of A. J. Davis, 1857. Davis, AsAHEL, b. Ms., 1791. Pub. " An- cient America, and Researches of the East," 30th thousand, 1854, and lecture on "The Discov. of Amer. by the Northmen," 1840. Davis, Charles Aug., a shipping-mer- chant of N.Y., and a political writer, b. 1795 ; d. 27 Jan. 1867. Well versed in finan- cial and commercial affairs : he was also a bril- liant and genial writer upon those topics. Author of the " Peter Scriber Letters " in the Commercial Advertiser, and " Major Jack Down- ing's Letters " in the same paper, detailing his interviews with Gen. Jackson, and the plans for overthrowing the U.S. Bank. Davis, Charles Henry, LL.D. (H.U. 1868), mathematician, redr-adm. U. S. N., b. Boston, Ms., Jan. 16, 1807. Son of Daniel, U.S. solicitor-gen. for Ms. H.U. 1825. Mid- shipm. Aug. 12, 1823; lieut. Mar. 3, 1834; com. June 12, 1854; capt. 15 Nov. 1861; commo. July 16, 1862; chief of bureau of navi- gation, July 17, 1862 ; rear-adm. Feb. 7, 1863. From 1844 to 1849, he was engaged in the U.S. coast-survey. In 1846-9, while surveying the waters about Nantucket, he discovered the New South Shoal, and several smaller shoals di- rectly in the track of ships sailing between N.Y. and Europe, and of coasting-vessels from Boston. He was subsequently engaged in ex- amining the state of the harbors of Boston, N.Y., Charleston, &c. These investigations led him to the study of the laws of tidal action. See his " Memoir upon the Geological Action of the Tidal and other Currents of the Ocean " (Memoirs of the Am. Acad., new scries, vol. iv.), and " The. Law of Deposit of the Flood Tide" (Smiths. Contribs. vol. iii.). He founded the " Amer. Nautical Almanac," superintend- ing it from 1849 to 1856, when he was ordered to naval service in the Pacific in com. of the sloop of war " St. Mary's." He was fleet-capt. in Dupont's exped. against Port Royal, and second in com., and was assigned to the Mpi. flotilla. May 9, 1862, he was app. flag-officer of the flotilla, and on the 11th repulsed an at- tack by the rebel fleet. June 8, he attacked the rebel fleet opposite Memphis, capturing or destroying all but one vessel. The surrender of Memphis immediately followed. He then joined Adm. Farragut, and was engaged in the various operations ab. Vicksburg. With Gen. Curtis, he operated up the Yazoo in Aug. 1862, with complete success. Supt. Naval Obser- vatory, Washington, 1865-7 ; com. S. Atlantic squad., 1867-9. Author of an English trans- lation of Gauss's " T/ieoria Motus Corporum Ccdestium," Boston, 1858, and of some shorter translations and articles on mathematical as- tronomy and geodesy. Davis, Daniel, soldier, killed Sept. 17, 1814, in the sortie from Fort Erie. App, lieut.- col. comg. N.Y. vols., June 29, 1812; brig.- gen. 1814. Davis, Daniel, lawyer, b. Barnstable, Ms., May 8, 1762; d. Cambridge, Oct. 27, 1835. He settled in Falmouth, now Portland, Me., in 1782; was successful at the bar; was 6 years in the house, and 6 years in the senate, of Ms., where he was disting. as a debater ; U.S. atty. for Me., 1796-1801 ; solicitor.-gen. of Ms., 1800-32. He removed to Boston in 1804, and in 1832 to Cambridge. Admiral Charles H. Davis is his son. Author of " Criminal Justice," 8vo, 2d ed. 1828; " Pre- cedents of Indictments," 8vo, 1831. — Willis's Lawyers of Maine. Davis, David, juri.st, b. Cecil Co., Md., Mar. 9, 1815. Ken. Coll. 1832. Studied law in Ms. and N. Haven ; in 1835, adm. to the bar, and settled in Bloomington, 111. ; member State legisl. 1844; of the State Const. Con v., 1847 ; judge of the 8th jud. circuit, 1848-62 ; app. judge U.S. Supreme Court, Dec. 8, 1862. F"'or many years, the intimate friend of Abraham Lincoln, and delegate to the Chicago conven- tion, which in 1860 nominated him for pres- ident. Davis, Edwin Hamilton, M.D. (Cin. Coll. 1837), physician and archaeologist, b. Ross Co., O., Jan. 22, 1811. Ken. Coll. 1833. He explored the mounds of the Scioto Valley, and read a paper on that subject before the Philomathesian Society, subsequently enlarged and delivered at the coll. commencement of 1833. The suggestions of Daniel Webster, then making a tour in the West, stimulated him to continue these researches; and the. re- sults of 15 years' diligent study and exploration are embodied in " The Monuments of the Mis- sissippi Valley," vol. i. of the " Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge." He practised his prof in Chillicothe until 1850, when, on the establishment of the NY. Med. Coll., he was called to the chair of materia medica and therapeutics, which he still holds. He has been acontrib. to scientificand medical journals, besides being for a time one of the conductors of the American Medical Monthly. In the spring of 1854, he delivered a course of lectures on archaeology before the Lowell Institute, Boston. Author of " Report on the Statistics of Cal- culous Diseases in Ohio," 8vo, 1850. Davis, Emerson, D.D. (H.U. 1847), Cong, clergyman and author, b. Ware, Ms., July 15, 1798 ; d. Westfield, Ms., June 8, 1866. Wms. Coll. 1821. He was preceptor of the Westfield acad. one year ; tutor in the coll. one year; resumed his preceptorship, and June 1, 1836, Avas settled over the First Church in Westfield. He was active in the cause of edu- cation ; was viee-pres. of Wms. Coll. 1861-8. In 1852, he pub. " The Half-Century," a work of great research, reprinted in Great Britain; " The Teacher Taught," Bost., 1839 ; " Hist. Sketch of Westfield," 1826. He also pub. T>AJV 253 DA.^ sermons, addresses, and essays. He left 5 MS. vols, of biographies of Trinit. Cong, clergy- men, now in the Cong. Library, Boston. Davis, Gakuet, lawyer and senator, b. Mount Stirling, Ky., Stjpt. 10, 1801. He re- ceived a classical education ; was employed as a writer in tlie County and Circuit Courts of his dist. ; was adin. to the bar in 1823, and at- tained distinction and a lucrative practice. Member of the State legisl. in 1833-6; of the State Const. Conv. in 1839; M.C. 1839-47; and a Dcmoc. U.S. senator since 1861. He was an intimate personal and political friend of Henry Chiy, was a leader in the Whig party, and was very active in preventing the secession of his State in 1861. Davis, Henry, D.D. (Un. Coll. 1810), an eminent Presb. divine, b. East Hampton, N.Y., Sept. 15, 1771 ; d. Clinton, N.Y., March 8, 1852. Y. C. 1796. His ancestors were from Kidderminster, Eng. He was tutor at Wms. and at Yale Colls. 7 years, studied theology, and soon became known as a preacher of great ability and eloquence. Prof, of Greek at Un. Coll., from 1806 to 1809; pres. of Middl. Coll., Vt., from Dec. 1809 to July, 1817, when he be- came pres. of Ham. Coll., N.Y., which office he resigned in April, 1833. Dr. Davis was active in establishing the Theol. Sem. at Au- burn, N.Y., and in behalf of foreign missions. He pub. an inaugural oration at Middlebury, Feb. 21, 1810, a number of sermons and ad- dresses, and a narrative of the embarrassments and decline of Ham. Coll., April, 1833. — Sprague. Davis, Henry Winter, LL.D., states- man, b. Annapolis, Md., Aug. 16, 1817; d. Baltimore, Dec. 30, 1865. Ken. Coll. 1837. Son of an Episc. clergyman, and prof, in St. John's Coll., Annapolis ; studied lavv;wasadm. to the bar at Alexandria, Va., and rapidly rose to distinction. Removing to Baltimore in 1850, he attained celebrity by his defence of Dr. JohnSj in the Episc. convention, against the accusation of Bishop Whittingham. M.C. in 18.")8-6l and 1863-5, servingon the commit- tee of ways and means. In 1859, he voted for Pennington, the Repub. candidate for speaker, drawing down upon himself a storm of abuse. Though representing a border slave-State dur- ing the Rebellion, he was conspicuous in Con- gress for his uncompromising radicalism, his early advocacy of emancipation, and of arming the negroes. He made a great speech in the summer of 1865, at Chicago, in favor of negro suffrage. In the 38th Congress, he served with disting. ability as chairman of the com. of foreign affairs. He pub. in 1852 " The War of Ormuzd and Ahriman in the 19th Centu- ry." Feb. 22, 1866, a eulogy was pronounced upon him by Senator Creswell, by order of the house. His speeches were pub. by Cress- well, 8vo, 1867. Davis, Jefferson, soldier and statesman, b. Christian Co., Ky., 3 June, 1808. He stud- ied at Transylv.Coll., grad. West Point, 1828 ; served as a licut. of inf. in the Black Hawk war, 1831-2; 1st lieut. of dragoons against the Pawnees and other Indian tribes in 1833- 5 ; resigned, and became a cotton-planter in Mpi. A Democ. M. C. in 1845-6, and con- spicuous in the di.scussions on the tariff, Ore- gon, and the Mexican war ; col. of the Mpi Rifles, and prominent at Monterey and Buena Vista, and highly commended by Gen. Taylor in his official despatch ; U.S. senator in 1847- 51, and in 1857-Jan. 1861; candidate for gov. of Mpi. in 1851, defeated byH. S. Foote, Union candidate; sec. of war in Mr. Pierce's cabinet, 1853-7; prominent in the secession movement of 1860-1; chosen pres. of the provisional govt., formed by the secessionists, 4 Feb. 1861 ; elec. pres. for 6 years of the Con- federate States, in Nov. 1861, and inaug. 22 Feb. 1862; taken prisoner at Irwin ville in Southern Ga., 10 May, 1865 ; confined 2 years in Fortress Monroe, and then released on bail ; included in the gen. amnesty of 25 Dec. 1868. He m. a dan. of Pres. Taylor. In the senate, he was a prominent advocate of slavery, of State rights, and of a southern route for the Pacific Railroad, and a conspicuous opponent of the French Spoliation Bill. As sec. of war, he was popular with the army. Among his measures were the revision of the army regula- tions, the introduction of the light infantry or rifle-system of tactics, the manuf. of rifled arms, the increase of the army, and scientific explorations of the West for determining the best route for the Pacific Railroad. As a speak- er, he is fluent, earnest, vigorous, and terse. Davis, Jefferson C. brev. maj.-gen. U. S. A., b. Clarke Co., Ind., March 2, 1828. His ancestors were noted in the Indian wars of Ky. ; William his grandfather having been in the battle at River Raisin. Leaving the Clarke Co. Sem. on the breaking-out of the Mexican war, he joined Col. J. H. Lane's regt., partici- pated in the battle of Buena Vista and in the entire Mexican campaign, and, for gallant con- duct, was made 2d lieut. 1st U.S. Art., June 17, 1848; became 1st lieut. in 1852; took charge of the first garrison placed in Fort Sumter in Aug. 1858, and was there duiing the bombard- ment in April, 1861 ; capt. May 14, 1861 ; col. 22d Ind. vols. He was given a brigade by Gen. Fremont, with whom he served in Mo. He also com. a brigade under Gens. Hunter and Pope. For his conduct at Milford, in Central Mo., where he captured a superior force with a large quantity of military supplies, he was made brig.-gen. Dec. 18, 1861, and at the battle of Pea Ridge com. one of the four divisions of Gen. Curtis's army. His division fought, March 7, the battle of Leetown, one of the most sanguinary and decisive of the war. The next day, Col. Davis stormed and carried the heights of Elkhorn, capturing five cannon, and deciding the battle of Pea Ridge against the rebels. He was then transferred to Gen. Halleck's army at Corinth, and after its evacuation was given a division in the army of the Tenn. Sept. 29, meeting Gen. Nelson at a hotel in Louisville, an affray ensued, in which Nelson was killed. After being a short time under arrest, he was restored to duty, and or- dered to Covington. He led his old division, 20th army corps, in the thickest of the fight at Stone River, holding the centre of the right wing, and, for good conduct on that occasion, was strongly recommended by Rosecrans to a maj.-genship. He was in the battle of Chick- TDATV 254 UAJV amauga; in the Atlanta campaign, and com. the I4th corps in Sherman's march through Georgia and in North Carolina. Col. 23d Inf., July 28, 1866 ; brev. maj.-gen. U. S. A., March 13, 1865. Davis, John, an eminent English mariner, b. Sandridge, Devonshire; d. Dec. 1605. He went to sea when young, and acquired so much reputation in his profession as to be intrusted in 1585 with the com. of an exped. for the discovery of a north-west passage to the East Indies. In tli is voyage, he discovered the straits in the Arctic Sea leading to Baffin's Bay, which still bear his name. Davis twice more visited the polar regions, and in 1591 went with Cav- endish in his second unfortunate expedition to the South Sea. He then made 5 voyages to the E. Indies as a pilot; and during the last of these, while serving under Sir Edmund Mi- chelbourne, he was killed in an engagement with some Japanese off the coast of Malacca. He wrote accounts of some of his voyages, a treatise entitled " The World's Hydrographical Description," and the " Seaman's Secrets," 1595 ; and he is said to have invented a quad- rant for taking the sun's altitude at sea, which preceded the use of Hadley's sextant. Davis, John, LL.D. (H. U. 1842), jurist, b. Plymouth, Ms., Jan. 25, 1761; d. Boston, Jan. 14, 1847. H. U. 1781. He taught for a time in the family of Gen. Joseph Otis of Barnstable ; studied law, and began practice in Plymouth in 1786. He was some years in the Ms. legisl. ; was the youngest member and last survivor of the convention to adopt the U.S. Constitution ; member of the State senate, 1795; comptroller U.S. treasurv, 1795; dist.- atty. for Ms., 1796, and U.S. dist.'judge for Ms., from 1801 till his death. Delegate to the State Const. Conv. of 1820. Judge Davis was one of the most profound antiquarians of N.E. His notes to " Morton's Memorial " are a monument to his learning. He was a member of many learned societies, and pres. of the Ms. Hist. Soc. from 1818 to 1843. He pub. an address before the Ms. Charitable Society, 1799; a eulogy on Washington ; " The Inscriptions on Dighton Rock;" an address on comets, and another, 22 Dec. 1813, in commem. of the landing of the Pilgrims, before the Ms. Hist. Society. Davis, John, LL.D. (H, U. 1834), states- man, b. Northborough, Ms., Jan. 13, 1787 ; d. Worcester, April 19, 1854. Y. Coll. 1812. Adm. to the bar of Worcester Co. in 1815, and settled at Worcester, where he became an emi- nent lawyer and politician. M. C. from 1825 to 1833, and disting. himself in questions of a financial and commercial character. Gov. of Ms., 1833-5 and 1840-1 ; U.S. senator from 1835 to 1841 and from 1845 to 1853. In Con- gress, he was an advocate for protection to American industry ; and his speeches in reply to McDuffie, Cambrelling, and others, were re- garded as the best statements and defences of the protective theories. He was a consistent opponent of Jackson's administration and that of Van Buren, and contributed, in a short speech against the sub-treasury in 1840, the most efficient electioneering pamphlet for the canvass of that year ; more than a million copies having been distributed. He opposed in the senate the Mexican war ; supported the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ; and, in the great controversy which followed as to the disposi- tion to be made of the U.S. Territories, he was decided and earnest in favor of excluding sla- very from them. He supported the VVilmot Proviso, and was one of the most decided oppo- nents of the compromise acts of 1850. No public man ever enjoyed more fully than Mr. Davis the confidence of the people; and he was popularly known as "Honest John Davis." — See Memoir, in Amer. Anliq. Soc, Trans, v. 3. Davis, John A. G., law prof, at Wm. and Mary Coll. from 1830 to 14 Nov. 1840, when he d. from a pistol-shot fired by a disguised student; b. Middlesex Co., Va., 1801. Wm. and Mary Coll. He practised law in Albemarle Co., and for some years pub. a weekly journal at Charlottesville. Author of a " Manual for Justices of the Peace," 1838 ; a tract on " Es- tates Tail," &c., and one on "Protection of Domestic Manufactures." Davis, John W., politician, b. Cumberland Co., Pa., 1799; d. at Carlisle, Ind., Aug. 22, 1859. After completing his medical studies at Baltimore, he emigrated to Ind. in 1823; served in the legisl. ; was speaker of the lower branch ; and was a commissioner to treat with the In- dians; M. C. in 1835-7, 1839-41, 1843-7, and speaker during his last term. He was in 1848 app. commissioner to China ; was gov. of Ore- gon Terr, in 1853-4, and was pres of the Balti- more convention in 1852. Davis, Matthew L., author, b. 1766; d. Manhattan ville, June 21, 1850. A printer by trade. He became an active politician, and a fre- quent contrib. to the public journals. He early attached himself in politics to the fortunes of Aaron Burr, and advocated his elevation to the presidency. For many years before Burr's death, Mr. Davis was apparently his only at- tached friend. Sept. 15, 1797, he was asso- ciated with Freneau in the publication of the Timepiece and Literary Companion in N. York, discontinued Aug. 30, 1798. He was the Wash- ington correspondent of the N. Y. Courier and Inquirer, under the. signature of " The Spy in Washington," and was also a contrib. to the London Times over the nom de plume of the " Genevese Traveller." Author of " Memoirs of Aaron Burr," 2 vols., 8vo, and edited his Diary. Davis, Richard Bingham, poet; d. at the residence of his father in New Brunswick, in 1799, a. 28. He edited the Diary in 1796. His poems, with a sketch of his life, by John T. Irving, were pub. 1807. Davis, Sylvanus, an early settler and sol- dier of Maine ; d. Boston, 1704. He bought land of the Indians at Damariscotta, June, 1659; resided some time at Sheepscott ; was severely wounded while making his escape from Fort Arowsic ; captured by Indians in Aug. 1676 ; accomp. Maj. Waldron's exped. early in 1677; resided in Falmouth, where he owned land, in 1680 ; com Fort Loyal, Falmouth, and was obliged to surrender it to the French and Indians, May 20, 1690, after 5 days' defence; carried prisoner to Quebec, and exchanged 4 months after, and was a counsellor in 1691-2. I>^TV 255 D^Y His account of the conduct of the war is in 3 Ms. Hist. Colls., i., 101. Dawes, Henry Laurens, statesman, b. Cuminingtun, Ms., Oct. 30, 1816. Y.C. 1839. A lawyer by profession. He taught school, and edited the Greenfield Gazette. Adm. to the bar in 1842, and settled at N. Adams, where he edited the Transcript. Member of the Ms. legisl. in 1848-9 and 1852; of the State sen- ate, 1850, and of the State Const. Conv. of 1853; dist.-utty. for the western dist. of Ms., 1853-7 ; M. C. since 1857, and one of the most useful men in that body. Chairman of the com. of ways and means, Dawes, Rufus, poet, b, Boston, Jan. 26, 1803; d. Washington, D.C, Nov. 30, 1859. Son of Judge Thomas Dawes. He entered H. U. in 1820, but did not graduate. Studied law with Wm. Sullivan, and was admitted to the bar, but never practised, A contrib. to the U. S. Lit. Gazette, and conducted, for a time, the Eniera'id, a journal printed at Baltimore. He pub. in 1830 "The Valley of the Nasha- way, and Other Poems;" in 1839, " Geral- dine, Athenia of Damascus, and Miscellaneous Poems," and "Nix's Mate," a hist, romance, 1840. He was a Swedenborgian, and fre- quently officiated in the pulpits of that denomi- nation. He had latterly been employed in one of the depts. at Washington. Dawes, Col. Thomas, Revol. patriot and architect, b. Boston, Aug. 5, 1731 ; d. Jan. 2, 1809. A mechanic. He received only a com- mon-school education, but took a deep interest in the controversy with Great Britain ; was col. of the Boston regt. in 1773-8; and was several times a member of the house and sen- ate, and State counsellor. He often presided at town-meetings in Boston, and managed them with great tact. Member of the Acad, of Arts and Sciences. Dawes, Thomas, jurist, b. Boston, July 8, 1758; d. July 22, 1825. H. U. 1777. Son of Col. Thomas. He was a zealous Whig, and an eminent counsellor. Member of the State Const. Convs. of 1780 and 1820, and of that which adopted the Federal Constitution in 1789. Judge Supreme Court, 1792-1803, Mu- nicipal Court, 1803-23, and judge of Probate until his death. Member of the Acad, of Arts and Sciences. His literary productions were highly popular, and his witticisms were pro- verbial. He pub. an oration, July 4, 1787; "The Law Given on Mount Sinai," a poem, 1777, and an oration on the Boston Massacre. Dawson, Henry Barton, historian, b. Gosberton, near Boston, Eng., June 8, 1821. He came with his parents to N. Y. in 1834; pursued various avocations until 1845, when he pub. the Crystal Fount, a temperance news- paper, discont, in 1847, He has pub. "The Park and its Vicinity," for the manual of the Common Council of N, Y., 1855; "The Life and Times of Anne Hutchinson," for the Bap- tist Hist. Soc. ; " The Retreats through West- chester Co. in 1776," for the N. Y. Hist. Soc; " The Battles of the U. S. by Sea and Land," 1858 ; " The Fcederalist," with a hist, and bib- liog. introduction, 1863; "The Assault of Stony Point by Gen. Anthony Wayne," 1863; " Current Fictions tested by Uncurrent Facts ; " " Diary of David How," a soldier of the Revol., 1865; " Dring's Recollections of the Jersey Prison-Ship," 1865. From May 6, 1855, to Mar. 31, 1866, he edited the Gazette, a week- ly Democ. newspaper at Yonkers, N.Y. Four vols, of selections from this paper have been pub. He has edited the Historical Magazine since July 1, 1866. His " Battles of the U, S." brought on a controversy upon the merits of Gen, Israel Putnam, between himself and Messrs, Griswold and Deming of Hartford, in the Daib/ Post of that city. Dawson, John, statesman, b. Va., 1762; d. Washington, Apr. 1, 1814. H. U. 1782. Member of the convention of 1789, also of the gen. assembly ^id exec, council of Va. ; M. C. from the Fredericksburg dist. from 1797 to 1814 ; bearer of despatches to France in 1801, and vol. aide to Gen. Jackson in 1813. Dawson, John L., democ. politician, b. Uniontown, Pa., 7 Feb. 1813 ; d. there 18 Sept. 1870, Wash. Coll, He practised law; was app. dist.-atty. for Western Pa. in 1845 ; M.C. in 1851-5 and 1863-7, and was a delegate to the Democ. nat. conventions of 1844, '48, '56, and '60. App. gov of Kansas in 1855, but declined. Author of the Homestead Bill of 1854. Dawson, J. W., educator, and man of sci- ence, b. Pictou, N.S., Oct. 1820. Edinb. U. 1840. Returning to Nova Scotia in 1841, he travelled with Sir Charles Lyell, under whose direction he made explorations in that province, and described its geology in the " Proceedings of the Geological Soc. of London." He lec- tured on botany and geology in the Acad, of Pictou and in the Dalhousie Coll. ; pub, some educational works, and from 1850 to 1853 was supt, of instruction for N, S. In 1855, he was app. principal of McGill Coll, Member of many scientific associations ; has pub, numer- ous papers in their " Transactions ; " also a " Handbook of the Geography and Nat, Hist, of Nova Scotia," 1848; "Hints to the Farmers of N. S.," 1853; "Acadian Geology," 1855, and " Archaia," 1859. — Morgan. Dawson, William C, lawyer and senator, b. Greene Co., Ga., Jan. 4, 1798; d. Greens- borougli, Ga,, May 5, 1856, Franklin Coll. 1816. Adm. to the bar, he settled at Greens- borough in 1818, where he was eminently suc- cessful as a jury lawyer. He was for 12 years clerk of the H, of representatives of Ga., and several times senator and representative in the legisl; M. C. 1837-42; app. in 1845 judge of Ockmulgee Circuit ; and from 1849 to 1855 he was a U. S. senator, serving on important committees, and speaking on many questions of national interest, and commanded a wide influence. During the Creek and Seminole war in 1836, he raised a vol. company for special service. In the house, he was chairman of the military com., and also of the com. on claims. He pub. "Laws of Georgia," 4to, 1831. — Lan- man. Day, Henry Noble, prof, of rhetoric. West. Res. Coll., 1840, b. Ct., 1808. Y. C. 1828. Author of " Art of Elocution," " Art of Rhetoric," 12mo, 1850; "Art of Eng. CompositiooL," " Elements of Logic," and "la- trod. to Eag. Literature." X)^Y 256 r>^Y Day, Jeremiah, D.D. (Un. Coll. 1818), LL.D. (VVms. and Mid. Colls., 1817), educa- tor, b. Washington, Ct., Aug. 3, 1773 ; d. N. Haven, Aug. 22, 1867. Y. C. 1795. Son of Rev. Jeremiah Day. Succeeded Dr. Dwight as teacher of his school in Greenfield ; was a tutor in Williams Coll. in 1796-8; tutor at Yale in 1798-1801 ; prof, of mathematics and nat. philos. at Yale in 1801-17; pres. of that col- lege in 1817-46. While a prof., he pub. some mathematical treatises, which have been ex- tensively used, especially that on algebra. He pub. a treatise on the *' Self-determining Power of the Will," 1838 ; " An Examination of Ed- wards on the Will," " Course of Mathematics," Svo, N.Y., 1831 ; "Navigation ^nd Surveying," Svo, N. Haven, 1817; occasional sermons, and contrib. papers to the Journal of Science, and the New-EngJander. — See Com. Address, by Pres. Woolseij, in New-Enfjlander, Oct. 1867. Day, John, an eccentric individual, b. Eng. ; d. N.Y. in 1820, a. 103. In early life, he served in the British navy, and attained the rank of lieut. ; but, having killed in a duel a successful rival, he quitted the navy, and took refuge in Amer. Entering the army when the Revol. warbrokeout, he served as a private until its close, resuming again the servile and menial pursuits he had occupied himself in before the war. For more than 20 years after his arrival here, he never was known to speak to a female, and had little intercourse with males. His habits were temperate, his appearance slovenly, his beard long, and he never looked clean His property, amounting to many thousand dollars, he bestowed upon an excellent and rep- utable lady, who had been benevolent to him during his illness. In the low occupation of carrying the baskets of huckster-women from cellars to stalls, with the pitiful pittance of sixpence for the drudgery, he amassed thou- sands. — Ann. Obit., 1821. Day, Mahlon, publisher and philanthro- pist, b. Morristown, N.J., 27 Aug. 1790; d. 27 Sept. 1854, by the wreck of the steamship "Arctic," together with his wife and dau. Member of the society of Friends. Acquired wealth as a publisher, and, for 15 years before his death, had devoted his life to charitable and educational objects. Day, Martha, b. N. Haven, Feb. 13, 1813 ; d. there Dec. 2, 1833. Dau. of pres. Day. She attained great proficiency in mathematics and the languages, and wrote poetry of merit. Her "Literary Remains," with memorials of her life and character, was pub., by Prof. Kingsley, N. Haven, in 1834. — Allibone. Daye, Stephen, the first printer in the English-Amcr. Colonies, b. Lond., 1611 ; d. Cambridge, Ms., Dec. 22, 1668. A supposed descendant of John Daye, an eminent printer of Lond. (1560-83), and served his apprentice- ship in that city. He came over in 1638, and was employed to superintend the press sent here by the Rev. Mr. Glover. Daye, by the direc- tion of the magistrate and elders, set up a press, and prepared other parts of the appa- ratus for printing at Cambridge in March, 1639. His first work was "The Freeman's Oath," next an " Almanack," calculated for N. E., by Mr. Pierce, mariner ; the third waa "The Psalms," in metre, crown 8vo, 300 pages. His extant works do little credit to his skill. The printing-house was taken from him ab. 1648, and put in the hands of Samuel Green, who empl. him as journeyman. Day, Thomas, an English author and philanthropist, b. Lond., 22 June, 1748 ; killed by a kick from a horse, 28 Sept. 1789. In- heriting a fortune, he studied, but never prac- tised, law. In 1777, he m. Miss Milnes. Took an active part in the public meetings of the time, and was an eloquent advocate of Amer. Independence, also expressing his sympathy for the cause, by two poems, " The Devoted Le- gions," and the " Desolation of Amer.," 1777, and "Reflections upon the Present State of Eng. and the Indep. of Amer." by a pamph. He selected two young girls from a found- ling-hospital, with the intention of educating them rationally, on the principles of Rousseau, and making one of them his wife ; but the experiment did not succeed. One of his pro- teg^'s, however, did honor to his efforts, and m. his friend Bicknell. His most popular work is " Sandford and Merton," 1783. Day, Thomas, LL.D. (Y.C. 1847), jurist, b. New Preston, Ct., Julv 6, 1777 ; d. Hart- ford, March 1, 1855. Y.C. 1797. Son of Rev. Jeremiah Day, and bro. of Pres. Day. A tutor in Williams Coll. in 1798; studied law, and commenced practice in 1799, in Hartford. In 1809, he was app. assist, sec. of the State of Ct. ; in 1810, sec, — an office which he held until May, 1835; in May, 1815, assoc. judge of the County Court of Hartford, and annually thereafter, with the exception of one year, un- til May, 1825, when he was made chief-judge of that court, and was continued in that office until June, 1833. He was a judge of the City Court of Hartford from 1818 to 1831 ; was one of the committee to prepare the statutes of 1808 and also of 1821 and 1824. He report- ed the decisions of the Court of Errors from 1805 till 1853, pub. in 20 vols. He was an original member of the Ct. Hist. Soc, of which he was pres. from 1839 until his death. He was first pres. of the Wadsworth Athenae- um, and a liberal contrib. to its funds. He pub. a " Digest of Reports of Sup. Court of Errors, from 1786 to 182^." — Litchfield Biog- raphies. Dayton, Elias, Revol. officer, b. Eliza- bethtown, N.J., 1735 ; d. there July, 1807. He fought in Edward Hart's "Jersey Blues," un dcr Wolfe, at Quebec ; was one of the com. ol safety at the opening of the Revol., and in July, 1775, com. a party which captured a British transport off Elizabethtown. App. col. 3d N.J. regt. ; served in N.Y. and N.J ; was in the battles of Brandy wine, Germantown, Mon- mouth, Springfield, and siege of Yorktown; aided in suppressing the mutiny of the N.J. line in Jan. 1781, and was made brig.-gen. 7 Jan. 1783. After the war, he was maj.-gen. of militia, member Cont. Congress, 1787-8, and often in the State legisl. Dayton, Jonathan, LL.D. (N.J. Coll. 1798), statesman, son of the preceding, b. ICliza'bethtown, N.J., Oct. 16, 1760; d. there Oct. 9, 1824. N.J. Coll. 1776. App. paymas- ter of his father's regt. Aug. 26, 1776 ; held sev- r>^Y 257 IDEJi^ eral commissions at different periods of the war; was in many engagements, and at York- town had a com. under Lafayette, and aided in storming one of the British redoubts. He was a member of the N.J. legisl.; member of the convention which framed tlie Federal Con- stitution, 1787 ; speaker of the house in 1790 ; M.C. 1791-9 ; speaker in 1795-9, and U.S. senator, 1799-1805. He afterward served sev- eral terms in the State senate. He was arrest- ed for alleged complicity in Burr's conspiracy, but was not proceeded against. Dayton, William Lewis, LL.D. (N.J. Coll. 1857), statesman, nephew of Jonathan, b. Baskingridge, N.J., Feb. 17, 1807; d. Paris, Dec. 1, 1864. N.J. Coll. 1825. Adm. to the bar in 1830 ; member of the State senate, and chairman of the judiciary com. in 1837 ; judge of the Superior Court from Feb. 28, 1838, to Nov. 1841; U.S. senator, 1842-51; atty.-gen. ofN.J., 1857-61; minister to France, 1861-4. In the senate debates on the Oregon question, the tariff, annexation of Texas, and the Mex- ican war, he took the position of a Freesoil Whig. He maintained to the fullest extent the right of Congress to legislate with respect to slavery in the Territories; opposed the com- promises of 1850 ; advocated the admission of California as a free State, the abolition of the slave-trade in the Dist. of Columbia, and was particularly hostile to the fugitive-slave law. He was the Freesoil candidate for the vice-pres- idency in 1856, and was a man of high integ- rity, and an eloquent debater. Dea/IL, Amos, LL.D., jurist, b. Barnard, Vt., Jan. 16, 1803 ; d. Albanv, Jan. 26, 1868. Un. Coll. 1822. Descended from Walter of Taunton. He studied law, and, on being adm. to the bar, soon attained a high reputation for his profound legal attainments. In 1833, he projected the Young Men's Assoc, of Albany, before which he delivered an interesting course of lectures in 1844. He prepared numerous law treatises, all of which have been recognized as standard works. In 1851, at the organiza- tion of the law school, he was app. a prof, and had filled the chair of mcd. jurisprudence in the Albany Med. School, from its organization in 1839. Author of " Medical Jurisprudence," 1854 ; " Lectures on Phrenology," 8vo, 1835 ; " Manual of Law," 8vo, 1838, and "Philosophy of Human Life," 8vo, 1839. His " History of Civilization," 7 vols., 8vo, has been pub. since his death. Deane, Charles, an historical student, b. at Biddeford, Me., Nov. 10, 1813 ; son of Dr. Ezra, descendant of Walter, one of the first set- tlers of Taunton, Ms. Was many years a merchant of Boston, and latterly a resident of Cambridge. Mr. Deane is a member of the principal historical societies of the U.S., of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, and the Amer- ican Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1856, he received the hon. degree of A.M. from H. U., and in 1871 that of LL.D. from Bowd. Among his publications are " Some Notices of Samuel (iorton," 1850; " Firct Plymouth Pa- tent," 1854; " Bibliog. of Gov. Hutchinson's Publications," 1857; " Wingfield's Discodrse of Virginia," 1860 ; " Letters of Phillis Wheat- ley," 1864; Smith's "True Relation," 1866; " Remarks on Sebastian Cabot's Mappe Monde," 1867; " Memoir of George Liver- more," 1869 ; " The Forms in issuing Letters- Patent by the Crown of England," 1870. Sev- eral of these (and others not here enumerated) originally appeared in the publications of the Ms, Hist. Soc, others in the Archaeologia Americana. Mr. Deane edited Gov. Bradford's " History of Plymouth Plantation," 1856, and Bradford's "Dialogue, or Third Conference," between old men and young men, 1870 ; and several vols, of Colls, and Proceedings of the Ms. Hist. Soc., of which body he is the rec. sec. Deane, James, missionary to the Indians, b. Groton, Ct., Aug. 20, 1748; d. Westmore- land, N.Y., Sept. 10, 1823. Dartm. Coll. 1773. Descended from James of Stoningtoii. From the age of 12, he was with Rev. E. Mosely, missionary to the Oneidas, and mas- tered their language. In 1773-4, he was a missionary to the Caghnawaga and t!ie St. Francis tribes ; was afterward employed by Congress to conciliate the northern tribes, and, at the beginning of the Revol. war, was made Indian agent and interpreter, with rank of ma- jor, at Fort Stanwix, N.Y. Made prisoner by the Indians, who were a!)Out to kill him, his life was saved by the interposition of some squaws. Many years a judge of Oneida Co., and twice a member of the N.Y. assembly. He wrote an essay on Indian mythology, supposed to be lost. Dean, James, LL.D. (U. of Vt. 1847,) educator, b. Windsor, Nov. 26, 1776; d. Bur- lington, Vt., Jan. 20, 1849. Dartm. Coll. 1800. Descended from James of Stonington. Tutor in the U. of Vt. in 1807-9, and prof, of mathematics and natural philosophy there from 1809 to 1814, and from 1821 to 1824. He pub. a "Gazetteer of Vermont," 1808; "Ad- dress " on his induction as prof., Apr. 24, 1810. — Alumni Dartm. Coll. Deane, James, M.D., physician and natu- ralist, b. Coleraine, Ms., Feb. 24, 1801; d. Greenfield, Ms., June 8, 1858. Descended from James, an early settler of Stonington. He spent his early life upon his father's farm, stud- ied law in Greenfield, afterwards studied med- icine, received the degree of M.D. in 1831, and practised in Greenfield. In 1835, he made public his discovery of the fossil footprints in the red sandstone of the Ct. Valley. At the time of his death, he was about publishing an elegantly illustrated work upon the subject, the result of 24 years' investigation and labor, since issued by the Smithsonian Inst. He was a fre- quent contrib. to Sillirnmi's Journal, the Boston medical and Surgical Journal, and was the au- thor of a paper on the " Hygienic Condition of the Survivors of Ovariotomy," in which he established the morality of the operation. Member of the Natural History Societies of Montreal and Boston. Deane, John, d. at Wilford, Nottingham- shire, Eng., Aug. 19, 1761, a. 82. He was ship- wrecked in "The Nottingham Galley," of which he was master, Dec. 11, 1710, on Boon Island, N.E., and spent 24 days on that desert island, the crew being obliged to eat one of their com- rades who had died. He pub. a narrative of the DEj^ 258 X>E^ shipwreck at Boston in 1711, appended to a sermon by Cotton Mather. The same year, a counter-statement was pub. at Lond. by his mate Christopher Langman and two others. The 5th ed. of the narrative was pub. at Boston in 1762. From 1714 to 1720, he com. a ship-of- war in the service of Peter the Great of Rus- sia ; but he fell into disgrace, and was exiled to Kasan, where he was favored with the protec- tion of Count Apraxan. He was afterwards for many years, and until 1750, the English consul at Ostend. He is supposed to be the person of his name who was the author of " A Letter from Moscow to the Marquis Caermar- then, relating to the Czar of Muscovy's For- wardness in his Navy since his return Home," pub. at Lond. in 1699. Dean, John Ward, antiquarian, b. Wis- casset. Me., Mar. 13, 1815. Descended from Thomas of Boston, 1692. Previous to 1835, he lived some time in Portland; from 1839 to 1843, in Providence; and since then in and near Boston. He has filled several offices in the N.E. Hist. Geneal. Society, to whose " Reg- ister" he has made many valuable contribu- tions, and of which he has been an editor. He is now pres. of the Prince Society, and rec. sec. of the Amer. Statist. Assoc. Having a very retentive memory, great industry, and an ardent thirst for knowledge, he has, while fol- lowing a laborious calling, acquired an amount of historical information such as few men pos- sess. His accuracy is remarkable ; and he is ever ready to communicate to others the in- formation derived from his diligent research- es. The honorary degree of A.M. was con- ferred upon him in 1869 by Dart. Coll. He edited the first and a portion of the second vols, of the first series, and one number of the fourth volume of the second series, of the His- torical Magazine. Author of " Memoir of Rev. Nath. Ward," with notices of his family, 8vo, 1868; and "Memoir of Rev. Michael Wigglesworth,"8vo, 1871. He has also pub. a number of hist., biog., and genealogical pam- phlets. Dean, Julia, actress, b. Pleasant Valley, N.Y., July22, 1830; d. N.Y. City, March 6, 1868. Grand-dau. of Samuel Drake, one of the pioneers of the drama in the West. Her father, Edwin Dean, an actor of repute, was the manager of the Eagle-st. Theatre, Buffalo. Her mother, Julia Drake, was an actress of celebrity. Her first part was Lady Ellen, in "The Lady of the Lake," in her father's theatre. She gained her first success at the opening of the new theatre in Louisville. She appeared at the Bowery Theatre, N.Y., May 18, 1846, as Julia, in "The Hunchback," and achieved popu- larity in this part, in "Pauline," "Juliet," and " Marian na." Her beauty and talent won for her a wide reputation through the West and South. She also performed on the English stage. She m. Arthur, son of Robert Y. Hayne, Jan. 20, 1855; was divorced in Sept. 1866, and then m. Mr. Cooper of N.Y. After an absence of 12 years, she re-appeared in N.Y. in July, 1867, and took leave of the stage there in Oct. Dean, Rev. Paul, b. Barnard, Vt. ; d. Framingham, Ms., Oct. 1, 1860, a. 71. De- scended from Walter of Taunton. Installed over the Hanover-st. Church from 1813 to ' 1823, and over the Bulfinch-st. Church from May 17, 1823, to May 3, 1840. This society was called " Restorationists," and in 1838 changed the corporate name, and has since ! been Unitarian. He was afterward settled over | a Unit. Church at Easton, Ms. He pub. \ "Lectures on Final Restoration," 1832, " Elec- \ tion Sermon," 1832, and numerous Masonic \ and other occasional addresses and sermons. ' Deane, Samuel, D.D. (B. U. 1790), poet, and pastor at Falmouth (now Portland), Me., i from 17 Oct. 1764 to his d., 12 Nov. 1814; b. Dedham, Ms., 30 July, 1733. H. U. 1760. ; Librarian at H. U. 1760-2, and tutor in 1763. One of the 6 prizes awarded by H. U. for com- .' positions on the death of George IL and the \ accession of George IIL was awarded to Iiira, he having written the best English ode. These compositions, and others from persons excluded by the terms of the offer from competition for i the prizes, were printed in 1761, under the title of Pietas et Gratulatio, &c. Author also \ of other poems, the longest of which was " Pitchwood Hill," ; Georgical Dictionary, or N. E. Farmer, 1790; oration, July 4, 1793; ! election sermon 1794, discourses, &c. — -See - Geneal. Reg. iii. 385. ; Deane, Rev. Samuel, historian and poet, b. MansHeld, Ms., March 30, 1784 ; d. Aug. 9, i 1834. Descended from John, one of the first I settlers of Taunton. B. U. 1805. He was settled in 1810 over the second church at Scit- ! uate, Ms., of which he was pastor 24 years. '[ His " History of Scituate," pub. in 1831, shows evidence of much research and ability, and was one of the earliest to give a conspicuous place to genealogy. Mr. Deane was well versed in ; the colonial history of Plymouth and Ms. His j "Populous Village," a poem, was printed in '. 1826. He pub. a number of sermons, and S wrote many short poems ; but no collection of his works has appeared. ; Deane, Silas, diplomatist, b. Groton, Ct., I Dec. 24, 1737 ; d. Deal, Eng., Aug. 23, 1789. Y.C. 1758. He settled as a merchant in Weth- ersfield, Ct., and was a delegate to the first ; Congress in 1774. In 1775, he was employed j by the Marine committee to procure and to \ equip and fit out a large naval force. In June, i 1776, he arrived in France with a commission | from the committee of secret corresp., as polit- ical and commercial agent, authorizing him not only to operate in France, but in Hoi- •■ land and Great Britain, and to procure cloth- ^ ing, arms, military accoutrements, and muni- '\ tions of war, sufficient for 25,000 men, and 100 field-pieces. Sept. 26, 1776, he was chosen by Congress, in conjunction with Franklin and \ Jefferson, ambassador to France. Franklin, Deane, and Arthur Lee (app. in place of Jef- ferson, who declined succeeded in negotia- \ ting treaties with France, which were signed at \ Paris, Feb. 6, 1778. To Deane is undoubted- \ ly due a full share of the credit of this impor- \ tant transaction ; and it was through him that • the services of Lafayette were secured to our | country. Congress, having been much embar- \ rassed by his engagements with foreign officers, which it found itself unable to meet, and which r)E^ 259 IDEA. caused great dissatisfaction in the army, Nov. 21, 1777, passed an order for his recall, which was supplemented by a preamble and resolu- tion (Dec. 8), calling for information of the state of affairs in Europe, and directing him to embrace the first opportunity to return, and to repair with all possible despatch to Congress. This preamble and order, accomp. by a very complimentary letter, reached him in Paris on the 4th of March, 1778. He arrived July 10, 1778; on the 13th, he reported himself to Con- gress. He soon perceived that he was not re- garded with f;\vor by that body. Some 6 weeks passed before any notice was taken of his at- tendance. He was finally required to furnish such an account of his financial transactions as it was impossible to give without returning to France. Exasperated with this treatment, he became engaged in a controversy with in- fluential members. On the 6th of Aug. 1779, he was discharged from further attendance upon Congress, and a person was app. to audit his accounts. Dcane arrived in France in 1 780, but was still subjected to delays on account of an alleged want of authority on the part of the person appointed to settle his accounts. Owing to the publication of some of his letters charging the French cabinet with intrigue and duplicity, he became obnoxious to the author- ities there ; and he retired to the Netherlands, im- poverished almost to penury. He considered himself as a man not only abused, and ill-re- quited for important services rendered, but de- nied those pecuniary rights which common honesty would say were his due. Imbittered and exasperated, he became estranged from his country, and went to Eng., where he d. in ob- scurity and poverty. Dr. Franklin testified explicitly to Deane's probity and honesty in all his transactions for Congress ; but the enmi- ty and misrepresentations of Arthur Lee pre- vailed in that body, and were the cause of his final ruin. A perusal of Deane's Letters in the first vol. of Sparks's " Diplomatic Correspond- ence," of "Deane's Narrative," pub. in 185.5, by the Seventy-six Society, and the " Me- morial of the Heirs of Silas Deane," pre- sented to Congress in 1835, cannot fail, it is believed, to satisfy the reader of to-day, that Silas Deane was a man of eminent ability, of thorough honesty, and the victim of malice and misrepresentation. In 1842, his long-dis- puted claims were adjusted by Congress ; and a large sum was found to be due his heirs, and paid over to them. Deane pub. " An Address to the Free and Independent Citizens of the U. S. of N. America," pp. 30, Hartford, 1784; an ed. London, 1784, pp. 95. Each edition contains matter not embraced in the other. A vol. entitled " Paris Papers, or Mr. Silas Deane's late Intercepted Letters to his Bro., and other Friends," &c., was pub. by Riving- ton, N.Y., 1781. Dean, William, D.D., missionary, b. at Morrisville, N.Y., June 21, 1807 ; was descend- ed from John Dean, who settled in Dedham, Ms., in the latter half of the 1 7th century. He went to China in 1834 as a missionary of the Bapt. Miss. Union. He has translated por- tions of the Bible and other works into Chi- nese, which have been printed for the use of his mission. A Memoir of his second wife, Mrs. Theodosia A. B. Dean, who died in 1843, was printed at Boston soon after her death. Deane, William Reed, antiquary, h. Mansfield, Ms., Aug. 21, 1809; d. there, June 16, 1871, a. 61. Was a nephew of Rev. Samuel of Scituate. He was for many years a mer- chantin Boston; was a fine belles-lettres scholar and a genuine antiquary, and familiar with the customs and usages of the early settlers of N. E. He contrib. many valuable articles to the N.E. Hist, and Genealogical Register and the Historical Magazine. He was also a contrib. to the Unitarian and secular press. He made col- lections for extensive genealogies of the Deane and Pool families, and also for thoroughly editing " Madam Knight's Journal," an an- notated reprint of which he pub. in Littell's Living Age, June 26, 1858. Author of gene- alogies of the Deane Family, 1849 ; the Leon- ard Family, 1851 ; and the Watson Family, 1864. Dearborn, Benjamin, inventor of the patent balance, b. Portsmouth, N.II., 1755; d. Boston, Feb. 22, 1838. Son of Dr. Benj. Served his time with Daniel Fowle, printer ; taught an acad. for girls, and, removing to Boston ab. 1790, pursued the same vocation. He was well versed in science. In 1784, under the signature of "A Friend of Industry," he pub. in the N. H. Gazette an able article sug- gesting the employment of convicts in prisons, — a plan soon afterward generally adopted. Dearborn, Henry, maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. North Hampton, N.H., Feb. 23, 1751 ; d. Rox- bury, Ms., June 6, 1829. His ancestor Godfrey came from Exeter, Eng., settled at Exeter, N.H., in 1639, and afterward removed to Hampton. Henry, having studied medicine with Dr. Hall Jackson of Portsmouth, settled in practice at Nottingham Square in 1772, employing his leisure in military studies. The day after the battle of Lexington, he marched at the head of 60 vols., reaching Cambridge, a distance of 65 miles, early next day. Returning, he was app. first capt. in Stark's regt. ; was again at Cam- bridge, May 15 ; and June 17, participated in the battle of Bunker's Hill, taking post behind the rail-fence, and holding it until the main body of the retreating Americans were saved from being cut off. In Sept. he accomp. Arnold's exped. through the wilderness to Canada, and, being taken with a fever, was left in a cottage on the banks of the Chaudiere, without a phy- sician. His life was despaired of; but he re- covered, joined his company early in Dee., and in the attack on Quebec, Dec. '31, was made prisoner, and closely confined. He was, in May, 1776, permitted to return on pai'ole ; was ex- changed early in March, 1777, and was made major of Scammell's (3d N.H. ) regt., with which he went in May to Ticonderoga. At the battle of Stillwater, he com. a light inf. corps of 5 companies, and, with the rank of lieut.-coL, led the same com. in the decisive battle of Saratoga, Oct. 7, sharing in the honor of carrying the German fortified camp. Disting. at the battle of Monmouth, June 28, 1778. In Aug. 1779, he took part in Sullivan's exped. against the Indians in the interior of N.Y., and was in the battle of Newtown, Aug. 29 ; in 1781, he was r>E^ 260 DEO attached to Washington's stafFas dep. quarter- master-gen., rank of col., in which capacity he served during the siege of Yorktown, and, from that period till the end of the war, was col. of the 1st N.H. regt. In June, 1784, he, with his bros., removed to Monmouth, Me. ; was chosen brig.-gen. of militia in 1787; maj.-gcn. 1795; was app. by Washington marslial of Me. in 1789; was M.C. from 1793 to 1797; sec. of war under Jefferson from Mar. 1801 to Mar. 1809 ; collector of the port of Boston from 1809 until his app. by Pres. Madison, Jan. 27, 1812, as senior maj.-gen. in the U.S. army, and com.- in-chief of the northern department. War was declared, June 18, 1812. April 27, 1813, he captured York, now Toronto, C. W., and May 27, Fort George at the mouth of the Niagara. July 6, 1813, he was superseded ostensibly on the ground of ill health, but really, in conse- quence of political intrigue. Ho solicited a court of inquiry, but in vain. He was after- ward in com. of the military di-t. ofN.Y. City. Minister to Portugal from May 7, 1822, to 1824, when he resigned, returned home, and retired to his estate at Roxbary, Ms His last wife Sarah, widow of Gov. Bowdoin, d. May 24, 1826. Gen. D. was large and command- ing in person, frank in manner, and of unim- peached integrity. He pub. an account of Bunker's Hill battle, and was the author of a MS. journal of his exped. to Canada, imprison- ment in Qiiel)ec, exped. to Wyoming, and other adventures during the war, printed in his Life, by his son. Dearborn, Gen. IIknrv Alexander ScAMMELL, son of the preceding, b. Exeter, N.H., 3 Mar. 1783; d. Portland, Me., 29 July, 1851. Wm. and Mary Coll. 1 803. He studied law with .Judge Story in Salem, where he prac- tised ; afterward superintended the forts in Portland harbor; was brig.-gen. of militia, comg. the troops in Boston harbor in 1812; coll. of Boston, 1812-29 ; member Ms. Const. Conv. 1820, and of the exec, council ; M.C. 1831-3; adj.-gen.of Ms., 1 834-43, removed for loaning the State arms to the State of R.I. to suppress the Dorr rebellion ; and mayor of Roxbury, 1847-51. Author of Lives of the Apostle Eliot, of Com. Bainbridge, and of his father ; " Commerce of the Black Sea," 3 vols., 1819 ; " Letters on the Int. Improvements and Com. of the West," 1839, and an " Oration," 4 July, 1811. He left in MS. a diary in 45 vols. ; a " History of B. Hill Battle," &c. Member Amer. Acad, and other scieniific bodies. Dearborn, Nathaniel, engraver, son of Benj.; d. S. Reading, Ms., Nov. 7, 1852, a. 66. He was one of the first wood-engravers in Boston. He pub. " Text-Book of Letters," "Boston Notions and Guide," and "Guide through Mount Auburn." Dearing, James, brig.-^en. C.S.A. ; killed near Petersburg, Va., April 6, 1865. Deas, Charles, artist, b. Phila.,1818; d. insane. His maternal grandfather was Ralph Izard. Educated by John Sanderson, he early devoted himself to his art ; studied under the auspices of the National Acad. ; afterward travelled extensively among the Indians of the North-west, and practised his art successfully many years in St. Louis. Among his pictures are " The Turkey Shoot," " Walking the Chalk," "Long Jake," "The Wounded Pawnee," " Indian Guide," " A Group of Sioux," " Hunters on the Prairie," and " The Last Shot." The most important of his works is " Council of the Shawnees at North Bend," an incident in the life of Gen. Geo. Rogers Clarke. — Tuckerman. De Bow, James Dunwoody Brownson", iournalist and statistician, b. Charleston, S.C., July 10, 1820 ; d. Elizabeth, N. J., Feb. 27, 1867. Charles. Coll. 1843. His father was a mer- chant. He was for 7 years employed in a mer- cantile house, but, after graduating, studied law, and was adm. to the Charleston bar in 1844, but became editor of the Southern Qxar- terlt) Review of Charleston. An article by him upon " Oregon and the Oregon Question " at- tracted much attention here and in Europe, oc- casioning a debate in the French chamber of deputies. In the latter part of 1845, he removed to N. Orleans, and established De Bow's Com- mercial Review. After a short term as prof, of political economy and commercial statistics in the U. of La., in 1848, he was for 3 years the head of the census bureau of La. He collected and pub. valuable statistics of the population, commerce, and products of that State. App. in March, 1853, supt. of the U. S. census, he col- lected and prepared for the press a large part of the material for the quarto edition of the census of 1850. He was active in the enterprises for the advancement of the material and intellec- tual interests of the South ; was a member of nearly every Southern commercial convention since 1845, and presided over that at Knox- ville, Tcnn., in 1857. Hecontrib. many articles upon American topics to the new edition of the " Encyclopaedia Britannica ;" delivered various addresses before literary, agricultural, and other associations ; and was one of the found- ers of the La. Hist. Society, since merged in the Acad, of Science. For' some years before the Rebellion, he was very bitter in his denun- ciation of the Northern States and their insti- tutions; and during the war, though his Review was necessarily discontinued, his voice and pen were actively employed in the service of the Confederacy. After its overthrow, he ad- mitted the superiority of the free to the slave labor system, and urged the Southern States to encourage immigration. He resumed his Review, first at New York, and subsequently at Nashville. Also authorof" Encyclopaedia of the Trade and Commerce of the U.S.," 2 vols., 8vo, 1853 ; " The Southern States, their Agriculture, Commerce," &c., 8vo, 1856; and " industrial Resources of the South-west," 3 vols., 1853, compiledfrom hhReview;" Compen- dium of the Seventh U.S. Census." — Applcton. De Camp, John, commo. U.S.N., b. N.J. Midshipman, Oct. 1, 1827 ; lieut. Feb. 28, 1838; commander, Sept. 14, 1855; capt. July 16, 1862 ; commodore, retired list, Sept. 23, 1866; com. steam-sloop "Iroquois," 1861-2 ; in the attack upon Forts Jackson and St. Philip, and capture of N. Orleans, and in the various bat- tles on the Mpi., including Vicksburg ; com. frigate" Wabash," S. A. squad., 1863-4; com. receiving-ship "Potomac," Phila., 1868-9. — ITamersii/. r)EO 261 DEH Decatur, Stephen, a gallant naval officer, son of Capt. Stephen, b. Sinnepuxent, Md., 5 Jan. 1779; d. Washington, D. C, 22 Mar. 1820. (Stephen, his father, capt. U.S.N., 1798- 1801, b. Newport, 1751, d. Frankford, near Phila., Nov. 14, 1808.) Midshipman, 30 Apr. 1798; lieut. 21 May, 1799; capt. 26 Feb. 1804. His first exploit was the destruction of the frigate " Philadelphia," in the harbor of Trip- oli on the night of 15 Feb. 1804, for which he received from Congress a sword, a vote of thanks, and immediate promotion. In the attack on Tripoli, Aug. 3, he com. a division of gunboats, and had a desperate personal conflict with the captain of a Turkish gunboat, whom he slew. App. to com. the frigate " United States," in which, Oct. 25, 1812, in lat 29° N., long. 29° 30' W. he fell in with the British frigate " Ma- cedonian," capturing her after an action of an hour and a half. For this capture, Congress awarded him a gold medal. He was after- ward blockaded in N. London by a British squadron. In Jan. 1815, he attempted, in "Tlie President," to elude the blockade; but she was injured in passing the bar, and was captured by the British squadron, after having kept up a running fight of two hours and a half with " The Endymion," which was dismasted and si- lenced. A few months later, he was despatched with a squadron to Algiers, captured, June 17, off^ Cape de Gatt, an Algerine frigate, killing the noted Admiral Rais.Hammida, and, arriv- ing at Algiers June 28, terrified the regency into a relinquishment of the claim for trib- ute, the surrender of all captives, and compen- sation for all Amcr. property seized. He also obtained indemnity from Tunis and Tripoli, and procured the release of many captives. Nov. 12, he was app. a navy commissioner, and took up his residence at Kalorama, Washing- ton, D.C., the former estate of Joel Barlow. A corresp. with Com. Barron, relative to "The Chesapeake" affair, resulted in a duel at Bla- densburg, in which Decatur was mortally, and Barron severely, wounded. Courage, sa- gacity, energy, self-possession, and a high sense of honor, were the characteristic traits of De- catur. — See Life, bj/ A. S. Mackenzie, 1846. DeCharms, Richard, clergyman and author, b. Phila., Oct. 17, 1796; d. Phila., March 20, 1864. Y.C. 1826. Descended from Huguenots, who took refuge in Eng. in 1G85. His father, a physician, came to Pliila. in 1793. At 14, he supported his mother by working in a printing-office. After graduat- ing, he studied Swedenborg's theology in Bos- ton, printed the first 3 numbers of the New Jerusalem Magazine with his own hands, and preached one year in Bedford, Pa. At the suggestion of a female friend, to whom he was indebted for his education, he continued the study of theology in London, to fit himself for the ministry of the church of the New Jerusa- lem ; supporting himself during his 2 years' stay there by working as a journeyman printer. His first sermon, on the " Paramount Impor- tance of Spiritual Things," was pub. in 1828, and reprinted in London. He settled at Cin- cinnati (1832-9), Phila. (1839-45), Baltimore (1845-50), and New York, and pub. sermons and lectures on the fundamental doctrines of Swedenborg. He edited the Precursor and New Churchman. His chief works are the "New Churchman Extra," 8vo; "Freedom and Slavery in the Light of the New Jerusa- lem ; " " Sermons illustrating the Doctrine of the Lord," 1840; "Series of Lectures deliv- ered at Charleston, S.C," 1841. Deems, Chaiiles F., D.D., b. Baltimore, 1820. Dick. Coll. 1839. Prof, in the U. cf N.C., 1842; prof, of chemistrv, Randolph M. Coll., 1848; pres. of Greensboro' Coll., 18.50, of Centenary Coll, 1854. Author of "Tri- umph of Peace and other Poems," " Devo- tional Melodies," " Twelve College Sermons," " Life of Rev. Dr. Clarke," " Home Altar," "What Now?" "Family Worship," l2mo, 1852. Edited 5 vols. South. Meth. Pulpit. Contrib. to South. Meth. Quarterly, and other journals. — AUibone. Deering, Nathaniel, dramatist and mis- cellaneous writer, b. Portland, Me., June 25, 1791. H.U. 1810. Educated at Exeter and Cambridge. He studied law in the office of Chief-Justice Whitman at Portland, and pur- sued the profession in the northern counties of Me. He is now a resident of Portland. He has produced two tragedies, " Carabasset ; or. The last of the Norridgewocks," produced at the Portland Theatre in 1831, and " Bozzaris." His other writings, including numerous humor- ous tales of "Down-East" life, have appeared from time to time in the journals of the day. — Dui/r/cinck. DeHaas, John Philip, brig.-gen. Revol. army, b. Holland, ab. 1735; d. Phila., ah. 1794. Descended from an ancient family of Northern France, and in 1750 accomp. his father to Amer., settling in Lancaster Co., Pa. An ensi^Mi in the old French war, and in Aug. 1763, participated in the bloody conflict with the Indians at Bushy Run, near Pittsburg. App. coll. first Pa. regt., Jan. 22, 1776 ; served in Canada and at Ticonderoga; took part in the battle of Long Island, and was promoted, Feb. 21, 1777, to brig.-gen., and served in va- rious capacities with credit until the close of the war. The latter years of his life were passed in Phila. A son served as ensign in his own regt. DeHaas (deh-has), Maurice F. H., marine painter, b. Rotterdam, ab. 1830. He studied at the Acad, of Fine Arts, and at the Antique and Life School, made sketching-excursions to the British Channel and along the picturesque coast of France, and received 2 years' instruction from the eminent Louis Meyer of the Hague. In 1856, the Queen of the Netherlands sent him a flattering letter, and a handsome present in recognition of his talent. In 1857, he was com. artist to the Dutch navy ; since 1859, he has held, in New York, the first rank in his prof. Among his best works are " Storm off the Isle of Jersey," " After the Wreck,' " Seashore near Hastings," " Calm off New- port," " Wreck off St. Hilliers," "Yacht Hen- rietta," " Clearing Up," " British Channel," "The Old Wreck," "The Rescue," "Moon- rise at Sunset," and "Farragut passing the Forts below N. O." DeHart, Col. William, lawyer and Revol. soldier, b. Elizabethtown, N.J., Dec. 7, r>Eii 262 I5BIL. 1746 ; d. Morristown, June 16, 1801. Son of Dr. Matthias DeHart. Practised law before the Revol. ; was app. maj. 1st N.J. batt., Nov. 7, 1775; was lieut.-col in 1776; resigned his commission before the close of the war, and resumed the profession of the law at Morris- town, N.J. He had 2 bros. in the service, one of whom was aide to Gen. Wayne, and fell at Fort Lee in 1780. Col. DeHart was eminent in his profession, and was noted for wit and humor. In 1779, he was pres. of the St. Tammany Society, — Ord. Book N.A. DeHart, William C, capt. U.S.A., b. N.Y., 1800; d. Elizabeth town, N.J., Apr. 21, 1848. West Point, 1820. Aide-de-camp to Gen. Scott, Jan. 31, 1838 ; capt. 3 Apr. 1838; at siege of Vera Cruz, and battle of Cerro Gordo ; lieut.-gov. of Puebla during its siege, Sept. and Oct. 1847. Author of a treatise on "Martial Law and Courts-Martial, N.Y.," 8vo, 1846. — Cullum. DeHaven, Edwin J., arctic explorer, b. Phila., 1819; d. there May 9, 1865. Mid- shipm. Oct. 2, 1829; lieut. Sept. 8, 1841; resigned, 1857. He served in Wilkes's ex- ploring exped. 1839-42, and com. the first exped.'fitted out at the expense of Henry Grin- nell of N.Y. to search for Sir John Franklin. This exped. left N.Y., May 24, 1850, and was absent over 16 months, wintering within the arctic circle. It consisted of 2 small tugs, " The Advance " of 140, and " The Rescue " of 90 tons. Dr. Kane has given a full account of this exped. On his return, he was employed in the coast- survey. Dehou, Theodore, D.D., Pr.-Ep. bishop of S.C., b. Boston, Ms., Dec. 8, 1776; d. Charleston, S.C, Aug. 6, 1817. H.U. 1795. He became rector of Trinity Church, Newport, R.I., in 1798, and of St. Michael's Church, Charleston, in 1809. Oct. 15, 1812, he was consec. bishop of S.C. Besides occasional ser- mons, pub. during his lifetime, 2 vols, of his " Discourses " were issued in 1821 . — See Life, by C. E. Gadsden, 8vo, 1833. DeKay, George C., commodore, b. New York; d. Jan. 31, 1849, a. 47. When quite young, he entered the navy of Buenos Ay res, then contending against the Brazilian Empire, disting. himself by a series of brilliant actions under Admiral Brown, and on separate com- mands, and, in less than two years, reached the grade of lieut.-col., equivalent to the English rank of commodore. In July, 1847, he com. the frigate " Macedonian " on her philanthrop- ic mission to starving Ireland. His wife was the dau. of the poet J. Rodman Drake, and grand-daughter of Henry Eckford. DeKay, James E., M.D., naturalist, bro. of Com. Geo. C. ; d. Oyster Bay, Nov. 21, 1851, a. 59. Author of " Sketches of Turkey," in 1831-2, and of "Zoology in the Survey of N. Y.," 15 vols., 4to, with an Introd. by Wm. H. Seward ; " Anniv. Address before the N.Y. Lyceum on the Prog, of the Nat. Sciences in the U.S.," Feb. 1826. Delafleld, John, agriculturist, b. N.Y. City, 1786; d. 1853. Col. Coll. 1802. After losing a fortune acquired as a banker in Lond., in 1839 he withdrew to a farm known as Oak- lands, at Rose Hill, Seneca Co., N.Y. Here his efforts for rural improvement added much to the agricultural wealth of the county. In 1851, he became pres. of the N.Y. State Agric. Society, and at the time of his death was pres. of the State Agric. Coll. Author of " An In- quiry into the Origin of the Antiquities of America," Cincin., 1839. Delafield, Richard, brev. maj. -gen. and chief of engineers U.S.A., b. N.Y. West Point, 1818. Capt. 24 May, 182B; maj. July 7, 1838 ; sup. Milit. Acad., Sept. 1838 to Aug. 1845, and from Sept. 8, 1856, to 1 Mar. 1861 ; lieut.-col. engs. Aug. 6, 1861 ; col. June 1, 1863 ; brig.-gen. and chief-engr. Apr. 22, 1864; retired Aug. 8, 1866. Ordered to Europe by the govt, to observe the Crimean war; and his report was pub. as a senate document in 4to, 1860. Superint. engr. of the defences of N.Y. harbor, 1861-4. Delamater, John, D.D., LL.D., a dis- ting. physician and scholar of the West, b. 18 Apr. 1787; d. Cleveland, O., 28 Mar. 1867. DeLancey, James, jurist, b. N.Y., 1703; d. there Aug. 2, 1760. U. of Camb., Eng., 1729. Son of a Huguenot emigrant, from Caen, Normandy ; was sent to Eng. for educa- tion, and, soon after his return in 1729, was made a justice of the Supreme Court, and chief-justice in 1733. On the death of Gov. Osborn, he, as lieut.-gov., was at the head of affairs in the province from 1753 to 1755, and also as successor to Hardy from 1757 to 1760. He was a profound lawyer, and during the ad- ministration of Gov. Clinton, 1743-53, exerted a powerful influence on the legisl. in opposition to him. He was at the head of the association which founded Kings Coll. The author of " The Review of Military operations from 1753 to 1756 " represents him as a man of learning and talent, yet as an unprincipled demagogue, and finished intriguer, whose plausible arts, together with his influence as chief-justice, and a vast personal estate at use, all conspired to secure his popular triumph. De Lancey, Col. James, loyalist, b. N.Y.; d. Annapolis, N.S., 1800. Son of Peter De L. and Elizabeth Golden. Elected to the N. Y. assembly in 1769, and some time sheriff of W. Chester. He com. a batt. in the brigade of his uncle. Gen. Oliver De Lancey, and, being taken in 1777, was confined in Hartford jail. His corps were called " Cow Boys," from " their knowledge of beef" An attempt to capture or destroy this odious corps in July, 1781, was a failure. His estates were confiscated ; and he went to Nova Scotia, where, in 1794, he was a member of the council. De Lancey, Gen. Oliver, loyalist, b. N. Y. City, 1717 ; d. Beverly, Eng., Oct. 27, 178.5. Bro. of James, lieut.-gov. of N. Y., and many years a member of the assembly and council. As col. of a N. Y. regt., under Abercrombie, his gallantry won for him the thanks of the legisl. At the commencement of the Revol., he organized and equipped, chiefly at his own expense, a corps of 3 battalions, bearing his name. App. in 1776 a brig.-gen. in the royal service, he was the senior loyalist officer in America during the Revol. contest. On the evacuation of N. Y. in 1783, he went to Eu- rope. His dau. Susannah m. Sir Win. Draper. IDEL 263 r)EN" De Iiancey, Oliver, gen. in the British army, b. New Yqrk; d. Edinburgh, Sept. 1822. Son of the preceding. Educated in Europe ; entered the service in 1766; lieut. Dec. 1770; ciipt. 17th Drags, May, 1773; maj. July, 1778; lieut.-col. Oct. i781 ; col. Nov. 1790; barrack- rnaster-gen. 1792-1804; maj. -gen. 1794; lieut - gen. 1801 ; gen. 1812. He was in Boston dur- ing the siege ; accornp. the army to Nova Sco- tia, and in June, 1776, to Staten Island. He com. the cavalry during the landing on L. I., and was constantly employed on outpost ser- vice until the battle of Aug. 28, when he formed the advance of the right column. His treatment of Gen. Woodhull, who surrendered to him, on this occasion, was inhuman. He promised to protect him ; but his men murdered him. He was at White Plains, Fort Washington, in the Jerseys, in the attack on Red Bank, at White Marsh, and at Monmouth. Dcp, q.m.-gen. during the siege of Charleston, and in several expeds. under Cornwallis, to wliom, on the re- turn of the army to N. York, he became a.-d.-c. In 1781, he succeeded Andre as adj.-gen. On his return to Eng., he undertook the arrange- ment of loyalist claims, and was placed at the head of a commission for settling all army ac- counts during the Amer. war. He was removed from the office of barrack-master on the dis- covery of a great defalcation in his accounts. M. P. for Maidstone, 1796. Author of a pam- phlet entitled "Considerations on the Propri- ety of Imposing Taxes on the British Colo- nies," London, 1766. De Lancey, Stephen, lovalist, b. N. Y. ; d. Portsmouth, N.H., Dec. 3,' 1798. Son of Peter. Clerk of the city and county of Albany in 1765. Member of the council in 1776, and was lieut.-col. 1st batt. N. J. vols, in 1782. He was afterward chief-justice of the Bahamas, and gov. of Tobago. He m. a dau. of Rev. H. Barclay of Trinity Church, N.Y. A son, Sir Wm. H. De L., was aide to Wellington, and was killed at Waterloo, De Lancey, William Hbathcote,D.D., D.C.L., Pr.-Ep. bishop of Western N. Y., b. Mamaroneck, N.Y., Oct. 8, 1797; d. Geneva, N.Y., Apr, 5, 1865. Y. C. 1817. He studied theology under Bishop Hobart ; ord. deacon in 1819, and priest in 1822; soon after became assist, of Bishop White of Phila., in the 3 churches of which he was rector, and in 1823 became one of the regular assistant ministers of those churches. He was annually ciiosen sec. of the diocesan convention of Pa. from 1825 to 1830, and was sec. of the house of bishops from 1823 to 1829. He was provost of the U. of Pa. from 1828 to 1833 ; travelled in Europe in 1835, and on his return, after the death of Bishop White, succeeded to the rec- torship of St. Peter's. In 1838, Dr. De Lan- cey was chosen first bishop of the new diocese of Western N.Y., and was consec. May 9, 1839, The Hobart free college at Geneva was chiefly indebted to his efficient efforts for its support. In 1852, he was a delegate to Eng. from the Episcopal bishops of the U. S. He was one of the leaders of the High-Church party. D.C.L. of the U. of Oxford, 1852; D.D. of Y, C, 1828 ; and LL,D, of Un, Coll,, 1847, DelanOi Capt, Amasa, traveller, b. Dux- bur^, Ms., 1763; d. 1817. — See a Nairative of Vojjages mid Travels round the World, 8vo, Boston, 1817 (written by Rev. Horace Holley). Delano, Columbus, lawyer and politician, b. Shoreham, Vt., 1809. Removed to Mt. Ver- non, Ohio, in 1817 ; was adm. to the bar in 1831, and became eminent as an advocate and criminal lawyer; M. C. 1845-7 and 1865-9; commis.-gen. of Ohio, 1861 ; member Ohio legisl. 1864; engaged extensively in agriculture and in banking; commissioner of U. S. inter, rev.. Mar. 1869-Oct. 1870; and succeeded J. D. Cox as secretary of the interior in Oct. 1870, De Laplaine, Joseph, author of " De Laplaine's Repository of the Lives and Por- traits of Disting. Americans," 2 vols., 4to ; d, Phila., May 31, 1824. Delaware, Thomas West, Lord, gov, of Va. ; d. June 7, 1618, on his second voyage thither, "in or near the mouth of the bay w'hich bears his name." He succeeded to his father's title Mar. 24, 1602. He landed at Jamestown, May 23, 1610, and succeeded Sir Thos. Gates, under the charter of May 23, 1609. In March, 1611, after having built 3 forts, and regulated the affairs of the Colony, he returned to Eng. He continued to take a deep interest in the con- cerns of the Colony, which he was at great expense to establish. The " Relation " of the planting of his colony, London, 1611, was reprinted in 1858. Deliniers (deh-le'-neair') Jacques An- TOiNE Marie, viceroy of Buenos Ayres, b. Niort, France, Feb. 6, 1756 ; shot at Buenos Ayres, Aug. 10, 1810. A capt. in the Spanish navy, he was sent on a mission to S. Amer. at a time when Spain and Eng. were at war, and an English armament had (July 2, 1806) cap- tured Buenos Ayres. Deliniers, who was at Montevideo, assembled the militia of the coun- try, attacked the place, and, after an obstinate resistance, forced it to capitulatc( Aug. 12,1807). He was at once made viceroy, and, in the fol- lowing year, sustained a fierce attack from the English, under Whitelocke and Auchmuty, whom he defeated, and compelled to evacuate the country. This victory crowned the repu- tation of Deliniers, who received from the king of Spain the grade of brigadier des armies. The Spanish junta in 18L0 sent a new viceroy, Cisueros, and conferred on Deliniers the title of " Count de Buenos Ayres." The revolutionists having speedily set aside the new viceroy, De- liniers, desirous of re-establishing the royal au- thority, assembled a force of 2,000 men, with which he blockaded Buenos Ayres ; but his fee- ble force was dispersed by the revolutionists, and he himself, with other royalist chiefs, was taken and shot. — Nouv. Diog. Gen. Demers, Rev. M., 50 years a teacher in the Sem. of Quebec, b. St. Nicholas, Co. of Levis, 1774; d. May 17, 1853. He did much to pro- mote the study of natural philosophy, and taste for the fine arts, and, in 1835, pub., at Quebec, " Institationes Philosophicm." Denio, Hikam, judge, b. Rome, N.Y., 1799. Judge of the N.Y. Court of Appeals ; resides at Utica. Has pub. " Reports of the Sup. Court of N.Y. 1845-8," 5 vols.; " Revised Stat- utes of N.Y.," 4th ed., 2 vols., 1852, by Denio and Wm. Tracey , — Allibone. DEIS- 264 r)Ei> Denis, Nicolas, a native of Tours, was gov.-lieut.-gen. for the king of France, and pro- prietor of a part of Acadia and Canada. Hav- ing obtained a grant of the country extending from Cape Canccaux to Gaspe, he came to Amer. in 1632. but was obliged, after making important establishments, to sustain a con- tinued and vexatious warfare of territorial rights with his countrymen ; and a conflagration com- pleted his ruin. Denis, on returning to France, after a sojourn of 40 years in America, during which he had visited most of the French pos- sessions, pub. the result of his observations under the title, '* Description G^ogmphique et Historique des Cote's de I 'Am€riqiie Septentrionale avec I 'Histoire Naturelle de ce Pays," Paris, 1672, 2 vols. — Biog. Universelle. Denison, Charles Wheeler, b. Ct. 1809. Author of" American Village and other Poems." Contrib. to the Knickerbocker and other mags, and journals. — Allibone. DenisOD, Daniel, maj.-gen., b.Eng., 1613 ; d. Ipswich, Ms., Sept. 20, 1682. Son of Wil- liam of Roxbury. Came to New Eng. ab. 1 631 ; removed from Cambridge to Ipswich in 1635; was the military leader of that town ; commis- sioner to treat with the French commander D'AuIny at Penobscot, in 1646 and in 1653, and subsequently was 10 years major-gen. of the Colony. He represented Ipswich several years in the General Court ; was speaker of the house in 1649 and 1651-2; sec. of the Colony in 1653 ; justice of the Quarterly Court, 1658 ; commissioner of the United Colonies,l 655-62 ; assist. 1653-82. His public employments were numerous, and his services very important. In 1684 was printed his " Ircnicon ; or, Salve for New England's Sore." His dau. Elizabeth married Pres. Rogers of H U. App. com.-in- chief of the Ms. forces in June, 1675, but was prevented by sickness from taking the field in the Indian war. — N.E.II. and G.R.y., 140. Denison, Mary Andrews, b. Cambridge, Ms., 1826 (Mrs. C. W.D.). Author of " Home Pictures," " What Not? " " Carrie Hamilton," " Gracie A\mber," " Old Hepscy, a Tale of the South," N.Y., 12mo, 1858. Contrib. to many of the leading journals. Dennie, Joseph, journalist, b Boston, Ms., Aug. 30, 1768 ; d. Phila., Jan. 7, 1812. HU. 1790. He studied law, and practised at Wal- pole, N.H., but soon adopted the literary career, having acquired some reputation by newspaper contributions under the title of " The Farrago." He pub. at Boston, in 1795, the Tablet, weekly, and edited the Farmer's Museum, at Walpole, in 1796-9, in which the popular essays of" The Lay Preacher" first appeared. In Sept. 1799, he went to Phila. as clerk in the office of Mr. Pickering, sec. of State. In 1800, after editing a while the fJ. S. Gazette, he began the Port- folio, to which the rest of his life was devoted, under the nomde plume of " Oliver Oldschool." This, while in its prime, was the first literary journal of the country. In 1803, he was in- dicted for a libel against the Federal Govt. pub. in his journal, but was acquitted. Dennie's convivial tastes led him to form the " Tuesday Club," a social gathering of the wit and genius of Phila, He was remarkable for originality, and for delicacy of thought and language. Dennison, William, ])olitician, b. Cin- cinnati, Nov. 23, 1815. MianaiU. 1835. Adm. to the bar in 1840; practised at Columbus until 1848; member of the O. legisl. 1848-50; pres. of the Exchange Bank, and of the Colum- bus and Xenia llailroad Co. ; in 1856, delegate to the Pittsburg convention which inaugurated the Repub. party, and also to the Phila. con- vention ; gov. of Ohio, 1860-2, and did much to organize the vols, against the Rebellion ; chairman of the Ohio convention of 1862 ; dele- gate and pres. of the Baltimore convention of 1864; U.S. postmaster-gen. Oct. 1864 to July, 1866. Denonville, Jacques Rene de Brisay, Marquis de, gov. of Canada in 1685-9 ; was a brave officer, but, by not following up a victory he had gained over the Iroquois, inspired them with contempt, and by kidnapping a number of their chiefs, and sending them to France to work at the galleys, at a time when they were on a peaceful mission to himself, excited a hatred against the French, only terminated by the frightful "Massacre of Lachine." — Mor- gan. Dent, John Herbert, capt. U.S.N., b. Md., 1782; d. July 31, 1823, St. Bartholomew's Parish, S.C. Midshipm. March 16, 1798, under Truxton, in the frigate " Constellation," and was in her when she captured the French frigate " Insurgente," Feb. 1, 1799. Lieut. July 11, 1799, he was in the same ship when she took the French frigate " La Vengeance," Feb. 1, 1800. He com. the schooners "Nauti- lus" and "Scourge," in Preble's squadron, during the Tripolitan war, and participated in the several attacks upon that city and harbor in 1804. Master com. Sept. 5, 1804; capt. Dec. 29, 1811. Denton, Daniel, author of " A Brief De- scription of New York,"4to, Lond.,1670, repr. in N.Y. in 1845, with notes by Gabriel Fur- man. Denton, William, poet, teacher, and lec- turer, b. Darlington, Durham Co., Eng., 1823. He received his education in Eng., emigrated to the U.S. afccr attaining manhood, and in 1856 pub. at Dayton " Poems for Reformers." — Poets and Poetrij of the West. Denver, James W., politician, b. Win- chester, Va., 1818. He emigrated in child- hood with his parents to Ohio, removed to Mo. in 1841, and taught school and studied law there ; was app. capt. 12th Inf., March 5, 1847 ; left the service at the end of the Mexican war, July 25, 1848; emig. toCal.in 1850; was chosen State senator in March, 1852; Aug. 2, 1852, killed Mr. Edward Gilbert, near San Francisco, in a duel with rifles at 40 paces ; in Feb. 1853 was app. sec. of State; MC. 185.5-7; Mar. 4, 1857, was app. by Pres. Buchanan commis- sioner of Indian affliirs, but resigned, and was made gov. of Kansas after the resignation of R. J. Walker ; resigning this post in Nov. 1858, he was re-app. commissioner of Indian affairs, which he held till Mar. 1859. Made brig. -gen. Aug. 14, 1861, he served in the Western States; resigned March 5, 1863; delegate to the Cleveland Soldier's Convention in 1866, and settled in Washington, D.C., as an attorney. De Peyster (de pis'-ter), Abraham, an DEF 265 DER eminent merchant and citizen of New York, eldest son of Johannes, b New York, July 8, 1658 ; d, there Auj;. 10, 1728. He was mayor of N.Y. between 1691 and 1695; was subse- quently chief-justice of the province, and pres. of the kind's council, in which latter capaci- ty, in 1701, he acted as col. gov. He was also 3ol. of the forces of the city and county of N. Y., and treasurer of N.Y. and N.J. He was the intimate friend and corresp. of Penn and of the col. poY., the Earl of Bellomont. His mansion in Tearl St., once the headquarters of Washinirton, stood until 1856. De Peyster, Johannes, an early settler of New Amsterdam, now New York,b. Haarlem, Hoi.; d. New York, ab. 1685. Of Huguenot descent. He held many offices of trust and honor under Dutch and English colonial rule. During the short period in 1673-4 in which the Dutch recovered possession of the province, he took a prominent part in the conduct of public affairs. Ho was subsequently, at differ- ent times, alderman, deputy mayor, and mayor. — Appleton. De Peyster, John Watts, of Rose Hill, Tivoli, N.Y., brig.-gen. M.F.S., N.Y, b.'N.Y. City, 9 Mar. 1821. Principal contrib, to the Edaireur,A. milit. jour,, 1853-4 ; and its editor 1854-8; privately printed "Life of L. Tor- stenscn," 8vo, 1855 ; " The Dutch at the North Pole and the Dutch in Maine," 12mo, 1857; "Early Settlement of Acadie by the Dutch," 8vo, 1858 ; " The Dutch Battle of the Baltic," Svo, 1858; "Hist, of Carausius," 8vo, 1853 ; " The Ancient, Mediajval, and Modern Nether- landers,' 8vo, 1859 ; " Winter Campaigns the Test of Generalship," 8vo, 18G2; "Practical Strategy," Svo, 1863 ; "Secession in Switzer- land and in the US. compared," 8vo, 1864; " Decisive ConHiits of the late Civil War," 1 868. Gen. De P. has prepared a genealogy of his family, and has pub. some pamphlets on inili- tary and religious subjects. — Allibone. Derbigny, Peter, gov. of La. from 1828 until his death, Oct. 6, 1829. App. in 1820, with Livingston and Moreau, to revise the laws of La. Derby, Elias Hasket, merchant, b. Sa- lem, Ms,, Aug. 16, 1739; d. there Sept. 8, 1799. His father, Capt. Richard (1712-83), was a successful shipmaster and merchant of Salem, a member of the Gen. Court, 1769-73, of the council, 1774-7. His bro. John was an owner of the ship " Columbia," which discov- ered the Columbia River, ^y a remarkable concurrence of events, he carried to England the first news of the battle of Lexington, and, at the close of the war, bore home from France the first news of peace. Elias, engaging exten- sively in business, owned, at the commencement of the Revol., 7 ships in the W. India trade. The war ruined Amer. commerce; and Mr. Der- by, uniting with his townsmen, aided in the equipment of 158 armed vessels fitted out from Salem, many of which were successful, at least 445 vessels being captured from the enemy. Appreciating the importance of speed, Mr. Derby built shipyards, studied naval architecture, and built a class of vessels superi- or in size, model, and speed to any previously launched in the Colonies. He opened Ameri- can trade to St. Petersburg in 1784, and to Canton and Calcutta soon afterward. — Hunt's Merchants. Derby, Gen. Elias Hasket, merchant, b. Salem, Jan. 10, 1766 ; d. Londonderry, N.H., Sept. 16, 1826. One of the founders of the In- dia trade, first importer of Merino sheep, and began the mannf, of American broadcloth dur- ing the War of 1812. Reed, an hon. degree from H.U. in 1803. Derby, Elias Hasket, lawyer, b. Salem, Ms., 24 Sept. 1803. H.U. 1824. Son of Gen. E. H. Derby. He studied law under Daniel Webster, began practice in Boston in 1827, and attained distinction in railway cases. He has been pres. of the Old Colony R. R. Co., hiw been active in promoting the commercial interests of Boston, and was earnest and zeal- ous in his efforts to secure the construction of iron-clads during the civil war. Besides con- tribs. to the Ediahurgh Review, the Atlantic ]\[on(hhj, &c., he is the author of " Two Months Abroad," 1844; "The Catholic," " The Overland Route to the Pacific," and many reports on the " Fisheries," the " British Provinces," &c., written while U.S. commis- sioner. Derby, George H., capt. U. S. topog. engrs., b. Norfolk Co., Ms., 1824 ; d. insane in N.Y. City, May 15, 1861. West Point, 1846. Descendant of E. H. Derby, merchant of Salem. Severely wounded at Cerro Gordo, and brev. for gallantry. Afterward stationed in Cal., where he produced those humorous papers, since pub. under the title " Phoenix- iana," the success of which has encouraged a multitude of imitators. After his death, some of his other pieces were pub., entitled " Tho Squibob Papers." Employed by govt, in erect- ing lighthouses on the coasts of Fla. and Ala., he received a sunstroke, which resulted in a softening of the brain. Capt. top. engrs. 1 July, 1860. De Ros, John Fred. Fitzgerald, n ar- adm. (1857) British navy, b. 1804; d. Juno 19, 1861. Author of " Travels in the U.S. in 1826." De Russy, Lewis G., engineer, b. N.Y. ; d. La., Sept. 1865. West Point, 1814. En- tering the 1st Art., he became capt. 3d Art., 11 Dec. 1825; paymaster and maj. 21 Sept. 1826; was dropped from the army register in 1842; col. 1st La. Vols, during the Mexican war, 1846-8; planter at Natchitoches, La., 1848-61, and civil engineer; member of the house, 1851-3, and of the senate of La., 1853- 5; maj.-gen. La. militia, 1848-61. Joined the Rebellion against the U.S. — Cullnm. DeRussy, Rene Edward, col. engs. U.S.A., b. N.Y. Citv, 1791 ; d. San Francisco, Nov. 26, 1865. West Point, 1812. Son of Thos. of St. Maloes, F'rance, who came to N.Y. in 1791, and long resided at Old Point Comfort, Va. Brev. capt., Sept. 11, 1814, for gallant conduct at the battle of Plattsburg; chief-engr. of Macomb's army in 1814; capt. 9 Feb. 1815; brev. maj. Sept. 11, 1824; supt. Milit. Acad, from July, 1833 to Sept. 1838; lieut.-col. engrs. Dec. 7, 1898; col. March 3, 1863; brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865. At the breaking-out of the war in 1861, ho IDES 266 DES was ordered to the defence of the Pacific coast. Two sons, Gustavus and John, grad. West Point; the former was a brig.-fjjen. U.S. vols., and brev. col. U.S.A., for gallant con- duct in the civil war, and is now (1869) maj. 3d U.S. Art. Desandrouins, Vicomte, a French engi- neer, b. Dec. 12, 1740. Accomp. Montcalm to Canada in May, 1756, as a capt. royal engi- neers, became his aide and military sec, and was disting. in the defence of Ticonderoga and in the subsequent operations in Canada. Chief-engr. in Rochambeau's army in the U.S. in 1780-3 ; made brig of inf., Dec. 5, 1781, and chief de brigade of the engr. corps. In 1789, he was a cliev. of Malta, and a member of the National Assembly from Calais and Ardres. Desaussure, Henry W., chancellor of S.C, 1808-37 ; d. Charleston, S.C., March 29, 1839, a. 75. In the Revol. war, he bore arras in defence of Charleston, and, after the organi- zation of the U.S. Govt., was app. by Wash- ington director of the mint. After filling the office a short time, he returned to Charleston, resumed the practice of law, and soon rose to eminence in his profession. He pub. 4 vols, of Equity Reports, which contain the early decisions of the Equity Court of S.C. ; Oration 4 July, 1798, before the S. C Hist. Soc. Des Barres, Joseph Frederic Wallet, soldier and hydrographer, b. 1722; d. Halifax, N.S., Oct. 24^ 1824, a. 102. He received his ed- ucation under the Bernouillis ; entered the Roy- al Milit. Coll. at Woolwich ; embarked in Mar., 1756, as a lieut. in the 60th regt. for Amer., where, having raised 300 recruits in Pa. and Md., he formed them into a corps of field ar- tillery, which he for a while com. In 1757, he led an cxped. against the Indians who had at- tacked Schenectady, surprised and captured the chiefs, and brought them over to be useful allies to the army. He disting. himself as an engr. in the siege of Louisburg, in 1758; was aide-de-camp to Wolfe, to whom he was mak- ing a report when he fell, dying in his arms, and conducted the subsequent engineering op- erations, including the reduction of Fort Jacques Cartier, and other strong places, which completed the conquest of Canada. In 1762, he was directing engr. and quarterm.-gen. in the cxped. for retakinir Newfoundland, and was publicly thanked for his services. From 1763 to 1773, he was engaged in surveying the coast of Nova Scotia. Returning to Eng. in 1774, he received the commendation of the king for the manner in which this duty had been per- formed. Selected by Earl Howe to prepare charts of the N. A. coast, he adapted the sur- veys of Holland, De Brahm, and others, to nautical purposes; pub. in 1777 " The Atlantic Neptune," in 2 large folios. In 1784, he was made gov. of Cape Breton, with the military com. of that and of Prince Edward's Island, and soon after began the town of Sydney, and opened and worked the valuable coal-fields at the entrance of the river. In 1 804, he was app. lieut.-gov, and com.-in-chief of Prince Edward's Island, being then in his 82d year. He was Capt. Cook's teacher in navigation. He pub. " Cape Breton," Lond., 8vo, 1804, privately printed, and suppressed. Deschamps, Isaac, chief-justice of N.S. from 1785 to his d., Aug. 11, 1801, a. 78. Of Swiss extraction. He came in early life to Nova Scotia ; was a clerk at Fort Edward ( Windsor) in 1754, and aided in suppressing the turbu- lence of the Acadian French in that year; member of the assembly in 1761, and justice of C.C.P. for Kings Co.; judge of P.E. Island in 1768; and a judge of the Supreme Court of N.S, 1770-85; clerk of the assembly in 1772 ; app. counsellor, Oct. 6, 1783. Desha, Joseph, soldier and statesman, b. Pa., Dec. 9, 1768; d. Georgetown, Kv., Oct. 11, 1842. Emigrating to Ky. in 1781, he served as a vol. in the exped. against the Indi- ans under Gen. Wayne in 1794-5; represent- ed Macon Co. one term in the State legisl.; fought at the battle of the Thames as a maj.- gen.; was M.C. in 1807-19, and gov. of Ky. from 1824 to 1828. Desha, Gex. Robert, bro. of Joseph, a prominent merchant of Mobile, and M. C. from Tenn. from 1827 to 1831 ; d. Mobile, Feb. 8, 1849; capt. 24th Inf., Mar. 12, 1812; brev. maj. for gallant conduct in attempt to recapture Fort Mackinac, Aug. 4, 1814 ; brig.- maj. Oft. 1814. De Soto, Fernando, discoverer of the Mpi., b. Xeres, Estremadura, Spain, ab. 1500; d. June 5, 1542, on the banks of the Mpi. Of a noble but impoverished family, he was enabled by Pedrarias Davila to spend several years at a university, and became proficient in literary and knightly accomplishments. In 1519, he accomp. Davila, gov. of Darien, to Amer., and opposed his oppressive administration. Quit- ting his patron, he, in 1528, explore 1 the coast of Guatemala and Yucatan for 700 miles, in search of the strait which was supposed to connect the two oceans. He ai-comp. Pizarro to Peru, under the promise of being his second in com., in 1532, and was sent by Pizarro as ambassador to the inca Atahualpa. He was the hero of the battle which resulted in the capture of Cuzco, the metropolis ; soon after, returned to Spain with a fortune, met a flatter- ing reception from Charles V., and m. the dau. of Davila. In the belief that Florida was a new El Dorado, richer than any that had been discovered, he undertook its conquest at his own expense. He sailed from San Lucas early in Apr. 1538, with 600 men ; reached the bay of Spiritu Santo (Tampa B;iy), May 25, 1539, and passed the first winter in the country of the Appalachians, E. of the Flint River. Oct. 18, 1540, he fought a sanguinary battle with the Indians at Mavilla, or Mobile on the Alabama. Soon after beginning his march to the N.W., in the following spring, a pestilential fever carried off nearly a score of his men. He reached the Mpi. after journeying seven days through a wilderness of forests and marshes ; crossed it, and marched N.W. to the highlands of the White River ; then proceeded South, and wintered on the Washita. While vainly at- tempting to descend the banks of the Mpi., through the bayous and marshes, he was at- tacked with a malignant fever, and d. To con- ceal his death, his body was wrapped in a man- tle, and at midnight was silently sunk in the middle of the stream. He had crossed a large DEJS 26T DEV part of the continent in search of gold, and "found nothing so remarkable as his burial- place." A history of his life and travels, bj L. A. Wilmer, was pub. at Phila. in 1858. Despard, John, a Brit, gen., b. 1745 ; d. Sept. 3, 1829. Ensign 12th Foot, 1760 ; lieut. 1762 ; capt. Mar. 1777; maj. June, 1788 ; lieut.- col. July, 1791; col. Aug. 1795; maj.-gen. 1798; licut.-gen. 1805; gen. 1814. He served in Germany ; came with the royal fusileers to Quebec in Mar. 1773, and was taken prisoner at St. John's, Nov. 1775; exchanged Dec. 1776 ; joined the army in N.Y., and was at the capture of Fort Montgomery. In June, 1778, he was made maj. of a corps raised by Lord Rawdon ; in Dec. 1779, dep. adj.-gen., and was at the capture of Charleston, and in tho cam- paigns of Cornwallis, ending with the surrender at Yorktown. He subsequently served on the staff of the army ; 7 years gov. of Canada. He was in 24 engagements, and was 3 times shipwrecked. — Philipart. Desprez-Crassier (da'-pra' kras'-sea), Jean Etienne Phii.ibert, a French gen., b. Crassier, Jan. 18, 1733 ; d. Ornex, ab. 1803. Entering the service as a cadet in 1745, he be- came a capt. in 1757 in the regt. Royal Deux- ponts, which was employed in Germany until the peace of 1763. With the grade of lieut.- col. in the same corps, he fought (under the orders of Prince Maximilian, since king of Bavaria) in the Amer. war. He disting. him- self particularly at Yorktown, where his brave regt., having captured two howitzers, obtained by the exploit the title of " Royal," then so flat- tering, and the still more extraordinary distinc- tion of bringing with it in its marches the two pieces of artillery which it had won. Mare- chal-de-camp in 1791 ; lieut.-gen. in Sept. 1792; he took com. of the advanced guard of the army of the centre, which repulsed the Prus- sians at the camp of La Lune. Suspended as a nobleman in 1793, he was restored, and em- ployed successively in the army of Italy, the Pyrenees, and of the Rhine, but was deprived of command, Oct. 26, 1795. — Nouv. Biog. Gen. Dessalines (da'-saMen') Jean Jacques, emperor of Hayti, b. ab. 1760; killed Oct. 17, 1806. Brought when young to Cape Francois, he was purchased by a black proprietor named Dessalines. Taking the name of his master, he served him until 1791, when he joined the bands of Biasson. Subsequently joining Tous- saintL'Ouverture, he rose to high rank, display- ing his bravery and also his ferocity. Upon the arrival of the French exped. under Leclerc, in 1802, he occupied the dept. of the south and west, conducting a bloody guerilla war against the French, and submitted to that gen. after the affair of Crete-a-Pierrot. He affected much zeal for the French, fought the insurgents, and treated the vanquished negroes with the same cruelty he had before shown the whites. But, when he saw the army decimated by the yellow-fever, he joined the blacks, and became their com .-in-chief. He gained a victory over Gen, Rochambeau, whom he forced to evacuate the isle, and made his entry at the Cape, Oct. 30, 1803. The people of Hayti proclaimed their independence Jan. 1,1804, and named Des- salines gov.-gen., who, in retaliation for the cruelties exercised by Rochambeau upon the blacks, invited them to a general massacre of the whites. He was crowned Dec. 8, 1804, under the name of Jean Jacques First. Feb. 16, 1805, he marched against St. Domingo; but the arrival of a French squadron with 4,000 troops obliged him to raise the siege with great loss. On his return, he occupied himself in lay- ing down the constitutional bases of his govt., which were promulgated the 20th of May. His despotism and cruelty caused an insurrection Oct. 14, 1806. Directing his course to the south, in order to repress it, he fell into an am- buscade near Port au Prince, where he lost his life. De Trobriand, Philip Regis, brev.brig.- gen. U.S.A., b. France. Col. 55th N.Y. vols., Aug. 1861 ; engaged at Yorktown and Wil- liamsburg, Va. ; com. brigade at Fredericks- burg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Manassas Gap, Auburn and Kelly's Ford ; brig.-gen. U. S. vols. Jan. 5, 1864 ; com. brig. 2d corps. Army of the Potomac at Deep Bottom ; assault of Petersburg, Jerusalem Road, Peebles's Farm, Boydtown Road, raid to Hick's Ford on the Weldon Railroad ; battles of Hatcher's Run and Five Forks, and com. a division in the operations ending in Lee's surrender. Brev. maj.-gen. of vols, and brig.-gen U. S. A. for gallant services in the war ; col, 31st U.S. Inf., July, 1866; now (1871), col. 12th U. S. Inf. Author of " Quatre Ans de Campagnes de I'Ar' me'e du Potomac." — Henrg. DeuxpontS, Christian and William, Counts DE FoRBACH DES, respectively col. and lieut.-cdl. of the regt. of that name ; served in the army of Rochambeau in Amer. in 1780-3. Christian, b. Deuxponts, Bavaria, 20 Oct. 1752; became col. in 1775; disting. at York- town ; com. the Bavarian corps at Hohenlin- den in 1800, with such distinction as to merit the grand cross of the order of Maximilian Joseph. William, b. 18 June, 1754; d. 16 years before his bro. Lieut.-col, Oct. 2, 1779 ; wounded in the attack on the redoubt at York- town, on the night of Oct. 14, 1781; for his gallantry on this occasion was made by the King of France a chev. of the military order of St. Louis. He was afterward com. of the Palace Guard, a post of honor at the Bavarian court. A journal of his campaigns in Amer., edited by Dr. S. A. Green, was pub. Boston, 8vo, 1868. De Vere, Maximilian Schele, LL.D., prof, of modern languages and belles-lettres in the U. of Va., b. near Wcxio, Sweden, Nov. 1, 1820. He first entered the military and after- ward the diplomatic service of Prussia. Emi- grating to the U.S., he was app. prof, in 1844. His contribs. upon a great variety of subjects, historical, literary, and scientific, have appeared in the British Quarterig Review, tlie Southern Literarg Messenger, Putnam's and Harper's Magazines, &c. lie pub. in 1853 " Outlines of Comparative Philology," in 1856 " Stray Leaves from the Book of Nature," and "Stud- ies in English," " Glimpses of Europe in 1848." Devine,THOMAS C.,brev.brig.-gen.U.S,A., b. N. Y. Lieut.-col. 1st New York militia; capt. of mounted men in Va., July-Oct. 1861 ; IDEW 268 r>K^v col. 6th N.Y. cav. Nov. 1861 ; brig.-gcn. vols. Oct. 1864 ; lieut.-col. 8th U.S. cav. July, 1866. Engaged at South Mountain and Fredericks- burg ; com. brigade of cav. at Chancellors- ville, Gettysburg, Rappahannock Station, and various other cavalry actions ; in Sheridan's cav. campaign at battles of Todd's Tavern, Spottsylvania C.H., Cold Harbor, Trevillian's Station, and brev. brig. -gen. vols., and wounded at Front Royal ; engaged at Opequan. Fisher's Hill, and Cedar Creek ; com. division in Sher- idan's raid to Lynchburg and in the opera- tions terminating in Lee's surrender; brev. maj.-gen. vols, for gallant services in the war ; col. U. S. A. for Fisher's Hill, and brig.-gen. for Sailor's Creek, Va. — Renri/'s Mil. Record. Dew, Thomas Rodkric, publicist, b. King and Queen Co., Va., Dec. 5, 1802; d. Paris, France, Aug. 6, 1846. Wm. and Mary Coll., 1820. He studied law, travelled two years in the south of Europe, in 1827 was elected prof, of political economy, history, and metaphysics in Wm. and Mary Coll., and in 1836 was made pi'es. In 1829, he pub. his "Lectures on the Restrictive System." His essay on " Slavery" produced an extraordinary effect upon public opinion, and at the time set at rest the ques- tion of emancipation in Va. He also contrib. to the Southern Lit. Messenger. His most elab- orate work, pub. in N.Y. in 1853, entitled "A Digest of Ancient and Modern History," is a treatise on the history of the world, from the earliest ages to the first French Revolution. In the summer of 1846, hem., and set out with his bride for a short European tour, but lived only to reach Paris. — Appleton. Dewees, William Potts, M.D., phys- cian, b. Potts Grove, Pa., May .5, 1768; d. Phila., May 20, 1841. Left fatherless in early life, and without the means of obtaining an education, he served some time with an apothe- cary, attended medical lectures in the U. of Pa., and in 1789 commenced practice. He re- moved to Phila. in 1793, where he devoted him- self especially to obstetrics, and soon acquired a high reputation in this dept., upon which he delivered lectures. In 1812, he relinquished practice on account of ill health, and devoted the 5 ensuing years to farming at Phillipsburg, Pa. He resumed practice in 1817, with great success. In 1825, he was chosen prof, of mid- wifery in the U. of Pa., first as an assist., and in 1834 as principal, but, his health again fail- ing him, he resigned in 1835. After spending one winter in Cuba, and the following summer in the North, he settled in Mobile. About a year before his death, he returned to Phila. In 1823, he pub. a vol. of occasional contribs. to the medical journals; in 1825, his "Mid- wifery " and his treatise on " Children " "Diseases of Females" in 1826, and "Prac- tice of Medicine," 1830.— Williams's Med. Biog. i)ewey, Charles Aug., LL.D. (II. U. 1840) Judge Ms. Sup. Court, 1837-66, b. Wil- liamstown, Ms., 13 Mar. 1793 ; d. Northamp- ton, Ms., 22 Aug. 1866. Wms. Coll. 1811. Son of Judge Daniel. He studi-d law with Theo. Sedgewick ; practised in Williamstown in 1814-26; removed to Northampton, and was U. S. dist.-atty in 1830-7. Dewey, Chester, D.D. (Un. Coll. 1838), M.D. (Y.C. 1825), LL.D. (Wms. Coll. 1850), phvsician, b. Sheffield, Ms., Oct. 25, 1781 ; d. Rochester, N.Y., Dec. 15, 1867. Wms. Coll. 1806. He studied for the ministry ; began to preach in 1808 at Tyringham, Ms. ; was after- ward a tutor in Wms. Coll.; from 1810 to 1826 was prof, of mathematics and natural philos. there ; from 1827 to 1836 taught the gymnasium at Pittsfield with great success; was principal of the Collegiate Inst, at Roches- ter, N.Y., from 1837 to 1850; and from 1850 to 1860 was prof, of chemistry and nat. philos. in the new U. of Rochester. For many years, he was prof, of and lecturer on botany and chem- istry in the med. colleges at Pittsfield, Ms., and at Woodstock, Vt. Dr. Dewey preached and taught for more than 60 years. He was the author of" Reports on the Herbaceous Plants of Ms.," and of many articles in scientific jour- nals, as well as the secular and religious press. His botanical papers in the American Journal of Science attracted the attention of the ablest European botanists. Dewey, Daniel, judge Ms. Sup. Court from 1814 to his d., 26 May, 1815, b. Sheffield, Ms., 29 Jan. 1766. He settled in Williams- town in 1787 ; studied law under Theo. Sedge- wick, and attained high rank in the prof. ; was a member of the exec, council, and M. C. 1813-14. Dewey, Orville, D.D., LL.D., clergy- man, b. Sheffield, Ms., Mar. 28, 1794. Wms. Coll. 1814; AndoverSem. 1819. He preached 8 months as agent for the Education Society, and at Gloucester, Ms. ; became a Unitarian ; soon after became an assist, of Dr. Channing, and was pastor of the Unit. Church in New Bedford from Dec. 17, 1823, until his first voy- age to Europe, June, 1833. " The Old World and the New," 1836, contains the account of his 2 years' visit. Nov. 26, 1835, he was called to the 2d Unit. Church, N.Y., which, during his ministry, built the Church of the Mes- siah. He was again abroad in 1842-4; but continued ill health coujpellcd him to withdraw in 1848 to his paternal farm in Sheffield. Here he prej)ared a course of lectures for the Lowell Institute at Boston, on "The Problem of Hu- man Life and Destiny," delivered in the princi- pal cities of the Union. This was followed, in 1855, by another Lowell course on " The Edu- cation of the Human Race." Meanwhile, he filled the Unit, pulpit in Albany one winter, and in Washington two. In 1858, he was again settled as a Unitarian pastorover the society, in Church Green, Boston, from which he retired in 1862. His first publication was "Letters on Revivals." While in New Bedford, he contrib. much to the Christian Examiner and the N. A. Review. He pub. in 1835 a vol. of sermons. His works have been collected and pub. in 3 vols., N. Y., 1847, and were printed in Loud, in 1844. As a pulpit orator, he was earnest, original, and impressive. DeWitt, Charles, member Old Congress, 1783-5, b. 1728; d. Kingston, N.Y., Sept. 1787. DeWitt, Simeon, b. Ulster Co., N.Y., Dec. 25, 1756; d. Albany, Dec. 3, 1834. Queen's Coll. 1776. Joining the army of Gates, he was present at the surrender ofBur- DEX 269 JDU^ poyne; was assist, geographer to the army, 1778-80; chief geog. in 1780-3, and present at the surrender of Cornwallis ; surveyor-gen. of N. Y., 1784-1834; app. surveyor-gen. of the U. S. in 1796, but declined. From 1798, regent; from 1817, vice-chancellor ; and from 1829, chancellor, of the State of N. Y. Mem- ber of many literary and scientific bodies. An " Eulogium " on his life and services, by T. Romcyn Beck, was pub., 8vo, Albany, 1835. Author of " Elements of Perspective," 12mo, Albany, 1813; Map of N. Y., 1804. Dexter, Franklin, LL.D. (H. U. 1857), lawyer, b. Charlestown, Ms., Nov. 5, 1793 ; d. Beverly, Aug. 14, 1857. H. U. 1812. Son of Samuel, an enjinent lawyer. He established himself at Boston, where he attained a promi- nent rank at the bar; filled many public offi- ces; delivered the 4th of July oration in 1819 before the town authorities ; was a member of the city council in 1825; a member of both branches of the State legisl. ; was in 1836 one of the select committee upon the revised stat- utes; U. S. dist.-atty. 1841 to 1845, and in 1849 was app. by Pres. Taylor U. S. dist.-atty. for Ms. He exhibited great skill and logical acuteness in defence of the Knapps in their trial for tlie murder of Capt. White of Salem, in 1830, against Daniel Webster, who was em- ployed in behalf of the govt. With his emi- nence as a lawyer, he united great knowledge and skill in art, and high attainments in litera- ture and general knowledge. Dexter, Henry, sculptor, b. N. Y. Hav- ing lost his father, at the age of 12 he removed with his family to Ct., where he was a farmer, and afterward a blacksmith. His artist-long- ings, however, finally triumphed, and he settled in Boston as a portrait-painter, but eventually turned his attention to modelling, and has since executed many fine portrait-busts and statues. Among them are Pres. Felton, Gov. Wis- ner, Joseph Warren, S. P. Chase, the Govern- ors of 1860, the "Binney Child," "The Back- woodsman," " The Young Naturalist," and " The First Lesson." His studio is at Cam- bridge, Ms. — Tudcerman. Dexter, Henry Martyn, D.D. (Iowa, 1865), pastor, 1849-67, of what is now the Berkclcy-st. Cong. Church, Boston ; b. Plymo. Co., Ms., 13 Aug. 1821. Y. C. 1840; And. Theol. Som. 1844. Descended from farmer Thos. Des-rcr of Lynn, and from Geo. Morton of Plymouth. Pastor of the Franklin-street Church, Manchester, N.H., 1844-9. He has pub. "Street Thoughts," 1859; "Twelve Dis- courses," 1860; "Future Punishment," and " Congregationalism." Editor of Church's "Phihp's War," 1865, and Mourt's "Rela- tion." Now (1871) in Europe, engaged in col- lecting materials for a new history of Old Ply- mouth Colony. In 1851, he became editor of the Covrjrefiationalist, weekly, and in 1858 of the Conrj. Quarterli/. Dexter, Samijel, LL.D. (H.U. 1813), an eminent lawyer and statesman, b. Boston, Mav 14, 1761 ; d. Athens, N.Y., May 4, 1816. H.U. 1781. Son of Samuel, a Revol. patriot, and benefactor of H.U. He studied law at Wor- cester, but had not been long at the bar, before he was elected to the State legisl., from which he was transferred, first to the house (1793-5), and then to the senate (1799-1800), of the U.S. Here, during a period of strong party excite- ment, he gained influence and honor by the force of his character and talents, his enlight- ened politics, and his oratory. He was app. by Pres. Adams successively sec. of war (1800) and of the treasury (1801), and had charge for a short time of the state dept. A foreign em- bassy which was offered him he declined ; and, on the accession of Jefferson, he returned to the practice of the law. In 1815, Madison tendered him an extraordinary mission to the court of Spain ; but he declined the offer. He continued many years to display extraordinary powers in his profession ; having no superior, and scarcely a rival, before the Supreme Court at Washington, in which he appeared every winter in cases of the highest importance. In politics, at first an acknowledged leader of the Federalists, he separated himself from them during the War of 1812, and gave that measure his support. He argued against the validity of the embargo with all his strength, and always maintained the unconstitutionality of that measure. He was the first pres. of the first society formed in Ms. for the promotion of temperance. He drafted the eloquent an- swer of the senate to Pres. Adams's address on the death of Washington, and pub. a " Letter on Freemasonry ; " " Progress of Science," a poem, 1780; and "Speeches and Political Papers." — See Story's Sketch. Dexter, Timothy, known as " Lord Timothy," remarkable for eccentricity, b. Maiden, Jan. 22, 1747; d. Newburyport,' Oct. 22,1806. He rose from poverty to affluence; possessed much acuteness, and was honest in his dealings, but lackt^d that kind of prudence which so frequently hides bad, and sets off good qualities. He was benevolent. By his itch to appear in print, he frequently expo.sed his igno- rance. See his " Pickle for the Knowing Ones." His vanity was exhibited by his assuming the title of " Lord." He built a house at New- buryport, adorned according to his own whims. His biography, by S. L. Knapp, was pub., Boston, 12mo, 1823. Dias (dee'-az), Gonqalvez, Brazilian poet, b. Cachias, province of Maranha, 10 Aug. 1823. Studied at U. of Coimbra. Author of " Prim- eiros Can/os," Rio, 1846 ; " Secjundos Cantos," 1848 ; " Leonor de Mendon^a," 1847, and other poems. Diaz del Castillo, Bernal, a Spanish adventurerandchronicler,b. Medina del Campo, ab. 1500. He went to seek his fortune in the New World in 1514, and joined theexpeds. of Cordova in 1517, and Grijalva in 1518. He next attached himself to Cortes, whom he served faithfully and valiantly. He was en- gaged in 119 battles and rencounters, and was several times wounded. In 1568, he was rer/ider of the city of Guatemala. In 1558, he finished his " Historia verdcxderade la Conqiiesta de la Nueva Espana," designed to correct the misstatements of Gomara's " Chronicle of New Spain," and to claim for himself and comrades a share of the glory which Gomara gave almost wholly to Cortes. It was first pub. at Madrid in 1632. An English translation, by Lockhart, r>io 270 JXLO appeared in 1844. Wilson's "New History of the Conquest of Mexico " impugns the authen- ticity of Diaz's narrative, which he calls a col- lection of fables. He was a rough, unlettered soldier; but he describes accurately many in- teresting transactions, and supplies much im- portant information relative to the history of the New World. Dick, James T., artist, b.N.Y. City, 1834 ; d. Brooklyn, L.I., 19 Jan. 1868. Son of A.L. Dick, whose engraving of " The Last Supper " gained him much repute. At the age of 14, he gained most of the prizes awarded by the Man- chester Academy of Design. One of the originators of the Brooklyn Art School, and a founder of the Acad, of Design. Among his best pieces are "Cooling Off," " Leap Frog," and " At Mischief." Dick, Dr. Samuel, member of the Old Congress, from N.J., 1783-4; d. N.J., Nov. 1812. Dickens, Asbury, sec. U.S. senate, 1836- 61 ; 1). N.C., 1773 ; d. Oct. 23, 1861. Early in life, he removed to Phila. ; afterward spent some years in Europe ; filled a post in the treasury dept. under Sec. Crawford, and was chief clerk of the State dept. under Van Buren. Dickerson, Mahlon, statesman, b. Han- over, N.J. , 17 Apr. 1770; d. Suckasunny 5 Oct. 18.53. N.J. Coll. 1789. Adm. to the bar in 1793, he pract. with reputation in Phila. ; was quarterm.-iren. of Pa. in 180.5-8; recorder of Phila., 1808-10. Returning to N.J. in 1814, he was a member of the legisl. ; judge of the Sup. Court, gov. and chancellor, 1815-17; U. S. senator, 1818-34; sec. U. S. N., 1834-8, and was subsequently, for a few months, a judge of the dist. court of N.J. Pres. Amer. Institute, 1846-8. Though a State's-rights Democ, he advocated a protective tariff, and was largely concerned in the mining and manuf. of iron in Morris Co. — ^ee Nat. Port. Gall., vol. iii. Dickerson, Philemon, bro. of Mahlon ; M.C, 1833-5 and 1839-41; gov. of N.J., 1836 ; subsequently U.S. dist. judge of N.J. ; b. Morris Co., N.J., 1788; d. Patterson, 10 Dec. 1862. Dickinson, Anna Elizabeth, orator and reformer, b. Phila., Oct. 28, 1842. Her father died when she was 2 years old ; and she was educated in the Friends' free schools. She read with avidity, devoting all her earn- ings to the purchase of books, and attending the lectures of disting. orators. Her early days were a continuous struggle with poverty ; but her indomitable courage, and willingness to do any thing for an honest living, carried her through. Her first public speech was at a meet- ing of Progressive Friends in Jan. 1860, to discuss " woman's rights and wrongs ; " and she at once became famous. Her first prepared speech on " Woman's Work" was delivered at Mullica Hil!, N.J., in April, 1860. She next taught a school in Bucks Co., at a salary of $25 a month. From Apr. to Dec. 1861, she had a place in the U.S. Mint at Phila., from which she was dismissed for denouncing McClellan in a speech in West Chester. She first spoke in Boston at the Music Hall, in the spring of 1862, on the " National Crisis," and with great effect. In the following winter, she delivered her effective speech on " Hospital Life," at Concord, N.H., and was engaged by the Repub, committee to make campaign speeches through the State, Her eloquence secured the victory in the ensuing election ; and she was honored by the press and people. A similar result fol- lowed her efforts in Ct., N.Y., and Pa. Jan. 16, 1864, at the request of the leading senators and representatives, she spoke in the H. of Repre- sentatives at Washington, and gave the pro- ceeds, $1,030, to the Freedmen's Relief Society. This address was repeated in N.Y. and Boston, eliciting high praise. Her reputation was now thoroughly established ; and that winter she addressed lyceums nearly every night at 100 dollars per night. One of her most powerful and impressive appeals was made in the con- vention of Southern Loyalists at Phila. in Sept. 1866. Duringthewar, in campand hospital, she spoke words of tenderness to the sick and dying, uttered the highest thought in Amer. politics in the crisis of our history, pointed out the cause and remedy of the war, and unveiled treason in the army and the White House, re- buking without hesitation the iniquity and in- capacity of those in high places. Since the war, she has spoken much upon woman's work and suffrage. She pub. " What Answer? " 1868. — Eminent Women of the Age. Dickinson, Daniel Stevens, LL.D. (Ham. Coll. 1858), jurist and statesman, b. Goshen, Ct., Sept. 11, 1800; d. April 12,1866. He went to Chenango Co., N.Y., in 1806, edu- cated himself; was adm. to the bar in 1827, and in 1831 settled at Binghnmton, N.Y. ; State senator in 1837-40 ; ex-officio judge of the Court of Errors, 1836-41, and lieut.-gov. ; pres. of the senate and of said court from 1842 to 1844; U.S. senator, 1844-51. He ranked high as a debater, and took a prominent part in the discussion on the annexation of Texas, Mexican war, and the compromise of 1850. He was chairman of the senate committee on finance. His course on the slavery question placed him at the head of the conservative or " hunker " Democrats, one of whose candi- dates for the presidency he was in 1852. On the breaking-out of the Rebellion, he devoted his energies to sustaining the govt., addressing public assemblages, advising all to ignore party, and by word and deed to defend the laws and the country. At the time, of his decease, he was U.S. dist. atty. for N.Y. He had a high reputation as a nisiprius lawyer, was apt at rep- artee, and had a strong vein of humor. His "Life and Works "were pub in 1867, in 2 vols., by his bro. J. R. Dickinson. Dickinson, John, LL.D., (N.J. Coll. 1769), statesman, b. Md., Nov. 13, 1732; d. Wilmington, Del., Feb. 14, 1808. Son of Judge Samuel. He studied law in Phila., and then at the Temple, Lond., and, after his return, practised with success at the Phila. bar. Elected to the Pa. assembly in 1764, he evinced unusual capacities for a legislator, and was, on all occasions, a ready and energetic dtbater. At the same time, he became known by his publications upon the attempts of Britain to infringe the liberties of the Colonies. His " Address to the Committee of Corresp. in 3DIO 271 DIK Barbatloes," who had censured the opposition of the northern Colonies to the Stamp Act, pub. at Fhila., 1766, is an eloquent and digni- fied defence of the Colonies. A deputy to the first Colonial Congress in 1765, its I'esolutions were drawn up by him. In 1767, he pub. his " Farmer's Letters to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies," repub. in London, with a preface by Dr. Fi'anklin, and subsequently in French, in Paris. In 1774, he published his "Essaj on the Constitutional Power of Great Britain over the Colonies in America." He was a member of the first Cont. Congress in 1774, and wrote those important State papers, " The Address to the Inhabitants of Quebec," " The Declaration to the Armies," the two petitions to the king, and " The Address to the States." He opposed the Declaration of Independence, as premature, and was one of the few members of Congress who did not sign that instrument. This course made him un- popular at home, and for several years he was absent from the public councils. In Oct. 1777, he was made brig.-gen. of Pa. militia. In Apr. 1779, he returned to Congress from Del., and wi-ote "The Address to the States " of May 26. He was, in 1781-.'), pres of the States of Del. and Pa. successively, and a member of the convention for framing the Federal Constitu- tion. In 1 788, appeared his " Fabius " Letters, advocating the adoption of the new constitu- tion. Another scries, over the same signature, on the relations of the U.S. with France, 1797, was his last work. In 1 792, he was a member of the convention which formed the constitu- tion of Del. His political writings were pub. in 2 vols, in 1801. He was a man of elegant learning and fine conversational powers. Dick- inson Coll., which he founded, and liberally endowed, perpetuates his name and important services to his country. Dickinson, Jonathan, Presb. clergyman, b. Hatfield, Ms., Apr. 22, 1688; d. Elizabeth- town, N. J., Oct. 7, 1747. Y.C. 1706. Grandson of Nath'l, one of the first settlers of Wethers- field, Ct. He came to Elizabethtown in 1708, and 29 Sept. 1709, was installed pastor of the Presb. church, where he remained till his death. The adjoining townships of Rahway, Westfield, Union, Springfield, and part of Chatham, were included in his parish, in which he was also engaged in teaching, and in the practice of medicine. After the separation of the N.J. churches from the synod of Phila., in 1741, a charter for the College of N.J. was obtained, the first classes were opened in Elizabethtown ; and Dickinson was elected pres. Oct. 22, 1746. His high reputation as a preacher and contro- versialist is evinced by his published sermons and theol. treatises. He was one of the ablest champions of Calvinism in this country. He pub. "True Scripture Doctrine," &c., in five discourses, 1741; a 3d ed. of his "Familiar Letters upon Important Subjects in Religion," was pub., Edinb., 12mo, 1757, and acollect. of many of his writings in the same place, 8vo, 1793. — Sprague. Dickinson, Jonathan, chief-justice of Pa.; d. 1722. He was a Quaker, came from Jamaica with his family in 1696, and was ship- wrecked in the Gulf of Florida. His pub. ac- count was entitled, " God's Protecting Provi- dence Man's Surest Help and Defence." Dickinson, Gen. Philemon, Revol. offi- cer, b. near Dover, Del., Apr. 5, 1739 ; d. near Trenton, Feb. 4, 1809. He was educated in Phila. under Dr. Allison, and cultivated a small farm near Trenton, N.J. Entering the army in 1775, he was app. to com. the N.J. militia. With about 400 men, he attacked and defeated a large foraging party, Jan. 21, 1777. He com. the militia at the battle of Monmouth. Member of the Old Congress from Del. in 1782-3 ; U.S. senator, 1790-3; member of the commission app. in Dec. 1784 to select a site for the national capital. Dickson, Samuel Henry, LL.D. (N.Y. Coll. 1853), physician, b. Charleston, S.C., Sept. 1798. Y. Coll. 1814. Of Scottish par- entage. His father came to Amer. before the Revol., and fought at the South under Gen. Lincoln. He was in Charleston during the siege, and long afterward ; taught there the school of the S. C. Society, and d. 1819. The son studied medicine at Charleston, and prac- tised there during the prevalence of the yellow- fever in 1817. In 1818-19, he attended the medical lectures of the U. of Pa., grad. in 1819, and at once began practice. In 1823, he delivered a course of lectures on physiology and pathology, before the medical students of the city ; the class consisting of about 30. He was instrumental in the establishment of a med. coll. in Charleston ; and on its organiza- tion in 1824, he was called to the chair of insti- tutes and practice of medicine. He withdrew in 1832, but on its re-organization in 1833, as the med. coll. of S.C., he was re-elected. He was prof, of the practice of medicine in the U. of N.Y. from 1847 to 1850, when he resumed his post at Charleston. In 1858, he was called to the chair of practice of medicine in the JefF. Med. Coll., Phila., which he long filled. He has contrib. many papers to the med. journals of the U.S., and to the periodicals, and is the au- thor of " Manual of Pathology and Practice of Medicine," N.Y. ; "Essays on Pathology and Therapeutics," 2 vols., 8vo, N.Y., 1845; es- says on " Life, Sleep, Pain," &c., Phila., 1852 ; "Elements of Medicine," Phila., 1855. He has also delivered many speeches, lectures, and addresses. He pub. a pamphlet on slavery, originally in a Boston periodical, in which he maintained the essential inferiority of the ne- gro, and the futility of the projects suggested for changing his condition. — Dw/ckinck. Diereville (de-air'-vell), French traveller, b. Pont I'Eveque; d. 1708. He embarked at La Rochelle.Aug. 20, 1699, as supercargo of a vessel bound to Acadia, and landed at Port Royal, Oct. 13, where he remained until Oct. 6, 1700, and reached La Rochelle Nov. 9. He brought many new plants from Amer., among others a shrub with beautiful yellow flowers, which Tournefort has named Dierevilla, and which Linnaeus has classed in the genus Loui- cera, and which De Jussieu has re-established as a genus. He pub. an account of his voyage, Paris, 1708. — JVouv. Biog. Gen. Dieskau (dees'-kow), LuDWiQ August, Baron, a French gen., b. Saxony, 1701 ; d. Surenne, near Paris, Sept. 8, 1767. He first DIL 272 r)ix served as a lieut.-col. of cav., under Marshal Saxe, and, after serving in the Nether- lands, became in 174S brij^.-gen. of inf , and com. of Brest. Sent to Canada, Feb. 20, 1755, with the rank of maj.-gen. With 600 Indians, as many Canadians, and 300 regnlars, he as- cended Lake Champlain to attack Fort Ed- ward, which was defended by Gen. Johnson. Defeating a detachment sent to its relief, under Col. Williams, Sept. 8, 1755, he pursued the fugitives, lioping to enter the fort with them. The Indians halted outside the intrenchments; the attacking force was routed and put to flight, and Dieskau, severely wounded, was made prisoner. Exchanged in 1763, he returned to France, where he received a pension. Dillingham, Paul, lawyer and politician, b. Shutesbury, Ms., Aug. 1800; removed with his father to Waterbury, Vt., in 1805; was adm. to the bar of Washington Co. in 1824; was town-clerk of Waterbury in 1829-44; was 18 years justice of the peace ; State's atty. for Wash. Co., 1835-8; member Const. Con v. in 1836-7; was 6 years a State representative; State senator, 1841-2; M. C. 1843-7; gov. of Vt., 1865-7. Dillon (de' Ion'), Arthur, Comte de, a French gen. of Iribh descent, b. Braywick, Ire- land, Sept. 3, 1750 ; guillotined at Paris, April 14, 1794. Son of Henry, 11th Viscount Dil- lon. Named in his infancy col. of the regt. Dillon, originally raised by his grandfather for the service of Louis XIV., he took in 1777 an active and disting. part in the Amer. war ; at its head at the taking of Granada, St. Eusta- tia, Tobaijo, and St. Christopher. After the unfortunate attack upon Savannah, in which he participated, he was named successively gov. of St. Christopher, brigadier, March 1, 1780, and marechal -de- camp, Jan. 1,1784. He served with distinction at Yorktown. He was 3 years gov. of Tobago ; was a dep. to the States-gen.; com. the army of the North in 1792; opposed the Prussians with success in the forest of Argonne under Dumouriez, and compelled them to evacuate Verdun. De- nounced by his political enemies on the most absurd pretexts, he was condemned, and suf- fered with great courage. — Nouv. Diofj. Gen. Dillon, John B, author, b. Brooke Co., Va., ab. 1807. While an infant, his father moved to Belmont Co., O., and d. when John was 9 years old. He then returned to his na- tive county, became a printer, and at 17 went to Cincinnati. While there, he contrib. poeti- cal pieces to the journals. In 1834, he went to Logansport, Ind., where he practised law; in 1842, he pub. "Historical Notes;" in 1845, he became State librarian ; has since been identified with popular education in Ind., and its benevolent institutions, and was many years sec. of the State Board of Agric. ; sec. of the Ind. Hist. Society. In 1859, he pub. "A History of Indiana." — Poets and Poetry of the West. Dimick, Justin, brev.brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. Ct., West Point, 1819. Entering the art., he be- came capt. Apr. 6, 1835; brev. major "for gallant and meritorious conduct in war against Florida Indians," May 8, 1836; brev. lieut.- col. " for battles of Contreras and Churu- busco," Aug. 20, 1847; com. P. F. Smith's brigade in battle of Contreras ; brev. col. " for battle of Chapultepec," Sept. 3, '47 ; com. his re'gt. on the 13th, and at the capture of the City of Mexico ; major 1st Art., Apr. 1, 1850; lieut.-col. 2d Art., Oct. 5, 1857; col. 1st. Art., Oct. 26, 1861; retired 1 Aug. 1863; brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865; gov. Sol- dier's Home, near Washington, D.C, since 14 Jan. 1864. D. Oct. 1871, a. 77.— Gardiner, Dinsmoor, Robert, poet, b. Windham, N.H., Oct. 7, 1757; d. there 1836. Of a Scotch Presbyterian family, who came from the N. of Ireland. His father was a soldier in the old French war ; and the son was in the battle of Saratoga. With scanty educa- tion, he became a farmer at Windham, and was a zealous Presb. He published at Ha- verhill, in 1828, " Incidental Poems," together with a preface and sketch of the author's life, by Robert Dinsmoor the " Rustic Bard." — Dui/c/cinck. Dinsmoor, Samuel, gov. of N. H. in 1 83 1 - 4, b. Londonderry, N. H., July 1, 1766 ; d. Keene, Mar. 15, 1835. Dartm. Coll. 1789. He was many years a maj.-gen of militia ; M. C. 1811-13; State counsellor, 1821, and judge of probate. Dinsmoor, Samuel, LL.D. (Dartm. Coll. 1851), gov. of N.H., 1849-53, b. Keene, N.H., May 8, 1799 ; d. there Feb. 24, 1869. Dartm. Coll. 1814. Son of Gov. Samuel. Adm. to the bar in 1818, and settled at Keene; after- ward spent some time in Ark. ; was clerk of the N.H. senate in 1826-31. Dinwiddie, Robert, gov. of Va., 1752-7, b. Scotland ab. 1690; d. Clifton, Eng., 1 Aug. 1770. A member of the council as early as 1742. He detected and exposed, while clerk to a collector of customs in the W. Indies, an enormous fraud practised by his prin- cipal, for which he was rewarded with the post of surveyor of the customs of the Colonies, and afterward Avith the govt, of Va. Under his ad- ministration, the attempt was made to expel the French from the Ohio and Fort DuQuesne, in which Washington first disting. himself, and Braddock fell. He proved himself a zealous and active oflScer ; discerned the capacity of Washington, whom he app. adj.-gen. of a mili- tary district, and sent as a commissioner to the French com. on the Ohio. In 17.54, he sug- gested to the British Board of Trade taxation of the Colonics for funds to carry on the war ; and in 1755 was one of the 5 colonial govs, who memorialized the ministry to the same ef- fect. He left the Colony in Jan. 1758, " worn out with vexation and age," and charged by his enemies with converting to his own use £20,000 transmitted through his hands as a compensation to the Virginians for the money they had expended beyond their proportion in the public service. Dix, Dorothea Ltnde, philanthropist, b. Worcester, Ms. Her father Joseph was a merchant in Boston, and, after his death in 1821, she supported herself by teaching a select school for young girls in Boston. Hearing of the neglected condition of the convicts at Charles- town State Prison, she visited them,and became deeply interested in the welfare of the unfortu- r>ix 273 r)ix rate and suffering classes, for whose elevation she labored until 1834 ; when, her health becom- ing impaired, she gave up her school, and visited Europe, having inherited from a relative suffi- cient property to render her independent. She returned to Boston in 1837, and devoted her- self to investigating the condition of paupers, lunatics, and prisoners, encouraged by her friend and pastor. Rev. Dr. Channing, of whose children she had been governess. In this work, she has visited every State of the Union east of the Rocky Mountains, endeavoring to per- suade legislatures and influential individuals to take measures for the relief of the poor and wretched, and greatly influencing the founda- tion of State lunatic asylums. In April, 1854, in consequence of her unwearied exertions, a bill passed both houses of Congress, appropri- ating 10,000,000 acres to the several States for the relief of the indigent insane ; but the bill was vetoed by Pres. Pierce, chiefly on the ground that the Genl. Govt, had no constitu- tional power to make such appropriations. Miss Dix has pub. anonymously " The Garland of Flora," 1829 ; and books for children. She has also pub. "Prisons and Prison Discipline," 8vo, Boston, 1845; a variety of tracts for prisoners, and has written many memorials to legislative bodies, on the subject of lunatic asylums. During the Rebellion, Miss Dix ren- dered service in the hospitals near Washington. — Appleton. Dix, John Adams, LL.D. (Gen. Coll. 1845),soldier,lawyer,and senator, b. Boscawen, N. H., 24 July, 1798. Brown U. 1830. Son of Lieut.-Col. Timo. Dix. He studied at the academies at Salisbury and Exeter, N.H., and in a French coll. at Montreal; entered the army as ensign in 1812 ; was adj. of a vol. batt. in 1813; was aide to Gen. Brown in 1819 ; capt. of art. in 1825, and resigned in 1828. After visiting Europe for his health, he settled as a lawyer in Cooperstown, N.Y. ; was sec. of State in 1833, supt. of schools, member of the council, and a canal commissioner ; became a member of the assembly in 1842, and was a U. S. senator in 1845-9. In that body, he bore a part in the discussions on the annexa- tion of Texas, the Mexican war, the Oregon dispute, and the question of slavery in the Ter- ritories, upon which he expressed the views of the Freesoil Democrats, whose candidate for gov. he was in 1848. He advocated in two speeches a bill for reciprocal freedom of trade with the British Provinces, — a measure which prevailed 6 years later. Postmaster of N.Y. City in 1860; sec. U.S. treasury in Jan. -Mar. 1861 ; maj.-gen. U. S. vols. 16 May, 1861 ; com. at Baltimore, and subsequently at Fort- ress Monroe and on the peninsula; 16 Sept. 1862, he received com. of the 7th army corps ; pres. of the Pacific Railroad Co. ; app. by Pres. Johnson minister to the Netherlands, but declined ; app. naval officer of N.Y., and was U. S. minister to France in 1867-9. Author of " Resources of the City of N. Y.," 1827 ; " A Winter in Madeira," 1851; "A Summer in Spain and Florence," 1855 ; and " Speeches," 2 vols., 8vo. Dixon, Archibald, lawver, b. Caswell Co., N. C, 2 Apr. 1802. Mis grandfather, Col. Henry, received a wound at the battle of Eutaw, which caused his death ; and Warren, his father, served gallantly through the war In 1805, he removed to Henderson Co., Ky., where he received a common school education ; studied law; was adm. to the bar in 1824, and soon attained high rank as a criminal lawyer ; member of the legisl. in 1830 and 1841, of the State senate in 1836; lieut.-gov. in 1843-7, and pres. of the senate ; member Const. Conv. in 1841, and U. S. senator, 1852-5. Dixon, Capt. GEOROE.authorof" A Voy- age around the World in 1785-8," 4to, London, 1789; d. ab. 1800. He discovered a number of small islands near the N.W. coast of Amer. Dixon, James, U.S. senator, 1857-69, b. Enfield, Ct., 5 Aug. 1814. Wms. Coll. 1834. Son of Judge Wm., in whose office he read laAv. Adm. to the bar; member State legisl. in 1837-8, '44; State senator, 1849-54; M.C. 1845-9. Resident of Hartford. Contrib. of poems to the N. E. Magazine and the Ct. Cou- rant. His wife, the dau. of Rev. Jona. Cogs- well, d. June, 1871. — See Everest's Poets of Ct.; Lanman. Dixon, Joseph, inventor, d. Jersey City, N. J., June 14, 1869, a. 71. Before he was 21, he made a machine to cut files, afterward learned the printer's trade, that of wood-en- graving, then lithography, and became a thor- ough chemist, optician, and photographer. He was probably the first person to take a portrait by the camera. He first used the reflector so that the subjects should not appear reversed. He built the first locomotive with wooden wheels, but with the same double crank now used. He originated the process of photo- lithography. To guard against abuses of this process, he invented the system of printing in colors on bank-notes, and patented it, but nev- er received any benefit ; all the banks having used it without pay. He perfected the system of making collodion for the photographers, and aided Mr. Harrison in the mode of grinding lenses for common tubes. He is the father of the steel-melting business in this country; is widely known as the origijiatorof the plumba- go crucible, as now made; and his establish- ment in Jersey City is the largest of the kind in the world. Dixwell, Col. John, regicide ; d. New Haven, Mar. 18, 1689, a. 81. Upon the west side of the monument placed over his remains in 1849, by a descendant, is the following in- scription : " Here rests the remains of John Dixwell, Esq., of the Priory of Folkestone, in the County of Kent, Eng., of a family long Erominent in Kent and Warwickshire, and imself possessing large estates and much in- fluence in his country. He espoused the popular cause in the revol. of 1640. Between 1640 and 1660, he was col. in the army, an active member of four parliaments, thrice in the council of State, and one of the high court which tried and condemned King Charles the First. At the restoration of the monarchy, he was compelled to leave his country, and, after a brief residence in Germany, came to New Haven, and here lived in seclusion, but enjoy- ing the esteem and friendship of the most worthy citizens till his death." He resided in DOA. 274 IX)2D New Haven under the name of John Davids. — See Sti/es's Judges. Doane, Augustus Sidney, M.D., physi- cian, b. Boston, Apr. 2, 1808 ; d. of ship-fever, Staten Island, Jan. 27, 1852. H.U. 1825. He studied in Paris 2 years ; returned to Boston, intendinj^ to commence the practice of medi- cine, but in 1830 removed to N.Y., where he soon became a successful practitioner. In 1839, he was app. prof, of physiology in the U. of N.Y., which he soon resigned ; was app. chief physician o( the marine hospital, in which he was superseded in 1843; practised his profession until 1850, when he was a second time app. health-officer. He edited "Good's Study of Medicine;" translated " Maygrier on Midwif- ery," "Dupuytren's Surgery," "Lugol's Scrof- ulous Diseases," "Baylis's Descrip. Anatomy," *' Blandin's Topog. Anatomy," "Ricord on Sy- philis," &c. Contrib. to " Surgery Illustrat- ed," and to sundry medical journals. — See Biog. Notice in the Intemat. Mag. v. 427. Doane, George Wash., D.D., LL.D., Pr.-Ep. bishop of N. J., b. Trenton, N. J., May 27, 1799 ; d. Burlington, N. J., Apr. 27, 1859. Un. Coll. 1818. Adm. to holy orders in 1821 ; he officiated 3 years in Trinity Church, N.Y. ; in 1824, was first prof of rhetoric and belles-lettres in Wash. Coll., Hartford ; in 1828 became assist, minister, and then rector, of Trin- ity Church, Boston, where he continued to of- ficiate until Oct. 31, 1832, when he was conse- crated bishop ; removed to Burlington, and became rector of St. Mary's Church in that city. In pursuance of a system of Christian education for females, in 1837 he established St. Mary's Hall, a boarding-school for girls. In 1846, he founded Burl. Coll., under a char- ter from the Statp legi.sl. Bishop Doane's theol. controversies were frequent. He visit- ed Eng. in 1841 ; and in 1842 a vol. of his ser- mons was pub. at London. In 1824, he pub. early poems', entitled " Songs by the Way, chiefly Devotional, with Translations and Imi- tations." His Life has been written by his son W. C. Doane, Avho has also edited his " Poeti- cal Works, Sermons, and Miscellaneous Writ- ings," 4 vols., 1860. — Dui/c/cinck. Dobbin, James Cochrane, lawyer, sec. U.S.N., 1853-7, b.Favetteville, N.C., 1814; d. there 4 Aug. 1857. U. of N.C. 1832. A suc- cessful practitioner at the Favetteville bar ; M. C. 1845-7 ; member of the legisl. 1848,'50, '52, and speaker in 1850, and instrumental in the Bait. Con v. of 1852 in securing for Mr. Pierce the Democ. nomination for the presiden- cy- Dobbs, Arthur, gov. of N.C., Nov. 1, 1754-1765, b. Ireland, 1684; d. Town Creek, N.C, March 28, 1765. He was a man of let- ters ; of liberal views ; had been a member of the Irish parliament, and disting. for his at- tempts to discover the north-west passage. He adopted conciliatory measures toward the In- dian tribes; but his adm. was a continued con- test with the legisl. on unimportant matters, displaying, on his part, an ardent zeal for royal prerogative, and an indomitable resist- ance on the part of the Colonists, Author of " An Account of the Countries adjoining to Hudson's Bay," 4to, Lond., 1 748 ; " Trade and Improvement of Ireland," 8vo, Dublin, 1729, , and " Capt. Middletoa's Defence," 8vo, 1744. — Wheeler's N. C. , Dobson, Thomas, author and bookseller ; j d. Phila,, March 8,1823, Author of "Letters on the Character of the Deity and the Moral I State of Man," 2 vols , 12mo, 1807, ] Dod, Albert Bald^vin, D.D, (U. of N,C. ■ 1844), scholar and divine, b, Mcndham, N.J,, ] March 24, 1805 ; d, Princeton, Nov. 20, 1845. i N.J. Coll. 1822. Son of Daniel, mechanician. He passed 4 years teaching in Va,, entered the Princeton Sem. in 1827, and was at the : same time tutor in N. J. Coll, Licensed to preach in 1828 by the N.Y. presbytery. In '< 1830, he was elected prof, of mathematics in the coll., and, for a few years previous to his death, he lectured on architecture and political economy, in addition to the i instruction of his proper dept. His articles in the Biblical Repertori/, particularly that on j capital punishment, in April, 1842, on phre- 1 nology in April, 1838, attest his ability in han- j dling practical subjects. The former article Was adopted by the committee of the N.Y. legisl. ! as their report, and repub. as a public docu- j ment. He declined the chaplaincy and profes- j sorship of moral philosophy at West Point Acad. Some of Dr. Dod's admirable pro- | ductions have been collected in a volume en- j titled " Princeton Essays." — Sprague. - Dodd, James B., mathematician, b. Va., 1807. Chosen prof of mathem., nat. philos., and astronomy in the Centen. Coll., Miss., 1841, in Transylv. U. 1846; pres. pro tern. 1849-55. Author of arithmetics, algebras, and elements of geometry and mensuration. Con- ! trib. to Qaarterly Rev. of the M. E. Church \ South. — Allibone. ! Dodd, Mart Ann Hanmer, poet, b. Hart- j ford, Ct., Mar. 5, 1813. Has contrib. many i poetical pieces of great merit to " The Hermene- j thena," the "Ladies' Repository," and "The j Rose of Sharon." A vol. of her poems was pub. Hartford, 1843. — AUil)one. Doddrige, Rev. Joseph, Pr.-Ep. clergy- man, and pioneer of Western, Va., b. Pa,, 1769 ; d. Wellsburg, Va,, Nov. 1826. Bro. of Philip, Educated at Jeff, Acad., Canons- burg, Pa. Ord. by Bishop White in 1792. Author of " Notes on the Settlement and In- dian Wars of the West. Country in 1763-83," 12mo, 1824 ; and Logan a dramat. piece, 1823. Doddrige, Philip, lawyer and politician, b. Brooke Co., Va., 1772 ; d, Washington, Nov. 19, 1832, In his youth, he worked on a farm on the Ohio River, but was sent to school at 16. After a voyage down the Mpi. on a flat- boat, he studied law, and soon gained a brilliant local reputation. Delegate from Brooke Co. to the Va. legisl. in 1815, and was a member for some years. In the Const. Conv. of 1829- 30, he was the acknowledged leader of the party in favor of the white basis of represen- tation. His success in parliamentary conflicts was due solely to close reasoning, thorough knowledge of the subject, great energy of manner, and a wonderful command of lan- guage. M,C. 1829-32, and was then engaged in codifying the laws for the Dist. of Columbia. Dodge, Grenvillb M., mqj.-gen. vols., b. DOID 275 T>ON Danvers, Ms., Apr. 12, 1831. Educated at Capt. Partridfje's military acad. in Norwich, Vt. lie in 1851 removed to 111., where, until 18.54, he was employed in railroad surveys. Ho was afterward similarly engaged in Iowa, prosecuting his surveys west of the Missouri as far as the Rocky Mountains. In 1861, he was sent by the gov. of Iowa to Washington to procure arms and equipments for the State troops. June 17, he was made col. 4th la. vols. He served in Mo. in 1861, and in Feb. 1862, withGen. Curtis in Ark. At Pea Ridge, he com. a brigade on the extreme right, and, though severely wounded in the side, kept the field until the final rout of the enemy. For his gallantry here, he was made brig.-gcn. from Mar. 31. In June, he took com. of the dist. of the Mpi., and superintended the reconstruc- tion of the Mpi. and 0. Railroad. Early in 1863, he made a raid into Northern Ala. His gallantry at Sugar Valley, May 9, and Resaca, May 14 and 15, 1864, secured for him the rank of maj.-gen. June 7, 1864. Wounded at At- lanta. He subsequently com. the 16th corps in Sherman's Georgia campaign. He succeeded Rosecrans in com. of the dept. of the Mo. in Dec. 1864. M.C. from la. 1867-9. Dodge, Gen. Henrt, b. Vincennes, Ind., Oct. 12, 1782; d. Burlington, la., June 19, 1867. Son of Israel, Revol. officer of Canter- bury, Ct. He com. a company of vols, in 1812; was maj of Mo. militia in 1813 ; waslieut.-col. com. Mo. mounted inf. from Aug. to Oct. 1814; col. of Mich, mounted vols. Apr. to July, 1832 ; com. in attack on Indians at Pickatolika, June 15, 1832; successful in making peace with the frontier Indians in 1834, and in 1835 com. an important expcd. to the Rocky Mountains. Maj. U.S. Rangers, June 21, 1832; col. 1st U.S. Dragoons, Mar. 4, 1833 ; gov. Wis. Terr, and supt. Indian affairs, July 4, 1836 to 1841, and 1845-8; deleg. to Congress, 1841-5; U.S. senator, 1849-57. As an Indian fighter, he had no superior. A sword and the thanks of the nation were voted him by Congress. Father of Senator Aug. C. Dodge. Dodge, Mary Abigail (Gail Hamilton), authoress, b. Hamilton, Ms., ab. 1838. Her •father was a farmer. She taught school in Hartford, Ct., and was afterwards governess in the family of Dr. Gamaliel Bailey of Wash- ington, D.C., to whose paper she was a contrib. She has been a frequent contrib. to the Atlantic Monthlij, and to Harper's Bazar, and has pub. "Country Living and Country Thinking," 1862 ; " Gala Days," 1863 ; "A New Atmos- phere," 1864 ; " Stumbling-Blocks," " Summer Rest," "Skirmishes and Sketches," "Battle of the Books," 1870; "Red Letter Days," " Wool Gathering," . " Woman's Wrongs, a Counter-irritant," 1868. Dods, John Bovee, b. N.Y., 1795. Has pub. "30 Sermons," 8vo ; " Philos of Mes- merism," 1847 ; " Philos. of Electrical Psychol- ogy;" "Immortality Triumphant," "Spirit Manifestations Examined and Explained," N.Y., 18.54. Doles, George E., brig,-gen. C.S.A. ; killed near Cold Harbor, Va., June 2, 1864, a. 34. Entering the 4th Ga. Inf. as capt., he was soon its col., and Nov. 1, 1862, was made a brig.-gen., and at his death com. a div. in Ewell's corps. Dombey, Joseph, a French naturalist, b. Meaux, 1742; d. Apr. 1793, in the Prison of Montserrat. He studied medicine at Mont- pelier, and in 1778-85 travelled in S. Amer. He traversed Peru, Chili, &c., discovered mines of gold and quicksilver, and had many romantic adventures. In 1 793, he was sent on a mission to the U.S., but was taken by privateers, and imprisoned in Montserrat. He pub. a herbal, including 60 new species of plants of Chili and Peru ; and his contribs. to the Museum of Natural History at Paris were very consider- able. — Diotj. Univ. Donaldson, Edwards, capt. U. S. N., b. Md., Nov. 7, 1816. Midshipm. July 31, 1835; lieut. Oct. 23, 1847 ; com. July 16, 1862 ; capt. July 25, 1866. Attached to frigate " Columbia," and in the attacks on fortson the coastof Sumatra, 1839 ; com. steamer" Scioto," W. Gulf, squad., at passage of Forts Jackson and St. Philip, and Vicksburg batteries; com. steamer '-Keystone State," N. A. block, squad., 1863-4 ; com. steamer " Seminole," at the bat- tle of Mobile Bay, Aug. 5, 1864. —Flamersli/. Donelson, Andrew Jackson, soldier and diplomatist, b. Tenn., 1799; d. Memphis, Tenn., 26 June, 1871. West Point, 1820. Aide-de-camp to Gen. Jackson, 1820-1, and his private sec. from Mar. 1829 to Mar. 1837 ; charg^-d 'affaires to Texas, 1844-5; envoy- extr. and minister-plenipo. to Prussia, 1846 to 1848, and to Germany, 1848-9. Editor of Washington Union, 1851-2; candidate of the Amer. Party for vice-pres., 1852 ; cotton-planter in Bolivar Co., Mpi., in 1822-65; lawyer in Memphis, 1865-71. — Cullum. Donkin, Robert, an English gen., b. Mar. 19, 1727; d. Clifton, near Bristol, Mar. 1821. He entered the service in 1746 ; was at the siege of BcUcisle in 1761 ; subsequently served in Flanders with Wolfe, served through the Seven- Years' war; and was aide-de-camp and sec. to Gen. Rufane, gov. and com-in-chief at Martinique. Capt. Dec. 25, 1770; maj. 23 July, 1772; lieut. col. Oct. 25, 1779; col. Nov. 18, 1790; maj.-gen. Oct. 1794; lieut.- gen. 1801 ; gen. 1809. Gen. Donkin served through the whole Amer. war, from 1775 to 1783 ; in the early part of it as aide-de-camp to Gen. Gage, and afterwards as maj. of the 44th rcgt. Author of "Military Collections and Remarks," N.Y., 8vo, 1777, "pub. for the ben- efit of the children and widows of the valiant soldiers inhumanly and wantonly butchered when peacefully marching to and from Con- cord, April 19, 1775, by the rebels." — Introduc- tion. Donning, or Doming, William, the first manuf. of wrought-iron cannon ; d. Mifflin, Pa., Dec. 19, 1830, a. 94. He was an artificer in the Revol. army,and made two wrought-iron cannon at Middlesex, Pa., one of which was taken by the British at the battle of Brandy- wine, and is now in the Tower of London. He commenced another and larger gun at Mount Holly, but getting no one to assist him who could stand the heat, — which is said to have been so great as to melt the lead buttons on his clothes, — it remains unfinished, either T>oisr 276 DOR at Holly Forge or the Carlisle barracks. A large reward, offered by the British to the per- son who would instruct them in this manufac- ture, was no temptation to this patriotic black- smith. — Essex Rey., Jan. 13, 1831. Donop, Count, col. of a Hessian regt. in the British service; killed at Red Bank, N.J., Oct. 22, 1 777, a. 37. He landed at Long Island Aug. 22, 1776; took part in the battle there Aug. 27, and Oct. 22, 1 777, attacked Fort Mer- cer, at Red Bank, and fell at the first fire. "It is finishing a noble career early," said he to Chev. Mandnit ; "but I die the victim of my ambition and of the avarice of my sovereign." Doolittle, Amos, the first who engraved in copper in this country, b. Cheshire, Ct. ; d. N. Haven, Ct., Jan. 31, 1832, a. 78. Self-taught ; at 21, he commenced business as an engraver, having previously served an apprenticeship with a silversmith. While a vol. at Cambridge, he visited the battle-ground at Lexington, and on his return to New Haven made an engraving of the action, his first attempt in tiiat art. This is believed to be the first historical en- graving executed in America. He executed 3 other historical prints in relation to the expe- dition to Lexington and Concord. — N, E. Mafj., ii., 534. i)00little, Benjamin, minister of North- field, Ms., from 1718 to his d., Jan. 9, 1749 ; b. July 10, 1695. y. C. 1716. He was a physi- cian also. Pub. a valuable " Narrative of the Mischief by the French and Indians from 1744 to 1748," and an " Inquiry into Entliusiasm." Dorgan, John Aylmer, poet, b. 1836; d. Fliila,, 1 Jan.] 867. A conveyancer by profes- sion. A vol. of his poems, collected from the magazines and journals, was pub. in 1866. They possess much beauty and merit. Dorhman, Arnold Henry, a merchant of Lisbon, and a friend of American liberty ; d. Steubenville, 0., Mar. 21, 1813, a. 65. So zealous were his efforts in behalf of our captured seamen, that the British Govt, demanded his expatriation. He came to the U. S. in 1783, and x-eceivcd compensation, in money and a Western township, for the losses he had sus- tained, and received from Congress, also, an app. as their agent at Lisbon. — Nat. Inteil., Apr. 4, 1813. Dornin, Thomas Aloysius, commo. U.S.N., b. Ireland. Midshipm. May 2, 1815; lieut. 1825; capt. 1856. He com. storeship "Relief," in the South Sea expi.exped. While com." The Portsmouth," in 1851, he frustrated Walker's fillibustering attempts, and rescued some 40 Amer. citizens of Guayamas, held in durance by the authorities of Mazatlan ; after- ward served as fleet ca])t. of" The Wabash," in the Mediterranean ; of " The San Jacinto " and " Constellation," coast of Africa. During the Rebellion com. the Baltimore station, and has since had charge of the 5th Light-house Dis- trict. — Ilaiwrshj. Dorr, Benjamin, D.D. (U. of Pa. 1838), Pr.-Ep. clergyman and author, b. Salisbury, Ms., Mar. 22, 1796; d. Germantown, Pa., 18 Sept. 1869. Dartm. Coll. 1817. After study- ing law, he entered the Gen. Theol. Sem. at N.Y. ; wasord. by Bishop Hobart in 1820; was in 1820-9 rector of the churches of Lansing- burg and Waterford, and was in 1829-35 rec- tor of Trinity Church, Utica. In 183.5-7, he was f^QT[\. agent of the domestic committee of the Board of Missions, travelling 15,000 miles. Rector of Christ's Church, Phila., from 4 May, 1837, to his d. In 1839, he was elected bishop of Md., but declined. In 1 853, he visited Egypt and the Holy Land. He pub. " The Church- man's Manual," " The History of a Pocket Prayer-Book, written by Itself," " Recognition of JFriends in Another World," " Historical Account of Christ's Church, Phila.," 1841 ; " Notes of Travel in Egypt, the Holy Land, Turkey, and Greece," 1856 ; " Memoir of John F. Watson," read before the Pa. Hist. Soc. — Dui/ckinck. Dorr, Thomas Wilson, politician, b. Providence, R.I., Nov. 5, 1805 ; d. there Dec. 27, 1854. H. U. 1823. Son of Sullivan Dorr, a successful manufacturer. He studied law in the office of Chancellor Kent, was adm. to the bar in 1827, and commenced practice in Provi- dence. Originally a Nat. Repub. in politics, he became a Democ. in 1837. The R. I. Govt, was then based upon a charter granted by Charles II. in 1 663 ; and the elective franchise was limited to the holders of a certain amount of real estate, and to their eldest sons, — ab. one- third of the citizens. Mr. Dorr was a member of the assembly in 1833-7, and exerted himself in vain to procure a liberal constitution. Mr. Dorr was chosen gov. by the suffrage party in 1841. May 3, 1842, Mr. Dorr's govt, attempt- ed to organize at Providence, and to seize the reins of power. They were resisted by the le- gal State govt., who attacked and dispersed them, at Chepachet, May 25. Mr. Dorr fled to Ct., and afterward to N. H. A reward of S4,000 was offered for his apprehension, by the authorities of R. I. He soon returned, was arrested, tried, convicted of high treason, and sentenced to imprisonment for life, but was pardoned in 1847 ; and in 1853 the legisl. re- stored to him his civil rights, and ordered the record of his sentence to be expunged. He lived to see his State under a liberal constitu- tion, and his party in legal possession of the govt. Dorsey, John Syng, M.D. (U. of Pa. 1802), physician, b. Phila., Dec. 23, 1783 ; d. Nov. 12, 1818. He received a classical educa- tion, and studied medicine with his relative Dr. Physick. The ycllow-fcvcr soon after appeared in Phila., and became. so prevalent, that a hospital was opened, to which he was app. resident phy- sician. This opportunity of investigating the disease enabled him to aid in the establishment of a better system of practice. He returned homo from a visit to Europe in Dec. 1804, and soon gained a large shareof business. He was in 1807 elected adjunct prof, of surgery, which he held till he succeeded to the chair of materia medica in 1816. He delivered 2 courses of lectures upon this subject, when he was made prof, of anatomy. He opened the session with great eloquence ; but, on the evening of the same day, he was attacked with a fever, which in one week terminated his existence. As a surgeon and as a teacher, he was highly accomplished. Besides contribs. to the Portfolio, and other periodicals, and an edition of Cooper's Surgery XXOR 277 DOTJ in the notes, he pub. " Elements of Surgery," ill 2 vols., 1813. — Gross's Med. Blog. Dorsey, Thomas Bbalb, lawyer and ju- rist, b. Mel., Oct. 17, 1780 ; d. Dec. 26, 1855. St. John's Coll. 1799. He was adin. to prac- tise in Baltimore in 1803 ; in 18U7, and subse- quently, was a member of the State legisl. ; in 1811 app. U.S. dist.-atty. for Md.; in 1818, he resumed practice, his health being partially re- stored by agric. pursuits; in 1822 was app. atty.- gen. of the State, and from 1824 to 1851, he was chief judge of the third judicial district. Dostie, Dr. Anthoxy P., citizen of N. Orleans, b. Saratoga Co., N.Y. ; d. Aug. 5, 1866, from wounds received from the mob in that city, July 30. A barber by trade. His fondness for study soon made him prominent. He practised dentistry for some years in Chi- cago with success, but removed to N. Orleans, where his honest and genial nature won him many friends. The fearless expression of loyal sentiments during the war brought upon him the intense hate of the disloyal, while it pro- cured for him, on the re-organization of the govt. of La., the app. of auditor, — a post he filled with credit and ability. The Const. Conv. of 1864 re-assembled at the call of its pres. in the spring of 1866. The mob, which, July 30, broke up this convention, sought out Dr. Dos- tie as one of its first victims, and, though un- armed, he was shot, and beaten till he was sup- posed to be dead, and thrown into a cart with the dead bodies of the other victims of the mob. — See Memoir of Dostie, by Emily 11. Reed, 1-868. Doty, James Duane, gov. of Wis., 1841- 4, b. N.r., 1800; d. Salt Lake City, June 13, 1865. Early in life he removed to ^-Vis. Terr., whence he was sent a delegate to Congress in 1839-41, and was M.C. in 1849-53. ^He was also for many years U.S. judge for Mich., supt. of Indian Affairs 1861-3, and gov. of Utah from 1853 until his death. — See Memoir, by A. G. Ellis, in Colls. Wis. Hist. Sue, v., 369. Doubleday, Abner, brev. maj.-gen. U.S.x\., b. Ballston Spa, N.Y., June 26, 1819. West Point, 1842. lie was a civil engineer from 1836 until 1838 ; served during the Mexi- can war in the 1st Art., of which he became 1st lieut. in 1847 ; capt. 3 Mar. 1855. From 1856 to 1858, he served against the Seminole In- dians, and was at Fort Moultrie until its evac- uation, Dec. 26, 1860; when the garrison withdrew to Fort Sumter. The first gun on the side of the Union was fired by him, April 12, 1861. In June, 1861, he joined Gen. Pat- terson in Pa., and was made maj.l7thlnf, 14 May. He was put in com. of a battery, and afterward had charge of the defences on the right bank of the Potomac, near Washington. Feb. 3, 1862, he was made brig.-gen. vols., and placed in com. of the forts on the north bank of the Potomac. In the battle of Antietam, he com. a division in the 1st army corps, Gen. Hooker, and on the fall of Reynolds, Hooker's successor, at the battle of Gettysburg, took com. of the corps. Maj.-gen. Nov. 29, 1862; engaged in the battles of Fredericksburg, Chan- cellorsvillc ; in the Pa. campaign, June-July, 1863; brev. brig.-gen. and maj.-gen. USA., 13 Mar. 1865, for gallant and merit, services in the Rebellion. Lieut.-col. 17th Inf, 20 Sept. 1864 ; col. 35th Inf., Sept. 15, \8Q>7.— Cullum. Doubleday, Edward, an English nat- uralist, b. 1810; d. Lond., 1849. After mak- ing a tour of the U.S., he pub. a paper on the " Natural History of N. Amer.," and was app. one of the curators of the British Museum. He has contrib. to science the results of his researches concerning butterflies, in a work " On the Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera." He also wrote on ornithology, entomology, and zoology in the Entomological Magazine, and elsewhere. — Appleton. Doughty, Thomas, landscape-painter, b. Phila., July 19, 1793 ; d. N.Y., July 24, 1856. Apprenticed to a leather manuf., he afterward carried on the business on his own account. His taste for art, however, induced him in his 28th year, contrary to the advice of his friends, to become a painter. He had previously at- tempted a few paintings in oil, and had received a quarter's tuition in India-ink drawing. He practised his profession for many years in the U.S., and also in Lond. and Paris, but died poor. He enjoyed high repute as a landscape- painter. Among his best pictures are "Peep at the Catskills," " View on the Hudson, " Lake Scene," " Old iMill," " Near the Del- aware Water Gap," and " Scene on the Sus- quehanna." Douglas, David, a British botanist, b. Scone, Scotland, 1798; d. July 12, 1834. Whilea laborer in the GIa.sgow Botanic Garden, he attracted the notice of Dr. Hooker, who procured for him an app. as botanical collector to the Hortic. Soc. of Lond. In this capacity, he travelled extensively in Amer. ; in 1824 explored the Columbia River and Cal., and in 1827 traversed the continent from Fort Van- couver to Hudson's Bay. He made a second visit to the Columbia in 1829, and afterward went to the Sandwich Islands, where he fell into a pit, and was killed. Through his agency, 217 new species of plants were introduced into Eng. He collected 800 specimens of the Cali- fornia flora. A gigantic species of pine, which he discovered in Cal., is named after him, Pinus Douglassii. — Appleton. Douglass, David Bates, LL.D. (Y.C. 1841), scholar, b. Pompton, N.J., Mar. 21, 1790; d. Geneva, N.Y., Oct. 19, 1849. Y.G. 1813. App. lieut. of engineers U.S.A., he joined Gen. Prown in 1814; took part in the battle of Lundy's Lane ; repaired Fort Erie under the guns of the enemy, and at its assault com. a battery with such skill and gallantry, that he was brev. capt. Prof, of mathematics, and afterward of engineering at West Point, withrankofmajor, until 1831, and subsequently, as a civil engr., was employed upon the Crotoa Water Works, Morris Canal, Greenwood Cemetery, the Albany Cemetery, and the Protestant Cemetery at Quebec. App. prof, of architecture in the U. of N.Y. in 1832; pres. of Kcnyon Coll., O., in 1840-4; and in 1848-9 prof mathematics and nat. philos. at Geneva Coll. In 1845, he delivered a course of lectures at N. Haven on the Niagara cam- paign. Douglass, Frederick, orator and jour- nalist, b. Tuckahoc, near Easton, Md., ab. 1817. ^OTJ 278 r>OT^ His mother was a negro slave, and his father a white man. Until the ajreof 10, he was a slave on the plantation of Col. Edward Lloyd ; afterward lived in Baltimore, where he secretly taught himself to read and write, and, at the age of 21, fled from slavery. He went to N.Y., and thence to New Bedford, where he m., and supported himself by day-labor on the wharves and in workshops. In the summer of 1841, he spoke at an antislavery convention at Nan- tucket, and soon after became agent of the Ms. Antislavery Society. He travelled and lec- tured in N.E. 4 years; pub. in 1845 an auto- biography, and soon after went to Kurope, and lectured ort slavery in nearly all the large towns of Great Britain. In 1846, his friends in Eng. contrib. £150 to buy him from his claimant in Md., and have him manumitted in due form. On his return to the U.S. in 1847, he began at Rochester, N.Y., the publication of Frederick Douglass's Paper, a weekly journal. Though formerly a Garrisonian disunionist, he re- nounced disunionism at a later period, and took the ground that slavery was illegal and uncon- stitutional. In 1855, he rewrote his biography under the title of " My Bondage and My Free- dom" Became editor of the National Era at Washington, Sept. 1870. Douglas, Stephen Arnold, senator, b. Brandon, Rutland Co., Vt., 23 Apr. 181.3; d. Chicago, 3 June, 1861. He worked at cabinet- making ; studied in an acad. at Canandaigua, N.Y., in 1830-3; then studied law; settled in Jacksonville, III., in Mar. 1834, where he was an auctioneer's clerk, and taught school until his admission to the bar. Soon attaining a lucrative practice, he became an active politician and Democ. orator, his small stature procuring him the title of "The Little Giant." Atty.- gen. of the State, and member of the legisl. in 1835; app. register of the land office at Springfield in 1837 ; chosen sec. of the State of 111. in Dec. 1840; judge of the 111. Sup. Court in 1841-3; M.C. 1843-7, and prominent in the Oregon controversy ; an advocate of the annexation of Texas, and a vigorous promoter of the Mexican war; U.S. senator, 1847-61. As chairman of the house committee on ter- ritories, he reported the joint resolution declar- ing Texas to be one of the U.S. In the senate, he supported Clay's compromise measures of 1850, maintaining that Congress should not interfere in relation to the extension of slavery in the Territories, but that the people of each should be permitted to decide whether it should be a free or slave State. Of this " Popular Sovereignty " doctrine, Douglas was the reputed author. As chairman of the territorial com- mittee, he reported in Jan. 1854 the celebrated bill to organize the Territories of Kansas and Nebraska, which was passed, and by which the Missouri Compromise was repealed, po- litical parties revolutionized, and intense ex- citement produced in the free States. In the Nat. Democ. Conv. of 1856, Buchanan and Douglas were the rival candidates ; the former receiving on the 16th ballot 168 votes to 121 for Douglas. In 1857, he denounced and ably opposed the admission of Kas. under the Lecompton (fraudulent) Constitution, and was thus involved in a controversy with Pres. Bu- chanan. In 1858, after an exciting and memo- rable contest between Douglas and Abraham Lincoln for the U.S. senatorship, during which joint discussions were held in various places, Mr. Douglas was again elected. Remarkably successful in promoting the local interests of Illinois : the construction of the III. Central Railroad was due principally to him. He favored the acquisition of Cuba whenever that island could be obtained consistently with the laws of nations and the honor of the U.S. In 1860, he was the candidate of the Democ. party of the North for the presidency, and received a very large popular vote, though he had but 12 electoral votes. After the Rebellion began, he supported the govt, in efforts to suppress it. He m. 1st Martha D., dau. of Col. Robert Martin of N.C. ; 2d, Adele, dau. of J. M. Cutts, second comptroller of the treasury. Douglass, William, M.D., physician and author, b. East Lothian, Scotland, ab. 1691 ; d. Boston, Oct. 21, 1752. After receiv- ing his professional education at Paris and Ley den, he settled at Boston, 1718. He was a violent antagonist of Dr. Boylston, in his ef- forts to introduce inoculation. His learning was considerable ; but his prejudices were strong, and he lacked judgment and taste. He wrote many political essays in the newspapers, which were generally filled with sarcastic re- marks upon the magistrates, the clergy, the physicians, and the people of N.E. His " Sum- mary or Historical Account of the British Settlements," pub. in 1748 and 1753, is inaccu- rate, and records his private squabbles as well as public afl^airs. He pub. an almanac in 1743, '44, called " Merciirius Novanr/licnnus," by Wil- liam Nadir, S.X.Q., still valued for its list of chronological events; also some medical disser- tations. A town in Worcester Co., Ms., of which he was a proprietor and benefoctor, bears his name. — Tkacher. Douglass, Col. William, a Revol. pa- triot, b. 1741 ; d. March 27, 1777. He was an officer in the French war, until the taking of Quebec ; subsequently disting. himself in the Revol. struggle as com. of a flotilla on Lake Champlain ; in the siege and capture of St. John's in 1775, and in taking a large number of prisoners, arms, ammunition, and stores from the enemy. He was commissioned, June 20, 1775, col. of a regt. fi*om N. Haven Co , which took a prominent part in the battle of Long Island, and disting. himself at the battles of New York, Harlem, White Plains, and skir- mishes with the enemy about N.Y. in 1776, in one of which he received his death-stroke. DoW; Lorenzo, an eccentric Methodist preacher, b. Coventry Ct., Oct. 16, 1777; d. Georgetown, D.C., Feb. 2, 1834. Adopting the doctrines of the Methodists in the spring of 1796, against the wishes of his family became an itinerant preacher. His youth and eccen- tricity long prevented his recognition by the Methodist conference; but he finally received a regular license to preach, and, in spite of con- tumely and rebuff's and hardships of all kinds, persevered for nearly 40 years, with enthusi- asm, and often with astonishing eff'cct. He trav- elled over Eng. and Ireland, and almost every part of the U.S., and is said to have preached IDOTV 279 r>OTV to more persons than any other man of his time. His wife Peggy, to whom he was m. in 1804, accomp. him in all his peregrinations. Dow's eccentricity of manner and dress long excited a prejudice against him ; and in many parts of the country he was familiarly known as " Crazy Dow." His journal and miscella- neous wiitings was pub. in N.Y., 1836, 8vo, ed. by Dr. Dowling; "Experience and Trav- els in Europe and America, and Polemical Wi-itings," Cincin.,1851 ; " A Short Account of a Long Tiavel," 8vo, 1823, Phi la. Dow, Neal, reformer, b. Portland, Me., 1803. Of Quaker parentage. He was bred to commercial and manufacturing pursuits. Has twice been mayor of Portland, and served in the state legisl., where he introduced the fa- mous prohibitory "Maine Liquor Law." App. col. 13th Me. vols. Dec. 31, 1861, he joined Gen. Butler's cxped. against N. Orleans was app. brig.-gen. Apr. 28, 1862, and com. a brigade in the dept. of the Gulf. Made prisoner near Port Hudson, July, 1863. Dowler, Bennet, M.D. (U.of Md. 1827), physician and physiologist, b. Ohio Co., Va., April 16, 1797. He practised his profession many years in New Orleans; and in March, 1854, began there the Medical and Surgical Journal. He is noted for his experiments upon the human body soon after death, the results of which were given to the world in a series of essays in 1843-4. These researches of Dr. Dowler have won for him a wide reputation. — Appkton . Dowling, John, D.D., a successful writer and preaclier, b. Sussex, Eng., May 12, 1807. Settled in the U.S. in 1832. Author of " Vin- dication of the Baptists," "Exposition of the Prophecies," " Defenceof the Protestant Scrip- tures," 1843; " Historv of Romanism," 8vo, 1845; "Power of Illustration," &c. Edited Conference Hymn-Book, Baptist Noel's work on Baptism, works of Lorenzo Dow, Conyer's Middleton on the Conformity of Popery and Paganism, Memoir of the Mis- sionary Jacob Thomas, and a translation from the French of Dr. Cote's work on Roman- ism. — Allihone. Downes, John, commo. U.S.N. , b. Can- ton, Ms., 1784 ; d. Charlestown, Aug. 11, 1854. He entered the navy June 1, 1802; served in the frigate "New York," in tiie Tripolitan war, and was specially disting. in the attack on Tripoli; lieut. March 6, 1807. He cruised with Porter in the Pacific, and in com. of the " Essex, junior," a captured whaler of 16 guns, did immense injury to the enemy. Master- corn. June 24, 1813. While com. " The Eper- vier," in Decatur's Mediterranean squad., he captured, June 17, 1815, the Algerine frigate "Nashouda." Capt. March 5, 1817; com. "Tiie Macedonian," in the Pacific in 1819-21 ; "The Java" in the Medit. in 1828-9, and from 1832 to 1834, the squad, in the Pacific Ocean. Feb. 5, 1832, he punished the natives of Quallah Battoo for outrages upon Ameri- can seamen. Com. of Charlestown navy-yard in 1837-42 and 1850-2. He com. in the Pa- cific during the civil wars of the republics in 1847-8, rendering signal service in protecting our commerce. His son John A. Downes, commander U.S.N., d. N. Orleans, Sept. 20, 1865. Entered the navy in 1837, and during the Rebellion com. the gunboat " Huron," and the monitor "Nahant." Downie, George, a British commo., b. Ross, Ireland ; killed in the naval action on Lake Champlain, Sept. 11, 1814. The son of a clergyman. He early entered the navy, was in the battle of Camperdown ; served afterward in the W. Indies ; after seeing much service, he was made a com., and placed in com. of the fleet on the Lakes of Canada in 1812. He com. the squadron in the battle of Lake Champlain, where he was killed while gallant- ly fighting the fleet of Maedonough. His ves- sels were poorly manned, and inferior in weight of metal. — Morgan. Downing, Andrew Jackson, horticul- turist, b. Newburgh, N.Y., Oct. 31, 1815. His death was occasioned by his philanthropic ef- forts to save the passengers of the burning steamer " Henry Clay," on the Hudson, July 28, 1852. Fond of the natural sciences, in his boyhood, he devoted himself assiduously to their study. His natural taste was of the highest order ; and his scientific knowledge en- abled him to convert all he learned to practical uses, — to enhancing the comforts, and adding to the embellishments, of rural life. The rural embellishments surrounding the Smith- sonian Institute were planned by him, and many private residences, as well as public insti- tutions, present evidences of his skill and culti- vated taste. Besides his treatises on " Fruit and Fruit-Trees," 1845, "Landscape Gar- dening," 1841, 8vo, " Architecture of Country Houses," 1850, and " Cottage Residences, 1842, he was a frequent contrib. to the peri- odical press ; and the Ilorticu'turist, conducted by himself, was unequalled in its treatment of the topics coming within its range. In 1849, he wrote " Additional Notes and'liints to Per- sons about Building in this Country." Editor of Mrs. Loudon's " Gardening for Ladies." A Memoir of him, by Geo. Wm. Curtis, and a " Letter to his Friends," by Miss Bremer, were prefixed to a collection of his contribs. to the Horticulturist, pub. in 1854, entitled "Rural Essays." Downing, Sir George, son of Emanuel Downing, a lawyer, who emig. in 1638 to Salem, Ms., b. Dubliii,*l624; d. E. llatley, Cambridge- shire, 1684. H.U. 1642, the first class. His father represented Salem in the Gen. Court in 1638-43. His mother was Lucy, sister of Gov. John Winthrop. Returning to Eng. in 1645, he was a preacher among the Independents ; chaplain to Col. Okey's regt. in Cromwell's army, and, in 1653, commissary-gen. and scoutmaster-gen. to the army in Scotland ; M.P. for a Scottish borough in 1654 and 1656, and agent in Holland in 1658-60. Turning royalist, he was knighted by Charles II., May 2l", 1660 ; became, at the restoration, M.P. for Morpeth in 1661, and was again made envoy- extr. to Holland. Here he caused the arrest of Cols. Okey and Barksted, and Miles Corbet, 3 of the judges of Charles I., who were sent to Eng., and executed : for this act, he was reprobated by all honorable men. Through his principal agency, the New Netherlands were DOY 280 DI^uA. wrested from the Dutch, and annexed to the English possessions as New York. He was afterward sec. of llie treas. and a commissioner of the customs. Pie was created a baronet, July 1, 1663. Sent in 1671 on a mission to Holland, he returned before completing his errand to the satisfaction of the king, and was imprisoned in the Tower, but was again re- ceived into favor. Gov. Bradstreet was his bro.-in-hnv. Downing St., London, perpetuates his name. He was a man of ability, and natu- ral fitness for politics. Author of Political Tracts, 1664-72. His grandson, Sir George, founded Downing Coll., Cambridge, Eng., in 1717; d. 1747. Doyle, Sir John, a British gen., b. Dub- lin, 1756; d. Aug. 8, 1834. Trin. Coll., Dublin. Lieut, of light inf. at Boston in 1775; adj. in the battle of Brooklyn, L.L, and Germantown ; capt. of the " Volunteers of Ireland ; " then maj. of brigade at the cap- ture of Charleston, the battles of Camden and Hobkirk's Hill. At the head of a corps of light cavalry, Maj. Doyle operated against Gen. Marion in the spring of 1781, and destroyed his camp at Snow Island, but was pursued by Marion, and escaped with the loss of his baggage. During the wars of the French revol., he served in Holland, 1794, in Ireland as sec. of war, and in Egypt under Gen. Abercrombie, where he was highly dis- ting. He was made a bart. in 1805 ; full gen. in 1819. — Rose. Drake, Benjamin, author and journalist, b. Mason Co., Ky., Nov. 28, 1794; d. Cincin- nati, April 1, 1841. Many years editor of the Cincinnati Chronicle, of extensive circulation. Author of " Tales from the Queen City," 1838; "Life of Tecumsch," 1841 ; "Cincin- nati in 1826," by B. Drake and E. D. Mans- field, 1827; "Life and Adventures of Black Hawk," 1838 ; " Life of Gen. Harrison," 1840, and " The Western Agriculturist." Drake, Charles D., jurist and politician, b. Cincinnati, April 11, 1811. He received an academical education. Was a midshipman in the navy from 1827 to 1830, but resigned, and was adm. to the bar of Hamilton Co., O., in May, 1833. He was a frequent contrib. of prose and verse to the Cincinnati journals. Re- moved to St. Louis in 1834, and rapidly be- came prominent. In 1860, he entered the Mo. legisl., and has taken a prominent part in the political movements of the day, having been a strong advocate of emancipation in Mo. Member of the State Convention of 1863; member and vice-pres., and a leading spirit, of that which formed the present constitution of Mo. in 1865; U.S. senator from 1867 to 1871 ; app. chief-justice U. S. Court of Claims, Jan. 1871. He has pub. "Law of Attachments," 1854; Life of his father, Dr. Daniel Drake, 1871. Drake, Daniel, M.D. (U. of Pa. 1816), physician and author,bro. of Bcnj.,b, Plainfield, N.J., Oct. 20, 1785 ; d. Cincinnati, Nov. 6, 1852. Isaac, his father, emig. to Mason Co., Ky., in 1788. Daniel began practice in Cincinnati in 1804. In 1817, he was prof, in the Transylv. Med. School. In Dec. 1818, he procured from the Ohio legisl. a charter for the med. coll. of 0. at Cincinnati, and also established there in 1821 the Commercial Hospital, and in 1827 the Eye Infirmary. In 1823, he again accept- ed a chair in the Transylv. school, and till his death was, with brief intermissions, connected with medical schools; holding professorships in that, in thcJeiF. Med. Coll., Phila., the Cincin- nati Med. Coll., the U. of Louisville, and at his death was prof, in the med. coll. of O. He pub. " Diseases of the Mississippi Valley," 2 vols., 1850-4 ; " An Historical and Scientific Account of Cincinnati and the Miami Coun- try," 1815; "Noticcsof Cincinnati," 1810 and 1832 ; " Practical E.ssays on Med. Education," 1832; "Practical Treatise on Epidemic Chol- era," 1832 ; " The Northern Lakes," 8vo, 1842 ; besides numerous pamphlets. In 1827-39, he edited the Western Journal of Med. Sciences, and, after its transfer to Louisville as The Western Journal of Med. and Surgery, was one of its editors from 1839 to 1848. A Memoir of him, by E. D. Mansfield, was published in Cincinnati, 1855. — See Memoir in Gross's Amer. Med. Biog. and Life, by Charles D. Drake, 1871. Drake, Sir Francis, a celebrated naviga- tor, b. in the village of Crowndale, near Tavis- tock, Eng., ab. 1537; d. in the harbor of Porto Bello, 28 Jan. 1596. Bred a sailor, he accomp. his relative, Capt. John Hawkins, to S. Amer., and was treacherously attacked by the Span- iards at St. Juan de Ulloa. In 1572, he took Nombre de Dios, and returned home with a large amount of treasure. In 1573-5, he did excellent service in suppressing the rebellion in Ireland. Dec. 13, 1577, he com. an cxped. to the South Sea : a tempest, encountered immedi- ately after passing the Straits of Magellan, left him, with a single vessel, in a forlorn condition in an unknown sea. He prosecuted his voyage, however; took several valuable prizes, and, to elude pursuit, sought a N. E. passage into the Atlantic; discovered California, and was the first to find gold there, which was reported on his return to Eng. Striking acro.ss tlie Pa- cific, he arrived at Plymouth 26 Sept. 1580, be- ing the first Englishman who had sailed round the world. Apr. 4, 1581, Queen Elizabeth dined on board his ship, and knighted him. Mayor of Plymouth in 1581 ; M.P. 1584-5 and 1593. In 1591, he completed the :ra. 281 DR-A. those claiming to be descended from one who had no descendants. Drake, Joseph Rodman, poet, b. N. Y., Aug. 7, 1795; d. Sept. 21, 1820. He lost his father in early life, and with 3 sisters struggled with poverty. He studied medicine ; and his marriage in 1816, soon after taking his degree, with Sarah, dau. of Henry Eckford, placed him in affluence. He travelled in Europe, and, after his return in 1819, contrib. verses under the signature of " Croaker," to the N.Y. Even- ing Post. His largest and most imaginative poem is the " Culprit Fay." Though Drake had written from his boyhood, yet the poems which gave him his reputation were ail pro- duced in a single season. His health failing, he passed the winter of 1819 in New Or- leans. His death called forth a beautiful poet- cal tribute from his friend Hallcck. A selec- tion of his poems, including " The American Flag," was pub. in 1836, by his only child, a dau., who m. Com. DeKay. Drake, Samuel, the pioneer of the drama at the West, b. Eng. 1767; d. near Louisville, Ky., Oct. 17, 1854. He was the father of those well-known performers, Alexander, Sam- uel, and Julia Drake, and was himself an actor of no ordinary distinction. Made his Amer. d^buf. in 1809, at the Federal-st Theatre, Boston. Julia was the mother of Wm. VV, Fosdick, the poet, by her first husband, and of Julia Dean, the actress, by her second. Another conspicuous actress of this family is Julia Drake Chapman, dau. of Alexander Drake. The family came to the U.S. about 1800. Its youngest member, James G., is known to the public chiefly as a song-writer. His " Tom Breeze," " Parlez Bas," and other songs, have been widely admired. He resided in Louis- ville, Ky., where he d. May 13, 1850. — Poets and Poetri] of the West. Drake, Samuel Gardner, historical writ- er, b. Pittsfield, N.H., Oct. 11, 1798. He re- ceived a common school education, and between the ages of 20 and 27 was a district school teacher. Removing to Boston, he established there in 1828 the Antiquarian Bookstore, the first of its class in the U.S. One of the found- ers of theN.E. Hist, and Genealogical Soc, of which he was pres. in 1858. He began the publication of its quarterly " Register " in 1847, and continued it many years as editor and publisher, contributing many biog. and hist, articles to its pages. He resided in Lon- don in 1858-60. He has pub. " Church's Phi- lip's War, with Additions," 12mo, 1825; " Sketches of the Hist, of Northwood, N.H., for Colls. H. Soc," 1832; "Indian Biogra- phy," 12mo, 1832 ; "Book of the Indians," 8vo (Uth cd. 1851), 1833; "Old Indian Chroni- cle," 18mo, 1836 ; " Indian Captivities," 12mo, 1839; "Genealogical and Biographical Acct. of the Fam. of Drake," 12nio, 1845 ; " Review of Savage's ed. Winthrop's Journal," 8vo, 1854; '-Hist, and Antiqs., Boston," roy. 8vo, 1856 ; " Result of Researches among the Brit. Archives," 4to, 1860; "Memoir of Sir Walt. Raleigh," 4to, 1862; " Introd. and Notes to Mather's Indian War of 1675-6," 1862; "Introd. and Notes to Mather's Relation," 4to, 1864; "Introd. and Notes to Plubbard's Indian Wars," 2 vols., 4to, 1865; "Introd. and Notes to Mather's Wonders In vis. World, and Calcf's More Wonders," 3 vols., 4to^ 1866; "The Old Indian Chronicle," 4to, 1867 ; " Annals of Witchcraft in the U.S.,"4to, 1869 ; " History of the Five Years' French and Ind. War," 4to, 1870, &c. He contrib. the article " Massachusetts," to the Encyclop. Bri- tannica. Draper, John William, M.D., LL.D., chemist and physiologist, b. Liverpool. Eng,, May 5, 1811. He was educated at the U. of London. He emigrated to Amer. in 1833, continuing his chemical and medical studies at the U. of Pa., where he took the degree of M.D. in 1836. Prof, of chemistry, nat. philos., and physiology, in Hamp Sid. Coll., Va., in 1836-9. Dr. Draper next filled the chair of chemistry and nat. history in the academic dept. of the U. of N.Y., where he also delivered lectures upon physiology. In 1841, he was app. prof of chemistry in the University Med. Coll., which he had aided in establishing ; and, in 1850, physiology was added to the chair of chemistry. He has also acted as the medical faculty's sec, and, since 1850, as their presiding officer. He took charge, in 1854, of the chair of analytical and practical chemistry of the U. of N.Y. City. He has devoted much attention to the study of the action of light, and was the inventor of the af)plication of the daguerrotype process to the taking of portraits. He lias written much, and with high reputation. Be- tween 1838 and 1857, he furnished to the Edinh. Philos. Journal ab. 40 treatises, besides contrib. to other scientific journals. Author of a " Treatise on the Organization of Plants," 4to, 1844; a popular " Text- book on Chemistry," 1846; and another on " Natural Philosophy," 1847 ; a " History of the Intellectual Develop- ment of Europe ; " " Thoughts on the Future Civil Policy of Amer. ; " " Hist, of the Amer. Civil War," 3 vols., 1867-8, and " Memoirs on the Chemical Action of Light." His most elaborate work is a treatise on " Human Phy- siology, Statical and Dynamical," 1856. Draper, Lyman C, historical writer, b. near Buffalo, Sept. 4, 1815. He has since 1833 been engaged in making colls, of Western history and biog., and has edited 4 vols. Wis. Hist. Soc. Colls. Pres. of that body. Author of " Madison, the Capital of Wis., its Growth," &c., 1857. Draper, Simeon, politician of N.Y., b. 1804; d. Whitestown, L.I., Nov. 6, 1866. He was a prominent merchant of N.Y., but did not succeed, and became an auctioneer. Active in politics, he was long the friend of W. H. Seward ; was several times a member of the Whig State Central Committee; in 1864, chair- man of the Union State Central Committee; was many years an administrator of the public charities; provost-marshal in 1862, and col- lector of the port of N.Y. in 1864. He was an able and influential man, of generous impulses and strict integrity. Drayton, John, gov. of S.C. 1800-2, and 1808-10. Dist. judge of the U.S. till his d., at Charleston, Nov. 27, 1 822, a. 60. Son of Wm. Henry. He pub. "A View of S.C," 1802; "Memoirs of the Revol." in that State," 2 IDRA. 282 2DRXJ vols., 8vo, 1821, and "Letters written during a Tour through the Northern and Eastern States," Svo, 1794. Drayton, Percival, capt. U.S.N.,b. S.C., Aug. 25, 1812; d. Washington, DC, Aug:. 4, 1865. Son of Hon. Wm. Drayton, MC. Midshipman, Dec 1827 ; lieut. Feb. 28, 1838; was attached to the observatory, Washington, in 1852; command. Sept. 14, 1855; joined the Paraguay cxped. in 1858, and from 1860 until the outbreak of civil war, was on ordnance duty at Phihi. Though strongly bound by family ties to the seceding States, he remained loyal'to the national flag, and, in theexped. to Port Royal, com. the steamer " Pocaliontas ; " his brother. Gen. T. F. Drayton, com. at the same time the confed. troops at Hilton Head Island. He was afterward transferred to " The Pawnee," and July 16, 1862, was promoted to capt., and ordered to the new Ericsson iron- battery " Passaic." He was in the bombard- ment of Fort McAllister; in the attack on Sumter by Dupont ; fleet capt. of the W. Gulf squad., under Farragut, and was in " The Hart- ford " at the fight with and capture of the rebel fleet in Mobile Bay, Aug. 5, 1864. He was particularly disting. as flag-officer. App. chief of the bureau of navigation, Apr. 28, 1865. Drayton, Williaji, LL.D., judge, b. S.C., 173.3; d. June, 1790. Educated at the Middle Temple, Lond., where he studied law 4 years; returned to Amer. in 1754, and in 1768 was app. chief-justice of the Province of E. Fla. During the Revol. war, he was suspended from office, then reinstated, and with his family passed some time in Eng. After the peace, he was successively judge of the Admiralty Court of S.C, assoc. justice of the State, Mar. to Oct. 1789, and a judge under the U.S. Govt., app. Oct. 1789. Drayton, William, soldier and states- man, b. St. Augustine, Fla., Dec. 30, 1776 ; d. Phila., May 24, 1846. Educated in Eng.; adm. to the bar in 1797 ; some time assist. clerk in a Court of Sessions in S.C, and, though a Federalist, was app. lieut.-col. 10th U.S. Inf., Mar. 12,1812; col. I8th,july6, 1812; insp.-gen. Aug. 1, 1814; M.C. 1825-33. In 1830, he was a leader of the Union party in opposition to that of nullification. Removing to Phila., he succeeded Biddle as pres. of the U.S. Bank in 1839, and aided Gens. Scott and Macomb in preparing a system of inf. tactics. Recorder of Charleston "in 1819. Drayton, William Henry, statesman, and political writer, b. on Ashley River, S.C, Sept. 1742 ; d. Phila., Sept. 3, 1779. A nephew of Gov. Bull. Educated at Westminster and Oxford, between 1753 and 1764, when he re- turned to Carolina. In 1769, an article under the signature of " Freeman " involved him in a political controversy with Gadsden and John Mackenzie. In 1771, after revisiting Eng., he was app. privy councillor for the Province of S.C. ; but, as the Revol. crisis approached, he espoused the popular cause, and jirotested against the proceedings of his colleagues. In 1774, he wrote a pamphlet under the signature of "Freeman," addressed to the American Congress, in which he stated the grievances of America, and drew up a bill of rights. It sub- stantially marked out the line of conduct adopted by Congress, then in session. Ho was app. a judge in 1774. Suspended from his of- fices under the crown, he was made a member of the popular committee of safety. On the formation of a popular constitution, he was re- instated in the corresponding offices of the State, and, in 1776, was advanced to the rank of chief-justice. He pub. his charge to the grand jury in Apr. 1776, which breathes all the spirit and energy of the mind which knows the value of freedom, and is determined to sup- port it. Member of the Provincial Congress in 1775, of which he became pres. Pres. of S.C. in 1777; member of the Cont. Congress in 1778-9. He left a manuscript history of the Revol. to the end of the year 1778, which was pub. by his son. Gov. John Drayton, in 1821, 2 vols., 8vo. — Rogers. Drew, Daniel, a N.Y. millionnaire, b. Car- rael, Putnam Co., N.Y., 1788. At first a farmer-boy, then an employe on a North Riv- er steamboat. He became an owner of stock, a builder of magnificent steamboats, a bold stock operator in Wall Street, and finally a million- naire. In 1866, he gave $250,000 toward found- ing the Drew Theol, Seminary of Madison, N.J., — a sum increased by successive donations to nearly a million dollars. Drinker, Anna, poet, known by the nom de plume, " Edith May," b. Pa. Her contribu- tions to the Home Journal were highly com- mended by N. P. Willis. She has pub. "Po- etical Works," Svo, 1854; "Talcs and Poems for Children," 1855, 12mo. — See Griswold's Female Poets of Amer. Drown, Solomon, M.D., a physician and botanist, b. Providence, R. I., 1753; d. 1834. B.U. 1774. He studied medicine, was a sur- geon in the Revol. army, and visited Europe, to perfect his professional education, in 1784. He subsequently practised medicine at Provi- dence, in Ohio, and in Western Pa., but in 1801 settled in Foster, R.I., where he passed the remainderof his life. In 1811, he was app. prof of materia medica and botany in Brown U. Member of the Am. Acad, of Arts and Sciences, and of several learned bodies. He pub. " The Farmer's Guide," 1825 ; also some occasional addresses. Druilletes, Gabriel, Jesuit missionary, b. France, 1593; d. Quebec, 8 Apr. 1681. He was sent to Canada in 1643 ; became a mission- ary to the wandering Algonquins, and after losing his sight, which was miraculously re- stored, continued his labors among them near 40 years. He evangelized the Montagnasis, Algonquins, Crees, Papanachois, and Abnakis on the St. Lawrence and Kennebec, and for several years after 1666, labored amonq: the Ottawas and Chippewas at Sault. Stc. Marie. — Shea's Hist, of Missions, Sfc. Drummond, Sir Gordon, a British gen. b. Quebec, 1771 ; d. London, Oct. 10, 1854. Son of Colin, paymaster to the troops in L. Canada in 1771. Ensign in 1789; became gen. 1825. He served in Holland in 1794-5, in Egypt in 1801 ; as a staff'-officer at Jamaica for some years, and on the staflP in Canada in 1808-11; lieut.-gen. 1811. Sept. 1813, he lyxjA. 283 r>xjc went to Canada as second in com. to Sir George Prevost. He planned the capture of Fort Niagara, Dec. 19, 1813 ; took the villages of Black Rock and Buffalo, Dec. 31, 1813; captured and destroyed the barracks, works, and stores at Oswego, in May, 1814, and com. at the obstinately-contested battle of Lundy's Lane, July 2.5, 1814, and was severely wound- ed. Aug. 15, he attacked Fort Erie, and was repulsed with heavy loss. He succeeded Pre- vost in the com. in 1814, and in the adminis- tration of the govt., but returned to Eng. in June, 1816. In 1817, he received the grand cross of the Bath. Duane, James, statesman, b. N.Y. City, Feb. 6,1733; d. Duanesburg, N.Y., Feb. 1, 17'J7. From Anthony, his father, he acquired a large estate in Duanesburg, N.Y., which he began to settle in 176.5. Oct. 21, 1759, he m. a dau. of Col. Robert Livingston. Adopting the profession of the law, he became a member of the Revol. committees of N.Y. ; of the Old Congress, 1774-7 and 1780-2; attended the Indian treaty at Albany in Aug. 1775; mem- ber of the Const. Conv. in 1776-7, and on the committee to draft the same; member commit- tee of safety, 1776-7; returned to N!y. City, on its evacuation in 1783; became a member of the council, State senator, 1783-4: first may- or of N.Y. City, 1784; member of the conv. to adopt the Federal Constitution in 1788 ; U. S. district judge, 1789-94. Duane, Col. William, editor and politi- cian, b. near Lake Champlain, N.Y., 1760; d. Phila., Nov. 24, 1835. At the age of 11, he was taken by his mother, then a widow and a Roman Catholic, to Ireland, and liberally edu- cated. He became a printer. Went to India in 1784, rapidly amassed property, and became editor of the World. Having opposed the lo- cal govt., he was seized, and sent to Eng., and his wealth confiscated. He sought redress in vain, and soon became editor of the General Advertiser, siding in politics with Home Tooke and other liberals. In 1795, he came to Phila., and edited the Aurora, wiiich, by able management, became the most influential organ of the Democ. party. Jefferson attrib- uted his election to the presidency to its vigorous support, and app. him lieut.-col. of rifles, July 8, 1808; adj. -gen., rank of col., March, 1813 to June, 1815. On the removal of the seat of govt., the influence of the Aurora declined. He withdrew from it in 1822, and travelled through the S. Amer. republics ; pub. an account of his travels on his return, enti- tled " A Visit to Columbia, 1822-3," Phila., 1826. Prothonotary of the Supreme Court of Pa., from 1826 till his death. He pub. "Military Dictionary," 1810; "Hand-Book for Riflemen," 1813; "Mississippi Question," 8vo, Piiila., 1803, "An Epitome of the Arts and Sciences," 1811 ; "Hand-Book for Infan- try," 1813; "Amer. Military Library," 2 vols., 1819. Duane, William, b. Phila., Feb. 7, 1808. Son of VVm. J. Editor of " Christopher Marshall's Diary," 1839, and new enlarged ed., 1849. Author of " View of the Relation of Landlord and Tenant in Penn.," 8vo, 1844 ; *' Law of Roads, Highways, 13 ridges, and Ferries in Pa.," 12mo, 1848, "Coffee, Tea, and Chocolate," transl. from the French, 12mo, 1846; "Canada and the Continental Con- gress," 8vo, 1850. — Allibone. Duane, William John, lawver. Son of Col. Wm., b. Clonmel, Ireland, 1780; d. Phila., Sept. 27, 1865. Originally a printer; afterward a paper-dealer; adm. to the bar in 1803; often represented Phila. in the State legisl. He was a disting. lawyer ; took a deep interest in schools, and was a trustee, and subsequently a director, in Girard Coll. Suc- ceded iiis father as editor of the Aurora. Sec. of the U.S. treasury in 1833 ; was removed by Jackson, Sept. 5^3, 1833, fur declining to order the removal of the deposits from the U.S. Bank. Author of " The Law of Nations In- vestigated," &c., 8vo, 1809; "Letters on In- ternal Improvements," 8vo, 1811 ; "Narrative and Correspondence concerning the Removal of the Deposits," 8vo, 1838. Dubois, John, D.D., R.C. bi.shop of N.Y., b. Paris, 1764; d. N.Y., Dec. 20, 1842. In 1791, the revolution drove liim to the U.S. He officiated in Va. and Md. ; took charge of the mission at Frederick, Md., and in 1808, having become a member of the society of St. Sulpice, settled at Emmottsburg, and took an active part iti the establishment of St. Mary's (^W. at Baltimore. Oct. 29, 1826, he was elevated to the Episcopacy. Dubouchet (dii-lioo'-sha'), Florimand Langlois, marquis, a French gen., b. Cler- mont, Oct. 20, 1752; d. Paris, Oct. 1826. Having entered the army at the age of 15, and disting. himself in Corsica in 1769, he in 1776 lent his services to the Americans, and in the following year was promoted to the rank of major on the field of battle of Sara- toga. In 1780, he joined Rochambeau, and was present at the surrender of both Bur- goyne and Cornwallis: At the conclusion of peace, he returned to France with the decora- tion of the Cincinnati, and received the cro.ss of St. Louis. An emigrant at the epoch of the French revol., he re-entered France in 1803; com. at Yprcs in 1809, and Breda in 1810. At the restoration, the title of marquis was made hereditary in his family; and in April, 1816, he was made lieut.-gen., but oc- cupied himself with literary labors until his death. — Biog. Univ. Suppt. Duch^ (du-sha'), Jacob, D.D., an elo- quent Prot.-Ep. clergyman, b. Phila., 1739; d. there Jan. 3, 1798. U. of Pa. 1757. Son of a Huguenot, who came to America with Wm. Penn. Licensed in 1759, by the bishop of Lond., as assist, minister of Christ Church, Phila. and in 1775 succeeded Dr. Peters as its rector. Marrying a sister of his classmate, Francis Hopkinson, he, at the beginning 9f the Revol., espoused the cause of the Colonies, and was highly esteemed by the patriots. At the assembling of the First Congress, Sept. 7, 1774, Duche was invited to make the open- ing prayer. " For his excellent prayer, so well adapted to the present occasion," Con- gress gave him a vote of thanks. July 9, 1776, he was chosen chaplain to Congress, and ap- propriated his salary to the relief of the fami- lies of Pennsylvanians slain in battle ; but he DUO 284 DXJT) resigned in Oct. When the British took pos- Bession of Phila., alarmed at the gloomy aspect of affairs, Duche forsook the patriot cause, and in a letter to Washington (Oct. 1777) urged him to pursue the same course. Washington transmitted the letter to Con- gress ; and Duche fled to Eng., where he became chaplain in the Lambeth Orphan Asylum, and a popular preacher. His estate was confis- cated, and he himself banished as a traitor to his country. He returned to Phila. in 1790. He was a highly polished writer, and had a fine poetical taste. In 1771, he pub. the " Letters of Tamoc Caspipina," an acrostic on his desig- nation as the assist, minister of Christ Church and St. Peter's in Piiila. in N.A. " Sermons," 8vo, 1781. — Diujcklnck. DuCoudray (du koo'-dra), Phil. Chas. Jean Bapt. Tronson, a French art. officer, b. Rheims, Sept. 8, 1738; d. Sept. 11, 1777. Educated in the corps of miners, he evinced superior talents at an early age ; was promoted over the heads of 180 senior oflScers for services in Corsica; and was adj.-gen. of art., and one of the best engineers in France, when, in 1776, he offered his services to Deane and Franklin, who agreed that he should com. the Amer. art., with the rank and pay of maj.-gen. The dissatisfaction of Knox and other valuable officers of that arm prevented this arrange- ment from being carried out. Aug. 11, 1777, he was app. insp -gen., with rank of maj.-gen., and placed in superintendence of the works on the Delaware. While hastening as a vol. to the battle of Braiidywine, his horse, becoming restive while on board a ferry-boat crossing the Schuylkill, plunged with him into the river, and he was drowned. Ducreux (du''-kruh'),FRANgois, a French historian, b. Saintes, 1596; d. 1666. Author of Historia Canadensis, 1664. Dudley, Benjamin Winslow, M.D., LL.D., surgeon, b. Spottsylvania Co., Va., 1785; d. Lexington, Ky., 20 Jan. 1870. He studied at Transylv. U., and took his medical degree at the U. of Pa. in 1806. In 1800, he went to Europe, where he was the pupil of Sir Astley Cooper, Cline, and Abernethy of Lond., and Larrey, Dubois, and Boyer in Paris till 1814, returning home with the reputation of a most skilful operator. He estalilished himself in Lexington, Ky., in July, 1814, re- maining there in successful practice until 1854, achieving the reputation of being the ablest surgeon west of the Alleghanies. He pub. several medical essays, and, on the organiza- tion of the medical school of Transylv. U., was made its prof, of surgery. Dudley, Charles Edward, senator, b. Johnson Hall, Staffordshire, P^ng., May 23, 1780; d. Albany, Jan. 23, 1841. Charles, his father, coll. of the customs at Newport, and a loyalist, d. Lond. in 1790. The son came with his mother to Newport, R.I., in 1794. Enter- ing into trade there, he went to the E. Indies as supercargo, subsequently removed to N.Y., where, in July, 1800, he m. Blandina, dau. of Rutgers Bleecker, and in 1802 removed to All)any. State senator in 1820-5, mayor of Albany in 1821 and 1828, and U.S. senator in 1829-33. Mr. Dudley was particularly lond of astronomical science; and in 1856 his widow contrib. $70,000 towards the erection and endowment of the Dudley Observatory at Albany. At the time of her death in Jan. 1863, she had contrib. to it, in all, over $100,- 000. budley. Dean, b. Kingfield, Me., May 23, 1823. Educated for the law. Printer and publisher of Boston. Author of " Dudley Gen- ealogy," 8vo, 1848 ; " Pictures of Life in Eng. and America," 8vo, 1851 ; " History of the Fi.-st Council of Nice ; " " Social and Polit. Aspects of England and the Continent." Dudley, Edward B., gov. of N.C. (1837- 41) ; d. Wilmington, N.C, Oct. 30, 1855, a. 64. Entering the legisl. of N.C. in 1816, he was M. C. 1829-31. Dudley, Joseph, gov. of Ms., b. Roxbury, July 23, 1647 ; d. there Apr. 2, 1720. H. U. 1663. Son of Gov. Thomas. He studied the- ology, but, preferring a political career, repre- sented his native town in 1673-5 ; was assist. 1676-85; from 1677 to 1681 was one of the commissioners for the United Colonies; was present at the battle with the Narragansetts in 1675, and was one of the commissioners who dictated the terms of a treaty with that power- ful tribe. He was agent for the colony in Eng. in 1682-3; but, unable to obtain a confirmation of the old charter, he served him.self, and became a prominent candidate for the chief-magistracy. Commissioned by James II. pres. of New Eng., Sept. 27, 1685 ; in 1687 was app. chief-justice of the Superior Court, and was arrested as one of the friends of Andros, with whom he was sent to England. He was received with favor, and was made chicfjustice of N.Y., 1690. He was again in Eng. in 1693, and dur- ing 8 years held the oflace of dep. gov. of the Isle of Wight, being in 1701 elected to parlia- ment from Newtown. From 1702 to 1715, he was capt.-gen. and gov.-in-chief of Ms. Bay. He then retired to his rural home in Rox- bury. He carried the doctrine of submission to royal and ministerial authority to a danger- ous extreme. Dudley was a " philosopher and a scholar, a divine and a lawyer, all com- bined." — N. E. H. and Gen. Req., x., 336. Dudley, Paul, F.R.S., jurist, b. Sept. 3, 1675 ; d. Jan. 2.5, 1752. H. U. 1690. Son of Gov, Joseph. He studied law at the Temple, London. Returned in 1702 with a commis- sion from Queen Anne as atty.-gen. of the Province, which he held till his promotion to the bench in 1718; becoming chief-justice in 1745. He rep. Roxbury some years in the legisl., and in 1739 was chosen speaker, but was negatived. He was a learned naturalist, a member of the Roy. Soc. Lond. He left a be- quest to Harv. Coll. for the purpose of estab- lishing a yearly lecture to be delivered at that institution in defence of Christianity, called from him the Dudleian lecture. He pub. sev- eral essays on the Natural History of Amer., particularly of N. Eng., in the " Transactions " of the Roy. Soc, and a work against the Church of Rome. Dudley, Thomas, gov. of Ms. in 1634, '40, '45, and '50, b. Northampton, Eng., 1576; d. Roxbury, Ms., July 31, 16.53. He had been an officer under Elizabeth, in the service of IDXJE 285 DXJB^ Holland, before joining the Puritans, and after- ward retrieved the fortunes of the Earl of Lin- coln by the faithful stewardship of his estates. A principal member of the Ms. company which settled Boston and vicinity, he came over in 1630 as dep.-gov. with his son-in-law, Simon Bradstreet, and held that office 12 years. After residing in Cambridge, Ipswich, and Boston, he finally settled in Roxbury, where his estate was long possessed by his descendants. In 1644, he was app. maj.-gen. of the Colony. He was a man of talent and integrity, was' bold, outspoken, and energetic. Duer, Joiiy, LL.D. (Col. Coll. 1837), ju- rist, b. Albany, N.Y., Oct. 7, 1782 ; d. Staten Is- land, Aug. 8,' 18.58. Son of Col. Wm. Duer, and grandson of Lord Stirling. After 2 years' service in the army, he practised law at Goshen with Beverly Robinson, with whom, ab. 1818, he removed to N.Y., and acquired reputation as an insurance lawyer. In 1849, he was elected an assoc. justice of the Superior Court, and on the death of Judge Oakley in May, 1857, .became chief-justice. In 182.5, he was app. one of the commissioners to revise the statute law of the State. He was a delegate to the State Const. Conv. in 1821. In 1845, he pub. a "Lecture on the Law of Representa- tions in Marine Insurance," and in 1845-6 a treatise on " The Law and Practice of Marine Insurance." In 1848, he delivered a discourse on Chancellor Kent, which was pub., and at the time of his death was editing " Duer's Re- ports of the Decisions of the Superior Court," the 6th vol. of which he left incomplete. Duer, Col. William, b. Eng., 18 Mar. 1747 ; d. 7 May, 1799. Son of John, council- lor for Antigua. In 1765, he became aide to Lord Clive in India. In 1768, he purchased land in Washington Co., N.Y. ; was app. col. of militia, judge of the county courts, member of the Prov. Congress, of the com. of safety, and of the com. to draft tlie State constitution in the conv. of 1777; delegate to the Cont. Congress, 1777-8 ; sec. of the Treasury Board until the organization of the dept. in 1789 ; member of the State legisl. and assist, sec. of the treas. under Hamilton, until 1790. 27 July, 1779, hem. Catharine, dau. of Lord Stirling. He took up his residence in N.Y. City in 1783. — See Knickerbocker Mag., xl., 95-103. Duer, William Alex., jurist and man of letters. Son of Col Wm., b. Rhinebeck, N.Y., Sept. 8, 1780; d. N.Y., May 30, 1858. He studied law with Duponceau in Phila., and Nat. Pendleton in New York. During the quasi war with France of 1798, he obtained the app. of midshipman in the navy, and served under Decatur ; adm. to the bar in 1802, he engaged in business with Edward Livingston, upon whose removal to N. Orleans, he formed a professional partnership with his bro. -in-law, Beverly Robinson. He contrib. to a partisan weekly paper, the Corrector, conducted by Dr. Peter Irving, in support of Burr. Mr. Duer shortly after joined Livingston at N. Orleans, studied the Spanish civil law, was successful, but was induced by the climate, and his mar- riage with the dau. of Wm. Denning of N.Y., to resume his practice in the latter city. Here he was a contrib. of literary articles to the Morning Chronicle. He next opened an oflSce in his native town, Rhinebeck, and in 1814 was elected to the State Assembly. Continuing in the legisl. till 1817, he was a prominent pro- moter of the canal legislation; judge of the Supreme Court from 1822 to 1829; pres. of Col. Coll. from 1829 to 1842, when ill health caused his retirement. He delivered to the seniors a course of lectures on the constitution- al jurisprudence of the U.S., pub. in 1856. He delivered from the portico of the Citv Hall a eulogy upon President Monroe. After his re- tirement, he resided at Morristown, N.J. He pub. in the Colls, of the N.J, Hist. Society a life of his maternal grandfather. Lord Stirling. He delivered in 1847 an address before the lit- erary societies of Col. Coll., and in 1848 an hist, address before the St. Nicholas Society, giving early reminiscences of New York, both of which have been pub. — Dui/ckinck. Duff, Mary Ann, actress, b. Dublin; d. Cincinnati, Nov. 1832, of cholera. She was a Miss Dyke, whose sister was the first wife of the poet Moore. She m. John DufF, whose forte was genteel and sprightly comedy, and who was at one time manager of the Federal- street Theatre, Boston. He d. in Phila., April, 1831, a. 44. After playing in Dublin, they came to this country in 1810, opened in Bos- ton in Nov., and became favorites throughout the country. She was a beautiful woman, and a celebrated tragedian. She went to Lond. in 1828, and Mar. 3, played at Drury Lane, Isabella, in " The Fatal Marriage." Duffleld, George, D.D. (Y.C. 1785), cler- gyman, b. Phila., 7 Oct. 1732; d. there Feb. 2, 1790. N. J. Coll. 1752. ^ Tutor in N. J. Coll. 1754-6 ; minister of Carlisle, Pa., from 25 Sept. 1761 to April. 1773, when he became pastor of the Third Presb. Church, Phila. He was dis- tinguished as a scholar and orator, ami was, in the Revol. struggle, an early and zealous friend of his country, and a chaplain of the Old Con- gress. He pub. an account of his missionary tour to the frontiers in 1766, and a thanksgiv- ing sermon for the restoration of peace, Dec. 11, 1 783 . — Spraque. Duffield, George, D.D. (U. of Pa.), b. Strasburg, Pa., Julv 4, 1794; d. Detroit, June 26, 1868. U. of Pa. 1811. Grandson of the preceding. Licensed to preach by the presby- tery of Phila., Apr. 29, 1815; pastor of the church at Carlisle, Pa., from Dec. 1815 to 1834, and of the 5th Presbyterian Church of Phila. in 183.5-7. In 1837, he succeeded C. G. Finney at the Broadway Tabernacle. From 1838 until Apr. 27, 1865, pastor of the First Presb. Chui-ch of Detroit. He was a ripe schol- ar. During the war, he went repeatedly to the battle-field as a delegate of the Christian com- mission, and ministered to the wounded. Au- thor of " Spiritual Life," 8vo, " Dissertations on the Prophecies," " Millenarianism de- fended," "Fugitive Discourses," " Claims of Episc. Bishops examined," "Obligation and Perpetuity of the Christian Sabbath." Con- trib. to the Biblical Repos., Presb. Mag., &c. Duflfteld, Rev. George, his son, b. Car- lisle, Pa., 1818. Y.C. 1837. Ord. 1840; set- tled in Blomfield, N.J., then in Brooklyn, N.Y. ; in 1852, at the Buttonwood-st. Church, DXJG- 286 D-CTN- Phila. ; and in 1860, at the Presb. Church, Ann Arbor, Mich. He has written many hymns, but will be chiefly remembered for the one " Stand up for Jesus." Duganne, Augustine Joseph Hickey, poet and novelist, b. Boston, 1823. He has written many novellettes and romances, *' Mys- teries of Boston, New York, and Phila.," 8vo, Phila., and a great number of miscellaneous papers under various signatures. His poems are the " Iron Harp," " Parnassus in Pillory," a satire ; " The Mission of Intellect," a poem delivered in N.Y. in 1852 ; " The Gospel of Labor," 1853, and many short pieces pub. in a large illustrated edition in Phila., 1856. He has also written the" Lydian Queen," a tragedy, 1848 ; a " Comprehensive Summary of General Philosophy," Phila., 1845 ; and a " Class Book of Governments and Civil Society," N.Y. 1859. At one time, a member of the legisl. of N.Y. Duggan, Peter Paul, artist, b. Ireland ; d. Paris, Oct. 15, 1861. He came early to this country; developed a taste for his art while quite young, and qualified himself for an art professorship in the N.Y. Free Acad, soon after Its opening. He had long been an invalid. Resided some years near Lond., and removed to Paris in May, 1861. Though the crayon was his.fixvorite medium, he occasionally painted a masterly oil head, like that of George L. Duyckinck. Du Lac, Perrin, author of " Voijage dans les Deux Louisianes," &c., Paris, 8vo, 1805. Dulaney, Daniel, lawyer and statesman, b. Md., July, 1721 ; d. Bait., Mar. 19, '1797. An eminent lawyer of Annapolis ; many years commiss. gen., sec, atty.-gen., and councillor of Md., before the lievol. Though a loyalist, he stood up manfully against the Stamp Act. He was an able writer on the side of govt. Author of " Considerations on the Propriety of imposing Taxes on the British Colonies in N.A. for the Purpose of a Revenue," 1766, Lond., 8vo. Dulaney, William, col. U.S. marines ; d. Beltsville, Md., July 4, 1868. App. from Va., lieut. of marines, June 10, 1817; capt. July, 1834 ; brev. inaj. " for meritorious conduct in the Florida war," Mar. 3, 1843 ; maj.Nov. 17, 1847. Served in the Mexican war; com. the batt. on the fall of Maj. Twiggs; brev. lieut.- col. " for gallantry atChapultepcc,and capture of De Belen Gate and City of Mexico,*' Sept. 14, 1847 ; col. marines, Apr. 1862. — Gardner. Dumas (du-ma'), Mathieu, count, a French gen., b. Montpelier, 23 Nov. 1753 ; d. Paris, 16 Oct. 1837. _ Entering the army in 1773, he served as aide to Rochambeau in Amer. (1780-3); performed missions to Turkey and Holland ; was a member of the legisl. assembly in 1791, and the friend of Lafayette; was condemned to death, and fled to Switzer- land ; entered the military service of Napoleon, and was a gen. at Waterloo ; active in the revol. of 1830, and aided Lafayette in placing Louis Philippe on the throne. Besides some military works, he pub. " Memoirs of my own Time," (1773-1826). His memoirs, entitled " Souvenirs," were pub. by his son. Dummer, Jeremiah, scholar and political writer, b. Boston, ab. 1679 ; d. at Plastow, Eng., May 19, 1739. H.U. 1699. Son of Jeremiah, and grandson of Richard. On leav- ing college, he studied theology, and preached a few months, but was not popular. He passed several years at the U. of Utrecht, where he obtained a doctor's degree. Agent of Ms. in Eng., 1710-21. He wrote an admirable de- fence of the N.E. charters when they were threatened in 1721, the work giving the best specimen of his English style, which is un- commonly elegant and forcible. Ho also pub. a letter to a noble lord on the exped. to Canada, stating the great efforts made by Ms. for its conquest. While in Eng., he procured 800 volumes as a donation to Yale Coll. Dummer, William, bro. of Jeremiah, gov. Ms. ; b. Newbury, 1677 ; d. Boston, 10 Oct. 1761. While visiting Eng., he was app. lieut.gov. of Ms. 1716, acting as chief-magis- trate in 1723-8, and 1729, and enjoyed in a great degree the confidence of the people. He bequeathed his valuable farm and mansion- house for the endowment of Dummer Acad., Newbury, the first in Ms., opened Feb. 27, 1763. He was a benefactor of H. U., and in 1719, capt. of the Anc. and Hon. Art. corap. Dumout, Ebenezer, brig.-gen. U.S. vols., b. Vevay, Ind., Nov. 23, 1814. John, his father, was a lawyer, member of the legisl. of Ind. 1822-3. His mother Julia L. (Corey), poetess (b. Waterford, 0., Oct. 1794 ; d. Jan. 2, 1857), pub. "Life-Sketches," N.Y., 1856. She was the earliest female writer of the West, whose works have been preserved. He was adm. to the bar. When the Mex. war began in 1846, as lieut.-col. 4th Ind. vols., disting. himself at the battle of Huamantla ; afterward in the State legisl. ; was speaker of the house, and many years pres. of the State Bank. In 1861 ,at the head of the 7th Ind. regt., he served in Western Va., at Laurel Hill, Rich Mountain, and Carrick's Ford. Made brig.-gen. Sept. 3, 1861 ; and Sept. 12, he was engaged at Cheat Mountain. He com. the 17th brigade of the Army of the Ohio, in Jan. 1862. May 5, 1862, he attacked and routed, at Lebanon, Ky., John Morgan's command. Oct. 1862, he commanded the 12th division of Gen. BucH's army. Res. Feb. 28, 1863. M.C. 1863-7. D. April 16, 1871." Duncan, James, col. and insp.-gen. U.S. A., b. Cornwall, N.Y., Sept. 1810 ; d. Mobile, July 3, 1849. West Point, 1834. He served in the Florida war ; was wounded at the Onith- ladoche, Feb. 29, 1836; capt. 6 April, 1846. As an officer of light art, he did good service in the Mexican war. Brev. maj. for Palo Alto, May 8, 1846 ; brev. lieut.-col. for Resacade la Palma, May 9, 1846 ; brev. col. for Monterey, Sept. 23, 1846 ; disting. also at the storm, of Molino del Rey, Chapultepec, and capture of city of Mexico ; insp.-gen. Jan. 26, 1849. Duncan, John M., traveller, d. Glasgow, Oct. 3, 1825, a. 31. Author of "Travels in the U.S. and Canada, in 1818-19," 2 vols., 12mo, 1823; "Sabbath among the Tuscaro- ras." Duncan, Johnson K., brig.-gen. C.S.A., b. Pa., 1826 ; d. Knoxville, Jan. 1863. West Point, 1849. Entering the 3d U. S. Art., ho resigned Jan. 31, 1855; was an engineer at T>Tjiar^ Dundas, Thomas, maj. -gen. of Fingauk, b, 1730; d. June 3, 1794. M.P. for Orkney, 1770-80 and 1784-90. Lieut.-col. 80th in Ar- nold's Va. expedition, Dec. 1780, and under Cornwallis at Yorktown. — Ross's Cornwallis. Dunglison, Robley, M.D., LL.D. (Y.C. 1825), physician and medical writer, b. Kes- wick, Eng., 4 Jan. 1798 ; d. Phil., Apr. 1, 1869. M.D. London, 1819, and at theU.of Ezlangen, 1823. He commenced practice in Loud., but, after a few years, came to the U.S., and from 1824 to 1833 was prof, of medicine in the U. of Va. He filled the chair of therapeutics and materia medica in 1833-6, in the U. of Md. ; and, from 1836 to 1868, was y)rof. of the insti- tutes of medicine and medical jurisprudence in JcflF. Med. Coll., Phila. He pub. nearly 20 vols.; among these are "Principles of Human Physiology," 2 vols., 8vo, 1832 ; "New Diction- ary of Medical Science and Literature," 2 vols., 8vo, 1833; "General Therapeutics and Mate- ria Medica," 8vo, 1836; " New Remedies," 1839, and "Human Health," 1844, and a large dictionary for the blind; "Diseases of the Stomach and Bowels of Children," Lond., 8vo, 1824 ; " Introd. to Grecian and Roman Geog- raphy," 8vo, 1829; "The Medical Student," 8vo, 1837, 2d ed., 1844; "Discourse," com- memorative of P. S. Duponceau, 8vo, 1844; "Recollections of Europe in 1854, 8vo ; the " Va. Literary Museum," 8vo, 1830. He was vice-pres. of an institution for the blind, and of the Amer. Philos. Soc, and was a member of many literary and scientific societies. He edit- ed "Magendie's Formulary," the "Cyclopaedia of Practical Medicir Roget's Physiology,' " Traill's Med. Jurisp.," and several smaller works. Before leaving Eng., he had edited the Lond. Med. Repos., and the Med. Intelligencer. Dunklin, Daniel, gov. of Mo., 1832-6; d. Jeff. Co., Mo., Aug. 25, 1844, a. 54. Dunlap, Andrew of Ms. (1794-1835), author of "Admiraltv Practice," Phila., 8vo, 1836, 2d ed., N.Y., 1850. Dunlap, John, printer, and Revol. patriot, b. Strabane, Ireland, 1747 ; d. Phila., Nov. 27, 1812, At the age of 8 or 9, he came to live with his uncle Wm., a printer and publisher of Phila., who, under Franklin, was postmaster at Lancaster, Pa. At 18, he took his uncle's busi- ness, and in Nov. 1771, began the Pa. Packet, becoming one of the most successful printers and exjv Coll., Ky. ; chaplain of the U.S. senate in 1831. In 1832, he was elected prof, of natural science in the VVesl. U., and in 1833 became editor of the Christian Advocate and Journal, N.Y. From 1834 to 1845, he was pres. of Dick. Coll. He then travelled through portions of the Old World, and, returning next year, pub. *' Observations in Europe," 2 vols., 1844, and " Observations in Egypt, Palestine, Syria, and Asia Minor," 2 vols., 1845. Member of the Genl. Conf. of 1844, and took an important part in the del»ate which resulted in the division of the M.E. Church. In 1845, he was stationed in Phila. as presiding elder. In 1850, he was elected corrcsp. sec. of the Missionary Society of the M.E. Church, which post he still occupies. Editor of Wood's " Mosaic History of the Creation," with notes, Svo, 1831. Contrib. to many peviodicals. Durfee, Job, LL.D., jurist and poet, b. Tiverton, R.I., Sept. 20, 1790; d. there July 26, 1847. Brown U. 1813. Son of Thomas, many years chief-justice of the C.C.P. for the county of Newport. He practised law success- fully ; was M.C. in 1821-5 ; chosen a justice of the Supreme Court in May, 1833, and was chief-justice from June, 1835 until his death. Member of the State legisl. 1813-19, '27-9, and speaker, 1828. Author of " What Cheer, or Roger Williams in Exile," 1832, an edition of which was pub. in Eng., and of " Panidea," a philos. treatise. His writings were coll. and pub., with a memoir, by his son, 8vo, 1849. Durivage, Francis Alexander, b. Boston, 1814. Author of " Cyclopaedia of History," Svo; "Stray Subjects," 12mo; "Life Scenes." Translated, with W. I. Chase, Lamartine's "Revolution of 1848." Author of several plays and poems, and contrii> uted to periodicals. Co-editor of Ballou's Pic- torial. Durivage, John E., journalist and actor, b. Boston, 1813 ; d. Memphis, Tenn., Aug. 27, 1869. For 20 years, he had been connected with the press of Boston, N. York, N, Orleans, and Cal., where he founded the Alia Californian. He had for some years acted in the Western theatres. Author of some successful farces and burlesques. He was at one time aide to Gen. Wool. Durkee, Charles, statesman, b. Royal- ton, Vt., Dec. 5, 1807 ; d. Omaha, Jan. 13, 1870. He received an academical education at Royal ton ; became a merchant; removed to Wis. ab. 1830; was a member of the legisl. in 1837-8 and 1848; M.C. 1849-53; U.S. senator, 1855-61 ; delegate to the Peace Con- gress, 1861 ; gov. of Utah, 1865-9. In Con- gress, he was one of the early advocates of anti- slavery and freesoil principles. Durkee, Col. John, b. Windham, Ct., 1728; d. Norwich, May 29, 1782. He served in the French war ; was a major of militia. An early settler of the Wyoming Valley, but re- turned to Ct. As a major in Putnam's regt., he disting. himself highly at Bunker's Hill, and was a col. in the battles of Long Island, Ger- mantown, Harlem, White Plains, Trenton, Monmouth, and in Sullivan's exped. against the Six Nations; resigned 1780. Maj. Rob- ert, his bro.-ia-law, a soldier of the French and Revol. wars, fell at the Wyoming massa- cre, 3 July, 1778. Duston, Hannah, heroine of N.E., ra. Thomas D. of Haverhill, Ms., Dec. 3, 1677. She was the mother of 13 children. When the Indians attacked Haverhill, March 15, 1698, her husband, with the children, escaped, and she, with an infant and her nurse, was captured. After proceeding a short distance, the infant was killed. Mrs. D. was taken to an island at the junction of the Merrimack and Contoocook Rivers, being assigned to an Indian family of 12 persons. With the aid of a nurse and a boy, also a prisoner, she killed the Indians with a hatchet, — all but a favorite boy and a wounded squaw, who escaped, — and returned safely to Haverhill with their scalps. Her house, occu- pied by Thomas Dustin, a descendant, was standing in 1816. Dutton, Henry, LL.D. (Y.C. 1854),judge, b. Plymouth, Ct.,Feb. 12, 1796; d. N. Haven, April 12, 1869. Y.C. 1818. Grandson of Capt. Thos. of the Revol. army. He was a tutor at Yale in 1821-3; law prof, there in 1847-69; practised law at Newtown, and then at Bridgeport; was State atty. ; was 5 times a member of the house; State senator in 1849, and one year judge of the N. Haven Co. Court; gov. of Ct. 1854-5; judge of the Superior Court, and of the Supreme Court of Errors, from 1861 to 1866. He pub. in 1833 a digest of the Ct. Reports, and a revision of Swift's digest, and was a member of the commissions of 1849 and 1866, to revise the State statutes, and was chairman of the committee which in 1854 prepared a new compilation of the State statutes. Dutton, Samuel William Southmatd, D.D. (B.U. 1856), Cong, clergyman, and writ- er, b. Guilford, Ct., March 14, 1814; d. Mil- bury, Ms., Jan. 26, 1866. Y.C. 1833. Son of Rev. Aaron (Y.C. 1803). In 1834, he taught in Mount Hope Coll., Baltimore, and in 1834-5, was rector of the Hopkins grammar school, New Haven, and tutor in Yale from 1836 to 1838. From June, 1838, to his death, he was pastor of the North Church, N. Haven, whose history during the last century he pub. in 1842. From the establishment of the rfew- Englander, in 1842, he was one of its editors, publishing, also, various addresses and sermons. A discourse preached at his funeral, by Rev. Leonard Bacon, has been pub. ; aLso a sketch of his life in the Cong. Quarterly, Apr. 1866. — Ob. Rec. Yale, 1866. DuvaU, Gabriel, jurist. Of Huguenot descent, b. Pr. George Co., Md., Dec. 6, 1752 ; d. there March 6, 1844. Clerk to the first Md. legisl. previous to the Declaration of Independ- ence. M.C. 1794-5; was a comptroller of the U.S. treasury from 1802 to Nov. 18, 1811, and was then app. a judge of the U.S. Supreme Court, which office he held until 1836. DuvaU, William P., lawyer and states- man, b. Va., 1784; d. Washington, D.C., March 19, 1854. When quite young, he went to Ky., where he studied law, rose to eminence in the profession, and also became a noted poli- tician. He served as capt. of mounted vols, under Gen. Hopkins, Sept. 1812. M.C. 1813- 15; he was gov. of Fla. Terr. 1822-34. In DXJY 291 r>^wi 1848, Gov. Dnvall removed to Texas, He was the orif^inal " Ralph Rinj^wood " of Washinp^- ton Irving, and "Nimrod Wildfire" of J. K. Paulding. Duyckinck (di-klnk), Evert Augus- tus, author, b. N.Y. City, Nov. 23, 1816. Col. Coll. 1835. Evert, his father, an enterprising publisher of New York, b. 1765; d. 1833. In JDec. 1840, he commenced, with Cornelius Mat- thews, Arcturus, a journal of books and opin- ions, continued until May, 1842. He contrib. to the early numbers of the N.Y. Review. In 1 847, he commenced the Literart/ [Vorld,a weekly critical journal, which, with the exception of the interval. May, 1847, to Oct. 1848, he contin- ued, with his bro. George L., until the close of 1853. In 1856, the bros. completed the "Cy- clopaedia of American Literature," 2 vols., 8vo., a work of great research and value, to which a suppt. was added by him in 1866. He has pub. the " Wit and Wisdom of Sydney Smith," and Poems relating to the Am. Rev. by Freneau, 18G5, both with original mem- oirs; Nat. Port. Gallery of Eminent Americans, 2 vols., 1862 ; " History of the War for the Un- ion," 3 vols., 1861-5 ; Memorial of John Allan, printed for the Bradford Club, 1864; a Me- morial of Francis L. Hawks, D.D., read before the NY. Hist. Soc, 1867, printed for the So- ciety in 1871. He has also contrib. largely to Eeriodicals. A sermon by his son. Rev. Henry )uyckinck of St. Mark's Ch., N.Y., a promis- ing young clergyman (b. Nov. 6,1843; Col. Coll. 1867; d. Feb. 16, 1870), was printed in connection with funeral-services, in 1870. Duyckinck, George Long, bro. of E.A., b. at New York, Oct. 17, 1823 ; d. there Mar. 30, 1863. N.Y. U. 1843. He studied law, and was adm. to the N.Y. bar, but never prac- tised. Besides his share in the " Cyclopaedia" and in the Literary World, he pub. " George Herbert," 1858; "Life of Bishop Thomas Ken," 1859 ; "Jeremy Taylor," 1860; "Lati- mer," 1861, and various essays and reviews in the periodicals of the day. Dwight, Harrison Gray Otis, D.D., missionary, b. Conway, Ms., Nov. 22, 1803; killed by accident on the N. Vt. Railroad, Jan. 25,1862. H. U. 1825; And. Sem. 1828. Em- barking for the East in Jan. 1830, he settled in Constantinople, whore, for near 30 years, he preached, superintended schools, and edited a religious paper. Author of " Christianity brought Home from the East," 12mo, 1850; "Memoir of xMrs. E. 0. Dwight," N.Y., 1840. Dwight, Joseph, soldier and judge, b. Dedham, Ms., Oct. 16, 1703 ; d. Great Bar- rington, June 9, 1765. H. U. 1722. Son of Henry of Hatfield, and grandson of Timothy of Dedham. Adm. to the bar in 1733, he be- came judge of C.C.P., Worcester Co., in 1739, and in 1761 judge of the Co. Court, and of Probate of Berkshire Co. A brig.-gcn. at the reduction of Louisburg, in 1745, he com. the Ms. Art., and was disting. and commended by Pepperell. In 1756, at the head of a brigade of militia, he served at Lake Champlain, in the second French war ; 1 1 years representative of BrookHeld, speaker of the house in 1749. Dwight, Mary Ann, teacher, b. North- ampton, Ms., 1806 ; d. Morrisania, N.Y., Dec. 1858. In 1849, she pub. an excellent work on Grecian and Roman mythology, and in 1856 an elementary treatise on the fine arts. She had also prepared for publication an abridg- ment of " Lanzi's History of Painting." — Hist. Mag., iii., 28. Dwight, Sekeno Edwards, D.D. (Y.C. 1833), teacher and divine, b. Greenfield, Ct., May 18, 1786 ; d. Phila., Nov 30, 1850. Y.C. 1803. Son of Pres. Dwight, and in youth was remarkable for brilliant talents, and force of character. Tutor at Yale in 1806-10 ; and from 1810 to 1815 practised lawwith success. During this period, he wrote his celebrated essay on the lawfulness of marriage with a wife's sister, entitled " The Hebrew Wife." In 1816, he en- tered the ministry, and was chosen chaplain of the U. S. senate. In the summer of 1817, he became pastor of thePark-st. Church, Boston; but in the spring of 1826, he resigned on ac- count of failing health. In 1828-31^ he conduct- ed with his bro. Henry, a large school in N. Haven, called The Gymnasium. Pres. of Ham. Coll., Clinton, N.Y., 1833-5. He was an able preacher, a good writer, and a captivating and successful teacher. Author of the Life of his relative, Jonathan Edwards, " Sermons and Addresses," " The Life of Brainerd," 1822 ; a vol. on the " Atonement," 1830; a vol. of " Select Discourses," pub. in 1851, together with a memoir by his bro. Rev. Dr. W. T. Dwight. He edited Jonathan Edwards's Works, 10 vols., 8vo, 1830. Dwight, Theodore, lawyer and brilliant political writer, b. Northampton, Ms., 16 Dec. 1764 ; d. N.Y., June 11, 1846. Bro. of Pres. Dwight. His mother was dau. of Pres. Edwards. He studied law at Hartford, prac- tised with repute, wrote frequently on political subjects, became very popular with the Federal party, was many years in the senate of Ct. ; M.C. 1806-7. His eloquence and readiness in debate insured him a leading part in Congress ; and he was a prominent advocate of the bill for the suppression of the slave-trade. He ed- ited the Mirror, pub. at Hartford, the leading Federal journal in that State during the war. Sec. of the Hartford Convention, the proceed- ings of which, he pub. in 1833. In 1815, he pub. the Albamj DaiUf Advertiser, and, two years afterwards, commenced the N. Y. Dai/i/ Adver- tiser, continuing to act as assoc. editor and proprietor, until the great fire of 1835, when he relinquished his interest, and retired with his family to Hartford. He was a founder, and long an active director, of the Bible Socie- ty. He had a hand in the poetical and politi- cal essays of The Echo in the Hartford Mercury, in common with Hopkins and Alsop. He was the author of " Character of Thos. Jeffer- son, as exhibited in his own Writings," 1839 ; " Dictionary of Roots and Derivations." Dwight, Theodore, author, b. Hartford, Ct., Mar. 3, 1796 ; d. Brooklyn, Oct. 16, 1866, from injuries received by a railroad accident. Y.C. 1814. Son of the preceding. After visiting a great portion of Europe, in 1821, he pub. "A Tour in Italy," 1824. In 1833, he removed to Brooklyn, engaged in philan- thropic and literary pursuits ; assisted his father in editing the Daily Advertiser; after- D'WI 292 ElAJEl ward taught school in Brooklyn, and then in N. Y. City. Was engaged in several maga- zines and periodicals, and edited and pub. the N. Y. Presbyterian. He was a good linguist, and was a member of many scientific, literary, and philosophic societies. Author of a " Hist, of Connecticut," 1841 ; a vol. on the revol. of 1848 ; " A Summer Tour in the Northern and Middle States," 1847; (in conjunction with Wm. Darby), "A New Gazetteer of the U.S.," 183.3; "Schoolmaster's Friend," 8vo, 183.5; " The Northern Traveller," 12mo, 1841 ; " Lessons in Greek," 12mo, 1833 ; The " Fath- er's Book; " " Life of Garibaldi," 1859. Some of his poetical pieces are in Everest's Poets of Ct. Dwight, TiMOTHY,D.D. (N.J. Coll. 1787), LL.D. (H.U. 1810), divine and scholar, b. Northampton, Ms., 14 May, 1752 ; d.N. Haven, 11 Jan. 1817. Y. C. 1769. Col. Timothy, his father, was a merchant, andd. Natchez, 10 June, 1772. Mary, his mother, dau. of Jonathan Edwards, was a woman of talents and rare excellence. Tutor at Yale, 1771-7 ; licensed to preach, and a chaplain in the Revol. army, Sept. 1777-Oct. 1778. Hedid much to heighten the enthusiasm of the soldiers by his popular patriotic songs. He then worked on a farm 4 years, aiding in the support of his mother and family, and occasionally preaching ; member of the legisl. in 1781 and 1786; ord. minister of Greenfield, Ct., 12 Nov. 1783, and at the same time taught an acad. with success ; pres. of Yale Coll. from Sept. 1795 to his death; at the same time prof, of theol., and preacher in the coll. chapel. In 1796, he began travelling through the N.E. States and N.Y. during his college vacations ; publishing in 1 821 , in 4 vols., 8vo, " Travels in N.E. and N.Y.," a work of permanent value and interest in regard to the natural history and social condition of the country. He was eminently qualified as an instructor, and largely increased the usefulness of Y. Coll. Dr. Dwight had a commanding presence, great industry and research, and a wonderful memory ; was a strong, sound, and impressive preacher, and a poet of no mean ability. Authorof " The Conquest of Canaan," an epic poem, finished in 1774, pub. 1785; "Greenfield Hill," a poem, 1794; a revision of " Watts's Version of the Psalms," 1800; " Theology Explained and Defended," 5 vols., 1818, which has passed through many editions ; " Sermons," 2 vols., 1828 ; "Remarks on the Review of Inchiquin's Letters," pub. in the Quarterly Review, ISl 5; and many occasional sermons. In 1772, he delivered at Y.C. a dis- sertation on the " History, Eloquence, and Poetry of the Bible," pub. both in the U.S. and Europe. His son Henry Edwin (Y. C. 1815), author of "Travels in the N. of Ger- many," 1825-6, d. N. Haven, 11 Aug. 1832, a. 35. Dwight, William Theodore, D.D. (B.C. 1846), clergyman and author, b. Green- field, Ct., June 15, 1795; d. Andover, Ms., Oct. 22, 1865. Y. C. 1813. Son of Pres. Dwight. Tutor in Y.C. 1817-19 ; in 1821 was adm. to the bar of Phila., at which he practised 10 years. Pastor of the 3d Cong. Church, Portland, Me., from June 6, 1832, to May, 1864. He was one of the most prominent and influential ministers in Maine, and excelled as a preacher. Pres. of the Portland Benevolent Soc, of the Me. Missionary Soc, of the Cong. Library Assoc, of the Board of Visitors of Andover Theol. Seminary, and of the Albany Convention of Cong. Churches. He pub. a " Memoir of Rev. S. E. Dwight, D.D.," 1851 ; orations, addresses, discourses, and review articles. — Y. C. Obit. Record. Dyer, Eliphalet, LL.D. (Y. C. 1787), soldier and jurist, b. Windham, Ct., Sept. 28, 1721 ; d. there May 13, 1807. Y. C. 1740. Ho commenced the practice of law; in 1745-62 was representative to the Gen. Court. He com. a Ct. regt. during the French war (app. 1755) ; was elected a member of the council in 1762; Avent to Eng. in 1763 as agent of the Susquehanna Company, and was a delegate to the Stamp Act Congress in 1765. He was also a delegate to Congress in 1774, and, except- ing 1779, held during the war a seat in that body. He was app. a judge of the Supreme Court in 1766, and in 1789-93 was chief- justice. — Rogers. Dyer, Mary, wife of William, was a dis- ciple of Anne Hutchinson, and a victim to the persecution of the Quakers; hanged on Boston Common, June 1, 1660. Quakers were by statute excluded from the bounds of Ms. ; and death was the penalty for a second visit, Mary Dyer, who had left on the enactment of the law, soon returned on purpose to offer up her life. She was arrested, and sent to prison ; was reprieved after being led forth to execution, and was, against her will, conveyed out of the Colony. She speedily returned, and suffered as a willing martyr. Eagle, Henry, commo. U.S.N., b. N.Y. Midshipm. Jan. 1, 1818; lieut. Mar. 3, 1827; com. June 4, 1844; capt. Sept. 14, 1855; commo. retired list, July 16, 1862. Attached to sloop "Natchez," W. L squad. 1830-3; com. bomb-vessel " ^tna," during the Mexican war; stationed at Tabasco, also civil and mili- tary gov. of the Province, 1847; com. frigate "Santee," Gulf squad., 1861-2, organizing and sending out several successful expcds. against the enemy while stationed in the Gulf. Eames, Charles, lawyer, journalist, and diplomatist, b. New Braintree, Ms., Mar. 20, 1812; d. Washington, D.C., Mar. 16, 1867. H.U. 1831. He studied at the Camb. Law School, but was prevented by ill health from practising, and in 1845 took a position in the navy dept. A few months later, he became assoc. editor of the Washington Union, and was app. by Mr. Polk commiss. to the Sandwich Islands for the negotiation of a treaty. In 1850, he returned, and, after editing the Nash- ville Union for six months, again edited the Union, until sent minister to Venezuela by Pres. Pierce. He returned to Washington in 1858, where he practised law until his death. During the last 5 years of his life, his manage- ment of prize-cases showed him to be one of the best admiralty lawyers of the country ; while he won high distinction by his great knowledge of international law. Earle, Pliny, inventor, b. Leicester, Ms., Dec. 17, 1762; d. there Nov. 29, 1832. In E.AJR 293 E^S 1785, he, with Edward Snow, manufactured cards for cardinail- ants. Eaton was on the point of completing his project, and capturing Tripoli, when he learned that a treaty of peace had been made, by which he was compelled to evacuate Derne. Eaton was well received on his return home ; was honorably mentioned in the President's mes- sage to Congress, and was granted by thelegisl. of Ms. 10,000 acres of land, but failed to obtain compensation from the govt, for his pecuniary losses, or such employment as his talents and services entitled him to expect. The King of Denmark presented him with an elegant ac- knowledgment in a gold box, of services he ren- dered several captured Danes at Tunis. In the winter of 1806 Burr endeavored, ineffectually, to enlist him in his conspiracy ; and, on his trial at Richmond, Eaton testified against him. This bold and enterprising man, under the influence of disajppointment, fell a victim to intemperance a few years later. His letters and journal were pub. in " The Life of Gen. Eaton," written by Prentiss, 8vo, 1813. An- other, by C. C. Felton, compiled from Eaton's papers, is in " Sparks's Amer. Biog." Ebeling, Christopher Daniel, a Ger- man scholar and author, b. Hildesheim, Nov. 20, 1741 ; d. Hamburg, June 30, 1817. He studied theology at Gottingen, but devoted himself to geographical studies, and held for 33 years the professorship of history and Greek in the Hamburg Gymnasium, and was supt. of the Hamburg Library, For his great work, "Geography and History, of N. America," Hamburg, 1793-9, in 5 vols., he received the thanks of the U.S. Congress. He paid special attention to this subject, and coll. about 10,000 maps, and nearly 4,000 books, relating to Amer. This valuable coll. was purchased, and pre- sented to the library of Har. Coll. in 1818, by Israel Thorndike. Eberie, John, M.D., physician and medi- cal writer, b. Hagerstown, Md., 10 Dec. 1787 ; d. Lexington, Ky., Feb. 2, 1838. U. of Pa. 1809. He edited a political paper a while in Phila. ; began to edit the Med. Recorder in 1818, which he continued 5 or 6 years ; was one of the founders of the Jeff. Med. Coll. of Phila., and lecturer on materia medica, and theory and practice ; was a prof, in the Med. Coll. of Ohio, 1831-7, and in the Transylv. Med. School at Lexington from 1837 until his death. He was one of the editors of the Western Med. Gazette and the Ohio Med. Lyceum. Author of " Eberle's Therapeutics," 1822; " Theory and Practice of Medicine;" " Eberle's Notes ; " " Diseases of Children ; '* "Amer. Med. Recorder," Phila., 8 vo, 1819 ; "Botanical Terminology," 1818. Eccleston, Samuel, D.D., 5th R.C. archbishop of the U.S., b. Md. 1801; d. Georgetown, DC, April 8, 1851. Educated at St. Mary's Coll. He visited Eng., Ireland, and France, after his ordination, and, soon af- ter his return to Md., was elected, first to the vice-presidency, and subsequently to the presi- dency, of St. Mary's Coll. Sept. 14, 1834, he was app. assist, bfshop to Archbishop White- field, whose death in that year invested him with the title and honors of the principal see of the church in the U.S. Eekford, Henry, shipbuilder, b. Irvine, Scotland, March 12, 1775; d. Constantinople, Nov. 12, 1832. At 16, he was placed with John Black, a maternal uncle, and no-VoX con- structor at Quebec, and in 1796 began busi- ness in N.Y., where he soon introduced im- provements in naval architecture, and took the lead in his profession. During the War of 1812, he constructed the ships-of-war on the Lakes with such exped. and skill, that the glori- ous results may be partially attributed to him. Soon after the war, he built the steamer " Rob- ert Fulton," which in 1822 made the first suc- cessful steam-trip to N. Orleans and Havana. App. naval contractor at Brooklyn in 1820, 6 ships-of-the-line of which " The Ohio "was the first, were constructed after his models. Dis- gusted with the interference of the board of naval commissioners, he left the govt, service, and was afterward employed in building ves- sels-of-war for various European powers, and for some of the Republics of S.A. He made a plan for the re-organization of the navy at the request of Pres. Jackson, and projected a pro- fessorship of naval architecture for Col. Coll. In 1831, he constructed a ship-of-war for Sul- tan Mahmoud, which led him to visit Turkey, where he organized a navy-yard. Eddy, Samuel, LL.D. (1801), judge, b. Johnson, R.I. , March 31, 1769 ; d. Providence, Feb. 2, 1839. Brown U. 1787. He studied law, but did not long practise it ; was clerk of the Sup. Court in 1790-3; was sec. of State in 1798-1819 ; M.C 1819-25, and was, in 1827-35, chief-justice of the Sup. Court of R.I. He made valuable contribs. to the Colls, of the Ms. Hist. Society, and pub. a work on " Antiquities." Eddy, Thomas, philanthropist, b. Phila., Sept. 5, 1758; d. N.Y., Sept. 16, 1827. His parents were Quakers. He began to trade in New York in 1779, afterward became an insur- ance-broker in that city, and was successful. He was active in originating the " Penitenti- EIDEJ 296 ED^W ary System" of N.Y., and, in 1801, pub. his celebrated work on the State Prison of N.Y. The N.Y. Hospital, of which he was long a gov., the Insane Asylum at Bloomingdale, the great Erie Canal, the N.Y. Savings Institu- tion, and the N.Y. Bible Society, were fostered or originated by him, and his labors earned for him the title of the American Howard. — See Memoir, by Samuel L. Knapp, 8vo, 1834. Eden," Charles, gov. N.C., 1713-22; d. March 26, 1722, a. 48. Eden, Sir Robert, last roy. gov. of Md., b. Durham, Eng. ; d. Annapolis, Sept. 2, 1786. He succeeded Sharpe in 1768, and was more disposed to moderation than any of the other British officers, and complied reluctantly with the order of Congress to relinquish his govt. After the restoration of peace, he returned from Eng. to this country for the recovery of his estates, to which he was entitled by the treaty of 1783. He was a bro. of Sir John Eden, and m. Lady Calvert, sister of Lord Baltimore. Created a baronet, Oct. 19, 1776. His grandson. Sir Frederick Eden, an officer in the British army, fell at New Orleans, 24 Dec. 1814. Eden, William, Lord Auckland, a dis- ting. diplomatist. Son of Sir Robert, and bro. of the preceding, b. 1744; d. May 28, 1814. Was in 1778 one of the 3 commissioners who came to the U.S. to negotiate with the revolted Colonies. Edes, Benjamin, Revol. journalist, b. Charlestown, Ms., Oct. 14, 1732; d. Boston, Dec. 11, 1803. Son of Peter and Esther of C, and descended in the fourth gen. from John of C, who was b. in Lawford Co., Essex, Eng- land, March 31, 16.51. A. and Hon. Art. Co., 1760; styled " captain ; " and was one of the Sons of Liberty. In his printing-office in Queen (now Court) St., many of the *' Boston Tea Party " disguised themselves, and, on their return, did justice to a punch served in a punch-bowl still preserved among his descend- ants. In 1755, he began, with John Gill, the publication of the Boston Gazette and Country Journal, a newspaper of deserved popularity, unsurpassed in patriotism, and zeal for the cause of liberty, to whose columns Otis, the Adamses, Quincy, and Warren — the personal friends of Mr. Edes — were constant contribut- ors. Mr. Edes wielded a caustic pen, ever ready to deal with the political questions of the day. In his letters to Lord Hillsboro', Gov. Bernard advised the arrest of both Edes and Gill, as publishers of sedition. During the siege of IBoston, Edes having dissolved partner- ship with Gill, and admitted his sons to his business, removed his press to Watertown, and there continued to print the Gazette, which was the "chosen mouthpiece of the Whigs." The Gazette was discontinued Sept. 17, 1798, hav- ing been edited by Mr. Edes for 43 years. At the opening of the Revol. war, he possessed a handsome property, which was wholly lost by the depreciation of the currency. An obituary appeared in the Independent Chronicle of Dec. 19, 1803. — See Buckingham's Remin. of Print- ing. Edes, Peter, son of the preceding, b. Bos- ton, Dec. 17, 1756; d. Bangor, Me., in 1840. In partnership with his father ; afterwards re- sided in Newport, R.I., Augusta and Hallo- well, Me. Gen. Gage ordered his arrest " for having fire-arms concealed in his house ; " and, two days after the battle of Bunker's Hill, he was thrown into prison in Boston, where he remained about three months. His journal, in MS., kept during his confinement, is in posses- sion of the family. Edmonds, Francis W., banker and artist, b. Hudson, N.Y., Nov. 22, 18U6 ; d. at his seat on the Bronx River, ab. 1860. Son of Gen. Samuel. He studied at the Nat. Acad, of Design, and became cashier of a bank, employing his leisure with his pencil. In 1835, he sent to the acad. his first picture, " Sammy the Tailor," which attracted atten- tion, and was followed by the " Penny Pa- per," " Sparking," " The' City and Country Beaux," " Dominie Sampson," " Commodore Trunion," &c. He became a member of the acad. in 1840 ; afterward visited Lond., Paris, and Rome, and assisted in the resuscitation of the American Art Union, and in the estab- lishment of the N.Y. Gallery of Fine Arts. Edmonds, John Worth, jurist and Spiritualist, b. Hudson, N.Y., March 13, 1799. Un. Coll. 1816. Adm. to the bar in 1819, he began practice in Hudson in 1820. Member of the Ipgisl. in 1831, and of the senate and Court of Errors in 1832-6. In 1836-7, he was sent by govt, on special missions to the Indians on the frontiers. In 1837, he resumed practice in N.Y. City ; became prison-inspector in 1843, inaugurating important reforms in the treat- ment of criminals; circuit judge, 1845-7; judge of the Sup. Court, 1847-1852, and member of the Court of Appeals in 1852-3, when he retired, and has since practised in New York. He became an avowed advocate of the belief in the intercourse of man with the spirits of the departed, in 1853, and in 1854-5 pub. " Spiritualism," in 2 vols., 8vo. He has pub. other works on the same subjects. Edwards, Bela Bates, D.D., scholar, b. Southampton, Ms., July 4, 1802 ; d. Ga., April 20, 1852. Amh. Coll. 1824. Descended from a Welsh family, embracing the two Jona- than Edwardses and Pres. Dwight among its descendants. Before he was 11, he had read the Bible through seven times, and Scott's Notes twice. He studied theology at Ando- ver. Tutor at Amh. Coll. 1826-8; sec. of the Education Society until 1833. In 1837, he was app. prof, of Hebrew in the theol. sem., and in 1848 was elected to the chair of bibli- cal literature. He pub. the " Ecletic Reader," and an introd. to it, " Biography of Self- taught Men," " Memoirs of E. Cornelius," 1 842 ; a vol. on the " Epistle to the Gala- tians," the Mis.sionary Gazetteer, 1832 ; translat- ted, annotated, and criticised a large number of works; also ed. the Amer. Quarterlu Regis- ter, 1827-42 ; conducted the Amer. Quarterly Observer (1833-6), the Biblical Repository (1835-8), and afterwards the Bibliotheca Sacra and Theol. Review (1844-52). A selection of his sermons, lectures, and addresses, with a memoir, by Prof. Park, was pub. in 2 vols., 12mo, Boston, 1853. Edwards, Bryan, historian, b. Westbury, EID^W 297 ED"W Wilts., Eng., May 21, 1743 ; d. July 15, 1800. He inherited a large fortune in Jamaica, became an eminent merchant, and a promi- nent member of the colonial assembly ; returned to Eng., and in 1796 took his seat for the borough of Grampound, which he represented until his death. Author of " Thoughts on the Trade of the W.I. Islands with the U.S.," 1784; " History of the British Colonies in the W. Indies," 1793, 2 vols., 4to. A new edition of this work, pub. after his death, in 1801, 3 vols., 8vo, includes a " History of St. Do- mingo." — See Lifepref. to Hist. W.I. Edwards, Charles, lawyer in N.Y. City, b. Eng., 1797. Author of "Juryman's Guide," 8vo, 1831; "Parties to Bills and other Pleadings," Svo, 1832; " Feathers from My Own Wings," 12 mo, 1833 ; " Receivers in Chancery," 8vo, 1839, 1846; "Reports of Chancery Cases, 1st Circuit, N.Y., 1831-4.5," 4 vols., Svo ; " History and Poetry of Finger- Rings," 12mo, 1855; " Receivers in Equity," 1857; "Referees," 1860; "Stamp Act of 1862." Edwards, Henry Waggaman, LL.D. (Y.C. 1833), gov. of Ct., b. N. Haven, 1779; d. there July 22, 1847. N. J. Coll. 1797. Grandson of Jonathan. He studied at the Litchf. Law School, and settled in N. Haven. Was M.C. 1819-23; U.S. senator in 1823-7; State senator, 1828-9 ; in 1830, a State repre- sentative, and speaker of the house, and gov. in 1833, and again in 1835-8. Edwards, Jonathan, the greatest of American metaphysicians, b. E. Windsor, Ct., 5 Oct 1703; d. Princeton, N.J., 22 Mar. 1758. Y. C. 1720. Timo, his father was minister of E.W. from May, 1694 to his d., 27 Jan. 1758, a. 88. H.U. 1691. He began to study Latin at 6, and before leaving coll. is said to have reasoned out for himself his great doctrine of freedom of the will. Before he was 20, he began preaching to a Prcsb. congregation in N. Y. City; was a tutor at Yale in 1724-6; then an assist, to his maternal grandfather, Mr. Stoddard, minister of Northampton, whom he succeeded; ord. 15 Feb. 1727, and soon after m. Sarah Picrrepont of N. Haven. Dismissed in June, 1750, for insisting upon a purer and higher standard of admission to the commu- nion table. While missionary to the Stock- bridge Indians in 1751-7, he wrote his celebrat- ed work on " The Freedom of the Will," pub. 1754, and unequalled for close and subtile rea- soning. Made pres. of N.J. Coll. in the latter part of 1757, and inaug. 16 Feb. 1758; d. soon afterward of small-pox. While at Stockbridge, his scanty means of subsistence were increased by a contrib. from his friends in Scotland, and by the industry of his wife and daughters, whose delicate handiwork was sent to Boston to be sold. He taught the doctrine, that phi- losophic necessity was compatible with freedom of the will, rightly defined, and with human responsibility, and was intensely attached to the system of Calvinism as opposed to that of Arminianism. Tall and slender in person, he had a high, broad, bold forehead, piercing and luminous eyes, and a countenance indicative of sincerity and benevolence. He left 5 daugh- ters and 3 sons, one of whom was afterward pres. of N.J. Coll. His other works are, " Treatise Concerning the Religious Affec- tions," 1746 ; " Inquiry into the Qualifications for Full Communion in the Church," 1749; " Original Sin," 1757 ; " Dissertation concern- ing the End for which God created the World," 1789; "True Nature of Christian Virtue," 1788; " Thoughts on the Revival of Religion ; " " History of the Redemption," and " Life of David Brainerd." His writings, with a Memoir by Sereno E. D wight, were pub. 10 vols., 8vo, N.Y. — See, also, Life of Edwards, by S. Hopkins, Sparks's Amer. Biog., vol. viii., and Appleton's Ctjcl. art., " Edtvards." Edwards, Jonathan, D.D. (N. J. Coll. 1785), son of the preceding, and also a theolo- gian and metaphysician, b. Northampton, Ms., May 26, 1745, O.S.; d. Schenectady, N.Y., Aug. 1, 1801. N.J. Coll. 1765. At Stock- bridge, he became thoroughly learned in the Indian language. A few months of his 10th year were passed among the Six Nations, learn- ing the language, and becoming qualified to be a missionary among them ; but the French war occasioned his return to Stockbridge. Studied divinity with Dr. Bellamy ; was licensed to preach in 1766; in 1767-9 was tutor in N.J. Coll., and from 1769 to May 19, 1795, was pas- tor of the church in White Haven, Ct. He was in 1796 settled as pastor of the church in Colebrook, and corresp. extensively with learn- ed men both in this country and Europe. From May, 1799, till his death, he was pres. of Un. Coll. His complete works, with a memoir by his grandson. Rev. Tryon Edwards, D.D., were pub. in 2 vols., 1842. Besides a " Disser- tation on Libei ty and Necessity," and a num- ber of occasional sermons, he pub. " Observa- tions on the Language of the Stockbridge In- dians," sinceedited for the Ms. Hist. Soc. Colls, by the philologist Pickering; and edited from his father's MS., " The History of Redemp- tion," 2 vols, of sermons, and 2 vols, of " Ob- servations on Theol. Subjects." His only son, Jonathan W., a disting. lawyer of Hartford, b. N. Haven, Ct., Jan. 5, 1772, d. Hartford, April 3, 1831. Y. C. 1789. Edwards, Justin, D.D. {Y.C.1827), cler- gyman, and advocate of temperance, b. West- hampton, Ms., April 25, 1787; d. Virginia Springs, July 23, 1853. Wms. Coll. 1810; And. Sem. 1814. From 1812 to 1827, pastor of a Cong, church at Andover; in 1828-9 pas- tor of a new church in Boston, but resigned from failing health, and becoming sec. of the Amer. Temperance Soc, of which he was the originator, he devoted 7 years to the cause by lectures and addresses in all parts of the land, and by preparing temperance documents. In 1836-42, he presided over the theol. sem, at Andover ; one of the founders of the Tract Soc. at Boston in 1814; was corresp. sec. and principal manager, until in 1825 it was united with that of N.Y.,when he was elected a mem- ber of the pub. committee. Of 4 of his tracts, no less than 750,000 were printed by the soc. ; of his "Sabbath Manual," 535,000; of his " Temperance Manual," 143,000 ; of the "Com- ments on the NewTestament,"more than 70,000 before his death, the first vol. of the Old Tes- tament, Genesis to Job, being then in press. 3i:d"w 298 EL33 A Memoir of his life and labors, by Rev. Dr. Hallock, was pub. by the Tract Soc. in 1853. Edwards, Ninian, lawyer and statesman, b. Montgomery Co., Md., Mar. 1775; d. of cholera, at Belleville, III., July 20, 1833. His education, directed at one time by Wm. Wirt, was completed at Dick. Coll., Pa. ; and at the age of 19 he located himself in the Green Riv- er dist.. Ivy. Elected to the legisl. before he was 21 ; adm. in 1798 to the bar of Ky., and in 1799 to that of Tenn., and rose rapidly in the profession. He was app. in 1803 judge of the Circuit Court; in 1806, of Appeals; in 1808, chief-justice of the State, and in 1 809, on the or- ganization of the Terr. govt, of 111., was gov. until the organization of the State govt, in 1818. In 1816, with Gov. Clark and Col. Chouteau, he treated with the Indian tribes; in 1818-24, he was U.S. senator, and in 1824 he declined the Mexican mission. From 1826 to 1830, he was gov. of the State. During tlie War of 1812, his measures to prevent and counteract Indian hostilities were prompt,vigorous, and successful. Edwards, Ogden, jurist, b. Ct. 1781 ; d. Staten Island, Apr. 1, 1862. Grand.son of Jona- than, and son of Pierrepont. He went to N.Y. ab. 1800 ; practised law ; was surrogate for some years ; a member of the State legisl., and of the conv. of 1821, in which he bore a disting. part. He then became Circuit Judge 1st judi- cial dist., which post he filled until 60 years of age. Edwards, Pierrepont, judge. Son of the metaphysician, b. Northampton, Ms., Apr, 8, 1750; d. Bridgeport, Ct., Apr. 14, 1826. Princeton Coll. 1768. His father being a mis- sionary to the Stockbridge Indians, his youth was passed among them ; and he acquired their language perfectly. He commenced the prac- tice of law in N. Haven, 1771 ; took an early and efficient part in the councils of Ct., in fa- vor of Independence ; served in the Revol. army, and was in two hard-fought battles, in- cluding that of Danbury. Member of the Old Congress, 1787-8, and an able advocate for the Constitution of the U.S., in the convention held to ratify it. Judge U.S. dist. court of Ct., at the time of his death. He was the founder of the " Toleration party " in Ct., and, by his ability and perseverance, drew upon him- selfthe animosity of the Calvinists. First Grand Master of Masons in Ct. Father of H. W. and Ogden Edwards. Edwards, Trtox, D.D., clergyman and author. Grandson of the 2d Pres. Edwards b. Hartford, Ct., Aug. 7, 1809. Y.C. 1828. He settled in the ministry at Rochester, N.Y., in 1834, and in N. London in 1845. He has pub. " Christianity a Philosophy of Princi- ples," a memoir of the 2d Pres. Edwards, pub. with his complete works, 1842 ; " Self-Cultiva- tion," 1843, and a memoir of Dr. Bellamy, pub. with his works, 1850. He has edited the works of Pres. Edwards (2d) ; a vol. from the MSS. of Pres, Edwards (1st), entitled " Char- ity and its Fruits ;"" Select Poetry for Chil- dren and Youth," 1851 ; " Jewels for the House- hold," 1852; "The World's Laconics," 1852, and " Wonders of the World," 1853. Several of these have been repub. in Eng. He edited for many years the Family Christian Almanac. Edwin, David, engraver, b. Bath, Eng., Dec. 1776; d. Phila., Feb. 22, 1841. Son of John, the celebrated comic actor, who appren- ticed him to an engraver, but joining an Amer. ship, before the mast, arrived in Phila. in Dec. 1797. He was employed by Edward Savage, the painter, and soon became the most eminent artist in the country, his reputation securing for him nearly all the portrait-engraving of the time. After 20 years application to his craft, his sight failed, and he was compelled to resort to various methods for obtaining a livelihood ; being at one time assist, to an auctioneer, then assist, treasurer at Warren's Theatre, and sub- sequently kept a grocery. He possessed taste and skill as a musician. — Simpson. Egede (5g'-eh-deh), Hans, Danish mission- ary, b. Norway, Jan. 31, 1686; d. Isle of Fal- ster, Nov. 5, 1758. In May, 1721, he went to Greenland to convert the inhabitants. He re- sided there 15 years, laid a successful founda- tion for the further propagation of Christiani- ty, and successful and important commercial relations. He pub. a book on the topography and natui-al history of Greenland, in Danish, in 1729, afterwards translated into French, Dutch, and English. Egede, Paul, his son, b. near Drontheim, 1703 ; d. June 3, 1789. He assisted his father in the mission, from the age of 12, and became, in 1741, bishop of Greenland. He translated "The Imitation of Christ," and portions of the Bible, into the language of Greenland, and, at his departure, left the colony in a highly prosperous state. He was afterward active in forwarding the exploring mission of Lovenon to the coasts of Greenland, and, at the time of his death, occupied a chair of theology in the U. of Copenhagen. He pub. a new edition of his father's work, and a journal of his resi- dence in Greenland, from 1721 to 1728. Eggleston, Maj. Joseph, one of the most efficient cavalry officers of the Revol. M.C. from 1798 to 1801 ; b. Amelia Co., Va., Nov. 24, 1754; d. there Feb. 13, 1811. Wm. and Mary Coll. 1776. He served under Col. Henry Lee and Greene ; was in the battles of Guilford and Eutaw, and was some years member of the Va. assembly, Ehninger, John Whetton, artist, b. N.Y., July22, 1827. Col. Coll. 1847. He studied his art in Europe; was a pupil of Couture in Paris in 1848-9; and in 1851-3 visited Dusseldorf and the chief capitals of the Continent. His first oil painting, " Peter Stuyvesant" (1850), was engraved by the Amer. Art Union. Among his best works since are " Love me. Love my Horse," " The Sword," " The Foray," " Lady Jane Grey," and Ars Celare Artem. He has also produced some excellent etchings and drawings in outline, pencil, and India ink. A series of the former illustrated Hood's "Bridge of Sighs" in 1849 and in 1850, subjects from Irving's story of " Dolph Heyliger." Among his works are " Christ Healing the Sick," a pencil-drawing executed in 1857, and a set of 8 illustrations of Longfellow's " Miles Stan- dish." Mr. E. has devoted much time to per- fecting a system of photographic etching. Elbert, Samuel, gen. Revol. army, b. Pr. KLI> 299 ELI Wm. Parish, S.C., 1740; d. Savannah, Ga., Nov. 2, 1788. Left an orphan at an early age, he went to Savannah, and engaged in commerce. Capt. of a grenadier company there in June, 1774. Member of the Savannah com. of safety ; app. lieut.-col. Feb. 4, 1776; col. Sept. 16, 1776 ; com., in May, 1777, an exped. against the British in E. Fla. ; captured Fort Ogle- thorpe at Frederica, Apr. 19, 1778, with the British vessels anchored there; actively engaged in that year in the vicinity of Savannah, and behaved gallantly at its attack by Col. Camp- bell, Dec. 29, 1778. He disting. himself in the action at Brier Creek, where he com. a brigade under Ashe, Mar. 3, 1779, and was made prisoner. After his exchange, he joined the army under Washington ; was present at the surrender of Cornwallis, and made brev. brig.-gen. Nov. 3, 1783. Gov. of Ga. in 1785, and amaj.-gen. of militia at his death. — Hist. Mafj., Jan. 1868. Elder, William, M.D., of Phila., b. Somerset, Pa., 1809. Author of " Periscopics," a vol. of miscellanies, 12mo, 1854 ; a new ed. entitled " The Enchanted Beauty," 12mo, N.Y., 1855; "Life of Dr. E. K. Kane," 8vo, 1857. Elgin, James Bruce, earl of, gov. of Canada, 1846-.54, b. 1811; d. 25 Nov. 1863. Educated at Oxford ; M. P. 1841 ; succeeded to the title on the death of his father in Nov. 1841. Gov. of Jamaica, 1842-6. He was one of the ablest of Canadian govs. Ambassador to China, and afterward to Japan, he concluded treaties with both, the latter bearing date Aug. 26, 1858. Postmaster.-gen. of Eng., 1859-60; again ambassador to China in 1860 ; gov.-gen. of India, from 1860 to his death. Created a peer in 1849. Eliot, Andrew, D.D. (U.of Edinb. 1767), minister of Boston, b. Dec. 28, 1718 ; d. Sept. 13, 1778. H. U. 1737. Descended from Andrew of Somersetshire, who settled at Beverly, ab. 1683. Andrew, his father, was a merchant of Boston. Ord. pastor of the New North Church as coll. with Mr. Webb, Apr. 14, 1742; remained there till his death. During the occupancy of the town by the British, he al- leviated the sufferings of the inhabitants, and ministered to his sick and wounded country- men in prison. He was a friend to literature and science, and a benefactor of H.U. Author of a number of sermons, and in 1768 sent to a friend in Eng. an account of the effects of the dispute between Great Britain and America. Elected pres. of H.U., such was his attachment to his people, that he declined the honor. An Svo vol. of his sermons was pub. in 1774. Eliot, Jared, divine, physician, and schol- ar, b. Nov. 7, 1685 ; d. Killingworth, Ct., Apr. 28, 1763. Y. C. 1706. Grandson of the Apostle Eliot. From Oct. 26, 1709, to his death, he was minister to the First Church in Killingworth, Ct. He was one of the most useful men of his time. lie was a good preacher, a physician of much repute, and ex- celled in the natural sciences; in 1761 was honored with a medal from the Lond. Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce. Member of the Roy. Soc. of Lond. He was the first to introduce the white mulberry-tree into Ct., and with it the silk- worm, and pub. a treatise upon the subject. Such was his success in the treatment of in- sanity and chronic complaints, that he was sometimes sent for to Newport and Boston, and was more extensively consulted than any other physician in N.E. He also pub. " Religion supported by Reason and Revelation," 1735 ; ** Sermon on the Taking of Louisburg," 1745. Eliot, John, minister of Roxbury, Ms., " the Apostle to the Indians," b. Nasing, Essex, Eng., 1603 ; d. May 20, 1690. Educated at the U. of Camb. After pursuing the occupation of a teacher, came to Boston 2 Nov. 1631. He became minister of the church in Roxbury, Nov. 5, 1632, and soon conceived a strong passion for Christianizing and improving the condition of the Indians, of whom there were nearly 20 tribes, within the limits of the English plantations. Having acquired their language, he [)ub. a grammar, and a transl. of the Bible in it (1663) ; and the merit is claimed for him of having (Oct. 28, 1646) been the first Prot- estant clergyman who preached the gospel to the N. A. savages. In 1651, an Indian town was built on Charles River, called Natick, and the first Indian church established there in 1660. His humane efforts in behalf of the praying Indians, menaced with destruction during Philip's war in 1675 by the exasperated settlers, are worthy of especial praise. He left four sons, educated at H.U., classed with " the best preachers of their generation." He pub. several letters in a work entitled " The Glorious Progress of the Gospel among the Indians," 1649 ; " Tears of Repentance," in conjunction with Mr. Mayhew, 1653; "A Late and Further Manifestation of the Progress of the Gospel among the Indians," in 1G58; " Of the Gospel among the Indians," in 1659 ; " A Brief Narrative of the Progress of the Gospel," 1670; "The Logic Primer for the Use of Indians," 1672; " The Psalms," trans- lated into Indian metre, and a " Catechism," annexed to the edition of the New Testament, in 1680; a translation of " The Practice of Piety," of " Baxter's Call to the Unconverted," and of several of Shepard's works ; " The Har- mony of the Gospels in English," 1678; and " The Divine Management of Gospel Churches by the Ordinance of Councils, designed for the Reconciliation of the Presbyterians and Congregationalists." Nine of his letters to Sir Robert Boyle are included in the third, and his account of Indian churches in the tenth volume of the Hist. Colls. In 1639, he assisted in compilinganew version of the Psalms, known as "The Old Bay Psalm Book." In 1660, he issued a tract essaying to prove that the Indians are descendants of the Jews. Hutch- inson, in his " Hist, of Ms.," relates, that, in 1660, the gov. and council of Ms. pronounced the " Christian Commonwealth," of which Eliot was the author, to be seditious. He ac- knowledged this by a public recantation. Eliot, John, D.D. (Edinb. 1797), minister of Boston, b. Boston, May 31, 1754 ; d. there Feb. 14, 1813. H.U. 1772. Ord. pastor of the New North Church, as successor of his father, Nov. 3, 1779, and remained there till his death. With his friend Jeremy Belknap, he founded EIU 300 ELL the Hist. Soc. of Ms., contributing more than any other person to its colls., and to its library of rare books. He devoted much time and labor to biog. and hist, researches. Member of the Am. Acad, of Arts and Sciences. He was the author of a " New-England Biograph- ical Dictionary," 8vo, 1809; "An Account of Burials in Boston," " Description of New Bedford," " Notice of W. Whittingham, and Narrative of Newspapers ; " " Sketch of Dr. Belknap," "Ecclesiastical Hist, of Ms. and Plymouth," " Account of John Eliot," " Account of Marblehead," " Memoirs of Dr. Thatcher," and " Memoirs of A. Eliot, and T. Pemberton," in the Hist. Colls. Eliot, Samuel, LL.D. (Col. Coll. 1863), author, b. Boston, Dec. 22, 1821. H.U. 1839, with the highest honors. Grandson of Samuel, who founded the Eliot professorship at H.U. He spent 2 years in a counting-room in Boston, and 4 years in foreign travel. In 1845, at Kome, he formed the plan of his " History of Liberty," two parts of which have appeared, Boston, 1 853. Part i., " The Ancien t Romans," and two vols, relating to " The Early Chris- tians," 1858. Engaging in the business of practical teaching, besides private pupils, he gave gratuitous instruction to classes of young working-men, and organized a charity school for vagrant children. He pub. in 1856 "A Manual of U. S. History, 1492-1856 ; " " Life and Times of Savonarola." He is engaged upon a third part of his" History of Liberty," treat- ing the papal ages. Mr. Eliot has contrib. to periodical literature. Prof, of history and political science in Trinity Coll., Hartford, and pres. 1860-4. Eliot, Samuel Atkins, merchant, b. Boston, Mar. 5, 1798 ; d. Cambridge, Jan. 29, 1862. H. U. 1817. Samuel, his father, a wealth); merchant, and benefactor of H.U., d. Jan. 18, 1820, a. 81. Mayor of Boston, 1837- 9 ; rep. and senator in the State legisl. for three or four years, and M.C. 1850-1. Father of Chas. Wm. pres. of H. U. since 1869. Eliot, Thomas D., lawyer and M.C. ( 1 854- 5, and 1859-70), b. Boston, 20 Mar. 1808; d. N. Bedford, 12 June, 1870. Col. Coll. (D.C), 1 825. He studied law in the office of his uncle. Judge Wm. Cranch, and became eminent in the profession in N. Bedford. Member of the house and senate of Ms., and prominent in the Freesoil con v. at Worcester in 1855. In Con- gress, he took an active part in the legislation for the protection and welfare of the colored race. Ellery, Frank, commo. U.S.N., b. R.I. Midshipm. Jan. 1, 1812; lieut. Mar. 28, 1820; commo. July 16, 1862 ; retired 1840. Served in frigate "President" in all her cruises, and wounded in the action with " The Belvidere ; " received a sword for his services on Lake Champlain ; in " The Constellation " in Medit. 1815, at capture of an Algerine frigate and a Turkish flagship; operated against the patriots at Amelia Island, Fla., capturing a patriot privateer and her prize ; com. steamer " Enter- prise" in 1840. — Hamersly. EUery, William, signer of the Declaration of Independence, and also of the Articles of Confederation, b. Newport, R.L, Dec. 22, 1727 ; d. there Feb. 15, 1820. H.U. 1747. Son of Lieut.-Gov. E. For some years after his mar- riage in 1750, he was engaged in mercantile pursuits in Newport ; was some time naval officer of R. I., and in 1770, after 2 years' ser- vice as clerk of a court, commenced the practice of law at Newport, attaining high reputation for ability and integrity. He took an early and active part in assertmg and explaining the political rights of the colonies. From May, 1776, to 1785, with the exception of 1780 and 1782, he was a deleg. to Congress, acting on many important committees relating to the finances and to diplomacy. As a member of the marine committee, and subsequently of the board of admiralty, he was eminently serviceable; and the plan of 5 ships to be fitted out at Newport has been attributed to him. He suf- fered great loss of property during the British occupancy of R.I. in 1777-8. App. commiss. of loans in Apr. 1786. Chosen chief-justice of the Sup. Court of R.I., he made strenuous efforts, in conjunction with RufusKingof N.Y., for the abolition of slavery in the U.S. He was coll. of the revenue at Newport from 1790 till his death. An interesting memoir, by his grandson. Prof. Channing, is in Sparks's " Am. Biography," vol. vi. Ellet, Charles, Jun., engineer, b. Pa. Manor, on the Delaware, Pa., Jan. 1, 1810 ; d. Cairo, 111., June 21, 1862. He planned and built the first wire suspension-bridge in the U.S., — that across the Schuylkill atFairmount. Designed and built that across the Niagara River, below the Falls, and also the first one at Wheeling, Va. For the Va. Central Rail- road, he constructed a remarkable temporary track, leading over the Blue Ridge ; and he im- proved the navigation of the Kanawha River. He was employed on the Baltimore and Ohio, the Reading and other Railroads, and was pres. of the Schuylkill Navigation Co. in 1846-7. On the breaking-out of the civil war, he turned his attention to the use of steam-vessels as rams. Having projected a plan for cutting off the confed. army at Manassas, and communi- cated it to Gen. McClellan, by whom it was rejected, he subsequently wrote two pamphlets, severely censuring that general's mode of con- ducting the war. The navy dept. having de- clined to construct rams for service on the Mpi., according to his plan, he applied to Mr. Stanton, sec. of war, by whom it was adopted. Made col. of engineers, he soon converted into rams 10 or 12 powerful steamers, with which he rendered great assistance in the naval battle of Memphis, June 4, where he sunk and dis- abled several of the eneiny's vessels, and was struck by a musket-ball above the knee, from the effects of which he d. He wrote " An Es- say on the Laws of Trade," 1839 ; a paper on the " Physical Geography of the Mpi. Valley, with Suggestions as to the Improvement of the Navigation of the Ohio, and other Rivers," in "Smithsonian Transactions," 1851; "The Mis- sissippi and Ohio Rivers, containing Plans for the Protection of the Delta from Inundation," 8vo, Phila., 1853 ; a pamphlet on "Coast and Harbor Defences, or the Substitution of Steam Batterintj-Rams for Ships of War," Phila., 1855, and many other scientific papers. His bro. E2L.L 301 JELH, Alfred W. Ellet, who held a commission under him as lieut.-col. in the same fleet, was app. brig.-gen. of vols., Nov. 1, 1862. Elllet, Col. Charles Rivers, son of Col. Charles, b. Phila., 1841 ; d. Bunker's Hill, 111., Oct. 29, 1863. He received a thorough educa- tion. When the war broke out, he became as- sist, surgeon in a military hospital. He accomp. his father westward in the spring of 1862, and com. one of the rams in the action at Memphis, in which the father received a fatal wound. After his death, he became col. in the marine brigade of his uncle, Gen. Alfred W. Ellet, and soon after com. the brigade. With the ram " Queen of the West " as his headquarters, he made many daring expeds. on the Mpi. Feb. 10, 1863, in an exped. up the Red River, he captured the confederate steamer "Era," No. 5, and other vessels ; but, getting aground, his vessel fell into the hands of the enemy, Ellet making his escape upon a bale of cotton. During and after the siege of Vicksburg, he rendered valuable assistance to Gen. Grant in keeping open his communications; but, in the course of this duty, he contracted the disease which proved fatal to him shortly after. Sllet, Elizabeth Fries, authoress, wife of Wm. H., b. Sodus Point on Lake Ontario, N.Y., Oct. 1818. The dau. of Dr. Wm. N. Lummis. She was educated at the female sem. at Aurora, Cayuga Co., N.Y. ; m. Wm. H. Ellet at an early age, accomp. her hus- band to S. C, and returned to N. Y. in 1848. She pub. a vol. of poems in 183.5 ; " Scenes in the Life of Joanna of Sicily," 1840 ; " Char- acters of Schiller," 1841, and " Country Ram- bles," and contrib. articles on French and Ital- ian poetry and literature to several quarterly reviews. In 1848, she pub. in 3 vols., 12mo, '* Women of the Amer. Revolution," one of her most popular works, the materials for which were derived from original sources. She has also pub. " Evenings at Woodlawn," " Family Pictures from the Bible," 1840 ; "Domestic History of the Amer. Revolution," 1850; "Watching Spirits," 1851; "Pioneer Women of the West," 1852 ; " Novellettes of the Musicians," 1852 ; " Summer Rambles in the West," 1 853 ; " Queens of Amer. Society," 1865: she also edited "The Practical House- keeper." She is preparing a dictionary of fe- male painters and sculptors. Ellet, William Henry, M.D., chemist, b. N.Y, City, ab. 1804 ; d. there Jan. 26, 1859. Col. Coll. 1824. While studying medicine, he gained a gold medal for a dissertation on the compounds of cyanogen. He was prof, of experim. chemistry in Col. Coll. from 1832 to 1835, and of chemistry, mineralogy, and geol- ogy, in the S.C. Coll., in 1835-48. The legisl. of S.C. presented him with a service of silver plate for the discovery of a new and cheap method of preparing gun-cotton. During the last 5 years of his life, he was consulting chemist of the Manhattan Gas Co. of N.Y. Elizabeth F. was his wife. Ellicott, Andrew, astronomer and civil engineer, b. Bucks Co., Pa., Jan. 24, 1754 ; d. West Point, N.Y., Aug. 29, 1820. His fother and uncle united in purchasing a large tract of wild land on the Patapsco River, in 1770, and in 1774 founded the town of Ellicotts Mills, Md. His scientific attainments early attracted attention; and he enjoyed the friend- ship of Washington, Franklin, and Rittenhouse. He was at various times commis. for marking parts of the boundaries of Va., Pa., and N.Y. Ab. 1785, he removed to Baltimore, which he represented in the State legisl. In 1789, he was selected by Washington to survey the land ly- ing between Pa. and Lake Erie, and during that year made the first accurate measurement of the Niagara River, from Lake to Lake. In 1790, he was employed by the govt, to survey and lay out the city of Washington. He was made surv.-gen. of the U.S. in 1792, supt. the construction of Fort Erie at Presque Isle in 1795, and was employed in laying out the towns of Erie, Warren, and Franklin. In 1796, he was app. by Washington commission, on behalf of the U.S., under the treaty of San Lorenzo, to determine the southern boundary separating the U. S. Territory from that of Spain. The results of this service of nearly 5 years appear in his " Journal," 4to, Phila., 1803. Until 1808, he was sec. of the Pa. land- office, and from 1 Sept. 1813, till his death, he was prof, of math, and civil engineering at West Point. In 1817, by order of govt , he went to Montreal to make astron. obs. for car- rying out some of the articles of the treaty of Ghent. He was an active member and useful officer of the Amer. Philos. Soc, to whose " Transactions " he was a contrib. Joseph his bro., also a math, and surveyor, d. Batavia, N.Y. \82Q.—Appleton. Elliott, Charles, D. D. (Wesl. U. 1840), LL.D. (All. Coll. 1858). Methodist divine, b. Killybegs, Ireland, May 6, 1792; d. Mount Pleasant, Iowa, Jan. 6, 1869. He studied at Dublin; emig. to Amer. in 1814, and was received into the travelling connec- tion of the Ohio conference in 1818. In 1822, he was supt. of the Wyandotte Mis- sion, Upper Sandusky ; was subsequently, for 5 years, pres. elder of the Ohio district, and was in 1827-31 prof, of languages in Madison Coll., Uniontown, Pa. Stationed at Pittsburg in 1831, he was subsequently pres. elder of that dist. ; edited the Pittsburg Conference Journal, and afterwards edited the Western Christian Advocate at Cincinnati, where he remained un- til 1848. Resuming his regular clerical labor, he was in 1852 re-elected editor of the Advocate for 4 years. Pres. la. Wesl. U., 1856-60 and 1864-7. His publications are, " A Treatise on Baptism," 1834; "Life of Bishop Roberts," 1853; "Delineation of Roman Catholicism," 1851 ; " Historv of the Great Secession from the M. E. Chufch," 8vo, 1855 ; " Political Ro- manism," " Reminiscences of the Wyandotte Mission," and a" History of the M.E. Church in the Souih and West, from 1844 to 1866," 1868. Elliott, Charles Loring, portrait paint- er, b. Scipio, N.Y., Dec. 1812; d. Albany, Aug. 25, 1868. Placed in a country-store at Syracuse, he devoted all his leisure-time to his favorite pursuits of drawing and painting; went to New York ab. 1834, and became a pu- pil of Trumbull and then of Quidor. He first attempted portraits without success ; but some ELL. 302 KLL oil-paintings by him, representing scenes from Irving'sand Paulding's works, attracted notice. After practising portrait-painting for 10 years in the western part of the State, he returned to N.Y.City, and established himself there. Many of his works are remarkable for the fidelity of the likeness and vigorous coloring. In 1846, he became a member of the Nat. Acad, of Design. Among his best portraits are those of Fletcher Harper, J. F. Cooper, Church and Durand, the artists. Gov. Morgan, and Col. Colt. Elliott, Charles Wyllts, author, b. Guilford, Ct., May 27, 1817 ; 5th in lineal de- scent from the " Apostle " Eliot. After some years of mercantile life in N.Y. City, he in 1838-9 studied horticulture and landscape- gardening with A. J. Downing, at Newburgh, and from 1840 to 1848 practised these pursuits at Cincinnati. Since 1850, he has resided in N.Y. He was one of the founders and first trustees of the " Children's Aid Society" in 1853. In 1857, he was app. one of the com- mis. for laying out the N.Y. Central Park. He has pub. " Mysteries, or Glimpses of the Supernatural," an attempt to refute Spiritual- ism, 12mo, 1854 ; "St. Domingo, its Revolution and its Hero, Toussaint L'Ouverture," 12mo, 1855 ; " The New-England History, from the Discovery of the Continent by the Northmen, A.D. 986 to 1776," 2 vols., 8vo, 1857 ; "Cot- tages and Cottage Life," 8vo, 1848. Elliott, James, M.C. from Vt., 1803-9, b. 1775; d. Newtane, Vt., 10 Nov. 1839. He was self-taught ; served under Gen. Wayne in the North-western campaigns of 1793-6, as a non-commissioned officer; was a clerk in a country-store at Guilford, Vt., and, while pre- paring for the bar, wrote in verse and prose for the Greenfield Gazette, Dennie's Farmer's Mu- seum, and other papers. He resided a short time in Phila., where he edited the Freeman's Journal. Returning to Brattleboro', Vt., he established himself in the practice of law, and held several important State offices. He pub; at Greenfield, Ms., in 1796, a vol. of poetry and prose. Samuel, a younger bro., was also a writer, and a practitioner at the Brattleboro' bar. — See Buckingham's Reminiscences, ii. Elliott, Jesse Duncan, commodore U. S. N., b. Md., July 14, 1782; d. Phila., Dec. 10, 1845. Educated at Carlisle, Pa., and studied law. Midshipm. Apr. 1804; lieut. Apr. 23, 1810; master, July 24, 1813; capt. March 27, 1818. He served m " The Essex," Capt. Bar- ron, during the Tripolitan war, and in that of 1812-15, served on the lakes, under Chaun- cey and Perry. Oct, 8, 1812, a boat exped. was organized under his com. on Lake Erie, for the capture of the British brigs "Detroit" and " Caledonia." They were boarded and captured with slight loss. For this exploit, he was presented by Congress with a sword. In the attack upon York, U.C , July 24, 1813, he com. " The Madison," and was highly com- mended. In Perry's famous victory on Lake Erie,Sept. 10,1813, Elliott com." The Niagara," 20 guns, and for his conduct received a gold medal from Congress. A court-martial, app. at his request in consequence of insinuations to his dispanigement, pronounced him " a brave and skilful officer." He succeeded Perry in the com. on Lake Erie, in Oct. 1813 ; joined Decatur's Mediterranean squadron, in the sloop "Ontario," early in 1815; from 1817 to 1824 was a commiss. to select sites for dockyards, light-houses, and fortifications for the coast of N.C. ; com. the W. India squad., in 1829-32 ; in 1833 took charge of the Charlestown Navy- Yard, and afterward, in " The Constitution," cruised several years in the Mediterranean. On his return, he was court-martialled, and sus- pended four years. A part of this sentence was remitted, and in 1844 he was app. to the Phila. Navy- Yard. He was, though a man of kind feelings.a rigid disciplinarian. A " biographical notice " of him, " by a citizen of New York," was pub. Phila., 12mo, 1835. Elliott, Jonathan, publicist, b. near Car- lisle, Eng., 1784; d. Washington, March 12, 1846. Emig. to N.Y. ab. 1802. He was a printer, when in 1810 he vol. to assist in the establishment of the independence of New Granada, and was in several engagements un- der Bolivar, in one of which he was severely wounded. He was taken prisoner at the sur- render of Gen. Miranda, in 1812, and suffered many hardships, but returned to the U.S. in 1813, and served in the Amer. army in the War of 1812-15. In 1814, he located himself in Washington, and edited with ability, during 13 years, the Washington Gazette, Author of "The American Diplomatic Code," 1827 ; " Debates on the Adoption of the Constitution," 1827-30; " Funding System of the U.S.," " Statistics of the U. S.," &c. ; " The Comparative Tar- iffs," " Sketches of the District of Columbia,'* 1830. He also edited the "Madison Papers,'* 8vo, 1845. EUiott, Stephen, LL.D.(Y.C. 1819), bot- anist, b. Beaufort, S.C, Nov. 11, 1771; d. Charleston, March 28, 1830. Y. C. 1791. He applied himself to the improvement of his es- tate and the cultivation of letters ; was chosen to the legisl. at 22, continuing to serve until he became pres. of the State Bank, established in 1812. In 1813, he founded the Literary and Philosoph. Soc. of S.C, delivering in 1814 the first annual address, and subsequently a course of lectures on botany. Chief editor of the Southern Review. He pub. "Botany of S.C. and Georgia," 2 vols., 1821-4; was pres. of several literary and scientific societies, and prof, of natural history and botany in the State Med. Coll., which he was instrumental in es- tablishing in 1825. Elliott, Stephen, D.D., Pr.-Ep. bishop of Ga., son of the preceding, b. Beaufort, S.C, Nov. 13, 1805; d. Savannah, Dec. 21,1866. Col. Coll., S.C, 1825 ; H.U. 1824. He prac- tised law in Charleston and Beaufort until 1833 ; was ord. deacon in 1835 ; priest, July 22, 1838; andconsec. bishop, Feb. 28, 1841. Soon after he became a priest, he was made prof, of sacred literature in the S. C Coll. EUiott, Stephen, Jun., brig.-gen. C.S.A., b. Beaufort, S.C, 1832; d. Aiken, S.C, 21 Mar. 1866. In 1861, he raised and equipped the Beaufort Artillery ; at Pinckney Island, Aug. 1862, he com. 3 batteries, and was pro- moted for gallantry ; com. Fort Sumter during its long bomb., and in July, 1864, was wounded by the explosion of a mine under his quarters. TTTiTi 303 E3LX. Elliot, Washington L., brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Pa. ; app. 2d lieut. mounted rifles, May 27, 1846 ; 1st lieut. July, 1847 ; capt. July, 1854 ; maj. 1st cav. Feb. 1862 ; lieut.-col. Aug. 31, 1866. He disting. himself in conflicts with the Navajoes in New Mexico, Sept. 1858; brig.-gen. vols. June 11, 1862; engaged at Springfield and Wilson's Creek ; col. 2d Iowa cav. Sept. 1861 ; com. cav. brigade at New Ma- drid, Island No. 10, Corinth, and raid on Ohio and Miss. R. R. ; chief of cav., Army of Va., and wounded at second battle of Bull Run ; chief of cav., Army of the Cumberland ; in the At- lanta campaign, and pursuit of Hood; com. division 4th corps, Dec. 1864 to Apr. 1865; en- gaged in battles around Nashville, Tenn., for which he was brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A., and brev. maj.-gen for gallant services in the war. Au- thor of " Manual for Cavalry." — Henry. Elliott, William, author and politician, b. Beaufort, S.C, April 27, 1788; d. there Feb. 1863. H. U. 1809. His father, William, (b. 1761, d. 1808), joined in the patriotic strug- gle against the mother-country, along with his uncles John, Edward, and Robert Barnwell. At the surprise on John's Island, he was dan- gerously wounded, taken prisr., and immured in a prison-ship. He served in both branches of the legisl. The son devoted himself for many years to the management of his estates, and served with credit in both branches of the State legisl. During the nullification crisis of 1832, he resigned his State senatorship upon being instructed by his constituents to vote to nullify the tariff-law. He pub. in 1851 letters against secession, signed " Agricola." Con- trib. largely to the periodical press of the South ; pub. an "Address before the St. Paul's Agricultural Society," 1850; " Carolina Sports by Land ^nd Water," 1856; " Fiesco," a trage- dy, printed for the author in 1850, and a number of occasional poems of merit. Elliot, William, lawver, b. Marblehead, Ms., Aug. 17, 1803. Dartm. Coll. 1826. He Practised law in Marblehead, Boston, and at icwiston. 111., in 1832 ; postmaster there in 1832-7; master in chancery, 1835-50; State's atty., 5th judicial district, 1838-48; has pub. " Visions of Quevedo," translated from the Spanish. — Alumni D. C. Ellis, George Edward, D.D. (H. U. 1857), Unitarian clergyman and author, b. Boston, Aug. 8, 1814. H.U. 1833; Camb. Div. School, 1836. Mar. 11, 1840, he was ord. gastor of the Harvard Church, Charlestown, Is. ; resigned 22 Feb. 1869. He wrote for " Sparks's Anier. Biog." Lives of John Mason, Anne Hutchinson, and Wm. Penn ; in 1857 pub. " The Half-Century of the Unitarian Con- troversy ; " was some time editor of the Christian Register, and for some years conducted, with Rev. Georgtf Putnam, the Christian Examiner, He has contrib. to various periodicals, includ- ing the N. Y. Review, the North American, and the Atlantic Monthly, chiefly upon topics of American history. Prof, of doctrinal theolo- gy in the Camb.'Divinity School, 1857-63. A prominent member of the Ms. Hist. Soc.and ac- tive in antiquarian researches. He is also a zeal- ous friend of popular education, having spoken and written much for common schools, and has published many sermons, addresses, and pam- phlets. In 1864, he gave a course of Lowell Lectures on the Evidences of Christianity. Author of " The Aims and Purposes of the Founders of Ms.," 1869. In 1871, he wrote the Life of Count Ruinford to accompany a complete edition of the works of that distin- guished philosopher, pub. in 4 vols., by the Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sciences, of which he is a fellow. Ellis, Henry, F.R.S., explorer, b. Eng., 1721 ; d. 21 Jan. 1806. Educated to the law at the Temple, Lond. In May, 1746, he went out as agent of a company for the discovery of a north-west passage. After extinguishing with difficulty a fire in his ship, he proceeded to Greenland ; exchanged commodities with the Esquimaux, July 8 ; proceeded to Fort Nelson ; wintered in Hayes River ; renewed his efforts in June, 1747, without success, and returning Oct. 14, pub. in 1748 the " Voyage made to Hudson's Bay in 1746-7, by the 'Dobbs Gal- ley ' and ' The California,' to discover a North-west Passage," &c. Ellis was rewarded for his services by being made lieut.-gov. of Georgia, 15 Aug. 1756; arrived at Savannah, 16 Feb. 1757, and May 17, 1758, was made gov. -in-chief. His services to the Colony were great, and he was highly esteemed : but the climate was injurious to his health ; and he left the Province, Nov. 2, 1760. He was gov. of Nova Scotia in 1761-4. He afterward resided in Italy, principally occupied in scientific re- searches. His " Voyage " contains much valuable information. John Ellis, F.R.S., agent for West Florida and Dominican, d. Oct. 18, 1776. Ellis, John Willis, politician, b. Rowan, N.C., Nov. 25, 1820 ; d. Raleigh, 1861. U. of N.C. 1841. He studied law; was a member of the House of Commons in 1844-8; then became judge- of the Superior Courts of Law and Equity, and was gov. of N.C. from 1859 till his death. Active in promoting the seces- sion of his State. Ellis, Powhatan, lawyer and politician, b. Va. Wm. andM. Coll. 1813. He removed to Mpi., where he practised law ; became a judge of the Supreme Court ; U.S. senator in 1825 and in 1827-33 ; charg€ d'affaires to Mexico in 1836-9, and minister to Mexico in 1839. Ellsworth, Ephraim Elmer, col. U.S. vols., b. Mechanicsville, N.Y., Apr. 23, 1837 ; killed at Alexandria, Va., May 24, 1861. He found mercantile employment in Troy, in N.Y., and finally in Chicago, where, as a patent-soli- citor, he acquired a good income. Engaging in the study of law, he gratified also his mili- tary predilections, and formed a Zouave corps in Chicago. They visited the Eastern cities in July, 1860, and excited universal admiration. He organized a Zouave regt. on his return to Chicago, where he was a zealous advocate also for the election of Mr. Lincoln, whom he ac- comp. to Washington. In April, 1861, he organized a Zouave regt. from the N.Y. firc- dept., and in 3 weeks led them into Wash- ington. Ordered to Alexandria, they entered that city early in the morning of the 24th of May. Seeing a secession flag flying over the ELU. 304 ELI> Marshall House, he with two companions en- tered the house, and took it down. As he descended from the roof, the proprietor, Jackson, shot him, falling himself the next instant hy a ball from Brownell, one of Ellsworth's com- panions. Ellsworth, Henry Leavitt, agricul- turist, son of Chief-Justice E., b. Windsor, Ct., Nov. 10, 1791 ; d. Fairhaven, Ct., Dee. 27, 1858. Y.C. 1810. After studying law with Judge Gould at Litchfield, he settled at Wind- sor, but in a few years removed to Hartford, where he remained 8 or 10 years, when he was app. resident commiss. among the Indian tribes to the south and west of Ark. U.S. commiss. of patents, 4 July, 1836-May, 1845. In this post, his labors were of great importance; and his series of reports to Congress on the agricul- ture of the country led to great improvements in that science. He then established himself at Lafayette, Ind., in the purchase and settle- ment of U.S. land. In 1857, he returned to Ct. Author of " Digest of Patents, from 1770 to 1839," 8vo, 1840. — Flist, Magazine, iii., 94. Ellsworth, Henry William, lawyer, author, and charge d'affaires to Sweden, 1845- 50, b. Windsor, Ct., 1814; d. N. Haven, Aug. 1864. Y.C. 1834. Son of Henry L. He studied in the N. Haven Law School ; removed to Ind. in 1835, and after 1850 was counsel for S. B. F. Morse in suits connected with his tcleg. patents. Author of " Sketches of the Upper Wabash Valley, Ind.," 8vo, N.Y., 1838. Contrib. to the Knickerbocker Mag., &c. — See Poets and Poetry of the West. Ellsworth, Mrs. Mary W., author, d. Newton, Ms., 15 Aug. 1870. — See Janvrin. Ellsworth, Oliver, LL.D. (Y.C. 1790), chief-justice of the U.S., b. Windsor, Ct., Apr. 29, 1745; d. Nov. 26, 1807. N.J. Coll. 1766. His father was a farmer. Adm. to the bar in 1771, he commenced practice at Hartford, and ac-quired in a few years a high professional rep- utation, and was app. State-atty. As a mem- ber of the gen. assembly of Ct., he took a large share in all the Revol. political discussions and measures. In 1777-80, he was a delegate to Congress. In 1780, he became a member of the council of Ct., and in 1784 was app. a judge of the Superior Court. In 1787, he was a delegate to the convention for framing the Federal Constitution. It is believed that the present organization and mode of app. of the senate were suggested by him. Other duties calling him away, his name is not among the signers of the Constitution, which was adopted, but he approved the work, and warmly sup- ported it in the State convention. U.S. senator, 1789-95. He drew up the bill organizing the judiciary, and took a prominent part in most of the great questions of politics or public economy. In March, 1796, Washington app. him chief- justice of the U. S. Sup. Court. At the close of the year 1799, Davie, Wm. Van Murray, and himself were sent envoys to France to adjust those differences which had assumed the character of war. The convention which they concluded with the French Govt, obtained the assent of the pres. and senate. In 1802, he entered again into the council of the State, and in 1807 was elected its chief-justice, but declined the station. Ellsworth, William Wolcott, LL.D. (U. of N.Y. 1838), jurist, twin bro. of Henry L., and son of Chiet-Justice Oliver, b. Wind- sor, Ct.,Nov. 10, 1791 ; d. Hartford, Ct., Jan. 15, 1868. Y. C. 1810. Studied law; practised with success from 1813 to 1829 ; was a prof, of that science in Trinity College from 1827 till his death ; M. C. 1829-33; gov. 1838-42, and was a judge of the Sup. Court of the State from 1847 to 1861. He twice declined an elec- tion to the U S. senate from unwillingness to be drawn farther away from his cherished pro- fession. — Y. C. Obit. Record. Elmer, Ebenezer, the last surviving Revol. officer of N.J., b. Cedarville, N.J., 1752; d. Bridgeton, Oct. 18, 1843. Grandson of Rev. Daniel Elmer. After receiving a classi- cal education, he studied medicine with his brother Dr. Jonathan, but in 1775 entered the army as an ensign, which in 1777 he resigned for the appointment of surgeon 2d N.J. regt. He practised physic at Bridgeton after the war ; in 1789 was elected a member of the Assembly, in which he served several years ; speaker in 1791 and 5; was M. C. 180'l-7 ; many years brig.-gen. of militia ; vice-president Burlington Coll. 1808-17 and 1822-32. Elmer, Jonathan, physician, magistrate, and senator, b. Cumberland Co., N.J., 1745; d. Burlington, 1817. U. of Pa. Brother of Ebenezer. He practised physic with reputa- tion in his native county ; was a sheriff, a sur- rogate, and a judge during the Revol.; was a member of the Cont. Congress in 1776-8, 1781- 4, and 1787, and a U.S. senator in 1789-91. Member of the Philos. Society. Elmer, Lucius Q. C, LL.D. (N.J. Coll. 1865), jurist, b. Bridgeton, N.J., 1793. N.J. Coll. 1824. Educated a lawyer, and practised in his native town. For many years, he was State prosecutor; was in the Assembly in 1820-3, in the latter year its speaker; U.S. atty. for N.J. in 1821-9 ; M.C. 1843-5 ; atty.- gen. in 1850, and in 1852-9 was one of the justices of the Sup. Court of the State. He pub. " Digest of the Laws of N.J," Bridgeton, 8vo, 1838. Elmore, Franklin Harper, senator, b. Laurens Dist., SC, 1799; d. Washington, May 29, 18.50. S.C. Coll. 1819. Adm. to the bar'in 1821 ; in 1822-36 was solicitor of the Southern Circuit; M.C. 1837-9 ; U.S. senator to fill the vacancy occasioned by the d. of Cal- houn. Selected in 1838 by the S. C. Cong, delegation to obtain authentic information con- cerning the antislavery movement, the letters which passed between him and James G. Bir- ney were printed, and went through many edi- tions under the title of the " Elmore Corresp." Pres. State Bank of S.C. 1839-.50. Elmsley, John, chief-justice of Canada, b. Eng., 1763; d. Montreal, April 29,1805. Nephew of the celebrated Lond. bookseller of the same name. He had been speaker of the legisl. and a member of the exec, council; app. chief-justice, Oct. 13, 1802, having previously served as a puisne judge in U. Canada. — Morgan. lllphinstone, George Keith, Viscount, ELT 805 ElVIEJ a British adra., b. 1747 ; d. March, 1823. He was made coin, in 1772; post-captain in 1775 ; adm. of the white, 1805. During the Amer. war, he com. the " Pearl," frigate, 32 guns ; was in the attaclt on Mud Island ; and at the capture of Charleston com. a detachment of seamen, and for his effective services obtained the warm commendation of Gen. Clinton. In 1782,hecaptured the French frigate "L'Aigle," of 40 guns. In 1795, he was made vice-adm., and captured Cape Town. In 1802, he was com. -in-chief in the Mediterranean, where he took Malta and (Jenoa. For his services in Egypt, he was, in 18U1, made Baron Keith; Viscount, 1814. Elton, Romeo, D.D., LL.T)., clergyman and scliolar, b. Bristol, Ct., 1 790 ; d. Boston, Feb. 5,1870. Brown U. 1813. He was ord. June 11, 1817, as a Baptist minister in Newport, R.I., and in 1824 at Windsor, Vt. ; in 1825 became prof, of ancient languages and literature in Brown U. Before entering upon this duty, he spent two years in Europe, principally in Ger- many and Italy. Resigning in 1843, he in 1845-G7 resided in Exeter, Eng., returning to the U.S. in 1869. Besides sermons, he pub. "Callender's CcTitnry Sermon ; " edited, with co- pious notes and biog. sketches, " The Works of President Muxcy," with an introd. memoir; and a " Biog. Sketch of Roger Williams." D.D. of Nashville U., 1S42. Some years one of the editors of the Eclectic Review. He be- queathed S20,000 to Brown U., and the same sum to Columbia Coll., D.C., to found pro- fessorships. Ely, Ezra Stiles, D.D. (Wash. Coll. Tenn.), Presb. clergyman, b. Lebanon, Ct., June 13, 1786 ; d. Phila., June 17, 1861. Y.C. 1804. Son of Zebulon, minister of Lebanon from 1783 to his d., Nov. 18, 1824, a. 65 (Y.C. 1779; tutor there, 1781-2.) In Oct. 1806, he became pastor in Colchester, Ct. ; was afterward city missionary in N.Y. ; was sub- sequently, for 20 years, pastor of the Pine-st. Church, Phila., and in 1834 undertook to establish a coll. and theol. sem. in Mo., but, owing to the financial reverses of 1837, was unsuccessful. Pastor of the First Church in the Northern Liberties, Phila., from 1844 until the failure of his health in 1851. Author of " Ely's Journal;" a "Collateral Bible," 1828; a memoir of his father; "Endless Punishment," 1835; " Conversations on the Science of the Human Mmd," 1819 ; " Visits of Mercy ; " " Sermons on Faith ; " " Contrast between Calvinism and Hopkinsianism," 1811. For several years, he edited gratuitously a re- ligious paper called the P^//ac?e//;A/aH. — Ob. Rec. Yalf, 1861. Embury, Emma Catharine, poetess, b. N. Y., 1806 ; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., Feb. 10, 1863. Dau of Dr. James R. Manly of N.Y. ; m. in 1828 to Daniel Embury of Brooklyn. She early became known as a writer of verses in the iV. Y. Mirror and other journals, under the signature of " lanthe." She pub. " Guido and other Poems, by lanthe," 1828; on "Female Educ ition ; " " The Blind Girl and other Talcs ; " " Pictures of Early Life ; " " Glimpses of Home-Life, or Causes and Consequences ; " " Nature's Gems, or American Wild Flowers," 1845; "Love's Token-Flowers," a vol. of poems, and in 1848 " The Waldorf Family." — Dnyckinck. Emerson, George Barrell, LL.D. (H.U. 1859), teacher, b. Kennebunk, Me., Sept. 12, 1797. H.U. 1817. Son of Dr. Samuel, a surgeon in the Revol. war (b. Hollis, N H., Sept. 6, 1765; d. Aug. 8, 1851. H.U. 1785). taught dist. schools in Me. and Ms. ; then took charge of an acad. at Lancaster, Ms. ; was tutor in math, and nat. philos. in H.U. from 1819 to 1821 ; in 1821-3 was principal of the English High School for boys in Boston, and from 1823, till his retirement from prof, life in 1855, kept a private school for girls there. Author of the second part of " The School and the Schoolmaster," and of a num- ber of lectures on education, and of contribs. to the periodical press. Many years pres. of the Boston Soc. of Natural History, and, as chair- man of the commiss. for the zool. and bot. survey of Ms., pub. a " Report on the Trees and Shrubs growing naturally in the Forests of Ms.," 1846. Emerson, Ralph, D.D (Y.C. 1830), b. Hollis, N.H., 18 Aug. 1787 ; d. Rockford, 111., 26 May, 1863. Y. C. 1811 ; And. Sem. 1814. Tutor 'at Yale, 1814-16; pastor of a Cong. Church at Norfolk, Ct., 1816-29; prof. eccl. hist, and past, theol., And. Sem., 1829-54; resided in Ncwburyport 5 years, and then re- moved to Rockford, 111. Author of a Life of his bro. Rev. Joseph Emerson, a transl., with notes, of Wig<;ins's "Angustinism and Pela- gianism," and a contrib. to Biblioth. Sacra, Christian Spectator, and other religious peri- odicals.— Y. C. Obit. Rec. Emerson, Ralph Waldo, LL.D. (H.U. 1866), essayist, b. Boston, May 25, 1803. H. U. 1821.' Son of Rev. Wm. Emerson, and is the 8th in succession of a consecutive line of ministers. For 5 years after leaving coll., he was engaged in teaching school. In 1826, he was app. to preach by the Middlesex Assoc. From Mar. 11, 1829, to 28 Oct. 1832, he was coll. of Henry Ware at the 2d Unit. Church, Boston. Returning in the winter of 1833-4 from a year's visit to Europe, he began the career of a lecturer, in which he has gained great distinction. In 1834, he delivered in Boston a scries of biographical lectures on Michael Angclo, Milton, Luther, George Fox, and Edmund Burke. The first two afterwards appeared in the N.A. Review. In Sept. 1835, he m. Lydia, dau. of Charles Jackson of Ply- mouth, and fixed his residence at Concord, Ms. In 1840, he was a contrib. toaquarterly period- ical, The Dial, the organ of the N.E. Tran- scendentalists, and, for the last two years of its existence, its editor. He again visited Eng. in 1847. In 1852, he contrib. some admirable interpretative criticisms to the " Memoirs of Margaret Fuller." Mr. Emerson has delivered many unpublished addresses on slavery, wo- man's rights, and other topics of public interest. "As a writer, Mr. Emerson is distinguished for a singular union of poetic imagination with practical acuteness. His style is condensed, almost to abruptness, occasionally purchasing compression at the expense of clearness." Ho has pub. " Essays," 1st series, 1841 ; 2d EMIE 806 JE]MO series, 1844; " Poems," 1846 ; "Miscellanies," (including "Nature," and 9 lectures and ad- dresses), 1849; "Representative Men," 1850; " English Traits," 1856 ; " Conduct of Life," 1860 ; " May-Day and other Poems," " Society and Solitude," 1869. An edition of his works was pub. in 2 vols., 1870, by Fields, Osgood, &Co. Emerson, William, Unit, minister, father of Ralph Waldo, b. Concord, Ms., May 6, 1769; d. May 12, 1811. H.U. 1789. Grandson of Rev. Joseph of Maiden, and son of Rev. Wm. of Concord, who d. a chaplain in the array in 1776. He became the first minister of Harvard, May 20, 1792, and from Oct. 16, 1799, to his death, was pastor of the First Church in Boston. He was one of the best writers, and most accomplished pulpit orators, of his time. In 1804 he conducted the Monthli) Aniholofji/. His numerous addresses on public occasions rank among the most cor- rect and finished compositions of the period. His " History of the First Church of Boston" was pub., with two of his sermons annexed, 8vo, 1812, a " Selection of Psalms and Hymns," 1808. Eminet, Thomas Addis, LL.D. (Col. Coll., N.Y., 1824), Politician and lawyer, brother of the celebrated Robert Emmet, b. Cork, 1765; d. N. Y., Nov. 14, 1827. Trin. Coll., Dub. Son of an eminent Dublin physi- cian. Studied medicine at theU. of Edinburgh; then studied law at the-Temple, London, two years, and was adm. to the Dublin bar in 1791, soon rising to distinction. He soon became a leader of the " United Irishmen," and was one of its gen. committee. Arrested withothers in 1798, he was imprisoned in Fort George, Scot- land, 2 1-2 years, and, after the treaty of Amiens, was permitted to withdraw to France, where liis wife joined him. He arrived in Amer. Nov. 11, 1804, rose to eminence in his prof, in New York, and was atty -gen. of that State in 1812. While in prison in Scotland, he wrote " Pieces of Irish Hisijry, illustrative of the Condition of the Catholics' of Ireland," pub. in connection with Dr. MacNevin, in 1807. He was a laborious, able, and success- ful pleader, and an energetic and florid orator. See his Memoirs, by Charles G. Haijnes, 12 mo, 1829. Emmons, Ebenezer, M.D., geologist, b. Middlefield, Ms., May 16, 1799 ; d. Brunswick, N.C., Oct. 1, 1863. Wms. Coll. 1818. He studied and practised medicine successfully, and in 1833 became prof, of nat. hist, in Wms. Coll. Here he made important additions to the knowledge of the botany, geology, and mineralogy of the Northern States, and made a Report on the Quadrupeds of Ms. In 1836, while engaged upon the geol. survey of N. Y., as one of the geologists in chief, he formed what he called his " Taconic " theory in opposition to the received theory of the Siluri- ans. Opposed at first by all scientific men, his views came at length to be universally adopt- ed. App. in 1838 prof, of chemistry in the Albany Med. Coll., and removed to that city. He pub. valuable reports on the " Natural History of New York," " Manual of Mineral- ogy and Geology," 1826. In 1858-9, he was app. by thelegisl. of N.C to conduct the geol. survey of that State. He was prevented from leaving the State when the Rebellion began, i and was not permitted to correspond with his Northern friends. It is supposed that he was i detained a prisoner on parole by the Confcd. I Govt. He pub. 3 reports on the Geology and ' Agriculture of N.C, in 1856, 1858, and 1860; ; also text-books of geology in 1854 and 1860. Emmons, George F., commo. U. S. N., b. Vt., Aug. 23, 1811. Midshipman, April 1, 1828 ; lieut. Feb. 25, 1841 ; com. Jan. 28,1856; i capt. Feb. 7, 1863; commo. Sept. 20,1868. \ Attached to Wilkes's Expl. Exped., 1838-42 ; actively employed in Cal., and in several en- i gagements there during the Mexican war ; ; com. steamer " Hatteras," West Gulf squadron, 1862, steamer " R. B. Cuyler," same squad, 1863 ; captured Cedar Keys', Florida, 1862, and Pass Christian, Mpi., taking some 20 prizes, among them the rebel ram "Webb; "com. steam- i sloop Lackawana, 1864-5, and prevented de- ^ struction of the city and shipping of N. Or- \ leans by the rebels ; took charge of the by- | drographic office in 1870. Author of " Navy ■ of the U.S.," 4to, 18.53. — Himershi's Records i U. S. N. ' \ Emmons, Nathaniel, D.D. (Dartm. I Coll. 1798), theologian, b. East Haddam, Ct., April 12, 1745, O.S.; d. Franklin, Ms., Sept. 1 23.1840. Y. Coll. 1767. Pastor of the second | church of Wrentham, now Franklin, from Apr. i 1773 to 1827. His ability made him promi- nent for half a century; and his opinions were extensively sought and quoted by persons en- ; gaged in religious controversy. Six vols, of ; his works were pub. in 1842, edited by his son- j in-law. Dr. James Ide, with a memoir prefixed, ! and a list of 150 of his productions. Dr. E. ; belonged to the Hopkinsian school of divines, ; long held among them the fii'st rank, and was J one of the founders and first pres. of the Ms. Missionary Society. Emory, John, D.D., bishop of the M.E. Church, b. Queen Anne's Co., Md., April 11, 1789; d. Baltimore Co., Md., Dec. 16, 1835. Wash. Coll., Md. Adm. to the bar in 1808. After practising a short time with success, he entered the Phila. M.E. Conf., in 1810, filled important stations in the church from 1813 to \ 1820, and was a delegate to every general conf. j but one during his life. In 1820, he was a del- \ egate to the British conf. In 1824, he became connected with the N.Y. Pub. Society, and pub. a " Defence of the Original Organization of the M. E. Church," defending the policy of Wesley and his associates. Chosen bishop in < 1832. His death was caused by being thrown from his carriage. He assisted in the organ i- \ zation of the U of N. Y., the Wesleyan U., and ! Dick. College, and prepared for them a benefi- ] cial course of study. His writings, with a Life, | by his son, app. in 1 vol., 8vo, 1841. i Emory, Robert, clergyman, son of Bishop \ John, b. Phila., July 29, 1814; d. Baltimore, j May 18, 1848. Col. Coll. 1831. After study- '■ ing law, he was from 1834 to 1839 prof, of an- i cient languages at Dick. College; then entered j the Baltimore Annual Conf. of the Methodist- j Episcopal Church, but was recalled in 1842 as pres. pro tern., and, on the resignation of Dr. ; ElVXO 307 F.isra- Durbin, was chosen pros, of Dickinson Coll. Besides a life of his father, he left a " History of the Discipline of the M. E. Church," 1843, and an unfinished " Analysis of Butler's Anal- ogy," completed by Rev. Georj^e Crooks in 1856, and introduced as a text-book into many institutions of learning. Emory, Wii.liam Helmsley, brev. maj.- gen. U.S.A., b. Queen Anne's Co., Md., ab. 1812. WestPoint, 1831. Entering the 4th Art., he resigned Sept. 30, 1836 ; app. 1st. lieut. topog. engineers, 7 July, 1838 ; acted as aide- de-camp to Gen. Kearney in Cal. in 1846-7; was brev. capt. for gallantry at San Pasqual, Dec. 6, 1846, and maj. for gallantry at San Ga- briel and the plains of Mesa, Cal., Jan. 9, 1847; app. maj. 3d. Dragoons, 9 Apr. 1847, but de- clined ; lieut.-col. vols, in the Mexican war, Sept. 30, 1847 ; astronomer to the commiss. to survey the boundary between the U.S. and Mexico, in 1848-50; became capt. 24 April, 1851 ; again astronomerto the samecommiss. in Sept. 1851 ; member of the commiss. 1854-7 ; maj. 2d Cav. March 3, 1855, and in May was transferred to 1st Cavalry. When the civil war broke out, he was serving in New Mexico, brought his command in good order to Kansas, and wasapp.. May 14, 1861, lieut.-col. 6th Cav. He served in the Peninsular campaign in the Army of the Potomac; became brig.-gen. of vols.'March 17, 1862, and Dec. 5, sailed from Fortress Monroe in com. of a division of a Southern exped. He com. a division of Banks's army at Port Hudson, Sabine Cross-Roads, and Pleasant Hill ; and in Sheridan's campaign against Early in the Shenandoah Valley com. the 19th corps; brev. col. 27 May, 1862, for Hanover C. H., Va. ; col. 5th Cav. Oct. 27, 1863; br-ev. brig, and maj. gen. U. S. A. 13 Mar. 1865, for Fisher's Hill and campaign of Shenandonh Valley, and for Cedar Creek ; maj.-gen. vols 25 Sept. 1865. Author of " Notes of a Militarv Reconnoissance in Mo. and Cal.," N.Y., Svo", 1848 ; " Notes of Travel in California," Svo, N.Y. ; " Report of the U.S. and Mexican Boundary Commission," Washington, 4to. Emott, James, LL.D. (Col. Coll. 1833), judge, b. Poughkeepsie, N.Y., March 14, 1771; d. there April 10, 1850. Un. Coll. 1800. He began to practise law at Ballston Centre ; re- moved to Albany ab. 1800 ; was a commission- er to settle disputes concerning titles to lands in the military tract of Onondaga Co. in 1797 ; represented Albany Co. in the logisl. in 1804 ; practised law a while in N.Y.City, but returned to Poughkeepsie; from 1809 to 1813, he was a leader of tlie Federalist party in Congress ; speaker of the N.Y. legisl. in 1814 ; member of that body until 1817 ; first judge of Duch- ess Co. in 1817-23, and judge of the Second Circuit in 1827-31. Endecott, John, gov. of Ms. Colony, b. Dorchester, Eng., 1588; d. Boston, March 15, 1665. He m. acousin of Mathew Cradock, gov. of the Ms. comp. in Eng., and was bro.- in-law to Roger Ludlow, dep.-gov. Sent to this country as their agent to carry on the set- tlement at Naumkeag, or Salem : he arrived Sept. 6, 1628, and there laid the foundation of the first permanent town in Ms. In April, 1629, the comp. chose him gov. of Loudon's Plantation, but in Aug. the charter and the govt, of the Colony was transferred to N.E. ; and Winthrop, who arrived in 1630, was app. gov. In 1636, he was sent on an exped. against the Indians on Block Island and in the Pe- quot country. During this year, the military commissioners adopted his views relative to the cross in the king's colors, namely, that it savored of Popery, and ordered it to be left out. He was dep.-gov. in 1641-3, gov, in 1644, when he removed from Salem to Boston, and from 1649 until his death in 1665, except- ing in 1650 and 1654, when he was dep.-gov. In 1645, he was made sergeant major-genT of Ms., the highest military office in the Colony. In 1652, he established a mint, which, though unlawful, continued to coin money more than 30 years. In 1658, he was made pres. of the colonial commissioners. He was a man of good education, talented, brave, and patriotic, but deeply imbued with the intolerance of his times. Under his administration, the Colony flourished greatly. England, John, D.D,, R.C. bishop, b. Cork, Ireland, Sept. 23, 1786 ; d. Charleston, S.C, April 11, 1842. He entered Carlow Coll. in 1803, and while there founded a female peni- tentiary, and poor schools for both sexes. Adm. to orders at Cork, Oct. 9, 1808, he was soon after app. lecturer at the North Chapel, and chaplain of the prisons ; began in 1809 to pub. the Religious liepertory, a monthly ; and in 1812 distinguished himself in the cause of Catholic emancipation. The freedom of his language more than once brought him before the courts ; and on one occasion he was fined £500. He was app. pres. of the Coll. of St. Mary ; also filled the office of bishop's sec; per- formed the ordinary duties of the ministry, and in 1817 was made parish priest of Bran- don, Raised to the episcopate Sept. 21, 1820, he came in Dec. to Charleston, S.C , where he, established a theol. sem., and a journal, The Catholic Miscellany, the first Catholic paper pub, in America. In 1826, at the request of Congress, he preached before the senate at Washington. In 1832, he travelled in Europe, and spent some time in Rome, when the pope app. him apostolic legate to Hayti. His works were pub. in 1849, in 5 vols., 8vo, edited by Bishop Reynolds. England, Sir Richard, a British lieut.- gen. of Litford, Co, Clare, Ireland ; d. Nov. 1812, Capt of the47th regt., and wounded at Bunker's Hill. He served with distinction through the war, and at one time was com- mandant of Detroit, He was efficient in aid- ing the colonization of the extreme western portion of Upper Canada. Engle, Frederick, rear-adm. U.S.N., b. Delaware Co., Pa., 1799: d. Phila., Feb. 12, 1868. Midshipman, Nov. 30, 1814 ; lieut. Jan. 13, 1825 ; com. Sept. 8, 1841 ; capt. Sept. 14, 1855 ; rear-adm., retired list, 25 July, 1866. Com, "The Princeton," during the Mexican war, and rendered disting. service in the blockad- ing squadron. During the Rebellion, he com. "The Hartford," but, from advanced age, was assigned to the command of the Phila. N.-Y,, and was subsequently gov. of the nav. asylum. 'J^' ENG- 308 KRI Engles, William Morrison, D .D.,Presb. clergyman and author, b. Phila , 12 Oct. 1797 ; d. there 27 Nov. 1867. U. of Pa. 1815 Li- censed to preach Oct. 1818. Pastor 7 th Presb. Church, Phila., 1820-34. Edited the Presbyte- rian from 1834 till his death. Book editor of the Presb. Board of Pub. 1838-63 ; pres. of the board, 1863-7. lie pub. " Eecords of the Presb. Church," "Bible Dictionary," "Book of Poetry," " Sailor's Companion," " Sick- Room Devotions," " Soldier's Pocket-Book." English, George Bethune, author and adventurer, b. Cambridge, Mar. 7, 1787; d. Washington, Sept. 20, 1828. H.U. 1807. Stud- ied law and subsequently divinity. He pub. in 1813 "Grounds of Christianity examined," a work in favor of Judaism, which was answered by Edward Everett and by S. Cary. He edited, for a time, a Western paper, then sailed to the Mediterranean as a licut. of marines, but re- signed his commission, professed Mohammed- anism, and accepted a com. under Ibrahim Pacha in the Egyptian army, then organizing for the conquest of Abyssinia, performing im- portant service as an officer of artillery. He was afterward U.S. agentin the Mediterranean, and in 1827 returned to Washington, where he sought an app., but without success. He pub., beside the above. Letter to Mr. Cary, on the Review of his work ; " Five Smooth Stones out of the Brook," a reply to Everett ; Letter to Mr. Cbanning regarding his two sermons on infidelity; and "Expedition to Dongola and Sennaar," 8vo, 1823. He had a versatile genius, and especially excelled in acquiring languages. At Marseilles, he passed for a Turk, with a Turkish ambassador ; and at Washington, he surprised a delegation of Clierokees, by disput- ing with them in iheir own tongue. — See S. L. Knapp's Aiuer. Biofj. English, James E., politician, b. N. Haven, Ct., March, 1812. He was a merchant until 185"), when he became extensively engaged in manufacturing. Member of the State legisl. in 1855, and of the senate in 1856 ; M. C. 1861-5 ; gov. of Ct. 1867, and 70-1. English, Thomas Dunn, author, b. Phila., June 29, 1819. He received the degree of M.D. from the U. of Pa., in 1839, and, having subsequently studied law, was in 1842 adm. to the bar. He has written a novel entitled "Walter Woolfe," 1844, and has edited and contrib. to a variety of journals and magazines. Ab. 1842, he wrote for the N. Y. Mirror the song of " Ben Bolt." In 1848, he edited a hu- morous periodical entitled the John Donkei/, and, in conjunction with G. G. Foster, a work on the French Revol. of thai date. He has written a series of national ballads for Harper's Ma;juzine, and is the author of numerous dra- mas, one of which, " The Mormons," has been y)rinted. In 1855, he pub. a collection of his miscellaneous pofems. He resides near N.Y., and is connected with the press of that city. Enos, Gen. Roger; d. Colchester, Vt., Oct. 6, 1808, a. 72. He was a col. in the Revol. army in 1775, and com. the rear division of Arnold's exped. to Quebec, through the wilderness of Me., but abandoned it, and re- turned to Cambridge to avoid starvation. In 1781, he com. the Vt. troops at Ca.stlcton. He was a maj.-gen. of militia, and a founder of the State of Vt. Ira Allen m. his dau. — Vt. Quarterli/ Gazetteer, 764. Eppes, John W., M. C. 1803-11 and 1813-15; U. S. senator, 1817-19; d. near Richmond, Va., Sept. 1823, a. 50. His wife, Maria, dau. of Jefferson, d. Apr. 1804. — Ran- dall's Jefferson. Ercilla Y Zuniga {6r-ther-ya, e thoon- yee'-ga), Don Alonzo de, Spanish soldier and poet, 1533-95. Brought up at the court of Charles V., he joined the exped. sent to Chili in 1554, and celebrated the dangerous contest with the Araucanians, a native tribe, in an admirable epic entitled " La Araucana," v.'ritten at brief intervals from active duty, on scraps of paper, and bits of leather, and first printed in 1577. Eric the Red, a Scandinavian navigator, the reputed discoverer of N. America. He emigrated to Iceland, ab. 982 A.D., after which he discovered Greenland, where he planted a colony. He sent out, ab. 1000 A.D., an ex- ploring party, under his son Lief, who discov- ered a continent, part of which they called Markland, and another part Vinland (supposed to correspond to the southern portion of New England). Tradition adds, that he or his son formed a settlement in Vinland. Ericsson, John, LL.D. (Wesl. U. 1862), inventor, b. province of Vermeland, Sweden, 1803; d. Richland, N.Y., March 5, 1869. At the age of 11, Count Platen gave him a cadet- ship in a corps of engineers ; and in 1816 he was employed on the grand ship-canal between the Baltic and the North Sea. He entered the Swedish army as ensign, rose to the grade of lieut., and was for some time employed in the survey of Northern Sweden. One of the ear- liest of his inventions was the Jlame engine, intended to work independently of steam, by con^R 317 fj^:r ministerial, editorial, and other labors, he has pub. a " Glance at Private Libraries," 1855; and has prep, a *' Hist, of the Ms. Hort. Soc." Farnham, Ralph, a soldier of the Revol., b. Lebanon, Me., July 7, 1756 ; d. Acton, Me., Dec. 26, 1861, a 104 yrs. 5 ms. 19 days. In 1780, he settled at Acton, Me., of which town- ship he was the first inhabitant. He was in- vited to Boston in Oct. 1860; and a concert was given him at Tremont Temple. Farnham, Thomas J., traveller, husband of Eliza VV., b. Vt., 1804 ; d. Cal., Sept. 1848. A lawyer by profession. In 1839, he organized and led a small exped. across the continent to Oregon. He went to Cal. the same year, and procured the release of a large number of American and English prisoners of the Mexi- can Govt. In 1842, he pub. " Travels in Oregon Territory ; " in 1845, " Travels in California, and Scenes in the Pacific;" "A Memoir of the North-west Boundary-Line," and " Mexico, its Geography, People, and In- stitutions," 8vo, 1846. Farnsworth, Benjamin Franklin,D.D. (Georgetown Coll.), educator, b. Bridgeton, Me., Dec. 17, 1793 ; d. Louisville, Ky., June 4, 1851. Dartm. Coll. 1813. Pastor of the Bap- tist Church at Edenton, N.C, two years ; prin- cipal of the Bri-lgewater (Ms.) Acad., Sept. 1821 to 1823; then of a female high school, Worcester, Ms.; next edited the Christian Watchman, Boston ; prof, of theology at the New Hampton (N.H.) Theol. Inst, from May, 1826, to 1833; taught two schools in Provi- dence, R.I. ; pres. of Georgetown Coll., Ky., 1836, and of Louisville U. from 1837 to his death. Farnsworth, Elon J., brig.-gen. vols., b. Livingston Co., Mich., 1835 ; killed at Get- tysburg, July 3, 1863. U. of Mich. He went to N. Mexico in 1857, and was connected with the U.S. commissary dept. there and in Utah. Returning home in the summer of 1861, he was made batt. quartermaster 8th III. Cav., and subsequently capt. He was in all the en- gagements on the peninsula and the campaign of Gen. Pope ; became aide to Gen. Pleasanton in May, 1863, and brig.-gen. June 29, 1863. FarragUt, David Glascoe, admiral, U.S.N., b.near Knoxville, Tenn., July 5, 1801 ; d. Portsmouth, N.H., Aug. 14, 1870.' George, his father, a native of Minorca, came to Amer- ica in 1776; served through the Revol. war; fought at the Cowpens ; attained the rank of major; afterwards settled in Tenn., and was a master in the U.S.N., serving under Patterson in the defence of New Orleans. David was app. midshipman, Dec. 17, 1810; first served on " The Essex," Capt. David Porter, in which, while still a boy, he witnessed her engagement with two British ships-of-war. Before the cap- ture of " The Essex," he had served as acting- lieut. of " The Atlantic," an armed prize. Lieut. Jan. 13, 1825. He went in 1833 to the Brazil- ian coast as executive officer of the sloop-of-war "Natchez." Commander, Sept. 8, 1841, and ordered to the sloop-of-war " Decatur," off Bra- zil. In 1847, he took coin, of the sloop of-war " Saratoga." He became assist, insp. of ord- nance in 1851 ; com. of the Mare Island (Cal.) navy-yard. 18.54; capt. Sept. 14, 1855; and from 1858 to May, 1860, com. the steam sloop- of-war " Brooklyn." He com. the naval forces of the exped. against N. Orleans, sailing in " The Hartford " from Phila. in Jan. 1862. Arriving at the Gulf of Mexico, he organized the " Western Gulf blockade squad.," entered theMpi. in Mar., and, after a terrific bombard- ment, passed forts Jackson and Philip, Apr. 24, destroyed a fleet of rebel gunboats, silenced two heavy batteries on the 25ih ; and at noon of that day the city lay at his mercy. Farra- gut then proceeded to Vicksburg, which, in con- junction with Flag-Officer Davis, he attempted to reduce; but the attack failed for want of a sufficient land-force to co-operate. July 11, he received tlie thanks of both houses of Congress, and on the re-organization of the navy, July 16, 1862, was placed first on the list of rear- admirals. While in com. of the Gulf squad, in the following autumn, he captured Corpus Christi, Sabine Pass, and Galveston. Mar. 14, 1863, in his flag-ship "Hartford," he passed the batteries at Port Hudson, and, having com- mand of the river between Vicksburg and Poi't H., was enabled to blockade Red River, and thus intercept supplies from Texas for the rebel armies. He co-operated in the capture of Vicksburg and Port Hudson, in July, 1863. Aug. 5, 1864, he defeated the rebel fleet in Mo- bile Bay, which was followed in a few days by the fall of the forts, and the capture of the place. This exploit raised his fame to the high- est point. Dec. 21, 1864, he received the thanks of Congress, and the rank of vice-admiral, created expressly for him. Made admiral, July 25, 1866. In 1867-8, in the U.S. steam-frigate "Franklin," he visited Europe, Africa, and Asia, and was everywhere received with the highest honors. Farrar, Eliza Ware, authoress, b. 1792 ; d. Springfield, Ms., Apr. 22, 1870. Dan. of Bcnj. Rotch of N. Bedford ; m. in 1828 to Prof. John Farrar of H.U. Author of " Children's Robinson Crusoe," "Life of Lafayette," " Howard," " Youth's Letter-Writer," "Young Lady's Friend," 1837, "Recollections of 70 Years," 1866. Farrar, John, LL.D. (Bowd. Coll. 1833), prof, of mathematics and nat. philos. at H.U., 1807-31, b. Lincoln, Ms., July 1, 1779; d. Caml)ridge, May 8, 1853. H.U. 1803. App. Greek tutor at Harvard in 1805. In 1818, he pub. " Elements of Algebra," translated ♦rom the French of Lacroix, which was succeeded in the 9 following years by 11 other works, trans- lated from Legendre, Biot, Bezout, and others, on different subjects of mathematics and phys- ics, adapted for the course of instruction in the principal institutions of learning through- out the country. Contrib. to the N. A. Review, and to the memoirs of the Amer. Acad., of which he was recording sec. 1811-24, aiul vice- pres. 1829-30. In 1820, he m. Lucy M. Buck- minster, who d. in 1824. He was again m. in 1828, to Eliza Rotch. Farrar, Timothy, LL.D, judge, b. Con- cord, Ms., July 11, 1747; d. Hollis, N.H., Feb. 21,1849. H.U. 1767. He taught school, and settled in New Ipswich, N.H., in 1770. He participated in the early Revol. movements of the time, and was made a major, and a justice WJLTl 318 wmjk. of the C.C.P. He filled the office of judge more than 40 years. App. chief justice Feb. 22, 1802. Besides his judicial duties, he was, in 1782, a member of the N.H. Const. Couv., also one of the committee which drafted the State constitution. Farrar, Timothy, LL.D., b. New Ips- wich, Mar. 17, 1788. Son of the preceding. Dartm. Coll. 1807. Law-partner of Daniel Webster from 1813 to 1816 ; judge of the N.H. Court of Common Pleas in 1 824-33 ; vice-pres. of the N.E. Hist, and Geneal. Soc. 1853-8. In 1867, he pub. 'Manual of the U.S. Consti- tution," 8vo. He pub. in 1819 the Dartm. Coll. Case ; a Review of the Dred Scott Case in 1857; trial of the Constitution, 1863, in the N. A. Review, and several articles in the JVew- Englander, 1862. FasqueUe, (fas-kel), Jean Louis, F.B., LL.D., b. France, 1808; d. Mich., 1862. Set- tled in the U.S. in 1834. Prof, of languages, &c., U. of Michigan, 1846-62. Author of a " New Method of Learning the French Lan- guage," N.Y., 1854, and of several other French text-books for schools. Fauchet (fo'-sha'), Jean Antoinb Jo- seph, Baron, diplomatist and author, b. St. Quentin, France, 1763. A law-student at Paris when the revol. commenced, he pub. a pam- phlet in defence of its principles; was app. sec. of the Exec. Council, and was ambassador to the U.S. in 1794-6. Having subsequently produced an excellent work on the U.S., and on the connection of France with them (trans, by W. Duane, Phila., 1797), the Directory nominated him a commissioner to St. Do- mingo, which he declined. Under Bonaparte, he was prefect of the Var, and in 1805 of the Arno ; was made a baron and a com. of the Legion of Honor, but left Italy when the French evacuated it in 1814. On Napoleon's return, he was made prefect of the Gironde. — Pantheon of the Age. Faugeres (fo'-z beers'), Margaretta V., poetess, b. Tomhanick, near Albany, 1771 ; d. N.Y. City, Jan. 9, 1801. Dau. ot' Ann Eliza Bleecker. In 1792, in opposition to the wishes of her father and friends, she m. Peter Faugeres, a physician of N.Y., whose dissipation, in a few years, brought her to poverty and wretched- ness. Her mother died in 1783, and her father in 1795. Her contribs. to the N.Y. Magazine and the Museum were much admired. In 1793, she pub., prefixed to the works of her mother, a memoir and some of her own poetry. In 1795, she pub. " Belisarius," a tragedy. Soon after the death of her husband, in 1798, she be- came an assist, in a young ladies' acad. in New Brunswick, and afterwards taught in Brook- lyn, — • Uardie. Fauquier, Francis, lieut.-gov. of Va. from 1758 to his d., March 3, 1768. The successor of Dinwiddle, his administration was eminently popular and useful. Jefferson con- sidered him the ablest of the govs, of Va. He pub., Lond., 8vo, 1757, "Raising Money for Support of the War," &c. Fay, Heman a., son of Dr. Jonas, b, Bennington, Vt., 1778; d. there 20 Aug. 186.5. West Point, 1808. U.S. milit. store- keeper at Albany, 1818-42. Author of "Official Account of Battles of 1812-15," 1815. Fay, Dr. Jonas, statesman, b. Hardwick, Ms., Jan. 17, 1737; d. Bennington, Vt., Mar. 6, 1818. He received a good education. Was clerk of a Ms. company at Fort Edward in 1756, removed to Bennington in 1766, and soon became prominent among the settlers on the N.H. grants, in their contest with N.Y. and with the mother-country, and also in the or- ganization of the State govt. He was their agent to N.Y. in 1772 to inform Gov. Tryon of the grounds of their complaint ; clerk to the convention of Mar. 1774, that resolved to de- fend by force Allen and others outlawed by the N.Y. Assembly; surgeon under Allen at the capture of Ticonderoga, and subsequently in Col. Warner's regt. ; member of the con- vention of Jan. 1777, which declared Vt. an independent State, and author of the declara- tion and petition announcing the fact, and their reasons for it, to Congress ; sec. to the con- vention to form the State constitution in July, 1777, and one of the Council of Safety to administer the govt. ; member of the State Council, 1778-85 ; judge of the Supreme Court in 1782 ; of Probate, 1782-7 ; agent of the State to Congress in Jan. 1777, Oct. 1779, June, 1781, and Feb. 1782. In 1780, in con- junction with Ethan Allen, he pub. a pamphlet on the N.H. and N.Y. Controversy, printed in Hartford. — F^ Hist. Gaz., 171. Fay, Theodore Sedge wick, author and diplomatist, b. New York, Feb. 10, 1807. Adm. to the bar in 1828. Preferring a literary life, he became a contrib. to and sub- sequently edited the N.Y. Mirror. In 1832, he pub. " Dreams and Reveries of a Quiet Man." Hem. in 1833; spent 3 years travel- ling in Europe, and wrote the " Minute-Book," a journal of travels. His first novel, " Normaa Leslie," appeared in 1835. He was U.S. sec. of legation at Berlin from 1837 to 1853; resident minister at Berne, Switzerland, 1853-60. He pub. in 1840 "The Countess Ida ; " in 1843, " Hoboken," a romance of New York; in 1851, " Ulric, or the Voices," a poem in 19 cantos (to which a 20th was added in "The Knickerbocker Gallery" in 1855); "Sidney Clifton," 1839; "Robert Rueful," 1844 ; " Views of Christianity," 1856 ; a series of papers on Shakspeare, a variety of fugitive pieces in prose and verse, and a " History of Switzerland." Fearon, Henry Bradshaw, a London surgeon, author of " A Narrative of a Journey of 5,000 Miles through the Eastern and Western States of America," Lond., 8vo, 1818. Featherstone, W. S., brig.-gen. C.S.A., b. Tenn. ; killed near Atlanta, Ga., July 20, 1864. Emigrating to Mpi., he rep. that State in Congress in 1847-51. Feather stonhaugh, George William, F.R.S., author; d. Havre, France, 28 Sept. 1866. Author of translation of the "Republic" of Cicero, 1828 ; " Excursion through the Slave States," 8vo, 1844; "Geology of Green Bay and Wisconsin," 1836; " Geological Report," 1834, of the country between the Mo. and Red Rivers ; " Observations on the Ashburton Treaty," 1842 ; " Canoe Voyage to the Min- FEB 319 IHEIj nesota," 1847, 2 vols. ; " Geol. Reconnoissance in 1835 to Coteau de Prairie," 1836. Having residod many years in the West, which he had extensively explored, he was made by the British Govt, a commissioner to settle the northern l^oundary of the U.S. under the Ash- burton Treaty, and was afterward British con- sul to Calvados and Seine, France. Febiger, Christian, col. Revol. army, b. Denmark, 1747; d. Phila., Sept. 20, 1796. He had seen service before enlistin<^, Apr. 28, 1775, and at Bunker's Hill led a portion of Gcr- rish's rcgt., of which he was adj., to the scene of battle in season to do good service. He served with marked ability throughout the war ; accomp. Arnold to Quebec, and was made pris- oner in the attack on that citadel ; was con- spicuous at the capture of Stony Point, where he led a column of attack, and at Yorktown, where he com. the 2d Va. regt. From 1789 until his death, he was treas. of Pa. Fechter (fek'-ter), Charles, actor, b. London, 1823. His father was a German, his mother English. He was educated in France, and became a sculptor ; but, being drawn to the stage, made his debut at the Salle Moliere ; ap- peared at Berlin in 1846, and Oct. 27, 1860, at the Princess Theatre, London, as Ruy Bias ; Mar. 19, 1861, he appeared as Hamlet; Jan. 1, 1863, he leased the Lyceum, London, and opened as Lagadere, in "TheUuke's Motto." He made his American de'but in Ruy Bias at Niblo's, N.Y., Jan. 10, 1870. In Oct. 1870, he opened at the Globe Theatre, Boston. Feke, Robert, one of the earliest Ameri- can artists. Descended from Henry, who emi- grated to Lynn, Ms., in 1630, a branch of whose family settled at Oyster Bay, L. I., whence, it is said, Robert came to R. I. He left home when young, and, according to a writer in the Hist. Mag. (1859-60), was taken prison- er, and carried to Spain, where he beguiled his captivity by making rude paintings, with the proceeds of which he returned home. Set- tied at Newport, and made professional visits to N. Y., Phila., and other cities. He d. in Bar- badoes, a. ab. 44. His first portraits are dated 1746. — Tuckerman. Felch, Alpheus, jurist and statesman, b. Limerick, York Co., Me., Sept. 28, 1806. Bowd. Coll. 1827. He emigrated to Mich, when quite young ; was a member of the State legisl. in 1836-7 ; was bank commissioner in 1838-9; auditor-gen. of the State in 1842; judge of the Supreme Court, from 1842 to 1845 ; gov. of Mich, in 1846-7, and U.S. sen- ator, 1847-53. One of the commissioners to settle land-claims in Cal., under the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, in 1853-6. Delegate to the Chicago Convention in 1864. — Lanman. Fell, J- Weldon, M.D., b. U.S. ; removed to London, where he was allowed to treat the patients of Middlesex Hospital for cancerous diseases upon a new plan. He pub. in 1857 " A Treatise on Cancer," Lond., 8vo. — AUi- bone. Fellows, Gen. John, Revol. officer, b. Pomfret, Ct., 1733; d. Sheffield, Ms., Aug. 1, 1808. He saw service in the French war; was a member of the Prov. Congress in 1775 ; led a regt. of minute-men to Boston immediately after the battle of Lexington, and, as a brig., gen. of militia (app. June 25, 1776), com. a brigade at Long Island, at White Plains, and at Bemis's Heights, where he was instrumental in the capture of Burgoyne. After the war, he was high sheriff of Berkshire. Fellows, Col. John, author, b. Sheffield, Ms., 1760; d. N.Y. City, Jan. 3, 1844. Y.O. 1783. He pub. a work on the authorship of Junius, a "Life of Gen. Putnam," 12mo, 1843, and " Exposition of the Mysteries or Re- ligious Dogmas and Customs o^f the Ancient Egyptians, Pythagoreans, and Druids," also an " Inquiry into Freemasonry," 8vo. Felt, Rev. Joseph Barlow, LL.D., (Dartm. Coll. 1857), antiquarian scholar and author, b. Salem, Dec. 22, 1789 ; d. there Sept. 8, 1869. Dartm. Coll. 1813. Licensed to preach in 1815; pastor at Sharon, Ms., in 1821-4, and at Hamilton, Ms., 1824-34. Com- missioned by Gov. Everett, in Apr. 1836, to arrange the Ms. State papers, he had them clas- sified and bound. In 1845, he procured from the English archives duplicates of records which had been lost, completing his labors on the State archives in 1846. Pres. of the N.E. Hist. Geneal. Society, 1850-3 ; librarian of the Ms. Hist. Soc, Boston, from Apr. 28, 1842, to 1858; recording sec. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 1839-59, and member of many hist, societies. He pub. "Annals of Salem," 1827; "Hist, of Ipswich, Essex, and Hamilton," 1834; " Ecclesiastical History of N. England," 2 vols., 1855-62 ; " Class of Alumni of Dartm. Coll., 1813;" "Hist, of Ms. Currencv," 1839; "Notice of Roger Conant," 8vo, 1848 ; " The Customs of New Eng.," 8vo, 1853 ; " Genealo- gical Items for Gloucester and Lynn," 1850-1 ; " Memoir of Hugh Peters," 1851 ; " Memori- als of Wm. S. Shaw," 1852, and occasional addresses. Felton, Cornelius Conwat, LL. D., (Amh. Coll. 1848), scholar and writer, b. W. Newbury, Ms., Nov. 6, 1807; d. Chester, Pa., Feb. 26, 1862. H.U. 1827. During a portion of his junior year, he taught mathematics in the Round Hill School at Northampton, Ms. After leaving coll., he taught in the Livings- ton High School, Genesee, N.Y. App. Latin tutor in H.U. in 1829, Greek tutor in 1830, prof, of Greek in 1832, Eliot prof, of Greek literature in 1834, and was inaug. pres. 19 July, 1860. In 1833 he pnb. an edition of Homer, with English notes, and Flaxman's illustrations ; in 1840 a translation of Menzel's "German Literature," 3 vols. ; a Greek Reader with Eng- lish notes and a vocabulary ; and in 1841 the " Clouds " of Aristophanes. In connection with Profs. Sears and Edwards, he pub. in 1843 "Ancient Literature and Art." lie assisted Prof. Longfellow in " The Poets and Poetry of Europe," in 1845; edited the Panecjyricus of Isocrates and the Agamemnon of ^schylus ; translated from the French Guyot's "Earth and Man," 1849; and edited the "Birds of Aris- tophanes," a selection from the writings of Prof. Popkin, in 1852; and pub. a vol. of selections from the Greek historians. In 1853-4 he made a European tour ; in 1855 he revised for publication Smith's "History of Greece," and an edition of Lord Carlisle's "Diary in Turk- JP-EN 320 F-ER ish and Greek Waters." In 1856 a selection by him from modem Greek writers was pub. He also compiled a work on Greek and Eoman metres ; was the author of a life of Gen. Eaton, in Sparks's " Amcr. Biog.," various occasional addresses, and of numerous contributions to the N. Amer. Review, Christian Examiner, and oth- er periodicals. A scries of vigorous articles on Spiritualism, in the Boston Courier in 1857- 8, proceeded from his pen. He delivered 3 courses of lectures before the Lowell Institute, Boston, on the history and literature of Greece, and Avas a contrib. to the New Amer. Cyclop. Member of the Board of Education, a regent of the Smithsonian Institution, and member of the Acad, of Arts and Sciences. Fendall, Josias, gov. of Md. 165G-60. Ordered in 1655, by Gov. Stone, to seize the public stores at Patuxent, Capt. Fendall was made a prisoner, Mar. 29, in the fight which ensued, and, having afterward raised another insurrection, was, as a reward for his supposed services to the Proprietary Govt., app. gov. July 1 0, 1 656. Having turned against his pa- tron, he was superseded Dec. 1660, was tried in Feb. 1661, and sentenced to be banished, but, on his humble petition to the gov. and council, was pardoned, and moderately fined. In July, 1681, he was fined heavily, and ban- ished, for seditious practices. — Chalmers ; Bozman. Fennell, James, actor and author, b. London, 1766; d. Phila. June 14,1816. He quitted the study of law for the stage, appear- ing in 1787 at the Edinb. Theatre as Othello, always his favorite part. lie afterward played at York, and in 1789 at Covent Garden; next wrote for the Theatrical Guardian, and in 1791 pub. "Lindel and Clara, or a Trip to Gibraltar," a comedy. He live He pub. a " Discourse on Narcotics," 1806. Dr. Walter Channing pub. a brief memoir of him. — Williams's Med. Bioq. Fisher, Myles, lawyer of Phila. ; d. 1819, a. 71. Member of the Society of Friends. A man of science, and an eloquent 6rator. He pub. an " Answer to Paine's Age of Reason." Fisher, Redwood, statistician, b. Phila., 1783; d. there May 17, 1856. Some years a merchant of Phila., but removed to N.Y., edited a daily newspaper, and took an active part in public affairs. He pub. several vols. on " Political Economy," and possessed great information on statistical subjects. Fisher, Thomas, poet and scientific writer, b. Phila., Jan. 21, 1801 ; d. there Feb. 12, 1856. He entered upon commercial pursuits ; was an active member of the Acad, of Nat. Sciences; pub. a " Dial of the Seasons," 1835 ; " Mathe- matics Simplified and Made Attractive," 1853; and, in 1850, " Song of the Sea-Shells, and other Poems." — Simpson. Fisher, William Mark, painter, b. Bos- ton, 15 Dec. 1841. Studied first with George Innes ; in 1864 at Paris, in the Life School and in the atelier of Gleyre ; again, in 1867, studied from Nature in the environs of Paris, painting many genre pictures, also landscape and cattle. Is a conscientious student, and wields a vigorous pencil. Fisk, Fidelia, missionary to Persia, 1843-58; d. Shelburne, Ms., 9 Aug. 1864. She had been a teacher, and pub. " Memorial of Mount Holyoke Seminary," " Woman and her Saviour in Persia," and at the time of her d. was engaged upon " Reminiscences of Mary Lyon." Fisk, James, a Democ. politician, b. ab. 1762; d. Swanton, Vt., Dec. 1, 1844. Self educated. He studied law, rose to eminence in the profession ; was M.C. from 1805 to 1809, and from 1811 to 1815; was app. judge of the Territory of Ind. in 1812, but declined the office; in 1815 and 1816 was one of the judges of the Supreme Court of Vt. ; U.S. senator in 1817 and 1818; and subsequently, during 8 years, was collector of customs in the Dist. of Vt. Fisk, James, Jun., financier, Opera-BoufFe and Erie manager, b. Pownal, Vt., April 1, 1835. At the age of 18 he " managed " a ped- dler's wagon in the New-Eng. towns, and was afterwards a clerk, and then partner, in the Boston dry-goods house of Jordan, Marsh, & Co. In N.Y. his rise has been rapid and brilliant. In 1863, he purchased the old Ston- ington line of steamers, and in Aug. 1868 placed on the route between Boston and N.Y. the magnificent Bristol line. In Oct. 1867, he was re-elected director of the Erie Railroad Co. In 1868, he bought Pike's Opera House, N.Y. ; purchased Bateman's interest in Opera Bouffe; and erected a thea re on 24th St., near 5th Av. Col. 9th N.Y.S.M. Assass. Jan. 6, 1872. Fiske, John, capt. in the Revol. marine, b. Salem, Ms., Apr. 10, 1744; d. there Sept. 28, 1797. Son of Rev. Samuel of the First Church, Salem. He was in 1775 a master mariner, and was capt. of " The Tyrannicide," tlie first war-vessel commis. by tlie State of Ms., July 8, 1776. In her he made many successful cruises, and fought many sangui- nary conflicts. Dec. 10, 1777, he took com. of the State ship " Massachusetts," a larger and better vessel. He acquired fame and for- tune; after the war, engaged in commerce, and was made maj.-gen. of militia in 1792. Fisk, Nathan, D.D. (H.U. 1792), divine, b. Weston, Ms., Sept. 20, 1733 ; d. Nov. 24, 1799. H.U. 1754. Ord. pastor 3d Church in Brookfield, May 28, 1758. He was a critical and learned scholar, though not a popular preacher. He wrote a number of essays for the Ms. Sp!i, under the title of " The Worces- ter Speculator," also of " A Neighbor," and in the Ms. Magazine under that of " The General Observer," also for the Philanthropist in 20 Nos. His other works are " Sermon on the Settlement and Growth of Brookfield," 1775; "Oration on the Capture of Corn- wallis," 1781; " Dudleian Lecture," 1796; "A Volume of Sermons," 8vo, 1794; and tho " Moral Monitor," 1801. — Eliot. Fiske, Nathan AVilby, prof, of intel- lectual and moral philos. in Amh. Coll., Ms., b. Weston, Ms., Apr. 17, 1798; d. Jerusalem, May 27, 1847. D.C. 1817. He had charge of an acad. at New Castle for one year ; served as tutor in D.C. for two years; studied at the And. Theol. Sem., and in 1823-4 spent a winter in Savannah in missionary labors. Popular as a preacher. He was offered the professorship of mathematics and natural philosophy in Mid. Coll., Vt., which he de- clined, but in 1824 accepted the professorship of languages in Amh. Coll., from which he was in 1836 transferred to the chair of philos. He pub. a " Manual of Classical Literature," from the German of Eschenburg, with addi- tions, 3d edition, 1841; "Young Peter's Tour around the World," 16mo, N. Y. ; " Story of Aleck," &c., 18mo, Boston. Fisk, Pliny, missionary,, b. Shelburne, Ms., June 24, 1792 ; d. Beirodt, Syria, Oct. 23, 1825. Mid. Coll. 1814. He studied tlieolo at Andover, and sailed as a missionary to P JZ FIS 327 FIT estine, Nov. 3, 1819. At Smyrna, he studied the Eastern hmguages ; and in 1821 he went to E<;ypt, and thence across the deserts to Judsea, studying and preaching till he died. During his last illness, he was engaged in com- pleting an English and Arabic dictionary. — SeeA/vin Bond's Life of P. Fis/c, 12mo, 1828. Fisk, Rev. Samuel, clergyman, author, and soldier ; d. Fredericksburg, Va., of wounds at the battle of the Wilderness, May 22, 1864. Amh. Coll. 1848. iVuthor of "Letters from Europe," written for the Springfield Republican, signed "Dunn Browne." In 1861, he was pastor of a church at Madison, Ct., but entered the army ; fought bravely in several battles ; was for some time a prisoner at Richmond, and at his death held the rank of capt. Fisk, Wilbur, D.I). (Aug. Coll. 1829), Methodist minister and educator, b. Brattle- boro', Vt., Aug. 31, 1792; d. Middletown, Ct., Feb. 22, 1 839. Brown U. 1 8 1 5. To enable himself to defray the cost of his coll. course, he became private tutor in Col. Ridgeley's family, near I3alt. He studied law, but entered the ministry in 1818, and became eminent, not- withstanding ill health. He labored 2 years in Craftsbury, Vt. In 1819, he was app. to Charlestown,Ms. Deleg. to the gen. conference in 1824, and chosen to write the address to the British conference. Principal of the Wesleyan Acad, at Wilbraham, Ms., 1826-31. Deleg. to the gen. conference of 1828, and elected bishop of the Canada conf., but declined. At the gen. conf. of 1832, his appeals in behalf of Indian missions resulted in the organization of the Oregon mission. He was instrumental in founding Williamstown Acad., and from 1830 until his death was pres. of the U. of Middle- town, Ct. In search of health, he passed the winter of 1835 in Italy, and the summer of 1836 in Eng. Elected bishop in 1836, but declined. He pub. " Notes of Travels in Eu- rope," 1 vol.Svo, illustrated, and some sermons and addresses. His Life and Writings have been pub. by Rev. Dr. Holdich, 8vo, 1842, N.Y. Fitch, Ebenezer, D.D. (H.U. 1800), pres. Wms. Coll. Aug. 1793-May, 1815. De- scended irom James, minister of Saybrook and of Norwich, Ct. ; b. Norwich, Ct., 26 Sept. 1756; d. W. Bloomfield, N.Y., 21 Mar. 1833. Y.C. 1777. Tutor there, 1780-3 and 1786-91, and principal of the Williamstown school from Oct. 1791 until its erection as a coll. Ord. 17 June, 1795 ; pastor of the Presb. Church of Bloomfield, N.Y., Nov. 29, 1815-Nov. 25, 1827. Fitch, Elijah, clergyman and poet, b. 1745 ; d. Hopkinton, Ms., Dec. 16, 1788. Y.C. 1 765. He received the honorary degree of A.M. from H.U. in 1770, and from 1771 to 1788 was minister of Hopkinton. He wrote " The Beauties of Religion, a Poem addressed to Youth," in 5 books, and a short poem entitled " The Choice," Providence, 1789. Fitch, James, first minister of Norwich, Ct., b. Bocking, Essex, Eng., Dec. 24, 1622; d. Lebanon, Nov. 18, 1702. After receiving an excellent classical education, he came to N.E. at the age of 16 ; spent seven years under the instruction of Hooker and Stone; was pastor at Saybrook in 1646-60; and subse- quently of Norwich. He preached to the Mohegans in their own language, and gave them some of his land to induce them to culti- vate. He wrote " The First Principles of the Doctrine of Christ," Boston, 1679, and some sermons. — Hist. Mag., v., 217. Fitch, John, inventor, builder of the first steamboat in America, b. E. Windsor, Ct., Jan. 21,1743; d. Bardstown, Ky., July 2, 1798. He had a common school education; followed various pursuits in his youth, and, having married unhappily, left what property he had to his wife and children, and sought a separate fortune. During the Revol., he was an armorer in the service, afterward a sutler, and as a silversmith, and manufacturer of silver and brass sleeve-buttons at Trenton, N.J., had amassed considerable Continental money. He was next a surveyor in Va., and, while exploring Ohio early in 1782, was taken by Indians, but returned to his home in Bucks Co., Pa., at the close of the year. During his Western explorations, in which he prepared, engraved on copper, and printed on a press of his own manufacture, a map of the N. W. coun- try, he conceived the idea that the great West- ern rivers might be navigated by steam. In 1788, he applied fora patentforthe application of steam to navigation, he having constructed a boat that could be propelled 8 miles an hour. July 27, 1786, his successful experiment led to the formation of a company in Phila., and the building of a small steam-packet, which con- veyed passengers until 1790, when the company failed. In 1793, he tried his steamboat projects in France without success, the times being un- propitious. He afterward went to Ky. to as- certain the condition of his Western property, which he found overrun with squatters, and no encouragement for his steam-projects. He left in a sealed envelope, opened in 1823, a detailed history of his adventures in the steamboat en- terprise, inscribed " To my children and to future generations," with a journal and other papers, from which an interesting biography was prepared by Thompson Westcott, and pub, in Phila. in 1867. A Memoir, by C. Whittlesey, is in Sparks's "Am. Biog." Fitch, Thomas, gov. of Ct. from 1754 to 1766, b. Ct., 1699; d. July 18, 1774. Y. Coll. 1721. He devoted himself to the law, and filled successively, with unsurpassed integrity and wisdom, the offices of counsellor, judge of the Superior Court, chf. justice, 1750-4, lieut.- gov., and gov. In 1 765, he took the oath of office prescribed in the Stamp Act, and was driven into retirement, in consequence, the next year. Fitz, Henry, telescope-maker, b. Newbury- port, Ms., 1808; d. N.Y. City, Nov. 6, 1863. At first a printer ; afterward, for many years, a locksmith. In 1835, he made a reflecting tele- scope, and, in the winter of 1844, invented a method of perfecting object-glasses for i-efract- ing telescopes, making the first one of the bottom of an ordinary tumbler. The fair of the Amer. Institute in 1845 brought his in- struments into notice ; and he afterward devot- ed himself exclusively and successfully to their manuf., succeeding in making an instrument of 16-inch aperture. The delicacy of his inven- tion was such as to detect the change in form FTT 328 F1L.A. by expansion of an ohjcct-glass, effected by passini^ the finger over it on a frosty night. He died just as he was about to go to Europe to select a glass for a 24-inch telescope, and to procure ])utents for a camera, involving a new form of lenses. Fitzgerald, Lord Edward, b. Oct. 15, 1 763 ; d. June 4, 1 798. Entering the army, he became, in 1779, aide-de-camp to Lord Raw- don ; greatly disting. himself on several occa- sions, and was severely wounded at Eutaw Springs. In 1788, he was at Halifax with the 54th regt., and travelled through the U.S. to N. Orleans. In 1792, he m. the beautiful and accomplished Pamela, the prot^[/^e and supposed dau. of Madame de Genlis. While in Ameri- ca, he had imbibed republican ideas, and, being in Paris during the French Revol., publicly re- nounced his title in 1792, and was dismissed the army. Returning to Dublin, he connect- ed himself in 1796 with the revol. organ- ization known as the United Irishmen, and was killed while resisting the officers sent to take him. Pitzhugh, Andrew, capt. U.S.N., b. Va., 1795 ; d. Fairfax Co., Va., Oct. 2, 1850. Mid- shipman, June 8, 1811 ; lieut. April 21, 1816; master, Feb. 9, 1837 ; capt. Feb. 14, 1843. Fitzhugh, William, member Old Con- gress from Va., 1779-80 ; d. 1809, a. 83. Fitzpatrick, Benjamin, lawyer and poli- tician, b. Green Co., Gu., June 30, 1802; d. Antauga Co., Ala., Nov. 25, 1869. Loft an orphan, he emig. in 1815 to the valley of the Ala. River, near Montgomery, where he after- ward resided. He received as good an educa- tion as new countries generally afford ; studied law, and was adm. to practice in 1821 ; was solicitor of the judicial (list, in which he lived, until, in 1829, his health compelled him to re- linquish his profession, and settle upon a farm. Gov. of Ala. from 1841 to 1845 ; U.S. senator in 1848-9 and 1853-61, and took an active part in the Rebellion. He seldom engaged in de- bate, was a man of cool judgment and agree- able manners, and was often called to the chair of the senate as president pro tern. Fitzpatrick, John Bernard, D.D. (H. U. 1861), R.C. bishop of Boston, b. there Nov. 1812; d. Feb. 13, 1866. He was educat- ed at the Boston schools, a coll. at Montreal, and the Sulpician Coll., Paris. Ord. priest, he returned to Boston in 1840, was then pastor of St. John's Church, East Cambridge, became co-adjutor to Bishop Fen wick, March 24, 1844, and in 1846 succeeded him as bishop. He vis- ited Europe in 1854, and again in 1862, He ranked high as a scholar, and was a member of the Acad, of Arts and Sciences. Fitzsimmons, Thoma8, statesman, b. Ireland, 1741 ; d. Phila., Aug. 1811. During the Revol., he com. a vol. company, and was an eminent merchant of Phila. His house (Geo. Meade &Co.) subscribed to supply the army, in 1780, £5,000. Many years a member of the State Asseml)ly ; a delegate to the Old Con- gress in 1782-3, and to the Federal Const. Conv. in 1787; M.C. 1789-95; pres. of the Phila. Chamber of Commerce, and of the N.A. Insurance Co. Flaget, Benedict Joseph, D.D., R.C. bishop of Louisville, Ky. ; consec. Nov. 4, 1810 ; d. 18.50. Flagg, Edmund, journalist and author, b. Wi-scasset, Me., Nov. 24, 1815. Bowd. Coll. 1835. After teaching at Louisville, where he was a contrib. to Prentice's Louisville Journal, he travelled in 1836 over the prairies of 111. and Mo., the results of which were pub. in 1838, entitled " The Far West." He was adm. to the bar in 1837, and commenced practice in Mo. ; edited the St. Louis Daili/ Commercial Bulletin, 1838; nextassoc. himself with Pren- tice in the Louisville Literary News-Letter, and in the spring of 1840 began to practise law with S. S. Prentiss at Vicksburg, Mpi. la 1842, he conducted the Gazette, at Marietta, O., and wrote two novels, " Carrero " and " Fran- cis of Valois."" In 1844-5, he conducted the St. Louis Evening Gazette, and for several years was reporter of the county courts, publishing, in the mean time, the novels, " The Howard Queen," " Blanche of Artois," and several dramas. In 1848, he accomp. E. A. Hannegan; minister to Berlin, as sec, and travelled over Eng., Germany, and France. In 1850-1, he was consul at Venice, and, returning in Nov. 1851, took charge of a Democ. paper at N. Or- leans. In 1852, he pub. " Venice, the City of the Sea," and a tliird vol., entitled "North Italy since 1849." In 1854, he contrib. sketches on the West to " The U.S. Illustrated," by Mayer,^ N.Y. He has since been chief clerk of a com- mercial bureau in the dept. of State, Wash- ington. In 1856-7, as chief of statistics, he prepared "A Report on the Commercial Rela- tions of the U.S. with Foreign Nations." He has prepared for publication an historical novel, "The Last of the Military Templars." Flagg, George W., artist, b. N. Haven, Ct., June 26. 1816. Passing his boyhood in Charleston, S.C., he had the instruction of his uncle, Allston, and excited admiration by his juvenile portrait of Bishop England. A picture of the " Murder of the Princes," from Richard III., procured him the support of Lu- man Read, through whose aid he made a three- years' visit to Europe, since which he has passed many years in Lond. Among his pictures are the " Mouse-Boy," " Match-Girl," " Young Greek," " Jacob and Rachel at tbe Well," "Landing of the Pilgrims," "Landing of the Atlantic Cable," " Good Samaritan," " Scarlet Letter," and " Columbus and the Egg." — Tuckerman. Flanders, Benjamin Franklin, b. Bris- tol, N.H., Jan. 26, 1816. Dartm. Coll. 1842. He went to N. Orleans in Jan. 1843, read law, and taught there ; editod the Tropic ab. a year ; sec. and treas. of the N.O. and Opclousas R.R. Co. from 1852 to Jan. 1862, when forced to flee North on account of his Unionism ; re- turned on its capture; city treas. in 1862; M.C. 1863-7, and gov. of La. X^l-^. — Alum- ni Dartm. Coll. Flanders, Henry, author, b. Plainfield, N.H. ; has pub. " Treatise on Maritime Law," 8vo, 1852; "Treatise of the Law of Ship- ping," 8vo, 1853; "Lives and Times of the ('hief Justices of the U.S.," 2 vols. 8vo, 185.5-8 ; " Memoirs of Cumberland," 8vo, 1856 ; " The Principles of Insurance," &c. (in press 1871). WTjTPt 329 WUL Fleet, Thomas, printer, b. Shropshire, Eng., 8 Sept. 1685 ; d. Boston, July 21, 1758. He was a printer in Bristol, came to Boston in 1712, and soon after established himself in " Pudding Lane," now Devonshire Street. He was the putative father of the celebrated "Mother Goose's Melodies." In 1733, he be- came proprietor and pub. of the Weeldi/ Z?e- Aearsa/, newspaper ; which name was in 1735 changed to the Boston Evening Post. It was conducted by him and his two sons, Thomas and John, who succeeded him till Apr. 24, 1775, when it was discontinued. Ann Fleet, dau. of John, d. Boston, July 30, 1860, a. 89. Thomas d. Boston, Mar. 6, 1797, a. 65. ; John d. Boston, Mar. 18, 1806, a. 71. The first ed. of Hutchinson's " Hist, of Ms." was pub. at their press. From 1779 to 1801, they pub. Fleet's " Annual Register." Fleming, Col. Thomas, Revol. soldier ; d. Aug. 1776. He com. the troops from Botetourt Co., Va., in the battle of Point Pleas- ant with the Indians, and was thrice wounded. Col. 9th Va. regt. in the Revol., app. March 2, 1776. Fleming, William, of Cumberland, Va., statesman, b. 1734; d. Feb. 1824. Wm. and Mary Coll. Member of the House of Burgesses, and of the Va. conventions, in 1775-6; mem- ber of the committee on Independence in that of May, 1770; judge of the General Court, and presiding judge of the Court of Appeals ; member of the Old Congress, 1779-81. Fletchor, Richard, LL.D. (Dartm. Coll. 1846), lawyer, b. Cavendish, Vt., Jan. 8, 1788; d. Boston, June 21, 1869. Dartm. Coll. 1805. He studied law with Daniel Webster; was adra. to the bar in 1809, and was settled at Salisbury until 1825, when he removed to Boston, taking high rank at the bar. He was leading counsel for the War- ren Biid_'C proprietors in their famous case with tlic Charles River Bridge Co. He was often opposed by Webster and Mason, of whom he was a wortliy antagonist, and was emi- nent in all branches of legal practice. Mem- ber of the Ms. legisl. ; M.C. 1837-9; judge of the Ms. Supreme Court, 1848-.')3. He be- queathed $100,000 to Dartm. Coll. Fletcher, William A., jurist, b. Ms. ; d. Ann Arbor, Mich., ab. 1855. He settled in Mich. ab. 1820; was many years a successful hiwyer in Detroit; was at one time atty.-gen. of the territory ; in 1835, on the adoption of the first State Constitution, was app. chief jus- tice of the Sup. Court, and, retiring from the bencli in 1842, resumed practice. Ho prepared the " Revised Statutes " of Mich., pub. in 1 838. Fleury, Louis, Chevalierand Viscount dc, a lieut.-col. in the Revol. army; d. a field- marshal in France. A descendant of the emi- nent cardinal, and educated as an engineer; became a maj.in the regt. Rouergue, and, coming to Amer., offered his services to Washington, who gave him a captain's commission. For his gallantry at Fort Mifflin, on the Del., and at the battle of Brandywine, he received from Congress the present of a horse, and was pro- moted to lieut.-col. Nov. 26, 1777. In the win- ter of 1777-8, he was sub-inspector under Steu- ben. Adj.-gen. of Lee's division, June 4, 1778. In July, 1778, he was second in com. of a light inf. corps in the R. I. exped., and afterward com. a batt. of light inf. under Washington. At the storm of Stony Point, in July, 1779, he com. the van of the right column, was the first to enter the British works, and struck the British standard with his own hand. For his share in this brilliant exploit, Fleury received the thanks of Congress and a silver medal. When Rochambeau arrived in 1780, Fleury left the Amer. service, and became an officer under him, soon afterward returning to France. Flint, Abel, D.D. (Un. Coll. 1818), min- ister of the second church in Hartford, b. Windham, Aug. 6, 1765; d. Mar. 7,1825. Y.C. 1785. Tutor B. U. 1786-90. Ord. Apr. 20, 1791. He pub. " Geometry and Trigo- nometry, with a treatise on Surveying," 1806, and a translation of some of the sermons of Massillon and Bourdaloue. Flint, Austin, M.D. (HU. 1833), physi- cian, b. Petersham, Ms., 1812. Educated at Amh. and Harv. Colleges. After practising successively in Boston and Northampton, he removed in 1836 to Buffalo; in 1844 became prof, of the institutes and practice of medicine in the Rush Med. Coll. at Chicago ; resigned 1845, and from 1846 to 1856 edited the Buf- falo Med. Journal. In 1847, he was one of the Ibunders of the Buffalo Med. Coll., and was 6 years prof, of the principles and practice of med- icine and of clinical medicine. From 1852 to 1856, he filled the chair of the theory and prac- tice of medicine in the U. of Louisville, Ky., and then took the chair of pathology and clinical medicine at Buffalo. From 1858 to 1861, he spent the winters in N. Orleans as prof, of clinical medicine in the med. school, and visit- ing physician to the charity hospital. Remov- ing to N.Y. in 1859, he was in 186L made prof, of the principles and practice of meilicine in the Bellevue Coll. hospital, and of pathology and practical medicine in the L. I. Coll. hos- pital, and visiting physician to Bellevue. He has pub. clinical reports on " Continued Fe- ver," 1852 ; " Chronic Pleurisy," 1853 ; " Dys- entery," 1853; "Physical Exploration and Diagnosis of Diseases affecting the Respiratory Organs," 1856; and "Practical Treatise on Diseases of the Heart," 1859. His essays on " The Variation of Pitch and Percussion and Respiratory Sounds," and on the " Clinical Study of the Heart-Sounds in Health and Disease," received the first prizes of the Amer. Med. Assoc, in 1852 and 1859. Flint, Austin, son of the preceding, b. Northampton, Ms,, 1836. Jeff. Med. Coll. 1857. Became prof, of physiology, U. of Buffalo, 1858, and afterward "in the L. L Coll. hospital. His essay on " The Excretory Func- tion of the Liver" received from the French in- stitute a prize of 1,500 francs. Contrib. to the Amer. Jour, of Med. Science, &c. Author of " Physiology of Man," 4 vols. 8vo. Flint, Charlks Lewis, sec. of the Ms. Board of Agriculture since its organization in 1852, b. Middleton, Ms., 8 May, 1824. H.U. 1849. Thomas, his ancestor, probably from Wales, came over ab. 1640, and settled in Salem Village. Charles L. was brought upon his father's farm, and by his own exertions B^JLI 330 FLO acquired a collegiate education. He then studied law, but, having become known by his contiibs. to nitric, papers, was induced to accept the position he has so long filled with disting. ability. Besides agric. reports, he is author of " The Agriculture of Massachusetts," 2 vols. 8vo, 1853-4; "Grasses and Forage Plants," 1857; "Milch Cows and Dairy Farming," 1859; a new ed. of Harris's "Insects Injurious to Vegetation;" and, with Geo. B. Emerson, " Manual of A.;T;riculture," a text- book for scliouls. — See Flint Gtnealoji/. Flint, Henuy, tutorof Harv. Coll." 1705-54, b. Dorchester, 1675; d. Feb. 1.3, 1760. H.U. 1693. Son of Josiah of D. App. Fellow of H.U. 1700. A vol. of 20 sermons by him was pub. 8vo, 1739.— Allen. Flint, Henry M., writer, d. Camden, N.J., Dec. 12, 1868. He wrote for the N.Y. World, over the signature of " Druid ; " also a "Life of Stephen A. Douglas," "Mexico under Maximilian," and " The History and Statisrics of the Railroads of the U.S." Flint, Jacob, minister of Cohasset, b. Reading, Ms., Aug. 7, 1768; d. Oct. 11, 1835. H.U. 1794. Ord. June 10, 1798. He pub. a history of Cohasset in Ms. Hist. Colls., 2 dis- courses on the history of Cohasset, 1821. Flint, Joshua Barker, M.D. (HU. 1825), an eminent surgeon, prof., and author, b. Co- hasset, Ms., Oct. 13, 1801 ; d. Louisville, Ky., Mar. 19, 1864. H.U. 1820. Son of Rev. Jacob. He practised in Boston in 1825-37 ; was prof, of surgery in the Louisville Med. Inst. 1837-49 ; and from 1849 to his d. filled the same chair in the Ky. School of Medicine at Louisville. Several years a member of the Ms. legisl. Author of ""Practice of Medicine," 8vo, 2ded., 1868. Flint, MiCAU P., poet, son of Timothy, b. Lunenburg, Ms., ab. 1807; d. 1830. He studied law, and was adm. to the bar at Alex- andria, Mpi. In 1 826, he pub. at Boston " The Hunter and other Poems." He was a frequent contrib. to the Western Review. Flint, Rev. Timothy, author, b. Reading, Ms.. July 11, 1780; d. Salem, Aug. 16, 1840. H.U. 1800. From Nov. 30, 1802, to June 19, 1814, he was a Cong, minister at Lunenburg, Ms. ; went as a missionary to the Mpi. Valley in Sept. 1815, and was subsequently employed as a farmer and teacher at Cincinnati, and on the banks of the Red River, in La. In 1825, he returned to Ms., broken in health and for- tune ; but the change of climate soon restored the former, and he turned to literature to repair the latter. In 1833, he went to N.Y., and edited a few numbers of the Knickerbocker magazine. In 1834, he removed to Cincinnati, where, in 1827-30, he edited the Western Re- view. He afterward resided in Alexandria, Va., and in La., but returned to N.E. May 1, 1840, in ill health. He pub. "History and Geography of the Mississippi Valley," 2 vols., 1828; "Francis Berrian," 1826; "George Mason, or the Young Backwoodsman," 1829 ; "Arthur Clenning," 1828; " Shoshonee Val- ley," 2 vols., 1830; "Indian Wars in the West," 1833; "Lectures on Nat. History, Geology, Chemistry, and the Arts," 1833; "Memoir of Daniel Boone," 1834; "Recol- lections of the last 10 Years in the Valley of the Mississippi," 1826. He contrib. to the Lond. Athenceum, in 1835, a scries of papers on American literature. He translated Droz's " L'Art d'Etre Heureux," and " Celibacy Van- quished." Flores, Gen. Venancio, pres. of Uruguay, assassinated in Montevideo, Feb. 22, 1868. A prominent military officer. In 1866, he headed a revol. which overthrew the govt, of Vidal, and became provis. pres. of the republic. Feb. 15, he resigned the office, and refused to become a candidate for re-election. His son, and other ambitious young men, in-itated at his persistent refusal, conspired for his assassination. Flournoy, Thomas S., b. Va. ; M. C. 1847-9. Killed in battle in Va. in June, 1864, fighting for the Rebellion. Floy, James, D.D. (Wesl. U. 1847), clergyman and scholar, b. N.Y. City, Aug. 20, 1806; d. there Oct. 14, 1863. Dick Coll. 1841. He spent 3 years in Europe, im- proving his education, especially in botanical science, at the royal garden at Kew ; was adm. to the N.Y. Methodist Conf. in 1835, and filled several important offices in the church, beside conducting the National Magazine, and a paper called Good News. He edited the works of Dr. Olin ; was one of the committee of the Bible Society which prepared its standard edition of the Bible, and was a leader of the antislavery party of his church. Author of " Guide to the Orchard and Fruit Garden," 12mo. Floyd, John, statesman, b. Jefferson Co., Va. ; d. Sweet Springs, Va., Aug. 16, 1837. Many years in the Va. legisl. ; M.C 1817-29; gov. of Va. 1830-4. Floyd, JoHv, gen., b. Beaufort, S.C., Oct. 3, 1769; d. Camden Co., Ga., June 24, 1839. Son of Col. Charles, who was ruined pecunia- rily by the Tories of the Revol. They moved to Ga. in 1791, and by boat-building, near the mouth of the St. Ilia River, acquired wealth. Brig.-gen. of Ga. militia, Aug. 1813 to Mar. 1814 ; com. at the battle with the Creek Indians at Autossee, Ala., Nov. 29, 1813, in which he was severely wounded, and in battle with the Creeks at Camp Defiance, Ala., Jan. 27, 1814. Often a member of the State legisl., and M.C. in 1827-9; maj.-gen. State militia. Floyd, John Buchanan, politician, b. Montgomery Co.,Va., 1805 ; d. Abingdon, Va., Aug. 26, 1863. S. C. Coll. 1826. Son of Gov. John. Adm. to the bar in 1828; prac- tised law in Helena, Ark., in 1836-9; then settled in Washington Co., Va. ; member of the legisl. in 1847, '49, and '55 ; gov. of Va. 1850-3; exerted himself in the Cincinnati convention in support of James Buchanan for the presidency, and was his sec. of war from 1857 to 1861. During the latter part of his administration, he secretly prepared the means, in munitions of war, to aid the plans of the se- cession leaders ; dispersed the army in the re- motest parts of the country, whence they could not be readily conveyed to the Atlantic coast, and transferred from Northern to Southern ar- senals 1 13,000 muskets. Indicted by the grand jury of the Dist. of Columbia, as being privy to the abstraction of $870,000 in bonds from the :ptl.o 331 B^OL dept. of the interior, in the latter part of 1860, he left Washington before beinj;^ brought to tri- al. In reward of his services to the Confederates, he was made a gen. in their army. He was driv- en from Western Va. by Gen. Rosecrans in the autumn of 1861, and defeated at Carnifex Ferry, Sept. 10. He escaped from Fort Donelson the night before its surrender, Feb. 16, 1862, and was officially censured by the Confed. Govt., and never again employed. Floyd, Gen. William, signer of the Declaration of Independence, b. Suffolk Co., L.I.,Dec. 17,1734; d. Oneida Co., N.Y., Aug. 4, 1821. His father, Nicholi, left him a large estate. His education was slight; but he was naturally intelligent, and of an elevated char- acter. He took an early part in the Revol.; was a member of the N.Y. committee of corres. ; a member of Congress in 1774-7, and from Oct. 1778 till its dissolution, serving as a mem- ber of the boards of admiralty and the treasury, and was a member of the State senate in 1777- 88. His family fled to Ct. while Long Island was in the hands of the British ; his house was occu))ied by them; and he was nearly 7 years an exile. He com. the Long Island militia, and displayed energy and daring in repelling the incursions of the enemy, M.C. 1789-91; member of the State Const. Convs. of 1801 and 1820. He purchased in 1784 a farm at Western, Oneida Co., N.Y., and moved his family thither in 1803. Flusser, Charles W., lieut.-commander, U.S.N., b. Annapolis, Md., 1833; killed near Plymouth, N.C., in a naval engagement, Apr. 18, 1864. In his childhood, his parents removed toKy. Midshipra. July 19, 1847 ; lieut. Sept. 16, 18.5.5; lieut.-com. July 16, 1862; assist, prof, in the Naval Acad, in 1857-9, and, at the breaking-out of the Rebellion, took com. of the gunboat " Com. Perry," in which he took part in the engagement at Roanoke Island, Feb. 7, 1862. Oct. 3, 1862, he aided in the shelling of Franklin, Va., and at the time of his death com. " The Miami " in Albemarle Sound. Two of his bros., officers in the rebel army, were killed in battle during the war. Fobes, Peres, LL.D., clergyman, and prof of nat. philos. in the Coll. of R.I. , now Brown U., b. Bridgewater, Sept. 21, 1752 ; d. Feb. 23, 1812. H.U. 1762. Ord. at Raynham, Nov. 19, 1766. In 1786, he was elected to the pro- fessorship. He pub. a sermon on the death of President Manning, 1791; " Election Sermon," 1795; and " Topog. Descript. of Raynham," 1794 (Ms. Hist. Colls., iii.). Fogg, George Oilman, b. Meredith, N.H., May 26, 1815. Dartm, Coll. 1839. Began to practise law at Gilmanton, N.H., in 1842; edited the Lidep. Democrat at Concord, 1846-61 ; sec. of State of N.H. in 1846; U.S. minister to Switzerland, 1861-5 ; U.S. senator, 1866-7. — D. C. Alumni, Folger, Peleg, of Nantucket, b. Oct. 13, 1733 ; d. May 26, 1789. Was many years em- ployed in the fisheries. Some of his verses are in Macy's " History of Nantucket," and are very creditable to his taste and ability. After- ward a farmer. Folger, Peter, " a pious and learned " man, b, Eng., 1617; d. Nantucket, 1690. At the age of 18, he came with his father John from Norwich, and settled at Martha's Vine- jard, where John d. 1 660. He was among the first settlers of Nantucket in 1663, and was one of the 5 commissioners to lay out land, being well qualified by his knowledge of surveying. From 1673, he was clerk of the courts. His dau. Abiah was the mother of Benjamin Franklin. He wrote a variety of small pieces, one of which, pub. in 1675, is entitled "A Looking-Glass for the Times, or the Former Spirit of N E. re- vived in this Generation," reprinted in 1763. — Duci/kinc/c. Follen, Chas. Theo. Christian, LL.D., scholar, b. Romrod, Hesse Darmstadt, Sept. 4, 1796; d. Jan. 13, 1840. U. of Geisscn, 1818. While at the university, he was noted for his liberal sentiments, and attached himself to a union, or Burschenschajl, of ^yhich he wrote a defence. He also wrote patriotic songs, which, with others by his brother August, were pub. at Jena in 1819; and was one of the authors of " The Great Song," which was considered seditious. In the winter of 1818-19, he deliv- ered at Jena a course of lectures on the Pan- dects of Justinian. Suspected by the Prussian Govt, of privity to the assassination of Kotzebue, he was arrested, examined, and liberated, but quitted Germany. Political surveillance fol- lowing him to France, Strasbourg, and Basle, where he was for some time prof of civil and eccles. law, he came to N.Y., Dec. 19, 1824. He soon mastered the English language, and, by the instrumentality of Mr. Duponceau and Prof Ticknor of Harvard U., was app. German teacher in that institution in Dee. 1825, and, in 1830, prof. He lectured on civil law in Boston, where, in Sept. 1826, he opened a gymnasium. He m. Eliza Lee Cabot in 1828, and in that year was app. teacher of eccles. hist, and ethics in the Divinity School, and admitted to the ministry. He resigned this position in 1830, lectured in Boston on moral philos. in 1830, and on Schiller in 1832. Quitting his profes- sorship at Cambridge in 1835, he devoted him- self to literary, educational, and clerical laboi'S, and in May, 1839, became pastor of a Unitarian church in E. Lexington, Ms. In Dec. 1839, he lectured on German literature in N.Y., and, returning in " The Lexington," lost his life by the burning of that steamer on L. I. Sound. Dr. F. was an earnest adherent of the anti- slavery movement. He pub. "Psychology," an " Essay on Religion and the Church," 1836 ; " German Reader," and a German versification of the Gospel of St. John, 12mo ; " German Grammar," 1828, and was a frequent contrib. to the reviews. An edition of his works, Avith a Memoir by his widow, was pub. in 1842 in 5 vols. Follen, Eliza Lee, wife of the preced- ing ; b, Boston, Aug. 15, 1787 ; d. Brookline, Ms., Jan. 26, 1860, Dau. of Samuel Cabot of Boston ; and m. Dr, Follen in 1828. After the death of her husband, she educated their only son, whom, with other pupils, she fitted for H.U, She edited from 1843 to 1850 the "Child's Friend," pub. " Selections from Fene- lon," and an entertaining book for children, " The Well-spent Hour." She was an inti- mate friend of W. E. Channing, and a zealous won, 332 FOO antislavery woman. In 1829, she edited the "Christian Teacher's Manual." In 1835, she wrote the " Sceptic," for the " Sunday Li- brary." In the winter of 1838-9, she pub. " Married Life," " Little Songs," and a vol. of {jocms, and in 1841 her Memoir of Dr. Fol- en, as the first vol. of his collected works. In 1857 she pub. " Twilight Stories," and in 1859 " Second Scries of Little Songs," and a com- pilation of " Home Dramas." Polsom, George, LL.D. (Vt. U. 1860), historian, b. Kenncbunk, Me., Mav 23, 1802; d. Rome, Italy, Mar. 27, 1869. H.U. 1822. He studied law, but, devoting himself to his- torical studies, pub. in 1830 a hist, of Saco and Biddeford, Me., and about 1837 removed to N.Y. City, and became an active member and librarian of the Hist. Society. In 1841, he edited a vol. of its colls. ; afterward trans- lated the Despatches of Hernando Cortez ; in 1843 pub. "The Political Condition of Mexico;" and, in 1858, "Documents re), to Early Hist, of Maine." Meml)cr of the State senate in 1844-8 ; charg^-d' affaires to the Neth- erlands, 1850-4. His lecture, on the Discovery of Maine, to the N.Y. Hist. Soc, was pub. in the 2d vol. of its colls. Before this soc. he also delivered lectures on the Northmen, 1838; on the Life and Voyages of Vespucius, in 1839 ; and afterward on the Life and Services of Col. Barre. Pres. of the Amer. Ethnol. Society. Folsom, Nathaniel, gen., b. Exeter, N.H., 1726; d. there May 26, 1790. He was son of Jonathan Folsom. Com. a company at Fort Edward, 1755; disting. himself in the action with Dieskau ; com. a regt. of mili- tia before theRcvol. ; as brig.-gen. of the N.H. forces, he served during the siege of Boston, until relieved by Sullivan in July, 1775. Member of the Cont. Congress, 1774-5 and 1777-80; councillor, 1778; and pres. of the convention which framed the Constitution of N.H. in 1783. —Hist. Gilmanton. Folsom, Nathaniel Smith, clergvman, b. Portsmouth, N.H., Mar. 12, 1806. Dartm. Coll. 1828; And. Scm. 1831. Ord. at Brad- ford, Ms., Sept. 26, 1831 ; missionary to Lib- erty Co., Ga., in 1831-2; preached in Cleve- land, 0., in 1832-3; prof, of Lane Sem. 1833; prof, of biblical lit.. West. Reserve Coll., Ohio, Sept. 1833 to 1836; pastor of the Cong, church, Franccstovvn, N.H. , from Oct. 12, 1836, to Aug. 21, 1838; of a church at Providence, RI., from Sept. 6, 1838, to 1840; and of a Unit. Cong, church at Haverhill, Ms., from Nov. 7, 1840, to 1847; resided at Charlesrown, and edited the Christian Register from 1847 to 1849; prof, of literature and biblical interpre- tation at Mcadville Coll., Pa., from Sept. 1849 to 1861. He pub. an address on Temperance in 1839; "A Critical and Hist. Interpretation of the Prophecies of Daniel," 1842 ; and con- trihs. to reviews and magazines. Foote, Andrew Hull, rear-adm. U.SN. Son of Gov. S. A. Foote ; b. N. Haven, Ct., Sept. 12,1806; d. N.Y. City, June 26, 1863. Acting midshipman in 1822, he made his first cruise in the schooner " Grampus," sent in 1823 to chastise the W. Indian pirates. Lieut. May 27, 1830; commander, Dec. 19, 1852. He was flag-licut. in 1833 of the Medit. squad. ; and in 1838, as 1st lieut. of the "John Ad- ams," Com. Read, circumnavigated the globe, and took part in an attack on the pirates of Sumatra. While stationed at the naval asy- lum in 1841-3, he prevailed upon many of the inmates to give up their spirit-rations, being one of the first to introduce the principle of to- tal abstinence from intoxicating drinks in the navy, and continued this effort in " The Cum- berland " in 1843-5, besides delivering every Sunday an extemporaneous sermon to the crew. In 1849-52, in com. of the brig "Perry," he was on the African coast, successfully engaged in suppressing the slave-trade. He pub. in 1854 "Africa and the American Flag." He com. in 1856 the sloop "Portsmouth," on the China station. Arriving at Canton just before the commencement of hostilities between the English and Chinese, he exerted himself in protecting American property, and having been, while thus engaged, fired upon by the barrier forts, received permission from Com. Armstrong to demand an apology for this in- dignity. This being refused, he attacked the forts, 4 in number, with the " Portsmouth " and " Levant ; " breached the largest, and, with 280 sailors, landed, and carried it by storm. The remaining forts were successively carried, with a total loss of 40 to the attacking party. The works were of granite, with walls 7 feet thick, mounting 176 guns, and garrisoned by 5,000 men, of whom 400 were killed and wounded. In July, 1861, he became capt., and in Sept. flag-officer, of the flotilla fitting out in the West- ern waters. Feb. 4, 1862, he sailed from Cairo with 7 gunboats, 4 of them iron-clads, to at- tack Fort Henry on the Tenn. River. With- out awaiting the co-operation of Gen. Grant, he attacked the fort at noon of the 6th, and in 2 hours compelled its surrender. On the 14th, he attacked Fort Donelson ; but the fleet was obliged to haul off just as the enemy's water batteries had been silenced, two of the gun- boats having become unmanageable. Foote was severely wounded in the ankle by a frag- ment of a 64-lb. shot. Though on crutches, he proceeded down the Mpi. with his fleet, and a number of mortar-boats, to besiege Island No. 10. After its reduction, Apr. 7, he returned to N. Haven. Regaining his health, he was made chief of the bureau of equipment and recruit- ing. July 31, 1862, he was app. rear-adm. on the active list On Admiral Dupont's being relieved from his com. of the S. A. blockade squad., May, 1863, Adm. Foote was app. to succeed him. Foote, Henry Stuart, statesman, b. Fauquier Co., Va., Sept. 20, 1800. Washing- ton Coll. 1819. Licensed to practise law in 1822; removed in 1824 to Tuscumbia, Ala., where he edited a Democ. newspaper, and in 1826 established himself at Jackson, Mpi. He was a U.S. senator in 1847-52, taking an active part in favor of the compromise measures ; was elected gov. over JcfF. Davis in 1852; removed to Cal. in 1854 ; settled at Vicksburg, Mpi., in 1858 ; and in May, 1859, at the Southern conv. at Knoxville, Tenn., spoke against disunion. He was a member of the rebel Congress, and in 1866 pub. a " History of the Secession Struggle." Author of " Texas and the Tex- FOO 333 FOR ans," 2 vols. 12mo, 1841. He has been en- paged in 3 duels, in 2 of which he was slightly wounded. Foote, Joseph Ives, D.D. (Wash. Coll. 1840), b. VVatcrtown, Ct., Nov. 17, 1796; d. April 21, 1840. Un. Coll. 1821 ; And. Scm. 1824. From Oct. 1826 to 1832, he was pastor of a Cong, society in West Brookfield ; in Salina in 1833-5; 'and Cortland, N.Y., 1835- 7, and in May, 1839, of the church in Knox- ville, Tenn. ; cliosen pres. of Wash. Coll. early in 1840. Contrib. to the N.Y. Lit. and Theol. Review: a vol. of his sermons was pub. with a Memoir, 8vo, N.Y., 1841. He pub. also an historical discourse on the history of Brook- field, 1828. Foote, Samuel Augustus, LL.D. (Y. C. 1834), Uemoc. politician, b. Cheshire, Ct., Nov. 8, 1780; d. there Sept. 15, 1846. Y.C. 1797. Son of Rev. John. He engaged in mercantile pursuits at New Haven ; was often a member, and twice speaker, of the house; M.C. 1819- 21, and again in 1823-5; U.S. senator from 1827 to 1833, and in 1834-5 was gov. of the State. He it was, who on the floor of Con- gress, in 1830, oflFered the resolutions " on the public lands " which occasioned the great de- bate between Hayne and Webster. Father of Admiral And. H. Foote. Foot, SoLOMOX, lawyer and senator, b. Cornwall, Vt., Nov. 19, 1802; d, Washington, March 28, 1866. Mid. Coll. 1826. Principal of Castleton Sem. in 1826 and 1828; tutor in Vt. U. in 1827; prof, of nat. philos. in the Vt. Acad, of Medicine, at Castleton, 1828-31 ; adm. to the bar in 1831, and settled at Hut- land ; member of the Vt. legisl. in 1833, 1836- 8, and 1847; speaker in 1837-8 and 1847; member of the State Const. Conv. in 1836; State atty. for Rutland, 1836-42 ; M.C. 1843- 7, and U.S. senator from 1850 to his death. President pro tern, of the senate during a part of the 36th and the whole of the 37th Congress. He made many elaborate speeches in the sen- ate, and was conspicuous in the great Lecomp- ton debate of 1858. In 1854-5, as pres. of the Brunswick and Florida R. R. Co., he visited Eng., negotiated its bonds, and purchased the iron for the road. Foote, William Henry, D.D. (Ham. Sid. Coll. 1847), clergyman and historian, b. Col- chester, Ct., Dec. 20, 1794; d. Romney, Va., Nov. 28, 1869. Y. C. 1816. He was tutor in a family in Falmouth, Va., until July, 1818; afterward taught one year in Winchester, Va., and f?tudied a year in Princeton Sem. Licensed by the presbytery of Winchester in Oct. 1819, he preached in various places in Va., and was pastor at Woodstock from June, 1822, to Nov. 1824; and of Mount Bethel, Springfield, and Romney, from 1824 to 1838, and from 1845 to 1861. In the interval, he was agent of the " Central Board of Missions," and prepared "Sketches, Historical and Biographical, of the Presl). Church in Va." (2 vols., 1850-5), and in " N. Carolina," 1 vol., 1846. He also conduct- ed an acad. while at Woodstock and at Rom- ney. During the war, he was agent for Hamp. Sid. Coll. in Lower Va., supplied vacant pul- pits, and was chaplain at Petersburg during the siege.— Ob. Record, Yale Coll., 1870. Forbes, Gordon, a British gen., b. 1738 ; d. Ham, Middlesex Co., Jan. 17,1828. En- sign 33d Foot, 1756 ; capt. 72d, 1762 ; served at Havana and in La.; major, 9 Nov. 1776; served in Burgoyne's exped., in which he was twice wounded; lieut.-col. Sept. 1781 ; served in the E. Indies; col. 1785; maj.-gen. 1794; com. of the forces at St. Domingo, 1798-1800; lieut.-gen. 1801 ; gen. 1812. Forbes, John, a British general, b. Pe- tincrief, Fifeshire, Scotland, 1710; d. Phila., March 11, 1759. Having exchanged the med- ical for the military profession, he was advanced to the rank of lieut.-col. of the Scotch Greys in 1745. In the German war, he was on the staff of Lord Stair, Gens. Ligonier and Camp- bell ; was app. col. 71st Foot; acted as quartermaster-gen. of the army under the Duke of Cumberland; and Dec. 28, 1757, was app. brig.-gen. in America. Nov. 25, 1758, with an army of 8,000 men, he took possession of the abandoned works of Fort Du Quesne, which he called Pittsburg, in compliment to the prime-minister; and subsequently concluded treaties with the Indian tribes on the Ohio. — Stuart's Sketches. Force, Peter, historian, b. Passaic Falls, N.J., 26 Nov. 1790 ; d. Washington, 23 Jan. 1868. Wm. his father, a Revol. soldier, re- moved in 1793 to N.Y.City,where Peter learned the printer's trade, and was in 1812 pres. of the Typog. Soc. In Nov. 1815, he removed to Washington, where he pub the National Calen- dar in 1820-36 ; estab. in 1823 the National. Jour- nal in support of Mr. Adams ; was some years city councilman and alderman ; mayor in 1836- 40, and rose by successive steps to maj.-gen. of militia in 1860; first vice-pres., afterwards pres., of the National Institute at W. His great work, " American Archives," 9 vols, of wliich only were pub., covering the period from Mar. 1774 to the end of 1776, embodies original documents illustrating the hist, of the Rcvol. He prepared a 10th vol., still unpub. Ho also pub. "Grinnell Land," 18.52; "Record of Auroral Phenomena," 1856, and 4 vols, of rare Amcr. Tracts. His large and valuable coll. of books, MSS., &c., relating to Amer. hist., now forms a part of the Congressional Library. His son. Manning Ferguson (H.U. 1845), was a brig.-gen. in the war for the Union, app. 11 Aug. 1863 ; brev. maj.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865, for disting. services. Ford, Gabriel H., jurist, b. Morristown, N.J., 1 764 ; d. there Aug. 27, 1849. N.J. Coll. 1784. He studied law ; was adm. to practise in May, 1789 ; was app. pres. judge of the C.C.P. for the Eastern Dist. of the State, and from Nov. 1820 to 1840 was justice of the Supreme Court. His fivmily residence was the head- quarters of Washington in 1777. Ford, Seabuhy, lawyer and politician, b. Pomfret, Ct., Oct 15, 1801 ; d. Burton, O., May 8, 1855. Y.C. 1825. He practised law in JBurton ; was often a member, and once speaker, of each branch of the State Icgisl. Gov. of Ohio 1848-50, and maj.-gen. of militia. Ford, Thomas, gov. of III. 1842-6; d. Peoria, III., Jan. 1851. In 1804, while a child, his parents emig. to 111. He practised law successfully, and was a judge of the Supreme moR 334 inOR Court. Author of a " Hist, of HI. from 1818 to 1847," 12mo, 1854. Foresti, E. Felice, LL.D. (U. of Bo- logna), Italian patriot and scholar; d. Genoa, 14 Sept. 1858. A lawyer at Ferrara. App., in 1816, praetor of Crespino ; arrested 7 Jan. 1819, being one of the Carbonari ; imprisoned at Spielberg till Aug. 1836, when he was per- mitted to come to Anier. Prof of Italian in Col. Coll., N.Y., and a popular teacher more than 20 years. App. in 1858 U.S. consul at Geneva. Ab. 1856, he pub. in the Watchman and Crusader an autobiog. sketch, entitled "20 Years in the Dungeons of Austria." Forman, Gex. David, Revol. patriot, b. near Englishtown, N. J. ; d. ab. 1812. He com. the N.J. militia at Germantown ; after- ward judge of a county court, and member of the council of State. Forney, John Weiss, journalist, b. Lan- caster, Pa., Sept. 30, 1817. In 1833, he was apprenticed in the office of the Lancaster Jour- nal, in 1837 became editor and joint proprietor of the Intellif/encer, and in 1840 united the two papers. In 1845, he went to Phila., where he long edited the Pennsylvanian, a leading Deraoc. journal. In 1851-5, he was clerk of the U. S. house of representatives ; meantime editing the Union, a Democ. paper at Wash- ington, which he resigned in 1856. Aug. 1, 1857, he began the Pi-ess, an independent jour- nal ; ardently espoused the opinions of Mr. Douglas, and, on the Lecompton Constitution of Kansas, took an attitude of determined op- position to the administration of Buchanan, and was again made clerk to the 36th Congress. During the civil war, he powerfully supported the Federal Govt. Since 1861, he has pub., in addition to the Press, a weekly paper in Wash- ington, the Chronicle : it began to appear daily in Oct. 1862. Sec. U.S. senate, 1861-8. Forrest, Edwin, tragedian, b. Phila., Mar. 9, 1808. In his 12 th year, he performed female parts in the Old South-st. Theatre, Phila. He made his d^mt at the Walnut-st. Theatre, Nov. 20, 1820, as Young Norval. Af- ter a long professional tour in the West, he played successful engagements at Albany and Phila. ; played Othello at N.Y. in July, 1826, and at once became popular. He has appeared in the principal theatres of the Union as Othel- lo, Macbeth, Hamlet, Richard III., and other prominent Shakspearian parts, and also in many American plays, the most successful of which were " Metamora," " The Gladiator," and " Brutus." He played a successful engage- ment in Eng. in 1836. During a second visit to Eng., in 1837, he was m. to Miss Sinclair, dau. of the well-known singer, and returned to the U.S. in 1838. In 1844-6 he was a third time in Eng. A quarrel with Macready, es- poused by Forrest's friends, led to the serious riot which occurred at the Astor-place Opera House, May 10, 1849, during the engagement of Macready. In that year, Mr. Forrest separated from his wife for alleged misconduct on her part. She subsequently brought an action against him on the ground of infidelity, and in Jan. 1852 obtained a verdict in her favor, with an annual allowance of $3,000 as alimony. He has accumulated a fortune by his professional la- bors. His fame rests chiefly upon his persona- tion of Jack Cade, Spartacus, and Metamora. He has given much encouragement to dramatic authors, offering liberal rewards to successful playwrights. Forrest, French, naval officer, b. Md., 1796; d. Georgetown, D.C., Dec. 22, 1866. Midshipm. June 9, 1811 ; lieut. Mar. 5, 1817 ; com. Feb. 9, 1837; capt. Mar. 30, 1844; dis- missed Apr. 19, 1861. He fought bravely in the war of 1812, distinguishing himself in the battle on Lake Erie and in the action between " The Hornet " and " Peacock," Feb. 24, 1813 ; and in the Mexican war was adj. -gen. of the land and naval forces. When Va. seceded, he was put at the head of the navy of Va. ; com. at the Norfolk navy-yard, was afterward com. of the James River squad., and then acting as- sist, sec. of the Con fed. navy. Forrest, Gen. Uriah, Revol. officer, b. St. Mary's Co., Md., 1756; d. near Georgetown, D.C., July, 1805. He attained the rank of lieut.-col. in the Md. line, and received a wound at Germantown, from the effects of which he never recovered. App. auditor of Md., mem- ber of the Old Congress, 1786-7 ; often a member of both branches of the State legisl. ; a maj.-gen. of militia; M.C. 1793-5, and at his death was clerk of the Circuit Court of D.C. Forry, Samuel, M.D., a physician and medical writer, b. Berlin, Pa., June 23, 1811 ; d. Nov. 8, 1844. U. of Pa. 1835. He was 1 years in the U. S. army as assi.>^t. surgeon and surgeon, and was engaged in the Florida war ; afterward practised in N.Y. City. He con- trib. many articles to med. journals, originated and conducted for two years the N. Y. Journal of Medicine, and in 1844 received from H.U. the Boylston prize for the best essay on the protecting power of vaccine. He pub. " Cli- mate of the U.S., and its Endemic Influences," &c., 8vo, N.Y., 1842; "Meteorology," N.Y., 1843. Forsyth, Benjamin, col. U.S.A. ; killed June 28, 1814, in an affair at Odeltown, N.Y., with a superior force of British and Indians. App. for N.C., Apr. 24, lieut. of inf , he be- came capt. of riflemen, July 1, 1808; com. in victorious assault on Gananoque, U.C., Sept. 21, 1812; maj. Jan. 20, 1813; com. in capture of a British guard, at Elizabethtown, U.C.,Feb. 7,1813, for which brev. lieut.-col. Feb. 6, 1813 ; disting. in the capture of Fort George, U.C., May 27, 1813. — Gardner. Forsyth, John, statesman, b. Fredericks- burg, Va., Oct. 22, 1780; d. Washington, D.C, Oct. 21, 1841. N.J. Coll. 1799. While he was quite young, his father, a native of Eng., but a soldier of the Revol., removed his family to S.C., and afterward to Augusta, Ga. John studied law, and from 1802 to 1808 disting. himself at the Ga. bar ; app. atty.-gen. of the State in 1808; M. C. 1813-18 and 1823-7; U.S. senator, 1818-19, and 1829-37; gov. 1827-9 ; minister to Spain, 1819-22 ; U. S. sec. of State, 1835-41. While Spanish min- ister, he conducted the negotiations which gave Florida to the U.S. Delegate to the anti-tar- iff convention at Milledgeville in 1832, but withdrew from it on the ground that it did not fairly represent the people of Ga. He opposed ir-OR B^OS nullification in S.C. from its beginning ; voted in favor of Clay's compromise act of 1833 ; supported Pres. Jackson in the debate in 1834, on the removal of the deposits from the U.S. Bank ; was a disting. orator, and possessed great elegance and dignity of manner. Forward, Walter, lawyer and statesman, b. Ct., 1786 ; d. Pittsburg, Nov. 24, 1852. In 1803, he removed to Pittsburg, where he studied law, and in 1805 became the editor of a Democ. newspaper, the Tree of LibeHy. He commenced the practice of law in 1806 ; was M. C. in 1822-5. In the jtresidential elections of 1824 and 1828, he supported J. Q. Adams, and was thenceforward identified with the Whig party. He took an active part in the convention to revise the constitution of Pa. in 1837 ; in Mar. 1841, he was app. first compt. of the treasury ; was sec. of that dept. in 1841-3; was in 1849-52 charg^-d" affaires to Denmark, and was afterwards pres. judge of the Dist. Court of Alleghany Co. His report on the Tariff, in 1842, was pronounced an able document. Fosdick, William Whiteman, poet, b. Cincinnati, Jan. 28, 1825; d. there, March 8, 1862. Transylvania U. 1845. His mother, Julia Drake, was an actress of merit. After studying law, he began practice in Covington, Ky., and shortly after settled in Cincinnati. His first dramatic effort was " Tecumseh." He travelled in Mexico in 1847-9, and there wrote the novel " Malmiztic the Toltec, and the Cavaliers of the Cross," pub. 1851. From 1851 to 1858, he practised in N.Y., where, in 1855, he pub. " Ariel and other Poems." He was a frequent contrib. of verse npon festive occasions, and tedited the Sketch Club, an illustrated paper, supported by the artists of Cincinnati. — Poets and Poetry of the West. Foster, Abiel, b. Andover, Ms., Aug. 8, 1 735 ; d. Canterbury, N. H., Feb. 6, 1 806. II.U. 1756. Pastor of the Cong, church in Canter- bury from Jan. 21, 1761, to 1779. He was in 1780 a representative in the State legisl. ; in 1783 and '84, a delegate to the Cont. Congress ; was app., under the new constitution of the State, in 1784, a judge of the CC.P. for Rock- ingham Co., of which court he became chief- justice; was M.C. 1789-91; in 1791 was a delegate to revise the State constitution, as well as a representative to the Gen. Court, to which he was re-elected in 1792; in 1793 and '94 was pres. of the State senate ; and was again M.C. in 1795-1803. Foster, Benjamin, D. D. (B. U. 1792), Baptist clergyman, b. Danvers, Ms., June 12, 1750; d. N. Y. City, Aug. 26, 1798. Y. C. 1774. Ord. minister of the Baptist church at Leicester, Ms., Oct. 23, 1776; was dismissed in 1782 ; preached two years in Danvers ; was in Jan. 1785 called to the First Church in Newport; and from the autumn of 1788, till his death, was minister of the First Baptist Church in New York. During the prevalence of yellow-fever, in 1798, he was active in the discharge of his duties, and fell a victim to the disease. He pub. " The Washing of Re- generation," "Primitive Baptism Defended," and "A Dissertation on the 70 Weeks of Daniel." Foster, D wight, jurist, b. Brookfield, Ms., Dec. 7, 1757 ; d. there Apr. 29, 1823. Brown U. 1774. Son of Judge Jedediah. Practised law at Brookfield ; was county sheriff and judge of Common Pleas ; was some time a member of the house and senate of Ms. ; M.C. 1793-9; U.S. senator, 1800-3; chief justice C.C.P., and a member of the exec, council. On the death of his father, he was chosen to supply his place in the convention for framing the State constitution in 1779. Foster, Hannah, d. Montreal, Can., 1840. Dau. of Grant Webster of Boston ; m. John Foster, D. D. (H. U. 1815), minister of Brighton, Ms., from Nov. 1, 1784, to Oct. 31, 1827. D.C. 1783; b. Warren, Ms., Apr. 19, 1763; d. Brighton, Sept. 15, 1829. She was author of "Eliza Wharton, the Coquette," — a story founded on fact. An edition, with a Preface by Mrs. Jane E. Locke, was pub. in 1855. Author also of "Lessons of a Pre- ceptress," Boston, 1798. Foster, Jedediah, judge, b. Andover, Oct. 10, 1726; d. Oct. 17, 1779. H.U. 1744. He engaged in the practice of law in Brook- field ; was a delegate to the Worcester Co. convention, Aug. 1774, and to the Pro v. Con- gress, 1774-5, where he Avas active and influential, his name appearing on most of the important committees. Elected a councillor in 1774, he was negatived by Gov. Gage, but was re-elected in 1775. App. a judge of the Superior Court in 1776 ; he was also some time a judge of probate, and a justice of the C.C.P., Worcester Co.; member of the conv. which framed the const, of Ms. Foster, John G., brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. N.H., 1823. West Point, 1846. He in- herited military tastes from his father, who commanded the Nashua artillery. Entering the engineer corps, he was brev. 1st Heut. for gallantry at Contreras and Churuhusco, Aug. 20, and capt. for Molino del Rey, Sept. 8, 1847, where he was one of the party that stormed the Mexican works, and was seriously wounded; was assist, prof, of engineering at West Point, 1855-7 ; became capt. July 1, 1860 ; major. Mar. 13, 1863 ; lieut.-col. 7 Mar. 1867. April 28, 1858, he took charge of the fortifications in N. and S. Carolina, where he remained till 1861. One of the garrison of Fort Sumter ; after its surrender, he was era- ployed on the fortifications of N.Y. Made brig. -gen. of vols. Oct. 23, 1861, he com. a brigade in the exped. to N.C. under Gen. Burn- side, and took a leading part in the capture of Roanoke Island, Feb. 8, 1862, and of Newbern, March 14, of which place he was made gov. July 18 : he was promoted to be a maj.-gen. of vols., and when, in July, Gen. Burnside joined the Army of the Potomac, Gen. Foster became com. of that dept. and of the 18th corps. He was disting. at South-west Creek, Kinston, White Hall, and Goldsborough. In Dec. 1862, he was besieged in Newbern by a large rebel force under Gen. Hill, but held the post suc- cessfully. July 16, 1863, he was app. to com. the dept. of Va. and N.C, with headquarters at Fortress Monroe. He subsequently com. the dept. of the Ohio, from which he was relieved Jan. 28, 1864, at his own request, on mos 336 FO^VV account of wounds ; the dept. of the South, 26 May, 1864, to 11 Feb. 1865, and that of Florida, 7 An.om 1846 to 1852, Mr. Fry was in Europe, chiefly residing in Paris, and corresponding with the N. Y. Tribune iwith which he wassubsequently connected), the -'/jiVa. Z^(/i(7e?-, and other newspapers. In 1852, he delivered in N.Y. a series of 10 lectures on the history of music, illustrating them by two new symphonies, " The Breaking Heart," and a "Day in the Country." These, with two others, " Santa Claus " and " Childe Harold," were also soon after played by Jullien's orchestra in various parts ofthe U.S. He also wrote the music to an ode for the opening of the great industrial exhibition at N.Y. in 18.53, and a stabat mater, composed in 1855. He was also a political orator, and a popular lecturer on miscellaneous subjects. He pub. "Artificial Fish-Breeding," 12mo, N.Y., 1854. Fuca (foo'-ka), Juan de, a navigator, whose real name was Apostolos Valerianos, b. Ccphalonia; d. Zante, 1632. For upwards of 40 years, he acted as a pilot in the Spanish- Amcr. possessions, and in 1592 he was sent by the viceroy of Mexico to explore the west coast of N.A. The account of his discoveries was mingled with such romantic tales, that it re- mained disbelieved until the trading-vessels which frequent this coast in the fur-trade dis- covered the inlet mentioned by De Fuca, be- tween the 48th and 49th parallel. This strait was thoroughly explored by Vancouver in 1792. His name has been given to the strait which connects the Pacific with the Gulf of Georgia. Fulford, Francis, D.D., Pr. Ep. bishop of Canada, b. Sidmouth, Eng., 1803; d. Mon- treal, Sept. 9, 1868. Educated at Tiverton grammar-school, and Exeter Coll., Oxford, where he grad. B.A. 1824, and was elected a Fellow in June, 1825; received the degree of D.D. in 1850 ; was rector of Trowbridge Wilts from 1 832 to 1 842 ; rector of Croydon from 1 842 to 1845; minister of Curzon Chapel, Loudon, mux. 345 P^TJL from 1845 till his consecration in 1850; was also chapKiin to the Duchess of Gloucester, and in 1859 was app. metropolitan bishop of Canada. He pub. Sermons, and a work on " The Progress of the Reformation," and was an eloquent preacher. — Morgan. Fuller, Arthur Buckminster, Unitarian clergyman, b. Cambridgeport, Ms., Aug. 10, 1822; killed at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 11, 1862. H. U. 1843. Son of Hon. Tirao., and bro. of Margaret, who fitted him for coll. In his boyhood he lost an eye. After studying theology at Cambridge, he was for some years a teacher and missionary in Illinois. From 1848 to 1853 was pastor of a Unit, church in Manchester, N. H. ; from 1853 to 1859 was settled over the New North Church, Boston, and then settled as pastor at Watertown. Chaplain 16th Ms. vols. Aug. 1, 1861. He volunteered to join a forlorn hope in crossing the Rappahannock, and fell while driving the rebel sharpshooters out of Fredericksburg. He edited his sister's works, and pub. " Hist. Discourse del. in the New N. Church, Boston, Oct. 1 , 1854." — See Memoir of Chaplain Fuller, by his bio. R. F. Fuller, 1864. Fuller, Hiram, b. Plymouth Co., Ms. Pub. and editor of the N. Y. Mirror for 14 years; pub. "The Groton Letters" in 1845, and in 1858 " Belle Brittan," a series of lively letters. Now (1870) ed. of a Lond. weekly gazette, the Cosmopolite. Before his removal to N.Y. City, he was principal of a young ladies' sem. and a bookseller at Providence. Fuller, John W., brev. maj.-gen. vols., b. Cambridge, Eng., July, 1827. His fiither, a Baptist minister, came to N.Y. in 1833. The son was a bookseller at Utica, and afterward at Toledo, 0. Col. 27th O. regt. Aug. 1861 ; served under Pope at New Madrid and Island No. 10 ; com. a brigade at luka, and with spe- cial distinction at Corinth, in Oct. 1862; cap- tured Decatur, Ala., in Mar. 1864; com. 1st brig. 4th div. 1 6th corps in the Atlanta cam- paign, and for his brilliant services at the Chat- tahoochee River, July 21, 1864, was made brig.- gen. In Oct. he fought Hood at Snake Creek Gap; com. the first division 17th corps in Sherman's march to the sea ; was present at Johnston's surrender, and was brev. maj.-gen. — Reid's Ohio in the War. Fuller, Richard, D.D., Baptist clergy- man, b. Beaufort, S.C, Apr. 22, 1804. H.U. 1824. At the age of 20, he was adm. to the bar of S.C. His enjoyment of a lucrative practice was interrupted by ill health. On re- covering, he studied for the ministry. Ord. in 1833. He exchanged, in 1847, his charge at Beaufort for that of the 7th Baptist Church in Baltimore, where he still remains. He has pub. " Corresp. with Bishop England concern- .ing the Roman Chancery," " Corresp. with Dr. Wayland on Domestic Slavery," " Sermons," and "Letters," "Argument on Baptist and Close Communion," 1849, and " The Psalm- ist," a hymn-book in general use among Bap- tists. Fuller, Richard Frederic, lawyer and scholar, b. Cambridge, Ms., May 15, 1821 ; d. Wayland, Ms., May 30, 1869. H. U. 1844. Bro. of Margaret. He pub. a biography of his bro. Rev. A. B. Fuller, and " Visions in Verse." Fuller, Sarah Margaret, Countess D'Ossoii, b. Cambridge, Ms., 23 May, 1810; d. 16 July, 1850. Her father, Hon.. Timothy Fuller, M.C., gave her the education of a boy, and at 17 she read fluently French, Italian, Spanish, and German. The death of her father in 1835 compelled her to rely upon herself; and she became a teacher in Boston. In 1837, she was principal in the Green-st. School, Prov- idence. In 1839, she formed, in Boston, classes of young ladies for conversation, in which she took the lead, and for which she possessed re- markable capacity. In 1840-2, she edited the Died, to which she contrib. papers upon the social condition of woman, subsequently pub. as "Woman in the 19th Century." In 1843, after a Western trip, she pub. " A Summer on the Lakes. In 1844, she was literary editor of the N. Y. Tribune, some of her contribs. to which were pub. as " Papers on Art and Lit- erature," 1846. In 1846-7, she travelled in England and France, and, visiting Italy, m. the Marquis d'Ossoli, and sympathized deeply with the revol. then in progress. In the summer of 1850, with her husband and child, she took passage for N.Y. and was wrecked on the coast of N. J. — See Memoirs bij her brother Arthur, also bi/ R. W. Emerson and Wm. H. Channing, 2 vols., 1851. Fuller, Timothy, lawyer and politician, b. Chilmark, Ms., 11 July, 1778; d. Groton, 1 Oct. 1835. H.U. 1801. Son of Timo., min- ister of Princeton, Ms. He studied law in the office of Levi Lincoln; practised with success in Boston; was a State senator in 1813-16; M. C. 1817-25; speaker of the Ms. legisl. 1825, and member of the exec, council in 1828 ; eminent as a Democ. politician and orator. He was the instructor of his celebrated dau. Mar- garet. He pub. Oration 4 July, 1809, speeches on the Seminole war. Mo. Compromise, &c. Fulton, Robert, inventor and successful introducer of steam-navigation ; b. Little Brit- ain, Lancaster Co., Pa., 1765; d. New York, Feb. 21, 181.5. Of Irish descent. His father d. when he was but 3 years old. He received a com. school education, went to Pliila. in 1782, and in 1785 was a miniature-painter there, making money enough to buy a small farm in Washington Co., upon which he placed his mother. He then went to Eng., studied sever- al years under Benj. West, adopted the profes- sion of a civil engineer, and, while at Birming- ham, familiarized himself with the steam-en- gine, then just improved by Watt. Here he devised an improved mill for sawing marble, a machine for spinning flax and making ropes, and an excavator for scooping out the channels of canals and aqueducts. In 1795, he furnished to the Lond. Morning Star essays on canals, and, early in 1796, pub. in Lond. a work on the improvement of canal-navigation. He went to Paris in 1797, resided 7 years with Joel Barlow, and studied languages and the sciences connect- ed with his profession. He offered his inven- tion of the submarine torpedo to the French and Eng. Govts, without success, and in Dec. 1806 arrived in New York. He had, in Sept. 1793, addressed a letter to Earl Stanhope " re- T^XJX. 846 a-j^jy spectinfj the movinj^ of ships by the means of steam," and had been aided in Fiance in his experiments by Chancellor Livingston, who had procured an act of the N.Y. legisl. giving to Fulton and himself the exclusive privilege of navigating the waters of the State by steam. In 1807, " The Clermont" was built, and trav- ersed the Hudson at the rate of 5 miles an hour, completely establishing the utility of the invention. His second large boat on the Hud- son was "The Car of Neptune," also built in 1807. In 1809, Fulton obtained his first pat- ent from the U.S., and in 1811 took out a sec- ond for some improvements in his boats and machinery. They were limited to the simple means of adapting paddle-wheels to the axle of the crank of Watt's engine. Fulton con- structed ferry-boats to run between N.Y. and N.J., a boat for Long Island Sound, 5 for the Hudson River, and several for different parts of the U.S., some of them for the Ohio and Mpi. Rivers. In 1811, he was commissioned by the legisl. to explore the route of an inland navigation from the Hudson to the Lakes, and reported in favor of the proposed canal. Hav- ing taken out a patent for improvements in maritime warfare, he was in 1814 app. engi- neer for building floating batteries for coast de- fence. The first U.S. war-steamer, called " The Demologos," afterward " Fulton the First," was unwieldy, and attained a speed against the current of only 2 1-2 miles an hour; but, as the pioneer of the steam-navies of the world, it was regarded as a marvel, and as a most po- tent engine of defence. Fulton m. in 1806 Harriet Livingston, a relative of the chancellor. He possessed uncommon tact, energy, patience, and enthusiasm, and was eminently popular. Congress, in 1846, paid $76,300, in full, of the claims of Fulton against the U.S. for inven- tions and improvements in the application of steam to navigation. Lives of Fulton have been pub. by C. D. Colden in 1817, and in Sparks's " Am. Biog.," by Renwick. Fulton, William S., statesman, b. Cecil Co., Md., June 2, 1795; d. Rosewood, near Black Rock, Ark., Aug. 15, 1844. Bait. Coll. 181.3. During the war of 1812, he was a vol- unteer, and was in Fort McHenry during its bombardment. Removing to Tenn., he be- came sec. to Gen. Jackson, studied law, and then settled in Ark. When the territorial govt, was organized in 1829, he was first sec; was gov. in 1835-6, and from its admission in 1836, until his death, U.S. senator. Purness, William Henry, D.D., clergy- man and author, b. Boston, April 20, 1802. H. U. 1820. Ord. pastor of the First Cong. Unit. Church in Phila. Jan. 12, 1825. He has pub. " Remarks on the Four Gospels," 1836; "Jesus and his Biographers," Phila. 1 838 ; a " History of Jesus," 1 850 ; " Thoughts on the Life and Character of Jesus of Naza- reth," Boston, 1859; a vol. of prayers, entitled " Domestic Worship ; " a vol. of" Discourses," 1855, besides hymns and other devotional pieces in verse ; translations from the German ; a vol. of " Gems of German Verse," and a vol. entitled " Julius, and Other Tales from the German," 1856. He edited for 3 years " The Diadem," a Phila. annual ; has been a contiib. to the Christian Examiner, and is the author of a number of published sermons, many of which are in support of the antislavery cause, in which he took great interest. Furness, William Henry, son of the above, portrait-painter, b. Phila. 1827; d. Cambridge, Ms., March 4, 1867. After study- ing his art at Dusseldorf, Munich, Dre»den,and Venice, he established himself in Phila. as a portrait-painter, married, and removed to Bos- ton, where he attained a high rank in his pro- fession. He first gained reputation by his cray- on-drawing. Among his portraits are Mrs. Lathrop of Boston, Miss Emerson of Concord, Wilde the artist, Dr. Furness his father, Lucre- tia Mott, Chas. Sumner, and Rev. Dr. Barnes. Gadsden, Christopher, Revol. states- man, b. Charleston, S. C, 1724; d. there Aug. 28, 1805. Educated in Eng. under the care of relatives ; clerk in a counting-house in Phila. until 21, and after a second visit to Eng. became a merchant in Charleston, and his suc- cess enabled him to repurchase the large estate which his father had lost in play with Adm. Anson in 1733. A delegate to the Stamp-act Congress at N.Y. in 1765, he was one of the first in S.C. to foresee the improbability of a reconciliation to Great Britain, and who openly advocated republican principles, and desired the independence of America. He was a cor- resp. of Samuel Adams, and, like him, was one of the boldest and most resolute of the patriot leaders. A member of the Congress of 1774- 5, he was thanked for his services by the S.C. legisl. on his return. Chosen a col. in 1775, he was actively engaged in the defence of Charles- ton in 1776; was made a brig.-gen. Sept. 16, 1776, and resigned in 1779; was one of the framers of the State constitution in 1778, and, as lieut.-gov. of the State, signed the capitula- tion when Charleston was taken by Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. Carried to St. Augustine, he suffered a rigorous confinement of 42 weeks in the dungeon of the castle ; was exchanged in June, 1781, and sailed to Phila. Elected gov. in 1782, but declined on account of age and infirmity. Although himself a large loser in property by the Revol., he strenuously op- posed in the assembly and council the law con- fiscating the estates of the Tories. Gadsden, Christopher Edwards, D.D. (S.C. Coll. 1815), Prot. Epis. bishop of S.C, b. Charleston, Nov. 25, 1785; d. there June 24, 1852. Y. C. 1804. Grandson of the preceding. Deacon in 1807; priest in 1810; rector of St. John's, Berkeley, 1808 ; after- ward assist, minister of St. Philip's Church, Charleston, of which he was rector from July, 1814, until his death, and was consec. bishop June 21, 1840. Bishop Gadsden pub. a num- ber of sermons and charges, and an essay on the life of Bishop Dehon (1833) ; and edited- the Gospel Messenger, which contained many contributions from his pen. Gadsden, Gen. James, statesman, b. Charleston, S.C, May 15, 1788; d, there Dec. 26, 1858. Y.C 1806. Grandson of Christo- pher. Engaged in commerce till the war of 1812, when he was made a lieut. of engineers ; served in Canada, and, at its close, was confi- dential aide to Gen. Jackson. He accomp. him G-^G- 347 G.AJ in the Seminole campaign in 1818, in which he distinj;. Iiimself, and was made a capt., and charged with the construction of works for the defence of the Gulf frontier. App. insp.-gen., rank of col., Oct. 19, 1820. On the reduction of the army in 1822, he was relieved, and for some montlis assisted Mr. Calhoun, sec. of war. He then l)ecamo a planter in Fla. ; was a member of the territorial council, and, as a commissioner, effected a treaty for the removal of the Seminoles from northern to southern Fla., and was afterward occupied in commerce and in rice-culture near Charleston. App- mini«ter to Mexico in 185-3, he negotiated the *' Gadsden Purchase," now known as Arizona, for $10,000,000. Gage, Frances Dana, philanthropist and reformer, b. Marietta, O., Oct. 12, 1808. Her father, Joseph Barker of N. H., was an early pioneer to the West, and she assisted him in his trade of a cooper, having few opportunities of education. At 21, she m. James L. Gage, a lawyer of McConneilsvillo, O. She was an early advocate with pen and voice for temper- ance, antislavery, and woman's rights. Pre- sided over a woman's rights convention in Akron, O., in 1851 ; and her opening speech was remarkable for its sense and pathos. In 1853, she moved to St. Louis, but was branded as an abolitionist, was often threatened with violence, and was thrice a sufferer from incen- diarism. She next edited an agric. paper in O. ; but on the breaking-out of the war, in which 4 of her sons were engaged, she went South, and ministered to the soldiers and taught the frecdnien, working without pay, and was an unsalaiicd agent of the Sanit.try Commis- sion at Memphis, Vicksburg, and Natchez. She was afterward seriously crippled by the overturning of a carriage at Galesburg, 111. She subsequently lectured on temperance, but was stopped in her career of usefulness by a stroke of paralysis, in Aug. 1867. Under the nomme de plume of " Aunt Fanny," she has written many beautiful stories for children, stanzas and sketches. She was an early con- trib. to the Saturday/ Visitor, and has written for the A'^. Y. Independent. A vol. of " Poems," and a temperance tale, " Elsie Magoon," are her latest works. Gage, Thomas, or Friar Thomas of St. Mary, missionary and author, was an Irishman, educated at St. Omer's, and joined the Domin- icans ; b. 1597 ; d. 1655. In 1625, he set out with some missionaries from Spain, destined for the Philippine Islands, but, not relishing so distant a mission, went to Guatimala, where, and in other neighboring places, he was a mis- sionary to the Indians. In 1637, he settled as a Protestant minister at Deal, Eng. He pub. " A New Survey of the W. Indies," giving an account of his mission to New Spain, and of his travels, 1648, 4th ed., 1699. Author of "Hist, of Mexico," Paris, 1696. Gage, Thomas, a British gen., b. ab. 1720; d. 2 Apr. 1787. Second son of the first Vis- count Gage. Entering the army young, he became licut-col. 44th Foot, 2 Mar.*1750. At Braddock's defeat at the battle of Mononga- hela, 9 July, 1755, he led the advance, and was wounded. Dec. 8, 1758, he m. Margaret, dau. of Peter Kemble, pres. of the council of N.J. She d. Lond. 9 Feb. 1824, a. 90. He was in the exped. under Amherst against Ticonderoga; was made maj.-gcn. in May, 1761, and gov. of Montreal; succeeded Am- herst in com. of the British forces in Amer. in 1763; lieut.-gen. 1770; and in Apr. 1774 suc- ceeded Hutchinson as gov. of Ms. Bay. He occupied Boston with 4 regiments soon after its port had been closed by the British minis- try ; issued a proclamation against the Solemn League and Covenant, June 24, and forbade the holding of town-meetings. 19 Apr. 1775, he sent a detachment to destroy the cannon and ammunition at Concord, which caused the Lexingtooi battle and the opening of the Revol. war. June 12, Gage proclaimed martial law, offering pardon to all except Samuel Adams and John Hancock. June 17, the battle of Bunker's Hill was fought, and the royal army was shut up in Boston by the American militia. Oct. 10, 1775, Gage resigned, and re- turned to Eng., where he became a gen. and col. 2d Foot. He was an amiable and benevolent man, and possessed respectable military talent. GaiUard, John, U.S. senator in' 1804-26, and 1 1 years its pres. officer, b. St. Stephen's dist., S.C. ; d. Washington, 26 Feb. 1826. Galne, Hugh, printer and bookseller, b. Ireland; d. N. Y. April 25, 1807, a. 81. He commenced business in New York in 1750. In 1752, he started the N.Y. Mercunj, wliich ap- peared every Monday. He soon after opened a bookstore', with the sign of the Bible and Crown, in Hanover Square, which remained in his hands 40 years. Gaine was compositor, pressman, folder, and distributer of his paper, which had a circulation of 300-400. A Whig at first, he subsequently devoted the Mercury to the support of the royal cause. At the close of the war, his petition to remain in the city was granted; but he gave up his paper, and continued bookselling, acquiring a handsome estate. Gaines, Edmund Pendleton, maj.-gen. U.S.A.. b. Culpeper Co., Va., March 20, 1777; d. N. Orleans, June 6, 1849. James, his father, led a company in the Revol. war ; was in the N.C. legisl. and the convention which ratified the Federal Constitution. Nephew of Edm. Pendleton. The family raoveil in 1790 to Tenn. Entering the army as ensign, Jan. 10, 1799, he became capt. Feb. 1807 ; maj. 8th Inf. March 24, 1812 ; lieut.-col. 24th Inf. July 6, 1812 ; col. 25th Inf. March 12, 1813; adj.-gen., rank col., Sept. 1813; brig.- gen. March 9, 1814; brev. maj.-gen. for gal- lantry at Fort Erie, Aug. 15, 1814, where he was severely wounded Aug. 28, and for which he received the thanks of Congress Nov. 3, 1814, and a gold medal. He was in the battle of Chrystler's Field, Nov. 11, 1813; served under Jackson in the Creek war, and was wounded in an action with Seminole Indians on the Ouithlacoochie, Feb. 29, 1836. For calling out a large number of the Southern militia without orders, at the breaking-out of the Mexican war, he was tried by court-mar- tial, but not censured. He was a man of extreme simplicity of character, and unques- tioned integrity. a-Ai. 848 gj^jl. Gaines, Major John P., soldier and politician of Ky. ; d. Oreijon, 18.')8. Major in Marshall's Ky. vol. cav. in the Mexican war; made prisoner at Incarnacion, Jan. 1847; vol. aide to Gen. Scott, and distin;,'. at El Molino ; M.C. from Ky. 1847-9; gov. of Oregon Terr. 1850-3. Gaither, Henry, lieut.-col. U.S.A., b. Md. 1751 ; d. Georgetown, D.C, June 22, 1811. A capt. Revol. array, and engaged in nearly every battle of the war ; app. maj. in the " Levies of 1791;" served under St. Clair against the Miami Indians, Nov. 1791 ; lieut.-col. 3d sub- legion, Oct., 1793, to June 1. 1802. He was an excellent disciplinarian. His son, Gen. Wil- liam LiNGAN, a prominent politician of Md., frequently member of the legisl., and president of the senate, d. Montgomery Co., Md., Aug. 2, 1858. Gale, Benjamin, physician, b. L.I. 1715; d. Kiliingworth, Ct., May 21, 1790. Y.C. 1733. Ho studied medicine with Dr. Jared Elliot, whose dau. he m., and, like hiin, was a scientific and practical agriculturist, having received a medal from a society in. Eng. for the invention of an improved drill plough. He took great interest in politics, writing many political essays for the newspapers. Ab. 1750, he pub. "A Dissertation on Inoculation." He also pub. some essays in the Trans, of the N. Haven Mod. Society, and wrote " A Dissertation on the Prophecies." — Thacher. Gales, Joseph, journalist, b. Eckington, near Sheffield, Eng., 10 Apr. 1786; d. Wash- ington, 21 July, 1860. U. of N.C. Joseph, his father, came to the U.S. in 1794, pub. the Indep. Gazptta in Phila. (Aug. 179.5-99), the Raleigh (N.C.) Reijister (1799-1839); d. 24 Aug. 1841. The son settled in Washington in 1807, connected iiimself with the National IiileH'Kjmcer, became sole proprietor in 1810, took as a ]jartner his bro.-in-law, W. W. Seaton, in 1812, and in Jan. 1813 began to issue the Intelligencer daily. He wrote with great force and clearness. Galitzin, Demetrius Augustine, a Russian noble, afterward a missionary, b. at the Ilairne, Dec. 22, 1770; d. Loretto, Pa., May 6, 1840. His father, while ambassador in Palis, eminaced the principles of Voltaire and Diderot; but the son, in 1787, joined the R.C. Church. In 1792, he was aide to Gen. Van Lilien in Brabant. Dismissed from the Aus- trian service as a foreigner, he resolved to travel in America. Soon after landing in 1792, he entered the theol. seminary in Balti- more, and March 18, 1795, was ord. prie.st by Bi.shop Carrol. He first officiated at Cone- wango. Pa., also in Pa., Md., and Va., until 1798, when he founded a Catholic colony in Cambria Co., Pa. Here lie purchased a large tract of land, erected saw and grist mills, and founded the town of Loretto, expending $150,000. His rank was concealed under the assumed name of " Father Smith." His charge extended over a wild and extensive region, through which he made incessant journeys. He also composed several contro- versial works, and was several times proposed for the episcopacy, but would not accept the honor. His name has been given to a village nf^ar Loretto ; and a monument was erected be- fore the church in 1848. Gallagher, Capt. John, U.S.N., b. Md. ; d. Wilmington, Del., Nov. 1, 1842, a. 58. App. lieut. July 24, 1813; master Mar. 2,1825; capt. Dec. 22, 1835. He was a lieut. of tlie frigate " United States " in the action with the British frigate " Macedonian," Oct. 25, 1812. Gallagher, William D., poet and jour- nalist, b. Phila. Aug. 1808. His father, an Irish rebel of 1798, soon after emigrated to Phila. The son removed to Cincinnati in 1816, where, in 1821, he entered the printing- office of a newspaper; and in 1824, while an apprentice, edited and pub. a small literary paper. He became known as a writer in 1828 by the publication, in the Cincinnati Chronicle, of a "Journey through Ky. and Mpi." He successively edited the Backwoodsman at Xenia, O., 1830; the Cincinnati Mirror, 1831; the Western Literary Journal and Monthli/ Review, 1836 ; the Hesperian, 1838 ; from 1839 to 18.50 was assoc. editor of the Cincinnati Gazette; and in 1853 was one of the editors of the Louis- ville Dailt/ Courier, but has since resided on a farm near that city. He pub. 3 small vols, of poetry, entitled " Erato," 1835-7; " Selections from the Poetical Literature of the West," 1841. In 1849 he was pres. of the Ohio Hist, and Philos. Society, and delivered a valualile address on the " Progress and Resources of the North-west." In 1850 he accompanied Sec. Corwin to Washington as his confidential clerk. He has written much on airriculture, and has collected materials for " A Social and Statistical View of the Mpi. Valley." — Poets and Poetri/ of the West. Gallatin, Albert, LL.D., statesman, b. Geneva, Switzerland, Jan. 29, 1761 ; d. As- toria, L.I., Aug. 12, 1849. U. of Geneva, 1779. His parents, l)Oth of whom were ofdis- ting. families, d. while he was an infant. Sympathizing with the Americans in the struggle for liberty, early in 1780 he came to Ms., and for a few months com. the fort of Pas- samaquoddy. In 1783 he taiiyht French at H.U. ; and in 1784, having received his patri- monial property, invested it in land in Western Va. In 1786 he bought some land on the banks of the Monongahela, Fayette Co., Penn. ; settled there; was in 1789 a meml)er of the State Const. Conv. ; member of the legisl. in 1790-2, giving strong indications, while in that body, of the financial ability he po.>sessed ; sent to the U.S. senate in 1793, he was declared ineligible. He took part in the " Whiskey In- surrection " in 1794, and by his tact, courage, and firmness, aided in briniring about a peace- ful settlement of the difficulty. M.C. 1795- 1801 ; sec. U.S. treasury. May 15, 1801-13: sent in 1813 as one of the commissioners to St. Petersburg, the Russian Govt, having of- fered to mediate between the U.S. and Great Britain ; commissioner to Ghent, where the treaty of peace was made Dec. 24, 1S14 ; and took part in the commercial convention with Great Britain soon afterward ; minister to France, 181.5-23; and deputed on special missions to the Netherlands in 1817, and to Eng. in 1818. On his return, he declined the nom- G-AJLi 349 GAJJL, illation of vice-pres. from the Dcmoc. party. Envoy -ex tr. to Great Britain from 1826 to Dec. 1827, wlien he took up his residence in New York. He prepared the argument in be- lialf of the U.S., to be hiid before the king of the Netherhmds, as an umpire on the Me. boun- dary question. In 1830 he was chosen pros, of the council of the U. of N.Y. In 1831 he pub. " Considerations on the Currency and Banking-System of the U.S.," advocating a reguhited bank of the U.S. A member of the free-trade convention at Phila. in 1831, and prepared for it the memorial to Congress. Tres. of the N.Y. National Bank 1831-9, and of the N.Y. Hist. Society in 1843-9. A found- er, and first pres., of the Ethnological Society in 1848. During the Oregon difficulties in 1846, he pub. letters on the " Oregon Ques- tion," and in 1843 a pamphlet, strongly op- posing the Mexican war, which had a large circulation and great influence. In Congress, where he was a recognized leader of the Dem- oc. party, he opposed the British treaty in an able speech, April 26, 1796 ; and it was on his motion that the committee of ways and means was first organized as a standing com- mittee in 1795. His other important speeches were on •' Foreign Intercourse," Mar. 1, 1798; on the "Alien Law," Mar. 1, 1799; and on the "Navy Establishment," Feb. 9 and 11, 1799. He gave his financial views in two pamphlets, "A Sketch of Finances," 1796, and " Views of Public Debt," «Sbc., 1800. He was eminently successful in the treasury dept., and was one of the first financiers of the time. He opposed the increase of the national debt, systematized the mode of disposing of the public lands, and was a zealous advocate of in- ternal improvements. Offered the State dept. in 1809, but declined. Opposed to the war of 1812, and, as a member of the cabinet, exerted himself'strenuously to restore peace. He was an early student of the etiinology and philolo- gy of the American Indians, and at Hum- boldt's request wrote an essay on the subject in 1823. He afterward pub. " Synopsis of the Indian Tribes," &c., in vol. 2, Archceoloyia Amer- icana, Worcester, 1836, and " Semi-civilized Nations of Mexico, Yucatan, and Central America," N.Y. 1 845 ; also author of " Reports and Letters on the U.S. Bank," 1810-11; " Reminiscences " of Mr. Gallatin were pub. by John Russell Birtlett, N.Y. 1841. Gallaudet, Thomas Hopkins, LL.D. (VV. Res. Coll. 1851), a pioneer in the instruc- tion of the (leaf and dumb, b. Phila. Dec. 10, 1787; d. Hartford, Sept. 9, 1851. Y.C. 1805; And. Theol. Sem. 1814. Tutor at Y.C. 1808-10. Of Huguenot descent. His mother, who was a Hopkins, descended from one of the first settlers of Hartford, Ct. Ill health compelled him to relinquish the study of law, after devoting a year to its acquisition. Li- censed to preach in 1814. Becoming inter- ested in the education of deaf-mutes, he visited Europe in 1815-16; and Apr. 15, 1817, com- menced his labors with a class of seven pu- pils. He was one of the most disting. and use- ful men of his time, and lived to see, as the re- sult of his labors, more than 1,000 individuals receive the benefits of instruction in his own private asylum, as well as to witness the estab- lishment of similar institutions in different parts of the country. Resigning the office of principal in the Deaf and Dumb Asylum in 1830, he was chaplain to the Retreat for tiie Insane at Hart- ford from Jan. 1838 to the time of his death. He pub. many public addresses andcontribs. to periodici,ils ; a vol. of " Discourses," Lond. 1818, preached to an English congregation in Paris ; a series of " Bible-Stories for the Young," " The Child's Book of the Soul," " The Youth's Book of Natural Theology," and other similar works; and edited 6 vols, of the Annals of the Deaf and Dumb, Hartford. A discourse in commemoration of him, deliv- ered at Hartford, by Hon, Henry Barnard, in Jan. 1852, was pub. N.Y. 1857. — See Life of Gallaudet by H. Humphrey, and Barnard's Dis- course. Gallison, John, lawyer and philanthro- pist, b. Marblehead, Oct. 1788; d. Dec. 25, 1820. H.U. 1807. Nephew of Chief Justice Sewall. After practising law a short time at Marblehead, he came to IJoston, where he was esteemed for his ability and integrity, and where he had a good share of business. He ed- ited the Weekly Messenger for a year or two; and pub. 2 vols, of reports in* the Circuit Court, 1807; 2d ed. with addit. notes and references, 2 vols. 8vo, 1 845. — See a Memoir in the Christian Disciple, Boston, iii. 15. Gallissoniere (ga'-le'-so'-neair'), RoL- LAND Michael Bekrin, Marquis, a French ad- miral, b. Rochefort, Nov. 11, 1693 ; d Nemours, Oct. 26, 1756. Entering the navy in 1710, he served with distinction ; became capt. in 1738 ; com.-gen. of artillery at Rochefort in 1745; gov. of Canada 1747-9; and in 175G, while commanding a squadron designed to capture Martinique, had a severe engagement near that island with Admiral Byng, whom he defeated. His administration was marked by severe dis- putes with the English relative to their right of way in Nova Scotia and the Ohio region. In 1749 he was one of the commissioners for settling the boundaries of Acadia. In 1751 he pub. a memoir of the French colonies in Amer- ica. He was a devoted student of natural science, had a great heart and mind, but was low in stature, and deformed in person. He was a strenuous supporter of the Abbe De La Loutre, and, after his return to France, is said to have furnished him with money and supplies for his work in Acadia. Galloway, Joseph, LL.D. (N.J. Coll. 1769), loyalist, b. Md. ab. 1730; d. Eng. Aug. 29, 1803.' t^on of Peter. He was well educated, had a good estate, practised law in Phila., be- came eminent in the ])rofession, and held many important trusts. In the Pa. legisl,, of which he was a member in 1764, and at one time speaker, he made an able speech in favor of changing the govt, from the proprietary to the royal form, in opposition to that of John Dickinson. Member of the Congress of 1774, he actively participated in its leading measures, and proposed to it a plan of settle- ment, which was rejected. He abandoned his countrymen on the question of Independence, joined the British army in N. Y. in Dec. 1776, and in June, 1778, went to Eng. with an only G--AX. 350 O.AJN' daughter. Franklin, who confided in his patriotism, had, on going abroad, left in his charge his valuable letter-books and papers, which were lost. He was the most violent and proscriptive, and perhaps the most abie, of the loyalists ; and the evil effects of his powerful influence were often felt both in America and Eng. His evidence before the British house of commons in 1779 was very damaging to Sir Wm. Howe. He pub. " Observations on the Conduct of Sir Wm. Howe," "A Letter to Howe on his Naval Conduct," " Letters to a Nobleman on the Conduct of the War in the Middle Colonies in 1779," " Reply to the Ob- servations of Gen. Howe," " Cool Thoughts on the Consequences of American Independence," " Candid Examination of the Claims of Great Britain and her Colonies," " Reflections on the American Rebellion," a work on Revelations, Lond. 1802; " Speech in Answer to John Dick- inson," 8vo, 1764; " Trophetic and Anticipat- ed History of Rome," Svo, 1803. A new edi- tion of his " Examination by a Com. of the House of Commons" was pub. Phila., Svo, 1855, by the Seventy-six Society. Gallup, Joseph Adam, physician and author, b. Stonington, Ct., Mar. 30, 1769 ; d. Woodstock, Vt., Oct. 12, 1849. D.C.1798. He practised in Hurtland and Bethel, Vt., whence he removed to Woodstock in Jan. 1800. He first became known as a writer in the Vt. Gazette ; from 1820 to 1823 was pres. of and prof, in the Castleton Med. Acad., and was several years a lecturer in the medical dcpt. of the U. of Vt. He established at Woodstock in 1827 the institution subsequently known as the Vt. Med. Coll., incorporated in 1835. He pnb. "Sketches of Epidemic Diseases in Vt."(18l5), to which are added " Remarks on Pulmonary Consumption," which was repub. in Eng ; " Pathological Reflections on the Supertonic State of Disease," 1822, and in 1839 "Outlines of the Institutes of Medicine," 2 vols. Gait, Alexander Tilloch, Canadian statesman and financier, son of John the au- thor, b. Chelsea, Eng., 6 Sept. 1817; elected to the Canadian parliament in 1849; minister of finance under Cartier in 1858-Mav, 1862, Mar. 1864-Aug. 1866, and under the' Domin- ion govt. 1867-8; a delegate to confer with the Imperial govt, on the subject of confedera- tion, and was prominent in all measures tend- ing to unite and consolidate Brit. Amer. Au- thor of "Canada, 1849-59," Lond. I860. — il/en of the Time. Galusha, Jonas, gov. Vt. 1809-13 and 1815-20; d. Shaftsbury, Vt., Oct. 8, 1834, a. 83. He was a Revol. soldier, having served at Bennington ; member of the General Assembly in 1800; was a mem. of the council in 1793-8 and 1801-5, and was judge of the Supreme Court 1795-7 and 1800-6. Galvez (gal'-vSth), Don Bkrnardo de, gov. of La. 1777-83, b. Malaga, 1756 ; d. Mexi- co, Aug. 1794. His father, Don Mathias, was viceroy of Mexico ; and his uncle, Don Joseph, was sec. of State, and pres. of the council of the Indies. Bernardo was made col. of the regt. of La. in 1776, and succeeded to the govt. Feb. 1, 1777. In Sept. 1779 he com. an exped. which captured from the English Baton Rouge and Natchez ; another, which captured Mobile, Mar. 14,1780; and a third, which captured Pen- sacola. May 9, 1781 ; and received the grade of lieut.-gen. ; was made a count, and capt.-gen. of La. and Fla. Early in 1785 he was made capt.-gen. of Cuba, but, on the death of his father in the summer of that year, succeeded him as viceroy of Mexico. — Uaijarre. Gambler, James, a Brit, adm., b. in the Bahamas 1756 ; d. Apr. 19, 1833. His father, an adm. on the American station during the Revol. war, d. 1790. In 1778 he com. " The Thunder," bomb, which was captured by D'Estaing's fleet. Oct. 9, he was made post- capt., and com. " The Raleigh," 32. At Charles- ton, S.C., he served with the brigade of seamen until its reduction. In 1781 he captured " The Mitflin," an American 20-gun ship. Disting. in Lord Howe's victory, June 1, 1794 ; became full adm. in 1805 ; com. the fleet against Copen- hagen in 1807, and was rewarded with a peer- age. In 1814, he was placed at the head of the commissioners for concluding a peace with the U. S., which was settled at Ghent, and rat- ified at Washington Jan. 17, 1815. Made adm. of the fleet in 1830. Gamble, Thomas, capt. U.S.N. , son of Maj. Wm., a Revol. ofiicer ; d. Oct. 10, 1818, while in com. of " The Erie," in the Mediterra- nean. Midshipman Apr. 2, 1804 ; lieut. Apr. 27, 1810 ; com. Apr. 27, 1816. His bro. John M., col. U.S. marines, served nmler Porter in "The Essex," d. Brooklyn, N.Y., 11 Sept. 1836, a. 45. Peter, a 3d bro., was killed in the battle on Lake Champlain, Avhile acting first licut. of the flagship. Lieut. Francis G., U.S.N., another bro., d. in the W. Indies, Sept. 29, 1824. Gammell, William, LL.D. (Roch. 1859), author, b. Mcdfield, Ms., 10 Feb. 1812. B.U. 1 83 1 . Son of Rev. Wm. of Newport. Tutor at Brown U. in 1835, assist. ])rof. of rhetoric, and in 1836 prof. ; from which post he was trans- ferred, in 1850, to that of history and political economy. He has pub. various orations and discourses on literary and historical subjects, also numerous articles for reviews and maga- zines, especially the Christian Review, of which he was several years one of the editors. To Sparks's " Amer. Biog." he has contrib. Lives of lioger Williams and Gov. Saml. Ward. He is also the author of "A History of Ameri- can Baptist Missions," 8vo, 1850. Gannett, Ezra Stiles, D.D. (H.U. 1843), clergyman, b. Cambridge, Ms., May 4, 1801 ; d. 26 Aug. 1871 by a railroad accident at Re- vere, Ms. H. U. 1820. Son of Rev. Caleb of Cambridge (1745-1818). Ord. colleague with Dr. Channing June 30, 1824; and, with the exception of 2 years' absence in Europe from ill health, continued pastor of the church, formerly in Federal St., now in Arlington St., until his death. Besides publishing many oc- casional discourses, and editing the Monthly Miscellany from 1844 to 1849, he was assoc. with Dr. A. Lamson in the care of the Christian Examiner, the leading Unitarian ])erio(lical in the U.S. Dr. Gannett held a high rank in his denomination, in wliich he was prominent in all religious and benevolent enterprises. Gano, John, Baptist minister, b. Hopewell, G-^AJNT 351 G-^AJR N. J. ; d. Frankfort, Ky., Aug. 10, 1804, a. 77. His ancestors, who were French, settled at New Rochelle, N.Y. He began to preach in Va., and labored also in N. J. and the Carolinas. In Dec. 17G0 he was settled over the Baptist church in Phila. ; and in 1761 collected the first Baptist church in N.Y. City, over which he was ord. The Revol. broke up his church ; and he became a chaplain in the army, officiat- ing in the brigade of Gen. Clinton through- out the war. He afterward collected his scat- tered tiock, but in 1788 removed to Ky. In 1790 he wrote a sketch of his life, pub. N.Y., 1806, 12mo, by his son. Rev. Stephen. Gansevoort, Gdert C, commo. U.S.N., b. N.Y. 1812; d. Schenectady, July 15, 1868. Educated at the Naval Acad. Midshipm. Mar. 4, 1823; lieut. Mar. 8, 1837; com. Sept. 14, 1855 ; capt. July 16, 1862 ; commo. 1866; re- tired 1867. He com. " The John Adams" dur- ing the Mexican war, and subsequently com. the ironclad " Roanoke." Gansevoort, Peter, Jun., brig.-gen. Rev- ol. army, b. Albany, July 17, 1749 ; d. July 2, 1812. *App. by Congress, July 19, 1775, a maj. in the 2d N.Y. regt. ; and in Aug. joined the army under Montgomery which invaded Canada. Mar. 19, 1776, he was made lieut.- col. ; Nov. 21, col. of the 3d regt. In Apr. 1777 he took com. of Fort Schuyler, and gallantly de- fended it against the British under St. Leger, who, after beseiging it from the 2d to the 22d of Aug. , retreated. By preventing the co-opera- tion of tliat officer with Bnrgoyne, he contrib. essentially to the embarrassment and defeat of the latter, and obtained the thanks of Congress. In the springof 1779 he was ordered to join Sul- livan in the Western expcd. At the head of a chosen party from the whole army, he disting. himself by surprising the lower Mohawk castle, capturing all the Indian inhabitants by the celerity of his movements. In 1781 the State of N.Y. app. him a brig.-gen. He afterwards filled a number of important offices, among which were commissioner of Indian affairs, and for fortifying the frontiers. Military agent and brig.-gen. in the U.S.A. in 1809. Garay {<:a-ri'), John de, a brave Spanish officer, b. Badajos, 1541 ; killed on the banks of the Paraiia ab. 1592. He was sec. to the gov. of Paraguay, where he displayed so much enterprise and talent, that he was raised to the rank of lieut.-gen. and gov. of Assumption. He founded Santa Fe, rebuilt and fortified Bue- nos Ayres in 1580, and endeavored by kind- ness to civilize the Indians. Garay, Jose DE,b. Mexico, Sept. 21, 1801 ; d. N.Y. City, Sept. 21, 1858. Projector of the Tehuantepec transit route, for which he obtained the grant from Santa Ana in 1841. Author of an " Account of the Isthmus of Tehaunteper-," 8vo, Lond. 1846. Garcilaso de la Vega (gar-the-la'-so da lava'-ga), surnamed the Inca, because, by his mother's side, ho was descended from the roy- al family of Peru; b. Cuzco 1540; d. Cordo- va, Spain, 1616. His father, one of the con- querors of Peru, d. Cuzco 1559. Philip II., dreading the influence of Garcilaso among the natives, summoned him to Spain in 1560. He wrote an interesting and faithful history of Peru, 1609-16 (an English translation, by Ry- cant, was pub. Lond. 1688), and also a histo- ry of Fla. 1605, Garden, Alexander, M.D,, F.R.S., nat- uralist, b. Scotland, 1728; d. Lond. Apr. 15, 1791. U. of Aberdeen 1748. He studied medicine under Dr. John Gregory; settled as a physician in Charleston, S.C., in 1752, and ac- quired a fortune, which was confiscated, when he went to Eng., a loyalist, in 1783. He ac- quired distinction by his botanical knowledge, and became a corresp. of Linnasus in 1755, who gave the name of Gardenia to one of the most beautiful and fragrant of the flowering-shrubs. He introduced into medical use the pink-root as a vermifuge, and in 1764 pub. an account of its properties, together with a botanical de- scription. He also pub. accounts of the helesia; of the male and female cochineal insects ; of the mud iguana, or siren of S.C., an amphibi- ous animal ; of 2 new species of tortoises ; and of the Gijnoiotiis dectricus. To extend his knowledge of natural history, he accomp. Gov. Glen into the Indian country, and discovered an earth which was deemed in Eng. equal to the finest porcelain. The knowledge of the spot has, however, been lost. Elected a mem- ber of the Roy. Society in 1773, afterward vice- pres. of that body. Garden, Major Alexander, Revol. soldier and author, b. Charleston, S.C., Dec. 4, 1757; d. there Feb. 29, 1829. Son of Dr. Alexander. Educated at Westminster and the U. of Glasgow ; then travelled on the Con- tinent, returning in July, 1780. His father being a loyalist, he left home in Nov. 1780; joined Col. John Laurens; was at one time aide-de-camp to Gen. Greene; was a lieut. iti Lee's Legion in Feb. 1782, and was in many skirmishes. The State of S.C. returned to him his father's confiscated property. He pub. " Anecdotes of the Revol. War," 1st scries, 1822, and a second series, 1828; repub. in 4to, 1865. These are authorities for the history of the period, containing much original infor- mation. Gardiner, John, lawyer, son of Sylvester, b. Boston, 1731 ; drowned off Cape Ann, Oct. 15, 1793, by the loss of a packet in which he took passage to Boston. He studied law at the Inner Temple, Lond. ; was adm. to prac- tice in the courts of Westminster Hall, and was intimate with Churchiil and with Wilkes, in whose cause he appearctl as junior counsel. He practised a short time with success in the Welbh circuit, and then procured the app. of atty.-gen. at the Island of St. Christopher in the W. Indies, whither he removed with his family ab. 1766, and was very successful. After the peace of 1783, he removed to Boston; practised law there with much celebrity ; re- moved in 1786 to an estate left by his father at Pownalboro', in the then Dist. of Me., where he also practised law, and was its representative to the Ms. legisl. from 1 789 to his death. In the legisl. he obtained the name of the law- reformer, having succeeded in procuring the repeal of the law of primogeniture, and the re- peal of the law against theatrical representa- tions. His speech on the latter subject he afterwards pub. in a small 8vo vol. la con- a-AR 352 G^^R nection with the latter subject, he pub. " A Dissertation on the Ancient Poetry of tlie Romans," and an accompanyin*^ speech. He delivered the oration in Boston, July 4, 1785. He was a thorough republican; was a violent Whig in politics ; possessed an astonishing memory ; was an admirable belles-lettres scholar, learned in his profession, and par- ticularly disting, for wit and eloquence. Gardiner, Joiix Sylvester John, D.D. (U. of Pa. 1813), clergyman and scholar, b. Haverford West, South Wales, June, 176.5; d. Harrowgate, Eng. July 29, 1830. At the age of 5 he was sent to his grandfather, Dr. Sylvester Gardiner, in Boston, for education, who placed him under the charge of Master Lovell ; but, shortly before the commencement of the llevol , he was removed to Eng., and placed under the care of the celebrated Dr. Parr. In 1787 he was ord. deacon, and assigned the pastoral charge of the parish of St. Helena, near Beaufort, S.C. He removed thence in 1791; took priest's orders ; was settled as assist, minister of Trinity Church, Boston^ Apr. 22, 1792 ; and in 1804-5 succeeded Bishop Parker as rector of that church, in which station he remained until his death. While assist, minister, he kept a classical school, which was celebrated. He was disting. for pulpit eloquence, was in the first rank of classical and belles-lettres scholars, and was pres. of the literary club which for a number of years conducted the Anlhohgij and Monthly Review, the precursor of the N. A. Review, to which he was a liberal contributor. Gardiner, Sylvester, physician, b. Kingston, R.I., in 1707; d. Newport, Aug. 8, 1786. Having studied medicine in London and Paris, he engaged in practice at Boston, where he also lectured on anatomy. Acquiring a large estate by the sale of drugs, he invested in the Kennebec purchase, and purchased for himself, and settlcfl, the tract now occupied by the city of Gardiner. He procured emigrants from Germany to cultivate the soil, furnishing them annually with the needed supplies. He contributed liberally to the erection of King's Chapel, Boston, of which he was a warden ; promoted the introduction of inoculation for the small-pox ; printed and distributed an edition of an excellent book of prayers prepared by himself; built and endowed a church at Gardiner, and presented that town with a valuable library, which was afterwards scat- tered. Notwithstanding his advanced age, he left Boston when it was evacuated bv the British army during the Revolution, taking with him, of all his great estate, but about £400. His lands, about 100,000 acres, were confiscated and sold; but his heirs, through some informality, were re-invested with the property. He returned to Newport in 1785. One of his daughters was m. to Col. Browne, bro. of the first Marquis of Sligo ; a younger one was the wife of Robert Hallowell, and the estates of Dr. Gai*diner in Me. were entailed on her infant son, Robert, who took the sur- name of his maternal grandfather. Gardner, Charles K., col. U.S.A., b. Morris Co , N.J., 1787; d. Washinirton, D.C., Nov. 1, 1869. Ensign 6th luf. May 3, 1808 ; capt. 3d Art. July, 1812 ; brig.-major to Gen Armstrong, Aug. 4, 1812 ; assist, adj.-gcn. Mar. 18, 1813 ; major 25th Inf. June 26, 1813 . adj.-gen. Apr. 12, 1814; brev. lieut.-col. for disting. service, Feb. 5, 1815; maj. 3d Inf.. and adj.-gen. div. of the North ; resigned Mar, 17, 1818. He was in the battles of Chrystler'* Fields, Chippewa, and Niagara, and at the siege and defence of Fort Erie. In 1822-3 he edited the New York Patriot. Author of a "Compendof Inf. Tactics," N.Y. 1819; "Dic- tionary of the Army of the U.S.," N. Y. 18.53, 2d ed. 1860. Senior assist, postmaster-gen. Sept. 11, 1829; auditor of the treasury, July, 1836, to March, 1841 ; postmaster at Washington City, March, 1845, to July, 1849; surveyor- gen, of Oregon 1849-53, and afterward in the treas. department at Washington until 1867. Father of the rebel Gen. Franklin Gardner, who surrendered Port Hudson 9 July, 1863. Gardner, John Lane, brev. ' brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. Ms.; d. Wilmington, Del., Feb. 19, 1869. Son of Col. Robert. App. lieut. of inf. May 20, 1813 ; wounded in attack on La Cole Mill, Mar. 30, 1814; aide-de-camp to Gen. Smith, 1814; capt. Nov. 1, 1823; disting. in battle of Wahoo Swamp, Nov. 21, 1836; maj. 4th Art. Oct. 13, 1845 ; com. his regt. in Mexi- co in 1847; brev. lieut.-col. for the battle of Cerro Gordo, Apr. 18, 1847 ; brev. col. for bat- tle of Contreras, Aug. 20, 1847; lieut.-col. 1st Art. Aug. 3, 1852 ; col. 2d Art. July 23, 1861 ; retired Nov. 1, 1861 ; brev. brig.-gen. for long and faithful service in the army, 13 Mar. 1865. — Gardner. Gardner, Samuel Jackson, editor and author, b. Ms. 1788; d. at the White Moun- tains, N.H., 14 July, 1864. H.U. 1807. He practised law in Roxbury, Ms., many years ; some time dep. grand master of Masons in Ms.; removed to Newark, N.J., in 1838, and edited the Daili/ Advertiser in 1850-61. Author of " Autumn Leaves," a vol. of essays. Gardner, Col. Thomas of Cambridge, b. 1724; d. July 3, 1775. He ranked among the most zealous sons of liberty in 1774-5 ; amem- bcf of the Prov. Congress and of the committee of safety ; raised a regt. in May, 1775; was commissioned col., and was mortally wounded at the battle of Bunker's Hill. Gardner, William II., commo. U.S.N., b. 1800; d. Phila. 18 Dec. 1870. Midship- man 1814 ; lieut. 1825 ; com. 1841 ; capt. 1855; commo. 1863. He com. the frigate " Colora- do " in 1855, the Mare Island station in 1861, and was an officer of much merit. Garesehe (gar'-I-sha'), Julius P., col. and chief of staff of Gen. Rosccrans, b. Cuba, of Amer. parents, 1821 ; killed at Stone River, Dec. 31, 1862. West Point, 1841; A. M. of Georget. Coll., D.C., 1842. 2d lieut. 4th Art. July, 1841 ; 1st lieut. June, 1846 ; A.A.G., rank capt., Nov. 9, 1855; major 3 Aug. 1861 ; lieut.- col. 17 July, 1862. He served in the Mexican war, and, previously to joining Rosecrans, de- clined a commission of brig.-gen. One of the founders of the Society of St. Vincent de Paul in Washington. Garfield, James Abram, soldier and M.C., b. Orange, Cuyahoga Co., O., Nov. 19, 1831. Wras. Coll. 1856. At first a day -laborer, he GA.R 353 GrJLR was afterward a driver, and then boatman, on the Pa. and O. Canal. In 1849 he attended an acad., and taught a district school in the fol- lowing winter. He was in 1856 made teacher of languages in the Eclectic Institute at Hi- ram, O. The next year he became pres. of that institution, which office he held until 1861. In 1859 he was elected to the senate of O., and in 1860 was adm. to the bar. In the autumn of 1861 he was made col. 42d Ohio vols., and was sent to Eastern Ky., where, with his own and the 40th Ohio regt., he defeated Hnmplirey Marshall; made brig.-gen. vols. Jan. 11, 1862, the date of his victory at Pres ton burg. In March, 1862, he attacked the enemy at Pound Gap, destroying their camp, and inflicting se- vere loss upon them. He com. the 20th brigade at the battle of Shiloh, and soon after made chief of staff to Gen. Rosecrans; app. maj.-gen. " for gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Chickamauga, Ga.," from Sept. 19, 1863; resigned Dec. 5, 1863. In Oct. 1862, he was elected to Congress from the 19th district, which he still represents. Garland, Hugh A., lawyer, b. Nelson Co., Va., June 1, 1805 ; d. St. Louis, Oct. 14, 1854. Hamp. Sid. Coll. 1825. Grandson of Gen. John Garland. He was prof, of Greek in H. S. Coll. in 182.5-30. In 1831 he commenced the prac- tice of law at the county seat of Mecklenburg, where he soon became a noted lawyer and pol- itician, lie was 5 years a member of the Va. legisl. ; was clerk of the H. of representatives at Washington ; and in 1841, having acquired a competence by his profession, retire(l to his farm near Petersl)urg, engaged in business, w^as un- successful, and was reduced to poverty. At the age of 40, he removed to St. Louis and recom- menced practice, attaining eminence. Author of " Life of John Randolph," N.Y. 1850; "Life of Jefferson." His son, Hugh A., Jan., a law- yer of St. Louis, col. of a rebel regt., was killed in one of the battles between Hood and Thomas in Tenn. in 1864. Garland, Gen. John, b. Va. 1792; d. N.Y. City, June 5, 1861. Lieut, of inf. Mar. 31, 1813; capt. May, 1817 ; major 1st Inf. Oct. 30, 1836; lieut.-col. 4th Inf. Nov. 27, 1839; col. 8th Inf. May 7, 1849 ; disting. under Col. "Worth in Florida war; brev. lieut.-col. "for gallant conduct in battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma," May 9, 1846; com. a brigade at Monterey, and through Scott's cam- paign in Mexico, from May, 1846, to Oct. 1847; brev. brig.-gen. " for battles of Contreras and Churubusco," Aug. 20, 1847 ; disting. in storm- ing El Molino del Rey ; disting. and severely wounded in capture of Mexico City. — Gard- ner. Garland, Robert R., gen. C.S.A. ; killed at the battle of South Mountain, Md., Sept. 14, 1862. App. from Mo. 2d lieut. 7th inf. Dec. 30, 1847 ; became 1st lieut. March, 1855, and capt. in 1860; dropped from the army-rolls May 23, 1861, and was app. a brig.-gen. in the Confed. army. Garneaux, Francis Xavier, b. Quebec, 1809. Author of " Histoire du Canada," 3 vols. 1852; "Voyage en Angleterre et en France dans les anne^s 1831-3." D. 5 Feb. 1866. Garnett, James Mercer, educator and agriculturist, b. EImwood,Va., June 8, 1770 ; d. there May, 1843. He received excellent train- ing from his parents ; served at various periods in the legisl. of his State ; was M. C. in 1805- 9; and was also a member of the convention of 1829 to revise the State constitution. Ho acted with the Democ. party, and engaged in a controversy with Matthew Carey, the protec- tionist. For more than 20 years, he presided over the Agric. Society of Fredericksburg, de- livered many addresses, and contrib. liberally to agric. journals. Garnett, Richard Brooke, brig.-gen. C.S.A., b. Va. 1819 ; killed at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863. West Point, 1841. 2d lieut. 6th Inf 1841; served in the Florida war in 1841-2; aide-de-camp to Gen. Brooke from 1846 to 1851; capt. May 9, 1855; resigned 17 May, 1861. Entering the Confed. service in 1861, he participated in most of the battles in Va. ; was a col. under Pegram and Floyd in West- ern Va., but soon after joined Lee's army, and was made brig.-gen. Garnett, Robert Selden, gen. in the ser- vice of Va., b. Elmwood, Va., 1820; killed in the battle of Carrick's Ford, July 14. 1861. West Point, 1841. Entering the 4th Art., he was assist, instructor in inf tactics at West Point, 1 843-4 ; disting. himself in the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma; became 1st lieut. in Aug. 1846 ; was aide to Gen. Tay- lor from June, 1846, to Jan. 1849; was brev. capt. for gallantry at Monterey, and maj. for gallantry at Buena Vista ; capt. March, 1851 ; com. of cadets, and instructor in inf tactics at West Point, from Nov. 1852 to July, 1854 ; maj. 9th Inf. March 27, 1855 ; disting. himself in operations against the Indians in Washing- ton Terr, in 1856-8 ; visited Europe on ac- count of ill health in 1860, but returned, and resigned his commission, April 30, 1861. He was app. adj. -gen. of the Army of Va., and com. of the Confed. forces in the western part of the State. Having been defeated at Rich Mountain, and a part of his force under Col. Pegram surrounded, he was attempting to es- cape with the remainder, when his forces wore routed, and he was killed. Garrard, Col. James, gov. of Ky. 1796- 1804, b. Stafford Co., Va., Jan. 14, 1749; d. Mt. Lebanon, Bourbon Co., Ky., Jan. 19, 1822. He was an officer of the Revol., after- wards a member of the legisl. of Va., where he contrib. to procure the passage of the religious freedom bill, and was one of the first settlers of Ky. In 1782 he settled near Paris, Bour- bon Co., and was often in the Ky. legisl. Col. Theophilus T. Garrard, his son, was the hero of the battld of "Wild Cat," in 1802. Another son, Gen. James, d. Bourbon Co., Ky., Sept. 1, 1838, a. ab. 64; many years a member of the Ky. legisl. ; an officer in the militia in the war of 1812, and a disting. agri- culturist. Garrard, Kenner, brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Ky. 1830. West Point, 1851. Capt. 2d cav. 27 Feb. 1861, and made prisoner by the rebels at San Antonio, Texas, when the war broke out; exchanged 27 Aug. 1862; com. the 146th N.Y. regt. at Fredericksburg and Chan- cellorsville, and, for gallantry at Gcttysliurg, GAJEl 354 G^^T was made brig. -gen. July 23, 1863 ; in the bat- tles of Rappahannock Station and Mine River; com. the 2d cav. division, Army of the Cum- berland, in the Atlanta campaign ; was in Nov. 1864 assigned to the 2d div. 16th corps, which he com. in the battle of Nashville, and for his efficiency and gallantry in that battle, Dec. 15- 16, was'brev. maj.-gen. ; engaged in the Mobile campaign, and specially disting. in assault on Fort Blakely, 9 Apr. 1865; maj. 3d cav. 2 Nov. 1863 ; hrev. col. U.S.A. 22 July, 1864, for exped. to Covington, Ga. ; brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865, for services in the Rebel- lion ; resigned 9 Nov. 1866. — Cu/lum. Garrett, Thomas, philanthropist, of Qua- ker parentaije, b. Darby, Del. Co., Pa., 21 Aug. 1783 ; d. Wilmington* Del., ab. 20 Jan. 1871. Bred a scythe and edge-tool maker, he acquired a competency, and in 1820 settled in Wilming- ton. He became an abolitionist ab. 1807, through tiie kidnapping of a colored woman from his father's family ; and thenceforward as- sisted all fugitives who applied to him on their way to freedom. May, 1848, in a suit brought against him by the owners of some slaves whom he had aided to escape, he was convicted ; and the damages awarded swept away every dollar of his property. Commencing business anew in his 65th year, he amassed a competence. He lived to be honored in the community by which he had formerly been execrated, and to see his hopes for universal freedom realized. Garrison, William Lloyd, leader of the emancipationist movement in the U.S., b. Newbury port, Ms., 12 Dec. 1804. Appren- ticed to a shoemaker, and afterward to a cabi- net-maker : he preferred the printer's trade, which he learned in the office of the Newbury- port Herald. He also contrib. to its columns and to those of the Salem Gazette, in which he manifested his sympathy in the struggle of the Greeks for freedom. In 1826 he established the Free Press at Newburyport, soon discon- tinued. In 1827 he edited the National Phi- lanthropist in Boston, the first journal to advo- cate total abstinence. In 1828 he started at Bennington, Vt., the Spirit of the Times, advocating temperance, peace, abolition, and the election of J. Q. Adams to the presidency. Towards the close of 1829, he became assistant editor of Lundy's Genius of Universal Emanci- pation at Baltimore : previously the advocate of gradual abolition, Garrison made it at once the organ of the doctrine of immediate eman- cipation. For denouncing as " domestic pira- cy " the taking of a cargo of slaves from Bal- timore to La., he was fined, and imprisoned 49 days, and until Arthur Tappan paid the fine. After delivering a series of lectures on slavery in the principal cities, he established in Boston, 1 Jan. 1831, the Liberator, a weekly, of the most decided and uncompromising antislavery views, discontinued in Dec. 1865, the object for which it was established having been fully accomplished. His denunciations of slavery and slaveholders excited intense exasperation at the South. The Ga. legisl. offijred a reward of $5,000 for his arrest and conviction under the laws of that State, which greatly increased his notoriety and the number of his followers. In the spring of 1832 he pub. " Thoughts on African Colonization," in opposition to that scheme. He soon after visited Eng., where he was warmly received by Wilberfbrce, Broug- ham, and their associates. While attending an antislavery meeting in Boston, 21 Oct. 1835, he was seized by a mob of "gentlemen of property and standing," from whose violence he was only saved by being locked up in jail, and on the following day was conveyed by the city authorities to a place of safety in the coun- try. Founder of the Amer. Antislavery Society 1 Jan. 1832, and its pres. 1843-65. Founder in 1838 of the N. E. Nonresistance Society. In 1840 he attended the World's Antislavery Con- vention in Lond., but refused to take his seat because the female delegates from the U. S. were excluded. After long and arduous labor, Mr. Garrison has lived to see his hope of eman- cipation realized, though not, as he hoped, by moral suasion alone, and without bloodshed. His friends raised and presented to him in Mar. 1868, as a national testimonial for his arduous labors in the cause of antislavery, ab. $30,000. A vol. of his " Sonnets and other Poems " was pub. in 1843; "Selections from his Writings and Speeches," 12mo, 1852. — See Mrs. Stowe's Men of Our Times, 1868. Garth, George, a Brit, gen.; d. 1819. Son of John, M. P. for Devizes, and bro. of Gen. Thomas. He entered the first Foot Guards in Sept. 1758; was made brev. col. Feb. 19, 1779; maj.-gen. Nov. 20, 1782; gen. 1801 ; afterwards gov. of Placentia; a brig.- gen. in Amer. during the Revol. war. In July, 1779, he was second in com. of Tryon's exped. which plundered and destroyed Fairfield and Norwalk, Ct., and served under Clinton in the exped. against Charleston in 1780. Gartland, Francis X., first R.C. bishop of Savannah; consec. Nov. 10, 1850; d. Sept. 20, 1854. Gaston, William, LL.D. (U. of Pa. 1819), statesman and jurist, b. Newbern, N.C., Sept. 19, 1778; d. Raleigh, Jan. 23, 1844. N.J. Coll. 1796. His father. Dr. Alexander, of Huguenot ancestry, and an ardent Whig, having been shot by Tories Aug, 20, 1781, his early education was conducted by his moth- er. Adm. to the bar in 1798, he attained the head of his profession in the State. In 1799 he was elected to the State senate from Craven Co. ; in 1808 to the H. of delegates, over which he was chosen to preside ; and M.C. from 1813 to 1817, where he ranked with Lowndes, Ran- dolph, Calhoun, Clay, and Webster. His speeches upon the Loan Bill and the previous question present some of the finest displays of reasoning and eloquence which our country has furnished. Some of the best statutes of N.C., as well as its judicial organization, are the result of his wisdom. Judge of the Su- preme Court of N.C. from 1834 to his d. He assisted the convention in 1835 in amending the State constitution, nearly all the reforms in which he is said to have suggested and elab- orated ; spoke and voted against the propo- sition to deprive free colored men of the right of suffrage, which at that time they possessed ; and was tendered, but declined, the U.S. sena- torship in 1840. Gates, Horatio, maj.-gen., b. at Maiden G-^T 355 G^AY in Essex, Eng., in 1728; d. N.Y. Apr. 10, 1806. Son of a clergyman, and godson of H. Walpole. At an early age he entered the army ; rose rapidly to the rank of maj. ; and in 1755 was stationed at Halifax; but, joining Braddock's unfortunate exped. in the latter year, he was shot through the body, and for a long time disabled. He recovered, however, in season to join his regt. in the exped. against Martinico in Jan. 1762, in which he was aide to the com.-in-chief Monckton, and rendered ef- ficient service, establishing his reputation as a brave and prudent officer. Maj. 60th Royal Americans, Oct. 27, 1764. After the peace, he purchased a fine estate in Berkeley Co., Va., and devoted himself successfully to agricultu- ral pursuits. At the commencement of the Revo), war, he tendered his services to Con- gress, who in July, 1775, app. him adj.-gen. with the rank of brigadier ; and in the following June, having in May been made maj.-gen., re- ceived the chief com. of the army, which had just retreated from Canada. His first step, the withdrawal of the entire American force from Crown Point, was severely censured by many, and considered highly injudicious by- Washington, as it opened to the enemy the un- disputed navigation of Lake Champlain. A few months after, Gates again joined the com.- in-chief; and the northern army was assigned to Schuyler. He continued with Washington until Mar. 1 777, when he resumed his command on the northern frontier, where he was super- seded by Schuyler in May, but was reinstated Aug. 4. It was fortunate for Gen. Gates that the retreat from Ticonderoga had been con- ducted under other auspices than his, and that he took the command when the indefatigable but unrequited labors of Schuyler, and the courage of Stark and his mountaineers, had already insured the ultimate defeat of Bur- goyne^ who, notwithstanding his unfavorable prospects, would not think of retreat. The severe conflict of Sept. 19, and the defeat of Oct. 7 at Saratoga, were followed by the sur- render of Burgoyne, with his whole force, on the 16th, perhaps, in its consequences, the most important achievement of the whole war. Con- gress passed a vote of thanks to Gen. Gates and his army, and also voted a gold medal for him, with suitable inscriptions. His glory was soon obscured by the intrigues then progressing for elevating him to the station occupied by Wash- ington. Nov. 27, 1777, he was made pres. of the new board of war and ordnance, and Oct. 22, 1778, com. of Eastern Dept. In June, 1780, he received the chief com. of the south- ern districts. After collecting 3,600 troops, principally militia, he advanced against Corn- wallis, whom he met Aug. 16 at Camden, and was totally defeated. This battle terminated the military career of Gen. Gates, whose sin- gular fortune it w^as to conduct the most pros- perous and the most disastrous of the military enterprises in this war. He was removed from com. and suspended from service until inquiry should be had as to his conduct. He retired to his farm in Berkeley Co., and, after a long and tedious inquiry, he was finally acquitted, and reinstated in his com. in 1782. When peace was made, he retired to his Va. estate, and in 1790 removed to N.Y., having first emancipated all his slaves, and provided for such of them as could not provide for them- selves. He was then presented with the free- dom of the city, and in 1800 was elected to the State legisl., but did not serve. Gates, William, brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. Ms. 1788; d. N.Y. Oct. 7, 1868. West Point, 1806. Son of Capt. Lemuel, Revol. of- ficer of Ms., who d. Oct. 1, 1806. Capt. 1st Art. 3 Mar. 1813 ; maj. 1st Art. May 30, 1832; lieut.-col. 3d Art. Dec. 17, 1836; col. Oct. 13,1845; military gov. of Tampico, Mex., Oct. 1846 to June, 1848 ; brev. brig.-gen. U.S. A. 13 Mar. 1865. He was at the capture of York, Canada, and in the bombardment of Fort George ; was stationed at Fort Moultrie during the nullification troubles in 1832; took an active part in all the Indian wars ; personal- ly took Osceola prisoner ; escorted the Chero- kees to the Indian country ; com. the 3d Art. in the Mexican war ; and had been 62 years in service. His son Collinson Reed, disting. in the Florida and Mexican wars, d. Fredericks- burg, Texas, June 28, 1849, a. 33. West Point, 1836. Gay, Ebenezer, D.D., clergyman, b. Dedham, Ms., Aug. 26, 1696 ; d. March 18, 1787. H.U. 1714. He was settled over the church at Hinghara, Ms., June 11, 1718, to which he ministered 69 years and 9 months. On his 85th birthday he preached a sermon from the text, " Lo, I am this day fourscore and five years old," which, under the title of " The Old Man's Calendar," has been frequent- ly repub. in America, went through several editions in Eng., and was translated into one or two of the languages of Continental Eu- rope. Many of his sermons were pub., and had, in their day, a high repute. He was a man of great learning and wit. Liberal in theology. He was a Tory in politics, and suf- fered persecutions from his own parishioners during the Revol. Gay, Martin, M.D. (H.U. 1826), a dis- ting. chemist and physician. Great-grandson of Rev. El)enezer. B. Boston, 1 6 Feb. 1803 ; d. there 12 Jan. 18.50. H.U. 1823. Gay, WiNCKWORTii Allan, landscape- painter, bro. of Martin, b. Hingham, Ms., Aug. 18, 1821. While young, he became a pupil of Weir, prof, of drawing of West Point Acad., and subsequently studied 5 years in Europe, part of the time under Troyon in Paris. His style is that known as the modern French. ** A scene in the White Mountains," painted for the Boston Athenaeum, and another, called " Near Fontainebleau," well exemplify his style. His views of Nantasket Beach and rocks have attracted much attention; and he excels in coast-scenery. Gayarre (gi' a'-ra'), Charles E.Arthur, lawyer and historian, b. N. Orleans, Jan. 3, 1805. Educated at the Coll. of N. Orleans. In 1826 he went to Phila. and studied law ; was adm. to the bar in 1829; in 1830 was elected to the legisl. ; in 1831 was app. dep. atty.-gen. ; in 1833 pres. judge of the City Court of N. Orleans ; and in 1835 he was elect- ed a U.S. senator; but ill health prevented him from taking his seat. After visiting Europe, G^AJY 356 G-EN- on his return in 1843, he was aj^ain sent to the State legisl., and from 1846 to 1853 was sec. of Siateji Author of a " History of La.," 1847; "Romance of the History of La.," 1848; " Spanish Domination in La.," 1854 ; " Hist, of La, (French domination), 2 vols. 1854 ; " La., its History as a French Colony," 1851-2; a dramatic novel called " The School of Poli- tics," 1854 ; a work on "The Influence of Me- chanic Arts ; " and an address to the people of the State on the late frauds perpetrated at the election, Nov. 7, 1853. In 1830 he pub. in French ** An Historical Essay on La." Gayle, John, judge and statesman, b. Sumter Dist., S.C, Sept. 11, 1792; d. Mo- bile, Ala., July 20, 1859. S.C. Coll. He em- igrated to Ala. 1813. In 1817 he was app. a member of the Terr, legisl. ; was solicitor of the first judicial dist. on organization of the State govt.; in 1823 was elected judge of the Su- Ereme Court ; in 1829 was speaker of the ouse; gov. from 1831 to 1835; M.C. from 1847 to 1849, when he was app. a judge of the U.S. Dist. Court of Ala. — Lanman. Gayler, Charles, dramatist, b. New York, 1820. He l)egan writing for the stage while editing a newspaper in Cincinnati, and since 1850 has been connected with the press of New York. Ho has written upwards of 40 successful pieces. Among them are " The Gold-Hunters," a drama ; the operetta of tlie " Frightened Fiend ; " " Taking the Chances," a comedy ; *• Galieno Faliero," a tragedy ; and " Isms, a comedy. Geary, John W., soldier and politician, b. Wcstm. Co., Pa., ab. 1820. He taught school; became a merchant's clerk in Pittsburg; afterward studied at Jeff. Coll. ; finally became a civil eng., and was several years connected with the Alleghany Portage Railroad. He was lieut.-col. of Roberts's rcgt. of Pa. vols, in the Mexican war, and commanded his regt. at Chapultepec, where he was wounded, but re- sumed his com. the same day at the attack on the Belen Gate, previous to the capture of the city of Mexico. For gallant and meritorious conduct on that occasion, he was made first commander of the city of Mexico after its cap- ture, and col. of his regt. Removing to San Francisco after the war, he was made post- master there in Jan. 1849 ; was soon after first alcalde of that city, and its first mayor. In 1852 he returned to Pa., and settled on his farm in Westmoreland Co. From July, 1856, to March, 1857, he was gov. of Kansas. He then returned to Pa., and early in 1861 raised and equipped the 28th Pa. Vols. ; com. in several successful engagements in the fall of 1861; occupied Leesburg, Va., in March,1862; became brig.-gen. of vols. April 25, 1862; was severely wounded in the arm at the battle of Cedar Mountain ; led the 2d division of the 12th corps at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg, Pa., July 2, 1863; com. the 2d division 20th corps in Sherman's Georgia and S.C. campaigns; app. military gov. of Savannah on its capture, 22 Dec. 1864 ; gov. of Pa. since 1867. Geddes, John, gov. of S.C. 1818-20; speaker of S.C. house of rep.; d. Charleston, S.C, Mar. 5, 1828, a. ab. 55. Gee, Joshua, minister of the " Old North " Church, Boston, from Dec. 18, 1723, to his d.. May 22, 1748; b. Boston, June 29, 1698. H.U. 1717. He had a penetrating mind, strong reasoning powers, and considerable learning. His wife, the accomp. dau. of Rev. Mr. Rogers of Portsmouth, d. 1730, a. 29. He was one of the assembly of ministers who met in Boston, July 7, 1743, and gave their attestation to the pro- gress of religion in this country. He pub. in 1743 a letter to Nathl. Eells, moderator of this assembly, containing some remarks on their printed testimony against disorders in the land. Gefifrard, Fabre, pres. of the Republic of Hayti, b. L'Anse-a-Veau, Hayti, 19 Sept. 1806. His father was one of Dessaline's generals, and aided Petion in framing the Haytien Constitution. Entering the army at the age of 15, young Getfrard became lieut.- gen. in 1845, and disting. himself by military tact and humanity. In the contest between the blacks and mulattoes of Hayti, he took the part of the latter, though himself a griffe. In the campaign of 1856 he particularly disting. himself in the retreat from San Juan. Created a duke by Soulouqne, and placed in com. of the army, he gained some important victories over the Dominicans, but aroused Soulouque's jealousy, and was obliged to fly. Proclaiming himself pres. 21 Dec. 1858, he joined a party of revolutionists, landed at Gonaives Jan. 1, 1859, and soon became master of the northern part of the island. Entering the capital, Jan. 15, he made prisoners of Soulouque and his family, whom he protected, and sent to King- ston, Jamaica. The republic was restored, and GefFrard made pres. He at once instituted important reforms, some of which met with great opposition. His life was attempted ; and in Mar. 1867 he abdicated. Geisinger, David, commo. U.SN., b. Md. 1790; d. Phila. March 5, 1860. Mid- shipman 1809 ; lieut. Dec. 9, 1814 ; com- mander, March 11, 1829; and capt. May 24, 1838. During the war of 1812, he saw much active service, and was in " The Wasp" during her brilliant crui.se on tiie English coast in 1814, in which she captured the sloop " Rein- deer," June 28. Sent to Charleston in com- mand of the prize brig " Atalanta," he escaped from the fate allotted to " The Wasp," which was never after heard of. Genest, or Genet (zheh-na'), Edmond Charles, a French diplomatist, b. Versailles, Jan. 8, 1763 ; d. Jamaica, L.I., July 14, 1834. At the age of 12 he received a gold medal and a flattering letter from Gustavus III. for a translation of the history of Eric XIV. into Swedish, with notes by himself. Though brought up at the French court, and the bro. of Mme. Campan, he was a republican, and, on his return from a Russian mission, was in Dec. 1792 sent as ambassador to the U.S. He endeavored to excite a war with Eng., and even went so far as to fit out privateers from Charleston to cruise against the vessels of nations then at peace with the U.S., and to project hostile expeditions against Fla. and La. Washington was constrained to ask his recall, which took place in 1 794. Genest remained in OEsnsr 357 G-IGT the U.S., was naturalized, and in 1794 m. Cor- nelia, dau. of Gov. George Clinton. She dying in Mar. 1810, he m. a dau. of Samuel Osgood. He took a great interest in promoting im- provements in agrieulture and the arts and sciences. GGntry, Richard, maj.-gen. Mo. militia; col. of Mo. vols, in Florida war, Oct. 6, 1837 ; disting. and killed in battle of Okeechobee, Dec. 25, 1837. George, Enos, a Methodist bishop, b, Va. 1768; d. Aug. 23, 1828. His father's family removed to N.C., where he entered the min- istry of the Mcth. church ; was in 1791 app. to a circuit; in 1796 received the app. of presid- ing elder, which office he filled in various locali- ties utitil 1816, when he was made bishop. Gerard, Conrad Alexander, LL.D. (Y.C. 1779), chevalier, a French diplomatist; d. Strasburg, April, 1790. One of the French secretaries of State in 1777; as such, arranging and signing the treaty between France and the U.S., Feb. 6, 1778; app, ambassador to the U.S., he arrived at Phila. early in July, 1778, and was succeeded by Luzerne in Sept. 1779. Gerhard, W. W., M.D., b. Phila. 1809. Lecturer on clinical mcd. in the U. of Pa. Bro. of Benjamin, a lawyer of Phila. Author of "Clinical Guide," Phila. 8vo ; "Diseases of the Chest," 1842, new ed. 8vo, 1854. Edited " Graves's Clinical Medicine," with notes and additions, 8vo, Phila. Also contrib. many articles to the medical journals. — AUibone. Germaine, Lord George, Viscount Sack- ville, an English statesman, b. 26 Jan. 1716; d, 26 Aug. 1785. Third son of the 1st Duke of Dorset. Educated at Westminster and at Trin. Coll., Dublin, his father being lord-lieut. of Ireland. He served with reputation in the army in Germany, attaining the rank of Heut- gen., but was dismissed the service for disob. of orders at the battle of Minden. Entering parliament in 1761, he became, in Nov. 1775, colonial sec. of State, which post he filled throughout the Amer. revol. war. He zealously supported all the rigorous measures against the Americans, sternly opposed every attempt to effect a termination of hostilities, and be- came so unpopular, that, during the London riots in 1780, he was obliged to barricade his liouse. His conduct was rash and impolitic, but so consonant to the views of the king, that he was a great favorite at court. One of the supposed authors of Junius Letters. Made vis- count in 1783. Gerry, Elbridgb, a signer of the Declara- tion of Independence, and vice-pres. U.S., b. Marblehead, Ms., July 17, 1744; d. Washing- ton, Nov. 23, 1814. H. U. 1762. Having acquired by mercantile pursuits a competency, he took an early and active part in the Revol. struggle; in 1772 represented his native town in the State legisl., and, although one of the youngest members of that body, took a prin- cipal part in the debates ; was placed on the important committee of corresp. ; and was an efficient member of the committee of safety. Placed at the head of a committee for procur- ing supplies, he was the first to propose in the Prov. Congress a law for encouraging the fitting-out of armed vessels, and establishing a Court of Admiralty ; and was chairman of the com. app. for its preparation. On the estab- lishment of courts by the province in Nov. 1775, the lucrative post of maritime judge was offered to Gerry, who declined it. P'eb. 9, 1776, he took his seat in the Continental Congress, in which he continued, with few intermissions, until Sept. 1785. In 1777 he was app. one of a com. to visit Washington at Valley Forge. The report of that com. had a great effect upon Congress, and caused more efficient measures to be taken for the relief and support of the army. Up to the time of the organization of the treasury board, in 1780, of which he was made presiding officer, he was generally chair- man of the com. of the treasury; and in the latter part of 1779 was one of the delegates to Phila. for the purpose of devising some cor- rective for the sad condition of the currency. Displeased with the action of Congress in assess- ing supplies from the several States, Gerry left his seat in Feb. 1780, and returned home, but resumed his post in 1783, and was one of the committee to whom was referred the definitive treaty of peace. Chosen a delegate to the convention which met at Phila. in 1787 to frame the Constitution of the U.S., Gerry was one of those who refused to affix their signa- tures to the instrument adopted. M.C. 1789- 93. In 1797 he was sent on a special mission to France, accorap. by Gen. Pinckney and Mr. Marshall, with the object of preserving peace. In Oct. 1798 Gerry returned home, and be- came the Dcmoc. candidate for gov., and again in 1801, but was not successful until in 1810, after a violent contest. The following year he was re-elected, but in 1812 was defeated. In the same year he was chosen vice-pres. of the U. S. Member of the Acad, of Arts and Sciences. He married Ann, dau. of Charles Thomson, sec. of Congress, who d. New Haven, March 1 7, 1 849, a. 86. — See Memoirs, hij James T. Austin, Boston, 8vo, 1828. Gesner, Abraham, M.D., geologist, b. Cornwaliis, N.S., 1797 ; d. Halifax, N.S., Apr. 29, 1864. He studied medicine in Lond., grad- uating M.D. in 1827. His father, Col. C. Gesner, was a loyalist and a refugee. The son early acquired considerable reputation as a naturalist, and was app. by the Icgisls. of the Lower Provinces of Brit. N.A. to explore and report on their geological resources. His chief works are "On the Mineralogy and Geology of Nova Scotia;" "On the Industrial Resources of Nova Scotia ; " " New Brunswick, with Notes for Emigrants," 1847; " Geology of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and P. E. Island ; " " Fisheries of the Provinces," com- pleted just before his death ; and " A Prac- tical Treatise on Coal, Petroleum, and other Distilled Oils." Dr. G. was also a disting. chemist, and patented the discovery of kerosene oil, obtained from a species of bituminous asphaltum, which he was the first to introduce into use in the U S. Getty, George W., brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. D.C. West Point, 1840. Entering the 4th Art., he became 1st lieut. 31 Oct. 1845; capt. 4 Nov. 18.53; lieut.-col. and A.D C. 28 Sept. 1861 ; brig.-gen. vols. 25 Sept. 1862 ; maj. 5th Art. 1 Aug. 1863; col. 37th Inf. 28 GS-EY 868 GTB July, 1866 ; brev. capt. 20 Aug. 1847, for Con- treras and Churubusco, Mex. ; engaged at Molino del Rev, Chapultepec, and capture of Mexico, 14 Sept. 1847, and in Seminole hos- tilities in Fla. 1849-50 and 1856-7; com. 4 batteries at Yorktown, Gaines's Mill, and Mal- vern Hill, 1 July, 1862 ; engaged at South Mountain, Antietam, and Fredericksburg; brev. lieut.-col. 19 Apr. 1863, for services at siege of Suffolk, Va. ; severely wounded and brev. col. 5 May, 1864, for battle of Wilder- ness; engaged in the siege of Petersburg; action at Ream's Station ; Shenandoah cam- paign, Aug.-Dec. 1864; engaged at Opequan, Fisher's Hill, and Cedar Creek, and brev. maj.- gen. vols. 1 Aug. 1864; engaged in the siege of Petersburg, and brev. brig. -gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865,, for its capture; and was in the battle of Sailor's Creek, and at surrender of Lee at Appomattox, 9 Apr. 1865 ; brev. maj.- gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865, for merit, services during the Rebellion. — Cullum. GrQYQVj Henrt Sheffie, jurist, b. Fred- ericktown, Md., Dec. 9, 1790; d. St. Louis, March 5, 1859. He began the practice of law in his native town in 1811 ; was an officer in the war of 1812, after which he settled in S.t. Louis, then a frontier village. Member of the terr. legisl. of Mo. in 1818 ; was 5 times elected to the legisl. of the State, and was speaker of the house in the first three gen. assemblies of the State. As one of the revisers of the statutes in 1825, he contrib. largely to the adoption of a code in Mo. superior to that of any other Western State of that time. In 1850 the post of sec. of war was tendered him by Pres. Fill- more; but he declined it. In 18.51-7 he was U.S. senator. Author of " Statutes of Mis- souri," 1818. Gholson, William Y., jurist, d. Cincin- nati, O., 21 Sept. 1870. Formerly a resident of Mpi. ; many years a successful lawyer in O., having few equals in the State ; and was an effective political speaker. Judge of the Superior Court 1854-9, and of the Supreme Court in 1860-5. Author of " Ohio Digest." Gibbes, Robert Wilson, M.D., physi- cian and author, b. Columbia, S.C, July 8, 1809; d. there Nov. 15, 1866. S.C. Coll. 1827. He studied and practised medicine; was at one time assist, prof of chemistry at S.C. Coll.; was twice mayor of Columbia; and was pres. of the S.C. Medical Association. He contrib. largely to medical and scientific jour- nals; received honorable mention both from Humboldt and Audubon ; and his plates on paleontology and fossil remains were pub. at its own cost by the Smithsonian Institute. He wrote and com'piled 3 vols, of " The Document- ary Hist, of S. C." (1764-81), and for several years edited the Columbia South-Carolinian. At the burning of Columbia in 1865, his fine man- sion, with its valuable coll. of paintings, fossil remains, and geol. specimens, fell a prey to the flames. He pub. " Memoir of Jas. DeVeaux," 1845 ; " Sketch of Chas. Fraser the Artist ; " a "Memoir on Mososaurus," &c.,4to, 1850. In 1842 he pub. in Amer. Journal of Med. Science an article on Pneumonia, which revolutionized its treatment by opposing the use of the lancet. Gibbon, John, brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Pa. 1826. West Point, 1847. Entering the 3d Art., he served in the Mexican war ; became 1st lieut. 12 Sept. 1850; assist, instr. in art. at West Point in 1854-6; capt. Nov. 2, 1859; brig.-gen. of vols. May 2, 1862, and com. a brigade in King's division of McDowell's army corps. He was highly commended for good conduct in the engagement at Gainesville, Aug. 28; took part in the battles of South Moun- tain, Antietam, Chancellorsville; and at Fred- ericksburg led a division in Sedgcwick's corps, and was wounded. He com. the 2d corps, and was severely wounded at Gettysburg, for which he was brevetted col. 4 July, 1863. In the Richmond campaign, he com. a division 2d corps till Jan. 15, 1865, and subsequently of the 24th corps, being engaged in battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North Anna, To- lopotomy, and Cold Harbor, and operations about Petersburg, June, 1864, to Apr. 1865; maj-gen. vols. 7 June, 1864; brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. 12 Mar. 1865, for Spottsylvania, and maj.-gen. for the capture of Petersburg, Va. ; col. 36th Inf. 28 July, 1866. He pub. "The Artillerist's Manual," N.Y. 1859. Gibbons, Gen. Edward, b. Eng.; d. Bos- ton, Dec. 9, 1 654. He came to Amer. bef. 1 629, was a merchant of Boston, a representative in 1638-47, maj.-gen. 1649-51, assist. 1650-51, and capt. of the A. and H. Art. company. He advanced more than 2,500 pounds to La' Tour, secured by mortgage of his fort and lands in Acadia, which he lost on its capture by D'Au- bray. In 1643 he was one of the N*. E. com- missioners who formed a confederation, which met annually for many years to consult for the common peace and prosperity. Gibbs, Alfred, brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. N.Y. April 23, 1823 ; d. Fort Leavenworth, Ks., Dec. 26, 1868. West Point, 1846. En- tering the mounted rifles, he earned the brevets of lieut. and captain for gallantry at Cerro Gordo, Contreras, and Belen Gate; next served in Cal. on the staff of Gen. P. F. Smith, and, in com. of a detachment, greatly distinguished himself in conflict with the Mimbres Apaches, in which he was severely wounded March 9, 1857. Capt. 3d cav. May 13, 1861 ; maj. 7th cav. 28 July, 1866; brig.-gen. vols. 19 Oct. 1864. When the Rebellion broke out, he was serving in Texas, and was taken prisoner. Exchanged in Aug. 1862, he took com. of the 130th N.Y. vols., and served under Sheridan in the latter part of the war, participating in all the battles of the Army of the Potomac. Com. cav. reserve brigade ; brev. major for battle of Trevillian Station, 11 June, 1864 ; lieut.-col. for Winchester, 19 Sept. 1864 ; col. for Five Forks, 13 Mar. 1865; maj.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865. — Cullum. Gibbs, George, grandson of Oliver Wol- cott, b. Newtown, L.I., 8 July, 1817. Has pub. " Memoirs of the Administration of Wash* ington and John Adams," edited from the papers of Wolcott, 2 vols. 8vo, 1846; "The Judicial Chronicle," Camb., 8vo, 1834. — Al- libone. Gibbs, JOSIAII WiLLARD, LL.D. (N. J. Coll. 18.53), philologist, b. Salem, Ms., Apr. 30, 1790; d. N. Haven, March 25,1861. Y. Coll. 1809. Tutor there from 1811 to 1815, and, G^IB 359 GrlB from 1824 to his d., prof, of sacred literature. Librarian of Y. Coll. 1824-43. He pub. a translation of Stons's " Essay on the Hist. Sense of the New Test.," 1817, and of Gese- nius' " Hebrew Lexicon of the Old Testa- ment," 1824; "Manual Hebrew and En;j;Iish Lexicon," abridged from Gesenius, 1828; "Philological Studies," 1857; "Latin Analyst," 1858; " Teutonic Etymology," 1860. Author of .several sections of Prof. W. C. Fowler's work on the English language, and contrib. to periodicals numerous important papers on top- ics of philology and criticism. — Ob. Rec. Yale, 1861. Gibbs, Sir Samuel, K.C.B., a Brit, maj.- gen. ; killed at the battle of N. Orleans, Jan. 8, 1815. App. ensign 102d Foot, Oct. 1783; lieut.-col. 10th W. I. regt. 1802; brev. col. July, 1810; maj.-gen. June, 1813. He was made prisoner at Ostend in 1 798 ; com. the 1 1 th regt. at the attack of St. Martin's in the exped. against the Danish and Swedish islands ; served at the capture of Cape of Good Hope, 1796 ; com. a brigade in Travancore and in the cxpcd. to Java, and, as second in com., ac- comp. Sir E. I'ackenham to N. Orleans in Dec. \9>\A:. — PhiUpart. Gibbs, William Channing, gov. R.L 1821-4; d. Newport, R.L, 21 Feb. 1871, a. 84. Gibson, Col. George, b. Lancaster, Pa., Oct. 1747; d. Fort Jefferson, Dec. 14, 1791. After receiving an academical education, he entered a mercantile house in Phila., and made several voyages to the W. Indies as super- cargo. On the breaking-out of the Revol., he raised a company of 100 men at Fort Pitt, and was app. a captain in one of the State regts. His men, known in the army as " Gibson's lambs," were disting. for individual bravery and independence, and, being all sharpshooters, did good service in repelling Lord jiuumorc's attack on Hampton, Oct. 25, 1775. In order to obtain a supply of gunpowder, then alarm- ingly scarce, he undertook a journey to N. Orleans ; descended the river with 25 picked men of his corps, with a cargo of flour, osten- sibly as a trader, and, after various encounters with hostile Indians, succeeded in accomplish- ing his mission. App. to the com. of a Va. regt., he joined Washington shortly before the evacuation of York Island ; was at the battle of Trenton, and in nearly all the principal battles until the close of the campaign of 1778. After the war, he retired to his farm in Cum- berland Co., and held the office of county lieut. until, in 1791, he was offered by Wash- ington the com. of one of the regts. then rais- ing for St. Clair's exped. In tlie disastrous battle of the Miami, Nov. 4, 1791, he received a mortal wound at the close of the action. — Roriers. Gibson, Gen. George, son of Col. George, b. Pa. ; d. Washington, D.C., Sept. 21, 1861. App. capt. 5th Inf. May 3, 1808; major 7th Inf. Nov. 9, 1811 ; lieut.-col, 5th Inf. Aug. 15, 1813, and served through the war of 1812-15; quartermaster-gen. April 29, 1816; assigned to Jackson's division ; commissary- gen. April 18, 1818; brev. brig.-gen. Apr. 29, 1826; brev. maj.-gen. for meritorious conduct in the Mex. war, May 30, 1848. He admin- istered the commissary department over 40 years, to the entire satisfaction of the army. Gibson, Col. James, merchant of Boston, b. Lond. ab. 1700 ; d. ab. 1752, Entering the British army, he served at Barbadoes, where, Oct. 30, 1730, he became possessed, by marriage, of a large plantation in Jamaica; soon after retired from the service, and settled as a mer- chant in Boston. He accomp. the Louisburg exped. in 1745 as a "gentleman volunteer," and superintended the removal of the prisoners to France. In 1748 parliament voted him £547 15s. to re-imburse him for expense incurred by him ; but it was never paid. Returning to Boston, he embarked in the W. India trade, and d. while on a visit there. He pub. "An Account of the Louisburg Exped.," Lond. 1745, which was repub. in Boston in 1847 by a descendant, L. D. Johnson, under the title of " A Boston Merchant of 1745." Gibson, Col. James, b. S. Milford, Sus- sex Co., Del.; d, Sept. 18, 1814, of a wound received in Brown's sortie from Fort Erie Sept. 17. West Point, 1808. Capt. 2 May, 1810; assist, inspect.-gen. April 2, 1813; inspector-gen. (rank of col.) July 13, 1813 ; and col. 4th Rifles, Feb. 21, 1814. Participated in the attack on Queenstown Heights, UC, 13 Oct. 1812 ; and in the campaign on the Niagara frontier of 1814. Gibson, Gen. John, bro. of Col. George, a Revol. officer, b. Lancaster, Pa., May 23, 1740 ; d. Braddock's Field, near Vinccnnes, Apr. 10, 1822. After receiving a classical education, he joined, at the age of 18, Gen. Forbes's exped., which took Fort Du Quesne (Pittsburg). Settling at Fort Pitt as an Indian trader at the peace, he was soon after taken prisoner by the Indians, and was preserved from the flames in which his unfortunate companions perished, by an aged squaw, who adopted him in place of her son, who had been killed in battle. Remaining several years with the Indians, he became familiar with their language, manners, customs, and traditions. At the close of hos- tilities, he again settled at Fort Pitt. In 1774 he acted a conspicuous part in Dunmore's exped. against the Shawnee towns, particularly in negotiating the peace which followed, and restored many captives to their friends. On the breaking-out of the Revol., he was app. to the com. of a continental regt. ; served with the army at New York, and in the retreat through Jersey ; but for the rest of the war com, on the western frontier, a post for which he was peculiarly qualified. In 1788 he was a mem- ber of the Pa. Const. Conv. ; was subsequently a judge of the C.C.P. of Alleghany Co., and also a major-gen. of militia. In 1800 he re- ceived from Pres. Jefferson the app. of sec. of the Territory of Ind., which office he held until it became a State, and was acting gov. in 1811-13. — Z^or/ers. Gibson, John Bannister, LL.D., jurist, b. Carlisle, Pa., Nov. 8. 1780; d. Phila. May 3, 1853. Dick. Coll. 1800. Son of Col. George. He studied law; was adm. to the bar of Cumberland Co. in 1803 ; practised suo cessively in Carlisle and Beaver, Pa., and in Hagerstown, Md. ; was in the legisl. in 1810- 11 ; was in July, 1813, app. judge of the 11th GIB 360 G-IXi Dist. ; was promoted to the Supreme Court in 1816; and held the office of chief justice from 1827 to 1851, when the amendment to the Constitution made the judiciary elective; and he was immediately elected to the Supreme Bench by a larjre majority. Gibson, William, M.D. (U. of Edinb. 1809), LL.D., surgeon and author, b. Balti- more, 1788; d. Savannah, Ga., March 2, 1868. He settled in practice in Baltimore, and was a professor of surg. in the U. of Md. He ren- dered essential service in the riots in Baltimore. Fond of military surgery, he was present at the battles of Corunna and of Waterloo, where he was slightly wounded. For more than 30 years he filled* the chair of surgery in the U. of Pa., and performed repeatedly all, or nearly all, of the great operations of the profession ; having, in 1812, taken up the com. iliac artery. He twice successfully performed the Cesarean section upon t'.ie same woman. At the age of 70 he retired from practice, and removed to Newport, R.I. Author of " Principles and Practice of Surgery," 1824-5; "Rambles in Europe in 1839," being sketches of prominent surgeons; and, in 1841, "A Lecture on the Eminent Belgian Surgeons and Physicians." Forever CO years he kept a daily journal. GiddingS, Joshua Reed, statesman, b. Athens, Pa.. Oct. 6, 1795; d. Montreal, May 27, 1864. His parents were among the first settlers of Ashtabula Co., 0. In 1812 he en- listed as a substitute for an elder bro., and was in two severe engagements with the Indians near Sandusky Bay. He afterward taught school; was adm. to the bar in 1820; was a member of the legisl. in 1826; and M.C. from 1838 to 1861. An active abolitionist, lie sup- ported John Quincy Adams upon the right of petition, and became a prominent champion of the abolition of slavery and the slave-trade in the District of Columbia and the Ter- ritories. Feb. 9, 1841, he delivered his first antislavcry speech upon the Indian war in Fla., which he contended was a proslavery contest. His resolutions of March 21, 1842, in reference to " The Creole," a vessel, which, while engaged in transporting slaves from Va. to New Orleans, was captured by them, and taken into Nassau, created intense excitement. A resolution censuring the conduct of Mr. GiddingS having been adopted by 125 to 69, he instantly resigned his seat, but was re- elected by a large majority. He opposed the annexation of Texas. In 1850 he took a prominent part in opposing the " Compromise Measures," especially the fugitive-slave law; was conspicuous also in the debates upon the repeal of the Mo. Compromise, and in those upon the subsequent troubles in Kansas. May 8, 1856, while addressing the house, he sud- denly fell to the floor in a state of unconscious- ness, from which, however, he soon revived. Jan. 17, 1858, he fell again in the same way, and was compelled, for a time, to be absent from his post. Consul-gen. to Canada from 1861 to his death. In 1843 he wrote a series of political essays signed "Pacificus." A vol. of his speeches was pub. in 1853; in 1858 "The Exiles of Florida;" and in 1864 "A History of the Rebellion, 1861-3." Gignoux, FRANgois Regis, landscape- painter, b. Lyons, France, 1816 ; studied under Delaroche and Vernet. Came to the U.S. in 1840, settled in N.Y.,and was first pres. of the Brooklyn Art Acad. Among his noted pic- tures are " Niagara in Winter," " Virginia in Indian Summer," " Four Seasons in America," " First Snow," " Dismal Swamp," " A Win- ter in Vermont," " Niagara by Moonlight," and "First Snow in the Adirondacks." — Tackerman. Giffbrd, Sanfoed R., landscape-painter, b. Saratoga Co., N.Y. His father is proprietor of extensive ironworks at Hudson. He stud- ied the elements of his art with John R. Smith in N.Y., and continued his studies in Europe. He did duty with the N.Y. 7th regt. in 1861. His best works are " The Wilderness," " Tbe Coming Rain," " Coming Storm," " Quebec," " Camp of the 7th Regiment," " On the Hud- son," " First Skating of the Season," " Mount Washington," and *' Morning in the Moun- tains." — Tuchei-man. Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, a disting. Eng- lish navigator, b. Dartmouth, Dcvonsliire, in 1539 ; d. at sea, Sept. 9, 1583. After studying at Eton and Oxford, he embraced the military profession. For his services in Ireland in sup- pressing a rebellion, he was made cora.-in-chief and gov. of Munster, and knighted by the lord- deputy in 1570. He soon afterwards returned to Eiig., where he m. a rich heiress. In 1572 he sailed with a re-enforcement of 9 ships for Col. Morgan, who at that time meditated the recovery of Flushing ; and, on his return, pub. his " Discourse to prove a Passage by the North- West to Cathaia and the E. Indies." June 11, 1578, Gilbert obtained from Queen Elizabeth letters-patent, empowering him to discover and possess any lands in N.A. then unsettled. This was the first colonial charter granted by Eng. He accordingly sailed to Newfoundland in 1579; but a violent storm compelled him to return. June 11, 1583, he sailed a second time with 5 ships, and, landing at Newfoundland, took possession of the har- bor of St John's. By virtue of his patent, he granted leases to several families ; but, though none of them remained there at that time, they afterwards settled in consequence of these leases: so thai; Sir Humphrey deserves remem- brance as the real founder of England's Amer- ican possessions. In this exped. his half-bro. Raleigh was a joint adventurer. Aug. 20, 1583, Gilbert put to sea again in a small sloop to explore thecoast : he then steered homeward ; but his small bark foundered at sea, and all on board perished. Gilbert, Mr. and Mrs. John Gibbs. Mr. G. was b. Boston, 1809. Made his debut at the Tremont, Nov. 28, 1828, as Jafficr in " Venice Preserved ; " and became highly popu- lar in his native city, particularly in old men and in the higher walks of comedy. In 1847 he played at the Princess's Theatre, Lond. At present (1870), he is acting-manager of Wal- lack's Theatre, N.Y. Mrs. G., b. Phila. 1801 ; d. N.Y. Apr. 27, 1866. Made her first appear- ance at the Tromont as Sophie in "Of Ago To-morrow." She accomp. her husband to Eng. in 1847. — Brown's Amer. Stage. GUu 361 G-ir. Gilbert, Raleigh, a patentee of N. Eng., nephew of Sir Walter R. ; com. a vessel in the exped. to settle at the mouth of the Ken- nebec in 1607. Arriving at Monhegan Island, Aug. 11, they built fort St. George at Cape Small Point, now in Phipsburg. George Pop- ham was pres., and Gilbert adm. In the fol- lowing spring, having become by the death of his bro.. Sir John Gilbert, heir to his property, he returned to Eng. ; and Mr. Popham having died, and the storehouse being burnt, the whole Colony went back with him. Gilchrist, John James, jurist, b. Medford, Ms., Feb. 16, 1809; d. Washington, Apr. 29, 1858. H.U. 1828. Son of Capt. James. He settled as a lawyer in Charlestown, N.II. ; be- came disting. ; was in the N. H. legisl. ; was register of probate for Sullivan Co. ; m. a dau. of Gov. Hubbard; became assoc. in 1840, and in 1848 cliief justice of the N.H. Supreme Court, and in 1855 of the U.S. Court of Claims. He was pre-eminent as a. nisi pn'us judge. In 1846 he pub. a digest, of N.H. Reports. Giles, Henry, lecturer and author, b. Craanlbrd, Wexford, Ireland, Nov. 1, 1809. Educated at the Acad, of Belfast. Though bred in the R. C. Church, he l)ecame a Unita- rian, and was pastor in Greenock for 2 years, and in Liverpool for 3 years. In 1840 he came to Amer., where he has lectured and oc- casionally preached. He delivered 4 of the 13 lectures in the celebrated Liverpool controver- sy between the Episcopalians and the Unitari- ans in 1839. He pub. " Lectures and Essays," 2 vols., Boston, 1845; "Christian Thoughts on Life," 1850; and "Illustrations of Genius in some of its Applications to Society and Culture," 1854. He has addressed many lite- rary societies and library associations, and gave one course of lectures before the Lowell Insti- tu'e in Boston on " The Genius and Writings of Shakspeare." He has resided for several years in Quincy, Ms. Giles, William Branch, statesman, b. Amelia Co., Va., Aug. 12, 1762 ; d. Richmond, Dec. 4, 1830. N.J. Coll. 1781. Adm. to the bar, and practised at Petersburg, but ab. 1790 embarked in politics, first as a Federalist, af- terward as a Democrat; M. C. in 1790-8 and 1801-2; U.S. senator from Aug. 1804 to 1815; gov. of Va. 1827-30, and member of the legisl. 1829-30. He separated from the Federalists on the question of establishing a U.S. bank in Dec. 1790. Jan. 23, 1793, he charged Hamil- ton with corruption and peculation. In 1796 he opposed the creation of a navy and the ratifi- cation of Jay's treaty, and the proposed war with France in 1798. In that year he declined a seat in Congress that he might aid Madison in passing the celebrated resolutions of '98 in the Va. legisl. He was an able debater, supported the administration during the war of 1812-15, and was disting. in the deliberations of the State Const. Con v. of 1829. As a parliament- ary tactician he was unrivalled. He pub. "A Speech on the Embargo " in 1808 ; " Political Letters to the People of Va." in 1813 ; an in- vective letter against President Monroe, and others to John Marshall and J. Q. Adams. Gillem, Alvan C, brev. raaj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Tenn. West Point, 1851. Entering the 1st Art., he served against the Seminoles in Fla. in 1851-2; capt. 19th Inf. 14 May, 1861, de- clined; capt. and asst. quarterm. 12*JuIy, 1861; col. 10th Tenn. vols. 13 May, 1862 ; brig.-gen. vols. 17 Aug. 1863; col. 1st. Cav. 28 July, 1866; brev. maj.l9 Jan. 1862, for Mill Springs, Ky. ; engaged at Shiloh and Corinth ; com. brigade in Tenn. 24 Dec. 1862 to 1 June 1863; adj. -gen. State of Tenn. 1863-5; com. exped. to E. Tenn. Aug. 1864 to Mar. 1865, and en- gaged in various affairs there ; brev. lieut.-col. 16 Dec. 1864, for action at Marion, Va. ; vice- pres. of the convention to re-organize Txjnn. 9 Jan. 1865; com. cav. division 18 Mar. to July 3, 1865, and in exped. to N.C., participating in action at and capture of Salisbury, N.C., and action near Asheville, 22 Apr. 1865 ; com. dist. of Mpi. 1867 ; brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865, for merit, services in the Rebellion, and brev. maj.-gen. for battle of Salisbury, N.C.— C«//»m. Gillespie, William Mitchell, LL.D., author and civil engineer, b. New York, 1816 ; d. there Jan. 1, 1868. Col. Coll. 1834. After having spent about 10 years in Europe, partly in prosecuting his studies, and partly in travel and observation, he was prof, of civil engineer- ing in Un. Coll. 1845-68. He pub. in 1845 an entertaining volume, " Rome as seen by a New- Yorker in 1843-4;" "Roads and Railroads, a Manual for Road-Making; " "The Philo.sophy of Mathematics," from the French of Comte, 1857 ; and in 1855 a work on " The Principles and Practice of Land-Survey ing." Gillette, Abraham Dunn, pastor of Cal- vary Church, N.Y. City, b. Cambridge, N.Y., 1809. Has pub. " History of the 1 1 th Baptist Church, Phila.; " " Memoir of Rev. Daniel H. Gillette ; " " Pastor's Last Gift." Edited " So- cial Hymns" and "Minutes of Phila. Bapt. As.soc.'from 1707 to 1807." — Allibom. Gilliss, James Melvin, capt. U. S. N., astronomer, b. D.C. 1810; d. Washington, D.C., Feb. 9, 1865. Midshipman March 1, 1827; becamecapt. July 16, 1862. In 1838 he organized the first working observatory in the U.S., and in 1843 pub. the first vol. of " Amer- ican Astronomical Observations." In Sept. 1842 Lieut. Gilliss began the construction of a naval observatory, finished in 1845. Author of "The U.S. Astron. Exped. to the Southern Hemisphere in 1 849-52," 4to, 2 vols. 185.5. He visited Peru in 1858, and Washington Territo- ry in 1860. April 22, 1861, he was put in charge of the National Observatory in place of Maury, which, under his charge, became a first-class institution. Shortly before his death, he made a report upon the parallax of the plan- et Mars. He made valuable improvements in the instruments of astronomical science. Gillis, John P., commo. U.S.N., b. Wil- mington, Del. A resident of Illinois. Mid- shipman Dec. 12, 1825; lieut. Feb. 9, 1837; com. Sept. 14, 1855; capt. July 16, 1862; commo. Sept. 1867; light-house insp. fourth dist. 1870; had charge of "The Decatur's " boats at the capture of Tuspan ; com. schoon- er " Tampico " and the flotilla on Alvarado River, and was acting gov. during the Mexi- can war; in Perry's Japan exped. 1853-4; QIXj 862 GrL. com. steamer " Monticello " in the Hatteras Inlet fij^ht ; com. " The Seminole," and ren- dered efficient service at capture of Port Royal ; in " The Fernandina " exped. ; in attack on Sewell's Point, May, 1862; joined West Gulf squad, in " The Ossipee ; " com. a division off Mobile, and in 1864 was retired on account of sickness contracted in the service. — Havierslj/. Gillmore, Quincy Adams, brev. ma j.-gen. U.S.A., b. Black River, Lorain Co., O., Feb. 28, 1825. West Point (1st in his class), 1849. He entered the engr. corps, became 1st lieut. in 1856, capt. Aug. 6, 1861, and ratij. June 1, 1863. From 1849 to 1852, he was employed on the fortifications of Hampton Roads, Va., and was then for 4 years assist, instructor of engineering at West Point. In Oct. 1861 he was app. chief engr. of the exped. against the Southern coast under Gen. T. W. Sherman. He superintended the construction of the forti- fications at Hilton Head, and planned and ex- ecuted the operations resulting in the capture of Fort Pulaski, Apr. 11, 1862, an account of which he pub. in 1863, 8vo, N.Y. April 28, 1862, he was made brig.-gen. of vols. In Sept. 1862 he was assigned to the com. of the dist. of Western Va. ; com. at the battle of Somerset, Ky., 30 Mar. 1863, and brev. col. U.S.A. for that exploit. June, 1863, he suc- ceeded Gen. Hunter in the command of the dept. of S.C., and was promoted to maj.-gen. 10 July, 1863. He operated against the de- fences of Charleston harbor, silencing Forts Sumter and Wagner ; but the navy failed to take advantage of his successes. In May, 1864, he joined Butler in his disastrous opera- tions up the James River, in com. 10th army corps ; com. the 19th corps, in pursuit of Early, in July, and subsequently com. the dept. of S.C. ; brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A. for capture of Forts Wagner and Gregg. Author of " Limes, Cements, and Mortars," 1863 ; " Engineer and Art. Operations against Charleston," 1863. — CuUum. Gillon, CoMMODOBB Alexander, a naval officer of the Revol., b. Rotterdam, 1741; d. Oct. 1794. He belonged to a wealthy com- mercial family ; was some time a resident of Lond. ; came to Charleston, S.C, in 1766, and became a prosperous mercliant. In May, 1777, in an armed ship, he captured 3 British cruisers, boarding them one after the other. App. com- mo. in the navy of S.C. in 1778, he sailed for France, where he hired a frigate, which he named the " South Carolina," in which he took many valuable prizes. With a large fleet, partly Spanish, he com. the exped. which in May, 1782, captured the Bahama Islands. He was a man of engaging person, and great en- terprise. M.C. 1793-4; often in State legisl., and member Const. Conv. of S.C. — Johnson's Becolls. Gilman, Caroline, authoress, wife of Rev. Samuel, b. Boston, Oct. 8, 1794; dau. of Samuel Howard of Boston, and was ed- ucated at various schools in Concord, Cam- bridge, and other towns of Ms. At the age of 16 she wrote a poem, " Jephthah's Rash Vow," and soon after " Jairus's Daughter," which was pub. in the iV.^'l. Review. In 1819 shem. ^nd removed to Charleston, S.C, where she has since resided. In 1832 she began to edit the Rosebud, a juvenile weekly, afterward named the Southern Rose, containing articles of much literary merit. From this she re- printed her " Recollections of a New-England Housekeeper," " Recollections of a Southern Matron ;" Ruth Raymond, or Love's Progress ; " "Poetry of Travelling in the U.S.," 1838; " Verses of a Lifetime; " " Mrs. Oilman's Gift- Book," and other vols. She has also pub. " Or- acles from the Poets," 1847 ; and " The Sibyl, or New Oracles from the Poets," 1848. Mrs. Oilman has edited the "Letters of Eliza Wil- kinson during the Invasion of Charleston," in Mrs. Ellett's " Women of the Revol." In 1 860 she pub. a memorial of her husband, entitled " Records of Inscriptions in the Cemetery and Building of the Unitarian Church, Archdale Street, Charleston, S.C, from 1777 to 1860." Her dau., Mrs. Caroline Howard Glover, b. 1823, and educated in Charleston, m. in 1840. Besides contrib. poems and tales to the maga- zines of the South, she pub. in 1858 " Ver- non Grove," a novel, contrib. to the Southern Literary Messenger. Gilman, Chandler Robbins, M.D., phy- sician and author, b. Marietta, O., Sept. 6, 1802 ; d. Middletown, Ct., Sept. 26, 1865. U. of Pa. 1824. His father and grandfather (Judge Oilman) were among the earliest set- tlers of O. He studied medicine, and practised many years in N.Y. From 1841 till his d., he was prof, of obstetrics in the Coll. of Physi- cians and Surgeons, N.Y., and, after the death of Dr. Beck, prof, of med. jurisprudence. Early in life, he, with his relative, C. F. Hoff- man, had charge of the Amer. Monthli/. In 1835 he pub. " Legends of a Log-Cabin," rem- iniscences of his Western life, and " Life on the Lakes.'* He prepared for the press Dr. Beck's " Lectures on Materia Medica;" edited his " Medical Jurisprudence ; " wrote " A Sketch of the Life and Character of Dr. J. B. Beck," 1851 ; " The Relations of the Medical to the Legal Profession," 1856; a "Medico Legal Examination of the Case of Charles B. Hun- tmgton; Tracts on Generation and numerous contributions to medical maga- zines. Gilman, John Taylor, statesman. Son of Nicholas, b. Exeter, N.H., Dec. 19, 17.53 ; d. Sept. 1, 1828. On the morning after the news of the battle of Lexington, he with 100 others marched to Cambridge. He was sub- sequently assist, to his father, the treasurer of the State; in Oct. 1780 was a delegate from N.H. to the convention at Hartford to provide for the common defence ; a delegate to the Cont. Congress in 1782-3 ; State treasurer, 1783-92 ; gov. 1794 to 1805 and 1813-16, and a State representative in 1810-11. In politics he was a decided Federalist. Under the confed- eration, he, with Irvine and Kean, was a com- missioner to settle the accounts of the different States. Gilman, Nicholas, statesman, son of Nicholas, treas. of N.H. ; d. Phila. May 2, 1814, a. 52. He was a delegate from N.H. to the Cont. Congress from 1786 to 1788; and after the adoption of the U.S. Constitution, of which he was one of the framers, was M.C from GIJL, 363 GMR 1789 to 1797, and was a U.S. senator from 1805 to 1814. — Lanman. Gilman, Samuel, D.D. (H.U. 1837), Uni- tarian clerpfvman and scholar, b. Gloucester, Ms., Feb. 16, 1791 ; d. Kingston, Ms., Feb. 9, 1858. H.U. 1811. He was tutor in mathe- matics at Cambridge from 1817 to 1819, and was pastor of the church in Charleston, S.C, from Dec. 1819 until his death. He contrib. largely to the N. A. Review and other periodi- cals on a wide range of subjects, a vol. of which was pub. in 1856 under the title of ** Contributions to Amer, Literature." One of his well-known productions is the " Me- moirs of a N. E. Village Choir," 1829 ; another is " Pleasures and Pains of a Student's Life," 1852. He translated the Satires of Boileau, and pub. some original poems, among them the " History of a Ray of Light," and a poem read before the Phi Beta Kappa Society of H.U. He took a prominent part in Charleston in promoting the temperance cause, as well as the interests of literature. Husband of Caro- line (Howard) Gilman. An interesting biog. sketch of Dr. Gilman is in the Monthly Reli- gious Magazine, Boston, Apr. 1858. Gilmer, George R., lawverand legislator, b. Wilkes Co., Ga., Apr. 11, 'l790; d. Lexing- ton, Ga., Nov. 22, 1859. He received an aca- demical education, studied law, and settled in Lexington, Oglethorpe Co., Ga. In 1813 he served as a lieut. in the Creek war. He was in the State legisl. in 1818-19 and 1824; was gov. in 1829-31 and 1837-9, and, during the latter term, removed the Cherokees from Ga. M.C. from 1821 to 1823, from 1827 to 1829, and from 1833 to 1835, and was for 30 years trustee of the Ga. Coll. Author of a book pub. in 1855 entitled " Georgians," which con- tains much useful and interesting information touching the early settlement of his native State. — Lanman. Gilmer, Thomas W. of Charlottesville, Va., sec. of the U.S. navy ; killed ly the ac- cident on board the U.S. steamer " Prmceton," Feb. 28, 1844; gov. of Va. 1840-41; M.C. from 1841 to 1843. Gilmore, Joseph Atherton, statesman, b. Weston, Vt., June 10, 1811; d. Concord, N.H., April 17, 1867. He was brought up on a farm; at 15 went to Boston, and entered a store ; became interested in railroads, both as a builder and manager; and, through these and his mining-interests, eventually acquired a large fortune. He returned to N.H. in 1843; supt. of the Manchester and Lawrence R.R. from Aug. 1853 to Dec. 1856, and also of the Concord and other connecting lines until Aug. 1866. State senator in 1858-9 ; pres. of that body in 1859 ; and was gov. of N.H. in 1863- June, 1865. Gilpin, Henrt D., lawyer and author, b. Phila. 1801; d. there Dec. 29, 1859. U. of Pa. 1819. He studied law, and began practice in Phila. in 1822; was U.S. atty. for his State in 1832 ; solicitor of the U.S. treasury in 1837 ; and U.S. atty.-gen. in 1840-1. In 1837 he pub. a vol. of reports of cases in the east- ern dist. of Pa., and in 1840 " Opinions of the Attorney-Generals." From 1826 to 1832 he edited " The Atlantic Souvenir," said to be the first American literary annual. He was pres. of the Pa, Acad, of Fine Arts, and vice- pres. of the Hist. Society ; contrib. to the lead- ing periodicals of the day ; wrote several of the biographies of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, beside other biographies, dis- courses, and addresses on various pul)lic occa- sions ; and also supervised the publication by Congress of the Madison Papers. — See Me- morial of H. D. Gilpin, 1860. Girnbrede, Thomas, miniature-painter and engraver, and teacher of drawing at West Point from 5 Jan. 1819 to his d. 25 Dec. 1832, b. France, 1781. Girard, Charles, naturalist, b. Mulhouse, France, 1822. In 1809 he was a pupil of Agassiz at Neuchatel ; became one of his as- sistants, and came with him to America, re- maining his assist, until 18.50, when he went to reside in Washington. He has pub. in the Smithsonian Contributions "Contributions to the Natural History of the Fresh-water Fishes of North America,; " in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila., a memoir on " The Embryonic Development of Planocera Elliptica ; " " Herpetology of the U.S. Expl. Exped. 1838-42," with a fol. atlas; and has contrib. articles on fishes and reptiles to the reports of Stansbury, Sitgreaves, Maury, Gillis of the Mex. boundary and Pacific R. R. surveys, and to the proceedings of various scien- tific bodies. One of his latest works is his " Ichthyological Notices." — Appleton. Girard, Stephen, merchant and banker, b. near Bordeaux, France, May 21, 1750; d. Phila. Dec. 26, 1831. He sailed as cabin-boy to the W. Indies and N.Y. ab. 1760; rose to be master and part owner of a coasting-vessel ; and earned enough to establish himself in business in Phila. in 1769. He traded to the W. Indies until the war, when he opened a grocery and liquor shop, at first in Phila. and afterward at Mount Holly, where he made money oi;t of the American soldiers. In 1780 he resumed his dealings with the W. Indies and N. Orleans ; was for a time in partnership with his brother John, but laid the foundation of his wealth by a profitable lease of a range of stores, and by the negro insurrection in St. Domingo. Two of his vessels were then in one of the ports of the island ; and many of the planters placed their treasures in them for safety, but were afterward cut off with their entire families. About $50,000 worth of property, whose own- ers could not be found, thus remained in Mr. Girard 's hands. By his remarkable capacity for business and his strictness in money-matters he became one of the richest merchants in the country. During the prevalence of the yellow- fever in Phila. he not only made liberal dona- tions of money, but performed in person the duties of physician and nurse. Having in 1812 purchased the building and much of the stock of the old U.S. Baiik, he commenced business as a private banker. During the war of 1812, he took the whole of a govt, loan of $5,000,000. He contrib. liberally to all public improvements, and adorned the city of Phila. with many handsome buildings. Of his prop- erty, amounting at his death to nearly 9 millions, comparatively little was bequeathed to his rela- GTU 36^ G^lLJ tives Besides large bequests to various public institutions, he gave to thecity of Phila., forira- proveineiit of its streets, buildings, &c,, $500,- 000; for the improvement of canal-navigation in Pa., $300,000. His principal bequest was the sum of $2,000,000, besides the residue of a certain portion of his estate, togetiier with a plot of ground in Phila., for the erection and support of a coll. for orphans. It was opened Jan. 1, 1848. The main building is the finest specimen of Grecian architecture in America. By a provision of his will, no ecclesiastic, mis- sionary, or minister, of any sect whatever, is to hold any connection with the coll., or be adm. to the premises even as a visitor ; but the offi- cers of the institution are required to instruct the pupils in the purest principles of morality, and leave them to adopt their own religious opinions. — See Life by S. Simpson, 12mo, Phila. 1832. Girardin, L. H., app. prof, of mod. lan- guages of Wm. and Mary Coll. in 1803 ; wrote a continuation of Burke's "Hist, of Virginia." He afterward pub. in the Gleaner, a Richmond periodical, a long Latin poem, "Maiomachia — Sive Duello." Gird, Henry H., scholar, b. N.Y. 1801 ; d. N. Orleans, June 1, 1845. West Point, 1822. Assist, instructor inf. tactics at West Point, 1822-4; adj. there 1824-7; resigned Nov. 1829 ; prof, mathematics and nat. philos. La. Coll. 1829-43 ; prcs. of the coll. 1831-42; in the U.S. mint, N. Orleans, 1843-5. Gist, MoRDECAi, brig.-gen. Revol. armv, b. Baltimore, Md., 1743; d. Charleston, S.C., Sept. 2, 1792. His ancestors were early emi- grants to Md. He was a merchant at the breaking-out of the Revol. ; was capt. of the first corps raised in Md. ; major, Jan. 1776, of Smallwood's batt. ; he com. the regt. at the battle of Long Island, Aug. 1776, in the ab- sence of its col. and lieut.-col.; promoted to dol, in 1777; he was in the battle of German- town in Sept. of that year ; was made brig.- gen. in Jan. 1779, and with his brave Mary- landers bore the brunt of the disastrous battle of Camden in 1780. Present at the surrender of CornwalHs. After the war, he resided on his plantation near Charleston. His tall and graceful figure, symmetrical proportions, great streni-th, and expressive features, lighted by eyes of singular brightness, indicated the chivalry of his character. Gla'dden, Adley H., gen. C.S. A., b. S.C. ; mortally wounded at the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1862. Major in Col. Butler's Pal- metto regt. of S. C. vols, in the Mexican war, and became lieut.-col. and commander of the regt. at Churubusco, where both his superior officers were killed. He was severely wounded in the confl:ct at the Belen Gate. App. in 1861 brig.-gen. in the Southern army; he was assigned a brigade in Withers's division of Bragg's corps; was wounded on the first day of the battle of Shiloh, and died soon afterward. Gladwin, Henry, a Brit, maj.-gen. ; d. Stu biting, near Chesterfield, Derby, Eng., June 22, 1791. He became a lieut. in the 48th Foot, Aug. 28, 1753; was wounded in the exped. of Braddock, 1755 ; capt. in the 80th, Dec. 25, 1757 ; major of that regt. June 20, 1759 ; was next dep. adj.-gen. in Atner. (which post he filled until 1780), and served with great dis- tinction during the war. His gallant defence of Detroit against Pontiac was rewarded by- promotion to lieut.-col. Sept. 17, 1763; col. Aug. 29, 1777; and maj.-gen. Sept. 26, 1782.— O'Callaijhan. Glasson, John J., commo. U.S.N., b. N.Y. City. Midshipra. Feb. 1, 1823; lieut. Feb. 9, 1837; com. Sept. 14, 1855; commo. Sept. 28, 1866. Served under Com. Porter in the suppression of piracy in the W. Indies in 1823; com. schooner "Falcon" at capture of Vera Cruz; relieved a French vessel, " L'Asie," from peril off^ the coast of Yucatan ; com. store- ship " Lexington " in Perry's Japan exped. 1853-4; com. Norfolk Navy-Yard, 1864-6. Ret. 1 Oct. 1864. — Hamersly. Gleig, George Robert, author and clergyman, b. Stirling, Scotland, 20 Apr. 1796. Son of Bishop G., and educated at Oxford. He entered the British army in 1812; served under Wellington in the Peninsular war, and in America at Baltimore, Washington, andN. Orleans, and was wounded in the battle of Bladensburg. He pub. "Life of the Duke of Wellington," " The Subaltern in America," and " Campaigns of Washington and New Or- leans." Pie afterward took orders ; was chap- lain of Chelsea Hospital for some time, and was made chaplain-gen. to the forces in 1846. One of the most voluminous authors of the day. Glenn, James, gov. of S.C. from Jan. 1744 to 1755. Near the close of his admin- istration, he concluded a treaty with the Cherokees in their own country, by which a large extent of territory was ceded to the king, contributing greatly to the interest and safety of the colony. He pub. " A Description of S.C," 8vo, Lond. 1761. Glentworth, George, physician and surgeon, b. Phila. July 22, 1735; d. there Nov. 4, 1792. U. of Edinburgh, 1758. Ho was a surgeon in the Brit, army during the last French war in America. In 1777 he relin- quished his extensive practice, and became surgeon of a regt. ; afterward senior surgeon in the Amer. army; and subsequently di- rector-gen. of hospitals for the middle division. Gliddon, George Robins, archjeologist, b. Devonshire, Eng., 1809 ; d. Panama, N.G., Nov. 16, 1857. He passed a large part of his life in Egypt, where he succeeded his father as U.S. consul, exploring the ruins of the country, and made valuable contribs. to learning, both by lectures and publications. After leaving Egypt, he came to the U.S., and lectured at Boston, New York, and Phila. on Egyptian antiquities. He pub. " An Essay on the Pro- duction of Cotton in the Valley of the Nile ; " " An Appeal to Europe against the Destruction of Egyptian Monuments by Mehemet Ali," 1841 ; " Discourses on Egyptian Arclueology," 1841; "Otia ^gypiiaca," 1849; "Ancient Egypt," 1850; "Indigenous Races of the Earth," also partly written by Dr. Nott and others, 1857; "Review of the American in Egypt," from theiV.F. World, Aug. 6, 1842. One of his latest works was "The Types of Mankind," 1854, which he prepared in con- G-LI 365 GOJD nection with Dr. Nott of Mobile. At the time of his death, he was connected with the Hon- duras Inter-oceanic Railroad Co. Glisson, Oliver S., rcar-adm. U.S.N., b. Ohio, Jan. 18, 1809. Midshipman Nov. 1, 1826; lieut. Feb. 9, 1837; command. Sept. 14, IS'jS; capt. July 16, 1862; commo. July 25, 1866; rear-adm. 6 July, 1870. Com. schooner " Reefer," home squadron, during the Mexican war, 1847; steam-frigate ** Pow- hatan," E.I. squadron, Japan exped., 1853-5; com. steamer " Mount Vernon," N. Atl. block, squad., 1861 ; steam-sloop "Iroquois," West Gulf squad., 1862 ; steam-sloop " Mohi- can," 1 863-4; steamer "Santiago de Cuba," 1864-5 ; and in the two attacks on Fort Fisher, Dec. 1864 and Jan, 1865; com. naval station, League Island, Penn., 1867-70. Ret. 18 Jan. 187 1 . — Hamersly. Glover, John, brig.-gen. Revol. army, b. Salem, Nov. 5, 1732 ; d. Marblehead, Jan. 30, 1797. Diminutive in person, he was active and energetic, and possessed considerable military ability. At the outset of the war he raised 1,000 men of Marblehead, and joined the army at Cambridge, where he was of great service in organizing and disciplining the troops. The regt. he com. first numbered the 21st, afterward the 14th, was one of the first raised, as well as one of the best in the Con- tinental army. At the retreat from Long Island, this *' amphibious " regt. manned the boats, and brought the entire army ofFin safety. It also led the advance in crossing the Del. on the memorable night before the victory of Trenton. Made brig.-gen. Feb. 21, 1777; joined Schuyler in July ; did good service in the campaign against Burgoyne, and conducted the captive army to Cambridge, lie joined Greene's divi.sion in N.J. in 1778, and was de- tached to R.I. under Sullivan. Ordered to Ms. in 1780 to superintend the drafts from that State. — See Memoir by William P. Up- ham, Salem, 1863. Goddard, Calvin, judge, b. Shrewsbury, Ms., July 17, 1768; d. Norwich, May 2, 1842. Dartm. Coll. 1786. He passed two years as a teacher in the Plainfield Acad ; commenced the practice of law there in Nov. 1790, arid, aided by a commanding person and a graceful elocution, became disting. in his profession. He was often a member of the State legisl.; was in 1799 and 1800 speaker of the lower house; M.C. 1801-5; member of the State council from 1808 to 1815; was States atty. for New London Co. for 5 years ; 17 years mayor of Norwich, whither he removed in 1807 ; member of the Hartford Convention in 1814; and in 1815-18 was judge of the Su- preme Court of Ct. Goddard, Paul B., M.D., b. Baltimore, Jan. 26, 1811. Wash. Coll. 1828. Authorof " Anatomy, &c., of the Teeth," 4to, 1 844 ; " On the Arteries ; " " On the Nerves ; " editor of "Wilson's Anatomy;" "Wilson's Dis- sector;" " Moreau's Midwifery," 8vo, 1844; " Ricord on Syphilis," 8vo, 1851 ; " The Icono- graphie Portion of Rayer on the Skin," 1845 ; "Ashwell on Diseases of Females," Svo, 1850. — AUihone. Goddard, William, printer, son of Giles G., physician and postmaster at N. London, Ct., b. 1740; d. Providence, R. I., Dec. 23, 1817. Oct. 20, 1762, he established the first printing-press at Providence, where he com- menced the Gazette ; was soon afterwards one of the publishers of the iV.y. Gazette and Post- Boy; removed to Phila. in 1766, where, with Galloway and Wharton, he pub. the Pennsylva- nia Chronicle, and in 1773 went to Baltimore, and started the Maryland Journal. He was ac- tive in organizing the post-office, and was app. by Franklin, in 1775, surveyor of uoads, and comptroller. In 1792 he sold his press, and retired to a farm in Johnston, R.I., l)ut subse- quently resided in Providence. His friend. Gen. Charles Lee, bequeathed him a portion of his extensive landed estate in Va. He pub. a Hist, of the Pa. Chronicle, 1770. — Thomas's Hist, of Printing. Goddard, William Giles, prof, of mor- al philos. and metaphys. at Brown U. 1825- 34, and of rhetoric and belles-lettres 1834-42. Editor and prop. R. I. American, 1814-25 ; b. Johnston, R. I., Jan. 2, 1794; d. Providence, Feb. 16, 1846. Brown U. 1812. Son of Wm.,' editor. He had been a member of the R. I. legisl. His miscellaneous writings were edited and pub. by his son, F. W. Goddard, 2 vols. Svo, 1870. Godfrey, Thomas, inventor of the quad- rant commonly called Hadley's, b. Phila. ; d. Dec. 1749. He was by trade a glazier. By his own unaided efforts, he mastered such math- ematical treatises as came in his way, and after- wards learned Latin that he might acquaint himself with the mathematical works in that language. He borrowed Newton's " Priiici- pia" of Sec. James Logan, to whom, ab. the year 1730, Godfrey communicated the improve- ment he had made in Davis's quadrant, by which he was so much struck, that in May, 1732, he addressed a letter to Dr. Edmund Halley in Eng., describing fully the construc- tion and uses of Godfrey's instrument. No notice, however, was taken of it by Halley ; and, after an interval of a year and a half, Lo- gan transmitted a copy of the letter, together with Godfrey's account of his invention, to Peter Collinson, engaging him to place them before the Royal Society. This was according- ly done ; but Mr. Hadley, the vice-pres. of the society, had already presented there a paper, dated May 13, 1731, and inserted in " The Phil- os. Transactions " for that year, describing a reflecting quadrant of the same character, which he claimed as his invention. It was decided that both were entitled to the hon- or of the invention ; and the society sent to Godfrey, as a reward, household furniture to the value of £200, instead of money, on ac- count of his habits of intemperance. Godfrey, Thomas, poet, son of the pre- ceding, b. Phila. 1736; d. 26 July, 1763, near Wilmington, N.C. Abandoning the trade of his father, as well as that of watchmaking, to which he had been apprenticed, he obtained a lieutenancy in the provincial troops raised in 1758 for an exped. against Fort Duquesne, and afterward established himself as a factor in N.C. His early productions in the American Magazine, pub. at Phila., manifested considera- oor> 366 GOI hie poetic talent. His principal poem is the " Court of Fancy ; " and, among his minor pieces, his " Epistle from Fort Henry," and several of his pastorals and elegies, evince taste and culture : but his principal claim to distinc- tion is the fact that he was the author of the first American drama, " The Prince of Par- thia," a tragedy. His poetical writings were pub. in Phila. in 1767, with a biog. preface by N. Evans ; also an anonymous critical analysis of the poems, written by Dr. Wm. Smith, 4to, 224 pp. Godman, John D., anatomist and natu- ralist, b. Annapolis, Md., Dec. 2, 1794 ; d. Germantown, Pa., Apr. 17, 1830. Losing his parents at an early age, he was apprenticed to a printer in Baltimore. In the autumn of 1814, he entered as a sailor on board the flotil- la stationed in Chesapeake Bay. At the close of the war, he studied medicine in Baltimore with Dr. Davidge, and was chosen to fill the place of his preceptor, who was prof, of anat- omy in the U. of Md. while the latter was disabled by sickness. After obtaining his de- gree in Feb, 1818, he practised successively in New Holland, Pa., Anne Arundel Co., Md., in Baltimore, and Phila. In Oct. 1821, he re- moved to Cincinnati, where he commenced a medical periodical, projected by Dr. Drake, entitled the Western Quaiierli/ Reporter, of which 6 numbers were issued. In 1822 he settled in Phila. as a physician, and private teacher of anatomy, and was some time assist, editor of Dr. Chapman's MedicalJournd.. He pub. in 1826 his popular " Natural History of American Quadrupeds," in 3 vols. 8vo. In 1826 he became prof, of anatomy in Rutgers Med. Coll., N.Y. His practice as a surgeon was extensive, and the coll. flourished ; but, during his second course of lectures, a severe illness obliged him to relinquish his pursuits, and he removed in 1829 to Germantown, Pa., where he d. He wrote the articles on natu- ral history for the Amer. Enq/dopcedia to the end of the letter C. Contrib. to the ximer. Quartprli/ Revieiv, besides numerous papers in the periodical journals of the day. He pub. " Rambles of a Naturalist," " Account of Ir- regularities of Structure and Morbid Anato- my ; " " Contributions to Physiological and Pathological Anatomy ; " " Bell's Anatomy," with notes ; a translation of Levasseur's " Account of Lafayette's Progress through the U.S.;" "Anatomical Investigations," 1824; addresses on various public occasions. — T. G. Richardson, in Gross's Med. Biog. Godon, Sylvands W.,rear-adm. U.S.N,, b. Pa. June 18, 1809. Midshipm. Mar. 1, 1819; licut. Dec. 17, 1836; com. Sept. 14, 185.5; capt. July 16, 1862; commo. Jan. 2, 1863; rear-adm. July 25, 1866. He was at- tached to the bomb brig " Vesuvius " at the siege of Vera Cruz in 1847; was executive oflUccr of steamer " Susquehanna/' E, I, squad., 1851-3; com. sloop-of-war "Powhatan" in Dupont's exped. to Port Royal ; and com. "The Susquehanna "and the fourth division of Porter's fleet at the two battles of Fort Fisher in Dec. 1864 and Jan, 1865 ; com. S.A. squad,, coast of Brazil, 1866-7 ; N.Y. navy-yard, 1868-70; retired 18 June, 19,11. — Hamer sly. Godwin, Parke, journalist and author, b. Paterson, N.J., Feb. 2.5, 1816, N.J. Coll. 1834, His father was an officer in the war of 1812, and his grandfather a soldier of the Revol, He studied law, and was adm, to the bar of Ky., but did not practise. From 1837 to 1853, excepting one year, he was the co-ad- jutor of his father-in-law, William C, Bryant, on the Evening Post. In 1843 he issued the Pathfinder, a weekly periodical, discontinued at the end of 3 months. He contrib. many articles to the Dernoc. Review, in which he first advocated the important reforms afterward carried out in the constitution and code of N.Y. He has translated from the German Zschokke's Tales, and the first part of Goethe's Autobiography. Author of " A Popular View of the Doctrines of Charles Fourier," 1844; " Constructive Democracy ; " " Vala, a My- thological Tale," founded on incidents in the life of Jenny Lind, 1851; and "A Handbook of Universal Biog.," 1851. Editor of Putnam's Monthlij, to which he contrib. many literary and political articles. The latter were pub. in 1858 in a separate vol. In 1860 he pub, the first vol, of " A History of France," embracing "Ancient Gaul," terminating with the era of Charlemagne, In 1865 he was again assoc. with Mr. Bryant in the editorship of the N.Y. Evening Post. He is undftrstood to be engaged on a book to be entitled " The History and Organization of Labor ; " and another, " The Nineteenth Century, with its Leading Men and Movements." He has also promised a book of travels, " A Winter Harvest," the result of a visit to Europe. Under Mr, Polk's presi- dency he was dep, coll, of New York, but, was subsequently a Republican, serving the party with tongue and pen. As a political essayist he has attained a high reputation. — Duyc- kinck. Goflfe, William, mnj.-gen. under Crom- well, and a regicide, b. ab, 1605 ; d, Hadley, Ms,, 1679, He was a fervent Puritan, a de- voted adherent of Cromwell, and one of the best officers of the Parliamentary army. He left London before the Restoracion, and with his father-in-law, Gen. Whaliey, arrived in Boston, July, 1660. Well received by Gov. Endecott, tli'ey resided at Cambridge till Feb. 1661, when, learning that they were not in- cluded in the act of indemnity, they removed to N. Haven, and were secreted by Dep.- Governor Leet and Mr. Davenport. They afterwards lived in a cave at West Rock, and in the neighboring towns, eluding their pursuers by removing from house to house, living in mills, in the clefts of rocks on the sea- shore, and in forest-caves; but in Oct. 1664 removed to Hadley, and were concealed 15 years in the house of Rev. Mr. Russel. When the Indians attacked that town, Sept. 1, 1675, Goffe, placing himself at the head of the towns- people, attacked and repulsed them. He im- mediately disappeared ; and the astonished in- habitants, to whom he was unknown, regarded him as an angel sent for their deliverance. Goicouria, Gen. Domingo de, a Cuban revolutionist, b. Cuba, 1799; garroted at Ha^ vana, 7 May, 1870. Driven from Cuba nearly thirty years before for his liberal views, he G^or. 367 G-OO made his home in Mpi., whence he co-operated in the fillibustering expeds. of Lopez in 1849- 52 ; that of Quitman, which was abandoned ; and that of Walker against Nicaragua. Prom- inent in the late Cuban revol., and manager of expeds. from the U.S., in an evil hour he visited the insurgent camp, was made prisoner, cruelly treated, and executed the next day. Goldsborough, Charles W., gov. of Md. in 1818-19, and M.C. 1805-17; d. Shoal Creek, Md., Dec. 13, 1834. — Lanman. Goldsborough, Charles W., chief of the bureau of provisions and clothing of the navy dept., b. Cambridge, Md., April 18, 1779 ; d. Wasbington, D.C., Dec. 14, 1843. Chief clerk of the navy dept. under Stoddert, Smith, and Hamilton ; succeeded Paulding as sec. of the naval board until separate bureaus were established. Author of "U.S. Naval Chronicle," 8vo, 1824. Goldsborough, John R.,commo. U.S. N., b. Washington, D.C, July 2, 1808. Midshipm. Nov. 6, 1824; licut. Sept. 6, 1837 ; com. Sept. 14, 186.5; capt. Julv 16, 1862; commo. April 13, 1867; ret. 2 July, 1870. While in the sloop " Warren," Mediterranean squad., 1824- 30, was engaged against the Greek pirates, capturing, in a launch with 18 men, the pirate schooner " Helene," of 4 guns and 58 men ; at- tached to coast-survey, 1844-.'>0; sloop •' Sarato- ga," E.I. squad. 1 851-4 ; com. steamer *' Union," 1861 ; blockading off Charleston, Savannah, and Cape Hatteras, and in Potomac flotilla; captured and sunk the rebel piratical schooner " York," and bombarded a rebel fort off Mathias Point, Potomac River ; com. steamer " Florida," S. Atl. block, squad., 1862 ; steam- frigate ** Colorado," W. Gulf block, squad., 1863 ; steam-sloop " Shenandoah," E.I. squad., 1866-8. — //amers/y. Goldsborough, Louis Malesherbes, rear-adm. U.S.N., b. Washington, D.C, Feb. 18, 1805. Son of Charles W., gov. of Md. Midshipm. June 18, 1812; lieut. Jan. 13, 1825. Obtaining leave of absence, he passed some time in study at Paris, and in 1827 joined the " North Carolina," Capt. Rodgers, in the Mediterranean. While cruising in the schoon- er " Porpoise " in the Grecian Archipelago, Lieut. G., with 35 officers and men, in the schooner's boats, captured a pirate vessel, after killing 90 of the pirate crew. In 1833 he re- moved to Fla., taking with him a colony of Germans to cultivate lands belonging to his father-in-law, William Wirt. During the Seminole war he com. a company of mounted vols, and also an armed steamer. Sept. 8, 1841, he was promoted to be commander. He was second in command of the " Ohio " at the bombardment of Vera Cruz ; com. a body of the " Ohio's " crew detailed for shore ser- vice at the taking of Tuspan ; and, after the Mexican war, was senior naval member of the joint commission of army and navy officers to explore California and Oregon, and report on various military matters. Sept, 14, 1855, he became capt. ; supt. U.S. Naval Acad, at Annapolis, 1853-7; in Aug. 1861 he was app. flag-officer, and placed in com. of the N. A. block, squad, m " The Minnesota." With Gen. Bumside, he com. the joint exped. to the sounds of N.C., and, for his services in the capture of Roanoke Island, received the thanks of Congress. He dispersed and de- stroyed the Confederate fleet under Com. Lynch in the N.C. waters. Rear-adm. July 16, 1862; com. European squadron, 1865-7. In 1862 he prepared a code of regulations for the naval service. — Hamershf. Goldsborough, Robert, atty.-gen. of Md. until 1768; a delegate to the first Cont. Congress in 1774-5; d. Cambridge, Md., Dec. 31, 1788. Phila. Coll. 1760. Gomara (go-ma'-ia), Francisco Lopez de, b. Seville, 1510; d. ab. 1560. Author of " Cronica de la Nueva Espana," 1553, written in concise and elegant language. Gooch, Sir William, gov. of Va. 1727- 49, b. Yarmouth, Eng., Oct. 21, 1681 ; d. Dec. 17, 1751. He was an officer of superior mili- tary talents ; served under Marlborough and in the rebellion of 1715 ; and in 1740 com. in the unsuccessful attack on Carthagena, where his wounds and the climate greatly impaired his health. He was app. a brig.-gen. in 1746 in the army raised for the invasion of Canada, but declined the office ; was the same year created a bart. ; in 1747 a maj.-gen. ; and re- turned to Eng. in Aug. 1749. It was said of him that he was the only gov. abroad against whom inhabitant or merchant never com- plained. — Bet/mm. Goodell, William, D. D. (Ham. Coll. 1854), missionary, b. Templeton,Ms., Feb. 14, 1792; d. Phila. Feb. 18, 1867. Dartm. Coll. 1817 ; And. Theol. Sem. 1820. He labored as a missionary among the Cherokees and Choc- taws ; was ord. Sept. 12, 1822; was stationed at Beirout 5 years, passing through great perils ; removed to Constantinople in 1831, narrowly escaping with life from a great conflagration there; and was obliged, from pestilence, perse- cutions, &c., to pack up and move his residence 33 times in 29 years. In Nov. 1841, he fin- ished translating the Old Testament into the Armeno-Turkish language, and the New two years later. He revised this labor, completing It in Feb. 1863, and returned to the U.S. in 1865. His "Reminiscences of the Missiona- ry's Early Life " was pub. in the N.Y. Observer. Goodenow, John M., b. Ms. ; d. Steuben- ville, 0. An early settler in Jefferson Co., O.; served in the legisl., and held other offices; M.C. 1829-31 ; judge Supreme Court 1831-2. He had a large practice at the bar. He pub. in 1819 "American Jurisprudence in Contrast with the Doctrine of Eng. Common Law." — A. T. Goodman. Goodhue, Benjamin, merchant and poli- tician, b. Salem, Ms., Oct. 1, 1748 ; d. there Ju- ly 28, 1814. H. U. 1766. State senator from 1784 to 1789 ; M.C. 1789-91, and, assisted by Mr. Fitzsimmons of Phila., formed a code of revenue laws, the majority of which have never been abrogated; U.S. senator 1796-1800. Goodrich, Rev. Charles Augustus, au- thor, b. Ridgefield, Ct., 1790; d. Hartford, Ct., Jan. 4, 1862. Yale Coll. 1812. Son of Rev. Samuel, and elder brother of Samuel G., with whom he was associated in preparing his books for the young. Ord. in 1816, he was pastor of the 1st Cong. Church, Worceaxer, in 1816-20, G-OO 368 GOO then settled in Berlin, and in 1848 at Hartford. He was once a member of the State senate. He devoted himself to literary pursuits, wrote " The Lives of the Signers," a school " History of the U. S.," " Universal Traveller," and "Bible History of Prayer;" "Family Tour- ist," 1848; " Great Events of American His- tory;" "View of all Religions," 8vo, 1829; " Family Encyclopaedia ; " " Outlines of Ge- ography," and"^ " Family Sabbath Day Miscel- lany," "Svo, 1855. Goodrich, Charles Eush, of Flushing, L.I. ; d. 1855. Y. Coll. 1849. A chemist and tiatnraiist of great attainments ; pub. " The World of Science, Art, and Industry, edited by B. Silliman and C. R. G. ; " " Practical Science and Mechanism Iflustrated," 4to, 1854. — Alli- bone. Goodrich, Chauncey Allen, D.D. (Brown U. 1835), theologian and lexicogra- pher. Son of Elizur; b. N. Haven, Oct. 23, 1790; d. there Feb. 25, 18G0. Y. Coll. 1810. Tutor there 1812-14; studied theology; was settled at Middletown 1816-17, but left from ill health. Prof, of rhetoric at Y.C. 1817-39, afterward prof, of the pastoral charge. While tutor, he pub. a Greek grammar, which went through many editions; in 1832 his "Latin and Greek Lessons;" in 1829 he established the Christian Quarterly Spectator, of which he was sole editor until about 1836. In 1852 he pub. a compilation entitled " Select British Eloquence." In 1828 Dr. Noah Webster (his father-in-law) intrusted to him the superintend- ence of the abridgment of his large diction- ary by J. E. Worcester, with discretionary power to conform the orthography more nearly to the common standard. His revised editions of Webster's Dictionaries were issued in 1847, the University edition in 1856, and in 1859 the supplement enriched with an elaborate collec- tion of synonymes. At the time of his death, he was engaged on a radical revision of Web- ster's Dictionary, which was pub. in 1864. He was one of the largest pecuniary benefactors of the theol. dept. of Y. C. In 1 820 he was chosen pres. of Wms. Coll., but declined. A commemorative discourse, by Pres. Woolsey, has been pub. in pamphlet" form, N. Haven, 1860. — Duy chinch. Goodrich, Elizur, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 1783), clergyman and scholar, b. Wethersfield, Ct., Oct. 26, 1734; d. Norfolk, Ct., Nov. 21, 1797. Y.C. 1752, and tutor there in 1755. A descendant of Wm., one of the first settlers of Wether-sfield, who came from Watertown about 1636. and d. in 1676. From his ord. in Nov. 1 756, till his death, he was minister of the Cong. church in Durham. Fond of mathematics and astronomy, he calculated the eclipses of each successive year ; and, when the aurora bo- realis of 1780 appeared, he drew up a full and accurate account of it. He pub. several ser- mons. Goodrich, Elizur, LL.D. (Y.C. 1830), jurist, b. Durham, March 24, 1761 ; d. New Haven, Nov. 1, 1849. Y.C. 1779. Son of the preceding. Was tutor at Yale 2 years ; en- tered on the practice of law in New Haven in 1783; was M.C. 1799-1801; judge of the County Court 12 years ; was a judge of probate 17 years; was 9 years prof, of law in Y.C, and mayor of New Haven 1803-22. Prof. Chauncey Allen Goodrich was his son. Goodrich, Fkank Boot, author, son of S.G.,b. Boston, Dec. 14, 1826. H.U. 1845. He corresponded from Paris with the N.Y. Times, under the name of " Dick Tinto," for some years ; and his letters, entitled " Tricolorcd Sketchesof Paris," were pub. N.Y. 1854. He has since pub. the " Court Napoleon, with Portraits of its Beauties, Wits, and Heroines," N.Y. 1857; "Man upon the Sea, or a His- tory of Maritime Adventure, Exploration, and Discovery," Phila. 1858; and an illustrated vol. entitled " Women of Beauty and Hero- ism," N.Y. 1859. Goodrich, Samuel Griswold ("Peter Parley "), author, bro. of Charles Augustus, b. Ridgefield, Ct., Aug. 19, 1793; d. N.Y. City, May 9, 1860. He established himself in business as a publisher, in Hartford, in 1824, but soon removed to Boston ; from 1828 to 1842 he edited "The Token;" from 1827 to 1857 he pub. tales under the name of " Peter Parley." He pub. many vols, of historical and geographical school-books; volumes of poems in 1836 and '51 ; in 1857 " Recollections of a Lifetime, or Men and Things that I have seen;" in 1838 a vol. of counsels to parents, entitled " Fireside Education ; " in 1841 a selec- tion from his contribs. to annuals and maga- zines, entitled " Sketches from a Student's Win- dow ; " " History of all Nations," 2 vols. 8vo. He established Merri/s Museum and Parley's Mag., and edited it from 1841 to 1854. Of 170 volumes written or edited by him, 116 of which bear the name of Peter Parley, ab. 7,000,000 copies have been sold. He was at one time in the senate of Ms., and was consul at Paris during Fillmore's administration. While at Paris, he pub. in French a treatise on Amer. geography and history. On his return, he pre- pared an elaborate illustrated " History of the Animal Kingdom," 2 vols. 1859. He had crossed the Atlantic 16 times. Goodwin, Ichabod, b. S. Berwick, Me., May 25, 1743 ; d. there May 25, 1829. Thos., his grandfather, came over in 1660, and settled in Berwick. His father, Ichabod, b. 1700, was a member of the Gen. Court in 1754, was a capt., and was wounded at Ticonderoga in 1758. His son, who accomp. him in this exped., became an active Whig ; was a member of the Prov. Congress in 1775-7; lieut.-col. of Gerrish's York Co. regt., having charge of the Saratoga prisoners ; maj.-gen. of militia, 1 783- 1815; member of the Gen. Court in 1792, and sheriff of York Co. 1793-1820. Gov. Ich- abod of N.H. (18G0-1) is a nephew. Goodwin, Isaac, lawyer, b. Plymouth, Ms., 1786; d. Worcester, Sept. 16, 1832. He studied law in the office of Judge Thomas of Plymouth ; settled first in Sterling, and in 1826 in Worcester. He pub. " The Town Officer," a work on the duties of sheriffs, coroners, and constables; was a councillor of the Amer. Antiquarian Society, and was well informed in the antiquities of N. England. Author of " History of the Town of Sterling." — iV.£;. Mag. iii., 349. Goodwin, John Noble, b. S, Berwick, G^OO 869 G^OE. Me., Oct. 18, 1824. Dartm. Coll. 1844. Be- gan practice of law at S. Berwick in 1848; was a State senator in 1854; M.C. 1861-3; chief justice of Arizona Territory 1863; gov. from Aug. 1863 to Sept. 1865 ; its delegate to Congress 1865-7. Goodwin, Nathaniel, genealogist, b. Harttbrd, Mar. 5, 1782 ; d. there May 29, 1855. Descended from Ozias, one of the first settlers of H., who d. 1683, a. 87. He was apprenticed to a printer in Albany, and was a teacher and a land-surveyor. At Hartford he was many years treasurer, judge of probate, and clerk; was much employed in the settlement of intestate estates ; and was a man of great probity. He pub. an account of the " Descendants of Thos. Olcott," " The Foote Family," and " Genea- logical Notes of Some of the First Settlers of Ct. and Ms.," 1856, to which a Memoir is pre- fixed. Goodyear, Charles, inventor, b. New Haven, Ct., Dec. 29, 1800 ; d. N.Y. City, July 1, 1860. He attended a public school, and as- sisted his father in the manufacture of hard- ware. His early experiments in the manufac- ture of india-rubber were carried on at New Haven, Roxbury.Lynn, Boston, and Woburn, Ms., and N.Y. City' His first important dis- covery was in 1836, being a method of treating the surface of native rubber by dipping it into a preparation of nitric acid. This process was used extensively in the manufacture of shoes, until it was superseded by his discovery of the superior method of vulcanization, ab. Jan. 1839. This process soon occupied his whole attention. His patents were more than 60 in number. His first vulcanization patent was issued in France, Apr. 1 6, 1 844. He had bef. his death, in an advanced stage of preparation, a vol. upon India-Rubber and Vulcanization. Goodyear obtained the great council medal of the Exhibition of all Nations at Lond. in 1851; the grand medal of the World's Exhibition at Paris, and the ribbon of the Legion of Honor, presented by Napoleon III. in 1855, returning to the U.S. in 1858. " He lived to see his ma- terial applied to nearly 500 uses, and to give employment in Eng., France, Germany, and the U.S., to 60,000 persons."— See B. K. Pierce, Trials of an Inventor, N.Y. 1866; Parton's Famous Americans, 1867. Gookiu, Daniel, soldier and author, b. Kent, Eng., ab. 1612; d. Cambridge, Ms., Mar. 19, 1687. He came with his father to Va. in 1621. During the terrible Indian massacre of Mar. 1622, Gookin, with 35 men, held his plantation, now Newport News, against the savages. In May, 1644, in conse- quence of his sympathy with the Puritans, he settled in Ms. ; was soon after app. a capt. of militia; member from Cambridge of the house of deputies; speaker in 1651 ; and in 1652 was chosen assist, or magistrate. In 1656 he be- came supt. of all the Indians who had submit- ted to the govt, of Ms., and became unpopular for the protection, which, as a magistrate, he extended to the Indians. He visited Eng. in 1656, and was authorized by Cromwell to invite the people of N. Eng. to colonize Jamaica. He went there again in 1657. Returning in 1660 with the fugitive regicides GofFo and Whalley, he protected them in 1661 ; was one of the licensers of the Cambridge printing- press in 1662; and in 1681 was made maj.- gen. of the Colony. He took an active part on the side of the people against the meas- ures which terminated in the withdrawal of the Colonial charter in 1686. He d. so poor, that John Eliot solicited from Robert Boyle a gift of £10 for his widow. His " Historical Collections of the Indians of Ms.," written in 1674, was pub. by the Ms. Hist. So- ciety in 1 792 ; also author of a " Hist, of New England," never pub., the fate of which is un- known. Gordon, George Henry, lawyer and sol- dier, b. Chariest., Ms., 1 9 July, 1 825. West Pt. 1846. Entering the mounted riSes, he served under Gen. Scott in the Mexican war, and was brev. 1st lieut. for gallantry at Cerro Gordo, where he was severely wounded. Made 1st lieut. in 1853, he resigned in 1854; entered the Cam- bridge Law School ; was adm. to the bar; prac- tised in Boston until 1861, when he raised the 2d Ms. vols., was made col., and was made mil- itary gov. of Harper's Ferry. In 1862 he com. a brigade under Gen. Banks, and, for his conduct in the retreat from Stiasburg to Wil- liamsport, was made i)rig.-gen. of vols. June 9, 1862. He was at the second battle of Bull Run, and at Antietam fought with his brigade in Gen. A. S. Williams's division of Mansfield's corps; engaged in operations ab. Charleston harbor, Aug. 1863 to Apr. 1864; against Mo- bile in Aug. 1864; and brev. maj.-gen. vols. 9 Apr. 1 865 for merit, services. Counsellor at law in Boston since 1865; now U.S. collector 7th dist. — Callum. Gordon, Sir James Alexander, a Brit, adm.; d. gov. of Greenwich Hospital, 8 Jan. 1869, a. 87. Entering the navy in 1798, he became fleet-adin. in 1868; gov. of Gr. Hosp. 1853. He was in the battle of the Nile, the battle of Lissa, for which he received a gold medal and a pension ; lost a leg in the capture of the French frigate " La Pomone ; " in Aug. 1814 com. the squad, which entered the Poto- mac, and captured Alexandria, D.C.; and was in the operations against N. Orleans 1814-15. Gordon, Rev. James Bentley, author of " An Hist, and Geog. Memoir of the N. Amer. Continent, its Nations and Tribes, with an Accl. of his Life, by Thomas Jones," Dub- lin, 4to, 1820. Gordon, Patrick, gov. of Pa. from June, 1726, to his d. Phila. Aug. 5, 1736, a. 72. He was bred to arms, and served from his youth to near the close of Queen Anne's reign with a high reputation, and was a popular gov. He pub. " Two Indian Treaties at Conestogoe, 1728," Phila. fol. 1728. Gordon, Thomas, b. Pitlochie, Scotland ; d. Amboy, N. J., 1722. He came to N.J, in 1684, and settled at Scotch Plains. Atty.-gen. of E. Jersey, 1698; chief sec. and register 1702; licensed as an attorney in 1704; rep- resentative and speaker of the assembly ; app. chief justice in 1709 ; and was afterward receiv- er-gen. and treasurer of the Province. — Fields' s Prov. Courts in N. ./. Gordon, Thomas F., historical and Iciral writer, b. Phila. 1787; d. Beverly, N.J., Jan 17, G-OR 370 OOR 1860. Member of the Phila. bar, and author of " A Digest of the Laws of the U.S. ; " " His- tory of Pa. to 1776," 1829 ; " History of N.J. to 1789," 1834 ; " History of America," 1831 ; " Cabinet of American History ;" " Historvof Ancient Mexico," 1832 ; " Gaz. of N.J.," 1834 ; " Gaz. of N.Y.," 8vo, 1836 ; and of Pa. 1839. Gordon, William, D.D. (N. J. Coll. 1778), clergyman and historian, b. Hitchin, Eng., 1730; d. Ipswich, Eng., Oct. 19, 1807. He was settled over a large Independent socie- ty at Ipswich ; afterward at Old Gravel Lane, Wapping ; and came to Amer. in 1770. After E reaching a year to the 3d Church in Rox- ury, he was ord. there July 6, 1772. During the Revol. he took an active part in public measures, and, while chaplain to the Prov. Congress of Ms., preached a Fast sermon, strongly expressing his political sentiments. He was dismissed from this post, as the legisl. regarded his prayers as intended rather to dictate their measures than to implore the divine direction on them. Returning to Eng. in 1786, he in 1788 pub. his "History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment of the In- dependence of the U. S.," in 4 vols. 8vo, a minute and generally faithful narrative of facts. This work produced him 300 pounds. Its value, however, was impaired by the expur- gation of such passages as might endanger prosecution. Subsequently settled ai St. Neot's, Huntingdonshire. The failure of his mental powers caused his resignation, and removal to his connections at Ipswich. He pub. a plan of a society for making provision for widows by life-annuities, 1772; the first anniversary ser- mon after the Decl. of Indep. July 4, 1777 ; an abridgment of Edwards on "The Affections;" and a number of sermons. — See IVaterhouse's Junius. Gore, Christopher, LL.D. (H.U. 1809), gov. of Ms. in 1809, b. Boston, Sept. 21, 1758 ; d.Waltham, Mar. 1,1827. H.U. 1776. Son of Capt. John Gore. He studied law with Judge Lowell, and soon acquired a lucrative practice. In 1789 he was app. by Washington the first U.S. atty. for the dist. of Ms.; which post he held until 1796, when he, with Wm. Pinckney, was app. commissioner under Jay's treaty to settle the Amer. claims upon Eng. for spolia- tions. Left by Rufus King in 1803 charge d'affaires, he in 1804 returned home. Was a member of both branches of the legisl., and U.S. senator in 1814-17. He made valuable bequests to the Amer. Acad, and the Hist. Soc, of which he was a member ; and he made Harv. Coll., of which institution he had been a fellow and trustee, his resid. legatee. He was for a time the legal tutor and adviser of Daniel Webster. He pub. a Masonic oration 1783. Gorges (gor'-jSz), Sir Ferdinando, of Ashton Phillips, Somerset Co., Eng., lord-pro- prietary of the Province of Me. ; d. at an ad- vanced age in 1647. He participated in the conspiracy of Essex, against whom he tes- tified on his trial in 1601 ; served in the navy during the war with Spain ; and after the peace, in 1604, was app. gov. of Plymouth. In 1606 the London and the Plymouth Com- panies were incorporated, between which was divided the territory extending 50 miles in- land, from the 34th to the 45th parallel N. lat. His portion was styled North Virginia. He sent several unsuccessful expeditions, un- der Capt. John Smith and others, to colonize this territory; but in 1616 sent Richard Vines with a party, which encamped on the River Saco through the winter; and in 1619-20 Capt. Dermer made the voyage. The Lond. Company, from whom the Pilgrims obtained their original patent, having incurred the re- sentment of the king, Gorges and his associates obtained in 1620 an increase of territory ex- tending westward from sea to sea, between the 40th and 48th parallels N. lat. With John Mason, he took grants of the district called Laconia, bounded by the Merrimac, the Ken- nebec, the ocean, and " the r'.ver of Canada ; " and settlements were attempted. His son, Capt. Robert Gorges, was in 1623 app. by the council for N.E. " gen. gov. of the country." This council resigned its charter to the king in 1635. Sir F. obtained from the king a charter constituting him lord-proprietary of the Prov- ince of Maine, with extraordinary govern- mental powers; and sent his nephew Thomas to be dep.-gov. The province was divided into 2 counties, of which Agamenticus (now York) and Saco were respectively the principal set- tlements. On Gorges's death, the people re- peatedly wrote to his heirs; but, as no answer was received, they formed themselves into a body politic, and submitted to the jurisdiction of Ms. The account of his connection with the settlement of N.E. is contained in the work of his grandson Ferdinando. Gorges, Ferdinando, of Westminster, son of John, and grandson of Sir Ferdinando, b. Loftas, Essex ; d. Jan. 25, 1718, a. 89. He m. Mary, eldest sister of Gov. John Archdale of S. C. He pub. " America Painted to the Life," Lond. 1659. In 1677 he sold to Ms. for 1,250 pounds his rights to the Prov. of Me. Gorham, Benjamin, lawyer, b. Charles- town, Ms., Feb. 13, 1775 ; d. Boston, Sept. 27, 1855. H.U. 1795. Son of Nathaniel, pres. of Congress. He studied law with Theophilus Parsons, and rose to eminence at the Boston bar. M.C. 1820-3, 1827-31, and 1833-5. He was afterwards, for a short time, member of the State legisl. Gorham, John, M.D., physician, b. Bos- ton, Feb. 24, 1783; d. there March 29, 1829. H.U. 1801. He studied in Edinburgh; was made adjunct prof, of chemistry and materia mcdica at H.U. in 1809; and in 1815 prof, of chemistry and mineralogy. He pub. " Ele- ments of Chemical Science," 2 vols. 8vo, 1819; "Inaug. Address," 1817. Gorham, Nathaniel, statesman, b. Charlestown, Ms., May 27, 1738; d. June 11, 1796. With a com. school education, he set- tled in business in his native town ; was its representative in 1771-5 ; delegate to the Prov. Congress, 1774-5 ; again a member of the legisl., and a member of the board of war from 1778 until its dissolution; a delegate to the State Const. Conv. in 1779; a delegate to the Old Congress in 1782-3 and in 1785-7, and chosen its pros. June 4, 1786; several years a judge of the C.C.P. In the convcn- GOR 371 GOT tion which framed the Federal Constitution he took high rank, and, when in com. of the whole, was called by Washington to fill the chair for 3 months. He afterward exerted a powerful influence in securing the adoption of the Constitution in the State Convention. In connection with Oliver Phelps, he purchased an immense tract of land on the Genesee River, now comprising 10 or 12 counties in the State of N. Y. Of this tract, his eldest son Nathaniel was a pioneer settler. He d. at Canandaigua, Oct 22, 1826. Gorman, Willis Arnold, lawyer and soldier, b. near Flemingsburg, Ky., Jan. 12, 1814. He studied law, and in 1825 began practice at Bloomington, Ind. In 1837-8 he was clerk of the Ind. senate ; was several years in the State legisl., and, on the breaking-out of the Mexican war, became maj. 3d Ind. vols. At Buena Vista he com. an independent batt. In 1847 he raised the 4th Ind. vols., which he com. in several battles; and in 1848 was civil and military gov. of Pnebla. He was a Democ. M.C. in 1849-53 ; and was gov. of Minnesota Terr, in 1853-7; member of its const, conv, in 1857 ; and practised law at St. Paul until in 1861 chosen col. 1st Minn, vols, App. brig.- gen, Sept. 7, 1861, He was in the battles of Bull's Bluff and West Point; led a bayonet charge at Fair Oaks, and had a brigade in Howard's division of the 2d corps at Antictam, Gorton, Samuel, the first settler of War- wick, R.I., b. Gorton, Eng., ab, 1600; d. R.I. Nov. or Dec. 1677. He had some education, and was a clothier in Lond. until 1636, when he embarked for Boston, where he remained until religious disputes caused him to remove to Plymouth. He there began to preach such peculiar doctrines, that he was banished from the Colony for heresy in the winter of 1637-8. He then with a few followers went to Aquidneck (R.I.), but was publicly whipped for calling the magistrates "just asses," and for other contemptuous acts, and ab. 1641 was forced to take refuge with Roger Williams at Providence. Becoming obnoxious here by involving him- self in the disputes of the colonists on questions of boundary, he removed in Sept. 1642 to Shaw- omet, on the west side of Narragansett Bay, where he bought land of the sachem Mianto- nomo. In June, 1643, two inferior sachems contested his claim to the land, and applied to Boston for assistance. Forty soldiers were marched to Shawomet ; and Gorton and 10 of his followers taken prisoners to Boston, Oct. 13, where they were tried as " damnable here- tics," and sentenced to confinement, and hard labor in irons. In March, 1644, they were re- leased, and ordered to leave the colony. Gor- ton went to Eng. for redress, and procured from the Earl of Warwick an order that his people should be allowed peaceable possession of their lands at Shawomet. Returning to his colony in 1648, he named it Warwick. He discharged many important civil offices ; and on Sundays preached to the colonists and In- dians. Samuel, one of his sons, lived to the age of 94. His sect survived him about a century. Gorton pub. " Simplicitie's Defence against Seven-Headed Policy," a vindication of his course in N.E. 1646 ; " An Incorruptible Key composed of the CX. Psalm," 1647 , " Saltmarsh returned from the Dead," 1655; "An Antidote against the Common Plague of the World," 1657 ; " Certain Copies of Letters," &c. He also left in MS. "A Commentary on a Part of the Gospel of St. Matthew." — See his Life, by J. M. Mackie, in Sparks's Amer. Biog. Gosnold, Bartholomew, an English voyager to Amer.; d. Va. Aug. 22, 1607. After the failure of Raleigh, in which he was concerned, to colonize Va., he com. an exped., fitted out at the cost of the Earl of South- ampton, for planting a colony in N.E. Mar. 26, 1602, he sailed from Falmouth with one small vessel and 20 colonists. Instead of sailing, as usual, by the Canaries and West In- dies, he steered directly across the Atlantic, reached Ms. Bay 14 May, and landed on Cape Cod, which he named. Sailing around the Cape, and stopping at the island now known as No Man's Land, Gosnold landed at the mouth of Buzzard's Bay, and planted his colony on an island which he christened Eliz- abeth, and now known by its Indian name of Cuttyhunk, The hostility of the Indians, scarcity of provisions, and disputes ab, a divis- ion of profits, discouraged them ; and they re- turned to Eng,, where they arrived 23 July, taking a cargo of sassafras-root, then highly esteemed as a medicine, cedar, furs, and other commodities. Gosnold then organized a com- pany for colonization in Va,, led by Wing- field, Hunt, and Capt, John Smith, A charter was granted them by James I., Apr. 10, 1606 the first under which the English were planted in Amer. ; and Dec. 19, 1606, he sailed with 3 small vessels and 105 adventurers, only 12 of whom were laborers. After a tedious voyage, they sailed up the James River, which they named after the king ; landed ab, 50 miles above its mouth, and founded Jamestown, notwith- standing the remonstrances of Gosnold on ac- count of its unhealthy situation on low, marshy ground. Sickness and other causes destroyed 50 of their number before autumn, among them the projector of the colony. Gosse, Philip Henry, an Eng. zoologist, b. Worcester, Apr. 6, 1810. He resided in Newfoundland in 1827-35, occupied in mer- cantile pursuits, and collecting insects, and making colored drawings of them. He re- moved to L. Canada, where he studied ento- mology 3 years, and afterwards travelled in the U.S,, making in Alabama numerous draw- ings of its lepidoptera. Returning to Eng, in 1 839, he pub. " The Canadian Naturalist," 1 840. Visiting Jamaica in 1844, he pub. "Birds of Jamaica," and " Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamai- ca; " in 1849 an " Introduction to Zoology ; " " Rambles of a Naturalist on the Devonshire Coast" in 18.53 ; the " Aquarium," 1854; the first part of a " Manual of Mosaic Zoology " in 1856; in 1859 "Letters from Alabama," chiefly upon natural history ; and in 1860 "HistoryofBritish Sea-Anemones and Corals." Chosen a fellow of the Roy. Soc. in 1850. Gottschalk, Louis Moreau, pianist and composer, b. N. Orleans, 8 May, 1829; d. near Rio Janeiro, Dec. 18, 1869. Sent to Paris for instructioii in music in 1841, he made his first G^OTJ 372 aoxj public appearance as a pianist in Apr. 1845. After several professional tours in Europe, he returned to the U.S. Jan. 1853 ; gave his first concert in N.Y. in Feb. 1853; and afterward appeared periodically there and in other Amer. cities. He composed the Bamhoula, Banannier, Banjo, and other pianoforte pieces representing Southern life, also the Apoth€ose, Marche de Nuit, Chant de Soldat, &c. His style of playing was brilliant in the extreme. He contrib. to the Atlantic Monthly " Notes of a Pianist." Gouge, William M., editor P/i//a. Gazette, author, and for 30 years connected with the treasury dept. Washington, b. Phila. Nov. 10, 1796; d. Trenton, N. J., July 14,1863. He pub. "A Fiscal History of Texas," 8vo, 1852; "History of the Amer. Banking Sys- tem," 1835 ; "Expediency of dispensing with Bank Agency and with Bank Paper," 1837. He edited several journals, and for 30 years contrib. articles on banking to various journals. Gough, John B., lecturer on temperance, b. Sandgate, Kent, Eng., Aug. 22, 1817. His parents were poor, and he contrib., by exercis- ing his talent as a reader, to their scanty re- sources. At 12 he came to Amer. as appren- tice to a tradesman, with whom be settled on a farm in Oneida Co., N.Y. In Dec. 1831 he obtained employment in N.Y. City as a bookbinder. He soon fell into habits of dissi- pation, and was frequently thrown out of em- ployment. To such degradation did he sink, that, night after night, he sang comic songs, and pla^ved the buffoon, to the habitues of the lowest grog-shops, who in return supplied him with drink. He m. in 1839, and became a bookbinder on his own account; but intemper- ance prevented his success. He had suffered from delirium tremens, had lost his wife and child, and was reduced to the utmost misery, when a Quaker invited him in the street to take the temperance pledge. Havin.;; told his story at a temperance-meeting, he at once became a leading orator in the temperance cause. In 1842 some of his former companions induced him to violate his pledge ; and he confessed the fact at a public meeting at Worcester. Since 1843 he has labored incessantly in behalf of temperance, with ability and success. In 18.^)3 he went to Eng., spoke and lectured in London and in the principal towns, creating a remark- able impression. His Autobiography and a vol. of his orations were pub. in 1845. A sketch of his life, by Rev. W. Reid, was pub. in 1854. Gould, Augustus Addison, M.D. (H.U. 1830), naturalist and physician, b. New Ips- wich, N.H., Apr. 23, 1805; d. Boston, Sept. 15, 1866. H.U. 1825. He practised in Boston, Lectured frequently on scientific subjects, and or 2 years taught botany and zoology at H.U. In 1855 he delivered the annual dis- course before the Ms. Medical Society, entitled *• Search out the Secrets of Nature^" and in 1856 became a visiting physician to the Ms. Gen. Hospital. Member of many learned so- cieties, and pre-eminent as a conchologist. He pub. a translation of De Lamarc's " Genera of Shi'lls," 18.33; "System of Nat. Hist.," 1833; translation of Gail's works; the "In- vertebrate Animals of Ms.," 1841; " Principles of Zoology," 1848 ; "Mollusca and Shells of the U.S. Explor. Exped. under Capt. Wilkes," 1852 ; the completion of Dr. A. Birney's " Land Mollusks of the U.S.," 1851-5 ; " The Mollusca of the N. Pacific Exped. under Capts. Ringgold and Rogers ;"and numerous articles in medical magazines, the Boston Journal of Nat. Hist., the Amer. Journal of Science, and the Christian Review. In 1863 he pub., under the title Otia Conchologica, all the original de- scriptions of new species of shells pub. in his various works. He pub. in 1852, in connection i with F. Kidder, " A Hist, of N. Ipswich, N.H." ; Gould, Bexjamin Apthorp, Jun., astron- j omer, b. Boston, Sept. 27, 1824. H.U. 1844. i Gottingen, 1848 ; Assoc. Roy. Astron. Soc. 1854. App. director of the Dudley Observatory ' 1856. In 1849 he established the Astronomical i Journal, which he has since edited. He pub. ' " The Solar Parallax ; " " U.S. Naval Astron. Exp.," 4to, 1857; " History of the Discovery of the Planet Neptune," 8vo, 1850 ; and has con- | trib. to scientific journals. j Gould, Edward S., merchant and writer, j b. Litchfield, Ct., May 11,1808. Son of Judge Jas. Gould. Was an early contrib. of tales and j sketches to the Knickerbocker Mag., to the Ntw , World, the Mirror, the Literary World, and ; other journals, and is the translator of several ; French works. In 1836 he lectured before the N.Y. Mercantile Lib. Assoc, on " American Criticism in American Literature." In 1843 i he pub. " The Sleep Rider," also an abridg- i ment of Alison's " History of Europe," and in 18.50 a comedy, entitled "The Very Age." I John W. Gould, bro. of Edward S., b. Nov. 14, 1814, d. at sea Oct. 1, 1838, was also a successful writer of tales and sketches, some l of which, entitled " Forecastle Yarns," were pub. in 1843. A volume also containing these, \ a biog. sketch, and his private journal of the voyage on which he died, was issued by his brothers for private circulation in 1839. — i Dui/ckinck. \ Gould, Hannah Flagg, poetess, b. Lan- ' caster, Ms., 1789; d. Ncwimryport, Sept. 5, • 1865. Dau. of a Revol. soldier, and sister of Benjamin A. Gould, a merchant of Boston, ! who d. Oct. 25, 1860. She removed in early life to Newburyport. Volumes of her poems were pub. in 1832, 1836, and 1841, and were i much admired. She was afterward a constant ^ contributor to the periodical literature of the I day. In 1846 she pub. " Gathered Leaves," a collection of prose articles. "The Diosma" j appeared in 1850, "The Youth's Coronal" in I 1851, and " Ilvmns and Poems for Children" { in 1854. ' ] Gould, James, LL.D. (Y.C. 18T9), jurist, ! b. Branford, Ct., 1770; d. Litchfield, May 11, ! 1838. Y.C. 1791. He became di.sting. in i early life as a lawyer; was raised to the office I of judge of the Supreme Court of Connecticut, from which office he was displaced by theadop- - , tion in 1818 of the new Constitution ; was for 49 years assoc. with Judge Tapping Reeve as a ' prof, in the Litchfield Law School ; and, after i the death of Judge Reeve, continued to conduct ; the school till within a few years of his death. j He pub. " Principles of Pleading in Civil Ac- tions," 1832. ! CB^OTJ 073 GTtJL Gould, Nathaniel D., of Boston, b. Bed- ford, Ms. His name was originally Duren. He took that of his uncle Gould in 1806. Father of Dr. A. A. Gould. Has pub. " Com- panion to the Psalmist," " National Church Harmony," " Sab. School Harmony," " Social Harmony," " Sacred Minstrel," " Beauties of Writing," " Writing-Master's Assistant," " Pro- gressive Penmanship," " History of Church Music in America," 12mo, 1853. Goxirgues de (deh-goorg), Dominique, a celebrated French seaman, b. Mont de Mar- san ab. 1530; d. 1593, while on a journey to Lond., whither he was invited by Queen Eliza- beth to take com. of an English fleet. Hear- ing of the atrocious massacre by the Spaniards of the French colonists in Florida, he with some assistance equipped a small fleet, and with upwards- of 200 followers sailed in 1567 for that country. In conjunction with his Indian allies, he totally defeated the Spaniards, and took a number of prisoners, whom he hanged. The head of Gourgues was demanded by the Spanish king, and he was for a long time con- cealed in France. Gourlay, Robert, Canadian statistician, b. Scotland, 1778 ; d. Edinburgh, 1 Aug. 1863. He came to Canada in July, 1817. In 1822 he pub. " A General Introduction to a Statistical Account of Upper Canada, &c." His political principles being obnoxious to the ruling powers of Canada, he was arrested and imprisoned, and finally compelled to retire to the U.S., and afterward to Eng. He played a prominent part in defence of the right of free speech and printing, in opposition to a tyrannical faction in Canada. Gouvion, Jean Baptiste, a French gen., b. Toul, Jan. 8, 1747 ,• killed June 11, 1792, near Grisnelle, before Maubenge. Son of a lieut. of police at Toul. Was a lieut. at the military school of Mezieres in 1769, and engi- neerinl771. He came to Amer. in 1777; served on the staff of Lafayette, whose " military tutor " he was called ; was app. major and af- terwards lieut.-col. of engineers for valuable ser- vices; and received a pension for his conduct at Yorktown. On his return to France in 1783, he was made maitre-de-camp, and in 1787 adj.- gen. Selected in 1789 by Lafoyctte for maj.- gen. of the national guard, of which he was commander. He was a dep. in the Nat. As- sembly in 1791-2, and was serving as lieut.- gen. under Lafayette in the Army of the Cen- tre at the time of his death. Graham, David, lawyer of New York ; d. Nice, Italy, May 27, 1852, a. 46. He was skilful in criminal cases, and was a commis- sioner for framing the new code of procedure of N.Y. Author of " Courts of Law and Equity in N. Y.," 8vo, 18.39; "New Trials," 8vo, 1834 ; new ed. by Graham and Waterman, 3 vols. 1856 ; "Practice of the N Y, Supreme Court," 8vo, 1836, 3ded., 8vo, 1847. Graham, Isarblla, philanthropist, b. Lan- arkshire, Scotland, July 29, 1742; d. N.Y. July 27, 1814. Miss Marshall received an ex- cellent education, married Dr. John Graham in 1765, and accompanied him with his regt,, first to Fort Niagara, and afterwards to Anti- gua, where he d. in 1774. She returned to Scotland, but in 1789 came to N.Y. and estab- lished a school for the instruction of young ladies, which she continued many years with success. She disting. herself during the latter years of her life by her charities, by encoura- ging the founding of charitable societies, and the establishment of benevolent institutions. The most important of them was the Widow's Soc, the Orphan Asylum Soc, and the Soc. for the Promotion of Industry, and the first Sunday school for ignorant adults. She aided also in organizing the first missionary society and the first monthly missionary prayer-meet- ing in the city ; was the first pres. of the Mag- dalen Society ; systematically visited the in- mates of the hospital and the sick female convicts in the State Prison ; and distributed Bibles and tracts long before there was a Bible or tract society in N.Y. Memoirs of her life were pub. by Dr. Mason. Graham, James Duncan, col. U.S.A., b. Prince Wm. Co., Va., April 4, 1799; d. Boston, Dec. 28, 1865. West Point, 1817. His elder bro.. Col. Wm. M. Graham, fell at Molino del Key, Mexico. Lieut, of art. July, 1817; asisst. topog. engineer, with rank of capt., Jan. 15, 1829; topog. engineer, rank of major, Sept. 14, 1834; major, July 7, 1838; lieut.-col. 6 Aug. 1861 ; col. eng. corps, 1 June, 1863. U.S. astronomer in the joint boundary demarcation between the U.S. and Texas, 1 839-40 ; U.S. commiss. for the ex- ploration and survey of the N.E. boundarv of the U.S. Aug. 1840 to March, 1843; U.S. astronomer in the joint boundary demarcation between the U.S. and Brit. Provinces, April, '43, to Dec. '47 ; for which brev. lieut.-col. Jan. 1, 1847 ; U S. astronomer in the joint bound, com. of U.S. and Mexico, 1851. Author of "Report to Joint Commissions of Md., Pa., and Del., relating to Intersection of Boundary- Lines of those States," 1850. Member of nu- merous historical societies, of the Am. Philos. Soc, the Acad, of Natural Sciences, and fellow of the Am. Acad, of Arts and Sciences. Graham, John Andrew, LL.D., advo- cate and author; b. Southbury, Ct., June 10, 1764; d. N.Y. Aug. 29, 1841. Son of Dr. Andrew, Revol. patriot, who d. 1785. He re- moved to Rutland, Vt., immediately on his admission to the Ct. bar in 1785. Sent to England as agent of the diocese to obtain the consecration of Bishop Peters from the English bishops, he was unsuccessful. Returning to Eng. in 1796, he pub. there in 1797 "A De- scriptive Sketch of the Present State of Vt.," and received the degree of LL.D. from Aber- deen. From 1805 he resided in N.Y., where he became disting. for his ability in the defence of criminals. A small volume of his ablest speeches was pub. in 1812. Graham, John H., commo. U.S.N., b. Vt. Midshipm. June 18, 1812 ; lieut. Mar. 5, 1817 ; command. Feb. 28, 1838; capt. Mar. 7, 1849 ; commodore (retired list) July 16, 1862. Served under Macdonough in his victory on Lake Champlain, Sept. 11, 1814. Graham, Gen. Joseph, Revol. soldier, b. Chester Co., Pa., Oct. 13, 1759; d. Lincoln Co., N.C., Nov. 12, 1836. At the age of 7 he accomp. his widowed mother to N.C. Was G-RA. 374 G-TIA. ..educated at Charlotte ; enlisted in the 4th N.C. regt, in May, 1778 ; was in the battle of Stono in 1779; app. adj. of the Mecklenburg regt. in 1780; and in an action at Charlotte in the autumn of 1780 received 6 sabre and 3 bullet wounds. Recovering, 2 months after he raised a company of mounted riflemen, with whom he defended the passage of Cowans Ford, and performed a series of heroic deeds, commanding in 15 engagements, attaining the rank of major. Elected sheriffof Mecklenburg after the war ; frequently represented that county in the State senate ; and subsequently engaged in the manuf. of iron in Lincoln County. He com. against the Creek Indians in 1814 with the rank of maj.-gen. His youngest son, Wm. A., was sec. of the navy. Graham, Lawrence Pike, brev. brig.- gen. U.S.A., b. Va. Entered 2d dragoons Oct. 13, 1837; became 1st lieut. Jan. 1839; engaged in battle of Lockahatchee, Fla., in 1842; capt. Aug. 1843; brev. maj. for gallantry at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Pal ma, May 9, 1846; major, June 4, 1858; lieut.-col. 5th cav. Oct. 1, 1861; brig.-gen. vols. Aug. 31, 1862; brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. for gallantry and good conduct during the war ; col. 4th U.S. cav. May, 1864; and retired 9 May, 1864. Graham, Sylvester, vegetarian, b. Suf- field, Ct., 1794; d. Northampton, Ms., Sept. 11, 1851. Son of Rev. John; and in child- hood was extremely feeble. At 19 he became a teacher, continuing until disabled by illness. In 1823 he entered Amh. Coll., intending to enter the ministry ; but, having exhibited great powers of elocution, he was denounced as a stage-actor and mad enthusiast. In 1826 he m. ; soon after became a preacher in the Presb. church ; was engaged in 1830 as a temperance lecturer; and studied physiology and anatomy. He pub. in 1832 his " Essay on the Cholera ;'" delivered a course of lectures, pub. in 1839, entitled " Graham Lectures of the Science of Human Life." He also wrote " Bread and Breadmaking ; " " A Lecture to Young Men on Chastity ; " and " The Philosophy of Sacred History," 12mo, only one vol. of which he lived to complete. Graham, William Alexander, states- man. Son of Gen. Joseph, b. Lincoln Co., N.C, Sept. 5, 1804. He was trained to the law; entered public life in 1833 as a member of the State legisl., of which he was several times elected speaker; was a U.S. senator in 1841-3 ; gov. in 1845-9 ; sec. of the navy under Pres. Fillmore until June, 1852; and subse- quently candidate for the vice-presidency on the ticket with Gen. Scott. Graham, William Montrose, lieut.-col. U.S.A., b. Prince Wm. Co., Va. ; killed at Molino del Rey, 8 Sept. 1847. West Point, 1817. Maj. 2d Inf. 16 Feb.; lieut.-col. 11th Inf. 3 Mar. 1847 ; disting. at Fort King and at the battle of Onithlacoochie in the Seminole war, and severely wounded ; and in all the f»rincipal battles of Mexico; and brev. maj. and ieiit.-col. Grahame, James, LL.D. (H.U. 1839), his- torian, b. Glasgow, Dec. 21, 1790; d. Lond. July 3, 1842. St. John's Coll., Cambridge. In 1812 was admitted an advocate at the Scottish bar. After 14 years' practice, he sought from ill health a milder climate; settled in the south of Eng., and commenced a History of the U.S. The first two vols, appeared in 1827 ; a new edition, 4 vols. 8vo, in 1836, bring- ing the History to the year 1776 ; but its thor- oughly American spirit interfered with its suc- cess in Eng., and for several years it was little known in the U.S. In 1841 a genial notice of his History, by W. H. Prescott, appeared in the N. A. Review. A Phila. edition of his work, in 4 vols. 8vo, appeared in 1845 ; one in 2 vols, in 1846 and 1848; the former containing a memoir of Grahame by Josiah Quincy. Mr. Quincy also pub. a work entitled *' The Mem- ory of the Late James Grahame, the Historian of the U.S., vindicated from the Charges of Mr. Bancroft," 8vo, Boston, 1846. In 1837 Mr. Grahame undertook to continue the History to the close of the Revol., but was compelled by ill health, toward the close of the year, to ab- stain from literary labor of all kinds. His last work was a pamphlet entitled " Who is to Blame ? or Cursory Review of the American Apology for American Accession to Negro Slavery," 8vo, Lond., 1842. Granger, Francis, politician, b. Suffield, Ct., Dec. 1, 1792 ; d. Canandaigua, N.Y., Aug. 28, 1868. Y. C. 1811. Son of Gideon, post- mr.-gen. Removing to Canandaigua, where he practised law, he was prominent in the anti-Ma- sonic movement ; and was in 1826-31 a member of the Gen. Assembly of that State; M.C. in 1835-7, 1839-40, from N.Y. ; app. in Mar. 1841 U.S. postmaster-general. This position he re- signed in July, 1841, on Mr. Tyler's action re- specting the U.S. Bank; deleg. to the Peace Convention in Feb. 1861 ; and took an active part in the efibrt to avert the Rebellion. Granger, Gideon, lawyer and politician, b. Suffield, Ct., July 19, 17*'67; d. Canandai- gua, N.Y., Dec. 31, 1822. Y.C. 1787. Adm. to the bar of the Sup. Court of Ct. in 1788, where he acquired celebrity; was from 1793 several years a member of the legisl. ; disting. himself by his exertions to create its school- fund; U.S. postmaster-gen. from 1801 to 1814, when he removed to N.Y. ; State senator from 1819 to 1821 ; and a promoter of internal im- provements. He gave 1,000 acres of land for the benefit of the Erie Canal. He was an able speaker and political writer. Granger, Gordon, brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. N.Y. ab. 1825. West Point, 1845. Enter- ing 2d Inf., he was transferred to the mounted rifles, July 17, 1846; was brev. 1st lieut. for gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco, Aug. 20, and capt. for gallantry at Chapultepec, Sept. 12, 1847 ; disting. himself in conflict with the In- dians on the Nueces River, April 13, 1856; capt. 3d Cav. May 5, 1861 ; col.2d Mich. Cav. 2 Sep. 1861; brig.-gen.vols. Mar.26, 1862. He served in the West under Gens. Halleck and Grant; took part in the battles of Wilson's Creek, luka, and Corinth; was made maj.-gen. Sept. 17, 1862; commanded the dist. of Central Ky., where he did good service ; was especially disting. at Chiokamauga, after which battle he received the com. of the 4th army corps ; en- gaged in the operations about Chattanooga ; battle of Missionary Ridge, Nov. 23-25, 1863 ; &RA. 876 GTIA. brcv. col, for Chattanooga, 24 Nov. 1863 ; com. division and engaged at Fort Gaines, Ala., Aug. 1864, and Fort Morgan ; com. dist. of W. Fla; and Dept. of Gulf, 1864-5, and 13th army corps in operations ending in capture of Mobile, 12 Apr. 1865, for which he was brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865; col. 15th Inf. July 28, 1866. — Cullum. Granger, Robert S., brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Ohio, ab. 1817. West Point, 1838. Entering the 1st Inf., was assist, instructor in inf tactics at West Point from July, 1843, to Aug. 1844 ; capt. 8 Sept. 1847 ; major Sept. 9, 1861, and brig.-gen. vols. Oct. 20, 1862. He served with distinction in Ky. ; was brev. col. 9 Oct. 1862, for the battle of Lawrenceburg, Ky. ; joined the Army of the Cumberland in Jan. 1863 ; was assigned to Northern Ala. June 1, 1864 ; defeated Hood at Decatur, Oct. 27, and earned the brevet of maj.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865. He captured Gen. Roddy's camp near Courtland, July, 1864, and expelled the rebel Wheeler from Middle Tenn., Aug.-Sept. 1864; lieut.-col. 16th Inf. 12 June, 1865. — Cullum. Grant, Anne, of Laggan, authoress, b. Glasgow, Scotland, 21 Feb. 1755; d. Edin- burgh, 7 Nov. 1838. Capt. Mc Vicar, her father, took her while an infant to America, where she remained till 1768, and, by her intelli- gence and conversational powers, obtained the friendship of Madam Schuyler and other emi- nent inhabitants of New York. In 1779 she m. Rev. Mr. Grant of Laggan, by whose d. in 1801 she was left with the care of a nu- merous family. Taking up her pen as a sup- port, she pub. " Memoirs of an American Lady," 2 vols. 1808, a faithful picture of Colo- nial manners and scenery; "Letters from the Mountains," 3 vols. 1808 ; and " Essays on the Superstitions of the Highlands of Scotland," 2 vols. 1811. Grant, James, of Ballendalloch, a British gen., b. 1720; d. Apr. 13, 1806. App. raaj. of the Montgomerie Highlanders in 1757. In Sept. 1758, Maj. Grant marched with 800 men to reconnoitre Fort Duquesne ; was surprised and defeated, and with 19 other officers made prisoner. App. gov. of East Florida in 1760, and lieut.-col. 40th Foot; col. May 25, 1772; maj.-gen. 1777; lieut.-gen. Nov. 1782; gen. May, 1796. In May, 1761, he led the exped. against the Cherokees, defeating them in a severe bat- tle at Etchoe. At the battle of Long Island, Aug. 1776, he com. the 4th and 6th brigades of the British army. In Dec. 1776 Howe gave him the com. in N.J. at a most critical period : the American victories at Trenton and Prince- ton immediately followed. In 1777 he com. the 2d brigade of Howe's army ; led the 1st and 2d at the Brandy wine ; and at German town, Oct. 4, forced the left of the American army to give way. In May, 1778, he was detached with a strong force to cut off Lafayette on the Sfhuylkill, but was unsuccessful. He defeated Lee at Monmouth, and Nov. 4 sailed in com- mand of the troops sent against the French W. Indies. In Dec. he took St. Lucia; and in 1791 was made gov. of Stirling Castle. Many years a member of parliament, where, before the Kevol., he made the boast that he would lead a British regt. from one end of the Colonies to the other, the Americans were such cowards. Late in life he was a notorious gourmand, requiring his cook to sleep in the same room with him. Grant, Ulysses Simpson, Pres. of the U.S., b. Point Pleasant, Ohio, Apr. 27, 1822. West Point, 1843. Son of Jesse R. and Han- nah Simpson Grant of Pa. Entering the 4ih Inf, he joined Taylor on the Rio Grande in 1846, and was in the battles of Palo Alto,Resaca dela Palma, and Monterey. Subsequently join- ing Scott before Vera Cruz, Grant took part in every engagement fought between that city and Mexico, receiving brevets of 1st lieut. and capt. for meritorious conduct at Molino del Rey and Chapultej)ec. Made capt. 5 Aug. 1853, while serving in Oregon; he resigned 31 July, 1854, and settled in St. Louis. In 1859 he removed to Galena, 111., where he was en- gaged in commercial pursuits when the civil war began. He was one of the first to offer his services to his country, and as col. of th&- 21st 111. vols, served actively in Mo.' Made brig.-gen. May 17, 1861, he was in Aug. as- signed to the com. at Cairo. He at once oc- cupied Paducah, Ky. ; and at Belmont broke up the enemy's camp, opposite his stronghold at Columbus. In Feb. 1862 he received com. of the land-force destined to attack Fort Hen- ry on the Tenn. River. Too late to participate in its reduction, he immediately moved upon Fort Donelson. For his conduct at the siege and capture of this post, he was promoted to maj.-gen. Feb. 16. He advanced to Pittsburg Landing, where, while awaiting the arrival of Buell with re-enforcements, he was attacked on the morning of Apr. 6 by Gens. A. S. John- ston and Beauregard. After an obstinately- contested battle. Grant was driven b'ack toward the river, whei-e, by massing his artillery, and with the aid of the gunboats, he made a success- ful stand. Re-enforcements arrived during the night, the battle was renewed next day, and the confederate's repulsed with great slaughter. He was afterward second in com. to Gen. Hal- leck. In Sept. 1862 he was app. to the com. of West Tenn., and fixed his headquarters at Jackson. His force there constituted the 13th army corps. He com. at luka, 19 Sept. 1862; in the Vicksburg campaign, Nov. 4, 1862, to July 18, 1863; and made maj.-gen. U.S.A. 4 July, 1863, the date of the capture of Vicks- burg with its garrison of 31,500 ; com. the division of the Mpi. 16 Oct. to 2 Mar. 1864, when made lieut.-gen. for the Chattanooga campaign; gen.-in-chief, Mar. 17, 1864 ; in the Richmond campaign, May 4, 1864, to Apr. 9, 1865, the date of Lee's surrender; gen. U.S.A. 25 July, 1866 ; sec. of war ad interim 12 Aug. 1867 to Feb. 1868; inaug. President 4 Mar. 1869. Grant's most brilliant campaign was that in which, throwing himself upon the rear of Vicksburg, he defeated in detail the armies of Johnston and Pemberton, and, cooping up the latter in Vicksburg, caused its speedy sur- render. At Mission. Ridge, 25 Nov. 1863, he won a splendid victory over Bragg's army, re- ceiving therefor the thanks of Congress, 17 Dec, also a gold medal. — See Badeau's Milit. Hist, of Gen. Grant; Lives of Grant, by C. A. Phelps, A. D. Richardson, and II. Coppie; and Men of Our Times, by Mrs. H. B. Starve. >t'<^=>' CS^TIA. 376 G-R-A. Grasse, Tilly (de gras), FRANgois Jo- seph Paul, Comte de, a French adm., b. Pro- vence, 1723; d. Jan. 11, 1788. At 15 he en- tered the navy. In 1742, while lieut. of a frigate, he was captured by a British ship, and confined in Eng. until exchanged. He served under La Galissoniere during the 7-years' war, and assisted at the taking of Minorca ; was en- gaged under D'Ache in the three actions with Pococke in the E. Indies ; and towards the end of the war he was made a capt. When France came to the assistance of America in her struggle for liberty, De Grasse was made a rear-adm., and com. the second division under D'Orvilliers in the action of July 27, 1778. He subsequently served with La Motte Picquet and De Guichen ; and in the engagement of May 18, 1780, displayed great skill and enter- prise. Raised at length to the chief com., he assisted at the capture of Tobago, Sept. 1781, and sailed immediately to Amer., the great ob- ject of his exped. His conduct off the Chesa- peake, in the action with Adm. Graves, and in the capture of Yorktown, procured for him the thanks of Congress (28 Oct.), and a present of 4 pieces of cannon taken at Yorktown, and gained him laurels at home. His subse- quent services were great ; his action with Sir Samuel Hood evinced the greatest address and skill ; and the assistance rendered by him to the enterprising Bouille deprived Britain of many of her valuable possessions in the W. Indies. The action of the 12th of Apr. 1782, in which he suffered a complete defeat by the superior force of Rodney, finished his naval career. Chef d'escadre, 1779. Gratiot, Charles, brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. Mo. 1783; d. St. Louis, 18 May, 1855. West Point, 1806. Entering the engineer corps, he was app. capt. 2-3 Feb. 1808 ; chief engineer of Harrison's army in 1813 and 1814; brev. col, Mich, militia, Oct. 5, 1814 ; engaged in the defence of Fort Meigs, Apr.-May, 1813 ; and attack on Fort Mackinac, 4 Aug. 1814; maj. Feb. 9, 1815; lieut.-col. Mar. 3i, 1819; col. and principal engr. May 24, 1828 ; brevet brig.-gen. May 24, 1828 ; 'dismissed Dec. 6, 1838 ; inspector Military Academy, May, 1828, to Dec. 1838. Grattan, Thomas Collet, novelist, b. Dublin, 1796; d. Lond. 4 July, 1864. He studied law. Commenced authorship in 1819 with " Philibert," a poetical romance ; removed to Paris ; contrib. to the Edinb. Review and to the N. Monthly Mag.; was consul to Ms. in 1839-53; and besides novels, and histories of Switzerland and the Netherlands, wrote " Civ- ilized America," 2 vols. 1859, a bitterly abusive book ; " England and the Disrupted States of Amer." 1861 ; and a drama, " The Woman of Color." Graves, Thomas, rear-adm., b. RatclifF, Eng., 6 June, 1605 ; d. Charlestown, Ms., 31 July, 1653. He was in 1632-5 master of sev- eral ships sailing between Eng. and this coun- try, and with his wife, Catharine Coytmore, was adm. to the church at Charlestown 7 Oct. 1639. In 1643 he was master of "The Tryal," the first ship built in Boston ; and for the capture of a Dutch privateer in the English Channel, during CromweH's protec- torate, was given the com. of a ship-of-war, and made a rear-adm., the owners of his ship presenting him with a silver cup. — Sew- all's iVoburn. Graves, Thomas, Lord, a Brit, adm., b. 1725; d. Jan. 31, 1802. After having succes- sively served on various important occasions un- der Hawke, Anson, and other disting. admirals, he obtained in 1759 the com. of "The Uni- corn" frigate, from which in 1761 he was re- moved to " The Antelope" on the N. Amer. sta- tion, and app. gov. of Newfoundland, in which capacity he acted with such promptitude, pru- dence, and energy, on the capture of St. John's by a French squad, in 1762, that the place was speedily retaken. In 1779 he became rear- admiral of the Blue; in 1780 he sailed to Amer. with a re-enforcement of 6 ships-of-the- line for Adm. Arbuthnot ; Sept. 26 he was made rear-adm. of the Red ; and in July, 1781, on Arbuthnot's return to Eng., he took the chief com. on the Amer. station. Sept. 5, he came to a partial engagement with De Grasse, which resulted in disabling many of the Eng. ships. He became second in com. under Lord Howe in the engagement, June 1, 1795; and as a reward for his conduct in this battle, dur- ing which he received a wound, he was raised to an Irish peerage ; adm. of the White, June 1, 1795. Gray, Alonzo, LL.D., chemist, b. Town- send, Vt., 1808; d. Brooklvn, N.Y., Mar. 10, 1860. Amh. Coll. 1834. Prof, of chem. and nat. philos. And. Acad. 1837-43 ; prof chem. Mar. Coll. ; prin. Brooklyn Heights Fem. Sem. Author of" Elements of Chemistry," 40th ed. 12mo, 1853; "Elements of Scientific and Practical Agriculture," 12mo, 1842; "Ele- ments of Natural Philos.," 12mo, 1851. In conjunction with C. B, Adams, "Elements of Geology," 12mo, 1852. Gray, Asa, botanist, b. Paris, N.Y., Nov. 18, 1810. Grad. M.D. at the Fairfield Med. Coll. in 1831. Since 1842 he has been Fisher Prof of nat. hist, in H.U. His elementary works, " Elements of Botany," 1836, and especially his later series, " How Plants Grow," " Botany for Young People," " Lessons in Botany," and "Structural and Systematic Bot- any," 1858, " are unsurpassed in the language for precision, simplicity, perspicuity, and com- prehensiveness." He has contrib. much to the principal scientific journals and academical memoirs of the day. Dr. Gray, with Dr. John Torrey, commenced in 1838 the pub. of "A Flora of N. America," but discontinued it. They described in the govt, reports the botani- cal treasures of the govt, expeds. to the Pacific coast. In 1848 Dr. Gray began his " Genera of the Plants of the U.S." and the "Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States," and in 1854 pub. the first vol. of " The Botany of the U.S. Pacific Exploring Expcd. under Capt. Wilkes." Prof Gray has delivered three courses of Lowell Institute Lectures in Boston. LL.D. (Ham. Coll. 1860). Gray, Francis Calley, LL.D. (H.U. 1841), b. Salem, Ms., Sept. 19, 1790 ; d. Bos- ton, Dec. 29, 1856. H. U. 1809. Son of Lieut.-Gov. William. He was educated to the law; was private sec. to J. Q. Adams while G-R-A. 377 GUi-A. minister to Russia ; was frequently in the legisl., and a member of the exec, council in 1839; corres;p. sec. of the Acad, of Arts and Sciences ; and a member of many literary bodies. An elegant and accomplished writer, he was an early contrib. to the N. A. Review; edited several vols, of the Colls, of the Ms. Hist. Soc. ; pub. a pamphlet entitled " Remarks on the Early Laws of Ms. Bay," and in 1848 one on " Prison Discipline," taking strong ground against the separate or solitary system of impris- onment. He bequeathed $50,000 for the estab- lishment and maintenance of a museum of com- parative zoology in connection with H.U. The building was dedicated Nov. 1859. He deliv- ered, besides other addresses, an Oration before the town-authorities of Boston, July 4, 1818; a Discourse at Plymouth, Ms., on the 199th anniv. of the landing of the Pilgrims, Dec. 22, 1819; Oration before the Ms. legisl. on the 100th anniv. of the birth of Washington, Feb. 22, 1832. Gray, Henry Peters, painter, b. New York, June 23, 1819. He entered the studio of Daniel Pluntington in 1838; went to Eu- rope in 1839, returning in 1843; and, after another absence abroad in 1845-6, established himself in N.Y. Among his pictures are, "Roman Girl," "Billct-Doux," "Teaching a Child to Pray," " Proserpine and Bacchus," " Cupid begging his Arrows," " Wages of War," " Apple of Discord," " Blessed are the Pure in Heart," an illustration of Irving's " Pride of the Village," " Hagar and the Angel," " Susannah," " Truth," " Greek Lovers," and " Twilight-Musings." Hehasalso painted more than 250 portraits. — Tackerman. Gray, Capt. Robert, discoverer of the Columbia River, b. Tiverton, R.I., 1755; d, Charleston, S.O., 1806. Sept. 30, 1787, the ship " Columbia," Capt. John Kendrick, and the sloop " Washington," Capt. Gray, sailed from Boston to trade with the natives of the N, W. coast. They were fitted out by Joseph Barrell, Samuel Brown, Charles Bulfinch, John Derby, Crowel Hatch, and J. M. Pin- tard, Boston merchants ; and took for dis- tribution among the natives coins struck for the purpose, bearing on one side a ship and a sloop under sail, with the words " Columbia " and " Washington, com. by John Kendrick ; " and on the reverse, " fitted out at Boston, N. America, for the Pacific Ocean, by," encircling the names of the proprietors. Returning in 1790 in the "Columbia," via Canton, Gray was the first to carry the Amer. flag round the globe. Gray made a second voyage, and May 11, 1791, in kt. 46° 10', discoveVed the mouth of the great river, to which was given the name of his ship. He afterward com. trading-ves- sels from Boston until his death. Gray, William, an eminent merchant, b. Lynn, Ms., June 27, 1750 ; d. Boston, Nov. 4, 1825. Apprenticed in youth to a merchant at Salem, he was afterward in the employ of Richard Derby. Beginning business for him- self, he amassed great wealth, having at one time more than 60 sail of square-rigged vessels on the ocean. A Democrat in politics, he evinced his sincerity by taking side with Jef- fersoa during the embargo, notwithstanding its unpopularity in N. England, and its pecu- niary injury to his business. Removing to Boston, he was lieut.-gov. of Ms. in 1810, hav- ing previously been a State senator. Graydon, Alexander, author, b. Bristol, Pa., April 10, 1752; d. Phila. May 2, 1818. Educated at Phila. He began to study law, but in 1775 entered the patriot army as capt.; joined the army at N. Y., and was made prisoner in the action on Harlem Heights. He was con- fined in New York and at Flatbush, and was exchanged in 1778; prothonotary of Dauphin Co., and lived at Harrisburg from 1785 to 1799, when he removed to a farm near that city, from which he returned to Phila. in 1816. In 1811 he pub. his Memoirs, an entertaining and well-written work illustrative of Revol. man- ners and history; it was repub. in Phila. in 1846, with annotations by J. S. Littell. Gray- don contrib. to the Portfolio in 1813 and '14 a series of papers entitled " Notes of a Desul- tory Reader." Grayson, John Breckenridge, gen. C.S.A., b. Ky. 1807; d. 1862. West Point, 1826. Entered the artillery, but was app. assist, commis. Aug. 1834; in Seminole Indian war of 1835-6; commis. (rank capt.) 7 July, 1838; capt. 11 Dec. 1838; chief of commis- sariat of Scott's army in Mexico, 1847-8 ; brev. major for gallantry at Contreras and Churu- busco, Aug. 20, 1847; brev. lieut.-col. for Chapultepec, Sept. 13, 1847 ; commis. (rank of major) Oct. 21, 1852; resigned July 1, 1861, and app. a brig .-gen. in Confed. army. Grayson, William, soldier and states- man, b. Prince William Co., Va.; d. at Dum- fries, Mar. 12, 1790. U. of Oxford. Studied law at the Temple, Lond., and settled in Dum- fries ; app. aide-de-camp to Washington, Aug. 24, 1776; col. of a Va. regt. Jan. 1, 1777 ; com- missioner on the board of war in 1780-81 ; a commissioner to treat with Sir William Howe respecting prisoners while the army was at Valley Forge ; und at Monmouth com. his regt., behaving with valor; M.C. in 1784-7; member Va. convention of 1788, called to con- sider the Federal Constitution ; was, like Pat- rick Henry, its zealous opponent ; and was in 1789 one of the first U.S. senators from Va. — Lossing. Grayson, William, Democ. politician of Md., gov. in 1838-41, b. Md. 1786; d. Queen Anne's Co. July 9, 1868. He was a planter; served with distinction in both houses of the Md. assembly, and took a prominent part in the successful struggle to obtain a new and more liberal constitution for the State in 1838. Grayson, William J., son of William, lawyer and author, b. Beaufort, S.C., Nov. 1788; d. Newbern, Oct. 4, 1863. S.C. Coll. 1809. He was bred to the legal profession; was a commissioner in equity of S.C. ; and a member of the State legisl. 1813. In 1831 he was a State senator, and, while opposing the tariff' act, was not disposed to push the collision to the extreme of civil war. M.C. in 1833-7, and in 1841 was app. by President Taylor col- lector of customs at Charleston. Afterward a planter. During the secession agitation of 1850, he pub. a " Letter to Gov. Seabrook," deprecating disunion, and pointing out the GJ-RE 378 ORE evils which would follow it. "W^as a contrib. to the Southern Review. He pub. " The Hire- ling and the Slave," 1856 ; " Chicora and other Poems;" a poem entitled "The Country;" and is supposed to be the author of a narrative poem entitled " Marion." GreathOUSe, Lucien, brig.-gen. U. S. vols., b. Carlinsville, HI., 1843 ; d. of wounds in battle near Atlanta, Ga., July 21, 1864. Bloomington Coll. He practised law ; entered the army a private ; passed through every in- term. grade to that of col. 48th Ills, regt., and bore a conspicuous part in the achievements of the Army of the Tenn. ; brig.-gen. July, 1864. Greaton, John, brig.-gen. Revol. army, b. Roxbury, Ms., Mar. 10, 1741 ; d. there Feb. 1784, Before the war, he was an innkeeper and an officer of militia in Roxbury ; col. 24th regt.July 12, 1775; col. 36th, Oct. 1775; after- ward col. 3d Ms. on the Continental establish- ment. During the siege of Boston, he led an exped. which destroyed the buildings on Long Island in Boston harbor. Apr. 15, 1776, he was ordered to Canada ; Dec. 7, 1776, he joined Washington in N.J. ; and was afterward in Heath's division at West Point ; app. by Con- gress brig.-gen. Jan. 7, 1783. Greeley, Horace, a leading journalist, b. Amherst, N.H., 3 Feb. 1811. Son of a poor farmer, who in 1821 moved to Vt. He at- tended a com. school ; evinced great fondness for reading ; and learned the printer's trade at Poultney, Vt., in 1826-30. After working a few months as a printer in Erie, Pa., he went in Aug. 1831 to N.Y. City, where he worked at his trade. 1 Jan. 1833, in partnership with Francis Story, he began the Morning Post, the first penny daily ever published, soon discon- tinued. In Mar. 1834, with Jonas Winchester, he founded the New-Yurker, a literary weekly, neutral in politics, of which he was editor. It lived 7 years, but was not profitable pecuniarily. In 1838-9 he edited the Jeffersonian, and in 1840 the Log- Cabin ( Whig campaign papers), which gave him a reputation as an able polit- ical writer. Apr. 10, 1841, he founded the N. Y. Tribune, of which Henry J. Raymond was assist, editor, which soon took the stand it has since maintained as a thoroughly-appointed independent and spirited journal. He advo- cated Clay's election in 1844; afterward as- sumed a more decidedly hostile attitude to slavery; and as a member of Congress in 1848- 9 opposed the abuses of the mileage system. He supported in successive presidential cam- paigns Gen. Scott in 1852, J. C. Fremont in 1856, and Abraham Lincoln in 1860 ; having exerted his influence against the nomination of W. H. Seward in the Chicago convention of that year. He favored universal amnesty and universal suffrage at the end of the civil war, and offered himself as bail for Jeffbrson Davis in May, 1867. In 1851 he visited Eu- rope, and was chairman of one of the juries at the World's Fair. His letters to the Tribune, describing his travels, were pub. with the title, "Glances at Europe." In 18.'J9 he went to California by way of Kansas and Utah. He has gained special distinction by his efforts toward the emancipation of labor, endeavor- ing to free it from ignorance, vice, servitude. and poverty. He is a zealous champion of protection, and is always found in the front rank of social, industrial, and political reform- ers. He pub, in 1850 " Hints toward Reforms," including many of his lectures on temper- ance, labor, education, &c. ; " Association Dis- cussed," by Greeley and Raymond, 1 847 ; " Art and Industry as represented in the Exhibition at the Crystal Palace," N.Y. 18.53; "History of the Struggle for Slavery-Extension from 1787 to 1856;" "History of the American Conflict," 2 vols. 8vo, 1864-6 ; " Recollections of a Busy Life," 1868; "Overland Journey from N.Y. to San Francisco in 1859," 12mo, 1860 ; " Essays on Polit. Econ." — See Parton's Life of Greeky, 1855; D. W. Bartleit's Modern Agitators; Bungay's Offhand Takings, 1854. Greene, Albert Collins, lawyer, b. E. Greenwich, R.I., 1792; d. Providence, Jan. 8, 1863. Son of Perry, bro. of Gen. Nathl. Greene. Member of the R.I. Assembly in 1815; member of the State senate; speaker of the house; maj.-gen. of militia two years; atty.-gen. 1825-43, and U.S. senator in 1845- 51. Greene, Albert Gorton, lawyer and poet, b. Providence, R.I. , Feb. 10, 1802; d. Cleveland, O., Jan. 3, 1868. Brown U. 1820. Many years clerk of the Municipal Court of Providence; clerk of the common council; and judge of probate. Author of the popular bal- lad of" Old Grimes; " " The Militia Muster;" a ballad entitled " Canonchet," pub. in Up- dike's " Hist, of the Narragansett Church ; " and " The Baron's Last Banquet," one of the finest poems in our language. In 1833 he pub. the Literary Journal, quarterly, but discontinued it after one year. Pres. of the R.I. Hist. Soc. from 1854 until his death. Green, Alexander, L.P., D.D. (U. of Tenn. 1846), a minister of the M.E. Church South, b. Sevier Co., Tenn., June 26, 1807. He connected himself with the Tenn. conf. ; was ord. elder in 1828, and since 1832 has been a delegate to the general conf Promi- nent in the discussions of 1844 which resulted in a division of the church. Author of " The Church in the Wilderness." Greene, Dr. Asa, phvsician and author, b. Ashburnham, Ms., 1788 ;' d. N.Y. Citv, 1837. Wms. Coll. 1813. He went to N.Y. ab. 1830, and established himself as a bookseller. Author of " The Travels of Ex-Barber Fribbleton," a satire on Fidler and other scribbling English tourists ; " The Life and Adventures of Dr. Dodimus Duckworth," 1833; " The Perils of Pearl Street," 1834 ; "A Glance at New York," 1837; "A Yankee among the Nul- lifiers," 1835; " Debtor's Prison," 18mo, 1837; and was some time editor of the Evening Tran- script, a New- York daily. Green, Ashbel, D.D. (U. of Pa. 1792), LL.U. (U. of N.C. 1812), scholar and divine, b. Hanover, N. J., July 6, 1762 ; d. Phila. May 19, 1848. N.J. Coll. 1783. In early life he performed military duty, and was in imminent danger at the attack on Elizabethtown Point. Tutor in N.J. Coll. 1783-5; prof of math, and nat. philos. from 1785 to May, 1787, when he became assoc. pastor of the Second Presb. Church of Phila.; in 1790 he was a member G-RE 379 GRE of the Gen. Assembly ; in the summer of 1791 he made a tour in N. England ; from 1 792 to 1800 he was chaplain to Congress ; in 1809 he was one of the foundei's of the Phiia. Bible Society, the first society of the kind formed in the U.S. During the 2.5 years of his ministry, he was regarded as the first pulpit orator con- nected with the Presb. church in the U.S. In 1812-22 he was pres. of N.J. Coll. He sub- sequently resided in Phila., conducting for 12 years the Christian Advocate, and also, for 2^ years, preaching to an African congregation. For a number of years he exercised a control- ling influence over the affairs of the Presb. church ; was influential in the organization of the Home Missionary and other boards of the church ; and took an active and decided part in the measures which led to the division of the church in 1836-7. While pres. of the coll., he originated, with a few others, the Theol. Sem. at Princeton, and, at the time of his death, was pres. of its board of directors. Pres. of the trusteesof the Jefferson Med. School of Phila. ; member of the Amer. Philos. Soc. He pub. a "Discourse delivered in the Coll. of N. J., with a History of the Coll.," 1822 ; " A Histo- ry of Presbyterian Missions ; " " Lectures on the Shorter Catechism," 2 vols. ; 11 original discourses, besides addresses, reports, &c. ; an Autobiography, commenced at the age of 82, pub. by Joseph H. Jones, N. Y., 1849. — Sprague. Green, Bartholomew, the first newspa- per printer in Amer., b. Cambridge, Ms., 12 Oct. 1666; d. Boston, Dec. 28, 1732. He was a son of Samuel Green, printer, and succeeded to his business. He first set up his press in Cambridge, afterward at Boston, where it was destroyed by fire, 16 Sept. 1690. In the win- ter of 1692-3 he resumed business in Boston. Apr. 24, 1704, he issued the first number of the Boston Neivs-Letter, a publication continued by him during his life. He also pub. the neeldy Neuys- Letter, which was afterwards com- bined with the other ; and it was then styled the Boston Weekly News-Letter. His descendants were printers in Boston till the Revol., and in Ct. long afterwards. Greene, Chakles Gordon, journalist, b. Boscawen,N.H.,July 1,1804. His father dying in 1812, he was placed under the care of his bro. Nathaniel, subsequently postmaster of Boston, who sent him ti Bradford Acad. He entered his bro.'s printing-ofhce in Haverhill ; followed him to Boston in 1822, and was engaged in the office of the Statesman ; settled at Taunton in 1825 as pub., and afterward editor, of the Free Press; in 1826 pub. in Boston a literary journal, the Boston Spectator ; soon after re- sumed an engagement with the Statesman; re- moved to Phila. in 1827 ; in 1828 became con- nected with DufF Green's paper, the U. S. Tel- egraph ; in 1829 succeeded his bro. as proprie- tor and pub. of the Statesman; and Nov. 9, 1831, commenced the publication of the Boston Morning Post, which has long been a leading Democ. organ, and noted for its wit. Naval officer for Boston 1853-7 ; and has been a mem- ber of the legisl. Greene, Christopher, lieut.-col., a Rev- ol. officer, b. Warwick, R. I., 1737 j killed May 13,1781. Son of Judge Philip Greene. He received a good education, and was several years a member of the R. I. legisl. ; lieut. in the " Kentish Guards ; " in May, 1775, was chosen by the legisl. maj. in the " Army of Ob- servation ; " com. a company under Montgom- ery after accompanying Arnold through the wilderness ; and in the attack upon Quebec was made a prisoner. Promoted in June to the majority of Varnum's regt., in Oct. 1776 he succeeded to the com., and was selected by Wasliington to take charge of Fort Mercer on the River Delaware (Red Bank), which was assaulted by the Hessians under Count Donop, Oct. 21, 1777, who were repulsed with heavy loss, and their commander slain. Congress voted him a sword, which in 1786 was pre- sented by Knox, then sec. of war, to Job Greene, his eldest son. He took part in Sullivan's at- tempt on R. I. in 1778. In the spring of 1781 his quarters on the Croton River were sur* prised by a party of refugees, and he was slain. — Rogers. Green, Ezra, physician, b. Maiden, Ms., June 17, 1746; d. Dover, N.H., July 25, 1847. H.U. 1765. He began practice in Dover ab. 1768; joined the army as a surgeon in June, 1775; was in the exped. to Canada; was sur- geon in the sloop-of-war " Ranger," under Paul Jones ; continued in the Revol. navy until 1781, when he engaged in trade. A delegate to the State Const. Conv. of 1820, and a firm Federalist. Green, Francis, merchant of Boston, b. Sept. 1, 1742 ; d. Medford, Ms., Apr. 21, 1809. H.U. 1760. Son of Benjamin of Halifax. He lived in Eng. from 1776 to 1799. He pub. a dissertation on the art of imparting speech to the deaf and dumb, Lond. 1783. He after- ward pub. essays on the same subject in the papers, and translated the letters of the Abbe L'Epee. He was an officer in the British forces at the taking of Havana in 1762. Green, Frances Harriet, author, n^e Whipple, b. Smithfield, R. I. ; contrib. of poe- try to the periodicals of the day, 1830-5. Au- thor of " Memoirs of Eleanor Elbridge, a Col- ored Woman;" "The Mechanic," 1841; " Might and Right," an account of the Dorr Insurrection, 1844; "Nanuntenoo, a Legend of theNarragansetts," 1848; " Analytical Class- Book of Botany," 1855. She has contrib. largely to reform periodicals ; in 1842 edited the Wampanoag, and in 1849 the Young Peo- ple's Journal. — Allibone. Greene, George Sears, soldier and en- gineer, b. Warwick, R. I., May 6, 1801. West Point, 1823. Entering the 3d Art., he was assist, prof, of math, in the military acad. from 1823 to 1826; assist, prof, of engineering 1826-7 ; became 1st lieut. in 1829; and resigned in 1836. He then became a civil engineer, and was employed on railroad and other works in various parts of the country, and on the High Bridge and new Croton Reservoir in N.Y., until Jan. 18, 1862, when he was app. col. 60th N.Y. vols. ; brig.-gen. vols. Apr. 28, 1862, and assigned a com. in Gen. Augur's division of Banks's army corps. On Gen. Angur's promo- tion, he took com. of the division, and fought with great gallantry under Gen. Mansfield at GJ-RB3 380 GJ-RE Antietam ; was engaged at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg ; in com. of Murfreesborough Oct. 1863; combatofWanhatchic, and severely wounded, 28 Oct. 1863 ; in operations in N.C. in 1865 ; actions of Kinston and Goldsborough, and since 1 May, 1866, a civil engineer in N.Y. — Cullum. Greene, George Washington, author, grandson of Gen. Natlil. Greene, b. E. Green- wich, R. I., Apr. 8, 1811. Compelled by ill health to leave Brown U. in 1827, he resided in Europe until 1847. From 1837 to 1845 he was U.S. consul at Rome; between 1835 and 1850 he pub. a series of essays in the N. A. Re- view, chiefly on Italian literature and history, which were coll. in a vol. entitled " Historical Studies," N.Y., 1850. On his return to the U.S. he became prof, of modern languages in Brown U., and edited Putz and Arnold's "An- cient Geography and History," N.Y., 1849, and a " History and Geography of the Middle Ages," 1851. In 1852 he removed to N.Y., where he has contrib. many papers to maga- zines, and edited in 1854 a complete edition of Addison's works, in 6 vols. He wrote the Life of Gen. Gre6ne in Sparks's " Amer*Biog.," and has pub. his Official Papers and Public and Private Letters, with a new and elaborate Biog. of him, 1 867-7 1 , 3 vols. 8vo. In 1 866 he pub. an Exam, of some statements concerning Gen. Greene in Bancroft's U.S., vol. 9. Green, Henry Woodhull, LL.D. (N.J. Coll. 1850), chief justice of N.J. ; has pub. " Reports of Cases in Court of Chancery of N. J.," 2 vols. 8vo, 1842-6. N. J. Coll. 1820. Green, Horace, M.D., LL.D. (U. of Vt.), physician, b. Chittenden, Vt., Dec. 24, 1802 ; d. Greenmount, Sing Sing, N.Y., Nov. 29, 1866. Mid. Coll. 1824. He studied medicine in Rutland, Vt. ; practised there 6 years ; attend- ed lectures at the U. of Pa. in 1830-1 ; and subsequently practised 5 years more in Rutland, afterward settling in N.Y. He completed his medical education at Paris in 1838. From 1840 to 1843 he was a prof, in the med. coll. in Castleton, Vt. ; and in 1850 assisted in founding the N.Y. Med. Coll., in which he was pres. of the faculty and trustees, and emeritus prof, of the theory and practice of med. until 1860. Author of " Treatise on tlie Diseases of the Air-Passages," 1846 ; "Pathology and Treatment of the Croup," 1849; "Surgical Treatment of the Polypi of the Larynx, and the CEdema of the Glottis," 1 852 ; " Report of 106 Cases of Pulmonary Diseases treated by Injections into the Bronchial Tubes with a So- lution of Nitrate of Silver," 1856 ; and " Selec- tions from the Favorite Prescriptions of Living American Physicians," 1858; also of many papers in medical journals. Green, Jacob, minister of Hanover, N.J., b. Maiden, Ms., Jan. 22, 1722; d. Hanover, May 24, 1790. H.U. 1744; N.J. Coll. 1749. Licensed Sept. 1745 by the N.Y. presbytery, and ord. at Hanover Nov. 1746. He was in 1757 made vice-pres. of N.J. Coll., and was for some months at its head. He also engaged in the practice of medicine. A zealous patriot, he was sent to the Prov. Congress in 1775, and was chairman of the com. which drafted the State constitution. Besides sermons, he pub. " A View of the Constitution of the Jewish Church," and "A View of a Christian Church and Church Govt." A MS. Autobiography, extending to 1777, was pub. by his son Rev. Ashbel Green, in the Christian Advocate, vol. X. — Sprague. Green, Jacob, M.D., physicist, b. Phila. July 26, 1790; d. there Feb.'l, 1841. U. of Pa. 1806. In his boyhood he made a large collection of plants. He pub. soon after leav- ing the university, in connection with a young friend, a treatise on electricity, which gave him a reputation. He also studied law, and was licensed to practise, but in 1818 accepted a professorship in N.J. Coll. of chemistry, phi- losophy, and nat. history. Prof, of chemistry in the Jeff. Med. Coll. from 1 822 to the close of his life. He pub. " Chemical Diagrams ; " "Chemical Philosophy," 1829; "Treatise on Electro-Magnetism ; " " Astronomical Recrea- tions ;" "A Syllabus of a Course on Chemis- try ; " two works on " Trilobites," with wax illustrations; a work on the " Botany of the U.S., with a List of the Botanical Productions of N.Y. ; " " Notes of a Traveller," giving an account of a visit to Europe in 1828, 3 vols. 1831; "Diseases of the Skin," 8vo, Phil^. 1841 ; and contribs. to Silliman's Journal. Green, Joseph, wit and poet, b. Boston, 1706; d. London, Dec. 11, 1780. H.U. 1726. Though in 1775 proscribed and exiled for ad- herence to the crown, in 1764 he was a member of the com., with Samuel Adams, to report in- structions to the Boston representatives, and, when app. by Gage a mandamus counsellor, de- clined the honor. One of a club of wits who watched every passing event, neither Gov. Belcher nor thelegisl. was spared by those keen satirists, who turned every thing to merriment that was susceptible of it. Of his humorous publications may be mentioned the burlesque on a Psalm of his fellow-wit. Dr. Byles ; Ridi- cule of Freemasons in " The Entertainment for a Winter's Evening," in 1750 ; and " Lamenta- tion on the Death of Mr. Old Tenor," paper- money. — Sabine. Green, James Stephen, lawyer and Dem- ocratic politician, b. Fauquier Co., Va., Feb. 28, 1817 ; d. St. Louis, Jan. 18, 1870. With an ordinary education, he in 1836 went to Ala. ; thence to Canton, Mo., in 1837, where in 1840 he was adm. to the bar, and rapidly acquired reputation. Member of the State Const. Conv. in 1845; M.C. 1846-50; charge d'affaires to New Granada 1853-4, returning home on ac- count of ill health; again chosen to Congress in 1856, and U.S. senator in 1856-61, where he was chairman of the com. on territories. He was conspicuous in the debate on the ad- mission of Kansas under the Lecompton Con- stitution, which he favored, and, during the last session of the 36th Congress, was on all occa- sions the advocate of the cause of the seceding States, and resisted in their interest all at- tempts to settle the existing difficulties. He was afterward a constant promoter of civil war in Missouri. Green, Joseph F., commo. U.S.N., b. Me. Nov. 24, 1810. Midshipman Nov. I, 1827; lieut. Feb. 28, 1838; com. Sept. 14, 1855; capt. July 16, 1862 ; commo. July 24, 1867 ; at- O-RE 381 G-RK tached to " The Ohio ; " served through the Mex- ican war, talcing part in the important actions on the Pacific coast; com. steam-sloop " Ca- nandaigua," S. Atl. block, squad., 1862-4, and participated in the bombardment of Fort Wag- ner; com. Southern squadron with Atlantic fleet 1870. — Uamersly. Green, Rev. L. W., D.D., Presb. clergy- man, b. ab. 1802; d. Danville, Ky., 26 May, 1863. Transylv. LF. Entered the ministry ab. 1825 ; prof, successively of Centre Coll. and of Hanover and Allegh. Seminaries ; pres. of Washington Coll., Transylv. Coll., and of Cen- tre Coll , Danville, from 1857 to his death. Green, Martin E., brig.-gen. C.S.A., of Lewis Co., Mo. ; killed at Vicksburg, Mpi., June 27, 1863. He was a class-leader in the Mcth. Church. He organized a rcgt. near Paris, Mo., jijined Price's army, and contrib. largely to the capture of Lexington, Mo., and the gar- rison under Col. Mulligan. His men rolled hemp-bales up the steep bank of the river, and converted them into movable breastworks. He was conspicuous in all Price's battles in Mo. ; was in the battles of Farmington, luka, Corinth, Big Black, and Baker's Creek. At Vicksbui-g he had a presentiment he would be kUled. Greene, Nathaniel, maj.-gen., one of the most disting. officers in the Revol. war, b. Warwick, R.I., May 27, 1742; d. June 19, 1786. Fourth in descent from one of the early settlers of N.E. He was educated a member of the Society of Friends, among whom his father was a preacher ; received the mere rudiments of an English education, and was variously em- ployed in the field, the mill, or at the anvil. He early manifested a love for books, and made himself master of Euclid. At the age of 20 he began to study law. He was the first to es- tablish a public school in Coventry. Elected to the R.L Icgisl. in 1770 and each succeeding year until he took com. of the Southern army, and a leading and popular member. On the ap- proach of the Revol. he studied tactics; was dismissed from the Society of Friends, and became a member of the " Kentish Guards." After the battle of Lexington, the Colony of R.I. embodied 3 regts. of militia, which, as brig.-gen., he led to Cambridge, where their su- periority of equipment and discipline made them conspicuous. Here he gained the confidence and friendship of Washington, which he retained through life. Made a brig.-gen. in the Continen- tal army, June 22, 1775, and maj.-gen. Aug. 9, 1776. At Trenton he commanded the left wing, seized the artillery of the enemy, and cut off their retreat to Princeton ; was at the battles of Brandywine (where, by a rapid march and successful stand, he preserved the army from utter destruction) and Germantown ; and in March, 1778, accepted, though with great reluc- tance, the app. of quarterm.-gen., stipulating that he should not lose his right to command in action. Of this he availed himself at the bat- tle of Monmouth and in the retreat from R.I. In Aug. 1780 he resigned the office, a poorer man than when he assumed it. June 23, 1780, he checked, with 2 brigades and a small body of militia, the advance of a corps of 5,000 of the enemy in the battle of Springfield. He was in com. of the army during Washing- ton's visit to Hartford in Sept. 1780, and sat as pres. of the Court of Inquiry upon Mnj. Andre. App. to succeed Gates, Oct. 14, 1780, he found, on arriving at Charlotte Dec. 2, the Southern army a mere skeleton, without artillery, bag- gage, or stores. In his front was an enenTy flushed with victory, and well provided ; around him an exhausted country, whose inhabitants were divided into hostile parties. Adapting his operations to his means, he detached Mor- gan, who, after defeating Tarleton at the Cow- pens, marched to rejoin Greene, and was pur- sued by Cornvvallis, but without success. Foiled in the attempt, he vigorously pursued Greene, who was moving in a direction to unite with Morgan. It is tliis celebrated retreat from S.C. across N.C. into Va. which has won for the American commander a high rank in the estimation of military men. Assuming the of- fensive, Greene attacked Cornwallis at Guilford Court House, Maich 15, 1781. The British remained masters of the field, but lost 600 men, and were obliged to retire, leaving their wound- ed. Greene then marched into S.C, and, mov- ing towards Camden, took post at HobUirk's Hill, April 20. Here he was attacked on the morning of the 25th by Lord Rawdon, and, after a sanguinary conflict, was obliged to aban- don the field. He next undertook, unsuccess- fully, the siege of Ninety-Six, and then with- drew to the high hills of Santee to indulge his army in a short repose during the heat of the summer. Sept. 8 he fought the battle of Eu- taw Springs, described by him as the most ob- stinate and bloody he had ever seen. In this battle, which prostrated their power in S.C, the British lost upwards of 1,000 men, and abandoned the entire State except Charleston and vicinity. When peace was restored, Greene returned to his native State. He everywhere met with enthusiasm and expressions of gratitude and admiration. On his arrival at Princeton, where the Congress was then in ses- sion, they presented him with two pieces of ordnance taken from the British army, " as a public testimony of the wisdom, fortitude, and military skill which disting. his com. in the Southern dcpt." They had previously voted him a British standard and a gold medal com- memorative of the battle of Eutaw. The State of Ga. presented him with a fine plantation a few miles from Savannah, to which he removed with his family in the fall of 1785 ; and S. C conveyed to him a valuable tract of land. A monument was voted by Congress, but was never erected. His son Nath. Ray, b. Morris- town, N.J., Jan. 11, 1780, d. Greensdale, R.L, June 11,1 859. — See Life, Letters, and Papers of, hif G. W. Greene, 3 vols. 8vo, 1867-71. Greene, Nathaniel, editor, b. Boscawen, N.Il , May 20, 1797. In July, 1809, he entered an apprentice to Isaac Hill of the N.H. Patriot ; at the age of 15 became editor of the Concord Gazette; removed to Portsmouth in Jan. 1814, having charge of the N.H. Gazette; removed to Haverhill in April, 1815, where for two years he had charge of the Gazette; and in May, 1817, edited and pub. a new Democ. paper, the Essex Patriot. He established, Feb 6, 1821, the Boston Statesman, which soon be- GUiE 382 G-R.E came the leading Democ. journal of the State. Postmaster of Boston 1829-40 and 1845-9. In 1833 he pub. an address before the Ms. Char- itable Society ; a compendious " History of Italy," translated from the Italian, 1836; "Tales from the German," 2 vols. 1837; " Tales and Sketches from the German, Ital- ian, and French," 1843 ; " Improvisations and Translations," 12mo, Boston, 1852. He has been a contrib. to several annuals. Green, Samuel, one of the first printers of N.E., b. Eng. 1615; d. Cambridge, Ms., Jan. 1, 1702. He succeeded Day in the print- ing-house at Cambridge ab. 1648. He printed the Cambridge Platform in 1649; the Laws in 1660; and, in the Indian language, the Psal- ter, Eliot's Catechism, Baxter's " Call to the Unconverted," the New Testament, and 1,000 copies of the Bible in 1683. Greene, Samuel Stillman, b. Belcher- town, Ms., May 3, 1810. B.U. 1837. Some time teacher in the Worcester, Springfield, and Boston schools ; several years supt. of the Providence schools ; prof, of math, and civil engineering B.U. in 1855 ; transferred in 1864 to the chair of nat. philos. and astron. Author of " Analysis of Sentences," " Eng. Gram- mar," "First Lessons," and "Introduction" to Eng. grammar, " Descendants of Thomas Greene of Maiden," 1858. — Dni/ckinck. Greene, Theodore P., commo. U.S.N., b. Montreal, Canada, Nov. 1, 1809. Midshipm. Nov. 1, 1826 ; lieut. Dec. 20, 1837; com. Sept. 14, 1855; capt. July 16, 1862; commo. July 24, 1867. Attached to frigate " Congress," Pacific squad., during the Mexican war, 1846- 8; sloop " Cyane," home squad., 1852-3; lighthouse insp. 1858-60; com. steam-sloop "Richmond," W. Gulf squad., 1865; steam- sloop "Powhatan," Pacific squad., 1867. — Ilamersh/. Green, Thomas, maj.-gen. C.S.A., b. Va. 1816 ; killed at Blair's Plantation, La., Apr. 14, 1 864. Son of Chief Justice G., pres. of the Leba- non Tenn. Law School. He was in the Texan rangers in the war of Independence and the Mexican war, and was afterward clerk of the Sup. Court of Texas. He com. the 5th Texan cavalry ; was in the battle of Valverde ; in the attack on Galveston, and capture of " The Harriet Lane ; " in the battle of Bisland ; commanded the cavalry of Dick Taylor's army ; defeated Gens. Grover and Weitzell at Bayou La Fourche ; and was made a maj.-gen. for his brilliant services, and put in command of the cavalry of the Trans-Mississippi dept. He had a real genius for war. Green, Gex. Thomas J., C.S.A., b. 1801 ; d. at his residence in Warren Co., N.C., Dec. 13, 1863. He was a gen. in the Texan war of independence, a member of the Texan Con- gress, the leader of the " Mier exped.," and one of the band of " Mier prisoners." He was subsequently a State senator in Cal., and maj.- gen. of its militia. Author of " Journal of the Texan Expedition against Mier," &c., 8vo, N.Y., 1845. Greene, William, gov. of R.I. from 1743 to his death, Feb. 23, 1758, a. 62 ; many years clerk of the County Court of Providence, and dep.-gov. in 1740. Greene, William, gov. of R.I. 1778 to 1786, b. 1732; d. Warwick, R. L, Nov. 30, 1809. He had been speaker of the assembly, and chief justice. Green, Right Rev. William Merceb, D.D., first Prot.-Epis. bishop of Mpi., b. Wil- mington, N.C., May 2, 1798. U. of N.C. 1818. Ord. deacon, 1821 ; priest, 1822; app. prof, of rhetoric in the U. of N.C. in 1837 ; consec. bishop at Jackson, Feb. 24, 1850. Greene, Zachariah, Revol. soldier and clergyman, b. Stafford, Ct., 11 Jan. 1760; d. Hempstead, L.I., June 20, 1858. Dartm. Coll. 1781. He served in the army, and was en- gaged on several occasions, until by a bullet- wound in his shoulder, at the battle of White Marsh, in Dec. 1777, he was compelled to re- tire from the service. He then studied for the ministry; was pastor of the Presb. ch. at Cutchogue, Southold, L.I., from June 28, 1787, to 1797, and at Setauket, Hempstead, L.I., from Sept. 27, 1797, until his death. He was a chaplain in the army in the war of 1812. Greenhow, Robert, M.D. (1821), schol- ar, b. Richmond, Va., 1800 ; d. San Francisco in the spring of 1854. Wm. & M. Coll. 1816. His father Robert was mayor of Richmond ; and his mother perished at the burning of its theatre, Dec. 26, 1811. In 1815 he went to N.Y., where he studied medicine. He sub- sequently visited Europe, and on returning to N.Y. delivered a course of lectures before the Literary and Philos. Society. He was in 1828 app. translator of languages in the dept. of State ; in 1837 he prepared by order of Con- gress a report upon the discovery of the N.W. coast of N.A. ; in 1848 he presented to the N.Y. Hist. Soc. a paper in relation to the sup- posed missionary labors of Archbp. Fenelon (since found to have been thoseof abro.)among the Iroquois Indians of N.Y. ; in 1850 he re- moved to Cal.; in 1853 he was app. assoc. law-agent to the U.S. Land Com. He was a man of talent, and possessed an extraordinary memory. He pub. a " History of Oregon and California," 1844; "Hist, of Tripoli, &c.," 1835. His widow, Rosa O. H. Greenhow, became a spy for the rebels ; was for a time in the Old Capitol Prison, but finally lost her life in attempting to land from a blockade-runner in Wilmington harbor, N.C, Sept. 20, 1864. Greenleaf, Benjamin, teacher, and author of a series of math, text-books, b. Haverhill, Sept. 25, 1786; d. Bradford, Ms., Oct. 29, 1 864. Dartm. Coll. 1 81 3. Principal of Brad- ford Acad. 1814-36, and of the Bradford Teach- ers' Seminary from 1839 to 1848; represented Bradford in the legisl. in 1837-9. Greenleaf, Jonathan, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 1863), b. Newburyport, Sept. 4, 1785; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., Apr. 24, 1865. Edward, his ancestor, settled in N. in 1635. Moses, his father, was a capt. in the Revol. army. Jonathan was licensed to preach in Sept. 1814 ; was ord. over the church in Wells, Mar. 8, 1815 ; dism. Sept. 1828 ; then took charge of the Mariners' Church, Boston ; and was sec. of the Seamen's Friend Society. In Dec. 1833 he removed to N.Y., where he edited the Sailor's Magazine ; and was sec. of the same society until Nov. 1841. He organized and G-REJ 383 G-RK was pastor of the Wallabout Presb. Church, Brooklyn, from Mar. 8, 1843, until his death. Author of " Sketches of the Eccles. Hist, of Maine," 1 821 ; " Hist, of New- York Churches," 1846; "Geneal. of the Greenleaf Family," N.Y., 8vo, 1854. — N. E. H. Sr G. Req. 1867. Greenleaf, Moses, LL.D., bro. of the precedin;r, author of " Statistical View of Me.," 1816; "Survey of Me.," 1829; and the best map of that State; b. Newburyport, 1778 ; d. Williamsburg, Me., Mar. 20, 18.34. Greenleaf, Simon, LL.D. (H.U. 1834), an eminent jurist, bro. of the preceding^, b, Newburyport, Dec. 5, 1783; d. Cambridge, Oct. 6, 1853. Adm. to the bar in June, 1806, he commenced practice in Standish, whence he soon removed to Gray, where he lived 11 years, during which period, by unwearied industry, he laid the foundations of his great legal learn- ing. In 1818 he removed to Portland, and entered upon a more extended practice. Upon the separation of Me. from Ms. and the estab- lishment of the Sup. Court, he was app. its re- porter. Traversing the circuit with the judges, his services were in demand in all parts of the State ; and his practice became very extensive. His Reports, in 9 vols., contain the decisions of the court from 1820 to 1832, and exhibit full proof of his industry and accuracy. In the summer of 1833 he was app. Royall Prof, of law at Cambridge at the suggestion of Judge Story, whom he succeeded in 1 846 as Dane Prof In 1848 he resigned, and was made emeritus prof Many years pres. of the Ms. Bible So- ciety. The beauty of his style and his correct expositions of law have placed him as an author by the side of Blackstone and Kent. Author of a " Treatise on the Law of Evidence," 3 vols. ; " Remarks on the Exclusion of Atheists as Witnesses; " " An Examination of the Tes- timony of the Four Evangelists by the Rules of Evidence administered in the Courts of Justice, with an Account of the Trial of Jesus," and " Testamentary Counsels and Hints to Christians on the Right Distribution of their Property by Will ; " a " Treatise on the Origin and Principles of Freemasonry," 1820; " Over- ruled, Denied, and Doubted Decisions and Dicta," 1 vol. 1840, afterward expanded to 3 vols. ; Grimes's " Digest of the Law of Real Property," 1849. Greenough, Horatio, sculptor, b. Bos- ton, Sept. 6, 1805; d. Somerville, Ms., Dec. 18, 1852. H.U. 1825. Son of a Boston merchant. His ideas of form were strongly marked in his youth ; and he had a mechani- cal aptitude at imitating the objects which impressed themselves on his mind. At Harvard he became acquainted with Wash- ington Allston and others, who encouraged him in his design of becoming an artist; and he went to Italy in the autumn of 1825. He returned to Boston in 1826, and, after model- ling several busts, returned to Italy, fixing his residence in Florence. His industry was great ; and the following comprise but a part of the works upon which his fame rests : a statue of "Abel," statue of Byron's " Medora," the "Chanting Cherubs," "Ascension of the Inftint Spirit," " Genius of America," statue of " Washington upon the Public Grounds of the National Capitol," the " Angel Abdiel," two ideal busts of "Heloise," ideal bust of the " Graces," bas relief of " Castor and Pollux," monument to " Guisti the Italian Poet," " The Genius of Love," ideal bust of " Lucifer," of our " Saviour Crucified," monument to Mr. and Mrs. Gibbs, portrait statue of Miss Grinnel, statuette of " Venus Victrix," and of " Venus contending for the Golden Apple." He also executed busts of John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, Josiah Quincy, Samuel Appleton, Jona- than Mason, Thomas Cole, John Jacob Astor, Judge Marshall, and many others. The ori- ginal design for the Bunker's Hill Monument was by him. Congress appropriated $20,000 for the monument to Washington, much com- mended for its purity of taste, loftiness of con- ception, accuracy of anatomical study, and mechanical skill. The colossal group, " The Rescue," for the National Capitol, occupied the artist 8 years, and consists of four figures. He was a noble, kindly, and generous man. His Life and Essays were pub. in 1853 by H. T. Tuckerman. Richard S. Greenough, a younger brother, is a successful sculptor, Greenup, Col. Christopher, gov. of Ky. (1804-8), b. Va. 17.50; d. Frankfort, Ky., April 27, 1818. He served through theRevol. as a private and as an officer; at its close re- moved to Ky., where he was clerk of the Dist. Court; member of the legisl. ; M.C. 1793-7; clerk of the State senate, and had the reputa- tion of a sound lawyer. Greenville, Sir Richard, navigator, b. Cornwall, Eng., 1540 ; d. 1591. In his youth he served in the imperial army against the Turks, and was knighted in 1.571. Joining Raleigh, his relative, in his colonization schemes, he sailed in 1585 for America, with 7 vessels carrying 108 colonists. June 20 he made the mainland of Carolina; narrowly escaped wreck on the cape, to which, in consequence, he gave the name Cape Fear ; explored the country for 8 daN's ; and Aug. 23, after landing the colonists under Ralph Lane, sailod for Eng. The next year he recrossed the Atlantic with 3 ships laden with supplies, and found the colony broken up and the settlers gone, having been taken off by Sir Francis Drake. To keep possession of the country, he left 15 men on Roanoke Island ; returned to Eng., and was made vice-admiral. In 1591, in con- junction with Lord Howard, he was commis- sioned to intercept a rich Spanish fleet. With only 5 ships, he attacked the enemy's fleet of 62 sail off the Azores. He sunk 4 of them, and killed 1,000 of the Spaniards ; but, when his own ship was about to sink, he was carried on board the Spanish fleet, where he died, three days after, of his wounds. (Greenwood, Francis William Pitt, D.D., Unitarian clergvman and scholar, b. Boston, Feb. 5, 1797 ; d. Aug. 2, 1843. H.U. 1814. He studied theology under Dr. Ware; became, Oct. 21, 1818, pastorof the New South Church, Boston, withdrawing on account of ill health the next year ; then resided a year in Europe, and, after his return in 1821, lived 2 years in Baltimore, where he edited the Unitarian Miscellany. His health being partial- G-JRE 384 GUiE ]y restored, he became, Aug. 29, 1824, assoc. minister with the Rev. Dr. Freeman of King's Chapel, Boston, of wliich in 1827 he became sole pastor. In 1837-8 he was assoc. editor of the Christian Examiner, and also contrib. to the N. Amer. Review and to the Christian Disciple. In 1837 he visited Cuba for his health, and re- turned somewhat restored. He was learned in the natural sciences, especially conchology and botany ; and was an early member of the Bos- ton Society of Natural History, to whose Jour- nal he was a contrib. In 1827 he pub. " Lives of the Apostles ; " in 1830 a Coll. of Hymns; in 1833 " Discourses on the History of King's Chapel;" " Sermons for Children ; " and " Ser- mons of Consolation," 1842. Hon. S. A. Eliot edited 2 vols, of his sermons, prefacing them with a Memoir; and a vol. of his miscel- laneous writings was pub. by his son, 12mo, Boston, 1846. Greenwood, Isaac, the first prof, of mathematics and natural philosophy in Amer- ica, b. May 7, 1702; d. Charlestown, Ms., Oct. 22, 1745. H.U. 1721. Hollis Prof, at H.U. 13 Feb. 1728-13 July, 1738. He pub. an arithmetic, 1729; and a philos. discourse occasioned by the death of Tliomas Hollis, the founder of the professorship, in Apr. 1731. — Eliot. Greenwood, Miles, manufacturer, b. Jersey City, N.J., March 19, 1807. He re- moved to tlie West with his father in 1817, and settled near Cincinnati. In 1832 he com- menced, on the Miami Canal, the Eagle Iron Works, which speedily became the largest manufactory of the West. It was destroyed by fire in 1846, but was soon rebuilt. He was one of the originators of the Ohio Mechanics' Institute ; contrib. largely to the erection of their present building; and was mainly in- strumental in introducing steam fire-engines. Gregg, Andrew^ U.S. senator, b. Carlisle, Pa., June 10, 1755; d.Bellefonte,May 20, 1835. He received a classical education, and for several years was tutor in the U. of Pa. In 1789 he removed to the then wilderness of Penn's Valley, where he engaged in agricul- tural operations. M. C. 1791-1807; 'U. S. senator, 1807-13; president p-o fern. 1809. In 1814 he removed to Bellefbnte; and in 1820 was app. sec. of the State of Pa. Gregg, David McM., brev. maj.-gcn. U.S. vols., b. Pa. 1834. West Point, 1855. En- tering the 1st Dragoons, he served in the cam- paigns of 1858-60 against the Indians of Washington and Oregon; capt. 6th Cav. 14 May, 1861 ; col. 8th Pa. Cav. 24 Jan. 1862; brig.-gen. vols. 29 Nov. 1862. He was in the battles of the Peninsular campaign, Mar.-Aug. 1862 ; com. division of cav in Army of the Potomac, Dec. 1862, to June, 1863; and en- gaged at Beverley Ford, Aldie, Gettysburg, Rapidan Station, and New Hope Church, 27 Nov. 1863; com. 2d cav. division, 6 April, 1864, to 3 Feb. 1865, in the Richmond cam- paign, and in all the principal actions of that period, in Army of the Potomac ; com. the cav. of that army from Aug. 1, 1864, till his resignation, 3 Feb. 1865, and engaged at Todd's Tavern, Hawes Shop, Trevillian Sta- tion, Darby town, Deep Bottom, Reams's Station, Boydton Plank-Road, &c. ; bi^v. maj.-gen. vols. 1 Aug. 1864, for dist. conduct, particularly in reconnoissance Charles City Road. Farmer near Milford, Del., since 1865. — Cullum. Gregg, John, brig.-gen. C.S.A., b. ab. 1828; killed near Petersburg, Va., Oct. 7, 1864. Com. a Texas brigade. Gregg, John I., brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. Pa. Capt. 11th U.S. Inf. Mexican war; capt. 6th U.S. Cav. May, 1861 ; col. 16th Pa. Cav. Oct. 1862; com. cav. brigade. Army of the Potomac, Apr. 1863 to Apr. 1865*, in nearly all the principal battles in Va., includ- ing Kelly's Ford, Aldie, Gettysburg, Sulphur Springs, Cold Harbor, Deep Bottom (severely wounded). Five Forks, Amelia C.H. (wound- ed), Sailor's Creek, and Farraville; brev. brig.- gen. U.S.A. for gallant and merit, service during the war ; col. 8th U. S. Cav. July 28, 1866. Gregg, Maxcy, gen. C.S.A., b. Columbia, S.C, 1814; killed in battle Dec. 13, 1862. S.C. Coll. 1836. Son of James Gregg, an eminent lawyer of Columbia. He studied law, and was adm. to the bar in 1839; app. major 12th Inf. March 24, 1847, and served until the close of the Mexican war. Many years col. of a regt. of S.C. militia, and was a prominent member of the State convention in Dec. 1860, in which he was one of the com. to prepare the ordinance of secession. He sub sequently entered the Confed. service as col 1st S.C. regt. ; was made a brig.-gen. soon afterward ; was disting. in several engagements in Va. ; and was killed at the battle of Freder- icksburg. — Tenneij, Hist, of the Rebellion. Gregory, Francis H., rear-adm. U.S.N., b. Norwalk, Ct., Oct. 9, 1789; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., Oct. 4, 1866. He first entered the mer- chant-service; became a midshipman, Jan. 16, 1809; lieut. June 28, 1814; com. Apr. 28, 1828; capt. Jan. 18, 1838; rear-adm. (retired list) July 16, 1862. His first services were near the Balize, where he captured an English brig having 1 20 slaves on board, also a schoon- er fitting for piratical purposes ; had a night- action with a privateer, which he disabled and drove off the coast ; and took a Spanish pirate of 14 guns. While serving on Lake Ontario under Chauncey, in the war of 1812, he was captured in Aug. 1814 ; sent to Eng., and con- finefl 18 months. He next served 3 years in the Mediterranean under Com. Shaw, whose dau. he married. From 1821 to 1823 he com. " The Grampus " in the W. Indies. Near St. Croix he captured the. notorious pirate brig " Panchita," a vessel far superior to his own in weight of metal and number of men. He com. the frigate " Raritan " in the Mexican war. His last sea-service was in com. of the African squadron. During the Rebellion he superintended the construction of iron-clads. Greive, George, b. Eng. 1750; d. France after 1 793. Translatorof Chastellux' Memoirs; sec. of the Bill of Rights Club ; was in Amer. in 1781-2; lived afterward in France, engaged in lit. pursuits. — Hist. Mag. 1870. Grellet, Stephen, a Quaker preacher, b. France, 1773; d. Burlington, N.J., Nov. 16, 1855. His parents being of the household of G-RE 385 G-RI Louis XVI., he was brought up in the Catholic faith, and educated at the Military Coll. of Lyons. At the age of 17 he became one of the body-guard of the king ; made his escape from the horrors of the Revol. ; and in 1795 came to N. Y. He shortly after joined the Quakers; removed to Phila. ; and, during the prevalence of the yellow-fever in 1798, was in- defatigable in ministering to the sick, the dying, and the afflicted. During this trying season he became impressed with the idea that it was his duty to go abroad, and publish the gospel ; for which purpose, in 1800 he made an exten- sive tour through the Southern States as far as Ga., and in 1801 through N.E. and Canada. In 1799 he returned to N.Y., where he estab- lished himself in business; and in 1804 m. Re- becca, dau. of Isaac Collins, publisher. Con- tinuing his ministrations, Grellet, in 1807, went to the south of France, in 1812 to Eng. and Germany, in 1816 to Hay ti, and in 1818 on a tour through Europe. At Rome he stood, together with his companion Wm. Allen, before Pius VII., who listened to the exhortations of Grellet with the greatest respect and courtesy. He returned home in Aug. 1820. In 1831-4 he made another missionary excursion through Europe. His Memoirs, by Bcnj. Seebohm, were pub., 2 vols. 8vo, 1860. Grenier, John, author of the famous " Log-cabin Songs" of the polit. campaign of 1840, b. 1810; d. Toledo, O., 13 May, 1871. Went when a boy to Ohio ; was at one time editor of the State Journal, and afterward of the Gazette at Columbus, and of tlieZanesville City Times. App. Indian agent by Prcs. Taylor. Grenville, George, an Eng. statesman, reputed author of the famous Stamp Act, b. Oct. 14, 1712 ; d. Nov. 13, 1770. Educated at Cambridge U., where he acquired great pro- ficiency in mathematics. He studied law, and represented Buckingham County in parliament from 1741 till his death. After filling several subordinate offices, he was made sec. of state in 1762, and was chancellor of the exche- quer and first lord of the treasury in 1763-.5. He was far the ablest man of business in the House of Commons, and disting. for knowledge and eloquence. His son Thomas (175.5-1846) was one of the agents employed in negotiating the treatv of peace between Great Britain and the U.S.*^in 1782-3. Grevyle, Lord Charles Montague, gov. of S.C. 1766-73, b. May 29, 1741; d. Jan. 1784. Second son of Robert, 3d Duke of Manchester. He was a knight of the shire for Huntington, and was at one time gov. of Ja- maica. Grey, Charles, Earl, a British gen., b. Oct. 23, 1729; d. Nov. 14, 1807. Aide de- camp to Prince Ferdinand in Germany and to Wolfe at Quebec ; app. lieut.-col. June 27, 1761; com. the 98th regt. at the capture of Belle Isle in 1763 ; col. Dec 20, 1772 ; and ac- companied Ho^ve to Boston in 1775, who gave him the local rank of maj.-gen. On the night of Sept. 21, 1777, he surprised Gen. Wayne near Paoli, and defeated him with great slaugh- ter, using only the bayonet. He took an active pait in the battle of Germantown, Oct. 4, 1777; destroyed the shipping and stores at New Bed- 26 ford and Martha's Vineyard in the autumn of 1778; and Sept. 7, 1778, surprised and cut to pieces Baylor's dragoons at Tappan. For these and other important services in this war, he was made a lieut-gen. and app. com.-in- chief in N.A. in Jan. 1783. He was employed in Flanders in 1793 ; captured Martinique and St. Lucie in 1794; made gen. in 1795; was raised to the peerage in 1801; and in 1806 be- came an earl. His eldest son was the celebrat- ed statesman of the same name. Gridley, Jeremy, a disting. law. of Bost., b. ab. 1705 ; d. Brookline, Ms., Sept. 10, 1767. H.U. 1725. He was some years an assist, in the grammar-school in Boston ; studied theolo- gy; and occasionally preached. He then de- voted himself to the law, and, soon after his admission to the bar, instituted a weekly news- paper called the Rehearsal, the first number of which appeared Sept. 29, 1731. At the end of a year he was compelled to relinquish this un- dertaking by the increase of his professional business. Having been elected a member of the General Court from Brookline, he became a decided opponent of the measures of the British ministry; notwithstanding which he was app. atty.-gen. of the Province of Ms. Bay, in which capacity he was obliged to defend the obnoxious " writs of assistance," and encoun- tered the powerful opposition of his former pupil, James Otis. Besides his high legal sta- tion, he was col. of militia, grand master of Freemasons, and pres. of the Marine Soc. He was a man of great legal attainments, of fine talents, of disting. learning and virtue. Gridley, Maj.-Gen. Richard, a disting. soldier, bro. of Jeremy, b. Canton, Ms., 1711 ; d. there June 20, 1796. He had great reputa- tion as an artillerist ; was chief engr. in the reduction of Louisburg in 1745; again entered the army as chief engr. and col. of inf in 1755; was engaged in the expcd. to Crown Point in 1756, under Gen. Winslow ; and planned the fortifications around Lake George. He served under Amherst in 1758, and, with Wolfe, ascended to the Plains of Abraham, and fought the French at the capture of Quebec. For his services the British Govt, gave him Magdalen Island, with half-pay, which was continued to him during his life. He es- poused the patriot cause with ardor in 1775, and was app. chief engineer and com. of the artillery of the Colonial army. He it was that laid out so skilfully the works on Bun- ker's Hill the night before the battle of June 17, 1775. Though then 65 years old, he was exposed to the severest fire of the enemy during the whole engagement. Late in the day he was wounded by a musket-ball in the thigh. He was active in planning the fortifica- tions around Boston ; commissioned maj.-gen. by the Prov. Congress, Sept. 20, 1775"; and com. of the Continental art., but was in Nov. superseded by Knox. He was active on the memorable night when Dorchester Heights were fortified. — iVo//t^/^ Dem. Aug. 27, 1841. Grier (greer), Robert Cooper, jurist, b. Cumberland Co., Pa., March 5, 1794; d. Phila. Sept. 26, 1870. Dick. Coll. 1812. His father, a Presb. clergyman, removed to Lyco- ming Co. in the fall of 1794, and, being a GUM 886 GRI superior scholar, taught his son Latin and Greek. He taught the grammar-school of the coll. till 1813, when he returned to Northum- berland, Pa., to aid his father in his college duties. After his father's death in 1815, he succeeded him as principal ; studied law at the same time ; and in 1817 commenced practice in Bloomsburg, Columbia Co., Pa. Settling in Danville in 1818, his practice rapidly inci-eased ; and May 4, 1838, he was app. pres. judge of the Dist* Court of Alleghany Co. He removed to Pittsburg in Oct. of the same year, and re- sided in Alleghany City till Sept. 1 848, when he removed to Phila. Aug. 4, 1846, he was nominated by Pres. Polk one of the justices of the U.S. Supreme Court. He possessed sound judgment, great legal knowledge, and thorough integrity. He resigned his seat in 1869, on account of infirm health. Grier, Wilmam Nicholson, brev. brig.- gen. U.S.A., b. Pa. West Point, 1835. Enter- ing the 1st Dragoons, he became capt. 23 Aug. 1846; maj. 2d Drags. 20 Apr. 1861; lieut.- col. 1st Cav. 15 Feb. 1862 ; col. 3d Cav., and ret. 31 Aug. 1866 ; brev. br.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865. He saw much frontier service ; won the brev. of maj. 16 Mar. 1848 for gallantry at Santa Cruz de Rosales, Mexico ; in the Apache exped. 1849-50, and wounded ; in exped. against the Indians in Wash. Terr. 1857-8 ; and com. his regt. in the Peninsular campaign, Mar.-Ang. 1862; and was wounded at the battle of Williamsburg, Va., 5 May, 1862. — Cullum. Grierson, Benjamin H., brev. maj. -gen. U.S.A., b. Pittsburg, Pa., July, 1837. Emig. at an early age to Trumb. Co., 0. ; afterward in the produce-business at Jacksonville, III. When the civil war broke out he went on the staff of Gen. Prentiss ; was made maj. 6th 111. cav. ; col. 28 Mar. 1862 ; and in Dec. took com. of a cav. brigade. He was engaged in nearly all the cav. skirmishes and raids in W. Tenn. and N. Mpi., and made a successful cavalry raid from La Grange (17 Apr.-2 May, 1863) to Baton Rouge to facilitate Gen. Grant's operations on Vicksbnrg, destroying 1 railroad-bridges, depots, and rolling-stock ; brig.-gen. vols. 3 June, 1863; maj.-gen. 27 May, 1865; brev. brig, and maj. gen. U.S.A. •2 Mar. 1867 for his raid of Dec. 1864 in Ark.; col. 10th U.S. Cav. 28 July, 1866. iS-riffin, Charles, brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Licking Co., O., 1826 ; d. Galveston, Sept. 15, 1867. West Point, 1847. Entering the 4th Art., he became 1st lieut. June 30, 1849 ; capt. 5th Art. Apr. 25, 1861 ; and brig.-gen. vols. July 9, 1 862. With his battery, he fought with heroic bravery at the first Bull Run ; served in Morell's division of Fitzjohn Por- ter's corps in the campaign of the Chickahom- iny, winning especial distinction at Gaines's Mill and at Malvern Hill ; was present at the second battle of Bull Run, Aug. 28, 1862, and was charged by Gen. Pope in his report with having refrained from taking part in the action, while he "spent the day in making ill-natured strictures upon the com. gen." He was ar- rested for trial on this charge, but was released that he might take part in McClellan's cam- paign in Md. in Sept., and took a distinguished part at Antietam. In Dec. he took com. of a division ; fought under Bumside at Freder- icksburg ; bore himself gallantly through Hooker's brief campaign in Va. ; was present at Gettysburg; and was conspicuous in all the engagements from the Wilderness to the Five Forks, where he so disting. himself as to be assigned to the command of the 5th corps, in which capacity he received the arms and colors of the Army of Northern Va. July 28, 1 866, he was made col. 35th Inf. ; maj.-gen. U.S. vols. 2 Apr. 1865. In the following winter he was ordered to Galveston to take com. of the depart, of Texas. He was brev. maj. U.S.A. for Bull Run ; lieut.-col. for the battles of the Wilderness ; col. for battle of Weldpn Rail- road ; brig.-gcn. for Five Forks; and maj.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865 for merit, services during the Rebellion. GriflS.n, Cyrus, jurist, b. Va. 1749; d. Yorktown, Va., Dec. 14, 1810. Educated in Eng., and connected by marriage with a noble family there, he yet gave early adhesion to the patriot cause ; was a member of the Va. legis.; member of the Old Congress in 1778-81 and in 1787-8, and its pres. in 1788; pres. of the Sup. Court of Admiralty until its abolition ; commis. in 1789 to the Creek Nation ; judge of the U.S. Dist. Court for Va. from Dec. 1789 until his death. — Portfolio, Dec. 1811. Griffin, Edmund Dorr, scholar, b. Wy- oming, Pa., Sept 10, 1804; d. New York, Sept. 1, 1830. Col. Coll. 1823, with the first honors. Son of George, a leading member of the N.Y. bar, by a dau. of Col. Zebulon Butler. He studied law a short time; then studied divinity; and in Aug. 1826 was adm. to deacon's orders; assist, minister of St. James's Church, Hamilton Square, near N.Y. City, and of Christ Church in the city, when he was compelled by a threatened affection of the lungs to abandon the labors of the church and the study; and in Oct. 1828 sailed for Europe, and returned to N.Y. in April, 1830. In the following May and June he delivered lectures upon Roman, Italian, and English literature. His bro. Francis pub. two vols, of his " Remains," with a Memoir by Rev. John Mac Vicar, 1831. Griffin, Edward Dorr, D. D. (Un. Coll. 1808), divine, b. E. Haddam, Ct., 6 Jan. 1770; d. Newark, N.J., 8 Nov. 1837. Y.C. 1790. He studied theol. under the second Pres. Edwards at N. Haven ; was pastor of the Cong, church of N. Hartford, 4 June, 1795- 1800; of the Presb. church, Newark, N. J., 20 Oct. 1801-1809 ; of the Park-street Church, Boston, 31 July, 1811-1815; of the 2d Presb. Church, Newark, 1815-21; prof, of rhetoric And. Theol. Sem. 21 June, 1809-11; pres. Wras. Coll. 1821-36. Author of " Lectures del. in Park-street Church, Boston," 8vo, 1813 ; and a vol. of Sermons, 1844. A selec- tion from his works, with a Memoir of his Life by Rev. Dr. Sprague, was pub. 2 vols. 1839 ; " Recollections of Rev. E. D. Griffin," by Par- sons Cooke, 8vo, 1856. Griffin, George, lawyer and author, b. E. Haddam, Ct , 14 Jan. 1778; d. N.Y. Citv, 6 May, 1860. Y.C. 1797. Bro. of Edw. Dorr Griffin. Litchf. Law School. Adm. to the bar 1 799 ; practised in Wilkesbarre, Pa., 6 years, GUil 387 a-Ri and subsequently in N. Y. City. He pub. " Suffering's of Our Saviour," " Eividences of Christianity," and " The Gospel its own Ad- vocate," 1850. — Necrol. YiUe Coll. GrifQ-th, John, preacher of the Society of Friends ; came to Amer. in 1726, and trav- elled through N.J., Pa., &c. ; author of " Brief Remarks," Lond. 8vo, 1764; "Journal of Life, Travels, and Labors," Svo, 1779. — Allihone. Griflaths, John Willis, b. N. Y. City, Oct. 6, 1809. Senior editor of the Nautical Magazine. Author of " Treatise on Naval and Marine Architecture," N.Y., 4to, 1850; "Ship- Builder's Manual and Nautical Referee," N.Y., 4to. — Allibone. Grif3.tts, Samuel Powell, M.D., phy- sician and philanthropist, b. Phila. July 21, 1759; d. there May 12, 1826. He received a classical education at the Coll. of Phila. ; stud- died medicine in the schools of Paris, Mont- pellier, London, and Edinburgh, during three years, returning to Phila. in the fall of 1784, and establishing himself in practice there. In 1786 he founded the Phila. Dispensary; was vice-pres. of the Coll. of Physicians from 1817 till his death ; prof, of materia medica in the U. of Pa. from 1792 to 1796 ; physician to the dispensary 7 years, and was an active member of the Humane Society, the Philos. Society, and the Pa. Society for the Abolition of Sla- very. At a general convention for the formation of a Pharmacopoeia, held at Washington, June 1, 1820, he laid before that body an " Essay of a Pharmacopoeia," of which he was the prin- cipal author. In the great pestilence of 1793, and the epidemics of 1797-9, 1802, and 1805, he remained at his post regardless of personal danger, and performed the most laborious and hazardous services. He displayed great zeal and activity in relieving the suffering and destitution of the French emigrants from St. Domingo in 1793-4, and collected $12,000 for their aid. He was also active in establishing, under the auspices of the Phila. Yearly Meet- ing of Friends, an institution for the relief of persons mentally deranged. One of the editors of the Eclectic Repertory, and was a man of great indusr.ry, humanity, and piety. — T/iocIm: Griggs, John, an eminent publisher, b. Cornwall, Eng., 1792 ; d. Phila. 2 Aug. 1864. Left an orphan, he followed the sea; came to Richmond, Va. ; became a bookseller's clerk in Phila. in 1816 ; commenced the business on his own account in 1823; was highly success- ful, and withdrew with a large fortune in 1850. The business of this house, now one of the largest in the U.S., is carried on by Messrs. J. B. Lippincott & Co. His son, John Warner, d. Aug. 1869, leaving to various charities in Phila. $117,000. Grigsby, Hugh Blair, LL.D. (Wm. & M. Coll. 1855), historical writer, b. Norfolk, Va., 1806. Chancellor of Wm. & M. Coll. 1871. Son of Rev. Benj . Member of the Va. convention of 1829-30, respecting which he delivered an address in 1853 before the Va. Hist. So«. He also del. a discourse on the Va. convention of 1776 before the Coll. of Wm. and Mary, July 3, 1855, pub. 8vo, 1855; and on L. W. Tazewell before the bar of Nor- folk, 29 June, 1860. Among hife contribs. to the Southern Lit. Messenrjer is a paper on the Randolph Library. — Allibone. Grijalva (gre-hal'-va), Juan de, the first Spanish navigator who landed on the coast of Mexico, b. Cuellar ; slain by the Indians in Nicaragua, Jan. 21, 1527. Velasquez, gov. of Cuba, his uncle, gave him the com. of a fleet of 4 vessels, which. May 1, 1518, sailed from St. Jago de Cuba to complete the dis- coveries made by Fernandez de Cordova in Yucatan in 1517. He coasted the Peninsula of Yucatan; explored as far as the Province of Panuco, giving his name, and that of his companion Alvarado, to two rivers on the coast. On his return, he was reproached by Velasquez for having neglected to plant colo- nies on the coast. Grijalva, a man of integrity and prudence, had acted strictly in accordance with his instructions, and against his own judgment. Grimes, James Wilson, LL.D. (Dartm. Coll.), statesman, b. Deering, N.H., Oct. 20, 1816. Dartm. Coll. 1836. - Emigrating to the West, he began to practise law at Burlington, Iowa, in 1836 ; was in 1839, and often after- ward, a member of the Iowa Terr. Assembly ; gov. of Iowa, 1854-8 ; U.S. senator, 1859-71 ; delegate to the Peace Congress in 1861. Grimke, Frederic, jurist, bro. of T. S., b. Charleston, S.C, Sept. 1, 1791; d. Chil- licothe, 0., Mar. 8, 1863. Y.C. 1810. Some years pres. judge of the C.C.P. of Ohio. In 1836-41 he was a judge of the O. Supreme Court. Author of a work on the " Nature and Tendencies of Free Institutions," 1848, and of an essay on " Ancient and Modern Lite- rature." Grimke, John Faucheraud, LL.D. {N.J. Coll. 1789), judge of the Sup. Court of S.C; d, Aug. 1819. A col. in the Revol. army. He pub. a "Revised Edition of the Laws of S.C. to 1789," "On the Duty of Justices of the Peace," " A Probate Directory/* "Public Law of S.C," Phila. 1790, 4to. Grimke, Thomas Smith, LL.D. (Y.C 1830), scholar and philanthropist, son of Col. John F., b. Charleston, S.C, Sept. 26, 1786; d. of cholera near Columbus, Ohio, Oct. 11, 1834, Y.C 1807. He studied law at Charleston under Langdon Cheves, and rose to eminence at the bar and in the politics of his State. Among his more noted efforts were a speech in the State senate on the tariff ques- tion in 1828 in support of the Gen. Govt., and an argument on the constitutionality of the S.C. test act of 1834. He became one of the first classical scholars in the country. He contrib. both by purse and pen to the Amer. Peace Society, of which he was an able and disting. advocate, holding the opinion that even defensive warfare is wicked. He pub. several addresses and orations on various sub- jects, a volume of which was pub. at N. Haven in 1831. GrimsJiaw, William, author of school histories and grammar, b. 1782, Greencastle, Ireland; d. Phila. 18.52. Emig. to Amer. in 1815, and lived many years in Phila. He pub. "Life of Napoleon;" "Etymological Die- GRI 388 &RI tionary," 1821 ; " Gentlemen's and Ladies* Lexicons," 1829 ; " Merchant's Law-Book ; " " Form Book," " American Chesterfield," &c. Grinnell, Moses H., merchant, b. New Bedford, Ms., Mar. 3, 1803; was educated at private schools and at Friends* Acad. ; was bred a merchant, and frequently went abroad as supercargo. The distinir. firm of Grinnell, Minturn, & Co., took that title in 1829, though founded many years before by Joseph Grinnell and Preserved Fish. He was one of the pro- moters of Dr. Kane's arctic exped. 1853-5 ; collector of the port of N.Y. 1869-71 ; M.C. 1839-41. Joseph, his bro., also a disting. merchant, and M C. from Ms. 1844-52 ; b. 17 Nov. 1788. Griseom, John, LL.D., educator, b. Han- cock's Bridge, Salem Co., N.J., Sept. 27, 1774; d. Burlington, N.J., Feb. 26, 1852. He be- longed to a family of Friends. Began to teach at the age of 17, at the same time laboring on a farm ; studied at the Friends' Acad, at Phila. ; had charge of the Friends' monthly meeting school in Burlington 13 years; delivered a course of public lectures on chemistry in his schoolroom in 1806 ; removed to N.Y. in 1807, and taught there 25 years. In 1818-19 he travelled extensively in Europe, publishing, on his return, " A Year in Europe," 2 vols. 1823. He was instrumental in founding the Society for the prevention of Pauperism in 1817; was 6 years its sec, and the author of many of its reports and appeals. He also projected the N.Y. high school, which was under his super- vision. He was a short time prof, of chemistry in Rutgers Med. Coll, and delivered a course of lectures on nat. philos. before the Mercantile Library Assoc, in the winter of 1829-30. In 1832 he taught a Friends' board- ing-school at Providence, R I. ; also lecturing on chemistry and nat. philos. The latter part of his life was spent in Burlington, N. J., dis- charging the duties of town superintendent, and trustee of the public schools, and re-organ- izing the common-school system of N. J. His Memoir, by his son, was pub. in N.Y. 1859. — piii/cki)wk. Griseom, John Hoskins, physician, son of the preceding, b. N.Y. Aug. 14, 1809. U. of Pa. 1832. lie studied medicine under Profs. Godman and Valentine Mott; became res. physician of the N.Y. Hospital ; was prof, of chemistry in the N.Y. Coll. of Pharmacy from 1836 to 1840, and has been visiting physician of the N. Y. Hospital since 1843. From 1848 to 1851, he was gen. agent of the commission- ers of emigration. He has pub. " Animal Mechanism and Physiology," 1839 ; " Sanitary Condition of the Laboring Classes of N.Y. ;" " Uses and Abuses of Air, and the Means for the Ventilation of Buildings," 18.50; an Ora- tion before the Acad, of Medicine, 1854 ; and a Memoir of his father, 1859. Griswold, Alexander Vietts, D.D. (B.U. and N. J. Colls. 1811), Pr. Ep. Bishop of the Eastern Diocese, b. Simsbury, Ct , Apr. 22, 1766; d. Boston, Feb. 1.5, 1843. He fol- lowed the occupation of his fiither, who was a farmer, for many years, devoting all his leisure time to study, until the age of 29, when he was adm. to holy orders. He officiated in his na- tive State ; and in May, 1804, removed to Bris- tol, R. I., where he became rector of St. Mi- chael's Church, also teaching school. In 1810 the Eastern Diocese was organized ; and May 29, 1811, Dr. Griswold was consec. its first bishop. Though a man of great simplicity of manners, he soon became known as one of the most sagacious as well as learned ecclesiastics of the country, and was for 10 years chancellor of Brown U. In 1829 he removed to Salem, Ms., and became rector of St. Peter's Church in that city, and, a few years subsequently, to Boston, where he resided until his death. On the death of Bishop White, in 1836, he became presiding bishop. He pub. " On the Reforma- tion and the Apostolic Office," 1843; "Ser- mons," 8vo, Phila. 1830; "Prayers," N.Y. ; " Remarks on Social Pmyer-Meetings." A Life of Bishop Griswold has been pub. by Rev. J. S. Stone, D.D., Phila., 8vo. Griswold, C. C, landscape-painter, b. Delaware, O., 1834. His grandfather was a bro. of Bishop G. Ezra, his father, assisted in editing and publishing the first newspaper in Columbus, 0. C. C, the youngest of 5 bros., Aventat 17 to Cincinnati to learn wood-engrav- ing; came to N.Y. in 1850; exhibited at the Nat. Acad, of Design in 1857 ; and became an academician in 1867. His only instruction was from an elder bro., a painter. Among his best efforts are "December," " Winter Morn- ing," " Last of the Ice," and an " August Day, Newport." — Tuckerman. Griswold, John A., merchant, and M.C. from N.Y. 1863-9, b. Rensselaer Co.,N.Y.,ab. 1822. Iron-merchant and banker. One year mayor of Troy. An energetic supporter of the Union during the civil war. To his efforts it was pi-incipally due that Ericsson's famous monitor was built. Griswold, Matthew, LL.D. (Y. C. 1779), gov. Ct. 1784-5, b. Lyme, Ct., 1716; d. there April, 1799. His patriotism and love of civil liberty were fully evinced by his public services from 1770 to the close of the Revol. He was several years lieut.-gov. of the State, and judge of the Supreme Court ; and was pres. of the convention which ratified and adopted the Federal Constitution in 1788. Griswold, Roger, LL.D. (Y.C. 1812), gov. of Ct. (1811-13), b. Lyme, May 21, 1762 ; d. Norwich, Oct. 25, 1812. Y.C. 1780. Son of Gov. Matthew. Adm. to practise law in 1783; M.C. from 1795 to 1805; warmly at- tached to the principles of the Federal party, and a powerful advocate of its measures. In 1801 he declined the office of sec. of war; in 1807 was app. a judge of the Sup. Court of Ct. ; was lieut-gov. 1809-11, and was regarded as one of the first men in the nation in talents, political knowledge, force of eloquence, and profound legal ability. Griswold, Rufus Wilmot, D. D., au- thor, b. Benson, Rutland Co., Vt., Feb. 15, 1815; d.N.York, Aug. 27,1857. Much of his early life was spent in voyaging about the world ; and before he was 20 he had seen the most interesting portions of his own country, and of Southern and Central Europe. He was at first a printer's apprentice, but studied divin- ity, and became a I3aptist preacher. He soon QRl 389 a-RTT became associated in the editorship of periodi- cals in Boston, N.Y., and Phila,, such as the New-Yorker, Brother Jonat/ian, and the New World. In 1841 he pub. an anonymous vol. of poems and a vol. of sermons ; in 1842-.3 he edited Graham's Magazine, and from 1850 to 1852 the International Magazine in New York. Author of " Poets and Poetry of America," 1842; " Prose- Writers of America," 1846; " The Biographical Annual," 1842; "Christian Ballads and other Poems," 8vo, 1844; and " Scenes in the Life of the Saviour," 8vo ; "Female Poets of America," 1849; " Sacred Poets of England and America," 1849 ; " Po- ets and Poetry of England in the 19th Centu- ry," 1854 ; " Curiosities of American Litera- ture," appended to Disraeli; "Washington and the Generals of the Revolution," in con- junction with Simms, Ingraham, and others, 2 vols. 1847 ; " Napoleon and the Marshals of the Empire," with H. B. Wallace, 1847 ; and an illustrated vol. entitled " The Republican Court, or American Society in the Days of Washing- ton," 1854. He edited the first American edi- tion of the prose-works of Milton, and was one of the editors of the works of Edgar A. Poe. He was engaged upon an illustrated Life of Washington at the time of his death. Griswold, Stanley, jurist, b. Torring- ford, Ct., Nov. 14, 1763; d. Shawneetown, 111., Aug. 21, 1815. Y.C. 1786. He was pastoral New Milford from 1790 to 1802, when he re- signed on account of political animosity occa- sioned by his Democratic views. He afterward preached a short time in Greenfield; edited in 1804 a Democratic paper at Walpole, N.H., with spirit and ability ; and in 1805 was app. by Jefferson sec. of Michigan Terr. Remov- ing to Ohio, he was U.S. senator in 1809, and was afterward, for a short time, U.S. judge for the North-west Territory. He pub. some politi- cal sermons in 1800-2. Gross, John Daniel, D.D., prof, of moral philos. at Col. Coll. 1787-95, of German, 1784- 95, and minister in New York, b. Germany, 1737 ; d. Canajoharie, May 25, 1812. He had been a pupil of Kern, and became the instruct- or of the accomplished Milledoler. During the Revol. he was pastor of a D. R. church on the frontier, and exposed to many perils. At its close he removed to New York. He pub. " Natural Principles of Rectitude," a sys- tematic treatise on moral philos., 8vo, 1795. Gross, Samuel D., M.D. (1828), physician and surgeon, b. near Easton, Northampton Co., Pa., July, 1805. He began practice in Phila., translating Holland's " General Anatomy," Hatin's "Manual of Obstetrics," Hilden- brand on " Typhus-Fever," and Tavernier's " Operative Surgery." His first original work was " Diseases and Injuries of the Bones and Joints," 1830. He moved to Easton in 1830, but in the fall of 1833 went to Cincinnati as demonstrator of anatomy in the Med. Coll. of Ohio. He became prof, of pathological anat- omy there in 1835, delivering the first systemat- ic course of lectures on morbid anatomy ever given in this country ; and pub. " Elements of Pathological Anatomy," 2 vols. 1839. Prof, of surgery in the Louisville U. 1840-50. Prof. of surgery in the U. of N.Y., but resumed his chair in Louisville shortly after. Since 1856 he has filled the chair of surgery in Jeff. Coll. Phila. His other works are " Wounds of the Intestines," 1843; "Diseases, Injuries, and Malformations of the Urinary Organs," 1851 ; " Foreign Bodies in the Air-Passages," 1854; "Report on the Causes which retard the Progress of American Medical Literature," 1856; " System of Surgery, Pathological, Di- agnostic, Therapeutic, and Operative," 2 vols. 1859. He pub. in 1861 " Amer. Medical Biog- raphy." In conjunction with Dr. Richardson, he founded and edits the N. A. Medico- Chirur- gical Review, and has contrib. numerous papers to various medical periodicals. Grover, Cuvier, brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Bethel, Me., July 24, 1829. West Point, 1850. Entering the 1st Art., he became in 1855 Istlieut. 10th Inf. ; Sept. 17, 1858, capt.; brig.- gen. of vols. April 14, 1862; maj. 3d Inf. 31 Aug. 1863 ; lieut.-col. 38th Inf. 28 July, 1866. He was assigned a brigade in Heintzelman's corps of the Army of the Potomac. At the second battle of Bull Run, his brigade fought under Gen. Hooker, and disting. itself by a bayonet-charge. When Hooker took command of the troops at Fairfax, Grover took Hooker's division. He com. a division 19ih corps Dcpt. of the Gulf, 30 Dec. 1862, to July, 1864; and in the Shenandoah campaign, Aug.-Dec. 1864, being engaged at Opequan, Fisher's Hill, and at Cedar Creek, where he was wounded ; and com. dist. of Savannah, Ga., Jan. -June, 1865; brev. lieut.-col. for Williamsburg, col. for Fair Oaks, brig.-gcn. for Cedar Creek, and maj.- gen. for merit, services during the Rebellion. — Cidlum. Groves, Webber, author of a work on " Commercial Intercourse between Great Brit- ain and America ; "d. N.H., Mar. 1793, a. 97. Grow, Galusha a., politician, b. Ashford, Ct., Aug. 31, 1823. Amh. Coll. 1844. Adm. to the bar in 1847 ; settled among the moun-. tains of Pa. for his health, and was in 1850 a surveyor of wild lands; M.C. 1851-3, '55- 7, and 1859-63 ; chairman of-the com. on Ter- ritories, 1859-61 ; delegate to the Bait, con- vention 1864 ; speaker of 37th Congress. Grund, Francis J., author, b. Germany ab. 1803; d. Phila. Sept. 29, 1863, from apo- plexy induced by alarm at an apprehended as- sault by a mob. He had been long a resident of Phila., and was a frequent contrib. to the public prints. Under Pres. Buchanan he held a foreign app. ; and in 1861 was consul at Havre. Returning to Phila. soon after, he es- tab. there a new paper. The Age. The even- ing before his death, he made an able speech at the Union League in Phila. Author of " The Americans in their Moral, Social, and Political Relations," 1837 ; " Aristocracy in America," 1839 ; " Algebraic Problems ; " ele- ments of " Chemistry," and of "Nat. Philos- ophy ; " and " Plane and Solid Geometry." Grundy, Felix, jurist and statesman, b. Berkeley Co., Va., Sept. 11, 1777; d. Nash- ville, Tenn., Dec. 19, 1840. His father, an Englishman, settled in Ky.in 1780. Felix was educated at the Bardstown Acad, by the cele- brated Priestley ; studied law, and became emi- nent, especially in criminal cases. Member of GUiY 390 OTJM the Ky. Const. Conv. in 1799 ; member of the legisl. 1800-5 ; chosen judge of the Sup. Court in 1806 ; and soon afterward chief justice. Re- moving to Nashville in the winter of 1807-8, he held there the first rank in his profession ; M.C. 1811-14, and a firm supporter of the ad- ministration during the war with Great Brit- ain ; several years in the Tenn legisl. ; U.S. senator 1829-38, and again in 1840 ; and U.S. atty.-gen. 1838-40. He was a zealous support- er of Gen. Jackson. — Nat. PoH. Gallery. Grymes, John R., an eminent lawyer, b. Orange Co., Va., 1786; d. N. Orleans, Dec. 4, 1854. Removing to La. in 1808, he took a prominent part in all public transactions; was a vol. aide to Gen. Jackson at the battle of N.- Orleans; was his counsellor in the subsequent legal proceedings which obtained such histori- cal notoriety ; held at times the office of U.S. dist.-atty. and of atty.-gen.; and served in the State legisl. and in the State Const. Conv. He was engaged, directly or indirectly, in nearly every case of magnitude in the courts where he practised ; was a man of acknowledged learning and eloquence; and was counsel for Mrs. Gaines, in opposition to Mr. Webster. Guardiola, Santos, pres. of Honduras, b. Tegucigalpa, 1812. Entering the army at an early age, his daring and cruelty in the civil wars of Central America earned him the name of the " Tiger of Honduras." In an ef- fort to overthrow the govt, of his native State in 1850, he was defeated and banished. In 1856 he joined the Nicaraguan forces as gen. of division. Defeated, first by Walker, then by Munoz, and returned to Honduras, where, by a revol. movement, aided from Guatimala, he was raised to the presidency. Guatimozln (gwa-te-mo'-zin), last king of Mexico; d. 1522. Nephew of Montezuma, on the death of whose bro. Qiietlevaca, in 1520, he was unanimously raised to the throne. He exerted himself with vigor in the defence of his capital, and repulsed an attempt by Cortes to take it by storm. Attempting to retreat across the lake, he was intercepted by the brig- antines posted for that purpose, and made pris- oner. When brought before Cortes, he con- ducted himself with the calm dignity of a prince^who was conscious of having done all in his^ower to save his country, and was will- ing to fall along with it. Irritated by the smallness of the treasures found in the cap- tured city, Cortes inhumanly ordered Guati- mozin to be put to the torture in order to force a discovery of more. He, with his chief favor- ite, was stretched upon burning coals. He en- dured the pain in silence, and observing his companion to cast a piteous look, as if desirous to relieve himself by a disclosure, he darted an indignant glance upon him, exclaiming, " Do I lie upon a bed of flowers? " Ashamed of his cruelty, Cortes rescued the king, and remanded him to prison. Some time after, upon an in- surrection of the Mexicans, the Spaniard, upon a bare suspicion that Guatimozin was concerned in the plot, caused him to be hanged without trial. Guerard, Benjamin, gov. of S.C. 1783- 5 ; speaker of the house, 1783 ; d, Charleston, S.C, Jan. 1789. Guerrero (g5r-ra'-ro), Vicente, pres. of Mexico 1829; d. Feb. 14, 1831. By birth a Cre- ole. At the commencement of the revol. he took arms against the royalists. From 1819 to 1828, Gen. Guerrero repeatedly became the rallying- point of the liberal or popular party, the Yor- kinos, and was repeatedly called into active service in his military capacity. Having been successful in various contests, he at length in 1829 was elected to the presidency. The ex- ped. of Barradas soon gave employment to the new govt., and, the better to enable the pres. to meet the exigency, he was invested with extraor- dinary powers ; but after the victory over the Spanish troops, and when the invading expedi- tion was destroyed, Guerrero evinced an unwill- ingness to relinquish the dictatorship, which became the pretext of another revol. ; and Bustamente, the vice-pres., assumed the reins of government. Guerrero, having been desert- ed by his troops, resigned his office to Busta- mente. In Sept. 1830, Guerrero collected a large force at Valladolid, and established a form of govt, in opposition to that of Bustamente ; but he was soon after defeated by Gen. Bravo, taken, and shot at Cailapa. Guess, George, or Sequoyah, a Chero- kee half-breed, inventor of the Cherokee alpha- bet, b, ab. 1770; d. San Fernando, Northern Mexico, in Aug. 1843. He cultivated a small farm in the Cherokee country of Ga., and was known as an ingenious silversmith, when in 1826 he invented a syllabic alphabet of the language of his nation, of 85 characters, which was applied to writing and printing with com- plete success. Cherokee children were able to master the alphabet in a short time, and to write letters to their friends ; and a newspaper called the Phoenix was established in 1828. He accomp. his tribe in their emigration beyond the Mpi., and resided for some time in Brain- erd. Guest, John, capt. U.S.N., b. Mo. March 7,1821. Midshipman Dec. 16, 1837; lieut. Dec. 24, 1850; com. July 16, 1862; capt. July 25, 1866. Attached to steamer "Poinsett," survey of Tampa Bay, 1844-5 ; to frigate " Congress," Pacific squad, in Mexican war, 1845-8; boarded at Shanghai in 1854 a Chi- nese man-of-war, and liberated a pilot-boat's crew who were under the protection of the Amer. flag ; second in com. of " The Plym- outh " in a severe action with the Chinese at Shanghai, April, 1854 ; in com. of the boats of " The Niagara," cut out rebel schooner " Aid," under the guns of Fort Morgan, Aug. 1861 ; com. steamer " Owasco " at capture of N. Orleans and battles on the Mississippi, in- cluding Vicksburg, 1862 ; com. iron-clad " Le- high " 1863, and steamer " Iosco" at both at- tacks on Fort Fisher. Guild, Reuben A., librarian of Brown U. since 1848, b. West Dedham, Ms., 1822. B.U. 1847. Has pub. "Life of James Manning," 1864; "Librarian's Manual," 1858; "Hist. Sketch of Brown Univ.," and " Account of the Writings of Roger Williams," 1862. Gummere, John, teacher, b. Willow Grove, Pa., 1784; d. 1845. He taught school over 40 years successively at Horsham, Ranco- cus, West Town, Burlington, and Haverford. Guns' 391 g-wt: Upon his retirement from the Friends' Coll. at Haverford, he resumed his boarding-school at Burlington (previously conducted by him in 1814-33) in connection with his eldest son Samuel J. His celebrated Treatise on Survey- ing passed through many editions. His As- tronomy was pub. 1822. A Memorial of his Life was privately printed by W. J. Allinson of Burlington, 1845. A.M. of N.J. Coll. 1825 ; U. of Pa. \ 826. — AUibone. Gunnison, John W., captain U.S. engi- neers, b. N.H. 1811 ; killed by the Utah Indians Oct. 26, 1853, on the Sevier River, while su- perintending a govt, survey. West Point, 1837. He served in the Seminole war, and for about 10 years was employed in the survey of the North-western Lakes and in the improve- ment of the harbors ; in 1849-51 he was asso- ciated with Capt. Stansbury in the survey of the Great Salt Lake Region, and made an able report thereon. Author of a work on the Mormons, Phila. 8vo, 1852. Gurney, Gen. Francis, b. Bucks Co., Pa., about 1738 ; d. May 25, 1815. After re- ceiving a country-school education, he vol. in the Provincial army ; participated in the ex- ploits and dangers of Putnam and other parti- san officers ; and took part in the capture of Cape Breton and the W. India islands. After the war, he settled as a merchant in Phila.; was among the first to raise his voice in behalf of the liberties of his country ; was highly in- strumental in forming and disciplining military corps. App. a capt. May 25, 1775, he became in 1776 lieut.-col. in the 11 th Pa. regt., and was at the battles of Iron Hill, Brandywine, and Germantown. He resumed mercantile pursuits at the peace. Was warden of the port of Phila., alderman, pres. of the select council, representative and senator in the State legisl., a trustee of Dick. Coll., and brig.-gen of mili- tia. He com. a regt. employed in quelling the " Whiskey Insurrection " in 1794. — Portfolio, 1815. Gurowski, Count Adam db, b. Palati- nate of Kaleig, Poland, Sept. 10, 1805 ; d. Wash- ington, May 4, 1866. Son of Count Ladislas G., who lost most of his estates in consequence of the insurrection of 1794. Adam was in 1818, and again in 1819, expelled from school for patriotic ebullitions. From 1820 to 1825 he studied in various German universities. He was several times imprisoned by Constantine for opposition to Russian influence. From 1836 to 1844 he was employed in Ru,ssia by the emperor, first in his private chancery, and after- ward in the department of public instruction ; and lectured 2 years at the U. of Berne on Polit. Economy. He came to the U. S. in 1849, and wrote for the N. Y. Tribune. He pub. "La Verity siir la Russie," 1835 ; " La Civilisation et la Russie," 1840; " Pensees sur I'Avenir des Polonais," 1841 ; "Impressions et Souvenirs," 1846 ; " Panslavism." 1848 ; " Russia as it Is," 1 8.54 ; " A Year of the War," 8vo, N. Y., 1 855 ; "America and Europe," 1857; and a " Diary," 1862-4. Count G. spoke 8 languages fluently. Guthrie, James, LL.D., lawyer and states- man, b. near Bardstown, Nelson Co., Ky., Dec. 5, 1792 ; d. Louisville, Ky.,' March 13, 1869. Of Scotch descent. His father, Gen. Adam Guthrie, was an early pioneer to the West from Va. ; bore a disting. part in the struggles with the Indians, and represented his county in the Ky. legisl. for 8 or 10 years. James, after completing his academical course at Bardstown, became a trader on the Mpi., but afterwards studied law, and acquired a lucrative practice in Louisville, Ky., where he settled in 1820. Mr. Guthrie for 15 years represented that city in the legisl. with great ability, integrity, and zeal. He was disting. as a debater and business-man, and pres. over the convention which formed the new con- stitution of Ky. in 1850; sec. of the treasury under Pierce in 1853-7. He was a delegate to the Chicago Democ. Convention in 1864; was elected to the U.S. senate in 1865, but resigned from ill health in Feb. 1866. He was stead- fastly loyal during the war, and was active in preventing Ky. from joining the Confederacy. Though strongly opposed to antislavery agi- tation, he did not believe in secession as a remedy. Guthrie, Dr. Samuel, chemist, d. Sack- ett's Harbor, N.Y,, Oct. 19, 1848. He is said to have invented and first manufactured per- cussion-pills, which, with "caps," have en- tirely superseded the old flint-lock fire-arm. In his experiments he nearly lost his life from accidental explosions. He is noted for being one of the three independent discoverers of chloroform, which was simultaneously obtained by Soubeirauin France, and Liebig in Germany, although its anaesthetic properties were unknown for a long time after. Guyot (^e'-o'), Arnold Henry, Ph. D., LL.D., naturalist, b. near Neuchatel, Switzer- land, Sept. 8, 1807. Berlin U. 1835. He was early acquainted with Agassiz, with whom he studied; and quitted theol. for scientific pur- suits. His thorough investigations into the ge- ology of the Alps, particularly upon the trans- portation of bowlders, were pub. Paris, 1848. From 1839 to 1848 he was prof, of history and physical geography at th^ Acad, of Neuchatel. The political disturbances of the times caused him to emigrate to the U.S. A course of lec- tures delivered at Boston in the winter of 1848-9, on the Relations between Physical Geography and History, were pub. with the title "Earth and Man," 1849. He subsequently made scientific tours in the U.S., and delivered lectures in the Ms. normal schools. In 1855 he became prof of physical geography in N.J. Coll. Also author of " Directions for Meteoro- logical Observations," 8vo, 1 850 ; " Meteorolo- gical Tables," 8vo, 1852; and of a series of maps and of school geographies in general use, — Dnyckinck. Gwin, William McKendry, politician, b. Sumner Co., Tenn., Oct. 9, 1805. Transylv. U. Ky. He studied medicine; settled at Vicks- burg, Mpi. ; was app. U.S. marshal for Mpi. in 1833; and was M.C. from 1841 to 1843. He was commis. of public buildings to superintend the erection of the N. Orleans custom-house in 1847; removed to Cal. in 1848; was a mem- ber of the convention for framing the constitu- tion of Cal. in 1849; and was one of the first U.S. senators from that State, having been elected in 1850, and re-elected in 1856. Earlj GrTVT 392 jaj^c in 1861 he was arrested for disloyalty, but was released in 1863. In Jan. 1865 he was at the head of an emigration scheme for the settle- ment of secessionists in Sonora, under the aus- pices of Maximilian. Gwin, William, commander U.S.N., b. Columbus, Ind., 1831; d. Jan. 3, 1863, from wounds received at Haines Bluff. Midshipm. 1847; lieut. Sept. 15, 1856; July 16, 1862, lieut. commander. He com. the " Cambridge " blockader on the Atlantic coast ; in the " Ty- ler ; " served at Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the Yazoo exped., and the attack on Haines Bluff. Gwinnett, BnixoN, signer of the Declara- tion of Independence, b. Eng. ab. 1732; d. May 27, 1777. After receiving a good educa- tion, and engaging in mercantile pursuits at Bristol, in 1770 he emig. to Charleston, S.C. In 1772 he purchased a plantation with a number of negroes on St. Catherine's Island, Ga., and gave his attention to agriculture. Though an opponent of British oppression, yet he was one of those cautious, doubting men, who viewed the success of the Colonies in an open rupture with Eng. as highly prob- lematical. Shortly after the commencement of the Revol., he took an active part in politi- cal affairs ; and in 1776 the Gen. Assembly of the Province elected him a representative to the Gen. Congress. In Feb. 1777 he was app. a member of the State Const. Conv. ; and is said to have furnished the basis of the instru- ment afterwards adopted. He was soon chosen pres. of the prov. council, and in this station displayed personal enmity in thwarting the operations of Gen. Mcintosh, by whom he was mortally wounded in a duel, May 15. In May, 1777, Gwinnett was an unsuccessful candidate for the office of gov. of the State. Gwyn, Francis Edward, a British gen. ; d. Jan. 1822. App. ensign 1 7th Dragoons, Feb. 1760; capt. 16th Drags. July, 1769; maj. Aug. 1775 ; lieut.-col. 20th Drags, May, 1779; col. March, 1794; m^. -gen. Dec. 1793; lieut.- gcn. June, 1799; gen. Apr. 1808; gov. of Sheerness, 1815. He served in three cam- paigns in America under Howe, Clinton, and Cornwallis, in com. of the British cavalry. — Philipaii. Gwyn, John, capt. U.S.N., b. Md. ; d. Palermo, Sicily, Sept. 4, 1849. Midshipm. May 18, 1809 ; lieut. Apr. 27, 1816; com. Feb. 9, 1837 ; capt. Apr. 17, 1842. Habersham, James, statesman, b. Bever- ly, Yorkshire, Eng., 1712; d. N. Brunswick, N. J., Aug. 28, 1775. He accomp. his friend Geo. Whitefield to Savannah, where they ar- rived May 7, 1738. There he opened a school for orphans and destitute children ; but in 1744 became a merchant. In 1750 he was app. with Pickering Robinson a commissioner to advance the culture of silk in the colony; in 1754 he was app. sec. of the province, and one of the councillors; in 1767 he was pres. of the upper house of assembly ; in 1769-72 the duties of gov. devolved upon him in the absence of Sir James Wright. Three of his sons, James, Jo- seph, and John, were zealous patriots. — Ga. Colh. 197. Habersham, Major John, d. Chatham Co., Ga., Nov. 19, 1799, a. 45. Maj. 1st Ga. cont. regt. ; member Cont. Cong. 1785-6 ; col- lector of the port of Savannah 1789-99. Habersham, Col. Joseph, statesman, son of James, b. Savannah, Ga., July 28, 1751 ; d. there Nov. 17, 1815. In July, 1774, he was a member of the first com. app. by the friends of liberty in Ga. ; was one of those who in 1775 seized the powder in the arsenal for the use of the patriots ; in June was app. to the council of safety; and in July com. a party which captured a govt, ship with munitions of war, including 15,000 pounds of powder. Jan. 18, 1776, while a member of the Assembly, he raised a party of vols., who took Gov. Wright prisoner, and confined him to his house under a guard. App. Feb. 4, 1776, maj. of the 1st Ga. batt., he defended Savannah from a Brit- ish naval attack early in March. When Sa- vannah was taken in the winter of 1778, he re- moved his family to Va., but, oa the landing of D'Estaing, engaged in the disastrous at- tack in Sept. 1779. At the close of the war, he held the rank of lieut.-col. In 1785 and again in 1790 he was speaker of the Assembly. App. by Washington postmaster-gen. in 1795; resigned 1801. Pres. of the US. Branch Bank at Savannah from 1802 until the expiration of its charter. A county of his native State bears his name. — Nat. Port. Gallery. Hackett, Horatio Balch, D.D., LL.D. (Amh. 1862), biblical scholar, b. Salisbury, Ms., Dec. 27, 1808. Amh. Coll. 1830. He studied theol. at Andover until 1834, and then at Halle and Berlin in Germany ; was a tutor one year at Amh. Coll.; 4 years prof of an- cient languages at Brown U. ; and from 1839 to 1868 occupied the chair of biblical litera- ture in the Newton Theol. Inst. He travelled in Europe in 1851-2; and in 1858-9 studied modern Greek at Athens to aid him in inter- preting the New Testament, besides visiting Grecian cities of biblical interest. He has pub. Plutarch, with notes, 1844 ; a translation of Winer's Chaldee Grammar, with additions, 1845; "Hebrew Grammar," " Hebrew Reader," 1847 ; " Commentary on the Acts," 1851 and 1858; "Illustrations of Scripture, suggested by a Tour through the Holy Land," 1855, re- printed in Eng. and Scotland ; and " Christian Memorials of the War," 12mo, 1864. He has contrib. much to the Christian Review and the Bibliot/ieca Sacra. Hackett, James Henry, comedian, b. N.Y. Mar. 15, 1800. At first engaged in trade, and in 1819 m. Catharine Leesugg, a popular actress at the Park Theatre, who d. Dec. 4, 1845, a. 47. He first appeared at the Park Theatre in Mar. 1826 as Justice Wood- cock, in " Love in a Village," and soon became a favorite in broad comedy. In 1828, again in 1832, and 1845, he played in Eng. with suc- cess ; and in the intervals performed in most of the Amer. cities. In 1849 he was a joint manager, with Win. Niblo, of the Astor-place Opera House during the engagement of Mac- ready, which resulted in the Astor-place riots. He was in Lond. again in 1851. He was one of the first to introduce the Yankee type of our character upon the stage, and was popular in such parts as Nirnrod Wildfire in " The Ken- HLA.C 393 HLAJK tackian," Falstaff, and other humorous Shak- spearian characters, and is a great mimic. Author of " Notes, Criticisms," &c.. on Shak- speare, 1863. D. Jamaica, L.I., 27 Dec. 1871. Hackleman, Pleasant Adam, brig.-gen. vols., b. Franklin Co., Ind., 1817 ; killed at the battle of Corinth, Oct. 4, 1862. He was a prominent lawyer, and edited the Rushville Re- publican from 1840 to 1861. In 1841 he was a member of the Ind. legisl., and for several years after clerk of Rush Co.; in 1860 he was a member of the Repub. Nat. Conv. at Chicago ; member of the peace conference at Washington, Feb. 4, 1861 ; entered the ser- vice in May as col. 10th Ind. vols., and, after the first batde of Bull Run, served under Gen. Banks in Va. Made brig.-gen. Apr. 28, 18G2, he was in June ordered to report to Gen. Grant in the S.W. He took an active part in the battle of luka ; and at Corinth fell in the second day's fight. Hackiey, Charles W., clergyman and teacher, b. Herkimer Co., N.Y., Mar. 9, 1809 ; d. N.Y. Jan. 10, 1861. West Point, 1829. Acting assist, prof, of math, at West Point to Sept. 1833. Prot.-Epis. clergyman from 1834 ; prof. math, in Univ. of NY. 1833-9 ; pres. of Jeff". Coll. Mpi. 1839 ; prof. math, and astron. Col. Coll. 1843-61. Author of " Treatise on Algebra," 1846 ; " Elementary Course of Ge- ometry," 1847 ; and " Elements of Trigonom- etry." He was a contrib. to many scientific periodicals as well as to the journals of the day, and was active in the establishment of an as- tron. observatory in N.Y. City. Hadden, James M., a Brit. gen. ; d. Eng. Oct. 28, 1817. He was a loyalist; served un- der Burgoyne and Cornwallis; app. lieut. art. July 7, 1779; capt. Mar. 1784; col. 1804; maj.-gen. 181 1; sec. to the Duke of Richmond in 1793 ; adj.-gen. under Sir Charles Stuart in Portugal. Haddock, Charles Brickett, D. D., belles-lettres scholar, b. Franklin, N.H., June 20, 1796 ; d. W. Lebanon, N.H., Jan. 15, 1861. Dartm. Coll. 1816; And. Sem. 1819. His moth- er was a sister of Daniel Webster. He occu- pied the chair of rhetoric and belles-lettres at Dartm. Coll. from 1819 to 1838, and that of intell philos. and polit. econ. from 1838 to 1854. He was charge d'affaires from the U.S. to Portugal from 1851 to 1855. He was 4 years in the N.H. legisl., where he introduced and carried through the present common-school system of the State, and was the first school commiss. under it. He was the father of the railroad system in N.H., had written with abil- ity on almost every subject, and was thorough- ly versed in public law. His anniv. orations, lectures, reports for 15 years on education, ser- mons, writings on agriculture, rhetoric, &c., are quite numerous. He pub. a vol. of address- es and other writings, including occasional sermons, 8vo, 1846 ; and was a contrib. to the Bild. Repertori/, the Bibliotheca Sacra, and other periodicals. Hadley, James, LL.D. (Wesl. U. 1866), scholar, son of James, prof, of chero. of Geneva Coll. (1840-53), b. Fairfield, Herkimer Co., N.Y., 30 Mar. 1821. Y.C. 1842. Assist. prof, of Greek at Yale, 1848-51 ; since which he has been full prof. Married in Aug. 1851 a dau. of Stephen Twining of N. Haven. Author of a Greek grammar, 1860, founded on the German work of G. Curtius, and " Elements of the Greek Language," 1869. Contrib. to various lit. and scient. periodicals, especially the New-Englander. — Thomas. Hagner, Peter v., brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. D.C West Point, 1836. Enter- ing the 1st Art., he was trans, to the ordnance corps in 1838; became capt. 10 July, 1851 ; maj. 3 Aug. 1861 ; lieut.-col. 1 June, 1863; col. 7 Mar. 1867; brev. capt. 18 Apr. 1847 for Cerro Gordo; brev. maj. 13 Sept. 1847 for Chapultepec; and brev. brig.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865 ; wounded at the San Cosme Gate in assault on and capture of City of Mexico, 14 Sept. 1847.— Cull urn. Hague, William, D.D. (B.U. 1849), clergyman and author, b. N.Y. ab. 1805. Ham. Coll., N.Y., 1826. He has been pastor of Baptist churches in Boston, Providence, New- ark (N.J.), Albany, N.Y. City, Chicago, (III.) ; and is now (1870) at Orange, N.J. Besides many occasional addresses and minor works, he has pub. the " Baptist Church Transplanted from the Old World to the New," 1846; " Christianity and Statesmanship," 1855 ; " Home Life," 1855 ; " Guide to Conv. on the Gospel of St. John; " " Review of Drs. Way- land and Fuller on Slavery ; " Hist. Dis- course, 200th anniv. 1st Bapt. Ch., Prov., 7 Nov. 1839. Hahn, Michael, gov. of La. 1864-8, b. Bavaria, Nov. 1830. Brought to La. when a child, and educated in New Orleans ; became a lawyer; and was M.C. in 1862-4. LL.B. U. of La. Haight, Henry Hdntly, gov. Cal. 1867- 71, b. Rochester, N.Y., 20 May, 1825. Y.C. 1844. Son of Fletcher M. Adm. to the bar of St. Louis in Oct. 1846 ; settled in the prac- tice of law in San Francisco in 1850 ; U.S. district judge of Cal. under Pros. Lincoln. Gov. H. practised law successfully in St. Louis, and afterward in San Francisco ; and early in the war was a Repub., but was elected gov. by the Democ. party. Haines, Charles Glidden, lawyer and politician, b. Canterbury, N. H., 1793; d. Bloomingdale, N. Y., July 3, 1852. Midd. Coll. 1816. He began to practise in N.Y. in 1818 ; and was a political supporter of DeWitt Clinton, and adj.-gen. of the State. He pub. " Considerations on the Canal," 1818 ; " Me- moir of T. A. Emmet," 1829. —iV. Y. States- man, July 8. Hakluyt (hak'-loot), Richard, one of the Corp. of adventurers for the prosecution of discoveries in N. A., b. 1555; d. Eaton, Herefordshire, Nov. 23, 1616, a. 61. He com- menced his education at Westminster School. Removing in 1575 to Christ Church Coll., Ox- ford, he became so eminent for his acquaintance with cosmography, that he was app. public lecturer on that science. He pub. in 1582 a " Collection of Voyages and Discoveries," which was the basis of a subsequent work on a larger scale. In 1587 he translated into English a French account of Florida by Capt Laudonnier, which he dedicated to Sir W. H^SlIj 894 JELAJL, Raleigh, After his return from Paris in 1 589, where he had been five years chaplain to the English ambassador, and during which absence he had been nominated to a prebend in Bristol Cathedral, he was chosen by Raleigh a member of the corporation, to whom he assigned his patent for the prosecution of discoveries in Amer. In consequence of this, he prepared his grand work, " The Principal Navigations, Voyages, and Discoveiiesof the English Nation, made by Sea or Overland within the Compass of these 1500 Years." The first vol. in folio was pub. in 1589, the third and last in 1600. In 1605 Hakluyt was promoted to a prebend at Westminster, which, with the rectory of Weth- eringset, Suffolk, was his only ecclesiastical preferment. He pub. several geographical works besides those above mentioned ; among them " Virginia richly valued by the Descrip- tion of Florida," London, 1609, 4to, which is both scarce and curious ; a " Historic of the West Indies," translated from Peter Martyr ; a translation of Leo's "Descrifjtion of Africa," and Antonio Galvano's " History of Dis- coveries " from the Portuguese. The manu- script papers of Hakluyt were used by Purchas, another geographical collector. The name of this author has been perpetuated by a contem- porary navigator, Henry Hudson, who gave the name of Hakluyt's headland to a promon- tory on the coast of Greenland in 1608. — Biog. Brit. Haldeman, S. S., naturalist and philol- ogist, b. near Columbia, Lancaster Co., Pa., 1812. He studied at Dick Coll. until 1830; was app. an assist, in the N.J. geol. survey in 1836, and in that of Pa. in 1837. While thus engaged, he discovered the oldest fossil then known, the " ScoUthus Linearis." He held the chair of natural history in the U. of Pa. from 1851 to 1855, and since then in Del. Coll., Newark. He is also prof, of geol. and chem. to the Agric. Society of Pa. at Harrisburg, and is a disting. entomologist. In the " Biblio- graphia " of Agassiz is a list of 73 memoirs, by Haldeman, of subjects in conchology, entomol- ogy, and paleontology, pub. in various scientific journals. His recent investigations have been into the philos. of language. They are em- bodied in an essay, " Analytic Orthography," which obtained in Eng. in 1858 the highest Trevellyan prize over 18 European competitors. His memoir on the relations of the Chinese and English languages appeared in the " Pro- ceedings " of the Amer. Assoc, for the Ad- vancement of Science in 1856. He has also pub. " Zoological Contributions," Phila. 1842- 3 ; " Report on Linguistic Ethnology," 8vo, Camb. 1856. Haldimand, Sm Fredekick, K,B., a British gen., b. in canton of Neuchatel, Oct. 1718; d. at Yeverden, Switzerland, June 5, 1791. He early entered the Prussian service, but in 1754, with his friend Bouquet, entered the British army ; and he was app. lieut.-col. of the 60th Roy. Amer. Regt. Jan. 4, 1756, and came to Amer. in 1757. He disting. himself signally in the attack on Ticonderoga, July 8, 1758 ; and, by his defence of Oswego in 1759 against the attack of 4,000 French and Indians under La Corne, won high renown. He ac- comp. the army under Amherst from Oswego to Montreal in 1760; and in 1762 was pro- moted to be col. Employed in Fla. in 1767, immediately on his arrival at Pensacola he caused the fort to be considerably extended, widened the streets, and otherwise improved the place. May 25, 1772, he became maj.-gen. in America, and, in Oct. following, col. of the 60th Foot. He returned to England in Aug. 1775 for the purpose of giving information to the ministry on the state of the Colonies, and was commissioned a gen. in America, Jan. 1, 1776; in 1777 lieut.-gcn. in the army, and lieut.-gov. of Quebec, where he succeeded Carleton as gov. in 1778, and administered its affairs in an oppressive and arbitrary manner until the close of 1784, when he returned to England. Hale, Benjamin, D.D., educator, b. New- bury, Ms., Nov. 23, 1797; d. July 15, 1863. Bowd. Coll. 1818. On leaving college, he be- came principal of the Saco Acad. ; then studied theology at Andover ; was licensed to preach as a Congregationalist in Jan. 1822; became tutor in Bowd. Coll. in 1823, and principal of the Gardiner Lyceum 1822-7 ; prof of chem- istry and mineralogy in Dartm. Coll. from 1827 to 1835; spent the winter of 1835-6 in St. Croix, W.I. ; and was pres. of Geneva Coll., N.Y., from 1836 until from ill health compelled to resign, Jan. 19, 1858. While at Dartm. Coll, he took orders in the Prot.-Epis. Church ; delivered lectures on chemistry, pharmacy, med. jurisprudence, and nat. philos., and founded its valuable geol. and mineral, cabinet. He pub. " Introduction to the Me- chanical Principles of Carpentry," 1827; and " Scriptural Illustrations of the Liturgy," 1835 ; besides sermons, addresses, and educa- tional pamphlets. Hale, Charles, journalist, b. Boston, June 7, 1831. H.U. 1850. Son of Nathan. In 1852 he established and edited To- Day, a literary journal ; was subsequently editor of the Boston Daily Advertiser; and was U.S. consul to Egypt 1864-70. Author of several pamphlets ; contrib. to the N. Amer. Rev. and the Amer. Almanac. Hale, David, journalist, b. Lisbon, Ct., Apr. 25, 1791 ; d. Fredericksburg, Va., Jan. 20, 1849. Son of Rev. David of South Cov- entry. After teaching school for a time, he removed to Boston in 1809, and in 1815 com- menced business there, but was unsuccessful. He was a vigorous writer, and a frequent contrib. to periodicals. In 1827 he removed to N.Y., and became the assoc. editor of the Journal of Com- merce, and afterwards a joint proprietor in it. He was a prominent advocate of free-trade, the sub-treasury, and other financial measures of the Democratic party. In 1840 he purchased the Broadway Tabernacle, a large public hall, where an Orthodox Cong, church on the N. England plan of individual freedom was estab- lished. He gave liberally to other churches, and maintained missionaries in several of the thinly-settled portions of the country. A Memoir, with some of his writings, was pub. by Rev. Joseph P. Thompson, 8vo, 1845. Hale* Edward Everett, clergvman and author, b. Boston, Apr. 3, 1822. H.U. 1839. HCAX. 395 HAH. Pastor of the Church of the Unity, Worcester, from Apr. 29, 1846, to 1856 ; and of the South Cong. Church, Boston, since that time. Son of Hon. Nathan Hale. Has pub. " The Ro- sary," 12mo, 1848; "Margaret Perceval in America," l2mo, 1850 ; " Sketches of Christian History," 12ino, 1850; " Kansas and Nebraska," 12mo, 1854; "Letters on Irish Emigration," 1852; "Man without a Country;" " If, Yes, and Perhaps," 1868; "Ingham Papers;" "Ten Times One are Ten," 1870; "Life of Sir Ralph Lane," in Trans. Antiq. Soc. v. ; " Sybaris and Other Homes." Editor and contrib. to the Christian Examiner, Old and New, and many other periodicals. Hale, Enoch, M.D. (II. U. 1813), physician, b. VVesthampron, Ms., Jan. 19, 1790; d. Bos- ton, Nov. 12, 1848. Son of Rev. Enoch, first minister of Westhampton (1779-1837). Heat- tended Prof Silliman's lectures on chemistry ; studied med. under Drs. Bigelow and Warren ; and afrer practising until 1816 at Gardiner, Me., removed to Boston, where he continued to practise extensively until the close of his life. He was long an active member and officer of the Ms. Med. Soc. ; one of the ■physicians of the Gen. Hospital, Boston; a member of the Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sci- ences, and of other scientific, religious, and benev. associations. He pub. a dissertation on Animal Heat and Respiration ; Hist, and Descrip. of the Spotted Fever, which prevailed at Gardiner, Me., in 1814; two Boylston Prize questions in 1819 and 1821 ; on the Com- munication between the Stomach and the Urinary Organs ; a work on the Typhoid Fever; and also various contribs. to the med. and scientific journals of the day. — See Me- moir in Bost. Med. and Surg. .Jour. Hale, John, first minister of Beverly, Ms., from Sept. 20, 1667, to his d.. May 15, 1700, b. Charlestown, Ms., June 3, 1636. H.U. 1657. Chaplain in the Canada exped. in 1690; one of the approvers of the judicial murders during the witchcraft troubles in 1692; but in 1702 pub. " A Modest Inquiry into the Nature of Witchcraft," indicating a change of opinion. A memoir of him is in Ms. Hist. Coll. iii. 7. Hale, John Parker, senator, b. Rochester, N.H., 31 Mar. 1806. Bowd. Coll. 1827. Adm. to the bar in 1830 ; member of the N.H. legisl. 1832; dist. atty. for N.H. 1834-42; M.C. 1843-5 ; again member of the N.II. legisl., and speaker, 1846; U.S. senator (elected by acom- bination of Whigs and antislavery Democrats) 1847-53 and 185.5-65 ; minister to Spain in 1865-9. In Congress Mr. Hale sided with the opponents of slavery. In a pub. letter in Jan. 1845, he strongly denounced, on antislavery grounds, the annexation of Texas, and was de- clared a traitor to the Democratic party. This defiance of party dictation gave him a strong hold on the favor of the people. On taking his seat in the U.S. senate he was almost the only man elected on antislavery grounds, and dis- connected with either of the great parties. He stood almost alone on the slavery question ; was a ready speaker, and by his wit and humor often succeeded in turning aside the at- tacks of proslavery senators, and in mitigating party animosity. Counsel for the defendants in the important trials growing cat of the rescue of the slave Shadrach at Boston in 1851. Candidate of the Liberty party for the presi- dency in 1852, and received 157,680 votes. On leaving the senate in 1853, he established him- self in his profession in New York. Hale, Nathan, capt. Re vol. army, b. Cov- entry, Ct., June 6, 1755 ; executed as a spy in New York, Sept. 22, 1776. Y. C. 1773. He engaged in teaching, first at E. Haddam, and afterward at N. London, but, soon after the Lexington alarm, entered the army as a lieut., and became a capt. in Knowlton's rcgt. While with the troops near Boston, he was vigilant and faithful in every point of duty. In Sept. 1776, when in New York, he, with an associate, planned and effected the capture of a British sloop laden with provisions, taking her at mid- night from under the guns of a frigate. After the retreat from Long Island, Washington ap- plied to Knowlton to furnish him with informa- tion of the strength, situation, and future movements, of the enemy. Capt. Hale offered himself a vol. for this hazardous service, passed in disguise to L.I., examined every part of the British army, and obtained the best pos- sible information respecting its situation and future operations. While on his return, he was apprehended, carried before Sir Wm. Howe, and ordered for execution the next morning. This order was carried out in the most unfeel- ing manner. He was denied the attendance of a clergyman ; was not permitted the use of a Bible ; and his letters to his mother and other friends, written on the morning of his execu- tion, were destroyed by the provost-marshal, " that the rebels should not know they had a man in their army who could die with so much firmness." His dying observation was, that " he only lamented that he had but one life to lose for his country." Dwight has celebrated his virtues both in prose and verse. — See Stu- art, Life of Nathan Hale, 1856. Hale, Nathan, LL.D. (H.U. 1853), jour- nalist, nephew of the preceding, son of Rev. Enoch, b. Westhampton, Ms., Aug. 16, 1784; d. Brookline, Ms., Feb. 9, 1863. Wms. Coll. 1804. He studied law ; served two years as in- structor in Exeter Acad., then removed to Boston ; was adm. to the bar in 1810, and prac- tised law 4 years. He then, with Henry D. Sedgwick, edited the Weekhj Messenger, devot- ed to politics and literature. March 1, 1814, he purchased the Boston Daily Advertiser, the first daily in N. England, and for many years the only one, and established the principle of editorial responsibility distinct from that of in- dividual contributors. Its influence was great, at first as a Whig print, and latterly as a Repub- lican organ. Its influence was given in 1820 against the Mo. bill, and in 1854 to oppose the Nebraska bill. It was the first journal to sug- gest the immediate free colonization of Kansas, in 1825 he pub. a map of N. E., which is still a standard authority. In 1828 he pub. a work on the protective policy. He was an early ad- vocate of railroads in N.E. ; and in 1828 was the acting chairman of the Ms. Board of Internal Improvements. First pres. of the Boston and Worcester R. R. Co., and continued 19 years. In 1846 he was app. chairman of the commiss. I3LAXi 396 ELAJL. for introducing water into the city of Boston. Editor and pub. of the Monthly Chronicle 1840- 2. He was one of the club which founded the A^. A. Review and the Christian Examiner ; often served in both branches of the Ms. legisl. ; was a member of both the later Const. Convs. ; and was an active member of the Hist. Soc. and of the Acad, of Arts and bcienccs. In 1816 he m. Sarah Preston, sister of Edward Everett. His son, Nathan, Jun., b. Boston, 12 Nov. 1818, d. 9 Jan. 1871. H. U. 1838. Adm. to the bar 1841. Editor of the Boston Miscellany 1842, co-editor Boston Daily Adver- tiser 1842-53; latterly connected with Old and New, a monthly periodical. Hale, Col. Robert, b. Beverly, Ms., Feb. 12, 1703; d. March 20, 1767. H. U. 1721. Grandson of Rev. John Hale of Beverly ; edu- cated a physician, and practised extensively in his native town. He com. a regt. under Fep- perell at the capture of Louisburg in 1745. App. in 1747 by the legisl. of Ms. commiss. to N.Y. to adopt measures for the gen. defence, and in 1755 commiss. to N.H. to concert an exped. against the French. App. sheriff of Essex Co. in 1761. He was a leading man in the Province, and 13 years a member of the legisl. — Stone's Beverly. Hale, Salma, politician, b. Alstead, N.H., March 7, 1787; d. Keene, Nov. 19, 1866. A printer at Walpole, N.H. ; at 18 lie edited the Political Observatory there ; subsequently stud- ied law. From 1812 to 1834, with the excep- tion of a few years, was clerk of the Superior and County Courts of Cheshire; M.C 1817- 19 ; afterward practised at the bar; and wa^ a member of the legisl. in 1823-5; sec. of the Board of Commiss. under the treaty of Ghent. He pub. " History of the U.S.," for schools, in 1825; "Annals of Keene," 8vo, 1826; "His- tory of the U.S.," Lond., Svo, 1826; and fre- quently wrote for periodicals. His son George S. Hale (H.U. 1844) is an eminent lawyer of Boston. Hale, Sakah Josepha (Buel), authoress, b. Newport, N.H., 24 Oct. 1790. Ab. 1814 she m. David Hale, an eminent lawyer, who d. in 1822, leaving her 5 children, the oldest of whom was but seven, to support by her pen. She pub. " The Genius of Oblivion and other Origi- nal Poems," 1823; " North wood, a Tale of N. England," 1827 ; removed to Boston in 1828, and edited the Lady's Magazine, till in 1837 it was united with the Lady's Book of Phila., of which she was many years the litera- ry editor, residing in Phila. since 1841. While in Boston she originated the Seaman's Aid Soci- ety, the parent of many similar organizations in various ports. Her other works are, — "Sketches of American Character," 1830; "Traits of American Life," 1835; "Flora's Interpreter ; " " Good Housekeeper," a manual of cookery ; " Grosvenor, a Tragedy," 1838, founded on the martyrdom of Col. Isaac Hayne; metrical romances, entitled " Alice Rav," 1846; "Three -Hours, or the Vigil of Love," 1848 ; and " Harry Gray," 1848; a " Complete Dictionary of Poetical Quotations," 1852 ; " The Judge, a Drama of American Life ; " and " Woman's Record, from the Creation to A.D. 1854," N.Y. 1855. She has also edited several annuals, and the letters of Mme. Sevign^ and of Lady Montague. Haliburton, Thomas Chandler, D.C.L. (Oxf. U. 1858), an English humorous writer, b. Windsor, N.S., 1 797 ; d. Isleworth, Aug. 27, 1865. Educated at King's Coll., and adm. to the bar in 1 820. He practised law in N.S. many years ; was member of the Assembly ; and be- came a judge of Common Pleas in 1829, and from 1840 to 1842 of the Supreme Court; M.P. for Launceston, Eng., 1859-65. In 1835 he contrib. to a newspaper in Nova Scotia a series of articles satirizing the Yankees, which became popular in the U.S. and in Eng., and were pub. in 1837, with additions and altera- tions, as " The Clock-Maker; or, Savings and Doings of Samuel Slick of SlickviUe." He went to Eng. in 1842 ; and in 1843 pub. " The Attache, or Sam Slick in Eng." His other works are, "An Historical and Statistical Ac- count of Nova Scotia," 2 vols., 1828; " The Clock-Maker," 2d series, 1838, and 3d series, 1840; "Bubbles of Canada," 1839; "The Old Judge, or Life in a Colony," 1839 ; " Let- ter-Bag of the Great Western," 1839 ; " Yan- kee Stories," 1852 ; " Traits of American Hu- mor," 1852; "Nature and Human Nature," 1855; "Rule and Misrule of the English in America," 1851 ; " Letters to Lord Duiham," and " Wise Saws." Halkett, John, author, b. Lond. 1768; d. Brighton, Eng., Nov. 1852. Nephew of Sir Peter. App. gov. of the Bahamas, Dec. 5, 1801, and of Tobago, Oct. 27, 1803; and was chairman of the board of commiss, of W. India accounts from 1814 to 1819. Being the son-in- law of the Earl of Selkirk, he pub. in Lond,, 1817, a " Statement respecting his Settlement upon the Red River." He visited Amer. in 1821 or 2 ; and in 1823 pub. in Eng. " Histor- ical Notes respecting the Indians of North Amer." — Hist. Mag. iii. 50. Halkett, Sir Peter, of Pitferran, Fife- shire, bart. of Nova Scotia, son of Sir P. Wcd- derburne of Gosford, who assumed his wife's name. M.P. for Dunfiermline, 1734 ; lieut.- col. of the 44th at Sir John Cope's defeat in 1745. Being released on parole, and ordered by Cumberland to serve again against the Jac- obites, he refused, saying that " his royal High- ness was master of his commission, but not of his honor." He became col. of his regt. Feb. 26, 1751, and was killed at its head in the bat- tle of Monongahela, July 9, 1755. — Sargent's Exp. against Fort Duquesne. Hail, Allen A,, journalist and diplomat, b.N.C. ; d. Cochabamba, Bolivia, May 18, 1867. He practised law at Nashville, and was for 30 years connected with the leading papers there; charge d'affaires to Venezuela 1841-5 ; assist.- sec. of the U.S. treas. 1849-50; edited the lie- public at Washington ; afterward edited the Daily News, 1857-9, at Nashville, and was min- ister* to Bolivia 1863-7. Hall, Capt. Basil, traveller, b. Edinburgh, 1788; d. Portsmouth, Eng., Sept. 11, 1844. Entering the roy. navy in 1802, he became a post capt. in 1817. He com. the brig " Lyra," which accomp. Lord Amherst in his mission to China, and wrote his first work, entitled " A Voyage of Discovery to the Western Coast of ILJSJL, 397 IL^^JLi Corea, and the Great Loo Choo Island in the Japan Sea," pub. in 1818. He was stationed off the Pacific coast of Amer. during the rev- el, of the Spanish Colonies, and on his return to Eng. pub. "Extracts from a Journal writ- ten on the Coasts of Chili, Peru, and Mexico, in 1 820-22," 2 vols. 1 824. He also pub. " Trav- els in N. Araer. in 1827 and 1828" (3 vols. 1829), severely commented upon by the Amer. press, and " Travels in So. Amer.," 8vo, 1841. In the latter part of his life, his intellect be- came impaired, and he d. insane. Hall, Baynard Rust, D.D., educator, b. Phila. 1798 ; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., Jan. 23, 1863. Uii. Coll. 1820. Princeton Theol. Sem. Son of Dr. John Hall, who was at one time on the staff of Washington. Some years pastor of a church, and pres. of a coll. in Bloomington, Ind. ; afterward pastor of a congregation, and principal of a large acad. in Bedford, Pa. At various times he was connected with education- al institutions in Bordentown and Trenton, N. J., and Poughkeepsie and Newburgh, N.Y. Ab. 1852 he removed to Brooklyn ; was prin- cipal of the Park Institute ; and for the last few years of his life preached to the poor. He pub. a "Latin Grammar," 1828; "The New Purchase," 1843 ; " Something for Every- body ; " " Teaching a Science ; " " Frank Free- man's Barber Shop/' 1852. — N. Y. TimeSf Jan. 27, 1863. Hall, DoMiNiCK Augustine, jurist, b. S.C. 1765 ; d. N. Orleans, Dec. 19, 1820. He commenced the practice of law in Charleston, S.C, and Avas dist. judge of Orleans Terr, from 1809 till it became the State of La. in 1812, when he was app. U.S. judge of the State, in which position he continued during his life. Dec. 15, 1814, his court was ordered to be adjourned for 2 months, " owing to the military operations of the British forces against New Orleans." In Mar. 1815, while the city was under martial law, Judge Hall was arrested by Gen. Jackson for having granted a writ of habeas corpus to a person arrested by his au- thority. Judge Hall was released Mar. 14, and immediately summoned Gen. Jackson to answer for a contempt of court, resulting in a judgment against him, and a fine of $1,000, which he paid. It was, however, refunded to him, with interest, in 1844, by act of Congress. HalljEDWAKD Brooks, D.D. (H.U. 1848), Unitarian clergyman, b. Medford, Ms., Sept. 2, 1800; d. Providence, Mar. 3, 1866. H.U. 1820. Camb. Theol. School, 1824. He had charge of the Garrison Forest Academy, near Baltimore, 1 year ; preached at Northampton, Ms., where he was oi'd. Aug. 16, 1826 ; resigned Dec. 3, 1829; and was settled at Providence, Nov. 14, 1832, until his d. He pub. Memoir of Mary L. Ware, Bost. 12mo, 1852 ; Centu- ry Discourse, 1st Cong. Ch., Prov., 19 June, 1836. Hall, Fkederick, M. D. (Castlet. Med. School 1827), LL.D. (Dartm. Coll. 1842), ed- ucator, b. Grafton, Vt., 1780; d. Peru, 111., July 27, 1843. Dartm. Coll. 1803. Tutor there 1804-5, and at Mid. Coll. 1805-6 ; prof, of nat. philos. and math, in Mid. Coll. 1806- 24 ; prof, of chemistry and mineralogy at Trin. Coll., Hartford ; pres. of Mt. Hope Coll., near Baltimore, Md. ; prof, of chemistry in Col. Coll., Washington, at the time of his death. He gave to Dartm. Coll. a cabinet of minerals, and some thousands of dollars. He pub. a eulogy on Solomon M. Allen, 1818; statistics of Middlebury, in Ms. Hist. Colls., 2d series, vol. ix. ; "Letters from the East and from the West," Bait., 8vo, 1840. Hall, Gordon, the first Amer. missionary to Bombay, b. Tolland, Ms., Apr. 8, 1784; d. of cholera in India, Mar. 20, 1826. Wms. Coll. 1808. He studied theology, and having been ord. at Salem, Feb. 6, 1812, sailed for Calcutta, arriving at Bombay Feb. 11, 1813; he spent 13 years in missionary labors there. He possessed great force of mind, and decision of character, and was devoted to his work, for which he was eminently qualified. He pub. 3 or 4 sermons and tracts, and, with S. Newell, "The Conversion of the World," 8 vo, 1818. His " Appeal in Behalf of the Heathen " is a masterpiece of argument and eloquence. A Memoir of him was pub. 12rao. Hall, Harrison, editor of the Portfolio, 1815-27, bro. of Judge James, b. 1787; d. Cincinnati, Mar. 9, 1866. He pub. a work on " Distilling," 1815. Ed. a vol. of the writings of his mother, Sarah Hall, in 1833. Hall, HiLAND, LL.D. (U. of Vt. 1859), lawyer, b. Bennington, Vt., July 20, 1795. He spent his boyhood on his father's farm; was adm. to the bar in 1819; was in 1827 elected to the State legisl., and afterwards for several years was State atty. ; M.C. from Vt. in 1833-43 ; bankcommiss. in 1843-6 ; 4 years judge of the Supreme Court; in 1850 second compt. of the treas. ; from 1851 to 1854 land commis. for California; gov. of Vt. 1858-60, and delegate to the Pence Congress, Mar. 1861 ; author of " Hist, of Vt.," 8vo, 1868. Hall, James, judge and author, b. Phila. Aug. 19, 1793; d. near Cincinnati, July 5, 1868. His mother, Mrs. Sarah Hall (b. Oct. 30, 1760 ; d. Apr. 3, 1830), dau. of Dr. John Ewing, wrote " Conversations on the Bible," and was a contrib. to the PwtfoUo from the commencement, and during the editorship of her son. A vol. of her writings Avas edited and pub. by Harrison Hall in 1833, with a memoir by Judge Hall. He began the study of law, but left it to join the army in the war of 1812, and was disting. at Lundy's Lane, Niagara, and the siege of Fort Erie. At the close of the war, he was app. an officer in the bomb vessel which accomp. Decatur's squad, against the Algerines, but resigned in 1818, and resumed the study of law at Pittsburg, Pa. In 1820 he removed to Shawneetown, 111. ; practised at the bar, and edited a Aveekly newspaper, the Illinois Gazette, He was a))p. attv. of a circuit of 10 counties, and wrote interesting sketches of his mode of life and adventures. 4 years after, he was elected judge of the circuit court, over which he presided 3 years. He was also 4 years State treasurer ; had a large legal practice, and edited the Il- linois Jntelligencer, weekly, with other literary labors. Removing from Vandalia in 1833 to Cincinnati, he became in 1836 cashier, and in 185.3-65 was pres., of the Commercial Bank. Ill 1 820 he began for the Portfolio a series of ILAJL. 398 H^AXi "Letters from the West," which in 1828 were coll. and pub. in Lond. without his concur- rence. He edited and contrib. largely to the Western Souvenir, 1829, the first annual pub. in the West. In 1830 he established at Van- dalia the Illinois Monthly Magazine, which was continued at Cincinnati from 1833 to 1837, under the title of the Western Monthly Magazine. He pub, also "Legends of the West," 1832; "Soldier's Bride and other Tales," 1832; "The Harpe's Head, a legend of Ky," 1833; "Sketches of the West," 2 vols. 1835; " Tales of the Border," 1835 ; " Statistics of the West," 1836, and a new edition entitled " Notes on the Western States," 1838; " Life of Harrison," 1836; "History of the Indian Tribes " (with T. L. McKenney), 3 vols. 1 838-44, a costly and elegant work ; " Wilder- ness and the War-Path," 1845; an address before the Mercantile Library Assoc, of Cin- cinnati, 1846 ; a "Life of Thomas Posey" in "Sparks's Biography" (2d series, vol. ix.) ; and "Romance of Western History," 1857. A uniform edition of his writings appeared in 4 vols. 1853. — Duyckiiick. Hall, James, State geologist of N.Y., b. Hinghara, Ms., of English parents, in 1811. He studied the natural sciences at the Rens- selaer school in Troy, N.Y., from 1831 to 1836. App. one of the N.Y. State geologists, he in 1837 began to survey the western dist. of the State. His report was pub. in 1843. Direct- ing his attention to the several paleozoic for- mations of the Western States, he pub. in 1847-59 3 vols, of " The Paleontology of N.Y.," describing ab. 1,000 species of fossils from the lower and middle silurian rocks. In 1855 he was invited to take this dept. of the Canadian survey under the direction of Sir Wm. E. Logan. App. State surveyor of Iowa in 1855, and of Wis. in 1857, his Cana- dian investigations were chiefly limited to the study of the graptolites, of which he has de- scribed 25 new species. Of the Iowa report, 2 vols, have been pub. In 1850 Mr, Hall was elected a foreign member of the Geol. Society of Lond., which society in 1 858 conferred upon him the distinction of the Wolhiston medal. He is a member of many European and Amer. scientific societies, and has contrib. to their " Transactions." The description of fossils in the govt, reports of many of the Western surveys are by Prof. Hall. Hall, John, jurist, b. Staunton Co., Va., 1769; d. Wanenton, N.C., Jan. 29, 1833. Wm. & Mary Coll. He settled in Warrenton in 1792 ; became eminent as a lawyer ; was a judge of the Superior Court of N.C. from 1801 to 1818, and judge of its Supreme Court from 1818 to 1832. His son Edward, a disting. lawyer, was raised to the bench in 1840. Hall, John E , bro. of Judge James, author, b. Dec. 1783 ; d. June II, 1829. Edu- cated at N.J. Coll , he studied law, and com- menced practice in Baltimore in 1805. He soon became prof, of rhetoric and belles-lettres in the U. of Md. ; wrote a Biography of Dr. John Shaw prefixed to an edition of his poems (1810), and prepared an edition of Wirt's " British Spy," to which he contrib. several letters. He acted with the Federalists, and was severely wounded in the Baltimore riot of 1811, being one of the nine thrown on a heap as killed. From 1808 to 1817 he pub. the American Law Journal (6 vols. Phila.). Removing to Phila., from 1816 to 1827 he edited the Portfolio, to which he contrib. the " Memoirs of Anacreon," which attracted much attention. In 1827 he edited the Phila. Souvenir, and pub. " Memoirs of Eminent Persons." He also edited " Practice and Juris- diction of the Court of Admiralty," 8vo, 1809. Dr. Thomas Mifflin Hall, a younger bro. of Harrison, James, and John E., contrib. poetry and some scientific articles to the Port- folio. In 1828 he embarked on board of a S. Amer. ship-of-war to which he was surgeon. The vessel was never heard of after. — Duyc- kinck. Hall, Louisa Jane, poetess, b. Newbury- port, Feb. 7, 1802 ; m. Rev. E. B. Hall of Prov. in 1840. Her father. Dr. John Park, in 1811 opened a school for young ladies in Boston, at which she received a good education. She commenced writing at an early age. In 1825 she wrote " Miriam," a dramatic poem, pub. in 1837. In 1831 she removed with her father to Worcester, where, though almost totally blind for 4 or 5 years, she wrote "Joanna of Naples," a tale, and a Life of Mrs. Elizabeth Carter. — Duyckinck. Hall, Lyman, signer of the Decl. of Indep., b. Ct. 1725 ; d. Burke Co., Ga., Oct. 19, 1790. Y.C. 1747. His father possessed a competent fortune, and gave him a good education. He studied medicine ; m. and establis ed himself at Sunbury, Ga., where he was a very success- ful practitioner. Member of the Ga. Repub. conventions of 1774-5, he was influential in causing Ga. to join the Confederacy. Sent as a delegate to Congress in March, 1775, by the parish of St. John's, he was in July elected by the whole Province. He remained in Congress until 1780, when the invasion of the State by the British called him home. Gov. of Ga. in 1783. His property was confiscated by the British while in temporary possession of the Province. Hall, Nathan K., U.S. postmaster-gen. (1850-4), b. Marcellus, Onondaga Co., N.Y., March 28, 1810. He read law in the office of Mr. Fillmore, and became his partner at Buf- falo, Erie Co., N.Y., in 1832. He has held different administrative and judicial offices in his native State ; served as a member of the legisl. ? was M.C. from 1847 to 1849; after- ward judge Dist. Court of Western N.Y. Hall, Robert Pleasants, poet and law- yer, b. Chester District, S.C, Dec. 23, 1825; d. Macon, Ga., Dec. 4, 1854. Removing with his parents to Ga. in 1837, he was adm. to the bar in 1848, and in 1849 removed to Macon, where he held a high legal reputation till his death. In 1848 he pub. in Charleston " Poems by a South-Carolinian." His numer- ous unpub. writings in prose and verse include a contemplative poem on Andre Chenier; a legend of the Dacotahs, entitled " Winona ; " and " The Cherokee," describing the scenery of Upper Georgia. — See Millers Bench and Bar of Georgia. 1E3LAJJ I3LA.il Hall, Samuel, printer, b. Medford, Ms., Nov. 2, 1740; d. Boston, Oct. 30, 1807. He served his apprenticeship with his uncle, Daniel Fowie of Portsmouth, N.H. In 1761-8 he was in partnership with Ann, widow of James Franklin, at Newport, R.I. In 1768 he pub. the Essex Gazette at Salem ; removed in 1775 to Cambridge, where he pub. the N. E. Chronicle; removed to Boston in 1776; pub. the Sa/eni Gazette again in 1781, and in 1785 the Ms. Gazette; in 1789 he opened a book- store in Boston, which in 1 805 he sold to Lin- coln & Edmands. His patriotic journal was of great service to the cause of liberty. — Brooks's Medford. Hall, Samuel Read, clergyman and edu- cator, b. Croydon, N.H., Oct. 27, 1795. He commenced teaching in Rumford, Me., in 1814, and in 1822 taught an acad. atFitchburg, Ms., being also licensed as a Cong, preacher. Re- moving as a missionary to Concord, Vt., in 1823, he organized the tirst school in the U.S. for the training of teachers, which he kept till 1830, when he was chosen principal of the English dept. of Phillips Acad., Andover. In 1829 he aided in founding the Amer. Institute of Instruction. In 1837 he removed to Plym- outh, N.H. ; kept a teachers' sem. there til^ 1840, when he removed to Craftsbury, Vt., and established there a teacher's dept. in con- nection with the acad., where he taught till 1846. Author of "Instructor's Manual, or Lectures on School-keeping," 1829 ; "Lectures on Education," 12mo ; " Geography for Chil- dren." Ho now resides at Bennington, Vt. Hall, WiLLARD, jurist, b. Westford, Ms., Dec. 24, 1780. H.U. 1799. He studied law in the office of Samuel Dana of Groton, and was adm. to the bar of Hillsborough Co., N.H., in Mar. 1803. In May, 1803, he settled in Dover, Del., and practised there 20 years. From 1811 to 1814 he was sec. of State; M.C. from 1817 to 1821; again sec. of State in 1821; in 1822 a member of the State senate ; and May 6, 1823, he was app. by Pres. Monroe U.S. dist. judge for Del. Upon the applica- tion of the Gen. Assembly of Del. he revised the statutory laws of the State, completing the work, in 6 vols. 8vo, in 1829. In 1831 he was a member of the State Const. Conv. While sec. of State he advocated the establishment of public schools, and suggested a plan which in 1829 was adopted with slight variation. Hall, Gen. William, b. 1774; d. Sumner Co., Tenn., Oct. 1 856. He was a col. of Tenn. militia in the U.S. service, Dec. 1812-Feb. 1813; brig.-gen. Tenn. vols. Sept. 26, 1813; and M.C. from Tenn. in 1831-3. Hall, William W., b. Paris, Ky., 1810. Centre Coll. 1830. M.D. of Transylv. Coll. 1836. Author of Treatises on Cholera, Bron- chitis, and Kindred Diseases (8vo, 1853), Consumption, Health by Good Living, Sleep, Health and Disease, Coughs and Colds. Editor of Hall's .Journal of Health. Hallam Family, pioneers on the Ameri- can stage. William, called the father of the American stage, was an actor of great repute at Goodman's Fields Theatre, Eng., and succes- sor of Garrick. Came with his family to Amer. in 1750; sold out his interests here to his bro. Lewis ; and d. in Eng. Lewis, his bro., also a favorite at Goodman's Fields, made his d^ut at New York, 26 Feb. 1750, in the play of " Richard III.," and Sept. 5, 1752, at Williams- burg, Va., as Launcelot Gobbo and Tubal in the " Merchant of Venice ; " went to the Island of Jamaica in 1756, where he soon after died. His wife, afterward well known as Mrs. Douglas, app. Sept. 5, 1752, as Portia; re- tired from the stage in 1769, andd. Phila. Aug. 1773. Lewis, son of the preceding, and one of the best actors of his time, b. Lond. 1740 ; d. Phila. Nov. 1, 1808. He appeared in Lord Ogleby in 1768, a part he performed for 40 years, his last app. in it being at the Park, N.Y., in 1807. Master Adam Hallam made his detut in New York, Sept. 17, 1753, at the New Nassau-street Theatre, as Daniel in " The Conscious Lovers." The Hallam Com- pany opened at Phila. 15 Apr. 1754, with " The Fair Penitent." Halleek, Fitzgreene, poet, b. Guilford, Ct., July 8, 1790 ; d. there Nov. 19, 1867. His mother, Mary Eliot, was a descendant of John, the "Apostle to the Indians." He acquired a good academical education in his native town. At the age of 18 he became a clerk in the bank- ing-house of Jacob Barker, New York, where he remained many years. He was also " in the cotton-trade and sugar-line." He was long en- gaged in the business-alFairs of John Jacob Astor (1824-49), who made him a trustee of the Astor Library. He wrote verses from boy- hood. His lines to "Twilight" appeared in the Evening Post in 1818; and in the follow- ing March he assisted Joseph Rodman Drake in contributing, under the signature of " Croak- er, jun.," to the humorous series of " Croaker Papers," also for the Fast. The death of Drake in 1820 was commemorated by Halleek in one of his most touching poems. In the latter part of 1819 he wrote his longest poem, " Fanny," a satire in the measure of Byron's " Don Juan." It was completed and printed within three weeks of its commencement, and was highly popular. In 1822-3 he visited Eu- rope ; and in 1827 pub. an edition of his po- ems, including "Alnwick Castle" and "Burns." It also included the spirited lyric " Marco Boz- zaris," originally pub. in the N. Y. Review. In 1864 he pub. " Young America," a poem of some 300 lines. A remarkable characteristic of his poetic genius was its versatility. Late in life he became a Roman Catholic. — See Life and Letters of Halleek, by James Grant Wilson, 1869. Halleek, Henry Wager, maj.-gen. U. S.A., b. Waterville, Oneida Co., N. Y., 1814. West Point, 1 839. Son of Hon. Joseph H., and grandson of Peter of Long Island Revol. mem- ory. Receiving an academical education, he studied a short time at Un. Col. before enter- ing West Point. Entering the engineer ser- vice, he was, until June, 1840, assist, prof, at West Point. From 1841 to 1844 he was em- ployed on the fortiticarions in N. Y. harbor ; and in 1845 visited the military establishments of Europe. In the winter of 1845-6 he delivered at the Lowell Institute of Boston a series of lectines on the Science of War, since pub. as " Elements of Military Art and Science." Dur- HLAJL. 400 J3LAJM: ing the war with Mexico, he served in Califor- nia and on the Pacific coast. 1st lieut. in 1845, he was brev. capt. for gallantry at Palas Prietas and Urias, Nov. 18 and 19, 1847 ; and afterward greatly disting. himself at San An- tonio and Todos Santos, March, 1848. He also acted on the staff of Com. Shubrick, par- ticipating in the capture of Mazatlan, of which he was made lieut.-governor. Sec. of state of the province of California from Aug. 13, 1847, to Dec. 20, 1849, acting also as auditor of the revenue; member of the convention in 1849, as one of the drafting committee, he had a large share in preparing the State constitution ; afterward judge advocate and insp. of light- houses ; capt. of engineers, 1 July, 1853 ; he re- signed Aug. 1, 1854, and began to practise law in San Francisco. For many years he was the senior partner of one of the largest law-firms in Cal., and director-gen. of the N. Almadcn quicksilver mines. In 1855 he was pres. of the Pacific and Atlantic Road, from San Francisco to San Jose'. App. maj.-gen. U.S.A. Aug, 19, 1861, he succeeded Fremont in command of the Western dept. in Nov. Early in April, 1862, he took com. of the army before Corinth, the investment of which was soon followed by its capture. After the disastrous campaign of the Chickahominy, ho was app. (July 11) gen.- in-chief. He ordered the advance of Gen. Pope, under cover of which McClcllan was enabled to retire unmolested to Yorhtown. Chief of staff U.S.A. 12 Mar. 1864, to Apr. 19, 1865 ; com. milit. div. of the Pacific since Aug. 1865. Gen. H. has also pub. a "Practical Treatise on Bitumen and its Uses," 1841; a report on Military Defences ; translations of the "Mining Laws of Spain and Mexico;" De Fooz on the Law of Mines," a treatise en- titled " International Law and the Laws of War; " and Jomini's "Life of Napoleon." Sallett, Benjamin F., politician and law- yer, b. Barnstable, Ms., Dec. 2, 1 797 ; d. Boston, Sept. 30, 1862. Brown U. 1816. Adtn. to the Boston bar, he was afterward an editor in Prov- idence and in Boston, where he edited the anti- Masonic Boston Advocate. After the decline of the anti-Masonic party, he joined the Democ. party, over which he exerted a powerful influ- ence, being a delegate at most of its national conventions, and many years chairman of its national committee. He aided in the nomina- tion of Franklin Pierce (who made him U.S. dist. atty. for Ms.) and James Buchanan; and was the author of the Cincinnati platform of 18.56. Hallock, Gerard, journalist, son of Rev. Moses, b. Plainfield, Ms., March 18, 1800; d. New York, Jan. 4, 1866. Amh. Coll. 1819. In early life he taught Hebrew and German. In 1824 he established the Boston Telerji-aph, which he united with the Boston Recorder in 1825. He became half-proprietor of the NY. Observer in 1827, and, in partnership with David Hale, became proprietor of the N. Y, Journal of Commerce in 1828, which he continued to conduct until 1861. In 1828 Messrs. Hale and liallock fitted out a schooner to cruise off Sandy Hook, and intercept European vessels for news. In 1833 they established a horse ex- press from Phila. to N.Y., by which they were enabled to publish congressional news one day in advance of their contemporaries. He ex- pended over $50,000 in the erection and support of a church in N. Haven, and by personal ex- ertions he founded the Southern Aid Society. Hallock, Jeremiah, clergyman, b. Brook- haven, L.I. , March 13,1758; d. West Simsbury, Ct., June 23, 1826. When 8 years old, his fa- ther removed to Goshen, Ms. ; and before he was 21 he was twice called to enter the Revol. army. He entered the school of Dr. Dwight ; and in April, 1784, was licensed to preach, and was installed pastor of the congregation in West Simsbury, Oct. 26, 1785, where he remained till his death. — See Life, by Rev. Cyrus Yale, Hartford, Svo, 1838. Hallock, Moses, clergyman, bro. of Jere- miah, b. Brookhaven, L.I.,'Fcb. 16, 1760; d. July 17, 1837. Y.C. 1788. He was first pas- tor of the church in Plainfield from July 11, 1792, until his death. He was a man of patri- archal simplicity, and devoted himself to the education of young men for the ministry. A sketch of his life has been pub. by the Tract Society. Hallowell, Benjamin, loyalist, commis- sioner of the revenue in Boston before the Jlevol. ; d. 1799. His estate was confiscated. One of his sons, B. Carew, was a distinguished British admiral ; another, Ward Nicholas (Boylston), was a benefactor of Harvard Coll. His hro. Robert, a considerable landholder in Maine, d. Gardiner, Me., April 23, 1818, a. 80. Halpine, Charles G. ("Miles O'Reil- ly,"), author and politician, b. Oldcastle, Co. Meath, Ireland, Nov. 1829 ; d. N.Y. City, Aug. 3, 1868. Trinity Coll., Dublin, 1846. His fa- ther, a clergyman and scholar, edited the Dub- lin Evening Mail, the leading paper in the Prot- estant interest. Upon his father's death he connected himself with the press, but in 1847 came to New York, where he wrote for the Herald; afterward aided Shillabcr in editing the Carpet Bag in Boston ; and was connected with the press of New York and Boston until April, 1861, when he volunteered in the Union army, and rose to the grade' of brig.-gen. of vols., and maj. in the regular service. He re- signed in 1864. He became editor of The Citizen ; supported Mr. Lincoln's re-election ; and at the time of his death, which was occa- sioned by an overdose of chloroform, was regis- ter of the Co. of N. York. He wrote " Poems by the Letter H ; " two volumes of humorous writings under the nom de plume of " Private Miles O'Reilly," while serving at the South ; and a volume of war-songs and humorous verses. These songs became favorites with the army. One of his most famous pieces, entitled " Tear down the Flaunting Lie," has, since his death, been claimed by another. He was a man of great versatility and of convivial habits. Hamblin, Ihomas Sowerby, actor, b. Lond. May 14, 1800; d. New York, Jan. 8, 1853. First appeared in 1819 at Sadler's Wells, Lond., and, Dec. 26, as Truman in " George Barnwell," at Drury Lane. His first American performance was Hamlet, at the Park Theatre, in Oct. 1825. He then starred through the States until Aug. 1830, when he became manager of the Bowery Theatre, and J3LAJM. 401 h^m: f3 continued in that capacity in various N.Y. theatres until his death. His third wife, Miss Medina, wrote the dramas of " Last Days of Pompeii," " Kienzi," &e. — Broivn'sAwer. ^tage. Hamer, Thomas L., lawyer and politician, b. Pa.; d. Monterey, Mex., 2 Dec. 1846. Emig. in early life to O. He practised law with success; served in several sessions of the legisl., and was speaker during one term ; M.C. 1833- 9; app. brig.-gen. 1 July, 1846; disting. in the battle of Monterey, and"^com. the division after Gen. Butler was wounded. Congress, in testi- mony of his gallantry, presented a sword to his nearest male relative. Hamilton, Alexander, statesman, ora- tor, and soldier, b. in Nevis, one of the W.I. Islands, 11 Jan. 1757; killed in a duel with Aaron Burr, 12 July, 1804. His father, James, was a Scotch merchant; his mother, whoso name was Faucette, was of Huguenot descent. In 1769 he entered a counting-house in St. Croix; in 1772 attended the school of Francis Barber, at Elizabethtown, N. J. ; and in 1773 entered King's Coll. In July, 1774, he made a speech to the people of N.Y., and was highly applauded, also aiJing the popular cause by his writings. Applying himself to the study of tactics, he was in Mar. 1776 made a capt. of art., and served with credit at L. I., White Plains, Trenton, and Princeton ; became aide- de-camp to Washington in Mar. 1777, gaining his special f ivor and confidence; and was em- ployed as his sec, also assisting in planning campaigns. He was highly praised for his conduct at Monmouth, and was second to Col. Laurens in the duel with Lee which grew out of it. In Dec. 1780 he m. I^tliza^ dan. of Gen. Schuyler, and in Feb. 1781 retn-ed from Wash- ington's staff" in consequence of a rebuke which he thought unmerited. He declined to with- draw his resignation, though Washington sent him an apology. In July, 1781, he obtained the com. of a N.Y. batt., with which he cap- tured by assault, Oct. 14, 1781, a redoubt at Yorktown. Upon the surrender of Cornwallis he applied himself to the study of law; was a member of Congress in 1782-3, and often chairman of important committees ; began to practise law in N.Y. City ab. Aug. 1783, and soon took the lead in his profession. He ex- erted himself to protect the Tories from perse- cution; was active in establishing the N. York bank ; and was one of the founders of an anti- slavery society; member of the N.Y. legisl. in Jan. 1787, and a delegate to the Phila. conv. in May, 1787, to form a Federal Constitution, an instrument which he had a principal share in devising,, supporting, and causing to be adopted. With the aid of the able pens of Madison and Jay, he advocated its adoption in a series of essays under the signature of *' Pub- lius," afterwards collected in a vol. called " The Federalist," of which he wrote the larger half. App. in Sept. 1789 first sec. of the U.S. treas- ury, he presented to Congress in Jan. 1790 a report on public credit and a plan for its sup- port, which became the basis of the financial system. He proposed plans for funding the national debt, for assuming those of the re- spective States, for establishing a U. S. bank and a mint, and for obtaining a revenue. He 26 advocated the encouragement of domestic manufactures by a protective tariff". Having restored public credit, and witnessed the revival of trade and industry, he resigned 31 Jan. 1795, and resumed practice at the bar. He advocated strict neutrality in the French revol. struggle in his papers signed " Paeifi- cus," and, under the signature of " Camillus," powerfully supported Jay's treaty. He assist- ed Washington in the preparation of his " Farewell Address.'* He declined the position ofchiefjusticeof theU.S. In 1798, the French Directory having provoked the American peo- ple by acts of hostility, the army was re-organ- ized, Washington taking the chief command, and Hamilton second as inspec.-gen., with the rank of maj.-gen. On the death of Washing- ton in Dec. 1799, Hamilton succeeded him as com-in-chief ; but the army was soon disbanded. When the house of representatives were to de- cide between Jeff*erson and Burr, which should be pres., he advised his friends to prefer the former. Burr being in 1804 a candidate for gov. of N.Y., Hamilton opposed his election, expressing his opinion that Burr was a danger- ous man, and unfit to be trusted with power. Defeated in his ambitious projects. Burr chal- lenged Hamilton, who, though utterly condemn- ing the practice of duelling, accepted the chal- lenge, was mortally wounded atHoboken, 11 July, 1804, and died the next day. His death was deeply and generally lamented. His widow El izabe th, b. 9 Aug. 1757, d. Wash- ington, D.'b.,' 9 JN'ov. 1854. His youngest son, Col. Wm. Steven, U.S. surveyor of public lands in 111., subsequently engaged in mining in Cal., d. Sacramento, Cal., 7 Aug. 1850, a. 50. Hamilton's works, edited by his son John C, were pub. 7 vols. 8vo, 1851. — See Life by Renwkk, 1841; hij J. C.IIamilton,2 vols. 1834- 40 ; J. C. Hamilton's History of the Republic of the U.S., Sfc.y 6 vols. 1858-60; Reminiscences ofJas. A. Hamilton, 1869. Hamilton, Andrew, gov. of N.J. 1692- 8, 1699-1701, dep.gov. of Pa. Nov. 1, 1701, to his d. in Phila. Jan. 1709. Originally a merchant of Edinburgh, he emig. to N.J. ab. 1685; was one of tlie council of Lord Neil Campbell, whom he succeeded as dep. gov. in 1686 ; and in 1689, while on a voyage to Eng., was made prisoner, and detained some time by the French. He devised the scheme for the establishment of post-offices in the Colonies ; and was app. Apr. 4, 1692, dep. postmaster for all the plantations. — Whitehead's E. Jersey. Hamilton, Andrew, an eminent lawyer, d. Phila. Aug. 4, 1741. He acquired distinc- tion at Zenger's trial in N.Y., and filled many public stations, including that of speaker of the Assembly, which he resigned in 1739 from age and infirmity. Hamilton, Andrew J., politician, b. Madison Co., Ala., Jan. 28, 1815. He had a common school education ; worked on his fa- ther's farm ; was some years clerk of the Circuit Court of the Co., and a merchant, but was sub- sequently adm. to the bar; and in 1846 settled in Texas. He was atty.-gen. of the State ; frequently a member of the legisl. ; M.C. 1859- 61; military gov. of Texas 1862-5; and pro- vis, gov. 1865-6, He opposed the secession of ham: 402 IS^AJM. Texas, and was an active friend of the U.S. Govt, duiinf; the RebcUion. Hamilton, Gen. Charles S., b. N.Y. ab. 1824. West I'oint, 1843. Entering the 2d Inf. he became 1st licut. Juno 30, 1845; was brev. capt. for galhintry at Contreras and Churubusco, Aug, 20, and severely wounded at Molino del Key, Sept. 8, 1847 ; resigned Apr. 30, 1853, and settled in Fond du Lac, He com. the 3d vol. regt. from Wisconsin in May, 1861, and became brig.-gen. of vols. May 17, 1861; ordered to the army of the Mpi., and dis- ting. at the battle of Corinth, and took com. of the dist. of W. Tenn. Oct. 20, 1862, and 16th army corps, Jan.-Apr. 13, 1863, when he re- signed ; maj.-gen. Sept. 19, 1862. Since then manuf of Colza oil at Fond du Lac, and re- gent Wise. State University. — Cullum. Hamilton, Col. Henry, an English co- lonial officer; d. Antigua, Sept. 29, 1796. He was an officer in the Brit, army ; and during the war of the Revol. was lieut.-gov. of De- troit. In 1778 he was actively engaged in in- citing the Western Indians to join the Britisli. Early in Jan. 1779 he recaptured Vincennes, but in tiie following month was, with the en- tire garrison, surprised by Col. Clarke, and carried prisoner to Williamsburg, Va., where he underwent a rigorous confinement. He re- tired from the army in 1783. In 1785 he be- came lieut.-gov. of Quebec, but was succeeded in 1786 by Lord Dorchester, and was subse- quently gov. of Dominica. Hamilton, James, gov. of Pa. 1748-Oct. 1754, 1759-GS, and 1771; b. Pliila. ; d. N.Y. Aug. 14, 1783. Son of Andrew, an eminent lawyer. He held several other offices of distinc- tion in the Province, and enjoyed the esteem and confidence of the people, but was a loyal- ist, and removed to N.Y. Hamilton, Gen. James, politician, b. Charleston, S.C, May 8, 1786; d. Oct. 15, 1857, by a steamboat collision, near the coast of Texas. His father, Maj. James, a favorite aide of Washington, d. Nov. 26, 1833, a. 82. Liberally educated, he adopted the law as a profession ; served in the war of 1812 on the Canadian frontier as a maj., and practised law in Charleston, where he was some years mayor. By his vigilance the formidable negro conspir- acy in 1822, led by Denmark Vesey, was de- tected. Often a member of the State legisl., and M.C. 1822-9, and the ultra advocate of free-trade and Southern riglits, and of direct taxation. An active partisan of Gen. Jackson, who in 1828 offered him the post of sec. of war, and minister to Mexico, both of which lie declined. He urged armed resistance to the tariff act of 1828, and, while gov. of S.C. (1830-2), recommended to the legisl. the pas- sage of the nullification act, which placed the State in collision with the Federal Govt. ; app. by Gov. Hayne his successor, com. of the State troops. He took an active part in the affairs of Texas ; })rocured the recognition of her independence from Eng. and Franco in 1841; subsequently aided in procuring her ad- mission into the Union, and at the time of his death was U.S. senator elect. With his usual courtesy and generosity, he yielded his own chance of safety to a lady among the passen- gers, to whom he was an entire stranger. Ho was one of the founders of the Sout/iern Quar- terly Review and of the Bank of Charleston, and took an active part in railroad enterprises, and in the extension and elevation of Southern commerce. Hamilton, James, artist, b. Ireland ab. 1820; came to the U.S. in infancy; established himself as a marine painter in Phila., and ex- celled in sea-fights. He is well known as the spirited illustrator of Dr. Kane's Arctic Exped. Among his pictures are " Capture of the Ser- apis," " Old Ironsides,'* "An Egyptian Sun- set," " Wrecked Hopes," Coleridge's " Ancient Mariner," and many subjects from the Arabian Nights. — Tuckerman. Hamilton, James Inglis, a British gen. ; d. Murdostown, July 27, 1803. He entered the army iif 1755; served at Fort St. Philip in the exped. to St. Malo in 1758, and against Belle Isle in 1760; major 1761; Mar. 1774, lient.-col. 21st; and proceeded to Canada in 1776 ; com. the 2d brigade in Bur- goyne's exped. ; made prisoner at Saratoga ; became maj. -gen. 1787; jieut.-gen. 1797 ; gen. 1802. — Bxirtjoijne' s Ord. Book. Hamilton, John, member of the council of N.J. 1713-46; com.-in-chiefof the Province 1736-8; gov. 1746; d. 1746. Son of Gov. Andrew. Hamilton, John Church, son of Gen. Alexander, b. Phila. 1792. Col. Coll. 1809. Counsellor at law ; aide to Gen. Harrison ; resigned June, 1814, Author of " Memoirs of Alexander Hamilton," 2 vols. 8vo, N.Y. 1834- 40; "Works of A. Hamilton," 7 vols. 8vo, 1851; " History of the Republic," 2 vols. 8vo, 1858. Hamilton, Paul, sec. U.S.N. 1809-1813, b. S.C. ; d. Beaufort, June 30, 1816. He ren- dered important services during the Revol. ; was compt. of S.C. from 1799 to 1804, im- proving the financial system of the State; and was gov. of S.C. in 1804-6. Hamilton, Gen. Schuyler, son of John C, and grandson of Alexander, b. N.Y. Julv 25, 1822. West Point, 1841. Entering the 1st Inf , he was severely wounded at Monterey ; was brev. 1st lieut. ; and early in 1847, joining Scott in the Valley of Mexico, was app. act- ing aide to the com.-in-chief. Aug. 13, while on a haiiurdous reconnoissance, he was attacked near Milflores by a su[)erior force of Mexican lancers, and in a desperate hand-to-hand en- counter was severely wounded. He was brev. capt. for gallantry in this affair, and remained on Scott's staff until 1854; resigned in 1855, and took up his residence at Branford, Ct. After the fall of Sumter, he joined the 7th N.Y. regt. as a private ; was aide to Col. Lef- fcrts, and also to Gen. Butler at Aimapolis. On reaching "Washington, he entered the mili- tary family of Scott, with the rank of col. ; became brig.-gen. Nov. 12, 1861; accomp. Gen. Halleck to Mo. in Oct., and com. the dist. of St. Louis; in Feb. 1862 he com. a division in Pope's army, and was greatly instrumental in the capture of New Madrid. Gen. Hamilton corn, the reserve at the action of Farmitigton. Made maj, -gen. Sept. 17, 1862, for "merito- rious services at New Madrid and Island No. I3LA.1VI: 40S hajm: Ten ; " resigned Feb. 27, 1863. Author of a " History of the National Flag of the U.S.," N.Y. 1852. Hamilton, Capt. Thomas, author of "Men and Manners in Anier.," b. 1789; d. Pisa, Italy, Dec. 7, 1842. Author of " Cyril Thornton," " Annals of the Peninsular Cam- paigns," and a noted contrib. to Blackwood. He served in the Peninsular war and that of 1812 with the U.S. Hamlin, Hannibal, statesman, b. Paris, Oxtbid Co., Me., Aug. 27, 1809. He prepared himself for coll. ; but the death of his father compelled him to take charge of his farm. At 21 he became a printer; was admitted to the bar in 1833, and continued to practise until 1848; was a member of the Me. legisl. from 1836 to 1840; speaker in '37, '39, and '40; M.C. in 1843-7 ; State representative in 1847 ; U.S. senator from 1848 to 1857, and uov. of Me. from Jan. 7 until his resignation, Feb. 20, 1857, having been re-elected to the U.S. senate; vice-pres. 1861-5; coll. of customs for the port of Boston 1865-9 ; U.S. senator since 1869. Hamline, Leonidas Lent, D.D., M. Ep. bishop 1844-52; b. Burlington, Ct.. 10 May, 1797; d. Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, 23 Mar. 1865. Of Huguenot descent. His fathei-, Mark, was a farmer, and designed him for the ministry. He entered that of the M. E. Church in 1828, officiating in Ohio ; and was co-editor of the Weatcrn Christian Advocate, and editor of the Lndif.s' Repository 8 years. He devoted his ample fortune to the interests of his church, giving in one month $60,000 to two colleges. Hammond, Charles, lawyer and jour- nalist, b. Baltimore Co., Md., Sept. 1779; d. Cincinnati, 3 Apr. 1840. His father moved to Ohio Co., Va., in 1785. He worked on a farm, but studied law ; was admitted to the bar in 1801, and opened an office in Wellsburg ; frequently contributed political articles to the newspapers. He first obtained notice by a series of able articles in the Scioto Gazette in defence of Gov. St. Clair. He was a resident of Belmont Co., 0., in 1813; pub. the Ohio Federalist at St. Clairsville from Aug. 1813 to 1817; and from 1825 to his death was editor of the Cincinnati Gazette ; member Ohio legisl. 1816-18 and 1820 ; removed to Cincinnati in 1822; reporter Ohio Sup. Court 1823-38, and pub. its Reports 1821-39 in 9 vols. 8vo (1833-40). He was an earnest advocate of a system of internal improvements, and of a thorough common school system. A specimen of his verse is in " Poets and Poetry of the West." Hammond, Jabez D., LL.l). (Ham. Coll. 1845), author and politician, b. N, Bedford, Ms., Aug. 2, 1778; d. Cherry Valley, N.Y., Aug. 18, 1855. With a limited education, he taught school at 15 ; .studied and practised medicine in Heading, Vt., in 1799 ; and in 1805 settled as a lawyer in Cherry Valley. M.C. 1815-17; State senator 1817-21; practised in Albany in 1822-30 ; commiss. to settle the claims of N.Y. on the Gen. Govt, in 1825-6; visited Europe in 1831; re-established himself at Cherry Valley on his return ; chosen county judge in 1 838. He pub. " Political History of N.Y.," 2 vols. Svo; "Julius Melbourn," 1851; and "Life and Times of Silas Wright." Though a Democ, he sustained J. Q. Adams for the presidency. Hammond, James Hamilton, politi- cian, b. Newbury dist., S.C., Nov. 15, 1807 ; d. Beach's Island, S. C, Nov. 13, 1864. S. C. College 1825. His father Elisha, a native of Ms., grad. at Dartm. Coll. in 1802, and became prof, of languages, and afterward pres. in that of S.C. James practised law from 1828 to 1830, and edited the Southern J'/mes, which maintained the doctrine of State rights, and ad- vocated the tariff nullification. Becoming a member of the gov.'s staff, he aided in organiz- ing the force which S.C. raised in 1833 to re- sist the Federal Govt.; M.C. 1835-7; app. gen. of militia 1841 ; gov. of S.C. 1842-4; and U.S. senator 1857-61. In a speech in the U.S. senate in March, 1858, he spoke contempt- uously of the laboring-classes of the country. Sept. 15, 1858, in an elaborate speech at Co- lumbia on public affairs, he abandoned extreme nullification opinions, and opposed re-opening the slave-trade. On the secession of S.C, he left the senate, and quietly superintended his large estates. His letters to Clarkson and others on slavery, with other essays on the same suliject, were pub. at Charleston in 1853, and entitled " The Proslavery Argument." He also pub. several discourses on agriculture, manufactures, railroads, banks, and literary topics; and wrote an elaborate review of the life, character, and public services of Calhoun. Pres. of S.C. Coll. 1861. Hammond, Le Roy, a Revol. officer, b. Richmond Co., Va., ab. 1740; died ab. 1800. In 1765 he removed to Ga., and thence to S-C, where he became a tobacco-merchant. He took up arms against the loyalists early in the war, acting as a col. ; engaged in the famous " Snowcampaign,"and in the campaign of 1776 against the Cherokees, in which he was especial- ly distlng. He was afterward often employed, both by Cong, and the State of S.C, as Indian agent. In 1779 he took the field with his regt. ; was conspicuous in the battle of Stono Ferry; and, after the fall of Charleston, adopted, like Marion and others, a desultory warfare, and was constantly engaged with the loyalists, Brit- ish, and Indians; in 1780 he operated in con- cert with Col. Clarke of Ga. ; in 1781 was at the siege of Augusta; thence he proceeded to that of Ninety-six, under Greene, after whose failure he served with his regt. under Pickens. After the battle of Eutaw, he was active in guerilla warfare. Col. Hammond ac- quired high reputation as a partisan leader. Hammond, Samuel, Kevol. officer, b. Richmond Co., Va., Sept. 21, 1757; d. near Augusta, Ga., Sept. 11, 1842. He received a good education ; served with distinction in the battle of Kenawha and in that of Lontr Bridge ; raised a company in 1779, and, joining Gen. Lincoln, was in the battle of Stono. He was assist.-quarterm. at the siege of Savannah ; and after the fall of Charleston, in May, 1780, kept the field with a small cav. force, keeping up an active partisan warfare. He was in the actions of Cedar Springs, Musgrove's Mills, Ramsay's Mills, King's Mountain, Guilford, Blackstocks (where he had 3 horses shot under him), the HiklVt 404 HLAJSr Cowpens, and was wonnded at the siege of Au- gusta and at Eutaw Springs. Sept. 17, 1781, he was made col. of cav., and served under Greene till the end of the war. He then moved to Ga., where he was surveyor-gen. ; led a vol. corps in the Creek Country in 1793; M. C. 1803-5; and from 1805 to 1824 was civil and milit. com. of Upper La. ; returning to S.C. in 1824, he was a member of the legisl. ; was app. surveyor-gen. in 1827, and in 1831 sec. of state. Hammond, William A., M.D., surgeon, b. Annapolis, Md., 28 Aug. 1828. M.D. of U. of N. Y. 1848. Assist, surgeon U. S. A. June, 1849-1860; app. prof, of anatomy and physiol. U. of Md. Oct. 1860; assist, surgeon U.S. A. 28 May, 1861 ; surgeon-gen. April, 1862-Aug. 1864. Among his publications are "Military Hygiene," 1863 ; *' Sleep and itsDe- ransrements," 1869; and " Venereal Diseases." Hamond, Sir Andrew Sxape, a Brit- ish naval officer, b. Blackheath, Dec. 17, 1738; d. near Lynn, Norfolk, Oct. 12, 1828. He en- tered the navy in 1753; served under Lord Howe, and became a post-captain in 1770; at the commencement of the Hevol. war he joined " The Roebuck," 44; was present at the reduc- tion of N. Y. ; destroyed " The Delaware," frig- ate, with other vessels engaged in obstructing the Del. River; was in the unsuccessful attack on Mud Island, Oct. 1777; in that which proved successful in Nov. ; and at the close of 1778 received the honor of knighthood for his " very disting. conduct." He acted as capt. of the fleet at the reduction of Charleston, S.C, in 1780; and late in the year was app. lieut.-gov. and com.-in-chief of Nova Scotia. He re- turned to Eng. in 1783, and was made a bar- onet; and was in 1794 a comptroller in the navy, retiring in 1806 with a pension. Hampton, Wade, maj.-gen. U. S. A., h. S.C. 1754; d. Columbia, S.C, Feb. 4, 1835. During the Revol. war he disting. himself as a partisan under Marion and Sumter ; was M.C m 1795-7 and 1803-5; app. col. U. S. A. in Oct. 1808 ; brig.-gen. Feb. 1809 ; and maj.-gen. March 2, 1813; resigned April 6, 1814. Sta- tioned in 1809 at N. Orleans, he was almost constantly quarrelling with his subordinates, and was, in consequence, superseded by Wilkin- son in 1812. During the war of 1812, he com. a force on the northern frontier, with which, Oct. 26, 1813, he attacked Gen. Prevost, com. a much inferior force at Chateauguay, and was repulsed. The attempt on Montreal was frustrated by Hampton's unwillingness to co- operate with Wilkinson, with whom he had long been at enmity. He owned 3,000 slaves, and had amassed a large fortune. His son. Col. Wade, app. lieut. of drags. 1813, acting insp.-gen. and aide-de-camp of Jackson at N. Or.eans, Jan. 1815, d. at a plantation on the Mpi. Feb. 10, 1858. Hampton, Gen. Wade, soldier and poli- tician, b. Columbia, S.C, 1818. S.C Coll. Grandson of the preceding. He had served in both branches of the State legisl. He com. a regt. known as the Hampton Legion in the first battle of Bull Run, where he was wound- ed ; was promoted to brig.-gen. ; fought in the Peninsular campaign, and was again wounded at Seven Pines ; was in the army which invad- ed Md. under Gen. Lee in Aug. 1862; fought at Antietam ; was in the com. of Stuart when Md. and Pa. were invaded by him in Oct. Severely wounded at Gettysburg ; afterward made lieut.-gen. ; and com. the cavalry of Lee's army in Va. in the summer of 1864 ;'at Boyd- ton Plank Road, 27 Oct. 1864, attacked the Union forces in the rear, and afterward served in S.C His bro.. Col. Frank Hampton, succeeded to the com. of the Legion, and was killed in May, 1863. Hamtramck, John Francis, col. U.S. A., b. Canada, 1757; d. Detroit, Apr. 11, 1803. A capt. in Dubois's N.Y. regt. in the Revol. war; maj. of inf. Sept. 29, 1789; lieut.-col. com. 1st sub legion, Feb. 18, 1793; com. the left wing under Gen. Wayne, and disting. in his victory on the Miami, Aug. 20, 1794 ; col. Apr. 1, 1802. He was an exemplary discipli- narian. John F., son of the above, b. Fort Wayne, Ind., 1797, d. Shepherdstown, Va., Apr. 21, 1858. West Point, 1819. He served with Taylor, then a capt. on the Indian fron- tier; was U.S. Indian agent for Osage tribe 1826-31; col. 1st Va. regt. in Me\ican war; com. a brigade in 1847 ; mayor of Shepherds- town 1850-4; and justice of JefF. Co. Court 18.53-8. Hancock, John, minister of Brain tree from Nov. 2, 1728, to his death. May 7, 1744 ; b. Lexington, Ms., June 1, 1702. H.U. 1719. (Son of Rev. John, minister of Lexington from Nov. 2, 1698, to his death, Dec. 6, 1752.) He pub. a century discourse, Sept. 16, 1739, and some sermons. Father of Gov. John. Hancock, John, Revol. patriot, b. Quin- cy, Ms., 12 Jan. 1737; d. there 8 Oct. 1793. A. M. of H. U. 17.54 ; LL.D. 1792. Son of Rev. John of Braintree, after whose death he was educated by his uncle Thomas, a wealthy merchant of Boston, in whose counting-room he was placed ; and at his death (Aug. 1, 1764) inherited his large fortune and extensive busi- ness. Visiting Eng. in 1760, he witnessed the coronation of George III. The seizure of liis sloop "Liberty " in 1768, for evading the laws of trade, occasioned a riot ; several officers of the customs narrowly escaping with their lives. Member of the Prov. legisl. from 1766, he warmly opposed the measures of the British ministry, and. together with Samuel Adams, was exempted from pardon in Gov. Gage's proclamation, 12 June, 1775. He delivered the oration, 5 Mar. 1774, commemorating the Boston Massacre, fearlessly and powerfully reprobating the conduct of the soldiery, ex- ceeding in its eloquence the expectations of everyone; and gave additional umbrage to the gov. by declining the app. of councillor. Cho- sen prcs. of the Prov. Cong, in Oct. 1774, he was sent to the Gen. Cong, at Phila. in 1775, of which body he was pres. 24 May, 1 775-Oct. 1777, being the first to sign the Declaration of Independence. Prcs. of the Ms. Com. of Safety in 1774-5. He possessed a fine address and great impartiality, and by his experience in public business made a good presiding officer. Feb. 6, 1778, he was app. first maj.-gen. of the Ms. militia; and in Aug. took part in Sullivan's exped. against R. I. Member of the State ELA.N- 405 KLAJR Const. Conv. of 1 780 ; gov. of Ms. from 1 780 to 1785, and from 1787 to his deiith. Pres. of the conv. which adopted the Federal Constitu- tion. He gave £500 towards furnishing a new library and philos. apparatus when Harvard Hall was burned in 1764. In 1775 he ra. Dorothy, cousin of Josiah Quincy the patriot. Hancock, Winfield Scott, maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Montgomery Co., Pa., Feb. 14, 1824. West Point, 1844. Entering the 6th Inf., he was brev, 1st lieut. for good conduct at Churu- bu«co, leaving Mexico quartermaster of his regt. 7 Nov. 1855, he was app. capt. in the quartcrm. dept., and ordered to Florida during the campaign against the Scminoles. Sept. 23, 1861, be was made brig. -gen. ; served un- der Gen. Franklin during the Peninsular cam- paign ; disiing. himself especially by a bayo- net charge at the battle of 'Williamsburg. He disting. himself at South Mountain and Antie- tam ; and on the fall of Gen. Richardson was placed in com. of his division of Sumner's army-corps, which he led in the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. June 29, 1863, he received the com. of the 2d army corps ; and in the battle of Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, was severely wounded. Maj.-gen. vols. Nov. 29, 1862 ; com. 2d corps Army of the Po- tomac in battles of the Wilderness, Spottsyl- vania, North Anna, Tolopotomy, Cold Har- bor, operations around Petersburg ; com. in battles of Deep Bottom, Reams's Station, and Bo3'dton Plank Road, and engaged in siege of Petersburg; com. middle dept. 186.5-6; dept. of Mo. 1866-8; brig-gen. U. S. A. 12 Aug. 1864; brev. maj.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865 for battle of Spottsylvania; and maj.-gen. U.S.A. 26 July, 1866. — Cull urn. Hand, Edward, brig.-gen., b. ClvdufF, King's Co., Ireland, Dec. 31, 1744; d. Rock- ford, Lancaster Co., Pa., Sept. 3, 1802. In Oct. 1774 he accomp. the 18th (Royal Irish) regt. to Amer. as surgeon's mate; resigned this post on his arrival ; settled in Pa. for the prac- tice of his profession ; and at the outset of the Revol. joined Thompson's rifle regt. as lieut.- col., and served at the siege of Boston. March 1, 1776, he was promoted to be col., and led his regt. in the battle of L. I. and at Trenton ; app. brig.-gen. Apr. 1, 1777, he succeeded Gen. Stark in the com. at Albany in Oct. 1778; and soon after was engaged in Sullivan's cxped. against the Indians of Central N.Y. On the formation of the light inf. corps in Aug. 1780, the com. of one of the two brigades of which it was composed was assigned to Gen. Hand. Near the close of the year he succeeded Scammell as adj. -gen. After the war he held offices of civil trust; member of Old Congress 1784-5 ; and his name is affixed to the Pa. con- stitution of 1790. In 1798, when Washington accepted the com. of the army raised in anti- cipation of a war with France, he recommended the app. of Hand as adjt.-gen. He was re- marked in the army for his noble horsemanship. Handley, Georgk, gov. Ga. 1788, b. near Sheffield, Eng., Feb. 9,1 752 ; d. Rae's Hall, Ga., Sept. 17, 1793. He arrived in Savannah in May, 1775 ; and in 1776 joined the Ga. Cont. Bat. as capt., and rose to be lieut.-col. During the whole war he was actively engaged in S.C. and Ga. ; captured at Augusta, he was sent to Charleston as a prisoner of war. He was sheriff of Richmond Co. ; repeatedly a member of thelegisl.; insp.-gen. 1787; and also com- miss. to the state of Franklin ; coll. of the port of Brunswick from Aug. 1789 till his death. — Ga. Colls. 21S. Hanger, George, Lord Colcraine, noted for eccentricity, b. 1750; d. Lond. March 21, 1824. Younger son of a noble family, he was educated for the army, and served through the American war, attaining the rank of major in Tarleton's famous legion. In a fight with Maj. Davie's dragoons at Charlotte, Sept. 25, 1780, his corps was roughly handled, and himself wounded. His reputation in America was that of a sensualist. He pub. in 1789 a reply to Mackenzie's " Strictures on Tarleton's History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781," 8vo. He was a boon-companion of George IV. ; and, on succeeding to his title in 1814, refused to as- sume it. He pub. his " Life, Adventures, and Opinions " iu 1801, with a portrait of himself hangiug by the neck. Hannegan, Edward A., lawyer and sen- ator, b.Ohio; d. St. Louis, Mo., Feb. 25, 1859. He received a good education ; studied law, and was adm. to the bar in his 23d year, settling in Ind. He was frequently a member of the State legisl. ; M.C. 18-33-7; U.S. senator in 1843-9; minister to Prussia in 1849-53. While under the influence of liquor, he killed his bro.-in-law, Capt. Duncan, in 1852. Hanson, Alexander Contee, lawyer and politician; d. Belmont, April 23, 1819, a. 33. Grandson of John, and son of Alex. F. (15 years chancellor of Md. ; sec. in Washing- ton's milit. family in the Revol. war ; d. Annap- olis, Jan. 1806). He edited at Baltimore the Federal Republican, bitterly opposing the ad- ministration, and in 1812 pub. an article which so irritated the populace, that his printing-of- fice was destroyed. The attempt to re-issue the paper next day brought on another attack. Mr. Hanson and his friends were, for security, placed by the civil authorities in jail, which was also attacked : he and others left by the mob were supposed to be dead, and his friends. Gens. Lingan and Lee, were wounded. M.C. 1813-16; U.S. senator 1816-19. A person of this name pub. Laws of Maryland (1765-84) fol. Annap. 1787. Report Case Bapt. Irvine, Bait. 8vo, 1808. Hanson, John, delegate to the Old Con- gress 1781-3, and its pres. 1781-2, b. Md. ; d. Prince George Co., Md., Nov. 13, 1783. Hanson, Roger, of Ky., brig.-gen. C.SA. ; killed at the battle of Stone River 31 Dec. 1862. Haraden, Jonathan, a naval officer of the Revol., b. Gloucester, Ms., 1745 ; d. Salem, Nov. 26, 1803. He was at first employed by Mr. Cabot of Salem, but, on the breaking-out of the war, joined "The T}rannicide " of 14 guns as 1 St lieut. He soon became capt., and took com. of " The Pickering," in which he made many captures. In the Bay of Biscay, he cap- tured in the night a British privateer of 22 guns and 60 men. He soon after beat oflf " The Achilles,"aLondonprivateerof42gunsandl40 men, after a severe battle. On one occasion, he J3^AJR 406 II.AJR came up with 3 armed vessels, which formed in line, — a sloop of 12, a brig of 14, and a ship of 16 guns. He captured them one after the other with ease. Off the capes of Del. he fell in with an English brig-of-war of equal force, which struck to him almost immediately. He is said to have taken 1,000 cannon from the English during the war. Toward its close, he, with his prizes, was captured by Rodney at St. Eusta- tia. He afterward com. " The Julius Ctesar." — Hunt's Merchants. Harbaugh, Henry, D.D. (Un. Coll. 1860), divine and author, b. near Waynes- borough, Pa., Oct. 28, 1817; d. Mercersburg, Pa., Dec. 28, 1 867. His great-grandf tther came from Switzerland ab. 1736. He worked on his father's farm until 19, when he went to the West, where he worked at the trade of a car- penter. He taught school winters, and attended an acad. in the summer; and in 1840 entered Marshall Coll. at Mercersburg, Pa. He be- came a zealous supporter of what is now known as the " Mercersburg Philosophy," originated by Dr. Ncvin. In 1843 he was ord. pastor of the German Ref Church in Lewishurg, Pa. ; in April, 1850, was called to the First Ger- man Ref Church in Lancaster; and in 1860 to St. John's Church, Lebanon, Pa. Jan. 1, 1864, he was made prof of theol. in the sem. at Mercersburg. He pub. " Heaven, or an Earnest and Scriptural Inquiry into the Abode of the Sainted Dead," 1848; "The Heavenly Recognition," 1851; " The Heavenly Home," 1853; "Union with the Church," 1853 ; " The Birds of the Bible," 1854 ; " Life of Rev. Michael Schlatter," 1857; "The Fa- thers of the German Ref Church in Europe and America," 3 vols., 1857-8; "The True Glory of Woman;" and the "Plea for the Lord's Portion of a Christian's Wealth, in Life by Gift, in Death by Will," 1858; "Poems," 1860; "The Golden Censer," 1860; "Hymns and Chants," 1861; " Christological Theol- ogy," 1864. He edited the Mercersburg Review the year before his death, al!«o contributing the lives of German Reformed ministers to the Theol. Cyclopaedia of Dr. M'Clintock. His poem called " Das Alt Schulhaus on Der Krick," an attempt to preserve the vernacular of the Pa. Germans, enjoyed a wide popularity. From Jan. 1850 he edited the Guardian, a monthly magazine. Harby, Isaac, man of letters, b. Charles- ton, S.C, 1788; d. New York, Nov. 14, 1828. He was the grandson of a lapidary of the Em- peror of Morocco, who fled to Eng , and whose son enn'grated to S.C. After studying law, he taught a school on Edisto Island ; and at differ- ent times edited the Quiver, Investigator, South- ern Patriot, and other newspapers, and became favorably known as an essayist and dramatic critic. He was the author of several orations, and of plays, entitled " Alexander Severus," " The Gordian Knot, or Causes and Effects " (1807), and " Alberti," 1819. In 1828 he re- moved to N.Y., where he contrib. to the Evening Post and to periodicals. A selection from his writings, with a Memoir, was pub. at Charles- ton in 1829. — Dut/ckinck. Harcourt, VVilliam, Earl, a British gen., b. March 20, 1743; d. June 18, 1830. He en- tered the army in 1759, and served in Amer., where, in 1779, he was made col. of the 16th Dragoons, at the head of which he disting. him- self in several actions, and, with a patrol of 30 men, took prisoner Gen. Charles Lee. This brilliant exploit procured Col. Harcourt the appoint, of aide-de-camp to the king. Maj.- gen. 1782; lieut.-gen. 1793; com. of the Brit. forces in Holland, 1794; gen. 1798; in 1809 succeeded to his title, and took his seat in the house of peers ; and became a field-marshal. Hardee, William J., lieut.-gen. C.S.A.,b. Savannah, Ga., ab. 1818. West Point, 1838. Entering the 2d Drags., he became 1st lieut. 3 Dec. 1839; capt. 13 Sept. 1844; maj. 3 Mar. 1855; lieut.-col. 1st Cav. 28 Jan. 1860; res. 31 Jan. 1861. Brev. maj. for gallantry at Mc- dellin, Mex., 25 March; and lieut.-col. for San Augustine, 20 Aug. 1847, and disting. also at Molino del Rey. Com. of cadets and instr. in tactics at West Point, July, 1856-8 Sept. 1860. In June, 1861, he was app. brig.-gen. Confed. army ; com. some time in Northern Ark; com. a division, and promoted maj. -gen. for bravery at Shiloh, 6 Apr. 1 862 ; com. a division of Polk's corps, and promoted to lieut.-gen. for services at Perryville, 8-9 Oct. 1862; com. the 3d corps at Stone River, Dec. 29, 1862-3 Jan. 1863. After Chickamauga, Gen. Hardee, who com. the second corps, re-organized the Confed. army, and threatened Chattanooga. He com. the right at the defeat of Mission. Ridge in Nov. 1863, and succeeded Bragg in the chief com. until relieved by Joe Johnston, under whom he served until the fall of Atlanta. He com. at Savannah and at Charleston at the time of their capture by Gen. Sherman, whom he fought at Averysborough and Bentonville, N.C., and to whom he surrendered with Johnston's army, 27 Apr. 1 865. Retired to his plantation in Ala. Hardenbergh, Jacobus Rutsen, D.D., clergyman ; d. N. Brunswick, N. J., Oct. 30,1 790, a. 52. N.J. Coll., 1770. His early education was limited ; but perseverance enabled him to acquire extensive learning. Ord. by that party in the Dutch Church denominated the Coetus; was a zealous preacher, and, with Dr. Livingston,exerted himself successfully in unit- ing the Dutch churches in 1772. During the Revol. he was a firm patriot; and at its close, while minister of the D.R. church in N. Bruns- wick, was made pres. of Queen's College, N.J. ; whicli post he filled till his death, at the same time discharging his pastoral relation. Hardie, James, teather, a graduate of Marischal Coll., Aberdeen ; died of cholera, N.Y., 1832. Tutor in Col. Coll. 1787-90. In Mar. 1814 he issued a prospectus of a mag., of which he was proprietor and editor. He had been an inmate of Dr. Beattie's family, at whoso suggestion he came to N.Y. He finally ob- tained a livelihood as a supernumerary of the Board of Health, but died in jrreat indigence. He pub. " Corderii Colloquia," 2il ed., N. Y., 12mo, 1805; "Epistolary Guide "for the use of schools, 1817; "Freemason's Monitor," 1818; " Ace. of Malignant Fever in N.Y.," 1799; Do. of 1805; " Viris lllustribus Urbis Romce," 1818; "Dictionary of Wonders of Art and Nature, especially those in America," 12mo, 1819; " Account'of the Yellow Fever in N.Y. JSiAJR 407 ISJ^-R in 1822," &c., 1822; "Description of the City of N.Y.," 12mo, 1827; "Biographical Diction- ary," 4 vols. 8vo. Hardie, James A., brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. N.Y. West Point, 1843. Entering the 1st Art., he was assist, prof, at West Point in 1844- 6; maj. 1st N.Y. vols, in Mex. war; capt. 3d Art. 5 Oct. 1857 ; transferred to 5th Art. 14 May, 1861 ; lieut.-col. and A.D.C. 28 Sept. 18G1 ; and served on McClellan's staff during the Peninsular and Md. campaigns ; on that of Burnside in the Fredericksburg campaign ; as- sist, adj. -gen. (rank of maj.) 19 Feb. 1863; col. and insp.-gen. 24 Mar. 1864; brev. brig, and maj. gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865 for services in the Rebellion, and in the insp. dept. — CuUum. Hardin, Col. John, b. Fauquier Co , Va., Oct. 1, 1753; d. 1792. He enrly became an ex- cellent marksman ; served witii distinction in the Indian wars of Va., and as a lieut. in Mor- gan's rifle corps in thc-llevol. ; settled in Wash- in<;ton C'o., Ky., in 1786. He com. a detach- ment of Ky. militia under Gen. Harmar at his defeat in Oct. 1 790 ; com. Gen. Scott's advance ; and disting. in his successful exped. against ihe Indians on the Wabash, in May, 1791. Mur- dered by Indians, while bearing a flag of truce near Shawneetown, O., for his horse and equip- ments, which were very fine. Hardin, Joiix J., col. 1st III. vols., b. Frankfort, Ky., 1810; killed at the battle of Buena Vista, Mex., Feb. 23, 1847. Transylv. U. Son of Maj. M. D. Hardin. Practised law at Jacksonville, 111., and was prosec.-atty. ; member III. legisl. 1836-42; M.C. 1843-5. Hardin, Martin D., lawyer, son of Col. John, b. on the Monongahela lliver. Pa., June 21, 1780; d. Franklin Co., Ky., Oct. 8, 1823. Educated at Transylv. Acad.; studied law; several years a member of the Ky. legisl. ; sec. of state in 1812; a maj. under Harrison in the north-western army in 1812; U. S. senator 1816-17. He pub. Rep. of Cases in Ky. Court of Appeals, 18U5-8, Frankfort, 8vo, 1810. Harding, Chester, portrait-painter, b. Conway, Ms., Sept. 1, 1792 ; d. Boston, Ajn*. 1, 1866. His family, who were poor, removed to Hatfield, and suhsequently to Western N.Y., where he worked on a farm and at chair-mak- ing. He served in the war of 1812, and sub- sequently engaged in cabinet-making and oth- er pursuits in Caledonia, N.Y., and at house and sign painting at Pittsburg. While thus occupied, he sat for his portrait to a Mr. Nel- son, who refused to give him any information as to his art. With such coarse paints as he had, Harding attempted his wife's picture. This Nelson pronounced a dead failure ; but other Clitics declared it an excel lent likeness, and satfor their own portraits. He went soon after to Paris, Ky., where he painted 100 portraits in 6 months, and then went to Phila. for instruc- tion in his art. Ab. 2 years later he returned to Caledonia, paid oflf his old debts, and bought a farm for his ftimily. He went to Eng. in Aug. 1823, remained 3 years abroad; next re- sided in Boston; again went to Eng. in 1843, and afterward lived in Springfield, Ms. Among his sitters were Presidents Madison, Monroe, and J. Q. Adams, John Marshall, Charles Car- roll, Wni. Wirt, Clay, Webster, Calhoun, Washington AUston, David Ricardo, Samuel Rogers, Lord Aberdeen, the Dukes of Norfolk, Hamilton, and Sussex, and Daniel Boone; at the time of his death he was engaged upon a likeness of Gen. Sherman. He left a MS. en- titled " My Egotistography." Hardy, Sir Charles, a Brit, adm., gov. of N.Y. 1755-7; d. Spithead, Eng., May 18, 1780. Capt. R. N. 10 Aug. 1741 ; gov. and com. -in-chief at Newfoundland in 1744; rear- adm. of the White, and second in com. at the taking of Louisburg in 1758 ; vice-adm. of the VVhite in Hawke's victory of Belle Isle, 1759 ; gov. of Greenwich Hospital 1771-80. His bro. Josiah, an eminent merchant of Lon- don, was gov. of N. Jersey in 1761-3. Hare, J. I. Clark, jurist, b. Phila. 1816. U. of Pa. Adm. to the bar in 1841. Judge of the Phila. Dist. Court 1851-69 ; pres. judge since 1869. Editor of Smith's Leading Cases with H. B. and J. W, Wallace ; of Amer. Leading Cases, 2 vols. 8vo; and of White and Tudor's Leading Cases in Equity, 3 vols. 8vo. Hare, Robert, M.D. (Y.C 1806 and H.U. 1816), chemist, b. Phila. Jan. 17, 1781 ; d. there May 15, 1858. U. of Pa., w^here ho filled the chairof chemistry from 1818 to 1847. Prof, of nat. philosophy and chemistry in Wm. and Mary Coll. 1818. In early life he managed the extensive brewery of his father; but his tastes led him to scientific pursuits. In 1802 heinvcnted the compound or oxy hydrogen blow-pipe, for which he received the Rumford Medal from the Amer. Acad, at Boston. His subsequent achievements in the fusing of met- als, and kindred successful experiments, gave him a high rank in chemical science. He con- trib. to the materia medica his process of denar- cotizing laudanum, and to toxicology his meth- od of detecting minute quantities of opium in solution. His course of instruction was marked by originality and simplicity. One of the most useful of his inventions is the valve cock, or gallows screw, by means of which perfectly air-tight communication is made between cavi- ties in separate pieces of apparatus. He also constructed improved forms of the voltaic pile. In 1816 he invented the calorimeter, with which the first application of voltaic electricity to blasting underwater was made in 1831, under his direction. He became a convert to Spiritu- alism a few years before his death, and lectured and published in its advocacy. He also pub. " Brief Views of the Policy and Revenues of the U.S.," 1811; "Chemical Apparatus and Manipulations," 1836 ; "Hauy's Elements of Experimental Chemistry," 2 vols.; "Experi- mental Investigations of the Spirit Manifesta- tions," &c., 8vo, 1856 ; besides moral essays in the Portfolio, eind communications to the scien- tific periodicals. He was a member of the Acad, of Arts and Sciences, of the Philos. Soc., and of the Smithsonian Inst. Harker, Charles G., brig.-gen. vols., b. Swedesborough, N. J., Dec. 2, 1837 ; killed at Kenesaw Mountain, June 27, 1864. West Point, 1858. He entered the 2d Inf., and became 1st lieut. 15th Inf. May 14, 1861 ; capt. Oct. 24, 1861; lieut.-col. 65th Ohio vols., and col. Nov. 1 1, 1861 ; brig.-gen. Sept. 20, 1863. Join- ing Buell's Army of the Ohio, he participated •HJ^JR 408 HAR in the battle of Shiloh, siege of Corinth; led a brigude in chase of Buell ; fought bravely at Stone River, and was rcconi. for prom., but did not receive it until after Cliickamauga and Chattanooga, in both of which battles he was h\8. Midshipm. Apr. 8, 1799; lieut. Jan. 29, 1807; com. Aug. 12, 1814; capt. Mar. 3, 1825. He served under Truxton in the action with the French ship "La Vengeance," Feb. 1, 1800; and in Mac- donough's victory on Lake Champlain, Sept. 11, 1814, com. the brig "Eagle," and received a gold medal from Congress. Hennepin (h6n'-neh-pan'), Louis, mis- sionary, b. Ath, Belgium, ab. 1640; d. Hol- land, after 1699. He travelled and preached in various places ; was a regimental chaplain in the battle of Senef between the Prince of Conde and Williaraof Orange in 1674 ; landed at Quebec in 1675 ; in 1676 visited the Indian mission at FortFrontenac ; and in 1678 accomp. La Salle's cxped., constructing at Niagara a vessel for navigating the Lakes above the falls. Aug. 7, 1679, they began their voyage, and, reaching the Illinois River, built Fort Creve- Cceur, near the present site of Peoria. 29 Feb. 1680, he ])roceeded in a canoe to the Upper Mpi. as far as the falls, which he named Saint Anthony's, and which no European had yet seen. Arriving at the mouth of the St. Francis River, in what is now Minnesota, he named it for the founder of his order ; travelled about 180 miles along its banks; visited the Sioux Indians ; and meeting a party of Frenclnnen, who had come by way of Lake Suj)erior, re- turned with them to Canada. Returning to Europe, he pub. at Paris, in 1683-4, an account of his travels, entitled " A Description of Loui- siana," — a work of great value, notwithstand- ing the vanity, and proneness to exaggeration, of its author. In 1697 he pub. his " New Dis- covery of a Vast Country situated in America," containing the matter in his History, with the addition of an acconnt of his voyage down the Lower Mpi., which, according to Jared Sparks, is a fabrication copied from Le Clerq's " Nar- rative." Hennepin's descriptions of Indian life are generally accurate ; and he was a cour- ageous and daring explorer. Though he HEIO' 428 HKN- adopted the secular habit among the Dutch, he docs not appear to have relinquished his profession, as he continued to sign himself missionary rccollet and apostolic notary. — Michaud, Nouv. Biorj. G^n. Hexmiugsen, Charles Frederic, an English author and soldier, of Scandanavian extraction, b. 1815. In 1834 he entered as a vol. the service of Don Carlos, tiie claimant of the Spanish throne ; soon rose to be capt. of Zumalacarrcgui's body-guard ; and subse- quently, with the rank of lieut.-col., served with the Carlists in many enga;,fements. Af- ter the battle of Villas de los Navarros, he was made col., and placed in com. of the cavalry. Taken prisoner, he was released, on parole not to serve again during the war. He next served in the Rus»-ian army in Circassia. On his re- turn to Eng., he wrote his " Revelations of Russia " (Paris, 1845). He proposed apian of campaign to the insurrectionary leaders of Hun- gary, so highly approved of, that he was to be app*. military and civil com. of the fortress of Comorn. When the struggle was over, he vis- ited Kossutli at Kutaiah, and came to the U.S., remaining here as a representative of Hungarian interests. He joined the forces of Gen. Walker in Nicaragua as maj.-gen., and remained from Oct. 1856 until their surrender to Com. Davis, U.S. N., in May, 1857. Hem. a niece of the late Senator Berrien, and was a brig.-gen; in the C.S.A., serving in Va. His speciality in arms is artillery ; but he has also given great attention to the improvement of small-arms, superintending the construction of the first Minie-rifles ever made in the U S. Author of "Twelve Months' Campaign with Zumalacarregui; " " The White Slave," a nov- el ; "Eastern Europe ; " " Sixty Years Hence," a novel of Russian life ; " Past and Future of Hungary ;"" Analogies and Contrasts," and various other works, all pub. in London. — Appleton. Henry, Alexander, traveller, b. N, Bruns- wick, N. J., 1739 ; d. Montreal, Apr. 4, 1824. He was in the exped. of Amherst, and at the reduction of Fort de Levi and the surrender of Montreal. He then embarked in the fur- trade, and followed it 13 years, from Montreal to the Rocky Mountains. He pub. " Travels in Canada and the Indian Territories between 1760-76," 8vo, N.Y., 1809. Henry, Alexander, merchant, b. Scot- land, 1766; d. Phila. Aug. 13, 1847. He came to Phila. in 1783, and acquired a large estate, in the use of which he was charitable and generous. Pres, of the Board of Educa- tion and of other societies. A notice of him is in the Merchants' Mag., Jan. 1856. Henry, Caleb Sprague, D.D., clergyman and autlior, b. Rutland, Ms., Aug. 2,1804. Dartm. Coll. 1825. He studied theology at Andover and N. Haven; and in 1828-31 was settled as a Cong, minister at Greenfield, Ms. ; in 1833 he was settled in Hartford, Ct ; in 1834 lie pub. a pamphlet dn the "Principles and Prospects of the Friends of Peace," and established the Amer. Advocate of Peace, which, after the first year, became the organ of the Amer. Peace Soc ; in 1835 he took orders in the Pr.-Ep. Church ; was soon after app. prof. of intellectual and moral philos. in Bristol Coll., Pa. ; in 1837 returned to N.Y., and with Dr. Havvks founded the N. Y. Review ; in 1839-52 he was prof, of philos. and hist, in the U. of N.Y. ; in 1847 he became rector of St. Clement's Church, N.Y. His health failing, he resigned this charge in 1850, but retained his ])rofessorship, and, in addition to its duties, performed for some part of the time the labors of the chancellorship of the university also. In 1857 he removed to Poughkeepsie, and was afterward rector of an Ep. church at Newhurg on the Hudson. He pub. in 1 845 an " Epitome of the Hist, of Philosophy " by the Abbe Ban- tain, translating and continuing it down to the date of publication. He has also pub. a trans- lation of Cousin's lectures on Locke's " Essay on the Human Understanding," with notes and additional pieces, under the title of " Cousin's Psycliology," 1834; "Compendium of Chris- tian Antiquities," 1837; "Moral and Philo- sophical Essays," 1839; Guizot's "General History of Civilization," with notes ; " House- hold Liturgy ; " Taylor's "Manual of Ancient and Modern History" revised, with a chapter on the history of the U.S., 1845 ; " Dr. Old- ham at Graystones, and his Talk there," pub. anonymously, 1860; a vol. of essays entitled " Considerations on Some of the Elements and Conditions of Social Welfare;" numerous ad- dresses, &c. Henry, James, judge, and member Old Congress from Va., 1780-2 ; d. Va., Jan. 1805. Henry, John, statesman, b. Md. ; d. Eas- ton, Md., Dec. 1798. N.J. Coll. 1769. De- scended from Rev. John, a Presb. minister of Md., who d. 1717, leaving two sons, — Robert Jenkins, judge of the Prov. Court 1754, resid- ing in Somerset; and Col. Joh.v, member of the house of delegates from Worcester Co. John was a delegate to the Old Congress in 1778-81 and 1784-7, U.S. senator 1789-97, and gov. of Md. in 1797-8. Henry, John, comedian, manager of the Old Amer. Comp. of Comedians, b. Eng.; d. on the passage from N.Y, to Newport, Oct. 1794. Educated at Trinity Coll., Dublin ; served under Burgoyne in Portugal ; and was a member of the family of the Duke of North- umberland while lord.-licut. of Ireland; made his d^bui at Drury Lane in 1762; at the John- street Theatre, N.Y., Dee. 7, 1767, as Aimwell in " The Beaux' Stratagem ; " and was the original Sir Peter Teazlein America. Author of " A School for Soldiers," a dramatic piece, Kiuirston, Jamaica, 8vo, 1783. Henry, John, a political adventurer, noted for divulging a pretended British plot to sepa- rate the N.E States from the Union early in 1812, for which service he received $.)0,000 from Pres. Madison ; b. Ireland; came to Phila. ab. 1793; edited Brown's Phila. Gazette; af- terwards held a commiss. as an officer of artil- lery, but finally settled on a farm in Northern Vt., where he resided in 1812. — Lossiiuj. Henry, John, British admiral, b. Sept. 28, 1731; d. Rolvenden, Kent, Aug. 6, 1829. He entered the service ab. 1744; was a 1st lieut. at the reduction of Havana ; and in Nov. 1777 was made a post-captain by Lord Howe for his conduct at the capture of Mud HEI^ 429 ECKINr Island in the Del. River. In May, 1778, he co-operated with a detachment under Lieut.- Col. Muitland in destroying a number of American vessels in the Chesapeake, among which were " The Washington " and " The Effingham " (frigates), 9 large merchant-ships, and 23 brigs; in 1779 in " The Fowey," of 20 guns, he (listing, himself greatly in the com. of the naval force stationed at Savannah when attacked by the French under D'Estaing. He was made an admiral in 1804. Henry, John Joseph, a Revol. soldier, b. Lancaster, Fa., Nov. 4, 1758; d. ab. 1810. Author of '• An Accurate and Interesting Ac- count of the Hardships and Sufferings of that Band of Heroes who traversed the Wilderness in the Campaign against Quebec in 1775," pub. Lancaster, Fa., 1812. He was a private in Smith's riflemen during that campaign, in which he was wounded and made prisoner. Oil his retura studied and practised law, and was afterward pres. of the 2d judicial dist. of Fa. Henry, Joseph, LL.D. (H. U. 1851), physicist, b. Albany, N.Y., Dec. 17, 1797. He received a common-school education, and for some years was a watchmaker. In 1826 he was app. prof, of mathematics in the Albany Acad.; in 1827 he began a series of experi- ments in electricity; and in 1828 pub. an account of various modifications of electro- magnetic apparatus. He was the first to prove by actual experiment, that, in order to develop magnetic power at a distance, a galvanic bat- tery of intensity must be employed to project the current; and that a magnet surrounded by many turns of one long wire must be used to receive this current. In 1831, in some experi- ments at the Albany Acad., he transmitted signals by means of the electro-magnet through a wire more than a mile in length. An ac- count of these experiments, and of his electro- magnetic machine, was pub. in Silliman's Am. Journal of Science in 1831, in which he pointed out the applicability of the facts demonstrated by his experiments to the instantaneous con- veyance of intelligence between distant points by means of a magnetic-telegraph, which was several years subsequently brought into prac- tib-al operation by Frof. Morse. In 1832 he was called to the chair of natural philos. in N. J. Coll. ; in Feb. 1837 he went to Europe, visiting Frof. Wiieatstone of King's Coll., Lon- don, to whom he explained his discoveries, and his method of producing great mechanical effects at a distance — such as the ringing of church-bells 100 miles off — by means of the electro-magnet. In 1846, on the organization of the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, Frof. Henry was app. sec, a post he still holds, and which gives him its principal direction. He has pub. " Contributions to Electricity and Magnetism," 1839 ; and many scientitic papers in the Philos. Transactions, Silliman's Journal, and the Journal of the Franklin Institute. — Appleion. Henry, Fatrick, orator and statesman, b. Studley, Hanover €o., Va., May 29, 1736; d. June 6, 1799. His father. Col. John Henry, a native of Al)erdcen, was county surveyor, presiding magistrate, and a man of liberal education. At the age of 10 his father took him from school, and taught him at home, where he had opened a grainmar school. He acquired some proficiency in mathematics; but his taste for hunting and fishing predominated. The embarrassed circumstances of his father led him to embark at the age of 15 in mercan- tile business, in which he was unsuccessful. He m. Miss Shelton when he was 18; and at the age of 24, after 6 weeks' study of the law, was adm. to practice. For a long time he had no practice, and was extremely poor, living with his father-in-law, a tavern-keeper, and assisting him in his business. At the age of 27 he was retained in the celebrated " Farsons Cause," and at once became famous as an orator. Removing to Louisa Co. in 1 764, he be- came a member of the house of burgesses. May, 1765. Into this assembly, violently hostile to extreme measures, he introduced those mem- orable resolutions against the Stamp Act, one of which declared that that body had the ex- clusive right and power to levy taxes and impositions upon the inhabitants of the Colony. In the stormy debate which ensued, Henry vehemently exclaimed, " Tarquin and Caesar had each his Brutus; Charles the First, his Cromwell ; and George the Third " — " Treason ! " cried the speaker ; the cry was echoed from every part of the house — ''may protit by their example! If this be treason, make the most of it!" The resolutions were carried, — thelastby a majority of one. In 1769 he was adm. to the bar of the Gen. Court, where, in jury-trials, in which his wonderful powers of oratory could be brought to bear, he far exceeded all his contemporaries. Early in the session of 1773, Henry, the Lees, Jeffer- son, and Dabney Carr, originated the " Com- mittee of Corresp. for the Dissemination of Intelligence between the Colonies." In Sept. 1774 Henry was a delegate to the Gun. Con- gress at Fliila., where he was the first si)eaker. His extraordinary eloquence astonished all listeners ; and he took rank as the greatest orator of America. In March, 1775, at the Second State Convention, he moved the or- ganization of the militia, and that the "Colony be immediately put in a state of defence." Lord Dunmore having clandestinely removed on the night of April 20 all the powder of the Colony, Henry, placing himself at the head of the militia of Hanover, marched upon Williams- burg, and obliged the agent of Dunmore to pay for it. In June, Henry was elected col. of the 1st Va. regt., but shortly alter resigned. A delegate to the convention of May, 1776; he was the first Republican gov. of the State, serving from 1776 to 1779, Returning to the legisl., where he served to the end of the war, he was again gov. until the autumn of 1786. In 1788 he was a member of the convention which ratified the Federal Constituiion, which he opposed with all his eloquence and strength. He feared that the final result would be the destruction of the rights of the sovereign Stares. In 1794 he retired from the bar, and removed to his estate of Red Hill in Charlotte. App. by Washington in 1795 sec. of state, he declined the office, as he afterward did that of envoy to France, offered by Adams, and that HKN- 430 HEN of gov. in 1796. In March, 1799, he was elected to the State senate, but never took his seat. His Life has been written by William Wirt, and by A. H. Everett in Sparks's " American Biography." Henry, Robert, D.D.,LL.D., scholar, b. Charleston, S.C, Dec. 6, 1792; d. Columbia, Feb. 6, 18.56. U. of Edinb. 1814. He travelled a short time on the Continent, and after his return to his native State ministered to a French congregation of Huguenots in Charles- ton for 2 years. In Nov. 1818 he was app. to the chair of logic and moral philos. in the S.C. Coll. ; subsequently to that of metaphysics and political philos. ; and in 1834-5 was pres. ; in 1836 he accepted the chair of metaphysics and belles-lettres ; and in 1840-3 was a second time pres., performing the duties of prof, of Greek during a portion of the time. He wrote for the Southern reviews articles of a high order ; delivered and pub. occasional sermons and eulogies on Prof. E. D. Smith, on Jona- than Maxcy, and on J. C. Calhoun. Henry, Thomas Charlton, D.D. (Y.C. 1824), Fresb. clergyman, b. Phila. Sept. 22, 1790; d. Oct. 4, 1827. Midd. Coll. 1814; Princ. Theol. Sem. 1818. Son of Alex. Henry. Pres. of the Amer. S. S. Union. Pastor of the Presb. church, Columbia, S.C, from Nov. 1818 until Jan. 1824, when he became pastor of a cong. in Charleston, S. C. He pub. " Letters to an Anxious Inquirer," 1827; " On Popular Amusements," 1825 ; Moral Etchings, and Occasional Sermons. — Sprac/ue. Henry, Gen. William, a Kevol. soldier, b. Charlotte Co., Va., 1761 ; d. Christian Co., Ky., Nov. 23, 1824. He entered the army at an early age ; fought at Guilford, the Cowpens, and at Yorktown ; removed to Ky. ; and was engaged in many conflicts with Indians in the border wars of that State. App. mnj.- gen. Ky. vols. Aug. 31, 1813; he com. a divi- sion of 3 brigades in the battle of the Thames, Oct. 5, 1813; and also served in Scott's and Wilkinson's campaigns. He was in the State Const. Convs., also in both branches of the Ky. legisl. Father of John P. and Robert P., members of Congress 1825-7. Henry, Hon. William Alexander, law- yer and statesman, of Nova Scotia, b. Halifax, 30 Dec. 1816. Called to the bar in Nov. 1840, and soon after elected to the legisl. assembly. At the election of 1847 the friends of a respon- sible govt, were successful; and Mr. Henry has since been returned on that principle. App. a Q. C. in 1849. He has introduced various reforms in the Court of Chancery and Equity ; was solicitor-gen. in 1 854, '59, and '63, and prov. sec. 1856-7. Prominent in the question of a union of the Brit. Provinces, and a delegate to London on that question in July, 1866, and, in the winter of that year, an unsuccessful ne- gotiator with the U.S. Govt, for the continu- ance of the reciprocity treaty. — Men of the Time. Henry, William Seaton, maj. U.S.A., b. N. Y. 1816; d. N.Y. City, Mar. 5, 1851. West Point, 1835. Author of " Campaign Sketches of the War with Mexico." Entering the 3d Inf., he became capt. 18 May, 1846, and was brev. maj. "for gallant conduct at Monte- rey, Mexico," Sept. 23, 1846. His son Gut v., capt. 1st U.S. Art., and disting. in the Re- bellion, has pub. a " Milit. Record of Civil Appointments in the U.S.A.," vol. i. 1869. Henshaw, David, merchant and leading Democ. politician of Boston, b. Leicester, Ms., Apr. 2, 1791; d. there Nov. 11. 1852. His ancestors were among the original proprietors of the town ; and his father David was a pa- triot of the Revol. The son spent his boyhood laboring on his father's farm, and attending the schools and acad. of the town. At 16 he be- came an apprentice in the drug-business in Bos- ton ; commenced the business on his own ac- count in 1814, and gave it up in 1829. Devot- ing all his leisure to study, he became a prom- inent political writer, and was an able advocate of free trade. He also contrib. to the periodi- ical press, and pub. essays, in a pamphlet form, on subjects of political economy ; among them " Letters on the Intern. Imp. and Commerce of the West," Boston, 1839. He was. a State sen- ator in 1826; member of the State Board of Internal Improvements, 1828-51 ; and in 1839 a representative ; in 1830-9 he was coll. of cus- toms at Boston ; and was sec. of the navy in 1843. He was active in promoting railroad enterprises, among them the Boston and Wor- cester, the Boston and Providence, and the Boston and Albany Roads. Henshaw, John Prentiss Kewly, D.D. (Mid. Coll. 1830), Pr.-Ep. bishop of R. L, b. Middletown, Ct., June 13, 1792; d. Frederick, Md., July 20, 1852. Mid. Coll. 1808. His father removed to Middlebury, Vt., in 1800. Ord. deacon at the age of 21 ; he officiated in St. Ann's Church, Brooklyn, until 1817, when he accepted the rectorship of St. Peter's, Balti- more ; ord. priest June 13, 1816 ; consec. bishop of R. I. Aug. 11, 1843 ; also becoming rector of Grace Church, Providence. Dr. Henshaw pub. a treatise on " Didactic Theolo- gy," " On Confirmation ; " "A Selection of Hymns ;" " Theology for the People of Bait.," 8vo, 1840; " Lectures on the Second Advent;" "Communicant's Guide;" and "A Memoir of Bishop Moore of Va." Henshaw, Joshua Sidney, author, b. Bos- ton, Oct. 16, 1811 ; d. Utica, Apr. 29, 1859. A descendant of Gov. Belcher. His name, which was originally Joshua H. Belcher, was changed by the Pa. legisl. in 1845. In 1833 he became a teacher in the Chauncey Hall Inst., Boston. App. Sept. 1837 prof of math, in the navy, he made in the frigate " Columbia" a voyage, of which he pub. a narrative entitled " Around the World." He resigned his post in 1841 ; studied law ; was adm. to the Phila. bar ; and in 1843 was re-instated in his professorship. From 1848 until his death, he practised law in Utica. He pub. " Philosophy of Human Prog- ress," 1835; "Incitement to Moral and In- tellectual Weil-Doing," 1836 ; " Life of Father Mathew," 1847 ; " U.S. Manual for Consuls," 1849. He left nearly completed a work enti- tled " Bible Ethics." — iV: E. H. ^ Gen. Reg., xiii. 277. Henshaw, Col. William, Revol. officer, :\-^ b. Boston, 1735; d. Leicester, Ms., Feb. 1820. He removed to L. in 1748 ; was a lieut. of pro- vincials under Amherst in 1759 ; was lieut.-col. HBIQ' 431 HER of Little's regt. at the siege of Boston ; and served at L. Island, White Plains, Trenton, and Princeton, but left the service early in 1777. His grandson Daniel, lawyer, and editor of the Lynn Record, d. Boston, July 9, 1863, a. 81. H.U.'l806. HentZy Caroline Lee, authoress, b. Lan- caster, Ms., 1800; d. Marianna, Fla., Feb. 11, 1856. Dau. of Gen. John Whiting of the Revol. army, and sister of Gen. Henry. Be- fore she was 13 she was the author of a poem, a novel, and a tragedy in 5 acts. Married in 1825 to Prof. Hcntz, while he was associated with Geo. Bancroftinthemanagementof a sem- inary at Northampton. They resided for some years at Chapel Hill, N.C. ; whence they re- moved to Covington, Ky., where Mrs. Hentz wrote for a prize of $500 her successful trage- dy of " De Lara." They next resided in Cin- cinnati, but in 1833 established a flourishing female sem. at Florence, Ala., which in 1843 they transferred to Tuscaloosa, Fla.; in 1848 fixed their residence in Columbus, Ga., and in 1852 at Marianna. Besides contrib. to various periodicals, Mrs. H. wrote " Lamorah," a trag- edy ; the " Countess of Wurtemberg," a play ; and many elegant and beautiful prize poems and fugitive pieces. Her prose writings, upon which her reputation chiefly depends, place her in the first rank of female writers. In 1846 she pub, " Aunt Patty's Scrap-Bag ; " in 1848 " The Mob-Cap ; " " Linda," 1850 ; " Rcna, or the Snow-Bird," 1851; "Marcus Warland " and " Eoline." 1 852 ; " Wild Jack " and " Helen and Arthur," 1853 ; "The Planter's Northern Bride," 1854; "Love after Marriage," " The Banished Son," " The Victim of Excitement," " The Parlor Serpent," and " The Flowers of Elocution," 1856. Her last novel, " Ernest Linwood," appeared in 1855. Prof, N. M. Hentz, who was a successful teacher of modern languages, and writer on natural history, b. France, d. Nov, 4, 1856, in Marianna, Fla,' He was prof, of belles-lettres at Chapel Hill, N,C. Pub. " Tadeuskund, the last King of the Le- nape," 12mo, 1825. Hepworth, George Hughes, Unitarian divine, b. Boston, Feb, 4, 1833. Camb. Theol, School, 1855, Pastor of the church in Nan- tucket from Sept. 1855 to 1857 ; of the Church of the Unity, Boston, Oct, 1858-70; now pas- tor of the Church of the Messiah, New- York City. Chaplain of the 47th Ms. regt. Dec. 1862; and on the staff of Gen. Banks in La. in 1863. Besides sermons, he has pub. " Whip, Hoe, and Sword," a sketch of his army expe- riences. Herbert, Henry William, scholar, sportsman, and novelist, b. London, April 7, 1807 ; d. New York, May 17, 1858, by suicide. Son of Hon. and Rev. Wm. Herbert, Dean of Manchester, author of the poem "Attila," and second son of the Earl of Carnarvon. Educated at Eton and Caius Coll., Cambridge, where he grad. 1828. He came to this country in 1830, after experiencing a sudden reverse of fortune, and occupied a country-seat, " The Cedars," near Newark, N, J, Until 1839 he was a teach- er of Greek in the classical school of R. T, Huddart, New York, He commenced with A. D. Patterson, in 1833, the American Monthly Magazine. His "Brothers, a Tale of the Fronde," a successful historical novel, appeared in 1834 ; followed by " Cromwell " in 1837; "Marraaduke Wyvil," 1843; "The Roman Traitor," 1848 ; and " Wager of Battle," 1855. An extensive series of sporting-volumes were pub. by him, under the nam de plume of " Frank Forrester," with the titles of " My Shooting-Box," "The Warwick Woodlands," "Field-Sports of the U.S.," "Frank Forrester and his Friends," 1840, "The Fish and Fish- ing of the U.S.," 1850, " Young Sportsman's Complete Manual," Another series of vol- umes covers many of his historical essays ; as "The Cavaliers of England, or the Times of the Revolutions of 1642 and 1688 ; " " The Knights of England, France, and Scotland ; " " The Chevaliers of France, from the Crusad- ers to the Marechals of Louis XIV.;" and " The Captains of the Old World, and the Captains of the Roman Republic." He was also the author of a metrical translation of the "Agamemnon" and "Prometheus" of ^s- chylus, and of numerous critical papers in the Literarij World and elsewhere. His latest work was the " Horse and Horsemanship of Amer- ica," 1857, A man of fine talent and accom- plishments, but of dissipated habits, Heriot, George, postmaster of British N. A. Author of " Descriptive Poem written in the W, Indies," 4to, 1781; " Hist, of Canada," 8vo, 1804; "Travels through the Canadas," 4to, 1807, Herkimer, John, judge, b. Herkimer Co,, N,Y,, 1773; d. Danube, N.Y., June 8, 1845. Nephew of Gen. Nicholas H. He was major com. a batt, of N.Y. vols, in defence of Sackett's Harbor, May 29, 1813 ; many years judge of the Circuit Court; and M, C, in 1817-19 and 1823-5, Herkimer, Nicholas, brig.-gen., d. Dan- ube, N.Y., Aug. 16, 1777, a. ab. ,50. He was eldest son of J. J. Herkimer, a Palatine, and one of the original patentees of Burnet's Field, Herkimer Co., N.Y. He was made lieut. of militia Jan. 5, 1758, and com. Fort Herkimer during the attack of the French and Indians on the German Flats in that year. In 1760 he lived in the Canajoharie dist. ; in 1775 he was app. col. 1st batt. Tryon Co. militia, and was chairman of the county com. of safety; Sept. 5, 1776, he was made brig.-gen. by the convention of the State ; and Aug. 6, 1777, com. the forces at the battle of Oriskany, where he received a ball which fractured his leg, and occasioned his death. Congress voted him a monument. — Benton's Flerfc. Counti/. Hernandez (er-nan'-d^th), Francisco, Spanish physician and naturalist, b. Toledo. Commiss. by Philip II. to visitN, America, The result of his labors was a " Natural History of Trees, Plants, and Animals of New Spain," &c., 1651. He was the first European natu- ralist to explore this rei^ion for the benefit of science. Hernandez, Joseph, maj.-gen., d. near Matanzas, Cuba, June 8, 1857. He was a prom- inent Spanish citizen in the Terr, of Fla. at the time of its transfer to the U.S. ; its first dele- gate to Congress, 1823; brig.-gen. militia, 1823 ; and subsequently a leading member and HER 482 HET presiding officer of the Terr, legisl. He was in the U.S. service from Nov. 183.5 to May, 1837; brig.-gen. Fla. mounted vols. 1837-8 ; 'disting. under Gen. Jesup, and com. in affair with Fla. Indians near Mosquito Inlet, Sept. 10, 1837. He resided at St. Augustine. Herndon, William Lewis, a naval offi- cer, b. Fredericksburg, Va., Oct. 2.'>, 1813; drowned by the sinking of steamer " Central America," Sept. 12, 1857. He entered the na- vy at the age of 15 ; served in tbe Mexican war ; and was 3 years engaged with his bro.- in-lavv, Lieut. Maury, in the Observatory at Washington. In 1851-2 he explored the Ama- zon River under the direction of the U.S. Govt. A narrative of the exped. is contained in Ilern- don's "Exploration of the Valley of the River Amazon " (1853), and in Part II. of the same work, by Lieut, Gibbon, who accompanied him during a part of the journey, 1854. In 1857 he was com. of the steamer "Central America," which left Havana for N. York, Sept. 8. Sept. 1 1 , during a violenigale, she sprang a leak, and sank on the evening of Sept. 12 near the outer edge of the Gulf Stream, in lat. 31° 44' N. Heron, Matilda, actress, b, Londonderry, Ireland. Came to the U.S. very young; be- came the pupil of P. Richings; and made her first appearance at the Walnut-st. Theatre, Phila., Feb. 17, 1851, as Bianca in "Fazio." After playing in San Francisco, she began a starring-tour in the summer of 1854 ; and was highly successful. Dec. 24, 1857, she m. Rob- ert Stoepel, from whom she afterward separat- ed. Apr. 1, 1861, she made her debut at the Lyceum Theatre, London, as Rosalie Lee in "New Year's Eve." Camille has been her favorite part. — Brown's Amer. Stage. Herrera, Jose Joaquin de," a Mexican pres. ; d. in the city of Mexico, May 15, 1851. He participated in many of the Rcvol. scenes in Mexico. Was elected prov. pres. Dec. 6, 1844, and soon afterward constitutional pres- ident. He was in favor of the recognition of Texan independence, and opposed to the war with the U.S., and was charged by Paredes with seeking to dismember Mexico, The army pronounced against him; and he was deposed Dec. 30, 1845, and succeeded by Paredes. Her- rera was excluded from military com. until the battle of Cerro Gordo (Apr. 18, 1847), in which he took part. He was again elected pres. (June 3, 1848), and endeavored to restore or- der in the finances, but without success. He was succeeded by Arista, Jan, 15, 1851. He was a man of high personal character, and was very friendly to the U.S. Herrera, Tordesillas Antoxy, histo- rian, b. Cuellar, Spain, 1549 ; d. Madrid, Mar. 29, 1625, He was first sec. to Vespasian de Gonzaga, viceroy of Valencia and of Navarre ; after whose death Philip IL app, him roy. his- toriographer for the Indies. He was the au- thor of " Historia General de los Hechos de los Castellanos en los Islas y Terra Firma de Mar Oceano," 4 vols, folio. This work relates all the transactions of the Spaniards in the W. In- dies from 1492 to 1554, He also pub. a " Gen- eral History of his Time, from 1554 to 1598," 3 vols. fol. At the time of his death, he had obtained from Philip IV. the brevet of the first vacant post of sec. of state. His History, trans- lated by J. Stevens, was pub, Lond.'s vols. 1740, Herrick, Edward Claudius, scholar, b. N, Haven, Ct., Feb. 24, 1811 ; d. there June 11, 1862, Son of Rev. Claudius, He received a good academical education, then engaged in book-selling; was librarian of Y,C. from 1843 to 1858, and treasurer from 1852 until his death. Since 1852 he had had charge of the triennial catalogue, supervised the college property, and held many important trusts in connection with municipal affairs. He paid great attention to entomology, meteorology, and astronomy. The Amer. Jour, of Science contains many valuable articles from him. He was learned also in bibliography, local history, and general litera- ture.— Ya/e Coll. Obit. Rec. Herring, James, port.-painter, 27 years grand sec, of the grand lodge of Masons; d. Paris, France, 8 Oct. 1867, He excelled in his art, and in his thorough knowledge of masonic laws and usages. With Longacrc, lie illustrated Amer, Biography in the "National Portrait Gallery," 1834-9, 4 vols, 8vo, Phila, Herron, Gen. Francis J,, b. Pittsburg, Pa. Removing to Dubuque ab. 1856, he engaged in business there; org, and com. " The Govern- or's Grays," with which he served in the 1st la. regt., and was disting.at Wilson's Creek; raised the 9th la. regt., and was commis. lieut.-col. ; com. it in battle of Pea Ridge, and was wounded and captured in the second day's fight, but was soon exchanged ; and was made brig.-gen. July 16, 1862. He especially disting. liimself in com. at the battle of Prairie Grove, Ark,, Doc. 7, 1862, soon after which he captured Van Buren, Ark. Maj.-gen. Nov. 29, 1862. He took part in the capture of Vicksburg, and after- ward in Gen. Banks's operations in La. After the war, practised law in N. Orleans, and held the office of U.S. marshal for La. Hersey, Ezekiel, phvsician.b. Hinghara, Ms., Sept. 21, 1709; d. diere Dec. 9, 1770, H, U. 1728. After studying under Dr. Dal- houde of Boston, he established himself in his native town, and soon became famous. At his death, he bequeathed £1,000, and a like sum at the decease of his widow, for the support of a prof, of anatomy and surgery at H. U. ; and, l)y his influence, his bro., Dr. Abner, added £500 to the same fund. He also left funds for the establishment of an acad at Hingham. Dr. Hersey was eminently humane and benevolent. — Thachei'. Heth, Henry, maj.-gen. C. S. A., b. Va. ab. 1825, West Point, 1847. Entering the 6th Inf., he became 1st lieut, in June, 1853; adj. in Nov, 1854; and capt. 10th Inf. 3 March, 1855; he resigned April 25, 1861; entered the service of Va. as a brig.-gen. ; maj.-gen. May 24, 1863 ; com, a division in A. P. Hill's corps in Va. ; engaged at Gettysburg, and in the campaigns of 1864-5; surrendered with Lee, Hethe, Col. William, Revol. officer ; d. Richmond, Va,, April 15, 1807. Wounded at Quebec, under Montgomery; made lieut.-col, 3d Va. regt. April 1, 1777; afterward com. that regt, to the close of the war, serving with Lin- coln at the siege of Charleston, Received after HETV 433 HIC the war a lucrative office from Washing- ton. Hewes, George Robert Twelve, one of the Boston Tea Party, b. Boston, Sept. 5, 1742 ; d. Richfield, Otsego Co., N.Y., Nov. 5, 1840. His education was scanty; farming, fishing, and shoemaking being his chief em- ployments. He was excitable and ])atriotic ; took part in the various ante-revolutionary disturbances in Boston ; and engaged in the naval, and afterwards in the military service of his country during the Revolution. " Traits of the Tea Partv," with a Memoir of Hewes, was pub. N.Y. TSSS. Hewes, Joseph, signer of the Decl. of Indep., b. Kingston, N.J., 1730; d. Phila. Nov. 10, 1779. Of Quaker parentage. He was educated at N.J. Coll. ; engaged in mercantile business in Phila., and ah. 1760 in Eden ton, N.C. Having been a member of the colonial legisl. in 1763, he was in 1774 sent as a dele- gate to Congress. He was soon app. on a com. to " state the rights of the Colonies ; " aided in the preparation of its report ; and, though a merchant, entered heartily into the plan of non-importation. Mr. Hewes served with reputation on many of the most im- portant committees during 1775-6. He was at the head of the naval committee, and in effect the first sec. of the U.S. navy; declined a re-election in 1777 ; resumed his seat in July, 1779; but, his health failing rapidly, he re- signed Oct. 29. Hewit, Nathaniel, D.D. (Amh. Coll. 1830), Cong, clergyman and author, b. N. Lond., Ct., 28 Aug.'l788; d. Bridiireport, Ct., 3 Feb. 1867. Y.C. 1808. Teacher in the Plainfield Acad. ; licensed to preach 24 Sept. 1811 ; pastor at Plattsburg. N.Y., 1815-17; of the First Cong. Ch., Fairfield, Ct., 1818-27 ; was engaged the next 3 years in the temper- ance reform, earning the title of '■ the Luther " of the early temperance reformation ; pastor 2d Cong. Ch., Bridgeport, Ct., 1 830-53 ; one of the founders in 1833 of the Hartford Theol. Institute ; pastor of the Old School Church, Bridgeport, 1853-62. — Y. C. Obit. Record. Hewitt, Alexander, D.D., pub. an " His- torical Account of S.C. and Ga.," 2 vols., Lond. 1779; Sermons, Lond. 1803-5, 2 vols. 8vo. Hewitt (Stebbins), Mary Elizabeth, authoress, b. Maiden, Ms. Her father, a farm- er named Moore, died when she was but 3 years old. Her mother removed with her to Boston, where Mary was m. to Jas. L. Hewitt, and established her residence in N.Y. In 18.54 she m. R. Stebbins of N.Y. She is chiefly known by her poetry, which has appeared in various periodicals, and in a collection entitled "Songs of Our Land," 1845. In 18.50 she edited " The Gem of the Western World " and the "Memorial," the latter a tribute to her friend Mrs. Frances S. Osgood. Also author qf " The Heroines of History," 1856. Hewson, Thomas Tickell, M.D., an eminent physician, b. Lond. Apr. 9, 1773 ; d. Phila. Feb. 17, 1848. Phila. Coll. 1789. His father, Dr. William Hewson, d. when he was a year old ; and in 1786 he came with his mother to Phila. He studied medicine there, and as house-surgeon at St. Bartholomew's, Lond., also in Edinburgh ; returned to Phila. in July, 1796; began practice; was physician to the Walnut-st. Prison from 1806 to 1818; rendered valuable service during a malignant epidemic in 1817-18; became prof, of comp. anatomy in the U. of Pa. in Dec. 1816 ; was its sec. and censor from 1802 to 1835 ; and pres. from July, 1835, to his death. Many years a surgeon in the Phila. Almshouse; pliysician to the Orphan Asylum 1817-1837; surgeon of the Pa. Hospital 1818-35; and took a principal part in the formation and revision of the nat. pharmacopoeia. In 1822 he established a pri- vate med. school, in which he taught anatomy and the practice several years. He was a mem- ber or officer of many medical and philos. societies. He transl. Swediaur's " Treatise on Syphilis," Phila., 8vo, 1815. — See Obit. Notice, by F. Bache, Phila., 8vo, 1850. Hiaeooires, the first Indian convert to Christianity in N.E. ; d. ab. 1690, a. 80. Ho was at Martha's Vineyard when first settled by the whiles in 1642, and was converted by Thomas Mayhew. He learned to read, and in 1645 began to preach to his countrymen with success. Aug. 22, 1670, an Indian church was formed there ; and Hiacoomes and Tackanash were ord. pastor and teacher by Eliot and Cotton. He was faithful and successful, and was courageous in reprehending the Indians for worshipping their false gods and adhering to their powwows. Hibbard, Freeborn Garretson, clergy- man and author, b. New Rochelle, N.Y., Feb. 22, 1811. At the age of 18 he entered the ministry of the M.E. church, in which he has held several important stations; and at a <2;en. conf was chosen editor of the Northern Chris- tian Advocate. Author of " Baptism, its Import, Mode, Efficacy, and Relative Order ; " " Ge- ography and History of Palestine ; " and the "Psalms Chronologically arranged, with Hist. Introductions, and a Gen. Introd.," 8vo, 1856. Hiekok, Laurens Perseus, D.D.,LL.I)., metaphysician, b. Danliury, Ct., Dec. 22, 1798. Un. Coll. 1820. He studied theology; was li- censed to preach in 1822; and was pastor suc- cessively at Newtown and Litchfield. Prof of theol. in the W. Reserve Coll., 0., 1836-44. In 1844 he became prof in the Aul)urn Theol. Scm.; and in 1852 removed to Schenectady, N.Y., as prof of mental and moral science; also vice-pres, of Un. Coll.; and pres. since Mar. 5, 1866. Besides occasional sermons, ad- dresses, and contribs. to religious periodicals, he has pub. "Rational Psychology," 1848; " Mor- al Science," 1853; " Empirical Psychology, or the Human Mind as Given in Consciousness," 1854; and "Rational Cosmology," 1858. Hickox, John Howard, b. Albany, N.Y., 1832. Assist, lib. N.Y. State Library. Author of " Hist. Acct. of American Coinage," Svo, 1858. Hicks, Elias, a disting. Qjiakcr preacher, b. Hempstead, L.L, Mar. 19, 1748; d. Jeri- cho, L.I., Feb. 27, 1830. He early evinced un- usual ability for public speaking; at the age of 27 was a formally-recognized preacher ; soon became a leader, and was eminently successful. After many years' preaching, and study of the :hjlc 434 JUG Scriptures, he created a schism in the body, which resulted finally in a permanent separa- tion. The seceders, takini^ the name of their leader, were denoniinated Hicksites. Friend Hicks travelled extensively to advance his views, preaching wherever he went with jrreat eloquence. He preserved his intellectual vigor till late in life, visiting, when 80 years of age, N. J., Pa., Md., Ohio, Ind., and the northern and western part of N.Y. Author of "Elias Hicks's Journal of his Life and Lahors," Phila. 1828; ••Sermons," 1828; "Observations on Slavery," 8vo, N.Y., 1811 ; " Doctrinal Epis- tle," written in 1820, pub. 8vo, 1824; and "Letters " on his doctrines, 12mo, 1824. Hicks, Thomas, painter, b. Newtown, Bucks Co., Pa., Oct. 1 8, 1 823. A descendant of the preceding. He was educated a Quaker. In 1838, after copying the casts in the Pa. Acad, of Fine Arts, he entered the Life and Antique Schools of the Nat. Acad, in N. Y., to whose ex- hibition in 1841 he contrib. a picture of "The Death of Abel." For several years he painted portraits and compositions, residing in Europe in 1845-9. Estal)lishing himself in Rome in the autumn of 1845, he painted, among other works, a half-length figure called " Italia." In the succeeding spring, on the last night of the Carnival, he was stabbed in the back with a stiletto while crossing the Piazza Colonna, and lay for many weeks in a critical condition. In June, 1848, he went to Paris; studied under Couture ab. a year ; and, after a brief residence in Eng., settled in N.Y. City. He has since devoted himself principally to portrait-painting, but has occasionally produced landscapes and figure-pieces. Among his portraits is that of " Dr. Kane in the Cabin of ' The Advance,' " and a large picture of" The Contemporaneous Authors of America," in which the figures are of life-size. He pub. a Eulogy on Thos. Ci'aw- ford in 1865. Hicks, Thomas Hollyday, statesman, b. Dorchester Co., Md., Sept. 2,1798; d. Washing- ton, Feb. 13, 1865. He worked on his father's farm, and received a plain education ; was member of the Const. Con v. of 1849 ; served often in the State legisl. ; gov. 1858-62 ; and was elected U.S. senator on tlie death of J. A. Pearce, and re-elected for the term ending in 1867. His firmness and patriotism helped to save Md. to the Union. VVhen the 6th Ms. regt. was attacked, Gov. Hicks issued a procla- mation, declaring that all his authority would be exercised in favor of the govt. Hicks, Whitehead, lawver, b. Flushing, L.I., Aug. 24, 1728 ; d. there Oct. 1780. Son of Thomas and Margaret. Studied law in the office of Hon. Wm. Smith ; adm. to the bar Oct. 22, 1750, and became one of the first in the prof. ; clerk of Queen's Co. Mar. 12, 1752- Feb. 28, 1 757 ; mayor of N.Y. City, Oct. 1 766- Feb. 14, 1776 ; and from that time to his death a judge of the N.Y. Supreme Court. — O'Cal- laghan. Hidalgo y Costilla (ht-dai'-go e kos-tel- ya), Don Miguel, a Spanish priest, the first leader in the Mexican war of independence, b. S. America in the latter part of the 18th cen- tury; shot at Chihuahua, Mex., 27 July, 1811. In 1809 he held a valuable benefice at Dolores in Guanaxoato, and was superior in talent and education to the clergy in general in New Spain. He is said to have introduced the silk-worm, and to have promoted rice-culture in Mexico, contrary to the Spanish system of discouraging all manufactures or agriculture which could interfere with the revenue. He po.ssessed great influence with the Indians, whom he had en- deavored to educate, and, having formed a plan for a gen. insurrection, produced by his elo- quent exhortations a general revolt against the Spanish Govt. Joined liy Allende with a few Spanish soldiers, 10 Sept. 1810, on the 29th they took Guanaxoato; and, entering Vallado- lid Oct. 20, Hidalgo was proclaimed generalis- simo of the Mexican army. He advanced upon the city of Mexico with a large force; and Vil- legas, the Spanish viceroy, having but a hand- ful of troop>, had recourse to the powerful aid of superstition, and procured from the arch- bishop a sentence of excommunication against Hidalgo and his adherents. The awe thus in- spired, together with the lack of ammunition, occasioned a retreat. Nov. 7 he was attacked and defeated at Aculco by Calleja, who fol- lowed him to Guanaxoato, which he took, inflicting great slaughter on the insurgents, and Jan, 17, 1811, totally defeated him at the Bridge of Calderon. Become a fugitive, he was taken prisoner by Bustamente, one of his own officers. Mar. 21 ; was degraded from the priest- hood, and put to death, persisting to the last in the belief that " the knell of the Spanish rule had been sounded." The people after his death regarded him as a saint. Higginson,FRANCis, divine, h. Eng. 1588; d. Salem, Aug. 6, 1630. He received his deg. from St. John's Coll. Cambridge, and settled at Leicester, whore he soon acquired a high reputation for pulpit eloquence ; but he subse- quently became a Puritan. He refused offers of many excellent livings on account of his opinions, and gained a support by teaching school. When the company of Ms. Bay be- gan to form a plantation there in 1628, they engaged Mr. Higginson to go thither and pros- ecute his labors. Apprehending a summons to appear before the High Commission Court, he promptly acquiesced, and June 29, 1629, arrived in Salem harbor, entering upon the performance of his duties (July 20) as teacher of the cong. established there. In the succeeding year, in the general sickness which ravaged the Colony, he was attacked by a hectic fever, of which he ul- timately died. He wrote an account of New Eng. entitled " A Short and True Description of the Discommodities and Commodities of the Country," reprint, in vol. i. of the Colls, of the Hist. Soc. of Ms. ; and an account of his voy- age, which is preserved in Hutchinson's collec- tion of papers. — See Mem. by Rev. J. B. Felt in Geneal. Reg., vi. 105. Higginson, John, minister of Salem, Ms., b. Clay brook, Eng., Aug. 6, 1616 ; d. Sa- lem, Dec. 9, 1708. He came over with hi? father, Rev. Francis ; after whose death he be- came a teacher at Hartford, by which means he was able to assist his mother in the maintenance of her six children. He was employed by the magistrates and ministers of the Ms. Col. to take down in short-hand the proceedings of mo- 435 HIL the synod of 1637. In this he was assisted by- Giles Firmin. The record of these proceed- ings has never been printed; but the MS. is known to have been in existence in 1743 {fice Hist. Mag. 2d ser. vol. iii. p. 26). He was afterwards chaplain of the fort at Saybrook ; in 16-H went to Guilford as assist, to Rev. Henry Whitfield, whose dau. hem.; and in 1643 was one of the " seven pillars " of the church there. In 16.59 he sailed with his family for Eng., but, having put into Salem harbor on ac- count of the weather, became pastor of the church which his father had planted ; was ord. in Aug. 1660, and continued there till his d. He was a zealous opponent of the Quakers, although he subsequently regretted the warmth of his zeal ; bu the took no part in the witch- craft delusion in 1692, and was a very popular preacher. He preached the Election Sermon 1663. He pub. other occasional discourses, also the attestation to the " Magnalia Ameri- cana," with a narrative of the Mathers, and " Testimony to the Order of the Gospel in the Churches of N.E.," &c. Higginson, Stephen, merchant, b. Salem, Nov. 28, 1743; d. Boston, Nov. 22, 1828. De- scended from Rev. Francis. He was bred to mercantile pursuits; and from 176.5 to 1775 was an active and successful shipmaster. On a visit to Great Britain in 1 774-5 he was called to the bar of the House of Commons, and ques- tioned as to the state of feeling in Ms. Mem- ber Cont. Cong. 1 782-3 ; a firm supporter of Washington and Adams ; was navy agent for Ms. ill 1797-1801 ; was one of Gov. Bowdoln's most active and resolute advisers in the sup- pression of Shays's Rebellion; and was lieut.- col. of the regt. sent from Boston at that time. One of the most successful of the merchants of Boston for nearly a third of a century. In the war of 1812 he suffered disasters, and lost a large portion of his ample fortune. He m. Susan, dau. of Aaron and Susanna (Porter) Cleveland. The remarkable essays of " Laco," attackiuLT John Hancock, were generally attrib- uted to him. He wrote also a pamphlet entitled " An Examination of Jay's Treaty, by Cato " (Boston, 1795). Stepiien^, son of the preced- ing, b. Nov. 20, 1770, d. Feb. 20, 1834. A Boston merchant and philanthropist ; steward of H.U. 1818-34. Habitually spoken of as the " Man of Ross " of his day, from his profuse charities. He was twice m. ; first to Martha Salisbury, and, after her death, to Louisa, dau. of Capt. Thomas Storrowof the British army. Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, au- thor, son of the preceding, b. Cambridge, Ms., Dec. 22, 1823. H. U. 1841. Harv. Theol. School, 1847. Minister 1st Cong. Church, New- buryport, 1847-50, and of a free church at Worcester in 1852-8. He took an active part in the antislavery agitation of this period ; was wounded in the Anthony Burns affair; and was indicted with Parker, Phillips, and others, but was discharged, from a flaw in the indict- ment. He aided in the organization of parties of free State emigrants to Kansas in 1856 ; was a brig.-gen. on "Jim" Lane's staff in the free State forces, and was cognizant of Capt. John Brown's movements. He has long been a leading contrib. to the Atlantic Monthly, and has pub. "Out door Papers," 1863 ; "Malbone, an Oldport Romance," 1869; "Army-Life in a Black Regiment," 1870 ; and has edited Harvard Memorial Biographies, 2 vols. 8vo ; a new translation of Epictetus, 1865. He has contrib. to the N. Y. Independent, N. Y. Trib- une, Boston Woman's .Journal, and Macmillan's Mag., London. A French translation of his essay on the " Greek Goddesses " appeared in the Paris R^nue Britannique, Oct. 1869. In the slaveholder's rebellion, he was col. of the first S.C. Vols., — the first regt. of slaves en- listed in the U.S. service, except those raised by Gen. Butler at New Orleans. He took and held the town of Jacksonville, Fla ; was sub- sequently wounded in an engagement on the Edisto River, and compelled to resign from dis- ability in Oct. 1864. He has since resided at Newport, R. L, engaged in literary pursuits. In 1847 he m. his second cousin Mary, dau, of Walter Channing, M.D., and niece of the celebrated divine. Hildreth, Ezekiel, teacher and author, b. Wcstford, Ms., July 18, 1784 ; d. Wheeling, Va., Mar. 15, 1856. H.U. 1814. He was 42 years a teacher in Ohio, Va., Tenn., and Ky, He pub. a grammatical work, " Logopolis, or City of Words," a " Key to Knowledge," an " Essay on the Mortality of the Soul," and an "Address on Education," delivered before an Educational Conv. in Clarksburg, Va., in 1836. Hildreth, Richard, author and journal- ist, b. Deerfieid, Ms., June 28, 1807 ; d. Flor- ence, July 11, 1865. H.U. 1826. His father, Hosea, was a Cong, clergyman. While study- ing law in Newburyport, he contrib. to maga- zines in Boston, where he practised until he began in 1832 to edit the Boston Atlas. In •1834-5 Mr. Hildreth resided on a plantation in the South. Here he wrote his antislavery novel " Archy Moore,*' repub. and favorably received in Eng. In 1852 an enlarged edition appeared under the title of" The White Slave." In 1836 he translated, from the French of Du- mont, Bentharn's " Theory of Legislation," 1840. His next work was "A History of Banks." After passing the winter of 1837-8 in Washington as corresp, of the Atlas, Mr. H. resumed his editorial post, advocated Har- rison's election to the presidency, and wrote a pamphlet biography of his candidate. Aban- doning journalism, he pub. in 1840, with the title of " Despotism in America," a vol, on slavery, to which, in the edition of 1854, was appended a chapter on " The Legal Basis of Slavery." He resided in Demarara, British Guiana, in 1840-3; and as the editor succes- sively of two newspapers in Georgetown, the capital of the country, he earnestly advocated the system of free labor. His "Theory of Morals," Boston, 1844, and his "Theory of Pol- itics," N. Y. 1853, were written in Guiana. Mr. Hildreth's principal work is his " History of the U.S.," 6 vols. 8vo, N.Y,, 1849-56. He also pub. "Japan as it Was and Is," 1855. He was a liberal contrib, to various newspapers and periodicals, and to cyclopaedias and works of a similar character. For several years Mr, H, was one of the editors of the N. Y. Trihnne. Among other controversial pamphlets from HIL 436 TTTTi his pen is a Letter to Prof. Andrews Norton of Cambridge on " Miracles." In 18.56 he com- piled from Lord Campbell's work " Lives of Atrocious Judges." U.S. consul at Trieste from 1861 till compelled by ill health to relin- quish the post. — Appleton. Hildreth, Samuel Prescott, M. D. (1805), historian and physicist, b. Methuen, Ms., Sept 30, 1783; d. Marietta, O., July 24, 1863. Descended from Richard of Cambridge, who d. Chelmsford, Ms., 1 688, a. 76. lie labored on a farm ; received an academic education ; and studied medicine with Dr. Kittredge of Andover. He began practice in N.II., butemig. to Ohio in 1806 ; located himself first at Belpre', and finally, in 1808, at Marietta, where he was a successful practitioner. He was in the legisl. in 1810-11; was near 40 years a contrib. to Si/limun's Journal, on meteorology, geology, and paleontology; and was in 1837 a member of the geological survey. His " History of the Diseases and Climate of South-eastern Ohio" was pub. in 1837 by the Cleveland Medical Societ;', of which he was pres. He pub. in the Hesperian, at Cincinnati, " A History of the Settlement of Belleville, Western Va.," in 1837 ; in 1848, " Pioneer History ; " " Lives of the Early Settlers of Ohio," 1832; and con- tribs. to the Early Hist, of the N. West, 12mo, 1864. His valuable scientific library, and cabi- nets of natural history and conchology, he gave to Marietta Coll. He contrib. much valuable biog. matter to the N. E. H. and Gen. Reg. — See Gmeal. Reg., xviii. 100. Hill, Ambrose Powell, lient.-gen. C.S. A., b. Culpeper Co., Va.,,1824; killed in the as- sault on Petersburg, Va., April 2, 1865. West Point, 1847. His father was for many years a leading politician and merchant in Culpeper Co. Entering the 1st Art., he became 1st lieut. Sept. 1851; resigned March 1, 1861. Engaged during the Mexican war at Hua- mantla, 9 Oct., and Atlixco, 12 Oct., 1847 ; and in Fla. against the Seminoles in 1849-50. From Nov. 1855 until his resignation, he had assisted in the U.S. coast survey. Made col. 13th Va. Vols., and attached to Johnston's army, he participated in the battle of Manassas. At the battle of Williamsburg, May, 1862, he was a brig.-gen.; disting. himself, and was made a maj.-gen. He was prominent in the 7-days' battles before Richmond; and gained a brilliant reputation for bravery, and skill in the handling of his troops. He was active ill the succeeding campaign against Gen. Pope ; captured Harper's Ferry, Sept. 14, 1862; and, making a forced march, arrived at Antietam in seast)n to take part in that severe battle. At the battle of Fredericksburg his division formed the right of Jackson's force, at Chan- cellorsville the centre, and participated in that flank movement which crushed Hooker's right. The death of Stonewall Jackson gave Hill the com., and he was soon after severely wounded, and for gallantry in this battle was promoted to lient.-gen. (May 20, 1863), and placed at the head of one of the 3 corps of the Army of Va. He led his corps at Gettysburg; and in the affair at Bristow Station was repulsed with severe loss. In the great battles of the spring of 1864, next to Gen. Lee, he was the most prominent Confed. eneral. June 22, his corps, with Longstreet's, repulsed the attempt on the Wcldon Railroad. At the final attack on the South-side Railroad and the defences of Peters- burg (March 29-April 2), Hill was active and indefatigable in his excisions to repel the Fed- eral attack. In the struggle for the possession of the works in front of Petersburg, he was instantly killed by a rifle-shot. Hill, Gex. Daniel Harvey, b. S.C. ab. 1824. West Point, 1842. Entering the art., he became 1st lieut. March 3, 1847 ; was brev. capt. for gallantry at Contreras and Churu- busco, and major for Chapultepec ; resigned Feb. 28, 1849 ; was prof, ol" mathematics suc- cessively in Wash. Coll., Lexington, Va., and Dav. Coll., N.C. ; and in 1 859 became principal of the Milit. Inst, at Charlotte, N.C. Chosen May 8, 1861, col. 1st N. C. Vols., he com. at Great Bethel ; remained under Magruder at Yorktown ; took part in the battles of the Peninsular campaign ; and led the attack on Gen. Casey at F'air Oaks. He afterward com. the dept. of the Appomattox, having his head- quarters at Petersburg, Va., and held the rank of maj.-gen.; com. a division at Fredericks- burg and Chancellorsville ; attacked Fort An- derson, opposite Newbern, N.C, 14 Mar. 1863, and was repulsed; and com. at Augusta, S.C, in Feb. 1865. He has pub. " Elements of Al- gebra," a vol. on " The Sermon on the Mount," and one entitled " The Crucifixion of Christ." He was a bro.-in-law of Gen. T. J. Jackson, having m. a Miss Morrison of N.C. Hill, George, poet, b. Guilford, Ct., 29 Jan. 1796. Y.C 1816. Son of Judge Henry. He was first employed in the U.S. land office at Washington, and entered the navy in 1827 as a teacher of math., in which capacity he -made a cruise in the Mediterranean. On his return he became librarian of the state dept. at Washington ; in 1839 was app. U.S. consul for the southern portion of Asia Minor, which he was soon obliged by ill health to decline. Returning to Washington, he became a clerk in the dept. of state, resigning in 1855. He pub. anonymously, in 1831, " The Ruins of Athens," with a few short poems, reprinted with his name in 1839. — Everest's Poets of Ct. Hill, George H. (Yankee Hill), b." Bos- ton, 1799; d. Saratoga, N.Y., Sept. 27, 1849. He first recited Yankee stories at the Warren Theatre, Boston ; and afterward played in Yan- kee characters at the Park, N.Y., at the Lond. Adelphi in 1838, and in many other theatres with success. — Brown's Ainer. Stage. Hill, Isaac, politician and journalist of N.H., b. Cambridge, Ms., April 6, 1788; d. Washington, D.C, Mar. 22, 1851. His parents removed to Ashburnham, Ms. At the age of 14 he was apprenticed to the pub. of the Am- herst Cabinet. In 1809 he went to Concord, purchased the Amer. Patriot, changed its name to the N.H. Patriot, and made it the organ of the Repub. party ; and its columns were supported by contribs. from the ablest men of the party, giving it for 20 years an immense influence. In 1828, after filling several posts in the State legisl., he was an unsuccessful candidate for the U.S. senate. In 1829 he was second compt. of the treasury; U.S. senator 1830-6; gov. TTTTi 437 ITTTi 1836-9; U.S. sub. treas. at Boston 1840-1. In 1840, in connection with his two oldest sons, he established Hill's N.H. Patriot, which they pub. and edited until 1847. He also pub. the I'ariner's Monthly Visitor for the last fifteen years of his life. His biog., speeches, and misc. writings, were pub. Concord, 1835. Hill, Thomas, D.D., LL.D. (Y.C. 1863), clergyman and mathematician, b. New Bruns- wick," N. J., Jan. 7, 1818. H.U. 1843. His father, a tanner by trade, was for many years judge of the Superior Court of Common Pleas. Both of his parents were English. Left an orphan at the age of 10 ; at 12 he was apprenticed to a printer; at 17, after a year's attendance at school, entered an apothecary's shop, and sei ved in it 3|- years. He studied at the Cambridge Divinity School till 184.5, when he was settled at Waltham. He is a Unitarian. In 1859 he succeeded Horace Mann in the presidency of Antioch Coll., Yellow Springs, Ohio; and in 1862-8 was pres. of H.U. Has been a frequent contrib. to the periodical and occasional literature of the day, having written poems, reviews, translations, and essays for the Christian Examiner, Reliyious Magazine, Phonographic Mag., N. A. Review, and Atlantic Monthly, and pub. sermons, lectures and ad- dresses, and papers in " The Proceedings of the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science." He has also written most of the mathematical articles for the New Amer. Cydopjedia, an " Elementary Treatise on Arithmetic," " Geometry and Faith," and " First Lessons in Geometry." It is, however, in his investigations in curves that he has dis- played the greatest originality and fertility. — Apple ton. Hill, Thomas, landscape-painter, b. Eng, While very young, his parents settled in Taunton, Ms. Occupied many years as a carriage-painter and as a decorator of cottage furniture, he attained such repute, that he was made a partner in a furniture-house in Phila,, in which he remained 12 years (1845-57) ; he in 1860 established himself as a portrait-painter in San Francisco, subsequently devoting him- self to landscapes witii brilliant success. Afrer studying at Paris under Paul Myerheim, he in May, 1868, established himself in Boston, and now (1871) has a studio at Cambridge. He is well known by his California scenery. His masterpiece is a view of the Yosemite Valley. While in Cal. he painted the Trial-Scene from '•■ The Merchant of Venice." Hill, Whitmell, b. Bertie Co.,N.C., Feb. 12, 1743 ; d. Hills Ferry, Martin Co., N.C., Sept. 26, 1797. U. of Pa. He was a delegate to the congresses at Hillsborough and Halifax, 177.5-6; was lieut.col. of the Coventry militia, and delegate to the Cont. Congress in 1778- 81. Previous to 1785 he was frequently in the house or senate of N.C. Hillard, Gkorgk Stillman, LL.D. (Trin. 1857), lawver, orator, and man of letters, b. Machias, M.e., 22 Sept. 1808. H.U. 1828. His mother was a dau. of Gen. Stillman. He was associated with George Bancroft in the Round Hill Sem. at Northampton, Ms. ; was adm, to the Boston bar in 1833, and acquired aa extensive practice; was a member of the common council of Boston in 1845-7, and six months its pres. ; member of the State legisl. ; State senator 1849-50; city solicitor in 1854- 6 ; U.S. dist. atty. for Ms. 1867-70. In 1833 he conducted, with George Ripley, a weekly Unitarian paper, the Christ. Register. In 1839 he edited Spencer's works in 5 vols. 8vo, estab- lishing his reputation as a scholar; in 1840 he pub. a translation of Guizot's Essay on Wash- ington ; in 1843 he was the Phi Beta Kappa orator at Cambridge; in 1846 he delivered and pub. a lecture on the Connection between Geography and History, unfolding the princi- ples of comparative physical geography; in 1847 he delivered 12 lectures before the Lowell Institute on John Milton; in 1852 he delivered the Eulogy on Daniel Webster before the city authorities of Boston ; and in 1853 edited the Webster "Memorial;" in 1856 he edited a selection from the works of Walter Savage Landor. He visited Europe, and in 18.53 pub. his " Six Months in Italy," 2 vols. 12mo. He was some time an associate editor of the Jurist, and for several years a principal editor of the Boston Courier. He is also the author of " Life and Campaigns of George B. McClel- lan," 1865, and of an excellent series of school- readers now in general use. Besides the above, he has contrib. a Memoir of Capt. John Smith to Sparks's Amer. Biog. ; articles on Everett and Choate to the " New Amer. Cyclopaedia; " and upon various subjects to the Christ. Exam- iner, TV. American Review, &c. Hillegas, Michael, 1st U.S. treas.; d. Phila. 29 Sept. 1804, a. 76. Hillhouse, James, LL.D. (Y.C. 1823), lawyer and senator, b. Montville, Ct., Oct. 21, 1754; d.N. Haven, Dec. 29,1832. Y.C. 1773. William, his father (member of the council of safety during the Revol., 50 years in the State legisl., 40 years judge C.C.P., member Cont. Congress 1783-6), d. Jan. 12, 1816, a. 87. A bro., James Abraham, a disting. lawyer of N. Haven,d.July, 1822,a. 87. Y.C. 1749. James practised law ; took an active part in the Revol. struggle ; and, when N. Haven was invaded by the British under Tryon, was com. of the gov. 's guards ; M.C 1791-4; U.S. senator 1794-1810, and pres. p/o tern, in 1800; com- raiss. of the school fund from 1810 to 1825, when he undertook to conduct the construction of the Farmington and Hampshire Canal. Treas. of Yale Coll. from 1782 till his death; member of the Hartford Con v. He m. a dau. of Col. Melancthon Woolsey. He pub. a num- ber of speeches. Hillhouse, James Abraham, poet, b. N. Haven, Sept. 26, 1789 ; d. there Jan. 4, 1841. Y.C. 1808. Son of the preceding. Hedevoted several years to mercantile pursuits in N.Y., which led him to visit Europe in 1819. He m, in 1822, and retired to the beautiful rural spot called Sachem's Wood, where he was born, making literature rather an amusement than an occupation. He united vigor of thought to a brilliant fancy, an exquisite taste, and a cor- rect and elegant diction. Some of his prin- cipal poems are " Percy's Marque," first pub. in 1820; "Hadad," 1825; and "The Judg- ment," delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa Society at New Haven, 1812. His literary "Mil t 438 hust productions were collected by himself, and pub. in 1839 in two vols. 12mo, under the title of "Dramas, Discourses, and other Pieces." Hilliard, D'Aubekteuil, publicist, b. Paris ab. 1740 ; d. ab. 1789. After exercising for ten years the profession of an advocate at St. Domingo, he returned to Paris, where he pub. " Consid&ations sur I 'J^tat Pi^sent de St. Doiningue," 1776, 2 vols. 8vo, suppressed by a decree of council in 1777. In 1777-8 he visited the English Colonies during their struggle with the mother-country. His " Essais Historiques et Politiques sur les Aiiglo-Am€ricains " appeared in 1782, 2 vols. 8vo, Bruxelles, and was con- tinued under the title of" Essais Historiques et Politiques sur les Revolutions de I 'Am^rique Sep- tentrionale," 3 yoh.Svo, 1783. Imprisoned in 1784 in consequence of his first publication, he soon recovered his liberty, and in 1789 re- turned to the Colonies, where some lyive sup- posed he was assassinated. — Dioij. Univ. Suppt. Hilliard, Francis, b. Cambridge, Ms., ab. 18U8. H.U. 1823. Son of William, book- seller of Boston. Judge of Roxbury Police Court ; commiss. and judge of insolv. for Norf. Co. ; author of " Digest of Pickering's lie- ports ; " " Sales of Personal Property," 8vo, 1841 ; " Amer. Law of Real Property," 2 vols. 8vo, 1855; "Amer. Jurisprudence," 8vo, 1848 ; " Law of Vendors and Purchasers," 2 vols. 8vo, 1858 ; " Treatise on Torts," 2 vols. ; "Remedy for Torts; ""New Trials," 1866; " Law of Injunctions ; " Hilliard " on Mort- gages," 2 vols., and on " Bankruptcy." Hilliard, Henry Washington, politician and scholar, b. Cumberland Co., N.C., Aug. 8, 1808. S.C. Coll. 1826. He studied law, and settled in Ga., but in 1831 became a citizen of Ala., and was for 3 years a prof, in the State U. In 1838 he was elected to the State legisl.; in 1842 was app. by Pres. Tyler minister to Belgium; and was M.C. in 1843-51 : a vol. of his speeches was pub. in 1855. He opposed the Wilmot Proviso; was a prominent advo- cate of the compromise measures of 1850, and a secessionist in 1861. Hillsborough, Wills Hill, Earl of, principal secretary of state lor the Amer. dept. m 1768-71 and 1779-82, b. Fairford, Glouces- tershire, Eng., 30 May, 1718 ; d. 7 Oct. 1793. He took his seat in the Irish house of peers in 1743; in the privy council in 1754; was first lord of trade in 1766; postmaster-gen. in 1766-8; and was made viscount, and earl of Harwich, in 1772. Hillyer, Asa, D.D. (AUegh. Coll. 1818), Presb. minister of Orange, N.J. (1801-33), b. Sheffield, Ms., 6 April, 1763 ; d. in N.Y. 28 Aug. 1840. Y.C. 1786. Ord. at Bottle Hill, N. J., 29 Sept. 1789. In 1837 he sided with the New School. — Spraque. Hilson, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas, actors. Mr. H. was b, Lond., Eng., 1784; d. Louis- ville, Kv., July 23, 1834. First app. at the Park, N.Y., as Waiter in "Child, of the Wood;" in Phila. at Arch St., Sept. 11, 1832, as Dash- wood in " Know Your Own Mind." Mrs. H., formerly Ellen Augusta Johnston, was b. 1801 ; d. N.Y. City, Apr. 2, 1837. Made her d^but at the Park Theatre, with which her parents were connected, Jan. 15, 1817, as Amanthis in " The Child of Nature ; " remained there until 1830; opened as Lady Teazle at Walnut- st. Theatre, Phila., Sept. 12, 1831 ; married Mr. Hilson, Aug. 1825. The pair played an engagement at the Tremont Theatre, Boston, in 1827. — Brown's American Stage. Hinckley, Isabella. — See Susini. Hinckley, Thomas, last gov. of Plym- outh, b. Eng. ab. 1618; d. Barnstable, Apr. 25, 1706. Son of Samuel of Tenterden in Kent, and Sarah Hinckley, with whom he came to Scituate in 1635, and in 1639 removed to Barnstable. He soon became prominent in the affairs of the Colony ; was a dep. in 1 045 ; a representative in 1647 ; a magistrate and assist, from 1058 to 1680; dep.gov. 1680; gov. from 1681, except during the interruption by Andros, until the union with the Ms. Colony in 1692. He was also a commiss. on the General Board of the two Colonies from 1673 to 1692, when he became a councillor. Among theMSS. of the N.E. or Old South Church Library, which in 1866 were deposited in the Boston Public Library, are 3 vols, folio of papers collected by Gov. Hinckley. Hincks, Sir Francis, C.B., a Canadian statesman, b. Cork, Ireland, 1795. Son of Dr. Hincks, a Presb. clergyman. Was educated at Fermoy and Belfast ; became a merchant; and in 1832 settled in Toronto, Canada. Under Lord Durham's administration he edited the Examiner with such talent and vigor, that in 1841 he was elected to parliament for Oxford Co., and was soon after app. insp.-gen. From July, 1851, until late in 1854, he was prime- minister of Canada. He again entered par- liament in 1855, when he was app. gov. and com. -in-chief of the Windward Islands ; and in 1860-6 he was gov. of British Guiana. He did much to promote the construction of railways, especially the Grand Trunk Railway of Cana- da. Min. of finance for the Dom. of Canada since 1869. — Morgan. Hind) Henry Youle, geolouist, b. Not- tingham, Eng., June, 1823. Educated at Leipzig and Cambridge. Came to Canada in 1847 ; prof, of chemistry and geology. Trinity Coll., Toronto, since 1853. He accomp. the Red-river exploring exped. in 1857-8, his re- ports ot which have been pub. as a " Narra- tive of the Canadian Exped.," &c., 1860. He explored a part of Labrador in 1801 ; edited the Journal of Science and Art 1852-5 ; and in 1861 bt'gan the Journal of Arts and Manufs. In 1854 he received the prize of £100 for the best essay on the Means of preserving the Har- bor of Toronto. Hindman, Gen. Thomas C, b. Tenn., 1818; killed in Helena, Ark., Sept. 27, 1868. 2d lieut. of Mpi. vols, in the Mexican war, and was a Democ. M.C. in 1859-01. Member of the Charleston Convention of 1860. When the Rebellion broke out, he was made a brig.-gen. in the Confed. army, and promoted subsequently to maj.-gen. He first served under Buckner ip Ky., and had command at Memi)his. At New- lonia, his force of from 1 5,000 to 20,000 was put to flight by Gens. Schofield and Blunt. Hav- ing collected his forces at Van Buren, Ark., he crossed the Arkansas with 25,000 men, and ad- vanced in Dec. 1862 to Prairie Grove, where he HtN- 439 HIT was defeated by Gens. Blunt and Ilerron. Af- ter the battle of Shiloh, in which he partici- patcU, and from which his commission of maj.- gen. dated, he was transferred to Ark., and com. in that State during its occupation by Gen. Curtis. He com. a division in Polk's corps at Chickamauga. He went to Mexico after the peace, but returned to Helena in the spring of 1867, and was assassinated by one of his former soldiers. Hindman, William, delegate from Md. to the Old Congret^s 1784-7, M. C. 1792-9, U. S. senator 1800-1 ; d. Jan. 26, 1822. Hinds, Gen. Thomas ; d. JetF. Co., Mpi., Aug. 23, 1840, a. ab. 65. Maj. com. Mpi. cav. vols. 1813; lieut.-col. com. 1814-15; disting. under Jackson at N. Orleans; U.S. brig.-gen. of militia for Mpi. Terr. July 7, 1815; M.C. 1828-31 .— Gardner. Hinks, Edward W., brevet, brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. Bucksport, Me., 30 May, 1830. De- scended Irom Judge John Hinckes of N. H. He moved to Bangor in Dec. 1846, to Boston in 1849, and now resides in Cambridge, Ms. Member of the Boston city council, and of the Ms. Icgisl. in 1855. A printer in Boston, and adjt. 8th M.V.M. ; 18th Dec. 18C0 wrote to Maj. Anderson, tendering a vol. force to aid in defence of Fort Moultrie; 21 April, 1860, while e?i route to Washington with his regt., com. a party wlwch saved the frigate " Consti- tution " at Annapolis, and repaired the bridge and railroad at Annapolis Junction; app. 2d lieut. 2d U.S. Cav. 26 Apr. 1861; lieut.-col. 8th Ms. Vols. 30 Apr. 1861; col. I6th May, 1861; col. lyth Ms. Vols. 3 Aug. 1861 ; brig.- gen. vols. 29 Nov. 1862; brev. maj.-geii. 13 Mar. 1865; lieut.-col. 40th U.S. Inf. 28 July, 1866; brcv; col. U.S.A. 2 Mar. 1867 for An- tietam; brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. 2 Mar. 1866 for Petersburg, Va. ; retired 15 Dec. 1870. He participated in the action of Ball's Bluff; the Peninsular campaign, until severely wounded at Glcndale, 30 June, 1862; com. 3d Brigade, Sedgwick's division, in Pope's campaign, un- til severelv wounded at Antietam, Sept. 17, 1862; coni. 3d div. 18th corps (colored) 21 Apr.-8 July, 1864, in battle of Baylor's Farm, and assault on Petersburg, where he was again wounded ; afterwards f)rov. -marshal-gen. of Southern N.Y. and of Western Pa., being in- capacitated by wounds from field-duty. Hinmau, Col. Benjamin, Ilevol. officer, b. Woodbury, Ct., 1720; d. Southbury, Ct., Mar. 22, 1810. A quartermaster of a troop of horse in the expcd. of Gov. Wolcott against the French in Canada in 1751 ; in 1755 a capt. in Goodrich's regt., and in the battle between Johnson and Dieskau ; lieut.-col. 3d regt. in 1758; lieut.-col. of a regt. of horse and foot in 1767, and col. in 1771; com. a regt. at Ticon- deroga in 1775 ; at New York when taken by the British in 1776; left the army in ill health in Jan. 1777. Hiuman, Elisha, capt. U.S.N., b. Sto- nington, Ct., Mar. 9, 1734; d. there Aug. 29, 1 807. At 14 he went to sea ; was a capt. at 1 9 ; and for many years sailed to Europe and the Indies, He com. " The Cabot," under Cora. Hopkins, early in 1776. One of the first cap- tains app. by Congress (Aug. 13, 1776), he abandoned a lucrative profession, and devoted himself to his country. He successively com. " The Marquis de Lafayette," 20 guns; " The Deane,"30guns; the sloop "Providence; "and " The Alfred," 32. Captured in the latter (Mar. 9, 1778), he was taken to Eng., and im- prisoned, escaped, reached France, and on his return home was honorably acquitted for the loss of his ship. In 1779 he com. " The Han- cock" with great success, and in 1780 "The Deane." In 1794 Pres. Adams tendered to him the com. of " The Constitution ; " but from his advanced age he declined. From 1798 to 1802 he was engaged in the revenue service. By the destruction of New London by the British, he lost all his property. Hinman, John, LL.D., jurist, b. Fairfield Co., Ct., 1802; d. Cheshire, Ct., 21 Feb. 1870. He was educated at an academy ; was adm. to the New Haven Co. bar ab. 1827; practised in Waterbury ; became a judge of the Superior Court in 1842, of the Supreme Court in 1850, and in 1861 chief justice. Hinmau, Royal Ralph, politician and genealogist, b. Southbury, Ct., June 50, 1785; d. N. Y. City, Oct. 16, 1868. Y. C. 1804. Son of Gen. Ephraim. He studied law; practised nearly 30 years in his native county ; was sec. of state in 1835-42 ; and subsequently gave his attention to the history and antiquities of the State. He pub. several vols, of genealogies of the early settlers in the Hartford, Quinnipiac, and Pequod colonies. For the last 14 years he had resided in N. Y, City. Author of " His- torical Collections of Ct. in the Amer. Revol.," 8vo, 1842; "Catalogue of the First Puritan Settlers of the Colony of Ct.," in 6 nns., Hart- ford, 1852-8; "Official Letters between the Kings and Queens of Eng. and the Early Gov- ernors of Ct. ; " also several volumes of Stat- utes and Public and Private Acts. — Y. C. Obit. Record. Hinton, John Howard, an English cler- gyman and author, b. Oxford, 24 Mar. 1791. He was a Baptist; preached at Reading, and af- terward at Lond. He edited " The History and Topography of the U.S.," completed in 1832, in which he was assisted by several European and Amer. writers. An edition of this work, under the supervision of J. 0. Chonles, D.D., was pub., 2 vols. 4to, 1853. Mr, Hinton has also written " Memoirs of Wm. Knibb;" "The- ology, or an Attempt toward a Consistent View of the Whole Counsel of God;" "Elements of Natural History," &c. Hirst, Henry B., poet, b. Phila. Aug. 23, 1813, Adm. to the Phila. bar in 1843, his youth having been passed in the study of law, frequently interrupted by mercantile occupa- tions. Previous to his examination he pub. in Graham's Mag. several poems, which became very popular. He has pub. " The Coming of the Mammoth," " The Funeral of Time, and other Poems," 1845; " Endymion, a Tale of Greece," 1848 ; and " The Penance of Roland, and other Poems," 1849. Hitchcock, Col. Daniel, Revol. officer, of R. I. ; d. Jan. 1777, shortly after arriving^ at winter-quarters at Morristown. Y.C. 1761. A lawyer in Providence before the Revol., and lieut.-col. of militia : com. a R. I. regt. at tho HIT 440 HO^ sietre of Boston in 1775 ; and com. a brigade at Princeton, though sufFering from the illness which carried him off. Washington took him by the hand on the battlc-groiuKl, and thanked him for this service before the whole army. Hitchcock, Edward, D.D. (Mid. Coll. 1846), LL D. (U.U. 1840), clergyman and ge- ologist, b. Deerfield, Ms., May 24, 1793 ; d. Amherst, Feb. 27, 1864. Principal of Deer- field Acad. 1815-18 ; pastor of the Cong. church in Conway, Ms., 1821-5 ; prof, of chem. and nat. hfst. in Amherst Coll. 1825- 45 ; pres. of Amherst Coll. and prof, of nat. theol. and geol. 1845-.54. He was app. State geologist of Ms. in 1830, of the first dist. of N.Y. in 1836, and of Vt. in 1857. Several years a member of the Ms. Board of Agric. ; and in 1850 was commiss. by the State Govt, to examine the agric. schools in Europe. He pub. an almanac 4 vears (1815-18); a tragedy, " The Downfoll of Bonaparte," 1815 ; and suhsequently pub. more than 20 vols., be- side numerous sermons, addresses, tracts, and articles in the scientific and literary journals. He pub. " The Geology of Ct. Valley," 1823 ; " A Catalogue of Plants within 20 Miles of Amherst," 1829 ; a prize essay on the " Wine- Question ; " " Lectures on Diet, Regimen, and Employment;" in 1850 the "History of a Zoological Temperance Convention in Central Africa;" "A Wreath for the Tomb," 1839; " Lectures on the Peculiar Phenomena of the Four Seasons," 1850; "Memoir of Mary Lyon," 1851 ; " Reports on the Geology of Ms.," 1833, '35, '38, '41 ; " Report on the Geol- ogy of Vt.," 1860; illustrations of "Surface Geology," 1857 ; and the " Elementary Geol- ogy," which has passed through 25 editions here, and several in Eng. His " Religion of Geology and its Connected Sciences," 1851, had a wide circulation on both sides of the Atlantic. He suggested as well as executed the geological survey of Ms., the first survey of an entire State under the authority of govt, in the world. The Amer. Geol. Assoc, (now the Scientific Assoc.) was originated at his suggestion ; and he was its first pres. Dr. Hitchcock was the first to fiive a scientific exposition of the fossil footprints of the Ct. Valley. " The Ichnologv of N.E.," pub. by the Ms. legisl. in 1858, is chiefly a description and illustration of his own numerous collections. His last literary labor was his " Reminiscences of Amherst College." Hitchcock, Enos, D.D. (B. U. 1788), minister and author, b. Springfield, Ms., Mar. 7, 1744; d. Providence, Feb. 27, 1803. H.U. 1767. Ord. May 1, 1771, colleague of Mr. Chipman of the Second Church, Beverly ; dis- missed Apr. 6, 1780; chaplain in the Revol. army. Installed at Providence, Oct. 1, 1783. He was a disting. preacher, and a friend and promoter of education. At his death he be- queathed $2,500 for the support of the ministry in his society. He pub. " Catechetical Instruc- tions and Forms of Devotion for Children and Youth ; " " Memoirs of the Bloomsgrove Fam- ily ; " a work on Education, 2 vols. 12mo, 1790 ; discourses and sermons ; and Essay on the Lord's Supper. Hitchcock, Ethan Allen, brig.-gen. U.S.A., and author, b. Vergennes, Vt., 18 May, 1798; d. Hancock, Ga., 5 Aug. 1870. West Point, 1817. Son of Judge Samuel (who d. Burlington, Dec. 1813, a. 59) by a dau. of Ethan Allen. He was an officer of the milit. acad. in 1824; com. the cadets in 1829-33; capt. Dec. 1824 ; maj. 8th Inf. 7 July, 1838; lieut.-col. 3d, 31 Jan. 1842; col. 2d Inf. 15 Apr. 1851; resigned 18 Oct. 1855; maj.-gen. vols. 10 Feb. 1862; commis. for exch. of prisoners 15 Nov. 1862 ; commis. to revise the milit. laws and regulations 17 Dec. 1862. He served in the Seminole war; was acting insp.-gen. on the staff" of Gen. Scott in Mexico ; brev. col. for the battles of Contreras and Churuhusco, and brig.-gen. for Molino del Rey, 8 Sept. 1847. He then travelled in Europe, and com. the dept. of the Pacific in 1851-4. Author of " Alchemy and the Alchemists," 1857 ; " Swe- denborg a Hermetic ]"*hilos.." 1858; "Christ the Spirit," 2 vols. 1859 ; " Red Book of Ap- pin; "" Remarks on the Sonnets of Shak- speare ; " " Notes on the Vita Nuova of Dante," 1866 ; and a mystical interpretation of " Colin Clout." Hitchcock, Gad, D.D., minister of Pem- broke, Ms., from 1758 to his death, Aug. 8, 1803, a. 85. H.U. 1743. He pub. Dudleian Lecture, 1775; sermons at anniv. of Plym- outh, Dec. 1774, to a milit. comp. 1757, &c. Hitchcock, Peter, LL.D. (Mar. Coll. 1845), jurist, b. Cheshire, Ct., Oct. 19. 1781 ; d. Painesville, O., May 11, 1853. Y.C. 1801. Adm. to the bar in 1804; practised law in Cheshire; established himself at Burton, 0., in 1806; member of the Ohio Assembly in 1810; of the senate in 1812-16, and pres. of that body one session ; M.C. 1817-19; 28 years judge of the Supreme Court of O., and a por- tion of the time chief justice ; again a member of the Ohio senate in 1833-5, and a second time pres.; and in 1850 a delegate to the State Const. Conv. Patron and friend of the lead- ing benevolent enterprises of the day. Hitchcock, Robert B., commo. U.S.N., b. Ct. 25 Sept. 1803. Midshipm. Jan. 1, 1825 ; licut. Mar. 3, 1835 ; com. Sept. 14, 1855 ; capt. 1861 ; commo. July 16, 1862. Attached to schooner *' Shark," W. I. squad., 1827 ; com. steam-lrigate " Merrimack," Pacific sqtiad,, 1858-60; com. steam-sloop "Susquehanna," and senior officer of the blockading fleet off Mobile, 1862-3; com. Norfolk Navy Yard, 1866; ret. 25 Sept. 1865. — //amers///. Hoadley, Loammi Ives, b. Northford, Ct, 1790. Y.C. 1817; And. Theol. Sem. 1820. Ord. 15 Oct. 1823; pastor of the Waldo Calvin- istic Church, Worcester, Ms., 1823-30; has had charge of several churches in N.E. ; since 1866, pastor at N. Haven.; assist, ed. " Comp. Comment, of the Bil)le ; " edited vol. 6 " Spirit of the Pilgrims," and many of the pubs, of the Ms. Sabb. School Soc. Contrib. to various religious publications. — AUibone. Hoar, Ebenezer Rockwood, jurist, b. Concord, Ms., 21 Feb. 1 81 6. H.U. 1835. LL.D. 1868. Son of Hon. Samuel. Adm. to the bar 1840, and practised with great success. Ap- pointed judge C.C.P. Aug. 1849; resii^ned 1855 ; judge Superior Court of Ms. 1859-69 ; U.S. atty.-gen. Mar. 1869-July, 1870; joint high commissioner to treat with the British KOA. 441 HOD commissioners, Mar.-May, 1871. Distin<^. as a jurist, and a man of fine culture, great wit, and eminent social qualities. George F. Hoar, M.C. 8th dist. of Ms., is his brother. Hoar, Jonathan, col. of a prov. regt. at Nova Scotia in 1755. Son of Lieut. David H. of Concord, Ms., b. Jan. 6, 1708; d. 1771, on his passage from Lond. to N.Y. H.U. 1740. Lieut, in Waldo's regt. at the capture of Louisburg, 1745. Hoar, Leonard, M.D. ( U. of Camb. 1671 ), pres. of Harv. Coll. from Sept. 10, 1672, to Mar. 15,1675; d. Braintree, Ms., Nov. 28, 1675. H.U. 1650. He m. a dau. of John Lisle, the regicide; was minister of Wenslcad, Essex, until ejected for non-conformity in 1662 ; and, returning to Ms. in 1672, was for a time assist, to Thomas Thatcher at the South Church, Boston. He was deficient in governing power ; and, some influential men having arrayed themselves against him, the students made his situation so uncomfortable for him, that he was obliged to resign ; and his death soon fol- lowed. Hoar, Samuel, LL.D. (H.U. 1838), law- yer, b. Lincoln, Ms., May 18, 1778; d. Con- cord, Ms., Nov. 2, 1856. H.U. 1802. His father, Capt. Samuel, a Revol. officer, and many years in the State legisl., as well as a county magistrate, d. June, 1832. The son was two years a private tutor in Va. ; was adm. to the bar in 1805 ; opened anoflSce in Concord ; and was for 40 years one of the most eminent and successful practitioners in the State. Member of tlie Const. Con v. in 1820; State senator in 1825 and 1833 ; of the exec, council in 1845-6 ; State representative in 1850; and M.C. in 1835- 7. Sent in 1844 by the Ms. legisl. to S.C. to test the constitutionality of acts of that State authorizing the imprisonment of free colored persons who should enter it, his appearance in Charleston caused great excitement; and he was expelled from that city, Dec. 5, 1 844. On the same day, the legisl at Columbia passed resolutions authorizing the gov. to expel him. He was an active member of various religious and charitable societies, — of the Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sciences, Am, Bible Society, and of the Ms. Hist. Soc. He m. a dau. of Roger Sherman. Hobart, Aaron, jurist, b. Abington, Ms., June 26, 1787; d. E. Bridgewater, Sept. 19, 1858. B.U. 1805. Becoming a leading law- yer in Plymouth Co., he was State senator in 1819; M.C. 1821-7; member of the exec, council 1828-31 ; judge of probate from 1843 till his death ; and member of the State Const. Conv. of 1853. Author of "History of Ab- ington," 1839. Hobart, John Henry, D.D. (Un. Coll. 1807), Prot.-Epis. bishop of N.Y., descended from Joshua, an early settler of Ms. ; b. Pliila. Sept. 14, 1775; d. Auburn, N.Y., Sept. 12, 1830. N.J. Coll. 1793. Tutor there 1796-8. Ord. deacon 1798; priest in 1801; consec. assist, bishop of N.Y. May 29, 1811 ; bishop in 1816. In 1799 he was called to Christ Church, N Brunswick, N. J. ; rector of St. George's, Hempstead, L.I., from May to Sept. 1800; then assist, minister of Trinity Church ; sec. of the h. of bishops ; dep. to the conven- tions of 1801-4 and 8, and, in the last two, sec. to the clerical and lay deputies ; and in 1816 rector of Trinity Church. He was active in forming a theol. sem. in N.Y., in which in 1821 he was prof, of pastoral theol. and pulpit eloquence. He visited the Oneida Indians in 1818 and 1826. Among his publications are "Companion for the Altar," 1804; "Com- panion for the Festivals and Fasts ; " " Com- panion for the Book of Common Prayer ; " " State of Departed Spirits ; " " Communicant's Manual ; " " Clergyman's Companion ; " " Essays on Episcopacy ; " " Apology for Apo.s- tolic Order," 1807; "'Christian's Manual of Faith and Devotion ; " 2 vols, of " Sermons," Lond. 1824. In 1808 he began the Churchman's Magazine, a monthly. His posthumous works, with Memoir by liev. Wra. Berrian, app. in 1833,3 vols. 8vo. "The Professional Years of J. II. Hobart," by J. Mc Vicar, was pub. 12mo, 1836. Hobart, John Sloss, LL.D. (1793), jurist, b. Fairfield, Ct., 1738 ; d. Feb. 4, 1805. Y.C. 1757. Son of Rev. Noah Hobart of Fairfield. Member of the N.Y. Congress, and Au'^. 1, 1776, one of the committee to draft a State constitution. In July, 1777, he became a judge of the N.Y. Di.st. Court, and, after the war, one of the three judges of the Supreme Court. Elected U.S. senator for the term com- mencing Jan. 1798, he resigned May 5, and was app. judge of the U.S. Dist. Court of N.Y. Hobart, Noah, minister of Fairfield, Ct., from Feb. 7, 1733, to his d. Dec. 6, 1773, b. Hingham, Ms., Jan. 2, 1705. H.U. 1724. Grandson of Rev. Peter (Camb. U. 1629; settled at H. 1635), and son of David of Hing- ham. He was many years efigaged in con- troversy with Dr. Johnson, Mr. Carver, and other Episc. clerygmen. He was a man of learning, of sound judgment, retentive memory. He pub. several controversial tracts and ser- mons. Father of John Sloss Hobart. Hobble, Selah R., first assist, postmas- ter-gen. 1829-50 and 1853-4, b. Newburg, N.Y., Mar. 10, 1797 ; d. Washington, Mar. 23, 1854. He established himself at Delhi, Dela- ware Co., in the practice of law, where he soon attained distinction, and m. the dau. of Gen. Root, with whom he was connected in business. M.C. 1827-9. Hobby, Col. Sir Charles ; d. Lond. 1714. Son of Wm. Hobby, merchant of Bos- ton. He com. one of the Ms. regts., and was senior officer at the capture of Port Royal. Knighted for his fortitude at the time of the earthquake in Jamaica in 1692. Hobby, William, minister of Reading, Ms., from 1732 to his death, June 18, 1765; b. Boston, 17 Aug. 1707. H.U. 1725. Son of John, and nephew of Sir Charles. He pub. "Vindication of Whitefield," 1745; against Jona. Edwards's Dismission, 1751 ; " Self-Ex- amination," 1746. Hodge, Charles, D.D., LL.D., clergy- man and author, b. Phila. Dec. 28, 1797. N. J. Coll. 1815 ; Princeton Theol. Sem. 1819. In 1820 he was app. assist., and in 1822 prof, of Orient, and Bib. literature, in the theol. sem. In 1840 he was made prof, of theol. In 1825 he founded the Biblical Repertory and Princetm Review, enlarging its plan in 1829, HOD 442 HOin conducting it for more than 30 years. The most important of these papers have been twice reprinted, — in tiie " Princeton Theol. Essavs," 1846-7; and a;,^ain in his " Reviews and 'Essays," 1857. His " Commentary on Romans " appeared in 1835 ; his " Const. History of the Presb. Church," and his " Way of Life," 1840-1. He has also pub.- "Com- mentaries on Ephesians and the Two Epistles to the Corinthians." Moderator of the gen. assembly of the Presb. Church (O.S.) in 1846, and one of a committee to revise their " Book of Discipline " in 1858. Vol. I. of his " Sys- tematic Theol.," to be completed in 3 vols., app. in 1871. — Appleton. Hodgkinson, John, actor, b. Manchester, Enjr., 1767; d. Washington, D.C, Sept. 12, 1805. His parents kept a public-house ; and John very early left home, and dropped his real name, Meadowcraft, on account of his pro- pensity for the stage. He joined a strolling company, and, during a provincial tour by Mrs. Siddons, performed the principal characters in every play. He came to the U.S. in 1792; first appeared at the Souihwark, Phila., in Sept., as Bclcour in " The West-Indian ; " opened in the John-st. Theatre, N.Y., Jan. 28, 1793, in " The Dramatist." In 1795 was assist, manager of the Boston Theatre ; re- turned to N.Y. in 1796; and was afterward manager of several other theatres. He wrote " The Man of Fortitude," and some minor pieces, and a narrative of the old American company of comedians. His wife, a Miss Brett, a disting. actress, d. Phila. Sept. 1803. Hoe, Robert, an ingenious mechanic, b. Leicestershire, Eng., 1784 ; d. Westchester Co., Jan. 4, 1833. He landed in N.Y. in 1803, when the yellow-fever was raging there, and caught the epidemic, but ultimately recovered. He first engaged in the business of a builder, which he relinquished for the manuf. of print- ing-materials, and of the hand-press invented by his bro.-in-law, Peter Smith. Ab. 1823 he took the sole charge of the business, and great- ly improved his presses. The business accord- ingly increased ; but his own health had become so much impaired, that in 1832 he was obliged to retire from all connection with it. It was then taken by his eldest son, Richard March (b. N.Y. Sept. 12, 1812), Matthew Smith, son of his first partner, and Sereno Newton. Ab. this time, the manuf. of saws, in which Richard M. Hoe had nnide important improvements, was added to the other business. In 1837 he went to Eng. to obtain a patent for an im- proved mode of grinding saws ; and upon his return he was enabled by his observations there to improve materially upon the printing-ma- chinery in use there, as well as in the U.S. In 1846, " Hoe's Lightning Press," so called from the rapidity with which it operates, was brought into use, and was patented July, 1847. The business, since 1841, has been conducted by the 3 bros., R. M., Robert, and Peter Smith Hoe. Hoey,MR8. John (Josephine Shaw), ac- tress, b. Liverpool, Eng., June, 1824. l3au. of John Shaw, musician and poet, sister of Mary and Rosina (Mrs. H. Watkins), First appeared at the Baltimore Museum in 1839, and in N.Y. at the National, W. E. Burton man- ager. Re-appea?ed at Burton's Chamber-st. Theatre in 1849 ; and was leading lady at Wal- lack's Theatre in 185.3-65. Mrs. H. is said to have originated the present extravagant style of costuming ; her wardrobe having been more gorgeous and expensive than that of any preceding actress. She m. W. H. Russell in 1839, by whom she had two sons ; was divorced in 1847; and subsequently m. John Hoey of Adams's Express Co. — Brown's Ainer. Slaqe. Hofif, Henry K., rear-adm. U.S.N., b. Pa. Midshipm. Oct. 28,1823; lieut. Mar. 3, 1831 ; comm. Nov. 29, 1853 ; capt. 1861 ; com- mo. July 16, 1862; rear-adm. Apr. 13, 1867 ; com. frigate " Independence," Pacific squad., 1857; sloop-of-war "John Adams," 1858; steam-sloop " Lancaster," Pacific squadron, 1861-2; ordnance duty, Phila. 1864-7; com. N. Atlantic squad. 1868-9; and gained much credit by his prompt and energetic measures to protect American citizens in Cuba from the injustice of Spanish officials. — Hamershj. Hoffman, Capt. Bkekman V., U.S.N., b. Nov. 28, 1789; d. Jamaica, L. I., Dec. 10, 1834. Midshipm.July4, 1805; lieut.May21, 1812; com. Mar. 5, 1817 ; capt. Mar. 7, 1829. It was his good fortune to serve as a licut. on board the frigate " Constitution " (" Old Iron- sides") in all hercelebrated battles, and, though signally disting. in each by seamanship and bravery, coming out of the fight unwounded. His first service was in " The Argus," Capt. Trippe. He was instrumental in the victories over the " Guerriere," " Java," " Cyane," and " Levant." HofTman, Charles Fenno, author, b. N.Y. 1806. Son of Judge J. O. Hofi'man. Sent to an acad. at Poughkeepsie, he ran away to escape harsh treatment. In 1817 he was obliged to submit to amputation of a leg. This did not prevent his becoming a proficient in manly sports, in which, on entering Col. Coll., he was more noted than for scholarship. Adm. to the bar at the age of 21, he practised 3 years, during which time he made contribs. to literature, and became associated with Charles King in the editorship of the N.Y. American. In 1833 he went to the West for his health, and pub. a series of letters entitled " A Winter in the West," 1835 ; also " Wild Scenes in the Forest and the Prairie," 1837 ; and " Greyslaer," 1 840. In Dec. 1 832 Hoffman established the Knickerbocker Mag., of which he edited several numbers. He afterwards edited the American Monf hit/ Mafj. nm] the A'.Y". Mirror. In 1842 a volume of his lyrics was pub., entitled " The Vigil of Faith and other Poems : " a more complete edition appeared in 1845, entitled •' Love's Calendar." " The Echo, or Borrowed Notes for Home Circula- tion," was the title of a second vol. of poetry. In 1847-8 he edited the Literary World, and, after leaving that journal, contril). to it a num- ber of essays and stories, entitled " Sketches of Society.'* A mental disorder has since 1850 kept him in complete retirement from the world. He possessed fine social qualities, con- versational powers of a high order, taste, scholarship, and a chivalrous personal char, acter which made him a favorite with all. — Appleton. HOF 443 HOL HofiFman, David, LL.D. {U. of Oxf.), lawverand writer, b. Baltimore, Dec. 25, 1784: d. N. Y. City, Nov. 11, 1854. From 1817 to 1836 he was prof, of law in the U. of Md., during which time he pub. many works on jurisprudence. After retiring from his profes- sorship, he travelled for two years in Europe ; practised law in Phila. until 1847 ; when he again visited Europe for literary purposes, re- turning to Amer. in Dec. 1853. His principal work on jurisprudence is entitled " A Course of Legal Study," 1836. His "Legal Out- lines," of which but one vol. ever appeared, has also been commended as a text-book. His last publication is "Chronicles selected from the Originals of Cartaphilus, the Wandering Jew," 1855. Among his publications are "Miscellaneous Thoughts on Men, Manners, and Things," by Anthony Grumbler," 1837; " Viator, a Peep into my Note-Book," 1841 ; "Legal Hints," 1846. He received the degree of Juris Utri. Doct. from Gottingeii, besides other hon. degrees from learned societies. — Dui/ckinJc. Hoffman, John T., gov. of N.Y. 1869-72, b. Sing Sing, N.Y., 10 Jan. 1828. Un. Coll. 1846. Adm. to the bar in Jan. 1849 ; acquired an extensive practice in N.Y. City ; connected himself with Tammany Hall in 1854; was elected recorder of the city in 1860 and 1863, rendering himself conspicuous for his severity to the rioters of July, 1863 ; was elected mayor in 1865, and re-elected in 1867 ; Democ. can- didate for gov, in 1866, but was defeated by Mr. Fen ton. Hoffman, Michael, financier, b. Clifton Park, N.Y., 1788 ; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., Sept. 27, 1848. He was educated a physician, but stud- ied law, and became a resident of Herkimer Co., where his talents soon gave him a prom- inent standing. M.C. 1824-32, and chairman of the committee on naval affairs. He was a canal commissioner from 1833 to 1835 ; a mem- ber of the House of Assembly in 1841-2 ; and was a (Relegate to the Const. Con v. in 1846. As chairman of the com. of ways and means in the Assembly, and of the finance committee of the convention, he initiated and carried through many important financial reforms. Mr. Hoffman was a powerful and effective debater, a statesman in the strongest sense of the term. He was some time naval officer in N.Y. City. . Hoffman, Ogden, lawyer, b. N. Y. City, 1799 ; d. May 1, 1856. Col. Coll. 1812. Son of Josiah Ogden, one of the most eminent members of the N.Y. bar when Hamilton, Scott, and Emmiiji adorned it ; was recorder of N.Y. City during the war of 1812-15 ; and at his death, Jan. 24, 1837, was on the bench of the Supreme Court. Bro. of Charles Fenno Hoffman. After three years' service as a mid- shipman, during which he was captured in the. "President," Com. Decatur, he studied law; commenced practice in Orange Co. ; and was app. dist.-atty., but removed to the city in 1826, and became a paitner of Hugh Maxwell, soon after which he disting. himself as assist, in the prosecution of the famous conspiracy cases. Member of the legisl. in 1828; dist.-atty. in 1829-35; was app. U.S. dist.-atty. by Gen. Harrison; was M.C. in 1837-41, and disting. by his eloquence ; in 1848 he was again elected a member of Congress; and in 1854 atty. -gen. of the State. Mr. Hoffman was a most power- ful pleader before a jury; and was employed for more than a score of years in all the most important criminal trials of the city ; and was a recognized leader of the Whig party. Hogan, John, b. Mallow, Co. Cork, Ire- land, Jan. 2, 1805 ; came to Baltimore in 1817; was apprenticed to a shoemaker ; emigrated West in 1826; in 1831 opened a store in Madison Co., 111. ; member legisl. 1836 ; regis- ter land-office, Dixon, 111., 1841-5; afrer- ward settled as a merchant in St. Louis, Mo. ; postmaster of St. Louis 1857-61; M.C. 1865- 7. Author of " Resources of Missouri," and of " Commerce and Manufs. of St. Louis." Hoge, Moses, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 1810), president of Hamp. Sidney Coll., Va. (1807- 20), b. Cedar Creek, Va., 15 Feb. 1752; d. Phila. July 5, 1820. He completed his studies at Liberty Hall Acad. 1780; was ord. pastor of Hardy, Va., 13 Dec. 1782; and in 1787 re- moved to Shepherdstown. Author of " The Christian Panoply," 1799, a reply to Painc's " Age of Reason." A vol. of his sermons was pub. in 1821. His son, Rev. Samuel Davies Hoge, prof, of natural sciences in the U. of. Ohio, d. Athens, O., Dec. 25, 1826, a. 33. Hoit, Albert Gallatin, portrait-painter, b. Sandwich, N.H., Dec. 13,1809; d. West Roxburv, Ms., Dec. 18, 1856. Dartm. Coll. 1829. Son of Gen. Daniel of Sandwich, N.H. Though portraits were his specialty, many a sketch made in his N. Hampshire retreat at in- tervals of recreation attests the genuine com- munion he held with universal nature. He painted in Portland, then in Bangor and Bel- fast, and at St. John, N. B., but settled at Boston in 1839. From Oct. 1842 to July, 1844, he was in Europe. Holbo-urne, Francis, com.-in-chief in N. Amer. 1756-7; d. July, 1771. Gov. of Green- wich Hospital. Capt. R.N. 15 Feb. 1740; commo. in the W.Indies 1750; adm. 1755; rear-adm. and lord of the admiralty in 1770. Holbrook, James, journalist ; d. Brook- lyn, Ct., Apr. 28, 1864, a. 52. Special agent U.S. post-office (1845-64); editor Norwich Au- rora, Patriot and Eagle, tl. S. Mail. ; and au- thor of " Ten Years among the Mail-Bags," 1855. Remarkably skilful and expert as a de- tective, he brought every considerable mail- robber to justice. Holbrook, John Edwards, M.D., natu- ralist, b. Beaufort, S.C, 30Dec. 1794; d. Nor- folk, Ms., 8 Sept. 1871. B. U. 1815. Ileearly removed to Ms. with his parents, natives of Wrentham,Ms. Received his medical diploma from the U. of Phila., and continued his pro- fessional studies in London and Edinburgh. He spent two years in Italy, Germany, and Paris, where he resided in the Jardin des Plantes. He established himself in Charleston, S.C, in 1822; and in 1824 was chosen prof, of anatomy in the Med. Coll. of S. C. His most important work is the " American Her- petology, or a Description of Reptiles inhab- iting the U. S.," 5 vols. Phila. 1842. His work on " Southern Ichthyology " was discon- Hon. 444 HOL tinned after two numbers, the field being too extensive for his survey, as he made all his drawings from life. He was subsequently em- ployed on the " Ichthyology of S.C* During the* Rebellion, he was forced to serve as a sur- geon in a S.C. regt. He was the pupil of Cuvier, and the friend of Agassiz. Holbrook, Silas Pinckney, writer, b. Beaufort, S.C, June 1, 1796; d. Pineville, S. C, Mav 26, 1835. B. U. 1815. Son of Silas, a teacher at Beaufort, S.C, and bi o. of John E. He studied law in Bos-ton, and prac- tised at Medfield, Ms. He was one of the most popular contributors to the N. E. Galaxy and Boston Courier, to which he furnished sketches entitled " Letters from a Mariner and Travels of a Tin Peddler," by Jonathan Farbrick; and very amusing " Letters from a Boston Mer- chant; " and "Recollections of Japan and Chi- na." These, with other pieces, were pub. as "Sketches by a Traveller," 1834. He also wrote the European portion of Peter Parley's "Pictorial Geography," and for a while con- ducted the Boston fribune, and an amusing pa- per called the Spectacles. — Duijclcinck. Holcombe, Amasa, A.M. (Wms. Coll.), scientist, b. Granby, Ct. (now Southwick, Ms.), June 18, 1787. His ancestor Thomas came to Dorchester ab. 1631 ; d. Windsor, Ct., Sept. 7, 1657. His father was a farmer, and he received only a dist. -school education. At 19 he made surveyors' compasses for his own use ; and at20 began the compilation of almanacs, which he pub. several years. At 27 he taught surveying, civil engineering, and astronomy; and in 1826 became a civil engineer. He made in 1828 his first telescope, and until 1842 had no Ameri- can competitor. For his skill, he received in 1835 the "Scott Legacy" from the city of Phila. ; a silver medal from the Franklin Inst., Phila., in 1838; a gold medal from the Amer. Inst., N. Y. City, 1839; and a diploma from the same in 1840. For 3 years he represented Southwick in the house; and in 1852 in the senate of Ms. Holcombe, Hbxry, D.D. (B. U. 1800), Baptist clergyman, b. Pr. Edward Co., Va., Sept. 22, 1762; d. Phila. May 22, 1824. Af- ter serving as a capt. in the Revol. war, he com- menced preaching ; Sept. 11, 1785, became pas- tor of a Bap. church at Pipe Creek, S.C. ; and was a member of the S.C. Conv. which ratified the Const, of the U. S. In 1794 he became pastor of the church at the Eutaw, in Beaufort dist.; in 1799 he removed to Savannah, and was pastor of the church there in 1800-10. He then retired to Mount Elon, where he founded a Baptist academy. Settled over the First Bap. Church in Phila. from 1811 to his d. He pub. " Funeral Discourse on the Death of Washiniitoii," "Lectures on Primitive Theology," 1822. Holcombe, William Frederic, M.D., b. Sterling, Ms., Apr. 2, 1827. Alb. Med. Coll. 1 850. Son of Augustine H., and pupil of Prof. March. After several years' study in Europe, he came to New York, and was app. to the chair of ophthalmic and aural surgery in the N.Y. Med. Coll. He is surgeon to the N. Y. Ophthalmic Ho.spital. Sec. and librarian N.Y. GeueaJ. and Biog. Society. Holden, Oliver, composer, and teacher of music; d. Charlestown, Ms., 1831. A car- penter by trade. He afterward kept a music bookstore, and composed many excellent tunes, among them " Coronation." Author of " The Amer. Harmony," 1793; "Union Harmony," a coll. of sacred music ; " Worcester Coll. of Sacred Harmony," 1797 ; and, with S. Holyoke and H. Grame, " The Ms. Compiler," 1795. — Moore's Enci/cL of Music. Holland, Edwin Clifford, poet and essayist, b. Charleston, S.C, ab. 1793 ; d. Sept. 11, 1824. Educated for the bar, he adopted a literary career; pub. a vol. of poems in 1813 ; afterward edited the Charleston Times, and wrote for magazines; and in 1818 dramatized " The Corsair" of Lord Byron. Assoc, with William Crafts and Henry J. Farmer in edit- ing " The Omnium Botherum," intended to satirize " The Omnium Gatherum" edited by Thomas Bee. Holland, Elihu G., author, b. of N. Eng. parentage, Solon, N.Y., Apr. 14, 1817. He has pub. " The Being of God and the Immor- tal Life," 1846 ; " Reviews and Essays," 1849 ; "Essays," 1852; a drama in 5 acts, entitled " The 'Highland Treason ; " and in 1853 "A Memoir of Rev. Joseph Badger." — Dut/c- kiuck. Holland, Rev. Frederic West, b. Bos- ton, June 22, 1811. H. U. 1831 ; Camb. Theol. School, 1834. Has devoted himself to missionary labors. On his return from foreign travel in 1850, he pub. a book on Palestine for childien, and a series of descriptive letters in Gleason's Pictorial. He has also lectured ex- tensively ; has read several papers before the N. E. H. Geneal. Soc. ; and has contrib. to the leading reviews and magazines. — Dui/ckinck. Holland, George, comedian, b. near Lon- don, Dec. 6, 1791 ; d. N.Y. City, 19 Dec. 1870. First app. in Loud, at the Olympic in 1820; at the Bowery, N.Y., in Sept. 1826; was in the South in 1835-43 ; was a long time the princi- pal low comedian at Wallack's old^ theatre, N.Y. ; visited England in 1861 ; resumed his place in Wallack's company, but in 1869 went to Daly's Fifth-av. Theatre. He was one of the best of the comic actors of the old school, and was honorable and exemplary in all the relations of life. A Memoir of him was pub. in 1871, 8vo, N.Y. Holland, Josiah Gilbert, M.D. (" Tim- othy Titcomb"), author and journalist, b. Belchertown, Ms., July 24, 1819. Having practised medicine for a short time, and after- wards ed. a literary journal for a few months, he passed a year in Vicksburg as supt. of its public schools. In May, 1849, he became assoc. editor of the Spritigjield Republican, with which he was connected until 1866; in 1870 he became editor of Scribner's Monthly. He has pub. "History of Western Ms.," 1855; "The Bay Path," a novel, 1857; "Timothy Titcomb's' Letters to the Young," 1858; " Bi^ ter Sweet," a dramatic poem, 1858; "Gold Foil," 1859; "Miss Gilbert's Career," 1860; " Letters to the Joneses," 1863 ; " Lessons in Life," 1861; "Plain Talk on Familiar Sul)- jects," 1865; "Life of Pres. Lincoln," 1866; "Kathrina," a poem, 1867. He has coutrib. HOX. 445 nor. to various magazines, and is a successful public lecturer. HoUey, IIouack, LL.D., an eloquent preacher and an eminent instructor, h. Salisbury, Ct., Feb. 13, 1781; d. J[u!y 31, 1827. Y.C.1803. Abandoning the study of the law for that of divinity, he was in Sept. 1805 ord. at Green- field Hill, Fairtield. In 1809-18 he was pas- tor of Hollis-st. Ch., Boston. Educated under Dr. Dwight in the Calvinistic faith, he after- wards became a Unitarian. Pres. of Transylv. U., Ky., 1818-27. A plan was formed of erect- ing a sem. in La. to be placed under his charge ; hut while at N. Orleans in the summer of 1827 he was taken sick, and, having embarked for N.Y., died on the passage. lie pub. some ad- dresses and discourses, and contrih. to periodi- cals, liis widow, Mary Austin, d. New Orleans, Aug. 2, 1846. In 1831 she emig. to Texas under the protection of General S. T. Austin, and published a History of Texas, 1 2 mo, 1833 ; also a Memoir of her hus- band. HoUey, Ouville Luther, editor, bro. of Kcv. Horace, b. Salisbury, Ct., May 19, 1791 ; d. Albany, N.Y., Mar. 2.^), 1861. H.U. 1813. He studied law in N.Y. ; practised successively in Hudson, Canandaigua, and N.Y. City; and edited in succession the Anti-Masonic Mag. in New York, the Troy Sentinel, the Ontario Re- pository, the Albany Daily Advertiser, and for some years edited the State Register. In 1853 he arranged and indexed 23 folio vols, containing the papers of Gov. George Clinton. He was surveyor-gen. of the State in 1838 ; and during the last 10 years of his life was occupied in the office of the N.Y. sec. of state. He wrote a "Life of Franklin;" "Description of N. Y. City," 18mo, 1847. HoUins, George N., naval officer, b. Baltimore, Md., Sept. 20, 1799. Midshipm. Feb. 1, 1814, and, with the officers and crew of the sloop-of-war "Erie," assisted in the de- fence of the capital. He was on board " The President," Com. Decatur, when she was taken by the British, and remained a prisoner-of-war at Bermuda until the peace. He disting. him- self under Decatur in the Algerine war ; at its close took com. of an E. India merchantman. Lieut. Jan. 13, 1825; com. Sept. 8, 1845; capt. Sept. 14, 1855, The bombardment and de- struction of the town of San Juan de Nicaragua or Greytown in 1852 gave him much notoriety. Ill 1861 he resigned ; entered the Confed. navy; was made commodore; and Oct. 11, with the iron-clad ram and gun-boat " Manassas," and a fleet of vessels, attacked the U.S. block, squad, at the passes of the Mpi., doing slight damage, and claiming an important victory. For this achievement he received the app. of flag-capt. of the N. Orleans naval station^ In the action with Farragut's fleet in Apr. 1862, most of his vessels were destroyed. HolIiS, Thomas, a benefactor of Harv. Coll., b. Eng. 1659; d. London, Feb. 173L He was a Baptist ; was for many years a suc- cessful merchant in London, and, after making two considerable donations to Harv. Coll., gave in 1721 the fund by which the HoIlis Pro- fessorship of Divinity was constituted. In 1727 he established also a professorship of mathemat- ics and nat. philos. ; and the net produce of his donations amounted at that time to £4,900. He also gave books for the library, and a set of Hebrew and Greek types for printing. Plis nephew and heir, Thomas Hollis (d. 1735), also gave money, books, and philosophical aj)- paratus; and his son's (Thomas) donations to the coll. amounted to nearly £2,000. Other members of this family were also benefactors of H.U. Hollister, Gideon Hiram, commis. to Ilayti. Y. C. 1840. Author of "Mount Hope," an hist, romance, N.Y. 1851 ; "Hist, of Connecticut," 2 vols. 8vo, 1855 ; " Thomas a Becket," a tragedy; and other poems. Holman, Joseph George, dramatist and actor, b. London, 1764; d. Rockaway, L. L, Aug. 24, 1817. Descended from Sir John Holman, bart. He was educated at Queen's Coll. Oxford, with a view to the church, but, having a taste tor the stage, made his debut at Covent Garden, as Romeo, Oct. 26, 1784. He played there successfully 3 years, and after- wards in Ireland and Scotland. In London he was a powerful rival of Kemble. He came to the U.S., where he was highly successful, and became manager of thQ Charleston Theatre. In 1812 he played Lord Townley at the Park, N. Y., and at the Chestnut Street, Phila., — a finished performance. Financial embarrassment and the unhealthiness of the climate obliged him to leave that city; and he d. while on his way to New York, of yellow-fever. His last wife, a Miss Lattimer, to whom he was m. two days before his d., was an actress and singer, and d. New York, Sept. 1, 1859. His dramat- ic productions are, " Abroad and at Home," " Red-cross Knights," " Votary of Wealth," " What a Blunder!" " Love gives the Alarm," and " The Gazette Extraordinary." Holmes, Ariel, D.D. (Edinb. U.), LL.D. (All. Coll. 1822), divine and author, b. Wood-' stock, Ct., Dec. 24, 1763; d. Cambridge, Ms., June 4, 1837. Y.C. 1783. Son of Dr. David, who served as a surgeon in 3 campaigns in the French and 4 in the Revol. war, d 1779. Tutor at Yale 1786-7; pastor of a Cong, church at Midway, Ga., Nov. 1785, to June, 1791; and of the First Church, Cambridge, Jan. 25, 1792, to Sept. 26, 1832. Son-in-law of Dr. Stiles, who beq. to him his rich colls, of Amer. history. He ed. (Stiles) Family Ta!)lct, 1796 ; pub. his valuable " Annals of America," 2 vols. 8vo, 1805, and an improved ed. 1829 ; " Life of President Stiles," 1798 ; also some 30 sermons and historical disquisitions; and cont rib. papers to the Collects, of the Ms. Hist. Society, among which are " A Memoir of the French Protestants," and " A History of Cambridge." In 1817 he gave a course of lectures on the Ecci. History of the Country, especially N.E. The poet Dr. 0. W. Holm'es is his son by Sarah, dan. of Hon. O. Wendell. Holmes, Andrew Fernando, M.D., b. Cadiz, 1797 ; d. Montreal, Sept. 1860. His parents went to Canada in 1801. He studied in Edinb. and Paris; and in 1819 began prac- tice in Montreal; in 1824 he was a founder of the Med. School, which was in 1828 merged in McGill College, and in which he was prof, of chemistry and materia raedica, and dean of HOIL. 446 HOIj the fticulty from 1854 to his d. One of the founders of the Nat. Hist. Soc. — Morqan. Holmes, David, jrov. Mpi. Terr. 1809-17; gov. of the State 1817-19 and 182.5-7 ; U.S. senator 1820-5; b. Frederick, Va. ; d. near Winchester, Va., Aug. 20, 1832. Son of Col. Joseph of Frederick. Holmes, Gen. Gabriel, statesman of N.C., b. Sampson Co. 1769; d. there Sept. 26, 1829. A lawyer by profession, he was in the State Icgisl. and council; State senator in 1807; gov. 1821-4; M.C. 1825-9. Holmes, Isaac Edward, statesman, b. Charleston, S.C., Apr. 6, 1796; d. there 24 Feb. 1867. Y.C. 1815. lie was adm. to the Charleston bar in 1818, and became a success- ful practitioner; in 1826 he was elected to the State legisl., and became a leader of the nulli- fication party, being the first to propose that the State should resist the protective tariff. M.C. 1839-50, and was successively at the head of the committees on commerce and on the na- vy. In 1850-61 he practised law in C'al. In Jan. 1861 he returned to S. C, and endeav- ored to avert civil war. In conjunction with R. J. Turnbull, he in 1826 pub. a vol. of polit- ical essays, entitled ".Caroliniensis," in favor of State rights. He also wrote the " Recrea- tions of George Telltale," consisting of tales, essays, and descriptive narratives. — Y. C. Ob. Record. Holmes, John, lawyer and senator, b. Kingston, Ms., Mar. 1773; d. Portland, Me., July 7, 1843. B.U. 1796. Removing to Me. in 1799, he became eminent as a lawyer, and resided at Alfred. Several years a member of the legisl. of Ms., he rapidly rose to distinction by his eloquence, his wit, and his powers of debate. When Me. became a State, he was a member of the convention to form the const., and acted as chairman of the com. to draft it. M.C. 1817-20 ; was the first U.S. senator from Me. 1821-33; was afterwards a member of the legisl. ; and wasapp. by Harrison in 1841 U.S. dist.-atty. for Me., which office he held at the time of his death. Author of " The States- man, or Principles of Legislation and Law," Augusta, 8vo, 1840, and of several published speeches. Holmes, Oliver Wendell, M.D. (1836), physician, poet, and essayist, b. Cambridije, Ms., Aug. 29, 1809. H.U.' 1829. Son of Dr. Abiel. He commenced the study of law, which, however, he soon abandoned for medi- cine, and in 1832 went to Europe, attending the hospitals of Paris and other large cities. Prof of anat. and physiol. in Dartm. Coll. in 1838, and in H.U. since 1847. He contrib. poetry to the Collegian, conducted by the un- dergraduates of the coll., also to "Illustra- tions of the Athenajum Gallery of Pain tin srs," in 1831, and to " The Harbinger, a May Gift," in 1833. In 1836 he read before the Phi Beta Kappa Society, " Poetry, a Metrical Essay," pub. in the first edition of his poems (1836) ; " Terpsichore " was read by him at a dinner of the same society in 1843 ; " Urania" was pub. in 1846, and " Astrea" in 1850. His po- ems have passed through many editions, and have been repub. in Eng. In the Atlantic Alonlhly (1857) appeared a series of articles entitled " The Autocrat of the Breakf^ist Ta- ble," since pub. in a vol., and followed by " The Professor at the Breakfist Table," and " Soundings from the Atlantic " Many of his best poems have been written for social or fes- tive occasions, at which they have been recited or sung by the poet himself. He is also a pop- ular lecturer, and has disting. himself by his researches in auscultation and microscopy. In 1838 he pub. three " Prize Dissertations ; " in 1842 " Lectures on Homoeopathy, and its Kindred Delusions;" in 1848 " AReport on Medical Literature; " " A Pamphlet on Puer- peral Fever; "and, in connection with Dr. Jacob Bigelow, an edition of Hall's " Theory and Practice of Medicine," 8vo, 1 839. He has been a frequent contrib. to med. periodicals, as well as to the N. A. Review, the Knickerbocker, and other literary magazines. In 1852 Dr. Holmes delivered a course of lectures on the " English Poets of the 19th Century." He has also pub. " Elsie Venner," a novel, 1 860 ; " Currents and Counter-Currents in Medical Science," 1861; " Border-Lines in some Provinces of Med. Science ; " " The Guardian Angel," 1867 ; and "Mechanism in Thought and Morals," 1871. Dr. Holmes m. a dau. of the late Hon. Charles Jackson of Boston. Holmes, Theophilus Hunter, lieut.- gen. C.S.A., b. N.C. 1805 ; d. South-west Ark. Mar. 31, 1864. West Point, 1829. Entering the 7th Inf , he became 1st lieut. Mar. 26, 1835 ; capt. Dec. 9, 1838 ; was brev. mnj. for gallantry at Monterey, Sept. 23, 1846 ; and became maj. 8th Inf. Mar. 3, 1855. In the latter part of 1860 he obtained leave of absence, and went to N.C, where he had large possessions both in land and negroes ; he resigned Apr. 28, 1861, and entered the Confed. army. He com. a brig, of the reserve at Bull Run. Nov. 13, 1861, he was app. to com. the army of Acquia, which co-operated with the army at Manassas. In Nov. 1862 he had a com. in Ark., with the rank of lieut. -gen. Holstein-Ducoudray, Gen. H. L. V., b Germany ; d. Albany, N.Y., Apr. 23, 1839, a. 76. He received a good education ; entered the service early ; became a disting, staff-officer to Napoleon, after whose overthrow he came to the U.S., settled in Albany, taught French at the female acad. there, and ed. the Zodiac. Author of " Recollections of an Officer of the Empire," " Life of Bolivar," and " Memoirs of Lafnvette," 12mo, N.Y. 1824. Holt, John, printer, b. Va. 1721; d. N.Y., Jan. 30, 1784. A merchant, and also mayor of Williamsburg ; he was unsuccessful, and in 1760 began in N.Y. the Gazette and Postboy, and in 1766 the N. Y. .Toumal, but soon after removed to Norfolk, Va. In Nov. 1775 his printing establishment at Norfolk, where he was doing good service to the patriot cause, was destroyed by Lord Dunmore. Holt then went to N.Y., and, while the British had pos- session of that city, pub. his journal at Esopus and Poughkeepsie. — Lossing. Holt, John Saunders, b. Mobile, Ala., 1 826. Author of " Life and Opinions of Abra- ham Page," 1868 ; " What I Know about Ben Eccles," 1869. Holt, Joseph, statesman, b. Breckenridge * HOL 447 HOO Co., Ky., Jan. 6, 1807. Educated at St. Jo- sepli's Coll., Burdstown, and at Centre Coll., Danville; and in 1828 began to practise law in Elizabcthtown, Ky. ; in 1832 he removed to Louisville, Ky. ; in 1833 became atty. for the Jefferson Circuit; removed in 1835 to Port Gibson, Mpi. ; practised with success, and in 1842 returned to Louisville; in 1857 he was made commiss. of patents by Pres. Buchanan ; in 1859 became postmaster-gen. ; and, when John B. Floyd withdrew from the cabinet in Dec. 1860, assumed the charge of tlw; war dept. To his precautions in co-operation with Gen. Scott has been attributed the absence of any revol. demonstrations in Washington during the inaug. of Pres. Lincoln. He actively advocat- ed the Union cause in Ky. and elsewhere, de- nouncing emphatically the policy of " neutrali- ty." He was app. one of a com. to adjust the claims brought against the dept. of the West prior to Oct. 14, 1861 ; and in March, 1862, the com. maile its report. Sept. 13 he was app. judge-advocate-gen. of the army. Though in politics a Douglas Democrat, he supported Mr. Lincoln's administration throughout, and ex- pressed his strong approval of the Emancipa- tion Proclamation of Sepl. 22, 1862. In 1864 he was placed at the head of the bureau of military justice. Offered the cabinet app. of atty.-gen. in Nov. 1864, but declined. Brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865. Holton, Samuel, Rcvol. statesman, b. Danvers, Ms., June 9, 1738; d. Jan. 2, 1816. Many years an eminent physician in Danvers, and member of the legisl. before the Revol. He was one of the most zealous and active patriots of his day. Delegate to the Essex Co. conven- tion Sept. 1774; to the Prov. Congresses of 1774 and 5; a member of the com. of safety, July, 1776; member of the sup. exec, council; a delegate to frame the Confederation in 1777 ; delegate to the Old Congress from 1778 to 1783, and in 1784-7 ; delegate to the State convention to adopt the Federal Constitution, 1789 ; M.C. 1793-5 ; judge of probate for Es- sex Co. 1796-1815 ; also holding a seat in the council 27 years, and on the bench of the C.C.P. He was a councillor and vice-pres. of the Ms. Med. Society. Holyok'e, Edward, pres. of H.U., b Bos- ton, June 25, 1689; d. June 1, 1769. H. U. 1705. Tutor in 1712 ; ord. minister of a new society at Marblehead, Apr. 25, 1716, and of- ficiated there till July 25, 1737, when he was elected pres. of the coll., which flourished under his charge. He was especially disting. as a mathematician and classical scholar. He con- trib. the first poem in Pietas et Gratidatio of H. U., \1^\.— Eliot. Holyoke, Edward Augustus, M.D., LL.D., physician, b. Marblehead, Aug. 1, 1728; d. Salem,Mar.31,1829,a. lOUyrs.Smos. H.U. 1746. Son of the preceding. He began to prac- tise raedicme at Salem in 1749, continuing in business more than 70 years. He was an acute and learned physician, and a goo^ surgeon ; was a founder of the Ms. Med. Society, and its first pres. He performed a surgical operation at the age of 92. Even after he had attained his 100th year, he was interested in the investiga- tion of medical subjects, and wrote letters which show that his understanding was still clear and strong. On his lOOth birthday, about 50 of his medical brethren of Boston and Sa- lem gave him a public dinner, when he appeared at the table with a firm step, smoked his pipe, and gave an appropriate toast. A Memoir of his lifie was pub. by the Essex Med. Soc. 1829. Holyoke, Samuel, teacher of music, b. Boxtbrd.Ms., Oct. 15, 1762; d. Concord, N.H., Feb. 7, 1820. H. U.1789. Son of Rev. Elizur. He pub. " Columbian Repository of Sacred Harmony," " Occasional Music," Exeter, 1802. Homans, John, M.D. (1815), an eminent physician of Boston, b. there 1793; d. 17 Apr. 1868. H.U. 1812. He practised a year or two in Worcester, afterward at Brookficld, and in 1829 settled in Boston. Some years pres. Ms. Med. Society. Home, Daniel Douglas, Spiritualist, b. Mar. 1833. Author of " Incidents of my Life," 1863, in which he says, " The only good I have ever derived from 'the gift' is the knowledge that many who had never believed in a future existence are now happy through me in the certitude of the * life to come.' " He has vis- ited nearly every country in Europe, where his wonderful mediumistic power has been gener- ally admitted. In 1864 he was ordered to quit Rome, the authorities of that city being afraid of his powers. Homer, William Bradford, minister of So. Berwick, Me., b. Boston ; d. Mar. 22, 1841, a. 24. Amh. Coll. 1836. Son of Geo. J. Ho- mer. He had been settled only 4 months. His writings were edited by Dr. E. A. Park, who also pub. a Memoir of him, 2d ed. 1849. Homes, Willtam, minister of Martha's Vineyard, b. in north of Ireland, 1663; d. Chil- mark (where he had been settled since 1715), June 20, 1746. Liberally educated. He came to N.E. in 1686, taught school 3 years on the Vine- yard, returned to Ireland, and was ord. minis- ter at Strabane in 1692, and returned to Amer. in 1714. He pub. sermons on "The Sab- bath;" on "Public Reading of the Scrip- ture ; " " Church Government," 1732 ; " Secret Prayer;" "Government of Christian Fami- lies," 1747. His son Capt. Robert m. Mary, a sister of Benj. Franklin. Hone, Philip, a philanthropic merchant, b. New York, 1781 ; d. there May 4, 1851. He was a popular and successful man of business ; was one of the founders and a principal patron of the Mercantile Lib. Assoc, of New York ; was long an alderman ; and in 182.5-6 mayor of the city. Pres. Taylor app. him naval offi- cer of New York, the duties of which post he discharged until his death. HoneyWOOd, St. John, poet, b. Leicester, Ms., Feb. 7, 1763; d. Sept. 1, 1798. Y.C. 1782. His father, an English physician who had set- tled in Leicester, d. a surgeon in the army at Ticonderoga in 1776, leaving his son an or- phan and destitute. He was educated by some friends; in 1783-4 taught in an academy at Schenectady, N.Y. ; then studied law in Alba- ny; and practised in Salem, Washington Co., during the rest of his life. A vol. of his poems was pub. in New York in 1801. — Diu/ckinck. Hood, George, author of a "History of Music in N. E.," Boston, 18mo, 1846; d. HOO 448 HOO Phila. 18 May, 1869. Business-manager of the Phila. Acad, of Music. Hood, Gen. Johx B., b. Bath Co., Ky., ab. 1830. West Point, 1853. Entering the 4th Inf., he was transf. (3 Mar. 1855) to the 2d Cav., with a detachment of which he had a gallant conflict with a body of Comanche and Lipau Indians near the head of the Sari Pedro River, Texas, 20 July, 1857, and was wound- ed; Istlieiit. 18 Aug'. 1858; resigned 16 Apr. 1861 ; and was app. a brig.-gen. in the Confed. army. He was one of the officers who partici- pated in handing over the U.S. troops in Tex- as to the secessionists. He raised a regt. of Kentuckians; com. a brigade in Johnston's (afterward Bragg's) army in 1862 ; joined the army of Va. in the spring of 1862 ; was pro- moted to com. the cav. corps, and made amaj.- gen,; com. a division at Antietam, Sept. 1862; at Gettysburg he com. the largest division in Longstreet's corps, and was severely wounded, llejuining Longstreet's corps in Georgia, he fought at Chickamauga (losing a leg), and pro- moted to lieut.-gcn. ; and in July, 1864, succeed- ed Johnston in com. at Atlanta, which he was compelled by Gen. Sherman to evacuate I Sept. He then unriucccssfully endeavored to destroy Gen. Sherman's communications ; was defeated in his attempt to capture Nashville, 17 Dec. 1864, by Gen. Thomas ; and in Jan. 1865 was relieved of his com. by Gen. Dick Taylor. Hooke, William, b. Southampton, 1601 ; minister at Taunton, and from 1644 to 1656 at N. Haven ; returned to Eng. ; was Cromwell's chaplain; and d. Mar. 21, 1678. Oxf. U. 1623. Bro.-in-law of G. Whalley, and m. Cromwell's cousin. Had been minister of Exmouth, Dev- on, and was in N.E. as early as 1639. He pub. " Discourse on the Witnesses," " New England's Tears for Old England's Fears," July 23, 1640; also other sermons. Two of his sermons are reprinted in " The Ministry of Taunton." Hooker, Edward W., D.D. (Wms. Coll. 1840), b. Goshen, Ct, 24 Nov. 1794. Mid. Coll. 1814. He began to study music at the age of 12, and has pub. many important lec- tures, addresses, &c., on that subject; also "A Plea for Sacred Music ; " " Memoir of Mrs. Sarah L. Huntington Smith," 1845; and " Life of Thomas Hooker," 12mo, 1849. Hooker, Herman, D.D. (Un. Coll. 1848), clergyman and author, b. Poultney, Vt., ab. 1806 ; d. Phila. July 25, 1865. Mid. Coll. 1825. He studied divinity at Princeton ; sub- sequently became an Epis. clergyman, but, on being compelled by ill health to relinquish this office, became a bookseller in Phila. He has pub. " The Portion of the Soul," 1835; "Popu- lar Intidelity," entitled in a later edition " The Philosophy of Unbelief in Morals and Reli- ;rion ; " " The Uses of Adversity and the Provisions of Consolation ; " a vol. of " Max- ims ; " and " The Christian Life a Fight of ^aith." — Dui/ckinck. ^ ... ^^OOker, Joseph, maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. BV.,i^|H Hadtey, Ms., 1«». West Point, 1837. En- ^,x-^ tering the 1st. Art., he was aide to Gen. Hamer — -""'^ in the Mexican war ; was brev, capt. for gal- lantry at Monterey ; became assist, adj.-gen. (rank of capt.) 3 March, 1847; and won the brevets of maj. and lieut.-col. at the National Bridge and Chapultepec. He became ca])t. 29 Oct. 1848; resigned 21 Feb. 1853, and settled on a farm in Cal., where he was residing when app. brig.-gen. of vols. May 17, 1861. During this period he assisted in constructing a na- tional road connecting Cal. and Oregon. As- signed to the Army of the Potomac, he was afterward promoted to a division in lleintzel- man's corps. From July, 1861. to Feb. 1862, he was stationed in Southern Md. In the sub- sequent battles on the Peninsula, especially that of Williamsburg, May 5, where he was highly distinguished, his troops were popularly known as " lighting Joe Hooker's division." Made maj.-gen. vols. 5 May, 1802, he was as- signed to the 1st Army Corps in Sept. ;, bore a dieting, part in the second battle of Bull Run, where he com. the forces in and around Fairfax ; and at the battle of Antietam com. the right wing. Wounded in the foot, he was disabled from duty for several weeks. Sept. 20 he was made brig.-gen. U.S.A. ; in Nov. he superseded Gen. Porter in command of the 5ih corps ; was shortly after assigned the centre grand division of the Army of the Potomac, and succeeded Gen. Burnside in the chief com. in Jan. 1803. Crossing the Rappahannock, April 27, he was attacked in his position at Chancellorsville, May 2-3, by Gen. Lee, and was compelled to recross the river. June 27, 1803, he resigned the com. of the Army of the Poto- mac, and was succeeded by Gen. Meade. He com. the 11th and 12th Army Corps 24 Sept. 1863; in operats. ab. Chattanooga, Oct. 1863- May, 1864, being engaged in combat of Look- out Valley (Oct. 27-8), capture of Lookout Mountain (24 Nov.), battle of Mission. Ridge (25 Nov.), and Ringgold, Ga. (27 Nov.), 1863; com. 20th Corps in invasion of Ga. ; and en- gaged at Mill Creek Gap (8 May, 1864), Resaca (14-15 May), Cassville (19 May), Dal- las (25 May), actions near Atlanta (July 18- 19, 1864), Peach-tree Creek (20 July), and siege of Atlanta (22-30 July, 1864) ; brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865, for battle of Chatta- nooga; maj.-gen. U.S.A. Oct. 15, 1868; re- tired same date. Hooker, Thomas, an eminent divine, and one of the founders ol" the Colony of Ct., b. Markfield, Leicestersihire, Eng., 1586 ; d. Hart- ford, July 7, 1647. Son of Thomas. Became a fellow of Em. Coll., Cambridge ; was a popular preacher in Lond., and a lecturer in Chelmsford, Essex, but was silenced for non- conformity. He then kept a school, in which John Eliot "the Apostle" was his assist.; but, being still persecuted by the Spiritual Court, he in 1630 fled to Holland, where he preached at Delft and Rotterdam, being an assist, to Dr. Ames, who said of him, " that he never met with his equal either in preach- ing or disputation." Sept. 3, 1633, he arrived at Boston ; was in the following month ord. pastor of the church in Newtown ; but in June, 1636, he with his whole cong. removed to the banks of the Ct. River, where they founded Hartford. Whenever he visited Boston, which he often did, he attracted great crowds by his fervent, forcible preaching ; and no man had'' more influence in the churches of N.E. 'His HOO 449 IIOI> death was lamented as a public loss. John Cotton, Elijah Corlet, Peter Bulkeley, Edward Johnson, and Ezekiel Rogers, were among those who paid tribute to his memory. A Memoir of his Life, with a selection from his writings, lias been pub. by a descendant, Rev. E. W. Hooker, D.D., Boston, 1849. He pub. many vols, of sermons and polemical works. His principal works are, " The Survey of Church Discipline," 1648; "The Application of Redemption," &c., second cd., Lond. 16.59; and " The Poor Doubting Christian drawn to Christ," 7th ed., Boston, 1743. Samuel, his son, second minister of Farmington, Ct., b. 1632, d. Nov. 6, 1697. H. U. 1653. Ord. July, 1661. Hooker, Worthington, M. D. (H. U. 1829), physician and author, b. Springfield, Ms., Mar. 3, 1806; d. N. Haven, Ct., Nov. 6, 1867. Y.C. 1825. Son of Judge John. He established himself in practice in Norwich, Ct., and afterwards in N. Haven. Prof, of the theory and practice of med., Y.C, 1852-67, and ac- quired a good practice in N. Haven. Author of " Human Physiology for Colleges and Academics;" "Hooker's Book of Nature," in 3 parts; "A Child's Book of Common Things ; " "A Child's Eirst Book of Natural Philosophy ; " "A Child's First Book of Chemistry ; " " Natural History, Mineralogy," &c. ; "Physician and Patient," 1849; "Les- sons from the History of Medical Delusions ; " " Homoeopathy, an Examination of its Doc- trines and Evidences, &c.," 1853 ; " The Medical Profession and the Community ;" " Rational Therapeutics," 12mo, 1857. — Yale Coll. Obit. Hooper, Edward James, b. Eng. 1803. Settled in the U.S. 1830. Author of a " Dic- tionary of Agriculture," 8vo, Cincin. 1842. Some years editor of the Western Farmer and Gardener, and 30 years a contrib. to agric. journals. — AUibone. Hooper, Lucy, poet, b. Newburvport, Ms., Feb. 4, 1816; d. Brooklyn, N.Y.,'Aug. 1, 1841. She was carefully trained by her father, and at 15 removed \viih the family to Brooklyn. Her poems were principally contrib. to the Loufj Island Star. They were coll. in 1840 with the title, " Scenes from Real Life," and a prize essay on " Domestic Happiness." In 1845 was pub. " The Lady's Book of Flow- ers and Poetry." Her " Complete Poetical Works" were pub. in 1848. In 1842 an ed., with a Memoir by John Keese, was pub. Hooper, Robert Lettice, chief justice of N. J. 1725-8, and from Nov. 1722 to his d. Mar. IT'iO. — Field's Prov. Courts in N. J. Hooper, Samuel, merchant, and M.C. from Ms. 1861-71, b. Marbleliead, Ms., 3 Feb. 1808, educated there, and many years engaged in the China trade in Boston. Member Ms. h. of rep. 1851-4, and of the senate in 1857. M. A. of Howard U. in 1866 as founder of the " School of Mines " in that university. Author of a treatise on Currency, 1855. Hooper, William, Revol. statesman, b. Boston, June 17, 1742; d. Hillsborough, N.C., Oct. 1790. H.U. 1760. William his f\it!ier (min. of the West Cong. Ch., Boston, 18 May, 1737-19 Nov. 1746 ; of Trinity Ch. (Epis.), 28 29 Aug. 1747, to his d. 14 Apr. 1767), b. and educ. in Scotland, author of " The Apostles neither Impostors nor Enthusiasts," 1742. The son studied law under James Otis, and, on being adm. to the bar, went to N.C. in 1764, and removed permanently to Wilmington in 1767, where he soon obtained extensive prac- tice, and was noted for his social qualities and hospitality. He represented Wilmington in the legisl. of 1773, and signalized himself by his opposition to the arbitrary measures of the govt., against which he also wielded a successful pen under the signature of " Hampden." In 1774 he was a delegate to the Gen. Congress at Phila. ; chairman of a com. app. to report an address to the inhabitants of Jamaica, the draught of which was his work. Soon after signing the Decl. of Indep., Mr. Hooper was obliged to resign his seat on account of the embarrassed condition of his private affairs. He filled various public stations in his adopted State until 1787. Hope, Henry, an eminent banker of Am- sterdam, b. Boston, 1736; d. Lond. Feb. 25, 1811. He was the son of a Scottish loyalist who had settled in Boston. Henry lived some time at Quincy. At the age of 18 he went to Eng, ; soon after entered a London counting- house ; and in 1760 became a partner with his uncles in Amsterdam. On the death of his uncle Adrian in 1780, tlie whole business devolved on him. Hopkins, Daniel, D.D. (Dartm. Coll. 1809), minister of Salem, Ms., from Nov. 1778 to his d. Dec. 14, 1814; b. Waterburv, Ct., Oct. 16,1734. Y.C. 1758. Bro. of Dr. Samuel of Newport. He taught school at Salem in 1766-78. He pub. dedication sern>on, 1805 ; and a sermon on the death of Washington. A vol. of his works, with Memoir by Prof. Park, was pub. 1853. — Sprague's Annals. Hopkins, Edward, gov. of Ct.,b. Shrews- bury, Eng., 1600; d. Lond. Mar. 1657. He was an eminent merchant in Lond., and came to Boston with Mr. Davenport iu the summer of 1637. Removing to Hartford, he was chosen a magistrate in 1639, and gov. of Ct. from 1640 to 1654 alternately with Mr. Haynes. Upon the death of his elder bro. he returned to Eng. ; became warden of the fleet, commis- sioner of the admiralty, and member of par- liament; not forgetting, however, his friends in N.E., who derived great benefit from his services in the mother-country. At his death, he left a large estate in N.E., which has been appro- priated to the support of the grammar-schools in N. Haven, Hartford, and Hadley. He was one of those who formed the union of the N.E. Colonies, 1643. He left a donation of £500, Avhich was, by a decree of chancery, 1710, paid to Haw. Coll. With this money, real estate, was purehased in a township named Ilopkio-^ ton in honor of the donor. — Eliot. Hopkins, Esek, first commodore of tlie Amer. navy, b. Scituate, R.I., 1718 ;.d. North Providence, Feb. 26, 1802. On the brcaldng- out of the Revol. war, he was commissioned by Gov. Cooke as brig.-gen. Dec. 22, 1775, he received a commission from Congress as commo. and com.-in.-chief of the navy. He put to sea in Feb. 1776, with the first squad. HOI* 450 KOF sent out by the Colonies, consistinc^ of 4 ships and 3 sloops. The fleet sailed for the Bahamas, capturing the forts at New Providence, 80 can- non, and a large quantity of ordnance, stores, and ammunition. On his return, off Block Island he took the British schooner "Hawke," and the bomb-brig " Bolton," for which the pres. of Congress complimented him officially. Two days afterwards, with 3 vessels, he attacked " The Glasgow " of 29 guns; but she escaped, and for this Hopkins and Captf Whipple were censured, the latter particularly. In June, 1776, Hopkins was ordered by Congress to ap- pear before the naval committee in Fhila. to re- ply to charges preferred against him for not an- noying the enemy's ships on the southern coast- He was defended by John Adams, and was acquitted, partly out of regard for tbe feelings of his bro. Stephen, a member of Congress, but was dismissed the service 2 Jan. 1777. Ban- croft styles him " aged and incompetent." Often a member of the R.I. Assemiily. His son, John Burrows, was active in the de- struction of " Tbe Gaspee ; " was one of the first capts. of the Revol. navy, commis. Dec. 22, 1775; com. " The Cabot "(16 guns) in the exped. to the Bahamas, Feb. 1776; and in April, 1779, sailed from Boston in com. of a squad., which returned safely after a number of valuable captures. Hopkins, John Henry, D.C.L., LL.D., Pr.-Kp. bishop of Vt., b. Dublin, Jan. 30, 1792 ; d. Rock Point, Vt., Jan. 9, 1868. He came to Amer. with his parents in Aug. 1800, and was intended for the law; but, after receiving a clas- sical education, spent a year in a counting- house in Phila. ; assisted Wilson the ornithol- ogist to prepare the plates to the first 4 vols, of his work; and ab. 1810 embarked in the manuf. of iron in the western part of Pa. In Oct. 1817 he quitted the business a bankrupt; was, after 6 months' study, adm. to the bar in Pittsburg, but in Nov. 1823 entered the min- istry. Ord. priest in May, 1824, and rector of Tiiniry Church, Pittsburg. A new building being wanted, he became its architect, studying Gothic architecture for the purpose. In 1831 he accepted a call to Trinity Church, Boston, as assist, minister. A theol. sem. was at the same time established in the diocese of Ms., in which he became prof, of systematic divinity. Consec. 1st bishop of Vt. Oct. 31, 1832. He at the same time accepted the rectorship of St. Paul's, Burlington. He soon began a boys' school, which involved him, pecuniarily, to a degree which resulted in the sacrifice of his property, and a debt which it took him many years to cancel. He resigned his rectorship in 1856, that he might devote himself more unre- servedly to the work of his diocese, and the building-up at Burlington of the " Vt. Epis. Institute." Besides a number of pamphlets, sermons, and addresses, he has pub. " Chris- tianity Vindicated," 1833 ; " The Primitive Creed Examined and Explained," 1834 ; " The Primitive Church compared with the Prot.- Epis. Church of the Present Day," 1835; " Essay on Gothic Architecture," 1836 ; " The Church of Rome in her Primitive Purity com- pared with the Church of Rome at the Present Day," 1837 ; " Twelve Canzonets," words and music, 1839 ; " Causes, Principles, and Results of the British Reformation," 1844; "History of the Confessional," 1850 ; " A Refutation of Milner's End of Controversy," 1854; "The Amer. Citizen, his Rights and Duties," 1857 ; " Vindication of Slavery," 1863 ; "Church His- tory in Verse," 1 867. He took a prominent part in the Pan-Anglican synod at Lambeth, and received from Oxford U. the degree of D.C.L. He was a decided champion of the High-Church party. Hopkins, Lemuel, physician and poet, b. Waterbury, Ct., June 19, 17.50; d. Hartford, Apr. 14, 1801. A.M. of Y.C. 1784. He prac- tised medicine at Litchfield from 1776 to 1784, when he removed to Hartford, where he sus- tained a high reputation, and had an extensive practice. He was peculiar and original in his appearance, manners, and opinions; bold in his inquiries; free from the restraints of prejudice or authority ; and severe and sarcastic in his wit. He was benevolent and philanthropic; was talented, learned, and poetical ; in his ear- lier days an adherent of the French infidel philosophy, but, later, a diligent student of the Bible. With Trumbull, Barlow, Alsop, The- odore Dwight, and others (called " The Hartford Wits "), he joined in the" Anarchiad" (which he projected, and had a principal share in writ- ing, having for its object the support of an ef- ficient Federal Constitution, a subject then greatly exercising the public mind), " The Echo," " Political Greenhouse," " The Guillo- tine," and similar satirical compositions ; and he is said to have written for Barlow the beau- tiful and well-known version of the 137th psalm, beginning, " Along the banks where Babel's current flows." Among the best known of his verses are the " Hypocrite's Hope," and an Elegy on the " Victim of a Cancer Quack." Some of his verses appear in the Litchfield Coll. of " American Poems," 1793. Hopkins, Mark, D.D. (Dartm. Coll. 1837), LL.D. (U. of N.Y. 1857), clergyman and author, b. Stockbridge, Ms., Feb. 4,'l802. Wms. Coll. 1824. Grandson of Mark, an of- ficer of the Revol., and subsequently a lawyer. He was a tutor two years; received in 1*828 the degree of M.D., and in 1829 commenced the practice of medicine in N. Y. In Aug. 1830 he was called to the chair of moral phi- losophy and rhetoric; and Sept. 15, 1836, be- came pres. of Wms. Coll. Prof, of Christian theology since 1858. He is also pastor of the Coll. Church ; and has lectured before the Low- ell Inst, of Boston, the Smithsonian Inst., and various literary and scientific associations. He has taken an active part in the deliberations of the A.B.C.F.M., of which, since 1857, he has been pres. Author of " Lectures on the Evi- dences of Christianity," 8vo, 1846; a new edi- tion 1864; also a series of " Lectures on Moral Science; " " Law of Love," &c., 1869 ; " Mis- cellaneous Essays and Discourses," 8vo, 1847; and of many occasional sermons and addresses. Under his supervision the coll. has enlarged her resources and the number of her students. Hopkins, Samuel, b. Waterbury, Ct , 1693, minister of W. Springfield, Ms., from June 1, 1720, to his d., Oct. 6, 1755. Y.C. 1718. Great-grandson of John of Cambrid, who fell at the lines of Charleston May 11, itSO. Their parents were wealthy ; and the sons completed their education in Eu- rope. Isaac was an officer in the Cherokee ex- ped. in 1760; was made lieut.-col. 1st S.C. regt. June 17, 1775; and subsequently col. of the 5th regt. He opposed the invasion of Ga. by Camp- bell and Prevost, with whom he had several skirmishes, but was obliged to retreat before his skilful and superior enemy. App. brig.- gen. Jan. 19, 1779, he com. the left wing at the battle of Stono, June 20, 1779, and was wound- ed while gallantly leading his men. In the unsuccessful attack on Savannah, Huger led the Ga. and S. C. militia. During the siege of Charleston, with a body of light troops he was employed in cutting off supplies to the ene- my, and keeping open the communication be- tween the town and country, but suffered a surprise at Monk's Corner, where his force was defeated and dispersed by Tarleton and Web- ster. He joined the army of Greene; com. the Virginians at the battle of Guilford, and was severely wounded ; and com. the right wing at Hobkirk's Hill, where his efforts to regain the day exposed him to the greatest dangers. He returned to his estate at the close of the war. Hughes, Aaron K., capt. U.S.N., b. N.Y. Oct. 20, 1821. Midshipm. Oct. 20, 1838; lieut. Sept. 9, 18.53 ; com. Nov. 16, 1862 ; capt. Feb. 10, 1869 ; lighthouse insp. 1867-8. While at- tached to "The Decatur" in Puget Sound, Wash. Terr., he had a fight on shore at the town of Seattle with 500 hostile Indians, whom he defeated Jan. 26, 1856. Com. steamer "Mo- hawk," S. Atl. block, squad., 1862-3; com. steamer " Cimmaron," S. Atl. block, squad., 1863-4; and in several engagements with reb- els on the Atlantic coast 1861-4. While in com. of steamer " Water Witch," in Nov. 1861, he endeavored to cut out a schooner which had grounded near Fort Morgan, but was prevent- ed by the guns of the fort. Nov. 9, 1862, he accomp. an exped. which destroyed St Mary's, Ga., and drove out a large body of rebels con- cealed there. — Hamersly. Hughes, John, D.D., a Catholic prelate, b. County Tyrone, Ireland, 1797; d.N.Y. City, Jan. 3, 1864. The son of a respectable farmer. He emig. to America in 1817. His father placed him with a florist; but he devoted his spare time to study, and entered the Theol. Sem. of Mt. St. Mary's, Emmetsburg, Md., where he remained several years, most of the time as a teacher. Ord. priest in 1825, and was settled in a parish in Phila. In 1830 and '34 he carried on public controversies with Rev. J. Breckenridge, both of which were pub. Con- sec. Jan. 7, 1838, coadjutor of Bishop Dubois of N.Y. ; upon the death of the latter, 1842, he succeeded to the office, and was made arch- bishop in 1850. His first measures were di- rected to Si reform in the tenure of church property, then vested in lay trustees. In 1839 he visited France, Austria, and Italy, to obtain pecuniary aid for his diocese. Having pur- chased property at Ford ham in Westchester Co., he organized and opened there in 1841 the St. John's Coll. and the Theol. Sem. of St. Joseph. Hewas prominent in the effort made by the Cath- olics to modify the existing school-system in their favor, and was successful. In Aug. 1842 he held the first diocesan synod of N. Y. His " Rules for the Administration of (Churches without Trustees," pub. in 1845, embody the system adopted by this synod. Offered in 1846, by Pres. Polk, a special mission to Mexico, he HUG- 462 HTJIL. declined it. In 1847 he delivered in the Rep- resentatives Hall at Washington, by request of Congress, a lecture, " Christianity the Only Source of Moral, Social, and Political Regen- eration." The first provincial council of N.Y. was held in 1854, and attended by 7 suffragans. Involved in a controversy with Hon. Erastus Brooks on the church-property question, the archbishop subsequently collected and pub. the letters on both sides, wi'th an introd. reviewing the trustee system, N.Y. 1855. He pub. a num- ber of lectures and pamphlets. At the com- mencement of the Rebellion in 1861, he, with Thurlow Weed, was selected by Sec. Seward to go to Europe to counteract the plottings of rebel agents. His sister Ellen (Mother An- gela), superior of St. Vincent's Hospital, b. Ireland ab. 1800, d. N. Y. City, Sept. 5, 1866. She came to this country in 1818, and was ed- ucated in a convent at Frederick, Md. She joined the Sisterhood of Charity at 22 ; and in 1846 was chosen superior for 6 years. For the last 11 years of her life she had been direc- tor of the hospital in 11th Street. During the war she was active in aiding the s^anitary com- mission. Hughes, Robert Ball, sculptor, b. Lon- don, Jan. 19, 1806; d. Boston, March 5, 1868. At the age of 12 he made out of wax-candle ends a bas-relief copy of a picture representing the wisdom of Solomon, which was afterward cast in silver. He was 7 years in the studio of E. H. Bailey, where he successfully competed for the prizes awarded by the Royal Acad., gaining the large silver medal for the best copy in bas-relief of the Apollo Belvedere ; also the silver medal of the Society of Arts and Sci- ences for a copy of the Barberini Faun; the large silver mediil for the best original model from life; and a gold medal for an original composition, " Pandora brought by Mercury to Epiujcthcus." He next made busts of George IV., the Dukes of Sussex, York, and Cambridge, besides a statuette of George IV., which was subsequently cast in bronze. He emig. in 1829 to New York. His first work of importance was the marble statue of Ham- ilton, which was destroyed by fire in 1835, and was the first work of its class executed in Amer- ica. In Trinity Church, N.Y., is his monu- mental alto-relief of life-size in memory of Bishop Hobart. In the Boston Athenaeum are his casts of "Little Nell," and the group "Un- cle Toby and Widow Wadman." A statue of " Oliver Twist" is in the coll. of his early pa- tron, the late Duke of Devonshire. Among his other works are a model for an equestrian statue of Washington, intended for the city of Phila.; a " Crucifixion ;" the statue of Nathl. Bowditch in bronze in Mt. Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Ms. ; a spirited statuette of Gen. Warren ; and a bust of W. Irving. Mr. Hughes appeared for a season as a lecturer upon art. He was for some years a resident of Dorches- ter, Ms. Hull, Isaac, commo. U. S. N., b. Derby, Ct., 9 Mar. 1775; d. Phila. 13 Feb. 1843. Joseph his father, a Revol. officer, long an in- mate of the Jersey prison-ship, d. Jan. 1826, a. 75. Isaac entered the merchant-service, and at 19 com. a ship which sailed to Lond. Made a lieut. in the U. S. N. 9 Mar. 1798; master- comdt. 18 May, 1804 ; and capt. 23 Apr. 1806. In 1800, while'lst lieut. of "The Con.stitution," he manned a small sloop from that vessel ; ran into Port Platte, Hayti, at noonday; boarded and took a French letter-of-marque; and then landed, and spiked the guns of the battery before the com. officer could prepare for defence. He also disting. himself before Tripoli, on the coast of Barbary, in the exped. of Gen. Eaton against Algiers, and in the Bay of Naples, protecting American shipjiing against an apprehended onslaught of the French. 12 July, 1812, he sailed in com. of " The Constitution " from Annapolis, and, after a 3 days' chase by a British squad., escaped by skilful seamanship. The wind was light and baffling ; and Hull resorted to the novel and successful expedient of sending his boats ahead with a kedge, to which the ship was warped up ; the kedge then being weighed while another was carried out. In this way, he left his pursuers before they discovered how it was done. Aug. 19 he encountered and captured the British frigate " Gucrriere " after an action at close quarters of about half an hour. She was so much injured, that she was burned. For this capture, the first in the war, Com. Hull received from Congress a gold medal. He was subsequently a naval commis- sioner; com. the navy-yards at Boston, Ports- mouth, and Washington ; and in Oct. 1842 took up his residence in Phila. Hull, Capt. John, goldsmith, b. Market Hareborough, Leicestershire, Eng., 18 Dec. 1624; d. Boston 1 Oct. 1682. Robert his fa- ther arrived at Boston 28 Sept. 1635, App. mintmaster of the Ms. Colony 10 June, 1652 ; town treas. 1660-1 ; capt. Art. Co. 1671 ; dep. to Gen. Court 1669, '71-3; treas. of the Colo- ny 1675-80; assist. 1680-2. His " Diary and Memoirs" are in " Amer. Antiq. Soc. Colls." iii. Hull, Joseph B., commo. U.S.N., b. West- chester, NY. Midship. Nov. 9, 1813; lieut. Jan. 13, 1825 ; com. Sept. 8, 1841 ; capt. Sept. 14.1855; commo. July 16, 1862; light-h. insp. 1st dist. Oct. 15, 1869. Com. sloop "War- ren" in the Pacific 1843-7 ; cut out the Mexi- can gun-brig " Malek Adhel," off Mazatlan, and com. the northern dist. of Cal. for a short period before the close of the Mexican war ; com. frigate "St. Lawrence," Brazil squad. and Paraguay exped., 1856-9; and com. the Savan- nah coast blockade, June-Sept. 1861 ; superint. building of gunboats at St. Louis 1862-4 ; retired 21 Dec. 1861. — Hamersly. Hull, Gen. William, b. Derby, Ct., June 24, 1753; d. Newton, Ms., Nov. 29, 1825. Y.C. 1772. He studied divinity a year ; then became a student at the Litchfield Law School; was adm. to the bar in 1775 ; but, being app. capt. in Webb's regt., joined the army at Cam- bridge. Hull was at Dorchester Heights, White Plains, Trenton, and Princeton, where he was promoted to a majority ; at Ticondero- ga ; the surrender of Burgoyne ; at Monmouth and Stony Point; lieut. -cof. in 1779; was an inspector under Baron Steuben ; a col. in the capture of Cornwallis ; and was sent on a mis- sion to Quebec to demand the surrender of HXTjyt 463 hum: Niagara, Detroit, and several smaller forts. He com. the exped. against Morrisania in Jan. 1781, Tor which he received the thanks of Washington and of Congress. After the war, he practised law with reputation in Newton, became wealthy, and was long a leading man in the Ms. house and senate. Maj.-gen. Ms. militia 1796. In Shays's insurrection, he com. the left wing of Gen. Lincoln's troops, and, by a forced march through a violent snow-storm, surprised the insurgents in their camp, who fled in every direction. In 1793 hewasacom- miss. to U. Canada to treat with the Indians. In 1798 he visited Europe; and on his return was app. judge of C.C.P. ; was elected to the State senate; and from 1805 to 1814 was gov. of Michigan Terr. App. brig. -gen. and com. of the North-west army, he surrendered De- troit, Aug. 15, 1812, to the British general Brock, and was in 1814 condemned by court- martial for cowardice, and sentenced to be shot, but was pardoned by Pres. Madison on account of his Kevol. services. In 1824 Hull pub. " Campaign of the North-west Army, 1812," in a series of letters in defence of his conduct; and in 1848 his dau., Mrs. Maria Campbell of Ga., and his grandson, Rev. James Freeman Clarke, pub. his biography. After a critical examination of the whole case, the lat- ter remarks that the charge of cowardice, when examined, becomes incredible and absurd. He pub. adefence of himself, 1814 ; and an oration before the Cincinnati, July 4, 1788. Humbert (han'-bair'), Joseph Amable, a French gen., b. Rouvergne, Nov. 25, 1755; d. N. Orleans, Jan. 2, 1823. Gen. of brig. Apr. 1794; served in the Army of the West; gen. of division in 1798, he com. the advanced guard of the army destined to make a descent on Ireland. A storm dispersed the fleet ; but Humbert, with ab. 1,500 men, landed at Killala, and, after some successes, was attacked, and forced to capitulate, by Lord Cornwall is, Sept. 8. He served in the Army of the Danube, and was wounded, in 1799; in the exped. to St. Domingo in 1802, where he disting. himself greatly. Incurring the displeasure of Napo- leon, he came to the U.S. in 1812, and served under Jackson, when N. Orleans was attacked by British force, as major com. a French legion, until Apr. 1815, On the rising of the Spanish colonies, he formed at N. Orleans a corp of ab. 2,000 men of all nations, and joined the insur- gents. Successes were followed by disasters; and Humbert was obliged to return to N. Or- leans, where he d. in poverty. Humboldt, von, Friedrich Heinrich Alexander, baron, an illustrious traveller and naturalist, b. Berlin, Prussia, 14 Sept. 1769 ; d. there 6 May, 1859. His father was on the staff of the Duke of Brunswick in the Seven-Years' War ; his bro. Karl William was an eminent philologist and statesman He stud- ied at the Universities of Frankfort and Giit- tingen ; travelled in France, Holland, and Eng. in 1790; and was made director-gen. of the mines of Anspach and Baireuth in 1 792. From June, 1799, to July, 1804, he explored with Bonpland the northern part of S. Amcr., es- pecially the countries drained by the Orinoco and the Rio Negro ; ascended the Magdalena as far as possible by water, penetrating by land to Quito; in June, 1802, they ascended Chimborazo to a point 19,000 feet or more above the level of the sea, the highest point of the Andes ever reached by man ; passed nearly a year in Mexico ; and, after visiting the U.S., returned to Europe with rich collections of plants, animals, and minerals. He spent ab. 20 years in Paris, digesting and publishing the rcNults of his observations in a " Journey to the Equinoctial Regions of the New Continent," 3 vols. ; " Astronomical Observations," &c., 2 vols. 1808-10; "View of the Cordilleras," &c., 1810; "Observations on Zoology and Comparative Anatomy;" "Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain," 2 vols. 1811 ; and " General Physics and Geology." His great work, " Kosmos," was undertaken when he was 74 years old (1845-58). An English translation of his "Personal Narrative of Travels " was made by Helen Maria Williams, 5 vols. 1814-21. In 1810 he was chosen a member of the French Institute. In 1826 he removed to Berlin; received the title of coun- cillor; and between 1830 and 1848 was sent to Paris on several political missions. In 1829, with Ehrenberg and Rose, he made a scientific exploration of Asiatic Russia, one result of which was his "Central Asia," 3 vols. 1843. His " Botanical Collections in the New World " were pub. in 7 vols. 1813-23. He pub. many other works, among which is a " Critical Ex- amination of the Geography of the New Con- tinent," 5 vols, 1835-8; and "Aspects of Nature," 1808. No traveller has yet appeared, so well fitted by extensive and varied culture and acquirements, and by natural endowments of the highest kind, to enlarge the boundaries of human knowledge. He was a member of all the principal learned bodies in the world. — See ./, Bauer, Lives of the Brotlurs Humboldt. Humfrey, Major-Gen, John, b. Dorches- ter, Eng, ; d. 1661. He was bred a lawyer; possessed wealth and reputation; was one of the 6 original purchasers of Ms., Mar. 19, 1628, from the Council of Plymouth ; treasurer of the comp., and one of the most influential in promoting the settlement of the Colony; was chosen dep.-gov. of the Ms, Co, at their second meeting in Eng,, and came to N, Eng, in 1634 with his wife. Lady Susan, dau. of the Earl of Lincoln, and with their 6 chiUh-en went to re- side at Swampscott. He was an assist, from 1632 to 1641, and first maj.-gen. of the Colony 1641. In 1636, with Capt. Nathl, Turner, he laid out the bounds of Ipswich, He returned to Eng, with his wife, Oct. 26, 1641. Humming-Bird, a Choctaw chief; d. Nashville, Tcnn., Dec. 23, 1827, a. 75, He was friendly to the U,S., and fought on its side in many battles against the red men. He led 60 warriors in the campaigns of Wayne and Scott in 1794, and also disting. himself in the war against the Creeks and British. His commis- sion and silver medal, received from Washing- ton, were buried in his coffin. Humphrey, Charles, Revol. patriot, b. Haverford, Pa., ab. 1712; d. there 1786, He was brought up in the milling-business, in which he was long and extensively engaged. A member of the Prov. Assembly 1764-75, and itctm: 464 iTDisr of Congress in 1775-6. In that body, though he opposed the oppressive measures of Great Britain, he voted against the Decl. of Indep. He was a man of integrity, and a peacemaker for his neighborhood. — lication of the Pernii/ Mag.; con- nected himself with the Bewick Company, an assoc. of authors, artists, printers, and book- binders, as the managing director, during which time he projected and edited the Ameri- can Mag. He also i)ub. in 1830 "Anecdotes and Sketches Illustrative of Female Charac- ter ; " and " Amer. Anecdotes, Original and Selected," 2 vols. 12mo. Removing to N.Y. in 1831, he established a weekly paper, the Traveller; brought out a Comprehensive Atlas in 1834 ; and pub. a vol. of " Letters about the Hudson " in 1836. In 1837 he projected the MerchanCs Mag., which first appeared in July, 1839. It was conducted with ability; and the 38 vols, edited by him constitute a valuable repositoryof commercial, agricultural, and oth- er statistics. In 1845 he pub. the first vol. of " The Library of Commerce ; " and in 1856-7 " The Lives of American Merchants," 2 vols. 8vo. His last work was " Wealth and Worth, a Collection of Morals, Maxims, and Miscel- lanies for Merchants." Hunt, Henry Jackson, brev. maj .-gen. U.S.A., b. Ohio ab. 1821. West Point, 1839. Entering the 2d Art., he became 1st lieut. June 18, 1846 ; brev. capt. for gallantry at Contreras and Churubuseo, Aug. 20, and major for Chapultepec, Sept. 13, 1847; disting. in the assault on Molino del Rey, where he was wounded; capt. Sept. 28, 1852 ; maj. (5th Art.) May 14, 1861 ; aide to Gen. McClellan (rank of col.) Sept. 28, 1861; brig.-gen. vols. Sept. 15, 1802; lieut.-col. (3d Art.) Aug. 1, 1863; coh (5th Art.) Apr. 4, 1869; brev. maj, -gen. Mar. 13, 1865. He was engaged at Bull Run in com. of the art. on extreme left; com. re- serve art. in Peninsular campaign, and engaged at Yovktown, Gaines's Mill, and Malvern Hill; chief of art. Army of Potomac ; engaged at South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg (for which brev. col.) ; oj>erations at Mine Run ; battles of the Wilderness, Si)Ottsylvania, and Cold Harbor ; siege of Petersburg, participating in the vari- ous assaults of the enemy's lines; and in the pursuit and capture of Lee's army, 9 Apr. 1865; brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865, for merit, services at Petersburg and the cam- paign ending in Lee's surrender. — Cullum. Hunt, Jedediah, merchant at Chilo, Cler- mont Co., O., b. Candor, Tioga Co., N.Y., 28 Dec. 1815. Pub. " The Cottage Maid,. a Tale in Rhyme," 8vo, Cincin. 1847; and has con- trib. to magazines and journals. — See Poets and Poetrif of the West. Hunt, Richard Morris, architect, b. Brattleborough, Vt., 31 Oct. 1829. Educated at the Boston High School. In 1842 he went to Europe and studied architecture, subse- quently visiting Egypt. He was app. inspector at the Louvre, Paris ; was a member of the jury on architecture at the Paris Exposition; and now resides in New York. — Thomas. Hunt, Thomas, col. U.S.A., b. Ms.; d. Belle Fontaine, La., Aug. 18, 1808, a. ab. 50. He entered the Revol. army as a private; at the close of the war was a capt. ; and afterward served under Wayne against the Western In- dians; capt. 2d Inf. Mar. 4, 1791 ; maj. 2d sub legion, Feb. 1793; 1st Inf. Nov. 1796; lieut.- col. Apr. 1802; col. Apr. 11, imii.— Gard- ner. Hunt, Thomas, M.D. (U. of Pa. 1829), physician, b. Charleston, S.C, 1808; d. New Orleans, 20 March, 1867. He completed his preparatory studies in Paris; began practice at Charleston; taught anatomy in 1831 ; and in 1832 and '36 won distinction by his successful treatment of cholera. Removing to N. Orleans in 1833, he was a founder of the La. Med. Coll., and prof, of anatomy and physiol. until 1862; its pres. in 1865-7. He was specially skilful in the treatment of yellow-fever. Hunt, Thomas Sterry, chemist, mineral- ogist, and geologist, b. Norwich, Ct., Sept. 5, 1826. He first studied medicine, but in 1845 studied chemistry with Prof. Silliman at Y.C., where he was subsequently chemical assist. After two years' study, he accepted the post of chemist and mineral, to the geol. commiss. for the survey of Canada. Besides his numerous contribs. to the Journal of Science, and to the London Philos. Mag., the Royal Society, the Fi'cnch Academy of Sciences, &c., he has con- trib. to the Reports of the Geol. Survey of Cana- da for many years. He is also the author of a summary of organic chemistry, forming a part of Prof. Silliman's " First Principles of Chem- istry." Mr. Hunt was one of the English members of the international jury at the Great Exhibition at Paris in 1855, and was decorated by Napoleon III. with the Cross of the Legion of Honor ; prof, of chemistry in the U. of Quebec. In 1854 he received the hon. deg. of A.M. from H.U., and in 1857 that of doctor of science from Quebec. He is a member of various learned bodies; and in 1859 was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Lon- don. Hunt, Washington, politician, b. Wind- ham, N.Y., Aug. 5, 1811 ; d. New York, Feb. 2, 1867. Adm. to the bar at Lockport in 1834; app. first judge of Niagara Co. in 1836; M.C. 1843-9, serving as chairman of the com. on commerce; comptroller of N.Y. 1849; gov. of N.Y. 1851-3. When the Whig party gave way to the Repub., Hunt, who was one of the leaders of the conservative wing, became a Democrat, and in 1864 a delegate to the Chi- cago convention. Hunt, William Gibbes, journalist, d. Nashville, Tcnn., Aug. 13, 1833. H.U. 1810. He was from Boston. Edited the Western Mon- itor and the Western Review, and in 1825 removed jjxnsr 466 Hxnsr from Lexington, Ky., to Nashville, where he established the Banner. He was a vigorous and polished writer. Hunt, William Morris, painter, b. Brat- tleboroiigh, Vt,, Mar. 31, 1824. He entered H.U. 18-K), but went to Europe before the com- pletion of the course, on account of his health. In 1846 studied sculpture in the acad. at Dus- seldorf ; and in 1848 became a pupil of Con- ture ; since which time he has followed the profession of a painter. He contrib. to the annual exhibitions in Paris, from 1852 to 1855 ; when he returned to the U.S., and estab- lished his residence at Newport, R.I. His paintings comprise history and genie; and among the most successful are several repre- senting picturesque types of city life in Paris, of which the artist pub. a series of lithographs, executed by himself, in 1859. Among his l)est pieces are the " Morning Star," " Lost Kid," "Girl at the Fountain," "Street-Musician," " Child selling Violets," " Drummer-Boy," and " Bugle-Call." Hunter, David, brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Washington, D. C, July 21, 1802. West Point, 1822. His father, a chaplain in the army, was a native of Va. David entered the 5th Inf.; became 1st lieut, 30 June, 1828; capt. 4 Mar. 1833 ; and resigning 4 July, 1836, engaged in business at Chicago; but rejoined the army as paym. Nov. 1S41 ; and became maj. 14 March, 1842. He accomp. Pres. Lin- coln from Si)ringfield as far as Buffalo in Feb. 1861, where, in the pressure of the crowd, he suffered a dislocation of the collar-bone. May !14, he was app. col. 6th Cav. ; and at the first battleof Bull run, as brig.-gen., com. the main ■column of McDowell's army, and was severely wounded in the neck. Aug. 13, he was made • maj.-gen. of vols., and served under Gen. Fre- mont in the dept. of Mo., superseding him in com. Nov. 2. He afterward, upon being re- lieved by Gen Halleck, had com. of the dept. ofKs. 'Ordered in March, 1862, to S.C., he took com. of the dept. of the South, and estab- lished his headquarters at Hilton Head, Port Royal, SC. May 9, he issued a proclama- ition declaring slavery in his dept. abolished. This proclamation was annulled by the pres. on the 19th of the.^ame month. Early in Sept. Gen. Hunter was ordered to Washington, and app. pres.'of a court of inquiry. Com. dept. of West Va. 19 May to 8 Aug. 1864 ; and en- gaged at Piedmont, 5 June ; several skirmishes on the march to Stanton in June ; action of Diamond Hill 17 June, 1864; and of Lynch- burg 18 June, 1864; and for these services was brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865; and brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A. Mar. 13, 1865; retired July 31, 1866. Hunter, John Dunn, author of " Man- ners and Customs of Several Indian Tribes located West of the Mpi.," Phila. 1823; d. near Nacogdoches, Texas, early in 1827. He belonged to a party which had attempted a revol. in Texas, and, after its failure, was killed by an Indian whom he had induced to join in the revolt. His work was repub. in Lond. un- der the title of " Memoirs of a Captivity among the Indians of N.A., from Childhood to the Age of 19." Gen. Cass, in the N. A. Review, vol. xxii., attempted to discredit the authenti- city of this narrative. Hunter, Joseph, F.S. A., historian, b. Shef- field. Eng., Feb. 6, 1783; d. Lond. May 9, 1861, where he had been, since 1833, an assist, keeper of the public records. Educated to the ministry, he was settled over a Presb. church at Bath from 1809 to 1833, constantly devot- ing himself to antiquarian researches. His "JFounders of New Plymouth," pub. first as a pamphlet, afterwards in the " Ms. Hist. Colls.," was subsequently enlarged, and printed in Lond. in 1854. He was also instrumental in procuring for the Hist. Soc. a transcript of the " History of the Plymouth Plantation," by Gov. Bradford, from the original in the Ful- ham Library. His publications were numer- ous ; among them were illustrations of the text of Shakspeare's plays. — N. E. H. and Gen. Reg. xvi. 93. Hunter, Sir Martin, a British gen.; d. Dec. 9, 1846, a. 89, at Ontario Hill, Canada. He entered the army Aug. 30, 1771 ; was made a lieut. June 18, 1775, the day following the battleof Bunker's Hill; capt. Nov. 21, 1777; col. 1800; gen. May 27, 1825. He served at Bunker's Hill, at Brooklyn and Brandywine, in the storming of Fort Washington, and in the night-attack on Gen. Wayne's brigade, in which he was Avounded. He served sui)se- quently in the E. Indies; in 1797 com. a brigade at the capture of Trinidad and the siege of Porto Rico ; filled the ofiSce of corn.- in-chief at Halifax ; and was also gov. of N. Brunswick. Hunter, Robert, brig.-gen., and author of the famous letter on " Enthusiasm," attrib- uted *by some to Swift, and by others to Shaftesbury ; d. Jamaica, March 11, 1734. Made gov. of Va. in 1708, he was captured by the French on the voyage, and retained until the end of 1709. In 1710 he took the govt, of N. Y. and the Jerseys at the head of 2,000 palatine colonists. He became gov. of Ja- maica in 1728. He wrote a farce called " An- droboros," according to Coxeter. Hunter, Robert Mercer Taliaferro, Deinoc. statesman, b. Essex Co., Va., Apr. 21, 1809. U. ofVa. He studied at the law school at Winchester, and in 1830 began practice in Essex Co. At the age of 24 he was elected to the H. of Delegates ; and was M.C. in 1837-41 and 1845-7 ; speaker in 1839-41. He was a prominent supporter of the annexation of Tex- as ; favored a compromise of the Oregon ques- tion ; took a leading part in favor of the retro- cession of Alexandria to the State of Va.; sup- ported the tariff bill of 1846; originated the warehousing system ; and opposed the Wilmot Proviso. Frotn Dec. 1847 to Mar. 1S61 he was a U.S. senator; took a leading part in debate; voted for the Clayton Compromise and the ex- tension of the Mo. Compromise line to the Pa- cific Ocean ; opposed the abolition of the slave- trade in the Dist, of Col., or any interference with that institution in the States or Territo- ries ; voted against the admission of Cal. ; and supported the fugitive-slave law. As chairman of the finance com., he made an elaborate report upon the gold and silver coinage of the coun- try, and initiated the reduction in the value of HXTN" 467 HTDlSr the silver coins of 50 cents and less, by which their shipment to foreign countries was arrest- ed. In the presidential canvass of 1852, Mr. Hunter delivered an address at Richmond, tra- cing the history of parties from the foundation of the govt., and urging powerfully the sound- ness of the States-rights school. He advocated the Kansas and Nebraska Bill, and the repeal of the Mo. restriction, and spoke against the Homestead Bill and the River and Harbor Bill. The tariff act of 1857, by which the duties were- considerably lowered and the revenue reduced, was framed by Mr. Hunter. In the session of 1857-8 he advocated the admission of Kansas under the Lecompton Constitution, and was a member of the com. of conf. which reported the " English bill." He delivered an oration at Richmond, Feb. 22, 1858, at the inaug. of Crawford's statue of Washington. Jan. 31, 1860, Mr. Hunter made in the senate an elab- orate speech in defence of slavery, and of the right of the slaveholder to carry his slaves into the Territories. Expelled in July, 1861. He became sec. of state to the Confederacy, and afterward member of the Confed. Congress. Hunter, William, LL.D., lawyer and statesman, b. Newport, Nov. 26, 1774 ; d. there Dec. 3, 1849. Brown U. 1791. Son of Dr. Wm.,an en.inent phys. of Scottish birth (1729- 77), who gave at Newport, ab. 1752, the tirst lectures on anatomy in N.E., if not in America. He studied medicine under his kinsman John Hunter in Eng., but soon relinquished that pro- fession ; read law in the Temple; and on his return home, at the age of 21, was adm. to practice in Newport ; was M.C. 1799-181 1 , and U.S. senator in 1811-21. His speeches on the acquisition of Ela. and on the Mo. Compro- mise obtained for him a very high rank as a statesman and as an orator. Resuming his praciicc at the bar, he continued it until 1834, when he was app. charrjd d'affaires at Brazil, to whih he was minister-plenipo. from 1842 to 1845. Hunter, William M., capt. U. S. N. ; d. Phila. Mar. 5, 1849, a. 56. Midshipm. Jan. 16, 1809; lieut. July 21, 1813; command. Mar. 21, 1826; capt. Feb. 9, 1837; a lieut. in the ac- tion of " The Constitution " with " The Cy- anc"and "Levant," Feb. 20, 1815; and pre- viously sailing-master of " The Vixen." Huntington,BENjAMiN, LL.D., jurist, b. Norwich, Ct., Apr. 19, 1736 ; d. there Oct. 16, 1800. Y. C. 1761. He practised law in his native town ; was a member of the Cont. Con- gress in 1780-4 and 1787-8; M.C. 1789-91; State senator 1781-91 and 1791-3; judge of the Superior Court of the State 1793-8 ; and mayor of Norwich 1 784-96. — See Genealogy of the lunnilji, bi/ Rev. E. B. Uuntington. Huntington, Rev. Daniel, poet, b. Nor- wich, Ct., Oct. 17, 1788; d. N. Lond. May 21, 1858. y. C. 1807. Son of Gen. Jedediah. Pastor of the Cong. Ch. at North Bridgewater, Ms., from Oct. 1812 to 1832; then taught a young ladies' school at N. Lond. ; and in 1841 resumed his pastoral office at N. Bridgewater. Author of " Religion," a poem, deliv. at B.U. Aug. 31, 1819; at Boston, 1830; "Triumphs of Faith," del. Andover Sem. Sept. 21, 1830; and Memorial of his dau., Mary Hallam. Huntington, Daniel, painter, h. New York, Oct. 14, 1816. Grandson of Judge Benj.; son of Benj., a N. Y. broker, who d. 3 Aug. 1850, a. 73. His taste for painting is said to have been first excited by a visit to the studio of Trumbull, who decidedly discouraged the young aspirant. While a student at Ham. Coll., N.Y., he received from Elliott the por- trait-painter a strong bias for his art, and, with implements borrowed from him, took likenesses of his college-companions, and also painted some comic pieces. Entering the studio of Prof. Morse in 1835, he produced " The Bar- room Politician," "A Toper Asleep," &c. In 1836 he spent several months in the vicinity of the Hud.son Highlands. In 1839 he went to Europe, and in Florence painted " The Sybil " and " The Florentine Girl." Removing to Rome soon after, he painted "The Shepherd- Boy " and "Early Christian Prisoners." Re- turning to New York, he was long employed almost wholly upon portraits, his only compo- sitions of importance being "Mercy's Dream," and "Christiana and her Children," from the "Pilgrim's Progress." Compelled by inflam- mation of the eyes to relinquish his labors, he in 1844 went to Rome, whence he sent back to America "The Roman Penitents," "Italy," "The Sacred Lesson," " The Communion of the Sick," and some landscapes. He returned to New York in 1846, where he has since resided, except during occasional visits to Eng. Some of his other works are " Lady Jane Grey and Feckenham in the Tower," " Henry VIII. and Queen Catharine Parr," "The Marys at the Sepulchre," " Queen Mary signing the Death- Warrant of Lady Jane Grey," " The Republi- can Court." He recently painted in Eng. an- other picture of " Mercy's Dream." His col- oring is singularly beautiful ; and he excels in female heads and those of old men. Pres. of the Nat. Acad, of Design since 1862. Huntington, Gen. Ebenezer, b. Nor- wich, Ct., Dec. 26, 1754; d. there June 17, 1834. Y.C. 1775. Son of Gen. Jabez. He leftcoll. to join the army; was made a lieut. in' Wyllis's regt. ; capt. in June, 1776; afterward brigade maj. under Gen. Parsons, and dep. adj.- gen. to Heath on the Hudson River; maj. in Col. Webb's regt. in 1777 ; com. that regt. in R. I. in 1778; lieut.-col. June, 1778; com. a batt. of light troops at Yorktown; and was a vol. aide to Gen. Lincoln until the close of the siege. He was made a gen. of State militia in 1792 ; was named a brig.-gen. by Washington in 1799, when a war Avith France seemed im- minent; and was a M.C. 1810-11 and 1817- 19. He was also a member of the State legisl., and was one of the best disciplinarians in the army. — Huntington Geneal. Huntington, Elisha, M. D., physician, b. Topsfield, Ms., Apr. 9, 1796 ; d. Lowell, Ms., Dec. 10, 1865. Dartm. Coll. 1815 ; Yale Med. School, 1823. Son of Rev. Asahel, min. of Topsfield. He practised in Lowell with great success ; was 8 years mayor of that city ; and lieut.-gov. of Ms. in 1853. He pub. inaugural addresses and a Memoir of Prof. Elisha Bart- lett, M.D. At one time, pres. Ms. Med. Soc. Huntington, Frederic Dan, D.D. (Amh. Coll. 1855), clergyman and scholar, b. Hxns- 468 irCTR Hadley, Ms., May 28, 1819, Amh. Coll. 1839 ; Camb. Biv. School, 1842. (His father. Rev. Dan, d. Hadley, Oct. 31, 1864, a. 90. Y.C. 1794. He preached at Litchfield, and after- ward at Middletown, Ct. In 1857 he pub. a vol. of " Personal Memoirs.") Pastor of the South Cong. Church, Boston, 1842-Sept. 4, 1855, when he was inaug. preacher to the U., and Plunimer Prof, of Christ. Morals. For- merly a Unitarian, he withdrew from that body ; Sept. 1859 took orders in the Ep. Church, and officiated in the Emanuel Church, Boston, un- til consec. bishop of Central N.Y. 8 Apr. 1869. For the usual atterrioon preaching in the Coll. Chapel he substituted a service formed from those in use in the principal branches of the Christian Church, with some novel and origi- nal additions. He has contrib. to the various miscellanies and reviews of the day ; has pub, many sermons and addresses; also a vol. of " Sermons for the People," which reached 6 editions ; " Sermons on Christian Living and Believing," 1860; a vol, of lectures delivered before the Institutes of Brooklyn and Lowell, on "Human Society," 8vo, 1860 ; " Lessons on the Parables." In Jan. 1861 he established with Dr. G. M. Randall the Church Monthhj. Huntington, Gen. Jabez, b. Norwich, Ct., Aug. 7, 1719 ; d. there Oct. 5, 1786. Y.C. 1741, Engaging in the W. India trade, he amassed an ample fortune. From 1750 he was often a member of the legisl., frequently pre- siding over that body, and also a member of the council. He owned a large amount of shipping at the beginning of the Revol. ; was active on the com. of safety during the war ; and from Sept. 1776 maj.-gcn. of the State militia. His great exertiuns in the cause, and his heavy losses, impaired his physical and mental powers ; and in 1779 he resigned all his employments. Of his 5 sons, Jcdediah became a brig.-gen., Andrew a commissary, and Joshua and Ehenezer cols., in the Continental army. — Raufington Geneal. Huhtington,JABEz Williams, jurist and senator, b. Norwich, Ct,, Nov. 8, 1788 ; d. Nov. 1 , 1847. Y.C. 1806, Son of Gen. Zachariah. He practised law in Litchfield ; was a member of the Assembly in 1829 ; M.C, 1829-34, when he removed to Norwich, and became a judge of the Superior Court and of the Court of Errors ; U.S, senator from 1840 to his death. Huntington, Gen. Jedediaii, b. Norwich, Ct., Aug. 4, 1743; d. N. London, Sept. 2.5, 1818. H.U. 1763. Son of Jabez, Engaged with his fiither in commercial pursuits. An ac- tive Son of Liberty, and capt. of militia; pro- moted to com. of a regt. ; joined the army at Cambridge, Apr. 26, 1775; aided to repulse the British at Danbury in Apr, 1776; made brig,-gen. May 12, 1777 ; joined the main ar- my near Phila. in Sept ; in May, 1778, ordered to the Hudson River, In the court-martial which tried Lee for misconduct at Monmouth, and in the court to try Maj, Andre. At the dose of the war, brev. maj.-gen. Resuming business, he was successively sheriff of the Co., State treas., delegate to the conv. to adopt the Federal Const. ; app. coll. of customs at N*. Lon- don (1789), which office he retained during 4 administrations. His first wife was Faith, dau. of Gov. Trumbull. He was one of the first Board of Foreign Missions, and a zealous sup- porter of charitable institutions. Huntington, Jedediah Vincent (bro. of Daniel), author, b. N.Y, City, Jan, 20, 1815; d. Pau, Southern France, Mar. 10, 1862, N.Y. U. 1835. M.D. (U. ofPa.) 1838. He devoted himself to literature ; was for a time prof, of mental philos. in St, Paul's Coll., near Flush- ing, L.I. ; was ord. in the Prot.-Epis. Church in 1841 ; and was pastor of a church in Mid- dlebury, Vt. The years 1846-9 were spent in Europe. He pub. a vol. of poems in 1842; "Lady Alice," a novel, 1849; "Alban," a novel ; " The Forest," 8vo, N.Y., 1852 ; " Rose- mary," a novel, 1860; some poems ; edited the Metropolitan Mag. at Baltimore, and afterward the Leader at St. Louis. He went to France in 1861, In 1849 he joined the R.C. Church, Huntington, Joseph, D.D. (D.C. 1780), minister of Coventrv, Ct., June 29, 1763, to his d., Dec. 25, 1794; b' May 5, 1735. Y.C. 1762. Bro, of Gov. Samuel. Author of " Calvinism Improved," pub. 1796; also some sermons and theol. treatises.- He inculcated the doc- trine of universal salvation, Huntington, Joshua, minister of Boston from Mav 18, I8u8, to his d,, at Groton, Ct., Sept. 11,' 1819; b. 31 Jan. 1786. Y.C, 1804. Son of Gen. Jedediah, Author of " Life of Abi- gail Waters," 1817. His wife, Susan Mans- field (b. 1781, d. 1823), wrote the story "Little Lucy." Her Memoirs, with Letters, Journal, and Poetry, were pub. by B. B. Wisner, 1829. — //. Family. Huntington, Samuel, LL. D, (Y. C. 1787), signer of the Decl. of Indep., b. Wind- ham, Ct., July 3, 1731 ; d. Norwich, Jan. 5, 1796. He learned the cooper's trade ; devoted his leisure to study ; settled as a lawyer in Norwich in 1758; and in 1761 m. Martha, dau, of Rev, Ehenezer Devotion. He became n member of the Assembly in 1764; State atty, in 1765; member of the Council 1773; mem- ber of the Old Congress from Jan, 16, 1776, to Nov. 4, 1783; pres. of that body from Sept. 28, 1779, to July 6, 1781 ; judge of the Supe- rior Court of Ct. 1774-84; chief justice 1784; lient.-gov. 1785; gov. 1786-96. Huntington, Samuel, gov. of Ohio 1808- 10, b. Coventry, Ct., Oct. 4, 1765; d. Paines- ville, O., June 8, 1817. Y.C, 1785. Son of Rev. Joseph. Was educated by his uncle, Gov, Samuel. Adm. to the bar in 1793; re- moved in 1800 to Ohio, and settled near Paines- ville. He was a judge of C.CP. 1802-3; member of the convention that framed the con- stitution of the State in 1802 ; a senator in its first legisl,, and chosen speaker ; a judge of the Superior Court, app. Apr. 2, 1803 ; after- ward chief justice ; member of the legisl. 1811- 12; dist, paymr. in the war of 1812-14 (nvnk of col.). Huntoon, Jonathan G., gov. of Me, 1830-1, b. Unity, N.H., 1781; d, Fairfield, Me., Oct. 14, 1851. Hurd, Nathaniel, an early engraver of Boston, b. Feb. 13, 17.30; d. Dec, 1777. His grandfather came from England, and settled in Charlestovvn, where he d. in 1749, a. 70. In seal-cutting and die-engraving Mr, Hurd was HUR 469 HUT considered superior to anyone in the Colonics. To a superior mode of execution lie added an Hogartliian talent of character and humor. Among his engravings is a descriptive repre- sentaiion of Hudson, a swindler and forger, standing in the pillory, the likenesses of some well-known characters being introduced among tiie spectators. He was probably the first to engrave on copper in the U.S. ; a miniature likeness of liev. Dr. Sewall, engraved by him in 17G4, being extant. He engraved the seal ofH.U. — iV. ^. iV/ay. iii. 1. Hurlbut, Stephen Augustus, lawyer and soldier, b. Charleston, S.C., Mar. 24, 1815. He studied and practised law in Charleston until the breaking-out of the Florida war, in which he served as adj. in a S.C. regt. In 1845 he went to 111., and settled in practice at Belvidere. Member of the 111. Const. Conv. of 1847, and several times represented Boone Co. in the legisl. ; app. brig.-gen. of vols. 17 May, 1861, and com. at Fort Donelson after its capture. When Gen. Grant's army moved up the Tenn. River, he com. the 4th division; took part in the battle of Shiloli ; was after- ward stationed at Memphis ; and after the battle of Corinth, in Oct. 1862, pursued and engaged the defeated Confederates; maj.-gen. Sept. 17, 1862. In Sept. 1863, he com. at Memphis; com. a corps under Sherman in the expcd. to Meridian in Feb. 1864 ; and suc- ceeded Banks in com. of the dept. of the Gulf; minister to Colombia since 1869. Hurlbut, VViLLiA3£ Henry, writer, b. Charleston, S.C, July 3, 1827. H.U. 1847. Author of" Gan Eden, or Pictures of Cuba," 12mo, 1854; "Gen. McClellan and the Con- duct of the War," 12mo, 1864. Has contrib. largely to American and foreign periodicals ; cd. N. Y. World. Husbands, Herman, insurgent, b. Pa. ; d. near Phila. Mar. 1 795. Removing to Orange Co., N.C., he became a member of the legisl., and leader of the Regulators, a party which was organized in 1768 for the forcible redress of public grievances. He pub. in 1770 a full account of the rise of the troubles. A battle took place, May 16, 1771, between Gov. Tryon with 1,100 men and 2,000 Regulators, on the banks of the AUamance, in which the latter were defeated. Husbands escaped to Pa., where in 1778 he was a member of the legisl., and was concerned in the Whiskey Insurrection in 1794 ; and was assoc. with Gallatin, Brack- inridge, and others as a com. of safety. After a short imprisonment in Phila., he set out on his return home, but died on the way. He was originally a member of the Society of Friends, and was versed in theological lore. Huske, Ellis, councillor of N.H. 1733- 55; d. 1755. Bro. of Gen. Huske, disting. at Detiingen and CuUoden. PostmasterofBoston 1734 ; superseded in the oflSce of dep. postmr.- gen. of the Colonies by Franklin and Hunter 1753. Pub. the Boston Wedcly Post-Boy from Oct. 1734 to 1755. Supposed author of " The Present State of N. America," Lond. 1755. Mary, his wife, d. 8 Mar. 1746, a. 40. He re- sided in Portsmouth, N.H., previous to 1734. Huske, John, son of the pieceding, b. Portsmouth, N.H., ab. 1721 ; d. Eng. 1773. Educated in Boston, and bred a merchant, he became in 1764 a member of the British parlia- ment from Maiden, Essex; and was re-elected to the succeeding parliament. For his share in bringing about the Stamp Act, his effigy was hung with Grenville's in the Liberty Tree, Boston, 1 Nov. 1765. A letter from Joseph Reed thus describes him : " Huske, a flashy, superficial fellow, by stock-jobbing, and servility to the Townshend family, raised himself from poverty and obscurity to a seat in parliament. The first use he made of it was to injure his country by proposing to raise £500,000 per annum by taxing the Colonies. Having dis- obliged his old patron Charles Townshend, and the ministry not needing his vote (though adopting his plan, taking no notice of liim), he tacked about, and endeavored to ward off the stroke ; but it was then too late : and they laughed at him." Hutchins, Thomas, geographer, b. Mon- mouth Co., N. J., ab. 1730 ; d. Pittsburg, Apr. 28, 1789. Before he was 16, he went West; entered the service as ensign; afterward be- came paym., and capt. 60th (Roy. Amer.) regt. ; was assist, engineer in Bouquet's exped. ; and was disting. in a campaign against the Indians in Fla. He was in Lond. at the opening of the Revol. war ; and his zeal in the cause of his country induced him to refuse some excellent offers there. Suspected of holding a corrcsp. with Franklin, then in France, he was in 1779 thrown into a dungeon, and lost in one day £12,000. After 6 weeks' confinement, he was examined and liberated. He went to France ; thence to Charleston, S.C, where he joined Gen. Greene ; and was made geogra])her-gen- eral. He pub. "A Topographical Description of Va., Pa., Md., and Carolina, with Maps," Lond. 1778; "An Historical and Topog. De- scription of La., West Fla., and Phila.," 1784. Dr. Morse was much indebted to him in the compilation of his gazetteer. He furnished the maps and plates for the " Account of Bouquet's Exped. against the Oliio Indians," written by William Smith, D.D., of Phila., and pub. Lond. 1766. He wrote 3 papers for the Phila. Trans. 1775, '76, and '83, and a paper in Trans. Amer. Soc. ii. 50. Hutchinson, Anne, founder of the An- tinomian party in N.E., b. at Alfbrd, Lincoln- shire, Eng., in 1591 ; bap. July 20; d. West- chester Co., N.Y., Aug. 1643. Dau. of Rev. Francis Marbury, who was rector of St. Martin Vintry and other London parishes. Her mother was Bridget Dryden, gr.-aunt of the celebrated poet, John Dryden. Was interested in the pleaching of John Cotton, and her relative John Wheelwright, and, desirous of enjoying the ministry of the former, came to Boston, Sept. 18, 1634; was adm. a member of the church, Nov. 2 ; and soon acquired esteem and influence. She instituted meetings of the wo- men of the church to discuss sermons and doc- trines, in which she displayed great familiarity with Scripture, but made enemies by her in- novating theories. Two years after her arrival, the strife between her supporters and opponents broke out into public action. " The dispute," says Bancroft, " infused its spirit into every thing ; it interfered with the levy of troops for HUT 470 HYD the Pequot "War ; it influenced the respect shown to the magistrates, the distribution of town-lots, the assessment of taxes; and at last the continued existence of the two opposing parties was considered inconsistent with the public peace." Her peculiar tenets were among the 82 opinions condemned by the eccles. synod at Newtown, Aug. 30, 1637; and in Nov., after 2 days' trial before the Gen. Court., she was sentenced, with some of her associates, to ban- ishment. She joined her friends, who, under John Clarke and Coddington, settled in R.I. After the death of her husband, in 1642, she with her children moved into the territory of the Dutch ; and is supposed to have settled near Hell Gate, Westchester Co., N.Y. During an invasion of the settlement by the Indians, her house was attacked and fired ; and herself and family, excepting one child who was carried captive, perished. Hutchinson, Israel, col. Revol. army, b. Danvers, Ms., 1728; d. there Mar. 16, 1811. He served in 1757-9 at Ticonderoga and Lake George, and com. a company at the battle of the Plains of Abraham. He com. a company in the Lexington battle; was lieut.-colof Mans- field's regt. in 1775 ; com. the 27th regt. at the siege of Boston and in the campaign of 1776 ; and was with Washington in his retreat through the Jerseys. Hutchinson, James, M.D.(PhiIa. Coll.), physician, b. Wakefield, Pa., Jan. 2D, 1752; d. Phila. Sept. 6, 1793. He finished his med. studies at Lond. under Dr. Fothergill. In 1774 the trustees of Phila. Coll. presented him with a gold medal for his superior knowledge in chemistry. Warmly espousing the cause of his country, he returned home by way of France with important despatches from Dr. Franklin to Congress ; joined the army soon after he arrived ; and served as a surgeon and physician during the whole war. Trustee of the U. of Pa. from 1779 till his death; was several years sec. of the Philos. Soc. ; was prof, of materia medica and chemistry in the U. of Pa. in 1789-91, when he was elected {)rof. of chemistry. For many years, and until lis death, he was physician of the port, and one of the physicians of the Pa. Hospital. — Tkacher. Hutchinson, Thomas, gov. of Ms., b. Boston, Sept. 9, 1711; d. Brompton, near Lon- don, June 3, 1780. H.U. 1727. Son of Thos., a wealthy and liberal merchant of Boston (1675-1739), and Sarah, dau. of Col. John Fos- ter. After engaging without success in com- merce, he studied law, and as agent of Boston visited London on important business, dischar- ging the duty with great success. Represented Boston in the General Court 10 years, 3 years as speaker ; became judge. of probate in 1752; was a councillor 1749-66 ; lieut.-gov. 1758-71; and was app. chief justice in 1760, holding 4 high offices at the same time. In 1748, the pa- per currency of the Colony having depreciated to about an eighth of its original value, Hutch- inson projected, and carried through the house, a bill abolishing it, and substituting gold and silver. This measure, though sound and bene- ficial, procured him many enemies. Hutchin- son's mansion was twice attacked in conse- quence of a report that he had written letters in favor of the Stamp Act; and on the second oc- casion (Aug. 26) his house was sacked, the fur- niture burned in the street, and many MSS. relating to the history of the province, which he had been 30 years collecting, and which could not be replaced, were lost. He received com- pensation for his losses. In 1767 the house and council resisted his claim to a seat in the latter body, and he abandoned it. When, in 1769, Gov. Bernard was transferred to Va., the govt, of Ms. fell to Hutchinson. The popular ex- citement had been increased by the arrival of British troops; and after the "massacre" of March 5, 1770, a com. of citizens, headed by Samuel Adams, forced him to consent to the removal of the troops. Commissioned gov. in March, 1771. He was continually in contro- versy with the Assembly and Council. Among the subjects of dispute were the provision made for his support by the crown, which paid him h salary of ^£1,500, and a similar provision for the judges. His speech, Jan. 6, 1773, asserting the supremacy of parliament, provoked a dis- cussion by the council and house, eliciting able replies from Bowdoin and Samuel Adams, and did no injury to the patriot cause. In 1772, Dr. Franklin, then in London, procured some of his cotifidential letters, which were sent to Bos- ton. They proved that he had been for years opposing every part of the colonial constitu- tion, and urging measures to enforce the su- premacy of parliament; and the result was a petition to the king for his removal. The last of his public difficulties was the resistance of the citizens to the tea-tax, resulting in the tea then in the harbor being thrown overboard by citizens in the disguise of Indians, Dec. 14, 1773. Having obtained his Majesty's leave to go to England, he sailed June 1, 1774; and, after an investigation by the privy council, he was rewarded with a pension. He pub. the fol- lowing valuable works : " History of the Colony of Ms. Bay from the First Settlement thereof, in 1628, until the Year 1750," 2 vols. 1764-7 ; a " Brief State of the Claim of the Colonies," 1764; and a "Collection of Original Papers relative to the History of the Colony of Ms. Bay," 1769. He left in MS. a 3d vol. of his history from 1749 to 1774, which was pub. by his grandson, Rev. John Hutchinson of Trent- ham, Eng., Lond. 1828. Hutton, Joseph, of Phila. (1787-1828), autiior of " Poems." — Allihone. Hyde, Alvan, D.D., LL.D. (D.C. 1812), clergyman, b. Franklin, Ct., Feb. 2, 1768; d. Lee, Ms., Dec. 4, 1833. D.C. 1788. He spent nearly a year teaching at Northampton ; stud- ied theology ; was, June 6, 1 792, ord. pastor of the church in Lee, where he passed the re- mainder of his life. During 31 years he was a member of the corporation, and for 21 years vice-pres. of Wms. Coll. He pub. a number of sermons. He was one of the ablest and most successful ministers of his day. A Memoir of him was pub. Bost. 1835, by his half-bro., Rev. Lavius Hyde (1789-1865), literary executor and biographer of the poet Wilcox. Hyde, Edward, gov. N. C. 1712 to his d. Sept. 8, 1712. Sent out in 1711 as lieut.-gov., he found the Colony in confusion from the con- HYT) 471 ING- flicting claims of Glover and Gary to the chief magistracy. By the aid of Gov. Spotswood of Va., Gary's armed i-esistance was put down, and quiet restored. An Indian war having been begun by a massacre of the settlers on the Ro- anoke and Ghowan, Sept. 11, 1711, Gov. Hyde called out the militia, and defeated them with great slaughter in the following year. In the summer tiie ravages of yellow-fever were added to the horrors of war ; and the gov. fell a vic- tim.— Wheeler's N. C. Hyde, Nancy Maria, teacher, b. Norwich, Gt., Mar. 21, 1792; d. there Mar. 28, 1816. She excelled in painting and embroidery. Her writings, with Memoir by her friend Miss Hunt- ley, afterward Mrs. Sigourney, were pub. 1816. Iberville (de-bSr'-vel'), Pierre Lemoine d', a disting. seaman, father of the Golony of Louisiana, b. Montreal, July 20, 1661 ; d. Ha- vana, July 9, 1 706. He was one of 7 brothers, who were all active in Ganadian affairs. He went early to sea; was a disting. vol. in the mid- night attack on Schenectady ; commanded the exped. which recovered Fort Nelson from the British(168G); successfully invaded Newfound- land ; and was a victor in naval contests (1697) in Hudson's Bay. In 1698 he was commissioned by the French Govt, to explore the mouth of the Mpi., and to erect a fort near it. With 4 vessels and ab. 200 settlers, he left Rochefort Oct. 17, 1698, and Feb. 2, 1699, arrived at the Island of Massacre, near Mo!)ile. Accompanied by his bro. de Bienville and 48 men in 2 baro^es, and provisions for 15 days, he entered the Mpi. Mar. 2, ascended to the village of Bayagoulas, and also visited the Orimas. Returning to the Bay of Biloxi, Iberville erected a fort as a tes- timony of French jurisdiction, the command of which he gave to his two bros., Sanvolle and Bienville. This fort was soon after transferred to the western bank of the Mobile River, the first European settlement in Ala. He sailed for France, but returned when the French su- premacy of the Mpi. was endangered by the English. In 1700 he ascended the Mpi. as far as the country of the Natchez, while his bro. explored Western La. Iberville also built for- tifications on the Island of Massacre, which he named Dauphine Island. Attacked by yellow- fever, he escaped with broken health. In 1706, in com. yf 3 vessels, he captured the English Island of Nevis. Imlay, Gilbert, capt.Revol. army. He pub. " Topog. Description of the Western Terr, of N. A.," 8vo, Lond. 1792 ; the same, with Supplement by J. Filson, 2 vols. N. Y. 1793 ; " The Emigrants," a novel, 3 vols. 12mo, 1793. Ingalls, RuFDS, brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Denmark, Me., Aug. 23, 1820. West Point, 1843. Entering the Rifles, he was transferred to the 1st Dragoons in 1845; disting. himself in the battles of Embudo and Taos, N. Mexico, in 1847; became 1st lieut. 16 Feb. 1847; assist, quartermaster (rank of capt.) Jan. 12, 1848; served in Gal. and Oregon ; was in Gol. Step- toe's exped. across the continent; and from 1856 to 1860 was stationed at Fort Vancouver, being on the staff of Gen. Harney at the time of the San Juan affair. In Apr. 1861 he was sent with Col. Brown to re-enforce Fort Pickens ; and in July was ordered to duty with the Army of the Potomac. He was app. aide-de-camp to McClellan (rank of lieut. -col.) 28 Sept.; major in the quartermaster's dept. 12 Jan. 1862 ; was chief quartermaster in the Army of the Poto- mac 1862-5; brig.gen. vols. 23 May, 1863; col. and assist, quarterm.-gen. July 29, 1866; present at the battles of South Mountain, An- tietam, Fredericksburg, Ghancellorsville, Get- tysburg, and subsequent battles, to surrender of Lee ; brevs. of col., brig. -gen., and mnj.-gen. for merit, services in the Rebellion 13 Mar. 1865. — Cullum. Ingalls, William, M.D. (H.U. 1801 ), long an eminent physician of Boston, prof.-of anat- omy in Brown U., b. Newburyport, Ms., 3 May, 1769; d. Wrentham, Ms., Sept. 8, 1851. H.U. 1790. His ancestor, Edmund of Lynn, came from Lincolnshire, Eng., in 1629. He pub. " Malignant Fever," &c., 1847. Ingersoll, Giiarles Anthony, judge, b. New Haven, Gt., 1798; d. there Feb. 9,1860. He studied in the office of his brother Ralph J. ; attained high repute at the bar; held several offices of honor in the State and nation ; and was app. judge U.S. Dist. Gourt of Gt. by Pres. Pierce. Ingersoll, Gharles Jared, statesman, lawyer, and author. Son of Judge Jared, b. Phi'la. Oct. 3, 1782; d. there May 14, 1862. After finishing his collegiate course, he studied law, and was adm. to practice before he was 21. He then travelled in Europe, and was attached to the American embassy to France. M.G. in 1813-14 and in 1841-7, serving as chairman of the com. of foreign affairs; U.S. dist. atty. for Pa. from 1815 until removed by Gen. Jackson in 1829, shortly after which he was elected to the Pa. legisl. Member of the Ganal and In- ternal Improvement Gonvention at Harrisburg in 1825, and of the Reform Gonvention there in 1837, and in Phila. in 1838; app. sec. of legation to Prussia in 1837. In 1847 he was nominated by Mr. Polk as U.S. minister to France, but was not confirmed by the senate. Author of " Ghiomara," a poem, 1800 ; " Edwy and Elgiva," a tragedy, 1801 ; " Inchiquin the Jesuit's Letters," 1810; "Historical Sketch of the Second War between the U.S. and Great Britain," 4 vols. 8vo, 1845-52; "Riiihts and Wrongs, Power and Policy, of the U S.," in defence of Jefferson's commercial policy, 1808; and "Julian," a dramatic poem, 1831 ; "Dis- course bef. the Soc. for the Gohimemo. of the Landing of Wm. Penn," 1825. He was at the time of his death preparing "A History of the Territorial Acquisitions of the U. S." — AUihone. Ingersoll, Jared, LLD. (N. J. Goll. 1821 ), lawyer, b. Gt. 1749; d. Phila. Oct. 31, 1822. Y.G. 1766. His father, agent for the Golony in Eng. 1757 (app. in 1765 stampmaster-gen. for N. E. under the obnoxious Stamp Act), was forced by the indignant populace to resign his office Aug. 24, 1765, and was in 1770 app. admiralty judge for Pa. Removing to Phila., he d. N. Haven, Aug. 1781, a. 59. The son went to Lond., entered the Middle Temple, and studied law 5 years. Though residing in London, and the son of a loyalist, he espoused the cause of the Colonies in the Revol. In ESTG- 472 rNTV£ Paris, where he remained 18 months, he made the acquaintance of Dr. Franklin. Returnino; home, he passed the remainder of his life in Phila., where he was prominent as a lawyer. Member of the Old Congress in 1780-1 ; a representative in the convention which framed the U. S. Constitution in 1787 ; twice attj.-gen. of the State; U.S. dist. atty. for Pa. ; and re- ceived and declined the app. of chief judge of the Federal Court. He was in 1 812 the Federal candidate for vice-pres. of the U.S. ; pres. judge of the Dist. Court of Phila. Co. at the time of his death; author of a rare pamphlet on the Stamp Act, N. Haven, 4to, 1766. IngersoU, Jonathan, LL.D.(Y.C. 1817), an eminent lawyer of N. Haven, b. Ridgefield, Ct., 1746; d. Jan. 12, 1823. Y.C. 1766. Son of Rev. Jonathan. He held many public trusts; was a judge in 1798-1801, and lieut.-gov. in 1816. His dau. Grace m. Peter Grellet, and d. Paris, 1816. Ingersoll, Joseph Reed, LL.D., D.C.L. (Oxon.), statesman and lawyer. Son of Jared, b. Phila. June 14, 1786; d. Phila. Feb. 20, 1868. N.J. Coll. 1804. He studied law, and practised extensively in Phila. for many years. In 1809 ho pub. a translation from the Latin of Roccus's tracts De Navibus et Nauto and De Assecumlione. M. C 1835-7 and in 1842-9, and an advocate of the doctrine of protection ; n)iuister to England in 1850-3; author of a Memoir of Saml. Breck, 8vo, 1863. Early in the Rebellion he pub. a pamphlet entitled " Secession a Folly and a Crime." Edward, third bro. of the above, wrote poems on the times, entitled " Horace in Phila.," which ap- peared in the Portfolio ; and contrib. political articles to Walsh's Gazette; also author of the " History and Law of Habeas Corpus," 8vo, 1859; "Addison on Contracts, with Notes," 8vo, 1857 ; " Digest of Laws of the U.S., 1789- 1820," 8vo, 1821. Ingham, Charles C, portrait-painter, b. Dublin, 1797 ; d. New York, 10 Dec. 1863. He came to the U.S. in 1817, having studied 4 years in his native city, and won a premium from the Dublin Academy. He with his bro. stood for many years in the first rank of por- trait-painters. His "Death of Cleopatra" at once gave him extensive notoriety and business. He was a founder of the National Acad., and many years its vice-pres. Besides a great num- ber of portraits of the reigning beauties of his day in New York, his "Flower-Girl," "Day- Dream," and " Portrait of a Child," are good specimens of his style and manner. — Tucker- man. Ingham, Samuel D., politician, b. Bucks Co., Pa., Sept. 16, 1773; d. Trenton, N.J., •Tune 5, 1860. Of Quaker parentage. He was brought up a paper-maker, and, until drawn into politics, was a successful manuf. in Easton, N.J. He served 3 years in the Pa. legisl. ; was a prothonotary; M.C. 1813-18 and 1822-9; 8«c. of the U. S. treasury 1829-31. Inglis, Charles, D".D., Pr.-Ep. bishop of Nova Scotia ; d. Feb. or Mar. 1816, a. 82. He was assistant rector from 1764 to the Revol., and from 1777 to 1783 rector, of Trinity Church, N.Y. After the loyalist Galloway went to Eng., Dr. Inglis was his corresp. ; and his let- ters evince no little harshness towards the fomenters of the rebellion. He went to N.S. at the peace; was consec. bishop in 1788 ; and in 1809 became a member of the council. He pub. an answer to Paine's " Common Sense," in Feb. 1776, which made him obnoxious to the patriots, who confisc. his estate. His son John was made bishop of N.S., and a member of the council in 1825, and d. in Lond. in Nov. 1850. His grandson, Gen. Sir J. Eard- ley Wilmot Inglis, the heroic defender of Luck- now, d. Germany, 1862. Inglis, James, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 1811), b. Phila. 1777 ; d. Aug. 15, 1820. Col. Coll. 1795. Ord. Apr. 1802. Pastor First Presb. Church, Baltimore, and an eloquent preacher. A vol. of his sermons was pub. soon after his death, also a vol. of his poems. — Sprague. Ingraham, Duncan Nathaniel, capt. U.S.N., b. Charleston, S.C, Dec. 6, 1802; d. there June 10, 1863. Midshipman June 18, 1812; lieut. Apr. 1,1818; commander May 24, 1838 ; capt. Sept. 14, 1855. Nathaniel, his father, was a friend of Paul Jones, and was in the action with the British frigate " Serapis." His uncle Capt. Joseph, U.S.N., was lost at sea in the U.S. ship "Pickering." His cousin William, a lieut. in the navy, was killed at the age of 20. Capt. Ingraham m. Harriet R., grand-dau. of Henry Laurens. His seizure of Martin Kostza, an Amer. citizen, from the Austrian brig-of-war " Hussar," at Smyrna, July 2, 1853, gave rise to an elaborate discus- sion at Washington between M. Hulseman, the Austrian charge d'affaires, and Mr. Marcy, sec. of State. Congress, by joint resolution, Aug. 4, 1854, requested the Pres. to present a medal to him for his conduct on this occasion. In Mar. 1856 he was app. chief of the bureau of ordnance and hydrography ; which position he resigned Feb. 4, 1861, and was made chief of ordnance, construction, and repair in the Con- fed, navy. Ingraham, Edward D., lawyer of Phila., d. 1854, a. ab. 60. He pub. " Insolvent Law of Pa.," 8vo, 1827; " Gow on Partnership," with notes, 8vo, 1837-45; " Vattel's Law of Nations," 8vo, 1852; "English Ecclesiastical Reports," 1 809-35, 7 vols. He was a lover and collector of rare and curious books. — See No- tice in Deinoc. Rev. xxv. 77. Ingraham, Rev. Joseph H., author, b. Portland, Me., 1809 ; d. ab. 1866, at the South. Abandoninir mercantile pursuits, he became a teacher in Wash. Coll., near Natchez, Mpi., and in 1836 pub. " The South-west by a Yaiikee." He subsequently produced " Latitte," " Bur- ton, or the Sieges," " Capt. Kyd," " The Dan- cing Feather," and many other romances, some of Avhich attained a large circulation. He was ord. an Epis. minister, and became rector of a parish, and of St. Thomas's Hall, an acad. for boys in Holly Springs, Mpi. His last works were the " Prince of the House of David," 1855; "Pillar of Fire," 1859; and "Throne of David." Inman, Henry, an eminent painter, b. Utica, N.Y., 28 Oct. 1801 ; d. N.Y. City, 17 Jan. 1846. He early manifested a taste for art, and about 1814 visited the studio of Jarvis, in N. Y. City, where Wertmiiller's picture of rN"M: 473 IRV Danae was on exhibition. Attracting the no- tice of Jarvis, wlio, on seeing liim, exclaimed, "By Heavens! the very head for a painter," he served a year's apprenticeship with him ; m., and devoted himself to miniature-painting, in which he excelled. He afterward applied him- self to portraits, and turned his talents to good advantage in landscape and genre painting, attaining such distinction as to be chosen vice- pres. of the Nat. Acad, of Design. Visiting Eng. for his health in 1844, he painted portraits of Wordsworth, Chalmers, Macaulay, and oth- ers. Returning home in 1845 in feeble health, he undertook to furnish for the National Capitol a scries of pictures illustrating the settlement of the West, hut did not live to complete the first, — a representation of Daniel Boone's resi- dence in Ky. His conversational powers were of a high order, and he possessed a fund of anecdote and wit. Among his best efforts are his portraits of Chief Justice Marshall and Bishop White, his " Rip Van Winkle waking from his Dream," " Mumble the Peg," and " Boyhood of Washington." He was one of the most versatile of American artists. A col- lection of 127 of his paintings was exhibited for the benefit of his widow and children. His dau. Sallie m. J. R. Drake of Buffalo. John O'Briek, artist, son of Henry, after a success- ful career in the West as a portrait-painter, opened a studio in N.Y., where his flower pieces and small genre pictures found a ready sale. His facility is remarkable. In 1866 he went to Italy. A picture called " Sunny Thoughts " is highly commended. — See Tuck- er man's Book of the Artists. Inman, John, journalist, b. Utica, N.Y., 1805 ; d N.Y. Mar. 30, 1850. Bro. of Henry. With little education, he taught school 2 years JnN.C, 1823-5 ; then passed a year in Europe, and, after studying law, became editor of the Standard, afterward of the Spirit of the Times, then of the old NY. Mirror, and in 1834 as- sist, ed. of tlie Commercial Advertiser, becoming chief on the death of Mr. Stone in 1844. He was some years editor of the Columbian Mag., one entire number of which was from his pen ; and was a frequent contrib. to the periodicals of the day. In 1833 he m. Miss Fisher, a sister t)f the talented comedians of that name, of the old Park Theatre. Inman, William, commodore U.S.N., b. N.Y. ; bro. of the preceding. Midshipm. Jan. 1, 1812; lieut. Apr. 1, 1818; command. May 24, 1838; capt.June 2, 1850; commo. (retired list) July 16, 1862. He served on the Lakes during the war of 1812-15 ; com. one of two boats capturing a pirate vessel of 3 guns on the coast of Cuba in 1823 ; com. steamer " Michigan," on the Lakes, 1845 ; steam frig- ate "Susquehanna," E. I. squad., 1851 ; com. squad., coast of Africa, 1859-61. Innes, Harry, jurist, b. Caroline Co., Va., 1752 ; d. Frankfort, Ky., Sept. 20, 1816. Son of Rev. Robert, an Epis. clergyman. In 1776- 7 he was employed by the com. of safety of Va. to superintend Chipil's lead mines; in 1779 he was app. by the Va. legisl. to hear and deter- mine land claims in the Abingdon district; chosen by the Va. legisl. in 1783 judge of the Sup. Court for the dist. of Ky. ; atty.-gen. 1785-7 ; judge of the U.S. Dist. Court forKv. 1787 to his death. In 1791 he was one of the local board of war to call out the militia on expeds. against the Indians. — Collins. Inness, George, landscape-painter, b. Newburg, N. Y., May 1, 1825. At 16 he went to N.Y., and in 1845 passed a month in Gignoux's studio; after which time he long practised his art at Eagleswood, N. J. Among his pictures is " The Sign of Promise," " Peace and Plenty," " Going out of the Woods," "A Vision of Faith," "Passing Storm," " Summer Afternoon," and " Twi- light." He is an admirer of Rousseau, and reproduces his manner perfectly. There is great strength in his limning of trees, great effect in his treatment of light. He has latterly resided in Italy. — Tuckerman. Iredell, James, jurist, b. of Irish ancestry, Lewes, Sussex Co., Eng., Oct. 5, 1750; d. Edenton, N.C., Oct. 20, 1799. He eraig, to Chowan Co., N.C., at 17, and studied law with Gov. Saml. Johnston, whose sister Hannah he m. July 1773. AVas adm. to the bar, Dec. 14, 1770; and was dep. atty.-gen. in 1774; dep. and afterward collector of Edenton until the Revol. ; chosen judge of the Sup. Court, Dec. 20, 1777; resigned 1778; mem. of the Const. Conv. at Hillsborough ; atty.-gen. of N.C. in 1779-82; and judge of the U. S. Sup. Court from Feb. 1790 till his death. He was the elo- quent defender and able exponent of the Fed- ei'al Constitution in the State convention. In 1791 he pub. "Iredell's Revisal of the Stat- utes of N.C." His judicial opinion in the case of " Chisholm vs. Georgia " contains the germ of all the later doctrines of " State rights." His " Life and Corresp.," by G. J. McRee, was pub., 2 vols., N.Y. 1857. Iredell, James, son of the preceding, b. Chowan Co., N.C, Nov. 2, 1788; d. Edenton, N.C, April 13, 1853. N.J. Coll. 1806. He was bred to the bar; was 10 years in the house of commons, of which he was also speaker ; com. a company of vols, at Norfolk, Va., in the war of 1812 ; chosen judge of the State Sup. Court in 1819; gov. of N.C. 1827; and U.S. sena- tor 1828-31. He afterward practised at Ra- leigh ; and was many years reporter of the de- cisions of the Sup. Court. He pub. 13 vols, of law, and 8 of equity reports. In 1833 he was app. a comtniss. to collect and revise the State statutes. He also pub. a " Treatise on the Law of Executors and Administrators." Irvin, William W., jurist, b. Albemarle Co., Va., 1778; d. Lancaster, O., Apr. 1842. Often a member of the Ohio le., author, b. N.Y. City, Apr. 3, 1783 ; d. Tarry town, N.Y., Nov. 28, 1859. Wm , his father, was a Scotch emigrant; and his mother was an English- woman. At the age of 16 he began the study of law, but did not enter upon its practice. At 19 he wrote a series of articles under the signature of "Jonathan Oldstyle," pub. in the Morning Chronicle, edited by his brother Peter. From May, 1804, to March, 1806, he was ia Europe for his health. In 1807 lie pub., in conjunction with his brother William, and J. K. Paulding, " Salmagundi ; " in Dec. 1808, "Knickerbocker's History of N.Y.;" ed. the Analectic Mag. during the war of 1812-14, to which he contrib. a series of biographies of the naval officers of the U.S.; and in May, 1815, went to Europe, where he resided 17 years. He had previously engaged with two of his brothers in mercantile pursuits as a silent partner. The failure of tlie commercial house with which he was connected threw him upon his literary resources, and, aided by Sir Walter Scott, he brought out " The Sketch-Book " in Lond. in 1820, which brought him fame and profit; and, after a year's residence in Paris, " Bracebridge Hall" appeared in May, 1822. He passed the following winter in Dresden ; returned to Paris in 1823, and in May, 1824, to Lond., to pub. " The Tales of a Traveller;" returned to Paris in Aug.; and in the autumn of 1825 visited the south of France. He went to Madrid in Feb. 1826; pub. his "Life of Columbus" in 1828; made a tour to the south of Spain; in 1829 pub. "The Conquest of Granada;" and resided three months in the Al- hambra, where he prepared the work pub. un- der that name in 1832. In 1829-31 he was sec. of legation to the Amer. embassy in Lond., and received one of the 50-guinea gold medals provided by George IV. for eminence in his- torical compositions. In May, 1832, he re- turned to N.Y. ; in 1835 pub. "Tour on the Prairies," "Abbotsfordand Newstead Abbey," and " Legends of the Conquest of Granada ; " IRV 475 IVJE in 1836 "Astoria;" and in 1837 "The Ad- ventures of Capt. Bonneville." From 1839 to 1841 he contrib. articles to the Knickerbocker Mag. Tliese and other articles from the Eng- lish annuals and periodicals were in 1855 coll. in a vol. entitled " Wolfert's Roost." In 1841 he pub. "A Life of Margaret Miller David- son " to accompany an edition of her poetical remains. Minister to Spain in 1842-6; after his return, he began the publication of a revised edition of his works, 15 vols. 1848-50, In 1849 he pub. "Oliver Goldsmith, aBiography;" and in 1849-50 " Mahomet and his Successors." His last work was his " Life of Washington," 5 vols. 1855-9. He was never married. The honorary degree of Doctor of Laws was con- ferred on him by H.U. in 1832; Oxford, Eng., in 1831; and Col. Coll. in 1829. He was a corresp. member of the Roy. Acad, of History of Spain, and an hon. member of the Hist, and Geog. Institute of Brazil, He was also a mem- ber of other learned and scientific societies. A Memoir of Irving, with his Letters, was pub. by his nephew, Pierre M. Irving, 5 vols. 1867. Irving, William, bro. of the preceding, writer and merchant, b. New York, Aug. 15, 1766; d. there Nov. 9, 1821. From 1787 to 1791 he was an Indian trader on the Mohawk River. In 1793 he m. a sister of J. K. Pauld- ing, and afterward became a merchant in N.Y. Eminent for wit and refinement, as well as knowledge of the world. He was one of the authors of" Salmagundi," to which he contrib. most of the poetical pieces " from the Mill of Pindar Cockloft." M.C. 1813-ll Irwin, Col. Henry; killed at the battle of Germantown, Oct. 4, 1777. Merchant of Tarborough, N.C, before the Revol. Member of the first Assembly from Edgecombe in Aug. 1775; lieut.-col. Sept. 9, 1775. Irwin, Gen, Jared, gov. of Ga. 1796-8 and 1806-9, b. Mecklenburg Co., N. C, 1751 ; d. Union, Washington Co., Ga., March 1, 1818. Migrating to Ga. at tlie age of 7, he was for many years on the Indian frontier, and, during the latter part of the Revol. war, actively em- ployed against the Tories and Indians. At the close of the war he was chosen to the State legisl.; was a member of the convention which adopted the Constitution in 1789; pres. of the State Const. Conv. 1798; and many years member and pres. of the senate. Removing to Pa., he was M.C. from that State in 1813-17. Isham, Gen. Jirah, b. Colchester, Ct., 1778; d. New London, 6 Oct. 1842. Y. C. 1797. He was a lawyer at New Lond.; State's atty. ; mayor ; judge of probate ; and, as maj.- gen. of militia, com. in defence of Stonington in 1814. Iturbide, Adgustin db, emperor of Mex- ico, b. Valladolid, Mex., 1784; d. 19 July, 1824. Bred a farmer. He entered the militia at the age of 17 ; was a lieut. in 1810 ; and, for his services in suppressing the insurrection of Morales, was made a col. and com. of Bahia; but, on being deprived of that post, left the ser- vice, and returned to his plantation. Placed in command of an army destined to the South, ho marched to Aeapulco in the latter part of 1819, and, having matured a scheme for the over- throw of the Spanish power, — known as the "Iguala Plan," promulged 24 Feb. 1821, — ho marched to Queretaro; was joined by Victoria, a devoted patriot ; took possession of the capi- tal 27 Sept. in the name of the nation ; and established a regency named by himself, and wholly under his own control. Mny 18, 1822, he was declared emperor; but public distrust, and the conflicting claims of rival chiefs, caused him to abdicate; and 11 May, 1823, he sailed for Leghorn. After some months' residence there and in Eng., an insurrection in his favor in- duced him to return to Mexico, where he land- ed 14 July, 1824, but was recognized; and, pursuant to a decree declaring him a traitor if he dared to land on the Mexican tenitory, he was shot at Padillo. His widow was granted $8,000 on condition that she should reside ei- ther in Colombia or the U.S. She long resided in Phila. Two of her sons afterward returned to Mexico, where they held offices of trust un- der the govt. — See his Life bij. himself, a pam- phlet pub. Lond. 18:24. Iverson, Alfred, Democ. politician, b. Burke Co., Ga,, Dec, 3, 1798, N. J. Coll. 1820. He studied law; settled in f)ractice in Colum- bus, Ga.; was a member of both houses of the State legisl,; was twice elected judge of the Superior Court; was M,C. 1847-9; U.S. sen- ator from 1855 to 1861; was an advocate, in that body, of disunion and an independent Southern confederacy; and withdrew Jan. 28, 1861. He became col. of a Ga, regt,, and in Nov, 1862 brig.-gen. He m. a dau. of Hon. John Forsyth. Ives, Ansel W., M.D. ( Coll. Ph. and Surg., N.Y., 1814), physician, b. Woodbury, Ct ,1788; d. New York, Feb. 2, 1838. He labored on a farm ; then taught school ; studied and prac- tised medicine in N.Y. with constantly-increas- ing success. Of his articles for medical jour- nals, that on the Hamulus lupulus gained him reputation. He pub., with Notes, " Paris's Pharmacoiogia," and " Hamilton on Mercurial Remedies." Ives, Eli, M.D., physician, b. N. Haven, Ct., Feb. 7, 1779; d. there Oct. 8, 1861. Y.C. 1799. He studied medicine ; was 2 years rec- tor of the Hopkins grammar-school ; began practice with his father. Dr. Levi, in 1801 ; subsequently continued his studies in Phila, ; and gave special attention to indigenous vege- table remedies. With Prof. Silliman, he estab- lished in 1813 the medical dept. of Y.C. ; and from 1813 to 1829 was prof, of materia mediea. He held the chair of the theory and practice of med. from 1829 till 1853; resuming the chair for a short period subsequently. He had been pres, of the State and National Med. Associa- tions, and was a remarkably skilful and suc- cessful practitioner. He was an active advo- cate of temperance, education, emancipation, and other causes of active benevolence ; found- ed and was many years pres. of the Hortic. andPomological Societies; and expended much time and labor in the maintenance of a botani- cal garden. He contrib. 4 articles to the Jour- nal of Science, and pub. an " Address before the N. Haven Horticultural Soc." in 1837. — Y. a Obit. Record. Ives, Levi, M.D., physician, b. 1750; d. IVK 476 JA.C New Haven, Ct., Oct. 17, 1826. He was a founder of the N. Haven Med. Soc. ; one of the conductors of Cases and Observations, the first med. journal in tliis country; and was a skilful practitioner. Father of Dr. Eli Ives. Ives, Levi Silliman, D.D., LL.D., di- vine and author, b. Meriden, Ct., Sept. 16, 1797 ; d. Manhattanville, near N.Y. City, Oct. 13, 1867. Brought up on his father's farm in Turin, N.Y. He studied at the acad. at Low- ville, and served nearly a year under Gen. Pike in the war with Eng. He entered Hum. Coll. in 1816, but, on account of poor health, left before the close of his senior year. Join- ing the Epis. Church in 1819, he studied the- ology at N.Y. under Bishop Hobart (whose dau. Rebecca he m. in 1825). and received dea- con's orders in Aug. 1822. He was first a mis- sionary at Batavia, N. Y. ; the next year took charge of Trin. Church, Phila., and was ord. priest by Bishop White; in 1827 he took charge of Christ Church, Lancaster, Pa. ; at the end of the year became assist, minister of Christ Church, N.Y. ; 6 months after was made rector of St. Luke's; and Sept. 22, 1831, was consec. bishop of N.C. At Valle Crncis, among the mountains of N.C, he established an insti- tution to promote the cause of education in the church, which occasioned him great pecuniary loss. He manifested a deep sympathy with the efforts for the religious training of the slaves, for whom he prepared a catechism adapted to their comprehension and spiritual wants. Besides charges to the clergy, and occasional sermons, he pub. discourses on the "Apostles' Doctrine and Fellowship," and on the " Obe- dience of Faith," 1849. Siding strongly with the Tractarian movement, his diocese became alienated, and he was at length thoroughly con- vinced of the su]>remacy of the pope. In Dec. 1852 he visited Home, and was there adm. into the R. C. Church. He vindicated this step in a vol. entitled "The Trials of a Mind in its Progress to Catholicism," 1854. Deposed from his bishopric, Oct. 14, 1853. After his return to Amer. he was employed as prof, of rhetoric in St. Joseph's Theol. Sem. at Foixlham, and as lecturer on rhetoric and the English language in the convents of the Sacred Heart and the Sis- ters of Charity. The last years of his life were devoterough. — Appleton. Izard, George, gen., b. S. C. 1777 ; d. Little Rock, Ark., Nov. 22, 1828. Son of Ralph. After receiving a classical education, and making a tour in Europe, app. a lieut. of art. June 2, 1794; engr. of fortifications in Charleston harbor in 1798; capt. July, 1799 ; aide to Gen. Hamilton, Dec. 16, 1799; resigned in 1803. On the breaking-out of war with Great Britain, app. col. 2d Art. Mar. 12, 1812; brig.-gen. Mar. 12, 1813; maj. -gen. Jan. 24,1814; disbanded 1815. Gov. of Ark. Territory from Mar. 1825 till his death. He pub. his " Official Corresp, with the War Dept. in 1814-15," 8vo, Phila. 1816. His son James F., 1st lieut. 1st U.S. Dragoons (West Point, 1828), d.of wounds received at Camp Izard, Fla., 5 Mar. 1836, a. 25. Izard, Ralph, statesman, b. near Charles- ton, S. C, 1742; d. there May .30, 1804. Camb. U., Eng. His grandfather was one of the founders of S.C. ; and he inherited a large estate in land and slaves. In 1767 he m. Alice, dau. of Peter DeLancy ; visitcil Eng. in 1771, and the Continent in 1774. He went again to France ; was afterward app. by Cong, com- miss. at the court of Grand Duke of Tuscany, and resided in Paris. He sided with Arthur Lee in his opposition to Silas Deane, Frank- lin, and the other Amer. agents in France. July 10, 1780, he returned to Amer. ; was in- strumental in profuring Gen. Greene's app. to the Southern army, and pledged his large estate for the purchase of ships-of-war in Europe. Delegate to the Old Congress 1781-3 ; U.S. senator 1789-95. He was polished in manners, able and eloquent, and honest as a legislator, but passionate, and incompetent as a diploma- tist. Mis " Corre.sp. from 1774 to 1784," with a short Memoir, was pub. by his dau. 1844. His son R ilph, a lieut. U.S.N. , was disting. in the war with Tripoli. Jackson, Andrew, LL D. (H.U. 1833), 7thpres. U.S.,b. Waxhaw, S.C, 15 Mar. 1767; d. at the Hermitage, near Nashville, Tenn., 8 June, 1845. His parents came from Ireland in 1765. At 14 Andrew joined the Revol. army, in which his two brothers were killed; was with Suniter when defeated at Hanging Rock in 1780 ; was captured in 1781, and, for refusing to clean the bootsof a British officer, re- ceived two wounds from a sword. He studied, and was adm. to practise law in Western N.C. in 1786; removed to Nashville in 1788; was U.S. atty in 1790 ; member of the State Const. Conv. inl796; U.S. senator in 1797; and was a judge of the Tenn. Sup. Ct. in 1798-1804; maj. -gen. Tenn. militia 1798-1814. He com. in the battle with the Creek Indians at Tal- ladega in Nov. 1813; at the Emucfan 24 Jan. 1814 ; and at Horse-shoe Bend 27 Mar. 1814;. made brig.-gen. U.S.A. 19 Apr. 1814; and maj -gen. 1 May, 1814. Commiss. in that year with Col. Hawkins to treat with the sub- dued tril)cs, and to establish military posts in their country. Jan. 8, 1815, he obtained a signal victory over the Biitish forces at New Orleans, by which, and by his active and vigor- ous measures for the defence of that city, he established a high reputation as a gen. In 1817-18 he successfully prosecuted the Sem- inole war; resigned his com. in 1819; was gov. of Fla. in 1821-2 ; U.S. senator 1823-4 ; and in 1828, and again in 1832, was elected pres. The events which particularly marked his administration were the difficulties with France about the payment of the indemnity, the suppression of the nullification moveraeut J^O 477 j^o in S.C. in 1832, the war with the Seminole Indians, the removal of the deposits from the U.S. Bank, and the controversy which ended in the loss of its charter. He possessed great firmness and decision of character, and was a thoroughly honest and straightforward man. In 1806 he challenged, and killed in a duel, Charles Dickinson (receiving himself a severe wound), by which his popularity was greatly impaired; and in Sept. 1813, in an affray at Nashville with Thomas H. Benton, he 'was severely wounded by Benton's brother Jesse. If his hot temper led him into more than one affair injurious to his reputation, his humanity and benevolence were frequently exhibited. In 1835 an attempt upon his life was made by Kichard Lawrence, afterward confined as a lunatic. His biog. has been written by J. H. Eaton, 1818; William Cobbett, 1834; Amos Kendall, 1844; and by James Parton, 3 vols. Svo, 1859. Jackson, Charles, LL.D. (H.U. 1821), jurist, b. Newhuryport, Mav 31, 1775 ; d. Bos- ton, Dec. 13, 1855. H.U. n93. Son of Hon. Jonathan. Charles studied law in the office of Chief Justice Parsons; was adm. to practice in Essex Co. in 1796, rapidly attaining emi- nence; and in 1803 removed to Boston, where he was engaged with Judge Hubbard, his part- ner, in the most lucrative practice in the State, and where he attained the highest rank at a barthronged with brilliant competitors. Judge Ms. Sup. Court 1813-24 ; member of the State Const. Conv. in 1820; afterwards aided in other desirable legal i-eforms, and especially in those affecting the relations of det)tor and cred- itor ; and in 1 833 was app. one of the commiss. to codify the State laws. He pub. a treatise npon the " Pleadings and Practice in Real Actions," 8vo, 1828. Jackson, Charles Davis, D.D. (Norwich U. 1859), b. Salem, Ms., Dec. 15, 181 1. Dartm. Coll. 1833; And. Theol. Sem. 1838. Prof, of Latin and Greek at Lane Sem. ; was head of a classical school at Petersburg, Va., 2 years; taught in Dr. Hawks's school at Flush- ing, L. I., 1 year; ord. priest in the Prot.-Epis. Church, NY. City, Mar. 5, 1842; rector of St. Stephen's Church 1 or 2 years ; rector of St. Luke's, Staten Island, 1843-7; and since then of St. Peter's, Westchester, N.Y. He pub. a vol. on " Popular Education," on " The Relation of Education to Crime" (2 vols.), " Select Discourses," and " Sermons on a Fu- ture State." Jackson, Charles Thomas, M.D. (H.U. 1829), chemist, mineralogist, and geologist, b. Plymouth, Ms., June 21, 1805. Descended from Abraham, one of the early settlers of Plymouth, and, on the mother's side, from Rev. John Cotton. While preparing himself for coll. his health failed, and he made an excur- sion on foot through N.Y. and N. J. with sev- eral disting. naturalists. Returning to Boston, he studied medicine. In the summer of 1827, he made, in company with Francis Alger of Boston, a mineralogical and geological survey of Nova Scotia, an account of which is in the Amer. Journal of Science for 1828. In 1829 they renewed this survey, pub. a fuller account in the " Memoirs of the Acad, of Arts and Sciences." In 1829-32 he visited Europe, pur- suing his medical and scientific studies at Paris ; made a pedestrian tour through Central Eu- rope ; was at Vienna during the prevalence of the cholera ; assisted in the dissection of the bodies of 200 victims of the disease; and pub. a detailed account of his medical observations in the Boston Med. Mag. for 1832. Visiting Italy, he made a geol. tour of Sicily. In 1837 a controversy arose between Prof. Morse and Dr. Jackson in regard to their respective claims to the invention of the magnetic telegraph, the evidence respecting which has been printed. In 1836 he was app. State geologist of Me., of which he made 3 annual reports; in 1839 of R. I., of which he made a report in 1 vol. ; in 1840 of N.H., occupying 3 years, of which he pub. the report in 1844. He then explored the wilderness on the southern shore of Lake Su- perior, and made known to the public the won- derful mineral resources of that region. In 1847-9 he was app. by Congress to survey the mineral lands in Mich., his report of which was pub. in 1850. Dr. Jackson is also a claim- ant of the discovery of anaesthetics, and is the recipient of various honors on that account. (See Morton, W. T. G.) He has made numer- ous scientific discoveries, and has furnished many scientific communications to the Journal of Science and Arts, to the Comptes Rendns, and to the Bulletin de la Society Geolorjicale de France. He has also pub. in the U.S. Patent Office Agric. Reports the results of chemical researches on the cotton-plant, the tobacco-plant, on Indian corn, and on 38 varieties of Amer. grasses. He pub. in 1861 " Manual of Etherization, with a History of the Discovery." — App/eton. Jackson, Claiborne F., politician, b. Fleming Co., Ky., Apr. 4, 1807; d. Little Rock, Ark., Dec. 6, 1862. He went to Mo. in 1822; was a capt. in the Black Hawk War; was 10 or 12 years in the State legisl. ; speaker of the house 1 year; and gov. of Mo. in 1861. His efforts for the secession of the State were frustrated by Gen. Lyon ; and he was deposed by the State Conv. in July. He was made a gen. in the Con fed. army. Jackson, Conrad Feger, hrig.-gen. vols., b. Pa. ; killed in the battle of Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862. Before the war he had been connected with the Pa. Central and Read- ing Railroads. He became col. 9th Pa. Re- serves in 1861 ; com. his regt. at the battle of Drainsville; and served under Gen. McCall in the Peninsular campaign. Made a brig. -gen. July 17, 1862, he took com. of a brigade in Mc- Call's division, which he led at So. Mountain and Antietam. Jackson, Francis, b. Newton, Mar. 7, 1789; d. Boston, Nov. 14, 1861. Many years pres. Ms. Antislavery Society. Son of Major Timothy (1756-1814), a Revol. officer. He was at one time a member of the city govt., and the originator of many public improve- ments in Boston. He pub. a " Hist, of New- ton," 1854. Jackson, Gen. Henry, Revol. officer, b. Boston, 1748; d. there Jan. 4, 1809. App. col. 16th Ms. regt. Jan. 12, 1777 ; com. the 9th in 1779-82 (called the Boston regt.) ; and dis- ting. at R. I. in 1778, and at Springfield, N.J., JAO 478 J-A.O in Jane, 1780. He afterward com. the 4th Ms. "^^ Jackson, Henry, M.D. (Phila. Coll.), LL.l)., b. Devonshire, Eng., 1778; d. near Athens, Ga , Apr. 26, 1840. At the age of 12 he emigrated to Amer., and was educated by his bro. Gen. James Jackson. Prof, of math, and nat. philos. in the U. of Ga. 1811- 14 and 1817-28; sec. of legation in France 1814 ; and charge d'affaires until 1817. Jackson, Henry, D.D. (BU. 1854), b. Providence, li. I., June 16, 1798; d. Newport, R.I., Mar. 2, 1863. B. U. 1817. Ord. over the 1st Baptist Church, Charlestown, Ms., Nov. 27, 1822; disni. Oct. 19, 1836; founded the Charlestown Female Sem. ; pastor of the First Church, Hartford, 1836-8; of New Bed- ford, Jan. 1, 1839 to Oct. 19, 1845, and of the Central Baptist Church, Newport, from Jan. 24, 1847, to his death. He pub. "Account of the Churches of R. I.," 8vo, 1854 ; and " An- niv. Discourse before the Central Baptist Church, Newport," 8 Jan. I85i.— Hist. Mar/. Dec. 1868. Jackson, Henry Rootes, author and diplomatist, b. Savannah, Ga., 1819. Y. C. 1839. Son of Dr. Henry. Educated at Frank- lin Coll., Athens, Ga. Was subsequently adm. to the bar ; and was several years U. S. dist.- atty. for the State. He was also, at one period, one of the editors of the Savannah Georfjian. Col. of a Georgia regt. in the Mexican war. He was a judge of the eastern circuit from 1849 to 1853, when he was app. charge d'affaires at Vienna, and from 1854 to 1858 was minister resident. Made a brig. -gen. in the rebel army in the beginning of the war, he had a com. on the Upper Potomac. Author of "Tullalah, and other Poems," 1851. Jackson, Gen. James, soldier and states- man, b. Devonshire, Eng., Sept. 21, 1757; d. Washington, March 19, 1806. In 1772 he came to Savannah, and began to study law. Nature having eminently fitted him for a sol- dier, he was active in repelling the British from Savannah in March, 1776; com. a com])any until the fatal Florida exped. of Gen. Howe; made brigade maj. of Ga. militia in 1778, and wounded in the skirmish in which Gen. Scre- ven was killed ; took part in the defence of Savannah ; and when it fell, Dec. 29, 1778, fled to S. C, where he joined Gen. Moultrie. While on his way, so wretched was his appear- ance, that some Whigs arrested, tried, and con- demned him as a spy ; ab. to be executed, he was fortunately recognized by a gentleman of reputation from Ga. In March, 1780, he was severely wounded in a duel; his adversary, Lieut.-Gov. Wells, being killed. He joined Col- Elijah Clark in Aug. 1780, and at the battle of Blackstocks was vol, aide to Sumter; in 1781 he was brig, major to Gen. Pickens, sharing in the victory of the Cowpens; and at the battle of Long Cane, when Col. Clark was disabled, saved his com. from dispersion. He was at the siege of Augusta, and was left in com. of the garrison after the expulsion of the British. He next com. a legionary corps, with which he did good service ; at the close of the war the Ga. legisl. gave him a house and lot in Savannah. Engaged successfully in the practice of the law; he m. in 1785; was made brig.-gen. in 1786 ; and was elected gov. of Ga. in 1788, but declined on account of youth and inexperience. M. C. 1789-91; U.S. senator 1793-5 and 1801-6; maj.-gen. of militia 1792 ; chiefly in- strumental in framing the con.stitution of' Ga. in 1798; and gov. in 1798-1801. While in Congress, he strenuously opposed the bill for the suppression of the slave-trade. He was a man of impetuous temper, but of approved in- tegrity and patriotism. His bro., Gen. Abra- ham, d. in Jan. 1810. —Nat. Port. Gall. Jackson, James, M. D , LL.D. (H. U. 1854), physician, bro. of Charles, b. Newbury- port, Oct. 3, 1777 ; d. Boston, Aug. 27, 1867. H. U. 1796. For 6 months after graduating, he was English teacher at Leicester Acad, ; he studied medicine under Dr. Ilolyoke of Salem, and in Lond. ; then returned to Bo,ston, where he began practice in 1800, In 1810, with Dr. J. C. Warren, he proposed the establishment of a hospital in Boston, The Asylum for the Insane was soon established at Somerville, and afterward the Ms. Gen. Hospital in Boston, of which Dr. Jackson was the first physician, and resigned in 1835. In 1810 he was chosen prof, of clinical medicine in the mcd. dept, of H.U. ; in 1812 prof.of theory and practice there, and in 1835 was made emeritus prof. His principal publications are, " On the Brunonian System," 1809 ; " Remarks on the Medical Ef- fects of Dentition," 1812 ; various articles in the "Transactions of the Ms. Medical Society;" "Syllabus of Lectures," 1816 ; and " Tcxt- Book of Lectures," 1825-7; A Memoir of his son, James Jackson, jnn., who died in 1834; " Letters to a Young Physician," 1855 ; " Eu- logy on Dr. John Warren," 1815, Dr. Jack- son was also a frequent contrib. to the Boston 3Ied. and Surgical ./ournal. Jackson, Gen. James S., b, Madison Co,, Ky., ab. 1822 ; killed in the battle of Perryville, Oct, 8, 1862. Educated at Centre Coll. He studied law ; practised at Grecnupsburg, and afterwards at Mopkinsville, Ky., and was prom- inent both as a lawyer and a politician. He served in the Ky. Cav. in the Mexican war. Elected as a Union candidate to the 37th Con- gress. He Ijccame col. 3d Ky. Cav.; was made a brig.-gen. July 10, 1862 ; and com. a division under Gen. McCook at Perryville. He had fought several duels, one of them with T. F. Marshall, Jackson, John G,, lawver and politician, d. Clarksburg, Va., March* 29, 1825, At 19 he was surveyor of public lands in Ohio ; at 20 a member of the Va, legisl., and again in 1798-9; M.C. from Va. 1795-7, 1799-1810, 1818-17; app, judge U.S, court, west, dist, of Va,, in 1819; brig,-gen. State militia, 1813. Jackson, John J., brig.-gen. C. S. A., b. Augusta, Ga., 1829; d, Milledgevillc, March 22, 1866, He was a lawyer by profession; raised the Augusta vol. batt., and 1st Ga. inf., and com, a brigade in Bragg's corps at Shiloh ; in August, 1864, he com. the Con led. dept. of Fla. ; after the war, he resumed his profession at Augusta. Jackson, Jonathan, statesman, b. Bos- ton, June 4, 1743 ; d. there March 5, 1810. H.U. 1761. He was long a merchant in New- JAC 479 JTJLO buryport, where he m. the dau. of Patrick Tracy, an opulent merchant. Member of the Prov. Congress 1775; representative in 1777; member of the Old Congress in 1782; State senator in 1789; and marshal of the dist. of Ms. ; afterward State treasurer, and pres. of the State Bank. Author of "Thoughts upon the Polit. Situation of the U.S.," 1788. Judge Charles, Dr. James, and Patrick T., were his sons. Jackson, Gbx. Michael, Revol. soldier, b. Newton, Ms., Dec. 18, 1734; d, there April 10, 1801. Alieut. in the French war : at Bun- ker's Hill, where he was major of Gardner's regt., he had a personal encounter with a Brit- ish officer, whom he killed, while he received a ball in the side : his life was saved by his sword- belt. He was afterward lieut.-col. of Bond's regt., and was wounded in the thigh at Mon- tressor's Island, in 1776 ; col. 8th Ms. regt. of the Cont. line from Jan. 1777 till the end of the war, in which his 5 brothers and 5 sons were engaged. — Hist, of Newton. Jackson, Gen. Nathaniel J., b. New- buryport, Ms. Capt. Lewiston Light Inf be- fore the war; col. 1st Me. vols. June, 1861 ; and was afterward col. 5th Me. regt. ; brig.-gen. vols. 24 Sept. 1862; com. 2d brig. 2d div. 12th corps, and served through the campaigns of McClellan and Pope in Va., and was wounded at Gaines's Mill. In the fall of 1864 he took com. 1st div. 20th corps; was in Sherman's march to the sea, and in the invasion of the Carolinas ; brev. maj.-gcn. ; mustered out 24 Aug. 1865. Jackson, Patrick Tracy, merchant (bro. of Dr. James), b. Newbnryport, Aug. 14, 1780 ; d. Beverly, Sept. 12, 1847. Establishing him- self in Boston, he acquired a fortune in the India trade. With his brother-in-law, Francis C. Lowell, he engaged in the cotton manuf ; having succeeded, in the latter part of 1812, in producing a model from which the ingenious Paul Moody constructed a power-loom. In 1813 they built their first mill at Waltham, said to have been the first in the world that combined all the operations for converting the raw cotton into finished cloth. In 1821 he made large purchases of land on the Merrimack River, where a number of mills were construct- ed by the Merrimack Manuf. Co., organized un- der liis auspices. This settlement formed the germ of the city of Lowell, subsequently erected on the spot. He in 1830 procured a charter for a railroad between Lowell and Boston, the construction of which he directed with untiring energy until its completion in 1835. Pecuniary reverses having overtaken him in 1837, he took charge of the Locks and Canals Company of Lowell; and was subsequently agent of the Great Falls Manuf. Co. at Somerswortk He also labored zealously to promote the moral and intellectual improvement of the operatives in his mills, with deserved success. — See Hunt's Lives of American Merchants. Jackson, Dr. Robert Montgomery Smith, med. insp. 23d army corps, b. Pa. ; d. Chattanooga, Tenn., Jan. 28, 1865. A resident of Cresson, he was widely known in Pu. for force of character and scientific attainment, and was specially disting. as a botanist and geologist. He was a member of the Pa. Geol. Commission, of the Am. Philos. Soc, the Acad, of Natural Sciences, and other learned bodies. He pub. " The Mountain," a work disting. by a love of nature and scientific knowledge. Jackson, Samuel, M.D., prof, institutes of med. at the U. of Pa. 1835-63, M.D. of Rutg. Coll. 1812, b. Phila. 22 Mar. 1787. Has pub. "Principles of Medicine," 8vo, 1832; " Discourse Commemo. of Nathl. Chapman," 1854; Introd. to J. C. Morris's Transl. of "Lehman's Chemical Physiology," 8vo, 1856; " Occasional Medical Essays." — Allibone. Jackson, Thomas Jonathan ("Stone- wall"), gen. C.S.A., b. Clarksburg, Va., Jan. 21, 1824 ; d. at Guinea's Station, Va., May 10, 1863. West Point, 1846 (No. 17 in his class). The death of his father, in 1827, left him de- pendent upon an uncle, who brought him up a farmer. As a boy he was noted for gravity and sobriety of manners. Entering the 2d Art., he served in Mexico with Magruder's battery; became 1st lieut. Aug. 20, 1847; brev. capt. and major for gallantry at Con- treras, Churubusco,and Chapultepec; resigned Feb. 29, 1852, with impaired health; and be- came a prof, in the Miiit. Inst, at Lexington, Va. Embracing the secession movement with enthusiasm, he was made a col.; and May 3, 1861, app. com. of the " Army of Observation" at Harper's Ferry. He encountered Gen. Pat- terson's advance at Falling Waters, July 2; bore a disting. part, and com. a brigade, in the battle of Bull Run, where, in the language of the Confed. Gen. Bee, "Jackson stood like a stone wail." He was soon after made a brig., and in Sept. a maj.-gcn., and assigned to the com. at Winchester. He attacked Gen. Shields at this place, Mar. 23, 1862, and was repulsed. Early in May he turned upon his pursuers, and by a rapid march cut off a detached body at Front Royal, and compelled the Union army under Banks to retreat hastily to the Potomac. Fremont and McDowell endeavored to cut liim off; but he succeeded in eluding them by a dis- play of energy, decision, and command of re- sources, that made his name famous in both Europe and America. Hastening back to Richmond, his timely arrival at Gaines's Mill gave the victory to the Confederates ; on the 29th he engaged McClellan's rear-guard at Frazier's Farm; and July I shared in the sig- nal defeat of the Confederates at Malvern Hill. Jackson's corps next moved against Gen. Pope; Aug. 9 was fought the severely-contested battle of Cedar Mountain, with the small corps of Gen. Banks. Lee having joined Jackson, the latter was despatched, Aug. 24, to gain Gen. Pope's rear, which he did, capturing, at Ma- nassas, prisoners, cannon, and a large amount of stores. Lee came to his support^ and on the 30th was fought the second batile of Ma- nassas. He took part in the invasion of Md. ; Sept. 15 captured Harper's Ferry, with 11,000 prisoners, and rejoined Lee at Antietam in season to do the severest fighting at that battle. Lieut.-gen. for the battle of Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 1862. By his flank movement at Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863, the 11th corps of Hooker's army was routed, and compelled J^C 480 J^M to fall back ; but in the darkness he was, by mistake, fiied upon by his own men, and so severely wounded as to occasion his death a few days later. Jackson was a deacon in the Presb. Church ; and his religious fervor some- times approached the verge of fanaticism. His manners and dress were of the simplest de- scription. Jackson, Timothy, inventor, d. Boston, Ms., Oct 31, 1858. The hotel annunciator, the heavy ordnance by which the walls of the MalakofF and Redan were battered down at the storming of Sebastopol, the " Novelty " S5 sewing-machine, and many other new and use- ful inventions, were his. He, however, reaped little pecuniary benefit from his labors. Jackson, Major William, Revol. officer, b. Cumberland, Eng., Mar. 9, 1759; d. Phila. Dec. 17,1828. An orphan; brought to Charles- ton, S.C., at an early age; liberally educated; a lieut. 1st S.C. regt. June, 1775; aide to Gen. Lincoln in the fight at Stono, June 20, 1779 ; capt. Oct. 9, 1779, in the repulse at Savannah; and made prisoner at Charleston, May 12, 1780; in 1781 sec. to Col. John Laurens, special minister to France; aide-decamp to Washing- ton, with the rank of major; assist, sec. of war under Gen. Lincoln 1782-3 ; and after a visit to Europe practised law at Phila. ; in 1787 sec. to the convention that framed the U.S. Constitu- tion ; aide and private sec. to Washington 1 789- 93; spent two years in Europe; and Nov. 11, 1795, m. Elizabeth Willing of Phila, who d. Aug. 5, 1858. Surv. of the port of Phila. 1796- 1801 ; sec. of the Soc. of Cincinnati 1800-28; solicitor of Revol. pensions, Jan. 1820. After his removal from the office of surveyor by Jefferson, he started The Political and Commer- cial Register, a daily newspaper. He delivered the funeral-oration upon Washington in Phila. Jackson, William, D.D. (Middleb. Coll. 1839), minister of Dorset, Vt., b. Cornwall, Ct., 14 Dec. 1768; d. Dorset, Vt., 15 Oct. 1842. Dartm. Coll. 1790. Ord. 27 Sept. 1796. He studied theology with Dr. Emmons, and founded the first education society in the U.S. His wife, Susanna Crane of Brentwood, N.H., b. 1771, d. 1848. Some of her interesting let- ters are pub. in the Memoirs of her dau. Hen- rietta A. L. Hamlin, wife of the missionary. Jackson, William, philanthropist, b. Newton, Ms., Sept. 6, 1783; d. there Feb. 27, 1855. Member Ms. legisl. 1829-32; M.C. 1834-7 and 1841-3; and filled other important public stations. He was a pioneer in railroad enterprises in Ms., and a zealous laborer for the causes of temperance and antislavery. Jacob, Stephen, chief justice of Vt. ; d. Windsor, Vt., Feb. 1817, a. 61. Yale, 1778. Jacobs, Sarah S., b. R.I., dau. of Rev. Bela Jacobs, a Bapt. minister ; resides in Cam- bridgeport, Ms. She has pub. "Nonantum and Natick," a popular history of the N.E. Indian tribes, 12mo, 1853; "Memoir of Rev. B. Jacobs," 1837. A number of her poetical pieces are in Griswold's "Amer. Female Poets." — Allibone. Jacobson, John Christian, bishop of the Moravian Church; d, Bethlehem, Pa., 24 Nov. 1870, a. 75. He had been a minister and bishop more than 50 years. Jacobus, Melancthon Williams, D.D. (JcfF. Coll. 1852), LL.D. (Q. of Miami 1867), b. Newark, N. J., 1816. N.J. Coll. 1834. Prof. Orient, and Bibl. Lit. in the Western Theol. Sem. (Presb.) Author of " Letters on the Pub- lic School Controversy;" "Notes on the Gos- pels and Acts," 3 vols. 1849-52; Question- Books for the same. Jafirey, George, successively councillor, judge, treas., and chief justice of N.H., b. New- castle, N.H., Nov. -22, 1682; d. Portsmouth, Mays, 1749. H.U. 1702. James, Charles T., inventor, b. West Greenwich, R.I., 1804; d. Sag Harbor, L.I., Oct. 17, 1862, from wounds received by the explosion of a shell of his own manufacture. A.M. of Brown U. 1838. He learned the trade of a carpenter; at 19 began to study mechanics, at the same time learning, as a work- man in the machine-shops, the construction of cotton machinery. Removing to Providence, he became supt. of Slater's steam cotton-mills, and maj.-gen. of militia. At Newburyport he erected the Bartlett and James Mills ; and subsequently erected cotton-mills in Salem, Ms., in N.Y., Pa., Ind., and Tenn. ; and in 1849 built the Atlantic Delaine Mill at Olney- ville, RI. U.S. senator from 1851 to 1857, when he devoted himself to the perfection of several inventions, among then a rifled cannon and a new projectile. He wrote a series of papers on the culture and manufacture of cot- ton in the South. James, Edwin, M.D., botanist and geol ogist to Maj. Long's 1st exped. ; d. 1862. Mid. Coll. 1816. Pub. "Exped. to the Rocky Mountains in 1818-19," 8vo, Phila. 1823; edited Life of John Tanner. James, Henry, author, b. Albany, N.Y., June 3, 1811. At 12 he met with an accident, resulting in the amputation of a leg. Pie passed one year each at Un. Coll. and at Princeton Theol. Sem. During a tour in Europe he became interested in the views of Robert Sandeman, of whose " Letters on Theron and Aspasio" he prepared an ed. in 1839. On another visit to Europe, in 1843, he became acquainted with the works of Swedenhorg, which have ever since influenced his opinions and writings. In 1845 he pub. " What is the State?" and in 1847 "A Letter to a Swedenborgian." In the winter of 1849-50 he delivered in N.Y. a course of lectures, pub. under the title of "Moralisra and Christianity," 1852. A second similar course, in 1851-2, was pub., together wiih several magazine articles and revievts, with the title "Lectures and Miscellanies," 1852. He has since pub. " The Church of Christ noi an Ecclesiasticism," 1854; " The Nature of Evil," 1855; "Christianity the Logic of Creation," 1857; " Substance and Shadow," 1863 ; "The Secret of Swedenhorg," 1869. — Duyckinck. James, Thomas, an English arctic navi- gator, employed in 1631, together with Luke Fox, by a com p. of merchants at Bristol, to search for a N.W. passage. He left Bristol May 3, and proceeded to Hudson's Bay: after wintering on an island in the lat. of ab. 52, he proceeded northward, and Aug. 26, 1632, when blocked by ice, had attained 65^ degrees north. He returned to En'^, arrivinyr Oct. 22. He J.AJVE 481 j^N pub. in 1633 "The Stranp^e and Dangerous Voyage of Capt. Thomas James for the Dis- covery of a North-west Passage to the South Sea," 4to, 2d ed. Lond. 1740. Capt. James made some discoveries on the coast of Hud- son's Bay, and gave the name of New Wales to the country on its western side. James, Thomas, first minister of Charles- town, Ms., b. Eng. 1.592; d. there ab. 1678. Eman. Coll. 1614. He came from Lincoln- shire (where he had been a minister) to Bos- ton, June 5, 1632; was ord. in Charlestown, Nov. 2, 1632; and was dismissed in Mar. 1636, a dissension having sprung up between him and the brethren. He went to New Haven, and in 1642 to Va. ; but was compelled to leave, or conform to the Eng. Church. He returned to N. E. in June, 1643; and was minister of Needham, Suffolk, Eng., until ejected for non- conformity in 1662. Calamy calls him "a very holy good man." His son Thomas was minister of E. Hampton, L.I., from 1650 till hisd., 1696. James, Thomas Chalkley, M. D., b. Phila. 1766; d. there July 25, 1835. U. of Penn. 1787. Abel, his father, a Quaker of Welsh origin, was a successful merchant of Phila. His mother was a dau. of Thomas Chalkley, the eminent Quaker preacher. He was educated at Robert Pro ud's school; stud- ied medicine; went as surgeon of a ship to the Cape of Good Hope ; studied in London and Edinb. from 1790 to 1793, when he returned home to witness the ravages of yellow-fever. In 1803 he founded the school of midwifery in America. For 25 years he was physician and then obstetrician in the Pa. Hospital. Some years pres. of the Phila. Coll. of Physicians. He was prof, of midwifery in the U. of Pa. from 1811 to 1834; was a skilful practition- er, and an able teacher. Founder of the Pa. Hist. Soc. He contril). to the Portfolio, under the signature of " P. D.," translations in verse, of much beauty, of the Idylls of Gessner. As- soc, editor of the Eclectic Repertorij. — Gross's Med. Biog. James, William, author, b. England ; d. there 1827. He emig. to the U.S. early in the present century, and was a veterinary surgeon in Phila. Unsuccessful in this pursuit, he re- turned to Eng. in disgust, and employed his {)en in abusing the Americans. In this spirit le wrote, in 1817 and 1818, "Naval Occur- rences of the Late War" (1 vol.), "Military Occurrences of the Late War" (2 vols.), works of no authority; and "An Inquiry into the Merits of the Principal Naval Actions between Gr. Brit, and the U.S., &c., since June, 1812," 4to, 1816. His "Naval History of Great Britain, 1793-1820," was pub. in sS'ols. 1822. Jameson, Charles Davis, brig.-gen. vols., b. Gorham, Me., Feb. 24, 1827; d. Old- town, Me., Nov. 6, 1862. He received a lim- ited education, and engaged in the lumber- business. He led his regt. (2d Me.) at Bull Run; and for his services was made brig.-gen. Sept. 3, 1861. He participated in the 7-days' fight about Richmond, and after the battle of Fair Oaks was attacked with camp-fever, and returned home only to die. A delegate to the Charleston convention. He was a warm per- sonal friend of Mr. Douglas; and was in 1861 and 1862 Democ. candidate for gov. of Me. Jameson, Col. David, Revol. officer ; d. Culpeper Co., Va., Oct. 2, 1839, a. 87. He fought at the battle of Great Bridge, Dec. 9, 1775 ; and afterward served in 1780 and 1781 in the Southern States, in the brigade of Stevens. In 1790 and '91 he was a delegate to the Va. legisl. ; was afterward a magistrate, and high sheriff of the Co. His elder bro. John held a disting. com. to the close of the war ; and was clerk of the county. Jameson, John Alexander, LL.D. (U. of Vt. 1867), jurist and scholar, b. Irasburg,Vt., 25 Jan. 1824. U. of Vt. 1846. Tutor there in 1850-3; began practice in Freeport, 111., in 1853, and settled in Chicago in April, 1856; since Nov. 1865 judge of the Superior Court of Chicago, now called the Sup. Court of Cook Co. In 1866 he pub. "The Constitutional Convention, its History, Powers, and Modes of Proceeding," Svo, N. Y. One of the editors of the Amer. Law Register, pub. at Phila. since Nov. 1863; and since 1867 prof, of const, law, equity, jurisp., &c., in the law school of the U. of Chicago. He has in press ( 1 87 1 ) a " Trea- tise on the Law of Judicial Sales." Janes, Edmund Storer, D.D. (Vt. U. 1844), bishop M. E. Church, b. Sheffield, Ms., Apr. 27, 1807. When about 4 years of age, his parents removed to Salisbury, Ct. From 1824 to 1830 he was a teacher, at the same time studying law. Resolving to preach the gospel, he in Apr. 1830 received his app. in the Phila. conference; ord. deacon in 1832, and elder in 1 834. After 6 years' study of the- ology, and while engaged in his pastoral duties, he studied medicine, receiving the deg. of M.D. (Vt. U.) 1842. In May, 1840, he was elected financial sec. of the Amer. Bible Society, and continued in that office until elected bishop in 1844. — See. Janes Famil//, 8vo, 1868. Janeway, Jacob J., D.D., many years pastor of the Second Presb. Church, Phila., b. N. Y. City, 1776 ; d. New Brunswick, N. J., June 27, 1858. Col. Coll. 1794. Ord. 1799. He was in 1828 pres. of the Western Theol. Sem. at Alleghany City. During the b'.st 30 years of his life he resided chiefly in N. Bruns- wick, sustaining for some time the relation of pastor of the Ref. Dutch Church, and vice.- pres. of Rutgers Coll. He was active in found- ing the Princeton Theol. Sem., and was a di- rector 40 years. Author of "Apostolic Age ; " review of " SchafFs Hist, of the Church in the Middle Ages," 8vo, 1853; "Expos, of the Acts, and the Epis. to Romans and Hebrews;" "In- ternal Evidence of the Bible;" " On Unlawful Marriage ; " " Abrahamic Covenant ; " " Mode of Baptism," &c. A biog. is in the Phila. Presb. Maq. May, 1853. Janney, Samuel M., Friend. App. early in 1869 U.S. supt. of Indian affairs in the North- ern Superintendency, b. Loudon Co., Va., 11 Jan. 1801. Author of " I'he Country School- house," a prize poem, 18:- 5 ; " Convers. on Re- lig. Subjects," 1835; "The Last of theLcnape, and other Poems," 1839 ; " A Teacher's Gift," 1840; "Hist. Sketch of the Christian Church," 1847; "Life of Penn,'' 8vo, 1852; "Life of Geo. Fox," 1855 ; " Hist, of the Religious JAN 482 j^s Society of the Friends to 1828," 4 vols. 1867. Janney, Thomas, an eminent Quaker min- ister, I). Clieshire, Eng., 1634; d. there Dec. 12, 1696. He settled in Buiks Co., Pa., in 1683, where he labored acceptably, and also in N. J. He visited the churches of N.E., Long Island, and Md., and finally went to England with G. Owen in 1695. — Coll. of Quaker Memorials. Janvrin, Mary W*. (iMrs. Ellsworth), au- thoress, b. Exeter, N.H., 1830; d. Newton, Ms., 15 Aug. 1870. Her ancestor came from the Isle of Guernsey before 1775. Educated at Exeter Female Sem. She began a literary ca- reer at 18 with a prize tale for a Boston jour- nal ; became a contrib. of prose and verse to periodicals; and in 1858 l)ecame a regular con- trib. to Godei/'s Ladi/'s Book. She pub. " Cy- press-Leaves, by Louise J. Cutler, with a Biog.," 1856. Jarves, James Jackson, author, b. Bos- ton, Aug. 20, 1818. He received his early edu- cation in Boston, but, on account of weakness of his eyes, abandoned his college studies. In 1838 he sailed for the Sandwich Islands, where he resided some years as U.S. consul, and pub. the Polynesian, the first newspaper ever printed there. He travelled extensively in California, Mexico, and Central America. After his return to the U.S. he pub. a " History of the Sand- wich Islands," 1843 ; " Scenes and Scenery of the Sandwich Islands," 1844; and " Scenes and Scenery in California," 1844. His final de- parture from the islands took place in Jan. 1848. He has since 1862 resided in Florence, engaged in collecting pictures to form the nucleus of an American gallery. He has pub. also " Parisian Sights and French Principles," 1855; "Art Hints," 1855, a work afterward expanded into "Art Studies;" "Italian Sights and Papal Principles," 1856 ; a second series of " Parisian Sights," 1856; " Kiana, a Tradition of Ha- waii," 1857; "Confessions of an Inquirer" and "Art Thoughts," 1869. — Dmjckinck. Jarvis, Abraham, D.D. (Y.C. 1797), Prot.-Epis. bishop of Ct., b. Norwalk, Ct., May 5, 1739; d. N. Haven, May 3, 1813. Y.C. 1761. Ord. in Eng. by the Bishop of Carlisle in Mar. 1764, and became in the fol- lowing autumn rector of Christ Church, Mid- dletown, Ct. Oct. 18, 1797, he became bishop ; removed to Cheshire in 1799, and in 1803 to N. Haven. He pub. a sermon on the death of Bishop Seabury, a charge to the clergy, and a sermon on the Witness of the Spirit. Jarvis, Charles, M.D., physician and politician, b. Boston, Oct. 26, 1748; d. there Nov. 15, 1807. H.U. 1766. Son of Col. Leonard, merchant of Boston. His mother was grand dau. of Col. Church. He completed his medical education in Europe ; settled in Boston, and became disting. in his profession. He was a zealous patriot during the Revol. ; was a delegate to the Const. Conv. 1788, and one of the State legisl. until 1796. He was a popular orator, and a leader of the Jefferson party. App. by Jefferson surgeon of the Marine Hospital, Chefsea. William, his son, consul to Lisbon 1802-10, successfully introduced merino sheep into the U.S. ; b. Boston, 4 Feb. 1770: d. Weathersfield, Vt.. 21 Oct. 1859. Jarvis, John Wesley, portrait-painter, b. South Shields on the Tyne, Eng., 1780 ; d. Jan. 12, 1840. He was a nephew of John Wesley. Came to Phila. in 1785; at 10 was apprenticed to Savage the engraver; at 21 began that business for himself in N.Y. City, and soon commenced portrait-painting with great success. He was a man of genius, but of irregular habits, and excelled as a humorist. During one of his trips to N. Orleans, he earned in six months six thousand dollars; but his profuse and convivial habits kept him con- stantly poor. The celebrated Henry Inman was his pupil. He painted heads of Bishop Moore; John Randolph, De Witt Clinton, Hal- leck, O. H. Perry, Stephen Van Rensselaer, &c. Jarvis, Samuel Farmer, D.D. (U. of Pa. 1819), LL.D. (Wash. Coll. 1837), clergy- man and scholar, b. Middletown, Ct., Jan. 20, 1786 ; d. Mar. 26, 1851. Y.C. 1805. Son of Bishop Abraham. Ord. deacon in Mar. 1810 ; priest in Apr. 1811 ; rector of St. Michael's, N.Y., 1813-15, and of St. James's, 1815, to May, 1819; prof, of biblical learning in the theol. sem. of N.Y. 1819; rector of St. Paul's, Boston, 1820-6; and from 1826 to 1835 was in Europe, spending 6 years in Italy ; prof, of Oriental Lit., Washington Coll., Hartford, 1835-7 ; rector of Christ Church, Middletown, Ct. 1837-42. Historiographer of the church in 1838, and prepared an Ecclesiastical History, from the time of the apostles to the organiza- tion of the Episc. Church in the U.S., pub. in 1 844. Author of a " Discourse on the Religion of the Indian Tribes of N. A.," 1820 ; " Reply " to Dr. Milner's " End of Controversv," 1847 ; " The Church of the Redeemed," 1850, 2 vols. ; "Sermons on Prophecy," 1843; " No Union with Rome," 1843. Jasper, William, a brave Revol. soldier, b. S.C. ab. 1750; killed at Savannah, Oct. 9, 1779. His want of education caused him to decline the commission to which his valor en- titled him. He enlisted as a .«;ergt. in the 2d S.C. regt., and particularly disting. himself at the attack of Fort Moultrie, June 28, 1776. In the hottest of the engagement, the flag-staff was shot off, and the flag fell to the bottom of the ditch, on the outside of the worts. Jump- ing from one of the embrasures, Jasper mounted the colors, which he tied to a sponge-staff, and replanted on the parapet, where he supported them until another flag-staff was procured. His activity and enterprise induced Moultrie to give him a roving commission ; and selecting, gene- rally, 5 or 6 men from the regt., he often re- turned with prisoners before Moultrie was apprised of his absence. Upon one occasion, actuated by sympathy for a Mrs. Jones (whose husband was a prisoner, and liable to execu- tion for deserting the royal cause after having taken the oath of allegiance), and with one companion only, Sergt. Newton, he captured the JBritish guard of 10 men, and released the prisoners they were escorting to Savannah. Gov. Rutledge presented Jasper with a hand- some sword, while Mrs. Elliot presented to the regt. a stand of colors embroidered richly with her own hands. At the assault of Savarjjiah, Jasper endeavored to replace these colors upon JAY 483 JAY the parapet. Though foiled in the attempt, and mortally wounded, he succeeded in bring- ing them off. A county of Georgia and a square in Savannah perpetuate his name. Jay, Sir James, M.D., b. 1732 ; d. N. J., Sept. 12, 1815. Bro. of John Jay. Pub. 2 letters (1771-4) rel. to the collection made for the colleges of N.Y. and Phila. ; and a work on the gout, 8vo, 1772. While in Eng. as agent of the N.Y. Coll., he received the honor of knighthood, and was involved in a chancery- suit arising out of his collections for the coll. ; but he returned home before the Revol. Jay, JoHX, statesman,- b. N. Y., 12 Dec. 1745; d. Bedford, Westchester Co., N.Y., 17 May, 1829. Col. Coll. 1764. Pierre, his great-grandfather, a Huguenot merchant of La Rochelle, fled to Eng. on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Peter, his father (1704- 82), m. in 1728 Mary, dau. of Jacob Van Cortland. John was adm. to the bar in 1768; formed a partnership with R. R. Livingston.; soon attained political influence and extensive legal practice; and in 1774, in which year he ra. Sarah, dau. of Wm. Livingston, afterward gov. of N. J., was sent as a delegate to the first Congress. Though the youngest member but one, he took a leading part in its proceed- ings; drew up the able and eloquent " Address to the People of Great Britain ; " and, as a mem- ber of the com. of corresp,, is supposed to have •written the reply to the Boston address, in which he opposed the project of non-intercourse. He also wrote the address issued by Congress in 1775 to the people of Canada, and for Gov. Livingston an address to the people of Ireland. Recalled in May, 1776, to aid in forming the govt, of N.Y., his name was not attached to the Dccl. of Indep., though it received his cor- dial support. He was a leading member of the N.Y. conv. of 1776, serving on the most important committees, and actively engaged in repelling invasion, and suppressing Tory combinations. The eloquent address of this conv., dated Fishkill, 23 Dec. 1776, was from his pen. He also reported to the N.Y. conv. in Mar. 1777 a bill of rights ; had a chief share in framing the constitution; was in May app. chief justice of N.Y., and one of the council of safety, having dictatorial powers ; again a member of Congress, Dec. 1778-Sept. 1779; he presided over that body until app. minister to Spain 27 Sept. to negotiate a loan of two million dollars and the free navigation of the Mpi. After many months of fruitless labor, having in 1781 been app. a commiss., he pro- ceeded to Paris, and, with Adams, Franklin, and others, signed the treaty of peace between the U.S. and Great Britain 3 Sept. 1783. Re- turning to N.Y. in July, 1784, he was sec. of foreign affairs from Dec. 1784 until 1789. In Apr. 1788, in the riot in N.Y. known as the " Doctor's Mob," Jay, while aiding in defending the physicians from popular fury, received a dangerous wound in the temple. Oct. 13, 1786, he drew up an elaborate report on the relations between the U.S. and Great Britain. In 1787 he united with Hamilton and Madison in writ- ing " The Federalist," to answer objections to the proposed Federal Constitution. Jay contrib. powerfully to its adoption in the N.Y. conv. in 1788, and, being offered by Washing- ton the choice of offices in his gift, accepted that of chief justice, for which position he was eminently fitted. In 1792 Jay received a majority of the votes for gov. of N.Y. ; but, on some technical grounds, George Clinton, the Repnb. candidate, was declared elected. In 1794 he reluctantly accepted the mission to ne- gotiate a settlement of the difl&culties with Eng. He concluded a treaty, 19 Nov. 1794, providing for payment of pre-Revolutionary debts owed to British subjects, and that Amer- icans should be indemnified for losses sustained by illegal captures, &c. (ab. $10,000,000 were afterward paid on this account). This treaty was assailed with great violence by the party favorable to France, but was carried into effect by a vote of 58 to 51. From 1795 to 1801 he was gov. of NY. ; and under his administration slavery was abolished in that State. He was again madechief justice of the U.S., his former office, but declined. "In lofty disinterested- ness," says Hildreth, " in unyielding integri- ty," no one of the great men of the Revol. ap- proached so near VVashington. — See Life and Writincfs of, by. [Vm. Jai/, 2 vols. 8vo, N.Y. 1833. Jay, John, minister to Austria (app. April, 1867), grandson of John, and son of William Jay, b. N.Y. City, June 23, 1817. Col. Coll. 1836. Was adm. to the bar in 1839, and prac- tised law ; was a prominent member of the Union League Club of N.Y. ; many years a manager and corrcs. sec. of the N.Y. Hist. Soc, and a member of the Amer. Geog. and Statist. Soc. Author of many antislavery addresses and pamphlets ; pamphlets on matters connect- ed with the P^pis. Church ; and has pub. legal arguments, political addresses, reports, &c. For a list of these, see Duyclcinck Suppt. Jay, Peter Augustus, LL.D. (Col. Coll. 1835), lawyer, pres. N.Y. Hist. Soc. ; d. Feb. 20, 1843. Col. Coll. 1794. Eldest son of John Jay, and his private sec. Member N.Y. Assembly 1816; recorder of N.Y. in 1819-20. Jay, William, LL.D. (Kenyon, 1858), ju- rist and philanthropist, b. N.Y. June 16, 1789; d. Bedford, N. Y., Oct. 14, 1853. Y.C. 1807. Son of John. He studied law, but, injuring his eyes, was compelled to relinquish practice, and retired to his large landed estates at Bedford. In 1815 he. founded the Bible Society, and, as pres. of the Westchester Bible Society, deliv- ered a long series of annual addresses. He was an early and consistent advocate of the Temperance reform, for the promotion of which he organized a society in 1815. He also took part in the tract, missionary, and educational movements of the day ; and was often pres. of the agric. societies of the county. In 1818 he was app. a judge of the C.C.P. ; and was first judge of Westchester Co. from 1820 to 1842, when he was superseded on account of his an- tislavery opinions. He pub. in 1835 "An Inquiry into the Character of the Amer. Col- onization and Antislavery Societies," in 1838 "A View of the Action of the Federal Govt.ia Behalf of Slavery," in 1849 "Review of the Causes and Consequences of the Mexican war." In 184.3-4 he visited Europe, and, with Sir G. Wilkinson, investigated the subject of Egyptian slavery. Judge Jay was for some J~E1W 484 JTEJIT' vears pres. of the Amer. Peace Society, and in 1848 pub. " War and Peace ; the Evils of the First, with a Plan for suppressing the Last." The committee of foreign relations in the U.S. senate reported in favor of his plan. His numerous publications were widely circu- lated, and exercised much influence on public opinion. Author of " Life and Writings of John Jay," 2 vols. 8vo, N. Y. 1833. He was an able judge and a skilful controversialist. Jefferson, Joseph, comedian, b. Eng. 1776 ; d. Harrisburg, Pa., Aug. 4, 1832. Son of a disting. actor contemporary with Garrick ; came to Boston in 1795 ; performed there and in N.Y. till 1803, when he went to Phila., where he long remained a favorite at the Chestnut-st. Theatre. He possessed great taste and skill in the construction of intricate stage machinery, and was unrivalled in his peculiar personations. His favorite cliaracters were Kit Cosey, Old D'Oilcy, and Admiral Cop. Jefferson, Joseph, comedian, an able ex- ponent of the natural school of personation, b. Phila. Feb. 20, 1829. Grandson of the preced- ing. His mother was Mrs. Burke, a celebrated vocalist. He appeared very early on the stage, and earned distinction in a great variety of comic parts, from Bob Acres to Caleb Plum- mer. He has starred in Eng., Australia, and the U.S. Sept. 4, 186.5, he opened at the Adel- phi, London, in a new version of " Rip Van Winkle," by Dion Boucicault, which he has since performed with great success in the U.S. Though identified with this part, in which he has made his great reputation, his range of characters is very large, and unites the most re- fined comedy with the broadest farce. His son by his first wife, a Miss Lockyer of N.Y., is said to inherit the family talent. — Brown's Amer. Stage. Jefferson, Thomas, LL.D., 3d pres. of the U.S., b. Shadwell, afterward called Mon- ticcllo, Va., 2 Apr. 1743 ; d. there 4 July, 1826, on the same day with John Adams, — the 50th anniversary of the Decl. of Indep. Wm. and M. Coll. 1759. Son of Col. Peter (a man of great force of character) and Jane Randolph. He studied law under Judge Wythe ; was adm. to the bar in 1767, and was remarkably suc- cessful. Jan. 1, 1772, he m. Martha Skclton, a widow of fortune. Member of the House of Burgesses 1769-75. In 1773, with Patrick Henry and others, he devised the celebrated com. of corresp., of which he was a member. In 1774 he published his famous "Summary View of the Rights of British Amer." June 1, 1775, he reported to the Assembly the reply of Va. to Lord North's conciliatory proposi- tion, and, June 21, took his seat in Congress. He was placed on the most important commit- tees ; drew up the reply of Congress to Lord North's proposal; and assisted Dickinson iti preparing in behalf of the Colonies a declara- tion of the cause of taking up arms. Made chairman of the com. to draw up a Decl. of Indep., he drafted and reported to Congress, 28 June, that great charter of freedom, which, on July 4, 1776, was unanimously adopted, and signed by every member except John Dick- inson of Pa. This, the most important State paper in existence, has exerted, and will con- tinue to exert, a great influence on the desti- nies of the race, and will remain the immortal monument of its author. In Oct. 1776, JeflPer- son retired from Congress to take part in the deliberations of the Va. Assembly. For two years and a half he applied himself to a revis- ion of the laws of Va., procuring the repeal of the laws of entail, the abolition of primo- geniture, the restoration of the rights of conscience, the prohibition of the future im- portation of slaves, the establishment of courts of law, and originated a complete .system of education. Gov. of Va. from June, 1779, to 1781. Two days after his retirement, his estate at Elk Hill was laid waste ; and he and his family nar- rowly escaped capture. Returned to Congress in 1783, he reported as chairman the definitive treaty of peace with Great Britain. At the succeeding session, he proposed and carried the present decimal system of U.S. coinage, and reported a plan of govt, for the U. S. Ter- ritories, introducing the clause which forbade the existence of slavery after the year 1800. In May, 1784, Congress app. him, with Frank- lin and Adams, minister.-plenipo. to negotiate treaties with foreign powers; and in 1785 he succeeded Dr. Franklin as resident minister at Paris, forming that strong predilection for pref- erence for the French nation over the English that afterward marked his career. He procured the abolition of many monopolies; the admis- sion into France of tobacco, rice, whale-oil, salted fish, and flour; made excursions into Germany and Italy ; and displayed marked diplomatic ability. While abroad, he pub. his famous " Notes on Virginia," Paris, 1784. Re- turning, he left Paris in Sept. 1789, and was app. by Washington sec. of state. The F"'ed- cral Constitution, recently adopted, did not meet his approval, though he afterward formed a more favorable view of it. With the en- trance of Jefferson into the cabinet in Mar. 1790 commenced the struggle between the Republicans under his leadership and the Fed- eralists under that of Hamilton. Jefferson opposed Hamilton's funding system, his U.S. Bank, and other financial measures, and favored aiding France with our arms in her war with Eng.; while Hamilton advocated a strict neu- trality. These differences occasioned many stormy discussions in the cabinet, and great political excitement throughout the country; and Jefferson resigned his office 31 Dec. 1793. While sec, he made an able report in Feb. 1791 on the Fisheries; another, in the spring of 1792, upon the Relations of the U.S. with Spain; and in 1793 an elaborate report on Commercial Intercourse with Foreign Nations. Vice-pres. in 1797-1801; pres. 1801-9. His Inaugural Address, delivered at the new Capitol at VVashington, Mar. 4, 1801, is unsurpassed among his many great State papers. Among the important events of his administration were the purchase of Louisiana in 1803, our naval victories in the Mediterranean, and peace with Morocco and Tripoli in 1803, Lewis and Clark's exploring exped. to the Pacific in 1804, the trial of Aaron Burr for treason (1807), and the attack, the same year, of the British frigate " Leopard " on the American frigate " Ches- apeake," which led to JetFerson's embargo act JEJin 485 JEN and to the war of 1812. He initiated the policy of removing incumbents from office for differ- ence of political opinion, and introduced plain- ness of dress and manners in place of the statel}- di^jnity and ceremony of Washinj^ton's era. In 1819 lie founded the U.of Va. at Charlottesville, of which he was rector till his death. As the founder of the Repub. (Democ.) party, Jeffer- son has probably exerted a greater influence on the institutions of the U.S. than any other man. AH titles were distasteful to him. He was a consummate politician, though no speaker. Disting. for affability, his conversation was fluent, various, and eloquent. His extreme Statc-rigiits views were very much modified in later life. In religion he was a freethinker. His " Memoirs, Correspondence," &c., edited by his grandson, T. J. Randolph, were pub. 4 vols. Svo, 1829 ; his " Writings," in 9 vols. 8vo, 1853-5. His " Manual of Parliamentary Practice" is still in use by legislative bodies. — See also his Life, bij H. S. Randall, 3 vols. Svo, 1858; by George Tucker, Svo, 1836; B. L. Raifner, 1 834 ; Life and Works, by Randall, 1 2 vols. 18G5. Jeffries, John, M.D. (U. of Aberdeen, 1769), b. Boston, Feb. 5, 1745; d. Sept. 16, 1819. H.U. 1763. He studied medicine with Dr. Lloyd, and attended medical lectures in Lond. and at Aberdeen. He returned to Bos- ton, where he continued to practise with great success, being from 1771 to 1774 surgeon of a ship of the line tliere. Upon the e\acuation of that town by the British, he accomp. Gen. Howe to Halifax, who made him surgcon.-gen. to the forces in Nova Scotia in May, 1776. In Mar. 1779 he went again to Eng., where he was made surgeon-major to the forces in Amer., and entered upon his duties, Mar. 11, 1780, at Charleston, S.C. In Dec. 1780 he was again in Lond., where he practised successfully, and occupied himself much with scientific re- search. He undertook two aerial voyages, the second of which, Jan. 7, 1785, wasfiom Dover, across the British Channel, into the forest of Guicnne, in the province of Artois, France. These expeditions brought him into notice ; procured for him access to all the learned and scientific societies of Paris, and to the medical and anatomical schools of that metropolis. A paper which he drew up, giving the result of these experiments, was read before the Royal Society of London. In the summer of 1789 lie returned to Boston, where he is said to have delivered the first public lecture on anatomy, a science of which he was very fond. Jenifer, Daniel, of St. Thomas, d. Md., Nov. 1790, a. 67. Member Old Congress 1778-82, and of the convention which formed the Federal Constitution. Jenifer, Daniel, minister to Austria (1841-5). Son of Daniel of St. Thomas ; d. Dec. 18, 1855, near Port Tobacco, Md. He was frequently a member of the Md. legisl., and was M.C. in 1831-3, and in 1835-41. Jenison, Silas II., gov. of Vt. 1835-41 ; d. Shoreham, Vt., Sept. 30, 1849. Jenkins, Albert Gallatin, gen. C. S. A., b. Cabell Co., Va., 10 Nov. 1830; killed in battle at Dublin, Va., May 7, 1864. He was educated at the Va. Military Inst., at Jeff. Coll., Pa. (1848), and at the Carab. Law School (1850) ; but, devoting himself to agri- culture, never practised law. Member of the Cincin. Nat. Convention in 1856 ; M.C. 1857- 61 ; member of the Confed. Prov. Congress in 1861; resigned to take the post of brig.-gen.; com. a brigade in A. P. Hill's division, and afterward in Stuart's cavalry corps ; was dis- ting. at Gettysburg ; and served in the Shenan- doah Valley and Western Va. Jenkins, Anna A., a philanthropic Qua- keress of Providence, b. Sept. 1, 1790; d. Nov. 20, 1849, by the conflagration of her residence. She inherited the entire estate of William Almy her father, most of that of Moses Brown her grandfather, and great part of that of Obadiah Brown her uncle. Early in life, she became an acknowledged preacher among the Friends, visiting repeatedly various parts of the U.S. and Europe. Her charities were in- numerable ; and she founded a school and an orphan-asylum in Providence for children of color. Jenkins, John Stilvvell, editor and author, b. Albiiny, N.Y., Feb. 15, 1818; d. Sept. 20, 1852. After passing two years at Ham. Coll., he studied law ; commenced prac- tice at Weedsport, N.Y., in 1842; soon became disting. ; and in 1843 m. a grand-dau. of Gen. John Fellows of the Revol. army. Editor of the Cayuga Tocsin. Among his pubs, are a Book of Legal Forms ; an Abridgment of Hammond's Political History of N.Y., 1846; " Alice Howard," a premium novelette, writ- ten for a Phila. periodical ; " Life of Silas Wright," 1847 ; " Hist, of the War with Mexi- co," 1848 ; "Narration of the Exploring Ex- ped.," 1849 ; Lives of Jackson, Polk, and Calhoun ; " A Compilation of the Lives of Disting. Generals of the War of 1812;" " Lives of the Governors of New York," 1851 ; and " Heroines of History," 1853. Jenkins, Thornton'A., rear-adm. U.S.N., b. Va. Dec. 11, 1811. Midshipm. Nov. 1, 1828; lieut. Dec. 9, 1839; com. Sept. 14, 1855; capt. July 16, 1862; commo. July 25, 1866; chief of bureau of navigation 186.5-9; rear-adm. Sept. 1870. Attached to coast survey 1836-41 ; com. store-ship " Relief" 1847; and present at Tuspan and Tabasco; coast survey 1848-52; com. sloop "Preble," and Paraguay exped. 1859-60; steam-sloop " Wachusett " 1862; repulsed the rebels at Coggen's Point, James River, Aug. 1862; com. " Oneida," W. Gulf block, squad., 1862 ; Farragut's fleet-capt. at passage of Port Hud- son, Mar. 14, 1863 ; and in the attacks of Port II. in May; its capture in July; and at the battle of Mobile Bay, Aug. 5, 1864 ; and highly complimented for zeal and efficiency by his flag-officer. — ILimersly. Jenks, Joseph, a pioneer inventor of America, b. Hammersmith, near Lond. ; came to Lynn, Ms., ab. 1645 ; d. 1683. He was the first founder who worked in brass and iron on the Western continent. May 6, 1646, he re- ceived from the legisl. a patent " for the mak- ing of engines for mills to go by water," and for the making of scythes and other edged tools with a new-invented sawmill; in May, 1655, he received another patent for an improve- JEN 486 JJiiW ment in the manuf. of scythes; in Oct. 1652 he is said to have made the dies for the silver coinage of tiie State; in 1654 he contracted with the selectmen of Boston " for an engine to carry water in case of fire;" in 1667 he petitioned the General Court " to advance a sume lor ye encouragement of wyer drawing/' &c. His works were on the Saugus River, Lynn. — Lewis's Hist, of Lynn. Jenks, Joseph, gov. of R.I. 1727-32, pre- viously dep.-gov., b. Tawtucket, R.I., 1656; d. June 15, 1740. Grandson of the preceding. Gov. J. was the tallest man in R.I., standing 7 feet 2 inches in his stockings. His bro. Wm., a judge, d. 1765, a. 90. Jenks, Samuel Haynes, journalist, b. Boston 20 Sept. 1789 ; d- So. Boston, 23 Sept. 1863. Founder and first editor of the Nan- tucket /«<7HiVer ; afterward connected Avith the press of Boston, and ed. the So. Boston Regis- ter. Member of both branches of the legisl., and State commiss. of insurance; a man of ster- ling character, and of considerable literary merit. — See KetteWs Specimens of American Poetrij. Jenks, William, D. D. (Bowd. 1825), LL.1>. (Bowd. 1862), clergyman and author, b. Newton, Ms., Nov. 25, 1778; d. Boston, Nov. 13, 1866. H. U. 1797. He occupied himself in teaching; then as reader at Christ's Church, Cambridge, Ms. ; was ord. at Bath, Me., Dec. 26, 1805; dism. Sept. 10, 1823. From 1815 to 1818 he was prof, of English and Oriental literature in Bowd. Coll., Me. Returning to Boston in 1818, he opened a private school. He there founded the Seamen's Bethel, the first institution for the free reli- gious education of seamen, and the parent of many similar institutions. From Oct. 25, 1826, to Oct. 1, 1845, he was pastor of a Cong, church in Green Street, and at that time wrote his " Comprehensive Commentary " on the Bible, of which 120,000 vols, were sold. Author of " Explan. Bible Atlas and Scrip- ture Gazetteer," 4to, 1849 ; Anniv. Address bef. Amer. Antiq. Soc. 21 Oct. 1863; and of some occasional sermons and discourses. One of the founders of the Amer. Oriental Society ; and was a valuable member of numerous liter- ary, hist., and religious bodies. Jenney, Rev. Robert, LL.D., b. War- ingstown, Ireland, 1687; d, Phila. Jan. 5, 1762. Trin. Coll. Dublin. Son of Arch- deacon Jenney. Chaplain in the navy 1710- 14 ; assist, to Rev. Mr. Evans at Phila. until 1717 ; chaplain to the fort in New York; rec- tor at Rye, Westchester Co., N.Y., from June, 1722, to 1725; of the church at Hempstead, L.I., from 1725 to 1742; and of Christ Church, Phila., 1742-62. — Z)orr's Hist. Christ Ch., Phila. Jennings, Jonathan, first gov. of Ind. (1816-22), b. Hunterden Co., N.J. ; d. near Charlestown, Clarke Co., Ind., July 26, 1834. M.C. 1809-16 and in 1822-31. In 1818 he was app. by Pres. Monroe Indian commis- sioner. Jennison, Samuel, antiquary, b. Brook- field, Ms., Feb. 24, 1788; d. Worcester, Mar. 11, 1860. At the age of 12 he went to Wor- cester to reside with his uncle, Hon. Oliver Fiske ; became connected with the Worcester Bank, first as accountant, and until 1846 as cashier; was treas. of the Worcester Co. Sav- ings Inst, from 1828 to 1853 ; was many years connected with the Amer. Antiq. Society as librarian and cdrresp. sec. ; and was also town- clerk of Worcester, and treas. of the State Lunatic Hospital from 1847 to 1857. He wrote much, both in prose and verse, and gathered much valuable biographical material, which he passed over to Rev. Dr. Allen just before the publication of the 2d edition of his Biog. Diet, in 1832. — Hist. Marj. iv. 2.54. Jesse, Philip ; d. New Garden, Russell Co., Va., 1 Dec. 1858, a. 120. When in his 100th year, he cut and split 100 rails. Jesup, Thomas Sidney, maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Va. 1788; d. Washington, D.C., June 10, 1860. App. lieut. of inf May 3, 1808 ; brig.- maj. and acting adj.-gen. to Gen. Hull, 1812; capt. Jan. 1813; maj. 19th Inf April 6, 1813; transferred 1814 to 25th Inf. ; brcv. lieut. -col. " for disting. and meritorious service in the bat- tle of Chippewa," July 5, 1814; brev. col. "for the battle of Niagara," July 25, 1814, in which he was severely wounded; lieut.-col.3d Inf Apr. 30, 1817; adj.-gen. (rank of col.) Mar. 27,1818; quarterm.-gen. (rank brig.-gen.) 8 May, 1818; brev. maj.-gen. 8 May, 1828; took com. of the army in the Creek Nation May 20, 1836 ; and succeeded Gen. Call in com. of army in Fla., Dec. 8, 1836; wounded in action with Semi- noles near Jupiter Inlet, Jan. 24, 1838. — Gard- ner. D. / O «iw.-v ?^ t O Jessup, William, LL.D. (Ham. Coll. 1848), jurist and philanthropist, b. Southamp- ton, L.I., June 21, 1797; d. Montrose, Pa., Sept. 1 1 , 1 868. Y. C. 1 81 5. He moved to Montrose in 1818 ; was adm. to the bar in 1820, and had a lucrative practice ; was many years a vice- pres. of the A.B.C.F.M.; a pioneer in the causes of temperance and education ; and chief found- er of the Agric. Society. From 1838 to 1851 he was pres. judge of the 11th judicial dist. of Pa. — Obit. Record of Y. C. 1869. Jeter, Jeremiah B., D.D., Baptist clergy- man, b. Bedford Co., Va., July 18, 1802. He entered the ministry in Bedford Co. in 1822; removed to the " Northern Neck " of Va. in 1827, where he was pastor of the Maratico Church in Lancaster Co., and of the Nicoraico Church in Northumberland Co. In 1836 he became pastor of the First Baptist Church in Richmond, Va. ; in 1849 of the Second Church in St. Louis, Mo. ; and in 1852 of the Grace-st. Baptist Church, Richmond, Va. Besides ser- mons, contribs. to periodicals, &c., he has pub. a " Memoir of Rev. A. B. Clapton," "Life of Mrs. Henrietta Shuck," "Memoir of Rev. An- drew Broadus," the " Christian Mirror," and a controversial volume entitled " Campbellism Examined," 1855. — Appleton. Jewell, Marshall, gov. of Ct. 1868-70, b. Winchester, N.H., 20 Oct. 1825. He was brought up a tanner ; afterward studied telegra- phy and electricity in Boston; subsequently engaged in constructing and superintending teleg lines between Louisville and N. Orleans; and in 1850 commenced in Hartford, Ct., the manuf of leather-belling. He was prominent in support of the Govt, during the Rebellion, JE^T^T 487 JOH and contrib. largely to the support of the sol- diers. Bro. of Harvey Jewell, speaker Ms. H. of reps. 1868-71. Jewett, Charles Coffin, scholar and bit)liographer, b. Lel)anon, Me., Aug. 12, 1816; d. Bruin tree, Ms., Jan. 9, 1868. Brown U. 1835. He studied at the And. Theol. Sein., of which he was for a time librarian ; and in 1843 he ar- ranged and catalogued the library of Brown U. He was afterward librarian and prof, of modern languages there until 1848. Assist, sec. and librariau of the Smithsonian Inst., he made a valuable report of tlie public libraries of the U.S., printed in 1850 as an Appendix to the Annual Report of the Board of Regents. He was supt. of the Boston Public Library from 1858 uutil his death. Jewett, Isaac Appleton, lawyer and au- thor, b. Burlington, Vt., Oct. 17, 1808; d. Keene, N.H., Jan. 14, 1853. H.U. 1830. He established himself in the practice of law, first in Cincinnati, and afterwards in New Orleans. Author of " Passages in Travel," Boston, 1838; and "The Appleton Memorial," Boston, 1850. — iV. E. H. and Gen. Reg. vii. 197. Jewett, John 11., author of " A Narrative of Siiipwreck and Suffering in Nootka Sound" in 1812 ; d. Hartford, Ct., Jan. 1821, a 57. Jewett, Luther, M.C. 1815-17, b. Canter- bury, Ct., Dec. 24, 1772 ; d. St. Johnsburv, Vt., Mar. 8, 1860. Dartm. Coll. 1795. He practised medicine at Putney and at St. Johns- bury, Vt.; was afterward pastor of Cong. Ch. at Newbury, Vt., from Feb. 28, 1821, to Feb. 19, 1828. Pub. the Farmer's Herald at St. Johnsbury, 1828-32 ; also, 2 years of the time, the Friend, a Freemason paper ; also a Hist. Discourse del. at St. Johnsbury, Dec. 3, 1818. Jewett, MiLO Parker, LL.D.,b. St. Johns- bury, Vt., 1808. Dartm. Coll. 1828; Andover Theol. Sem. 1 833. Late minister Presb. church, and prof, in Marietta Coll., 0. (1835-8); pres. Vassar Female Coll. Author of " Mode and Subjects of Baptism." Jewett, William, portrait-painter, b. E. Haddam, Ct., Feb. 14, 1795. He worked on a farm ; then became a coachmaker's apprentice, and went to N.Y. City, where he studied with Samuel Waldo, whose partner he became. Their joint productions were often successful likenesses; and (or many years they were fully occupied in New York. — Tuc/cerman. Jogues (zhog), Isaac, a French mission- ary, b. Orleans, Jan. 10, 1607 ; killed at Caugh- nawaga, N.Y., Oct. 18, 1646. He became a Jesuit at Rouen in 1624 ; was ord. in 1636, and at his own request sent immediately to Canada. He visited Mi.scon and Quebec ; preached to the Hurons ; and early in 1642, with Father Raym- baut, crossed Lake Huron, and founded a mis- sion among the Chippewas in Michigan. In the summer he went to Quebec for supplies. On his return through N. Y. he was taken by a party of Mohawks, who cut off one of his thumbs, tore out his finger-nails, and put him to other tortures. He remained with them as a slave and missionary until the summer of 1643, when he escaped to Albany, and was taken to New Amsterdam. He sailed for Eu- rope in Nov., but was shipwrecked on the Eng- lish coast. Reaching France, he was treated with great consideration, and invited to court. He returned to Canada, and in May, 1646, con- cluded a treaty between the Mohawks and the French. Visiting Lake George, which he named Lake Saint Sacrament, he descended the Hudson to Fort Orange. He went again among the Mohawks as a missionary, and was seized and put to death as a sorcerer. His Let- ters have been pub. in the N.Y. Hist. Soc. Colls., and his description of tlie New Netherlands in the Doc. Hist, of N.Y., and rep. with Notes and Memoir by J. G. Shea, 1862. He also left a Memoir of Rene Goupil, one of his companions in the Huron mission, and a Journal, pub. by Alegambe in his "Mortes Illustres," Rome, 1667. Johnes, Timothy, D.U. (Y.C. 1783), min- ister of Morristown, N. J., from Feb. 9, 1743, to his d., Sept. 19, 1794 ; b. Southampton, L.I., May 24, 1717. Y. C. 1737. Johns, John, D.D. (N.J.ColI. 1834),LL.D. (Wm. and M. Coll. 18.55), ,Pr.-Ep. bishop of Va. N.J. Coll. 1815. Pres. Wm. and M. Coll. 1849-54; consec. at Richmond, Oct. 13, 1842. Pub. "Memorial of Bishop Meade," 1868. Johns, Kensey, jurist ; d. Newcastle, Del., Dec. 21, 1848, a. 90. A Revol. soldier. Last surviving member of the Del. convention which app. delegates to adopt the U.S. Constitution, and also of the conv. that formed the first con- stitution of that State ; U.S. senator from Del. in 1794-5 ; many years chief justice, and after- ward chancellor of Del. Johns, Kensey, LL.D. (Jeff. Coll. 1846), jurist, son of the preceding, b. Del. Dec. 10, 1791; d. Newcastle, Mar. 28, 1857. N.J.ColI. 1810. He studied law, and was ad m. to prac- tice in 1813; was M. C. 1827-31; and chan- cellor of Del. from 1832 till his death. He was a learned, firm, and impartial judge; many years a ruling elder in the Presb. Church. Johnson, Alexander Bryan, author and banker, b. Gosport, Eng., May 29, 1786; d. 1867. A.M. of Ham. Coll. 1832. He came to the U.S. in 1801, and established himself in Utica, N.Y. He was adm. to the bar, but never practised. He pub. " Philosophy of Human Knowledge, or a Treatise on Language," 1828 ; " Treatise on Language, or the Relation which Words bear to Things," 1836; "Physiology of the Senses," 1856; " Tlie Meaning of Words analyzed," &c., 1854; "Nature of Value, Capital," &c., 1813; "Religion in its Relation to the Present Life," 1840; " Ency- clopaedia of Instruction, or Apologues and Bre- viates on Men and Manners," 1857 ; " A Guide to the Right Understanding of our American Union," 1857; " Treatise on Banking; " "Lec- tures to Young Men ; " addresses, and an ora- tion, July 5, 1824. Johnson, Andrew, 17th pres. of the U. S., 1). Raleigh, N.C., Dec. 29, 1808. He lost his father at the age of 4 ; and from the age of 10, until the autumn of 1824, was the ap})rentice of a tailor in Raleigh. Without a single day's schooling, he taught himself to read. After completing his apprenticeship, he went to St. Laurens Court House, S.C, and worked as a journeyman until May, 1826 ; in Sept. he went to the West, taking with him his mother, who was dependent upon him for support; set- tled in Greenville, Tenn., where he worked at JOH 488 JOH his trade, and married ; was elected alderman in 1828, 1829, and 1830; mayor 1831, 1832, and 1833; in 1835 member of the lej^isl., and again in 1839 ; was a pres. elector in 1840, and canvassed a large part of the State, meeting upon the stump several of the leading Whig orators ; was elected to the State Senate in 1841; was M.C. 1843-53, and was conspicuous in advocating the annexation of Texas, the tariff of 1846, the war-measures of Polk's administration, and a homestead bill ; was gov. of Tenn. from 1853 to 1857; and U.S. senator from 1857 to 1863. The resolute oppo- nent of secession, he was unwearied in his ef- forts to uphold the national cause during the early stages of the Rebellion ; and, on the re- occupation of Nashville in 1862, he was app. by Pies. Lincoln military-gov. of Tenn. ; was nominated vice-pres. by the Baltimore conven- tion of 1864 ; and on the assassination of Pres. Lincoln, April 15, 1865, succeeded him in the presidential chair. At first he displayed a spirit of much severity to the rebels, but was afterwards so favorable to them, and so hostile to the reconstruction policy of Congress, that he was impeached by that body ; tried, and ac- quitted, 26 May, 1868, — 35 voting him guilty, 19 voting not guilty. During his presidency the sub-marine telegraphic cable was success- fully laid, and congratulatory messages were exchanged 28 July, 1866. In 1866 he received the degree of LL.D. from the U. of N. C. His speeches, with a Memoir by Frank Moore, were pub. in 1865. Johnson, Artemas N., b. Middlebury, Vt., 1817. Author of "Instructions in Thor- ough Bass," 1844; "Choir Chorus-Book," 1847; "Bay State Coll.," 1849; " Melodia Sa- cra," 1852; " Handel Coll.," 1854; " Instruc- tion in Harmony upon the Pestalozzian System," 1854, &c. Editor Boston Musical Gazette, and Bost. Mus. Journal. — AUihone. Johnson, Gen. Bushrod R., b. Ohio, Sept. 6, 1817. West Point, 1840. Entering the 3d Inf., he became 1st lieut. Feb. 29, 1844 ; served in the Florida and Mexican wars ; re- signed Oct. 22, 1847, to become prof, of math, at the Western Milit. Inst., Georgetown, Ky. ; in 1855 he became prof, in the Nashville Milit. U., and held the office when the civil war be- gan in 1861. Joining the Confed. army, he was made brig.-gen. Jan. 24, 1862 ; and was cap- tured at Fort Donelson, but soon afterward es- caped ; he was severely wounded in the battle of Shiloh; made maj.-gen. in 1864; com. di- vision in Anderson's 4th corps when Lee's ar- my surrendered. Johnson, Cave, lawyer and statesman, b, Robertson Co., Tenn., Jan. U, 1793; d. Clarksville, Tenn., Nov. 23, 1866. He studied and practised law ; and for some years was circuit judge; M.C. 1829-37, and in 1839-45, when he entered Mr. Polk's cabinet as post- master-gen. ; pres. of the Bank of Tenn. from 1850 to 1859 ; during the secession war he was chosen by the Union party to the State senate ; but feeble health prevented his taking his seat. Johnson, Chapman, lawyer, b. Louisa Co., Va., March, 1779 ; d. Richmond, Va., Ju- ly 12, 1849. Wm. and M. Coll. 1802. He studied law under St. George Tucker ; began practice at Staunton in 1802; soon became prominent; and in 1824 he moved to Rich- mond. During the war of 1812 he was capt. of a vol. comp., and afterwards served as aide to Gen. James Breckenridge ; he was in the State Senate from 1815 to 1831 ; member of the State Const. Conv. in 1829-30; and was there the champion of the " White Basis party." Johnson, David, gov. S. C. 1846-8, b. Va. 1782; d. Limestone Springs, S.C, Jan. 7, 1855. Son of Christopher, a Baptist preacher. Adm. to the bar in S.C. in 1805; member of the S.C legisl. in 1812; solicitor of the mid- dle circuit Union district, 1812-15 ; circuit judge 1815-24; judge of the Court of Appeals 1824-35 ; chancellor 1835-46. — O'NeaU's New- bun/. Johnson, Eastman, (/enre painter, b. Lov- ell. Me. His father was long an officer in the U. S. treasury, depart. The son acquired by his crayons the means for European study, and has produced many excellent pictures ; among them are " The Drummer-Boy," " The Pen- sion Claim -Agent," "Sunday Morning," " The Old Kentucky Home," " Savoyard- Boy, " " Mount Vernon Kitchen," " Chim- ney- Sweep," &c. — Tucker man. Johnson, Edward, historian, b. Heme Hill, Kent, Eng., 1599; d. Woburn, 23 Apr. 1672. He is supposed to have come to New Eng. with Gov. Winthrop, 1630; was promi- nent in the organization of the town and church of Woburn in 1642; was captain of its military compnny; was chosen its represen- tative in 1643, and annually re-elected, with the exception of 1648, until 1671 ; speaker of the house in 1655; in 1665 he was on the com., with Bradstreet, Danforth, and others, to meet the commissioners Nicolls, Carr, &c., who had been sent from England ; he was recorder of the town from its incorporation till bis death. His " Wonder-working Providence of Sion's Saviour in New England," a history of the country from the English planting in 1628 to 1652, was pub. in Lond. in 1654, and reprint- ed in " The Ms. Hist. Colls.;" and again, with notes, by W. F. Poole, in 1867. Johnson, Edward, maj.-gen. C.S.A., b. Ky.ab. 1817. West Point, 1838. Entering the 6th Inf., he became 1st lieut. Oct. 9, 1839; was brev. capt. for gallantry at Molino del Rey, Sept. 8; and maj. for Chapultepec, Sept. 13, 1847; disting. in the capture of the city; became capt. 15 April, 1851 ; and resigned June 10, 1861; became a brig.-gen. in the Con- fed, army ; maj.-gen. May 20, 1863 ; and com. a div. in Ewell's corps at Gettysburg ; captured with his division at Spottsylvania, 12 May, 1864 ; again captured while commanding di- vision in Gen. S. D.Lee's corps at the battle of Dec. 16, 1864, near Nashville. After the war, he had the effrontery to call on the U. S. treas. for arrears of pay due him at the time of his desertion to the rebels. Johnson, Col. Guv, loyalist, b. Ireland ab. 1740; d. Lond. Mar. 5,' 1788. He m. a dau. of Sir Wm. Johnson, and at his death, in 1774, succeeded him as supt. of the Indian dept., having long been his deputy. He served against the French in 1757; com. a company JOH 489 JOH of Rangers under Amherst in 1759 ; and was some time Indian agent at Montreal. His in- temperate zeal for the king caused the first af- fray in Tryon Co. ; and Guy fled to Montreal. After a visit to Eng., he landed at Staten Is- land in Aug. 1776, and was a manager of the old theatre in John St., N.Y. Afterward join- ing Brant and the Mohawks, he participated in their bloody exploits, and was in the battles of Chemung and Newtown in Western N.Y., between tlicm and Gen. Sullivan, in 1779. His estates were confiscated; and he d. in Eng., a petitioner for relief. Johnson, Sir Henry, a British gen., b. Dublin, 1748; d. Mar. 18, 1835. Bart. Oct. 3, 1818. He entered the army in 1761 ; capt. 28th Foot, Dec. 1763; lieut.-col. 17th, Oct. 1778; col. Dec. 1782; maj.-gcn. Dec. 1793; gen. Apr. 1808. While stationed in Phila. he m. Rebecca Franks, celebrated for her wit. He com. a batt. of light inf. early in the Revol. war, and was severely wounded ; and, while in com. at Stony Point, was surprised by Gen. Wayne in the night of July 15, 1779, and made prisoner with his whole force. He re- turned to Eng. after the capture of Yorktown, and disting. himself during the Irish rebellion at Vinegar Hill, and at New Ross in 1798. Johnson, Henry, statesman, b. Tenn. Sept. 14, 1783 ; d. Point Coupee, La., Sept. 4, 1864. He adopted the profession of law ; app. clerk of the second Superior Court, La., 1809 ; judge Parish Court of St. Mary, 1811 ; mem- ber of the La. Const. Conv. 1812; U.S. sena- tor from La. 1818-24; gov. 1824-8; M. C. 1835-9, and again U.S. senator in 1844-9. His wife was dau. of Francis Key, author of the " The Star-spangled Banner." Johnson, Herman M., S.T.D. (Wesl. U. 1852), LL.D., Methodist clergyman and author. Pres. of Dick. Coll., Pa. (1860-8), b. Otsego Co., N.Y., Nov. 25, 1815 ; d. Carlisle, Apr. 5, 1868. Wesl. U. 1839. Prof, of ancient lan- guages in St. Charles Coll., Mo., 1839-42, and in Aug. Coll., Ky., 1842-4 ; prof, of ancient languages and literature in the O. Wesl. U. at Delaware, 0., 1844-50 ; prof, of philos. and English lit. in Dick. Coll. 18.50-60. He pub. the " Clio" of Herodotus in 1850. Edited " Ori- entalia Antiquaria Herodoti,'' and at his death had nearly ready a German work on " Syno- nymes." He was a frequent and able contrib. to the Methodist QuarterJij Review and other magazines, and was very popular and interesting as a i^reachcr. Johnson, Herschel V., Democ. politi- cian, b. Burke Co., Ga., Sept. 18, 1812. U. of Ga. 1834. He studied law ; practised in Augusta; removed to Jeff. Co. in 1839, and acquired extensive business, but in 1844 locat- ed himself near Milledgeville. U.S. senator in Feb. 1848, to fill a vacancy; judge of the Sup. Court, Nov. 1849-Aug. 18,53; gov. Nov. 1853 to 1857; candidate for vice-pres. on the Douglas ticket in 1860. Subsequently a mem- ber of the Confcd. senate. Johnson, Isaac, one of the founders of Ms., b. Clipsliam, Rutlandshire, Eng. ; d. Bos- ton, Sept. 30, 1630. He came over with Win- throp, arriving at Salem, June 12, 1630; was one of the 4 who founded the first church at Charlestown on July 30 ; and Sept. 7 he con- ducted the first settlement of Boston. He was a good and wise man, and was the wealthiest of the Colonists. Arbella, or Arabella, his wife, dau. of Thomas, 14th Earl of Lincoln, accomp. her husband to N. E., and d. in Salem ab. Aug. 30, 1630. In honor of her, the name of "The Eagle," Winthrop's ship, was changed to " The Arbella." — See N. E. H. and Gen. Reg. viii. 359. Johnson, Isaac, gov. of La. 1845-50; d. New Orleans, Mar. 15, 1853. Johnson, Sir John, son of Sir William, b. 1742; d. Montreal, Jan. 4, 1830. He suc- ceeded to the title and estates of his fother, as well as to the post of maj.-gen. in the N.Y. militia, to which he was app. in Nov. 1774. Early in 1776 the Whigs attempted to secure his person ; and Sir John, with ab. 700 fol- lowers, fled to Canada. He was soon com- missioned a col. ; raised two battalions, called the Royal Greens ; and became one of the most active and one of the bitterest foes that the Whigs encountered during the contest. He invested Fort Stanwix in Aug. 1777, and defeated Gen. Herkimer; and in Oct. 1780 was himself defeated by Gen. Van Rensse- laer at Fox's Mills. In predatory enterprises the Royal Greens earned an infamous celebri- ty. Soon after the close of the contest, Sir John went to Eng., but returned in 1785, and resided in Canada. He was supt. of Indi- an affairs until his decease; and for several years he was also a member of the legisl. coun- cil of Canada. The British Govt., to compen- sate him for his losses, made him several grants of lands. His son. Sir Adam Gordon Johnson (b. 1781), succeeded to his title. — Sabine. Johnson, Maj. John, Revol. officer, and port.-painter ; d. Boston, 27 June, 1818, a. 66. After the war he settled in Boston, and left many strong likenesses of men of his time. He was deficient in drawing. — Knapp. Johnson, John, chancellor of Md., b. An- napolis ; d. Baltimore, Oct. 4, 1856. Johnson, Joseph, bro. of Wm., physician, politician, and author, b. Charleston, S.C, June 15, 1776. U. of Pa. 1797. His father was one of the prisoners of war on parole, who, in violation of the terms of capitulation, were consigned to a prison-ship, and finally trans- ferred to St. Augustine. Pie studied med. and began practice in Charleston with Dr. Poinsett. He was pres. of the U.S. branch Bank in 1818-35 ; was long mayor of Charles- ton. Was an active leader of the Union party in the nullification controversy. Many years commiss. of the public schools ; pres. of the Apprentices' Library Assoc, since its establishment in 1836, and for more than 60 years a member of the S. C. society, and 20 years its presiding officer. He became a mem- ber of the S.C. Med. Soc. in 1797, and its pres. in 1807 ; and was an efficient worker in the Literary and Philos. Soc. He has pub. many treatises, essays, and orations, and " Traditions and Reminiscences of the Revol.," 1851. Johnson, Joshua, merchant, b. Calvert Co., Md. ; d. Frederickton, Md., Apr. 21, 1802. One of 1 1 bros., 5 of whom, including Thomas (gov. of Md.), were in the public service during JOH 490 JOH the Revol. A merchant in Lond., when the war broke out he moved to Paris, where he was in 1778 app. by Congress commercial agent. From May, 1783, unid his return to the U.S. in Oct. 17*97, he was consul-gen. at Lond. ; af- terward supt. of stamps. John Quincy Adams m. his. dau. Louisa. Johnson, Sir Nathaniel, gov. of South Carolina (1703-9); d. 1713. He was a mili- tary man ; had been some time an M.P. ; and from 1686 to 1689 gov. of Nevis, St. Christo- pher's, Montserrat, and Antigua. When So. Carolina was invaded in 1706, he defeated the enemy with the loss of their com. and 300 men. To him is ascribed llie merit of first introducing the cultivation of silk in the province in 1703. Johnson, Peteu, judge, b. Pr. Edw. Co., Va. ; d. Abingdon, Va., May, 1848. Lieut, in Lee's Legion ; and disting. at the siege of Au- gusta, and led the forlorn hope at the storming of Ft. Watson. After the war, acquired distinc- tion at the bar ; and was speaker of the Va. legisl., and a judge. Johnson, Reverdy, jurist, b. Annapolis, Md., May 21, 1796. St. John's Coll. He studied law with his father, who was chief jus- tice of that dist. Adm. to the bar in 181.5 ; and in 1817 he removed to Baltimore, where he practised many years. In 1820-1 was chief commiss. of insolvent debtors, and then served two terms in the State senate; US. senator from 1845 to 1849, when he became U.S. atty.- gen. under Pres. Taylor. On the accession of Pres. Fillmore he turned his whole attention to his profession, practising chiefly in the U.S. Supreme Court. Delegate to the Peace Con- vention Feb. 1861 ; U.S. senator 1863-8 ; min- ister to Great Britain 1868-9; and negotiated a treaty, which was rejected by the US. sen- ate. Mr. Johnson took an active part in the preparation of 7 vols, of Reports of Decisions in the Court of Appeals, Md., known as "Harris and Johnson's Reports," 1820-7. Johnson, Richard Mentor, soldier and politician, b. Bryant's Station, Kv., Oct. 17, 1781 ; d. Frankfort, Ky., Nov. 19, 1850. Tran- sylv. U. He studied law, and practised with success. Member of the Ky. legisl. in 1805; and raised a rcgt. of cav. in 1812. He served with gallantry under Harrison ; com. in a skir- mish at Chatham, U.C, Oct. 4, 1813 ; and at the battle of theThames (Oct. 5, 1813) disting. himself, and was dangerously wounded. M.C. 1807-19 and 1829-37; U.S. senator 1819-29 ; vice-pres. of the US. 1837-41 ; subsequently a member of the State legisl. In 1814 he was app. by Pres. Madison Indian commiss. He was the author of the law abolishing imprison- ment for debt in Ky. When chairman of the committee on post-offices in the senate, he made a report against the suspension of the Sunday mails ; and also exerted himself in be- half of soldiers of the Revol., and of the war of 1812, who applied for pensions. His father, Col. Robert, an early settler of Ky., d. Galla- tin Co., Oct. 1815. His bro. James (M.C. 1825- 6, lieut.-col. under him in the battle of the Thames) d. Dec. 1826. — &e Bhg. of Col. R. M.y bi/ Ashel Lanqworthi/, 12mo, 1834, Boston. Johnson, Richard W., brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b, Livingston Co., Ky., Feb. 7, 1827. West Point, 1849. Entering the 6th, he after- ward joined the 1st Inf.; Mar. 1855 he became 1st lieut. 2d Cav., in which he was also quar- term. until Dec. 1, 1856, when hewasmadocapt., and served against the Indians on the Texan frontier. He served as capt. of cav. under Gens. Patterson and Banks until 28 Aug. 1861, and was then made lieut.-col. 3d Ky. Cav. ; made brig.-gen.vols. Oct. 11, 1861, he was assigned a brigade in Gen. Buell's army ; was present at the advance on Corinth, and, May 28, routed a rebel force in his front; in July, 1862, he com. a division of that army in Ala. He was taken prisoner at Gallatin, Tenn., Aug. 21, by a great- ly superior force under Morgan, and exchanged ab. Dec. 1, and placed in com. 12th division of the right wing of the Army of the Cumberland, 20th army corps. He displayed great gallantry at the battles of Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, and the Atlanta campaign ; and was severely wounded at New Hope Ch. 28 May, 1864. Com. division of cavalry at the battle of Nashville, for which brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. 16 Dec. 1864; and 13 Mar. 1865 brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A. for gallant services during the Rebellion ; and retired with full rank 12 Oct. 1867. — Cullum. Johnson, Robert, gov. of S.C. 1719, and from 1730 to his d. at Charleston, May 3, 1735. In 1731 he made a treaty with the Cherokees. He aided Oglethorpe and the first settlers of Ga. with food and escort. The settlement of Purrysbury by 600 Swiss under Col. Peter Puny was made during his term. Johnson, Rosa Vertner, poet, b. Natchez, Mpi. Mr. Griffith, her father, author of many popular Indian stories, d. 1853. Her early days were passed at Burlington, near Fort Gib- son, Mpi. Her parents went to Ky. when she was 10, and she was educated at Bishop Smith's sem., Lexington, Ky. At 17 she m. Claude M. Johnson, a Louisiana planter. In 1850 she be- came a contrib. to the Louisville Journal, and subsequently to tiie Home Journal. Her poems were pub. in Boston, 1857. She is a resident of Lexington, Ky. Johnson, Samuel, D.D. (Oxf. 1743), first pres. of King's (now Columbia) Coll.,N.Y. (1754-63), b. Guilford, Ct., Oct. 14, 1696; d. Stratford, Ct., Jan. 6, 1772. Y.C. 1714. In 1716 Y.Coll. was estab. at New Haven, and Mr. Johnson was app. tutor. In 1720 he be- came a preacher at AVest Haven, and, embracing soon after the Episcopalian faith, he in 1722 went to Eng. to obtain ordination. After re- ceiving the degree of M.A. at Oxford and Cambridge, he returned in 1723, and settled at Stratford. By the people at large he was treated as a schismatic and apostate, and con- tinually thwarted; the object being to drive him from the country. Returning to Stratford in 1763, he resumed his pastoral functions, which he continued till his death. He was a man of great learning, judgment, and benevo- lence. Dr. Johnson's publications were chiefly controversial. In 1746 he pub. a work on ethics, entitled " A System of Morality; " and in 1752 a compend of logic and metaphysics, and another of ethics, originally prepared for the use of his sons : the two latter were print- ed in Phila. by Dr. Franklin as text-books for JOH 491 JOH the U. of Pa. Also author of an English and a Hebrew Grammar, 8vo, 1767. His Me- moirs, by his friend Dr. Chandler, appeared in 1805. Johnson, Samuel, clergyman, b. Salem, Ms., Oct. 10, 1822. H.U.1842; Div. Sch. 1843. Pastor of a " Free Church" in Lynn, JNIs., since 1853. He has never connected himself with any religious denomination, though near- er the Unitarian than any other. Ab. 1846, in conjunction with Rev. S. Longfellow, he pub. a vol. of sacred poetry, "Hymns of the Spirit." Johnson, Thomas, statesman, b. Calvert Co., Md., 1732; d. Rose Hill, near Frederick- town, Oct. 26, 1819. Having previously to the Revol. attained great distinction at the bar, he was in 1774 a member of the Md. com. of corresp. ; was a delegate to Congress in 1775-7, and gov. of the State in 1777-9. He was assoc, justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1791 to 1793, when he resigned. In 1801 he declined the app. of chief justice of the Dist. of Columbia. Johnson, Walter Rogers, physicist, b. Leominster, Ms., June 21, 1794; d. Washing- ton, D.C, Apr. 26, 1852. H. U. 1819. He engaged in teaching at Framingham, at Salem, and at Germantown, Pa., from 1821 to 1826; and from 1826 to 1837 held the chair of me- chanics and nat. philos. in the high school at Phila. He delivered a course of lectures on mechanics and philosophy; and was also en- gaged in scientific researches on the strength of materials, and the best construction of steam-boilers, on steam, heat, electricity, mag- netism, &c. From 1839 to 1843 he was prof of chemistry and pliysics in the U. of Pa. He then began, under the authority of Congress, investigations into the character of the different varieties of coal. His report on this subject was pub. in 1844. In 1845, by app. of the city authorities of Boston, he examined the sources from which a supply of pure water might be brought to that city. For the next 3 years he was engaged in preparing and adapt- ing several of tlie works of the German ph\ si- cists, Knapp, Miiller, and Wiesbach. He was first sec. of the Assoc, for the Advancement of Science. In 1848 he removed to Washington, where he was connected with the Smithsonian Institution; and in 1851 visited Europe, where he was connected with the Lond. World's.Fair. He pub. " Coal-Trade of Brit. Amer.," &c., 1850; " Use of Anthracite in the Mannf. of Iron," 12mo, Bost. 1841 ; and "Memoir of L. D. Von Schweinitz," 1835. Johnson, Sir William, gen., b. Smith- town, Co. Meath, Ireland, 1715 ; d. near Johns- town, Fulton Co., N. Y., July 1 1 , 1 774. Young- er son of Christopher, an Irish gentleman of good family. Educated for mercantile life, an unsuccessful love-affair entirely changed his career. In 1738 he came to Amer. to manage the property of his uncle, Adm. Sir Peter War- ren ; established himself upon a tract of land on the south side of the Mohawk Valley, ab. 24 miles from Schenectady, N.Y. ; and embarked in trade with the Indians, whom he always treated with perfect honesty and justice. By acquainting himself with their language, and accommodating himself to their manners and dress, by his easy, dignified, and affable manner, he won their confidence ; acquired over them an influence greater than was ever possessed by any other white man ; and was adopted by the Mohawks as one of their tribe, and chosen sachem. At the outbreak of the French war in 1743, Johnson was made sole supt. of the Indians, and preserved the frontier from injury until the peace of Aix la Chapelle in 1748. In 1750 he was app. a member of the Prov. Council. He was instrumental in settling the quarrel which in 1753 arose between the Alba- ny board of coaimiss. and the Indians, but de- clined having any thing further to do with In- dian affairs. In 1754 he was a delegate to the congress at Albany, and also attended a grand council held with the Indians. Apr. 14, 175.5, he was at the council of Alexandria ; commiss. by Braddock "sole supt. of the Six Nations ; " and created a maj.-gen. and com.-in-chicf of the exped. against Crown Point. Sept. 8, 1755, he defeated Baron Dieskau at Lake George. Johnson, who was wounded in the hip, received the thanks of parliament, £5,000, and a baron- etcy (Nov. 27, 1755), for his victory. In Mar. 1756, George II. commiss. him "col. agent, and sole supt. of the affairs of the Six Nations and other northern Indians," with a salary of £600. He held this office for the rest of his life. He was engaged with his Indians in the abortive attempts to relieve Oswego and Fort William Henry, and at the repulse of Abercrombie at Ticondcroga in 1758; second in com. of Prideaux's exped. against Fort Niagara in 1759, upon whose death betook the com.-in- chief He continued the siege with vigor ; cut to pieces the French array sent to its relief (July 24) ; and the ganison surrendered at dis- cretion. With his Indian allies, he partook in 1760 in the exped. of Amherst, which was ended by the capture of Montreal and the sur- render of Canada to the British. F'or his ser- vices he received from the king a tract of 100,- 000 acres of land, north of the Mohawk, long known as " Kingsland," or the " Royal Grant." He gave great attention to agriculture, and first introduced sheep and blood-horses into the Mohawk Valley. He lived in baronial style, and exercised the most unbounded hospital- ity. By his wife, Catharine Wisenburgh, who d. young, he had John, knighted in 1765, and two daughters, who m. respectively Col. Claus and Col. Guy Johnson. By " Mol- ly," the sister of the great Mohawk sachem Brant, with whom he lived happily till his death, he had 8 children. Sir William was the author of a paper on the " Customs, Manners, and Languages of the Indians," in the Philos. Trans, for Nov. 1772. Johnson, William, LL.D. (Ham. Coll. 1819), lawyer, b. Middletown, Ct., 1768; d. N.Y., July, 1848. Y.C. 1788. He settled in N.Y. ; soon became eminent at the bar; was reporter of the N.Y. Sup. Court in 1806-23, and of the Court of Chancery in 1814-23. In 1838 he pub. a Digest of Cases in these courts from 1799 to 1836, in 2 vols. 8vo ; N.Y. Sup. Ct. Reps. 1799-1803, 1808-12, 3 vols. 8vo ; do. 1806-23, Phila. 1839, 20 vols. 8vo ; N.Y. Chancery Reps., &c., 1814-23, 7 vols. 8vo, 1836. Translator of Azuni's " Princippii dd JOH 492 JOKC deritto Maritimo dell* Europa," 2 vols. 8vo, 1808. Johnson, William, LL.D. (N.J. Coll. 1 8 1 8 ) , j u rist and author ( bro. of Joseph, noticed above), b. Charleston, S.C, Dec. 27, 1771 ; d. Brooklyn, L.I., Aug. 4, 1834. N. J. Coll. 1790. His father was a merchant. lie stud- ied law under C. C. Pinckney ; was adm. to tlie bar in 1792, and soon became disting. in his profession. Elected to the State legisl. in 1794, and twice re-elected, being speaker dur- ing his last term. It was principally through his efforts that the office of comptroller-gen. was instituted. He investigated the irregular and arbitrary proceedings of the county courts ; and, when they were superseded by the circuit courts, he was elected to the bench. In 1804 he was made a judge of the U.S. Sup. Court, I with the local jurisdiction of S.C. and Ga. Coming into possession of the papers of Gen. Nathaniel Greene, he prepared, at the request of the family. Sketches of his Life and Cor- resp., 2 vols. 4to, 1822. He was m. early in life to Sarah, dau. of Gov. Thomas Bennett. Johnson, William F., comedian, b. Bos- ton ; d. Milwaukie, Wis., July 18, 18.38, a. ab. 60. As a delineator of comic and testy old men he had few equals, and was particularly good in certain ranges of eccentric comedy, and was an admirable buffo-singer. Since 1855 he had been at the West, an(l was mana- ger of the Milwaukie Theatre. Ho was at one time manager of the Howard Athenaeum, Bos- ton, and was long a favorite at the Tremont and National Theatres in that city. Johnson, William Samuel, LL.D. (Y.C. 1788), D.C.L. (Oxf. 1766), F.R.S., scholar and jurist, b. Stratford, Ct., Oct. 7, 1727 j d. there Nov. 14, 1819. Yale, 1744. Eldest son of Rev. Samuel. He early became disting. at the biir by his eloquence and ability. A dele- gate to the Congress at New Yoik in 1765; member of the Council; and from Oct. 1766 to his return in 1771 agent of Cc. in Eng. He for many years corresponded with Dr. Samuel Johnson. He was from 1772 to 1774 a judge of the Sup. Court of Ct., and a commiss. for adjusting the controversy between the pro- prietors of Pa, and the Susquehanna Co. A delegate to Congress in 1784-7, in 1787 he was one of the framers of the Federal Constitution, and was the first to propose the organization of the senate as a distinct branch of the national legisl. U.S. senator 1789-91, he drew up, with his colleague Ellsworth, the bill for estab- lishing the judiciary system of the U S. Pres. of Col. Coll. from 1787 to 1800. — 6'ee Sketch of, hij John T. Irving, 8vo, 1830. Johnston, Albert Sidney, gen. C.S.A. (bro. of Josiaii Stoddard), b. Mason Co., Ky., 1803; killed at the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1862. West Point, 1826. Lieut. 6th Inf., July 1, 1826; aide to Gen. Atkinson 1832-3; acting assist, adj.-gen. of III. Vols, in Black Hawk's war, 1832 ; resigned May 31, 1834. Entering the Texan army as a private in 1836, he was soon made a brig.-gen.; and in 1838 succeeded Gen. Felix Houston in the chief com., and was involved in a duel with him in con- sequence. App. sec. of war in 1838, in 1839 he organized a successful exped. against the Cherokees. In 1840 he retired from public life, and settled on a plantation in Brazoria County, Texas. An ardent advocate of the annexation of Texas; col. 1st Texas rifles in June, 1846 ; and acting insp.-gen. to Gen. Butler at the siege of Monterey, Sept. 1 846. Made paym. U.S.A. (rank of major) Oct. 31, 1849, he became col. 2d Cav. Mar. 3, 1 855 ; brev. brig.-gen. "for meritorious conduct" in com. of the army in Utah, Nov. 18, 1857. In 1860 he com. the Pacific dept. Sympathizing with the South, he was making arrangements to deliver the State of Cal. to the Confederacy, when he was superseded by Gen. E. V. Sumner before his plans were completed. Made a maj.-gon. in the army of the Confederacy early in 1861, and placed in com. of the Army of the West. Collecting a force of ab. 50,000 men at Corinth, he attacked the army of Gen Grant at Shiloh, 6 Apr. 1862. On the first day of this battle, while encouraging and urging forward his troops, he was mortally wounded. He was considered by military men the ablest gen. in the Confed. service. Johnston, David Claypole, artist and caricaturist, b. Phila. Mar. 1797; d. Dorches- ter, Ms., Nov. 8, 1865, His son, Thomas Murphy, inherits his father's ability. His mother, Charlotte, was sister of William Rowson, and, with him and his wife Susannah (author of "Charlotte Temple," &c.), was a member of Wignell'§ Company in Phila. in 1793, She was a good singer. D. C, pub. " Outlines Illustrative of the Journal of Frances Anne Kemble," 1835 (8 plates) ; " Phrenology Exemplified and Illustrated," with upwards of 40 etchings, &c., 1837 ; and many Nos. of comic " Scraps." — iV.J^. G.and 11. Reg. 1866, Johnston, Col, Francis, a Rcvol. officer, b. Pa. 1749; d. Phila. Feb. 22, 1815. Aban- doning the practice of the law, he joined Waynu's rcgt. as lieut.-col. On the promotion of Wayne, he succeeded to the com, of the 5th Pa, regt., with which he was at Ticonderoga, Stony Point, Monmouth, Brandyuine, and other battles. After the war, he held several posts of honor and profit in his native State, and was high sheriff of the city and county of Phila, — Rogers. Johnston, Gabriel, gov. of N.C. from Nov. 2, 1734, to his d., in Aug. 1752, b. Scot- land,- A man of letters and of liberal views; a physician, and prof, of Oriental languages in the U. of St. Andrew's, where he was educated. Some of his poetical effusions arc found in the Craftsman, for which he wrote after his removal to London, Under his administration the Province increased in population, wealth, and happiness. He was the ablest and most suc- cessful of all the Colonial governors of N,C. He was app. gov. of N.C. by the influence of the Earl of Wilmington. — See Lfe of Iredell, i. 36. Johnstone, George, an English politician and admiral ; d, Jan. 8. 1787. Son of a Scot- tish baronet. He entered the navy ; was app. ])Ost-capt. in 1762 ; and in Oct., 1763, gov, of West Florida, M.P. 1764-7. In 1778 he was, with Wm. Eden and the Earl of Carlisle, a com- missioner to treat with the American States; but Congress, in consequence of his having tam- JOH 493 JOH pered with some of its members, refused to hold intercourse with him, and he returned home. In 1779 he made in parliament a violent attack on Lord Howe for his conduct of the Amer. war. Apr. 16, 1782, he was attacked at Port Praya by Adm. Suftren; and, notwithstand- ing his superiority of force, gained no advan- tage over the brave Frenchman. He fought a duel with Lord George Gennaine in 1770, and was constantly involved in quarrels and litiga- tion, Johnston, Col, John, b. near Bally- shannon, Ireland, Mar. 25, 1775; d. Washing- ton, D,C., Apr. 19, 1861. He can)e with his parents to the U.S. in 1786; settled in Cum- berland Co., Pa. ; was with Wayne's army on the Ohio in 1792-3 ; a clerk in the war dept. ; agent for Indian affairs in the North-west for 31 years; 11 years a canal commiss. for Ohio ; paym. and quarterm. in the war of 1812; and commiss. for treating with the Indians for their removal in 1841-2. He was an active member of the Masonic fraternity, and was pres. of the Hist, and Philos. Soc. of Ohio. His " Ac- count of the Indian Tribes of Ohio " is in "Amer. Antiq. Soc. Colls.," v. Johnston, John, D.D., b. Montgomery, Ulster Co., N.T., 28 Jan. 1778; d. Princeton, N.J., 23 Aug. 1855. N.J. Coll. 1801. D.D. of Laf. Coll. 1848. Ord. at New Windsor and Newburg in Apr. 1807, and pastor at Newburg from Apr. 1810 to his d, A director of Prince- ton Theol. Scm. from 1817, and from 1840 a trustee of N. J. Coll. His "Autobiog. and Ministerial Life" was edited by J. Carnahan, D.D., N.Y. \8o6.—Sprague. Johnston, John, LL.D. (McK. Coll. 1850), b. Bristol, Me., Aug. 23, 1806. Bowd. Coll. 1822. Prof. nat. science in Wesleyan U. since 1839. Author of " Elements of Chemis-. try;" "Manual of Natural Philosophy," 6th ed. 1857. Ed. of " Dr. Turner's Chemistry." Johnston, Joseph Eccleston, gen. C.S.A., b. Prince Edward Co., Va., Feb. 1807. West Point, 1829. His mother, a Miss Wood, was a niece of Patrick Henry. Entering the 4th Art., hebecamelst. iieut. July31, 1836; 1st lieut. topog. engineers, July 7, 1838 ; was brcv. capt. for gallantry in the war with the Fla. Indians, Aug. 1842; capt. Sept. 21, 1846; be- came lieut.-col. Voltigeurs, Feb. 16, 1847; was severely wounded while reconnoitring at Cerro Gordo, Apr. 12, 1847; and brev. lieut.- col. and col. for gallantry there and at Chapul- tepec, where he was again wounded ; was disting. at the battle of El Molinodel Rey and in the attack on the city of Mexico, Sept. 13, 1847 ; re-instated as capt. topog. engineers, and again brev. lieut.-col. ; became lieut.-col. 1st Cav. Mar. 3, 1855, and quarterm.-gcn. (rank of brig.-gen.) June 28, 1860. He resigned Apr. 22, 18G1, and was immediately app. a gen. in the Confcd. army, being second on its libt. He com. the force which occupied Harper's Ferry in May, 1861, and evaded Gen. Patterson in time to appear on the field of Bull Run just before the battle, and, outranking Beauregard, took com. during the conflict, but without changing that general's plan of battle. Re- pulsed at Williamsburg, May 5, he retreated towards Richmond. At the battle of Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862, he was desperately wounded, and was for several months unable to take the field. In Sept. 1862, he was as- signed to the com. of the country west of the Mpi. In the following campaigns he ably op- posed Grant and Sherman, but was steadily pressed back, and defeated in various battles ; and 17 July, 1864, he turned over the com. of the Army of Tenn. to Gen. Hood. Early in Jan. he was ordered to the com. in S.C. ; 15 Mar. 1865 was defeated by Sherman at Benton- ville; and Apr. 26, 1865, he surrendered his entire army to Sherman at Durham Station, N.C. Johnston, Josiah Stoddard, lawyer and senator (bro. of Albert Sidney), b. Salis- bury, Ct., Nov. 25, 1784; d. May 19, 1833, by a steamboat explosion on the Red River. Trans. U. 1805. At the age of six he removed with his father. Dr. John Johnston, to the neighborhood of Maysville, Ky. He established himself in practice at Alexandria, in the Red- river country, and was in a very short period advanced to the bench. He was in 1812a lead- ing member of the H. of Assembly in the new State of La., and com. a regt. raised for the defence of N. Orleans, in which, however, he was not in season to participate. Resuming his judgeship, he became M.C. in 1821, and in 1824 a senator, and was twice re-elected. As chairman of the com. on commerce, he made a very able report on the British colouial-trade question, which he also supported in a speech. He wrote one or two very able pamphlets, one of which was pub., with his name, on the effect of the repeal of the duty on sugar. Johnston, Samuel, LL.D. (N. J. Coll. 1815), lawyer and statesman (nephew of Gov. Gabriel), b. Dundee, Scotland, Dec. 15, 1733 ; d. near Edenton, N.C, Aug. 18, 1816. His father John came over in 1736 ; becams surv.- gen., and acquired large landed estates. Samuel was clerk of the Superior Court in Chowan Co. in 1767-72, and was also naval ofHcer under the crown. He soon became noted as a lawyer and politician ; was elected to the Assembly in 1769, and espoused the popular side. In 1773 he became one of the standing com. of inquiry and corresp ; was an active member of the first two Prov. Congresses, and presided over the 3d and 4th. Aug. 3, 1775, he was made chair- man of the prov. council, and virtually gov. of the Province; Sept. 1775 he was chosen treas. for the N. Dist. of N.C; in 1781-2 he was a member of theCont. Congress ; in 1788- 9 gov. of the State, presiding over the conven- tion which rejected the Federal Constitution, which, however, he supported with all his in- fluence. In 1789 he pres. over the convention which adopted the Federal Constitution. He was U.S. senator from 1789 to 1793, and judge of the Sup. Court from Feb. 1800 to Nov. 1803. Johnstone, William Souter, a British gen.; d. Quebec, Jan. 2, 1818. App. lieut. of marines 1755; capt. 1758; major, July 27, 1775; lieut.-eol. Aug. 1779; col. 1790; lieut- gen. 1801. He fought at Quebec and at Bun- ker's Hill, whrre he was severely wounded in the leg. Originally named Souter, but commis- sioned Johnstone. JOH 494 JON Johnston, Zachariah F., capt. U.S.N. ; d. Baltimore, Mar. 17, 1859. Midshipm. Jan. 1, 1818; lieut. March 3, 1827 ; com. Feb. 27, 1847. Joliet (zho'-le-a), Louis, one of the dis- coverers of the Mpi. River, b. Quebec, 1645 ; d. ab. 1700. He was educated at the Jesuit Coll. of Quebec, but engae of his art. Among his most popular works are " View of Mt. Washington from N.Conway," 1849; "Franconia Mountains," 1853; " October Day in the White Mountains," 1855; "Hudson River from Fort Putnam," 1856; "Falls of the Bashpish; " " Sunset on the Coast," 1858; " Lake George ; " " Ulswater ; " " Noon on the Sea-shore ; " " Adirondacks ; " " Niagara ; " " Housatonic Valley ; " " Coast Scenery ; " &c. In 1859 he was app. a member of tiie Na- tional Art Commission, having the direction of the ornamentation of the Capitol at Washing- ton, and the superintendence of the works de- posited there. In 1848 he was elected an asso- ciate, and in 1849 a member, of the National Acad, of Design. Kent, Edward, LL.D. (Wat. Coll. 1855), jurist, b. Concord, N.H., Jan. 8, 1802. H. U. 1821. He studied law; attended a course of law lectures by Chancellor Kent in N.Y. City; settled in practice at Bangor, Me., in 1825 ; and at once took high rank in the profession. In 1827 he was app. chief justice of the Court of Sessions for Penobscot Co.; and from 1829 to 1833 was a member of the legist. He was af- terward mayor of Bangor 2 years, and was gov. in 1838 and '40. In 1843 'he was app. by the legisl. one of the commiss. for settling the Me. boundary-line under the Ashburton Treaty. In 1848 he was a delegate to the convention which nominated Gen. Taylor, upon whose accession to the presidency Gov. Kent was app. consul at Rio de Janeiro. In the spiing of 1854 he re- turned to Bangor, and resumed practice. In 1859 he was app. assoc. justice of the Supreme Court. Kent, James, LL.D. (Col. Coll. 1797), jurist, b. Philippi, Putnam Co., N.Y., 31 July, 1763; d. N.Y. City, 12 Dec. 1847. Y. C. 1781. Moss Kent (his father) was surrogate of Rensselaer Co. James studied law with Egbert Benson; was adm. to the bar in 1787; began practice at Poughkeepsie ; was a mem- ber of the legisl. in 1790 and '92; and, remov- ing to New York, in 1793 became prof, of law in Col. Coll. Counselled by Hamilton, he directed his attention to the doctrines of the civil law, in which he was deeply read. App. master in chancery, and elected to the legisl. in 1796; city recorder in 1797 ; judge of the Su- preme Court in 1798; chief justice in July, 1804; and chancellor from Feb. 1814, to 31 July, 1823. In 1822 he represented Albany- Co. in the State Const. Conv., of which ho was a disting. member. App. law prof, in Col. Coll. iri 1824, his lectures delivered there form the l)asis of his celebrated commentaries on the U.S. Constitution, pub. in 4 vols. 1826-30. He was not only an eminent jurist, but was one of KKI^* 607 j$:e5t the first legal writers of his time. In 1836 ho wrote and pub., at the request of the common council of New York, a compendious treatise on the city charter and the powers of the municipal officers. The latter part of his life was passed in enlarging and correcting his ** Commentaries," and in giving opinions on legal sul)jects. Made pres, of the N.Y. Hist. Soc. in 1828. His decisions in law and equity are preserved in the Reports of Caines and Johnson. His son William, an eminent law- yer (1802-4 Jan. 1861), was some years judge of the N.Y. Circuit Court, and prof, of law at H.U. 1846-7. Moss Kent, his bro., was M.C. in 1813-17. Kent, Joseph, physician and statesman, b. Calvert Co., Md., Jan. 14, 1779; d. near Biadensburg, Md., Nov. 24, 1837. He was educated as a physician, and combined the practice of his profession with the successful pursuit of agriculture, first in Calvert Co., and after 1806 in Prince George Co. He was an M.C. in 1811-15 and in 1821-6; gov. of Md. in 1826-9 ; and a U.S. senator in 1833-7. Kenton, Gen. Simon, Western pioneer, b. Fauquier Co., Va., April 3, 17.55; d. Logan Co., 0., April 29, 1836. His father was Irish, his mother Scotch. At the age of 16 he had an affray with a successful rival in love; and, supposing he had killed him, he fled to the wilderness west of the Alleghanies, where, dur- ing the conflicts with the Indians in the Revol. war, he performed many daring feats, and was the friend and companion of Boone. He was with Major Clarke at the surprise of Kaskaskia in 1778; was soon after captured by the In- dians, and saved from death at their hands by the renegade Simon Girty. Escaping from the British prison at Detroit in July, 1779, he dis- ting. himself during the invasion of Ky. by the British and Indians in that year, leading an active and numerous company from Harrod's Station, who drove out all opposition. After leading a successful exped. amancipation in the West Indies," "A Six Months' Tour," &c Kimball, Richard Burleigh, author, b. Plainfield, N.H., Oct. 11, 1816. Dartm. Coll. 1834. After one year's study of law he travelled in Great Britain and Germany, and resided some time in Paris, where he attended the lectures of the most eminent profs, both of medicine and law. Returning to Amer., he practised law at Waterford, N.Y., and in 1840 in N.Y. City. His works are" Reminiscences of an Old Man " in Knickerbocker's Magazine ; " St. Leger, or the Threads of Life,'' 1849 ; " Letters from England ; " " Letters from Cuba," 1850; " Cuba and the Cubans,"1850; " Romance of Student-Life Abroad," 1853 • " Was he successful 1 " " In the Tropics ; " " Undercurrents ; " " Revelations of Wall St. ; " "Henry Powers, Banker," 1868; and " To- D^ay,"'l870. Contrib. to Putnam's MonMj, Knickerbocker, and other periodicals. Co-editor with Dr. Francis, Dr. Griswold, George P. Morris, and F. W. Shelton, of the " Knicker- bocker Gallery." King, AvUSTiN A., statesman, b. Sullivan Co., Tenn., Sept. 20, 1801 ; d. St. Louis, Mo., Apr. 22, 1870. He began to practise law in 1822; removed to Mo. in 1830; member of the legisl. in 1834 and 1836 ; circuit judge of Ray Co. 1837-48; gov. of Mo. 1849-53; again judge of Ray Co. Circuit in 1862, and elected to the 38th Congress. In the Charles- ton Democ. convention of 1860 he was a prominent Douglas man. He denounced the war for the Union as unnecessary. King, Charles, LL.D. (PLU. 1850), jour- nalist and scholar, b. N.Y., Mar. 16, 1789 ; d. Frascate, near Rome, Italy, Sept. 27, 1867. Son of Rufus King, who, while minister at Lond., sent him to Harrow School, and in 1805 to a preparatory school at Paris. On his fa- ther's return to the U.S., he was, by advice of Sir Francis Baring, placed in the banking- house of Hope & Co., Amsterdam. At the close of 1806 he returned to his native country. In 1810 he married Eliza, dau. of Archibald Gracie,a leading merchant of N.Y., with whom he was associated in business. Though a Fed- eralist, he deemed it right to prosecute the war of 1812 to an honorable and successful result, and was a member of the N.Y. legisl. in 1813, and a vol. in the autumn of 1814. In 1823 the firm of which he was a member failed; and Mr. King became connected with Ver- planck in the publication of the N.Y. Ameri- can, a political and literary sheet of high char- acter, until 1827 ; when Verplanck retired, and Mr. King continued sole editor until 1847. He was afterward assoc. in the conduct of the N. Y. Courier and Inquirer from 1845 until 1849, when he was chosen prcs. of Col. Coll., which post he resigned in 1864. The in- dependence of his character was strikingly evinced by his earliest public act. Being sent to Eng. by the govt, after the war of 1812, to investigate the treatment of our prisoners at Dartmoor, he did not hesitate to exonerate the British authorities from all censure in the mat- ter in the face of the most intense indignation on the part of the American people, and of what many persons believed the clear and un- questionable facts of the case. Author of " Memoir of the Construction, &c., of the Croton Aqueduct," 4to 1843 ; " History of the N. Y. Chamber of Cominerce," 8vo ; "New York Fifty Years Ago ; " an Address before the Mechanics' Society, and other hist, addresses. King, Charles B., port.-paintcr, b. New- port, R.L, 1786; d. Washington, D.C., Mar. 18, 1862. For 40 years his studio at the Capi- tol was filled with the likenesses of the eminent men of the day. He donated a school-fund to his native town for musical instruction, and gave to the Redwood Library several thousand dollars, and many paintings. — Tuckerman. King, Cyrus, M.C. 1813-17; b. Scarbo- rough, Me., Sept. 16, 1772 ; d. April 25, 1817. Col. Coll. 1794. Half-bro. of Rufus, and his private sec. in 1796 ; practised law 20 years in Saco ; maj.-gen. of militia. King, Dan, M.D., physician and author, b. Mansfield, Ct., 27 Jan. 1791 ; d. Smithfield, R. I., 13 Nov. 1864. He began practice in Preston in 1815 ; continued it in Charle«to\vn, R. I., in 1820-38; in Woonsockct 1838-48; in Taunton, Ms., 1848-58 ; and finally in Smithfield. Member of the R. I. legisl. 1828- 34, and the advocate of a new constitution and KIN 511 Ejosr extended suffrage. He was a friend to the rem- nant of the tribe of the Narragansett Indians, and caused a school for them to be supported by the State. Author of " Life and Times of Thos. \V. Dorr," " Quackerv Unmasked," and many able articles in the Medical Journal and other periodicals. King, Daniel Putnam, a scientific farmer and poliiician, b. Danvers, Ms., June 8, 1801 ; d. there July 25, 1850. H.U. 1823. Hestudied law, but soon abandoned it for the practice of agriculture. In 1836-7 he was a State represen- tative, in 1838-9 a senator, and in 1840-1 pres. of the senate. In 1 843 he was again a member of the house, of which he was elected speaker ; and was M.C. in 1843-9. He pub. an address commem. the 60th anniv. of the battle of Lex- ington, delivered in Danvers in 1835. King, James Gore, banker and merchant of N.Y., b. N.Y. City, May 8, 1791 ; d. High- wood, N. J., Oct. 3, 1853. H. U. 1810. His father, Rufus King, minister to Eug., had him educated in the best schools there. He returned to the U.S. in 1805, and, after graduating, stud- ied law at Litchfield. Marrying the dau. of Alexander Gracie in Feb. 1812, he established himself as a merchant at Liverpool, with his bro.-in-law, under the firm of King and Gracie. In 1824 he became a partner in the banking- house of Prince, Ward, and King ; on the disso- lution of which he formed a new one of a similar character, under the name of James G. King and Sons. He served as adj. -gen. in the war of 1812-15; was a leading member of the N.Y. Chamber of Commerce, and, at the time of his death, its pres. M.C. 1849-51. King, John Alsop, statesman, b. N. Y. City, Jan. 3, 1788 ; d. Jamaica, L. I., July 7, 1868. He was the eldest son of Rufus King, and in his boyhood accomp. his father to Eng., and, with his bro. Charles, was educated at Harrow School and at Paris. He served through the war of 1812 as lieut. of a troop of horse; represented Queen's Co. in the As- sembly in 1819-21, '32, '38, and '40; was sec. of legation to Great Britain under his father in 1825 ; was a leading member of the 3lst Congress, and a strenuous opponent of its Fu- gitive-slave Bill ; was a delegate to the Repub. conv. at Phila. in 1856 ; and was gov. of N.Y. in 1857-9. A farmer by occupation, he took a deep interest in the Queen's Co. Agric. Soc, and was pres. of the N. Y. Agric. Soc. King, John Crookshanks, sculptor, b. Kilwinning, Scotland, Oct. 11, 1806. He was educated as a practical machinist, and, emigrat- ing to the U.S. in 1829, was employed several years in Cincinnati and Louisville as supt. of a factory. In 1834, at the suggestion of Hiram Powers, he made a successful clay mod- el of the head of his wife, and adopted the pro- fession of a sculptor. From 1837 to 1840 he resided in N. Orleans, modelled a number of busts of public men, and made cameo likenesses. He now resides in Boston. He has executed busts of Webster, of John Quincy Adams, Dr. Saml. Woodward, Prof. Agassiz, R. W. Emer- son, and other prominent men. King, John H., brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Mich. App. 2d lieut. 1st Inf 2 Dec. 1837; 1st lieut. 2 Mar. 1839; capt. 31 Oct. 1846; maj. 15th, 14 May, 1861 ; lieut.-col. 14th, 1 June, 1863; col. 9th Inf 30 July, 1865; brig.-gen. vols. 29 Nov. 1862; brev.-col. 20 Sept. 1863 ; brig.-gen. U.S.A., for Ruffs Station, 13 Mar. 1865; and maj.-gen. same date. King, Jonas, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 1832), Cong, clergyman, and missionary to Greece, b. Hawley, Ms., July 29, 1792; d. Athens, Greece, May 22, 1869. Wms. Coll. 1816; And. Sem. 1819. He was a missionary in S. C. some months, and in Palestine in 1823-6; reached Boston in the fall of 1827, and was employed in the Northern and Middle States. He entered upon the Greek mission in July, 1828; and m. a Greek lady, July 22, 1829. A " Farewell Let- ter" to his friends on leaving Syria, stating his reasons for not becoming a Roman Catholic, became, with other publications of his in 1852, the basis of a prosecution against him ; and he was condemned to 15 days' confinement in a loathsome prison, and to expulsion from Greece. Owing to the vigorous protests of our govt, he was confined but one day, and was not ban- ished. Before 1867, he had translated and printed in modern Greek 5 vols, of the Tract Society's pul)lications. He also pub 4 vols, of his own works in that language. King, Mitchell, LL.D. (Char. Coll. and U. of E. Tenn.), judge, b. Scotland, June 8, 1783. He went to Lond.in 1804, and to Charles- ton, S.C., where he opened a school, in 1806, and soon received a professorship in the coll. of that city. He began to study law in 1807 ; was one of the founders of the Philos. Society in 1809, before which he delivered lectures on astrono- my ; and in 1810 was adm. to the bar. He sooa disting. himself; prospered in his practice ; and became in 1819 judge of the City Court of Charleston. In 1830-2 he was an active mem- ber of the Union party, and opposed the doc- trine of State nullification. From 1842 to 1844 he was again judge of the City Court ; and at different periods he served as delegate in the State convention, and as pres. of the trustees of the Med. Coll., and of other societies for the promotion of art, literature, science, and public enterprises. He originated the Charleston Lit- erary Club, and has written numerous essays and addresses for various societies and literary institutions. — Appleton. King, Preston, statesman, b. Ogdensburg, N. Y., Oct. 14, 1806; d. N. Y. City, Nov. 13, 1865. Un. Coll. 1827. He studied and prac tised law in St. Lawrence Co., N.Y. ; started the St. Lawrence Republican in 1830 ; and was one of the warmest supporters of Gen. Jackson. He was a Democ. until 1853, when he joined the Repub. party. Postmaster at Ogdensburg ; member of the N.Y. Assembly in 1834-7 ; M.C. 184.3-7 and 1849-53; U.S. senator 1857-63; afterward resuming the practice;0f law in N.Y. Delegate to the Repub. convention at Balti- more in 1864, he was a firm supporter of An- drew Johnson, by whom he was in Aug. 1865 app. collector of the port of N.Y. During a fit of aberration of mind he jumped from a fer- ry-boat, and was drowned. King, Rufus, LL.D. (H.U. 1806), orator, statesman, and diplomatist, b. Scarborough, Me., Mar. 24, 1755 ; d. Jamaica, L L, Apr. 29, 1827. H. U. 1777. Son of an opulent raer- KESr 512 KIN- chant. He entered the law-office of Theophilus Parsons at Newbury port. In 1778 he was aide-de-camp to Gen. Glover in the expedition against RI. He commenced practice in 1780; in 1782 was elected to the legisl.; member of the Old Congress 1784-6. He in March, 178.5, moved a resolution, " That there be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in any of the States described in the resolution of Congress of April, 1784, otherwise than in punishment of crime ; and that this regulation shall be made an article of compact, and remain a fun- damental principle of the Constitution." This resolution was, by the votes of 7 States against 4, referred to a com. of the whole, and was al- most word for word embodied by Nathan Dane in his famous ordinance of 1787. Mr. King advocated the Constitution, both in the Gen. and State conventions. In 1788 he removed to N.Y., having in 1786 m. the dau. of John Al- sop, an opulent merchant of that city. In 1789 he was elected to the N. Y. legisl., by which body Gen. Schuyler and himself were chosen the first senators from the State under the Constitution of the U. S. In 1794, under the signature of "Camillus," he defended the British Treaty. The most celebrated speech made by him in the U.S. senate was in this year, on the right of Albert Gallatin to a seat in senate, which he successfully opposed. In 1796-1804 Mr. King was minister to London, having previously de- clined the offer of the dept. of state. In 1813 he was a third time sent to the senate by the N. Y. legisl. His speech on the burning of "Washington by the British was one of his most eloquent displays, and teemed with senti- ments which had echoes from all parties. In 1819 he was re-elected to the senate. He took the lead in opposing the admission of Mo. as a slave State; and several of the laws which he proposed and carried were of great conse- quence. In 1825 he accepted from Pres. Ad- ams the app. of minister to London, but re- turned in ill health in 1826. King, RuFUS, diplomatist and journalist, b. N.Y. City, Jan. 26, 1814. West Point, 1833. Son of Pres. Charles King, and grandson of Rufus. He entered the engineer corps, and as- sisted in the construction of Fortress Monroe. Resigning in Sept. 1836, he became assist, engr. of the N. Y. and Erie Railroad ; was a wliile connected with the Albany Evening Journal; then edited the Daily Advertiser ; anil was app. by Gov. Seward adj*.-gen. of N.Y. Removing to Wis., he edited the Milwaukie Sentinel until 1861; when Mr. Lincoln app. him minister to Rome. Obtaining permission to delay his de- parture during the civil war, he was made brig- gen, of vols. May 17, 1861, and soon after re- signed his diplomatic app. Promoted to com- mand a division in McDowell's army at Fred- ericksburg, he com. in the combat of Groveton 28 Aug. ; was engaged in the battle of Manas- sas; in Oct, 1862 was placed under Gen. Dix's command ; com. at Yorktown, Va., in Mar.- July, 1863 ; and com. division at Fairfax C. H., July-Oct. 20, 1863, when he resigned; and was minister to Rome to 1 July, 1867.— Callum. King, Susan (Petigru), authoress, b. Charleston, S. C. Dau. of J. L. Petigru, an eminent lawyer of S. C. She was highly edu- cated, and m. Henry C, son of Judge Mitchell King, After his death, she m. Congressman Bowen, subsequently convicted of bigamy. Author of several stories of fashionable life, as "The Busy Moments of an Idle Woman," " Lily," and " Sylvia's World." She is dis- ting. for conversational talent, and has contrib. to periodicals. King, Thomas Butler, politician, b. Hampden Co., Ms., Aug. 27, 1804 ; d. Waynesborough, Ga., May 10, 1864. Educated at Westfield Acad,, Ms., and studied for the bar, but removed to Ga. in 1823 ; m., and be- came a cotton-planter. State senator in 1832- 4, '35, and '37; M.C. 1839-43 and 184.5-9. Col- lector of San Francisco in 1849-51, he resided some years in California. Returning to Ga., he was State senator in 1859 ; member of the Milledgeville convention of 1833 ; of the Ma- con Railroad convention of 1836 ; of the young men's convention of Baltimore in 1840; and was pres. of several Ga. railroad and canal companies. Identified with the State-rights party; a secessionist in 1861, and was 2 years commissioner of Ga. in Europe. King, Thomas Starr, divine and author, b. New York, Dec. 16, 1824; d. San Francis- co, March 4, 1864. Son of Rev. Thomas F. King. His boyhood was passed in Portsmouth, N.H., and Charlestown, Ms. Young King was prepared for coll. ; but the decease of his fiither prevented his entrance, and he con- tinued his education in the intervals from his duties as a school-teacher and a clerkship in the navy-yard. In Sept. 1846 he was ord. pastor of his father's parish in Charlestown ; and in Dec. 1848 was installed over the Hollis- st. Church, which station he occupied until 1 860. In Apr. of that year, he sailed for San Francisco to take charge of the Unitarian Cong, in that city, where the brief remainder of his use- ful life was spent. He had an extended reputa- tion as a lecturer, having been regularly em- ployed in that capacity in 1845-1860. Author of " The White Hills, their Legends, Land- scapes, and Poetry," 4to, illustrated, 1859. In 1850 he received the hon. degree of M.A. from H.U. As a public speaker, he happily combined elegance with energy, and was ex- ceedingly popular. He was a man of rare genius, originality, and eloquence. His exer- tions in behalf of the Union, and his decided and uncompromising stand against the Rebel- lion, had a powerful effect on popular opinion in Califoraia. Hecontrib. many articles to the Uni- versalist Quarterly, and was, besirles, the author of numerous addresses. A vol. of his writings, entitled " Patriotism and Other Papers,*' was pub. 1865; also "A Tribute to Thomas Starr Kinc:," by his friend Richard Frothingham. King, William, col. U.S.A., b. Md. ; d. near Mobile, Jan. 1, 1826. App. lieut. of inf May 3, 1808; capt. 1.5th Inf July 2, 1812; assist, to Insp.-Gen. Smith, July 10, 1812; com. exped. from Black Rock to Canada shore (spiking the enemy's batteries, and cap- turing prisoners) Nov. 28, 1812, in which \w was wounded and taken ; maj. March 3, 1813 ; com. his regt. in capture of York, U.C, Apr. 27, 1813; assist, adj.-gen. Apr. 28, 1813; disting. and wounded in capture of Fort KIN- SIS kust George, May 27, 1813; com. U.S. troops in concert with N. Y. militia, under Gen. Porter, in repulsino; attack on Black Rock, July 11, 1813; adj. -gen. (rank of col.) July 18, 1813 ; col. 3d Rifles, Feb. 21, 1814; col. 4th Inf. May, 181.5 ; military and civil gov. of Pensacola, May, 1818; disbanded June, 1821. — Gardner. King, William, statesman, bro. of Ru- fus, b. Scarborough, Me., Feb. 9, 1768; d. Bath, Me., June 17, 1852. In native mental en- dowments he is thought to have been superior to his celebrated bro., and nothing but the want of education prevented his attaining the high- est honors. After residing a while in Topsham, ab. 1800 he removed to Bath. Member of the Ms. legisl. for some years, he took a promi- nent part in drafting and enacting the Religious Freedom Act, and was also the originator and principal supporter of the Betterment Act. He exerted liis powerful influence to effect the separation of Me. and Ms., which occurred in 1819; was pres. of the convention which framed the constitution of Me., and its first gov. 1820-1 ; U.S. commissioner for the ad- justment of Spanish claims 1821-4. He was gen. of militia, and collector of customs at Bath 1831-4. He was an eminent and success- ful merchant, and a generous and intelligent patron of institutions of learning. King, William Rufus, 13th vice-pres. of the U.S., b. Sampson Co., N.C., April 7, 1786; d. Cahawba, Ala., April 18, 1853. U. of N.C. 1803. He studied law, and was adm. to practice in 1806. In 1806-7 and 1809, he was a member of the State legisl. ; M.C. 1810-16; sec. of legation to Russia 1816-18; and, after his return, removed to Ala., and be- came a cotton-planter. One of the convention that formed the constitution of Ala. when it was adm. into the Union; U.S. senator 1819- 45 and 1847-52; and in 1845-6 minister to France. In this post he succeeded in prevent- ing the joint protest of P'rance and Eng. against the annexation of Texas to the U.S. He became vice-pres. in 1852. Mr. King was a member of Congress nearly forty years ; officiating as pres. pro tern of the senate in the 24th, 25th, 26th, 31st, and 32d Congresses. He uniformly acted with the Democ. party, and supported Jackson for the presidency in 1824, 1828, and 1832. Kingsborough, Right Hon. Edward King, vi.scount (1795-1837). Eldest son of the 3d earl of Kingston. Educated at Oxford ; represented his native county (Cork) in the parliament of 1820-6; and subsequently de- voted himself to his great work, *' The An- tiquities of Mexico," comprising facsimiles of ancient Mexican paintings and hieroglyphics, Lond. imp. fol. vols. 1-7, 1831 ; vols. 8 and 9, 1848. The first 7 vols, of this magnificent work cost Lord K. £32,000. Thrown into prison for a debt which he considered unjust, he was there seized with typhus-fever, which soon ended fatally. He maintains in this work the theory of the colonization of Mexico by the Israelites. — AlUhone. ' Kingsbury, Charles P., brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. N.Y. West Point, 1840. 2d lieut. ordnance 1840; 1st lieut. 3 Mar. 1847; capt. 1 July, 1854 ; maj. 3 Mar. 1863; lieut.-col. 22 Dec. 1866; ret. July 1870 ; aide to Gen. Taylor at Buena Vista, and brev. 23 Feb. 1847 ; col. and A.D.C. 28 Sept. 1861 ; served through the seven-days' battles before Richmond, and brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865. Author of " Treatise on Artillery and Infantry," 1849. Contrib. to Amer. Whig Review, South. Quart. Rev., Putnam s Monthlij, and South. Lit. Measenger. — Cullwn. Kingsbury, Jacob, col. U.S.A., b. Nor- wich, Ct., 1755; d. Franklin, Mo., July 1, 1837. He was in the U.S. service 42 years, having risen from the ranks (which he joined at Roxbury in 1775) to be an officer in the Revol. army. He served in Wayne's Indian campaign. App. lieut. of inf. Sept. 29, 1789 ; capt. Dec. 1791 ; maj. 2d Inf. Mav 15, 1797 ; lieut.-col. 1st Inf. Apr. 11, 1803; col. 1st Inf. Aug. 18, 1808; insp.-gen. (rank of col.) Apr. 28, 1813 ; dish. June, 1815. His son Col. Thomas H. C, b. N. Orleans, Dec. 23, 1807, col. llth Ct. Vols., killed at Antietam 17 Sept. 1862. Kingsley, Calvin, D.D., bishop M.E. Church, b. Annesville, N.Y., Sept. 8, 1812; d. Beirut, Syria, 1870. Alleg. Coll. 1841. He entered the ministry of the 5l. E. Church, and was in 1842-4 prof, of math, in Alleg. Coll.; app. in 1842 to Meadville Station. In 1844 he was stationed in Erie, Pa. ; and, at the close of his term as pastor, returned to Alleg. Coll., and remained for a number of years a member of its faculty. In 1856 he was elected by the gen. conf. editor of the Western Chris- tian Advocate. Author of a work on " The Resurrection of the Human Body." D.D. of Genesee Coll. 18.53; elected bishop in 1864. Kingsley, James Luce, LL.D. (Mid. Coll. 1831), scholar, b. Windham, Ct., Aug. 28, 1778 ; d. New Haven, Aug. 31, 18.52. Y.C. 1799. Tutor 1801-5; librarian 1805-24; prof, of the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin lan- guages, and of eccl. hist. 180.5-51. Prof. Kingsley was both an accomplished scholar and a thorough instructor ; a critic of the first order ; and contrib. to thaN.Amer. Review, the Christian Spectator, the New-Englander, the Ainer. Journal of Sciences, the Biblical Reposi- torij, and other periodicals. Some of the most valuable articles which he published were illus- trative of historical subjects, among which was an interesting discourse, and " Notes on the Hist, of New Haven,'' delivered Apr. 25, 1838. He pub. in the Amer. Quar. Reg. a compen- dious Hist, of Yale Coll. 1835, and also the " Life of Pres. Stiles," for Sparks's " Amer. Biography," 2d sen, vol. 6. He also revised and pub. some of the standard Latin classics, to which he appended notes. — See Commem- orative Discourse, bij Thomas A. Thacher, Oct. 1852. Kingston, Robert, a British ition. He also pub. "Lectures on American Literature," 1829; " The Bachelors and other Tales ; " " Advice in the Pursuits of Literature ; " Lives of Aaron Burr, Andrew Jackson, Lord Timothy Dexter, Daniel Webster, and Thomas Eddy; "Trav- els of Ali Bey in Boston and Vicinity," 1818 ; " The Genius of Free Masonry, or a Defence of the Order;" "Female Biography," 1846; " Sketches of Public Characters," 1830, under the pseudonyme of Ignatius Loyola Robinson ; and "American Biography," 1833. He ed- ited Hiiiton's U.S., and "The Library of Use- ful Knowledge." He was also the author of a variety of occasional public addresses. Kneeland, Abner, preacher and author, b. 1774;.d. Salubria, Ind., 27 Aug. 1844. While a minister in Vt., he edited " Mrs. John- son's Captivity," 1814; afterward pub. a translation of the New Test, from the Greek, 1823 ; " The Deist," 2 vols. 1 2mo, 1 822 ; " Lee- J tures on the Doctrine of Universal Salvation,'* I 12mo, 1824; "Review of the Evidences of i Christianity," a series of lectures del. in N.Y. in \ Aug. 1829. Editor in 1828 of the Olive Branch and Christ. Inquirer, N. Y., vol. i. ; and of the ! Phila. Universalist's Mag. and Christ. Messenger, I 2 vols. 1821-3; established the Investigator as { an organ of free inquiry, at Boston, in 1832. = He also pub. a speech in his own defence be- fore the Sup. Court at Boston, for the alleged crime of blasphemy, 8 Mar. 1836. Kneeland, Samuel, printer and booksell- er of Boston, b. there 1696 ; d. 14 Dec. 1769. j Apprenticed to B. Green. He pub. the Ga- j zette 1727-41, the iV. E. Weekly Journal from Oct. 1741 to 1752, Boston Gazette 1753-4. He was a long time printer to the gov. and j council ; printed the laws and journals of the ! house some years ; and pub. many religious ] books and polit. pamphlets. i Kneeland, Samuel, M.D., naturalist, b. ! Boston, 1 Aug. 1821. H.U. 1840; Harv. Med. School 1843. Afterward studied mcd. 2 years in Paris, and practised in Boston in 1845-50, gaining in the mean time two Boyls- ton prizes ; serving as demonstrator of anato- my in H. U. for 2 years ; contributing to the Amer. Jour, of Med. Sci. and Boston Med. and Surg. Jour. ; translating Audry's " Diseases of the Heart;" and serving 2 years in the Bos- ; ton Dispensary ; five years sec. of the Boston Nat. Hist. Soc ; 2 years sec. Amer. Acad, of j Arts and Sciences ; passed some time in Bra- i zil, and in Lake Sup. copper-region ; surgeon in the Burnside exped. in 1862 ; surgeon U.S. Vols. Sept. 1863-6, serving in New Orleans and Mobile; and, since Aug. 1866, sec. Ms. j Inst, of Technology, and also prof, of zoology : and physiol. in that institution ; and has recent- \ \y explored Cal., Upper Mpi., and Colorado, ; publishing the results in Good Health, Bost. j 1870-1. Dr. K. contributed more than 800 1 articles on zoology, physiol., &c., to the New ; Amer. Cyclop. ; and has also contrib. to the ! Proceedings of the Bost. Soc. of Nat. Hist., i and other similar pubs. ; editing, with introd., ) Smith's " Hist, of the Human Species," 1851. \ Edited for 3 years the Annual of Scientific Dis- covery (1866-9), and " Charts "of the Animal ; Kingdom," pub. by S. R. Urbino, Boston; and j contrib. to the " Science and Mechanism, or Illust. Cat. of the N. Y. Exhib.," 18.54. ; Knight, Henry Cogswell, poet, b. New- | buryport ab. 1788; d. 1835. Brown U. 1812. He became pastor of an Epis. church, and pub. 2 volumes of sermons. His poems, which have been reprinted, are " The Cypriad," poem ; in two chants, 1 809 ; " The Trophies of Love : " i " The Broken Harp," Phila. 1815. His col- ; lected works appeared in Boston in 2 vols,, 1821. His bro. Frederic Knight (b. 1791, i d. Rowley, Nov. 20, 1849) exercised the same -^ profession. Most of his poetical pieces are con- | tained in " Thorn Cottage, or the Poet's Home," j Boston, 1855. He resided at Rowley with '\ his grandfather Dr. Cogswell, an estimable j phvsician. \ knight, Jonathan, M.D. (1818), prof, of j surgery in Yale Med. Coll. 1838-64, b. Nor- i walk, Ct.,4 Sept. 1789 ; d. N. Haven. 25 Aug. KNT 517 KInTO 1864. Y. C. 1808. Son of Jonathan, surgeon in the Revol. army. He attended the U. of Pa, in 1811-13; was a pupil of Dr. Rush; and was licensed to practise by the Ct. Med. Soc. in Aug. 1811. Prof, of anat. and physiol. in Yale Med. School 1813-38. As a lecturer on surgery he had no superior in the country. Chosen pros, of the Amer. Med. Assoc. 1853 ; influential in establishing in 1862 the U. S. Milit. Hospital at N. Haven. — Y. C. Ob. Record. Knight, Nehemiah R., gov. of R.I. 1817- 21, b. Cranston, R.I., Dec. 31, 1780; d. Prov- idence, April 19, 1854. His father Nehemi- ah, a farmer and politician (M. C. 1803-8), d. 13 June, 1808, a. 62. At the age of 22 the Kon represented his native town in the Assem- bly; removed to Providence; and in 1805 be- came clerk of the C.C.P. ; from 1812 to 1817 he was clerk of the Circuit Court; and U.S. senator 1821-41. Mr. Knight belonged to the Democ. party, but was moderate and conciliat- ing in his course. While gov. he recommend- ed the establishment of free schools throughout the State. He was for a few years coll. of the revenue at Providence, under the adminis- tration of Madison; was a member in 1843 of the State Const. Con v. ; and for a long time prcs. of the Roger Williams Bank. Knight, Sarah, wife of Richard Knight of Boston, Ms., and dau. of Thomas Kemble, b. Boston, Apr. 19, 16G6 ; d. Norwich, Ct., Sept. 25, 1727. Her "Journal of a Horseback Journey from Boston to New York, and Re- turn "(in 1704), was edited by Theodore Dwight, jun., and pub. in 1825 at N.Y., in a vol. with a journal of Rev. Mr. Buckingham : it has been reprinted three times ; namely, at Boston in a newspaper, and " The Living Age " in 1858, and at Albany, 1865, in a volume. Madam Knight was a shopkeeper in Boston and Norwich, and also taught a school, having among her scholars Dr. Franklin and Dr. Samuel Mather. She was buried at New Lon- don, Ct., where her only child Elizabeth, the wile of Col. John Livingston, resided. KnoUys, Rev. Hanserd, b. Cawkwell, Eng., 1598; d. Lond. Sept. 19, 1691. Camb. U. Ord. 29 June, 1629; preached in Hura- berstone and other places ; ab. 1636 renounced Episcopacy, and joined the Puritans ; and, to escape persecution, came to Boston in 1638, and in Dec. org. the first church at Dover, N.H., which he left in 1641 ; preached a short time at L.I., and returned to Eng. ; arr. in Lond. 24 Dec. 1641. He formed a Baptist church in Lond., of which he was many years pastor. For his abuse of the Ms. govt., he made a confession in Boston. He pub. " Rudi- ments of Hebrew Graumiar," 1648 ; " Flaming Fire in Zion," Lond. 4to, 1646; Life by him- self to 1672, continued by Wm. Kiffin, 1692, 8vo, 12mo, 1813. A Bapt. Soc, the " Hifn- serd Knollys Soc," was org. in Eng. in 1845 for repub. early Bapt. works. — A. H. Quint, in Cong. Qnarterhf, Jan. 1871. Knowles, James Davis, clergyman and educator, b. Providence, R.I., in July, 1798 ; d. Newton, May 9, 1838. Col. Coll., D.C., 1824. His father died when he was 12 years of age; and he was soon after placed in' the printing- office of the Providence Gazette. Here his lit- erary abilities became known ; and measures were taken to furnish him with a classical edu- cation. Immediately on becoming of age, he became co-editor, with Prof. Goddard, of the R. I. American. Here he pursued his studies, and indulged his literary tastes, occasionally amusing his leisure-hours with writing poetry. While a tutor in coll. he edited a weekly re- ligious newspaper called the Columbian Star. Having studied theology, in Oct. 1825 he was ord. pastor of the Second Bai)tist Church, Bos- ton, where he remained until the autumn of 1832, when he became prof, of pastoral duties and sacred rhetoric in the Theol. Inst, at New- ton. He pub. Memoirs of Mrs. Judson, and also of Roger Williams, 1834; and conducted the Christian Review. Knowles, John, minister of Watertown, Ms.; d. Lond., Eng., Apr. 10, 1685, a. ab. 85. Educated at Magdalen Hall, Cambridge, and made fiellow of Catharine Hall 1627. Came to N. E. in 1638. Ord. colleague with Geo. Phil- lips Dec. 9, 1640 ; and was a missionary in Va. early in 1643, but was driven out for non-con- formity to the Church of Eng. Returning to Eng. in 1659, he preached in the cathedral of Bristol ; was silenced in 1 662 ; and preached, at the hazard of imprisonment, in Lond., where he was useful during the plague in 1665. — Calamy. Knbwlton, Miner, soldier and author, b. Ct. 1804; d. Burlington, N. J., 25 Dec 1870. West Point, 1829. Entering 1st U.S. Art., he became 1st lieut. 23 July, 1835 ; capt. 21 Apr. 1846; retired 26 Oct. 1861. Assist, prof, of math, at West Point 1830-31 and 1832-3 ; as- sist, teacher of French 1 833-7; instr. of art. and cav. 1837-44. One of the compilers of "In- struction for Field Artillery," adopted 6 Mar. 1845 for the U.S.A. Aide-de-camp to Marshal Bugeaud in Algeria in 1845; and on the Rio Grande in the Mexican war, 1846. Autlior of " Notes on Gunpowder, Cannon, and Projec- tiles," 1840; "Instr. and Reguls. for Militia and Vols, of U. S," 1861. Pres. com. coun- cil, Burlington, N.J., 1857. — Cullum. Knowlcon, Col. Thomas, Revol. officer, b. W. Boxibrd, Ms., Nov. 30, 1740 ; d. Sept. 16, 1776. Third son of William, who early in life emigrated to Ashford, Ct. He served six campaigns in the war ending in the conquest of Canada, and assisted in the reduction of Havana in 1762. He then became a fanner ; and, appearing as a vol. in the Ashford militia company upon the Lexington alarm, was unan- imously elected capt. Gen. Putnam selected him to com. the fatigue-party which accomp. Col. Prcscott to Bunker's Hill. He commenced the construction of the rail-fence protection, and fought there with admirable bravery and con- duct until the retreat. Promoted soon after to a majority, he made, Jan. 8, 1776, a daring and successful incursion into Charlestown ; com. a regt. of light inf., which formed the van of the army at N. Y. in 1776 ; commis'd. lieut.-col. of a regt. of rangers selected from the Ct. troops ; and was the confidant of Washington in the en- terprise of Nathan Hale. At the battle of Har- lem Heights, while exhibiting his usual intre- pidity, he fell. Washington, in the General ILNO 518 KOH Orders, after alluding to his gallantry and bravery, said he " would have been an honor to any country." Knox, Gen. Henry, b. Boston, July 25, 1750; d. Thomaston, Me., Oct. 25, 1806. Of Scotch and Irish Presb. stock. His father, who d. when he was very young, came from the Is- land of St. Eustatius. He possessed a robust and athletic frame, and an enterprising and res- olute character. In a shooting-excursion upon the islands, he had the misfortune to mutilate one of his hands. He had a common-school ed- ucation ; became a thriving bookseller; and m. Lucy, dau. of Sec. Flucker, — a lady, who, af- ter the Revol., became a principal ornament of the first social circle in America. Member of an artillery company, and an officer of the city grenadier corps, he availed himself of every opportunity to study his favorite science. He was active as a vol. aide to Gen. Ward at the Bunker's Hill battle, and soon attracted the notice of Washington by his skill as an en- gineer and artillerist. In Nov. 1775 he was placed in com. of the artillery, and was sent to procure cannon and ordnance-stores from the forts on the Canadian frontier. Early in 1776 he returned, having successfully overcome the difficulties in his way, with a long train of sledges drawn by oxen, bearing more than 50 cannon, mortars, and howitzers, — articles great- ly needed for the siege of Boston. Made brig.- gen. Dec. 27, 1776, he com. the art. of the main army during the whole war. Jan. 2, 1777, his well-directed fire repulsed Cornwallis's repeated attempts to cross the Assumpink. He shared in the brilliant action at Trinceton, and se- lected the position of the winter encampment on the high grounds near Morristown. The failure at Germantown was partly due to his too rigid adherence to the military maxim, never to leave an enemy's fort in the rear, causing the pursuit to be abandoned at Chew's garri- soned house. After the fall of Fort Mifflin, Nov. 15, 1777, he was, with De Kalb and St. Clair, sent to provide for the security of Red Bank. He was prominently engaged in the battle of Monmouth, June 28, 1778. Knox sat in the court-martial for the trial of Andre. He contrib. greatly to the successful result at York- town ; was made maj.-gen. March 22, 1782; was one of the commissioners to arrange the exchange of prisoners ; was efficient in allay- ing the discontent of the army; was in com. at West Point after the close of hostilities ; and arranged the surrender of New York with Sir Guy Carleton. Knox first suggested the Soci- ety of the Cincinnati, and was its sec-gen. while Washington was its pres. He was sec. of war (performing also the duties of sec. of the navy) Mar. 1785 to Dec. 1795 ; and subsequently re- moved to Thomaston, Me., where he had a large estate, and exercised a magnificent hos- pitality. He was frequently a member of the house of representatives and of the council of state. His death was occasioned by having swallowed the bone of a chicken. Knox, John, captain in the British army ; served in N. Amer. ; b. Edinburgh; d. Dal- keith, 1790. Pub. an "Historical Journal of the Campaigns in N. Amer. in 1757-60," 2 vols. 4to, London, 1769. Kjiox, William, a British politician and author, b. Ireland, 1732; d. Great Ealing, Aug. 25, 1810. App. by Halifax one of his Majesty's council, and provost-marshal of Ga. in 1756, he accomp. Gov. Ellis to that Colony. He re- turned to Eng. in 1761 ; and, after the peace, drew up a paper for the Earl of Bute, recom- mending the creation of a colonial aristocracy, and giving the Colonies representation in the British parliament. He was soon after app. agent for Georgia and East Florida. In 1765 he pub. two pamphlets in defence of the Stamp Act, one entitled "A Letter to a Member of Parliament ; " the other, " The Claims of the Colonies to an Exemption from Internal Tax- es," &c. His services as agent of that Colony were, in consequence, dispensed with. He pub. in 1768 his principal political work, "The Pres- ent State of the Nation," answered by Burke, who was in turn replied to by Knox in 1769. He pub. at the same time "The Controversy between Great Britain and her Colonies re- newed," &c. As a reward for his efforts in sup- port of British supremacy, he was app. in 1770 joint under-secretary of state with Pownall. In 1774 he pub. a pamphlet in defence of the " Quebec Act ; " and soon after drew up a "Project of a Permanent Union and Settle- ment with the Colonies," which seems to have served as a basis for Lord I^orth's conciliatory proposition of 1776. He continued under-sec. till 1782, when the office was suppressed. He was still consulted with regard to the remain- ing Colonies and their trade; and drew up an order in council, July, 1783, utterly excluding Amer. shipping from the West Indies. He submitted the plan for erecting the Province of New Brunswick, in 1784, for the accommoda- tion of the loyalists from the Northern States. He was an agent for prosecuting the claims of the Ga. loyalists for compensation for losses ; and had a pension of £600 settled on himself, and a like sum for his wife, as Amer. sufferers. In 1789 he pub. the valuable "Extra-official State Papers." He pub. several other books. — 0' Calla(/han. Knyphausen (knip'-how'-zen). Dodo Henry, baron, lieut.-gen., 2d in com. of the Hessian troops in the British service in the Revol. war; b. Alsace, 1730; d. Berlin, Prus- sia, May 2, 1789. Remaikable for taciturnity and reserve, and an excellent officer. His fa- ther was col. of a German regt. in the service of the Duke of Marlborough. Thegcn. commenced his military career in the service of the father of Frederick the Great. He subsequently served in the wars waged by the latter against Austria. He arrived in America in June, 1776, and was engaged in the battle of Long Island in Aug. following; also present at White Plains ; aided in the capture of Fort Washington in Nor. 1776 ; in the battles of Brandy wine and Mon- mouth; com. an exped. to Springfield, N. J. ; and in the absence of Sir H. Clinton in Jime, 1780, wns in com. of the city of New York. Kohl (kol). Dr. John George, traveller, author, and cartographer, b. Bremen, 28 Apr. 1808 ; d. there 6 June, 1871. Educated to the law at Gottingen, Heidelberg, and Munich. Afterward a private tutor in Courland, and traveller in Russia. In 1838 he settled in KOEC 619 KR^ Dresden; then travelled overEurope, and pub. the results in a series of volumes. In 1854-8 he prepared for the U.S. Govt, a series of val- uable maps of America, and travelled over the country. Among some 20 of his pubs, are "Travels in Canada," 1855; "Travels in the U.S.," 1857; "Kitahi Gama, or Tales from Lake Superior," 1860; " History of the Two Oldest Charts of the New World," made in Spain, 1861; "Geographical Hist, of Ameri- ca," 1866; " Descript. Catalogue of Maps, Charts, and Surveys relat. to Amer., in Hak- luyt, vol. iii.," 1857. His valuable " Hist, of the Discovery of the East Coast of N. A." was pub. in the Me. Hist. Colls., 2d ser. vol. i., 1869. He had lectured before many learned societies. A translation of his " History of the Discovery of America" was published in England in 1862. Kohne, Frederick, a philanthropic mer- chant, b. ilheda, in Westphalia, March 30, 1757; d. Phila. May 26, 1829. He came to Phila. in 1780, and engaged in business in Charleston, S.C. Having by his own exer- tions acquired a fortune of ab. $750,000, and having no children of his own, he gave more than two-thirds of it to objects of charity. He gave 8100,000 each to the Theol. Sem. of the Epis. Church, and to the House of Refuge in Pa. ; $60,000 to the Orphan Society of Phila.; and $20,000 each to the Gen. Prot. Ep. Sun- day-school Union, and to the Pa. Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. KoUock, Henry, D. D. (H.U. 1806), clergyman, b. New Providence, N. J., Dec. 14, 1778; d. Savannah, Ga., Dec. 29, 1819. N. J. Coll. 1794. Tutor at N. J. Coll. 1797-1800. Licensed to preach May 7, 1800, in Dec. he became pastor of a church at Elizabethtown ; but in Dec. 1803 became prof, of divinity at N. J. Coll. From 1806 till his death, he was pastor of the Indep. Pres. Church, Savannah. As a preacher he had a brilliant reputation. His sermons were pub. in 4 vols. 8vo, Sav. 1822, with a Memoir by his bro. S. K. Kol- lock. KoUock, Shepherd, Revol. officer, and editor, b. Lewiston, Del., 1750; d. Phila. July 28, 1839. Early in the struggle, he was com- missioned a lieut. ; was at the battles of Trenton, Fort Lee, Short Hills, and other en- gagements; resigned in 1779, and established a newspaper, the A^. ./. Journal, at the village of Chatham; in 1783 he removed his press to the city of N.Y., and established the N.Y. Gazetteer ; in 1787 removed to Elizabethtown, and revived the N. J. Journal, which he con- tinued to edit 31 years. He held the office of judge of common pleas for 35 years ; postmas- ter of E. till 1829. KoUock, Sheppard Kosciusko, D.D., bro. of llenrv, b. Elizabethtown, N. J., 23 June, 1795 ; d. Apr. 7, 1865.^ Princeton Coll. 1812. Prof, rhetoric and logic in U. of N.C. D.D. 1850. Licensed to preach in June, 1814 ; ord. pastor of the Presb. church, Oxford, N.C, in May, 1018 ; of the Presb. church, Norfolk, Va., 1825-35, afterward of Burlington, N.J., and of Greenwich, N. J. Pub. an edition of Hen- ry Kol lock's " Sermons with Memoir," 4 vols. 8vo, 1822 ; " Ministerial Character; " " Best Method of Delivering Sermons ; " " Eulogy on Edmund M. Mason ;" discourse " On Duel- ling ; " " On the Perseverance of the Saints ; " "Pastoral Reminiscences," N.Y. 12mo, 1849. Kosciuszko (kos-se-tis'-ko), Tadeusz, a Polish patriot, b. Lithuania, Feb. 12, 1756; d. Soleure, Switzerland, Oct. 16, 1817. He was of noble descent ; was educated at the Milit. Acad, of Warsaw, and (at the expense of the State) in France. On his return to Poland, he was made a capt. ; but an unhappy passion for the dau. of the marshal of Lithuania induced him to leave Poland, and offer his services to the Americans. Armed with the recommen- dation of Franklin, on presenting himself to Washington, he answered his inquiry, " What do you seek here?" by saying, "1 come to fight as a volunteer for American independ- ence." — " What can you do 7 " — " Try me," was the laconic reply. Washington made him an aide-de camp, and Oct. 18, 1776, col. of en- gineers. He planned the encampment of Gates at Bemis's Heights, from which Burgoyne found it impossible to dislodge him; and was the principal engineer in executing the works at West Point. In June, 1781, he aided Greene in the unsuccessful siege of Ninety-Six. For his services he received the thanks of Con- gress, the badge of the Cincinnati, and the brevet of brig.-gen. After the war he returned to Poland, Avhere he fought gallantly under Poniatowski against the Russians, jiarticularly at Zieieuce, June 18, and at Dubienka, July 17, 1792; but the patriots were finally over- whelmed, and Kosciuszko retired to Leipsic. In 1794 another rising of the Poles took place: Kosciuszko was placed at its head, and at Raclawice, April 4, 1794, with 5,000 peasants, armed mostly with scythes, routed a Russian corps of twice that number. He committed the conduct of the govt, to a national council, and marched against his foes. The combined armies of Russia and Prussia, who had attacked Warsaw, were, after several bloody conflicts, compelled by the Polish chief to raise the siege. Austria now added her weight to his enemies, who, with 150,000 men, came upon him, Oct. 10, at Macicjowice. After a long conflict, Kosciuszko, who had repelled 3 attacks, fell covered with wounds, uttering the prophetic lament, " Finis Polonice ! " He was imprisoned in St. Petersburg until the accession of the Em- peror Paul, who, on freeing him, offered him his own sword. " I have no need of a sword," said Kosciuszko: "I have no country to de- fend." Visiting the U.S. in 1797, he was re- ceived with marked distinction, and, in addition to his pension, received from Congress a grant of land. He afterwards resided in France, near Fontainebleau. In 1806 Napoleon sought in vain to engage him in his schemes relative to Poland, Kosciuszko refusing to lend himself to his purposes without a guaranty of Polish freedom. In 1816 he went to live at Soleure, Switzerland. His death was caused by a fail from liis horse over a precipice. His remains lie beside those of Poniatowski and Sobieski in the Cathedral Church of Cracow. The cadets at West Point erected an elegant monument to his memory. Krauth, Charles Philip, sen., D. D., KR-A. 620 I..AJB clergyman and scholar, b. Northampton Co., Pa., 1796; d. Gettysburg, Pa., May 3, 1867. He studied medicine; but in 1820 became pas- tor of the Shepherdstown Lutheran Church, where his abilities soon became known. In 1821 he was on the committee to draw up the formula for the govt, and discipline of the Evangelical Lutheran Church; in 182.5 he assisted in preparing a Hymn-Book, Liturgy, and Prayers for the use of the churches of the district synods; in 1831 he was placed upon the editing committee of 15 ; was often a dele- gate to tlie general synod, served on many of its committees, and was repeatedly its presi- dent. Prom 1827 to 18-34 he was pastor of St. Matthew's Lutheran Church, Phila., and was regarded as one of the finest pulpit orators of that city. Prom 1834 to 1847 he was pres. of Pa. Coll. From 1847 till his death, he was prof, of biblical philology and eccl. history in the Gettysburg Theol. Sem. He pub. some addresses, and furnished many articles for the Lutheran Intelligencer and the Evangelical Re-, view. Krauth, Charles Porterfield, son of the preceding, b. Martinsburg, Va., 17 Mar. 1823. U. of Pa. 1839. Ord. 1842; succes- sively pastor at Baltimore ; Winchester, Va. ; Pitts'^burg, Pa. ; St. Mark's Church, Phila., in 1859-63; prof, of theology, Lutheran Sem., Phila., 1864-8; and since 1868 prof, of moral and intell. philos. U. of Pa. Has pub. " The Pastoral Office," 1845; "The Transfigura- tion," 18.50; "Popular Amusements," 1851 ; "The Bible a Perfect Book," 1851; "The Old Church on the Hill," 1854; "The Lu- theran Church and the Lord's Day," 1857, &c. ; Transl. of Tholuck's Commentary on the Gospel of St. John. Contrib. to numerous reviews and periodicals. In 1861 he became editor of the Lutheran and Missionary, Phila. Krebs, John Michael, D.D. (Uick. Coll. 1841), Prcsb. clergyman, b. Hagerstown, Md., May 6, 1804; d. N.Y. City, Sept. 30, 1867. Dick. Coll. 1827 ; Princet. Theol. Sem. 1830. He spent his leisure time in study while a clerk in the employ of his father, who was postmas- ter of Hagerstown. Having studied theology under Dr. Duffield, he was in Oct. 1829 li- censed to preach ; and from 1830 to hisd. was pastor of the Rutgers-st. Church, N.Y. From 1837 to 1845 he was permanent clerk of the Presb. Gen. Assembly (O.S.), and in 1845 was moderator. He was a director of the Prince- ton Sem. from 1842, and became pres. of the board in 1866. He had been a member of the Board of Foreign Missions from its organiza- tion, and for several years its pres. Author of numerous works, including " The Purpose and Success of the Gospel," 1833 ; " Righteousness and National Prosperity," 1835 ; " The Prov- idence of God in the Calamities of Men," 1835 ; " The Leader Fallen," 1841; " Merciful Rebuker," 1841 ; " Reciprocal Relations of Physicians and Clergymen ; " " The American Citizen," 1851; " The Presbyterian Psalmist," 1852. Euhn, Adam, M.D., b. Germantown, Pa., Nov. 28, 1741 ; d. Phila. July 5, 1817. He studied medicine under his father, and at the U. of Upsal in 1762, also studying botany under Linnaeus. He took the degree of M.D. at the U. of Edinburgh, June 12, 1767 ; pub. the thesis, " De Lavatione Frigida." Return- ing, he settled in practice in Phila. ; in Jan. 1768 was app. prof, of materia medica in the Phila. Coll. ; prof, of the theory and practice of medicine in the U. of Pa. in Nov. 1789 ; and prof, of the practice of physic from the junction of the Coll. and U. in Jan. 1792 till 1797. He was a physician of the Pa. Hospital from May, 1775, to Jan. 1798 ; and was pres. of the College of Physicians from July, 1808, till his death. — Thacher. Kunkel, John C, lawyer and M.C. from Pa. 1857-9, one of the ablest speakers and most gifted men of Pa. ; d. Harrisburg, Pa., 14 Oct. 1870. Kunze, Edward J., sculptor, b. Pome- rania, Prussia, 1826; d. N.Y. City, 10 Apr. 1870. At 18 he came to the U.S., and, devot- ing himself to his art, achieved a high repu- tation. Kunze, John Christopher, D.D., b. Saxony, 1744; d. N.Y. July 24, 1807. U. of Halle. In 1771 he was called to the Lu- theran congregations in Phila. of St. Michael's and Zion's churches, where he continued 14 years. He was one of the first of his educated countrymen to urge the propriety of educating German youth in English. In 1784 he re- moved to N.Y., where he had charge of the Lutheran church 23 years, and was prof, of ancient languages from 1784 to 1787 and from 1792 to 1795 in Col. Coll. He composed and pub. in 1795 a hymn-hook of German hymns translated into English verse. He also pre- pared a liturgy and catechism in English. Pres. of the second synod of the Amer. Lu- theran church, and was celebrated for the be- nevolence of his character. Author of " Hist, of the Christian Religion and of the Lutheran Church," " Eclipse of June 10, 1806." — See HezeJius's Hist, of the Amer. Luth. Church. Kyan, John H., inventor of the process of hardening wood, making what is called " Kyanized " wood ; b. Eng. ; d. N.Y. 9 Jan. 1850, a. 75. Member of many European scientific societies. Labaree, Benjamin, D.D. (U. of Vt. 1841), LL.D. (Dartm. Coll. 1864), educator, b. Charlestown, N.ll., June 3, 1801. Dartm. Coll. 1828 ; And. Sem. 1831. Ord. at Brad- ford, Ms., Sept. 26, 1831. Prof, of Latin and Greek, Jackson Coll., Columbia, Tenn., 1832- 6, and pres. from 1836 to Apr. 1837 ; sec. of the Central Education Soc. at N.Y. ; pres. of Middlebury Coll. Oct. 1, 1840, to 1866 ; pastor at Hyde Park, Ms., 1869-71. Labat (la-'ba'), John Baptist, a French missionary, b. Paris, 1663; d. there Jan. 6, 1 738. At the age of 20 he entered the Dominican order, and, after acting as prof, of philosophy at Nancy, embarked in 1693 for the W. Indies as a missionary. He was some time cure of Macouba in Martinique, but in 1696 passed to Guadaloupe, where he established a station of his order, and also disting. himself as an engineer and agriculturist. He explored the archipelago of the Antilles; founded in 1703 the city of Basse Terre ; in 1705 returned to Europe, and travelled through Spain, survey- luASB 621 JLuA.:Ei ing the environs and coast of Andalusia, to Italy, where he remained several years, and wrote his "Nouveau Voyage aux Isles de I 'Am€- rique," 6 vols., Paris, 1722. During several voyages in the service of the mission, he visited all the Antilles, and, on the attack of Guada- loupe by the English in 1703, he rendered im- portant services as an engineer. He also pub. " A Description of the Countries on the Sene- gal and between Cape Blanco and Sierra Leone," and a translation of Cavazzi's work on Western Ethiopia. La Borde, Maximilian, physician and scholar, b. Edgefield, S.C, 1804. S. C Coll. 1820. His father was from Bordeaux. Aban- doning the study of law for that of med., he was grad. at the S. C. Med. Coll. in 1826. He practised his profession 13 years, occasionally representing Edgefield dist. in the lower house of the State legisl., and, edited the Edcjefidd Advertiser in 1836. In 1838 he was elected sec. of state; in 1842 he accepted the chair of logic and belles-lettres in S. C. Coll. ; and in 1845 was transferred to the chair of metaphysics. He taught chiefly by lecture till 1855, when he pub. a text-book on physiology, which is highly esteemed. He has been a frequent contrib. to the South. Quarterly/ Review, and has contrib. to Russell's and other Southern magazines. In Aug. 1859 he pub. an elaborate "History of the S C. Coll., with Sketches of its Presidents and Professors." — Appkton. Lacey, Gen. John, Revol. officer, b. Bucks Co., Pa., Feb. 4, 1755; d. New Mills, N.J., Feb. 17, 1814. Though brought up a Quaker, he took com. of a vol. company, and Jan. 6, 1776, was made a capt. in Wayne's regt., with which he served in Canada. He was made in 1777 sub-lieut. of Bucks County, and lieut.col. of militia, and, at the head of 400 men, joined Gen. Potter's brigade at Whitemarsh in Nov. 1777. While thus engaged he was in frccj- jnt skirmishes with the enemy. Before he was 23 he received the app. of brig.-gen. (Jan. 9, 1778), and had a most harassing duty to per- form on the lines while the British army occu- pied Phi la. He was a member of the Assem- bly in 1778; a member of the council in 1779- 81 ; and from Aug. 1780 to Oct. 1781 was in active service with a brigade of militia. He soon afterwards removed to New Mills, Bur- lington Co., N.J., where he became largely concerned in iron-works. He was many years a judge, and justice of the county where he re- sided ; and also a member of the legisl. — Rofjers. La Corne, Chevalier Pierre, an active Canadian ofiicer. Son of Capt. La Corne, town-major of Quebec in 1719. He was, with Sieur Joncaire, on an embassy to the Indians of Niagara in 1720. In 1747, with M. de St. Pierre, he defeated the Indian incursion at La Chene Rapids; was sent to Acadia with De Ramczay, succeeding to the command when that officer was wounded in the action at Grand Pre. In this affair he attacked and carried the house of Col. Noble, who was killed in its de- fence. In 1749 he was sent, with the priest La Loutre, to seduce the Acadians from their allegiance to Eng., and to induce them to re- move north of the Bay of Fundy and the Isthmus, but failed in the attempt. At this time he is said to have com. ab. 2,500 men. He was actively employed in Canada for the next ten years ; was wounded in the action at the Rapids, Lake Ontario, in 1759; and was disting. in com. of a batt. of Colonial troops, and again wounded at the capture of Quebec. By his intimate knowledge of the Indian lan- guages he was of great service to the govt. Lacunza, Jose Maria, Mexican poet, b. ab. 1809; d. Havana, June 19, 1869. He re- ceived an excellent education ; came to the bar ab. 1834 ; and was in the council of Santa Aiia in 1843-4, and at a later period. When Maxi- milian came into power, he found him the most eminent lawyer of the capital, and favorably disposed toward himself, and made him, in Nov. 1864, minister of state and pres. of the council. He resigned in Nov. 1865, and a few months later escaped to Havana. His poems, which have great merit, have passed through several editions. Ladd, Joseph Brown, poet and physician, b. Little Compton, R.I., 1764; d. Charleston, S.C, Nov. 2, 1786, from a wound received in a duel. Son of William, a soldier of the Re- vol. (member of the R.I. legisl. and of the con- vention which ratified the Federal Constitution ), who d. Alexandria, Va., Dec. 4, 1800, a. 64. The son removed to Charleston, S. C, ab. 1784, and was soon engaged in extensive prac- tice. In 1785 he was app. Fourth of July orator at the second celebration of the day in Charleston. His writings, under the signature of "Arouet," pub. in 1786, display genius. A sketch of his life, with poems, was pub. in 1832, by W. B. Chittenden. Ladd, William, philanthropist, b. Exeter, N. H., May 10, 1778; d. Portsmouth, N. H., Apr. 9, 1841. H.U. 1797. Engaging in mer- cantile pursuits, he made several foreign voy- ages, as supercargo or captain. He took an active part in organiiang the American Peace Society, of which he was for many years pres., and in behalf of which he labored efficient- ly until the close of his life. He edited the Friend of Peace, commenced by Dr. Noah Worcester, and the Harbincjer of Peace ; and pub. a number of essays and occasional ad- dresses on the subject of peace. He carried his views to the extreme of denying the right to maintain defensive war, and caused this prin- ciple to be incorporated into the constitution of the American Peace Society. Author of " An Essay on a Congress of Nations," 8vo, Bost. 1840. Laet, John de, historian and geographer, b. Antwerp ; d. there at the close of 1649. Lit- tle is known of him, except that he was a di- rector of the Dutch E. India Co. and intimate with Saumiase. He left some very useful works, the chief of which are, " Novus Orbis," folio, Leyden, 1633, an account of America, much used by later geographers, and which in- volved him in a controversy with Grotius con- cerning the origin of the Americans ; " Historia Naturalis Brasilice," folio, 1640; " De Regis His- panicB Regnio et Opibus," 8vo; " Respub/ica Bel- garum ; " " Gallia ; " " Turcici Imperii Status; " and " Persici Imperii Status," The four last form part of the little books called " Reipubli- ccE," printed by Elzevir. — Biog. Univ. H.JLW 522 luJLJP Lafayette, Marie Jean Paul Roch Yves Gilbert Motier, marquis de, soldier and statesman, b. at Chavagnac, Auver one of his explorations, when in company with Dc Graffenried, a Swiss baron, who contemplated colonization. The latter was permitted to purchase freedom. He left a val- uable history of the Carolinas, entitled " A New Voyage to Carolina, containing the Ex- act Description and Natural History of that Country," &c., pub. London, 1709, 4to, and Raleigh, 12nio, 1860. Lawson, Gex. Robert, Revol. officer ; d. Richmond, Va., Apr. 1805. Major 4th Va. re^t. 13 Feb. 1776; col. in 1777; and com. a brigade of Va. militia under Greene at the bat- tle of Guilford.— ASee Nat. Intdl. Oct. 27, 1802. Lawson, Thomas, brcv. brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. Va. App. surgeon's mate U.S.N. March 1, 1809; surgeon 6th Inf. May, 1813; surgeon- gen, (rank of col.) Nov. 30, 1836 ; lieut.-coi. of P. F. Smith's regt. of La. vols, in Fla. war, 1837 ; and com. a batt. N.Y. and Pa. vols, till May, 1838; brev. brig.-gen "for meritorious conduct" in the Mexican war. May 30, 1848. Author of " Report on Sickness and Mortality U.S.A. 1819-39," 8vo, 1840; "Meteorological Register 1826-30, and Appendix for 1822-5," 8vo, Phila. 1840. Lawton, Alexander Robert, general C.S.A., b. S.C. ab. 1820. West Point, 1839 ; Camb. Law School, 1842. Entering the 1st Art., he resigned Dec. 31, 1840; adm. to the bar at Savannah in 1842; and became col. in the State militia. In 1849-54 he was pres. of the Savannah and Augusta Railroad ; member Ga. legisl. 1855-6; State senator 1854-61; pres. Ga. Democ. convention 1860. In 1861 he entered the service of Ga. ; but was subse- quently transferred to the Confed. army, in which he was made brig.-gen. Lay, Benjamin, a benevolent and eccen- tric Quaker, b. Eng. 1681 ; d. Abinijton, Pa., 1760. Bred to the sea. He settled in Barba- docs ab. 1710; but became obnoxious to the inhabitants by his condemnation of slave-own- ing ; left the island, and settled at Abington, near Phila. In 1737 he wrote a treatise entitled " All Slave-Keepers that keep the Innocent in Bondage Apostates." It was printed by Frank- lin, who told the author that it was deficient in arrangement. " It is no matter," said Mr. Lay, "print any part thou pleasest first." Temperate in his diet, he declaimed against the introduction of tea as a pernicious herb. lie distributed religious books as prizes to school- cliildrcn, also imparting to them advice and in- struction. All his clothes were manufactured by himself. His bold, determined, and uniform reprehension of slavery, in defiance of pubic opinion, does him the highest honor. — See Rush's Essays, and Wharton's Notes on the Lit. of Pa. Laye, Francis, a British gen. of art. ; d. Newcastle-on-Tyne, Jan. 29, 1828. A lieut. of art., he was ordered to N. York in 1773; Avas wounded at Bunker's Hill ; was in the battles of Long Island, White Plains, Fort Vf ashing- ton, Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth, and in Gen. Leslie's exped. to Va. Joining Lord Rawdon, he was severely wounded at Camden ; received the special thanks of that officer, and was ordered home. lie com. the art. in the West Indies in 1800 ; and served in the capture of the islands by the exped. under Admiral Duckworth and Gen. Trigge. Layne, Charles, b. Albemarle, near Buck- ingham Co., 1700; d. Campbell Co., Va., May 17, 1821, aged 121. He left a widow aged 110 years, and a numerous and respectable family down to the 3d and 4th generations. Until the last few j^ears of his life he enjoyed all his fac- ulties, with vigorous bodily health. Lea, Henry Carey, son of Isaac, and grandson of Mathcw Carey, b. Phila. 19 Sept. 1825. Present representative of the pub.-house established by Mathew Carey and Sons at the close of the last century. Author of " Super- stition and Force," &c., 1866; "Studies in Church History," &c., 1869; "Hist, of Clerical Celibacy." Lea, Isaac, LL.D. (H.U. 1852), naturalist. tiEA. 634 LEO b. Wilmington, Del., Mar. 4, 1792. His an- cestors were ministers in the Society of Friends. Placed at the age of 15 with his elder bro., a merchant in Phila., he occupied his leisure in collecting minerals, fossils, &c. In 1815 he be- came a member of the Acad, of Nat. Sciences of Phila., and shortly after pub. his first paper in the Journal of the Acad., describing the min- erals in the neighborhood of Phila. In 1821 he joined the publishing-firm of his father-in- law, Mathew Carey, retiring from it in 1851. In 1827 he began a series of memoirs on new forms of fresh-water and land shells, which have been continued to the present time. In 1832 he visited Europe, and in 1833 pub. "Contributions to Geology," describing 228 species of tertiary fossils from Alabama. Mr. Lea has contemplated the publication of a large work on the unionidce of the U.S. He is a member of many learned bodies in Europe and Araer. In Dec. 1858 he was elected pres. of the x\cad. of Natural Sciences of Phila. He has also pub. " Description of a New Ge- nus of the Family Melaniana," 1851 ; " Fossil Footmarks in the Red Sandstones of Potts- ville ; " and " Synopsis of the Family of Naia- — Set libone. des," 1852. — See list of 5b of his pubs, in Al- Lea, Thomas Gibson, botanist (1785- 1844) ; left " A Catalogue of Plants, Native and Naturalized, collected in the Vicinity of Cincinnati, O.," which was pub. by W. S. Sullivant, 1849. Leake, Walter, gov. of Mpi. 1821-25, b. Va. ; d. Mt. Salus, Hines Co., Mpi., Nov. 17, 1825. A soldier of the Revol., and U.S. sena- tor from 1817 to 1820. Learning, Jeremiah, D.D. (Y.C. 1789), Epis. clergyman, b. Middletown, Ct., 1719 ; d. N. Haven, "Sept. 15, 1804. Y.C. 1745. Ord. 1748. He preached 8 years at Newport, R. I., 21 years at Norwalk, Ct. ; and at Stratford 8 years. During the Revol. he was confined in jail as a Tory, and contracted a disease of the nip, crippling him for life. In 1783 he declined the episcopacy of Ct. on account of infirmity. He wrote Defences of the Epis. Govt, of the Church, 1766 and 1770 ; " Evidences of Chris- tianity," 1785; "Dissertations," 1789. Dr. L. was at one time thought of for the office of first bishop of the Amer. Epis. Church. Lear, Tobias, diplomatist, b, Portsmouth, N.H., Sept. 19, 1762; d. Washington, D.C., Oct. 10, 1816. H.U. 1783. In 1785 he be- came private sec. to Gen. Washington, and was most liberally remembered by him in his will. In 1801 he was made consul-gen. at St. Domingo ; and from 1804 to 1812 was consul- gen, at Algiers, and commiss. to conclude a peace with Tripoli. The latter duty he per- formed in 1805, much to the dissatisfaction of Gen. Eaton, who was gaining important ad- vantages over the Tripolitans. Lear's conduct was approved by his govt., though much blamed by a portion of the pul)lic. At his decease he was an accountant in the war department. Learneti, Ebenezer, brig.-jren. Revol. ar- my ; d. Oxford, Ms., Apr. 1, 1801, a. 73. A capt. in the old French war (1756-63). He marched to Cambridge with his regt. (3d) the day alter the battle of Lexington. After the removal of the army to N.Y., he became af- flicted with disease, and in May, 1776, request- ed permission to retire from the service. Apr. 2,1777, Congress app. him a brig.-gen. ; but, his health gradually sinking, he was permitted, Mar. 24, 1778, to retire from the army. Dec. 7, 1795, his name was placed upon the pension- list. At the first battle of Stillwater, Sept. 19, 1777, he com. the centre ; in Aug. previous, he marched his brigade to the relief of Fort Schuy- ler ; he was at Valley Forge in the following winter. Leavenworth, Henry, brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. Ct., Dec. 10, 1783; d. Cross Timbers, near the False Wachita, July 21, 1834. At the com- mencement of the war of 1812 he was assoc. with Gen. Root in the practice of law. App. from N.Y. capt. 25th Inf. Apr. 1812 ; maj. 9th Inf. Aug. 15, 1813; com. his regt. and brev. lieut.-col. and col. for distinguished services at Chippewa, July 5, 1814; and at Niagara Falls, where he was wounded, July 25, 1814 ; lieut.-col. 5th Inf. Feb. 10, 1818 ; com. and dis- ting. in the exped. against the Arickaree Indi- ans, 700 miles above Council BiufTs on Mo. Ri- ver; brev. brig.-gen. July 25, 1824; col. 3d Inf. Dec. 16, 1825. He established various military posts on our Western frontier, one of which, now the flourishing city of Leavenworth, Kan., perpetuates his name. Leavitt, Dudley, extensively known in N.H. as " Old Master Leavitt," having been its almanac-maker above half a century, com- mencing in 1797; b. Exeter, May 23, 1772; d. Meredith, Sept. 15, 1851. He formerly kept school in winter; worked on his farm through- out the year ; made almanacs, arithmetics, grammars, &c., in long winter evenings. He edited the Gilmanton Gazette in 1800; and in 1811 began the N.H. Register, which he ece in N. Hanover Co., N.C., at a good old age. Son of Coi. George, an officer in the British service, who became a member of the Royal Council of Barbadoes in 1698. He emig. to Carolina ab. 1734, and on the breaking-out of the war was a member of the Wilmington com. of safety and a col. of militia. In the battle of Moore's Creek, Feb. 27, 1776, Col. Liilington was conspicuous; was soon afterwards promoted to brig.-gen. ; and served under Gates in 1780. His son, Col. John Liilington, served his country faithi'uily during the entire war. Lincoln, Abraham, 16th pres. of the Unit- ed States, b. in Larue Co., Ky., Feb. 12, 1809; d. April 15, 1865, by the hand of the assassin, J. Wilkes Booth. His ancestors were Quakers from Bucks Co., Pa. His parents, b. in Va., migrated to Ky., and in 1816 removed to what is now Spencer Co., Ind., where Abraham was for the next 10 years occupied in labor on his father's farm. Having received, at intervals, about a year's schooling, at 19 he made a trip to iNcw Orleans as a hired hand on a flat-boat. In Mar. 1830 he settled in Macon Co., 111. He next assisted in building a flat-boat, and after- ward in taking it to New Orleans. On his re- turn, his employer gave lum charge, as clerk, of a store and mill at New Salem. In 1832 he com. a company of vols, for the Black Hawk war. App. postmaster of New Salem, he be- gan to study law, and engaged in surveying a portion of Sangamon Co. He was in the legisl. from 1834 to 1841. Liccnsedto practise law in 1836, he in 1837 opened an oliice at Springfield, rose rapidly to distinction, and was many years a prominent leader of the Whig party in ill. In 1844 he canvassed the entire State, also a part of Ind., for Clay ; making almost daily speeches to large audiences. M.C. from 1847 to 1849, he voted for the reception of antisla- very memorials, the expediency of abolishing the slave-trade in the Dist., to prohibit slavery in the territory to be acquired from Mexico, and in favor of the Wihnot Proviso. He op- posed the annexation of Texas, but voted lor the loan-bill to enable the govt, to defray the expenses of the Mexican war. In the Whig National Convention of 1848 he advocated the nomination of Gen. Taylor. The repeal of the Mo. Compromise called him again into the po- litical arena; and it was maimy by his eiibrts that the Republicans triumphed, and Judge Trumbull was elected U.S. senator. At the Repub. National Convention in 1856 he was a candidate for the nomination to the vice-presi- dency. June 2, 1858, he was nominated as candidate for U. S. senator, in opposition to Judge Douglas. The two candidates can- vassed the State together, speaking on the same day at the same place. The debate, which was conducted with eminent ability on both sides, resulted in the choice of Judge Douglas by the legisl., although the popular vote gave Mr. Lincoln a majority of over 4,000. At the Re- pub. National Convention, held May 16, 1860, he was nominated for the presidency, his prin- cipal competitor being Mr. Seward ; and in the following Nov. was elected to that station, re- ceiving 180 electoral votes to 72 tbrMr.Breck- enridge, 12 for Mr. Douglas, and 39 for Mr. Bell. The secession of the Southern slave- States followed; and Pres. Lincoln was inaug. Mar. 4, 1861, under the most gloomy auspices. He found the credit of the govt, greatly im- paired, its navy scattered, its war materiel in the hands of the secessionists, who had seized forts, arsenals, mints, and vessels ; its small army disarmed, and sent home by slow and de- vious routes as paroled prisoners ; and the gar- rison of Fort Sumter nearly starved. The at- tempt to supply the garrison was frustrated by the rebel batteries, and, after 33 hours' siege, the fortress was surrendered April 14. On the 15th, a call was issued for 75,000 men. April 19, the ports of the seceded States were de- clared under blockade. Washington was soon strongly garrisoned; and Congress met in ex- tra session July 4. His Proclam. of Emancip. took eU'cct Jan. 1, 1863 ; re-elected to the pres- idency in 1864. Victory crowned the national arms during the succeeding winter, and the war was substantially closed, when the assas- sin, creeping stealthily from behind, as the President sat with his family and friends in his box in the theatre, on the night of April 14, 1865, inflicted a wound with a pistol-ball, which in a few hours ended his life. Tliis event created unparalleled excitement. Nine of the pei-sons implicated suffered condign pun- ishment ; while the funeral-honors paid to the deceased chief magistrate surpassed any tiling of the kind in the history of the world. Lincoln, Gkn. Benjamin, a disting. Revol. officer, b. Hiugham, Ms., Jan. 23, 1733; d. there May 9, 1810. Benjamin his father was a farmer, and a representative to the Gen. Court. Of a robust constitution, he was himself a farmer; was town representative; a maj.-gen. of militia at the opening of the war, and was active in its organization ; sec. of the Prov. Congress; and member of the important com. of corresp. In June, 1776, he com. the exped. which cleared Boston harbor of British vessels. App. by Congress a maj.-gen. Feb. 19, 1777, and soon after joined the main army, but was surprised and nearly captured at Bound Brook, Apr. 13. In July he was sent to join Schuyler in opposing Burgoyne. He collected the N.E. militia; sent out a successful exped. Sept. 13, under Col. Brown, against the port of Lake Geoige; and joined Gates as second in com. Sept. 29. He commanded in the works during the action of Oct. 7 ; and was severely wounded on the 8th, having mistaken some of the enemy for his own troops ; and disabled until Aug. 1778; app. to the com. of the southern army, which he assumed at Charleston in Dec. ^y the defeat of Gen. Ashe, at Brier Creek, Mar. 2, 1779, Lincoln lost near one-fourth of his army. June 20, he attacked the enemy's works near Stono Ferry; but the severe action had no ILJN" 550 UN decisive result. In Sept. 1779 he joined D'Es- taingofF Savannah; and in a bloody assault, Oct. 9, their joint forces were repiilsed with loss. Mar. 30, 1780, Sir H. Clinton, with a large army, appeared before the lines of Charles- ton, which Lincoln, with a very insufficient force, tried to defend. May 1 2, after a vigorous cannonade, a capitulation took place. The his- torian Ramsey gives him great praise for baf- fling 3 months the greatly superior force of Clinton and Arbuthnot. Exchanged in Nov., he rejoined Washington in the spring of 1781 ; com. a central division at Yorktown, and con- ducted the conquered army to the field where arms were deposited and the customary sub- mission received. Erom Oct. 1781 to 1784, he was sec. of war, and retired with a vote of Congress, acknowledging his highly meritorious services. In 1787 he com. the force which sup- pressed Shays's insurrection ; lieut.-gov. in 1787; coll. of Boston 1789-1808; commiss. to the Creek Indians in 1789, and to the Western tribes in 1793; the latter part of his life was passed in literary and scientific pursuits. Mem- oer of the convention which ratified the U.S. Constitution ; member of the Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sciences. Lincoln, Enoch, gov. of Maine 1827-9, b. Worcester, Ms., Dec. 28, 1788; d. Augusta, Oct. 8, 1829. Son of Atty.-Gen. Levi Lincoln. Was adm. to the bar in 1811 ; settled as a law- ■\er in Fryeburg, Me.'; and in 1819 removed to l^aris. Me. M.C. 1818-26. While at Fryeburg he pub. a poem entitled "The Village" (1816); and was abo a contributor to the historical collections of Maine. His proclamations were marked by a peculiar felicity and terseness of expression ; and his official correspondence em- braced an energetic vindication of the rights of the State in the question of the N.E. bounda- ry. He delivered a. poem at the centennial celebration of the fight at Lovewell's Pond, and an oration at the laying of the corner-stone of the Capitol at Augilsta, July, 1829. Xiincoln, Levi, lawyer and statesman, b. Hingham, Ms., May 15, 1749; d. Worcester, Apr. 14, 1820. H.U. 1772. His ancestor Samuel came from Hingham, Eng., in 1627. He studied law under Joseph Hawley, and, settling at Worcester in 1775, became eminent in the profession ; became clerk of the court in 1775, and judge of probate in 1776. Zeal- ous in the cause of independence, he was the author of numerous patriotic appeals. In 1779 he was the govt, commiss. for confiscated estates. A delegate to the State Const. Conv. in 1780; and elected to the Old Congress in 1781, but declined. In the party divisions of John Adams's administration, he was a zealous Democ, and wrote a series of political papers called " Farmer's Letters." Member of the house 1796, and of the senate in 1797; M.C. 1799-1801; U.S. atty.-gen. 1801-5; member of State council 1806; lieut.-gov. 1807-8; act- ing gov. in 1809; and in 1811 was app. asso- ciate judge of the U.S. Supreme Court, but declined. He was an original member of the Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sciences ; was con- nected with other literary bodies ; and was long at the head of the Ms. bar. Two of his sons] Levi and Enoch, were governors of States. Lincoln, Levi, LL.D. (H.U. 1826), states- man, son of Levi, b. Worcester, Ms., Oct. 25, 1782; d. there May 29, 1868. H.U. 1802. Adm. to the bar in 1805, he practised with success in his native city. He was a State senator in 1812; member of the house in 1816- -23 (speaker in 1822); lieut.-gov. of Ms. 1823; judge of the Supreme Court in 1824 ; gov. of Ms. 1825-34; M.C. 1835-41; coll. of the port of Boston 1841 to Sept. 1843; member of the State Senate in 1844; pres. of that body in 1845. He was the first mayor of Worcester in 1848, and was a member of numerous historical and scientific societies. He was a warm op- ponent of the Hartford Convention, and was a member of the State Const. Conv. of 1820. He was the first gov^. of Ms. who exercised the veto power, the occasion being the construction of a bridge uniting Boston and Charlestown; many years pres. of the Worcester Agric. Soc. ; fellow of the Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sciences ; and a member of the Antiquarian and Hist. Societies of Ms. Lincoln, William, antiquarian, b. Wor- .cester li;01 ; d. there Oct. 5, 1843. H.U. 1822. He studied law with his bro. Gov. Levi ; edited the National ^(jis ; with Mr. Baldwin pub. the Worcester Blarjazine 1826-7. Author of a "History of Worcester," 1837, a new ed. of which was pub. by Charles Hersey in 1862; Oration at Worcester, 4 July, 1816 ; and Me- moir of C. C. Baldwin in Colls. Amer. Ant. Soc. ii. He was an early and active member of the Antiquarian Society. Lindsay, Charles, a Canadian journalist and political writer, b. Lincolnshire, England, early in 1820. He came to Canada in 1842, and for some time edited an obscure paper in Canada West. Becoming known, in 1846 Mr. Lindsay became sub-editor of the Exam- iner, Mr. Hincks's organ in Toronto, until in 1852 he became editor of the Toronto Leader, the most influential and widely-circulated po- litical and family paper in the province. He has written " Clergy Reserves,*' "The Maine Liquor-Law," and " The Prairies of the West- ern States." — Morgan. Lindsley, Philip, D.D. (Dick. Coll. 1823), educator, b. Morristown, N.J., Dec. 21, 1786; d. Nashville, Tenn., May 25, 1855. N.J. Coll. 1804. Licensed to preach 24 Apr. 1810. He was tutor at Princeton in 1807-9 and in 1812; in 1813 he became prof, of lan- guages; in 1817 was made vice-pres. ; and in 1823 was chosen president, but declined. Ho accepted the thrice- tendered presidency of the U. of Nashville in Dec. 1824, and through his efforts the standard of education was raised to a level with that of the oldest and best-endowed colleges of the Atlantic States. In Oct. 18.50 he resigned this office, and resided during the last four years of his life at New Albany, Ind., two years of this time being spent as prof, of archaeology and church polity in the theol. sem. there. Such was his reputation, that ho was offered the presidency of ten different colleges between 1820 and 1839. In May, 1834, he was elected moderator of the Gen. Assembly of the Presb. Church, then in session at Phila. His works, edited by L. J. Halsey, D.D., were pub. Phila. 3 vols. Svo. JJIN 651 LII> Lingan, Gen. James Maccubin, Revol. officer, b. Md. ab. 1752; killed by a mob in Baltimore, July 28, 1812. He fought at Long Island ; was made prisoner at Fort Washing- ton, and experienced the horrors of the prison- ship. After the war he was made coll. of the port of Georgetown. A political article in the Federal Republican, newspaper of Mr. Hanson, occasioned an attack on the premises of theeditor in Baltimore, whose friends, among them Gens. Lingan and Lee, rallied to his support, and fired on the mob, killing Dr. Gale, and wound- ing others. Surrendering themselves to the civil authorities next day, a bloodthirsty mob forced the jail, killed Gen. Lingan, and dread- fully mangled 11 others, including Gen. Lee and Mr. Hanson. Liniers, Bremont, Don Santiago, a Spanish naval officer, b. Niort, ab. 1760; d. Aug. 26, 1809. He was at first in the Maltese service ; then in that of Spain, in which he became capt. of a ship before the French revol. His first service of importance was against the English, under Wliitelocke, in S. America, from whom he took Buenos Ayres, and was app. capt. -gen. of Rio de la Plata. On the in- vasion of Spain l»y Bonaparte, he endeavored in vain to engage Liniers in his interests ; but his temporizing policy excited suspicion both in America and Spain, and he was superseded by the viceroy, Don Cisueros. The latter be- coming unpopular, a revolution was excited; and Liniers, having declared for the royal authority, was taken, condemned to death, and shot. Lining, John, M.D., physician, b. Scot- land, 1708; d. Charleston, S. C, 1760. He received an excellent education ; came to Amer. ab. 1730; was a corresp. of Franklin, and the first to introduce an electrical apparatus into Charleston. He was a skilful practitioner there nearly 30 years. He pub. in the Trans, of the Roy. Soc. a series of judicious statical experiments, conducted in 1738-42. In 1753 he pub. the first account of the yellow-fever given to the world from America. Linn, John Blair, D.D., poet and clergy- man, b. Shippensburg, Pa., Mar. 14, 1777; d. Phila. Aug. 30, 1804. Col. Coll. 1795. Wm. his great-grandfather came from Ireland, and lived more than 100 years. While studying law in the office of Alex. Hamilton, he wrote an un- successful play, called " Bourvllle Castle." Turning his attention to theol., he was ord. in 1798; and June 13, 1799, became assist, to Dr. Ewing of the First Pi-esb. Church, Phila. His powers of argument and his learning were ex- hibited in his controversy with Dr. Priestly, in 1803. In 1805 " Valerian," a poem, was pub. to which was prefixed an account of his life, by his bro.-in-law, Charles Brockden Brown. He also wrote a poem on the death of Washington, and in 1801 " The Power of Genius," which attained popularity. Two vols, of miscellanies in prose and verse were pub. by him, without his name, soon after he left college. He had a mind of great vigor and sensibility, and a sprightly and luxuriant fancy. Linn, Lewis Fields, senator, b. near Louisville, Ky.,Nov. 5, 1795; d. St. Genevieve, Mo., Oct. 3, 1843. His family were among the earliest emigrants to Ky. from Va. Both grandparents, and 7 members of the family, were killed by the Indians, at different times. His grandfather. Col. Wm., was one of the most prominent Indian-fighters of his day. Lewis settled in St. Genevieve in 1815, and be- came a successful physician and politician. He entered the State legisl. 1827; was a commiss. to settle the old French land-claims inMo. ; and was U.S. senator from 1833 till his death. He labored for the interest of the Mpi. Valley, and in behalf of the settlement of Oregon ; and made an elaborate speech in support Of the bill to remit the fine imposed by Judge Hall upon Gen. Jackson. — See Life by E. A. Linn andN. Sargent, N.Y. 1857. Linn, VVilliam, D.D., an eloquent Presb. divine, b. Shippensburg, Pa., 1752; d. Albanv, Jan. 1808. N.J. Coll. 1772. After serving some time as chaplain in the Revol. army, he was pastor of a church near Shippensburg; in 1784 he took charge of an acad. in Somerset Co., Md. ; in 1787 became pastor of the Presb. Church in Elizabethtovvn, N. J. ; and shortly after settled as a collegiate pastor in the D. R. church in N.Y. City, where he resided 20 years. He pub. 2 vols, of sermons 1791-4. Linsley, James Harvey, naturalist, b. Northford, Ct., 5 May, 1787 ; d. Stratford, Ct., Dec. 26, 1843. Y.C. 1817. He was a Baptist clergyman, but, in consequence of ill-health, turned his attention to the study of natural history. He pub. in the Journal of Science a catalogue of mammalia in vol. 43, and of birds in vol. 45. A memoir of his life was pub. by his dan., 18mo, Hartford, 1845. Linsley, Joel Harvey, D.D., Cong, clergyman, b. Cornwall, Vt., July 1.5, 1790; d. Greenwich, Ct., Mar. 23, 1868. Mid. Coll. 1811. He was tutor at the coll. two and a half years; studied law; was adm. to the bar in 1815 ; and practised in Middlebury 7 years. He was licensed to preach in June, 1822 ; was a missionary in S.C. ; pastor of the South Cong. Church, Hartford, Ct., from Feb. 1824 to 1832 ; pastor of the Park-st. Church, Boston, until the failure of his voice in 1835 ; pres. of Marietta Coll., 0., from 1835 to 1845; and pastor of the Second Cong. Church, Green- wich, Ct., from 1847 till his death. Lippard, George, novelist, b. near Yel- low Springs, Pa., Apr. 10, 1822; d. Phila. 1854. At 15 he began to study law, Avhich he prosecuted in the office of Ovid F. Johnston, atty.-gen. of the State. In 1841 he became a contrib. to the Spirit cfthe Times. His first novel was " The Ladye Annabel." He next Avrote " The Quaker City," which produced from its showing-up of real characters consid- erable excitement. Among his other works are " Herbert Tracy," " Washington and his Generals," " Paul Ardenheim," " Memoirs of a Preacher," " Adonai," " Jesus and the Poor," " Adrian the Neophyte," " The Empire City," " The Nazarene," " Blanche of Brandywine," "Legends of Mexico," "Washington and his Men," " The Rose of Wissahickon," " Bel of Prairie Eden," and " New York, its Upper Ten and Lower Million," &c. His works evince vigor and power, but have little else to recom- mend them. His Life and choice writings were UGP 552 LIT pub. 8vo, Phila. 1855, with an essay on his writ- ing:s and genius by C. C. Burr, 1847. Lippincott, Sara Jane (Clarke) " Grace Greenwood," authoress, b. Pompey, N.Y., 28 Sept. 1823. At 19 she removed with her father to New Brighton, Pa. She was m. Oct. 17, 1853, to Mr. Leander K. Lippincott of Phila. She pub. verse at an early age ; but her first prose-writings were a series of letters con- trib. in 1844 to the N. Y. Mirror. Portions of these were pub. in 1850 in two series of " Green- wood Leaves." Among her other works are " History of my Pets," 1850 ; " Poems," 1851 ; "Recollections of my Childhood," 1852; " Haps and Mishaps of a Tour in Europe," 1854; "Merrie England," 1855; "Stories and Legends of Travel, and History for Children," 1858 ; and " Stories from Famous Ballads," 1860. She now edits the Little Pilgrim, a ju- venile monthly. Her latest vol. is made up of her contributions to the Independent, and some lectures, Lippitt, Gen. Christopher, Revol. of- ficer, b. Cranston, R.L, 1744 ; d. there June 18, 1824. He was disting. early in life for the dis- charge of numerous civil and military ofiices, with which he was invested ; and was an ardent and inflexible supporter of Revol. principles. Macfe a col. in Sept. 1776, he was engaged at White Plains, at Trenton, and Princeton ; was afterward a brig.-gen. of R.L militia, serving in the engagement in that State ; and was a member of the State legisl. — Rogers. Lipscomb, Abner S., jurist, b. S.C. 1789 ; d. Austin, Texas, Dec. 3, 1857. After studying law, he removed to Ala. ; served in its legisl. ; was made a judge of the Supreme Court ; and subsequently chief justice, which office he held many years. He removed to Texas in 1838; was sec. of State under Pres. Lamar, and a member of the State Const. Conv. Upon the organization of the State govt, he became an assoc. justice of the Supreme Court. Lisle, Henry M., lawyer, of Milton, Ms., b. W. Indies; d. Tortola, 1814. He pub. an oration on the death of Washington, 1800 ; " Milton Hill," a poem ; and a Masonic Ad- dress, 1805. List, Frederick, b. Bentlingen, Suabia, 1789 ; d. Kufstein in the Tyrol, 30 Nov. 1846. App. prof, of polit. econ., U. of Tubingen, 1817 ; afterward emig. to Pa., and there dis- covered the Tamaqua coal-mines. U.S. consul for Lcipsic, 1832. Pub. his " National System of Polit. Economy " in 1841, transl. with a " Life of List " by Dr. Matile, Phila. 8vo, 1856. This edition has a valuable preface by Stephen Colwell. — Allihone. List, Mrs. Harriet Winslow, author of "Stanzas to the Unsatisfied," and "Morn- ing and Night," a poem ; b. Portlarjd, Me., 30 June, 1819; m. in 1848 Charles List of Phila. She is now Mrs. S. E. Sewall, and re- sides in Melrose, Ms. LithgOW, William, lawyer and patriot, b. Georgetown, Me., 1750; d. 16 Feb. 1796. Wm. his father, judge of the C.C.P. for Lin- coln Co., d. 1798. The son, an ardent pa- triot, was a major in the Cont. line in 1776, and was badly wounded in the arm at Sarato- ga. After the war, he studied law, engaged in practice in Lincoln Co.; was a State senator in 1787; was soon afterwards maj.-gen. of militia; and from 1789 till his death was U.S. atty. for the district of Maine. Littell, Eliakim, editor, b. Burlington, N.J., Jan. 2, 1797 ; d. Brookline, Ms., 17 May, 1870. George, his ancestor, emig. in 1630-40. Capt. Eliakim, his grandfather, disting. him- self in the defence of Springfield, N.J., 4 June, 1 780. Editor and pub. of the National Record- er, Phila. Jan. 1819; changed its title in July, 1821, to the Saturday Mag., publishing DeQuincey's" Confessions of an Opium-Eater," and Charles Lamb's works; July, 1822, he again changed it to a monthly, entitled the Museum of Foreign Literature and Science, which was edited by Robert Walsh the first year, af- terward by himself aided by his bro. Squier Littell, M.D. ; in 1843 it was pub. in New York as the Eclectic Museum of For. Lit., and not edited by Mr. L. May 11, 1844, he began in Boston LitteU's Living Age, which he edited till his death, when it had reached the 105th vol. In July, 1 855, he began the Panorama of Life and Lit., a monthly. He was the author of the " Compromise Tariff," adopted by Clay, and carried through Congress during Jackson's administration. His bro. John Stockton, b. Burlington, N.J., a resident of Germantown, Pa., has edited, with biog. and hist, notes. Gray- don's Memoirs, 8vo, 1846 ; Alex. Garden's An- ecdotes of the Amer. Revol. ; and pub. " The Life of Henry Clay." Another bro. Squier, M.D., b. Burlington, N. J., 1803; surgeon to Willis's Hospital (Phila.), for diseases of the eye since its opening in 1834; author of " Manual of Diseases of the Eye," 12mo, 1837 ; 2d ed., 1 840. — .4/7//)o«e. Littell, William, LL.D., reporter of the decisions of the Ky. Court of Appeals, and compiler of " Laws of Kentucky," b. N. J. ; d. Frankfort, 1824. Many years an eminent member of the Ky. bar. Author also of " Di- gest of the Statute Law of Ky.," 1822, 8vo, 2 vols., and " Festoons of Fancy, in Essays, Hu- morous, Sentimental, and Political, in Prose and Verse." Little, Capt. George, of the Revol. navy, b. Marshfield, Ms., 1754; d. Weymouth, Ms., July 22, 1809. He com. "The Boston," an armed vessel belonging to Ms., soon after the opening of the Revol., and was 1st lieut. of " The Protector," Capt. John Foster Williams, in 1779. Captured by a British frigate, he scaled the walls of his prison at Plymouth, Eng., and escaped ; soon after com. the sloop- of-war " Winthrop," cruising with success dur- ing the remainder of the war; app. to com. the national frigate "Boston "in 1798; and made capt. in the U.S.N. March 4, 1799. He captured several armed French ships, among them " Le Berceau," after a severe conflict, but was discharged Oct. 22, 1801, and retired to his farm. Little, Harvey D., lawyer, poet, and edi- tor, b. Wethersficld, Ct., 1803; d. Columbus, Ohio, Aug. 22, 1833. At the age of 12 or 13, he accomp. his father to Franklin Co., Ohio, where he was for several years a printer and editor, and afterwards a lawyer. His poems xjrr 553 HJV first attracted general notice in 1830, when they appeared under the " nom de plume " Ve- lasques, in the St. Clairsville newspaper, pub. bv him. He edited the Eclectic and Medical Botanist at the time of his death. A eulogy was pronounced on his character by Rev. War- ren Jenkins before the Columbus Typographi- cal Soc. 30 Nov. 1833. — Poets and Poetry of the West. Little, Lewis Henry, gen. C.S.A., b. Baltimore, 1818; killed in the battle of luka, Sept. 19, 1862. West Point, 1839. Son of Gol. Peter Little, M.C. from Md. 1811-13 and 1816-29; d. Bait. Feb. 5, 1830. L. H. enter- ed the 5th Inf.; he became 1st lieut. 7th Inf. Apr. 1845; brev. capt. for gallantry at Mon- terey, Sept. 23, 1846; disting. himself at Cerro Gordo ; became capt. Aug. 1847 ; and resigned May 7, 1861, to enter the Confederate army ; adj.-gen. Mo. forces on the staff of Gen. Price ; and for his skill and courage at the battle of Elk Horn was made brig.-gen. When Van Dorn was assigned to the com. of the dist. of North Mpi., Little succeeded to the com. of Price's division. Little, Moses, Revol. officer, b. Newbury, Ms., May 8, 1724 ; d. there May 27, 1798. In Apr. 1775, he marched with a company to Lexington ; was made a col. ; and was in the battle of Bunker's Hill ; after the evacuation of Boston went to N.Y. ; was with his regt. at Trenton and Princeton ; and returned home in ill-health in 1777. A shock of palsy deprived him of speech in 1781. App. by the State of Ms. in 1779 to com. the naval exped. to the Penobscot, he declined on account of ill-health. — Coffin's Newbury. Little, Sophia L., author, b. Newport, R.I., 1799; dau. of Ashur Robbins ; m. in 1824 Wm. Little, jun., of Boston, where she has since resided. Has contrib. much to periodicals, and pub. " The Last Days of Jesus," 1839; "The Annunciation and Birth of Jesus," 1842; "The Betrothed and the Branded Hand," 1844; "Poems;" and a prose-work, entiled " Pilgrim's Progress in the Last Days," 1843. — (7m?yoWs Fern. Poets. Littlejolin,ABRAMN.,D.D.(U.Pa.l856), Pr.-Ep. bishop of L.I. (consec. 19 Nov. 1868), b. Montgomery Co., N.Y., 13 Dec. 1824. Un. Coll. 1845. Adm. deacon 19 Mar. 1848, offi- ciating at St. Anne's Church, Amsterdam, N.Y., one year ; then at St. Andrew's, Meriden, Ct. ; rector of Christ Church, Springfield, Ms., 10 Apr. 1850, andord. priest in that year ; rec- tor of St. Paul's, N. Haven, July 1851-1860, and since Easter Sunday, 1860, rector of Holy Trin. Church, Brooklyn, N.Y. Elected pres. of Hobart Coll. in 1 858, and declined. Ten years lecturer on pastoral theol. at the Divinity School, Middlctown, Ct. In 1853 he delivered at Phil a. a course of lectures on " The Philos. of Reliirion," afterward published, Littiepage, Lewis, soldier and diploma- tist, b. Hanover Co., Va., Dec. 19, 1762; d. Fredericksburg, Va., July 19, 1802. Wm. and Mary Coll. 1778. A member of the fam- ily of John Jay, minister to Madrid ; he vol. in Crillon's exped. against Minorca in 1781; and afterwards accomp. Count Nassau to the siege of Gibraltar, and thence to Constantino- ple and Warsaw. He was honored for many years with the esteem and confidence of the unfortunate Stanislaus, king of Poland, un- der whom, before the loss of his throne, he held, among other offices, that of ambassador to Rus- sia ; was created by him a knight of the order of St. Stanislaus, chamberlain, and confiden- tial sec. ; and acted as his special envoy in the most important negotiations. He also served with credit as an officer of high rank in differ- ent armies. When Stanislaus lost his throne in 1792, Littiepage returned to Virginia. Little Turtle (Meche-cdn-na-qua), a Miami chief of great distinction ; d. Fort Wayne, Ind., 14 July, 1812. He is supposed to have received some instruction in Canada ; and possessed great intelligence, native wit, and men- tal vigor. He took part in the border warfare of the West; and com. at the defeat of Harmar, in Oct. 1790, on the Miami, atid at that of St. Clair, 4 Nov. 1791, at St. Mary's. He was present, though not in com., at the battle of Fallen Timbers, in which the Indians were de- feated by Gen. Wayne, 20 Aug. 1794, he hav- ing vainly endeavored to dissuade them from attacking the " chief who never sleeps," and with whom he urged them to make peace; and was one of the signers of the treaty at Green- ville, in Aug. 1795. In 1797 he visited Wash- ington at Phila., where he had also an inter- view with Volney, the French philosopher, and was the recipient of a pair of elegantly mounted pistols from Kosciuszko. Livermore, Abiel Abbot, clergyman, b. Wilton, N. H., Oct. 30, 1811. H.U. 1833. He studied divinity at Cambridge ; was ord. pastor of the Unitarian Church in Keene, N.H., Nov. 2, 1 836 ; but left in May, 1850, and became pastor of the church in Cincinnati, which office he held till the summer of 1856. He became editor of the Christian Inquirer, in N.Y., Jan. 1, 1857 ; and in June, pastor of the First Unitarian Church in Yonkers. Pres. of the Theol. Sem., Meadville, Pa., since 1863. His principal works are " The Four Gospels," with a commentary, 1841-2 ; " The Acts of the Apostles," with a commentary, 1844; "Epis- tle of Paul to the Romans," witli a commentary, 12mo, 1855 ; "Lectures to Young Men," 1846; "The Marriage-Offering," 1848; "The War with Mexico Reviewed," a prize essay, 1850; "Discourses," 1854; "Christian Hymns," a compilation, 1859. He has also contrib. to the iV. A. Review, Christian Examiner, Christian Repository, and other periodicals. Livermore, Arthur, jurist, b. London- derry, N. H., July 26, 1766 ; d. Campton, N.H., July 1, 1853. Son of the Hon. Samuel. Was a lawyer by profession, and a member of the legisl. Assoc, justice in the Superior Court 1798 to Sept. 1809. Chief justice from the latter date until June, 1813; and again assoc. justice until 1816 ; M.C. 1817-21 and 1823-5 ; and chief justice C.C.P. in 1825-32. Livermore, Edward St. Loe, judge, b. Portsmouth, N.H., Apr. 5, 1762 ; d. Lowell, Ms., Sept. 22, 1832. Son of Judge Samuel. He was a counsellor at law; was U.S. atty. to the Circuit Court; M.C. for Essex Co. in 1806- 12; in 1797-9 a judge of the Superior Court of N.H. A resident of Boston in 1813, he de- LIV 554 luLV livered the 4th of July oration; in 1799 pro- nounced at Portsmouth an oration on the dis- solution of the union between this country and France; and Jan. 6, 1809, an oration on the embargo law. See Lond. Notes and Q. v. 3d ser.,for dau. Harriet, b. 14 Apr. 1788, recently livinjj in Philadelphia. Liver more, George, merchant and schol- ar, b. Cambridge, Ms., July 10, 1809 ; d. there Aug. 30, 1865. For many years he was prom- inent in the wool-commission business in Bos- ton. He pub. a vol. on the N. Eng. Primer; "A Tribute to James Johnson," 18.55 ; " Opin- ions of the Founders of the Republic on Ne- groes as Slaves," &c., 1862; contrib. to the Christ. Examiner an article on Strickland's Hist, of the Bible Soc, and to the iV. A. Rev. a paper on Public Libraries. Mr. L. was made A.M. of H.U. in 1850 ; was a member of sev- eral learned societies ; and had collected one of the finest libraries of Bibles and biblical lit- erature in the country. — Dui/ckinck. Livermore, Mary Ashton, reformer, b. Boston, 19 Dec. 1821. Dau. of Timo. Rice. She was noted in her youth for resolution and restless activity; was foremost in healthful out- door sports ; and was also remarkable for pro- ficiency at school. She was a pupil, and for some time a teacher, in the Charlestown Fem. Sem. She sought relief from the bereavement sustained by the loss of a much-loved sister by becoming a governess in Southern Va., where she remained 2 years ; and then taught school in Duxbury, Ms., where she m. D. P. Livermore, a Universalist clergyman. He was subsequently settled as pastor in Stafford, Ct., Maiden and Weymouth, Ms., Auburn, N.Y., and Quincy, 111. ; and ab. 1858 became ed. and pub. of the New Covenant at Chicago. Dur- ing this period she wrote largely for the period- icals of her dcnomiHation, and ed. the Lily, be- side aiding her husband in the New Covenant. During the war, her labors in behalf of the soldiers and in aid of the Sanitary Com. were arduous, and were of the highest utility. She has latterly been prominent as a writer and speaker in the cause of woman; and in 1870 established in advocacy of this movement, and has since edited, the Woman's Journal at Bos- ton. — Univ. Repository, 1868. Livermore, Samuel, LL.D., statesman, b. Waltham, N.H., 14 May, 1732; d. Holder- ness, N. H., May, 1803. N.J. Coll. 1752. Adm. to the bar in 1757; became atty.-gen. of N. H. in 1769 ; judge adv. of admira'lty before the Revol. ; member Cont. Congress 1780-2 and 1785-6 ; of the conv. to adopt the Federal Constitution in 1788 ; pres. of the Const. Conv. of 1791; judge of the Sup. Court of N.H. 1782-90; M.C. 1789-93; U.S. senator 1793- 1801, and pres. pro tern, in 1797 and '99. Livermore, Samuel, an eminent lawyer of N.Orleans; d. 1833. H.U. 1804. Author of " Treatise on the Law of Principal and Agent, and of Sales by Auction," Boston, 8vo, 1811 ; "Disserts, on the Contrariety of Laws of Different States and Nations," N. Orleans, 8vo, 1828. Livingston, Brockholst, LL.D. (H.U. 1818), jurist, son of Gov. William, b. N.Y. Nov. 25, 1757; d. Washington, Mar. 19, 1823. He entered N. J. Coll., but left it in 1776 to join the staff of Gen. Schuyler, com. of the northern army. He was afterward attached to the suite of Arnold with the rank of maj. ; shared in the capture of Burgoyne ; and was promoted to a colonelcy. In 1779 he accomp. John Jay to the court of Spain as his private sec. On* his return, in 1782, he studied law, and was adm. to practice in Apr. 1783, and rose to eminence at the bar. App. Jan. 8, 1802, a judge of the Supreme Court of N.Y., and from Nov. 1806 to his death was a judge of the U.S. Supreme Court. An upright judge, an able pleader, and an accomplished scholar. Livingston, Edward, jurist and states- man, b. Clermont, Columbia Co., N.Y., -26 Mav, 1764; d. Rhinebeck, N.Y., 23 May, 1836. N.J. Coll. 1781. Great-grandson of Rol)ert, first proprietor of the manor of Liv- ingston, and son of Robert R. His mother was Margaret Beekman. He m. Mary McEvers of N.Y. City, where he began practice in 178.5, and soon acquired a high reputation as a jurist and advocate. M.C. in 1795-1801, and an op- ponent of the administrations of Washington and Adams ; app. in Mar. 1801 U.S. dist.- atty. for N. Y., and chosen mayor for two years, being at the same time judge of the municipal court. In the autumn of 1803 he became a public defaulter in consequence of the miscon- duct of a clerk ; made an assignment of his property; and, in Feb. 1804, removed to New Orleans. Having lost his first wife, he m. a Creole, Louise Moreau de Lassy, in 1 805, Meet- ing great professional success in N. Orleans, he paid in full the debt he owed the govt. Becoming involved in litigation with the Federal Govt, about the title to the batture lands in N. Orleans, it was the subject of a special message to Congress, 7 Mar. 1808, and of a pamphlet by Jefferson, as well as one from Livingston in reply. The latter gained his case. One of his first labors in La. was the preparation of a code of judicial procedure in force from 1805 to 182.5. His improvements both in the civil and criminal code (begun in 1821) established his fame both at home and abroad. In regard to capital punishment, he approved the humane suggestions of Beccaria. This code has visibly influenced the legislation of several countries. At the battle of New Orleans, 8 Jan. 1815. he acted as aide-de-camp to Gen. Jackson, who was his intimate friend. M.C. from La. 1823- 9 ; U.S. senator 1829-31 ; sec. of State, May, 1831-May, 1833; and minister to France until the close of 1835. In Congress he attempted to reform the criminal code, carried laws for the protection and relief of American seamen in foreign lands, and promoted the establish- ment and increase of the navy. An eloquent eulogy upon his life and works was pronounced by Mignet in 1838, before the French Acad., of which Livingston was a member. Amiability and goodness of heart were noticeable features of his character. His bro.-in-law Davezac pre- pared a vol. of " Reminiscences of Livingston," a portion of which app. in the Democ. Review, to which, about 1840, he was a frequent contrib. He pub. Judicial Opinions delivered in the Mayor's Court, N.Y. 1 802 ; " Report to the As- sembly of La. of the Plan of the Penal Code," xjrsr 555 urv 8vo, 1822; "System of Penal Law for La.," 1826; and "System of Penal Law for the U.S." 1828. — See Life of Livingston, by C. H. Hunt, 8vo, 1864. Livingston, Gen. Henry, b. Livingston Manor, N.Y., Jan. 19, 1752 ; d. there May 26, 1823. He m. in Canada at an early age ; was a lieut.-col. at Saratoga; and com. at Stony Point at the time of Arnold's treason. Livingston, Col. Henry Beekman, Revol. officer, b. Livingston Manor, 1750; d. Rhinebeck, N.Y., 7 Nov. 1831. Son of Robert R. and Margaret Beekman. He raised a company in Aug. 1775, with which he accomp. Montgomery to Canada; and, for ser- vices in the capture of Chambly, was voted a sword by Congress, Dec. 1775. Aide to Schuyler in Feb. 1776; lieut.-col. in May, '76; col. 4th N.Y. batt. Nov. 21, 1776 ; resigned in Jan. 1779. He was with Montgomery at Que- bec, and disting. himself in the engagement at Quaker Hill, R.I. After the war, he was atty.- gen., judge, and chief justice of N.Y., and a gen. in war of 1812; pres. N.Y. Soc. of Cin- cinnati. Livingston, Henry Walter, M.C, 1803-7, b. N.Y. 1764; d. Linlithgow, N.Y., Dec. 22, 1810. Y.C. 1786. Educated to the law; judge of C.C.P.of Columbia Co., N.Y. ; sec. to Mr. Morris, ambassador to France in 1792. Livingston, Col. James, Revol. officer, b. Canada, 1747; d. Saratoga Co., N.Y. , Nov. 20, 1832. Son of John and Catharine Ten Broeckof the branch of Robert, nephew of the proprietor of the Livingston Manor. Possess- ing some influence among the Canadians, he became col. of the regt. of Canadian refugees, who joined Gen. Montgomery. With them Liv- ingston captured Fort Chambly, its garrison and stores ; accomp. Montgomery in his invasion of Canada; and participated in the memorable attack on Quebec. He was also at the battle of Stillwater, and served to the end of the war. His brothers, Lieut.-Col. Richard and Capt. Abraham were in the same corps. He resided at Montreal, where he m. Elizabeth Simpson. — Ho/ gate. Livingston John Henry, D.D. (Utrecht, 1770), great-grandson of Robert, and son of Henry ; b. Poughkeepsie, N.Y., May 30, 1746 ; d. New Brunswick, N. J., Jan. 20, 1825. Y.C. 1762. He began to study law; afterward studied theology in Utrecht, Holland ; and, having been ord. by the classis of Amsterdam, in 1770 he became pastor of the Dutch Church in N.Y. City. While in Holland, he procured the independence of the Amer. churches from the Dutch classis, and effected a union be- tween the former in 1772, — two parties hav- ing formerly divided them. In 1775 he was m. to his 3d cousin, the dau. of Philip Living- ston ; and in 1786, having removed from N.Y. on the occupation of that city by the British, he preached at Albany 3 years, afterward at Kingston and Poughkeepsie, and at the close of the war returned to N.Y. App. by the gen. synod in 1784 prof, of divinity, it was not till 1795 that a regular seminary was opened under his direction at Bedford, L.I. This was closed two years after for lack of support. Dr. L. then resumed his labors in N.Y. In 1807 Dr. L. was app. pres. and prof, of theology in Queen's Coll., N. Brunswick, N. J. He pub, " A Funeral Service," " Incestuous Marriage," a dissertation on marriage with a sister-in-law, 1816; "Psalms and Hymns," &c. ; " Ref. Dutch Ch. inN.A.," 1814; and some occasional pieces. — See Life, by Rev. Alex. Gunn, N.Y. 1829. Livingston, Philip, Revol. statesman, b. Albany, Jan. 15, 1716; d. York, Pa., June 12, 1778. Y.C. 1737. 4th son of Philip, who inherited the manor of Livingston from his fa- • ther Robert. He became a prominent mer- chant of N.Y. City ; was an alderman in 17.54-8; and became a member of the legisl. in 1759. He was one of the com. of corresp. with the agent for the Colony in Eng., Edmund Burke. In 1764 he reported to the house a petition to the king, afterwards adopted, opposing the in- tended taxation of the Colonics ; and in 1768, as speaker, he signed the answer of the house to the Boston letter, and also to two memorials to the British parliament ; in 1769 he was un- seated by the Tory majority. Member of the Cont. Congress in 1774-8, he not only signed but strenuously advocated the Decl. of Indep. Oct. 11. 1774, he was, with Lee and Jay, app. to prepare a memorial to the people of JBritish America, and an address to the people of Great Britain. April 26, 1775, he was chosen pres. of the Prov. Congress; and Feb. 1, 1776, was unanimously elected to the Assembly. He was a member of the senate pending the question of the adoption of the State Constitution ; a member of the board of the Cont. treasury in 1776, and of its marine com. in 1777. He founded the professorship of divinity at Y. C. in 1746 ; was one of the founders of the N.Y. Society Library, and of the Chamber of Com- merce ; and aided materially in the establish- ment of Col. Coll. Previous to his decease he sold part of his property to sustain the public credit. His son IIexryPhilip was a member of Washington's family in 1778. Livingston, Robert R., judge, b. 1719; d. Phila. Dec. 9, 1775. Eldest son of Robert, merchant of New York, who was second son of the first owner of Livingston Manor, and who d. Clermont, 27 June, 1775, a. 88. App. judge of the Admiralty Court in 1760 ; and in 1763 a justice of the N.Y. Sup. Court; rep. Duchess Co. in the Asrembly 1759-68; corn- miss, in 1767, and again in 1773, to fix a line of jurisdiction between N.Y. and Ms. He m. Margaret, dau. of Col. Henry Beekman, by whom hehad Chancellor Robert R., Janet (who m. Gen. Montgomery), Col. Henry B., and Edward. — Holgate. Livingston, Robert R., LL.D., states- man, b. New York, Nov. 27, 1747 ; d. Feb. 26, 1813. Columb. Coll. 1765. His ancestor Rob- ert, of a noble Scottish family, emig. to Amer. in 1678, and in 1686 obtained a patent for the manor of Livingston. He practised law with great success in New York; but in 1775 lost the office of recorder, which he obtained in 1773, on account of his attachment to liberty ; and was elected to the Assembly, and sent to Congress, of which he was a member in 1775-7 and 1779-81. He signed the Decl. of Indep. ; LIV 556 ULiO was sec. of foreign aflFairs from Aug. 1781 to Aug. 1783; and during the Revol. signalized himself by his zeal and efficiency in the cause. Member of the N.Y. Const. Conv. in Apr. 1777 ; he was chancellor of the state from 1777 until Feb. 1801, as such administering the oath of office to Washington upon his inaug. as pres. In 1788 he was chairman of the N.Y. conven- tion to consider the U.S. Constitution, and prin- cipally instrumental in procuring its adoption. Minister-plenipo. to France in 1801-4, he pro- cured the cession of La. in Apr. 180.3, and a settlement for the numerous spoliations by the French on our commerce. Napoleon, on taking^ leave of him, presented to him a splendid snuff- box, with a miniature likeness of himself by Isabey. While in Paris, he formed a friendship for Fulton, whom he materially assisted in his plans of steam-navigation. He introduced into N. Y. the use of gypsum, and the breed of me- rino sheep ; and was pres. of the N.Y. Acad, of Fine Arts, and also of the Agric. Society. Few men have been concerned in events of greater importance to the country, — the Decl. of Indep., the framing of the Constitutions of N.Y. and of the U.S., the purchase of La. Terr., the germ of many important States, and, lastly, the in- vention of steam-navigation, in which he was the efficient coadjutor of Fulton. He pub. "Oration bef. the Cincinnati," July 4, 1787; "Address to the Soc. for Promoting the Arts," 1808; "Essays on Agriculture;" " Essay on Sheep," London, 8vo, 1811. Livingston, William, LL.D. (Y.C. 1788). Statesman, bro. of Philip, b. Albany, ab. Nov. 30, 1723 ; d. Elizabethtown, N. J., July 25, 1790. Y.C 1741. He became an eminent member of the bar of N.Y. and N. J. In 1752 he pub. with Wm. Smith, jun., the first " Digest of the Colony Laws," and commenced a weekly political, miscellaneous journal, the Independent Reflector; in 1757 he pub. in de- fence of Gov. Shirley, " A Review of the Mili- tary Operations in N.A., from' 1753 to April 14, 1756, in a Letter to a Nobleman ;" in 1758 he was elected a member of the Assembly. He wrote much in opposition to the proposed American Episcopate. Having purchased a tract of land in Elizabethtown, N. J., he built a house, which he called " Liberty Hall ; " in 1773 he removed there, where he passed the remainder of his life. He early espoused the cause of the Colonies ; was elected a delegate to the first Cont. Congress from N. J. in 1774; was unanimously re-elected in 1775, and was put on several of the most important commit- tees ; but was recalled June 5, to command as brig.-gcn. the State militia, and after Wm. Fraiiklin was deposed, in June, 1776, suc- ceeded to the office of gov., which he retained to the close of his life. In the trying circum- stances in which N. Jersey was placed, as a frontier State, during the Revol., he conducted his govt, with great judgment and energy. The British made several expeditions for the purpose of kidnapping that " Don Quixote of the Jer- seys" (as they called the gov., who was tall in person and very thin) ; but he was alwavs fortunate enough to escape. In 1787 he was a delegate to the convention which framed the Federal Constitution; he refused the app. of coraraiss. to superintend the construction of the Federal buildings, and of minister to Holland. A Memoir by Theodore Sedgewick, with his Corresp., was pub. in 1832. He was the author of a poem called "Philosophi- cal Solitude," 1747 ; a funeral oration on President Burr of Princeton College ; and a variety of political and miscellaneous tracts. Livius, Peter, counsellor of N.H., chief justice of Canada, b. Bedford, Eng., 1727; d. Eng. 23 July, 1795. He received an hon. de- gree from H.tr. in 1767. A resident of Ports- mouth, N.H.; proscribed as a loyalist in 1778; chief justice from May 31, 1777, to 1786, when he went to England. Lloyd, David, an early and influential Welsh settler in Pa.; d. Chester, Pa., 1731, a. 75. Arriving in Phila. in 1686, he practised law there, and was in that year commiss. by "Wm. Penn atty.-gen. of the province. He was also dcp. register-gen. under his Welsh friend Thos. Ellis ; was frequently a member of the Assembly, and speaker of that body ; and from 1717 till his death was chief justice of Pa. He was a zealous and consistent Quaker. Quitr ting Phila. in 1700, he afterward lived at Ches- ter. — Smith's Del. Co. Lloyd, Edward, gov. of Md. in 1 809-1 1 ; d. Annapolis, June 2, 1834, a. 55. M.C. 1806- 9, and U.S. senator in 1819-26. An Edward Lloyd was member of the Cont. Congress from Md. in 1783-4. Lloyd, James, M.D. (H.U. 1790), physi- cian, b. L.I. Apr. 1728 ; d. Boston, March 14, 1810. His grandfather James came from Som- ersetshire, Eng., ab. 1670; d. Boston, 1693. Henry his father owned and resided on a val- uable estate in N.Y., and m. in Boston the dau. of John Nelson. James studied medicine at Strat- ford, Ct., at Boston, and in London ; returned 1752 ; and for 58 years had an extensive prac- tice. He was for some time surgeon of Castle "William ; and in 1 764 was a strenuous advo- cate for a general inoculation. Among the many eminent pupils who came to him were Dr. Joseph Warren, Dr. Isaac Rand, Dr. John Jeffries, and Dr. John Clarke. Member of the Amer. Philos. Society. — Tkacher. Lloyd, James, LL.D. (H.U. 1826), states- man, son of the preceding, b. Boston, 1769; d. N. Y. April 5, 1831. H. U. 1787. fie re- ceived a mercantile training in his native city ; visited Europe in 1792 ; and resided for a time in Russia. A member of the house and senate of Ms. as early as 1800. He was disting. as a U.S. senator in 1808-13 and 1822-r6; and was chair, of the com. of commerce and nav. affairs, which, as he was in the minority party, evinces the estimation in which he Avas held. He pub. some political tracts, the last of which relates to the British colonial intercourse; was an able speaker ; and a member of the Acad, of Arts and Sciences. He resided in Phila. a few- years before his death. He m. in 1809 the dau. of Samuel Breck of Philadelphia. Lloyd, Thomas, succeeded Penn as deputy gov. of Pa. after the return of the latter to Eng. 1684-8, b. Dolobran, Montgomeryshire, Wales, 1649; d. Jul3r 10, 1694. Educated at Oxford; but, embracing the principles of the Friends, he accomp. Penn to America. He was I.OO 55T JLOG- an able minister, and had many disputes with the clergy and nobility of Eng. ; and also suf- fered imprisonments, and "much loss of out- ward substance " in his native land. He was also much exercised by the rcvilings of that "miserable apostate," George Keith, "which the Lord gave him patience to bear and over- come." In 1689 the administration again de- volved on him, as pres. of the Council. — Coll. of Quaker Memorials. Locke, David Ross {" Nasby "), b. Ves- tal, Broome Co., N.Y., 20 Sept. 1833. Edu- cated at a common school ; learned the print- er's vrade in the office of the Cortland Demo- crat ; was a local reporter in various Western cities ; successively editor and pub, of the Ad- vertiser, Plymouth, O. (1852), Herald, Mans- field, 0., Journal, Bucyrus, 0., and Jefferso- nian, Findlay, O., in which he commenced his "Nasby" letters in 1860. Since editor of the Toledo Blade. He is a successful lecturer, and as a political satirist is unequalled. Has pub. "Nasby," 1865; " Swingin' Round the Cir- kle," 1866; and"Ekkoes from Kentucky;" also a score or more of pamphlets, mostly polit- ical. Locke, Jane Ermina, poet, b. Worthing- ton, Ms., Apr. 25, 1805; d. Ashburnhara, Ms., March 8, 1859. Mrs. Locke, formerly Miss Starkweather, was long a contrib. to newspa- pers and periodicals. A vol. of her poems was pub. in Boston, 1842; "Rachel, or the Little Mourner," 1844; "Boston," a poem, 1846; " The Recalled, or Voices of the Past," 1855 ; and a Rhymed Eulogy on the death of Web- ster the same year. She m. in 1829 John G. Locke of Boston. They resided in Lowell from 1833 to 1849, and subsequently in Bos- ton. Mr. Locke pub. in 1853 a genealogy of the Locke family. — See Geneal. Reg. xxv., 91. Locke, Mathew, statesman, b. near Salisbury, N.C., 1730; d. there Sept. 7, 1801, Member of the Congress at Halifax, which, in 1776, framed the State constitution ; also member of the legisl. which ratified the U.S. Constitution; and was M.C. in 1793-9. He also served 30 years in the legisl. ; had 4 sons in the Revol. army, and was a gen. of militia. Locke, Samuel, D.D. (H.U. 1773), pres. of H.U. from March 21, 1770, to Dec. 1, 1773, b. Woburn,Ms., Nov. 23, 1732; d. Sherborn, Jan. 15, 1778. H.U. 1755. A descendant of Deacon V/m., who was brought to N.E. a child in 1635, and settled in Woburn. Nov. 7, 1759, he settled in the ministry at Sherborn ; dism. Feb. 2, 1770. — Sewall's Woburn. Lockwood, Henry Hall, soldier and instructor, b. Kent Co., Del., 17 Aug. 1814. West Point, 1836. Entering the 2d Art., he served against the Seminoles in Fla., and re- signed 12 Sept. 1837. Prof. math. U.S. navy 1841-61 ; and prof. nat. and expcr. philos. U.S. Naval Acad., since Apr. 1866. He served at the capture of Monterey, Cal., in Oct. 1847 ; col. 1st Del. Vols. 25 May, 1861 ; brig. -gen. vols. 8 Aug. 1861. He com. an exped. to the eastern shore of Va. in Nov. 1861 ; com. the defences of the Lower Potomac, Jan. -June, 1863; was engaged at Gettysburg 1-3 July, 1863 ; and in the Richmond campaign. May and June, 1864; participating in the actions near Hanover C.H., May 30-June 1 ; and com. provis. troops for defence of Baltimore against raid of rebel Gen. Early, July, 1864. Author of some military treatises. — Cullum. Lockwood, James, b. Norwalk, 1714, minister of Wethersfield, Ct., from 1739 to his d. July 20, 1772. Y.C. 1735. He favored Mr. Whitefield when he visited New Eng., and declined the presidency of Princeton and Yale Colleges. He was a theologian and scholar, prudent, benevolent, and faithful. He pub. some sermons. Lockwood, Samuel, commo. U.S.N., b. Ct. Midshipm. July 12, 1820; lieut. 1828; com. 1850; commo. 1867. Served in 1826 in sloop " Warren," engaged in ferreting out Greek pirates; com. steamers "Petrel" and "Scourge" 1847-8; and assisted at capture of Vera Cruz, Tuspan, and Tabasco ; com. steamer " Daylight" 1861-2, blockading Wil- mington and Beaufort, York River and New- port News; silenced confcd. battery at Lynn- haven Bay, Va. ; and rescued a Baltimore ship, and assisted in the capture of Fort Macon ; retired 1 Oct. 1864. — Hamersh/. Logan (Tah-gah-jute), an eloquent Indi- an chief; d. 1780, a. ab. 55. He was named Logan after James Logan, sec. of Pa. ; and was the son of Shikellaney, a celebrated Cayu- ga chief who dwelt at Shamokin on the Sus- quehanna. Subsequently to 1767, he removed to the West, where, in 1772, the Moravian mis- sionary Heckwelder met him on the Beaver River, and recognized his extraordinary capa- city. He spoke English with fluency and cor- rectness. Logan's family were massacred by a party of whites in the spring of 1774 ; and, in revenge, Logan butchered men, women, and children, and took part in the battle of JPoint Pleasant, Oct. 10, 1774. The Indians were defeated, and sued for peace: Logan refused to attend the treaty, but sent by an interpreter, in a wampum belt, a speech of great eloquence and pathos, preserved in Jefferson's " Notes on Va." In the fall of 1779 he again resumed his onslaughts on the banks of the Holston. In June, 1780, he joined Capt. Bird of Detroit in a bloody raid into Kentucky. Not long after, at an Indian council held at Detroit, while frenzied by liquor, he felled his wife by a sudden blow. He fled, supposing he had killed her. Overtaken between Sandusky and Detroit by a troop of Indians, whom he sup- posed her avengers, he frantically exclaimed that the whole party should fall by his wea- pons : while leaping from his horse to execute his threat, an Ind. shot him dead. — See Brantz Mayer's Disc. hef. Md. Hist. Soc. 9 May, 1851. Logan, Gen. Benjamin, an early pioneer of Ky., b. Pa. ab. 1742; d. Shelby Co., Ky., Dec. 11,1 802. His father, an Irishman, came to thiscountry early in the 18th century, and set- tled in Pa., but subsequently removed to Aiigu.s- ta Co., Va. Young Logan, though entitled by the laws of Va. to the whole of the landed property of his father at his decease, distrib- uted it between his bros., sisters, and mother. At 21 he removed to the banks of the Holston, where he purchased a farm, and married. He was a sergeant in Bouquet's exped. in 1764; and in 1774 he was in Dunmore's exped. In 3L.OC3- 558 LOO 1775 he removed to Ky., and soon became par- ticularly disting. In the spring of 1776 he took his family to a small settlement called Logan's Fort, near Harrodsburg; here he was attacked, May 20, 1777, by a large force of In- dians, through which he made his way alone, and returned with supplies for his party, who soon succeeded in driving off the foe with loss. In July, 1779, he was second in com. of an unsuccessful exped. against Chillicothe, under Col. Bowman. He was engaged in agricul- tural pursuits until 1788, when he conducted an exped. against the north-western tribes, burn- ing their villages, and destroying their crops. Upon his return he devoted himself to the civil affairs of the country, being a member of the convention of 1792, which framed the first con- stitution of Ky. William his son, U.S. senator 1819-20, d. Aug. 8, 1822.—- McCluny West. AdvenUire. liOgan, Cornelius A., poet and drama- tist, b. Baltimore, 1800; d. Cincinnati, Feb. 22, 1853. Educated at St. Mary's Coll. for the priesthood, disinclination to this career led him to make several voyages to Europe as a supercargo. Turning his attention to litera- ture, he assisted Paul Allen in the Baltimore Chronicle; next turned theatrical critic in Phila. ; and was afterward a comedian. In 1840 he removed to Cincinnati. He was a bold defender of the stage against pulpit at- tacks. His reply to a sermon by Lyman Beccher is admirable in learning as in temper. He wrote many plays, among them " The Wag of Maine," 3 acts, 1835; "The Wool- Dealer," a farce, written for Dan Marble; " Yankee Land," a comedy, 1834; "Remov- ing the Deposits;" " Astartc," an adaptation of Shelley's " Cenci ; " "A Hundred Years Hence," a burlesque. His poem " The Mis- sissippi," was copied in the Edinburgh Review, with a handsome tribute to the author. His daughters Eliza, Olive, and Cecilia, have achieved distinction on the stage. Logan, Eliza, actress, b. Phila. Aug. 1830. Dau. of C. A. Logan ; educated at an acad. at Lancaster, Pa. Trained for her profession by her fiither, she made her d^M Jan. 28, 1841, as Norval, at the Walnut-st. Theatre, Phila. She first app. in New York at the Broadway, in June, 1850, as Pauline in " The Lady of Lyons." In 1859 she m. George Wood the manager, bought Wood's Theatre, Cincinnati, and retired from the stage. Died N.Y. City, Jan. 15, 1872. Logan, George, M.D., philanthropist, b. Stanton, Pa., Sept. 9, 17.53; d. there Apr. 9, 1821. Grandson of James Logan. A*"ter three years' study at the Med. School of Edmburgh (where he took his degree), he made a tour of the con- tinent, and returned to America in 1779. He applied himself for some years to agriculture, which he was one of the' first in America to prosecute successfully in a scientific manner ; also served several terms in the legisl. ; and in June, 1798, embarked for Europe, for the purpose of attempting to avert a threatened war between America and France. Dr. Logan persuaded the French Govt, to annul the em- bargo on Amer. shipping, and prepared the way for a negotiation, which terminated in peace. He was denounced bv the Federalists, on his return, as the treasonable envoy of a faction ; and, in the latter part of 1798, an act, known as " Logan's Act," was passed by Con- gress, making it a high misdemeanor for a private citizen to interfere in a controversy be- tween the U.S. and a foreign country, in the manner he had done. U.S. senator from Pa. from 1801 to 1807. He went to Eng. in 1810, as a self-constituted agent, to attempt a recon- ciliation of the difficulties between Great Britain and the U.S.; but his mission was fruitless An active member of the Board of Agric. and of the Philosophical Society. He pub. " Ex- periments on Gypsum," and on the "Rotation of Crops," in 1797. He was a member of the Society of Friends. His widow Deborah, skilled in the early history of Pa., and a mem- ber of the Pa. Hist. Soc, d. Feb. 2, 1839, a. 77. Logan, James, a learned writer and states- man, b. Lurgan, Ireland, Oct. 20, 1674; d. Oct. 31 , 1 751 , at Stanton, near Phila. Of Scot- tish parentage. At the age of 13 he had ac- quired Latin, Greek, and some Hebrew, and afterwards mastered mathematics, and the French, Italian, and Span, languages. While engaged in trade between Dublin and Bristol, Wm. Penn made proposals to him to accom- pany him to Pa. as his sec, which he accepted, and landed in Phila. in the beginning of Dec. 1699. Upon Penn's return to Eng. in 1701, he left his sec. invested with many important of- fices, which he discharged with fidelity and judgment. He filled the offices of provincial sec, commissioner of property, chief justice, and upon the demise of Gov. Gordon in Oct. 1736, governed the province for two years as pres. of the council. He was the friend of the Indians, possessed uncommon al)ilities, and great wisdom and moderation. His valuable library of 2,000 vols, he bequeathed lo the pub- lic. Author of " Experimenta Mfletinmta de Plantarum Generatione," written in 1739; of two other Latin treatises of a scientific character, pub. in Holland; of an English translation of Cicero's " De Senectute," pub. in 1744, by Benj. Franklin ; and of Cato's " Distichs," the latter in verse; and he left a variety of papers on ethics and philology. Logan's charges as chief justice were reprinted abroad, 4to, 1736. Wil- liam, his eldest son, many years in the gov- ernor's council, d. June, 1801. George his grandson was a disting. philanthropist. — See Memoirs of Loc/an, by W. Armistead; Sketch, by J. F. Fisher, in Sparks's Franklin. Logan, John Alexander, soldier and senator, b. Jackson Co., 111., 9 Feb. 1826. U. of Louisville, 1852. After receiving a common school education he served in the 1st 111. regt. in the Mex. war, rising from the ranks to be lieut. and quarterm. Studied law; was adm. to practice in 1852; made prosec atty. 3d jud. dist. ; and was a Democ. member of the legisl., and M.C. in 18.59-62; Repub. M.C. in 1867- 71 ; app. minister to Mexico in Nov. 1865, and declined; chosen U.S. senator for the term of 1871-7. He fought at Bull Run 21 July, 1861, as a private in a Mich, regt.; returned to 111. in Aug., and raised the 31st 111. Vols., which he com. at the battle of Belmont; severely wounded in the attack on Fort Donelson ; made biig.-gen. 21 Mar. 1862; afterward com. luoa- 559 TLON^ tlie forces at Jackson, Tenn. ; maj.-gen. 29 Nov. 1862; com. 3d div. 17th corps (McPher- son's) ill theVicksburg and Atlanta campaigns; com, with distinction the array of Tenn. after the fall of McPherson, and until relieved by Gen. Howard ; and engaged in the battles of Resaca, Kenesaw, Atlanta, and Bentonville (N.C.). He was one of the most successful of the civilian generals of the war, and is a vigorous and fluent speaker. XjOgan, Olive, actress and lecturer, dau. of C. A. Logan, b. NY. 1841. After prelim- inary practice in the West, she made her d^but Aug. 19, 1854, at the Arch-st. Theatre, Phila. She withdrew from the stage, and sailed for Havre in 1857. After graduating with distinc- tion at an English female coll., she became a contrib. to English and French papers, and in 1860 pub. two novels, "Chateau Erisac" and "Photographs of Paris Life." Aug. 29, 1864, she reappeared at Wallack's Theatre, N 1^., in •' Evelcen," her own play. She then starred in the West and South, and re-appeared in N.Y., at the Broadway, in Nov. 1865, in the play called " Sam," which ran nearly 100 nights. Retired from the stage in 1868, and has since lectured successfully, principally in behalf of the woman's rights movement. Married P]d- mund A. Dclille, Apr. 1857; divorced Dec. 1865. She is a sprightly, piquant writer, and was, while upon the stage, one of its ornaments. Besides the above she has pub. " Women and Theatres," 1869, and a play. Logan, Sir William Edmond, Canadian geologist, b. Montreal, Apr. 23, 1798. U. of Edinburgh, 1817. In 1818 he entered the mer- cantile office of his uncle in London, and be- came a partner. Returning to Canada for a brief time, his attention was drawn to its geol- ogy ; but from 1829 to 1838 he managed a cop- per-smelting and coal-mining establishment in Swansea, South Wales, in which his uncle was interested. He studied the coal-field of that region ; and his maps and sections were adopted by the ordnance geol. survey, and pub. by the govt. He was the first to demonstrate that the stratum of undcr-clay which underlies the coal- beds was the soil in which the coal-vegetation grew. In 1841 he visited the coal-fields of Pa. and Nova Scotia, and communicated several valuable memoirs to the Geol. Society of Lon- don. He was at the same time app. to the head of the geol. survey of Canada, where he still continues. He represented Canada at the Great Exhibition in London in 1851, and was made a fellow of the Roy. Society; and was also a commiss. at the Industrial Exhibition at Paris in 1855, where he received from the Im- perial Commission the grand gold medal of honor, and was created a Knight of the Legion of Honor. In 1856 he was knighted by the queen, and received from the Geol. Society the Wollaston Palladium medal, for his prominent services in geology. His pub. works will be found in his Annual Reports of the Canadian Survey, Proceedings of the British Assoc, and the Geol. Soc., embracing important papers on the geology of Canada and the coal-districts of Pa. and N. Brunswick, beside his researches in Wales. — Morfjan. Lomax, John Tayloe, LL.D. (H. U. 1847), jurist, b. Port Tobago, Va., Jan. 1781. Wm. and M. Coll. 1798. In 1799 he began to study law, and in 1802 commenced practice on the Rappahannock. He was in Fredericks- burg from 1805 to 1809 ; spent the next 9 years at Menokin, Richmond Co.; and in 1818 re- turned to the Fredericksburg bar, where he practised successfully. Prof of the school of law in the U. of Va. in 1826-30 ; assoc. justice of the General Court in 1830-57. Author of a " Digest of the Law of Real Property," 1839, and " Law of Executors and Adminis- trators," 1841, 2d. ed., 2 vols. 1856, greatly im- proved. Long, Armistead L., brig.-gen. C.S.A. of Ga. ; killed at the battle of Peach-tree Creek, Ga., July 20, 1864 ; b. Va. 1826. West Point, 1850. 1st. lieut. 2d. Art. 1854; A.D.C. to Gen. Sumner from May 20 to his resigna- tion, 10 June, 1861. Long, Eli, maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Woodford Co., Ky., 27 June, 1836. Grad. Milit. School, Frankfort, Ky., 1855. 2d. lieut. 4th U.S. Cav. June 27, 1856; served against the Cheyennes in the summer of 1857, and against the Kio- was and Comanches in 1860; capt. May 24, 1861 ; engaged at Tuscumbia Creek, Chaplin Hills; wounded at Stone River; col. 4th Ohio Cav. ; com. cav. brigade, and engaged at Mur- freesboro, TuUahoma, Elk River, and Chicka- mauga ; pursuit of the Confed. Gen. Wheeler, and wounded at Farmington; com. in raid on Knoxville and Chatt. R.R., and action of Knoxville, Tenn ; in the Atlanta campaign ; at defeat of Wheeler and Roddy ; wounded in rcconnoissance on Dalton; and in raid on Lovcjoy's Station; brig.-gen. U.S. vols. Aug. 1864; com. 2d. division cavalry corps, and wounded at capture of Selma, Ala., for which brev. brig, and maj. gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865. Retired 16 Aug. 1867 (maj.-gen. U.S.A.), for disability from wounds. — Henri/. Long, Gabriel, maj. Revol. army, b. 1751; d. Culpeper Co., Va., 3 Feb. 1827. He fought at Hampton and Norfolk in 1775 ; capt. in Morgan's Rifle Regt. in 1776 ; led the advance at Saratoga, and began the battle there; was also at Yorktown ; and was in 18 engagements of the war. Long, John Collins, commodore U.S.N., b. Portsmouth, N.H., 1795 ; d. N. Conwav, N.H., Sept. 2, 1865. Midshipm. 1812 ; served in " The Constitution" in her action with the British frigate "Java;" lieut. Mar. 5, 1817; com. Feb. 25, 1838; post-capt. Mar. 6, 1849; commo. retired list, July 16, 1862 ; circumnavi- gated the globe while a commander in the navy ; com. the frigate " Saranac " in the Mediterranean ; and conveyed Kossuth to America. In 1858 sailed in the flag-ship " Merrimack " for the Pacific. Long, CoL. Nicholas, Revol. officer ; d. near Washington, D.C., 22 Aug. 1819, a. 55. He was active and merit, officer of dragoons in the Va. and N.C. lines of the army, and col. 43d. U.S. Inf. in the war of 1812-15. Long, Pierse, Revol. off., b. Portsmouth, N.H., 1739; d. there Apr. 3, 1789. Pierse his father, a native of Limerick, Ireland, was a merchant of Portsmouth (1730-40). His son was a shipping-merchant, a delegate to LON" 560 LO]S- the prov. Congress in 1775, col. 1st N.H. regt. 1776. In the retreat from Ticonderoga, his com. was overtaken by the 9th British regt., which he defeated ; as a vol. he served at the surrender of Burgoyne; delegate to Con- gress 1784-6; State councillor 1786-9; dele- gate to the Const. Conv. 1788, and was app. by Washington coll. of Portsmouth early in 1789. Long, Robert Cary, d. New York, 1849. Author of " Ancient Architecture of Ameri- ca," 8vo, 1849. He contrib. essays, entitled "Architectonics," to theN. Y. Lit. World, and a paper on Aztec Architecture to the N. Y. Hist. Soc, Trans. — AUibone. Long, Stephen Harriman, col., chief of topog. engs. U.S.A., b. Hopkinton, N.H., 30 Dec. 1784; d. Alton, 111., 4 Sept. 1864. Dart. Coll. 1809. Entering the eng. corps 12 Dec. 1814, he was assist, prof, of math, at West Point, Mar. 1815 to Mar. 1816; had charge of explorations between the Mpi. and the Kocky Mountains 1818-23, and of the sources of the Mpi. 1823-4; survey of Bait. and Ohio Railroad 1827-30; improvement of Western rivers and Lake harbors at different times ; brev. lieut.-col. top. engs. 29 Apr. 1826; maj. 7 July, 1838; col. 9 Sept. 1861; and col. corps of engs. 3 Mar. 1863 ; retired 1 June, 1863. An account of his first exped. to the Rocky Mts. (of which one of the highest was named from him " Long's Peak "), by Ed- win James, was pub. 1823 ; and an account of his second exped., by W. H. Keating, in 1824. His "Railroad Manual," 1829, was the first original treatise of the kind pub. in America. Member of Amer. Philos. Soc. Longacre, James Barton, engraver, b. Del. Co., Pa., 11 Aug. 1794 ; d. Phila. Jan. 1, 1869. Descended from an early Swedish set- tler upon the banks of the Delaware, the fami- ly name having been originally Longker. He served his apprenticeship as hist, and port, en- graver with Murray of Phila., and from 1819 to 1831 was employed in illustrating some of the best works then issuing from the Amer. press. In conjunction with James Herring of K.Y., he began the pub. of the "National Port. Gallery of Disting. Americans," 4 vols. 8vo, 1834-9, which he afterward continued alone. Many of the portraits in the work are from Mr. L's. drawings from life, and are ad- mirably executed. During the last 25 years of his life (1844-69) he was engraver to the U.S. Mint. The new coins struck during that period — thedoubleeagle, tlie three-dollar-piece, the gold dollar, &c. — were made by him from his own designs. One of the latest acknowl- edgments of his success in this dept. was a commiss. from the govt, of Chili to superin- tend the remodelling of the entire coinage of that country, — a work completed a year or two before his death. Longfellow, Ernest W., portrait, genre, and landscape painter of Boston, son of the poet Longfellow, b. Cambridge, 23 Nov. 1845. Camb. Scient. School, 1865. Studied at Paris during the winter of 1865-6, visited Italy, and returned home in the tiall of 1866. After a second absence of 18 months in 1868-9, he re- turned again from Europe with many sketches, and several copies made in the Louvre. He is an artist of much promise. Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, LL.D. (H. U. 1859), poet, b. Portland, Me., Feb. 27, 1807. Bowd. Coll. 1825. Son of Hon. Stephen. At an early age he produced the " Hymn of the Moravian Nuns," "The Spirit of Poetry," " Woods in Winter," and " Sunrise on the Hills." After studying law in his father's office, he became prof, of modem languages and lit- erature at Bowd. Coll.; spent 4 years (1826-30) in France, Spain, Italy, and Germany; and was in 1835-54 prof, of modem languages and belles-lettres at H. U. He made a second Eu- ropean tour in 1835-6. Shortly after connect- ing himself with Harvard, he took quarters in the old Craigie House, the Washington head- quarters, Avhich he has since purchased. In his contributions to t\i& N. A. Review, in \i\s translation of the "Coplas de Manrique " (1833)^ and in his "Outre-Mer" (1835), he endeavored to cultivate a taste here for European litera- ture. He pub. " Hyperion," an exquisite prose romance, and " Voices of the Night," in 1839; "Ballads and other Poems," 1841; "Poems on Slavery," 1842; "The Spanish Student," 1843; "Poets and Poetry of Europe," 1845; "The Belfry of Bruges," 1846; "Evangeline," 1847; "I^vanagh,"a novel, 1849; "Seaside and Fireside," 1850; " The Golden Legend," 1851 ; "The Song of Hiawatha," his most pop- ular work, 1855; "The Courtship of Miles Standish," 1858 ; "Tales of a Wayside Inn," 1863; "Flower de Luce," 1866; and " New- England Tragedies," 1868. Many of his other poems are scattered through numerous periodi- cals. " As a translator, he has succeeded ad- mirably in preserving the spirit of the originals, and as a poet he appeals to the universal affec- tions of humanity by thoughts and images de- rived from original perceptions of nature and life." His works have passed through many editions, both in this country and in Eng. He has been a fi-equcnt contrib. of occasional poe- try to the Atlantic Monthly. His translation of Dante (3 vols. 1867-70) is remarkable for fidel- ity to the original. No poet of the U.S. is so popular and well known in Eng. Mr. Longfellow's second wife was bumed to death in 1861. His son Ernest Wadsworth is an artist in Boston. Longfellow, Rev. Samuel, poet, bro. of II. W., b. Portland, June 18, 1819. H.U. 1839. Ord. at Fall River, Ms., Feb. 16, 1848, afterward settled at Brooklyn, N.Y. Pub., in conjunction with Rev. Samuel Johnson, " Hymns of the Spirit," a beautiful vol. of sa- cred poetry, and, withT. W. Higginson, " Tha- latta, a Book for the Seaside," 12mo, 1853; also author of "A Book of Hymns." IiOngfellow, Stephen, LL.D. (Bowd. Coll. 1828), lawyer and politician, b. Gorham, Me., 23 June, 1775 ; d. Aug. 2, 1849. H. U. 1798. His ancestor Wm. of Newbury, b. Hamp- shire, Eng., 1651, m. Ann Scwall in 1676, and was drowned at Auticosti 1690. Descended on the mother's side from John Aldcn the Pilgrim. Adm. to the bar in 1801 ; practised with suc- cess in Portland; delegate to the Hartford Conv. in 1814; M.C. 1823-5; pres. of the Me. Hist. Soc. in 1834. He compiled 16 vols, of Ms. jl.o:n- 561 LOO and 12 vols, of Me. Reports. Father of H. TV. the poet, and of Rev. Samuel. Longstreet, Augustus Baldwin, LL.D. (Y.C. 1841), educator and author, son of Wm., b. Augusta, Ga., Sept. 22, 1790; d. Oxford, Mpi., 9 Sept. 1870. Y.C. 1813. He studied law at Litchfield, Ct. ; was adm. to practise 1815; represented Greene Co., Ga., in the legisl. in 1821 ; in 1822 was made judge of the Supe- rior Court of Ockmulgee circuit. Declining re- election to the bench, he returned to the bar, and became especially disting. in criminal cases. An ardent State-rights man, his "Bob Short" articles exerted great influence in nullification times; and he established at that time the Au- gusta Sentinel. In 1838 he entered on the min- istry of the M. E. Church, and in 1839 con- tinued his ministrations in Augusta during a terrible epidemic Pres. of Emory Coll. in 1 839- 48; of C-'utenary Coll., La., for a short time; of Mpi. U. until 1856; and subsequently of S.C. Coll. A frequent contrib. to newspapers, magazines, and reviews. Among his best ef- forts arc his Inaug. at Emory Coll., his Bacca- laureate at S.C. Coll. (1858), and a sermon on Infidelity. He also pub. "Letters to Clergy- men of the Northern Meth. Church " on sla- very ; speech in the convention at Louisville, Ky., for organizing the South. Meth. Church; "Letters from Ga. to Ms. ; " and an able review of the decision of the Supreme Court in the case of McCullough vs. the State of Md. As a humorous ^vriter, he is also disting. for his " Georgia Scenes," and " Master Wm. Mitten," a novel ; and has contrib. to the Magnolia Mag- azine, the Southern Lit. Messenger, the Meth. Quarterly, and the Nineteenth Century. Longstreet, Gen. James, b. Ala. 1820. West Point, 1842. Entering the 4th Inf., he became 1st lieut. 8th Inf. 23 Feb. 1847 ; was adj. in 1847-9; brev. capt. for Contreras and ChurL.busco 20 Aug. 1847, and major for Mo- lino del Rey 8 Sept. ; and was disting. and se- verely wounded at Chapultepec ; capfe. 7 Dec. 1852; paym. (rank of major) 19 July, 1858; and resigned 1 June, 1861. Made brij|.-gen. Confed. army 1 Oct. 1861, having previously com the 4th brigade of Beauregard's 1st corps at Bull Run 21 July; made maj.-gen 17 June, 1862; lieut.-gen. 8 May, 1864; and was dis- ting. in all of Lee's campaigns. He was in the battles of the Peninsular campaign and that against Pope ; com. the right wing at Antie- tam, and the left at Fredericksburg, 13 Dec. 1862 ; com. the 1st corps at Chancellorsville, at Gettysburg, at Chickamauga, 1 9-20 Sept. 1 863 ; in the exped. against Knoxville in Nov. 1 863 ; rejoined Lee in Mar. 1864 ; disting. and dan- gerously wounded in the battles of the Wilder- ness, 6 May, 1864 ; went to the aid of Early in the Shenandoah Valley ; participated in the battles and operations of Lee's army in Va. in 1864-5; and surrendered with Lee in April, 1865. He was regarded as Lee's right hand, and was called by the soMiers " Uncle Peter." Longstreet, William, inventor, b. N. J. ab. 1760; d. Ga. 1814. He removed to Ga. ; and ab. 1790 constructed a small model steam- boat which made 5 miles per hour against the stream on the Savannah River. He next in- vented the "breast roller," moved by horse- power, entirely superseding the former method of ginning cotton, two of which he set up in Augusta, which were propelled by steam, and worked admirably. They were, however, soon destroyed by fire. He next erected steam-mills near St. Mary's, Ga., which were destroyed by the British in an invasion in the war of 1812. These disasters impoverished and discouraged him, but did not destroy his belief that steam would soon supersede all other motive-powera. Longueuil (deh-lon'-gul), Paul Joseph DE, b. Canada; d. Tours, France, May 12, 1778. Son of Charles Le Moine, and bro. of Charles, second baron of Longueuil. Capt. in the troops of the marine ; com. of Detroit 1747 ; lieut.-gov. of Three Rivers, and subse- quently of Quebec. He m. in Canada after 1763; and fought against the Americans in 1 775. — 0' Callaghan. Longworth, Nicholas, wine manufac- turer, I). Newark, N. J., Jan. 16, 1782; d. Cin- cinnati, Feb. 10, 1863. In his youth he was a clerk in the store of an elder bro. in S.C. At the age of 21 he migrated to Cincinnati, then just settled ; studied law under Jacob Burnet, and, foreseeing the future growth of the place, out of his professional earnings purchased con- siderable tracts of land, long since covered by the rapidly-increasing city. Retiring after 25 years' practice from the bar, he devoted him- self to the culture of the grape, with a view to wine manuf., but was unsuccessful until he tried the species indigenous to our soil. His Catawba and Isabella wines attained a high market-value. He had 200 acres of vineyards. He was also favorably known as a horticulturist by his experiments on the sexual character of the strawberry. He was kindly, but eccentric, giving much to those whom he called " The Devil's Poor," — the vagabonds and estrays of social life. At his death, his property was estimated at nearly 15 million dollars. He pub. "Buchanan's Treatise on the Grape, with an Appendix on Strawberry-Culture by N. L." Svo, 1852, rev. ed. 1856. Looker, Othniel, acting gov. of 0. 1814, b. on L.I., N.Y., Oct. 4, 1757; d. Palestine, 111., 5 Apr. 1845. He began life as a weaver's apprentice, but by his own exertions obtained a liberal education ; served 5 years in the Revol. army, and in both branches of the legisl. of N.Y. In 1804 he removed to Hamilton Co., 0., and soon after was elected to the State senate, where he continued by re-election for many years. In 1814 he became gov. by virtue of his oflSce as speaker of the senate, in place of Gov. R. J. Meigs ; seven years assoc. judge C.CP. Loomis, Elias.LL.D, (U. of N.Y. 1854), physicist, b. Tolland Co., Ct., Aug. 1811. Y.C. 1830. Tutor there 1836-9. He was the first American who saw Halley's comet at its return in Aug. 1835, of which he pub. an account in \\\Q Jour, of Science. After a visit to Europe in 1836-7J he became prof, of nat. philos. in the W. Reserve Coll., 0. ; from 1844 to 1859 held the same chair in the U. of N.Y. ; and succeeded Prof. Olmstead in the same chair at Y C. 1860, which he now holds. Between 1845 and 1849 he was employed, under tlie direction of the supt. of the coast-survey, in determining X.OO 562 LOR the difference of longitude between N.Y. and other cities by means of the electric telegraph. The velocity of the electric current was thus first determined. He has pub. Elements of Algebra, of Geometry and Conic Sections, of Analytical Geometry, and of Differential and Integral Calculus, " Trigonometry and Tables," " Introduction to Practical Astron- omy," " Recent Progress of Astronomy," a treatise on Meteorology, on Arithmetic, and " Elements of Natural Philosophy." He has contrib. a large number of papers on astronomy, magnetism, meteorology, &c., to the Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. and to the Jour, of Science; one on storms to the Smiths. Contribs. ; and astron. papers to Gould's Astron. Journal, and to the Trans, of the Amer. Asso. for the Advance- ment of Science. His son Francis English, Ph. D.(18G6), Y.C. 1864, is prof, of physics at Cornell U. University. LoODlis, GusTAvus, brevet brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. Vt. West Point, 1811. Lieut, of art. Mar. I, 1811 ; capt. 7 Apr. 1819; maj. 2d Inf. July 17, 1838 ; lieut.-col. 6th Inf. Sept. 22, 1840; col. 5th Inf. Mar. 9, 1851 ; brev. brig.- gen. Mar. 13, 1865; retired June I, 1863. At the capture of Ft. George, U.C.,27 May, 1813; was captured at Fort Niagara, 19 Dec. 1813 ; and was at the battle of Okeechobee, Fla., 25 Dec. 1837. Loomis, Rev. Justin R., L.L.D., prof, of chemistry and geology at Lewisburg U., Pa. ; pres. since 1859; b. Bennington, N.Y., 1810. Author of "Elements of Geology," 1852; " Anatomy and Physiology," 1853. Lopez, Don Francisco Solano, dictator of Paraguay, b. Asuncion, Paraguay, 24 July, 1831 ; killed in battle, I Mar. 1870. Educated in Europe. Minister to France 1853-62, nego- tiating treaties with Eng., France, and Sardinia. Assumed the presidency on the death of his father Carlos Antonio, 10 Sept. 1862. He declared war against Brazil in Dec. 1864, and com. his army in person with varying success, prolonging the contest until his resources were exhausted, and his country ruined. His defence of Humaita was desperate and brilliant; and he contested the ground inch by inch against overwhelming numbers. — See Washburne's Paraguay. Lopez, Narciso, Cuban revolutionist, b. Venezuela, 1799; garrotted at Havana, Sept. 20, 1851. His father conducted a commercial house at Caracas, a branch of which, at Va- lencia in the interior, was placed under the charge of Narciso, when quite young. During the troubles of 1814, he sided with, the popular party, but enlisted in the Spanish army, in which he was a col., in 1 822. After the Spanish evacuated Venezuela, Lopez went to Cuba, where he established himself, soon making him- self cons])icuous by his advocacy of liberal prin- ciples. During the first Cnrlist troubles, he was in Madrid on private business, and, joining the royalist party, was honored by the queen, but threw up his offices, including that of senator for Seville, after the refusal of the Cortes to admit the representatives of Cuba. On his return, he was employed by Gov.-Gen. Valdes in various capacities ; also turned his atten- tion to the exploration of copper mines. In 1849 Lopez came to the U.S., and organized the force which made the attempt at an invasion known as the Round Island exped. In Aug. 1851 he again landed in Cuba at Bahia Honda, but after a brief contest was captured and exe- cuted. Loras, Mathias, D.D., R.C. bishop of Dubuque, consec. July 28, 1837 ; d. Feb. 19, 1858. Lord, Benjamin, D.D. (Y.C. 1774), min- ister of Norwich, Ct., from Oct. 1717, to his d. in Apr. 1784, a. 90. Y.C. 1714. Tutor there 1715-16. He pub. a Half-Century Discourse Nov. 29, 1767, and some sermons. — Spraque. Lord, Daniel, LL.D. (Y.C. 1846),anemi. nent lawver of N.Y. City, b. Stonington, Ct., Dec. 179'4; d. N.Y. City, March 4, 1868. Y.C. 1814. He studied law at Litchfield ; was admitted to the bar in 1817 ; became thorough- ly versed in commercial law ; and acquired a very large practice and great wealth. He was employed in most of the cases involving large moneyed interests for a period of 50 years. Lord, Eleaz VR, LL.D. (U. of N.Y. 1866), author and philanthropist, b. Franklin, Ct., 9 Sept. 1788; d. Piermont, N.Y, 3 June, 1871. Received the hon. degree of A.M. from Dartm. in 1821, and from Wms. Coll. in 1827. Rufus, Thomas, and David N., well-known merchants of N.Y., were his bros. He studied at Ando- ver ; removed to N.Y. in 1809; pub. a pam- phlet which led to the formation of the Amer. and other educational societies ; entered the ministry in 1812, and, after 2 years of occasion- al preaching, was compelled by weakness of the eyes to abandon professional study. To- wards the end of 1815, he took the lead in found- ing the N.Y. S.S. Union Soc, of which he was corresp. sec. in 1818-26, and pres in 1826-36 ; also assisting in the formation of the Home and Foreign Missionary, and other philanthropic societies. In 1817-18 he was in Europe, where he enjoyed the acquaintance of many (listing. men. After his return, he engaged in banking in N. Y. City ; advocated the protection of Amer. manufactures, and induced Henry Clay to investigate the subject more fully than he had done, and to avow himself in opposition to free-trade. Founder of the Manhattan Ins. Co., and its pres. in 1821-34; he introduced important changes in the whole system of in- surance. Prominent, also, in establishing the Eric Railroad, and its pres. from its organiza- tion until 1845, managing its affairs with scru- pulous fidelity. In his "Principles of Curren- cy and Banking," 1829, 3d ed. 1835, he rec- ommended the system adopted in 1838 in N.Y., and afterward in several other States, known as the " free-banking system." He also assist- ed in founding the theol. seminaries at Au- burn and at E. Windsor, and in establishing the U. of N.Y., of which he was for many years a trustee. Removing to Piermont in 1836, he devoted himself to the composition of theol. works, among which are, " Geology and Scriptural Cosmogony," 1843 ; " The Epoch of Creation," 1851 ; "The Messiah in Moses and the Prophets," 1853 ; " Symbolic Prophecy," 1854 ; " Plenary Insp. of the Holy Scriptures," 1857 ; " The Prophetic office of Christ," 1858; "Analysis of the Book of r.oR 663 LOS Isaiah," 1861, &c. In 1861 he pub. a " Letter on National Currency," addressed to the sec. of the treas., recommending the estab- lishmentof a free-banking system ; and in 1865 articles on the currency in the Internal Revenue Recorder. He edited Lempriere's " Biograph- ical Dictionary," adding selections from Watkins, and some 800 original articles of Amer. biog., mostly prepared for the press by his bro. David N., and pub. 2 vols. 8vo, N.Y., 1825. He was an accomplished scholar, an upright and liberal man, and a successful pro- jector of comprehensive schemes for the public good. Lord, Natha-n, D.D., LL.D., clergyman, b. S. Berwick, Me., Nov. 28, 1793 ; d. Hanover, N.H., Sept. 9, 1870. Bowd. Coll. 1809; And. Thcol. Sem. 1815. Two years an assist, at Phillips Exeter Acad. ; ord. pastor of the Cong, church, Amherst, N.H., May 22, 1816; and from Oct. 29, 1828, to July, 1863, was pres. of Dartm. Coll. Dr. Lord had a high reputation as a pulpit orator ; in theology he was of the school of Edwards, Hopkins, and Bellamy, and inclined to a literal interpretation of the proph- ecies. As a college president he possessed the qualifications of superior scholarship, great ex- ecutive ability, remarkable firmness of charac- ter and devotion to principle, unwearied appli- cation to labor, equanimity of temper, and a winning address. During his pres. 1,824 pu- pils were grad. He has contrib. to theol. re- views, and pub. numerous sermons, as well as essays on theol. and ethical topics ; among them are a " Letter to Rev. Daniel Dana, D.D., on Prof. Park's Theology of N. Eng.," 1852; Inaug. Address at Hanover, 29 Oct. 1828; an essay on the "Millennium;" and two " Letters to Ministers of the Gospel of all Denominations on Slavery," 1854-5, in which he endeavored to prove from the Bible the lawfulness of slavery. His views of slavery called forth severe criticism and bitter denun- ciation. He also edited (l2mo, 1850) a selec- tion Irom the sermons of his son John King, minister at Cincinnati, who d. there 13 July, 1849, a. 30. Lord, William W., rector of an Episc. church, Vicksburg, Mpi., b. Western N.Y. ab. 1818. Author of poems, N.Y. , 12mo, 1845; " Christ in Hades," an epic poem, 12mo, 1851 ; "Andre'," a tragedy, N.Y. 1856. Loring, Charles Greeley, LL.D. (II.U. 1850), lawyer, b. Boston, May 2, 1794; d. Beverly, Oct. 8, 1867. H.U. 1812. Long a recognized leader of the Boston bar ; actuary Ms. Hosp. Life Ins. Co. from 1857 to his d. ; member Amer. Acad. Arts and Sciences, and of the Ms. Hist. Soc. He delivered the 4th of July oration before the town authorities of Boston in 1821, and an address, Feb. 26, 1845, before the Mercantile Library Association ; author of "Memoir of Hon. Wm. Sturgis," 1864; and "Neutral Relations of Eng. and the U.S.," 1863. Loring, Ellis Gray, lawyer and philan- thropist; d. Boston, May 24, 1858, a. 52. He early connected himself with the antislavery movement, and disting. himself by his legal ability in the celebrated case of the slave-girl Med. in the Ms. Supreme Court. Loring, Israel, author and clergyman, b. Hull, Apr. 6, 1682; d. March 9, 1772. H.U. 1701. Ord. pastor of the church in Sud- bury, Nov. 20, 1706. Mr. Loring was one of the readiest writers of his day, and pub. a number of occasional sermons. He was an ardent temperance-reformer, and was often called out on great occasions. — N. E. H. and Gen. Reg., vii. 328. Loring, James Spear, b. Boston, 6 Aug. 1799. Resides in Brooklyn, N.Y. ; 30 years a bookseller in Boston ; and a contrib. of histor- ical and biographical articles to the " A^. E. H. and G. Reg. ; " author of " The Hundred Bos- ton Orators," 8vo, Boston, 1852. James his father, 55 years a printer and bookseller of Boston, b. Hull, Ms., 22 July, 1770, d. 9 July, 1850. He ed. the Christ. [Vatchman, and pub. the Ms. State Register 1800-48. His an- cestor Deacon Thomas came from Dover, Eng., to Hingham, 22 Dec. 1634. Loring, Joshua, capt. British navy, b. Ms.; d. Highgate, Eng., 1781. Made capt. R.N. Dec. 19, 1757; com. in the naval opera- tions on Lakes George and Champlain in 1759, and on Lake Ontario in 1760, in which year he accomp. Amherst to Montreal. His son, Joshua, jun., app. high sherifFof Ms. in 1768, was afterward town-maj. ; left Boston with the British troops in March, 1776. The estates, at Jamaica Plain, of Joshua Loring, manda- mus counsellor, were confiscated by the State of Ms. in 1779. Sir John Wentworth Loring, his son, was b. 13 Oct. 1775 : another son, Henry Lloyd, d. archdeacon of Calcutta in 1832. Joseph, son of Capt. Joshua, b, N.Y. 1744, commiss. of prisoners British armv in Amer. 1777-83, d. Englefield, Eng., Aug. "1789. Loring, William W., gen. C.S.A., b.N.C. ab. 1815. App. lieut. com. adetachmentof vols, in Florida war (1835-42) ; capt. mounted rifles. May 27, 1846; maj. Feb. 16, 1847; com. his regt. in the battles in Mexico ; brev. lieut.-col. for battles of Con treras and Churubusco, Aug. 20,1 847; brev.col. for battle of Chapultepec, Sept. 13, 1847; severely wounded at assault on De Belen Gate, losing an arm; lieut.-col. Mar. 15, 1848; col. Dec. 30, 1856; com. Gila exped., and disting. in conflict with MogoUan Indians, N. Mexico, May 24, 1857; resigned May 13, 1861 ; app. a brig. -gen. Confed.army, and subsequently maj. -gen. In Sept. 1862 he com. the forces in Western Va., but was recalled a month later; com. a division of Johnston's army in the opera- tions around Vicksburg in 1863; and at the battle of Champion Hills com. the right of Pemberton's army; afterward joined Bragg at Chattanooga. Lorini, Virginia (Whiting), primadon- na, b. Boston; d. Santiago de Cuba, Feb. 28, 1865. Her father was a popular comedian, formerly of New York. She was m. to Sig. Lorini by whom she left several children. Losada (lo-sa'-da), DiEGO.a Spanish officer who conquered the native tribes of Venezuela, and founded Santiago de Leon ; d. 1569. Loskiel, George Henry, a Moravian bishop, b. Courland, Nov. 7, 1740; d. Feb. 23, 1814. Ord. deacon May 22. 1768; presb. Mar. 19, 1775; bishop at Hernhutt, March 14, 1802. la 1802 he was sent to America as .the supt. of LOS 564 LO^r the Moravian churches, and pastor of the church at Bethlehem. Author of a" Historyof the Mis- sion of the United Brethren among the Indians in N.A.," Lond. 1794, 8vo, and also of a devo- tional manual entitled " Etivasfuerz Herz." Lossing, Benson John, author and artist, b. Beekman, N.Y., Feb. 12, 1813. A.M. of Ham. coll. 18.56. Educated at a dist. school, and in 1826 was apprenticed to a watchmaker in Pouj^hkeepsie, subsequently becoming a part- ner. Relinquishing this business in the autumn of 1835, he became joint owner and editor of the Poughkeepsie Tele;/raph, and also pub. the Casket, a semi-monthly journal, in 1836-41. He next studied drawing ; and in 1838 settled in N.Y. City as an engraver on wood, and at the same time edited and illustrated the Famihj Magazine. He pub. "An Outline History of the Fine Arts" in 1841; " 1776," illus- trated, 1852; in 1848 "Lives of the Signers; " and in 1848-9 edited the Young People's Mir- ror. His " Pictorial Field-Book of the Revo- lution" (1850-2), 2 vols. 8vo, is a work of great value; the author having visited and sketched every important battle-field of the Revolution. Among his other works is an illustrated " History of the U. S.," 1854-6; " Our Countrymen, or Brief Memoirs of Emi- nent Americans," 1855-7; " Primary History of the U.S.," 1857; "Mount Vernon and its Associations," 1869; "Life and Times of Phi- lip Schuyler," 2 v. 1860-2; " Life of Washing- ton," 3 vols. 8vo; "Lives of the Presidents of the U.S.;" "The New World;" "The Ohio Book;" "The Cenotaph," 1855; "Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812," 8vo, 1868; an ed. of " The Old FariH and the New Farm," by Hopkinson, with introd. notes and illusts. 1857 ; " History ofthe Rebellion," 3 vols. 1866- 8 ; " Vassar Coll. and its Founder," 1867. He has been a frequent contrib. to the periodical literature of the day ; has furnished for Harper's Magazine a series of illustrated articles on American Biography ; and a series of articles to the Lond. Art Journal, entitled " The Hud- son from the Wilderness to the Sea," illustrat- ed with his own drawings. Jan. 1, 1872, The Amer. Hist. Record, a monthly hist, magazine, to be edited by him is announced to appear. He resides at Dover, N.Y. Lothrop, Samuel KiRKLAND, D.D. (H. U. 1852), b. Utica, N.Y., Oct. 13, 1804. H.U. 1825. Ord. Dover, N.H., Feb. 18, 1829; inst. pastor Brattle-street Church, Boston, June 18, 1834. Author of Life of Samuel Kirkland, in Sparks's "Amer. Biog." 2d ser. vol. 15 ; " Hist. Brattle-st. Church," 12mo, Bost. 1851 ; "Pro- ceedings of an Eccl. Council," in the case of Rev. John Pierpont, 1841 ; and occas. sermons and addresses, Loudon, John Campbell, 4th earl, b. 1705; d. 27 Apr. 1782. Succeeded his father Hugh in Nov. 1731. In July, 1756, he arrived in Va. with the app. of gov. and also a commiss. as com.-in-chief of the British forces in Amer. Dinwiddle, however, took charge of Va. affiiirs ; and Loudon, who was inefficient, returned to Eng. in 1757; was made lieut.-gen. iu 1758; gen. in 1770. Loutre, Louis Joseph de la, a French missionary, sent to Canada in 1737 by the Society of Foreign Missions, and headed the Acadiansand Micmacs in an attack on Annap- olis in 1744. He resided near Messagouche, now Fort Lawrence, N.S. The English offered a reward for him in 1745. Revisiting France, he was intrusted with a large sum of money for the improvement of his mission ; and on his return was app. vicar-gen. of Acadia. After ruining the neutral French by his unwise coun- sels, he abandoned them in the hour of their dis- tress, fled in disguise before the surrender of Fort Beausejour, and, arriving at Quebec, was bit- terly reproached by the bishop, and embarked for France, Aug. 1757. On the passage he fell into the hands of the British, and was confined 8 years in the Island of Jersey. — 0' Callaghan. Lovejoy, Elijah Parish, an antislavery editor, b. Albion, Me., Nov. 9, 1802; murdered by a mob at Alton, 111., Nov. 7, 1837. Waterv. Coll. 1826. Daniel his father was a Presb, preacher. Elijah, in 1827, established a school in St. Louis, and in 1829 became editor of a political journal, but in 1832 studied theol. at Princeton, N.J. ; ord. by the Phila. presb. in 1833 ; he began to pub. the St. Louis Observer, in which he attacked slavery ; and, in conse- quence, his office was mobbed in July, 1836. Re-establishing his paper at Alton, his press was again destroyed in Aug. 1837 ; he procured another, which was destroyed in Sept., and a third, which Lovejoy and his friends armed themselves to defend. Attacked by a mob on the night of Nov, 7, Lovejoy shot one of his assailants, and was himself shot dead. A Me- moir was pub. in New York in 1838 by his bros., Jo.seph C. and Owen, with an Introduc- tion by John Quincy Adams. — See Poets and Poetrg of the West, for specimens of his Verse. Lovejoy, Owex, antislavery orator and politician, b. Albion, Me., Jan. 6, 1811 ; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., March 25, 1864. lie worked on his father's farm until 18, and, after leaving Bowd Coll., emigrated to Alton, 111., where his bio. edited an antislavery paper. He was present when Elijah was murdered, and from that day devoted himself to the overthrow of slavery. He soon after entered the ministry, and was pastor of a Cong, church in Princeton, 111. (1838-54). In spite of the law forbidding them, he held antislavery meetings at various points, and was often arrested and fined. He was in the legisl. in 1854, and M.C. from 1856 till his death. Lovelace, Col. Francis, gov. of N.Y. 1668- July 30, 1673, second son of Richard, Baron L. of Hurley, Berks Co., Eng. Col. L. administered the govt, to the satisfaction of all. He was active in settling Ulster Co., where he laid out the town of Hurley. His grandson, the 4th lord L., d. gov. of N.Y. May 12, 1709. — 0' Callaghan. Lovoll,CHARLEsS.,hrev.brig.-gen.U.S.A., b. JMs. ; d. Louisville, Kv., Jan. 3, 1871. Private 2d U.S. Art. Jan. 1831 ; 2d lieut. 6th Inf. Oct. 13, 1837; capt. June 18, 1846, and engaged at the battles of Churubusco, Molino del Rey, Chapultepec, and city of Mexico; maj. 10th Inf. May 14, 1861 ; in the Peninsular campaign Mar. to June, 1862; com. brigade at battles of Malvern Hill, Gaines's Mill, second Bull Run, Antietam, and Fredericksburg, earn- JL.OV 565 lL,O^W ingr brevets of lieut.-col., col., and brig.-gcn. U.S.A.; lieut.-ool. 18th Inf. Jan. 21, 1863; col. 14th Inf. Feb. 16, 1865 ; retired Dec. 1870. Lovell, James, patriot of the Revol., b. Bost., Oct. 31, 1737 ; d. Windham, Me., July 14, 1814. H.U. 1 756. Son of " Master Lovell." Usher of the Latin School 1757-75, and was also master of the North Grammar, now the Eliot School. He delivered April 2, 1771, the oration before the town authorities on the Boston Massacre ; was imprisoned by Gage immediately after the battle of Bunker's Hill; was conveyed to Halifax with the British army, and kept in close confinement until exchanged for Gov. Skene in Nov. 1776. Member Cont. Congress Dec. 1 776-82 ; receiver of taxes 1784- 8; coll. of the port of Boston 1788-9; and naval officer 1790-1814. He pub. some tracts. His son Maj. James, b. July 9, 1758, d. St. Mathews, S.C, July 10, 1850 (H.U. 1776), was adj. in H. Jackson's Ms. regt. 1776-9; afterwards adj. of Lee's Legion ; and present in many battles of the Revol., from Lexington to Eutaw. — Loriiiy's Boston Orators. Lovell, John, schoolmaster, b. Boston, June 16, 1710; d. Halifax 1778. H.U. 1728. He entered the Latin School 1717; became usher 1729; and was principal from 1734 until Apr. 19, 1775, when the school'was dispersed by the siege of the town. Being a zealous loyalist, he embarked with the British troops for Halifax, March 14, 1776. He was an ex- cellent classical scholar, and, thongh a rigid disciplinarian, was a humorous and agreeable companion. He delivered the first pub. address inFaneuil Hall, Mar. 14, 1743, on the death of thedonor, dedicating it " to the interests of truth, of justice, of loyalty, of honor, of liberty." His portrait, by Smibert, is in the gallery of paint- ings at H.U. He wrote some political, poetical, and theological pieces, and contrib. to the Pietaset Gratulatio, 1761. Lovell, Joseph, M.D., surgeon-gen. of the U.S.A., b. Boston, Dec. 22,1788; d. Washing- ton, D.C., Oct. 17, 1836. H.U. 1807. Son of the patriot James Lovell. App. Apr. 1812, surgeon of the 9th Inf., served on the Niagara frontier, and was there hospital surgeon. In Sept. 1818 he was placed at the head of the med. dept. of the service. Sept. 1817, he m. E. Mansfield. Lovell, Mansfield, gen. C.S.A., son of the preceding, b. D.C. about 1822. West Point, 1842. Entering the 4th Art., he be- came 1st lieut. Feb. 16, 1847; served as aide to Gen. Quitman in the Mexican war ; was brev. capt. for gallantry at Chapul tepee, where he was wounded ; was wounded again at the Belen Gate, and resigned Dec. 18, 1854, with his friend G. W. Smith (afterward a Confed. gen.), in order to join Gen. Quitman's projected Cuban exped. Smith and Lovell, who were to have held important commands in the Cuban army, were employed, after the failure of that project, in connection with Messrs. Cooper and Hewitt's iron-works, Trenton, N.J. In 1858 Smith was made street-commissioner of New York, and Lovell became his deputy. He was at the same time captain of an art. coni- Eany known as the City Guard. Early in 1861 e was made a brig.-gen., then a maj.-gen.j Oct. 9, 1861, was given the com. at New Or- leans, where he remained until driven out by the Union forces under Admiral Farragut and Gen. Butler in the following April ; in May, 1862, he joined Beauregard at Corinth; suc- ceeded to the com. of Polk's Corps, 14 June, and repulsed Sherman at Kenesaw 27 June, 1864. Lovewell, Capt. John, b. Dunstable, N.H. ; d. May 8, 1725. Son of John, an ensign in Cromwell's army, who d. in Dun- stable, aged 120. John, at the head of a com- pany of vols., led several successful expeds. against the Indians in 1724-5, but May 8, 1725, encountered a party of them under the celebrated Paugus, and was killed at the first fire. A long and mournful ballad commemo- rates this event. His bro. Zaccheus, col. of a N.H. regt. in the French war (1758-63), b. 24 July, 1701, d. 12 Apr. 1772. — See Expeds. of Capt. L., ed. by F. Kidder, 1865. Low, Isaac, merchant of New York ; d. Eng. 1791. At first a prominent Whig, but afterwards a loyalist refugee ; was a member of the first Cont. Congress; an active mem- ber of the com. of corresp. ; member of the N.Y. Prov. Congress of 1775, but was arrested in 1776 on suspicion of holding corresp. with the enemy. In 1782 he was pres. of the N.Y. Chamber of Commerce. He was attainted, his property was confiscated, and he went to Eng. His son Isaac became a commiss. gen. in the British army. — Sabine. Lowe, Col. John Williamson, b. New Brunswick, N. J., Nov. 15, 1809; killed at Carnifex Ferry, Va., Sept. 10, 1861. During the Mexican war he com. the 4th Ohio regt. When the civil war began he was practising law at Xenia, 0., but took com. of the 12th O. regt., and in Cox's brigade operated on the Kanawha Ri\'er, fighting the battle which cleared the Kanawha Valley of Confed. sol- diers. Low, Samuel, poet, b. Dec. 12, 1765. Pub. at New York, in 1800, 2 vols, of poems, containing an ode and other verses on Wash- ington, patriotic and social pieces, and a de- scriptive poem of some length on winter. — DayckincJc. Lowell, Mrs. Anna C, b. Boston. Has pub. " Theory of Teaching," 1841 ; " Edward's First Lessons in Grammar," 1843 ; " Gleanings from the Poets," 1843 ; " Edward's First Les- sons in Geometry," 1844; "Olympic Games," 1845 ; " Outlines of Astronomy," 1850 ; " Let- ters to Madame Pulksky," 1852; " Thoughts on the Education of Girls," 1853; "Seed- Grain for Thought and Discussion," 2 vols., 1856. Lowell, Charles, D.D. (H.U. 1823), clergvman, son of Judge John, b. Boston, Aug." 15, 1782 ; d. Cambridge, Jan. 20, 1861. H.U. 1800. His ancestor, Percival of Bristol, Eng., settled in Newbury, Ms., in 1639, d. there 1665. His early education was received at Medford and at Andover Acad. He began to study law in Boston, but soon turned his attention to theology. In 1802 he visited Europe; studied two years at Edinburgh, and returned to the U.S. in 1805. Jan. 1, 1806, he was settled as minister of the West (Cong.) liOT^ 6m LOTV Church in Boston, where he continued till his death. In 1837-40 he travelled extensively in Europe and the East. He pub. 2 vols, of sermons (Boston, 1855), besides many occa- sional discourses. Father of J. R. and R. T. S. Lowell. Lowell, Brig.-Gen. Charles Russell, b. Boston, Jan. 2, 1835 ; d. near Middletown, Va., Oct. 20, 1864. of wounds in the battle of Cedar Creek. H.U. 1854. Grandson of Rev. Charles. He was employed some time in steel and iron works, and on the Burlington and Mo. River Railroad, and in the spring of 1861 was superintending iron-works in the Cumber- land Valley, Md. When the Rebellion broke out, he was one of the first to oifer his services. Capt. 6th Cav. May 14, 1861 ; served on the staff of Gen. McClellan, until in Nov. 1862, he organized the 2d Ms. Cav., and was made its col. Apr. 15, 1863. He saw much service in Va., much of the time having a brigade of cav. under him ; and was actively engaged in pursuing Mosby's Guerillas. Made brig. gen. Oct. 19, 1864, on Gen. Sheridan's recommen- dation, for services in the Shenandoah Valley. He was a man of much culture and soldierly capacity. James Jackson, a younger bro., d. near Richmond, Va , July 4, 1862, of a wound at Glendale. H.tf. 1858. Lowell, Francis Cabot, merchant, son of Judge John, b. Newburyport, Apr. 7, 1775 ; d. Boston, Aug. 10, 1817. H.U. 1793. In- fluential in introducing the cotton manuf. into the U.S., by the establishment at Waltham, Ms., and by procuring the protective clause in the tariff act. The city of Lowell was named for him. Lowell, James Russell, poet, son of Rev. Charles, b. Cambridge, Ms., Feb. 22, 1819. H.U. 1838; Camb. Law School, 1840. Adin. to the bar in 1840, and opened an of- fice in Boston, but soon devoted himself en- tirely to literature. In 1841 he pub. a vol. of poems entitled " A Year's Life." In 1843, in conjunction with Robert Carter, he pub. 3 nos. of The Pioneer, a literary and critical maga- zine. He pub. another vol. of " Poems " in 1844 ; in 1845 a vol. of prose entitled " Con- versations on some of the Old Poets : " a sec- ond series of his poems in 1848 obtained great popularity among the opponents of slavery. He also pub. in 1848 "The Vision of Sir Launfal," a poem, and "The Biglow Papers," a witty and humorous political satire. In 1848 also appeared anonymously "A Fable for Critics," an ingenious rhymed essay upon the principal living American authors. Be- tween July, 1851, and Dec. 1852, Mr. Low- ell was travelling in Europe, In the winter of 1854-5 he delivered at the Lowell Institute a course of lectures on the British Poets. After a year, chiefly passed in study at Dresden, he returned home in Aug. 1855, and succeeded Mr. Longfellow as prof, of modern languages and belles-lettres at H.U. Mr. Lowell has written much for the N.A. Review, Putnam's Monthly, the London Daily News, the National Anti- slavery Standard, and other periodicals ; and in 1857-62 edited the Atlantic Monthly. Several editions of his poems have appeared in Eng. He has also pub. "Fireside Travels," 1864; a new series of " The Biglow Papers ; " and in 1863, in connection with Charles E. Norton, undertook the editorship of the N. Amer. He- view. " The Cathedral," a poem, appeared in the Atlantic in 1869 ; " Under the Willows and Other Poems," 1869; and in 1870 "Among my Books ; " and "My Study Windows." His wife, Maria (White), poetess, b. Watertown, Ms., July 8, 1821, d. Cambridge, Oct. 27, 18.53. A vol. of her poems was privately printed in Cambridge, 1855. Lowell, John, LL.D. (H.U. 1792), jurist a.nd statesman, b. Newbury, Ms., June 17, 1743 ; d. Roxbury, Ms., May 6, 1802. H.U. 1760. Son of Rev. John, minister of New- buryport in 1726-67. Adm. to the bar in 1762, he soon became eminent, and removed to Boston in 1777. In 1776 he was a member of the legisl. and an officer of militia ; member of the legisl. from Boston in 1778; delegate to the State Const. Conv. in 1780; member of the Old Congress 1782-3; a commiss. to establish the boundary-line between Ms. and N.Y. in 1784 ; judge of the Court of Appeals in 1783-9; of the U.S. Dist. Court, for Ms. in 1789-1801; and in 1801 chief justice of the Circuit Court for Me., N.H., Ms., and R.I. ; member of the com. by which the constitution of Ms. was draughted, and inserted in the " Bill of Rights " the clause declaring that "all men are born free and equal," for the avowed purpose of abolishing slavery in Ms. At the bar he was the formidable rival and fre- quent competitor of Tlieophilus Parsons. He was active in establishing the Acad, of Arts and Sciences, before which he delivered an ora- tion on the death of Pres. Bowdoin, Jan. 26, 1795, prefixed to the 2d vol. of its Memoirs. Author of an English poem (no. 3) in the Pie- tas et Gratidutio, 1761. Some of his Letters are in the Hist. Mag., vol. i. Lowell, John, LL.D. (H.U. 1814), law- yer and author, b. Newburyport, Ms., 6 Oct. 1769; d. Boston, 12 Mar. 1840. H.U. 1786. Son of Judge John. Adm. to the bar in 1789, and practised successfully until 1803, when he visited Europe. After his return he wrote, under a variety of signatures, upon politics, agriculture, theology, and other topics for the press, and pub. some 25 pamphlets. He at- tacked with great severity the supporters of the war of 1812, and exerted a great influence upon public opinion in Ms , but would never take office; a founder of the Ms. Gen. Hos- pital, the Boston Athenaeum, the Savings Bank, and the Hospital Life-Insurance Co., and many years pres. of the Ms. Agric. Soc. He possessed, said Mr. Everett, " colloquial powers of the highest order," and wielded "an accurate, elegant, and logical pen." Lowell, John, Jun., founder of the Low- ell Institute at Boston, b. there May 11, 1799; d Bombay, March 4, 1836. Son of Francis Cabot. Educated at the High School of Edin- burgh, and at H.U. until in 1815 his poor health compelled him to make a tour abroad. He spent a few years in commercial pursuits ; but in 1831, having inherited a fortune, he was able to indulge his strong passion for trav- elling. He was a superior scholar, and pos- sessed one of the best private libraries in Amer- LCW 667 TL.UO ica. He bequeathed ab. $250,000 to main- tain forever in his native city annual courses of free lectures on natural and revealed re- li;,^ion, physics and chemistry, with their ap- plication to the arts, botany, zo61o;ry, geology, and mineralogy, philology, literature, and elo- quence. This establishment, " The Lowell Institute," went into operation in the winter of 1839-40. Lowell, Robert Traill Spence, D.D. (Un. Coll. 1864), author, son of Rev, Charles, b. Boston, Oct. 9, 1816. H.U. 1833. His early education was received at Round Hill School, Northampton. In 1842 he was ord. a clergyman of the Church of Eng. by the bishop of Newfoundland and Bermuda, to whom he was chaplain, first at Bermuda, and then at Newfoundland, where he was for some years rector of Bay Roberts. He was afterward rec- tor of Christ Church, Newark, N.J. ; was subse- quently settled in Duanesburg, N.Y., and is now (1871) head master of St. Mark's School, Southl)orough, Ms. In 1858 he pub. at Bos- ton a novel of Newfoundland life and scenery, " The New Priest in Conception Bay," a new ed. of which, illustrated by Darley, app. in 1863; and in 1860 "Fresh Hearts that failed 3,000 Years ago, and other Poems." Lowndes, Rawlins, lawyer and states- man, b. British \V. Indies, 1722; d. Charles- ton, S.C, Aug. 24, 1800. He was educated in Charleston, where his parents settled when he was very young. He practised law with great success ; in 1766 was app. by the crown associate judge; in 1775 he was one of the com. of safety ; in 1776 he was one of a com. to draught a constitution for the province, and subsequently a member of the legislative coun- cil. Elected pres. of the province in 1778, he exerted himself energetically in its defence, but was unable to prevent thecapture of Charleston, and was himself for some time a prisoner. As a member of the S.C. legisl. he strenuously opposed the adoption of the Federal Constitu- tion, objecting to the restrictions which it im- posed upon the slave-trade, to the clause giving power to Congress to regulate commerce, and to the centralization of power in the Federal Govt. He closed one of his speeches against it thus : " I wish no other epitaph than this, * Here lies one who opposed the Federal Con- stitution, holding it to be fatal to the liberties of his country.' " Thomas his son, M. C. 1800-5, disting. for talent and eloquence in de- bate, b. Charleston, 1765, d. there July 8, 1843. Lowndes, William Jones, LL.D. (Col. Coll. 1822), son of Rawlins, statesman, b. Charleston, S.C, Feb. 7, 1782 ; d. at sea, Nov. 27, 1822. From his 7th till his 10th year he was educated in Eng., completing his prepara- tory studies under l5r. Gallaher; he was grad. at Charleston Coll.; studied law with Chancel- lor De Saussure, and was adm. to the bar in 1804, having previously m. Elizabeth, dau. of Gen. Thomas Pinckney. He was in the Gen- eral Assembly of S.C. from 1806 to 1810, and was M.C. in' 1810-22. He co-operated with the Republican party of his time; was a sup- porter of the war of 1812; a frequent speaker upon subjects of importance ; and was chair- man of the com. of ways and means from 1818 to 1822. Lowrey, George, Cherokee chief, b. on the Tenn. River, ab. 1770; d. Oct. 20, 1852. He was one of the delegates who visited Wash- ington in 1791 and at the treaty of 1819; a member of the conv. which framed the consti tution of the nation in 1827, and was elected assist, principal chief. He sustained various offices, and was an honest man and a pure pa- triot. He wrote a tract on temperance in Cher okee, and assisted in translating the Scriptures. Lowrie, Walter, statesman, b. Edinburgh, 10 Dec. 1784; d. N.Y.City, 14 Dec. 1868. In 1791 his parents settled in Armstrong Co., Pa. Walter acquired a good education ; for many years represented Butler Co. in the State le- gisl.; was U.S. senator 1819-25; sec. U.S. senate 1825-36 ; and 32 years sec. Presb. Board of Foreign Missions. Lowrie, Rev. Walter Macon, b. Butler, Pa., 18 Feb. 1819; d. Aug. 19, 1847. JefF. Coll. 1837. Son of Hon. Walter. He studied at Princet. Theol. Sem.; was ord. 9 Nov. 1841, and sailed to China to join the Presb. Mission there Jan. 19, 1842. He labored successfully at Macao and at Ningpo. He was thrown into the sea by pirates when ab. 12 miles' sail from Chapoo, in 1847. A Memoir by his father was pub. N.Y. 8vo, 1849. He was author of " Let- ters to Sabb. School Children ; " " The Land of Sinim," Phila., 18mo, 1846; "Sermons preached in China," 8vo, 1851 ; " Missions in Tonjee and Feejce," 12mo, 1852. — All ibone. Loyaute, Anne Philippe Dieudonne DE, a French artillery officer, b. Metz, 1750; d. ab. 1830. He served under his father in the art. in Germany and in Corsica. A capt. in 1776, he was sent with 50 field-pieces and 10,- 000 muskets to the state of Va. ; remained in this country, and served through the war as insp. gen. of art. and fortifications in Va. He attained the rank of lieut.-col., and served as engineer under Steuben in the trenches of YorktoAvn. During the revol. in France, he was a royalist, and suffered imprisonment and exile, but was suffered to remain in obscurity after the restoration, and d. in a state of com- plete destitution. Lucas, John B. C, D.C.L. (U. of Caen, 1782), politician and jurist, b. Normandy, ab. 1762; d. St. Louis, Sept. 1842. Son of the chief justiciar of N. He practised law two years, and in 1784 crossed the Atlantic, and located himself on a farm near Pittsburg, Pa. In 1792 he entered public life. Served in the legisl. of Pa. several years, and as judge of the C.C.P. in the district where he resided. M.C. 1803-5, and in 1805-20 was jud'ge of the U.S. Court in Upper La. He was also app. commiss. for the adjustment of Land Titles in Upper La. ; at the same time was app. judge, and continued a member of the board until its dissolution in 1812. His son, James H. Lucas, was a banker of St. Louis, and a prominent citizen. Lucas, Robert, statesman, b. Shepherds- town, Va., 1 Apr. 1781 ; d. Iowa City, 7 Feb. 1853. His father, a capt. in the Revol. army, was descended from William Penn. He removed to Ohio in 1800, where he rose to the rank of XJXTD 568 IAIN maj. -gen. of militia; app.capt. 19th U.S. Inf. 14 Mar. 1812; lieut.-col. 20 Feb. 1813; resigned 30 June, 1813; brig.-gen. of Ohio militia in defence of the frontier 1813 ; member Ohio legisl. 1814; pres, of the Deraoc. nat. convent, which in May, 1832, renominated Jackson for a second pres. terra ; gov. of Ohio 1832-6 ; first terr. gov. of Iowa 1838-41. Gov. L. was a prominent Mason ; a man of strong impulses, and strict integrity. — ^. T. Goodman's Ms. Memoir. Ludewig, Herman Ernst, author of " Literature of American Local History," b. Dresden, Saxony, Oct. 14, 1809 ; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., Dec. 12, 1856. He received a finished education in his native country ; came to NY. City in 1842, and practised law. His book, printed in 1846, was never pub., but was given away to friends and public institutions. A supplement was issued in 1848, relating entirely to the State of N.Y. A philological work by him, "Bibliotheca Glottica," was actually in press in London, and was announced to ap- pear Dec. 15, three days after the author's death. In 1854 he communicated to the Soci€l€ de G€o(jraphie of Paris an article entitled " De U [Iistoire des Aboriginies du Mexique" printed in the 9th vol. 4th series of its Bul- letins, i. 119. He contrib. to Naumann's "Serapeum" articles on American Libraries, " Aids to American Bibliography," and " The Book-Trade of the \J .S." — Hist. Mag. I 23. Ludlow, FiTz Hugh, magazine writer, son of Rev. Henry G. of Poughkeepsie, N. Y., b. 1837 ; d. Geneva, Switzerland, 13 Sept. 1870. He began his contribs. to N.Y. journals in 1855; afterwards wrote for Harper's Mag. a series of stories, collected under the title of "Little Brother;" pub. in 1857 the "Hash- eesh-Eater," and afterward " The Heart of the Continent" on a journey he had made across the plains, and " The Opium Habit." His health had been destroyed by the use of hasheesh and opium. Ludlow, Gabriel G., lovalist of N.Y. ; d. Oct. 4, 1808, a. 72. In 1782 he was col.- com. of De Lancy's 3d batt. ; went to New Brunswick at the peace; was mayor of St. John in 1785; was in 1792 judge of vice- admiralty ; a member of the council ; col. of militia; and in 1803, on the deposition of Gov. Carleton, was sworn in as com.-in-chief. — Sabine. Ludlow, George Duncan, jurist and loyalist of N.Y., bro. of the preceding ; d. Fredcrickton,N.B.,Feb. 12,1808. In Dec. 1769 he was app. one of the judges of the Supreme Court ; in 1780 he was app. master of the rolls, and supt. of police on Long Island. His large estates on L.I. were confiscated ; and he re- tired to New Brunswick in 1 783, where he was a member of the first council, and, as senior coun- sel, administered the govt. ; and was the first chief justice of the Supreme Court. — Sabine. Ludlow, John, D.D., LL.D., divine, b. Aquackanonk, N. J., Dec. 13, 1793; d. Phila. Sept. 8, 1857. Un. Coll. 1814. His grand- father Richard was an officer of the Revol. After studying law, he entered the N. Bruns- wick Theol. School ; was tutor at Un. Coll. one year ; completed his studies in 181 7, and became pastor of the R.D. Church, N. Brunswick ; in 1818 he became prof of biblical literature ; and from 1823 to 1834 was pastor of the church in Albany ; provost of the U. of Pa. from 1834 to 1852, when he took the chair of eccl. history in the Theol. Sem. of the R.D. Church, N. Bruns- wick, N.J. — Simpson. Ludlow, Roger, dep.-gov. of Ms. (1634) and of Ct. ; was a "pious gentleman of good family " in the west of Eng. who came with the first settlers of Dorchester in 1630. He was an assist. 4 years. Failing to be chosen gov. in 1634, he went in 1635 with the settlers of Windsor, Ct., where he was 19 years a magistrate or dep.-gov., and one ofthe commiss. of the United Colonies. In 1639 he removed to Fairfield, the inhabitants of which, in 1653, having declared war against the Manhadoes, chose Ludlow com.-in-chief. The Gen. Court of New Haven discountenanced the project, in consequence of which Mr. Ludlow embarked for Va. in Apr. 1654, with his family. The time and place of his death are unknown. His dau. Sarah m. rev. Nath'l. Brewster of Brook- haven. John Endicott was his bro.-in-law. Well versed in jurisprudence, he compiled the first Ct. code of laws, printed in 1672. Lumpkin, Joseph Henry, LL.D. (N.J. Coll. 1851), jurist and scholar, b. Oglethorpe Co., Ga., Dec. 23, 1799 ; d. Athens, Ga., June 4, 1867. N.J. Coll. 1819. He studied law in the office of Judge Cobb ; was adm. to the bar in Oct. 1820; began practice at Lexington, Ga., and took high rank as a lawyer. After a successful career of 24 years, he retired from practice. Elected judge of the Supreme Court of Ga. in his absence in 1845 ; he was thrice re-elected for the term of 6 years, without op- position. Elected prof, of rhetoric and oratory in the Ga. U. in 1846, he was compelled to decline. Long a prof, of law in the Lumpkin Law School attached to the University. In 1855 he declined a seat on the bench of the Court of Claims. One of the compilers of the Penal Code of Ga. in 1833. Lumpkin, Wilson, statesman, b. Pittsyl- vania Co., Va., Jan. 14, 1783. Removed to Oglethorpe Co., Ga., early in 1784, with his father. He received a common school educa- tion ; studied law ; served in the State legisl. a number of years ; was M.C. in 1815-17; and 1827-31 ; gov.of Ga. 1831-5 ; and U.S.senator in 1837-41. In 1823 he was app. by Pres. Monroe to mark out the boundary-line between Ga. and Fla. ; and by Gen Jackson was app. a commiss. under the Cherokee treaty of 1835. He was also a member of the bo^rd of public works. He resided at Athens, Ga. Died 1871. Lundy, Benjamin, abolitionist, b. Hand- wich, N.J., Jan. 4, 1789; d. Lowell, 111., Aug. 22, 1839. His parents Avere Quakers. Until 19 he labored on his father's farm, and after- ward removed to Wheeling, Va. Having set- tled in business in St. Clairsvillc, Va., in 1815, he founded an antislavery society, and wrote an appeal on the subject of slavery. He also con- trib. to a journal called the Philanthropist. He then went to St. Louis, where, for near 2 years, he was engaged in the exposition of the slavery question. Returning to Mt. Pleasant, he com-/ menced in Jan. 1822 the Genius of Universal UUN 569 LYE Emancipation, the ofRce of wliich was soon re- moved to Jonesborough, Tcnn., and thence in 1824 to Baltimore. He visited Hayti in 1824, and the Eastern States in 1825, where he formed the acquaintance of Wm. Lloyd Garrison, af- terwards associated with him in editing his journal. In 1828-9 he was assaulted for an alleged libel, indirectly censiired by the Court, and soon afterward removed to Washington. He was the first to establish antislavery peri- odicals, and to deliver antislavery lectures. His "Life and Travels," by Thos. Earl, was pub. in Phila. 1847. Lunt, George, lawyer, author, and journal- ist, b. Newburyport, Ms., Dec. 31, 1803. H.U. 1824. Studied law; Avas principal of the high school in Newburyport ; and practised law there. He was several times a member of the State le- gisl.; began to write and publish poetry at an early age. A vol. appeared in 1839 ; another in 1843, entitled "The Age of Gold;" in 1851 " The Dove and the Eagle ; " " Lyric Poems," 1854 ; "Julia," 1855. In 1845 he delivered be- fore the Boston Mercantile Library Assoc, a poem called "Culture." In 1848 he removed to Boston; and from 1849 till March, 1853, was U.S. dist. atty. for Ms. From Mar. 1857 till 1862, and at a later period, he edited the Boston Courier, a consei-vative journal. His other pub- lications are "Eastford, or Household Sketch- es," 1855; "Three Eras of New England," 1857; "Radicalism in Religion, Philosophy, and Social Life," 1858; "The tjnion," a po- em, 1860; and "Origin of the Late War." liUnt, Rev. William Parsons, D.D. (H.U. 1855), a popular and eloquent Unitarian divine, b. Nowburyport, Apr. 21, 1805 ; d. Ak- bah in Arabia Pctrasa, March 20, 1857. H.U. 1823. Son of Capt. Henry. Studied law one year. Ord. pastor of the Second Unit. Church in New York 19 June, 1828, which he left Nov. 19, 1833, and was pastor of the Unit, church, Quincy, Ms., from June 3, 1835, to his d. He left home in Dec. 1856 to make the tour of Europe. His writings, both in prose and poe- try, display a singularly pure taste and classic refinement, and have been much admired. He pub. a number of occasional discourses. Luque de (da-loo'-ka), Hernando, a Span- ish bishop of Peru ; d. 1532. He was a priest of Panama, when in 1525 he associated him- self with Pizarro and Almagro in an exped. for the conquest of Peru, furnishing the money for the enterprise. — See Her^era; and Prescott's Conquest of Peru. Lusk, John, an aged soldier, b. Staten Is- land, N.Y., Nov. 5, 1734; d. near McMinnville, Tenn., June 8, 1838, a. 104. Of Dutch extrac- tion. He was in the military service nearly 60 years. He commenced this career when ab. 20, at the conquest of Acadie ; was present at the siege of Quebec ; saw the brave Gen. Wolfe fall on the Plains of Abraham ; served in Arnold's exped. to Canada ; was engaged in the erection of Fort Edward, and was there wounded ; was at the battle of Saratoga, the surrender of Burgoyne, and also of Cornwallis ; and subse- quently served under Wayne in the campaign against the Indians. Luzenberg, Charles A., surgeon, b. Verona, July 31, 1805; d. Cincinnati, July 15, 1848. Of Austrian parentage. He came with his family in 1819 to Phila., attending the lec- tures of the Jeff. Med. Coll., giving special at- tention to surgery. In 1829 he went to N. Or- leans; became house surgeon to the Charity Hospital, and soon became celebrated in his profession ; established the Medical School, of which he was the first dean ; founded the Soci- ety of Nat. Hist, in 1839, and in 1843 the La. Medico-Chirurgical Society, of both which he was first pres. In 1832-4 he visited Europe. He performed successfully many of the most diffi- cult surgical operations, such as the extirpation of the parotid gland, the excision of 6 inches of the ilium, and the tying of the primitive iliac artery. — Gross's Med, Biog. Luzerne, Anne C^sar de la, LL.D. (H.U. 1781), a French diplomatist, b. Paris, 1741; d. Eng. Sept. 14, 1791. After having served in the Seven- Years' War, in which he rose to the rank of col., he abandoned the military career, resumed his studies, and turning his views to diplomacy, in 1776 was sent as cnvoy- extr. to Bavaria. In 1778 he was app. to suc- ceed Gerard as minister to the U.S.; arrived in Phila. Sept. 21, 1779, and conducted him- self, during 4 years in which he remained there, with a prudence, wisdom, and concern for their interests, that gained him the esteem and affec- tion of the Americans. In 1780, when the American army was in the most destitute con- dition, and the government without resources, he aided with his purse in relieving the distress. In 1783 he returned to France, having received the most flattering expressions of esteem from Congress; and in 1788 was sent ambassador to London, where he remained till his d. When the Federal Govt, was organized, the sec. of state addressed a letter to the Chevalier de la Luzenie, by direction of Washington, making an express acknowledgment of his services, and the sense of them entertained by the nation. Lyell, Sir Charles, D.C.L. (Oxf. 1855), LL.D. (II.U. 1844), a British geologist, b. Kin- nordy, Forfarshire, Nov. 14, 1797. Oxf. U. B.A. 1819; M.A. 1821. Originally a lawyer. The lectures of Prof. Buckland turned his atten- tion to geology. The first vol. of his " Princi- ples of Geology " appeared in Jan. 1 830, and was received with great favor. This work in 1838 was divided into two treatises, — the "Elements of Geology," and the "Principles;" and in 1851 the "Elements" appeared with the title of "Manual of Elementary Geology." In 1841 he visited the U.S., delivered a couree of lectures on geology in Boston, travelled extensively through the Northern and Middle States, and investigated the geological features of the coun- try. His " Travels in^N. A. in the Years 1841- 2 " (2 vols. 8vo, Lond. 1845) contain the gen- eral results of this journey. The scientific papers connected with it arc found in the "Pro- ceedings " and " Trans." of the Gcol. Soc. of Lond., the " Reports of the British Associa- tion," and the "Am. Journal of Science." In a second journey, made in Sept. 1845-,June, 1846, he visited the Southern States, and passed up the Mpi. He pub. "A Second Visit to the U.S.," 2 vols. 8vo. Lond. 1849. In 1849 he was knighted; was elected pres. of the Geol. Society in 1836 and 1850; created a baronet in 1864. LY]VI 570 LYN^ He pub. in 1863 " Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man," &c. Lyman, Henry, missionary, b, Northamp- ton, Ms., 1810; killed by the'Biittahs at Su- matra, with Mr. Munson.'June 28, 1834. Amh. Coll. 1829. Son of Theotlore. He pub. " Condition of Females in Pa<;an Countries." Lyman, Joseph, D.D. (Wms. Coll. 1801), minister of Hatfield, Ct., from ab. 1772 to his d., March 27, 1828; b. Lebanon, Ct., 1750. Y.C. r;67; tutor there 1770-1. He was an original member of the Amer. Foreign Mis- sionary Society, and from 1823 its prcs. He pub. 18 occasional sermons, 1787-1821. — Sprofjue. Lyman, Phineas, maj.-gen., b. Durham, ' Ct., ab. 1716; d. West Forida, 1775. Y.C. 1738; tutor there 1738-41. He was bred a weaver, but soon raised himself above this con- dition, engaged in mercantile pursuits, and finally settled as a lawyer in Suffield. He took a conspicuous part in the dispute between Ct. and Ms. relative to the right of jurisdiction over the town of SuflSeld ; was for some years a magistrate, held various public offices, and was app. maj.-gen. and com.-in-chief of the Ct. forces, and built Fort Lyman, now called Fort Edward, N.Y. He served under Sir William Johnson at the battle of Lake George, and, after Johnson was disabled, conducted the en- gagement to a successful issue. He served tinder Abercrombie in 1758; was with Lord Howe when he was killed ; was at the capture of Crown Point, the surrender of Montreal; and in 1762 led the provincial troops against Havana. In 1763 he went to Eng. as the agent of his brother officers to receive their share of prize-money, also as agent of a company called the Military Adventurers, to solicit a grant of land on the Mpi. Deluded from year to year by idle promises, he sunk to imbecility, and returned in 1774, about which time a tract near Natchez was granted to the petitioners. He went thither with his eldest son and other emigrants, and died soon after reaching West Florida. The emigrants, after undergoing many hardships, were obliged, on the conquest of the country by the Spaniards in 1781-2, to take refuge in Savannah. Lyman, Theodore, mayor of Boston 1832-5, b. there Feb. 19, 1792; d. July 17, 1849. H.U. 1810. The son of a rich and liberal merchant of that city, he inherited a fortune. He received his early education at Phillips Exeter Acad. In 1814 he visited Europe; afterward studied law, and made a second visit to Europe; in 1819 he began to take part in the business of public life; was an efficient member of both branches of the legisl. ; delivered the 4th of July oration in Boston in 1820; and took an interest in the militia, and for a time was brig.-gen. ; was an active mem- ber of the State Ilortic. Society, and at his decease gave to it $10,000; a trustee and liberal benefactor of the Farm School, to which at his decease he also bequeathed $10,000. He founded the State Reform School at West- borough, to endow which he first gave $22,000, and at his death bequeathed to it $50,000 more. Author of '* A Few Weeks at Paris ; " " Politi- cal State of Italy," 1820; "Account of the Hartford Convention," 1823; "Diplomacy of the U.S.." 2 vols. 1828. Lyman, William, b. Northampton, Ms., 1753. Y.C. 1776. M, C. 1793-7; consul to London from 1805 to his d., Oct. 1811 ; mem- ber of the Ms. legisl. 1787; State senator 1789; brig.-gen. of militia. Lyman, William, D. D. (N. J. Coll. 1808), minister of Haddara, Ct., and China, N.Y. ; d. 1833, a. ab. 70. Y.C. 1784. He pub. Election Scrm. 1806; on the death of Mrs. Griswold of Lyme; Dedication Serm. at Leba- non, 1807; Ordination of J. Harvey, 1810. Lynch, Col. Charles, Revol. officer; d. soon after 1783, at Staunton, Campbell Co., Va. His bro. John was the founder of Lynch- burg, Va. ; and his son Charles, gov. of Mpi. 1835-7, d. near Natchez, Feb. 16, 1853. At Guilford a regt. of riflemen under Col. Lynch behaved with great gallantry. The term " lynch law " was occasioned by his appre- hending, and causing to be punished without any superfluous legal ceremony, a lawless band of Tories and desperadoes that infested that newly-settled country. — Va. Hist. Colls. Lynch, Isidore de, a French gen. of Irish descent, b. Lond. June 7, 1755 ; d. Aug. 4, 1821. He was educated at the Coll. of Louis le Grand at Paris ; entered the army ; made the campaigns of 1771-2 in India, and subse- quently those of the war of the United States. Before rejoining the army of llochambeau, in which he was aide to the Marquis de Chastellux, he had taken part in the exped. of D'Estaing, and at the siege of Savannah exhibited a cool bravery worthy the record of it in the Memoirs of Count Segur. On his return to France he was made second col. of the regt. of Walsh, and received the cross of St. Louis. He was a lieut.-gen. at the battle of Valmy. — Blog. Univ. Suppt. Lynch, Thomas, Jun., signer of the Dec!, of Indcp., b. Prince George Parish, S.C., Aug. 5, 1749; d. at sea in the latter part of 1779. Of Austrian descent. His father, a man of great wealth and influence, having early espoused the cause of the Colonists, was a member of the Cont. Congress from 1774 till his d. in 1776. His sou was educated at Eton and Cambridge, Eng.; afterward studied law at the Temple, but, before completing his course, returned to Amer. in 1772. Relinquishing the profession of the law, he settled upon a plantation on the North Santee River, presented to him by his father, and m. a Miss Shubrick. In 1 775 he was chosen a capt. in the 1st S.C. regt.; but, in consequence of the illness of his father, toward the close of that year was elected to fill his seat in Congress. The decline of his health obliged him in the au- tumn of 1776 to retire from public employment. Near the close of 1779 he embarked for St. Eu- statia, with the intention of visiting Europe, and, by some unknown accident, perished, with all the ship's company, at sea. Lynch, William F., naval officer, b. Va. 1801 ; d. Baltimore, Oct. 17, 1865. Midshipm. Jan. 26, 1819; lieut. May, 1828; com. Sept. 1849 ; capt. Apr. 1856. In 1847 he planned an exped. to explore the course of the River Jordan and the shores of the Dead Sea ; sailed in Nov. for Smyrna; arrived with his party in the Bay LYN- 571 LYO of Acre Mar. 31, 1848, and in April was up- on the Lake of Tiberias, and commenced the navigation of the Jordan to the Dead Sea, which they reached Apr. 18. A thorough exploration was mad3 ; and the depression of che Dead Sea below the Mediterranean was found to be 1,312 feet. Lieut. Lynch's narrative of this exped. has passed through 7 editions. He subsequent- ly planned an exploradon of Western Africa, which was not executed. He is also the author of "Naval Life, or Observations Afloat and on Shore," 12mo, 1851. He resigned April 21, 1861 ; June 10, 1861, was app. a commodore in the Confed. navy ; led a flotilla in defence of lloanoke Island and the coast of N.C.; and was defeated (Feb. 9, 1862) by Flag-Omcer Golds- borough. He was subsequently in com. of the defences of Smithvide, near Fort Fisher, N.C. Lynde, Benjamin, chief justice of Ms., b, Salem, Sept. 22, 1666; d.Mar. 28, 1745. H.U. 1686. He studied law at the Temple, Lond. ; was app. judge in 1712, and ch. justice in 1729. Member of the council from 1723 to 1737. De- scended from a Dorsetshire family. His son Bexjamin, jurist, b. O^t. 5, 1700, d. Oct. 9, 1781. H.U. 1718. From 1737 he was many years a member of the council, representative, naval officer of the port, a judge of the Court of Sessions and C. Pi., and, toward the close of life, judge of probate. Judge of the Supreme Judicial Court from 1745 to 1771. At the trial of Cai)t. Preston in 1770 h^ presided in court. He resigned the office of chief justice in 1772. Lyndon, Josiah, gov. R.l. 1768, b. Now- port, Mar. 10, 1721; d. Warren, Mar. 30, 1778. Lyon, Asa, minister, b. Pomfret, Ct., Dec. 31, 1763; d. South Hero, Grand Isle Co., Vt, April 4, 1841. Dartm. Coll. 1790. Pastor of the Cong, church at Sunderland, Ms., from Oct. 4, 1792, to Sept. 23, 1793; at SouthHero, Vt., 'from Dec. 21, 1802, to Mar. 15, 1840 ; and was M.C. from Vt. in 1815-17. App. chief judge of Grand Isle Co. in 1805, '6, '8, and '13; was a representative in 1802, '4, '5, '6, and '8, and from 1810 to 1814; was a member of the exec, coun- cil in 1803. Ho was an able preacher, and pub. sermons and patriotic addresses, indicating a high order of talent and scholarship. Lyon, Maky, teacher, b. Buckland, Ms., Feb. 28, 1797 ; d. South Hadley, Ms., Mar. 5, 1849. She commenced teaching at Shelburne Falls in 1814 ; from the fall of 1821 till the spring of 1824 she taught in the Sanderson Acad., Ashficld; from 1824 to 1828 she was associated with Miss Grant in teaching the Ad- ams Female Acad, at Londonderry, N.H., and afterward at Ipswich; for 6 years, during winters, when the acad. was closed, she taught school in Buckland and Ashland ; in the au- tumn of 1834 she resigned; and Nov. 8, 1837, she opened theMt. Holyoke Female Seminary, in South Hadley, over which she presided 12 years. A feature of her plan, to which there was much opposition, was, that the Avhole do- mestic labor of the institution was to be per- formed by the pupils and teachers; and it was intended to make the pupils independent of servants, to teach self-denial, to promote their health, and to preserve their interest in domes- tic duties. She pub. a pamphlet entitled " Ten- dencies of the Principles embraced and the Sys- tem adopted in the Mt. Holyoke Female Semi- nary " (1840), and the "Missionary OiFjring," 1843. — See Life and Labors of Mary Li/on, by Edward Hitchcock, D.D., 1851. Lyon, Col. Mathew, politician, b. Wick- low Co., Ireland, 1746; d. Spadra BlulF, Ark., 1 Aug. 1822. Emigrating at the age of 13 to N.Y., and unable to pay for his passage, the captain of the ship, in accordance with the cus- tom of the time, assigned him for a sum of money to a farmer in Litchfield Co., Ct.,whom he served some years. Becoming a citizen of Vt., he was in 1775 a lieut. in a company of " Green Mountain Boys;" was cashiered for deserting his post in the latter part of the year; was in 1777 temporary paym. of the Northern army ; was subsequently serving as commiss.- gen. and as col. of militia; and was in 1778 dcp. sec. to the gov., and clerk of the Court of Confiscations. Founding the town of Fair- haven in 1783, he built saw-mills and grist- mills, established a forge, manufactured paper from basswoocl, and established the Freeman's Library, newspaper. He was 10 years a mem- ber of the Icgisl.; assist, judge of Rutland Co. Court in 1786; M.C. 1797-1801, and had on the floor of Congress a personal difficulty with Roger Griswold, when an unsuccessful attempt was made to expel him; gave the vote that made Jefferson pros. ; and being in Oct. 1798 convicted of a libel on Pres. Adams, was con- fined 4 months in the Vergennes Jail, and fined $1,000, which was paid by his fi'iends. Remov- ing to Ky., he was in its legisl. in 1801-3 ; was its rep. in Congress in 1803-11; then became bankrupt from the speculation of building gun- boats for the war of 1812; and in 1820 was made a factor among the Cherokee Indians in Ark., and was app. territorial delegate to Con- gress, but did not live to take his scat. His son Chittenden Lyon, M.C. from Ky. 1827- 35, d. Caldwell Co., Ky., Nov. 1842. Col. L. was rough and impetuous in manner, but was an able debater. — See pamphlet notice of Lyon bjBev. Pliny II, White, 1858. Lyon, Nathaniel, brig.-gcn vols., b. Ash- ford, Windham Co., Ct., July 14, 1819 ; killed at the battle of Wilson's Creek, Mo., Aug. 10, 1861. West Point, 1841. Grand-nephew of Col. Knowlton. Entering the 2d Inf. he dis- ting. himself in the Florida war; took part in the capture of Monterey in 1846; became 1st lieut. Feb. 1847 ; and, joining Gen. Scott, was present at Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo; com. his company at Contreras and Churu- busco, winning the brevet of capt. ; and was wounded in the assault of the Belen Gate, Mexico City. Ordered to California; June 11, 1851, he became capt. ; was on active duty in Kansas during the Free-State troubles; and, when the civil war broke out, was placed in com. of the arsenal at St. Louis. This he made secure against surprise; and May 10, with the aid of several thousand " Home Guards," under Cols. Blair and Sigel, broke up the ren- dezvous of the secessionists at Camp Jackson ; brig.-gen. vols. 17 May, 1861; June 1 the com. of the dept. devolved on him. He broke up a Confederate force at Potosi, and caused several important seizures of war mat&iel des- tined for Camp Jackson. Gov. Jackson, hav- LYO 572 MIC^ ing called out 50,000 militia to " repel the in- vasion of the State," left for Booneville on the 14th ; Gen. Lyon followed him, defeating the militia on the 17th; he then marched to Springfield. Aug. 2, he defeated the Confede- rates under McCulloch at Dug Spring. Mc- CuUoch having been joined by Gen. Price, thus making a force 4 or 5 times as large as his own, he determined, rather than abandon S. W. Mo., to risk a battle. He accordingly marched on and attacked the enemy on the 10th, at Wilson's Creek ; and, after being twice wounded, was leading into action a regt. whose col. had been killed, when he was struck by a minic-ball, and killed. Great honors were paid to his memory. He bequeathed nearly all his property, some $30,000, to the govt, to aid in the preservation of the Union. In 1860, while stationed at Camp Riley, he pub. a series of letters in favor of Abraham Lincoln's election to the presidency, in a local newspaper, since collected in a vol., entitled " The Last Politi- cal writings of Gen. Nathaniel Lyon," with a memoir, 1862. Lyon, Richard, poet and preacher, was in 1644-7 private tutor to an English student at Cambridge. He lived with Pres. Dunster, with whom he was app. to revise Eliot's " Bay- Psalms." In 1722 the 20th edition was pub. ; many passages from the other parts of the Bible, called " The Spiritual Songs of the Old and New Testament," are inserted. — Allen, Lyons, James Gilborne, LL.D. ; d. Jan. 2, 1868, at Haverford, near Phila., where he had for many years a select boys' school of a high character. He was an accomplished scholar, and pub. " Christian Songs, Transla- tions, and other Poems," Phila. 12mo, 1861. Lyons, Richard Bickerton Pemell, baron, G.C.B., D.C.L., envoy-extr. to the U.S. Dec. 1858-rcb. 1865, b. Lymington, 26 Apr. 1817. Succeeded to the title of his father (Admiral Lyons) 23 Nov. 1858. Educated at Oxford. Attache at Athens (1839), Dresden (1852), Florence (1853); sec. of legation there 1856; envoy to Tuscany (1858) ; app. ambas- sador to Constantinople in Aug. 1865 ; trans- fen-cd to Paris in July, 1867. Lytle, William Haines, soldier and poet, b. Cincinnati, Nov. 2, 1826; killed Sept. 20, 1863, at the battle of Chickamauga. Cin. Coll. 1843. His great-grandfather Wm. was a capt. in the Pa. line, and emig. to Ky. in 1779. Wm. his grandfather, an early pioneer of Ohio, was famous in t*ie border wars of the West, and under Jackson, his intimate per- sonal friend, held the surveyor-generalcy of public lands. His father Robert T. Lytle, a Democ. politician, and M.C. 1833-5, d. N. Or- leans, Dec. 21, 1839. Wm. H. studied law; served in the Mexican war as capt. in Irving's regt. ; resumed practice at its close ; was a member of the O. legisl. ; was the unsuccess- ful candidate of the Demoe. for lieut.-gov. in 1857 ; and became, soon after, maj.-gen. first division of O. militia. At the commencement of the Rebellion he com. the 10th O. regt.; served in West Va. ; took part in the gallant attack upon Rich Mountain, July, 1861; and was wounded at the battle of Summerville, Sept. 10, 1861. When sufficiently recovered, he took com. of the Bardstown camp of in- struction ; and then of the 17th brigade under Gen. 0. M. Mitchell, participating in the brilliant operations along the Memphis and Chattanooga Railroad ; at Perryville he was again wounded, and fell into the hands of the enemy, but was soon exchanged ; made brig.- gen. for gallantry Nov. 29, 1862; and subse- quently served under Gen. Rosecrans. Some of his poetry is collected in the " Poets and Poetry of the West," by Coggeshall. Lyttleton, William Henry, Baron Westcote, gov. S. C. 1755-60, afterward gov. of Jamaica ; d. 14 Sept., 1808. Envoy-ex. and min. to Portugal 1766 ; made Baron Westcote 31 July, 1776; made Lord Lyttleton 13 Aug. 1794. Mably (ma-blt), Gabriel Bonnot, abbe de, a French author, b. Grenoble, 14 Mar. 1709; d. Paris, 23 Apr. 1785. A misunder- standing with his patron and relative. Cardinal Tencin, prevented his rise in the Church. He wrote memorials and reports for Tencin ; and it was from minutes drawn up by him for the cardinal that he prepared his " Droit Public." Employed in 1743 in secret negotiations with the Prussian ambassador at Paris, he con- cluded a treaty against Austria ; and also drew the instructions of the French minister at the congress of Breda. Besides several political and historical works, he wrote in 1 784 " Sur les Constitutions des Etats Uais de l*Am€iiqae," embodying his views on the prep- aration of the constitution, upon which he was consulted by Congress in 1783. This work contains many sentiments adverse to civil liberty and religious toleration, which are inconsistent with his previous opinions. McAdam, John Loudoun, originator of macadamized roads, b. Ayr, Scotland, 21 Sept. 1756; d. Dumfrieshire, 26 Nov. 1836. In 1770 he came to New York ; was adopted by his uncle a merchant there, who acquired a fortune as agent for the sale of prizes during the Re vol. ; at the close of which he returned to his native land, having been compelled, as a loyalist, to abandon most of his property. He began to experiment upon the scientific construction of roads in 1810; succeeded, in spite of great opposition from the farmers, traders, and common people ; and for his ser- vices was rewarded by govt, with a gift of £6,000 and the honor of knighthood ; the lat- ter he declined in favor of his son Sir James NichoU McAdam. In 1827 he was made gen. surveyor of the metropolitan roads. His first wife was a Miss NichoU of New York ; his sec- ond was a dau. of John Peter De Lancey. Author of " Remarks on Road-Making," 8th ed. London, 1824. McAfee, Robert B., b. Mercer Co., Ky., 1784. The McAfees, George, James, and Robert (the father of R. B.), all energetic auvi determined men, left Sinking Creek, Botetourt Co., Va., June 1, 1773, and settled in Ky., where they were conspicuous in the Indian warfare of their times. R. B. was app. capt. in R. M. Johnson's regt. Ky. Vols., under Gen. Harrison in battle of the Thames ; lieut.-gov. of Ky. 1820-4; charge d'affaires to Colombia 1835-7. Author of " History of Late War ]ytCA 573 IMCO in the Western Country," 8vo, Lexington, 1816. McAlester, Miles D., brev, brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. N.Y. 1834; d. BuffiUo, N.Y., Apr. 23, 1869. West Point, 1856. Entering the engr. corps 2 May, 1861, he was made 1st lieut. ; capt. March 3, 1863; and maj. March 7, 1867 ; chief engr. 3d army corps in the Army of the Potomac till Oct. 30, 1862, being in all its important battles, and winning two brevets; from Oct. 30, 1862, to Apr. 1863, chief engr. of the dept. of Ohio ; in June and July chief engr. at the siege of Vickshurg; assist, prof, of engr. at West Point from Sept. 1863, to July 1.5, 1864, when app. chief engr. of the milit. division of West Mpi. ; engaged in (he reduction of Forts Gaines and Morgan, Mobile Bay, in July and Aug., 1864, and of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, Mobile, in Apr. 1865. For these services he was brev. col. and brig.-gen. He was then engaged in constructing defences at Mobile and N. Or- leans, and in the improvement of the Mpi. Eiver. Engr. of the 8th Lighthouse dist. May 22, 1867. McAllister, Matthew Hall, LL. D. (Col. Coll.), jurist, b. Savannah, Ga., 26 Nov. 1800; d. San Francisco, Cal., 19 Dec. 186.5. Bred to the law, he was in 1827 ap]). U.S. dist. atty. for Ga., a post held by his father during Washington's admin. A leading lawyer and politician of Savannah ; some years its mayor ; an opponent of nullification in 1832; a promi- nent and influential member of the legisl. in 1835; 5 years State senator; and caused the establishment of the Court of Errors; emig. with his family to Cal. in 1850 ; and from 1855 to 1862 was U.S. Circuit judge of that State. Author of a " Eulogy on President Jackson," and a vol. of legal opinions, pub. by his son. Macanally, David Rice, Methodist di- vine, b. Granger Co., Tcnn., 17 Feb. 1810. Has pub. a Life of Mrs. Ramsay, and other biog- raphies ; and since 1851 has edited the Chris- tian Advocate, and had charge of the Meth. book-concern at St. Louis. Ord. Nov. 1831 ; preached in Tenn., N. C, and Va. ; and in 1843-51 was pros, of the Female Inst., Knox- viUe. McArthur, Duncan, soldier, and gov. of Ohio 1830-2, b. Dutchess Co., N.Y., June 14, 1772; d. near Chillicothe, O., 28 Apr. 1839. When only 8 years of age, his father removed to the frontier of Pa. At the age of 18, he volunteered in defence of the frontier against the hostile Indians, and served in Harmar's campaign. He also studied surveying, and acquired great landed wealth. In 1805 he was a member of the Ohio legisl. ; and in 1808 b?came major-gen. of militia; col. Ohio vols. May 7, 1812, and second in com. at Hull's sur- render; brig.-gen. Mar. 12, 1813; and, after serving 2 years as second in com., succeeded Gen. Harrison in 1814 in com. of the army of the West. In the latter part of this year he projected and partly accomplished a bold plan of conquering Upper Canada, which he was obliged to relinquish from the failure of the forces of Gen. Izard to co-operate with him. He had been elected to Congress by the Democ. party in 1813, but declined leaving his com- mand. In the M\ of 1815 he was again elected to the legisl. ; in 1816 was app. commiss. to negotiate a treaty with the Indians ; in 1817 was again commiss. to conclude treaties with other tribes ; and again elected a member of the legisl., and speaker of the house; again in 1819 was returned to the same body; and M.C. in 1823-9. While gov. he met with an acci- dent by which he was horribly bruised and maimed, and from the effects of which he never recovered. McArthur, John, brev. maj.-gen. U. S. Vols., b. parish of Erskine, Renfrewshire, Scot- land, Nov. 17, 1826. He worked in his father's blacksmith-shop till 23, when he emig., and settled in Chicago. Here, after working at boiler-making, he opened a boiler-factory of his own. Capt. of a militia company when the civil war broke out, he was soon chosen lieut.- col. and then col. 12th III. Vols. He com. a brigade at the battle of Fort Donelson ; and, for gallantry on that occasion, was made brig.-gen. of vols. Mar. 21, 1862. He was wounded at Shiloh ; com. a division of McPherson's corps in the operations against Vicksburg ; and in A. J. Smith's corps qt the battle of Nashville, for which he was brev. maj.-gen. McCall, George Archibald, brig.-gen., b. Phila. Mar. 16, 1802 ; d. West Chester, Pa., Feb. 25, 1868. West Point, 1822. Aide to Gen. Gaines, Apr. 1831 to 1836; capt. Sept. 1836; disting. under Col. Worth in Florida war; brev. major and lieut.-col. "for gallant and dis- ting. services in battles of Palo Alto and R. de la Palma," May 9, 1846; assist, adj.-gen. (rank of major), July 7, 1846; major 3d Inf. Dec. 26, 1847; insp.-gen. June 10, 1850; re- signed Apr. 29, 1853, and settled in Chester Co., Pa. On his return from the Mexican war, he was presented with a sword by the citizens of Phila. When the civil war broke out, he organ- ized the Pa. Reserve Corps of 15,000 men, and was made brig.-gen. of vols. May 17, 1861. This force was converted into a division of 3 brigades, which he com. He planned the move- ment against Dranesville, Dec. 20, 1861, which resulted in a brilliant victory ; June 18, 1862, he joined McClellan before Richmond ; was posted at Mechaniesville ; and June 26 fought a severe battle with a greatly superior force, whom he repulsed; on the 27th he fell back to Gaines's Mill, where he held the left of the Union line in the desperate battle of that day; and on the evening of the 30th, while reconnoi- tring, was captured, and, after a rigorous con- finement in Richmond, returned to his home in Chester Co., with health much impaired, about the middle of Aug. Aug. 26 he received a sword from the citizens of Chester Co. Re- signed Mar. 31, 1863. Author of " Letters from the Frontiers," &c., Phila. 12mo, 1868. McCall, Edward R., capt. U. S. N., b. Charleston, S.C, Aug. 5, 1790; d. Borden- town, N.J. , July 31,18.53. Midshipman Jan, 1, 1808 ; lieut. Mar. 11, 1813; and in the autumn of that year served on board the brig " Enter- prise," com. by Lieut. Burrows. In the action with the British brig " Boxer," Sept. 4, 1813, Lieut. Burrows was mortally wounded; and the command devolved on Lieut. McCall, who suc- ceeded in capturing the enemy's ship. For m:cc 674 MCO this service he received a gold medal from Con- gress. Master com. Mar. 3, 1825 5 capt. Mar. 3, 1835. McCall, Hugh, major U. S. A., b. S. C. 1767; d. Savannah, Ga., July 9, 1824. En- sign of inf May 12, 1794; dep. paym.-gen. Jan. 31, 1800 ; capt. Aug. 1800 ; military store- keeper at Savannah, Mar. 31, 1818, at Charles- ton, S.C., May, 1821. He pub. "A History of Georgia," 2 vols. 8vo, 1816. McCaUa, Daniel, D.D. (S.C. Coll.), b. Neshaminy. Pa., 1748; d. Wappetaw, S.C, Apr. 6, 1809. N.J. Coll. 1766. Licensed to preach 20 July, 1772. He taught an acad. in Phila. ; was ord. pastor of N. Providence and Charleston, Pa., in 1774; was chaplain with Gen. Thomson, and captured at Trois Rivieres, in 1776. After his exchange, at the close of the year, he taught an acad. in Hanover Co. He was 21 years minister of the Cong, church at Wappetaw, S.C, and was a learned and elo- quent, as well as a useful man. His sermons and essays, with a Life by Hollingshead, were pub. in 2 vols., 1810. McCaul, Rev. J., D.D., an eminent Ca- nadian scholar, b. Dubliij ah. 1810. At Trin- ity Coll. he obtained the highest honors, and was classical tutor and examiner. In Nov. 1838 he was app. principal of the Upper Can- ada Coll., entering upon its duties in Jan. 1839; in 1842 vice-pres. of Kings Coll., and prof, of classics, logic, rhetoric, and belles-let- tres ; pres. of the U. of Toronto, formerly Kings Coll. ; in 1849, and since 1853, pres. of University Coll. Toronto, and vice-chancellor of the U. of Toronto. Author of Disquisitions on the Greek Tragic Metres, the Horatian Me- tres, Scansion of the Hecuba and Medea of Euripides, lectures on Homer and Virgil, and has edited some of the classics, also a Canadi- an monthly, the Maple-Leaf, and an interesting article on Latin inscriptions in the Canadian Journal. He is also composer of some anthems and other pieces of music. — Morgan, McCauley, Charles Stewart, com. U.S.N., b. Pa. 1793; d. Washington, 21 May, 1869. Midshipm. 16 Jan. 1809 ; lieut. 9 Dec. 1814; com. 3 Mar. 1831 ; capt. 9 Dec. 1839. Nephew of Adm. Stewart. At the breaking- out of the Rebellion, he com. the Norfolk Navy Yard, and destroyed the property there to prevent its falling into rebel hands.' MeCauUe, Thomas Harris, D.D. ; d. Savannah, Ga., ab. 1800. N.J. Coll. 1774. He was in 1776 ord. a Presbyt. minister in the western counties of N.C, and was several years pres. of the coll. at Waynesborough, S. C. Eminent for eloquence and for classical and scientific knowledge. McClellan, George, M.D. (U. of Pa. 1819), phvsician, b. Woodstock, Ct, Dec. 23, 1796; d.'Phila. May 9, 1847. Y.C 1816. In 1825 Dr. McClellan, with a few able co-ad- jutors, founded in Phila. the JefF. Med. Coll., and in 1839 that of Pa. at Gettysburg. He was remarkably successful as a practitioner, particularly renowned as a surgeon, and evinced great boldness and originality in his mode of action. He was prof, of surgery in JefF. Coll. in 1826-38, and at Gettysburg in 1839-43; was popular as a lecturer; contrib. largely to the med. journals ; and left behind him a work, which was pub. after his decease, on the Principles and Practice of Surgery. — Gross's Med. Biog. McClellan, Gen. George Brinton, b. Phila. Dec. 3, 1826. U. of Pa. 1842. West Point, 1846. Son of the preceding. Ordered to Mexico, as litut. of sappers, miners, and pontoniers. At the siege of Vera Cruz he was in Worth's division, and was commended in the official reports ; he was specially mentioned for gallantry at Cerro Gordo and Mexico city ; at Contreras and Churubusco he won the brev. of 1st lieut., and at Molino del Rey that of capt., which he declined, but accepted it for meritorious conduct at Chapultepec. In 1847 he took com. of his company, with which, after the war, he was sent to West Point as instruc- tor of bayonet-exercise. His " Manual " trans- lated from the French, became the text-book of the service. In 1852 he accomp. Capt. R. B. Marcy (now his father-in-law) on an exped. to explore the Red River; and in Sept., with Gen. C F. Smith, as senior engr. surveyed the rivers and harbors of Texas. In Apr. 1853 he was detailed for the examination of the western part of the proposed line of a route for a Pacific Railroad. He explored the Yakina Pass, and various portions of the Cascade range, and the most direct route to Puget's Sound ; his report forming the 1st vol. of " Pa- cific Railroad Surveys," pub. by govt. His next service was a secret mission to San Domingo ; 1st lieut. July, 1853 ; capt. 1st Cavalry, March, 1854. In the spring of 1855 he was sent with Majors Delafield and Mordecai to Europe to study the organization of European armies, and observe the war in the Crimea. Capt. McClel- lan's report on " The Armies of Europe " was repub. in Phila. in 1861. Resigning in Jan. 1857, he acted 3 years as vice-pres. and engr. of the 111. Central Railroad ; then became gen. supt. of the Ohio and Mpi. Railroad, and, two months later, pres. of the eastern division of the same road. When civil war broke out, he was made maj.-gen. by the gov. of Ohio, and took com. of the vols, of Ohio, Ind., and 111. in the dept. of the Ohio. A brief campaign followed, during which, in June and July, the whole of N. W. Va. was cleared of Confed. troops. July 22, he was ordered to take com. of the national troops on the Potomac; was made maj.-gen. of the regular army, dating from May 14; and on the retirement of Gen. Scott, Nov. 1, he was app. gen. -in-chief. Mar. 6, 1862, a general advance was ordered to Ma- nassas Junction. The Confederates having evacuated that place, he embarked his main body for the peninsula. Yorktown was evacu- ated May 4, after a siege of 1 month. Mean- while, he was relieved of all his commands ex- cept that of the Army of the Potomac. After the defeat of the Confederates at Williamsburg and Hanover Court House, he took up a posi- tion on the Chickahominy ; finding his line too much extended, he resolved to retreat to the James River. The whole of this difficult flank movement, begun June 27, was a contin- uous battle. July 2, they reached a position of safety at Harrison's Landing on the James, where, protected by the gunboats, they remained Mice 575 IMCC until Aug. 24 : the army was then with- drawn in safety, Gen. Pope effecting a diversion in McCIellan's favor by a movement toward Richmond from the north. At the close of Gen. Pope's Va. campaign, he resumed his old command. When Gen. Lee invaded Md., Mc- Clellan attacked and defeated him in the bat- tle of Antictam, Sept. 17 ; but, on the following day, Leo safely recrossed the Potomac. Fail- ing seasonably to resume operations, though expressly ordered so to do, he was relieved of his com. Nov. 7, and resigned his com. in the army 8 Nov. 1864. A commission to investi- gate the surrender of Harper's Ferry, Sept. 15, severely censured Gen. McClellan for failing to relieve or protect that place. He was the unsuccessful Democ. candidate for the presi- dency in 1864. Besides the works above men- tioned. Gen. McClellan has written " Regula- tions and Instructions for the Field-Service of the U. S. Cavalry in Time of War," "Euro- pean Cavalry," and " Report on the Org. and Campaigns of the Army of the Potomac," &c., l2mo, N.Y., 1864. — ASee£//e of McClellan, hu Geo. S. Hillard. McCleUand,RoBERT, statesman, b. Green Castle, Franklin Co., Pa., 1807. Adm. to the bar in 1831 ; practised law at Pittsburg in 1833 ; removed to Mich., and established him- self at Monroe. He was an ardent, able, and eloquent meml)er of the convention which formed the constitution of Mich, in 1835, pre- paratory to her admission into the Union ; and served several years in the State legisl., I)eing speaker of the house in 1843; M.C. 1843-9; gov. of Mich, in 1852 and '53 ; and was sec. of the interior in 1853-7. Practises law in De- troit. MeClernand, John Alexander, maj.- gen. vols., b. Breckenridge Co., Ky., May 30, 1812. His father dying in 1816, his mother re- moved to Shawneetown, III., where he worked on a farm. He was adm. to the bar in 1832 ; volunteered in the war against the Sacs and Foxes, and then engaged in trade. In 1835 he established the Shawneetown Democrat; re- sumed the practice of law ; was a member of the legisl. in 1836, '40, and '42 ; and was M.C. in 1843-51. In I860 he was chosen to Con- gress from the Springfield dist., and served until the opening of civil war, when he re- signed, returned to 111., and, with Cols. Logan and Fonke, raised the MeClernand brigade. Made brig-gen. May 17, 1861; he accomp. Gen. Grant to Belmont; greatly di.sting. him- self at Fort Donelson; was made maj.-gen. March 21, 18G2; com. a division at the battle of Shiloh 6-7 April ; succeeded Gen. Sherman as com. of an army in Mpi. in Jan. 1863; and was disting. at 'Ark. Post, Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Big Black River, and Vicks- burg. He com. the 13th army corps at the time of his resignation, 30 Nov. 1864. McClintOCk, Sir Francis Leopold, arctic explorer, b. Dundalk, 1819. Entering the navy ab. 1831, he became a lieut. in 1845 ; accomp. Ross's exped. in search of Sir John Franklin in 1848-9; disting. himself in snb.se- quentexpeds. ; and performed remarkable feats in sledge-travelling. Sent by Lady Franklin in 1857 in " The Fox," in a final search for tid- ings of Sir John; in May, 1859, he found at Point Victory, on King William's Island, the record of Franklin's death, and the remains of the last survivors of his party. Returning in Sept. 1859, he was knighted, and received va- rious honors and rewards. Author of a " Narrative of the Discovery of the Fate of Sir John Franklin," 1860. Macclintock, John, D.D., LL.D., cler- gyman, b. Phila. 1814; d. Madison, N. J., 4 Mar. 1870. U. of Pa. 1835. He became a member of the N. J. Conf , and, after being a short time in the Meth. ministry, was in 1837 elected prof of mathematics in Dick. Coll., and was in 1839 transferred to the chair of ancient languages. While at Carlisle, he translated, with Blumenthal, Neander's " Life of Christ," and, with Prof Crooks, began a series of Latin and Greek text-books. He edited the Meth. Quarterly Review \a 1848-56, when he was app. a delegate of his church to the English, Irish, French, and German confer- ences. He was also present at the World's Convention at Berlin in 1856. On his return he was elected pres. of the Troy U., and was a short time pastor of St. Paul's Church, New York. In June, 1860, he sailed for Paris to take charge of the American chapel there. Pres. of the Drew Theol. Sem., Madison, N.J., from its organization in 1867, until his death. For several years he was, in connection with Dr. Strong, preparing a " Cyclop, of Sa- cred Literature," 3 vols, of which have been pub. He pub. " Analysis of Watson's Theol. Institutes,' " Temporal Power of the Pope," and " Sketches of Eminent Methodist Minis- ters," 8vo, 1854, and edited Bungener's " Hist, of the Council of Trent," 1855. Macclintock, Samuel, D.D. (Y.C. 1791), divine, b. Medford, Ms, Mav 1, 1732; d. Greenland, N.H., Apr. 27, 1804. N. J. Coll. 1751. Ord. at Greenland, Nov. 3, 1756. A chaplain in the Old French War, and also chaplain of the N.H. troops in 1775 ; and was at the battle of Bunker's Hill, Trumbull's pic- ture of which makes him a prominent figure. Three of his sons fell in the struggle for liber- ty. He pub. occasional sermons, and an ora- tion commemorative of Washington, 1800. — N.E. H. and Gen. Reg. i. 249, x. 100. MeCIoskey, John, D.D., R.C. archbp. of N.Y. (conscc. 21 Aug. 1864), b. Brooklyn, N.Y. Ord. bishop of Axieren and co-adj. to Bishop Hughes of N.Y. 10 Mar. 1844; trans- lated to the see of Albany 21 May, 1847, offi- ciating at the Cathedral of St. Mary's. He in- stituted a female orph. asylum at Troy, and an- other, in 1852, in Albany, and in 1855, at Utica, an acad. for boys. He is one of the most pol- ished and eloquent of the R.C. clergy in the U.S. McCluney, William J., commo. U.S.N., b. Pa. 1796; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., Feb. 11, 1864. Midshipm. Jan. 1, 1812; was in the action between the " Wasp " and " Frolic," Oct. 18, 1812; lieut. April 1, 1818; com. Dec. 9, 1839 ; capt. Oct. 13, 1851 ; commo. July 16, 1862, when he was retired. In 1853 he com. " The Powhatan," in Com. Perry's exped. to Japan. In 1856 he was app. supervisor of the construction of the " Stevens Battery," at New York. MCC 676 m:cc McCluny, Col. Alexander K., lawyer, b. Mason Co., Ky., ab. 1812 ; d. by his own hand at Jackson, Mpi., 23 Mar. 1855. Nephew of Ch. Justice Marshall ; son of Judj^e Wra. McClunf?. When a lad, he enlisted in the navy ; afterward studied Uiw, and practised in Mpi. ; was a licut.-col. in the Mexican war, and dangerously wounded at Monterey ; and in 1849-51 was charg€ d'affaires to Bolivia. He delivered an able eulogium on Henry Clay, at the State Capitol in 1852. A bro. John A. is the author of " Sketches of Western Adven- ture," 12mo, Phila. 1832. McClure, Alexander Wilson, D.D., Cong, clergyman, b. Boston, May 8, 1808; d. Canonsburg, Pa., 20 Sept. 1865. Amh. Coll. 1827. And. Sem. 1830. Ord. at Maiden 1832 ; preached there 11 years; then in St. Augus- tine, Fla. ; returned to Boston, where he pub. and edited the Christian Ohsei-vatory 3 years ; was assist, editor of the Puritan Recorder 3 years ; again preached a few years at Maiden ; was 3 years pastor of the Grand-street Church, Jersey City ; succeeded Dr. Baird as sec. of the Amer. and For. Christian Union ; was some time chaplain at Rome; but in Mar. 1859 was compelled by the asthma to desist from active labor. Author of "The Life-Boat," "Four Lectures on Ultra Universalism," 2 vols, of "Lives of the Chief Fathers of N. E.," " Translators Reviewed," and principal ed. of the " Bi-Centennial Book of Maiden," 1 850. McClure, David, D.D. (D.C. 1803), min- ister of N. Hampton, N.H., from Nov. 13, 1776, to Aug. 30, 1785, and of E. Windsor, Ct., from 1786 to his death, June 25, 1820 ; b. Brookfield, Ms., 1749. Y.C. 1769. He pub. with Dr. Parish " Memoirs of E. Wheelock," Svo, 1810; "24 Sermons on the Moral Law," 8vo, 1818; an account of Windsor in "Hist. Colls.," V. ; Oration 1 May, 1783, at the open- ing of Phillips Exeter Acad. ; and occasional sermons. McClure, Gen. George, b. near London- derry, Ireland, 1771 ; d. Elgin, 111., Aug. 16, 1851. Emigrating to Baltimore in 1791, he settled in Bath, N.Y., in 1794, and removed to 111. in 1835, where he took an active part in the enterprises and public questions of the day ; and was member of the legisl., sheriff, surro- gate, and judge of Steuben Co. In 1813 he com. a brigade on the Buffalo frontier, and was severely censured for the burning of Newark (afterwards Niagara). MacClure, Sir Robert John Le Me- surier, capt. R. N., b. Wexford, Ireland, 28 Jan. 1807. Was knighted, and given £5,000, for his discovery of the N.W. passage, which has been sought for3 centuries. (See " Discov. N.W. Passage, by H. M. S. ' Investigator,' Capt. R. MacClure, 1850-4," Lond. Svo, 1856 ) He had served many years in the navy ; was in Capt. Buck's arctic exploring exped. ; accomp. Sir James Ross's exped. in 1848; became a capt. in 1849; and in 1850-1 entered a strait, which he named the Prince of Wales Strait ; and, after his ship was frozen in, reached in sledges Mel- villes or Barrows Strait. This is called the first discovery of the N.W. passage. In the next season he discovered a second passage on the north side of Baring Island. McClurg, James, M.D., physician, b. Hampton, Va., 1747; d. Richmond, July 9, 1825. Wm. and Mary Coll. 1762. Son of Dr. Walter. Took the degree of M. D. at Edinburgh, in June, 1770, and continued his studies at Paris and London, where he pub. his " Essay on Bile," which was so highly esteemed as to be translated into all the lan- guages of Europe. Returning home ab. 1773, he established himself at Williamsburg, where he soon rose to the head of the prof., but re moved to Richmond ab. 1783. He was a long time one of the Council of State in Va., and was a member of the convention that formed the U.S. Constitution. He was killed by his horses running away. Author of some pleasing Vers de Society entitled " The Belles of Williams- burg," written in 1777. — Thacher. McClurg, Joseph W., soldier and politi- cian, b. St. Louis Co., Mo., Feb. 22, 1818. Educated at Oxford Coll., O. ; was a teacher in La. and Mpi. in 1835-7 ; went to Texas in 1841, where he was adm. to the bar, and was clerk of. the Circuit Court ; and settled as a merchant in Mo., in 1844. In 1861 he suffered from rebel depredations upon his property ; became col. of the Osage regt., and afterward of a cav. regt. Member of the State conv. of 1862; M.C. 1863-9; gov. of Mo. 1869-72. McColl, Evan, a Canadian poet, b. Ken- more, Scotland, Sept. 21, 1808. In 1837 he began to contrib. to the Gaelic Marjazine, Glasgow. He came to Canada in 1850,. and holds a post at the port of Kingston. He has pub. " Poems and Songs in Gaelic," and " The Mountain Minstrel." He excels as a song-writer. Among his best songs are " Robin," " Lake of the Thousand Isles," and " Bonnet, Kit, and Feather." — Morgan. McConaughy, David, D.D. (Jeff. Coll. 1833), LL.D. (Wa.h Coll. 1849), pres. of Washington Coll. Pa. (1832-49), b. Menallen, York Co., Pa., 29 Sept. 1775; d. there Jan. 29, 1852. Dick. Coll. 1795. Pastor of Upper Marsh Creek Church, Pa., 1810-32. He taught a school at Gettysburg in 1807-12, Author of " Discourses, Chiefly Biographical," 1850, and some sermons." — Sprague. Macconnell, John L., author, b. IlL Nov. 11, 1826. He studied law under his fa- ther, Murray Macconnell, and grad. at the Law School of Transylv. U. in Lexington, Ky. He served in Hardin's regt. in the Mexican war; and after the battle of Buena Vista, where he was twice wounded, became capt. Re-com- mencing the practice of law at Jacksonville, he has since resided there. He is a writer of fiction illustrating Western life and character, and has pub. " Talbot and Vernon," 1850 ; " Grahame, or Youth and Manhood," 1850; "The Glenns," 1851; and "Western Charac- ters," illustr. by Darley, 1853. He is engaged upon a " Hist, of Early Explorations in Amer- ica," having especial reference to the labors of the early R.C. missionaries. — Duijckinck. McCook, Alexander McDowell, brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Columbiana Co., 0., Apr. 22,1831. West Point, 1852. Enteringthe3d Inf , he served with distinction against the Indi- ans in New Mexico in 1857 ; was assist, instr. of tactics at West Point 1858-61 ; 1st licut. Mice 57T ]yncc Dec. 6, 1858; capt. May 14, 1861 ; col. 1st O. Vols. 16 Apr. 1861 ; disting. at the first battle of Bull Run ; brig.-gen. vols. Sept. 3, 1861 ; and maj.-gen. July 17,1 862 ; disting. at Shiloh, Apr. 7, 1862, and at the siege of Corinth. In Sept. he took com. of the 1st corps of the Army of the Ohio, and fought the battle of Perryville, Oct. 8, 1862 ; he com. the right wing of the ar- my which was discomfited at Stone River, Dec. 31, 1862; he was afterward placed in com. of the 20th army corps, and was in the battle of Chickamauga 19-20 Sept. 1863 Brev. col. for Shiloh; brig.-gen. for Perryville, and maj.- gen. for services during the Rebellion ; lieut.- col. 10th U.S. Inf. Mar. 5, 1867. McCook, Dan, brig.-gen. vols., b. Car- rollton, O., 22 July, 1834 ; killed at Kenesaw Mountain,!? Julv, 1864. Bro.of the preceding. Florence Coll., Ala., 1857. Col. 52d 0. Vols. ; served at Perryville, Chickamauga, Mission Ridge, and the Atlanta Campaign. The father, Major Daniel, b. 1796, d. 19 July, 1863, of wounds received in the fight with Morgan's men, near Buffington Island, O. MeCook, Robert Latimer, bro. of the preceding, brig.-gen. vols'., b. Columbiana Co., 0., Dec. 28, 1827; murdered by guerillas while lying sick in an ambulance, near Salem, Ala., Aug. 6, 1862. He practised law at Columbus and Cincinnati; became col. 9th Ohio Vols.; served in Western Va., where he com. a brigade under Gen. Rosecrans; and especially disting. himself at Rich Mountain, Carnifex Ferry, and Mill Spring, Ky., Jan. 19, 1862; was made brig.-gen. Mar. 21 ; and com. a division in Thomas's corps of Gen. Buell's army. This family contributed 16 of its members to the war. Maccord, David J., lawyer and author, b. St. Mathew's Parish, S.C, Jan. 1797 ; d. Columbia, S.C, May 12, 1855. S.C. Coll. 1816. Adm. to the bar in 1818, he became law-partner of Wm. C. Preston in 1822. State reporter in 1824, he reported the decisions both of the Court of Appeals and of Equity in 1825- 7 (2 vols. 1827-9). He was mayor of Colum- bia, where he welcomed Lafayette on his visit in 1825. On retiring from the bar in 1836, he became pres. of the State Bank at Columbia, and edited for a short time the S.C. Laiv Jour- nal, In 1839 he was app. compiler and editor of the Statutes at Large of S.C. (10 vols. 8vo). Many years a member of the State legisl., and chairman of the important com. on Federal re- lations. In 1840 he m. his second wife, a dau. of Langdon Cheves, became a successful cot- ton-planter, and a contrib. of articles on poli- tics and political economy to the Southern Review and to De Bow's Review. He did much to improve the State judiciary system. He pub. besides the above " Reports on the Con.sti. Ct. of S.C. 1821-8," 4 vols. 8vo, 1822-30; with H. J. Nott, " Reports of Cases in Consti. Ct. of S.C. 1817-20," 2 vols. 8vo, 1842. McCord, J. S., Canadian jurist, b, near Dublin, 18 June, 1801 ; d. 27 June, 1865. He came to Canada in 1806 ; was called to the bar in 1823 ; made dist. judge in 1841 ; subse- quently a judge of the Circuit Ct., and in 1857 of the Superior Ct. of the Montreal dist. In the rebellion of 1837 he com. a brigade of cavalry. One of the founders of the Montreal Nat. Hist. Soc. ; chancellor of the U. of Bishops' Coll., Lennoxville. Maccord, Louisa S., authoress, b. Co- lumbia, S.C, Dec. 3, 1810. Dau. of Langdon Cheves; wife of D. J. Maccord. She was educated in Phila. Marrying in 1840, she soon after went with her husband to their plantation at Fort Motte on the Congaree, a site noted in the Revolution. In 1848 she pub. " My Dreams," and a translation of Bas- tiat's " Sophisms of the Protective Policy ; " in 1851 she produced her tragedy of " Caius Gracchus," and has been a contrib. to the Southern Review, De Bow's Review, and the Southern Lit. Messenger, discussing slavery, woman's rights, &c. McCormick, Cykus Hall, inventor of the reaping-machine, b. Walnut Grove, Rockb. Co., Va., 15 Feb. 1809. His education was derived from a common school, and from his father's farm and workshop, in which at 15 he had constructed a a-adle used in harvesting in the field. His father in 1816 had invented a reaper; and Cyrus in 1831 invented his ma- chine, which he first patented in 1834, patent- ing valuable improvements in 1845, '47, and 1858. He removed to Cincinnati in 1845, and in 1847 to Chicago. In 1845 the gold medal of the Amer. Institute was awarded to him for his invention ; at the World's Fair Exhib. in London in 1851 he received the council medal of the Exhib. ; the grand gold medal of the Paris Exposition of 1855; the prize medal of the Lond. Intern. Exhib. of 1862; the first prize at the Intern. E.xhib. at Lille, France, in 1863; the gold medal of that at Hamburg in 1863 ; from the U.S. Nat. Agric. Soc. at Syra- cuse the grand gold medal of honor in 1857 ; the gold medal of the Paris Expos, of 1867, and the order of the Legion of Honor from Napoleon III. In 1859 he founded and en- dowed the Theol. Sem. of the North-west at Chicago, and has since endowed a professor- ship in Wash. Coll., Va. — Sketches of Men of P roar ess. McCosh, James, D.D., LL.D. (H.U. 1868), pros, of N.J. Coll. since 1868, b. Ayr- shire, Scotland, 1 81 1 . Educated at the Univer- sities of Glasgow and Edinburgh. He became a minister of the Free Church of Scotland, and in 1851 prof, of logic and metaphys. at Queens Coll., Belfast, Ireland. Author of "Method of Divine Govt.," &c., 1850; "Intuitions of the Mind," &c., 1860; "Examination of J. S. Mill's Philosophy," 1866 ; and, with Dr. Geo. Dickie, " Typical Forms and Special Ends in Creation," 1869 ; "The Supernatural in Rela- tion to the Natural," 1862; and has contrib. to various periodicals. McCoskey, Samuel Allen, D. D., D.C.L. (Oxf.), b. Carlisle, Pa., 9 Nov. 1804. Dick. Coll. Son of Dr. Samuel A. ; grandson of Dr. Nisbet, 1st pres. Dick. Coll. After one year at West Point Acad, and his coll. course, he read law ; was adm. to the bar ; was 2 years dcp. atty.-gen. ofCumb. Co.; in 1831 began to study' divinity ; was ord. deacon and priest; was rector of Christ Ch., Reading, Pa., one year; was 2 years rector of St. Paul's, Phila.; and 9 July, 1836, was consec. 1st bishop of 1MA.C 578 jyLA.O Mich. ; and was also called to St. Paul's Church, Detroit, of which he was pastor 27 years. Maccrea, Jane, b. Leamington, N. J., 1754 ; killed by the Indians near Fort Edward, N.Y., July 27, 1777. She was the dau. of a Scotch Presb. clergyman settled in N. J., after whose death she went to live with a bro. on the Hudson River, near Fort Edward. The inva- sion of Burgoyne caused her bro. to prepare to seek a place of safety ; but, on the morning of the day of removal, a party of hostile Indians made prisoners of Mrs. McNiel and Miss Mac- crea, and hurried them off to Burgoyne'scamp. Soon after the safe arrival of Mrs. McNiel, another party of Indians came in with some fresh scalps, among them one which she readily knew to be that of Miss Maccrea. The event caused a general feeling of horror througli the country, and even in Europe; and Burke used the story with powerful effect in the British house of commons. McCullOCh, Ben., soldier, b. Rutherford Co., Tenn., 1814 ; killed in the battle of Pea Ridge, Mar. 7, 1862. Son of Alexander McCul- loch, aide to Gen, Coffee in Creek war, 1813- 14. He attended school in Tenn. until he was 14, when he followed the career of a hunter. Emigrating to Texas, he fought as a private artillerist at San Jacinto, and was a capt. of rangers in the Mexican war. Hedisting. him- self at Monterey ; was made quarterm. (rank of maj.) July 16, 1846 ; held the office till Sept. 6, 1847, commanding meanwhile a spy company at the battle of Buena Vista, where he gained new laurels. He afterward joined Gen. Scott's army ; and, for gallant conduct at the taking of the city of Mexico, was made marshal of Texas in Apr. 1853 ; declined the app. of maj. 1st Cav. Mar. 3, 1855 ; and was app. a commiss. by Pres. Buchanan to adjust the difficulties with the Mormons in Utah in May, 1857. App. brig.-gen. of the forces of Ark., he com. at the battle of Wilson's Creek, Mo., Aug. 10, 1861, when Gen. Lyon was killed ; and under Gen. Van Dorn led a corps of Ark., La., and Texas troops at Pea Ridge, falling in the second day's battle. McCulloch, Hugh, financier, b. Kenne- bunk, JVle. Studied at Bowd. Coll. in 1824-5, but left on account of ill-health ; was adm. to the practice of law, and settled at Fort Wayne, Ind., in 1833 ; was an officer of the State Bank of Ind. in 183.5-57, and its pres. in 1857-63; U.S. compt. of the currency 1863-5 ; sec. U.S. treas. 1865-9; since one of the banking-firm of Jay Cooke and McCulloch, Lond. McCurdy, Charles Johnson, LL.D. (Y.C.), jurist, b. Lyme, Ct.,7 Dec. 1797. Y.C. 181 7. His emig. ancestor was of Scotch extrac- tion, and came from the north of Ireland. His mother was of the blood of the Griswold and Wolcott families. He studied law with Judge Swift; was prominent in the profession; was a member of both branches of the legisl., and three years speaker of the house; licut.-gov. 1845-6; U.S. minister to Austria in 1851-2; in 1856 he was app. a judge of the Superior Court; and was subsequently, until 1867, upon the Supreme bench. In Feb. 1861, he was an active member of the Peace Congress. McDonald, Donald, a loyalist leader in N.C. Gov. Martin, early in the struggle, au- thorized him to raise and embody a force on the side of the crown, of which McDonald was to be capt.-gen. His success was, at first, very great. Feb. 26, 1776, he was attacked by the Whigs under Gen. Moore at Cross Creek, and was defeated, and made prisoner. MacDonald, Flora, celebrated for aiding in the escape of Charles Edward, the Young Pretender, b. South-Uist, Scotland, 1720 ; d. 4 Mar. 1790. Dau. of MacDonald of Milton. In 1750 she ra. Alex. MacDonald, with whom she came to N.C. in 1773, and settled in Fay- etteville. He was a captain in the Loyal High- landers ; and, after experiencing reverses of various kinds, they returned to Skye, Scotland, before the end of the Revol. war. She gave a proof of her courage during an attack on the ship while on the voyage home, taking part in the action, in which her arm was accidentally broken. Two of her sons were loyalist offi- officers in the Revol. war. Oneof them John, an accomplished scholar, lieut.-col., and a fel- low of the Royal Soc, d. 16 Aug. 1831, a. 72. Macdonald, James, M.D., physician, b. White Plains, N.Y., July 18, 1803; d. Flush- ing, L.I., May 5, 1849. Coll. of Phys. and Surgs., N.Y.,.1825. Until 1830 he was resident physician of the Bloomingdale Lunatic Asylum. In 1831 the govs, of the N.Y. Hospital sent him abroad to visit the insane hospitals of Eu- rope; and on his return he had charge of the asylum until 1837. He was for 4 years a visit- ing physician of the N.Y. Hospital. In 1841 he opened a private institution for the insane, first at Murray Hill, and subsequently at Flush- ing. In 1842 he began a course of lectures on mental diseases at the Coll. of Phys. and Surgs., probably the first ever delivered in the U.S. He pub. " A Review of Ferrers on Insanity ; " " Statistics of the Bloomingdale Asylum," 1839; "A Letter to the Trustees of the N.Y. State Lunatic Asylum,"1842 ; " A Dissertation on Puerperal Insanity;" " Reports on the Con- dition of the Blackwell's Island Asylum." He was acontrib. to the Amer. Jour of Insanity. MacDonald, James M., D.D., b. Limerick, Me., 1812. Un. Coll. 1832. Son of Maj. -Gen. John MacDonald. Ord. Presb. min. 1835, and for some years pastor of the First Presb. Church, Princeton, N.J. Author of " Credu- lity as illustrated by Successful Impostures," &c., 1843 ; " Key to Revelation," 1846 ; " Hist, of the Presb. Church of Jamaica, L.I.," 1847 ; "My Father's House," 1855; " Ecclesiastes Explained," 1856. He has pub. sermons in the Nat. Becorder, and contrib. to the Bihl. Repertory and the Princeton Review. — Allibone. Macdonald, Sir John Alexander, LL.D., D.C.L. (Oxon.), G.C.B., Canadian statesman, b. Sutherlandshire, Scotland, 1814. Hugh his father settled in Kingston in 1820. The son was called to the bar in 1835 ; became a member of parliament in 1844; receiver-gen. May 21, 1847 ; soon afterward commiss. of crown-lands; and from 1848 to 1854 was a conservative leader of the opposition in the Canadian parliament. In 1857 he became pre- mier ; resigned May, 1862 ; atty.-gen. 1854-62, and May, 1864-7; minister of militia 1865-7. m:ci> 679 m:ci> He was leader of the conservative party of Upper Canada ; is an able constitutional law- yer, a clever tactician, and a fluent debater. Minister of justice, and atty.-sen. of the Dom, Govt, of Canada since 1867. — Men of the Time. McDonogh, John, an eccentric and phi- lanthropic merchant, b. Baltimore, 1778; d. N. Orleans, Oct. 26, 1850. Removed to K Or- leans in 1800, where, by hard labor and the nar- rowest economy, he amassed immense wealth, the bulk of which, by his will, was given in equal portions to the cities of N. Orleans and Baltimore for the purpose of establishing free schools, and an asylum for the poor. A large sum was given to the Am. Colonization Socie- ty, to which he was a warm friend. He estab- lished a colony in Africa, to which he sent many of his negroes, after giving them an edu- cation and a trade. Maedonough, Thomas, commo. U.S.N., b. New Castle Co., Del., Dec. 23, 1783; d. at sea, Nov. 16, 1825. His father, Maj. McD. (d. 1796), emig. from the north of Ireland at an early age, and was an officer of valor and distinction in the Del. line of the Revol. army, and after- ward a judge. His eMer bro. James, a mid- shipman in the navy, was disting. in the action between "The Constellation" and *' U Insur- gent," frigate, but, having a foot shot off, was obliged to retire from the navy. Midshipm. Feb. 5, 1800; lieut. 6 Feb. 1807 ; com. 24 July, 1813; and in 1803 was attached to the frigate "Phila- delphia," Capt. Bainbridge,in the squadron em- ployed against Tripoli. Aug. 26, 1803, was cap- tured the Moorish frigate "Meshboa;" and Madonough escaped the captivity which sub- sequently befell the officers and crew of " The Phila." by being left at Gibraltar with her prize. He afterward served in the schooner " Enter- prise," under Decatur, participating in the vari- ous attacks made in 1804 upon the city and bat- teries of Tripoli ; and was one of the party which recaptured and destroyed " The Philadelphia " on the night of Feb. 16, 1804. In 1814 he com. a squadron on Lake Champlain ; and on Sept. 1 1 gained a very important victory over a British squadron com. by Com. George Downie, which outnumbered his in vessels and guns. For this disting. service he was pro- moted to capt. (Sept. 11), and received a gold medal from Congress. Numerous civic honors were also bestowed on him by different cities and towns; and the legisl. of Vt. presented him with an estate upon Cumberland Head, which overlooked the scene of the engagement. McDougall, Alexander, maj .-gen. Rev- ol. army, b. Scotland, 1731 ; d. N.Y. June 8, 1786. He came to America with his father, who was a farmer, ab. 1755 ; settled near N.Y,, in which city his youth was passed in various active employments. While a printer, the ac- tion of the State Assembly in the winter of 1769, in rejecting the vote by ballot, and favor- ably considering the bill of supplies for troops quartered in the city, to overawe the inhabit- ants, caused him to issue an address, entitled "A Son of Liberty to the betrayed Inhabitants of the Colony," holding up their conduct to just indignation. This was by vote of the As- sembly declared "an infamous and seditious libel ; " and its author was imprisoned. Regain- ing his liberty, he entered into corresp. with the master-spirits of the country, and July 6, 1774, presided over the celebrated meeting prepara- tory to the election of delegates to the First Congress. App. col. Ist N.Y. regt. ; brig.-gen. Aug. 9, 1776 ; and maj.-gen. Oct. 20, 1777. He superintended the embarkation of the troops on the evening of Aug. 29, 1776, after the defeat on Long Island; was actively engaged on Chat- terton's Hill, White Plains (Oct. 28), and in various places in N. J. ; and in the spring of 1777 took com. at Peekskill, but was com- pelled by a superior force to retreat, destroy- ing a considerable supply of stores Mar. 23. He participated in the battle of Germantown ; took com. of the posts on the Hudson, Mar. 16, 1778; and, assisted by Kosciusko, actively pushed the construction of the fortifications on the Highlands until the close of 1780. He was a delegate to Congress from N.Y. in 1781 and again in 1784-5. In the beginning of 1781 he was app. by Congress minister of marine, but did not remain long in Phila. When the army went into winter-quarters at Newburg in 1783, he was chosen to head the committee sent to Congress to represent its grievances. At the time of his death he was a member of the N.Y. senate, to which he was first elected in 1783. MacDougal, David D., commo. U.S.N., b. Ohio, Sept. 27, 1809. Midshipm. April 1, 1828 ; lieut. Feb. 25, 1841 ; com. Jan. 24, 1857; capt. Mar. 2, 1864 ; commo. 1869. Attached to brig " Consort," coast survey, 1840-3 ; U.S. steamer "Mississippi" at capture of Vera Cruz ; com. steam-sloop " Wyoming," Asiatic squadron, 1861-4; engaged 6 batteries and 3 vessels of war at Simonsaki, Japan, July 16, 1863 ; com. navy-yard Mare Island, Cal., 1865- 6; steam-sloop "Powhatan," So. Pacific squad., 1868-9; com. South squad. Pacific fleet, 1870. — Ilamersly. McDoiigall, James A., a U.S. senator, b. Bethlehem, N.Y., Nov. 19, 1817; d. Albany, N.Y., Sept. 3, 1867. Educated at the Albany grammar school. Studied law, and began practice in Pike Co., 111., in 1837; atty.-gen. of that State in 1842 and again in 1844; pur- sued the occupation of civil engineer; origi- nated and accomp. an exploring exped. to tlie Rio del Norte, the Gila, and the Colorado in 1849 ; and, having settled in San Francisco, resumed there the practice of law. In 1 850 he was atty.-gen. of Cal. ; for a time was a mem- ber of the legisl. ; M.C. in 1853-5 ; U.S. sena- tor in 1861-7 ; and chairman of the com. on the Pacific Railroad. In the early part of the war, he was identified with the war Democrats, and was a delegate to the Chicago convention which nominated Gren. McClellan for pres. in 1864, He was gifted with remarkable natural elo- quence. McDougalL Hon. William, Canadian statesman, b. Toronto, 25 Jan. 1822. His grandfather fought against the Americans in the Revol. war. Wm., educated at Toronto and at Victoria Coll., was a member of the bar; conducted a monthly agric. journal, of lar^e circulation, at Toronto, in 1848-58; and m 1850-7 edited and pub. the North-American^ which was merged in the Toronto Globe. Elect- ]VtCD 580 MICE ed to parliament as a reformer in 1858; com- miss. of croAvn-lands, and member exec, council May, 1862-Mar. 1864; app. prov. sec. in June; was made minister of marme in 1866 ; minister Of public works in the Dom. Govt, since 1867. He is a practical man, ready and powerful in debate, and was a leader of the moderate Lib- erals. — Men of the Time. McDowell, Ephraim, M.D., surgeon, b. Rockbridge Co., Va., Nov. 11, 1771 ; d. Dan- ville, Ky., June 25, 1830. Son of Judge Sam- uel. Completing his med. studies at Edinburgh, he settled in practice at Danville in 1795, and for years was the leading practitioner in the West. In 1802 he m. Sarah, dau. of Gov. Shel- by. In 1809 he successfully performed the op- eration for extirpation of the ovary, the first on record, and acquired, in consequence, Euro- pean celebrity. He also ranked high as a lithot- omist. — Gross's Med. Biog. McDowell, Ikvin, brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Franklinton, O., Ott. 15, 1818. Nephew of Gen. Cass. Educated at a milit. school in France, and at West Point (1838), and, entering the 1st Art , in 1841 was assist, instr. in tactics at West Point, and was adj. there until 1845 ; made 1st lieut. in 1842 ; he accomp. Gen. Wool as aide-de-camp to Mexico in 1 846 ; and at Buena Vista won the brev. of capt. 13 May, 1847; became assist, adj. -gen. (rank of capt.) ; maj. March 31, 1856; and brig.-gen. U.S.A. May 14, 1861 ; two weeks later he took com- mand of the dept. of N.-E. Va. ; coui. at the first battle of Bull Run, July 21 ; and, after the app. of Gen. McClellan to com. the Army of the Potomac, was placed in charge of a divis- ion under him; 14 March, 1862, he was as- signed the 1st corps; app. maj.-gen. of vols.; and early in April his corps was detached from the Army of the Potomac, and he was placed in com. of the dept. of the Rappahannock. He occupied Fredericksburg until the retreat of Gen. Banks down the Valley of the Shenan- doah, when he was recalled to take part in the vain pursuit of "Stonewall" Jackson. June 26, his com. was consolidated with those of Fremont and Banks to form the Army of Va., under Maj.-Gen. Pope, McDowell command- ing the 3d corps. He took a prominent part in the campaign between the Rappahannock and Washington, and was highly commended in Gen. Pope's official report, but was relieved at his own request, Sept. 5, 1862, and subse- quently com. th-e dept. of Cal. ; brev. maj.- gen. 13 Mar. 1865, for Cedar Mountain, Va. McDowell, James, LL.D. (N.J. Coll. 1846), statesman of Va., b. Rockbridge Co., 1796 ; d. near Lexington, 24 Aug. 1851. N. J. Coll. 1816. Descended from Ephraim, long and honorably known in Rockb. Co. Gov. of Va. 1843-6; M.C. 1845-51. While gov. he favored the proposition for the emancipation of the slaves. An eloquent, upright, and patri- otic man, and a friend of temperance. McDowell, John, LL.D., provost U. of Pa. ; d. Franklin Co., Va., Dec. 1820. McDowell, Joseph, b. Pleasant Garden, Burke Co., Feb. 25, 1758 ; d. there Aug. 1801. Major at the battle of King's Mountain; a member of the legisl. in 1780-95 ; and M.C. 1793-5 and 1797-9; member of the conven- tion to adopt the Federal Constitution in 1788, and a strong opponent of it. His son Joseph J. was M.C. from Ky. 1843-7. His bro. Gen. Charles (b. Winchester, Va., 1743, d. Burke Co., N.C., March 31, 1815) was the com. of the dist. in which, during 1780-1, several bril- liant actions with the British and Tories took place, among them that of Musgrove's Mill and King's Mountain. Member of the N.C. legisl. in 1778 and 1782-8, and 1809, 1811. McDowell, Col. Samuel, a disting. and active Whig of the Revol. ; d. near Danville, Ky., 25 Oct. 1817, a. 84. An early pioneer of Ky., having settled in Danville in 1783. Many years member of the Ky. legisl., and a cir- cuit judge, having organized the first court at Danville. Father of Dr. Eph., and Judge Jo- seph. — Gross's Med. Biog. Macduf&e, George, statesman, b. Co- lumbia Co., Ga., ab. 1788 ; d. Sumter dist., S.C, March 11, 1851. S. C. Coll. 1813. He began life as a clerk in Augusta, Ga. ; was adm. to the bar in 1814; practised in Edge- field, S.C; was sent to the S.C. legisl. in 1818; and disting. himself as an eloquent speaker and an able political writer. In a political controversy with Col. Wm. Cum- mings of Ga., which led to more than one duel, he received a bullet-wound in the shoul- der. In his writings at this time, embodied in a seiies of pamphlets enthled "The Crisis," he maintained the principle of consolidation against that of State-rights; M.C. in 1821-5; gov. of S.C. in 18-34-6; and U.S. senator in 1842-6. In Dec. 1823 he advocated the ex- pediency of changing the Constitution so as to establish uniformity in the mode of electing the members of the house of representatives, and also in the mode of choosing pres. electors. He opposed internal improvements in the States by Congress, and also opposed the Panama Congress. As chairman of the com. of ways and means, he endeavored to maintain the U.S. Bank. He was an opponent of the pro- tective tariff, and was prominent in all im- portant debates. In Dec. 1830 he made a forcible speech in the impeachment of Judge Peck. In the nullification controversy he il- lustrated and vehemently defended the views and positions of S.C. as enunciated by Cal- houn ; and in the S.C. conv. of 1834 he wrote a remarkable address to the people of the U.S. In Congress, few men have treated more ably, or with such eloquence, so great a variety of difficult subjects. He was a very successful planter, and delivered an admirable oration before the State Agric. Society. At one time he was a major-gen. in the State militia. He pub. a Eulogy on R. Y. Hayne, 8vo, 1840. McEUigott, James N., LL.D., educator and author, b. Richmond, Va., 3 Oct. 1812; d. N.Y. City, 22 Oct. 1866. Educated at the U. of N.Y. ' He was teacher and vice-principal there, and afterward conducted McElligott's Collegiate and Classical School until his death. Author of the " Amer. Debater," "Analytical Manual," "Young Analyzer," " Humorous Speaker," and " Humorous Read- er," also of lectures, addresses, and essays, and for a time edited the Teacher's Adcocate. Cho- MICE 581 :iVLA.C sen pres. N.Y. Teacher's Assoc, in 1839. He had some skill as a poet. McEntee, Jervis, landscape-painter, b. Rondout, N.Y., 1828. He studied under Clmrch in New York in 1850-1 ; opened a studio there in 1858; and in 1861 became known by his " Melancholy Days." Among his best efforts are " Virginia," " Indian Sutn- mer," "A Late Autumn," "October in the Kaatskills," and " Woods of Asshokan." — Tuckerman. McFarland, Asa, D.D. (Y.C. I8I2), minister of Concord, N.H., from Mar. 1798 to July, 1824, b. Worcester, 19 Apr. 1769; d. Concord, N.H., 18 Feb. 1827. Dartm. Coll. 1793. Pres. of the State Missionary Soc. Pub. "Hist. View of Heresies," 1806, 12mo, Concord, and 18 occas. sermons. McGee, Thomas D'Arcy, statesman and orator, b. Carlingford, Ireland, Apr. 13, 1825 ; assassinated at Ottawa, U.C., Apr. 7, 1868. Educated at Wexford, where his father held a custom-house office ; emig. to Amer. in 1842, and was employed on the Boston press; but returned to his native country when the Young Ireland movement began ; joined the staff of the Nation, newspaper, and sought to rouse the Irish people to battle for their rights. On the failure of the movement, JVtcGee evaded the British police, and reached America. Es- tablished the American Celt in Boston. Origi- nally an ardent Republican, his views, during the Know-nothing excitement, underwent a change ; and, from the period of his removal to Canada, he avowed himself a royalist, and, by letters and addresses, did his utmost to turn the tide of Irish immigration from the U.S. to the New Dominion. His ability and eloquence caused him to be chosen to represent Montreal in 1857. In 1864 he was made pres. of the exec, council; in 1867 minister of agric. ; and was chief Canadian commiss. at the first Paris and Dublin exhibitions. He took a prominent part as delegate in all the confer- ences held to promote the confederation of the Brit. N. Amer. Provinces. His bitter hos- tility to the Fenian movement probably occa- sioned his assassination, for which James Whe- Lm, an Irish Fenian, was tried and executed. Among his pubs are " Lives of Irish Writ- ers ; " Hist. Sketches of O'Connell and his Friends," I2mo, Bost., 1854; "Canadian Bal- lads and Occas. Verses," 1858 ; " History of the Irish Settlers in N.A.," Boston, 1851 ; "Prot. Reformation in Ireland," 12mo, 1853 ; "Pop- ular History of Ireland," N.Y., 1862, 2 vols. Svo ; " Catholic Hist, of N. America," 12mo, 1854; " Speeches and Addresses," 1865. McGill, James, founder of McGill U. Montreal, b. Glasgow, Scotland, Oct. 6, 1744; d. Montreal, Dec. 19, 1813. He came to Can- ada when quite young, and, engaging in mer- cantile pursuits, amassed a fortune, of which he made the noblest uses. He was successively a member of parliament, of the legisl., and exec, councils, and rose to the rank of brig.- gen. of militia in the war of 1 81 2. — Morgan. MacGillivray, Alexander, chief of the Creek Indians, b. Coosa River, near Wetump- ka, Ga., ab. 1740; d. Pensacola, Feb. 17, 1793. Son of Lachlan MacGiUivray, an Indian trader, by the half-breed dau. of a French officer. He received a good education in New York and Charleston. His father placed him in a counting-house in Savannah ; but distaste for trade led him to return to his Indian rela- tives. He soon took a high position among the united tribes of Creeks and Seminoles, and was their leader during the Amer. Revol., and with his father, who was a col. in the British service, warmly espoused the royal cause. After the war, Alexander, in behalf of the Muscogee confederacy, became the ally of Spain, and a commissary in its service, with the rank and pay of col. He diverted the trade of the Creeks to Pensacola, and long opposed the efforts of the U.S. Govt, to recover it, and obtain the cession of disputed lands on the Oconee. In 1790 he signed a treaty, ceding the territory for a pecuniary consideration, and was, by a secret article, app. agent for the U.S., andbrig.- gen. in the army. This treaty lessened his influence with the Creeks ; but he succeeded in obtaining an increase of salary and authority from the Spanish Govt. His hospitality and generosity were almost princely. He was a bro.-in-law of LcClerc Milfort, and an uncle of Wm. Weatherford. Maegregor, John, a British statistician, b. Stornoway, Ross Shire, in 1797 ; d. Boulogne, April 23, 1857. Placed when young in a com- mercial house in Canada, he collected the statistics of the resources of the country, pub. in 1832 in his "British America." Returning to Eng., he was in 1840 a sec. to the board of trade, and M.P. for Glasgow in 1847. He established the Royal British Bank; but it failed, and he withdrew to Boulogne. He com- piled "The Progress of America from the Discovery by Columbus to 1846 ; " " Commercial Statistics of America," 5 vols. 1848-50; "Emi- gration to Brit. America," 8vo, 1829; and left incomplete a " History of the British Empire from the Accession of James I." McGregor, David, minister of London- derry, N.H., from 1736 to his d.. May 30, 1777 ; b. Ireland, 6 Nov. 1710. A.M. of N.J. Coll. 1764. Sou of James, first minister of L., who settled there in 1719, d. 1729. David was an able and eloquent preacher, and a zealous and intrepid assertcr of the liberties of his country. He pub. some tracts and ser- mons. MoHenry, James, statesman, b. Md., 1753; d. Baltimore, 8 May, 1816. Aide-de- camp to Lafayette, with rank of licut.-coL, in 1780; member Old Congress 1783-6 ; one of the framers of the U.S. Constitution in 1787; and sec. of war 27 Jan. 1796, to 13 May, 1800. Macilvaine, Charles Pettit, D.D., LL.D.(Camb.U. 1858),D.C.L. (Oxf U. 1853), Prot.-Ep. bishop of Ohio, b. Burlington, N. J., Jan. 18, 1798. N. J. Coll. 1816. Son of Joseph, U.S. senator from N. J. Ord. a deacon July 4, 1820, and after officiating in Christ Church, Georgetown, Md., was ord. priest in 1822; prof of ethics, and chaplain at West Point in 1825-7 ; rector of St. Anne's Church, Brook- Ivn, N.Y. ; and was consec. bishop Oct. 31, l'832. Pres. Kenyon Coll. 1832-40; now pres. of the theol. sem. of the diocese of O. He has pub. " Lectures on the Evidences of MCI 582 ]ytci Christianity," delivered in the IT. of N.Y. in 1831 ; "Justification by Faith/' 16rao, 1840; " Oxford Divinity compared with that of the Romish and Anglican Churches/' 8vo, 1841 ; " The Truth and the Life/' a vol. of sermons, 1854; and has compiled 2 vols, of " Select Family and Parish Sermons;" contrib. to many relig. periodicals, Mcllvaine, Joseph, b. Bristol, Pa., 1768 ; d. Burlington, N. J., Aug. 19, 1826. Adm. to the X. J. bar in 1791 ; clerk of Burlington Co. 1800-24; U.S. dirit. atty. for N. J. 1801-20; app. judge of the Superior Court in 1818, but declined ; U.S. senator 1823-6. Mcintosh, Duncan, philanthropist, b. Scotland; d. Aux Cayes, Nov. 1820. _ An American citizen residing at St. Domingo, having by trade acquired great wealth, he sacrificed it freely in behalf of the French popu- lation, whom the slaves, bursting their fetters, sought to massacre. During the eight months duration of this terrible convulsion, he saved in vessels, which he freighted for that purpose, over 900 men and 1,500 women and children. Death was decreed to those who should conceal the French ; and he was more than once the inmate of a dungeon. Mcintosh, James M., capt. U.S.N., b.Ga.; d. Washington, D.C., Scpt.l, 1860. Midshipm. Sept. 1, 1811 ; lieut. April 1, 1818; com. Feb. 28, 1838; capt. Sept. 5, 1849. Mcintosh, James S., col. U.S.A., b. Lib- erty Co., Ga., June 19, 1787 ; d. city of Mexico, Sept. 26, 1847. Son of Gen. John. App. lieut. of rifles Nov. 13, 1812; disting. under Maj. Appling at Sandy Creek ; severely wounded in aftair near Black Rock, Aug. 3, 1814 ; served with Gen. Jackson throughout the Indian war ; capt. Mar. 1817 ; maj. 7th Inf. Sept. 21, 1836; lieut.-col. 5th Inf. July 1, 1839; brev. col. for gallantry in battles of Palo Alto and R. de la Palma, May 9, 1846, in which he was danger- ously wounded ; com. his brigade in Worth's div., and disting. in battle of Churubusco, also at Molino del Rey, where he was mortally wounded. His son James, gen. Confed. army (West Point 1849, capt. 1st U.S. Cav. 16 Jan. 1857), was killed at the battle of Pea Ridge, Nov. 7, 1862. Mcintosh, Gen. John ; d. at his planta- tion, Mcintosh Co., Ga., Nov. 12, 1826, a. ab. 70. Bro. of Gen. Lachlan. An officer of the Ga. line in 1775; he served throughout the war ; com. the fort at Sunbury, with the rank of lieut.-col., when it was besieged by Lieut.- Col. Fraser; displayed great bravery at the battle of Brier Creek, March 3, 1779, and was made prisoner ; maj.-gen. of Ga. militia in U.S. service at Mobile under Jackson, Nov. 1814 to May, 1815. Mcintosh, John B., brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Fla. 2d lieut. 5th U.S. Cav. June 8, 1861; 1st lieut. June 27, 1862; in the Peninsular battles ; at South Mountain and Antietam ; col. 3d Pa. Vols. Nov. 1862 ; com. brigade at Rappahannock Bridge, Kelly's Ford, Stoneman's Raid to Richmond, Chan- cellorsville, Gettysburj?, Warrenton.and Rapi- dan Station ; capt. 5th Cav. Dec. 7, 1863 ; com. cav. brigade at Parker's Store, Wilder- ness, Spottsylvania, Haxall's Landing, Yellow Tavern, Ashland, Hawes Shop, Bethesda Church, Southside R.R. (com. division), and battle of Petersburg ; brig.-gen. vols. July 21, 1864 ; com. cav. brigade at Winchester, Sum- mit Point, and Opequan, where he lost a leg ; brev.-maj. U.S.A. for White-oak Swamp ; lieut.-col. for Gettysburg; col. for Ashland; brig.-gen. for Winchester; and maj.-gen. for gallant and merit, services in the field during the war; lieut.-col. 42d Inf. 28 July, 1866; Retired brig.-gen. 30 July, 1870. — //ewy. Mcintosh, Gen. Lachlan, b. near Inver- ness, Scotland, March 17, 1725 ; d. Savannah, Feb. 20, 1806. John More his father, the head of the Borlam branch of the clan Mcintosh, with 100 adherents, came to Ga. with Oglethorpe in 1736, and settled at New Inverness in what is now Mcintosh Co. He originated the protest made by the colonists to the board of trustees in Eng. against the introduction of African slaves into Ga. Of his sons and grandsons, seven bore commissions in the Revol. army. Made a prisoner by the Spaniards, and sent to St. Augustine, Lachlan was left to the care of his mother at the age of 13. His opportuni- ties of education were few; but, in the study of mathematics and surveying, he received great assistance from Oglethorpe. Arrived at matu- rity, he went to Charleston, became a friend of Henry Laurens, whose counting-room he en- tered as clerk. Returning to his friends on the Altamaha, he m., and became a land-sur- veyor. He acquainted himself with military tactics, and, when the Revol. War began, was first app. col., and Sept. 16, 1776, brig.-gen. Persecuted beyond endurance by his political rival, Button Gwinnett, he pronounced him a scoundrel, and, in the duel which ensued, killed him. He afterwards com. in the Western dept., and led an exped. against the Indians in the spring of 1778, succeeding with a small force in restoring peace on the frontier ; returned to Ga. in 1779; and was at the siege and fall of Savannah. He was with Lincoln at Charieston when he was made a prisoner. Member of Congress in 1784. In 1785 he was one of the commlss. to treat with the Southern Indians. — See Nat. Port. Gallery. Mcintosh, Maria J., authoress, b. Sun- bury, Ga., 1803. Her father Major Lachlan Mcintosh, son of Col. Wm., and grandson of John More, was a lawyer and soldier. She was educated at the Sunbury Acad. ; after 1835 she resided in New York with a married sister, and then with her bro., Capt. James M. Mcintosh, U.S.N. She lost her property in the crash of 1837, and, resorting to her pen for sup- port, produced in 1841 her first tale " Blind Alice, under the pseudony meof " A unt Kitty." She has since pub. " Jessie Graham ; " " Flor- ence Arnott ; " " Conquest and Self-Con- quest," 1844 ; "Praise and Principle ; " " Wo- man an Enigma ; " " Two Lives, or to Seem and to Be," 1846 (all collected in a single volume in 1847) ; " Charms and Counter- Charms/' 1848; "Donaldson Manor/' 1849; " Woman in America," 1850 ; ** The Lofty and the Lowly," 1853; " Violet, or the Cross and the Crown," 1856; " Meta Gray," 1858; "Two Pictures," 1863, &c. Mcintosh, Gen. William, a Creek half- ]veck: 583 MLA.O breed warrior, b. Coweta, Ga. ; killed May I, 1825. His father was Capt. Wm. M., a Scotchman ; his mother, a native Indian. The Bon was tall, well-formed, intelligent, and brave. Joining the American forces in 1812, he was highly commended by Gen. Floyd for bravery at the battle of Autossee, in which he was a major ; was disiing. at the battle of the Horse Shoe, and also in the Florida campaign. His connection with the treaty at the Julian Springs in 1825 was the' cause of his being killed by the Indians opposed to a cession of their lands to the U.S. — Ga. Colls. 170. McKay, Donald, ship-builder, b. Shel- burne, N.S., 1809 ; learned the art in N.Y. City ; began business for himself at Newbury- port; Ms., and in 1845 removed to East Bos- ton. He built many fast clipper-ships for the Cal. and Australian trade, and 4 Oct. 1853, launched "The Great Republic," of 4;,500 tons. McKean, Joseph, D.D. (All. Coll. 1817), LL.D. (N. J. Coll. 1814), scholar, b. Ipswich, Ms., Apr. 19, 1776 ; d. Havana, Mar. 17, 1818. H. U. 1 794. His father, a native of Glasgow, came to Amer. in 1763; his mother was a dau. of Dr. Joseph Manning of Ipswich. He taught school a few years in Ipswich, and the acad. in Berwick; and Nov. 1, 1797-Oct. 3, 1804, was minister of Milton ; afterward a teacher in Boston ; and Boylston prof of rheto- ric and oratory in H. U. from Oct. 31, 1809, to his d. Member of the Ms. Hist. Society, also of that of N.Y., and of the Amer. Acad. He pub. " Sacred Extracts," for the use of schools, 18mo, 1814; some sermons, and Me- moir of John Eliot in the Colls, of the Ms. Hist. Soc, 2d ser. v. i. McKean, Thomas, LL.D., jurist and Revol. patriot, b. Chester Co., Pa., March 19, 1734 ; d. Phila. June 24, 1817. After an aca- demic and professional course of study, he was adm. an atty., and soon obtained the app. of dep. atty.-gen. in the county of Sussex. In 1757 he was adm. to the bar of Pa., and elected clerk of the Assembly ; member of the Assembly for the county of New Castle 1762- 79. In the Gen. Congress at N.Y. in 1765, he, with Lynch and Otis, framed the address to the British house of commons ; and was app. judge of the C. C. P., and of the Orphans' Court for New Castle. In 1771 he was app. coll. of the port of New Castle ; member of the Cont. Congress in 1774 ; and was annually re-elected until Feb. 1783, being the only man who was without intermission a member during the whole period of the war. In 1778 he was one of the convention which framed the Arti- cles of Confederation ; in 1781 he was pres. of Congress. In addition to his congressional duties, in 1777 he officiated as pres. of the State of Del ; and held from July, 1777, until 1 799, the office, and executed the duties, of chief justice of Pa. He was particularly active and useful in promoting the Decl. of Indep., which he signed ; and a few days after that event marched with a battalion to Perth Amboy, N.J., to support Washington. He returned to Del. to prepare a constitution for that State, which he drew up in the course of a night, and which was unanimously adopted the next day by the Assembly. At that period, as he relates, he was " hunted like a fox by the enemy : " he was compelled to remove his family five times in a few months ; and at length placed them in a little log-house on the banks of the Susque- hanna ; but they were soon obliged to leave this retreat on account of the Indians. Gov. of Pa. from 1799 to 1808; and in 1790 he was a member of the convention which framed the constitution of Pa. He was highly esteemed for integrity, impartiality, and learning. In politics he was one of the leaders of the repub- lican party ; as a member of the convention of Pa.., he urged the adoption of the U.S. Constitution. McKean, William W., commo. U. S. N., b. Pa. 1801 ; d. near Binghamton, N.Y., 22 Apr. 1865. Son of Judge McKean ; nephew of Gov. McKean. Midshipman 30 Nov. 1814; lieut. 13 Jan. 1825; com. 8 Sept. 1841 ; capt. 14 Sept. 1855; commo. 16 July, 1862; gov. Naval Asylum 1858-61 ; retired 16 July, 1862. Com. a schooner in Porter's West India squad. 1823-4 ; and active in suppressing piracy there. In 1860 on special service of conveying the Japanese Embassy home ; and on his re- turn, was for a short time in com. of the W. Gulf blockading squadron. McKee, William R., col. U.S. Vols., b. Ky. 1808 ; killed in battle of Buena Vista, Mexico, 23 Feb. 1847. West Point, 1829. Lieut, of U.S. Art. ; resigned Sept. 1836 ; rail- road engr. 1836-46 ; col. 2d Ky. Vols. 9 June, \M^. — Gardner. McKeen, Joseph, D.D. (Dartm. Coll. 1804), educator, b. Londonderry, N.H., Oct. 15, 1757; d. Brunswick, Me., July 15, 1807. Dartm. Coll. 1774. At college he evinced a strong predilection for mathematics. After teaching for some time, and being an assistant in the And. Acad., he was ord. pastor of the church in Beverly, May 11, 1785. From Sept. 2, 1802, until his death, he was first pres. of Bowd. Coll. He pub. sermons, and some papers in the " Transactions " of the Amer. Academy. Mackeever, Isaac, commodore U.S.N., b. Pa. Apr. 1793; d. Norfolk, Va., Apr. 1, 1856. Midshipman Dec. 1, 1809; lieut. Dec. 9, 1814, and com. a gunboat in the flotilla of Lieut. Jones, which was captured by the British on Lake Borgne, La., Dec. 1814. In the en- gagement, which was very warm, he was severely wounded. In the galliot " Sea Gull," in 1825, aided by some boats of the British frigate "Dartmouth," he, after a sharp fight, captured two pirate schooners. May 27, 1830, he was made a com. ; and a capt. in Dec. 1838. He com. the squadron on the coast of Brazil in 1851-4. His son Chauncey McKeeveb West Point, 1849, was brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865, for merit, services during the Re- bellion. A. A. G. rank of maj. 17 July, 1862. Mackellar, Thomas, poet, b. New York, Aug. 12, 1812. Son of an officer of the Brit, navy, who emigrated to N.Y. At. 16 he entered the printing-establishment of the Harpers. la 1833 he removed to Phila., where he became senior partner of the great type-foundry of Lawrence Johnson and Co. He early wrote for the Journal of the Sunday-School Union. He M^A^O 584 ]VLA.C pub. "Droppings from the Heart," 1844; "Tarn's Fortnight's Rambles," 1847; and "Lines for the Gentle and Loving," 1853. Mackendree, William, D.D., bishop M.E. Church, b. King William Co., Va., July 5, 1757 ; d. Mar. 5, 1835. During the Revol. war he attained the rank of adj. In 1787 he be- came a Methodist; in 1791 he was made an elder; app. to several offices of importance and trust ; was sent to the first general conf. ; and was afterward made pres. elder of a new conf. in the Far West. Chosen bishop May 12, 1808, during that year he visited with Bishop Asbury nearly the whole of the U. S. and a part of Canada. McKenney, Col. Thomas Lorraine, author, b. Hopewell, Md., 21 Mar. 1785; d. New York, 20 Feb. 1858. Educated at Wash. Coll., Chestertown, and became a merchant in Georgetown, D.C. App. in 1816 supt. of U.S. trade with the Indian tribes, and in 1824 of the bureau of Indian affairs in the war dept., and in 1826 a special commiss. with Lewis Cass to negotiate a treaty with the Chippeway Indians at Fond du Lac. Author of " Tour to the Lakes, and Treaty of Fond du Lac," 8vo, 1827 ; " Memoirs Official and Personal," 8vo, 1846 ; and, with James Hall, " History of In- dian Tribes," &c., 3 vols. fol. 1838-44.— i2ec/ Book of Mich. Mackenzie, Sir Alexander, traveller, b. Inverness, Scotland ; d. Dalhousie, Mar. 12, 1820. At one time a Canadian merchant en- gaged in the fur-trade. Previous to com- mencing his journey across the continent, he passed a year in Eng., acquiring a knowledge of astronomy and navigation. He then re- turned to Chippewyan, where he had been stationed for 8 years, and June 3, 1789, set out on his exped. At the western part of the Great Slave Lake he entered a river, to which he gave his own name, being then in a track wholly new to Europeans. He followed the course of the stream till the 12th of July, when, the ice opposing further passage, he returned to Fort Chippewyan, where he arrived Sept. 27. 69° r N., was the northern boundary of his voyage. And in Oct. 1792 he undertook a more hazardous exped. to the western coast of N.A., and succeeded in July, 1793, in reach- ing Cape Menzics, so named by Vancouver, lat. 52° 21' N., and long. 128° 12' W. Mac- kenzie returned to England in 1801, and in the following year was knighted. He pub. with excellent maps " Voyages from Montreal through the Continent of N. America to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans in the Years 1789 and 1793," Lond. 1801. Mackenzie, Alexander Slidell, naval oflBcer and author, b. New York, Apr. 6, 1803; d. Tarry town, Sept. 13, 1848. Son of John Slidell, a merchant of New York, and bro. of Senator John Slidell, and in 1837 added, at the request of a maternal uncle, his mother's family name, Mackenzie, to his own. He en- tered the navy Jan. 1, 1815, as a midshipman. At the age of 19 he took command of a mer- chant-vessel to improve himself in seamanship. Lieut. 13 Jan. 1825; com. Sept. 8, 1841. In 1825 he visited Europe, and pub. his " Year in Spain." After his return home from a three- years' cruise in the Mediterranean in 1833, he pub. a vol. of Popular Essays on Naval Sub- jects. " The American in England," and " Spain Revisited," were the fruits of a subse- quent tour; and in 1836 he pub. an enlarged edition of the " Year in Spain." His cruise in 1842 in the brig "Somers" gave him an unhappy notoriety. A mutiny among the crew, headed by a midshipman, having been discovered, a council of officers was held, which ordered that the three most guilty should suf- fer death at the yard-arm, which sentence was promptly carried into effect. Individuals cen- sured Lieut. Mackenzie for undue severity ; but the tribunals to which he was amenable acquit- ted him of blame. (See his Defence before the Court Martial, N. Y., 8vo, 1843.) Ord- nance officer under Com. Perry in " The Mis- sissippi " at Vera Cruz ; com. the 2d division of art. detached from the fleet in the storming and capture of the city of Tabasco, June 16, 1847. He pub. Lives of Paul Jones, O. H. Perry, and Stephen Decatur. Mackenzie, Charles Kenneth, F.R.S., author, b. Scotland, 1788; d. by the conflagra- tion of the Rainbow Hotel, New York, July 6, 1862. He was a ripe scholar, an excellent lin- guist, with great and versatile literary attain- ments, having been a contrib. to the Edinburgh and Quarterhj Reviews, and " The Encyclopaedia Britannica,"and alsoleadingeditorof a London daily conservative journal. He was a doctor both of law and medicine. In his youth he was an aide-de-camp of the Duke of Welling- ton ; in 1823 he accomp. to Mexico the British commiss. on therecognition of her independence, and was app. consul for Vera Cruz; in 1825 he was sent consul-gen. to Hayti; and in 1830 was commiss. of arbitration to the mixed com- mission at Havana. A dispute with the foreign oflBce in Nov. 1834 ended his connection with the British Govt. He had resided in the U.S. about 14 years when he died. Mackenzie, Roblrt Shelton, M. D., D.C.L. (Oxf. 1844), LL.D. (Glasgow, 1834), journalist, b. Drew's Court, Limerick Co., Ire- land, June 22, 1809. Educated at a school in Fermoy, where his father, originally a British officer, was postmaster; at the age of 13 was apprenticed to an apothecary in Cork ; passed his medical examination; opened a school in Fer- moy; and in 1829 became editor of a journal pub. in Staffordshire, Eng. In 1830-1 he was employed in literary labors in London. Be- tween 1834 and 1851 He was the English cor- resp. of the N.Y. Eceyiing Star, besides contrib. frequently to Amer. periodicals. In 1847 he was an active member of Lord Brougham's Law Amendment Society. In the latter part of 1852 he came to New York, where for several years he wrote for some of the princijtal jour- nals; in 1857 he became literary and foreign editor of the Phi/a. P7ess. Among his pubs, are " Lays of Palestine," 1829 ; " Titian," an art novel, 1 843 ; " Partnership en Com mandite," 8vo, 1847; "Mornings at Matlock," 1850, a collection of fugitive magazine pieces; Sheil's " Sketches of the Irish Bar," 1854, with mem- oirs and notes; an edition of the "Noctes Am- brosianas," with sketches of the contributors, and notes, 5 vols. 1854; " Bits of Blarney," 3VLA.O 585 mck: 1855 ; ** Dr. Maginns's Writings and others; " "Tressillianand his Friends," 1859 ; an edition of the "Memoirs of Robert Houdin," 1859; "Life of Charles Diciiens/' 1870; "Life of Sir Walter Scott," 1871. — Appleton. Mackenzie, William Lyon, leader of the Canadian insurgents in 1837-8, b. Springfield, Forfarshire, Scotland, Mar. 12, 1795; d. To- ronto, Aug. 28, 1861. At 17 he commenced business, and kept a circulating-library in Ayleth, near Dundee, and afterward went to Eng., where he was a clerk in the employ of Lord Lonsdale. He came to Canada in 1820; was employed as supt. over the works of the Lachine Canal ; and was engaged in the book and drug trade in Toronto, with success, until 1823, when he entered upon political life. From May 18, 1824, until 1833, he edited the Colonial Adcocate at Niagara, freely criticising the acts of the govt., which made every effort to suppress it; and in 1826 a mob destroyed the office. This riot brought him more prom- inently into notice; and in 1828 he was chosen to parliament from York Co. For an alleged libel upon the Assembly in his newspaper, he was five times expelled, and as often re-elected. The Assembly, at last, refused to issue the writ for a new election. In May, 1832, he went to Eng. with a petition of grievances to the im- perial govt. In 1836 he was the first mayor of Toronto. The rebellion with which his name is so conspicuously connected was quickly subdued ; but it awakened the attention of the home govt, to various abuses, and brought about beneficial changes. Outlawed by his govt., he fled to the U. S., where he was arrested, and sentenced to 18 months' imprisonment for a breach of the neutrality laws; and was confined in Monroe Co. jail, Rochester, N.Y. He after- ward pub. Mackenzie's Gazette, and was long connected with the N.Y. Tribune. Having re- ceived a pardon, he returned to Canada in 1850, and was again a member of the Assembly until 1858. It is generally conceded that he acted from a thoroughly honest motive; and it is un- questionable that he did his share to advance the cause of civil liberty in his adopted country. While in New York he pub. some political pamphlets, one of which (Sketches of Wm. L. Marcy, Jacob Barker, and others, 8vo, 1845), compiled from papers found in the custom- house, professedly exposed the intrigues of several prominent political leaders, and created much excitement. His admirers raised a sum sufficient to purchase him a small annuity and a residence near Toronto. Author of " Sketches cfCanadaandtheU.S.," Lond. 12mo, 1833. — Morgan. Mackenzie, Ranald S., brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. N.Y. West Point (1st in class), 1862. Son of Com. A. S. Mackenzie, U.S.N. Entering the engr. corps, he became 1st lieut. 3 Mar. 1863; capt. 6 Nov. 1863; col. 2d Ct. Heavy Art. 10 July, 1864; brig.-gen. vols. 19 Oct. 1864 ; col. 4th Cav. 6 Mar. 1867. He was in the action at Kelly's Ford, Va., 20 Aug. ; brev. 1st lieut. 29 Aug. 1862, for battle of Manassas, where he was wounded ; engr. of Sumner's div. at Fredericksburg ; brev. capt. 3 May, 1863, for Chancellorsville; maj. 4 July, 1863,'for Gettysburg; served through the Rich- mond campaign, and brev. lieut.-col. 18 June, 1864, for Petersburg, Va. ; com. brigade 6th corps in Shenandoah campaign, and engaged at Opequan, Fisher's Hill; and brev. col. 19 Oct. 1864, for Cedar Creek, where he was wounded ; and com. a cavalry division at the battle of Five Forks ; brev. maj. -gen. vols. 31 Mar.; and brig.-gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar., for gal- lant and merit, services in the field during the Rebellion. — Cullam. Mackey, Albert Gallatin, physician and author, b. Charleston, S.C', 1807. M.D. of S.C. Coll. 1832. He procured by school- teaching the means of preparing himself for the medical profession. After practising some years, he was in 1838 elected demonstrator of anatomy in S.C. Med. Coll. In 1844 he be- came connected with the Literary Bulletin, Southern Patriot, Evening News, and other Charleston periodicals ; established a Masonic monthly in 1850, which he continued 3 years; and a quarterly in 1858-60. He has lectured upon the middle ages, and has prepared a work on the subject of abstruse symbolism. Author of "Lexicon of Freemasonry," 1845; "The Mystic Tie," 1849; "Principles of Masonic Law," 1856; "Book of the Chapter," 1858; and " Text-Book of Masonic Jurisprudence," 1859. Mackie, John Milton, author, b. Ware- ham, Ms., 1813. B. U. 1832, where he was tutor 1834-8, and subsequently travelled in Europe. In 1845 he pub. "Life of Leibnitz," and contrib. to Sparks's "Am. Biog." a " Life of Samuel Gorton;" in 1848 " Cosas de Es- pana . Life of Schamvl, the Circassian Chief," 1856; " Life of Tai-Ping- Wang, Chief of the Chinese Insurrection," 1857; and "From Cape Cod to Dixie," a vol. of travels, 1864. Contrib. to the N. A. Review, principally of articles on German literature and history. McKinley, John, jurist, b. Va., May 1, 1780; d. Louisville, Ky., July 19, 1852. He removed to Ky. ; thence to Ala.; was U.S. senator from Ala. from 1826 to 1837; and in that year was app. a justice of the Supreme Court of the U.S. McKinly, John, M.D., physician and statesman, b. Ireland, Feb. 24, 1724; d. Wil- mington, Del., Aug. 31, 1796. He settled in Wilmington in early life, and soon became eminent in his profession. He filled several important public posts, and in 1777 was the first pres. of the State of Del. Captured by the British Sept. 13, 1777. McKinstry, James P., commo. U.S.N., b. New York, Feb. 9, 1807. Midshipm. Feb. 1, 1826; lieut. Feb. 9, 1837; com. Sept. 14, 1855; capt. July 16, 1862; commo. July 25, 1866; com. mail-steamer "Georgia" 1854-5; steamer "Dakotah" 1861 ; steam sloop "Monon- gahela," at Port Hudson and Vicksburg, 1863, and wounded. Retired 9 Feb. 1 869. — Hamersly. McKnight, Charles, M.D., physician, of Irish descent, b. Cranberry, N. J., Oct. 10, 1750; d. New York, 1791. N. J. Coll. 1771. Son of Charles, a Presb. clergyman. He studied medicine with Dr. Shippen, and, entering the Revol. army, became sen. surgeon of the middle dept. He settled in N.Y. after the war ; m. the dau. of John Morin Scott ; was particularly -MCJ-i 586 jyccr. eminent as a surgeon, and was for some time prof, of anatomy and surgery in Col. Coll. He pub. a paper in Memoirs of Lond. Med. Soc, vol. iv. McLane, Col. Allek, a brave and enter- prising Revol. officer, b. Aug. 8, 1746 ; d. Wil- mington, Del., May 22, 1829. He removed to Kent Co., Del., in 1774. At the commence- ment of the Revol. he held an estate in Phila. worth $15,000, the whole of which he sacrificed in the service of his country. As a vol. he witnessed the repulse of the British at Great Bridge, Va. In 1775 he became licut. in Caesar Rodney's Del. regt. In 1776 he joined the array of Washington ; disting. himself at tlje battle of Long Island ; was at White Plains and Trenton ; and, by his good conduct and gallantry at Princeton, won from Washington the commission of capt. in 1777. He com. the outposts of the army around Phila., and was engaged in the battle of Monmouth. In July, 1779, he was made maj. of the inf. of Lee's Legion, taking part in the brilliant affairs of Paulus Hook and Stony Point ; and was at the siege of Yorktown. In a personal combat with three British dragoons, near Frankford, Pa., he killed one, wounded another, and the third retired. He was a member and speaker of the legisl. ; 6 years a privy councillor ; many years judge C.C.P. ; marshal Del. dist. 1790-8; and collector of the port of Wilmington from 1808 until his death. McLane, Gen. Jeremiah, a Western pioneer and politician, b. 1767 ; d. Washington, March 19,1 837. He was a soldier of the Revol. Settled at Chillicothe in 1790 ; was sec. of state of O. 21 years ; removed to Columbus in 1816 ; and was M.C. in 1833-7. McLane, Louis, statesman, b. Smyrna, Kent Co., Del., May 28, 1786; d. Baltimore, Oct. 7, 1857. Newark Coll. Son of Col. Allen. Entered the navy as midshipm. in 1 798, and cruised one year in " The Philadelphia," Com. Decatur. He began to study law in 1804 with James A. Bayard ; was adm. to the bar in 1807 ; M.C. 1817-27 ; on the Mo. question he voted against permitting slavery in that State, in opposition to his constituents, but in obedience to his own convictions ; U.S. senator 1827-9 ; minister to Eng. May, 1829-31 ; sec. U.S. treasury 1831-3 ; sec. of state 1833 ; retired from political life in 1834. Pres. of the Bait, and 0. Railroad Co. from 1837 to 1847. In June, 1845, he was intrusted by Pres. Polk with the mission to Eng. during the Oregon negotiations. His last public service was as a delegate to the reform convention at Annapolis, in the winter of 1850-51. McLane, Robert Milligan, son of Louis, b. Del. June 23, 1815. Educated at Wash. Coll., D.C., St. Mary's Coll., Bait., and West Point, 1837. He was in Europe with his father in 1 829-31 . Served in Florida, the Cherokee country, and in the north-west, and resigned in 1843 ; adm. to the Bait, bar in 1843 ; member Md. legisl. in 1845-7 ; M.C. 1847-51 ; minister to China 1853-5 ; and min- ister to Mexico from Mar. 1859 to Nov. 1860. McLaughlin, Edward A., b. N. Stam- ford, Ct., 9 Jan. 1798. Pub. in Cincinnati in Oct. 1841, " The Lovers of the Deep," and other poems. — See Poets and Poetry of the West. McLaws, Lafayette, gen. C.S.A., b. Ga. West Point, 1842. Entering the 6th Inf., he became 1st lieut. Feb. 16, 1847; capt. Aug.- 24, 1851 ; and resigned Mar. 23, 1861. Engaged during Ihe Mex. war at defence of Ft. Brown, battle of Monterey, and siege of Vera Cruz. He became a maj .-gen. in the Confed. army ; com. a division in Lee's army ; disting. at the 2d Fredericksburg battle. May 3, 1863, in which he forced Gen. Sedgewick's corps across the Rappahannock ; was at Gettys- burg ; opposed Sherman's advance at Pocota- ligo Bridge, N.C., 15 Jan. 1865; and at Averys- borough, 17 Mar. 1865 ; surrendered with John- ston's army, 26 Apr. 1865. McLean, Canadian jurist, b. St. Andrew's, U.C., Apr. 1791; d. Oct. 1865. Educated at the Cornwall grammar school, he served through the war of 1812, and was wounded at Qucenstown. Called to the bar, he became in 1837 judge of the Court of King's Bench, and afterwards chief justice of U.C. Several years a member, and twice speaker, of the legisl. assembly of U.C, and opposed the imion of the two provinces. Maclean, Col. Allan, a British officer, b. Toriish, Scotland, ab. 1725; d. 1784. A lieut. in the Scots Brigade in the Dutch service in 1747, and taken at the siege of Bergen Op Zoom. Obtaining in 1757 a comp. in the 62d regt., he left the Dutch service; came to America ; was at the taking of Ft. Duquesne in 1758; served under Amherst in 1759; and raised the 114th Highlanders, of whom he was maj. comg. Made lieut.-col. 25 May, 1771 ; in 1775 he came again to America; raised a corps known as the Roy. Highland Emigrants, and threw himself into Quebec, 12 Nov. 1775, just in time to prevent its surrender to Arnold, and to render great service during its siege. He com. the fort at Penobscot, Me., against which the unfortunate exped. of Lovell and Salton- stall was directed in July, 1779; and was made a col. in Jan. 1780. He was a brave and active officer. McLean, Daniel Verch, D.D., Presb. clergyman and author, b. 1801 ; d. pastor of a church at Red Bank, N. J., 23 Nov. 1869. Miami U. Several years pastor of the Old Tennent Church, Freehold, N. J. ; pres. of Laf. Coll., Easton.Pa., 1854-64. Maclean, John, M.D. (U. of Aberd. 1797), chemist and physician, b. Glasgow, Mar. 1771 ; d. Princeton, Feb. 1814. Son of an eminent Burgeon. After studying at various cities, he commenced the practice of surgery at Glasgow in 1791. He came to Amer. in 1795, and was app. prof, of chem. and nat. history in the Coll. of N. J., and subsequently of nat. philos. and mathematics, which he resigned in 1812, having been app. prof, of nat. philos. and chem. in Wm. and Mary Coll. His prin- c^)al pub. was "Lectures on Combustion." He also wrote other papers in the controversy with Dr. Priestly, pub. in the N.Y Med. Repos. McLean, John, merchant, whose name is perpetuated by the McLean Asylum for the Insane, at Somerville, Ms., b. 1759 ; d, Oct. 1823. m:ox. 587 ivLCjyc He once failed for a large sum, and went throuj^h bankruptcy. Subsequently acquiring wealth, he paid his former creditors in fall. He bequeathed $100,000 for the Ms. Gen. Hospital, and $50,000 more to that and to H.U. McLean, John, LL.D. (H.U. 1839), jurist and statesman, b. Morris Co., N. J., Mar. 11, 1785; d. Cincinnati, O., Apr. 4, 1861. In 1789 his father removed to Va., thence to Ky., and in 1799 to Warren Co., O. Here the son received a scanty education, laboring on the farm until 16 years of age ; was in 1807 adm. to the bar, and commenced practice at Lebanon, O. M.C. in 1813-16, supported Madison's administration, originated the law to indemnify individuals for property lost in the public ser- vice, and introduced a resolution inquiring into the expediency of giving pensions to the wid- ows of the officers and soldiers who had fallen in their country's service. From 1816 to 1822 he was a judge of the Ohio Supreme Court; in 1822 he was app. commiss. of the gen. land Office ; and in July, 1 823, he became postmaster- gen. After refusing the offer of the war and navy depts., he in Jan. 1830 entered upon the duties of a justice of the U.S. Sup. Court. His charges to grand juries while on circuit were disting. for ability and eloquence. One of the ablest of these was delivered in Dec. 1838, in regard to aiding or favoring unlawful mili- tary combinations by our citizens, a;,'ainst any foreign govt, or people with whom we are at peace, with special reference to the Canadian msurrection and its Araer. abettors. In the Dred Scott case he dissented from the decision of the court as given by Chief Justice Taney, and expressed the opinion that slavery has its origin merely in power, and is against right, and in this country is sustained only by local law. Long identified with the party opposed to the extension of slavery, his name was be- fore the free-soil convention at Buffalo in 1848, as a candidate for nomination as pres. He pub. " Reports U.S. Circuit Court, 1829-42," 2 vols. 8vo ; Eulogy on James Monroe, 1831 ; occasional addresses, &c. Mac LeUan, Isaac, Jan., b. Portland, 1810. Bowd. Coll. 1826. Practised law in Boston, but withdrew to Long Island, and en- gaged in agriculture. Author of *' The Fall of the Indian, with other Poems," 1830; "The Year and Other Poems," 1832; " Miscellane- ous Poems," 1844; "Journal of a Residence in Scotland," &c., 1834 ; " Mount Auburn and Other Poems," 1843. — See Griswold's Poets of Ainer. McLeod, Alexander, D.D. (Mid. Coll. 1809), Presb. clergyman and author, b. Is- land of Mull, 1774; d. N.Y.Feb. 17,1833. Un. Coll. 1798. Son of Rev. Niel of St. Kil- da. Came to the U.S. at the age of 18, studied theology, and was settled pastor of the First Ref. Church in N.Y, He was a powerful preacher, a man of learning and wisdom, and a devout Christian. Among his pubs, are " Ne- gro Slavery Unjustifiable," 1802; "On the Messiah," 1803; "On the Catechism," 1807; "On the Ministry," 1808; "Life and Power of Godliness," 1816; "Lectures on Revela- tions," 1814 ; and " Sermons on the War," 1815. He assisted Dr. Mason, in editing the Christ. Mag. — See Memoir by Dr. S. B. Wylie, 1855. Macleod, Xavier Donald, author, b. N.Y. Nov. 17, 1821 ; crushed to death by rail- road accident near Cincinnati, July 20, 1865. Col. Coll. Son of Alexander. He took orders in the Epis. Church in 1845, was settled for a short time in a rural parish, and travelled abroad 1850-2. After his return he devoted himself to literary pursuits, contributing to va- rious magazines, and pub. " Pynnshurst," N.Y., 1852; "Life of Sir Walter Scott," "The Bloodstone," 1853 ; " Life of Mary Queen of Scots," 1 857 ;" The Elder's House ;"" Chateau Lescure ; " and " A Life of Fernando Wood," 1856. His fugitive poems, some of which have great merit, are his most characteristic pro- ductions. In 1857 he became editorially con- nected with the Leader, newspaper at St. Louis. He subsequently became prof of rhetoric and belles-lettres at Mount St. Mary's Coll. near Cincinnati, and was ord. a priest in the R.C. Church. Maclure, William, geologist, b. Ayre, Scotland, 1763 ; d. San Angel, near the city of Mexico, 23 Mar. 1840. In his youth he had a strong predilection for the natural sciences. At 19 he visited the U.S., but returned to Lon- don, where he acquired a fortune by commer- cial pursuits. In 1796 he again came to the U.S., and formed the plan of making geol. surveys of the whole country. In the course of his pedestrian journeys, he crossed and re- crossed the Alleghany Mountains 50 times. Constructed maps showing the results of his labors, pub. in the Trans, of the Amer. Philos. Soc, and pub. his Geol. Memoir in 1817. Pres. of the Phila. Acad, of Nat. Hist. 1817- 40. In the Journal of this acad. he pub. the results of 20 visits to the W. I. Islands. In 1803 he was in Europe as one of the commiss. to settle the claims of Amer. citizens against France for spoliations of Amer. commerce. In 1819-24 he was in Spain, where he attempt- ed to establish an agric. school. He purchased land and erected buildings near Alicante; but on the overthrow of the govt, his property re- verted to the church, from which the land had been confiscated. He then made a geol. tour through Southern Spain. He endeavored in 1825 to establish a similar agric. school near New Harmony, Ind., but did not succeed. In 1827, hoping to restore his health, he took up his residence in Mexico, where he wrote his " Opinions on Various Subjects," mainly on polit. economy, 2 vols. 1837. His " Catalogue of Min. and Geol. Specimens at N. Harmony " was pub. 1840. He gave over 5,000 vols, to the library of the Phila. Acad., to which body his gifts amounted to $25,000. Many of his contribs. are in the early vols, of Silliman's Jour, of Science. — See Notice by S. G. Morton, in Amer. Jour, of Science, xlvii. 1. McMahon, Barnard, founded in 1809 a botanic garden near Phila. ; d. Sept. 1816. He pub. in 1806 " The Amer. Gardener's Cal- endar." McMaster, Erasmus D., D.D., Presb. clergyman (son of Dr. Gilbert), b. Pa. 1806; d. Chicago, Dec. 10, 1866. Un. Coll. 1827. Licensed to preach in 1829; ord. 1831, and m:o3M 588 -MLCl^ pastor at Ballston, N.Y. ; pres. of the S. Han- over Coll., Ind., 1838-45, of the Miami U. 1845-9 ; prof, of syst. theol. in the N. Albany Theol. Sem. 1849-66; and was then app. to the same chair by the Gen. Assembly of the Theol. Sem. of the North-west. Author of some religious works, some sermons, addresses, &c. MoMaster, Gilbert, D.D. (Un. Coll. 1828), a Presb. clergyman, b. Ireland, Feb. 13, 1778 ; d. N. Albany, Ind., Mar. 17, 1854. Jeff. Coll. 1803. While yet a child, his father came with his fiimily to this country, and settled as a farmer in Franklin Co., Pa. Ord. Aug. 8, 1808, and was settled as pastor of the cong. in Duanesburg, N.Y., where for 32 years, and as pastor of the church in Princeton, Ind., from 1840 to 1846, he exercised his ministry with great acceptance. Author of " An Essay in Defence of some Fundamental Doctrines of Christianity;" " An Analysis of the Shorter Catechism," 1815 ; " An Apology for the Book of Psalms ; " " The Moral Character of Civil Govt, considered," 1832; " Thoughts on Union in the Church of God," 1846 ; various occasional sermons, synodical speeches, eccle- siastical papers, and articles in periodicals. MacMichael, Morton, journalist and orator, b. Burlington Co., N. J., Oct. 20, 1807. Contrib. to Phila. periodicals from 1824 to 1844. Since that year, editor of the Phila. North- American. A specimen of his verse is in the Pliila. Book, 183Q. — Allibone. McMin, Joseph, gov. of Tenn. 1815-21 ; d. Cherokee Agency 17 Nov. 1824. McMurtrie, Henry, M.D., prof, of anat- omy and philos. in the Phila. high school ; d. Phila. 26 May, 1865, a. 73. Author of some valuable text-books and " Sketches of Louis- ville," 8vo, 1819. MacNab, Sir Alan Napier, a Cana- dian statesman, b. Niagara, Feb. 19, 1798 ; d. Toronto, Aug. 8, 1862. His father was a lieut. of dragoons in the Queen's Rangers, and prin- cipal aide-de-camp to Gen. Simcoe during the Revol. war. At the attack of Toronto by the Americans, Apr. 27, 1813, Alan, then a school- boy, carried a musket; soon after entered as a midshipman on board Sir James Yeo's ship, but abandoned the navy for the army; was ensign of the 100th Regt. ; was present at the capture of Fort Niagara; and com. the advanced guard at the battle of Plattsburg. After the war, he studied law, and practised in Hamilton, acting, also, as clerk of the jour- nals in the Assembly of U.C. Chosen mem- ber of the Assembly in 1829; he was subse- quently speaker of the lower house. During the insurrection of 1837-8 he com. the militia on the Niagara frontier, with the rank of col. He routed the insurgents near Toronto, Dec. 7, 1837, and seized and burnt the steamer " Car- oline," employed in conveying men and supplies to them from the American side. This act, although it excited much angry comment in the U.S., was approved by the Brit. Govt. For his eminenti services in quelling the insurrec- tion, he was knighted July 14, 1838. After the union of the two provinces of Canada in 1844, he became speaker of the new legisl., and was prime-minister from 1854 to 1856; created a bart. in Feb. 1858. In Oct. 1857 he retired from public life, but in 1860 was chosen a member of the western division of the legisl. council. — Morgan. McNair, Gen. Alexander, gov. Mo. 1820-4, b. Pa.; d. May, 1826. App. lieut. inf. Jan. 8, 1799; disb. June, 1800. He was an early emigrant to Mo. Terr.; adj. and insp. gen. 1812; col. Mo. militia in U.S. service 1813; he held also an important office in the Indian dept. — Gardner. McNeil, Gen. John, b. Hillsborough, N.H.,1784; d. Washington, D.C., Feb. 23, 1850. App. capt. 11th Inf. Mar. 12, 1812; maj. Aug. 15, 1813 ; brev. lieut.-col. for Chippewa, July 5, 1814 ; brev. col. for the battle of Ni- agara, July 25, 1814, in which he Avas severely wounded; lieut.-col. 1st Inf. Feb. 24, 1818; brev. brig.-gen. July 25, 1824; col. 1st Inf. Apr. 28, 1826; resigned Apr. 23, 1830; app. surveyor of the port of Boston 1829. — Gardner. McNeil, Gen. John, b. Brit. Provinces, of Amer. parents, ab. 1820. Pie leai-ncd the hatter's trade in Boston, which he carried on successfully in St. Louis for 20 years. Pla- cing himself by the side of Gen. Lyon, he entered the service May 8, 1861 ; routed the rebel brigadier Harris at Fulton ; was placed by Fremont in com. of St. Louis ; made col. 19th Mo. Vols. 3 Aug., and early in 1862 took com. of a cav. regt., and of the dist. of N.E. Mo., which he soon cleared of guerillas, de- feating Porter at Kirkeville, 6 Aug. He was made a brig.-gen. 29 Nov. 1862, and disting. him- self in defence of Cape Girardeau in the spring of 1863, and during the raid by and pursuit of Gen. Price in Oct. 1864. McNeil, Gen. "William Gibbs, engineer and soldier, b. N.C., 1802 ; d. Brooklyn, Feb. 16, 1853. West Point, 1817. Entering the art. he rose to the rank of maj. of topog. engrs., and resigned Nov. 23, 1837. He was many years employed as a railroad engr., and in building the dry docks at Brooklyn. During the Dorr excitement in R.I., he com. the State troops as maj.-gen., acting throughout with prudence and firmness. — ^Gardner. McNeven, William James, M.D., scho- lar and physician, b. Galway Co., Ireland, Mar. 26, 1763; d. N.Y. City, July 12, 1841 ; educated at the colleges of Prague and Vienna, at the latter of which he grad. in 1784. He became a member of the society of United Irishmen, and after an imprisonment of 4 years was liberated, and passed the summer of 1802 in travelling through Switzerland on foot, of which jouiTie^ he pub. an account, entitled " A Ramble m Switzerland." He was subse- quently a capt. in the Irish brigade of the French army, but resigned his commission, and emigrated to Amer., arriving at New York July 4, 1804. From 1808 to 1830 he was a prof, in the Coll. of Phys. and Surgs., or in a med. school connected with Rutgers Coll., N.J. In 1812 he was app. by Gov. Clinton resident physician; in 1840 was a second time nomi- nated to the same office; and in the cholera season of 1832 he was one of the medical coun- cil. He pub. an " Expot^ition of the Atomic theory;" "Pieces of Irish llistorv," 8vo, 1807 ; " Use and Construction of the Mine Auger/' ivLCJsr 589 IVICP Lond. 1788; and an edition of Brande's chemis- trj, besides occasional addresses, and he was also a contrib. to scientific journals. — Gross's Med. Biog. McNutt, Alexander G., gov. of Mpi. 1837-41, b. Rockbridge Co., Va., 1801 ; d. De Soto Co., Mpi., Oct. 22, 1848. Wash. Coll. Va. In 1824 he removed to Jackson, and subsequently to Vicksburg, Mpi., where he practised law. In 1835 he was elected to the State senate from Warren Co. Careless, slovenly, and intemperate in the earlier part of his life, his vices were latterly all correct- ed. He was formidable in debate, and upon " the stump " had no superior. Macomb, Alexander, maj. -gen. U.S.A., b. Detroit, 13 Apr. 1782; d. Washington, 25 June, 1841. His father Alex., member N.Y. legisl. at the adoption of the U.S. Const., d. Georget., D.C., 19 Jan. 1831, a. 82. He had 6 sons in the war of 1812-15. Alex , was edu- cated in Newark, N.J. ; was app. cornet, of cav. 10 Jan. 1799 ; became maj. corps of engs. 23 Feb, 1808; lieut.-col. 23 July, 1810; col. 3d Art. 6 July, 1812 ; brig.-gen. 24 Jan. 1814 ; maj.-gen. 24 May, 1828; gen. -in-chief from that date until his d. Engaged in construct, and rep. of fortifications, chiefly in the Caroli- nas, 1805-12; acting adj.-gen. of the army 28 Apr. to 6 July ; engaged at Sackett's Harbor, N.Y. ; bombard, of Ft. Niagara 21 Nov. 1812 ; capture of Ft. George, U.C, 27 May, 1813; com. the forces which gained the victory of Plattsburg, 1 1 Sept. 1814, for which he received thanks of Cong., a gold medal, and brev. of maj.-gen. ; com. of engineers, and insp. Milit. Acad. 1821-8; and took the field for a short time in the Fla. war in 1836. Author of trea- tise " On Martial Law and Courts-Martial," 1809. — See Memoirs by Geo. H. Richards, N, Y. 1833. Macomb, William H., commo. U.S.N., b. Detroit, Mich., June 16, 1818. Son of the preceding. Midship. Apr. 10, 1834 ; lieut. Feb. 27, 1847; com. July 16, 1862; capt. July 25, 1866; commo. July, 1870. In sloop "Ports- mouth," E. I. squad., 1856-8; engaged and captured the barrier forts, Canton, China, Nov. 16-22, 1856; com. " Metacomet," Paraguay exped., 1859; steamer " Genesee," 1862-3; attempted the passage of confed. batteries at Port Hudson, Mar. 14, 1863; and was in fre- quent actions with confed. batteries in April- June, 1863 ; com. " Shamrock," N.A. block, squad,, 1864-5; com. naval force in capture of Plymouth, N.C, Oct. 30, 1864; and in ac- tion with confeds. on the Roanoke River, near Poplar Point, N.C, and for his gallantry and energy in this service was advanced in grade ; com. steam-sloop " Plymouth," Europ. squad., 1869 ; light-house insp. 1871. — Hamershj. Macon, Nathaniel, statesman, b. War- ren Co., N.C, 1757 ; d. there June 29, 1837. Sent to Princeton to complete his education, he returned home when the Revol. closed the halls of science, and vol. as a private in the comp. of his bro. Col. John Macon. He was present at the fall of Charleston, the rout of Camden, and the retreat of Greene across Caro- lina. Member of the General Assembly in 1780-5. About this time he ra. Miss Hannah Plummer. He opposed the adoption of the U.S. Constitution as conferring too much power on the new govt. ; and he twice declined the postmaster-generalship tendered by Jefferson. M.C 1791-1815; U.S. senator 1816-28; from 1801 to 1806 he was speaker of the house; and from 1825 to 1828 he presided pro tempore in the senate ; pres. of the State Const. Conv. of 1835. The State preserved the memory of his services by naming a county after him in 1828. He was the bosom-friend of Jefferson and Madison ; and no one was more devoted to him than John Randolph, who characterizes him in his will as " the best and purest and wisest man that I ever knew." A sketch of his life by E. R. Cotton was pub. at Balti- more, 1840. McPherson, Edward, LL.D, (Pa. Coll. 1867), b. Gettysburg, Pa., 31 July, 1830. Pa. Coll. 1848. He edited a paper at Harrisburg a few years ; was M.C 1859-63 ; clerk of that body 1863-9 ; and sec. " Union National Com- mittee " 1 860-4. Author of a " Political Histo- ry of the U.S. during the Rebellion," and a " Political Manual," and of two series of Let- ters on the Internal Affairs of Pa. He has de- livered many addresses on literary and other topics. One of the proprietors and editor of the Gettysburg Sentinel. Macpherson, James, author of the " Poems of Ossiun," b. Inverness, Scotland, 1738; d. Feb. 17, 1796. In 1764 he accomp. Gov. Johnston to Fla. as private sec. ; but after spending a short time there, and visiting other parts of N.A,, he returned to Lond. in 1766. In 1775 he supported the measures of Lord North, by his " Rights of Great Britain over her Colonies asserted," and was rewarded with the lucrative office of agent to the nabob of Arcot, and a seat in house of commons. McPherson, James Birdseye, brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. Clyde, Sandusky Co., O., 14 Nov. 1828; killed near Atlanta, Ga., 22 July, 1864. West Point, 1853 (1st in his class). Entering the engr. corps, he was assist, instr. at West Point in 185.3-4 ; was engaged on the defences of N.Y. harbor in 1854-7, and in San Fran- cisco Bay in 1858-61 ; 1st lieut, 13 Dec. 1858; capt. 6 Aug. 1861 ; brig.-gen. vols. 15 May, 1862; maj.-gen. vols. 8 Oct. 1862; brig.-gen, U.S.A. 1 Aug. 1863 for his great services in the capture of Vicksburg. Nov. 12, 1861, he was aide-de-camp to Gen. Halleck, and chief engr. of the Army of the Tenn. ; at the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, the battle of Shiloh, the operations around Corinth, the battle of luka, and the second battle of Cor- inth. In the advance through Central Mpi. in Nov. and Dec. 1862, he com. one wing of the army (the 17th Corps) with great ability. At the battle of Port Gibson, the advance from Hankerson's Ferry to Jackson, the 17th Corps fought the bulk of Johnston's army alone, and was conspicuous at Champion Hills. He repulsed the enemy at Canton, Mpi,; was second in com. to Gen. Sherman in the exped. to Meridian in Feb, 1864; and in the Atlanta Campaign disting, himself at Re- saca, Dallas, Allatoona, Kulp House, and Kenesaw ; having been app. 12 Mar. 1864, com, of the dept. and Army of the Tenn. In MLA.C 590 m:ctn the battle before Atlanta he held the left of the line. While superintending an advance of the skirmish-line he was ambushed and shot. He was one of the ablest officers of the army. Macpherson, Gen. William, b. Phila. 1756 ; d. near there, Nov. 1813. Son of Capt. John, and Margaret, sister of Dr. John Rod- gers of N.Y. His education was completed at Princeton, N.J. App. a cadet in the British army at 13, he became lieut. and adj. of the 16th Regt. He joined the Amer. army on the Hudson ab. the end of 1779, and was app. by Washington a brev. major. After servmg as aide-de-camp to Lafayette, he was afterwards app. by Washington to com. a partisan corps of cavalry, which served in Va. in 1 781 . App. surveyor of the port of Phila. Sept. 19, 1789 : insp. of the revenue, Mar. 8, 1792 ; and naval officer, Nov. 28, 1793, which office he held till his death. He was made a col., subsequently brig. -gen. of militia, and Mar. II, 1799, was app. brig.-gen. of the provisional army of the XJ.S. ; bro. of John, aide to Montgomery, who fell at Quebec. A son, Joseph Stout, capt. U.S.N., d. 28 Apr. 1824, a. 35.— Rogers. McRae, John J., gov. Mpi. 1854-8 ; b. Wayne Co., Mpi. ab. 1810; d. Balize, British Honduras, May 30, 1868. U. of Mpi. 1834. He received a good education ; adopted the profession of the law; was frequently elected to the State legisl., officiating during 2 sessions as speaker; was also elected to the State senate ; was in 1851 for a short time in the U.S. senate ; M.C. 1858-61. Joined in the Rebellion, but did not become prominent. Mao Hea, William, col. U.S.A. ; d. near Shawneetown, 111., Nov. 3, 1832, a. 65. App. from Va. lieut. of levies of 1 791 ; wounded at St. Clair's defeat, Nov. 4, 1791 ; capt. Dec. 1794; capt. art. June, 1798; maj. July 31, 1800; lieut.-col. Apr. 1814, disting. in battle of N. Orleans; brev. col. Apr. 19, 1824. — Gardner. McKee, Griffith John, lawyer and author, b. Wilmington, N.C., 20 Sept. 1820. N.J. Coll. 1838. Adm. to the bar 1841 ; m. Penelope, dau. of Gov. Iredell. Author of "Life of James Iredell," 2 vols. 8vo, 1857. Grandson of Col. G. J. McRee (b. N.C. 1753, d. Wilmington, N.C, Oct. 1801), nephew of William, who came from Down Co., Ireland, and in 1737 was a judge at Wilmington, N.C. ; maj. and lieut.-col. in the Revol. army; capt. artillerists and engs. June 2, 1794; collector of revenue dist. of Wilmington, N.C, Apr. 1 798. His father, James F., an eminent phy- sician and naturalist, b. Wilmington, 1778, d. in the fall of 1869 (Coll. of Phys. and Surgs., N.Y.). G. J. is a member of the N.Y. and Wise. Hist. Societies, and of the N. E. H. and Geneal. Society. McRee, William, colonel U.S.A., son of Col. G. J. McRee, b. Wilmington, N.C, Dec. 13. 1787; d. St. Louis, Mo., 10 Sept. 1832. West Point (lieut. of engrs.), 1805. Capt. 23 Feb. 1808; major, July 31, 1812; chief engr. in Gen. Brown's armj', 1814 ; brev. lieut.-col. for gallant conduct' in battle of Niagara, July 25 ; brev. col. for disting. and merit, service in defence of Fort Erie, Aug. 15, 1814; lieut.-col. Nov. 12,1818; U.S. surveyor- gen, public lands, III., Mo., and Ark. Terri- tories, Jan. 1825 to 1832. In 1816 he was sent with Major Thayer on a mission to France to collect scientific and military information for the military acad. Resigned 1819. He pos- sessed a highly cultivated mind and excellent judgment. McSparran, James, D.D. (U. of Glasg. 1737), an Episc. clergyman, b. Ireland; d. S. Kingston, R.I., Dec. 1, 1757. Ord. deacon, Aug. 21, and priest, Sept. 25, 1720, he was sent as a missionary to Narragansett, R.I., where he spent the rest of his useful life. Arriving Apr. 28, 1721, he immediately commenced his labors in the Church of St. Paul's, Kingston. Wilkins Updike has pub. a large octavo vol. of interesting notes, biographical and historical, relative to this society. May 22, 1722, he was m. to Hannah, dau. of William, and sister of Dr. Sylvanus Gardiner of Boston. Dr. Mc- Sparran pub. a series of letters entitled "Amer- ica Dissected," an historical tract of merit, 1752; also sermons and other occasional pro- ductions elicited bv incidents in his ministry. MaeVickar, John, D.D. (Col. Coll. 1825), author and clergyman, b. N.Y. 1787 ; d. Bloom- ingdale, N.Y., Oct 29, 1868. Col. Coll. 1804. After spending some time at Cambridge, Eng., he was ord. an Episc. clergyman, and in 1811 was settled over a parish in Hyde Park, N.Y. In 1817-57 he was prof, of moral philos., rhet- oric, and belles-lettres in Col. Coll.; prof, of nat. and rev. religion in 1857-64; and after- ward emeritus prof, and chaplain at Govern- or's Island. Author of " A Domestic Narra- tive of the Life of Saml. Bard," 1822 ; " Outlines of Political Economy," 1825; "Early Years," 1834; "The Professional Years of Bishop Ho- bart," 1836; "Remains of Rev. Edmund D. Griffin, with Memoir," 2 vols. 8vo, 1831 ; "On Abolishing Damages on Protested Bills," &c., Svo, 1829 ; " Hints on Banking," 1827 ; and of numerous essays, addresses, &c. — Seeldfehy W. A. McVickar, New York, 1871. Macwhorter, Alexander, D.D. (Y.C 1776), Presb. divine, b. Newcastle Co., Del., 15 July, 1734 ; d. Newark, N.J., 20 July, 1807. N.J. Coll. 1757. Settled near Newark in 1759; was employed in a mission to N.C. in 1764-6 ; and in 1 775 was sent by Congress to the western counties of N.C to persuade the numerous roy- alists there to adopt the patriot cause. Chap- lain to Knox's brigade in 1778; settled in Char- lotte, N.C, in 1779, but from 1780 to his death preached in Newark. In 1788 he was promi- nent in settling the confession of faith, and form- ing the constitution of the Presb. Church. In 1800 he pub. a century sermon at Newark, and in 1803 a coll. of sermons in 2 vols. — Sprague. McWillie, William, politician, b. near Liberty Hill, Kershaw Dist., S.C, Nov. 17, 1795; d. Kirkwood, Mpi., Mar. 3, 1869. S.C. Coll. 1817. During the war of 1812 with Eng., he served as adj. in the regiment of his father, Col. Adam McW. Adm. to the bar in 1818, he became a successful lawyer ; many years a representative and senator m the S.C.legisl.; and in 1845 removed to Mpi., where he had established a large planting interest 10 years before. M.C. from Mpi. 1849-51 ; and gov. in 1858-60. He was active and prominent in the Rebellion. isiAjn 591 ivi^in Madison, George, soldier and statesman, b. Va. 1763; d. Paris, Ky., Oct. 14, 1816. Having at an early period removed to Ky., at the age of 17 he served as a soldier on our west- ern frontier, and was engaged in several bat- tles with the Indians. He com. a company, and was wounded, under St. Clair ; lieut. Kv. mounted vols, under Maj. Adair ; wounded m action with Indians, near Fort St. Clair, Nov. 6, 1792 ; maj. Ky. vols, in battle with British and Indians at Frenclitown, Jan. 18, 1813 ; and under Wilkinson in his defeat at River Raisin, where he was taken prisoner. After being 20 years auditor of the public accounts, he was chosen gov. of Ky. for 4 years in 1816, but d. a few weeks after his election. Bro. of bishop M. Madison, James, 4th pres. of the U.S., b. Port Conway, King George Co., Va., 16 Mar. 1751 ; d. Montpelier, Va., 28 June, 1836. N. J. Coll. 1771. Son of Col. James and Nell;jr Con- way. He studied law, and by close application injured his health. In 1776 he was elected to the Va. Assembly; in 1778 to the exec, coun- cil, and in 1779 to Congress. In this body he strongly opposed the issue of paper money by the States ; as chairman of the com. to prepare instructions to the U.S. foreign ministers, drew up an able paper in support of our territorial claims and the free navigation of the Mpi., and zealously advocated in 1783 the establishment of a system of general revenue. Member of the convention which in 1787 formed the U.S. Constitution, taking a prominent part in the debates, and supporting it in a series of able essays in the lederalist, and also in the Va. convention of 1788. M.C. 1789-97, uniting with the Republicans as a moderate opponent of the administration of Washington ; and in 1793 declined the post of sec. of state vacated by JelFerson. He opposed the alien and sedi- tion laws of 1798, and was the author of a se^ ries of resolutions adopted by the legisl. of Va., and known as the "Resolutions of 1798," which protested against all attempts to increase the power of the govt, by forced constnactions of general clauses of the Constitution. Sec. of state in 1801-9; elected pres. in 1808; and re- electedin 1812. On taking his office 4 Mar. 1809, he found the U.S. involved in disputes with the British Govt, upon the impressment of her sea- men, the searching of her vessels for deserters, and upon commercial restrictions by orders in council. Non-intercourse was decreed in May, 1810, and war was declared 18 June, 1812. Can- ada was invaded ; Washington was captured and the Capitol burned in Aug. 1814; and 8 Jan. 1815, Jackson achieved a splendid victory at N. Orleans. A treaty of peace was signed at Ghent 24 Dec. 1814; but the right of search was not relinquished. After his retirement, he passed his days on his farm at Montpelier. Dorothy Todd, whom he m. in 1794, and who long occupied a prominent place in society, d. 12 July, 1849, a. 82. Madison was the per- sonal and political friend of JetFerson, though their characters were essentially different. His " Reports of the Debates in the National Con- vention of 1787" were pub. 3 veils. 8vo, 1840, under the supervision of H. D. Gilpin. He was a member of the Va. convention of 1829 to amend its constitution. His complete works have been pub. in 6 vols. 8vo. — See W. C. Rives' s Life and Times of Madison, 3 vols. 1859- 68; J. Q. Adams's Life of Madison, 1850. Madison, James, D.D., Pr.-Epis. bishop of Va., b. near Port Republic, Va., Aug. 27, 1749 ; d. Mar. 6, 1812. Wm. and Mary Coll. 1768. Son of John, who was cousin of the fa- ther of President Madison, and for a long time clerk of West Augusta. At an early age the son was sent to an acad. in Md. Among other honorable testimonials of proficiency, he re- ceived in 1772 the gold medal assigned by Lord Botetourt for the encouragement of classical learning. He studied law under Mr. Wythe, and was adm. to the bar, but devoted himself to the church. In 1773 he was chosen prof, of mathematics in Wm. and Mary Coll., of which he was pres. from 1777 to his death. He visited London, where he continued until the latter part of 1778, enjoying the instruction of Cavallo in nat philos., and of other disting. men in various branches of science. In 1784 he gave up the mathematical dept. of the coll., and became prof, of nat. and moral philos., and continued in this office until his death. In 1788 Mr. Madison was chosen bishop of the Pr.-Ep. Church, and was consec. in Eng. Sept. 19, 1790. Various universities and literary so- cieties subsequently conferred their honors on him. Under his care the coll. of Wm. and Mary advanced steadily in reputation. His only publications were several occasional discourses, a " Eulogy on Washington," 1800, a large map of Virginia, and papers in Barton's Jour- nal, and in " Trans. Amer. Soc." ii., iii., iv. Madockawando, sachem of Penobscot, was a powerful chief in the war of 1676. He assisted the Frenchman Pontneuf at the cap- ture of Casco Fort in May, 1690, and June 10, 1692, co-operated with the French in the un- successful attack on Storer's garrison in Wells, com. by Capt. Convers. He afterward entered into the treaty at Pemaquid ; but Thury the missionary persuaded him again to take up the hatchet. In 1694 he accomp. the Sieur de Villiers with 250 Indians in the attack at Oyster River, Pisoataqua, killing and capturing, July 17, nearly 100 persons, and burning 20 houses. He fought bravely, carried his scalps to Canada, and was rewarded by Frontenac. Madrid de, Jose Fkrnandez, b. Cartha- gena, S. America, 1789; d. 1830. Chosen pres. of the republic of New Granada in 1816, but in the same year was made prisoner by the Spaniards ; escaping after 9 years* imprison- ment at Havana, he was employed by Bolivar as secret agent at Paris. Author of " Atala," a tragedy. Mafdtt, John Newland, an eloquent Meth. preacher, b. Dublin, Ireland, Dec. 28, 1794; d. Mobile, Ala., May 28, 1850. He be- came a preacher in Ireland, and displayed remarkable oratorial powers. He came to the U.S. in 1819 ; was adm. into the N.E. conf ; and for 13 years was app. to some of the most prominent churches. Removing to New York, he preached, lectured, and delivered addresses, in various parts of the country. In 1833 he was connected with the Western Methodist, a weekly journal. His labors as a preacher at the West and South were attended with great 3yLA.C3- 592 i^Aj: success. He was elected to the chair of elocu- tion and belles-lettres in La Grange Coll., Ala., in 1837, and was chaplain to Congress in 1841. In 1847 he took up his residence in Arkansas. Author of "Poems," 12mo, Louisville, 1839; " Tears of Contrition " (an autobiog.), 12mo, 1821.— .See Trial of J. T. Buckingham for libel on, 1 822. His son, John Nbwland, a capt. in the confed. navy, entered the U.S.N, as mid- shipm. in 1832 ; was a com. in 1861, and dur- ing the Rebellion did great damage to U. S. cammerce in " The Florida." Magaw, Robert, col. 6th Pa. Regt. in the Revol. army ; d. Carlisle, Pa., Dec. 1789. He quitted the Phila. bar to join as major, Thomp- son's rifle regt.; com. at Ft. Washington, and, after a brave defence, was compelled to sur- render that post 16 Nov. 1776. MageUan or Magalhaens, Ferdinand DE, a fomous Portuguese navigator, b. ab. 1470; d. Apr. 27, 1521. He served under Albuquerque in the East Indies, and especially distiug. himself «t the taking of Malacca in 1511. He afterward entered the Spanish ser- vice, and was intrusted by Charles V. with the com. of a fleet destined to explore a pas- sage to the Molucca Islands, by sailing west- ward. The voyage was begun Sept. 20, 1519; ab. the end of Oct. 1520, he entered the straits since called after him ; and Nov, 27 discovered and named the Pacific Ocean. Continuing his course, he arrived at the Ladrone Islands ab. 6 March, 1521, and subsequently at the Philip- pines, on one of which he lost his life in a skir- mish with the natives, or, as some accounts state, by the mutiny of his crew. One of his ships, with 18 men, escaped, and reached Seville, Sept. 8, 1521, under Sebastian del Cano, who first circumnavigated the globe. An Italian named Pigafetta, who accomp. Magellan, kept a journal of this last voyage, which was pub. — See, Mavor's Voyafjes, v. 1. Maginnis, John, journalist, b. Dromore, Ireland, 1814 ; d. N. Orleans, 3 Mar. 1863. A resident of N.O. ; many years connected with the press ; one of the editors of the Picayune, 1843-5 ; 18 Nov, 1849, he commenced to pub. the True Delta, which he made one of the most popular, influential, and profitable papers of the day. MagOOn, Elisha L., D.D., Baptist clergy- man and author, b. Lebanon, N,H,, Oct, 20, 1810. His father was an architect. He was a bricklayer's apprentice between the ages of 16 and 20, Ord. in 1840, he was 6 years pas- tor of the Second Baptist Church at Richmond, Va. ; then made the tour of Europe, and on his return became pastor of a church in Cincinnati. In 1849 he removed to N,Y. City, and became pastor of the Oliver-street Baptist Church ; in 1857 he was settled in Albany, He has pub. "Orators of the Amer. Revol.," N.Y. 1848; " Living Orators in America," 1849 ; " Crumbs for the People," 1849 ; " Republican Christian- ity," 1849; "Western Empire," 1856 ; " Elo- quence of the Colonial Times," Cin, 1847; and " Eloquence and Liberty," an oration at Lex- ington, Va., 24 June, 1846. Magruder, Allan B., lawyer and U.S. senator from La. in 1812, b. Kv. ; d. Opelousas, La., Apr. 1822. He pub. " Reflections on the Cession of La.," 8vo, Lexington, 1803; "A Character of Mr. Jefferson ; " and had collected materials for a gen. hist, of the Indians. Magruder, John Bankhead, gen. C.S. A., b. Va. ab. 1810; d. Houston, Tex., 19 Feb. 1871. West Point, 1830. Entering 7th Inf, he became 1st lieut. March 31, 1836 ; capt. 18 June, 1846; in 1847 was brev. major for gal- lantry at Cerro Gordo, and lieut.-col. for Cha- pultepec, where he was wounded ; and com. the light battery with Gen. Pillow's division. He resigned Apr. 20, 1861 ; was made a col. in the Army of Va., and com. at Yorktown until its evacuation. May 3, 1862, having received the successive grades of brig, and maj, gen, in the Confed. service. He took part in the battles of the Chickahominy campaign ; Oct 16, 1862, was put in command of the forces in Texas, Arizona, and N. Mexico, and com. the exped. which obliged the national forces to evacuate Galveston. Maham, Col. Hezekiah, Revol. officer, h. parish of St. Stephens, S.C., June 26, 1739 ; d. 1789. Member of the first Prov. Congress of S.C. ; capt. in Huger's regt. in the spring of 1776; was at the siege of Savannah and the battle of Stono ; was a com. of horse in Marion's brigade, and lieut.-col. of an independent cav. corps ; and bore an efficient and conspicuous part in the capture of several British posts in S.C. In the attack on Fort Watson, Maham suggested the erection of a quadrangular tower of sufficient height to overlook the stockades. Upon the top of this a parapet was made, affording shelter for marksmen. This rendered the post untenable, and it was obliged to sur- render, — Lossing. Mahan, Dennis H., LL.D., engineer, b. N,Y, City, 1802; drowned in the Hudson River 16 Sept. 1871. West Point, 1824. Assist. prof, maths, at W. Point, 1821-5 ; assist, prof, eng. 1825-6; act. prof, milit. and civil eng, .1830; prof, of same Mar. 1831 to his d. He was under orders in Europe in 1827-30 ; at- tached to the military school at Metz in 1829- 30 ; under orders in Europe from May to Nov. 1857. Author of " Elem. Treatise on Civil Engineering," 8vo, 1838; "Field Fortifica- tions," 8vo, 1836; "Advanced Guard Outpost and Detachment Service," 1847 ; " Permanent Fortifications," 1867 ; " Industrial Drawing," 8vo, 1852; Moseley's "Architecture and En- gineering," 1856; "Fortification Drawing and Stereotomy," 1865, His works are text-books at West Point and in some of the U.S. col- leges. Member of many scient, societies ; LL,D, of Wm, and Marv, Brown, and Dartm. Colls. — Cullum. Mahan, Milo, D.D., Pr.-Ep. clergyman and author; d. Baltimore 4 Sept. 1870. Some years prof, in Col. Coll., afterward rector of St. Paul's Church, Baltimore; recently elected prof, of systematic divinity in the N.Y. Gen. Theol. Scm, Author of an able reply to Co- lenso's works against the inspiration of the Scriptures, and of a curious work on the signi- ficance of the numbers in the Scriptures. Maitland, John, lieut.-col., a British offi- cer; d. Savannah, Ga., Oct. 25, 1779. He had lost a hand in the E, Indies ; was a man of fortune, and a member of the British parlia- MLA.L 593 l^^ULZu mcnt; lieut.-col. 71st Regt. Oct. 14, 1778, and disting. at the siege of Savannah; com. boat expedition, May 8, 1778, which de- stroyed the Amer. shipping in the Delaware River. Makeraie, Francis, an early Presb. min- ister of Va., b. Donegal Co., Ireland ; d. Bos- ton in the sinnmer of 1708. He came from Scotland ab. 1C82; preached in Va. and the Carolinas, and was in 1690 a resident of Ac- comac Co., Va. ; engaged in the W.I. trade. He afterward qualified himself under the Tol- eration xYct in Barbadoes ns a Dissenting min- ister; and in 1699 pub. in Edinburgh " Truths in a New Light," &e. In Oct. 1699 he was licensed to preach in Va. He went to Eng. in 1704, and pub. in London " A Plain and Lov- ing Persuasion to the Inhabitants of Va. and Md. for promoting Towns and Co-habitation." Returning in 1705, he was licensed to officiate on the eastern shore of Md. For preaching in N.Y. Jan. 19, 1707, he was arrested by Gov. Cornbury, and imprisoned two months. He soon after went to Boston, where this sermon was printed. He also pub. " A Narrative " of the affair, which was reprinted in 1755 by Hugh Gaine in N.Y., and in Force's Tracts, v. Cornbury wrote to the lords of trade and the plantations, that Makemie was "a, preacher, a doctor of physic, a merchant, an attorney, a counsellor at law, and, which is worst of all, a disturber of governments." In 1692 he pub. in Boston " An Answer to George Keith's Li- bel on a catechism pub. by F. Makemie ; " im- primatur Increase Mather. He possessed learn- ing, energy, talent, and public spirit. — Presb. Ch. in America. Makin, Thomas, poet, d. Pa. 1735. He was an early settler of Pa. ; was in 1689 usher to George Keith in the Friend's Grammar School, succeeding him as master in 1690. He was for some time clerk of the Prov. Assembly. He pub. two Latin poems in 1728 and 1729, inscribed to James Logan, entitled " Encomium Pennsijlvanioi," and " In Laudis Pennsylvania', Poema," extracts from which are in Proud's " History of Pennsylvania." Malbonef Edward G., portrait-painter, b. Newport, R.I., Aug. 1777; d. Savannah, Ga., May 7, 1807. He early displayed a tal- ent for painting, and, while a boy, painted an entire scene for a theatre. At 17 he established himself in Providence as a portrait-painter. Removing to Boston in 17.96, he practised there, and in New York and Pliila., until, in 1800, he accomp. Allston to Charleston, and the next year to Europe. While in London, Malbone was urged by West, the pres. of the Royal Acad., to remain ; but he returned to Charleston in Dec. 1801. He painted njinia- tures in various places with high repute, until his intense application undermined his health, and, relinquishing his pencil in the summer of 1806, he soon after made a voyage to the W. Indies, from which he derived no benefit. Many of his portraits are owned in Charleston, where he was often employed. His other com- positions are marked by agreeable style, and warmth and delicacy of coloring; and he oc- casionally attempted landscape in oil. One of his finest works, the Hours, represents three 88 beautiful females moving in a circle, — present, past, and future. Malcolm, Rev. Alexander, author of an arithmetic and an algebra of merit, b. Scot- land ; d. Md. July, 1763, at an advanced age. Malcolm, James Peller, artist and an- tiquary, b. Phila. Aug. 1767, who, while young, went to London to study painting, and d. Apr. 5, 1815, in indigent circumstances. His maternal ancestor, James Peller, was an emigrant with Penn. Failing with the pencil, he took the graver, and executed a number of topographical plates, chiefly for the works of Gough and Nichols, and the Gentleman's Magazine ; and became a member of the Society of Antiquaries. He pub. " Londinum Rediviuum, or an Ancient and Modern Description of Lon- don," 4 vols. 4to ; "Letters between the Rev. James Granger and many Eminent Men," 8vo ; " First Impressions, or Sketches from Art and Nature," 8vo ; " Anecdotes of the Manners and Customs of London," 4to; "Miscellaneous Anecdotes," 8vo ; " An Historical Sketch of the Art of Caricaturing," 4to. — Gentleman's Mag., May, 1815. Malcom, Hovtard, D.D. (U. of Vt. 1841), LL.D. (Lewisb. U., 1859), Baptist clergyman and author, b. Phila. Jan. 19, 1799. He en- tered Dick. Coll., Pa., in 1813 ; was licensed to preach in May, 1818; and, on finishing his studies at Princeton Theol. Sem., m. and settled over a church in Hudson, N.Y. lie was after- wards settled in Boston (1827-35) and Phila.; was pres. of the coll. at G>.orgetown, Ky., from 1839 to 1849, and of the U. of Lcwisburg, Pa., .from 1851 to 1859, having relinquished preach- ing from failure of voice. He filled in both institutions the chair of metaphys. and moral philos. He travelled extensively in Europe and (as a deputy from the Bapt. Miss. Soc.) in llindostan, Burraah, Siam, China, and Africa. He was prominent in estab. the Am. S.S. Union and the Am. Tract Society. His pubs, are a " Dictionary of the Bible ; " " The Extent of the Atonement," 1833 ; " The Chris- tian Rule of Marriage;" "Memoii- of Mrs. Malcom," 1835; "Travels in South-eastern Asia," 2d ed. 1839; "Memoir of Mary Loihrop," 1832 ; addresses, and other tracts. Mallary, Charles Daniel, D.D. (Col. Coll. 1850), Baptist clergyman, bro. of R. C, b. Poultney, Vt., Jan. 1801; d. 1864. Midd. Coll. 1821. He removed to Columbia, S.C, in 1822, where he was ord., and preached 6 years, afterward residing in Ga. ; a principal founder of Mercer U. In the division of the denomination in 1835, on the missionary ques- tion, he advocated that system. He pub. a "Life of Mercer," and "Soul Prosperity." Mallary, Rollin Carlos, lawyer and statesman, b. Chesliire, Ct., May 27, 1784; d. Baltimore, Md., Apr. 15, 1831. Midd. Coll. 1805. Moved with his father to Vt. early in life; he practised law in Castleton from 1807 to 1818, and in Poultney from 1818 till his death; was att'y. of Rutland Co., Vt., in 1811, '13, and '16 ; and M.C. in 1819-31. A zealous advocate of protection, he was chairman of the com. on manuf. ; reported the tarilf of 1828, and exerted himself greatly to procure its passage. Bro. of Charles D. MLAXi 594 M^AJSr Mallery, Garrick, LL.D. (Laf. Coll. 1840), jurist, b. Woodbury, Ct., 17 Apr. 1784; d. Phila. 6 July, 1866. Y.C. 1808. Prin- cipal of the Wilkes barre Acad. ; studied at the Litchfield Law School ; admitted to practise in Wilkesbarre in 1811; member Pa. legisl. 1828^1; pres. judge 3d jud. dist. 1831-6; removed to Phila. in Nov. 1836, and was a successful practitioner ; several years master in chancery of the Sup. Court. He was, Avhile in the legisl., largely mstrumental in establishing the general improvement and penitentiary sys- tems of Pa. Mallory, Col. ; killed while repelling the British invasion of Elizabeth City Co., Va., 1780. His son Charles K., lawyer, member Va. Assembly, exec. coun. 1808 ; lieut.-gov., was collector of iSTorfolk at his d., 15 Apr. 1820, a. 38. Mallory, Stephen E., sec. of the Confed. navy, b. Trinidad, 1810. Son of a sea-capt. of Bridgeport, Ct., who d. in 1821, while at Key West with his vessel; and the wife and son, remaining, opened a hotel there. Educated in N.Y. and Ct. lie returned to Key^ West; studied law there ; was adm. to the bar in 1833 ; was app. by Pres. Jackson insp. of the customs at Key West ; I)ecame county judge for Monroe Co., and judge of probate; in 1845 received from Pres. Polk the lucrative office of collector of Key West; and was U.S. senator from 1851 until after the secession of Fla., 21 Jan. 1861. While in the senate, he was several years chairman of the com. on naval affairs, and an adherent of the Democ. party ; after the war he was some time a prisoner of state. He m. a dau. of Seiior Moreno of Pensacola, one of the wealthiest of the old Spanish inhabitants of Fla. Delegate to the Nashville convention of 1850; and was at one time a corresp. for the N.Y, Herald. Maltby, Gen. Isaac, military writer, of Hatfield, Ms. ; d. Waterloo, N.Y., Sept. 1819. Y.C. 1786. Many years a member of the Ms. legisl., and was a brig.-gen. of militia in 1814. He pub. "Elements of War," 12mo, 1812; "A Treatise on Courts-Martial and Military Law," 1813. Manco Capac I., legislator, and first inca of PcrUjWas the 12th in ascent from the inca who reigned at the time of the Spanish invasion, in 1 532, an interval of ab. 400 years. He is sup- posed to have been some stranger from a civilized land, who employed the associations of religion to procure an ascendency which enabled him to form a regular govt. He had a long and pros- perous reign, and seems justly to have been entitled to rank among the benefactors of man- kind by the benevolence of his institutions. — Robertson. Manco Capac II., inca of Peru ; killed 1544. Second son of Huayna Capac, the con- queror of Quito, who d. ab. 10 years after the first arrival of the Spaniards. Manco was, after the taking of Cuzco, placed on the throne. Unwilling to be a puppet in the hands of Pizarro, after in vain petitioning for power to exercise the sovereignty, he fled ; was captured and imprisoned, but again escaped ; roused the whole nation to arms; and appeared before Cuzco Feb. 1536, with an immense host of In- dians. After a siege of 5 months, in which the Spaniards were reduced to extremities, he was compelled, from scarcity of food, to withdraw to the fortress of Tambo, where he was defeated by Almagro, and deserted by most of his war- riors. Taking refuge in the Andes, he was for years the terror of the Spaniards, who in vain endeavored to conciliate him. He was killed by a party of Spaniards belonging to the younger Almagro's faction, who, on the defeat of their leader, had taken refuge in the Peruvian camp, and who were in turn massacred by the Indians. Mandrillon, Joseph, a political writer, b. Bourg-en-Bresse, 1742; guillotined Jan. 7, 1794. Having embraced the mercantile pro- fession, he travelled in America and Holland. He settled in Holland ; but his opposition to the stadtholder made him unpopular, and he re- turned to France, where the independence of his character rendered him suspected by Robe- spierre. He wrote " The American Spectator," 8vo, a work of merit, and " Recherchcs Philoso- phiquessurla Dc'couverte de I' Amerique," Amster- dam, 8vo, 1784. Mangum, Willie Person, U.S. senator, b. Orunjixi Co., N.C., 1792 ; d. there Sept. 14, 1861. U. of X.C. 1815. He studied law; rose in the profession; entered political life; and was elected to the house of commons in 1818 ; in 1819 and again in 1826 he was elected a ju-^'ge of the Superior Court; M.C. 1823-6; U.S. senator 1831-7 and 1841-53 ; in 1837 he received 11 electoral votes for Pres. of the U.S. ; and during the administration of Mr. Ty- ler was pres. of the Senate. He was a leading member of the Whig party. The depression occasioned by the loss of an only son, wounded at Manassas, probably hastened his death. Manigault (man'-e-go'), Gabriel, patri- otic merehant of S.C, b. 1704; d. Charleston, S.C., 1781. Of Huguenot parentage. He.ac- quired wealth by commercial pursuits; and in the Iteginning of the Revol. he loaned the State $220,000. In May, 1779, at the age of 75, when the British gen. Prevost appeared before Charleston, he equipped himself as a soldier, and,equipping also his grandson of 15, led him to the lines to repel an expected assault. He bequeathed £5,000 to a charitable society. His son Peter, also a patriot, was speaker of the house from 1766 to his d. in 1773, a. 42. His dau. m. Lewis Morris, and lost her life in the great hurricane on Sullivan's Island in 1822. Manly, Basil, D.D., Baptist clergyman, b. near Pittsborough, N.C., Jan. 28, 1798 ; d. Greenville, S.C, Dec. 21, 1868. S.C. Col- le<;e, 1821. He commenced preaching in Edge- field dist., S.C. In 1826 he took charge of the Baptist church in Charleston, S.C ; was pres. of the U. of Ala. in 1837-56; and took charge of another church in Charleston, which he subsequently gave up to engage in mission- ary travels throughout Alabama. He was ac- tive in organizing the southern Baptist conven- tion in 1845, and in establishing the theol. sem. at Greenville, S.C, in 1858. " A Treatise on Moral Science" from his pen, for some years a text-book in Southern colleges, indi- cated a high order of talent. Manly, Capt. John, a naval officer of the MLA^N 595 l^LAJSr Revol., b. Torbay, Eng., 1733; d. Boston, Feb. 12, 1793. He became a mariner early in life ; settled in Marblehead ; and was master of a merchantman before the Revol. Com- miss. capt. by Washington Oct. 24, 1775, he sailed in the schooner " Lee," and soon cap- tured in Boston harbor 3 valuable prizes, laden with heavy guns, mortars, and intrenching tools, — a capture of incalculable value to the patriot army then besieging Boston. Chased into Gloucester harbor by " The Falcon," he ran ashore, beat off the enemy with loss, and got his own vessel off with little damage. Com- miss. by Congress capt. in the Cont. navy, Aug. 22, 1 776, hecom. " The Hancock," fi-igate, 32 guns, in which he captured the British man- of-war " Fox." " The Hancock " was cap- tured July 8, 1777, by " The Rainbow " of 40 guns; and Manly was confined in various places until near the close of the war. Soon after the capture of " The Fox," while com. the privateer " Jason," he was attacked by two British priva- teers, one of 18, the other 10 guns : he captured both. He com. " The Hague," frigate, in Sept. 1782; cruised in the W. Indies, but was driven by a British 74 on a sand-bank at Guadaloupe, and for 3 days sustained the cannonade of 3 ships, but finally got olF. On returning to Boston he was arrested upon a variety of charges by one of his oflBcers. The proceed- ings of the court were not altogether in appro- bation of his conduct. Mann, A. Dudley, diplomatist, b. Va., 180.5; was app. special plenipo. to negotiate commercial treaties with Hanover, Oldenburg, and Mecklenburg, in 1845; was accredited to all the German States, except Prussia, for the same object in 1847 ; was commiss. to Hungary in 1849 ; minister to Switzerland in 1850; and negotiated a reciprocal treaty; sec. to Pros. Pierce in 1853, and resigned the same year. Having devoted himself specially to the devel- opment of the material interests of the South- ern States, he was sent to Europe by the Con- fed, govt, upon a special mission, and was afterward joined with Slidell and Mason to represent it abroad. Mann, Cyrus, Cong, clergyman and au- thor, b. Orford, N.H.,Apr. 3, 1785; d. Stough- ton, Ms., Feb. 9, 1859. Dartm. Coll. 1806. Principal of Gilmanton Acad. 2 years; teacher of the Troy high school one year; tutor at D.C. 1809-14; pastor of the church at West- minister, Ms., Feb. 22, 1815, to June 9, 1841 ; then of the Robinson Ch., Plymouth, 3 years ; next a teacher at Lowell several years ; finally acting pastor of the N. Falmouth church, 1852-6. He pub. " A Treatise on Trigonome- try ; " " An Epitome of the Evidences of Chris- tianity ; " "A History of the Temperance Reformation ; " " A Memoir of Mrs. Myra W. Allen ; " and some sermons. Mann, Horace, LL.D. (H.U. 1849), edu- cationist, b. Franklin, Ms., 4 May, 1796; d. Yellow Springs, O., 2 Aug. 1859. ' Brown U. 1819. He was obliged to procure an educa- tion by his own exertions ; studied law at Litchfield, and in 1823 was adm. to the bar. He began practice at Dedham ; was a mem- ber of the Ms. house of reps, in 1828-33, and of the senate in 1833-7, presiding over it in 1836-7, and disting. himself for devotion to the interests of education and temperance. In his law practice he would never espouse the unjust side of any cause, and by his honesty exercised extraordinary influence over the minds of juries. He moved to Boston in 1833, and in 1837-48 was sec. of the Ms. Board of Education. The State Lunatic Hospital at Worcester was founded through his efforts. Important changes were made, through his in- fluence, in the school-laws and in the educa- tional system of the State. In May, 1843, he m. as his second wife, Mary, dau. of Dr. Nathaniel Peabody, and visited P]urope soon after, inspecting the school-systems of Europe, and especially of Germany. M.C. and succes- sor of John Quincy Adams in 1848-53, he spoke and voted in favor of excluding slavery from the Territories. Pres. of Antioch Coll. from Sept. 1852 to his death : under his able management it attained a large degree of success ; but his labors were too much for his health, which gave way soon after his extraor- dinary effort at the coll. commencement in July, 1859. In 1835 he was a commiss. to superintend the pub. of the revised statutes of Ms., for which he prepared the marginal notes and references. His annual Educational Re- ports, 12 in number, rank deservedly high. In the 7th of the series he describes his educational tour in Europe. In the discussion upon the abolition of corporal punishment with the Bos- ton schoolmasters, he won a complete triumph ; and the practice was discontinued. His 10th Report was highly extolled by the Edinburgh Review. Mr. Mann edited the Common School Journal, and pub. a vol. of ** Lectures on Edu- cation," 1848. His " Letters and Speeches on Slavery " were pub. 1851; "Lectures on In- temperance," 1852. He engaged in a contro- versy with Daniel Webster in 1850, on account of his 7th-of-March speech, and was the unsuc- cessful candidate of tbe Free Soil party for gov. in 1852. — See Life of, by his widow, 8vo, 1865. Mrs. Mann has also pub. " Christianity in the Kitchen," " The Flower People," and a transl. of Sarmiento's " Life in the Argent. Republic," 1868. Mann, James, M.D. (B.U.1815), A.A.S., surgeon, b. Wrentham, Ms., July 22, 1759; d. N.Y. Nov. 7, 1832. H.U. 1776. He was 3 years a surgeon in the Revol. army. In 1812 he was a hospital surgeon, U.S.A., and head of the medical staff" on the northern frontier ; post-surgeon, Apr. 1818 ; assist, surgeon, May, 1821, He pub. two Monographs which gained prizes in 1804, and " Medical Sketches of Campaigns of 1812-14," &c., 8vo, 1816. Manners, George, British consul in Boston, 1819-35. Author of some dramas of merit and some poetical works ; d. Coburg, Canada West, 18 Feb. 1853, a. 75. Manning, James, D.D., scholar and divine, b. Elizabethtown, N. J., Oct. 22, 1738; d. Providence, R.I., July 29, 1791. N. J. Coll. 1762. He acquired fame as a preacher by his abilities and learning, aided by a fine voice and delivery. When the Baptists, in 1764, estab- lished a coll. in R.I., he was invited to take charge of it; removed to Warren in the follow- ing year, where the institution was opened in MLAJS- 596 IVl^^JR Sept. ; and, on its removal to Providence in 1770, became pastor of the Baptist church in that town. This position he occupied till his death, except during an interval of six months. It bore the title of the Coll. of K.I. till 1804, when it was named Brown University in honor of its most munificent patron. In 1786 he was a delegate to Congress, a post he resigned on account of its incompatibility with his other duties. When the Constitution was the subject of debate, he was a zealous Federalist. In 1 783 hv, resumed his duties at the college, suspended daring the war, and resigned the presidency in 1790, and his pastorate in Apr. 1791. — See Life, Times, and Corresp. of, by R. A. Guild, 8vo, 1864. Manning, Richard, Jun., gov. of S.C. 1824-5, b. Sumter Dist., S. C, 1 Mav, 1789 ; d. Phila. 1 May, 18-36. Col. Coll., S.C., 1811. He com. a vol. company in the war of 1812 ; was frequent! v a member of the State legisl. ; and M.C;. 1834-6. Mansfield, Edward Dkering, LL.D. (Mar. Coll. 18.54), author, b. New Haven, 1801. West Point, 1819; N.J. Coll. 1822. Son of Col. Jared. Counsellor at law in Ct. 182.5, in Ohio 1826-36 ; prof, const, law and history in Cincin. Coll., O., 1 836-7. Author of " Poli- tical Grammar," 1835; "Legal Rights of Women," 1845 ; " Life of Gen. Scott," 1846 ; '* Hist, of the Mexican War," 1848 ; " Ameri- can Education," 1850; "Treatise on Const. Law," 1835; "Memoirs of Daniel Drake," 1855 ; with B. Drake, " Cincinnati in 1826 ; " editor of Cincinnati Chronicle, and At} as, 1836- 52, of the Railroad Records'mce 1852. Author also of a discourse on the " Utility of Mathema- tics," and of several addresses on education from 1834 to 1849 ; now (1871 ) resides in Cincinnati. Mansfield, Col. Jared, LL.D. (Y.C. 1825), b. N. Haven, Ct., 1759 ; d. there Feb. 3, 1830. Y.C. 1777. He taught school in N. Haven in 1794; afterward had charge of a Quaker grammar school in Phila., where he became known as a mathematician. App. capt. engrs. May 3, 1802, and acting prof. nat. and L-xperimental philos. to June, 1805; U.S. sur- vevor-gen. of Ohio and North-west Terr. Nov, 14', 1803-1812; major engrs. June 11, 1805; lieut.-col. 25 Feb. 1808; prof. nat. and exp. philos. Military Acad. Oct. 7, 1812; resigned Aug. 31, 1828. He pub. " Essays, mathemati- cal and physical," 1802, 8vo. Mansfield, Joseph King Fenno, brig.- gcn. U.S.A., b. N. Haven, Ct., Dec. 22, 1803; d. of wounds received at the battle of Antie- tam, Sept. 18, 1862. West Point, 1822. While an infant, his father d. at Vera Cniz ; and his mother, Mary Fcnno, returned to Middletown, Ct., her native jilace. Entering the engrs., he was employed in planning and constructing fortifications for coast and harbor defence. 1st lieut. 5 Mar. 1832; capt. 7 July, 1838. Dur- ing the Mexican war he served under Taylor as chief engr.; was brev. major for his conduct in the defence of Fort Brown ; lieut.-col. for Monterey, where he was severely wounded lead- ing the column that stormed the city at the Tannery ; and col. for Buena Vista. May 28, 1853, he became insp.-gen., rank of col. ; Mny 6, 1861, brev. brig.-gen.; and May 14 brig.-gcu. U.S. A ; until Aug. 1861 he com. the dept. of Washington, and for a short time that of Va. He fortified Washington on every side, crowned the heights of Arlington with earthworks, and took Alexandria; he next served at Cape Hatteras, and then at Newport News. After the destruction of " The Men'imack " and the occupation of Norfolk, he was put in com. of Sufiblk, Va. Ordered to join Gen. McClellan, he took com. of the corps previously under Gen. Banks. At Antietam he was mortally wounded early in the day. Mante, Maj. Thomas, assist, engineer at the siege of Havana, and maj. of brigade in the campaign of 1764. Author of " History of the Late War in N. Amer." (a verjr valuable work), 4to, 1772; transl. of "Defensive Arms,'' Lon- don, 8vo, 1771, and of "System of Tactics," 1781, 1784, 2 vols. 8vo. Mapes, James J., LL.D., agricultural chemist, b. New York City, May 29, 1806; d. Newark, N. J., Jan. 10, 1866. He was a sugar- refiner ; was app. prof, of chemistry and nat. philos. in the Nat. Acad, of Design, and in- vented many useful processes in sugar making and refining, but later in life applied his talents to the science of agriculture with great success on a farm near Newark. He edited the Work- ing Fanner, and other agricultural publications. He manufactured a fertilizer called "nitrogen- ized superphosphate," from the sale of which he derived some profit. He delivered valuable lec- tures at agric. fairs, and wi'ote articles for scien- tific journals, American and English. Author of "The Amer. Repository of Arts, Sciences, and Manufactures," 4 vols. 8vo, 1840; "The Practical Farmer." Marble, Danfobth, Yankee comedian, b. E. Windsor, Ct., 1807; d. Louisville, Ky.,May 13, 1849. First app. at the Chatham, N.Y., in 1831 ; at the Walnut-st., Phila., Dec. 20, 1837, as Sam Patch ; and visited various cities suc- cessfully as a star. Made his English de'but at the Strand, London, Oct. 30, 1845, as Deuter- onomy Dutiful. Nov. 13, 1836, he ni. Anna Warren, a successful actress. MarlDle, Manton, editor N. Y. World, b. Worcester, Ms., 16 Nov. 1835. U. of Roches- ter, 1855. Wm., his emig. ancestor, became a freeman of Boston 3 May, 1654. He was edu- cated at the High School, Prov., R.I., after- ward at the Albany Acad. After leaving coll. he w^ent on the editorial staft' of the Boston Journal ; was afterward the responsible editor of the Traveller; in 1858 went to N.Y., and was connected with the Eve. Post until the estab- lishment of the World in June, 18&0. Apr. 12, 1862, he purchased this sheet, and has since conducted it as the exponent of Dcmoc. princi- ples. In Harper's Mag. for 1860 is an account of his " Trip to Red River and Beyond." Marbois (mar'-bwa'), Francois, marquis of Barbe' Marbois, a French diplomatist and author, b. Metz, Jan. 31, 1745; d. Jan. 14, 1837. His father was director of the mint at Metz. He became tutor to the children of Cas- tries, minister of marine, through whom he ob- tained in 1779 the post of sec. of legation to the U.S. during our Revol.; and was the principal agent in the most important operations of the embassy. On the return of Luzerne to France, :m:ajr 597 MLA.R MarLois continued in this country as char/^ d'affaires. As consul-gen. of France, he or- ganized all the French consulates in this coun- try, in which he resided until 1785. lie was afterwards app. intendant of St. Domingo ; re- turned to France in 1790, and was immediately sent by Louis as ambassador to the German diet. In 1795 he Avas chosen a member of the council of elders, and in the struggle between the directory and the councils, having defended the latter, he was, with others, condemned to deportation to Cayenne. Returning after an exile of two years and a half, he was nominated by the first consul counsellor of state, and in 1801 sec. of the treasury. In 1803 he was app. to cede Louisiana to the U.S. for 50,000,000 francs, but had the skill to obtain 80,000,000, a piece of diplomacy for which he was liberally rewarded by Napoleon. In 1808 he was made pres. of the cour des comptes ; in 1813 he was a senator; and in 1814 was among the first to vote for the deposition of Napoleon. Louis XVni. created him a peer, and confirmed him in the presidency of the cour des comptes. Keep- er of the seals in 1815-16, and was soon after- wards created marquis. Author of some agri- cultural and financial essays ; " Complot d' Ar- nold," " Histoire de la Louislane ct de la Cession de cette Colonic," Paris, 1829, and "Reflections on St. Domingo." March, Alden,M.D.,LL.D. (Wms. Coll.), surgeon, b. Sutton, Ms., 1795; d. Albany, June 17, 1869. B.U. 1820. He attended medical lectures in Boston, and subsequently at B.U., where he was distinguished for liis skill in anat- omy, and in 1820 settled in practice at Albany. He was a dexterous and skilful operator, and originated many important improvcjiicnts in surgery. He was the father and one of the founders of the Albany Med, Coll., and was 30 years at its head ; was also a founder of the Al- bany City Hospital. Pres. Amcr. Med. Assoc. Author of " Improved Forceps for Harelip Op- erations," 1855; "Wounds of the Abdomen and Larynx," 1854. March, Charles W., author, h. Ports- mouth, N.H., 15 Dec. 1815; d. Alexandria, Egypt, 24 Jan. 1864. II.U. 1837. He studied law ; practised in Portsmouth ; was a member of the N.H. legisl. ; removed to N. Y. City; and wrote for the Tribune, Times, and for the Bos- ton Courier, under the signature of " Pequot." U.S. vice-consul to Cairo. Author of " Trav- els in Madeira and Spain ; " " Daniel Webster and his Contemporaries," 4th ed. 12mo, 1852; and "Reminiscences of Congress." Contrib. of many brilliant essays to magazines and journals. Marchand, John B., commodore U.S.N., b. Pa. Aug. 27, 1808. Midshipm. May 1, 1828 ; lieut. Jan. 29, 1840; com. Sept. 14, 1855; capt. July 16, 1862; commo. July 25, 1866; ret. 27 Aug. 1870. Aug. 1841 to Aug. 1842 in com. of steamer " Van Burcn," operating in the everglades of Florida against the Seminole Indians ; participated in the bombardment of Vera Cruz and the capture of Tupsan, 1847; com. steamer " Memphis," Paraguay exped., 1859-60; steamer "Jas. Adger," S. Atl. block, squad., 1862; participated in the capture of Fernandina, Fla., Mar. 1862; slightly wound- ed while reconnoitring in the Stono River, Mar. 16, 1862; com. steam-sloop "Lacka\rana," W. Gulf block, squad., 1863-4, and in battle of Mobile Bay ; and assisted to capture the rebel ram "Tennessee," Aug. 5, 1864. — Hamersli/. Marchant, Henry, LL.D. (Y.C. 1792), jurist, b. Martha's Vineyard, Ms., Apr. 1741 ; d. Newport, R.L, 30 Aug. 1796. Phila. Coll. 1762. Studied law under Judge Trowbridge of Cambridge, Ms.; practised in Newport; was atty -gen. of R. I. in 1770-7, and member of the Assembly ; took a prominent part in the Revol. movements of the time; was chair- man of the com. to prepare instructions to the delegates in Congress; member of the Old Congress 1777-80 and 1783-4; and an efficient member of various important committees; member of the convention to adopt the U.S. Constitution; and, from 1790 to his death, judge of the U.S. Dist. Court. — Updike's R.I. Bar. Maroy, E. E., M. D., homoeopathist, b. Greenwich, Ms., Dec. 9, 1815. Amh. Coll. 1837; Jeff. Med. Coll. 1840. Since 1852 he has edited the N. A. Ilomceop. Jour., quarterly. He edited Hahnemann's Lesser Writings, pub. 1854, by Radde. He has written numer- ous essays on medical and chemical subjects, and is recognized as a standard authority. A skilful practitioner, he has the largest and most lucrative practice in N.Y. Author of " Theo- ry and Practice of Medicine," 8vo, 1852; " Homoeopathy vs. Allopathy," 8vo, 1854. — Allihone. Marcy, Randolph B., insp.-gen. U.S.A., b. Ms. ab. 1811. West Point, 1832. Entering the 5th Inf. he became 1st lieut. June 22, 1837 ; capt. May 18, 1846 ; engaged at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma 8-9 May, 1846; in ex- ploration of Red River Country ; in hostilities against the Seminoles. in 1857 ; served in the Utah exped. in 1857-8 ; com. a detachment sent to N. Mexico to procure supplies in Nov. 1857, returning in Mar. 1858, after great suf- fering ; became paym. (rank of maj.) Aug. 22, 1859; insp.-gen. (rank of col.) Aug. 9, 1861 ; was attached as chief of staff to the Army of the Potomac under Gen. McClellan (his son- in-law): and 23 Sept. 1861 became brig.-gen. vols. He was on Gen. McClellan's stafFduring the campaigns in Western Va., the Peninsula, and Md. Author of " Exploration of the Red River in 1852," 8vo, 1853; "Prairie Travel- ler," 1859 ; " Personal Recollections," 8vo, 1866. Marcy, William Learned, statesman, b. Southbridge, Ms., Dec. 12, 1786; d. Ball- ston Spa, N.Y., July 4, 1857. B.U. 1808. He taught school for a while in Newport, R.I., studied law, and commenced practice in Troy, N.Y. At the commencement of the war of 1812, being an officer of a military company, he volunteered his services, and acted with the company until the cessation of hostilities. On the night of Oct. 22, 1812, he disting. himself in the capture of a corps of Canadian militia posted at St. Regis, being the first prisoners taken on land, and their flag the first captured during the war. He was app. recorder of Troy in 1816 ; edited the Troy Budget, a lead- ing Democ. organ ; adj. -gen. of the State in ISOLAJR 698 MLAJR Jan. 1821; state comptroller in 1823; assoc. justice of the N.Y. Supreme Court in 1829 ; U.S. senator in 1831-3; gov. of the State in 1833-9; and a commiss. to decide upon the claims of the Mexican Govt, in 1839-42 ; sec. of war under Pres. Polk from 1845 to 1849, he performed the arduous duties of that posi- tion with si;;nal ability durinj? the Mexican war. His diplomacy was displayed in the set- tlement of the Oregon boundary. He was an advocate of the tariff of 1846; and opposed all interference on the slavery question. U.S. sec. of state 1853-7. He was a hard-working, careful, plain man, of great integrity, and a good scholar. His state papers on Central Amer. affairs, on the enlistment question, on the Dan- ish Sound dues, and on many other topics of national interest, exhibited remarkable ability as a writer, statesman, and diplomatist. Marechal, Ambroise, D.I)., R.C. arch- bishop of Baltimore, b. Ingre, near Orleans, France, 1769; d. Baltimore, Jan. 29, 1828. Educated at the seminary of St. Sulpice, he came to Baltimore in 1792. Returning to Ffance, he was from 1803 to 1811 prof, in the seminaries of St. Flour, Aix, and Lyons. He refused the bishopric of N.Y., which was ten- dered him, but accepted the post of co-adjutor to the archbishop of Baltimore, whom he suc- ceeded on his decease, Dec. 14, 1817. He vis- ited Konie in 1821-2 to procure aid for his church in Baltimore. Margil, Jesus de (Father Antonio), an early Franciscan missionary to Texas, b. Va- lencia, Aug. 18, 1657 ; d. Mexico, Aug. 6, 1726. Author of "El Peregrino Septentrional Atlante," &c., Valencia, 1742. He is styled "NotarioApostolico,'' " Commissariodel San- to Oficio," " Fundador y Ex Guardian de tres Coligios," and " Prefecto de las Missiones de Propagande Fide en todas las ludias Occiden- tales," &c. — Hist. Mag. June, 1864. Marguerittes, Julie de, or Mrs. Rea, authoress and critic, b. Lond. 1814 ; d. Phila. June 21, 1866. She was dau. of Dr. A. B. Granville, F.R.S. At an early age m. Baron de Marguerittes, with whom she travelled all oyer Europe. The revol. of 1848 compelled him to leave France, and seek an asylum in the U.S. She soon became a contrib. to the N.Y. Saturdttji Courier, writing " The Ins and Outs of Paris," afterward pub. in book-form. Marguerittes having returned to France, and discarded her, she went upon the stage, March 9, 1852, at the Broadway, N.Y., in the opera of " La Gazza Ladra," but retired from it soon after. After the death of her husband, in 1856, she removed to Phila., and became contrib. and dramatic critic to the Simdai/ Transcript, which contained her " Parisian Pickings," and other papers. Her second husband, George G. Foster, who d. in 1860, was a well-known writer. She afterward m. Samuel J. Rea of the Phila. press. She was a very voluminous writer, and by her pen supported and educated her children. Her dau. Noemie is dramatic critic of the Phila. Transcript. Marion, Francis, brig. -gen., a celebrated partisan officer in theRcvol. war, b. near George- town, S.C., 1732; d. Feb. 29, 1795. At the age of 16 he entered on board a vessel bound to the W. Indies; but she foundered on her passage out, and the crew took to the boat. Destitute of water or provisions, several died of hunger before they were rescued. He then engaged in agriculture until 1759, when he was a lieut. in Gov. Lyttleton's exped. against the Chero- kees; and iu Apr. 1761 was a capt. in that of Col. Grant. He led the forlorn hope in the battle of Etchoee, and was one of the few who escaped. When the Revol. war began, he was elected to the Prov. Congress ; made a capt. in the first corps raised in S.C. ; served as major in the defience of Fort Moultrie ; was lieut. -col. (com. of his regt.) at Savannah and at the siege of Charleston, where, fracturing his leg by accident, he escaped the captivity to which the garrison was eventually forced to submit. App. a brig.-gen. in 1780, he commenced his partisan career as soon as he recovered from the fracture of his leg, with only 16 men. Fer- tile in stratagem, he struck, unperceived, and, retiring to those hidden retreats in the morasses of Pedee and Black River, he placed his corps out of the reach of his foe. The country from Camden to the sea-coast, between the Pedee and San tee, was the theatre of his exertions. Soon after the defeat of Gates (Aug. 20, 1780), he captured a British guard of 90, and rescued 150 Continental prisoners. He surprised Maj. Gainey, an English partisan officer of reputa- tion, and took his whole party. He next attacked Capt. Barfield's party of Tories, kill- ing or capturing 30 out of 49. He routed with great loss a large body of Tories at Shep- herd's Ferry, another under Col. Tynes at the forks of Black River, and succeeded in escap- ing from Tarleton after a long and hot pur- suit. Watson, Gainey, Tynes, Mclllraith, Tarleton, and Doyle were at different times sent to crush him, but were either foiled by his strategy, or disgracefully defeated. In 1781 he was joined by Lee's Legion, captured a num- ber of the enemy's forts, and participated in the battle of Eutaw. After the war he m. Mary Videau, a lady of wealth ; resided in his native parish of St. John's, and was returned to the State senate. In 1790 he was a member of the State Const. Conv. He was small in stature, thin, neither pleasing in visage, nor captivating in his manners, and was reserved and silent. — See Lives of Marion by P. Horry and M. L. Weems, and by W. G. Simms. Markoe, Peter, poet, d. Phila. 1792. Pub. "Miscellaneous Poems," 1787; "The Times," a poem, 1788 ; " The Patriot Chief," a tragedy ; " Reconciliation," an opera ; and is the supposed author of " The Algerine Spy." — Simpso7i. Marquette (mar'-k6t'), Jacques, one of the first explorers of the Mpi., b. Laon, France, 1637 ; d. May 18, 1675. Becoming a Jesuit at the age of 17, he sailed for Canada as a mis- sionary in 1666. After passing ab. 18 months at Three Rivers, in Apr. 1668 he founded at Lake Superior the mission of Sault Ste. Marie. In 1669, after a short stay at Lapointe, he fol- lowed the Hurons to Mackinaw, where in 1671 he built a chapel at the mission of St. Ignatius, or Michilimacinac; in May, 1673, he accomp. JoUiet's exped. to explore the Mpi., and, after travelling in canoes over 2,500 miles, returned IVLAR 599 MLA.R in Sept. They proceeded to Green Bay, through Fox River, to the Wisconsin, and thence by Portage to the Mpi., which they de- scended to the Arkansas. Returning, they ascended the Illinois, proceeded thence across to Lake Michigan, to Green Bay, and to the niission, without serious accident. During this exped. he prepared a map of the route. Hav- ing promised the Kaskaskia Indians to return and preach to them, after being detained a year by sickness, he set out in Oct. 1674, with two white men and a number of savages, for the village of Kaskaskia. After wintering at the Portage in the Chicago, he reached Kaskaskia, Apr. 8, 1675, and at once Iwgan a mission by erecting an altar, and celebrating the festival of Easter; but, conscious that his end was ap- proaching, he soon attempted to return to Mackinaw, but died near the mouth of a river on the east shore of Lake Michigan, which still bears his name. " He was of a cheerful, joyous disposition, playful even in his manner, and universally beloved." His narrative was pub. at Paris in 1681, in Thevenot's " Eecueil ae Voi/ages." This account, as well as a jour- nal of the missionary's last exped., is in Shea's "Discovery and Exploration of the Mpi. Val- ley," N.Y. 1852. Marryat, Capt. Frederick, R. N., an English novelist, b. London, July 10, 1792; d. Aug. 2, 1848. His mother was the dau. of Frederick Geyer of Boston. Entering the navy at an early age, he disting. bimself in several engagements, particularly in 1814 by cutting out 4 vessels in Boston Bay, and in an action with gunboats on Lake Pontchartrain. He also benefited the naval profession by the invention of his well-known code of signals. He commenced his literary career in 1829, pro- ducing a great number of sea-tales, among the best of which are " Peter Simple," " Midship- man Easy," "Percival Keene," &c. In 1837 he visited the U.S., and on his return pub. his " Diary in America," which reflected some- what severely on our national characteristics. This was followed by 3 additional vols., and by his " Travels of M. Violet," supposed to be founded on the adventures of Chateaubriand in the woods of the New World. Marsh, Charles, LL. D. (D. C. 1828), lawyer, b. Lebanon, Ct., July 10, 1765; d. Woodstock, Vt., Jan. 11, 1849. Dartm. Coll. 1786. His father, Hon. Joseph Marsh, removed to Vt. before the Revol., where he became a leading Whig, and was several years lieut.-gov. of the State. Charles studied law, and com- menced practice at Woodstock, Vt., in 1788. For 50 years he was a successful lawyer. Dur- ing the presidency of Washington he was dist. atty. of Vt. The A.B.C.F.M., the Bible, and Colonization Societies, long felt his efficiency and liberality as a member ; and he took an active part in the Dartra. Coll. Controversy. M.C. 1815-17, and a founder of the American Colonization Society. Marsh, Dexter, student of the fossils of the Ct. Valley, b. 1806; d. Greenfield, Ms., Apr. 2, 1853. An uneducated laborer, his at- tention was drawn in 1835 to the subject of fossils, by observing the footprints in slabs used for flagging-stones. He explored the valley from the northern line of Ms. to Wethersfield, and also the States of N.J. and N.H., and made very extensive collections, which were sold at auction after his death. Marsh, George Perkins, LL.D. (H.U. 1859), philologist and diplomatist, b. Wood- stock, Vt., Mar. 17, 1801. Dartm. Coll. 1820. Son of Charles. He settled as a lawyer at Burlington, Vt., and acquired an extensive practice. Member of the State legisl. and executive council in 1835; M.C. in 1842-9; resident minister to Turkey in 1849-53; in 1852 he was charged with a special mission to Greece; and since 1861 has been resident min- ister to Italy ; in 1857 he was app. by the gov. of Vt. to make a report to the legisl. on the artificial propagation of fish; Vt. railroad commiss. 1857-9. Author of "The Goths in New Eng.," a grammar of the old Northern or Icelandic language ; and of various essays, lite- rary and historical, relating to the Goths, and their connection with America; of an interest- ing work on the Camel ; and numerous pub. addresses and speeches ; " Lectures on the English Language," N.Y. 1860 ; " The Origin and History of the English Language," 1862; "Man and Nature," 1864. He m. in 1838 Caroline Crane, b. Berkeley, Ms., Dec. 1, 1816. She has pub. "The Hallig, or the Sheepfold in the Waters," translated from the German ; and " Wolfe of the Knoll and other Poems," N.Y. 1860. Marsh, James, a British gen. ; d. 1804. Capt. in the 46th Regt. Feb. 2, 1757; was wounded in the attack on Fort Ticonderoga, July 8, 1758; became major, July 23, 1772; and lieut.-col. (43d) Aug. 28, 1776, the day after the battle of Long Island. After serving through the American war, he was app. col. (77th Foot) Oct. 12, 1787; maj.-gen. Oct. 12, 1793 ; and lieut.-gen. Jan. 1, 1798. Marsh, James, D.D. (Amh. Coll. 1833), scholar and divine, b. Hartford, Vt., July 19, 1794 ; d. Colchester, Vt., July 3, 1842. Dartm. Coll. 1817; And. Sem. 1822. His boyhood was passed on a farm. Tutor at D. Coll. 1818-20. Ord. as a Cong, minister 12 Oct. 1824; was in 1824-6 prof, of languages in Ham p. Sid. Coll. Va. ; in 1826-33 was pres. of the U. ofVt. ; and was in 1833-42 prof, of moral and intell. philos. there. In 1829 Dr. Marsh published an edition of Coleridge's " Aids to Reflection," with a preliminary essay, and copious notes. Besides this, Dr. Marsh published some translations from the German, among them Herder's " Spirit of Hebrew Poetry," and articles in the leading reviews. In 1 829 he pub. a series of papers in the Vt. Chronicle, signed " Philopolis," on Popular Education ; and in 1830 " Selections from Old English Writers on Practical Theology." Am- herst College and Columbia College each con- ferred on him the degree of doctor of divinity. He was a thorough scholar, a profound thinker, and an eloquent advocate of the highest truths of religious philosophy. Prof. Torrey, of the U. of Vt., pub. a vol. of his " Remains," with a Memoir, Boston, 1843. Marsh, John, D.D. (JefF. Coll. 1852), Cong, clergyman and temperance reformer, b. Wethersfield, Ct., Apr. 2, 1788; d. Brook- :majei 600 ]yjLA.R lyn, N.Y., Aug. 4, 1868. Y.C. 1804. He studied theology with his father, who was 47 years pastor of the Cong, church of Wethers- field, and d. Sept. 13, 1821. Began to preach in 1809; and from Dec. 16, 1818, to Apr. 1, 1833, was pastor of the First Church, Haddam, Ct. Becoming deeply interested in the temper- ance reform, he delivered lectures, and organ- ized societies through the State. In 1831 he labored 3 months in Baltimore and Wash- ing-ton. He was agent for the Temperance Union in Phila. in 1833-6; and from that time till his death was sec. of the Union in New York, and editor of its journal. Retiring in 1866, he pub. "Temperance Recollections." He pub. many addresses on temperance, and a " Compendium of Ecclesiastical History " in 1838, revised in 1865; "Half-Century Trib- ute to the Cause of Temp.," N.Y., 1840 ; and " The Temperance Speaker," 12mo, 1860. In 1846 he was delegate to the World's Temper- ance Convention at Lond. Marshall, Alexander K., pub. Reports Court of Appeals, Ky., 1817-21, 3 vols. 8vo, 1819-26 ; d. Mason Co. 1825, a. 55. Marshall, Christopher, Revol. patriot of Phila. He rotii'cd from business with a competency before the Revol., in whic-h, al- though a Quaker, he took an active part in the committees of council and of safety. His Diary, 1774-81, called "Marshall's Remem- brancer," edited by Wm. Duane, wa^ pub. in 1839 and 1849. Marshall, Edward Ciiauncet, lawyer of New York, b. Little Falls, N.Y., 1824. A descendant of Capt. Samuel, killed in the " Swamp Fight," son of Thos. the pioneer at Boston, from whom Marshall St. is named. Author of "Book of Oratory," 1852; "First Book of Oratory;" "Gcnevese,"a vol. of poems; " History U.S. Naval Acad.," 1862 ; " Ancestry of Gen. Grant" 1869 ; and a pamphlet, "Are the West-Point Graduates Loyal? " 1862. Marshall, Humphrey, botanist and hor- ticulturist, b. West Bradford, Pa., 1722; d 1801. A cousin of John Bartram. He pub. Arhustum Americanum, the American grove, a catalogue of forest trees and shrubs, Phila. 8vo, 1785 and 1783. A French translation appeared in 1788. — See Memorials of J. Batiram and H. Marshall, by W. Darlington, Phila. 8vo, 1 840. Marshall, Humphrey, pioneer to Ky. in 1780; d. Lexington, Ky., 1 July, 1841, at the residepce of his son, A. K. Marshall. A relative of Chief Justice M. Member of the State con- vention in 1787; served many years in the State Icgisl. ; and was U.S. senator in 1795- 1801. Author of the first History of Ken- tucky, pub. in 1 vol. 1812, enlarged to 2 vols, in 1824. Marshall, Humphrey, politician, b. Frank- fort, Ky., Jan. 13, 1812. West Point, 1832; resigned 1833. He studied laAv, which he prac- tised in Louisville with success ; joined Gen. Taylor as col. of cavalry, fighting at Buena Vista, and leading the charge of the Ky. vols. In 1847 he retired to a farm in Henry Co.; M.C. 1849-52 and 1855-9; and was coramiss. to China, which was immediately raised to a first-class mission, 1852-3. In 1861 he was a gen. in the Confed. army ; com. in Ky. ; de- feated by Gen. Garfield at Prestonburg 7 Jan. 1862; and afterward com. under Kirby Smith. Marshall, John, LL.D. (A. J. Coll. 18U2), jurist, b. Gcrmantown, Fauquier Co., Va., Sept. 24, 1755 ; d. Phila. July 6, 1835. Son of Col. Thomas, 3d Va. Regt., a man of superior tal- ents, but a planter of small fortune, who signal- ized himself during the Revol,, especially at Brandy wine, where his regt. bore the brunt of the Briiish assault led by Cornwallis in person. John, though never at college, had some clas- sical instruction ; engaged with ardor in the Revol. struggle; was a lieut. in 1776 ; and capt. in Ma^, 1777. He fouyht against Lord Dun- more m the battle of Great Bridge, and was afterwards in the battles of Brandywine, Gcr- mantown, and Monmouth. In 1781 he re- signed, and, having been adm. to the bar, de- voted himself to the practice of the law, and soon attained eminence. Member of the con- vention assembled in Va. for the ratification of the Constitution of the U.S., greatly dis- ting. himself by his powerful reasoning and eloquence, as he also subsequently did in the legislature of Va. in the discussion relative to Jay's treaty. He was solicited by Washington to accept the office of atty.-gen., and again, on the recall of Mr. Monroe froui France, tendered the app. as his successor ; but he declined both ; yet he afterwards accepted from Pres. Adams the app. of envoy to France, with Gov. Pinckney and Mr. Gerry. The envoys, however, not b^J- ing accredited, Marshall returned to the U.S. in the summer of 1798. M.C. 1799; in 1800 sec. of war; soon afterwards succeeded Picker- ing as sec. of state; and, on the resignation of Chief Justice Ellsworth, was . made, Jan. 31, 1801, chief justice of the U.S., which office he filled with disting. reputation until his death. Pres. of the Colonization Soc. ; vice-pres. of the Bible Soc. Author of " The Life of Wash- ington," pub. 5 vols. 1805, second edition, greatly improved, and compressed into two vols., 1832; " Hist, of the Colonies planted by the English in N. A.," 8vo, Phila. 1824. His writings upon the Federal Constitution were pub. 8vo, Boston, 1839. His decisions (Va. and N.C. circuit) were pub. by Brockenbrough, 2 vols. 8vo. 1837. Marshall, John James, jurist, b. Wood- ford Co., Ky., Aug. 4, 1785; d. Louisville, Juno, 1846. N.J. Coll. 1806. Ele attained distinction in the profession of the law; was also an active politician; in 1814, and many years subsequently, was a member of the State legisl. From 1836 to his death he presided over the Circuit Court. His ample estate was, during the financial revulsion in 1837, placed at the disposal of his friends ; and he died a poor man. He pub. " Reports Ky. Ct. of Appeals, 1831-4," 7 vols. 8vo. MarshaU, Thomas, col. Revol. army, b. Boston, 1718; d. Weston, Ms., 18 Nov. 1800. Son of Capt. Christopher. Capt. A. and Hon. Art. Co. 1763 and '67 ; maj. Boston regt. 1765; lieut.-col. 1767-71 ; com. the 10th Ms. Regt. in the Revol., and was disting. at Saratoga. Marshall, Thomas Alexander, LL.D (Y.C. 1866), b. Woodford Co., Ky., 15 Jan. 1794 ; d. Louisville 17 Apr. 1871. Y.C. 1815. Son of Senator Humphrey by a dau. of Col. ]yLAJi 601 JVLAJR Thos. Marshall. Began to practise law in Frankfort in 1817; moved to Paris, Ky., in 1819. M.C. 1831-5; judge of the Court of Appeals 1835-56; prof, of law school of Trans. U. 1836-49 ; chief justice Court of App. 1866. Marshall, Thomas F., politician, b. Ky. ; d. near Versailles, Woodford Co., Ky., Sept. 22, 1 864, ab. a. 64. A son of Chief-Justice Marshall. A lawyer by profession, a man of talent and genius, he sacrificed to intemperance the prom- ise of a bright career. He began practice at an early age; removed to Louisville in 1831 ; became disting. as a political speaker ; was sent to the legisl. in 1834; was a judge of the Louisville Circuit Court; and was M.C. in 1841-3, adding to his high reputation by his speeches in that body. Marston, Oilman, M. C. 1859-63 and 1865-7, b. Oiford, N.H. Dartm. Coll. 1837 ; Dane Law School, 1840. Began to practise law at Exeter, N.H., in 1841 ; member N.H. legisl. 1845-9, and of the Const. Conv. in 18.50 ; col. 2d N.H. Regt. June, 1861, serving in both battles at Manassas, through the Peninsuhtr campaign, and at Fredericksburg ; made brig,- gen. 29 Nov. 1862; attached to the Army of the James in 1864; and engaged at Drury's Bluff, Cold Harbor, and Petersburg. Martin, Alexander, LL.D. (N. J. Coll. 1793), b. N.J. ab. 1740; d. Danhury, N.C, Nov. 1807. N.J. Coll. 1756. In 1721 his father emig. from Tyrone Co., Ireland, and settled in N. J. Alex, settled in Guilford Co., N.C, in 1772 ;. was a member of the Colonial Assembly ; col. of a Cont. regt. ; and in the battles of Brandywine and Germantown ; State senator 1779-82, '85, '87, and '88; speaker of the senate at the close of the war, and, as such, acting gov. in 1781-2; gov. of N.C. 1782-5 and 1789-92; member of the convention to adopt the Federal Constitution 1788; U.S. senator 1793-9. He was vain of his literary attainments, and pub. in the N. C. Universiti/ Mag. poetical tributes to Gen. Francis Nash and Gov. Caswell. — Wheeler. Martin, David, author of "Erin is my Home," and other popular pieces; d. Baton Rouge, La., 1856. Martin, Franqois Xavier, LL.D. (H.U. 1841), jurist, b. Marseilles, France, March 17, 1762; d. N. Orleans, Dec. 10, 1846. In 1782 he came to the U S. ; established himself in Newbern, N.C He at first supported himself by teaching French; learned printing, and established a newspaper, the copies of which he peddled through the adjoining counties ; and afterwards pub. school-books, almanacs, trans- lations of French works, &c. He then studied law, and was ab. 1789 adm. to the bar, and be- came disting. in the profession. Pursuing at the same time his vocation of printer, he pub. brief treatises on the duties of sheriff^s, of justices of the peace, and of executors and adminis- trators. App. during Jefferson's administration judge of the Mpi. Terr. ; and Feb. 1813 was app. atty.-gen. of the Stare. Feb. 1, 1815, he was elevated by Gov. Claiborne to the Supreme Bench of La., and was chief justice from Jan. 5, 1837, to 1845. Judge Martin was a good general scholar, as well as a sound lawyer. His Histories of La. (2 vols. 8vo. 1818) and N.C. (N.O. 1829, 2 vols. 8vo) are monuments to hig industry, and his talents as an historian. He pub. " Notes of Decisions in the Superior Cts. of N.C. 1787-96," 8vo, 1797; "Acts of the N.C Assembly, 1715-1803," 2 vols. 4to ; " Re- ports of the Superior Court of Orleans from 1809 to 1812 • " and " Reports of the Supreme Court of La. from 1813 to 1830," besides a Digest of the Territorial and State Laws in French and English. Martin, George, chief justiceof Michigan, b. Middlebury, Vt., 1815; d. Detroit, 15 Dec. 1867. He settled in Grand Rapids, Mich., 1836; became a county judge ; inl851ajudge of the Sup. Court, and chief justice from 1857 to his death. Martin, John, gov. of Ga. 1782-3. App. in 1761 naval officer at Sunbury, Ga. ; member of the 1st Prov. Congress, July, 1775, and of the council of safety ; entered the Ga. Cont. line as capt. ; and was in 1781 lieut.-col., and member of the legisl. from Chatham Co. ; State treasurer in 1783; conimiss. to make a treaty with the Creek Indians in Jan. 1783. Miartin, Joseph P., a Revol. soldier, b. Berkshire Co., Ms., 1760; d. Prospect, Me., May 2, 1850. Son of a Cong, clergyman. He entered the Revol. army in the spring of 1776, serving throughout the war, and participating in several of its most bloody battles. At its close he removed to Prospect, then compara- tively a wilderness, where he was town clerk for over a quarter of a century. He pub. in 1830 a narrative of his adventures. Martin, Joshda L, M.C, Ala., 1835-9; gov. of Ala. 1845-7 ;d. Tuscaloosa, Nov. 2,1856. Martin, Josiah, gov. of N.C. 1771-5, b. Apr. 23, 1737; d. Lond. July, 1786. His father Samuel of Va. lost a large estate by confiscation. His brother Samuel, M.P. for Camelford, fought a duel with John Wilkes. Josiah became ensign 4th Foot, Dec. 1756, and was in 1769 a lieut.-col. He succeeded in pacifying the regulators of N.C, and took energetic measures to preserve the royal author- ity in 1775 ; but Apr. 24 was obliged to fly, and took refuge on board " The Cruiser," from which ship he issued a proclamation, Aug. 8. He was on board the fleet of Sir P. Parker at Charleston in June, 1776 ; was with Cornwal- lis at the defeat of Gates at Camden in 1780, but left N.C. on account of ill health in Mar. 1781, and withdrew to Long Island, and thence to England. Martin, Luther, LL.D., lawver, b. N. Brunswick, N. J., 1744 ; d. N.Y., July 10,1826. N J. Coll. 1766. He taught school in Queens- town, Md. ; studied law; was adm. to the bar in 1771 ; commenced practice in Accomac and Northampton, Va. ; and was adm. an attorney in the courts of Somerset and Worcester, soon attaining a lucrative practice. In 1774 he became a member of the com. to oppose the claims of Great Britain, and a member of the Annapolis convention. He pub. an answer to the address of the Bros. Howe ; also an address " To the inhabitants of the Peninsula between the Del. River and the Chesapeake; " member of the Old Congress in 1784-5. Feb. 1 1, 1778, he was app. atty.-gen. of Md. A violent poli- tician, he wrote many pungent essays against M-A-R 602 IfdJ^S the then Democ. party ; was in 1804 one of the defenders of Judge Chase impeached in the h. of representatives ; and was the personal and political friend of Burr, whose acquittal he was instrumental in procuring when tried for treason in 1807. App. chief judge of oyer and terminer in 1814 for Baltimore, and again atty.-gen. of the State in 1818. He violently opposed the Federal Constitution, though a member of the convention which framed it, advocating the equality of the States, and con- tending that a small State should have as many Congressmen as a large State. Author of a "Defence of Capt. Cresap from the Charge of Murder made in Jefferson's Notes," and "Genuine Information, &c., of the Convention at Phila.," &c., 8vo, 1788. — *S(^e Nat. Port. Gallery. Martin, Robert M., jurist, b. Worcester Co., Md., 1798; d. Saratoga,N.Y., July 20, 1870. N.J. Coll. M.C. 1825-7; chief judge West- em Circuit of Md. 1845-51 ; judge Superior Comt of Baltimore 1856-67 ; and prof, in the Law School U. 1867-70. Martin, Simeon, Rcvol. patriot.; d. Sce- konk, R.I., Sept. 30, 1819, a. 65. In 1775 he joined Col. Crane's art. ri^gt., and was a capt. in the R.I. line at the battle of Trenton. Dur- ing the war he was adj.-gen., and subsequently maj.-gen. of the State militia. He long repre- sented Newport in the Gen. Assembly, and, un- til he declined in 1816, was repeatedly chosen lieut.-gov. of R.I. Martin, Col. William, soldier, b. Va. 26 Nov. 1765 ; d. Smith Co., Tenn., 4 Nov. 1846. Near the close of the Revol. he took part in a campaign against the Indians. About 1786 he led a company of pioneers to Tenn. ; afterward settled in S.C., where he was a member of the legisl. He returned to Tenn. in 1 798 ; was a member of the legisl.; and in 1812-13 com. a rcgt. of vols, under Jackson in the Creek cam- paign; and was at Talladega and in other en- gagements. Martin, William D., lawyer and politi- cian, b. Martintown, S.C., Oct. 20, 1789; d. Charleston, Nov. 16, 1833. He studied law at Litchfield, Ct. ; practised at Edge worth, Coosa w- batchie, and several other courts ; and in 1816 was a member of the legisl. In 1818 he was made chairman of the judiciary com. and clerk of the State senate ; and was M.C. from 1827 to 1833. One of the ablest jurists and advocates of S.C, he became in 1830 a judge of the Cir- cuit Court. He was of the ultra State-rights school, and was prominent in maintaining the principle of nullification. Martindale, John Henry, lavsryer and soldier, b. Sandy Hill, Washington Co., N.Y., Mar. 20, 1815. West Point, 1 835. In 1 836 he became a civil engr.; afterward studied law with his father ; and practised successively at Bata- via and Rochester. Made brig.-gen. vols. Aug. 9, 1861, he accomp. Gen. McClellan to York- town ; and was in all the battles before Rich- mond, in the 5th army corps, under Gen F. J. Porter. Engaged in operations south of Rich- mond, in the Army of the James, in May, 1864; participated with the Army of the Potomac in the battles of Cold Harbor, June 1-3, 1864, and siege of Petersburg ; and com. 18th army corps July-Sept. 1864. Brev. maj.-gen. U.S. vols. 13 Mar. 1865, for battle of Malvern Hill; re- signed 13 Sept. 1864; atty.-gen. N.Y. 1866.— Cullum. Martineau, Harriet, an English author- ess, b. Norwich, June 12, 1802. She had estab- lished a high reputation as a thinker and a nov- elist, when, in Aug. 1834, she sailed lor Amer- ica, and travelled extensively in the U.S., where she received much attention, and, on her return in the summer of 1836, pub. "Society in Amer- ica." She also pub. in 1838 her "Retrospect of Western Travel;" "History of England during the 30- Years' Peace," 2 vols. 1850; and "Biog. Sketches," 1869. Besides hernuraer- ous publications, she is a frequent contrib. to some of the leading magazines and periodicals, and to the London Daily News. Mascarene, Jean Paul, acting gov. of Nova Scotia in 1 740-9, b. Castras, Languedoc, France, 1684 ; d. Boston, Jan. 22, 1760. Of a Huguenot family. Paul, at the age of 11, ex- patriated himself to Geneva, where he was edu- cated by Mr. Rapin. He went to Eng., where he was naturalized in 1706 ; entered the army as a lieut. the same year ; came with the Eng- lish troops to America in 1711, and was era- ployed in Nova Scotia, where he was by degrees advanced to the rank of col., and was also lieut.- gov. and com.-in-chief. Made a maj.-gen. in 1758. App. a councillor in 1720, and many years the senior on the board. Ab. 1720 he transmitted to the plantation office a complete description of the province, with suggestions for its settlement and defence. In 1744 he defended Annapolis, and beat otf the French under Du Vivier. With the govs, of Ms. and N.H. he negotiated with the Indians the treaty of 1725. Mason, Armistead Thomson, U.S. sena- tor 1815-17, b. Loudon Co., Va., 1787; killed in a duel with Col. McCarty, Feb. 5, 1819. Wm. and M. Coll. 1807. Son of Sen- ator Stevens Thomson Mason. Was a farmer by occupation; a col. in the war of 1812, and ably defended Norfolk ; and was subsequently a brig.-gen. of Va. militia. His only child, Stevens Thomson, a capt. of the mounted rifles, fell mortally wounded at Cerro Gordo. In con- sequence of a political dispute wath his relative John McCarty, they fought a duel at Bladens- burg with muskets. His corresp. with his an- tagonist, which was pub., manifested the most malignant ferocity. Mason, Charles; d. Phila. 1787. Assist, of Dr. Bradley at the Roy. Observatory, Green- wich. He pub. Mayer's "Lunar Tables Im- proved," Lond. 4to, 1789; and contrib. astro- nomical papers to "Phila.Trans.," 1761, '68, '70. With Jeremiah Dixon he ran the bound- ary-line between Md. and Pa., known as "Mason and Dixon's Line," in 1763-8. Mason, Charles, lawyer, b. N.Y. about 1808. West Point (1st in class), 1829. Enter- ing the engrs., he resigned 3 Dec. 1831, and has since practised law at Newburg, N. Y. (1832-4), N. Y. City (1834-6), Burlington, Iowa (1847-53, 1858-9), and at Washington, D. C. (since 1860). Acting editor N. Y. Evg, Post 1835-6; dist.-atty. Dcs INIoines Co., Wis., 1837-8; chief justice Sup. Court of Iowa 1838- 47 ; commiss. to draught a code of laws for State 3yLA.S 603 ]yLA.S of Iowa 1848-51 ; judge of Des Moines Co. Court 1851-2; U.S. commissioner of patents 1853-7. — CV/M/n. Mason, Ebenezer Porter, astronomer, b. Washington, Ct., Dee. 7, 1819; d. near Riclimond, Va., Dec. 24, 1840. Y.C. 1839. Though* only 21 at the time of his death, young Mason had attained distinguished rank as a mathematician and astronomer. In the summer of 1840 he assisted in exploring and fixing the disputed boundary between Me. and Canada. In the short interval between his graduation and death, he found time, in nar- row circumstances, with rapidly-failing health, to pursue and pub. his " Observations on Neb- u\ai," a paper which gained the admiration of Sir J. Herschel. His Life and Writings were pub. in 1842 by Prof. Olmstead. Mason, Erskine, D D. (Col. Coll. 1837), minister of Bleecker-st. Church, New York. 1330-51, b. N.Y. City, 16 Apr. 1805; d. May 14, 1851. Dick. Coll. 1823. Son of Dr. John M. Mason. Ord. Presb. church, 20 Oct. 1826 ; installed over the church at Schenectady 3 May, 1827 ; prof, of Eccles. Hist. Union The- ol. Sem. 1836-42, His Memoir, by Rev. Wm. Adams, is prefixed to his sermons on practical subjects, entitled " A Pastor's Lega- cy," 8vo, 1853. — Spraque. Mason, Francis, D.D. (B.U. 1853), cler- gyman and missionary, b. York, Eng., Apr. 2, 1799. He was a shoemaker's apprentice ; at 19 emig. to Phila. ; settled at Canton, Ms., in 1825 ; studied at the Theol. Sem., Newton, Ms., in 1827 ; and in May, 1830, having been ord., sailed with his wife for Calcutta as a mission- ary of the Baptists to the Karens. Acquiring the language, he wrote its first book, "The Sayings of the Elders." He prepared Pali and Burmese grammars, and acquired many of the Oriental languages. In 1853 he pub. a Karen translation of the Bible. He was also medical adviser to this tribe, and, having stud- ied medicine, pub. a small work on materia medica and pathology in one of the Karen dia- lects. Many years editor of the Morning Star, a Karen monthly, in both the Sgan and Pwo dialects. Member of many literary and scien- tific bodies. His English writings are " Re- port of the Tavoy Mission Society ; " " Life of Kothabyn," the Karen apostle ; " Memoir of Mrs. Helen M. Mason," 1847; "Memoir of "San Quala," 1850; and " Burmah, its People and Natural Productions," 1852, en- larged edition, 1861. — Appleton. Mason, George, statesman, b. Doeg's Neck, Fairfax Co., Va., 1726; d. Oct. 7, 1792. His ancestor Col. George, an M. P. in the reign of Charles I., subsequently an officer in the army of Charles II., after the defeat at Worcester in 1651, escaped to America, and landed at Norfolk, Va. George, after his mar- riage with Ann Eilbeck, built Gunston Hall on the banks of the Potomac, where he resided till his death. In 1769 he drew up the non-im- portation resolutions, which were presented by VVashington in the Va. Assembly, and unani- mously adopted. Against the assertion by the British parliament of the right of taxation, Mason wrote a tract, entitled " Extracts from the Va, Charters, with some Remarks upon them." At a meeting of the people of Fair- fax, July 18, 1774, Mason presented a series of 24 resolutions, which reviewed the whole ground of controversy, recommended a con- gress of the Colonies, and urged the policy of non-intercourse with the mother-country. They were sanctioned by the Va. con v. of Aug., and substantially adopted by the first Gen. Congress on the 20th of Oct. He was a member of the com. of safety ; and in May, 1776, in the Va. convention, di'afted the decl, of rights and the constitution of Va., which were adopted by a unanimous vote. His ability as a debater, as well as his liberal spirit, was eminently displayed in the first legisl, of Va., upon his measure for the repeal of all the old disabling acts, and for legalizing all modes of worship. In 1777 he was elected to the Cont, Congress; in 1787 he was a member of the convention to frame the U.S. Constitution ; took a leading part in its debates, and favored the election of the pres. directly by the people, and for a term of 7 years, with ineligibility afterward. He spoke with great energy against the clause of the Constitution which prohibited the abolition of the slave-trade till 1808, declaring that slavery was a source of national weakness and demoralization, and it was therefore essential that the Gen. Govt, should have power to prevent its increase. Some of his propositions were defeated ; and he refused his signature to the instrument. In the ya. convention, with Henry, he opposed its ratification, unless with certain amendments, some of which were afterwards adopted by Congress and the State, Elected first U,S. sen- ator from Va., he declined, and devoted the rest of his life to study, and to hunting and fishing, of which he was extremely fond. Jef- ferson says of him, " He was a man of the first order of wisdom, of expansive mind, profound judgment, cogent in argument, learned in the lore of our former constitution, and earnest for the republican change on Democratic prin- ciples." Mason, George C, editor of the New- port Mercur//, b. Newport, R.I., 1820. Author of " Newport Illustrated," 1854; "George Ready," a story for boys, 1857; " The Appli- cation of Art to Manufactures," 12rao, 1858. — Allihone. Mason, James L.,brev. lieut,-col. U.S,A,, b. Providence, R.I,, 1817; d. San Francisco, Cal., Sept. 5, 1853. West Point, 1836. Son of Maj. Milo Mason. Lieut, of engr. July, 1836; capt. 24 Apr. 1847; brev, major for gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco ; brev. lieut,-col, for El Molino del Rey, Sept. 8, 1847, where he was severely wounded ; and was superintending the construction of fortifica- tions at San Francisco at the time of his death. He was long in charge of the construction of the fortifications of Fort Adams; and was a skilful and scientific engineer. Author of " Analytical Investigation of the Resistance of Piles to Superincumbent Pressure," 1850, and of various milit, and scient, reports, 1836-53, Mason, James Murray, senator, b. Ana- lo.sta Island, Fairfax Co., Va,, 3 Nov, 1798; d, near Alexandria, Va., 29 Apr, 1871, U, of Pa, 1818, Grandson of George, and son of ]yLA.S 604 JMJ^S Gen. John, who d. Clermont 19 Mar. 1849, a. 82. He studied law at Wm. and Mary Coll.; bej^an practice in 1820; was elected to the h. of dele<,'ates in 1826, and twice re-elected ; M.C. in 1837-9; and U.S. senator from 1847, until expelled in July, 1861, for taking part in the Rebellion. He was a leading proslavery senator, and was cliairm. of the com. on for- eign relations. He served in the Confed. con- gri'ss; was app. with John Siidell a commiss. to Eng., and was captured in the British mail- packet "Trent," by Capt. Wilkes, 8 Nov. 1861, in the Bahama Channel, and confined in Fort Warren, Boston harbor, until released on demand of the British Govt. 2 Jan. 1862. Ko- turning to Eng., the commissioners afterward resided some time in Paris, where their recep- tion was very friendly. Mr. Mason was the author of the Fugitive-Slave Law of 1850. Mason, Jeremiah, LL.D. (H.U. 1817), lawyer, b. Lebanon, Ct., Apr. 27, 1768; d. Boston, Oct. 14, 1848. Y.C. 1788. Descended from Capt. John Mason of Ct. His maternal ancestor was Rev. James Fitch. His father, Col. Jeremiah, Revol. off., com. a comp. of min- ute-men at the siege of Boston, and d. Lebanon 1813. The son studied law; was adm. to the Vt. bar in June, 1791 ; and began to practise in Westmoreland, a few miles below Walpole; but in 1794 removed to Walpole, and in 1797 to Portsmouth. In 1 802 he was app. atty.-gen., and soon became the acknowledged head of his profession in the State. U.S. senator 1813-17 ; member of the N.H. legisl. dui'ing several ses- sions, in which he took a leading share in the re- vision of the State code. He draughted the reso- lutions and report of the legisl.on the Va. resolu- tions touching the Mo. Compromise. la Apr. 1832 he removed to Boston, where, until the age of 70, he was extensively retained in important causes. Ho was personally little known out of New England ; but his name and presence were familiar to every lawyer of his own and the adjoining States; and nothing could ex- ceed the respect, and ahnost terror, that was felt at the bar for the acuteness, rapidity, and vigor of his mind. Mr. Webster said of him, " I am bound to say, that of my own profes- sional discipline and attainments, whatever they may be, I OAve much to that close atten- tion to the discharge of my duties, which I was compelled to pay for 9 successive years, from day to day, by Mr. Mason's elForts and arguments at the same bar. . . . The char- acteristics of his mind, as I think, were real greatness, strength, and sagaa'tg. He was great through strong sense and sound judgment." Mason, Capt. John, founder of N.H., b. King's Lynn, Norfolk Co., Eng. ; d. Lond. Dec. 1635. Buried in Westminster Abbey, Lond. In 1610 he had charge of a naval exped. sent by Kin.g James to subdue a re- hellion in the Hebrides ; in 1616 he went to Newfoundland as gov., surveyed the island, and made an accurate map of it, which was pub. Lond. 1626. He also ^vrote a description of Newfoundland, pub. Edinb. 1620. In 1617 he explored the coast of N.E. ; Mar. 9, 1622, he ob- tained from the Great Council a grant of a tract of land on the scacoast between Naumkcag and ^leiTimack Rivers, called Mariana; Aug. 10, 1622, jointly with Sir F. Gorges, he procured a patent for a tract of land on the seaeoast, between the Merrimack and Sagadahoc Rivers, called the Province oi Maine; early in 1623 he sent a colony to settle on the w. banks of the Piscataqua River, the beginning of the first settlement of that region. Treas. and paym. of the king's armies during the war with Spain in 1624-9. Nov. 7, 1629, he took from the council for N.E. a patent for a tract of land on the seacoast, between the Merrimack and the Piscataqua Rivers, called New Hampshire; and Nov. 17, 1629, took with Gorges a patent for a tract embracing Lake Champlain and the country thereabouts, called Laconia ; in 1630 he sent additional colonists to the Piscat- aqua; and, in the autumn of 1631, Mason, Gorges, and othei-s formed a partnership in Lond. for the purpose of trade and settlement there; in 1632 he became a member of the Great Council forN.E., and soon after vice-pres. ; was ab. this time app. capt. of the South Sea castle, a fortress at the entrance of Portsm. har- bor, Eng. ; was judge of the courts in Hamp- shire in 1635; was a commiss. to visit annually all the forts and castles in Eng. ; in Oct. he was app. vice-adm. of N.E., and, while prepar- ing to come hither to assume the duties of his office, fell sick and d. Mason's heirs sold their rights to the province of N.H. to Samuel Allen in 1691. Col. JoHX Tufton Mason, a lineal descendant, sold all his rights (29 Jan. 1746) for £1,500 to 12 gentlemen of Portsm. known as the Masonian proprietors. — C. W. Tattle's Life of Capt. John Mason now in preparation. Mason, Capt. John, soldier, b. Eng. ab. 1600; d. Norwich, Ct., 1672. He served in the Netherlands under Fairfax, who esteemed him so highly as to invite him by letter to join his standard in the civil war. Mason was one of the first settlers of Dorchester in 1630, but removed to Windsor ab. 1635. In May, 1637, he led a force of 90 whites, and several hun- dred Indians, under Uncas and Miantonomoh, against the Pequot fort at Mystic. Attacking them in the early morning of the 26th, they were surprised: an entrance was effected; a hand-to-hand conflict ensued; the torch was ap- plied ; 600 Indians perished ; and the strength of this formidable tribe was broken. Mason was soon after app. maj.-gen. of the Ct. forces, continuing till his death; was a magistrate from 1642 till May, 1668, and dep. gov. from May, 1660, till May, 1670. After the Pequot war he removed to Saybrook, at the request of its settlers, and for the defence of the Colony, whence, in 1 659, he removed to Norwich. Mason was tall and portly, equally disting. for cour- age and vigor. At the request of the Gen. Court, he drew up and published a history of the Pequot war, reprinted in Increase Mather's Relation of Troubles by the Indians, 1677 ; it was also repub., with notes by Prince, in 1736, 12mo. — See Life by Geo. E. Ellis, in Sparks's Amer. Biog., new ser. iii. Mason, John, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 1786), Presb. minister, b. Scotland, 1734; d. N.Y. Apr. 19, 1792. At the age of 24 he taught logic and moral philos. in the theol. sem. of the Antiburghers at Abernethy, by whom he was ordained; and took the pastoral charge of l^JLS 605 IM^S a cong. in Cedar St., New York, on his arrival in 1761. He was a man of great learning, and accurate and mature scholarship. Mason, John Mitchell, D.D. (U. of Pa. 1804), divine, b. N.Y. Citv, Mar. 19, 1770; d. there Dec. 26, 1829. Col. Coll. 1789. Son of the preceding. He studied at the U. of Edinburgh, but was recalled, on his father's death in 1792, to succeed him in the ministry. By his efforts a theol. sem. was established in N.Y. in 1804, of which he was app. prof, of theol.; in 1806 he projected the Christian's Magazine, in which he can-ied on a contro- versy with Bishop Hobart. Resigning his pas- toral charge in 1810, with the purpose of forming a new cong., he preached a while in a Presb. church-edifice, and, having established more intimate relations between the two congs. than were b:lieved by some to be authorized by the constitution of the Associate Ref. Church, the subject was brought before the synod at Phila. in 1811, and occasioned Dr. M.ison's " Plea for Sacramental Communion on Catholic Principles." Provost of Col. Coll. in 181 1-1 6 ; impaired health caused him to visit Europe, where he travelled extensively; returning in 1817, he was from 1821 to 1824 pros, of Dick. Coll.; in 1822 ho connected himself with the Presb. Church. He was celebrated for his eloquence. A collection of his works was edited by his son. Rev. E. Mason, 4 vols. 8vo, N.Y. 1832 and 1849. His orations of the most general interest were on the death of Washington and of Hamilton. Memoirs, with some of his Correspondence, was pub. by his son-in-law, J. Van Vechten, D.D., 2 vols. 8vo, 1858. Mason, John Y., LL.D. (U. of N. C), statesman, b. Greensville, Apr. 18, 1799; d. Paris, Oct. 3, 1859. U. of N.C. 1816. He adopted the profession of law ; and was a dele- gate to the General Assembly 10 years; judge of the Dist. Court of Va. ; M. C. 1831 to 1837 ; in 1837 he was app. judge of the U.S. Court for Va. ; delegate to the Const. Convs. of 1828 and 1849 ; a member of Pres. Tyler's cabin-^t as sec. of the U.S. navy in 1844 ; of Pres. Polk's, first as atty.-gen, and, secondly, as sec. of the navy, 1846-9; and was app. by Pres. Pierce, Jan. 22, 1854, minister to France, in which position he remained until his death. Mason, Jonathan, lawyer and statesman, b. Boston, Aug. 30, 1752; d. there Nov. 1, 1831. N.J. Coll. 1774. Son of Dea. Jonathan of the Old South Church. Studied law under John Adams, and became an atty. in 1777. He was one of the witnesses of the Boston Massacre, and delivered the oratipn Mar. 5, 1780. He became eminent as a counsellor ; and member of the State legisl. ; in 1798 was of the gov- ernor's council ; was U.S. senator in 1800-3 ; and M.C. in 1817-20 ; in the senate he took a prominent part in the discussions, and es- pecially in the celebrated debate on the repeal of the judiciary act of Feb. 13, 1801 ; he was a firm Federalist ; was disting. for great energy of character, and dignity of manners. Mason, Lowell, Mus. Doc. (U. of N.Y. 1855), musical teacher and composer, b. Med- field, Ms., Jan. 8, 1792. He commenced teach- ing very young ; removed to Savannah, Ga., in 1812; and in 1821 pub. the "Boston Handel and Haydn Collection of Church Music ; " ho removed to Boston in 1827 ; devoted himself to the musical instruction of children, and the introduction of vocal music into the public schools ; associating himself with J. G. Webb, vocal music received a new and extraordinary impulse in Boston and throughout New Eng- land; the Boston Academy of Music was established ; and " Teachers' Institutes," for the training of teachers and leaders of choirs, were generally established. His was the firat musical degree ever conferred by an Amer. coll. He has been a frequent contrib. to the Musical Review and other periodicals; has pub. many juvenile collections of music and glee books, and 20 sacred and church music books, with the assistance of Mr. Webb : these works contain some pieces of his own compo- sition. His sons, under the st^le of "Mason Brothers," carry on an extensive publishing- business in N.Y. City. Mason, Richard B., brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. Va. ; d. Jetfcrson Barracks, Mo., July 25, 1350. Grandson of George Mason. Lieut. 8th Inf. Sept. 2, 1817; capt. July, 1819; in Black Hawk's war, major 1st Dragoons Mar. 4, 1833; lieut.-col. July 4, 1836; col. June 30, 1 846 ; com. the forces in Cal., and ex officio gov., 1847-8; brev. brig.-gen. for meritorious con- duct in Mexican war, May 30, 1848. Mason, Stevens Thomson, son of Thom- son Mason, patriot and senator, b. Stafford, Va., 1760; d. Phila. May 10, 1803. Wm. and Mary Coll. At the age of 20 he had attained the rank of col. in the Revol. army, and served with distinction near the close of the war ; he attained the rank of gen ; Avas a member of the Va. h. of burgesses ; was a conspicuous mem- ber of the convention of Va. in 1788 ; and was a U.S. senator from 1794 until his death. He had great powers of oratory, wit, and sarcasm, and was very popular. Mason, Stevens Thompson, a pioneer statesman of Mich., b. Loudon Co., Va., 1811 ; d. N.Y. Jan. 4, 1S43. Grandson of S. T. ; only son of Gen. John T. Mason of Ky. Was app. when 19 years old sec. of the newly-or- ganized Terr, of Mich., performing also the responsible duties of gov. m 1834-5, when the Terr, became an independent State, and was adm. into the Union. He was gov. in 1836-40. Mason, Thomson, jurist, younger bro. of George, b. 1730; d. 1785. He studied law in the Temple at London ; settled in Loudon Co. ; was frequently a member of the h. of burgesses, and became an eminent jurist. In 1774 he pub. a series of masterly papers, in which he maintained the duty of open resist- ance to the mother-country : the first of these papers was signed " A British American ; " the others appeared under his own name. In 1778 he was a member of the State Supreme Court ; and, with his bro., was nominated by the senate to revise the laws of Va. ; member of the legisl. in 1779 and 1783. Massasoit, a sachem of the Wampano- ags; d. in the latter part of 1661, a. ab. 80. His domain extended from Cape Cod to Narra- ganset Bay ; but his tribe, supposed to have numbered '30,000, had, just before the landing M:i?LS 606 ]VLA.T of the Pilgrims, dwindled, from disease, to barely 300. March 16, 1621, he appeared before the infant settlement at Plymouth, with 60 of his warriors, armed and painted, for the purpose of forming a friendly league with the whites. Gov. Carver, in behalf of the Colony, concluded with the Indians a treaty of peace, kept sa- credly for 50 years. In March, 1623, he was visited, while sick, by Edward Winslow, and, grateful for his attentions, revealed a plot for the destruction of the Plymouth settlers. He resided within the limits of Warren, R.I., near a spring which still bears his name. Roger Williams, while on his way to Providence, was for several weeks his guest at this place. Mas- sasoit was just, humane, and honest, never breaking his word, and constantly endeavoring to imbue his people with a love of peace. Morton, in his "Memorial," says he was "a portly man in his best years, grave of counte- nance, spare of speech." His second son Pom- etacom, called by the colonists King Philip, who ultimately became sachem, in the vain en- deavor of putting a stop to the encroachments of the whites, inaugurated the bloody contest known as Philip's War. Massie, Gen. Nathaniel, b. Goochland Co., Va., Dec. 28, 1763; d. Paint Creek Falls, O., Nov. 13, 1813. Son of Maj. Nathaniel, a farmer. He entered the Revol. army at the age of 17; afterwards studied surveying ; emigrat- ed to the West in the fall of 1783, locating himself in Ky., but removed to Manchester, Ohio, in 1790, pursuing the occupation of a surveyor. In 1 796 he laid out Cliillicothe from his own land. He was actively engaged in the early Indian wars of the North-west; be- came col. and afterwards gen. of the militia of O. ; was a delegate to the convention for fram- ing a State constitution in 1802; then to the senate, of which he was chosen speaker ; and was often a member of the legisl. ; a candidate for gov. of the State in 1807, and declared duly elected, but he immediately resigned. Massey, Rt. Hon, Eyre, Lord Clarina, a Brit, gen., b. Ireland, May 24, 1719; d. May 17, 1804, at Bath. He entered young into the service, and was wounded at the battle of CuUoden in 1745; was at the head of the grenadiers who stormed and took the Moro Castle, Havana, where he was again wound- ed; also at the taking of Martinique. He was one of the last of Wolfe's companions at Quebec; captured Fort Oswegachie in Aug. 1760; and was a brig.-gen. during the Revol. war, commanding at Halifax, N.S. ; made an Irish peer Dec. 27, 1800. Masterman, Stillman, physicist, b. Weld, Me., 28 Jan. 1831; d. there 19 July, 1863. With but a scanty education he applied all his leisure to acquisitions in natural science while working on a farm. His " Observations on Thunder and Lightning," in Smithsonian Reports for 1855, give the results of 304 obser- vations in 1850-4. He was an accurate and faithful observer, and contrib. nearly 20 papers to the Smithsonian Reports, the Anier. Journal of Science, and the Astronomical Journal. Mather, Cotton, D.D. (Glasg. 1710), F.R.S., the most noted of early N. Eng. divines; b. Boston, Feb. 12, 1663; d. there Feb. 13, 1728. Son of Increase Mather, and grandson of John Cotton. He was trained for Harvard by the learned Ezekiel Cheever, and was a precocious student, graduating in 1678 with extraordinary proficiency. Employed several years in teaching; ord. minister of the North Church in Boston, as colleague with his father, May 13, 1684. He carried the doctrine of special providence to excess. A firm be- liever in witchcraft, he entered vigorously upon the persecutions of his day in N. Eng., in which he was chiefly instrumental, honestly be- lieving he was doing God service by witch- hunting. His " Memorable Providences relating to Witchcraft "app. in 1689. 20 executions took place at Salem in 1692. His " Wonders of the Invisible World " (1692) gives an account of the witchcraft trials. Even after the publi- cation of Robert Calef s reply, " More Wonders of the Invisible World " (Lond. 1700J, Mather made no retraction of his former judgments or convictions. In other respects, the memory of Mather deserves to be held in esteem. When the new discovery of inoculation for the small-pox, which he was the first to in- troduce, came up, Mather set himself against the popular outcry, and on the side of re- form. The great Franklin, in his Autobiog- raphy, acknowledges his obligations to Dr. Mather's " Essays to Do Good." He was one of the first to employ the press extensively in the dissemination of tracts ; he early lifted his voice in favor of temperance; he preached and wrote for sailors; he instructed negroes ; and he was a devoted historiographer of his country; besides discharging the sacred duties of his profession. The catalogue of his printed works, enumerated by his son Samuel at the close of his Memoir of his father, numbers 382, bearing date from 1686 to 1727. His great work is the " Magnalia Christi Americana " (Lond. fol. 1702). The 2d Amer. ed., with introd. and notes by Rev. Thos. Robbins, D.D., and translations of the quotations by L. F. Robinson, 2 vols. 8vo, 1855, contains a Me- moir of Mather by S. G. Drake. Among his other works are " The Christian Philosopher," and " ThePsalterium Americanum," 1718, an attempt to imp'-ove the careless version of the Psalms then current, by a translation exactly conformed to the original, and written in blank verse; "Life of Increase Mather," 8vo, 1724; " Mirabilia Dei," 1719 ; " Ratio Disciplinm," and " Directions to a Candidate for the Ministry," 1726. — Dmjckinck ; Allibone. Mather, Increase, D.D. (H. U. 1692), a learned divine and author, b. Dorchester, Ms., June 21, 1639 ; d. Aug. 23, 1723. H.U. 1656 ; Dublin U. 1658. Son of Rev. Richard. He spent some years in Eng., a part of the time as a preacher, and, returning to Boston ab. Sept. 1, 1661, began to preach at the North Church, though not ord. there until May 27, 1664. He was pres. of H.U. from June 11, 1685, to Sept. 6, 1701. A member of the syn- od of 1679 and 1680, he drew up the result which was adopted. He was the first upon whom was conferred in this country the degree of D.D. ; Ue strenuously opposed the surrender of the charter of Ms. ; went to Eng. in Apr. 1688. as its agent for redress of grievances; MLA.T 607 MLA^T and returned to Boston, May 14, 1692, with a new charter, which gave to Mather the nomi- nation of the gov., lieiit.-gov., and the coun- cil. He was one of the few who opposed the violent measures toward those accused of witchcraft in 1692, and wrote a treatise on the subject. He was a man of great industry, learning, and usefulness. His wife was Maria, dau. of Rev. John Cotton. Author of " The History of the War with the Indians," 1676 ; " A Relation of Troubles of N.E. from the Indians," 1677 (both repub. with notes and introd. by S. G. Drake) ; " Cometographia, or a Discourse concerning Comets," 1683 ; "Re- markable Providences," 1684 ; " Several Pa- pers relating to the State of N.E.," 1690; *' The Revolution Justified." A list of 92 of his pubs, is in the N. E. H. and G. Reg. ii. pp. 23, 24. Mather, Moses, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 1791), clergyman, a descendant of Richard, b. Lvme, Ct., Feb. 23, 1719; d. Darien, Ct., Sept.' 21, 1806. Y. C. 1739. 14 June, 1744, he was in- stalled over the Cong, church at Darien, Ct., where he remained till his death. He warmly espoused the cause of the Colonies in the Revolutionary war; and was twice taken by the British and Tories, carried to New York, and confined in the Provost Prison. He pub. a Reply to Dr. Bellamy on the Half-way Cove- nant ; " Infant Baptism Defended," 1759 ; and was the author of a posthumous work, " A Systematic View of Divinity," 12mo, 1813. Mather, Richard, minister of Dorches- ter, b. Lowton, Lancash., Eng., 1596; d. Dor- chester, Ms., Apr. 22, 1669. Son of Thomas. Adm. a student at Oxford in May, 1818, but soon after became the minister of Toxteth, until silenced for non-conformity in 1634. In May, 1635, he left Eng. ; arrived at Boston Aug. 17 ; and was settled, Aug. 23, 1636, over the church in Dorchester, where he spent the remainder of his life. He was prominent in every synod in N. E. from his arrival until his death. In 1646 he assisted Eliot and Welde in making the N. E. version of the Psalms. His model of church-discipline presented to the synod of 1648 was generally adopted. He pub. in 1639 the Discourse about the Church Covenant, and the Answer to 32 Questions ; a treatise of Justification, 1652 ; and prepared for the press an elaborate defence of the churches of N. E. His son Nathaniel, minister in Lon- don, of eminent piety and learning, b. Lan- cashire, P^ng., 20 Mar. 1630, d. London, 26 July, 1697. H.U. 1647. — See Life and Death of R. M., bj/ Inc. Mather, 4 to, 1670; Journal {from orig. MS. in their archives) in Colh. Dorch. Ant if/, and Hist. Soc, No. 3. Mather, Samuel, divine, son of Richard, b. Lancashire, Eng., May 13, 1626 ; d. at Dub- lin, Oct. 29, 1671. H. U. 1643. He came with his father to N. E. ; was a fellow of Harv. Coll. ; was some time assist, to Rev. Mr. Rog- ers in Rowley ; and was pastor of the Nortli Church, Boston, 1649. Returning to Eng. in 1650, he was app. chaplain of Magdalen Coll., Oxford ; preached in Scotland and Ireland ; went to Dublin in 1655; and was senior fel- low of Trinity Coll., Dublin, and minister of the Church of St. Nicholas. Soon after the Restoration, he was suspended on a charge of sedition ; he was then minister at Burton Wood until ejected in 16G2; he afterward gathered a church at his own house in Dublin, and was succeeded by his bro. Nathaniel. He held the first rank as a preacher. He pub. ser- mons and tracts ; " Old-Testament Types Ex- plained and Improved," 4to, London, 1673 ; " Life of Nathaniel Mather ; " with several ser- mons, 1689. Mather, Samuel, D.D. (H.U. 1773), min- ister in Boston, son of Rev. Cotton, b. Oct. 30, 1706; d. June 27, 1785. H.U. 1723. Ord. colleague with Mr. Gee, June 21, 1732 ; dism. Oct. 23. 1741. A church was built for him in Bennet St. by those who withdrew with him from the Old North, of which he was pastor till his death. He pub. a "Life of Cotton Mather," 8vo, 1729; "Essay on Gratitude," 1732; "An Apology for the Liberties of the Churches in N. E.," Svo, 1738; "America Known to the Ancients," 1773; "The Sacred Minister," a poem in blank verse, 1773; and occasional sermons. Mather, William Williams, LL.D. (B.U. 1855), geologist, b. Brooklyn, Ct., May 24, 1804; d. Columbus, 0., Feb. 27, 1859. West Point, 1828. Assist, prof, of chemistry and mineralogy from 1829 to 1835; 1st lieut. Dec. 1834; and resigned 31 Aug. 1836; prof of chemistry of the La. U. 1836 ; geologist of South-eastern N. Y. 1836-1844; State geolo- gist of O. 1837-40, and of Ky. 1838-9 ; prof, of natural science of the U. of O. 1842-5; and in 1847-50 vice-pres. and acting pres. of the same. He is said to have had the largest and best col- lection of minerals, and every description of geological specimens, in the West. Author of "Elements of Geology," 1833; with others, " Report of the Geol. Surv. of Ohio," 8vo, 1838; "Geol. of N.Y." 1843; also of the States of Ms., Ct., Pa., Ky., Mich., and West- ern Territories ; and of numerous scientific papers. Editor of Western Agriculturist 1 85 1-2 ; member of many scient., hist., and lit. associa- tions. Mathew, Edward, a British gen., b. 1 729 ; d. Dec. 26, 1805, at Clanville Lodge, Hants, England. Ensign in the Coldstream Guards in 1746; capt. and licut.-col. 1762 ; col. March 20, 1775; and March 28 aide-de-camp to the king. He Ciune to America in 1776 in com. of a brigade of the Guards, with the rank of brig.-gen. ; took part in the capture of Fort Washington, Nov. 1776; in May, 1779, com. the party sent to destroy Gosport, Va. ; and after his return accomp. Clinton up the Hudson when Verplancks and Stony Points were captured. In Feb. 1779 he was app. maj.-gen. ; became col. of the 62d Regt. the same year ; and was stationed at or near N.Y. in 1780, in which year he returned home. He was app. com.-in-chief of the forces in the W. Indies in Nov. 1782; in 1783 was gov.-gen. of Granada and the southern Caribbee Islands; and in 1797 became a general. Mathews, Cornelius, author and jour- nalist, b. Port Chester, N. Y., Oct. 28, 1817. U. of N.Y. 1835. Adm. to the bar in 1837. In 1836 he commenced writing in prose and verse for the Amer. Monthhj Mag., the N. Y. Revieiv, the Knickerbocker Mag., and other periodicals. ]M^T 608 MLA.T He pub. "Behemoth" in 1839; "The Politi- cians," a comedy, 1840; " The Career of Puffer Hopkins," 1841 ; "Poems on Man in the Re- public," 1843; "Big Abel and Little Manhat- tan," 1845; "Witchcraft," a tragedy, 1846; "Jacob Leisler," a play produced in Phila. 1848 ; "Mony Penny, or the Heart of the World," 1850; "Chanticleer, a Thanksgiving Story of the Peabody Family ; " " Pen-and-ink Panorama of N. Y. City," 1853; "False Pre- tences," a comedy, 1856, &c. He was some time associate editor of Arcturus, a monthly maga- zine; has since edited various journals, and contrib. largely to the Literary World and oth- er periodicals ; and has been an active advo- cate of international copyright. His writings, which are characterized by originality, were pub. in N.Y. 8vo, 1843. Matthews, George, soldier and states- man, b. Aug. Co., Va., 1739; d. Augusta, Ga., Aug. 30, 1812. He led a vol. company against the Indians at the age of 22, and dis- ting. himself greatly at the battle of Point Pleasant, Oct. 10, 1774. Col. 9th Va. regt. in the Revol., he was engaged at Brandywine and at Germantown, where he was made prisoner, though not until he had received 9 bayonet wounds. Confined on board a prison-ship in N. Y. harbor, he was not exchanged until Dec. 5, 1781, when he joined Greene's army as com. of the 3d Va. Regt. In 1785 he removed with his family to a tract of land which he had pur- chased on Bi'oad River, Oglethorpe Co., Ga. Of this State he was gov. in 1780 and 1793-6; M.C. 1789-91 ; afterward brig.-gen. Ga. mili- tia, he was authorized by the pres., Jan. 26, 1811, to take possession of W. Florida, and, in certain contingencies, of E. Florida, and cap- tured Amelia Island. Mathews, George, jurist, b. near Staun- ton, Va., Sept. 21, 1774; d. near Bayou Sara, La., Nov. 14, 1836. Son of the preceding. Studied law at Liberty Hall Acad., Va.,.and was in 1799 adm. to the bar of Ga. App. in 1 805 by Jefferson a judge of the Superior Court of Mpi. Terr., and in 1806 of the Superior Co rt in the Terr, of Orleans; he was, on the organization of the State judiciary of La., app. pres. justice of the Supreme Court, which post he held till his death. Matthews, Johx, gov. of S.C. 1782-3, and one of the most active and influential pro- moters of the Revol. in that State ; d. Charles- ton, Nov. 1802, a. 58. He was the first speaker of the house of representatives after the disso- lution of the royal govt, in 1776, and was app. that year an associate justice of the Supreme Court. In 1778-82 he was a delegate to Con- gress ; and was one of the com. to visit the ar- m^ ; and also a member of the com. to confer with the 'Pa. line, which had mutinied. In 1784, on the establishment of the Court of Equity, he was app. one of the judges. Matlack, Col. Timothy, Revol. patriot, b. Haddonfield, N. J., 1730; d. near Holmes- burg, Pa., Apr. 15, 1829. One of the Society of Free Quakers, or, as they were usually called. Fighting Quakers. He was among the most active spirits of the time ; was one of the gen. com. of safety; and, as col. of a Pa. bat- talion, did good service; member Old Con- gress 1780-1. He was many years "master of the rolls ; " resided at Lancaster a long time ; and was afterward j^rothonotary of one of the Phila. courts. He lived to be 99, and retained his faculties in a remarkable degree. — Simpson. Mattacks, John, gov. of Vt. 1843-4, b. Hartford, Ct., 4 Mar. 1777; d. Peacham, Vt., 14 Aug. 1847. His father, who Avas state treas. of Vt. 1786-1801, settled in Tinmonth about 1778. John began to practise law at Danville in 1797, but in 1798 removed to Peacham, and practised there successfully many years. Sev- eral years in the logisl. ; brig.-gen. of militia in the war of 1812-15; M.C. 1821-5 and 1841-3; judge of the Sup. Court in 1833-4; and mem- ber Const. Conv. of 1835. Matteson, Tompkins, artist, b. Peterbor- ough, N.Y., May 9, 1813. He learned the rudi- ments of his art from an Indian famous for his carvings and drawings. After many discour- agements, he in 1839-42 painted portraits in Western N.Y. with success. He acquired celebrity by his " Spirit of '76." Settled in New York in 1842, and in 1850 purchased a home at Sherburne, N.Y. Among his pictures- are " The Burning of Schenectady," " First Sabbath of the Pilgrims," " Signing the Com- pact on Board the Mayflower," " Eliot preaching to the Indians," " First Prayer in Congress," " A Justice's Court," " Rip Van Winkle's Return from the Mountains," &c. He became pres. of the Chenango Agric. Soc. in 1855, and member of the State legislature. — Tncherman. Matthias, a religious impostor, whose real name was Robert Matthews, b. Washington Co., N.Y., about 1790; d. in Ark. He kept a country store, but failed in 1816, and went to N Y. City. In 1827 he removed to Albany, where he became much excited by the preach- ing of Messrs. Ivirk and Finney. He became active in the temperance cause; claimed to have received a revelation, and began street-preach- ing. Failing to convert Albany, he prophesied its desti-uction, and fled secretly to the city of N.Y., where he was tried and acquitted on a chnrge of poisoning a wealthy disciple, in whose family he lived ; and, his impositions having been exposed, he soon disappeared from public view. — Matthias and his Impostures, by IV. L. Stone, N.Y. 1835. Mattison, H. B., artist and playwright ; d. Bergen, N. J., 28 Feb. 1871. Mattison, Hiram, D.D., Meth. clergyman and author, b. Oswego, N.Y., 1811 ; d. Jersey City, Nov. 24, 1868. Many years a prof, of math, and physics in the Black-river Inst. He prepared an elementary text-book on astron- omy, and revised Burritt's " Geography of the Heavens." In 1850 he became a minister in N.Y. City, and a contrib. to the National Mag., in which he zealously attacked Spiritualism. His strong antislavery sentiments led him to separate himself from the church in 1860; and he had a large church holding his own views in Sixth Avenue, called the Trinity Meth. Ch. In 1865-7 he preached in Jersey City; in 1867 he became sec. of the Amer. and Foreign Christ. Union. While holding this position, he made a most forcible onslaught upon Roman Cathol- icism, and pub. a small vol. upon the case of IVU^T 609 l^U^TJ Marianne Smith, a Methodist, whose father, a Roman Catholic, had caused her arrest and de- tention in a Magdalen asylum in N.Y. Asso- ciate editor of the Northern Independent, Au- burn, N.Y. Author of " Essay on the Trini- ty," «S:c. ; " Modem Necromancy, or Pretended Intercourse with the Dead," 12mo, 1855. Mattoon, Ebexezee, Revol. oflicer, h. Amherst, Ms., Aug. 19, 1755 ; d. there Sept. 11,1843. Dartm. Coll. 1776. The son of a farmer. He joined the array in Canada ; was a li jut. in an art. comp. at the battle of Bemis Heights, Oct. 7, 1777 ; left the service with the rank of major. He was a delegate from Am- herst to 2 conventions; Avas several times a member of the legisl. From 1797 to 1816, maj.-gen. 4th division ; adj.-gen. of the State 1816; State senator 1795-6 ; 20 years shcrilF of Hampshire; M.C. 1801-3 ; and in 1820, al- though blind, was a member of the State Const. Conv. He commanded the A. and H. Art. Company in 1817. Gen. M. was a scientific and practical farmer. Maturin, Edwakd, novelist and poet, son of the celebrated Irish novelist and dramatist, Charles Robert Maturin ; has been some years a resident of New York. He has pub. " Mon- tezuma, the last of the Aztecs ; " " Benjamin, the Jew of Granada ; " " Eva, or the Isles of Life and Death," 1848; "Lyrics of Spain and Erin," 1850 ; " Bianca," a passionate story of Italian and Irish incidents, 1853; "Melmoth, the Wanderer ; " *' Sejanus, and other Roman Tales." — Duyckinck. Maude, John, of Moor House, Yorkshire. Author of " Visit to the Falls of Niagara in 1800, and Tour through Canada," 1826; also " Wensleydale," a descriptive poem with notes. Mauduit, Israel, a political writer, b. Exeter, Eng., 1708; d. June 16, 1787. His father, a dissenting minister, educated him for the same career ; but he became a prosperous merchant, and partner of his bro. Jasper in Lond. In 1760 he pub. a pamphlet, entitled " Considerations on the Present German War." While his bro. Jasper was agent for the Prov. of IVIs. Bay (1763-4), he managed the busi- ness of the agency. In 1 765 he was app. to the customs at Southampton. He pub. in 1769 his "Short View of the History of the N.E. Colonies," and "Short View of the Hist, of Ms. Bay," 8vo, 1774 (2d ed.); " The Case of the Dissenting Ministers," 1774; and subse- quently wrote several able pamphlets in refer- ence to the American war, in which he treated with particular severity Viscount and Sir W. Howe. Mauduit Duplessis, Thomas Antoine, Chev. de, a disting. French soldier, b. Ilenne- bon, France, Sept. 12, 1753; d. St. Domingo, Mar. 4, 1791. Descended from a family noble, and disting. in arms. At the age of 12 he ran away from college to visit the fields of Mara- thon, Thennopylae, &c. On returning to his parents, he presented, in excuse for his conduct, the plans, drawn by his own hand, of the most famous places which he had visited. In 1 779 he was capt. in the art. regt. of Toul. He served in America, attaining, by his talents and courage, marks of particular consideration. As vol. aide to Gen. Knox, and as engineer and officer of art., he was of great service both in construct- ing and defending Fort Mercer at Red Bank. He displayed great bravery at the battles of Brandywine and Germantown ; made lieut.- col. Nov. 20, 1777 ; at Monmouth he served the art. of Greene's division with skill and success, and was disting. at Yorktown. After his return to France, he became, in 1777, col. of the regt. of Port-au-Prinee, which was sta- tioned at St. Domingo ; where the brave Mau- duit, inflexible in his opposition to the revol. spirit which began to manifest itself in their midst, finally fell a sacrifice to their fury. Maur epas ( mor '-pa ' ) , Jean Fred. Phely- TEAux, Count de, French statesman, b. Ver- sailles, 1701 ; d. Nov. 1781. Grandson of the Chancellor Pontchartrain. He became minis- ter of marine in 1725; app. minister of state in 1 738 ; and removed in 1 749 for an epigram on Mme. Pompadour. Recalled in 1774, and made pres. of the council, he restored the ex- iled parliaments; called Turgot and Nccker successively into the ministry ; and was instm- mental in bringing about the treaty of alliance with the U.S. in 1778. Maury, Ann, dau. of James (U.S. consul at Liverpool 1789-1837), b. Liverpool, Eng., 1803. A descendant of Rev. James Fontaine, whose Autobiography, with an account of his descendants, under the title of " Memoirs of a Huguenot Family," she pub. N.Y. 1854, 12mo. Maury, Dabney H., gen. Confcd. service, b. Va. ab. 1824. West Point, 1846. Enter- ing the Mounted Rifles, ho was brev. for Cerro Gordo, where he was severely wounded 18 Apr. 1847; assist, prof, geog., hist., and ethics, at West Point, 1847-50, and of inf. tactics 1850-2 ; assist, adj.-gen. (brev. capt.) 17 Apr. 1860; dism. the army 25 June, 1861. Joining the confcds., he attained the rank of maj.-gen., and com. the defences of Mobile, which place was captured by Gen. Canby 10 Apr. 1865. Author of "Skirmish Drill for Mounted Troops," 1859. Maury, Matthew Fontaine, LL.D., naval officer and hydrographer, b. Spottsylvania Co., Va., Jan. 14, 1 806. While he was young, bis parents removed to Tenn. Midshipm. Feb. 1, 1825 ; and, while circumnavigating the globe in " The Vincennes," began his treatise on "Navigation." Lieut. June 10, 1836. Inl839 he met with an accident, which resulted in per- manent lameness, and unfitted him for active service afloat. While confined from this cause, he amused himself by writing a series of ar- ticles on various abuses in the navy, pub. in the South. Lit. Messenger, entitled " Scraps from the Lucky Bag, by Harry Bluff." He was then placed in charge of the hydrographical office ; and, on its union with the naval observatory in 1844, he became superintendent. He inves- tigated the physical geog. of the sea, and gath- ered many observations of the ocean winds and currents from the records of naval and merchant vessels. In 1844 Lieut. Maury's paper respect- ing the Gulf Stream, ocean-currents, and great circle sailing, was read before the National In- stitute, and printed in the South. Lit. Messenger. The principal results of his researches are em- bodied in the wind and current charts and the sailing-directions pub. by the observatory for MLA.TJ 610 :mjsjx. general distribution among mariners, and in " Physical Geography of the Sea " (N.Y. 1855). In 1855 he was made commander, and in 1861 threw up his appointments, and joined in the Rebellion. Res. the pres. of the U. of Ala. in 1871. Member of the principal scientific as- sociations of America and Europe ; from whom, as well as from foreign govts., he has received disting. honors. He has, beside the above, pub. " Letters on the Amazon, and the Atlantic Slopes of S. America ; " " Relation between Navigation and the Circulation of the Atmos- phere ; " " Astronomical Observations," 1853 ; and also several addresses before lit. and scien- tific bodies. Maury, Sakah Mttton, dau. of James, b. Liverpool ; d. Va. 1848. She possessed rare talents and remarkable conversational powers. Author of "Statesmen of America in 1846," Lond. 8vo, 1847; "Progress of the Catholic Church in America," 1847; "An Englishwo- man in America," 8vo, 1848. — Allihone. Maverick, Samuel, an early settler of Ms., b. Eng. ab. 1602; d. N.Y. after 1667. Son of Rev. John of Dorchester. He settled as early as 1629 at Noddle's Island (now East Boston), of which he received a grant from the Gen. Court, Apr. 1, 1633. He was a zealous Episcopalian, and, having suffered much per- secution on this account, went to Eng. to com- plain to the king; and Apr. 23, 1664, was app. by Charles I. one of the four commissioners for the settlement of difficulties with the N.E. Colonies, and also to " reduce the Dutch at the Manhadoes." The commissioners were un- successful in Ms. ; and Maverick, ab. 1665, took up his abode in N.Y. — Sumner's East Boston. Maxcy, Jonathan, D. D. (H. U. 1801), an eloquent clergyman, b. Attleborough, Ms., Sept. 2, 1768; d. Columbia, S.C, June 4, 1820. B.U. 1787. Tutor there 1787-91. Ord. pastor of the First Baptist Church in Providence, Sept. 8, 1791 ; and in the same jear he was elected prof, of divinity in B.U., and in Sept. 1792 he was app. pres. Under him the college acquired a high reputation for belles-lettres and eloquence. In 1802 he accepted the pre- idency of Un. Coll., Schenectady; in 1804 he accepted the presidency of Col. Coll., S.C, where he continued until his death. He m. a dau. of Com. Hopkins of Providence. Dr. Maxcy was well versed in philology, criticism, metaphysics, logic, politics, morals, and philos- ophy. He pub. 15 sermons, 5 baccalaureate addresses, 3 orations, and an introductory lec- ture to a course on the philos. principles of rhetoric and criticism. The most celebrated of his pubs, was his sermons on the Existence of God, which passed through many editions. His writings were collected and pub. with a Memoir by Rev. Romeo Elton, D.D.,8vo, 1844. Maxcy, Virgil, lawyer and politician, bro. of the preceding, b. Attleborough, Ms. ; killed, Feb. 28, 1844, on board the U.S. steamer " Princeton," by the explosion of one of her guns. He studied law with R. G. Harper of Md., and settled in that State, where he soon became eminent in the profession. He disting. himself in both houses of the State legisl., as solicitor of the U. S. treasury, and as charge d'a^'aires to Belgium. He pub. " Compilation of the Laws of Md. from 1692 to 1809," 4 voVs. 8vo, 1809; "Oration before the Phi Beta Kappa Society," 1833. Maximilian, Ferdinand Joseph, arch- duke of Austria, and emperor of Mexico, b. Schonbrun, July 6, 1832;. shot at Queretaro 19 June, 1867. He was educated at Vienna; served in the Austrian navy ; was viceroy of Lombardy and Venice in 1857-9 ; and in Aug. 1863 was offered the crown of Mexico by Napoleon III., which he accepted Apr. 10, 1864, and landed at Vera Cruz 28 May. After 3 years of war, and the withdrawal of the French forces, which had assisted to place him in power, he was defeated, and captured at Queretaro, May 15, 1867. He was shot in re- taliation for his order, declaring the republican pres. Juarez, and his supporters, bandits and outlaws. July 27, 1859, he m. Maria Carlotta, dau. of Leopold I., king of the Belgians. Maxwell, Col. Hugh, Revol. oflScer, b. Ireland, Apr. 27, 1733 ; d. on the return voyage from the W. Indies, Oct. 14, 1799. His father, also named Hugh, emigrated to N. Eng. in 1 733. Col. M. served 5 campaigns in the old French wars ; was taken at Fort Edward, and barely escaped with his life. In 1773 he removed to Charleraont, now Heath, Ms. A lieut. at Bunker's Hill, and wounded there ; maj. in Bailey's regt. July, '77, and at the battle of Sar- atoga ; and was a lieut.-col. at the close of the war. His brother, Thompson Maxw^ell, b. Bedford, Ms., 1742, d. 1835. He was a Ranger in the French war, 1758-63; assisted in de- stroying the tea in Boston harbor in 1773; fought at Bunker's Hill and Three Rivers; was a member of the State Const. Conv. ; re- moved to Miami Co., O., in 1800; served under Col. Miller in 1812; was a prisoner during the war of 1812-15, and in 1814 deputy barrack- master. Maxwell, William, brig.-gen. Revol. army, b. N. Jersey ; d. Nov. 12, 1798. App. col. of the 2d N.J, batt. Nov. 7, 1775, with which he served in the disastrous campaign of 1776 in Canada; and he was one of the re- monstrants against the decision of the council of officers, held July 7 in that year, to abandon Crown Point. It appears by his memorial to Congress, Aug. 28, 1776, he had been in "con- stant service in the army fifteen years, since the spring of 1758 ; had served his country to the utmost of his power, and hopes with some good effect, which he can make appear if re- quisite ; notwithstanding he finds himself much aggrieved by having a younger officer, St. Clair, promoted over him." Congress app. him brig.-gen. Oct. 23, 1776. He com. the N.J. brigade at Brandywine and Gerraantown ; harassed the enemy on their retreat through N.J. after the evacuation of Phila. ; sustained an important part in the battle of Monmouth ; and in Aug. 1779 was in Sullivan's expcd. against the Indians. Soon after the action at Springfield, June 22, 1780, he resigned. Maxwell, William, LL.D., pres. Ilamp. Sid, Coll. 1838-44, b. Norfolk, Va., Feb. 27, 1784; d. Richmond, Va., Jan. 9, 1857. Y.C. 1802. He studied law ; practised in Norfolk, Va., and atti\ined great eminence ; acted as literary editor of the N. Y. Journal of Commerce in 1827 ; ]VLA.Y 611 3VLA.Y resumed practice in 1828; was a member of the Va. h. of delegates in 1830, and of the State senate 1831-7 ; sec. of the Hist, Society of Va. ; and edited the Va. Historical Register in that State in 1848-53, 6 vols, in 3, 12mo. Author of Memoir of Rev. John H. Rice, D.D., 12mo, Phila. 1835. May, Frederick, M.D. (H.U. 1811), physician, b. Boston, Ms., Nov. 16, 1773; d. Washington, Jan. 23, 1847. H.U. 1792. Eld- est son of Col. John, a disting. merchant of Boston, and one of the "Indians" who threw the tea into the harbor. He stud- ied medicine under Dr. John Warren ; re- moved to Washington, D.C., in 1795 ; and was the physician and surgeon of Washington, as well as of the other disting. men of the vicinity. Prof, of obstetrics in Col. Coll. from 1823 to 1839 ; and was at the time of his death pres. of the D.C. Med. Society, as well as of the Med. As- sociation of Washington. Father of Henry, M.C. of Baltimore 1853-5, and Col. Charles A., a disting. cavalry-ofBcer in the Mexican war (b. 1818, d. N.Y. City 24 Dec. 1864). May, Rev. Samuel Joseph, philanthro- pist, b. Boston, Sept. 15, 1797; d. Syracuse, N.Y., July 1,1871. H.U. 1817. After preaching some years as a Unitarian minister at Brook- lyn, Ct., he became gen. agent of the Ms. Anti- slavery Society ; was afterward pastor in So. Scituate, Ms. ; was principal of the Lexington Normal School in 1842-5; and settled in the Unit, ministry at Syracuse in 1845, remaining until 1 868. He devoted his energies especially to the antislavery cause for many years ; having been one of the first members of the N.E. Soc. in 1832, and a member of the Phila. con v. of 1833, which formed the Amer. Antislavery Soc. Author of " Recollections of our Anti- slavery Conflict," 1869. Mayer, Brantz, lawyer and author, b. Baltimore, Sept. 27, 1809." Educated at St. Mary's Coll., Baltimore. He visited Java, Sumatra, and China, returning in 1828 ; and practised law from 1832 to 1841, when he was app. sec. of legation to Mexico, remaining one year. He has since edited the Baltimore Amer- ican ; in 1844 pub. " Mexico as it Was and as it Is ; " " Mexico, Aztec, Spanish, and Republi- can," 2 vols. 8vo, 1851; "Captain Canot, or 20 Years of an African Slaver," 1854; "Ob- servations on Mexican History and Archaeolo- gy," pub. in the Smithsonian " Contributions to Knowledge," 1856; and "Mexican Anti- quities," Phila. 1 858. His occasional addresses are numerous ; and he has contrib. to the Md. Hist. Society, of which he was corresp. see. and a liberal benefactor, '* The Journal of Charles Carroll during his Mission to Canada," and " Tah-gah-jute, or Logan and Captain Michael Cresap," &c., 8vo, 1851. Mayhew, Expedience, minister of Mar- tha's Vineyard, b. Jan. 27, 1673; d. Nov. 29, 1758. Eldest son of Rev. John, and grandson of Rev. Thomas, he succeeded them as an In- dutn preacher in March, 1694. Familiar with the Ind. language, he was employed by the Society for propagating the Gospel in N.E. to make a new version of the Psalms, and of John, which he did in 17.09. He pub. in 8vo, 1727, "Indian Converts," being lives of 30 In- dian ministers and 80 other pious Indians ; also "Grace Defended," 8vo, 1744. His son Zachariah was Indian missionary at M.V. from Dec. 10, 1767, to his d. March 6, 1806. He received literary honors from H.U. 1720. Mayhew, Ira, educator, b. Ellisburg, N.Y., 1814. Prominent in the cause of educa- tion in the West, and repeatedly superint. of public instruction in Michigan. Author of " Treatise on Popular Education," N.Y. 1850 ; " Practical Svstem of Book-Keeping," Phila. 1851. Mayhew, Jonathan, D.D. (Aberd. 1749), minister of the West Church, Boston, from June 17, 1747, to his d. July 9, 1766 ; b. Mar- tha's Vineyard, Oct. 8, 1720. H.U. 1744. Son of Experience M. He possessed great abilities and learning; was a writer of superior power, and corresp. with Lardner, Benson, Kippis, Blackburne, and Hollis. In 1763 he had a warm controversy with Mr. Apthorpe, the Episcopal missionary in Boston. He was a man of independent views, inclined in his theological opinions to Unitarianism ; a sin- cere friend of civil and religious liberty; the associate of Otis and other patriots of the day ; and largely influenced the Revol. tendencies of the people. He pub. many occasional sermons, " Thanksgiving Sermon for the Repeal of the Stamp Act," 1766 ; "Discourses on the Earth- quakes " in Nov. 1755, Boston, 8vo, 1760; and in 1749, in 8vo, "Seven Sermons." His writings, with a Memoir, were pub. by Alden Bradford, 8vo, Boston, 1838. Mayhew, Thomas, gov. of Martha's Vineyard and the adjacent islands, b. Eng. 1592'; d. Mar. 1682, a. 90, wanting 6 days. He had been a merchant in Southampton, Eng.; came to N.E. in 1631; resided in Wa- tertown, Ms., in 1636; obtained of the agent of Lord Stirling in Oct. 1641 a grant of lands, and in 1647 began a settlement at Edgartown. He aided his son in converting the Indians. Having proved himself their father and friend, they were exceedingly attached to him. At the age of 70, after the death of his son, he preached to the natives as well as to the Eng- lish. During Philip's war in 1675-6, these Indians kept aloof from the conflict, and guarded their friend. Mayhew, Thomas, son of the preceding, first minister of Martha's Vineyard ; d. Nov. 1657, a. 36. In 1642 he accomp'. his father to that island, and preached to the whites; and in 1646 began to preach to the Indians, whose language he acquired. So earnest were his la- bors, that in 1650 he had 100 converts. He sailed for Eng. in Nov. 1657 to obtain aid from the Society for propagating the Gospel ; but the vessel was lost at sea. He was liber- ally educated. Four of his letters respecting the progress of the gospel were pub. in Lon- don. Matthew his son succeeded to the govt, of the island in 1681; also preached to the Indians, and d. 1710. His grandson Dr. Matthew, a man of wit and of uncommon powers of mind, d. before 1815, a. 85. Maylem, John, poet of Boston, b. 1691 ; d. Newport, R.L H.U. 1715. In 1758 was pub. two poems, "The Conquest of Louis- burg,** and " Gallic Perfidy." He affixes to MLA^Y 612 AIEA. his name on the titlepages "Philo-Bcllum." He was for a while a resident of Halifax, N.S. ; the date of his d. usually given (1742) is too early, as the capture of Louisburg occurred in 1745. Mayo, Amoky Dwight, clergyman and author, b. Warwick, Ms., Jan. 31, 1823. While young he kept in his father's store, teaching school in the winter ; at 20 he entered Amh. Coll., and, after studying theology under Dr. Hosea Ballou, was ord. in July, 1846, and settled at Gloucester, Ms., over the Independent Christian Church ; after a ministry of 8 years, he removed to Cleveland, 0., and preached ono year to the Cong. Society of Liberal Christians ; m 1855 he took charge of the First Cong. Unit. Society of Albanv, and is now pstorin Cincin. He has pub. "The Balance,'^ Boston, 1847; " Graces and Powers of the Christian Life," 1852 ; " Symbols of the Capital," N.Y.^ 1859 ; and a selection from the writings of his wife, Mrs. S. C. Mayo, with a Memoir, Boston, 1849. Some of his later works have appeared in the Albany serial " Tracts for the Times." He has contrib. to the Universalist Quarterly, and to various newspapers. Mayo, Mrs. Saeah C. Edgarton, b. Shirley, Ms., 1819; d. 1848; m. Rev. A. D. Mayo, 1846. She edited for 9 years the Rose of Sharon, an annual ; also edited the Ladies' 'Repository ; contrib. prose and verse to it and to the Knickerbocker Mag. and other periodicals. Author of" The Palfreys," "Ellen Clifibrd," "Memoirs and Poems of Mrs. J. H. Scott," " The Poetry of Women," " Flower Vase," "Spring Flowers," "Fables of Flora," "Floral Fortune-Teller." — See Selections from her Writings, with a Memoir by her Husband, 12mo, 1849; Allibone. Mayo,WiLLiAM Staebuck, M.D., author, b. Ogdensburg, N. Y., Apr. 20, 1812. His ances- tor. Rev. John, was of an Eng. family ; came to N. E. in 1630, and was the first pastor of the North Church, Boston ; ord. Nov. 9, 1655 ; dism. Apr. 15, 1662. Wm. S. received a good classical education at the acad. of Potsdam, and at 17 began to study medicine at the Coll. of Physicians and Surgeons, N. Y. City ; he received his diploma in 1833; practised his profession several years ; and travelled through the Barbary States and Spain. In 1849 he pub. " Kaloolah," the most popular of his productions, narrating imaginary adventures m Africa ; in 1850 " The Berber, or the Moun- taineer of the Atlas ; " and " Romance Dust from the Historic Placer." He resides in New York. — Duyckinck. Mazzeij Philip, author, h. Tuscany, 1730; d. Pisa, March 19, 1816. He studied physic; practised a while at Smyrna; and from 1755 t » 1783 was in London, engaged in commercial business; he came to America in Dec. 1773, -;fith a few of his countrymen, for the purpose of introducing into Va. the culture of the grape, the olive, and other fruits of Italy ; he took an active part in support of our independ- ence, and was the friend and corresp. of Jeffer- son ; in 1783 he returned to Europe on a secret mission from the State of Va. ; revisited the U.S. in 1785; and in 1788 wTote in Paris his " R^h'rches Ilistoriqiies et Politiques sur les Etats-Unis de I 'Amerique Septentrionale,'* in 4 vols., which has never been translated. Ho was subsequently privy councillor of the King of Poland until 1792 ; and in 1802 received a pen- sion from the Emperor Alexander of Russia ; he was a zealous republican, and an enemy to intolerance in Church and State. — See Memorie della Vita di, 2 vols. 1845. Meacham, James, clergyman and scholar, b. Rutland, Vt., 1810; d. Middlcbury, Vt., Aug. 22, 1856. Midd. Coll. 1832. He was tu- tor there ; studied theol. ; was settled minister of New Haven, Vt. ; was called to the professor- ship of elocution and Eng. lit. in Midd. Coll. ; and M.C. 1849-55 ; at the time of his death he was a regent of the Smithsonian Institute. Meade, George Gordon, LL.D. (H.U. 1865), maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Cadiz, Spain, 1816. West Point, 1 835. Son of U.S. consul Richard W., and bro. of Com. R. W. Meade, U. S. N. Entering the 3d Art., he served against the Seminoles in Fla., but resigned 26 Oct. 1836, and was employed in the Texas and North-east, boundary surveys 1 838-42 ; app. 2d lieut. topog. engrs. 19 May, 1842 ; 1st lieut. 4 Aug. 1851 ; capt. 19 May, 1856 ; maj. 18 June, 1862 ; brig.-gen. vols. 31 Aug. 1861 ; maj.-gen. vols. 29 Nov. 1862 ; brig.-gen. U.S.A. 3 July, 1863 ; maj.-gen. 18 Aug. 1864. During the Mexican war he was engaged at Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, and the siege of Vera Cruz, and brev. 1st lieut. 23 Sept. 1846 for Monterey j engaged in geodetic survey of northern lakes 1856-61; com. brigade at Dranesville, Va., 20 Dec. 1861; and in Peninsular campaign ; and severely wounded at Glendale 30 June, 1862; in the battle of Manassas 29-30 Aug. 1862 ; com. div. 1st corps at South Mountain and Antictam ; com. 5th corps at Fredericks- burg and Chanccllorsville ; com. Army of the Potomac 28 June, 1863, to 1 July, 1865 ; and engaged at Gettysburg, and in all the battles and operations in Va. to the surrender of Lee, 9 Apr. 1865; now commands Dept. of the East. Meade, Laekin G., sculptor, b. Brattle- borough, Vt. From the Army of the Potomac he sent numerous spirited camp and battle scenes to a N.Y. illustrated paper. His statue of Ethan Allen is in the State House, Montpelicr. His other works are " The Returned Soldier," "La Contadinella," "The Thought of Free- dom," and " Echo." — Tuckerman. Meade, William, M.D., mineralogist of disting. literary and scientific attainments ; d. Newburg, N.Y., Aug. 29, 1833. Meade, William, D.D., Prot.-Ep. bishop of Va., b. Frederick, now Clarke Co., Va., Nov. 11, 1789; d. Richmond, Va., March 14, 1862. N. J. Coll. 1808. Son of Col. Richard Kidder, aide to Washington 12 Mar. 1777-83 (b. 1750, d. Feb. 1805). Ord. 1811. The scene of his labors was the parish near his patrimonial estate ; and for many years his independent pecuniary circumstances enabled him to officiate gratuitously. He contrib. materially to the establishment of a diocesan theol. sem., and other educational and missionary societies in Va. Unanimously chosen assist, bishop in 1829, and consec. in Phila. Aug. 19; assumed the chief care of the diocese : and in 1841 took ]VtE^ 613 m:ee the sole charge of it. Bishop Meade wielded a remarkable influence in Va., and made fervent though futile efforts to prevent the secession of Va. and the appeal to the sword. He delivered annually a course of lectures at the Epis. Sem., and published occasional tracts and treatises on doctrinal questions, local churcli-history, &c. He was the recognized head of the evangelical branch of the Prot.-Epis. Church in the U.S. He pub. "Family Prayer," 1834; "Lectures on the Pastoral Office;" "Lectures to Stu- dents," N.Y. 1849; and "Old Churches, Min- isters, and Families in Va.," 2 vols. 8vo, Phila. 1856. Meagher, Gen. Thomas Feancis, b. Waterford, Ireland, Aug. 3, 1823; drowned at Ft. Benton, Montana, July 1, 1867. He studied at the Jesuit Coll. of Clongowes, Co. Kildare, and at Stonyhurst Coll., near Preston, Eng. Leaving the latter in 1843, he became in 1846 one of the leaders of the " Young Ireland " party, with which he was a favorite orator; and in 1848 was sent a delegate to congratulate the French republic. On his return he was ar- lested for sedition, and held to bail. Charged with treason, a reward of £300 was offered ; and, after many adventures, he was finally cap- tured near Rathgannon, in Aug. ; was tried in Clonmel in Oct. ; found guilty, and sentenced to death ; afterward commuted to banishment for life to Van Dieman's Land, from which he escaped, and landed in N.Y. in May, 1852. He lectured with great success throughout the country; and in 1854 visited Cal. On his re- turn he studied law, and entered on its practice. In 1856 he edited the Irish News. He raised a company in the 69th N.Y. Vols., and Served with distinction at Bull Run as major; after- ward raised an Irish brigade, and was made brig.-gen. of vols. Feb. 3, 1862; attached to Sumner's corps during the battles before Rich- mond ; at Antietam fought in Richardson's division; attached to Couch's corps (2d), and wounded at Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 1862; at Chancellorsville, May 2-4, 1863, he led his bri- gade for the last time; and resigned May 8, 1863. ICarly in 1864 he was recommissioned brig.-gen. of vols., and assigned to the com. of the district of P'towah. App. sec. of Montana in 1865; and for some time previous to his death, which was occasioned by a fall from the deck of a steamer, had been acting governor. Author of " Speeches on the Legislative Indep. of Ireland," 12mo, 1852. Means, Alexander, M.D., D.D. (1854), LL.D. (Em. Coll. 1858), clergyman, b. N.C. Feb. 6, 1801. After teaching school in Mocks- ville, N.C, he removed to Ga. ; studied medi- cine, and in 1840-1 received his degree from the Augusta Med. Coll. In 1828 he became a minister in the M.E. Church ; in 1834 supt. of the Manual Labor School near Covington, Ga. ; from 1836 to 1856 occupied the chair of natu- ral science in Emory Coll., lecturing also on chemistry during part of the year at the Augusta Med. Coll. from 1841 to 1858; pres. of the Masonic Female Coll. in Covington in 1853; and in 1 854-5 was pres. of Emory Coll, He has since occupied the chair of chemistry at the Atlanta Med. Coll. Means, John H., gov. S.C. 1850-2; col. in the Confcd. service; killed at the battle of Manassas, Va., 28 Aug. 1862. Mease, James, M.D., an eminent physician of Phila. Author of " Geolog. Account of the U.S.," 1807; "Picture of Phila.," 1811; "On Wm. Penn's Treaty with the Indians," 8vo, 1836; "Utility of Public Loan Offices," &c., 8vo, 1836; *' Description of some of the Medals struck in N.A.," 8vo, Phila. 1821 ; " Letter on the Rearing of Silk- Worms," 8vo, 1828 ; " Ob- servations on the Bite of a Mad Dog," &c., 1792. Medary, Samuel, editor and Democ. pol- itician, b. Montgomery Co., Pa., Feb. 25, 1801 ; d. Columbus, Nov. 7, 1864. He had a limited education ; became a printer; was an adherent of Gen. Jackson ; was many years editor of the Ohio Statesman ; and established and carried on until his death the Columbus Crisis. A leading man of his party ; gov. of the Terr, of Minne- sota in 1857-8, of Kansas in 1859-60 ; and was during the Rebellion, a " peace Democrat." In 1869 his personal and polit. friends erected a costly monument to his memory. Medill, William, gov. of O. in 1853-6, b. New Castle Co., Del., 1805; d. Lancaster, 0., Sept. 2, 1865. He received an academical edu- cation ; studied law ; and, having removed to Ohio, was adm. to the bar in 1832 ; was soon after elected to the State legist., serving a num- ber of years, and was twice elected speaker; was M.C. in 1839-43 ; was first assist, postm.- gen. in 1845-9, and subsequently held the office ofcommiss. of Indian affairs; member of the State Const. Con v. of 1850, and chosen chair- man ; in 1851 and '52 was lieut.-gov. of Ohio. ; and by Pres. Buchanan was app. first compt, of the U.S. treasury. A Democ. in politics. Medley, John, D.D., Pr.-Ep. bishop of Fredorickton, N.B., b. 1804; educated at Wad- ham Coll., Oxf. (B. A. 1826; M.A. 1830). Sev- eral years vicar of St. Thomas's, Exeter, and prebend of that cathedral; and was in 1845 consec. first bishop of F., which includes the entire province of New Brunswick. — Men of the Time, MedoWS, Sir William, a British gen., b. Dec. 31, 1738 ; d. Bath, 14 Nov. 1813. Enter- ing the army in 1756, he served in Germany; came with his regt. (55th) to Amer. Sept. 1775, and com. the 1st brig, of grenadiers; disting. himself on many occasions, notably at Bran- dywine, where he was wounded ; disting. and wounded at the taking of St. Lucie, and made col. 89th Regt. ; major-gen. and com. of the forces at Madras in 1791; and led the right wing of Cornwallis's army at Seringapatam in 1792; afterward made full gen.; gov. of the Isle of Wight ; Kt. of the Bath ; and was com. of the forces in Ireland in 1801-3. Meek, Alexander Beaufort, author and lawyer, b. Columbia, S.C, July 17, 1814; d. Columbus, Mpi., Nov. 30, 1865. U. of Ala. His father settled at Tuscaloosa in 1819. Adm. to the bar in 1835, and edited the Flag of the Union, a Democratic paper. In 1836 he served as a lieut. of vols, against the Seminoles, and was a short time atty.-gen. of the State; in 1839 he edited the Southron, a literary monthly at Tuscaloosa; in 1842-4 he was county judge, and pub. a suppt. to the " Digest m:kg}- 614 ivocr. of Alabama/' He was law clerk in the oflSce of the solicitor of the treasury at Washington in 1845 ; U.S. dist. atty. for the southern dist. of Ala 1846-50; assoc. editor of the Mobile Daily Register 1848-53; member of the legisl. in 1853 ; he disting. himself by originating and securing a free-school system in Ala. ; judge of probate in Mobile Co. in 1854; speaker of the legisl. in 1 859. In 1 855 he pub. " The Red Eagle, a Poem of the South; " and in 1857 a vol. of orations, sketches, and essays, entitled "Romantic Passages in South-western His- tory," and " Songs and Poems of the South." He' also delivered many orations, essays, and criticisms, in prose and verse, and had written a History of Aliabama. He excelled as a chess- player. — Appteton. MegStpolensis, John, Jun., a Dutch min- ister, settled at Albany in 1642-9, afterwards in New York, where he d. ab. 1 669. Came to N. Y. at the age of 39. His account of the Mohawk Indians in 1644 is in Hazard, i. 517-26. Meigs, Charles Delucena, M.D. (U. of Pa. 1814; N.J. Coll. 1818), medical writer, b. Ga. 17 Feb. 1792; d. Del. Co., Pa., 25 June, 1869. Settled in Phila. in 1820; had a lucrative practice in his specialty, — obstetrics, and diseases of women and children, — and was a prof in JcfF. Med. Coll. in 1840-62. Author of "Midwifery," 1838; "Lectures on the Female," 1847; "Remarks on Spasmodic Cholera," 1848; "Obstetrics," 1849; "Dis- eases of Children," 1850 ; " Childbed Fevers ; " " Diseases of the Neck of the Uterus," 1854 ; and "Lives of S. G.Morton (1851) and Daniel Drake, M.D." Ed. the N. A. Med. and Surg. Jour., and trans. " Typhaines Abbey," a French novel, 1868, Meigs, Montgomery Cunningham, qm.- gen. U.S.A., b. Ga. ab. 1816. West Point, 1836. Entering the 1st Art., he was transf. to theengrs.; became 1 st lieut. 1 July, 1838; capt. 3 Mar. 1853; col. 11th Inf 14 May, 1861 ; qm.-gen. (rank of brig.-gen.) 15 May, 1861 ; brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A. 5 July, 1864, for dis- ting. services during the Rebellion. He was employed at Fort Delaware 1834-41 ; Fort Wayne, Detroit, 1841-9; on the Potomac Aqueductand U.S^Capitol Extension 1852-61; directing the equipping and supplying the ar- mies in the field during the Rebellion ; particu- larly employed in providing transportation and supplies for the forces at Chattanooga ; and en- gaged in the battle of 23-25 Nov. 1863; also in supplying and refitting Sherman's army at Savannah and Goldsborough, N.C. Meigs, Return Jonathan, col. Revol. army, b. Middletown, Ct., Dec. 1740; d. Chero- kee Agency, Jan. 28, 1823. Immediately after the battle of Lexington, he marched a company of light inf. to Cambridge ; with the rank of major accomp. Arnold to Quebec, and upon its attack by Montgomery, Dec. 31, 1775, was made a prisoner; exchanged in 1776 ; and in 1777, having raised a regt., was promoted to col.; May 23, 1777, he performed a brilliant exploit at Sag Harbor, for which Congress (Aug. 3) voted him thanks and a sword ; he com. a regt. at the storming of Stony Point, July 1 6, 1 779 ; «nd served to the end of the war. In 1788 he was one of the first settlers of Mari- etta, O. He was app. commiss. of clothing under Gen. Wayne in 1795 ; and in 1801 was app. by Jefferson agent for Indian affairs ; from the Indians he received the sobriquet of " Tho White Path." His Journal of the Exped. to Quebec (Sept. 9, 1775-Jan. 1, 1776) is in the Amer. Remembrancer for 1776, and was pritit- ed, with an Introd. and Notes by C. I. Bush- nell, N.Y. 1864. Meigs, Return Jonathan, jurist and statesman, son of the preceding, b. Middle- town, Ct., Nov. 1765; d. Marietta, O., Mar. 29, 1825. Y. C.1785. He studied law ; cmig. to Marietta in 1788 ; was sent on a mission to the British com. at Detroit by Gov. St. Clair in 1790; and was subsequently often engaged in the Indian fights of the day ; chief justice of the Ohio Sup. Court from 1803 to Oct. 1 804 ; brev. col. U.S.A., and com. of the St. Charles dist., La., from Oct. 1804 to Apr. 21, 1806; judge of the Sup. Court of that dist. in 1805-6 ; judge of the U.S. Dist. Court of Mich, from Apr. 2, 1807, to 1808; U.S. senator 1808-10; gov. of O. 1810-14; and U. S. postmaster- gen, from 1814 to June, 1823. During the war of 1812, Meigs did more than any other gov. to aid the country during that conflict by the prompt organization of the militia, by garri- soning the forts and securing safety to the ex- posed settlements, and the aid he rendered Har- rison's army. He pub. "Reports of Cases in the Supreme Court of Tenn.," 8vo, 1839. Melish, John, geographer and polit. econo- mist, b. Perthshire, Scotland, 1771 ; d. Phila. Dec. 30, 1822. He came to the U.S. in 1809. Author of " Travels in the U.S. and in Great Britain and Canada in 1806-11," 2 vols. 8vo, 1812; "A Description of the Roads," &,c., 1814; " Traveller's Directory," 1815; " Descrip- tion of the U.S.," 1816; '"Universal School Geography and Atlas ; " " Necessity of protect- ing Manufactures," 1818; " Maps of Penn. and of the U.S. ; " "Information to Emigrants," 1819 ; " Statistical View of the U S.," 1822. Mellen, Grenville, poet, son of Chief Justice Prentiss, b. Biddeford, Me., June 19, 1799; d. New York, Sept. 5, 1841. H. U. 1818. He studied law, but after a few years' practice in Portland, Me., devoted himself wholly to literature, and wrote for magazines, annuals, and periodicals, among others for t!ie U. S. Lit. Gazette. He was a resident of N. Yarmouth, Me., in 1823-8; then resided in Boston ab. 5 years, and removed thence to N.Y., where, in 1839, he began the Monthly Miscellany, soon discontinued. In 1826 he re- cited a poem before the Peace Society in Mo., called " The Rest of Empires ; " and in 1823, before the Athenaaum Society of Bowd. Coll., he read an anniv. poem on " The Light of Letters." He also pub. " Our Chronicle of Twenty-six," 1827; "Glad Tales and Sad Tales," 1829 ; " The Martyr's Triumph, Buried Valley, and other Poems," in 1833. He edited " A Book of the U.S.," 8vo, Hartford, 1837. Mellen, Henry, poet, b. Sterling, Ms., Oct. 24, 1757 ; d. Dover, N.H., July 31, 1809. H.U. 1784. Son of Rev. John, minister of S. (1744-84). He studied law, and settled at Dover. A collection of his poems was pub- lished. IdlEX. 615 MER Mellen, Prentiss, LL.D. (Bowd. Coll. 1828), jurist, b. Sterling, Ms., Oct. 11, 1764; tt. Portland, Me., Dec. 31, 1840. H.U. 1784. Bro. of Henry. He practised law in various places, andiinally removed to Portland in 1806, rising to the head of the bar of Me. Member of the exec, council 1 808-9 and 1817. In 1 81 7- 20 he was U.S. senator of Ms. ; and was the first chief justice of the Supreme Court of Me. in 1820-34. His decisions are found in the first 1 1 vols, of the Me. Reports. Melmoth, Mrs., a celeb, actress ; d. New York, Sept. 1823, a. 74. Melville, Herman, author, b. New York, Aug. 1, 1819. Grandson of Major Thos. At the age of 18 he shipped before the mast. In 1842 he deserted from a whaling-ship at Nuka- heva, one of the Marquesas Islands, and, wan- dering into the Typee Valley, remained four months a prisoner in the hands of its warlike inhabitants. Recovering his liberty, he arrived in Boston in Oct. 1844. "Typee," a narrative of his adventures, pub. in N.Y. m 1 846, met with great success. "Omoo" (N.Y. 1847) relates his escape from Typce, and subsequent voyage. " Mardi, and a Voyage thither," and " Red- burn," appeared in the same year. After a residence in N.Y., he removed in 1850 to Pitts- field, Ms., producing " White Jacket, or the World in a Man-of-War," 1850; " Moby Dick, or the White Whale," 1851 ; "Pierre, or the Ambiguities," 1852; "The Piazza Tales," 1856 ; and " The Confidence Man," 1857. In 1847 he m. the dau. of Chief Justice Shaw. In 1860 he again sailed on a whaling-voyage round the world. Melville, Maj. Thomas, a patriotic mer- chant of Boston, b. Jan. 27, 1751; d. there Sept. 16, 1832. N. J. Coll. 1769. Grandson of Thomas, minister of Scoonie Parish, Fife- shire ; and son of Allan, a merchant of Boston, who came to America in 1748. He became a merchant; and in Dec. 1773 was one of the fa- mous Tea Party of Boston. He took an active part in the Revol. war; and, as maj. in Crafts's regt. of Ms. art., was in the actions in R.I. in 17^78. From 1789 to 1829 he was naval officer and surveyor of the port of Boston. Member of the State legisl. in 1832. — Duyckinck. Memminger, Charles Gustavus, law- yer and politician, b. Wurtemberg, Germany, Jan. 7, 1803. S.C. Coll. 1820. Brought by his mother in infancy to Charleston, S.C, he soon afterwards became an orphan, but by the patronage of Gov. Bennett was helped to an education. He began to practise law in Charles- ton in 1825 ; became a leader of the Union par- ty in the nullification contest ; and wrote " The Book of Nullification," 1832-3, satirizing its advocates in biblical style. For nearly 20 years he was at the head of the finance com. in the lower house of the legisl., from which he re- tired in 1852. He was again in the legisl. in 1854, and was active in school reforms; in 1859 he was app. a commiss. to Va. ; sec. of the treas. in the cabinet of Jefferson Davis, Feb. 1861- June, 1864. Mendoza de (damen-do'-tha), Don Pe- dro, b. Cadiz, Spain, ab. 1487 ; d. at sea on his return to Spain, soon after founding the city of Buenos Ayrcs, in 1535. Ho offered his services to Charles V. in 1529 to complete, at his own expense, the exploration of the Rivers La Plata and Paraguay ; was created military chief of the countries adjacent to them; and set sail in 1534. Menendez de Aviles, Pedro, a disting. Spanish officer of an ancient Asturian family, b. 1519; d. ab. 15 Sept. 1574. Wild in his youth, he gained distinction in cruises against the corsairs and the French ; acquired wealth in the New World ; was capt.-gen. of the fleet sent with troops to Flanders, contributing, it is said, to the victory of St. Quentin ; afterward went to the W. Indies as gen. of the fleet and army; amassed vast riches; and in 1561, on his return to Spain, was arrested by the Coun- cil of the Indies, imprisoned, and heavily fined for his conduct there. At the head of an cx- ped. for the conquest and colonization of Flori- da, he sailed from Cadiz 29 June, 1565 ; Sept. 7 he discovered the bay and river, Avhich he named St. Augustine, and, landing, took formal possession on the 8th, and laid the foundation of St. Augustine, the oldest town in the U.S. Sept. 21, at daybreak, he surprised and put to the sword the French Huguenot garrison at Fort Caroline, — a piece of cruelty afterwards avenged by De Gourgues upon the Spanish garrison there. He returned to Florida two years later; rebuilt San Mateo ; and in 1574, after his return to Spain, was given the com. of the Armada of 300 sail at Santander, destined against England, when he d. suddenly at the age of 55. Menken, Adah Isaacs, actress, b. near N. Orleans, June 15, 1835; d. Paris, Aug. 10, 1868. Her maiden name was Dolores Adios Fuertos. Her father was a Spanish Jew, and her mother a native of Bordeaux. At the age of 7 she lost her father, and went on the stage as a danseuse ; afterward joined the Montplai- sir troupe, and played in Havana and Mexico, becoming a great favorite. She made her de- hut in Fazio at the Varieties, New Orleans, in 1858; and as Mazeppa, at the Opera House, San Francisco, Aug. 24, 1863. In 1856 she m. John Isaacs Menken. , In 1859 she m. John C. Heenan, the pugilist, from whom she was after- ward divorced ; and in Oct. 1861 m. R. H. New- ell (Orpheus C. Kerr), which alliance was, like the others, speedily followed by a separation. In 1860 she performed in New York. In the early part of the civil war she played in the Southern theatres ; afterward at Astley's in Lond., and in Paris, to crowded houses ; the part of Mazeppa being the only one in which she excelled. In May, 1868, she was directress of Sadler's Wells Theatre, Lond. She owed her success to a beautiful form, and played in pieces which enabled her to exhibit its attrac- tiveness to the greatest advantage. She wrote a vol. of poems entitled " Memories," under the signature of "Indigina; " and in 1867 "In- felicia," said to have been edited by the poet Swinburne. Mercer, Charles Fenton, LL.D. (N. J. Coll. 1826), M.C. from Va. 1817-40, b. Fred- ericksburg, Va., June 6, 1778; d. Howard, near Alexandria, Va., May 4, 1858. N. J. Coll. 1797. A capt. in the army, he resigned, and, after spending a year in Europe, returned in m:er 616 ]VtER 1803, and practised law. From 1810 to 1817 he was a member of the Assembly ; was called in 1811 to military duty, and rose to the rank of brig. -gen. of militia, commanding the forces at Norfolk. He was chief supporter of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal scheme, and was pres. of the company ; chairman of the com. of finance in Congress, and a protectionist. In 1853 he visited Europe, and used his eiForts for tlie entire abolition of the African slave-trade. Mercer, Hugh, brig.-^en., b. Aberdeen, Scotland, ab. 1721; d. Pnnceton, N.J., Jan. 12, 1777. Educated for the medical profession at the U. of Aberdeen. He was an assist, sur- geon at the battle of Culloden, and, in conse- quence of his participation in the rebellion, emig. to America early in 1747, and settled as a physician near the present village of Mercers- burg, Franklin Co., Pa. In the Fr. and In- dian war of 1755-6 he was a capt., and the companion of Washington ; and, in the exped. of Braddock at the battle of the Monongahela, was severely wounded ; became separated from his men, and, after weeks of wandering and hard- ship, reached Fort Cumberland. He received a medal from the corporation of Phila. for his courage and conduct in this exped. On the re-organization of the Pix)v. forces in 1758, Mercer, promoted to be lieut.-col., accomp. the army of Gen. Forbes to Fort Duquesne, and com. that post until relieved, when he fixed his residence at Fredericksburg, Va., and resumed the practice of medicine. On the breaking-out of the Revol. he warmly espoused the cause of liberty ; left his profession ; com. 3 regts. of minute-men in 1775; in 1776 drilled and or- ganized the Va. militia ; was made col. 3d Va. Kegt. Feb. 13, 1776; and June 5, 1776, was app. by Congress a brig.-gen. At Trenton, Mercer led the column of attack, and, after its brilliant result, suggested at the council of war the daring night-march on Princeton. In that march he was intrusted with the com. of the advanced party. Encountering at daybreak of Jan. 3, 1777, a large body of British troops, he threw his brigade between them and their reserve at Princeton, thus forcing a general action. Mercer was dismounted, and, endeav- oring to rally the militia, was felled by a blow from the musket of a British soldier, pierced with bayonet-wounds, and left for dead. Re- moved to a neighboring farmhouse, he lingered several days in extreme suffering till he ex- pired. A monument has been erected to his memory at Laurel Hill, near Phila. Provision was made by Congress in 1793 for the education of his youngest son, Hugh, who d. Fredericks- burg, Va., Dec. 2, 1853, a. 77. Another son, Col. John, d. Va. Sept. 30, 1817. His only dau., Anna Gordon Patton, d. Fredericks- burg, Va., May 12, 1832, a. 58. Mercer, James, statesman, of Hampshire, Va.; d. 1793, a. ab. 50. Wm. and M. Coll 1 767. A member of the Va. h. of burgesses ; a member of all the Va. conventions, and of the committee of safety ; a member of Con- gress 1779-80 ; and a judge of admiralty, and of the First Court of Appeals. — Grigshy. Mercer, Jesse, Baptist clergyman, b. Halifax Co., N.C., Dec. 16, 1769 ; d. Butts Co., Ga., Sept. 6, 1841. Ord. in 1789, he took charge of a church in Wilkes Co., Ga. ; was a member of the conv. to amend the constitution of Ga. in 1798. Ho was an eloquent preacher, and compiled "Mercer's Cluster," a vol. of hymns still in use. Mercer U. in Penfield, Ga., to which he left $60,000, was named in his honor. — See Memoir of Mercer, by C. D. Mallory. Mercer, John Francis, a Revol. soldier, gov. of Md. 1801-3, b. 1758; d. Phila. 30 Aug. 1821. Wm. and M. Coll. 1775. Deleg. from Va. to the Old Congress in 1782-5; from Md. to the conv. which framed the Federal Constitu- tion; M.C. 1792-4 ; and member of the State legisl. His dau. Margaret (1791-1846) vol- untarily reduced herself to poverty by freeing her slaves, supporting herself 25 years by teach- ing. She prepared for her pupils " Studies for Bible Classes and Ethics in Letters to Young Ladies." — See Memoir, by Dr. Caspar Morris, 8vo, 1848. Mercer, Samuel, commodore U.S.N., b. Md. 1800; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., Mar. 6, 1862. Midshipman, Mar. 1815; lieut. Jan. 13, 1825; com. Sept. 8, 1841 ; capt. Sept. 4, 1855. He was in " The Wabash," blockading Charleston harbor, and aftenvard in the attack on Hat- teras. Meredith, Samuel, U.S. treasurer, 1789- 1801, b. Phila. 1740; d. Belmont, Pa., Mar. 10, 1817. He was for a time in the Colonial legisl. of Pa. ; maj. 3d Pa. batt. in 1775; and personally engaged in the battles of Trenton, and with his family was exiled from Phila. on its occupation by the British. He, with George Clymer, his bro.-in-law, gave £10,000 in silver to carry on the war. He was a member of the State legisl., and of the Old Congress in 1787-8. Meredith, William Morris, of Pa., sec. U.S. treaa., from Mar. 7, 1849, to July 20, 1850, and a leading lawyer, b. Phila. 8 June, 1 799. U. of Pa. 1812. He began practice in Dec. 1817, and was long one of the first lawyers in the State; a representative in the Pa. legisl. in 1 824-8 ; pres. of the Select Council of Phila. 1 834-49 ; member State Const. Conv. 1 857 ; atty.-gen. of Pa. 1861-7 ; app. one of the coun- sel for the U.S. at the Geneva conf., but de- clined. Meriam, Ebenezer, statistician and me- teorologist, b. Concord, Ms., June 20, 1794; d. Brooklyn, L. I., Mar. 19, 1864. He was a manuf. in Ky., a dry-goods dealer in Zanes- ville, O.; in 1838 went to N.Y. City, and, in the manuf. of soap and candles, acquired a com- petence. Devoting himself to meteorology, he originated the theory of cycles of atmos- pherical phenomena; began in 1841 the Miwi- cipal Gazetteer, a scientific journal; contrib. scientific articles to thd Journal of Commerce and other papers ; and for more than 30 years kept a record of the weather. Meriwether, David, soldier and states- man, b. Va. 1755; d. near Athens, Ga., Nov. 1822. A lieut. in the Revol. army, he served in N. J., and was taken prisoner at the siege of Savannah. In 1785 he settled in Wilkes Co., Ga., which he several times represented in the State legisl. MC. in 1802-7, and a warm supporter of Jeflferson, who in 1804 app. him a commiss. to treat with the Creek Indians. He IVIER 617 JVLKT also, with Gen. Jackson and Gov. McMin of Tenn., concluded a treaty with the Cherokees, by which a large territory west of the Appa- lachee River was ceded to the U.S. Merrick, Jamks Lyman, b. Monson, Ms., 11 Oct. 1803; d. Amherst, Ms., 18 June, 1866. Amh. Coll. 1830; Columb. Theol. Sem. 1833. Descended from Thos., of Springfield, Ms. (ab. 1638). Ord. missionary to Persia 1834 ; sailed to Constantinople in Aug.; and in Aug. 1835 went to Persia, where he travelled and labored in various places until his return in 1845. After Jan. 1849, pastor of the Cong. Church, Am- herst, Ms. Author of " Pilgrim's Harp," a vol. of poems, 8vo, 1847; "Life and Religion of Mohammed," 1850 ; " Keith on Prophecy," transl. into Persian, 1846 ; *' Treatise on Eng- lish Orthography," &c. ; " Geneal. of the Mer- rick Family," 1860. He bequeathed all his property to the institutions in which he had been educated, for the purpose of founding four Persian scholarships. — N. E. H. and G. Regis- ter, 1866. Merrick, PLiNY,LL.D.(H.U.l8.53)Judge, b. Brookfield, Aug. 2, 1794 ; d. Boston, Feb. 1, 1867. H.U. 1814. Sonof Pliny (H.U. 1776). He studied law with Levi Lincoln ; commenced practice in Worcester in 1817; subsequently practised at Swanzey and Taunton ; was app. CO. atty. in 1824 ; in 1832 atty. for the middle district; in 1827 representative for Worcester ; in 1843 judge of the C.C.P. ; in 1844 of the Municipal Court; State senator in 1850; again judge of the C.C.P. in 1851, and in 18.53-64 of the Ms. Supreme Court ; pres. of the Wor- cester and Nashua Railroad Co. In 1849 he was senior counsel in the defence of Prof. Web- ster, who murdered Dr. George Parkman. Much of his large property was bequeathed to the city of Worcester for the establishment of schools of a high grade. Merrill, David, Presb. minister at Ur- bana, 0., 1827-41, and of Peacham, Vt., from 1841 to his d., July 21, 1850, a. 52. Dartm. Coll. 1821. He pub. three occas. sermons, and contrib. to several periodicals. After his death, a vol. of his sermons, with a Memoir by T. S. Pearson, was pub. 12mo, Windsor, 1855. Merrill, Thomas Abbot, D. D. (Mid. Coll. 1837), Cong, clergyman, b. Andover, Ms., Jan. 18, 1780; d. Middlebury, Vt., April 29, 1855. Dartm. Coll. 1801. He was a tutor at Dartm. and Midd. Colleges, and was pastor of the church at the latter place from Dec. 19, 1805, until his death. Numerous revivals at- tested his power as a preacher. He was 49 years one of the corporation of Midd. Coll. He pub. some sermons, and a valuable history of Middlebury in 1840. Merritt, Timothy, clergyman, b. Bark- hamstead, Ct., Oct. 1775; d. Lynn, Ms., 1845. He became a minister in the M.E. Church in 1796; edited Zion's Herald in Boston, and the Christ. Advocate and Journal at New York ; and pub. " The Christian's Manual," " Convert's Guide and Preacher's Assistant," "Universal Salvation," and " Memoir of Miss S. H. Bunt- ing." Merritt, Wesley, brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. N. Y. 1836. West Point, 1860. Entering the Dragoons, he became capt. 2d Cav. 5 April, 1862; brig.-gen. vols. 29 June, 1803 ; maj.-gen. 1 Apr. 1865; lieut.-col. 9th Cav. 28 July, 1866. He took part in Stoneman's Raid, Apr, 1863 ; com. reserve cav. brigade at Gettys- burg, and brev. major, 1 July, 1863 ; com. cav. division, Nov. 1863 to Apr. 1864, in operations in Central Va. ; com. cav. brigade in the Rich- mond campaign, being frequently engaged ; and brev. lieut.-col. 11 May, 1864, for battle of Yellow Tavern, and col. for battle of Hawes Shop, 28 May, 1864; also engaged at Cold Harbor and Trevillian's Station ; com. cav. div. Shenandoah campaign ; and brev. maj.-gen. vols. 19 Oct. 1864 for Winchester and Fisher's Hill ; com. cav. div. in Richmond campaign. Mar. -Apr. 1865; engaged at Dinwiddle C.H. 31 Mar., and Five Forks, for which he was brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865 ; and brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A. for gallant and merit, services ending in Lee's surrender. — CulJum. Merry, Robert (Delia Crusca), poet, b. Lond. 1756; d. Baltimore, 24 Jan. 1798. U. of Cambridge. He acquired reputation as a poet; m. in 1792 the actress Anne Brunton, who in 1 796 accomp. him to America. Author of "Pains of Memory," Boston, 1797. His widow m. William Warren the comedian in 1806. Mervine, William, rear-adm. U.S.N., b. Pa. 1790; d. Utica, N. Y., Sept. 15, 1868. Midshipm. Jan. 16, 1809; lieut. Feb. 4, 1815 ; com. Jan. 12, 1834; capt. Sept. 8, 1841 ; com- mo. 16 July, 1862; rear-adm. 1866. He did good service during the first year of the civil war ; but ill health compelled his retirement in Nov. 1861. Messer, Asa, D.D. (H.U. 1820), LL.D. (U. of Vt. 1812), b. Methuen, Ms., 1769; d. Providence, R. I., Oct. 11, 1836. Brown U. 1790. He was tutor in 1791; prof, of lan- guages in 1796; of mathematics and moral philos. in 1799 ; and was pres. of B.U. from 1802 to 1826. The citizens of Providence for several years elected him to important civil offices. Several of his discourses and orations have been pub. He was licensed to preach by the First Baptist Church, Providence, in 1792, and ord. in 1801. Messerve, Col. Nathaniel, ship-builder, b. Portsmouth, N.H.; d. June 28, 1758. Lieut.- col. of Moore's regt., and rendered essential ser- vice, at the siege of Louisburg, 1745 ; com. the N.H. regt. raised for the Crown Point exped. in 1 756, and gallantly defended Fort Edward. In 1 758 he embarked to aid in the second siege of Louisburg, and died of small-pox. His son George was app. stamp-agent for N. H. ; afterward coll. of customs in Boston and Ports- mouth ; was a loyalist, and went to England in 1777. Messheimer, Frederick Val., entomol- ogist ; d. ab. 1814. Lutheran minister of Han- over, York Co., Pa. He pub. " A Catalogue of Insects of Pa.," 1806. Metcalfe, Charles Theophilus, baron, gov.-gen. of Canada 1842-4, b. Berkshire, Eng., Jan. 30, 1785 ; d. Basingstoke, Sept. 5, 1846. Theophilus his father was a member of parliament. He was educated at Eton ; went to India in 1800, where he tilled various civil and diplomatic posts; succeeded to the m:kt 618 ]VtID baronetcy on the death of his bro. in 1822; gov.-gcn. of Jamaica 1839-42; created a baron in 1844. Metcalf, Ralph, gov. of N.H. 1855-6, b. Charlestown, N.H., Nov. 21, 1798; d. Clare- raont, N.H., Aug. 26, 1858. D.C. 1823. He followed farming until the age of 18 ; began the practice of law at Newport in 1826; was sec. of state several years from 1830; held a clerk- ship at Washington in 1838-40 ; was chairman of the com. for compiling the laws of the State in 1852 ; member of the house in 1852-3 ; re- gister of probate for Sullivan Co. in 1845. — All! mm D.C. Metcalfe, Samuei, L,, M.D., b. Va. ; d. 1856. Some time a resident of Ky., and prof, of chemistry in Transylv.. U., " Lexington. Author of "Narrative of Indian Warfare in the West," Lex. 8vo, 1821 ; "New Theory of Terrestrial Magnetism," 8vo, 1833 ; " Caloric," &c., 2 vols. 8vo, 1843. Metcalf, Theron, LL.D. (B.U. 1844; H.U. 1848), jurist, b. Franklin, Ms., Oct. 16, 1784. Brown U. 1805. App. reporter Ms. Supreme Court in 1839, and judge from Feb. 24, 1 848, to 1 865. Author of " Digest of Cases in the Ms. Sup. Court," 1816-23; " Metcalf s Reports, 1840-49," 13 vols. 8vo, 1840-51 ; " Digest of Decis. of Cts. of Common Law and Admiralty in the U.S.," vol. i., 1840; with L. S. Cushing, Suppt. to the Rev. Statutes of Ms. to 1844. He has edited the Gen. Laws of Ms. to 1822 by Commissioners Stearns and Shaw, 2 vols. 8vo, 1823 ; Maule and Selwyn's Re- ports ; Russell on Crimes ; Starkie on Evi- dence; Yelverton's Reports; &c. Author of able articles in the Amer. Jurist on the Law of Contracts (since pub. in an 8vo vol.), &c. ; an Oration at Dedham, July 4, 1810; and " An Address to the P. B. K. Soc. of Brown U." 1832 Metcalfe, Gen. Thomas, statesman, b. Fauquier Co., Va., Mar. 20,1780; d. Nicholas Co., Ky., Aug. 18, 1855. In his youth his parents'emigrated to Fayette, Ky., where he re- ceived a few months' schooling ; became a stone-cutter at the age of 16, and devoted all his leisure to study. In 1809 the prospect of a war with Eng. occasioned his first appeai-ance as a public speaker; in 1813 he com. a com- pany at the battle of Fort Meigs, distinguish- ing himself greatly ; and, while absent on this campaign, was elected to the legisl., receiving within 13 of the entire vote of the county ; after serving there several years, he was M.C. 1819-29; gov. 1828-32; State senator 1834, and U.S. senator 1848-9 ; pres. of the Board of Internal Improvement in 1840. He was the friend and follower of Henry Clay, and delighted in the appellation, — having refer- ence to his occupation of a stone-mason, — the ** Old Stone Hammer." In Congress and the executive chair. Gov. M. greatly disting. him- self by his ability and firmness. Miantonomo, Sachem of the Narragan- setts ; d. Sept. 1643. He was the nephew and successor of Canonicus, and assumed the govt, in 1636 ; making in that year a treaty with the English at Boston. He was the friend and benefactor of the R.I. settlers, to whom he gave their territory. In 1638 he entered into an agreement with Uncas, Sachem of the Mohegans, not to make war upon one another without first appealing to the English. Cited in 1642, upon mere rumor of intended hostilities, to appear at Boston before the gov. and council, he promptly appeared, declared his innocence, and called upon the English to produce his ac- cusers. None appearing, he was dismissed with honor. Gov. Winthrop, in his Journal, testifies to the respect in which the ability of this great chief was held. The rivalry between the Mohegans and Narragansetts, which it was the policy of the English to foment, produced its inevitable result. Driven by the insults and injuries of the unprincipled Uncas, he attacked him, but was defeated, and made prisoner, and, by the advice and consent of the English magistrates and elders, was executed. Brave and magnanimous, he was doubtless the most able of the Indians of New England. Micconopy (Pond-King), head chief of the Seminoles; d. Fort Gibson, Ark., Jan. 1849, a. ab. 63. He com. in person at Dade's defeat, and with Osceola at the Onithlacoochie in 1836, but was opposed to the war, and surrendered in Dec. 1837. Michaux, Andre, botanist, b. Sartory, near Versailles, Mar. 7, 1746 ; d. Madagascar, Nov. 1802. He devoted himself to agric. pur- suits ; but the early loss of his wife changed his career. In 1780 he made a botanical ex- cursion to Spain, and in 1782 to Persia. In 1785 he was sent to America for the purpose of sending out trees and shrubs for the estab- lishment at Rambouillet ; made botanical ex- cursions in various parts of the continent ; and established gardens for arboriculture at N.Y. and at Charleston, S.C. In 1796 he returned to Europe ; was shipwrecked on the coast of Holland, but saved the greater part of his valuable collection, and, on his arrival at Paris, found that few of the 60,000 stocks which he had sent out to Rambouillet had escaped the ravages of the Revol. In 1800 he was attached to the exped. of Baudin to New Holland. Author of " Histoire des Chines de I' Amerique,'* 1801 ; and " Flora Boreali Americana," 2 vols. 8vo, 1803. His son Franqois Andre (b. 1770, d. Oct. 23, 1855), who accomp. his father in most of his voyages, in 1802 made, by order of the French govt., a voyage to Amer. to examine the productions of the States beyond the Alleghanies. In 1804 he pub. "A Journey to the West of the Alleghany Mountains ; " to which was added " A Memoir on the Natural- ization of the Forest-Trees of N. Amer.," &e. In 1806 he was again sent to collect such seeds as he thought might be successfully introduced into France. His " N. Amer. Sylva," transl. by Hillhouse, with notes by J. J. Smith, was pub. 3 vols. 8vo, Phila. 1850. Middleton, Arthur, statesman of S.C, son of Edward (b. Twickenham, Eng.), a member of the council in 1680, was active in public affairs as early as 1712. Possessing property and talents, he exerted all his in- fluence on the popular side, and in 1719 headed the revol. which substituted for the proprietary govt, the immediate protection of the crown. He presided over the popular convention, and was spokesman in the proceedings by which iNirD 619 MJG- the gov. was formally deposed bj the popular govt. Gov. of the Colony from 1725 to 1731 ; he was afterwards in the council. His adminis- tration was marked by war and negotiations with the Spaniards of Florida and the French of La. His son Thomas disting. himself in 1761 in com. of a provincial regt. against the Cherokees. Another son, Henry, was pres. of Congress 1774-5. Middleton, Arthur, a signer of the Decl. of Indep., b. at the family-seat on Ashley River, 1743; d. Jan, 1, 1788. Grandson of the preceding, and son of Henry. He was educated at Harrow and Westminster schools ; graduating at Cambridge U. in 1764. After his marriage with the dau. of Walter Izard, he revisited Europe, and made a tour of two years on the Continent. Returning in 1773, he became a planter;' a prominent Revol. leader ; a most efficient member of the council of safety; and in 1776 one of the committee to prepare the State constitution ; delegated to Congress in 1776-7; declined the governorship of S.C. in 1778; took arms in the defence of Charleston in 1779; saw his plantation dev- astated by the British ; was made prisoner on the fall of Charleston in 1780; his estate was sequestered, and he was imprisoned at St. Augustine, and thence transferred to the Jersey prison-ship ; exchanged in July, 1781 ; he was again a member of Congress 1781-3 ; and was afterwards in the State senate. Skilled as a stenographer, he took down many of the de- bates in which he participated. Under the signature of " Andrew Marvell " he wrote some effective political essays. Arthur, his grandson (son of Henry, min. to Russia), 8 years sec. of legation in Spain, b. S.C 28 Oct. 1795, d. Naples, Italy, June 9, 1853. H.U. 1814. Married at Rome the Countess Benti- voglio. Middleton, Christopher, an English arctic navigator; d. Jan. 24, 1770. He sailed from Eng. in May, 1741 ; and, after having passed the winter at the entrance of Churchill's River in Hudson Bay, he proceeded to Wager River, and penetrated towards the west as far as 88 degrees. He then steered to the north- west, and reached a bay, which he called Re- pulse Bay, in consequence of being prevented by the land and ice from making farther prog- ress. On the 9th of Aug. he sailed back to Eng., where a violent controversy took place between him and Arthur Dobbs, a gentleman of fortune, at whose instance Middleton had undertaken the exped. Further researches vindicated the reputation of Middleton, who was, in consequence, presented with a medal, and elected a member of the Royal Society. Middleton, Henry, statesman, son of Arthur the signer, b. 1771 ; d. Charleston, S.C, 14 June, 1846. Member of the legisl. 1801-10; gov. 1810-12; M.C in 1815-19; and minister to Russia 1820-31. A man of great liberality. His son Henry, b. Paris, 1797 (West Point, 1815), studied law, and was adm. to the Charleston bar in 1822, but never practised. He pub. " The Government and the Currency," 1850, and many pamphlets on politics, polit. economy, &c. Middleton, John Izard, second son of Arthur the signer, b. on Ashley River, 1785; d. Paris, Nov. 1 849. U. of Cambridge, Eng. He resided at Paris during the last 25 years of his life, and was an intimate in the circles of Mmes. De Stael and Recamier. His work on "The Cyclopean Walls" (fol.Lond. 1812) shows great acquirements in classical literature and the details of art. Middleton, Peter, M.D., physician, b. Scotland; d. New York, 1781. U. of Edin- burgh. He made with Dr. Bard, in 1750, the first dissection on record in America, and was one of the most disting. medical men in N.Y. in the middle of the last century. In 1767 he aided in establishing a new med. school in N.Y., of which he was app. first prof, of physi- ology and pathology, and was the instructor in materia medica 1767-76 ; gov. of King's Coll., N.Y., 1775. In the Med. Repos., vol. ix., is an able letter by him on the Croup. He also pub. in 1769 " Historical Inquiries into the Ancient and Present State of Medecine." — Thacher. Mifflin, Thomas, major-gen., b. Phila. 1744; d. Lancaster, Pa., Jan. 21, 1800. Of Quaker parentage. Educated in Phila. Coll. and in a counting-house. He visited Europe in 1765, and, soon after his return, entered into partnership with an elder bro. ; and such was his reputation and influence, that in 1772 he was chosen to the legisl. ; was re-elected in the following year, with Dr. Franklin ; and in 1774 was a delegate to the first Congress. App. a major of one of the first regts. raised in Phila., he accomp. Washington to Cambridge as aide- de-camp (with the rank of col.) ; in Aug. was made qmr.-gen. ; adj. -gen. shortly afterwards; brig.-gen. May 16, 1776; maj.-gen. Feb. 19, 1777. He com. the covering-party during the retreat from L.I. ; and was active in arousing the militia of his State, which he traversed, making patriotic addresses, and in bringing aid to Washington before the battles of Tren- ton and Princeton. In the gloomy period succeeding the campaign in N. J., Gen. Mif- flin did not attempt to conceal his discontent, and, after the battle of Germantown, resigned his commission of qmr.-gen. on the ground of ill-health, but was at the same time chosen a member of the new board of war. He was one of the chief conspirators engaged in the Conway cabal, and continued to cherish an unfriendly disposition towards the com. in chief. In Nov. 1782 he was elected a delegate to Congress ; was chosen pres. in 1783 ; mem- ber and speaker of the State legisl. in 1785; a delegate to the convention to frame the Federal Constitution in 1787; pres. of the supreme exec, council of Pa. from Oct. 1 788 to Oct. 1 790 ; pres. of the convention which formed the State constitution 1790 ; from 1791 to 1800 gov. of the State ; and finally died a member of the legisl. He assisted in quelling the Whiskey Insurrection in 1794; making a circuit through the lower counties, publicly addressing the militia on the crisis of affairs. — Simpson. Mignot, Louis R., landscape-painter, b. S.C Left N.Y. City, where he had long been prosperously established, at the outbreak of the Rebellion ; and has been a successful paint- er in Lond. He is a remarkable delineator of MIL. 620 MZH. tropical atmosphere and vegetation. Among his pictures are " The Source of the Susque- hanna," "Evening in the Tropics," " Holland Winter-Scene," and " Southern Harvest." — Tuckerman. Milburn, William Henry (" the blind preacher "), an eloquent clergyman, b. Phila. Sept. 26, 1823. In 1827 his father moved to Jacksonville, III. William had partially lost his sight in childhood, but was an indefatiga- ble student, and studied a while in 111. Coll. ; but at the age of 20 gave up from ill-health, and engaged as a Meth. itinerant preacher. In 1846 he became chaplain to Congress, where he was engaged for 10 sessions; in 1848 he was established in Ala., first at Montgomery, afterward at Mobile. He removed to N.Y. in 18.54, and became a popular lecturer. In 1859 he delivered lectures in the principal cities of Eng. to crowded audiences. He subsequently joined the Episc. Church. His " Ten Years of Preaclier-Life " was pub. 1859; "Pioneers and People of the Mississippi Valley," 1860; "Rifle, Axe, and Saddle-Bags," 1857." — Dui/ckinck. Miles, Dixon S.,co1. U.S.A., b. Md. 1803 ; killed at Harjjer's Ferry, Va., Sept. 16, 1862. West Point, 1824. Adj. May, 1830, to 1836; capt. 8 June, 1836 ; assist, quarterm. 1839-45 ; brev. major for defence of Fort Brown, May 9, 1846; cum. his regt.,and brev. lieut.-col. for gal- lantry, at Monterey, Mex. ; maj. 5th Inf. Feb. 16, 1847; military and civil gov. of Jalapa, Mex., July, 1848 ; com. in Gila exped., and disting. in conflicts with Indians of N. Mex- ico, June 27, 1857 ; and in several conflicts with Navajocs, N. Mex., Sept. 1858; lieut.- col. 3d Inf. Apr. 15, 1851 ; col. 2d Inf. Jan. 19, 1859. In the battle of Bull Run he com. the 5 th division in reserve. In Sept. 1862 he was intrusted with the important com. of Harper's Ferry. One of his subordinates abandoned Maryland Heights ; and, on the ap- proach of the enemy in force, he surrendered the post with nearly 12,000 men. Miles, Henry Adolphus, D.D. (B.U. 1850), b. Grafton, Ms., 30 May, 1809. B.U. 1829. Many years sec. Amer. Unit. Assoc; formerly settled over a Unit. Church at Lowell. Has pub. " Lowell as it Was and Is," 2d ed. 1847 ; " Genealogy of the Miles Family," 1840 ; and a discourse before the A. and Hon. Art. Co., 5 June, 1843. Miles, James Warley, scholar, b. Charles- ton, S.C, ab. 1819. S.C. Coll. He took holy orders, and became a missionary to the East, acquiring the Oriental tongues. On his return he became assist, rector of St. Michael's, Charleston, which he gave up for the profess- orship of Greek and history in the Charleston Coll. Visiting France and Germany for his health, he studied philology and philos. at Berlin, and, returning after two years' absence, became librarian of the Charleston Coll. He has contrib. vigorous articles for the Southern Review ; and pub. " Philosophic Theology," 1849, and a number of addresses. He has also written fugitive poems of merit. — Duyc- kinck. Miles, Nelson A., brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Wachusettville, Ms., 8 Aug. 1839. Re- ceived a fair education, and at 17 entered a store in Boston. He entered the service as 1st lieut. 22d Ms. Oct. 1861 ; was disting. and wounded at Fair Oaks ; also disting, at Charles City Cross-Road and at Malvern ; acted as adj. -gen. 1st brigade, Istdiv. 2d corps, from Fair Oaks to Harrison's Landing ; was, 30 Sept. 1862, made col. 61st N.Y., which he led at Fredericksburg ; and was carried from the field of Chancellorsville (as was supposed) fatal- ly wounded ; com. the 1st brig. Istdiv. 2d corps in the Richmond campaign of 1864; was made brig.-gen. 12 May, 1864 ; and brev. maj.- gen. for gallantry at Reams's Station, Dec. 1864 ; maj.-gen. 21 Oct. 1865 ; col. 40th inf. 28 July, 1866 ; transf. to 5th Inf. 15 Mar. 1869 ; brev. brig, and maj.-gen. 2 Mar. 1867. Miles, Pliny, b. Watertown, N.Y., 1818; d. Malta, 6 April, 1865. Well known by his letters from abroad under the signature of " Communipaw." Was the author of " Senti- ments of Flowers;" "Statistical Register," 8vo, 1848; "Art of Memory," 8vo, 1848; " Rambles in Ireland," 1854 ; " Ocean Steam- Navigation," 1857 ; "Postal Reform, its Ur- gent Necessity and Practicability," 1855. To this subject he devoted his later years. In his early years he was a schoolmaster. Miles, Richard Pius, R. C. bishop of Nashville, consec. Sept. 16, 1838; d. Feb. 1, 1860. Milfort, Le Clerc, a French adventurer, who in his youth came to Amer. ; travelled through the Colonies, and ab. 1776 attached himself to MacGillivray, the Creek chief, whose sister he married ; was made a war chief by the Indians ; and served actively against the patriots of Ga. during the Revol. In 1796, after having lost his wife and his bro.-in-law MacGillivray, he returned to France, and was made a gen. of brigade by Bonaparte. In 1814 he disting. himself by a gallant defence of his own house in Rheims against a party of Russians, and died soon after. He pub. in France an interesting memoir of his resi- dence among the Creeks, " Sejours dans la Nation Creek," 8vo, Paris, 1802. Millard, David, clergyman, b. Ballston, N.Y., Nov. 24, 1794. The son of a Revolu- tionary soldier. He was brought up on a farm, and became a teacher at the age of 17. In 1815 he became a minister; and was settled in West Blooinfield, N. Y., from 1818 to 1832; in Portsmouth from 1837 to 1840; visited the Mediterranean and the East in 1841 ; and was some years a prof, in the Meadville Theol. School, Pa. He pub. " The True Messiah in Scripture Light," 1818; "Travels in Egypt, Arabia Petraea, and the Holy Land," 1843; and edited a monthly mag., the Gospel Lumi- nary. Milledge, John, soldier and statesman, b. Savannah, 1757 ; d. at the Sand Hills, Feb. 9, 1818. He descended from one of the early settlers of the Colony ; was brought up in the office of the king's atty. ; at the commencement of the Revolution espoused the cause of the Colonies ; and was one of the party which made Gov. Wright prisoner, June 17, 1775. He was at the sieges of Savannah and Augusta; served frequently in the legisl. ; was in 1 780 app. ]MIX^ 621 ]MIL atty.-gen. ofthe State; gcv, in 1802-6; M.C. 1792-1 802, excepting one term ; ami U. S. sena- tor 1 806-9 ; pres. pro tern. 1 809. In 1 802 he, with James Jackson and Abraham Baldwin, were commiss, for ceding to the U.S. certain por- tions of the territory of Ga. He was the prin- cipal founder of the U. of Ga., and presented the land which forms its site. His memory was honored by an act of the legisl., calling the capital ofthe State Milledgeville. Milledoler, Philip, D.D., clergyman of the D. R. Church, b. Farmington, Ct., Sept. 22, 1775; d. Staten Island, Sept. 22, 1852. Col. Coll. 1793. Of Swiss parentage, he be- came disting. as a scholar while at Edinburgh, particularly in the application of chemistry to the pursuits of life. The Highland Agric. Society having offered a premium of 50 sover- eigns for the best analysis of oats, he was the successful competitor. In May, 1795, he be- came minister of the Ref. Church in N. Y. ; from 1810 to 1813 was pastor of the Third Presb. Church in Phila ; from 1813 to 1820 he officiated in Rutgers-street Collegiate Church, N.Y. ; in 1825-35 was pres. of Rutgers Coll., N. J., being prof, of moral philos. at the same time. He was one of the founders of the Bible Society; was an industrious scholar; and pub. lectures, addresses, essays, and treatises. Miller, Edward, M.D. (U. of Pa. 1784), physician and medical writer, b. Dover, Del., 9 May, 1760; d. N. Y. City 17 Mar. 1812. Son of Rev. John, 43 years Presb. pastor of Dover, who d. July, 1791. He received a clas- sical education ; studied medicine ; was sur- geon's mate in the Revol. army in 1780 ; and surgeon in an armed ship in 1781-2 ; practised successfully in Dover, until in 1796 he removed to N.Y. City, where, with Drs. Mitchell and Smith, he founded, in Aug. 1797, the Med. Re- pository, the first work of the kind in America, continued till his death. Its conductors were members of a Friendly Club, which also in- cluded William Dunlap, Brockden Brown, Anthony Bleecker, and James Kent. Made resident physician of N.Y. in 1803, he pub. a treatise of great merit on the Yellow-Fever; app. prof, of the practice of physic in the U. of N.Y. in Mar. 1807, and in 1809 clinical lecturer in the N.Y. Hospital. He received professional honors from all quarters ; had a large corresp. with men of letters in both hemispheres ; and assisted his bro. Samuel in preparing his "Ret- rospect of the 18th Century." He was a con- spicuous advocate of temperance, and opposed the use of tobacco. His medical writings, with a Memoir, were pub. by his bro., S. Miller, 8vo, 1814. Miller, Elihd Spisncer, prof in the Law School of the U. of Pa., b. Princeton, N. J., 1817. N.J. Coll. 1836. Son of Rev. Samuel. Author of " Law of Partition by Writ in Pa.," &c., 8vo, 1847; "Caprices," a coll. of poems, 12mo, 1849. Editor of Serjeant on the Law of Mechanics, 8vo, 1856. — Allibone. Miller, Gen. Henry, Revol. officer, b. near Lancaster, Pa., Feb. 13, 1751 , d. Car- lisle, Pa., Apr. 5, 1824. He studied law, and began practice ; but, on the breaking-out of the war, marched to Boston as a lieut. ; rose to lie col.; performed important services during the campaign in N. J. ; had two horses killed under him at Monmouth ; was in many battles during the war; was quarterm.-gen. in the Western exped. ; and com. a brigade of militia for the defence of Baltimore in the war of 1812. He was a merchant of Baltimore; afterward pro- thonotary of Perry Co. ; and supt. of revenue for the dist. of Pa. Miller, Gen. James, b. Peterborough, N.H., Apr. 25, 1776; d. Temple, N.II., July 7, 1851. He was bred to the law; but entered the army as major 4tli Inf. July 8, 1 808 ; app. licnt.-col. 5th Inf. Nov. 30, 1810; brev. col. for disting. service at Brownstown, Aug. 9, 1812, where he commanded ; disting. in capture of Fort George, U.C, May 27, 1813; col. 21st Inf. Mar. 9, 1814; brevet brig.-gen. for dis- ting. service at Niagara Falls, July 25, 1814; received o, gold medal, "with suitable emblems and devices," presented " in testimony of the high sense entertained by Congress of his gal- lantry and good conduct in the several conflicts of Niagara and Erie," Nov. 3, 1814. Gov. of Arkansas from March, 1819, to March, 1825 ; and coll. of the port of Salem in 1 825-49. His son James F., commodore U.S.N, (b. 1803, d. Charlestown, Ms., 11 July, 1868), entered the navy in 1826, became commo. in 1866, and saw service in the Mexican war. Miller, James William, poet and miscel- laneous Avriter, d, W. Indies, 1829, a. 27. His early life was passed in a variety of occupa- tions. After studying law, he engaged in lite- rary pursuits in Boston, but went to the West Indies in 1828, and obtained a grant of land from the Spanish govt. He was for a short time assoc. with John Neal in the editorship of the Yankee, and contrib. in verse to this and other periodicals. A vol. of his Poems and Sketches was collected and pub. at Boston, 12mo, 1830. Miller ("Joaquin"), Cincinnatus Hi- ker, poet, has been successively a Cal. miner, propr. of a pony-express over the mountains, editor of a Democ. paper in Eugene City, Ore- gon (his father's home), atty. at law in Canyon City, and county judge of Grant Co. He m. ab. 1863 a young lady named Minnie Myrtle, known as a writer of verses, from whom he sep. in 1870, and has since resided in London. A vol. of his poems, " Songs ofthe Sierras," was pub. there m 1871. Miller, Rev. John, M.A., chaplain to the troops in N.Y. 1692-5. Author of " Description ofthe Province and City of N.Y., &c., in 1695," pub. London, 8vo, 1843, and, with Introd. and Notes by J. G. Shea, N.Y. 8vo, 1862. Miller, John, statesman ; d. near Flori- sant, Mo., March 18, 1846. Licut.-col. 17th Inf. March 12 ; col. 19th Inf. July 6, 1812 ; disting. in com. of detachment from the army in Fort Meigs, destroying enemy's batteries. May 5, 1813 ; resigned Feb. 10, 1818. Register of pub- lic lands in Howard Dist., Mo., some years. Edited Western Herald, at Stcubcnville, O., un- til 1 825. Gov. of Mo. 1826-32 ; M.C. 1837-43. Miller, Samuel, D.D. (U. of Pa. 1804), LL.D. (Wash. Coll., Pa.), scholar and divine, b. Dover, Del., Oct. 31, 1769; d. Princeton, N. J., Jan. 7, 1850. U. of Pa. 1789. Son of Rev. John, a native of Boston, who early set- MIL 622 MIIL tied as a Presb. clergyman in Del. ; and bro. of Edward Miller, M.D. From 1793 to 1813 he was minister of a Presb. church in N. Y. City, acquiring much reputation as a theolo- gian and a polemical writer; and in 1813-49 was prof, of eccl. hist, and church govt, in the Theol. Sera, at Princeton, N.J. Author of "A Brief Retrospect of the Eighteenth Century," 2 vols. Svo, 1803; "Letters on the Constitu- tion and Order of the Christian Ministry," which originated a controversy between him and Rev. John Bowden on the subject, 1807; a discourse before the N. Y. Hist. Soc, of which he was 9 years corresp. sec, on the discov. of N.Y. by Hudson, 1809; "Memoirs of Rev. John Rodgers," Svo, 1813 ; " Infant-Baptism," 12mo, 1840; " Letters on Unitarian ism," 8vo, 1821; "Letters on Clerical Manners and Habits," 1827; " Presbyterianism Truly Prim- itive," &c., 12mo, 1840; "On the Eternal Sonship of Christ," 1823; "Memoir of Rev. Charles Nesbit, D.D.," 1840; besides numer- ous occasional sermons, and a " Life of Jona- than Edwards " in Sparks's " American Biog- raphy." He was an early member of the Amcr. Philos. Society, and a corresp. member of the Ms. Hist. Society. — See Memoir of Rev. S. Mil- ler, by Samuel Miller, 1869; Sprague. MiUer, Samuel H., app. judge U.S. Sup. Court 16 July, 1862, b. Richmond, Ky., 5 Apr. 1816. U. of Transylv. Took the degree of M.D., and practised medicine a few years; then adopted the law ; became an emancipationist in 1848; and in 1850 settled in Iowa, where he became a Repub. leader, declining all offices, and attending wholly to his profession. Miller, Stephen D., statesman, b. "Wax- haw Settlement, S.C, May, 1787; d. Raymond, Mpi., March 8, 1838. S.C. Coll. 1808. He adopted the profession of the law; was M.C. 1819-20; member S.C. senate 1822; gov. of S.C. in 1828-30; and U.S. senator in 1831-3. MiUer, Stephen Franks, lawyer and au- thor, b. N.C. In his youth he removed to Ga.; was adm. to the bar at 21, soon after which the legisl. elected him solicitor-gen. of the Southern Circuit. Engaging afterwards in his prof, in Ala., a severe bronchial affection com- pelled him to engage in other avocations ; and m 1840-7 he edited the Monitor, a Whig journal, at Tuscaloosa. In 1848 and 9 he was associ- ated in the editorial management of De Bow's Review and the Daily Commercial Times in N. Orleans. His health failing, he removed to Oglethorpe Co., Ga. Author of " The Bench and Bar of Georgia," 2 vols. 8vo, Phila. 1858; " Wylkins Wyldcr, or the Successful Man," 1860; and a "Memoir of Gen. David Black- shear." Miller, Wi;.liam, the prophet of the Mil- lerites, b. Pittsfield, Ms., 1781 ; d. Hampton, N.Y., Dec. 20, 1849. During the last war with Eng. he served as a capt. of vols, on the North- ern frontier. He began to speak in public as- semblies upon the subject of the millennium in 1?33 ; and for 10 years labored assiduously in the Middle and Northern States. He was un- educated ; yet he succeeded in building up a sect of some thirty or forty thousand disciples, which disappeared rapidly after the close of the " day of probation " m 1843. Mills, Abraham, LL.D. (Mad. U.), au- thor, b. Duchess Co., N.Y., 1796; d. N. York City, 8 July, 1867. Educated at an acad. He established himself in New York, where he was a teacher of and lecturer on rhetoric and belles- lettres. Author of " English Literature," 1 85 1 ; " Greek Literature," 1853 ; "Lectures on Rhet- oric and Belles-Lettres," 1854 ; " Compendium of the History of the Ancient Hebrews," 1856. He pub. also a lecture on "Literature and Literary Men of Great Britain." Mills, Clark, sculptor, b. Onondaga Co., N.Y., Dec. 1, 1815. While a child, he lost his parents. He learned the trade of a plasterer, which he followed 9 years in Charleston, S.C. From the age of 22 he manifested a taste for sculpture; and in 1846 finished a bust of Calhoun, which adorns the City Hall of Charles- ton. His equestrian statue of Gen. Jackson, cast in Oct. 1852, was inaug. Jan. 8, 1853, and stands in Lafayette Square, Washington, near the President's house. During the next session, $50,000 was appropriated by Congress for a colossal equestrian statue of Washington, to be executed by him : this statue, which is some- Avhat larger than that of Jackson, was inaug. at Washington Feb. 22, 1 860. Mr. Mills's next employment was the casting of a colossal statue of Liberty, from a design by Crawford ; finished in 1863 : it now crowns the dome of the Capitol. Mills, Robert, engineer and architect of S.C, d. Washington, D.C., 3 Mar. 1855. Ar- chitect of the US. P.O., Treasury, and Patent- office buildings. Author of " Amcr. Pharos, or Light-house Guide," Svo, 1832 ; " Statistics of S.C," Svo, 1826; "Atlas of S.C," fol. 1826; " Guide to the Nat. Exec. Offices, Washington," 1842. Mills, Samuel John, "The Father of Foreign Missions in America," b. Torringford, Ct., Apr. 21, 1783 ; d. at sea, June IS, 1818. Wms. Coll. 1S09. Son of the eccentric clergy- man of Torringford of the same name (1743- 1833 ). At the And. Theol. Sem. he was active in disseminating his project, which resulted in the app. of a "Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions ; " in the embarkation of Rev. Messrs. Hall, Nott, Judson, Rice, and Newell, for Calcutta, in Feb. 1812; and the establishment of missions in Ceylon, the Sand- wich Islands, &c. Ord. June 21, 1S15, andmade two tours through the Southern and Western States with Messrs. Schermerhorn and Smith, of which he pub. an account, Andover, Svo, 1815. On his return he originated the Amer. Bible Society, formed in N.Y. May S, 1816; and was instrumental in the formation of the Amer. Colonization Society, Jan. 1, 1817 ; app. its agent to explore the west coast of Africa for a suitable site for the colony, he reached its coast, March 12, 181S; explored the country; and embarked for the U.S., via England, May 22, but died on the passage. His Memoirs have been pub. by Gardiner Spring, D.D., Svo, 1820. Milmore, Martin, sculptor, b. Boston, 1845. Entered Ball's studio in July, 1860, and has produced an alto-relief, "Prosphor;" a stat- uette of "Devotion ; " busts of Longfellow, Sum- ner, Geo. Ticknor, Gen. Thayer, and an ideal of "Miranda;" statues of Ceres, Flora, and, Pomona, in Horticultural Hall, Boston ; and T VTTT, 623 i^djjsr a monument at Forest Hills, commemorating, by the city of Roxbury, her sons who fell dur- ing the Rebellion. Noav ^1871) engaged upon a similar work for the city of Boston, to be placed on Boston Common. — Tuckerman. Milnor, James, D.D. (U. of Pa.), clergy- man, b. Phila. June 20, 1773 ; d. N.Y. Apr. 8, 1845. U. of Pa. He studied law ; commenced practice in 1794; removed to Phila. in 1797; soon attained a prominent position ; and was M.C.in 1811-13. Ord. to the ministry in 1814 ; officiated in Pa. ab. two years ; and was from 1816 to his death rector of St. George's Church. He was an efficient supporter of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, and of the Bible and Tract Societies. He pub. a few addresses and occasional sermons. — See "Memoirs of the Life of James Milnor," by J. S. Stone, D.D., N.Y. 1848. Milns, William, teacher and dramatist ; d. Boston Mar. 1801, a. 40. He had been a teacher in N.Y. and Boston. Author of some plays, — " The Comet," "All in a Bustle," and "A Flash in the Pan." Milroy, Gen. Robert H., b. Ind. ab. 1814. He studied law ; was adm. to the bar ; served as capt. 1st Ind. Vols, in the Mexican war; entered the service in 1861 as brig.-gen. Ind. Vols. ; served in Western Va. under McClellan and Rosccrans ; com. the forces engaged at Carrick's Ford ; and was app. brig.- gen. vols. Sept. 3, 1861 ; he served under Fre- mont and Sigel, and in the 2d battle of Bull Run; maj.-gen. Nov. 29, 1862; he com. ab. 8,000 men at Winchester, where he was at- tacked 15 June, 1863, and retreated, losing nearly half his force. Milton, Gen. Homer Virgil, Revol. officer; d. Jeff. Co., Ga., May, 1822. Maj. 3d U.S. Inf. May, 1808; lieut.-col. 6th Inf. 3 Sept. 1810; col. 3d Inf. 15 Aug. 1813; re- signed 30 Nov. 1814. Mina (mee'-na), Xavier, a Spanish offi- cer, b. Navarre, 1789. Nephew of the celebrat- ed Spanish guerilla chief; undertook to liberate Mexico, which he entered in Apr. 1817 with a small force. He gained several victories, but was captured and shot at Mexico, 11 Nov. 1817. Miner, Alonzo Ames, D.D. (H.U. 1863), Universalist clergyman, b. Lempster, N.H., 17 Aug. 1814. Grandson of Charles, a Revol. sol- dier, who was 6th in dcsc. from Thos. of Boston, 1630. Brought up on a farm, and received an academical education ; principal of the Sclent, and Milit. Acad, of Unity, N.H., 1 835-9. Ord. June, 1839 ; settled at Mcthuen, Ms.; and over the 2d Church of Lowell, July, 1842 ; also edit- ing the Star of Bethlehem ; chosen coll. of Mr. Ballon (2d Church, Boston) 1 May, 1848, where he still continues; since 1852, and till recentlj^, has been sole pastor ; pres. of Tufts Coll. since July, 1862 ; a leader m antislavcry and temperance reform, and disting. as a lec- turer on these topics. Contrib. to Rose of Sharon, and to the Ladies' Repository. Miner, Charles, editor and M.C. (1825- 9), b. Norwich, Ct., ab. 1800; d. Wilkesbarre, Ct., Oct. 26, 1865. Emigrating at 19 to the Wyoming Valley, he became popular as a printer, and editor of the Luzerne Federalist, then of the Gleaner ; was afterward assist, edi- tor of the Political and Commercial Register of Phila.; and subsequently, with his bro., estab- lished in West Chester the Village Record, where, over the signature of " John Harwood," he made the paper very popular. He revived the silk-growing interest, and wrote the able report introduced by Gen. Van Rensselaer as chairman of the Congressional com. on agri- culture. Author of a " History of Wyoming," 8vo, 1845. To the Gleaner he contrib. the cele- brated essays entitled " From the Desk of Poor Robert the Scribe." Miner, Thomas, M.D., b. Middletown, Ct., Oct. 15, 1777; d. Worcester, Ms., April 23, 1841. Y.C. 1796. Pres. Ct. Med. Soc. 1834-7. He practised first at Middletown, and was a founder of the Yale Med. Institute, and of the Ct. Retreat for the Insane. In 1823, in connection with Dr. Wm. Tully, he pub. " Essays upon Fevers and other Medical Sub- jects ; " in 1825 he pub. an account of Typhus Syncopalis. Dr. Miner contrib. to the period- icals of the day biographical sketches of dis- tinguished physicians of Ct., medical essays, and translations from French medical works. Dr. Williams has pub. his Autobiography. Minns, Thomas, pub. of the Mercury, and editor of the N.E. Palladium, 1792-1828; d. Boston, 4 Apr. 1836, a. 62. Minor, Benjamin Blake, b. Tappahan- nock, Va., 1818. Educated at U. of Va., and Wm. and Mary Coll. (1838). Editor of new editions of Wythe's " Reports," with a Memoir, and of Hening and Mumford's "Reports Sup. Ct. of Appeals." Some years editor and pro- prietor Southern Lit. Messenger. — Allihone. Minor, Lucian, b. Louisa Co., Va., 1802. Wm. and Mary Coll. 1823. Atty.-gen. of Va. for Louisa Co. 1828-52. Has pub. many ad- dresses, &c. ; contrib. to the Southern Lit. Mes- senger, &c. ; author of a large portion of what relates to the civil duties of a J. P. in Davie's " Guide to Justices ; " added notes and preface to Call's " Va. Reports ; " and has condensed the 4 vols, of Hening and Mumford into one, adding subsequent decisions and enactments. His best known tract, " Reasons for abolishing the Liquor-Traffic," had a sale of 30,000. — Allihone. Minor, William Thomas, LL.D. (Wesl. U. 1855), lawver, gov of Ct. 1856-8 ; b. Woodbury, Ct.' 3 Oct. 1815. Y.C. 1834. 8 years in the State legisl. Consul-gen. to Ha- vana 1864-7; judge Sup. Court of Ct. Minot, George, lawyer, b. Haverhill, Ms., Jan. 5, 1817; d. Reading, Ms., Apr. 16, 1858. H.U. 1836. Son of Judge Stephen. After completing his legal studies with Rufus Choate, he was adm. to the Suffolk bar in Apr. 1839 ; opened an office in Boston, and rose rapidly to distinction. Editor for 10 years of the U.S. Statutes at Large ; rendered valuable aid to Mr. Peters in the preparation of the first 8 vols, of the statutes pub. in 1848; reported the decisions of Judge Woodbury ; and pub. an edition of the 9 vols, of Eng. Admiralty Re- ports in 1854. In 1844 he edited the valuable " Digest of the Decisions of the Sup. Ct. of Ms.," to which he added a Supplement in 1852. — Necrology of H. U, Minot, George Richards, judge, and MIIN 624 IMIT man of letters, b. Boston 28 Dec. 1758; d. there 2 Jan. 1802. H.U. 1778. Adm. to the bar in 1781 ; practised law snccessfully in Boston ; clerk of the house of reps. 1782-91 ; sec. of the convention which adopted the U. S. Constitution ; app. judge of probate 1792 for Suffolk Co.; chief justice C.C.P. 1799; and judge of the Municipal Court of Boston, 1800-2. A founder of the Ms. Hist. Soc, and editor of 3 vols, of its Collections. He deliv- ered the Oration at Boston 5 Mar. 1782; a Fu- neral Euloirv on Washington in 1800; an Ad- dress to the Charitable Fire Soc. in 1795; was the author of a " Hist, of the Insurrection in Ms." in 1786, and of a continuation of Hutchinson's "Hist, of Ms.," 2 vols. 1798- 1802, besides many fugitive pieces in the mag- azines and newspapers. His son William (H.U. 1802) has long been an eminent lawyer of Boston. — See Memoir in Ms. Hist. Colls, viii. MintO, Walter, LL.D., mathematician, b. Scotland, Sept. 6, 1753 ; d. Princeton, N.J., Oct. 21, 1796. U. of Edinburgh. He became tutor of the two sons of George Johnstone, M.P., commiss. to this country 1778, and with them travelled over Europe. He came to Amer. in 1786, and was prof, of math, in the Coll. of N.J. from 1787 to 1796. He pub. an "Inaug. Address on the Mathematical Scien- ces," 1788 ; a work stating the claim of Napier as the discoverer of logarithms ; a demonstra- tion of the path of the new planet ; and re- searches into some parts of the theory of the planets, 8vo, 1783. — Princoion Mag. i. 38-47. Minturn, Robert Bowne, merchant and philanthropist, b. N.Y. City, Nov. 16, 1805; d. there Jan. 9, 1866. He re'ceived a good edu- cation, but at 14 lost his father, and entered a counting-house. In 1825 he was admitted a partner in the house of Mr. Charles Green ; and in 1830 to the house of Fish and Grinnell, since widely known as " Grinnell, Minturn, and Co." He was one of the first commiss. of emi- gration ; an originator of the Association for improving the Condition of the Poor; and one of the founders of St. Luke Hospital. During the Rebellion, the state of his health compelled him to go to Europe, where all his energies were exerted in behalf of his country. Pres. of the Union League Club until his death. Minty, Gen. Robert H. G., b. Mayo, Ire- land, 4 Dec. 1801. Served in the Brit, army in 1849-53; emig. to the U.S., and settled in Mich.; app. lieut.-col. 3d Mich. Cav. 1861; col. 4th. 21 July, 1862; brig.-gen. 1864; dis- ting. at New Madrid, Farmington, pursuit of Bragg, and in various minor engagements ; com. cav. brigade in 1863-5 ; disting. at Stone River, Chickamauga, and the Atlanta cam- paign ; was in Kilpatrick's celeb, raid around Atlanta, and on many other battle-fields. Minuit, Peter, first gov. of New Nether- lands, 1626-32; came from Wesel, Rhenish Prussia, ab. 1624. He had been deacon in the Walloon Church of Wesel, and was connected ■with prominent families there. — Hist. Mag. May, 1868. Mirabeau, Boniface Riqubtti, Vicomte de, youner of parliament. Montgomery, George W., author, b. Valencia, Spain, 1804; d. June 5, 1841, at Washington, D.C. John his father, a citizen of the tj S., was many years a merchant at Alicant, Spain. He came in early life to this country, and was long employed in the dept. of state, and had been U.S. consul at Tampico and at Porto Rico. He is best known by liis historical novel " Bernardo del Carpio." He translated Irving's " Conquest of Granada " into Spanish, contrib. to the South. Lit. Messen- (jer and other periodicals, and pub. a narrative of a journey to Guatimala in 1838, 8vo, 1839. Montgomery, John B., rear-adm. U.S. N., b. N.J. Midshipm. June 4, 1812; lieut. Apr. 1, 1818; com. Dec. 9, 1839; capt. Jan. 6,1853; commo. July 16, 1862; rcar-adra. (retired list) July 25, 1866; served on Lake Ontario, in attack on Kingston, U.C, Nov. 10, 1812; capture of York Apr. 27, and of Fort George and Newark May 27, 1813; in " The Niagara," in Perry's victory on Lake Erie, Sept. 10, 1813, — receiving a sword and the thanks of Congress ; in Decatur's squad, in the Medit. in 1815 ; and participated in the cap- ture of Algerine frigate and brig, and block, of Algiers; com. sloop "Portsmouth," Pacific squad., 1845-8. During the cruise of "The Portsmouth " in the Pacific, he took possession of California, and blockaded Mazatlan some months. In Oct. 1847, he, with Capt. Lava- Ictte. in "The Congress," captured Guayamas on the Gulf of California ; com. Pacific squad. 1860-1. — Hamersly. Montgomery, Gen. Richard, b. Convoy House, near Raphoe, Ireland, Dec. 2, 1736; slain in the attack on Quebec, Dec. 31, 1775. His father (Thomas) was M. P. for Lifford. Educated at Trin. Coll.,i)ublin. He entered the army at the age of 1 8 ; and, at the siege of Louisburg, his courage and capacity won the approval of Wolfe. After its fall, his rcirt. (17th) formed part of the force sent in 1759 with Amherst to reduce the French forts on Lake Champlain ; and Montgomery became adj. of his regt. 15 May, 1760, and was in the army that marched upon Montreal under Col. IHON" 630 ]N100 Haviland ; capt. in May, 1762. He served in the campaign against the Spanish W. Indies ; resided for a time in this country, but revisited Eng,, where, in 1772, he sold out his commis- sion, and came to America. In 1773 he pur- chased an estate at Rhinebeck on the Hudson, and m. the dau. of R. R. Livingston. He rep- resented Dutchess Co. in the first Prov. con- vention in 1775 ; received in June the app. of brig.-gen. from Congress; and was second in com. under Schuyler in the exped. against Canada, The illness of Schuyler threw the chief com. upon him in Oct.; and notwith- standing the scanty supplies of munitions of war, and the mutinous spirit of his troops, he captured St. Johns, Chambly, and Montreal, and finally effected a junction with Arnold before the walls of Quebec, Dec. 4. He was ^Dec. 9, 1775) made a maj.-gen. Quebec was immediately invested; though the army was in- adequate, and on the point of mutiny, their guns few in number, and insufficient in size, and they disheartened by severe cold and protracted marches. At a council of officers, it was deter- mined to attempt to capture the place by a coup de main. The assault took place early in the morning of the last day of the year, in the midst of a snow-storm, and would probably have been successful but for the fall of the gal- lant leader, who, with two of his aides, was killed by the first and only discharge from a battery upon which they were advancing. His troops, disheartened by his fall, retreated. His death was regarded as a great public calamity ; and public honors were paid him throughout the land. He was eulogized in tlie British par- liament by Chatham, Burke, and Barre, and even by Lord North. Congress voted to erect a monument to his memory, which was placed in front of St. Paul's Church, N. Y. City. Montgomery's widow survived him more than half a century. His brother Alexander, com- monly called "Black Montgomery," was in parliament for Donegal Co. many years. MontS, Pierre du Guast, Sieur db, a French colonizer of Acadia. He was gentle- man-in-ordinary of the king's chamber, and gov. of Pons, and had been to the St. Law- rence with Chauvin, when in 1604 he received a grant of Acadie, a region defined as extend- ing from the 40th to the 46th deg. N. lat. ; and was made lieut.-gen. in Acadie, with vice-regal powers. Accomp. by Poutrincourt and Cham- plain, he set sail 7 Apr. 1604, discovered An- napolis Harbor, explored the Bay of Fundy, visited and named the River St. John, and, planting his colony on an islet at the mouth of the River St. Croix, wintered there, but in the following Aug. removed to Port Royal, where he began a settlement. He soon afterward re- turned to France, leaving the com. to Pont- grave, and despatched another ship with sup- plies for the Colony in May, 1806; but, his monopoly having been rescinded in 1607, he abandoned an enterprise from which he had reaped no benefit. Moody, James, loyalist, b. N. J. ; d. Sissi- bon, Nova Scotia, Apr. 3, 1809, a. 65. He was a farmer in N.J. at "the outset of the war, and has left a written account of his celebrated par- tisan warfare in a pamphlet pub. in Lend, in 1783, entitled "Lieut. James Moody's Narra- tive of his Exertions and Sufferings in the Cause of Govt, since the Year 1776." A new edition, ed. by Charles I. Bushnell, was pub. N.Y. 1865. He was taken and imprisoned at West Point, but subsequently escaped. After the war, went to Eng., and settled on his half- pay in N.S., where he was a col. of militia. — Duychinck. Moody, Joshua, minister of Portsmouth, N.H., b. Eng. 1633; d. Boston, July 4, 1697. H. U. 1653. Ord. 11 July, 1671. William his father settled in Newbury in 1634. Joshua began to preach ab. 1658. His regard for the purity and reputation of his church having brought upon him the enmity of Gov. Cran- field, he was imprisoned, but was shortly re- leased upon condition that he would preach no more in N.H. May 23, 1684, he became assist, minister of the First Church, Boston, and was invited to take charge of H.U., but declined. During the witchcraft troubles in 1692, he opposed the unjust and violent meas- ures toward the imagined offenders, and aided Philip English and his wife to escape from prison. His zeal in this matter occasioned his dismission from his church ; and he passed the rest of his life in Portsmouth. Author of "Communion with God," 12mo, 1685; Election Sermon, 1692. Moody, Paul, mechanician, b. Byfield, Ms., 23 May, 1779; d. Lowell, July 7, 1831. Descended from Wm. Moody. Obtained a common-school education ; worked a while in a woollen-factory in his native town ; and, at- tracting by his talent the attention of the cele- brated inventor Jacob Perkins, he intrusted him with his machine-shop. He took charge of the cotton-factory at Waltham ab. 1813; and when similar establishments were com- menced at Lowell, ab. 1824, his valuable ser- vices were transferred to those. He made several important inventions, among them the dead spindle and the governor. — See Sketches of the Moodi) Family. Moody, Samuel, minister of York, Me., b. Newbury, Ms., Jan. 4, 1676; d. Nov. 13, 1747. H.U. 1697. Ord. Dec. 29, 1700. He was an eccentric but very u.seful man. Though deriving his support from voluntary contribu- tions, he was very charitable and benevolent. Chaplain to Pepperrell's Cape Breton exped. 1745. He pub. "The Doleful State of the Damned," 1710; "Account of the Life and Death of Joseph Quasson, an Indian," &c. Moody, Samuel, 30 years an eminent teacher at Dummer Acad., b. Apr. 18, 1725; d. Exeter,Dec. 14, 1795. H.U. 1746. Son of Rev. J. of York, where he began teaching. Many dis- ting. men were his pupils. — Moodij Family. Mooers, Gen. Benjamin, b. Haverhill, Ms., Apr. 1, 1758; d. Plattsburg, N.Y., Feb. 20, 1838. Entering an ensign in the Revol. army, he was at the surrender of Burgoyne and of Cornwallis, serving in the capacity of licut. and adj. in Hazen's rcgt. to the end of the war. In 1783 he settled in the vicinity of Plattsburg, then a wilderness ; held various offices ; was 8 years in the N.Y. legisl. ; was maj.-gen. of militia, and com. as such at the battle of Plattsburg, Sept. 11, 1814. m:oo 631 m:oo Moore, Alfred, jurist, b. Brunswick Co., N.C., May 21, 1755 ; d. Belfont, N.C., Oct. 15, 1810. Son of Judge Maurice. Educated in Boston, where he also acquired a knowledge of military tactics. In 1775 he joined the Cont. troops of N.C., with the rank of capt. ; and, when the British seized Wilmington, he raised a troop of vols., with whom he did good ser- vice. T[ie war left him penniless, and with- out any means of supporting his family. In 1790 the Assembly elected him atty.-gen. of the State, although he was no lawyer, and had never in his life read a law-book. By study, as well as by careful observation, he mastered the intricacies of judicial science, and soon be- came an ornament of the bar. In 1798 he was promoted to the bench of the State ; and in 1799 -1805 was an assoc. justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. Alfred his son, b. Brunswick Co., N.C., 1783, d. July 28, 1837. He possessed splendid talents, was learned and eloquent, and was for many years a member as well as speak- er of the h. of delegates. Moore, Gen. Andrew, soldier and states- man, b. Va. ; d. May, 1821. He served in the battle of Point Pleasant, Oct. 10, 1774. M.C. 1789-97 and 1803-4 ; U.S. senator 1804-9. Moore, Benjamin, D.D. (Col. Coll. 1789), Prot.-Ep. bishop of N.Y., b. Newtown, L.I., Oct. 16, 1748; d. Greenwich, N.Y., Feb. 27, 1816. Col. Coll. 1768. InMay, 1774, he went to England to obtain orders and in June was ord. deacon and priest by the bishop of Lon- don ; he was settled assist, minister of Trinity Church, N.Y., on his return ; became rector Dec. 22, 1800; and consecrated bishop Sept. 11, 1801. In 1784-7 he was prof, of logic and rhetoric in Col. Coll. ; and in 1801-11 pres. of that institution. He was an accom- plished scholar and preacher. A collection of his sermons was pub. after his death by his son C. C. Moore, 2 vols. 8vo, N.Y. 1824. Moore, Charles Whitlock, a promi- nent Freemason, b. Boston, 29 Mar. 1801. He received a good education; entered the Mason- ic order in 1822, attaining the highest degrees, and was Recording G.S. of the G.L. of Ms. 34 years. He ably defended the order in the days of its persecution (1827-34) ; pub. the Masonic Mirror in 1825 ; in 1828 the Amaranth, after- ward merged in the Bnnker-hill Aurora ; and in 1841 began, and has since conducted, the Free- mason's Monthli) Mag. In 1823 he issued the first No. of Zion's Herald. He has pub. Law- rie's " Hist, of Freemasonry," with notes and additions, 18mo, 1829; and "Masonic Trestle- Board," 8vo, 1843. Moore, Clement Clarke, LL.D., scholar, b. New York, July 15, 1779 ; d. New- port, R.I., July 10, 1863. Son of Bishop Moore. Col. Coll. 1798. He studied Hebrew ; was app. prof, of biblical learning in the Prot.- Ep. Sem. in N.Y. in Dec. 1821 ; app. prof, of Hebrew and Greek lit., afterwards changed to Oriental and Greek lit. To this institution he gave the large plot of ground on which it stands in the city of N.Y. He received the title of emeritus prof, in 1850. He pub. a col- lection of poems, 12mo, N.Y. 1844; and "George Castriot," 12mo, 18.50. To Dr. Moore belongs the high merit of having been the pioneer in this country in the dept. of He- brew lexicography ; his Hebrew and Greek Lexicon having been pub. in 1809. He also pub. a collection of Bishop Moore's sermons, 2 vols. 8vo. He wrote the famous ballad, commencing " 'Tvvas the night before Christ- mas ; and all through the house," &c. Moore, Cornelius, b. Hunterdon Co., N. J., 1806. Editor and prop. Masonic Mag. since its commencement in 1838; author of " History of the Ancient Charges and Regula- tions of Fi-eeraasonry ; " " Outlines of the Tem- ple," 12mo, 1854; "The Craftsman," 8vo; "The Templar's Text-Book," 12mo, 1853.— AUibone. Moore, Edward M., M.D., surgeon, b. Rahway, N.J., 15 July, 1814. U. of Pa. 1838. In 1838, in conjunction with Dr. C. L. Pen- nock of Phila., he performed a series of origi- nal experiments relative to the heart, which ex- cited much attention. Removing to Rochester, N.Y., ab. 1840, he acquired a high reputation in his profession ; many years prof, of surgery in the Buffalo Med. College. — Thomas. Moore, Edwin Ward, commo. in the Texan navy, b. Alexandria, Va., 1811 ; d. New York, Oct.'5, 1865. Entering the U.S. navy in 1825, he was a 1st lieut. in 1836, when se- lected by the new Texan govt, to com. its navy, yet to be created. Resigning in 1837, he, partly from his own resources, purchased two small ships, and equipped them as vessels of war. He set sail early in 1838, and, con- trary to the orders of Pres. Houston, attacked the Mexican fleet of 8 vessels, including two steamers, in the Bay of Campeachy; and in a series of hot engagements finally routed and dispersed it with heavy losses in ships and men. He received from the Texan Congress for this service an extensive grant of land, and a large sum of money. Moore, Prank, b. Concord, N.H., 17 Dec. 1823. Sec. of legation at Paris. Son of Ja- cob B. He pub. " Songs and Ballads of the Amer. Rcvol.," 1856 ; " Cyclopaedia of Amer. Eloquence," 2 vols. 8vo, 1857; "The Press of the Amer. Revol.;" "Diary of the Amer. Revol.," 2 vols. 8vo, 1860; "The Rebellion Record," 11 vols. 8vo., 1862-8; " Speeches of And. Johnson, with a Biog. Introd.," 1865; "Lyrics of Loyalty," 1864; "Rebel Rhymes and Rhapsodies," 1864 ; "Personal and Polit. Ballads," 1864; and "Materials for History," 4to, 1861. Moore, Gabriel, statesman of Alabama, b. Stokes Co., N.C.; d. Caddo, Texas, 1844. M.C. 1822-9; gov. 1829-31; U. S. senator 1831-7. Moore, George H., LL.D. (N. Y. U), author, b. Concord, N.H., Apr. 20, 1823. N. Y. U. 1843. Son of Jacob B. Moore. Ho went to New Yoi*k in 1839 ; was assist, lib. of the N.Y. Hist. Soc. in 1841-9 ; librarian since 1849. He has pub. "Treason of Charles Lee," 8vo, 1860 ; " Employment of Negroes in the Revol. Army," 1862 ; " Hist, of Slavery in Ms.," 8vo, 1866, since followed by Additional Notes on the same subject. He is now (1870) engaged upon a Hist, of the Jurisprudence of N.Y. Contrib. to the Hist. Mag. and to the jour- nals of New York. — Hist. Mag. vol. vii. 1. :vxoo 632 TdlOO Moore, Sir Henry, b. Jamaica, 1713. For suppressing a slave-insurrection in Jamai- ca, of which he was gov. (app. 175G), he was made a hart., and gov. of N.Y. from 29 Jan. 1764 to Ills d. 11 Sept. 1769. He arrived in the Colony in Nov. 1765. Moore, Henry Eaton, composer of music, b. Andovcr, N.H., July 21, 1803; d. E. Cam- bridge, Ms., Oct. 23, 1841. He served his time as a printer with his bro. Jacob B. and Isaac Hill, and pub. the Grafion Journal at Plymouth, N.H., from Jan. 1, 1825, to March, 1826; he afterward became a teacher, and a thorough proficient in musical science ; wrote the "Mu- sical Catechism," "Merrimack Collection of Instrumental Music," " N.H. Coll. of Church Music," "The Choir," "A Collection of An- thems, Choruses, and Set Pieces," and the "Northern Harp." Another brother, John Weeks Moore, b. Andovcr, April 11, 1807, also a printer, edited the Bellows-Falls Gazette for several years ; and has pub. " A Complete Encyclopsedia of Music," 1854; "Vocal and Instrumental Self-Instructor," " Sacred Min- strel," Musician's Lexicon," and " Amor. Coll. of Instrum. Music," 4to, 1856. — Duychinck. Moore, Horatio Newton, novelist, b. N. J. 1814; d. Phila. Aug. 26, 1859. Author of " Mary Morris," " The Groomsman," " The Marriage-Certificate," "The Heart Over- tasked," " Two Months Married," " Fitzgc^rald and Hopkins," " The Roign of Terror," and " Eight and Wrong ; " also the tragedies of " Orlando " and " The Regicides," and Lives of Gen. Marion and Gen. Wayne (1845). He contrib. memoirs of the famous refugees, the Doanes, to the Boston Museum. — Simpson. Moore, Jacob Bailey, M.D., surgeon and song-writer; d. Jan. 10, 1813, a. 40. Of a Scotch family who settled at Georgetown, JMe. His father was a surgeon in a national vessel. The son practised in Andover from 1796 to Apr. 1812, when he became a surgeon U.S.A. Some of his musical compositions arc in Hoi yoke's "Repository." Moore, Jacob Bailey, hist, writer, b. Andover, N.H., Oct. 31 , 1797 ; d. Bellows Falls, Vt., Sept. 1, 1853. Son of the preceding; learned the trade of a printer in the office of the Patriot, at Concord, N.H., to which he was a contrib ; marrying a sister of Isaac Hill the proprietor, he became a partner in his business, but subsequently established the N. II. States- man to support J. Q. Adanis for the presidency ; member of the State legisl. in 1828 ; sheriff of Merrimaxjk Co. in 1829-34 ; and from 1826 to 1829 edited the N. 11. Journal. Removing to N.Y. in 1 839, he edited the Daili/ Whig for a short period ; was in 1 841-5 in the post-ofFiceat Wash- .ington; librarian of the N.Y. Hist. Soc. 1845-8; and in 1 848-52 was postmaster at San Francisco, Cal. Farmer and Moore's "Hist. Colls, of N.H." (3 vols. 1822-24) gathered up, and ar- ranged in an enduring form, fragments of great value, which might otherwise have been lost: this was one of the first publications devoted to local history in this country. He also pub. "Memoirs of American Governora," 1846; " Gazetteer of N.H. ; " " Laws of Trade in the U.S.," 1840 ; " Hist, of Andover " and " Hist, of Concord," 1824; and essentially aided Mr. John Farmer in his antiquarian researches. His sons George H. and Frank are known as authors. Moore, James, gov. of S.C. in 1700-3 and in 1719-21 ; undertook an unsuccessful expcd. against the Spaniards at St. Augustine in 1702, entailing a heavy burden on the Colony, to meet which the first paper-money was issued in S.C., under the name of bills of credit. In 1 703 ho chastised the Appalacliian Indians, and de- stroyed their settlements. (See ace. of this exped. in Carroll's Hist. Colls, of S.C.) He was after- ward in the council ; was atty. and rec. gen., and judge of the Admiralty Court ; and in 1721-5 was speaker of the Assembly. Moore, James, of New Hanover', N.C.,brig. gen. Revol. army ; d. 1776. Capt. of art. under Gov. Tryon at the defeat of the regulators, May 16, 1771 ; and in Aug. 1775 received from the Prov. Congress at Hillsborough the com. of the first regt. raised for the defence of N.C. In Feb. 1776, Gen. McDonald, with 1,500 men, principally Highlanders, having erected the king's standard at Cross Creek, Col. Moore, with his regt. and a detachment of militia, Feb. £3, with the aid of Cols. Caswell and Lillington, attacked and routed him. The Prov. Council of N.C. on the 4th of Mar. passed a vote of thanks to Col. Moore for this signal service. Made a brig.-gen 1 March, 1776; he died of fever shortly after, while on his way to join the army under Washington. Moore, Rev. Martin, 20 years editor of the Boston Recorder, b. Sterling, Ms., 22 Apr. 1790; d. Cambridge, Ms., 12 Mar. 1866. B.U. 1810. Descended from John of Sudbury, 1642. Nearly 30 years minister at Natick, Ms., and afterward at Cohasset; in 1861-6 vice.-pres. of the N. E. Hist. Gencal. Society. Author of a "Life of John Eliot," 1842; and a " Hist, of Natick, Ms.," 1817. Moore, Maurice, jurist, b. Brunswick Co., N.C. ; d. 1776. His grandfather Sir Na- thaniel, gov. of N.C. in 1705, claimed descent from the Marquis of Drogheda, Ireland. Maurice, together with ISIartin Howard and Richard Henderson, constituted the judicial bench of N.C.when the Revol. closed the courts ; member of the Prov. Congress in 1775-6 ; aided materially in forming the State constitution ; and was one of a com. app. to draw up an addr. to the people of Great Britain on the wrongs of the N.A. Colonics. It is remarkable that liis disting. bro. Col. James Moore, then on his way to join Gen. Washington, d. in the same house, at the same time. Moore, Nathaniel F., LL.D. (Col. Coll. 1825), scholar, b. Newtown, L.I., Dec. 25, 1782. Col. Coll. 1802. Nephew of Bishop Bcnj. Moore. Adm. to the bar in 1805; app. in 1817 adjunct prof.; and was from 1820 to 1835 prof, of Latin and Greek in Col. Coll.; librarian 1837-42; pres. 1842-9. In 1839 he visited Egypt and the Holy Land. Besides pamphlets and essays, he has pub. " Ancient Mineralogy," 1834; "Remarks on the Pro- nunciation of the Greek Language;" "Lec- tures on the Greek Language and Literature ; " and a hist, sketch of Col. Coll. 1846. Moore, Richard Channing, D.D. (Col. Coll. 1794), Prot.-Ep. bishop of Va., b. New MOO 633 m:or York, Aug. 21, 1762; d. Lynchburg, Va., Nov. 11, 1841. He was educated at King's Coll., N.Y. Followed a sea-faring life for a short time, and became a medical practitioner ; but took holy orders in July, 1787, and after a brief service at Rye, Westchester Co., he was called to St. Andrew's parish, embracing the whole of Staten Island, Avhere he continued 20 years. Rector of St. Stephen's Church, N.Y. City, 1809-May 13, 1814 ; then consec. bishop, iind app. rector of the Monumental Church m Richmond, which position he occupied until the close of his life. — See Memoirs of his Life, with a Selection from his Sermons, by J. P. K. Hen- shaw, 8vo, 1843. Moore, Thomas P., soldier and M.C., b. Ky. 1795 ; d. llarrodsburg, Ky., July 21, 1853. He was an officer in the war of 1812 ; M.C. in 1823-9 and in 1833-5; minister to the Repub- lic of Colombia in 1829 ; and maj. 18th U.S. Inf. in the Mexican war. Member of the Ky. Const. Convention of 1849. Moore, Zephaniah Swift, D.D. (Wms. Coll. 1816), scholar, b. Palmer, Ms., Nov. 20, 1770 ; d. Amherst, Ms., June 30, 1823. Dartm. Coll. 1793. While a child, his parents removed to Vt. Principal of the Londonderry Acad, in 1793-4; studied divinity in Ct. ; was minister of Leicester, Ms., June 10, 1798, to Oct. 28, 1811 ; prof, of languages in Dartm. Coll. 1811- 15; chosen pres. of Wms. Coll. in Sept. 1815, he became unpopular on account of the at- tempted removal of the institution to Hamp- shire Co. ; and, on the establishment of Amh. Coll. in 1821, was chosen its first pres., and as- sumed its charge in 1 822. Moran, Benjamin, diplomatist, b. Lane Co., Pa., 1820. His father was manager of a small cotton-factory at Trenton, N.J. The son, at first a printer in Phila., went to Eng. ab. 1850; travelled over it on foot in 1851-3; and pub. a vol., "The Footpath and High- way." In 1854 he prepared the cases for the commiss. then sitting in Lond. for the settle- ment of claims between the U.S. and Great Britain. Mr. Buchanan then made him clerk to the mission, afterward his private sec. ; and in Nov. 1855 he was made sec. of legation; vice-consul at Lond. Apr. 1856 to 1 Jan. 1857; assist, sec. of legation to July, 1864; and sec. since that time, frequently acting as charge' or acting minister. A contrib. to English and American periodicals. Morazan, Gen. Francisco, a Central- Amer. statesman, b. Honduras, 1799; shot in Costa Rica, Sept. 15, 1842. Of Corsican ex- traction. In 1 824 he became sec-gen. of Hon- duras ; and soon after was elected gov. of the State, disting. himself both as a statesman and as a soldier. Having in 1829 driven the re-ac- tionary party from the city of Guatimala, the National Congress decreed him the title of sa- vior of the Republic; and he soon after accepted the presidency. Expelled in 1840 by the influ- ence of the priests, he took refuge in Chili, whence, in 1 842, he went to Costa Rica, where he was made pres. by acclamation. An insur- rection shortly after took place, to which he fell a victim. Mordecai, Alfred, maj. U.S.A., b. N.C. West Point, 1823. Assist, prof. nat. philos. and cng. to July, 1825 ; capt. of ordnance 30 May, 1832; brev. major for meritorious con- duct in Mexico, May 30, 1848 ; major, Dec. 31, 1854; resigned 5 May, 1861 ; assist, engr. Mex- ico and Pacific R. R. since 1863. Ordered to Europe to observe the Crimean War, April 2, 1855. Author of Report thereon to the Sec. of War ; " Reports of Experiments on Gunpow- der," 1845 and 1849; of "Artillery for U.S. Land Service," 1849; of "Ordnance Manual," 1850; "Digest of Military Laws," 8vo, 1833. Morehead, Charles S., lawyer and poli- tician, b. Nelson Co., Ky., 1802; d. near Green- ville, Mpi., Dec. 23, 1868. Educated at Tran- sylvania U. He adopted the profession of law ; was member of the legisl. 1828-9 ; atty.-gen. in 1834-7 ; was again in the legisl. in 1838-41, offi- ciating as speaker in 1840 and '41 ; was re-elected in 1842 and 1844, and for the third time chosen speaker; M.C. 1847-51 ; again in the legisl. in 1853; gov. in 1855-9. Many years one of the most devoted friends and supporters of Henry Clay. Delegate to the Peace Convention of Feb. 1861. His endeavors to bring about the secession of Ky. occasioned his arrest, Sept. 19, 1861, and incarceration in Fort Lafayette, where he was long kept. With M. Brown, he pub. " Digest of the Statute Laws of Ky.," &c., 8vo, 4 vols. 1834. Morehead, James T., lawyer, b. Coving- ton, Ky., May 24, 1797 ; d. there Dec. 28, 1854. U. of N.C. 1819. In 1813-14 he studied at Transylv. U. and in the law-office of J. J. Crit- tenden; commenced practice in 1819 at Bowl- ing Green; from 1828 to 1831 was a member of the Ky. legisl.; in 1832 Avas lieut.-gov. ; gov. in 1834-6; he then returned to the bar at Frankfort ; in 1837 was again elected to the State legisl. ; was pres. of the Board of Inter- nal Improvements in 1838-41 ; U.S. senator 1 841-7. He subsequently practised law at Cov- ington. He pub. " Practice and Proceedings at Law in Ky.," 8vo, 1846; "Address commem. of the First Sett, of Ky. at Boonesborough," 25 May, 1840, Frankfort, 8vo. Miorehead, John M., gov. of N.C. 1841-5, b. there ab. 1796; d. Rockbridge, Va., Aug. 28, 1866. U. of N.C. 1817. He was a success- ful and able lawyer, and a warm friend of Henry Clay. Pres. of the National Whig Con- vention, 1848. Morell, George, jurist, b, Lenox, Ms., 22 Mar. 1786; d. Detroit, Mar. 8, 1845. Wms. Coll. 1807. Adm. to the bar in 1811 ; settled at Cooperstown, N.Y. ; app. first judge Otsego Co. Court 1827; member of the Assembly 1829; re-app. judge 1832; U.S. judge of Mich. Terr. 1832-6 ; judge Sup. Ct. of Mich. 1836- 43 ; chief justice 18 July, 1843, to his death. Morelos, Jose Maria, a Mexican revolu- tionist, b. N. Mexico, 1780 ; shot near the city of Mexico 22 Dec. 1815. He was curate of Nucapetaro in Valladolid ; and in Oct. 1810 joined the insurgent chief Hidalgo, who made him capt.-gen. of the provinces on the south-w. coast. He soon made himself remarkable for his audacity and activity ; captured many places in the southern part of the province ; and took Acapulco, Aug. 30, 1813. In Dec. of that year he marched against Valladolid, but was defeated there by Iturbide with great loss, and m:or 6M :M.oii from this time suffered a succession of defeats ; while marching to join Toledo and Humbert, he was (Nov. 5, 1815) surprised and taken, and shot as a traitor. Morfit, Campbell, chemist, b. Herculane- um, Mo., 1 820. Columbian Coll., Washington, D.C. Studied chemistry in Fhila. He became proprietor of a manuf of commercial chemicals ; and in 1848 was co-editor of the "Encyclopae- dia of Chemistry " with Prof Booth. He or- ganized the chemical dept. of the Md. Institute, and filled the chair of analyt. and applied chem- istry in the U. of Md. in 1854-8. He has written a report upon gun-metal to the US. ordnance dept.; in 1851 pub. a report of the Progress of the Chemical Arts for the Smiths. Institution; and, with A. Muckle, "Chemical and Pharmaceutic Manipulations," 8vo, 1849. Morgan, Abel, Bapt. min. of Pennepek, Pa., b. Wales, 1637 ; d. 16 Dec. 1722. He com- piled a folio Concordance to the Welsh Bible, printed at Phila. ; and also translated " Century Confession " into Welsh, with additions. — Benedkl, i. 583. Morgan, Chakles W., commo. U.S.N., b. Va. 1790; d. Washington, D.C, 5 Jan. 1853. Nephew of Gen. Dan. Morgan. Midsh. 1 Jan. 1808; lieut. 3 Mar. 1813; com. 15 Apr. 1820; capt. 21 Feb. 1831; lieut. of "The Constitu- tion " in her action with " The Guerriere," 19 Aug. 1812, and with " The Java," 29 Dec. 1812, for which services he received a sword from the Va. legisl. He com. the Mediterranean squadron in 1841-3. Morgan, Gen. Daniel, b. Hunterdon Co., N.J., 1736; d. Winchester, Va., July 6, 1802. He had little education; at ;^he age of 17 left his father's farm, and was a wagoner in Brad- dock's army in 1755. In the spring of 1756 he knocked down a British lieut. who had in- sulted him, for which he received 500 lashes. The officer afterward made him a public apolo- gy. In 1757 he served in the militia, and dis- ting. himself in the defence of Edwards Fort. la 1758 he was made an enssign, and, while carrying despatches, was waylaid and severely wounded by Indians, escaping by presence of mind and the fleetness of his horse, from whose back he was taken insensible. After the peace Tie was much addicted to gambling and dissipa- tion, and noted as a pugilist; but before 1771 had reformed; became a man of substance; and in 1774 com. a company in Lord Dunmore's ex- ped. against the Indians. Immediately after the battle of Lexington, he, in less than a week, enrolled 96 men, the nucleus of his cele- brated rifie corps, and marched them to Boston. He com. 3 companies in the exped. of Arnold against Quebec, and behaved with gallantry, but was made prisoner. On his exchange he was app., Nov. 12, 1776, col. of a rifle corps ( 1 1 th Va. ). Sent to the assistance of Gates in Sept. 1777, he took a most important part in the victory at Saratoga. The Va. legisl. voted him a horse, pistols, and sword, for this ser- vice. Rejoining the main army near Phila., he had a severe skirmish near Chestnut Hill with a part of Cornwallis's division. During a part of 1778 he was in com. of Woodford's brigade ; March 20, 1779, he was made col. 7th Va. Kegt., but resigned in June. After the defeat at Cam- den he joined the remnant of Gates's army at Hillsborough, and, Oct. 1, was placed in com. of a legionary corps; Oct. 13, 1780, he w^ made a brig.-gen. Shortly after Greene as- sumed the com. in Dec, Morgan was detached to the country watered by the Broad and Pa- colet Rivers. Pursued by Col. Tarleton, he withdrew to the Cowpens, where, Jan. 17, 1781, he gained a brillant victory over that renowned oflScer, capturing or destroying nearly the whole of his force. A gold medal testified the appre- ciation of Congress of the skill and bravery of Morgan on this occasion. By a rapid retreat he evaded the pursuitof Corn wallis, and joined Greene ; but illness, occasioned by exposure and hardship, compelled him to retire from active service. In 1794 he com. the army sent against the insurgents in Western Pa., and was M.C. in 1795-9. In 1800 he removed to Winchester. His oldest dau. m. Gen. Presby Neville of Pitts- burg. In 1799 he pub. an address to his con- stituents, vindicating the administration of Mr. Adams. His son Willoughby, col. U.S.A., d. Fort Crawford, Upper Mpi., 4 Apr. 1832. — Life of Morgan, by James Graham, 12mo, 1859. Morgan, Gen. David Banister, b. West Springfield, Ms., 1773; d. Covington, La., July 15, 1848. He removed to La. in 1803; was in the Terr, legisl. ; meniber of the Const. Conv, ; representative and senator ; and surveyor-gen. of the States of La. and Mpi. ; brig.-gen. at the battle of New Orleans. Morgan, Edwin Dennison (LL.D. of Wms. Coll. 1867), statesman, b. Washington, Ms., Feb. 8, 1811. Entering a grocery-store in Hartford, Ct., in 1828, he became a partner in 1831 ; removed to New York in 1836, and be- came a highly-successful merchant. A State senator in 1849-53 ; he was made chairman of the Repub. Committee ; and was gov. of N.Y. in 1859-63. His administration was marked by a decrease of the State debt, an increase in the revenue from the canals, and a frequent use of the veto-power. Such was his zeal and efficiency in raising and equipping troops for the war, that the State sent about 220,000 men to the field. Maj.-gen. of vols. 20 Sept. 1861 ; resigned Jan. 1, 1863. U.S. senator in 1863- 9. Offered the secretaryship of the treasury by Mr. Lincoln, but declined. Morgan, Gen. George W., b. Washing- ton Co., Pa., 20 Sept. 1820. He was a capt. in the Texan struggle for independence. Studied at West. Point in 1841-3, but removed to Mount Vernon, O., where in 1845 he began to practise law. When the Mexican war broke out, he became col. 2d Ohio Vols. (Jan. 1846), with which he repulsed the Mexican cavalry near Marin (Feb. 1847) ; was app. col. 15th U.S. Inf. Mar. 1847 ; and won the brev. of brig.-gen. for gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco, where he was severely wounded. Consul at Marseilles 1856-8; res. minister at Lisbon in 1858-61; brig.-gen. vols. Nov. 21, 1861. Assigned to duty under Gen. Buell in Mar. 1862, he took com. of the 7th division of the Array of the Ohio, with which he occupied Cumberland Gap in S.E. Ky., driving out the Confederates, June 18, but was compelled to retreat Sept. 17. In Nov. he was assigned to a com. under Gen. Rose- crans in Tenn. He com. a division under IMOR 635 ]VtOIi Sherman against Vicksburg in 1863, in which year he resigned. Democ. M.C. 1868-72. Morgan, Sir Henry, buccaneer, b. ab. 1637; d. 1690. Son of a Welsh farmer. For many years he maintained his position among the W. India islands as chief of a host of pirates composed of adventurers from all the nations of Europe. Erom his strongholds, one of which was the Island of St. Catharine's, he made many successful descents upon the Spanish settlements in his vicinity ; and at sea captured many lich prizes. In 1G66 he took Porto Bclio and Panama from the Span- iards. Having amassed a large fortune, he settled at Jamaica, of which island he was app. gov. by Charles II., and knighted. Author of "Voyage to Panama, 1670," Loud. 8vo, 1683. An account of him is in Esquemcling's "Buc- caneers of America," Lond. 4to, 1684. Morgan, Gen. James D., b. Boston, Ms., Nov. 19, 1810. At the age of 16 he went to sea in the ship " Beverley." The crew muti- nied ; and the ship was soon after burned. Morgan, with others of the crew, escaped in boats ; finally landed in S. America ; and, after the greatest hardships, made his way back to Boston, after 6 months' absence. Re- moving to Quincy, 111., in 1834, he engaged in mercantile pursuits. During the Mexican war he was capt. in the 1st 111. Vols. ; in 1861 he became lieut.-col. 7th 111. Vols. ; and, for merit, services at New Madrid and Corinth, was made brig.-gen. 17 July, 1862 ; in Nov. 1862 he com. a brigade at Nashville, Tcnn. ; and in Sherman's Atlanta and Georgia cam- paigns com. a division of the 14th corps. Morgan, John, M.D. (Edinb. U. 1764), F.R.S., an eminent physician, b. Phila. 1735 ; d. there Oct. 15, 1789. Phila. Coll. 1757. He studied medicine under Dr. Redman ; and, as a surgeon and lieut. of Pa. troops, served in the war with France until 1760, when he went to Europe ; attended the lectures and dissections of the celebrated VVm. Hunter; and, after spending two years in Edinburgh, visited Paris, Holland, and Italy ; and, on his return to London, was elected a fellow of the Roy. Soc. ; a member of the Coll. of Physi- cians in Edinburgh; and a licentiate of the Coll. of Phys. in London ; returning to Phila. in 1765, he was elected prof, of the theory and practice of med. ; and at once founded a med. school in connection with the college. In Oct. 1775 he was app. by Congress director- gen, and physician in chief to the gen. hospital of the army ; removed in 1777 in consequence of unjust clamors. A committee of Congress afterward investigated his conduct, and honor- ably acquitted him of all the charges against him. He pub. a " Discourse upon the Insti- tution of Medical Schools in America," 1765; " A Recommendation of Inoculation according to Baron Dinesdale's Method," «&c., 1776. He received in 1766, from John Sargeant of Lon- don, a gold medal for the best essay on the recip- rocal advantages of a perpetual union between Great Britain and her American Colonies. In 1777 he pub. a vindication of his public charac- ter of director-gen. One of the founders of the Amer. Philos. Soc. in 1769, and pub. some papers in its Transactions. In 1773 he visited Jamaica to procure donations for Philadelphia College. Morgan, John H.,gen. C.S.A.,b. Hunts- ville, Ala., June 1, 1826; killed at Greenville, Tenn., Sept. 4, 1864. In 1830 he settled near Lexington, Ky. He was 1st lieut. in Mar- shall's cav. at the battle of Buena Vista; was extensively engaged in the manuf. of bagging at Lexington; when, in Sept. 1861, he joined Buckner at the head of the Lexington Rifles, and at Shiloh com. a squadron of cavalry. He soon after commenced his series of raids into Ky., in which he destroyed many mil- lions of dollars' worth of military stores ; cap- tured and burned railroad-trains filled with suj)plies, tore up railroad - tracks, burned bridges, and destroyed culverts, in the rear of the Union armies ; and made it necessary to garrison every important town in the State. He moved with the utmost celerity, and, by tak- ing a telegraph-operator with him, misled his foes, and acquainted himself wiih their move- ments to intercept him. In 1863 he undertook a bold and extensive raid through Ky., Ind., and Ohio ; but he with nearly his whole com. were captured, and Morgan and his officers were confined in the Ohio Penitentiary. He after- ward escaped : subsequently undertook a raid into Tenn. ; but, being betrayed while stopping at a farm-house, was surrounded in the night by fed. cavalry, and killed in an attempt to escape. Morgan, William, whose singular fate has given his name a great notoriety, b. Cul- peper Co., Va., ab. 1775; d. Sept. 19, 1826. He served under Jackson at the battle of New Orleans ; moved to York, U.C., in 1821, where he commenced business as a brewer, but sub- sequently removed to Batavia, N. Y. In Aug. 1826 it became known that he was preparing for the press a work divulging the secrets of Freemasonry. Some infatuated members of the fraternity in his neighborhood, having failed in the attempt to dissuade him from his pro- ject, took him, on the 10th of Sept., under the pretence of a charge for larceny, to Canan- daigua. This charge having been abandoned, and a civil suit instituted, judgment was ob- tained for a small amount ; and he was com- mitted to the jail of Ontario Co. Discharged on the evening of the 12th, he was seized as he passed out of the jail, put into a carriage, and taken to Fort Niagara, where he was murdered. This outrage excited the most in- tense indignation against the order, which w^s soon turned to political purposes. An Anti- Masonic party was formed, which predominated in Western N.Y., and had many converts else- where. Author of " Illustrations of Masonry," the 2d ed. of which (1826) contains an ace. of his kidnapping. Morillo, Pablo, Count of Carthagena, and Marquis de la Pucrta, a Spanish gen., b. Fuente, 1777; d. Madrid, 1838. He first served against Napoleon, rising to the rank of general; placed m 1815 at the head of the Spanish forces in S. America, he became noted for his cruelty to the revolutionists, but was finally defeated by Bolivar, and compelled to sign the truce of Truxillo, Nov. 25, 1820 ; after which he returned to Sjpain. He then sided alternately with both parties, and, on the resto- MIOR 636 JV£OK. ration of absolute monarchy, was exijellcd the country, and his estates confiscated. He was allowed to return in 1832; was made gov. of Galicia, and com. the forces against Don Car- los. He pub. his " Memoires " in Paris, 1820. Morison, Rev. John Hopkixs, D D. (H. U. 1858), b. Peterborough, N.H., 25 July, 1808. H.U. 1831. Unit, pastor of Milton, M^., since 1846. Author of "Manual for Sunday Schools ; " " Centcn. Address at Peterb. Oct. 24,1839;" " Life of Hon. Jcrc. Smith, LL.D.," 1845; also a number of occasional sermons,' addresses, &c. Morphy, Paul Charles, the greatest of modern chess-players, b. N. Orleans, June 22, 1837; son of Judge M. of the Supreme Court of La., and learned the moves from see- ing his father play. In the autumn of 1849 Herr Loewenthal, the celebrated Hungarian player, visited the Crescent City; and out of 3 games against the young Paul, then but 12 years old, he lost 2, and drew 1. He was edu- cated at the S. C. College, and' studied law. At the Chess Congress in New York in 1 857, Morphy defeated in a majority of games — many being at considerable odds — the first players of the U.S.; visiting Europe in 1858, he contended Avith ail the great players of Europe — Loewenthal, Han-witz, Riviere, La- roche, Journoud Devinck, and the celebrated Adolph Andersscn, whom he vanquished — with the exception of Mr. Stanton, who prudently declined the contest. At the annual meeting of the British Chess Association at Birming- ham, he played 8 games simultaneously, with- out seeing the boards, winning 6, losing 1, and 1 being drawn. Ho has latterly devoted him- self almost excliisively to the practice of law in New Orleans and Richmond. MorreU, Capt. Benjamin, b. Worcester Co., Ms., 1795 ; d. 1839. Author of "Narra- tive of Four Voyages to the South Sea," &c., N.Y. 8vo, 1832. Morrell, Rev. William, who accomp. Capt. Robert Gorges to America in 1623, and resided at Plymouth, Ms., ab. a year. On his return to Eng., he pub. in 1625, in Latin hexam- eters and English heroics, a poem entitled " Nova Anglia" repr. in " Ms. Hist. Colls.," 1st series, i. MorriU, Anson P., gov. of Me. 1855-7 ; M.C. 1861-3 ; b. Belgrade, Mo., June 10, 1803. He engaged in mercantile and manuf. pursuits, and was some years in the Me. legislature. llMorriU, David Lawrence, M.D.{D.C.) LL.D. (U. of Vt.), b. Epping, N.H., June 10, 1 772 ; d. Concord, Jan. 28, 1 849. After receiv- ing a good acad. and med. education, he estab- lished hin)sclf in practice at Epsom in 1793, but in 1 800 began to study theology ; pastor of the Cong, church in Goflstown, N.H., in 1802-11; practised medicine in 1807-30; was a representative to the Gen. Court in 1808-17 ; speaker in 1816; U.S. senator from 1817 to 1823, when he was elected to the State senate, and was chosen pres. of that body ; gov. in 1824-7. He was connected with many of the charitable, medical, and agricultural associa- tions of his time. He pub. several sermons, orations, and controversial pamphlets; and was, for some years after abandoning public office, editor of the N. H. Observer, a religious newspaper. Morrill, Justin S., M.C. from Vt. 1855- 67 ; chosen U.S. senator in 1867 ; b. Strailbrd, Vt., Apr. 14, 1810. Educated at an academy. He was engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1848, when he turned his attention to agricul- ture. Author of the " Morrill " taritf of 1 86 1 . Morrill, Lot M., statesman, b. Belgrade, Kennebec Co., Me., 3 May, 1813. Entered Watcrv'ille Coll. in 1834; and in 1839 was adm. to the bar; member of the Me. legisl. in 1854; of the senate in 1856, and made its pres. ; gov. of Me. in 1858-60; U.S. senator in 1861, 1863-9; re-elected for the term of 1871-7 ; and member of the Peace Congress of 1861. Morris, Charles, Capt. U.S.N., b. Wood- stock, Ct., July 26, 1784; d. Washington, Jan. 27, 1856. He entered the navy, Jul^ 1, 1799; was engaged with Decatur in destroying the fri- gate "Philadelphia," in the harbor of Tripoli, on the night of Feb. 15, 1804 ; also dieting, him- self in the same war b^ the capture of a French privateer; was made lieut. Jan. 28, 1607 ; was the exec, officer of " The Constitution " in 1 812, in her memorable escape after a chase of 60 hours from a British squadron ; was greatly disting., and was shot through the body, in the encounter of that ship with the Brit, frigate " Guerriere; " capt. 5 Mar. 1813. In Aug. 1814, while in com. of " The John Adams," having run up the Penobscot River to Hampden for repairs, a strong Brit, force entered the river ; and, to escape capture, the frigate was destroyed, the crew making their way for 200 miles across the thinly-inhabited country to Portland. In 1 81 6- 17 he com. the naval forces in the Gulf of Mex- ico; in 1819-20 a squadron to Buenos Ayres; in 1823-7 and 1832-41 was navy commiss. ; in Sept.-Oct. 1 825 com. the frigate " Brandy- wine," in which Lafayette returned to France after his visit to this country; in 1825-6 he was employed in examining the dockyards of France and Eng. ; com. in 1841-4 the squad- ron on the coast of Brazil and in the Mediter- ranean; in 1844-7 was chief of bureau of construction; was in 1847-51 insp. of ord- nance; and from 1851 to the time of his death was cliief of the bureau of ordnance and hydrography; for many years he supervised the Naval Acad, at Annapolis. It has been said of him, that he was, in all the varied quali- ties 'which constitute excellency in his profes- sion, the ablest naval commander in the world. Morris, Edward Joy, author and M.C, b. Phila. July 16, 1815. H.U. 1836. Member of the Pa. legisl. in 1841-3; M.C. 1843-5; charge d'affaires to Naples in 1850-4; again a member of the State legisl. in 1856; member of the 35th, 36th, and 37th Congresses; and minister to Turkey 1861-70. He has puJ). " A Tour through Turkey, Greece, Egypt, and Arabia Petraea ; " " The Turkish Empire, So- cial and Political; " "Afraja, or Life and Love in Norway " (a translation) ; and also a transl. from the German of Gregorovius, "Corsica, Social and Political," &c. Morris, George P., poet and journalist, b. Phila. Oct. 10, 1802 ; d. N. Y. City, July 6, 1864. Removing in early life to New' York, he wrote for the iV. Y. Gazette and the American^ m:or 637 HELOTS. contributing verses in his 15th year. He pub. the N. Y. Mirror from Aug. 1823 to Dec. 31, 1842; in 1843 he associated himself with Mr. Willis in the pub. of the New Mirror, of which 3 vols, were issued ; in 1844 he established the Evening Mirror, a daily, assisted by Willis and Hiram Fuller ; at the close of 1 845 he com- menced a weekly journal, the National Press, changed in Nov. 1846 to the Home Journal, which he edited with Mr. Willis until a short time before his death. As a song-writer he has achieved great popularity. Among the best are " Woodman, spare that Tree," " Long Time Ago," "The Origin of Yankee Doodle," "My Mother's Bible," " Whippoorwill," &c. In 1853 he pub. "The Deserted Bride, and other Poems," 8vo, N. Y. ; ed. a vol. of " American Melodies ; " and, in conjunction with Mr. Wil- lis, "The Prose and Poetry of Europe and America," 8vo, N.Y; in 1837 he produced the successful drama of " Brierclif}"," and in 1842 the libretto of " The Maid of Saxony." He also pub. a vol. of prose sketches entitled " The Little Frenchman and his Water-Lots," 1838. Tlie last complete edition of his poems appeared in 1860, In 1861 he contrib. an introd. Me- moir to the Poetical Works of Samuel Wood- worth. He was at one time a brig.-gen in the State militia. Morris, Gouverneur, statesman and ora- tor, b. Morrisania, N.Y., 31 Jan. 1752; d. there 6 Nov. 1816. Kings Coll. 1768. Son of Lewis Moms. Studied law with Wm. Smith ; was adm. to practice in 1771; soon attained great reputation ; was a delegate to the Prov. Con- gress of N.Y. in 1775; one of the com. that draughted the State Const, in 1776 : member of the Cont. Congress 1777-80, serving on sev- eral important committees ; pub. in 1779 a suc- cessful pamphlet called " Observations on the Amer. Revol. ; " and in 1780 removed to Phila., and, by being thrown from a carriage, fractured his leg so as to render amputation necessary. In July, 1781, he was the colleague of Robert Mon-is as assist, supt. of finance, and, after the war, embarked with him in mercantile enter- prises; in 1785 he pub. "An Address to the Assembly of Pa. on the Abolition of the Bank of N.A.," arguing against that project. Pur- chasing in Dec. 1786 the estate of Morrisania from his bro. Staats Long Morris, he made it his future residence. He was one of the com. that draughted the Federal Constitution in the conv. of 1787. In 1788-91 he was in France, oc- cupied in selling land ; was a private agent of the U.S. in Lond. in 1 791 ; minister to France in 1792-Oct. 1794 ; afterward travelled in Europe, and, while at Vienna, endeavored to effect the liberation of Lafayette from the dungeon of Olmutz; returned to the U.S. in the autumn of 1798; was U.S. senator in 1800-3, acting with the Federalists, and actively opposing the abolition of the judiciary system in 1802 in speeches of great ability ; was prominent in the great canal project of N.Y., and chairman of the canal commiss. from their first app. in Mar. 1810 until his death; and passed the latter years of his life in munificent hospitality. Au- thor of a series of essays on the Cont. Currency and Finances, and of eulogies on Washington, Hamilton, and George Clinton. — See Life, Correspondence, and Writings, by Jared SparJcs, 3 vols. 1832, 8vo. Morris, Henry W., commo. U.S.N., b. N. York, 1806 ; d. there Aug. 14, 1863. Son of Thomas, a lawyer of N. Y., and grandson of the preceding. Midshipm. Aug. 21, 1819; lieut. May 17, 1828 ; com. Oct. 12, 1849 ; capt. Dec. 27, 1856; commo. July 16, 1862. In 1845 ho com. the storcship " SoiTthampton," of the Af- rican squadron ; the sloop-ot-war " German- town," of the Brazilian squadron, in 1853; and in 1855 was fleet-capt. under Com. Stringham in the Mediterranean; in 1861 he superintended the construction of the steam sloop-of-war " Pensacola " at the Washington Navy-yard. In her he successfully passed the Confed. bat- teries on the Potomac in Jan. 1862 ; then joined the Gulf block, squad., and took part in the capture of New Orleans. Morris, John G., D.D., b. York, Pa., 1803. Dick. Coll. 1823. He studied theology at Princeton, and since 1826 has been pastor of the Fii-st Lutheran Church, Baltimore. He has pub. a number of addresses, theol. treatises, and translations from the German ; " Popular Expos, of the Gospels," 2 vols. 1840; "Life of John Arndt," 1853 ; "The Blind Giri of Wit- tenberg," 1856; "Catharine De Bora," 1856; " Martin Bchaim, a Discourse before the Md. Hist. Soc," Jan. 25, 1855, 8vo, paper. Edited the Lutheran Observer 1831-2, and was co-editor of the " Year-Book of the Reformation," 1844. He has lectured bef. the Smithsonian and other scientific bodies on entomology and other sci- ences, and has written on the lepidoptera of N. A. in the Smitlisonian " Misc. Colls." — Allibone. Morris, Lewis, statesman, b. Morrisania, N.Y., 1671 ; d. Ivingsbury, N. J., May 21, 1746. Son of Richard, an officer of Cromwell's army, who settled, ab. 1672, on a farm of 3,000 acres, near Harlem, N. Y., called Monisania. Adopted by his uncle Lewis, he once, through fear of his resentment, fled to Va., and thence to the West Indies. Embracing the law, he became a judge of the N. J. Superior Court in 1692, and a member of the council ; was afterward an ac- tive member of the Assembly, and an opponent of Gov. Combury, against whom he drew up the complaint of the Assembly, and presented it in person to the queen. He was for several years chief justice of N.Y. andN.J. ; was state councillor in 1710-38; acting gov. 1731 ; and gov. of N. J. 1738-46. Active in bringing about the separation of the govts, of N.Y. and N. J. in 1738. Of his sons, Lewis was a judge of vice-admiralty ; and Robert Hunter was 20 years chief justice of N. J. — Mem. by Rev. R. Davidson, N. J. Hist. Proc. vol. iv. Morris, Lewis, signer of the Dec!, of In- dep., b. Morrisania, N.Y., 1726 ; d. there Jan. 22, 1798. Y.C. 1746. He was the eldest of four bros., — Staats, a gen. in the British army and an M.P. ; Richard, judge in the N.Y. Vice- Adm, Court, afterward chief justice, who d. Apr. 1810; and Gouverneur. Devoting himself to agriculture, he possessed at the period of the Revol. an ample estate. In the Congress of 1775 he served on the most important commit- tees, and had assigned to him the arduous task of detaching the Western Indians from the co- m:or 638 m:or alition with Great Britain, which he executed with zeal and address. In the beginning of 1776 he resumed his seat in Congress, where he was a laborious and serviceable member ; and his beautiful and extensive manor near New York was soon after laid waste by the British. He left Congress in 1777, and was afterwards in the State legisl., and a maj.-gen. of militia. Three of his sons served with distinction in the army, and received the thanks of Congress, — Lewis (N J. Coll. 1774) was aide to Gen. Sul- livan, and afterward to Gen. Greene ; Staats was aide to Gen. Wayne (his son Lewis N., capt. U.S.A., was killed at Monterey. Lewis O., son of the latter, col. 113th N.Y. Vols., fell at Cold Harbor, 3 June, 1864); Jacob, aide to Gen. Charles Lee, afterward member of the N.Y. Assembly and senate, b. 28 Dec. 1755, d. 10 June, 1844. His youngest son Richahd Valentine, capt. U.S.N, (app. June, 1798), d. New York, May 1815; com. squadron in the Mediterranean in 1802-3. Morris, Robert, financier and statesman, b. Liverpool, Eng., 20 Jan. 1733; d. Phila. 7 May, 1806. At 13 he came with his father to Phila. ; entered the counting-house of Charles Willing, and was a partner in the business in 1 754-93. He was supercargo in several voyages, and on one occasion was made prisoner by the French. Prominent in opposition to the Stamp Act : in signing the Non-Importation Act of 1765, the house of Willing and Morris made a great sacrifice. Delegate to the Cont. Cong, in 1776-8, and signer of the Decl. of Indep. Mem- ber of the committee of ways and means, his personal credit was exerted to the utmost, espe- cially at the close of 1776, when the term of service of the troops had expired ; performing a similar service in aid of Gen. Greene's prose- cution of the Southern campaign in 1780, and raising $1,400,000 to enable Washington to proceed in the exped. which resulted in the capture of Corn wallis at Yorktown. In 1780 he established a bank, to which he subscribed £10,000, mainly to supply the army with pro- visions ; founded the Bank of N. America ; and from Feb. 1781 to Nov. 1784 was supt. of finance, pledging his personal credit whenever his official resources were inadequate. Mem- ber of the Pa, legisl. in 1786, and of the conv. which framed the Federal Const, in 1787 ; U.S. senator 1789-95; offered the post of sec. of the treas., he declined, and named Alex. Ham- ilton for that office. He engaged with Gouv. Morris in the E. I. and China trade ; but in his old age embarked in vast land-speculations, which proved ruinous to his fortunes ; and he passed the latter years of his life in prison for debt. Morris was a fluent and impressive ora- tor, and possessed much political knowledge, and great acquaintance with general affairs. Morris, Robert, chief justice of N. J. dur- ing the Revol. war, and U.S. judge from 1789 to his d. at New Brunswick, N. J., May 2, 1815, aged 70. Morris, Robert Hunter, chief justice of N. Jersey, son of Gov. Lewis ; d. Feb. 20, 1764. He was 26 years one of the council of N. J. ; and was lieut.-gov. of Pa. from Oct. 1754 to Aug. 1756. He resigned the office of chief justice in the fall of 1757. Morris, Col. Roger, b. Eng. Jan. 28, 1717 ; d. there Sept. 13, 1794. He obtained a captaincy 48th Foot, Sept. 13, 1745 ; accomp. Braddock in his exped., serving as his aide-de- camp, and was wounded at his defeat ; he served under Loudon in 1757; Jan. 19, 1758, he ra. Mary, dau. of F. Phillipse of Westchester Co., N.Y.'; purchased a majority in the 35th ; and in the winter of 1758-9 was stationed at Fort Frederick ; occasionally engaged with the Indians, who harassed the settlements in Nova Scotia; attached to the Louisburg grenadiers in Wolfe's exped. against Quebec, he partici- pated in the battle on the Plains of Abraham, and did good service at the battle of Sillery, Apr. 28, 1760; app. in May, 1760, lieut.-col. 47th; he com. the 3d batt. in the exped. against Montreal under Gen. Murray ; retiring from the army in June, 1764, he was elevated to the exec, council of the province, in which body he took his seat Dec. 5. Having adhered to the crown in the Revol., his name was in- cluded in the N.Y. act of attainder of 1779. At the peace he retired to Eng. His widow survived him until July, 1825. — 0' Callaghan. Morris, Sarah, Quaker preacher, b. Phila. 1704; d. there Oct. 24, 1775. Anthony her father, an eminent preacher, d. Phila. Aug. 23, 1721, a. 67. Sarah possessed a superior understanding, and a social and agreeable dis- position, and became an able gospel minister. She visited the Friends in N.J.,Md., and Long Island ; went to R. I. in 1 764 ; and travelled through Great Britain in 1772-3. — Coll. of Quaker Memorials. Morris, Staats Long, gen. in the British army, b. Morrisania, N.Y., Aug. 27, 1728 ; d. 1800. Son of Judge Lewis. Capt. 36th Foot, May 31, 1756; lieut.-col. 89th Highlanders; served at the siege of Pondicherry in 1761 ; brig.-gen. July 7, 1763; maj.-gen. 1777; gen. 1796; app. gov. of Quebec 1797. His first wife, the Duchess of Gordon, died 1770. — 0' Callaghan. Morris, Susanna, Quaker preacher, b. 1683 ; d. Richland, Pa., Apr. 28, 1755. Wife of Morris Morris. For more than 40 years she labored faithfully in the ministry, travelling much in America and Europe; and made 3 voyages to Europe, visiting Friends in Eng., Ireland, and Holland. — Coll. of Quaker Me- morials. Morris, Thomas, judge and senator, b. Va., Jan. 3, 1776 ; d. Dec. 7, 1844, near Beth- el, O. Son of a Baptist clergyman. At the age of 19 he emig. to the Ohio Valley, and set- tled near the present site of Cincinnati, but removed to Clermont Co. in 1800. In 1802, while engaged as a day-laborer, and without an instructor, he commenced the study of law, adopted the profession, and became eminent. Elected in 1806 to the legisl., he was a mem- ber of the senate or house for a period of 24 years. He was elected in 1809 a judge of the Sup. Ct. of Ohio, and was a Democ. U.S. sen- ator in 1833-9 ; while in Congress he ably de- fended the freedom of the press, the freedom of speech, the right of petition ; and disting. himself as an opponent of slavery ; in Aug. 1844 he was the candidate of the Liberty party for vice-pres. His Life, Speeches, and Writings IVLOTl 639 l^OTt were pub. by his son, Rev. B. F. Morris, 12mo, Cincinnati, 1855. Morris, Thomas A., D.D. (McK. Coll., 111., 1841), bishop of the M. E. Church (cho- sen in 1836), b. Kanawha Co., Va., Apr. 28, 1794. He entered the Ohio Conf. as a trav- elling preacher in 1816 ; was ord. deacon, and in 1820 an elder; was an itinerant preacher in Ohio, Ky., and Tenn ; and was elected edi- tor of the Western Christian Advocate on its es- tablishment in Cincinnati in 1833. Author of a vol. of sermons, and a. miscellany consist- ing of essays, biog. sketches, and notes of travel. Self-educated, and a man of strong, clear sense, great simplicity, and a practical preacher. Morris, William Walton, brev. maj.- gen. U.S.A., b. Ballston Springs, N.Y., Aug. 31, 1801; d. Fort McHenry, Baltimore, Dec. 11, 1865. West Point, 1820. Disting. in engagement under Col. Leavenworth with Arickaree Indians, 11 Aug. 1823; capt. 17 Dec. 1836; major of mounted Creek Vols. in Fla. Sept. 1836 to June, 1837; brev. major for gallantry in war against Fla. Indians 27 Jan. 1837; maj. 4th Art. Nov. 4, 1853; lieut.-col. May 14, 1861 ; col. 2d Art. Nov. 1, 1861. He was one of the ablest military law- yers in the service ; was disting. at Palo Alto and Resaca ; was military gov. of Tampico, and afterward of Puebla ; on duty at Fort Mc- Henry at the outbreak of the Rebellion, and promptly turned his guns on the city of Balti- more during the riot on the 19th Apr. 1861. Brev. brig.-gen. June 19, 1862, for meritorious service; and brev. maj.-gen. 10 Dec. 1865. Morrison, Col. Joseph Wanton, b. N.Y. May 4, 1783 ; d. on the passage from Calcutta, Feb. 15, 1826. Son of John Morri- son, dep. commiss.-gen. in America. Entered the army as ensign in 1793 ; and as lieut.-col. 89th Regt. com. the British force at Chrystler's Fields, Williamsburg, L.C., gaining a victory over the Amer. Gens. Wilkinson and Boyd, for which he was honored with a medal, and a vote of thanks from the h. of assembly of L. Canada. Severely wounded at Lundy's Lane in July, 1814. He afterwards served in India with the local rank of brig.-gen. Morrison, William, fur-trader and ex- plorer, b. Montreal, C.E., 1785 ; d. Morrison's Island, Aug. 7, 1866. In 1802 he was ap- prenticed to the N.Y. Fur Co. at Fond Du Lac, and soon became a partner; in 1803-15 he explored the North-west; and from 1816 to 1826 had charge of J. J. Astor's business. Mr. Morrison was the first white man who dis- covered the sources of the Mpi. River, — an honor usually awarded to Mr. Schoolcraft. Morrow, Jkremiah, statesman, b. Gettys- burg, Pa., Oct. 6, 1771 ; d. Warren Co., 0., Mar. 22, 1852. Removing in the spring of 1795 to the North-west Terr., he was a member of the O. Terr, legisl. in 1801 ; in 1802 was a delegate to a convention for forming a State const.; was State senator in 1803; was the first M.C. from the State, serving from 1803 to 1813 ; was a U.S. senator in 1813-19 ; gov. in 1822-6 ; then canal commiss. ; again State senator in 1827-8; State representative 1835- 7; again M.C in 1841-3; and was pres. of the Little Miami Railroad Co. until 1847. In 1814 he was app. a commiss. to treat with the Indians west of the Miami. While in Con- gress, he was chairman of the com. of public lands. — A. T. Goodman. Morse, Rev. Abner, genealogist, b. Med- way, Ms., Sept. 5, 1793 ; d. Sharon, Ms., May 16, 1865. Brown U. 1816; And. Sem. 1819. De- scended from Capt. Joseph, who settled ab. 1670 in Bogistown (Medway). He was in 1819-22 Cong, pastor in Nantucket, Ms. ; subsequently at Boundbrook, N.J., and in Indiana, where he procured a charter for a college, and was some time a professor. He delivered courses of lec- tures on geology, also devoting himself to genealogical pursuits. He pub. " Memorial of the Morses," 1 850 ; " Descendants of Lawrence Litchfield," 1855 ; " Capt. John Grout," 1857 ; of " Several Ancient Puritans," 3 vols. 1857- 60 ; and " Gen. Register of Sherborn and Holliston." — iV. E. H. and Gen. Reg. xix. 371. Morse, Jedediah, D.D. (U. of Edinb. 1794), clergyman and geographer, b. Wood- stock, Ct., Aug. 23, 1761 ; d. N. Haven, June 9, 1826. Y.C. 1783. Licensed to preach in 1785; tutor in Y.C. in 1786; Apr. 30, 1789, installed minister of the First Cong. Church, Charlestown, Ms., which he resigned in 1820. Dr. Morse is the father of American geography. He prepared in 1784 at New Haven, for the use of schools, the first work of the kind in Amer. This was followed by larger works of geography, and gazetteers, from materials obtained by travelling and correspondence, — especially that of Jeremy Belknap the historian, Thomas Hutchins, geog.-gen., and Ebenezer Hazard. His larger geographical works were reprinted in Europe. Dr. Morse was also much occupied in religious controversy ; in upholding the orthodox faith in the N.E. churches against the assaults of Unitarianism, — an undertaking which seriously affected his health. In 1804 he was active in enlarging the Ms. Gen. Assoc, of Cong. Ministers ; was sole editor of the Panoplist from 1806 to 1811 ; and was promi- nent in establishing the Theol. Sem. at An- dover. Commissioned by the U. S. Govt, to visit the Indian tribes of the N.W., the result of his labors was a vol. pub. in 1822, entitled " Indian Report," &c. Dr. Morse also pub. "A Compendious History of New England," Camb. 1804; "Annals of the Amer. Revol.," Hartf. 1824; and 25 sermons and addresses on special occasions. He was an active member of the Ms. Hist. Soc, and many other literary and scientific bodies. Morse, Samuel Finley Beeese, lyL.D. (Y.C. 1 846), oneof the inventors of the electric- telegraph, b. Charlestown, Ms., 27 Apr. 1791. Y.C. 1810. Eldest son of Rev. Jedediah. He went to Eng. with Washington Allston, arriv- ing in Aug. 1811 ; studied painting under Benjamin West; exhibited his "Dying Her- cules " at the Roy. Acad, in 1813 ; and in May of that year received a prize of a gold medal from the London Adelphi for a plaster model of the same. He returned home in 1S15; Sainted portraits in N. Hampshire at $15 per cad ; took up his residence in N.Y. City ab. 1822, and painted a full length of Lafayette. In 1829 he ed. the poems of L. M. Davidson, MIOR 640 IVIOR with a biog. sketch. He was again in Eng. in 1829-32 ; and, on his return home, the first idea of a permanent recording telegraph was suggested to him by Dr. Jackson, his fellow- passenger. In 1835 he demonstrated the prac- ticability of his invention by a model ; filed his caveat at the patent-office in 1837 ; perfected his invention in 1840 ; and in 1844 completed the first electric-telegraph in the U.S., — between Baltimore and Washington. At a convention held in 18.51 for the purpose of adopting a uniform system of telegraphing forall Germany, that of Morse was selected. Prof. Wheatstone, the English inventor, took out, with W. F. Cooke, a joint patent for a magnetic tck-g. in 1837. The rejjreacntatives of the principal European powers, assembled at Paris ab. 1857, presented Mr. Morse with the sum of 400,000 francs as a recompense for his invention. In a letter of Mr. Morse to the sec. U.S. treasury, dated 10 Aug. 1843, occurs the first suggestion of the project of the Atlantic telegraph. Honors have been showered upon him by European sovereigns, and by scientific and literary so- cieties. He resides on the banks of the Hud- son, near Poughkeepsic. Author of " Foreign Conspiracy against the U.S.," 1835; and a biog. sketch of Lewis Clauszing, N.Y., 1836. As to the real inventor of the electric teleg., see Dr. Wynter's "Curiosities of Civilization." Morse, Sidney Edwards, journalist, bro. of S. F. B. Morse, b. Charlestown, Ms., Feb. 7, 1794. Y.C. 1811. In 1815 he estab- lished the Boston Recorder, a weekly religious newspaper, of which for 15 years he was sole proprietor and editor. In 1817 he invented, in connection with his brother, and patented, the flexible piston-pump. He afterwards pub. geographical text-books. In May, 1823, with his younger bro., R. C. Morse, he established the N. Y. Observer, the oldest religious newspaper in N. Y. State. In June, 1839, in connection with Henry A. Munson, he produced by a new art, termed ccrography, map-prints superior to those hitherto known. Died N. Y. 23 Dec. '71 . Morton, Charles, minister of Charles- town from Nov. 5, 1686, to his d. Apr. 11, 1698; b. Cornwall, Eng., 1626. Son of Rev. Nicholas. Educated at Oxford U., of which he was a fellow. At first a royalist, he at length became a Puritan ; was minister at Blisland until ejected in 1662; and, after the great fire in Lond., established an acad, at Newington Green. De Foe, author of " Robin- son Crusoe," was one of his pupils. After 20 years' service there, he was so pestered by pro- cesses from the bishops' court, that he was obliged to leave ; and came to N.E. in July, 1686. He was a man of eminent learning. Author of a number of treatises, among them a "Discourse on improving the Country of Cornwall," a part of which is in the " Pliilos. Trans.," Apr. 1675; "Considerations on the New River ; " " The Ark, its Loss and Recov- ery." Vice-pres. of H.U., and drew up a sys- tem of logic long in use there. Morton, James St. Clair, brev. brig,- gen. U.S.A., b. Phila. 1829; d. near Peters- burg, Va., June 17, 1864. West Point, 1851. Son of Dr. Samuel George. Assist, prof, of eng. at West Point in 1855-7; and in 1860, by authority of Congress, explored the Chiri- qui Country, Central Amer., for a railroad route across the Isthmus. On his return he took charge of the work on the Washington Aque- duct. In Mar. 1861 he superintended the for- tifying of the Tortugas; capt. engineers 6 Aug. 1861 ; app. chief engr. to the Army of the Ohio (Gen. Buell) in May, 1862 ; he aided in fortifying Nashville ; and when Rosecrans assumed com. of the Army of the Cumberland, and organized the pioneer brigade, he placed Gen. Morton in com. ; brig.-gen. Nov. 29, 1862. He rendered efficient service at the bat- tle of Stone River, Dec. 31, 1862; was en- gaged in the advance on Tullahoma, June- July, 1863; wounded at Chickamauga; and brev. col. 20 Sept. 1863 ; maj. engrs. 3 July, 1863; superintending engr. of defences of Nashville; chief engr. 9th army corps in Rich- mond campaign ; and engaged at the North Anna 24 May, Tolapotomy 28-29 May, Bethesda 30 May, and assault of Petersburg, where he was killed while leading the attack ; brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. 17 June, 1864. Au- thor of a "Memoir on Fortification," 1858; " Dangers and Defences of N.Y. City," 1859 ; and " Life of Maj. John Sanders of the En- gineers," 1860. — Cullum. Morton, John, a signer of the Deck of Indep., b. Ridley, Pa., 1724; d. Apr. 1777. Of Swedish descent. Intelligent and well edu- cated ; many years a surveyor, and a justice of the peace ; member of the Gen. Assembly of Pa. in 1756 and for many years subsequently, and speaker in 1772-5 ; delegate in 1765 to the Stamp-Act Congress; high sheriff 1766-70; subsequently pres. judge of C.C.P., and a judge of the Sup. Court of the Province ; mem- ber Cont. Cong, in 1774-6. Upon the ques- tion of adopting the Decl. of Indep., the Pa. delegation being divided, Morton gave the casting vote in the affirmative. He assisted in organizing the system of confederation for the Colotiies, and was chairman of the com. of the whole upon its adoption. Morton, Marcus, LL.D. (H.U. 1840), lawyer and politician, b. Freetown, Ms., Feb. 19, 1784; d. Taunton, Feb. 6, 1864. Brown U. 1804. He studied law; in 1811 was cho- sen clerk of the Ms. senate ; was M.C. in 181 7- 21 ; member of the exec, council in 1823 ; lieut.-gov. in 1824; in 1825-39 a judge of the State Supreme Court ; and was in 1840 and 1843 gov. of the State ; collector of the port of Boston in 1845-8, when he resigned; and, quitting the Democ. party, took part in the Frcesoil movement. Member of the Const. Conv. of 1853, and of the State legisl. in 1858. Morton, Nathaniel, historian, b. in the north of Eng. 1613; d. Plymouth, Ms., June 29, 1685. lie came to America with his fa- ther George (supposed to be G. Mourt of "Mourt's Relation") in July, 1623. He was sec. of Plymouth Colony from 7 Dec. 1647 to his death. His " New England's Memorial," written mainly from the MS. colls, of his uncle. Gov. Bradford, was pub. at Cam- bridge in 1669 ; an edition was printed in 1721, and another in 1826, with many valuable notes by Hon. John Davis. It relates principally to Plymouth Colony, and has been of great ser- m:or 641 m:or vice to later historians. A 6th edition was pub. by the Cong. Board 1855. In 1680 he wrote a brief cedes, history of the Church at Plymouth, preserved in Young's " Chronicles of the Pilgrims." Morton, Oliver P., b Wayne Co., Ind., 4 Aug. 1823. Educated at the Miami U. ; adm. to the bar in 1847 ; app judge 5th Jud. Circ. of Ind. in 1852; lieut.-gov. 1860; gov. 1861-5, rendering great service to the Gen. Govt, during war for the Union ; U.S. sena- tor for the term of 1867-73 ; app. minister to Eng. 23 Sept. 1870, and declined. Morton, Samuel George, M.D. (U. of Pa. 1820; Edinb. 1823), a disting. naturalist, b. Phila. Jan. 26, 1799 ; d. there May 15, 1851. In 1826 he established himself as a physician in Phila. He was rec. sec. of the Acad, of Nat. Sciences in 1825, and its pres. in 1840; was prof, of anatomy in the Pa. Med. Coll. from Sept. 18, 1839, to Nov. 6, 1843; and was a member of many learned societies in various Farts of the U.S., in p]urope, and in the East, n 1834 he made a voyage to the W. Indies, where he studied the diversity of races, and the relations resulting from their contact. He contrih. many papers, on a wide range of subjects, to the " Transactions " of the Acad., the MeA. and Physiol. Journal, SiUiman's Jour- nal, and the " Transactions of thePhilos. Soci- ety." Dr. Morton pub. "Illustrations of Pul- monary Consumption," Phila. 1834; "An Il- lustrated System of Human Anatomy," Phila. 1839 ; " Crania Americana," Phila. and Lond. 1839; and "Crania Egjjptiam" Phila. 1844. The former was pronounced by Prof. Silliman "the most important, extensive, and valuable contribution to the natural history of man which has yet appeared on the American con- tinent." His collection of skulls, which em- braced, according to the catalogue of 1849, no less than 1,512 specimens, of which about 900 were hum-an, is said to be the most extensive and valuable in the world. A selection of his inedited papers was pub,, with additional con- tributions from Dr. J. C. Nott and George R. Gliddon, under the title of " Types of Mankind, or Ethnological Researches, based upon the Ancient Monuments, Paintings, Sculptures, and Crania of Races," &c. A Memoir has been pub. by Charles D. Meigs, M.D., and an- other by Geo. B. Wood, M.D. An appendix to the former contains a full list of Dr. Mor- ton's writings. Morton, Sarah Wentworth (Apthorp), poetess, called " the American Sappho," b. Braintree, Ms., Aug. 29, 1759; d. Quincy, Ms., May 14, 1846. She m. at Quincy, Feb. 24, 1781, Hon. Perez Morton. She obtained great celebrity, under the signature of " Phile- nia," by her contributions to the Ms. Mag. Pub. in 1790 "Ouabi, or the Virtues of Na- ture ; " " Beacon Hill," a poem in 5 books, Boston, 1797 (see preface to Paine's "Ruling Passion," 1797); and in 1823, in 8vo, "My Mind and its Thoughts." Her husband Perez, lawver and Revol patriot, b. Plymouth, Ms., 13 Nov. 1751, d. Dorchester, 14 Oct. 1837. H.U. 1771. Speaker of the house in 1806-11 ; atty.-gen. of Ms. 1811-32, and a deleg. to the State Const. Conv. in 1820. 41 Morton, Thomas, b. Eng. ; d. Agamenti- cus. Me., ab. 1646. Author of "The New English Canaan," containing an account of the natives, a description of the country, and the tenets and practice of the Church, 4to, 1632; repr. in Force's Tracts, iii. He was a lawyer who came over with Weston's Company in June, 1622; and, returning, came again with Capt. Wollaston in 1625, and settled at Mount WoUaston, now Braintree. On May Day, 1626, this place was renamed Ma-re Mount, and became so obnoxious by the free and licen- tious manners and lives of Morton and his associates, that he was taken and sent to Eng. in June, 1628. In 1629 he returned, but was again seized and transported in 1630, and his house demolished, " that it might no longer be a roost for such unclean birds." Returning again in 1643, after being arrested and im- prisoned a year for his " scandalous book," he was dismissed with a fine in 1 644. Morton, William Thomas Greex, M.D., discoverer of the use of ether as an antesthetic in surgery, b. Charlton, Ms., Aug. 9, 1819; d. N.Y. City, July 15, 1868. Quitting his father's farm at the age of 17, he came to Boston, but, not succeeding in business, studied dentistry in Baltimore in 1840, and in 1842 settled in Boston, where he established a successful manuf. of artificial teeth on a large scale. While attending lectures at the med. coll. there, the idea was suggested to him that sulphuric ether might be used to aleviate pain in his operations. Satisfied of its safety by experi- ment on himself, he administered it success- fully Sept. 30, 1846, extracting without pain a firmly-rooted bicuspid tooth. The general introduction into surgery of ethereal anJBsthesia dates from Oct. 16, 1846, when, at the request of Dr. J. C. Warren, ether was administered at the Ms. Gen. Hospital to a man from whose jaw a vascular tumor was removed, the patient remaining unconscious during the operation. This discovery is, wi^hout doubt, the most im- portant benefaction ever made by man to the human race. Various claimants at once ap- peared for the honor of originating it, among them Dr. C. T. Jackson. Dr. Morton, in Nov. 1846, obtained a patent for his discovery, under the name of " Letheon," offering, however, freo rights to all charitable institutions. Govt, ap- propriated his discovery to its use without compensation. In 1852 he received the large gold medal, the Monthyon Prize in medicine and surgery. Pie suffered persecution almost unparalleled in private, and before Congress ; his business was broken up; and even his house was attached by the sheriff for debt. From 1846 to 1854 he struggled incessantly to pro- cure from Congress remuneration for his dis- covery, but, notwithstanding the favorable re- ports of the committees to whom the subject was referred, failed to receive it. The close of this struggle left him and his finnily in poverty. The principal medical men of Boston, New York, and Phila., signed an appeal for a nation- al testimonial to Dr. Morton, concurring in as- signing to him the merit of the discovery. In 1858, to save his house from a sheriffs sale for debt, he instituted a suit against a marine- hospital surgeon for infringing his putent, IMOS 642 IMOT which was decided in his favor in the U. S. Circuit Court. {" Trials of a Public Benefac- tor," by Dr. Nathan P. Rice, N.Y. 1860.) A p;»mphlet resp. his claims was pub. by R. H. Dana, 1848. Dr. M. pub. a work on "The Inhalation of Sulphuric Ether." — See "Hist. Memoranda," &c., by J. I. Bowditch and others, 1871 ; and see also art. "Horace Wells." Mosely, Mary Webster; d. 1844, a. 52. Dau. of Robert Pleasants ; wife of John. G. Mosely of Richmond, Va. Contrib. to period- cals, and pub. in 1840 " Pocahontas," a legend, with hist, notes. — AlUbone. Mosquera (mos-ka'-ra), Don Rut Gar- cia, a Spanish navigator, b. 1501, sailed with Seb. Cabot to S. America in 1526, and was sub- sequently one of the founders of Buenos Ayres. Mothe Cadillac, Antoine de la, found- er of Detroit, b. Gascony, ab. 1660; d. after 1717. Of noble birth. He served in Acadia as a capt. in the French army ; and in 1680 was ordered to France by Louis XIV. to furnish information relative to New France and the English Colonies, and especially to the con- dition of the harbors and defences on the coast. In 1691 he was made lord of Bouagnat and Mount Desert, Me. In 1694 Frontenac app. him com. of Michilimacinac. Landing at De- troit, July 24, 1701, he laid the foundations of the present city, which he named Fort Pontchar- train. The little settlement had among its enemies the Iroquois, the Jesuits, the gov.-gen. and all the Canadian officials, as De La Mothe, unlike them, received his commission directly from the king ; and, moreover, this post threat- ened to divert profitable trade from Montreal and Quebec. Arrested at Quebec in 1704 upon charges of official misconduct, he was, after vexatious delays, triumphantly acquitted. He returned to Detroit in the fall of 1706, and in 1707 marched against the Miamis, and re- duced them to terms. Visiting the Illinois country, he reported the discovery of a silver mine, afterward called the La Mothe Mine. He next established a post among the Indians of Ala. He punished the hostile Natchez tribe, who made peace; and a fort was erected in their country in 1714, named Fort Rosalie, in honor of Mme. de Pontchartrain ; another was built at Natchitoches to prevent the Spaniards approaching the French colony. App. in 1711 gov. of La. ; in 1717 the John Law Scheme was perfected, and the govt, and trade of La. passed into the hands of the new "Western Co.," and De La Mothe returned to France. In 1 787 the Commonwealth of Ms. confirmed to his grand-daughter Mme. Gregoire so much of Mt. Desert Island as was not already granted to others. Motley, John Lothrop, LL.D. (H. U. 1860), D.C.L. (Oxf 1860), historian, b. Dor- chester, Ms., Apr. 15, 1814. H.U. 1831. He spent a year at each of the Universities of Gottingen and Berlin ; afterwards travelled in Italy; returned to America; studied law, and was adm. to the bar in 1836, but did little in the profession. In 1 839 he pub. a novel, " Mor- ton's Hope;" in 1840 was sec. of legation to the court of Russia, but soon returned ; and in 1 849 produced another historical novel, " Merry Mount." Meanwhile contrib. articles on De Tocqueville's " Democracy in America," and on Goethe and his writings, to the N. Y. Review; and on Peter the Great to the N.A. Review. Becoming interested in the history of Holland, he embarked for Europe, to gather material, in 1851, and in 1856 pub. in Lond. 3 vols. 8vo, entitled "The Rise of the Dutch Republic." This work was translated into the Dutch, Ger- man, and French languages, the latter with an introduction by Guizot. Mr. Motley made a short visit to the U.S. in 1858, and in 1861 pub. " The United Netherlands," 2 vols. 8vo, completed in 1868 by two additional vols. He has been elected a member of various learned societies in Europe and America, among them the Institute of France. He m. a sister of Park Benjamin. In 1861 he pub. in the Lon- don TiiiK's an elaborate essay entitled " Causes of the American Civil War;" and, 16 Dec. 1868, del. before the N.Y. Hist. Soc. an ad- dress entitled " Historic Progress and Amer. Democracy." Nov. 14, 1866, he was app. min- ister-plenipo. to Austria; recalled in 1867. From April, 1869, to Nov. 1870, he was min- ister to England. Mott, Gex. Gershom, b. Mercer Co., N. J., 1822. Was an officer in the Mex. war; lieut.- col. 5th N. J. Regt. in 1861 ; col. 6th N.J. Regt. 7 May, 1862; brig.-gen. 7 Sept. 1862; brev. maj.-gen. 10 Sept. 1864 ; maj.-gen. 1 Dec. 1865; served in the Peninsular campaign ; was wound- ed at the second battle of Bull Run ; com. 2d N. J. Brig, in Sickles's division at Chancel- lorsville, and was again wounded; was disting. at Gettysburg; com. 2d div. 3d corps in the operations before Richmond in 1864-5; and wounded a fourth time in the pursuit of Lee. Mott, LucRETiA (Coffin), preacher of the Society of Friends, b. Nantucket, Jan. 3, 1793. Her parents removed to Boston in 1804, and to Phila. in 1809, where, in 1811, she m. James Mott, who became a partner with her father ; in 1817 she took charge of a large day-school in Phila., but began preaching in her 26th year; she travelled through N.E., Pa., Md., and a part of Va., preaching against slavery, and advocating the peculiar tenets of the Soci- ety of Friends, — obedience to the inward light, and a firm adherence to peace principles. lu the division of the Society in 1827, Mrs. Mott adhered to the Hicksite party. She took an active part in organizing the American Anti- slavery Society in Phila. in 1833. She was a delegate to the World's Antislavery Conven- tion in Lond. in 1840; but was excluded from a scat, a majority denpng the right of women to take part in public assemblies. She has talcen an active part in woman's-rights con- ventions held annually since 1848. — Eminent Women of the Age, 1868. Mott, Valentine, M.D. (Col. Coll. 1806), LL.D., surgeon, b. Glen Cove, L. I., Aug. 20, 1785; d. N. York, Apr. 26, 1865. Henry his father, a disting. phjrsician of N.Y., d. 1840, a. 83. After studying at Lond. and Edin- burgh, he was app., on his return in 1809, to the chair of surgery in Col. Coll., which post he filled subsequently in the Coll. of Physicians and Surgeons until 1826, and from 1826 till 1830 in the Rutgers Med. Coll. Dr. Mott afterward lectured in the Coll. of Phys. MIOT 643 MIOXJ and Surgeons, and in the N. Y. University Med. Coll. as prof, of surgery and relative anatomy, of which latter branch of science he is the founder. In 1818 Dr. Mott placed a ligature around the brachio-cephaiic trunk, only two inches from the heart, for aneurism of the right subclavian artery ; an operation which the patient survived 26 days. He exsected the entire right clavicle for malignant disease of that bone, applying 40 ligatures, — the most dangerous and diihcult operation, as he himself asserted, that can be performed upon the human body. He was the first to tic the primitive iliac artery for aneu- rism, and was the first who removed the lower jaw for necrosis. Sir Astley Cooper says, " Dr. Mott has performed more of the great opera- tions than any man living, or that ever did live." In 1 835 he travelled extensively through England, the Continent, and the East. He pub. " Travels in Europe and the East," 8vo, N.Y. 1842; translation of Velpeau's "Opera- tive Surgery," 4 vols. 8vo, N.Y. ; "Anniver- sary Discourse " before the graduates of the N.Y.U._1860; "Mott's Cliniqucs," and several papers in med. periodicals ; and the " Transac- tions of the N.Y. Acad, of Medicine." He re- ceived many honors from American and Euro- pean learned associations. Motte, Rebecca, a heroine of the Revol. ; d. in 1815 at her plantation on the Santee, S.C. Dan. of an English gentleman named Brewton ; m. Jacob Motte, a planter, in 1 758, and was the mother of six children. A widow of fortune at the period of the Brit, occupancy of S.C, her fine large mansion was occupied by a gar- rison of 150 men under Capt. McPherson; when it was attacked by Marion and Lee in May, 1781, and the expedient was adopted of setting fire to the house by fastening lighted combustibles upon the roof by means of arrows. Mrs. Mott herself supplied the means, present- ing to Lee a fine bow and a bundle of arrows. This measure was successful : the garrison capit- ulated, and the flames were extiuguished with little damage. Gen. Thomas Pinckney m. two of her daughters in succession : a third m. Col. Wm. Alston of S.C. Moulton, Ellen Louise (Chandler), magazine-writer, b. Pomfret, Ct., 1835; ni. in 1855 Mr. William U. Moulton, a Boston edi- tor ; contrib. to periodicals from the age of 15, under the signature of " Ellen Louise." She pub. "This, That, and the Other," a collection of stories, 1854 ; "Juno Clifford," a novel, 1855; "My Third Book," a collection of tales, 1859. She has written many articles in prose and verse for Harper's Mag. and Weekly. — Lhiyckinck. Moulton, Col. Jeremiah, b. York, Me., 1688; d. there July 20, 1765. Taken prisoner in 1692 by the Indians, he was released, with other children, in gratitude for the release of some Indian prisoners by Col. Church. In May, 1724, he com. the company which attacked Norridgcwock, destroying the village, and kill- ing Father Ralle, the French missionary ; he com. a rcgt. at the capture of Louisburg in 1 745 ; Avas afterward sheriff of the county, councillor, and judge of C. C. P. and of pro- l>ate. Moulton, Joseph White, historian, b. Stratford, Ct., June, 1789; resided in N.Y. City, where he practised law many years. He pub. a history of early New York, "New York 70 Years Ago," 1849 ; " View of the City of Orange (New York) as it was in 1673;" " History of the State of N. Y.," with J. V. N. Yates, 2 vols. 8vo, 1824-6; " Chancery Prac- tice of N. Y.," 1829-32, 3 vols. 8vo ; " Mitford's Pleadings." Moultrie, William, maj.-gen. Revol. army, b. S.C. 1731 ; d. Charleston, S.C, Sept. 27, 1805. Son of Dr. John Moultrie, an emi- nent physician of Charleston, b. Scotland, d. ab. 1773. His education was respectable; and in 1761 he was a capt. of light inf. in the Cher- okee exped. ; member of the Prov. Congress in 1775 from St. Helena parish ; elected col. 2d S.C Regt. June 17; and Dec. 19, 1775, by planting a battery in the night at Haddrill's Point, compelled two British vessels blockading Charleston harbor to move farther off; mem- ber of the council of safety ; and early in Mar. 1776 was ordered to Sullivan's Island, where a fort made of palmetto-logs was building for the protection of the harbor. Here, June 28, 1776, an attack was made by a British fleet under Sir Peter Parker, and a large land-forc« under Sir H. Clinton. The gallant and suc- cessful defence of Fort Moultrie earned for its commander imperishable renown, and saved the South from fm-thcr attack for a long period. He was made a brig.-gen. Sept. 16, 1776, and transferred to the com. of a body of North- Carolinians at Haddrill's Point. In Feb. 1 779 he defeated a superior British force, under Col. Gardner, near Beaufort. In May, with 1,000 militia, he opposed the advance of Gen. Prevost upon Charleston ; retired before him, destroying bridges, and obstructing his march ; threw him- self into the city, and held it until the approach of Gen. Lincoln. In the spring of 1780 he again disting. himself at Charleston. On its capitulation he was taken, and remained a prisoner until exchanged, Feb. 1782, for Gen. Burgoyne; maj.-gen. Oct. 15, 1782; gov. of S.C. in 1785-6 and 1794-6. While a prisoner, he wrote his " Memoirs," 2 vols. 8vo, 1802. His bro. John, M.D. (U. of Edinb.), eminent in literature and medicine, was a loyalist, and was lieut.-gov. of E. Florida. Mount, William Sidney, artist, b. Se- tauket, L.I., Nov. 26, 1807 ; d. tbere Nov. 19, 1868. Bred a farmer's boy, at 17 be was ap- prenticed to his bro., a sign-painter in N.Y. Placed in 1826 at tlie school of the Acad, of Design, of which he became a member in 1832 ; he produced in 1828 his first picture, — a port, of himedf ; in 1 829 he established himself as a port.-painter in N.Y. A " Rustic Dance,'* in the Exhib. of 1830, attracted much atten- tion. His pictures of humorous subjects, of negro life and physiognomy, have been high- ly appreciated. Among his best pieces are " Husking Corn," " Walking the Crack," " The Sportman's Last Visit," " The Raffle," " The Courtship," " Nooning," " Bargaining for a Horse," " The Power of Music," " Music is Contagious," " Just in Time," " California News," " Banjo-Player," &c. Among his best portraits are those of Bishop Onderdonk and Gen. Jeremiah Johnson. MOTJ 644 MIOTV Mountain, George Jehoshaphat, D.D., D.C.L., son of Bishop Jacob, b. Norwich, Enj;., 27 July, 1789; d. near Quebec, 6 Jan. 1863. Trin.' Coll., Camb., 1810. Urd. dea- con Aug. 1812, priest 1813. He came to Can- ada with his father in 1793; officiated as lec- turer in the Quebec Cathedral in 1814; was rector of Frederickton, N. B., in 1814-17, when he became rector of Quebec ; archdeacon 1821 ; consec. bishop of Montreal 14 Feb. 1836, and in 18.50 of Quebec. While bishop of Montreal, he administered that enormous diocese (since divided into six), travelling through its entire area until 1839. The whole of L. Canada remained under his supervision until 18.50. In a visit to the Red River in 1844, he wrote many of those adniirc. Bowd. Coll. 1816. Son of Mark. Pub. " Rhetoric," and a treatise on " Political Econ- omy," Southern Eclectic Readers, pts. i., ii., iii. Newnan, Col. Daniel, b. N. C. ; d. Walker Co., Ga., 1851. App. licut. 4th U.S. Inf March, 1799 ; resigned Jan. I, 1802 ; adj. and insp.-gen. of Ga. ; col. com. Ga. Vols, in two actions with E. Fla. Indians, Sept. and NETV 657 ist:o Oct. 1812 ; disting. in attack on Creek Indians in Autossee towns under Gen. Floyd, Nov. 29, 1813; lieut.-col. com. Ga. Vols. "Dec. 1813; severely wounded in battle under Gen. Floyd with Creeks at Camp Defiance Jan. 27, 1814; M. C. 1 8'i 1 -3. — Gardner. Newport, Capt. Christopher, an Eng- lish navigator, who commanded the first suc- cessful exped. for the settlement of Va. He had previously acquired reputation in expeds. ajrainst the Spaniards in the W. Indies. With 3 vessels he set sail from Blackwall, Dec. 19, 1606; Apr. 26, 1607, they saw and named Cape Henry and Cape Charles in honor of the sons of King James; landing Apr. 30, they named the spot Point Comfort, having recent- ly experiencel a severe storm. They landed at Jamestown, the first permanent settlement effected by the English in N.A., May 13. Newport, in June, returned to Eng. Early the next year, he arrived opportunely with ad-^ ditional settlers and supplies. He soon after visited Powhatan at Werowocomoco, accomp. by Capt. Smith and a party of 30 or 40 men ; and next visited Opccancanough at Pamunkey. He returned to Eng. after a delay of 3 and a half months, but visited Va. again late in 1608, bringing a second supply, including presents for Powhatan. He subsequently came back to Va. in the fleet convoying Lord Delaware and the new charter to the Colony, but was wrecked at Bermudas, where they built a ves- sel, with which they reached their destination. Before returning to Eng. for the last time, he attempted, with RatclifFe, to depose Smith from the presidency, but was defeated in the at- tempt, and acknowledged himself in the wrong. Newport's " Discoveries in Amer." were first pub. in 1860, in " Archceologia Americana," vol. iv. p. 25, edited by Rev. E. E. Hale. Newton, Gilbert Stuart, artist, b. Halifax, N.S., Sept. 2, 1795; d. 5 Aug. 1835. Henry his father, a loyalist, left Boston in 1776 ; became collector of customs in Halifax; and d. 1803. The son was then brought to Boston ; became the pupil of his uncle, Gil- bert Stuart; visited Italy; and in 1817 went with Leslie to London. Social intercourse and ill-health limited his work, and for several years a mental disorder blighted and isolated his life. He was a good colorist; had humor, genius, and pathos. Among his works is the " Dull Lecture," " The Poet reading his Verses," portraits of John Adams and Wash- ington Irving, and scenes from " Gil Bias " and Moliere. — Tuckerman. Newton, Isaac, naval architect, b. Scho- dack, N.Y., Jan. 10, 1794; d. N.Y. Nov. 22, 1858. Son of a Revol. soldier; pursued the occupation of a ship-builder ; and over 90 ves- sels have been constructed under his super- vision. The splendid Hudson-river boats, " Hendrick Hudson " and the " New World," were built by him ab. 1851. — Hist. Mag. iii. 27. Newton, John, brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Va. ab. 1820. West Point, 1842. Entering the engr. corps, he was assist, prof, of eng. at West Point 1843-6; 1st lieut. 16 Oct. 1852; capt. 1 July, 1856; maj. 6 Aug. 1861; brig.- gen. vols. 23 Sept. 1861 ; maj.-gen. vols. 30 Mar. 1863; lieut.-col. engrs. 28 Dec. 1865. He was engaged in various services, including the Utah exped. in 1858; the construction of Ft. Delaware, and repair of Ft. Mifflin, 1858- 61 ; com. a brigade in the Peninsular camp. ; and engaged at Gaines's Mill and Glendale; also at South Mountain and Antietam, for which brev. lieut.-col. 17 Sept. 1862; com. a di- vision at Fredericksburg and at Gettysburg, for which brev. col. 3 July, 1863; com. 1st corps from 2 July, 1863, to Dec. 1863 ; com. 2d div. 4th corps in invasion of Ga. May-Sept. 1864; and engaged at Rocky-faced Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw, Peach-tree Creek, Jonesbor- ough, and siege and capture of Atlanta; com. Dist. of Key West and Tortugas, Oct. 1864- June, 1865; brev. brig.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865 for Peach-tree Creek and Atlanta, Ga. ; and brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A. for gallant and merit, services during the Rebellion. — CuUum. Newton, John Thomas, capt. U.S.N., b. Va.; d. Washington, D.C., July 28, 1857. Midshipman, Jan. 16, 1809; lieut. July 24, 1813; master, March 3, 1827; capt. Feb. 9, 1837 ; acting lieut. of " The Hornet " in the ac- tion with "The Peacock," Feb. 24, 1813; and 1st lieut. in that with " The Penguin," Mar. 23, 1815. Newton, Roger ; d. Milford, Ct., Jan. 15, 1771, a. 86. Col. and disting. in the expeds. of 1709-10; many years a member of the coun- cil, and 33 years judge of C.C.P. In his epi- taph are these lines : — " Newton, as steel, inflexible from right In faith, in law, in equity, in light." Newton, Thomas, lawyer, b. Eng. Jan. 10, 1661 ; d. Portsmouth, N.H., May 28, 1721. He was educated in Eng.; was atty.-gen. for Ms. Bay 1720-1 ; dep. judge and judge of the admiralty ; comptroller of the customs ; «ec. of N.H. until 1690; and for many years one of the chief lawyers of Boston. Nicholas, Gen., Revol. officer, b. Ireland, 1724; d. Alexandria, Va., 9 Aug. 1807. He was a scholar, and translated from the French a work on nn'litary tactics. Nicholas, George, statesman and jurist, eldest son of Robert Carter N., b. Hanover, Va. ; d. Ky. 1799. Wm. and Mary Coll. 1772. Was disting. during the Revol. in the field and in the council; maj. 2d Va. Regt. 1777, and afterward col.; was a leading mem- ber of the convention which ratified the Federal Constitution ; was a member of the house of delegates, whose deliberations he almost entirely controlled. Emigrating from Va. in 1790, he was chosen a member of the convention for framing a constitution for Ky., which met April 1, 1792, at Danville, and of which instru- ment he may be called the author. He was the first atty.-gen. of the State. Nicholas, Robert Carter, patriot and statesman, b. Va. 1715 ; d. at his seat in Han- over, Va., 1780. Wm. and M. Coll. Son of Dr. George, who emig. to Va. ab. 1700, and m. a widow, Mrs. Burwell, nde Carter. He was named for Robert Carter, pres. of the council in 1726, and studied and practised law, in which he rose to eminence. While young he represented James City in the house of bur- gesses, in which he continued till the house of NIC 658 NIC delegates was or;ranized in 1777, and sat in that body, till, in 1779, app. a judge of the High Court of Chancery, and consequently of the Court of Appeals. From 1764 to 1776 he was a conspicuous member of the party of which Bland, Peyton Randolph, and Pendle- ton were prominent leaders ; and in 1765 voted against the Stamp-Act resolutions of Henry ; treasurer of the Colony in 1766-77; in 1773 was of the com. of corresp ; and was a mem- ber of all the conventions, and pres. pro tempore of that of July, 1775. He was a strong and ready rather than an eloquent speaker, a sound lawyer, and a good financier. His sons, all educated at Wm. and Mary Coll., and all disting., were George, John (M.C. 1793- 1801, who afterward removed to N.Y.), Wil- son Cary (gov. of Va.), and Philip Nor- BORNE (many years atty .-gen. of Va., pres. of the Farmers' Bank, member of the convention of 1829-30, and a judge of the Gen. Court). — Grigshi/. Nicholas, Robert Carter, U.S. senator 1835-41, b. Va.; d. Terrebonne, La., 24 Dec. 1857. App. capt. 20th Inf. 12 Mar. 1812; maj. 12th Inf. March, 1813; lieut-col. Aug. 1814; charge d'affaires to Naples; subsequently sec. of state of La. ; and in 1 851 became State supt. of public instruction. Nicholas, Samuel Smith, jurist, son of George, b. Lexington, Ky., 1796; d. Louis- ville, Ky., 27 Nov. 1869. At first a merchant in N. Orleans, afterward practised law in Louisville, Ky., with success, and in Dec. 1831 was app. judge of the Court of Appeals. Subsequently member of the State legisl. Author of a series of essays on Constitutional Law, and assisted in preparing the revised code * of Kentucky. Nicholas, Col. Wilson Cart, statesman, son of Robert Carter, b. Hanover, Va. ; d. Mil- ton, Va., Oct. 10, 1820. Wm. and M. Coll. An officer of the Revol. army; commanded Washington's Life Guard until its diSbandment in 1 783 ; and a member of the convention which ratified the U.S. Constitution. He was a dis- ting. M.C. in 1807-9; U.S. senator in 1799- 1804, and ably supported the administration of Jefferson ; collector of the ports of Norfolk and Pt)rtsmouth in 1804-7; and gov. of Va. in 1814-17. He pub. a letter to his constituents in 1809. Nichols, Edward T., capt. U.S.N., b. Ga. Mar. 1, 1822. Midshipm. Dec. 14, 1836 ; lieut. Mar. 13, 1850; com. July 16, 1862; -capt. July 26, 1866. Com. steamer "Winona," W. Gulf block, squad., 1861-2; bombardment- of Forts Jackson and St. Philip ; received the surrender of the latter Apr. 28, 1862 ; at the attack and passage of Vicksburg batteries, June 28, 1862; engagement with rebel ram " Arkansas ; " bombardm. and passage of Vicksburg batteries, July 15, 1862; com. steamer "Alabama," W. I. squad., 1 863 ; steamer " Mcndota," N. Atl. block, squad., 1 864-5 ; engaged with rebel bat- tery at Four-mile Creek, James River, June 1 6, 1 864 ; chief of staff", Asiatic squadron, 1 870. — Hamersly. Nichols, Edward W., landscape-painter, b. Orford, N.H., 1820; d. Peekskill, N.Y., 20 Sept. 1871. Son of a Baptist clergyman. He taught sacred music in N.E. ; afterward studied law at Burlington, Vt.; and subsequently stud- ied art under Cropsey in N.Y., and for 2 years in Italy. His sympathy with and appreciation of the beauties of Nature eminently fitted him for his profession ; and his pictures are highly valued h^ good judges. Nichols, ICHABOD, D.D. (Bowdoin Coll. 1821 ; H.U. 1831), clergyman, b. Portsmouth, N.H., July 5, 1784; d. Cambridge, Ms., Jan. 2,1859. H.U. 1802. After studying theology at Salem, he was from 1 805 to 1 809 tutor in mathematics at Cambridge; Jan. 7, 1809, was ord. assoc. pastor with Rev. Dr. Dcane of the First Cong. Church, Portland, at whose de- cease in 1814 he became sole pastor, continuing so till 1855, when he received a colleague, and removed to Cambridge. Several years vice- pres. of the Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sciences. In his theology he was a Unitarian of the con- servative school. He pub. in 1 830 a work on Natural Theology, containing some original views and illustrations. "Remembered Words from the Sermons of Rev. I. Nichols " ap- peared in Boston, 1860; "Hours with the Evangelists," 2 vols. 1861. Nichols, Mrs. Mary Sergeant Gove (NEAL),MD.,b. Goffstown,N.H., 1810. Wide- ly known as a practitioner of the water-cure system, and author of " Lectures to Ladies on Anatomy and Physiology," 1 844 ; under the nom de plume of " Mary Orme," " Uncle John, or is it too much Trouble ? " " Agnes Norris," and "Eros and Anteros," "Amer. Eclective Papers" in the Amer. Review, and many pieces in Godey's Lady's Book. — See Mrs. Hale's Woman's Record. Nichols, Moses, physician, and gen. of militia; d.Amherst, N.H.,May,l790, a.49. At Bennington, Aug. 17, 1777, he commanded the troops sent by Stark to attack the rear of the enemy's left. He practised physic many years, and held various offices. His son Moses, phys. and judge, lived in Canada. Nichols, Mrs. Rebecca S., dan. of Dr. Reed of Greenwich, N. J., and wife of W. Nich- ols of Cincin. Has pub. "Bemice, and other Poems," 1844; "Songs of the Heart and the Hearthstone," 8vo, 1 852 ; and has contrib. verses to the Guest, a journal edited by herself, and to other periodicals. Her earliest pieces appeared in the Louisville Journal and the News-Letter, ab. 1840, over the signature "El- len." A series of sprightly papers, under the nom deplume "Kate Cleaveland, were contrib. by her to the Cin. Herald. — See Poets and Po- etry of the West. Nichols, Richard, gov. of N.Y. and N.J.; was one of the four commissioners app. in 1 664 to inquire into the state of the Colonies, to de- termine complaints in the various govts, of N.E., and subdue the Dutch at Manhadoes. They reached Boston in July, and soon pro- ceeded against the Dutch, who surrendered in Aug. After an administration in N.Y., con- ducted with great prudence, integrity, and mod- eration, Nichols returned to Eng., and was suc- ceeded by Col. Lovelace in 1667. The govt, of N.J. he resigned to Carteret in 1666. Nichols, William A., brev. maj.-gen. US. A., b. Pa. 1817; d. St. Louis, Mo., Apr. 8, NIC 659 NIC 1 869. West Point, 1 838. Entering the 2d Art., he served with distinction in the Mexican war, first as aide to Gen. Quitman, and then as as- sist, adj.-gen to Gen. Garland. Disting. at Monterey, Churubusco, and Molino del Rey, and brev. capt. and raaj. ; assist, adj.-gen. (rank of capt.) July 29, 1852; lieut.-col. Aug. 3, 1861 ; col. June 1, 1864; brev. brig.-gen. Sept. 24, 1864; and brev. maj.-gen. March 13, 1865. Nicholson, Alfred Osborn Pope, law- yer and politician, b. Williantson Co., Tenn., Aug. 31, 1808. U. of N.C. 1827. Settled in Tenn. as a lawyer in 1831 ; in 1832-5 he ed- ited the Western Mercury, a Deinoc. paper, at Columbia, Tenn.; from' Dec. 1844 to 1846 he edited the Nashville Union ; was a member of the legisl. in 1833-9; U.S. senator in 1840-2; State senator in 1843-5 ; chancellor of the mid- dle division of the State in 1845 and '51 ; pres. of the Bank of Tenn. in 1846-7 ; printer of the house during the 33d, and of the senate during the 34th, Congresses ; and in 1853-6 editor of the Washington Daily Union. He was a mem- ber of the convention which met at Nashville in 1850, and delivered there an elaborate speech in favor of the " compromise movement," then before Congress ; member of the Dcmoc. nat. convention of 1852; and was offered by G^n. Pierce a cabinet appointment, which he de- clined. Elected U.S. senator in 1859, he was expelled in July, 1861. Nicholson, Sir Francis, a colonial gov. ; d. Lond. March 5, 1728. He was by profes- sion a soldier, and was lieut.-gov. of N.Y. un- der Andros, and at the head of the administra- tion in 1687-9 ; gov. of Va. 1690-2 and 1699- 1705; gov. of Md. 1694-9. In 1710 he was com. of the forces that captured Port Royal Oct. 2. He returned to Eng. to urge another attempt on Canada, taking with him 5 Iroquois chiefs, who were presented to Queen Anne. He also com. the unsuccessful exped. of the next year. Oct. 12, 1712, to Aug. 1717, he was gov. of Nova Scotia. He was knighted in 1720; gov. of S.C. 1721-5 ; returned to Eng. in June, 1 725 ; and made a lieut.-gen. Author of " An Apology or Vindication of F.N., Gov. of S.C," liond., folio, 1724; "Journal of an Expcd. for the Reduction of Port Royal," Lon^., 4to, 1711. Nicholson, James, com. U.S.N., b. Ches- tertown, Md., 1737 ; d. N. York, Sept 2, 1804. He was trained to the sea with his two bros., Samuel and John, afterwards capts. in the na- vy; was at the capture of Havana in 1762; resided in New York in 1763-71 ; entered the Revol. navy in " The Defence," a Md- vessel, in 1775, in which, in Mar. 1776, he recaptured several vessels which had been taken by the British ; was app. to com. " The Virginia," of 28 guns, in June, 1776 ; and in Jan. 1777 suc- ceeded Com. Esek Hopkins as com.-in-chief of the navy, holding that post until its dissolu- tion. A strict blockade of the Chesapeake pre- vented " The Virginia " from getting to sea ; and Capt. Nicholson and his crew joined the army, and were present at the battle of Tren- ton. In a subsequent attempt to get to sea, his ship struck upon a bar, and was captured, the captain and most of his crew escaping. An inquiry, instituted by Congress, acquitted him of all blame. lie afterward com. the frigate "Trumbull," of 38 guns; and June 2, 1780, had a severe action of 3 hours with " The Wy- att," losing 30 men before the ships parted. In Aug. 1781 she was captured off the Capes of Delaware by " The Ins " and " Gen. Monk," after a gallant resistance, being completely dis- mantled. Capt. N. after the war resided in New York, where he was in 1801-4 U.S. com- miss. of loans. His three daughters were m. to Albert Gallatin, Wm. Few, and John Mont- gomery, an M.C., and mayor of Baltimore. Nicholson, J. W. A., capt. U.S.N., b. Ms., Feb. 10, 1821. Midshipm. Feb. 10, 1838; iieut. Apr. 24, 1852 ; com. July 16, 1862 ; capt. July 25, 1866 ; in sloop " Vandalia," Japan ex- ped., 1853-5 ; in engagement with Confied. bat- teries at Aquia Creek, Potomac River, 1861 ; com. steamer " Isaac Smith," S. A. blockade squad., 1861-2 J action with Confed. fleet, Nov. 1861 ; battle of Port Royal, Nov. 7, 1861 ; ac- tion with Confed. flotilla in the Savannah River, Feb. 1862; engagement with Confed. infantry near Jacksonville, Fla. ; com. ironclad "Man- hattan," W. Gulf block, squad., 1864; in bat- tle of Mobile Bay, Aug. 5, 1864 ; bombard, of Fort Morgan, Aug. 1864 ; com. steamer " Mo- hongo," Pacific squad., 1865-6; com. " Wam- panoag, 1867-8. — Ilamersly. Nicholson, John B., commo. U.S.N., b. Richmond, Va., 1783; d. Washington, D.C., Nov. 9, 1846. Midshipm. July 4, 1800; Iieut. May 20, 1812; com. March 5, 1817; capt. Apr. 24, 1 828. At the capture of " The Mace- donian " frigate, he served as 4th Iieut. of" The United States ; " he was the first Iieut. of " The Peacock," and, after her brilliant fight with " The Epervier," brought the prize safely into port. Nicholson, Joseph Hopper, jurist, and M.C. 1799-1806, b. Md. 1770; d. 4 Mar. 1817. He received a good education ; was a lawyer ; app. chief judge 6th dist. ; and was also a judge of the Court of Appeals. Nicholson, Joseph J., capt. U.S.N., b. Md. ; d. Baltimore, Dec. 12, 1838. Midshipm. Apr. 2, 1804; Iieut. June 4, 1810; master, March 5, 1817; capt. March 3, 1827. Nicholson, Samuel, senior oflBcer U.S.N., bro. of James, b. Md. 1743; d. Charlestown, Ms., Dec. 29, 1811. He was a Iieut. with Paul Jones in the battle between the " Bon Homme Richard " and " Serapis ; " was made a capt. Sept. 17, 1779; and early in 1782 com. the frigate " Deane " of 32 guns, in which he cruised successfully, taking among other prizes 3 sloops of war with an aggregate of 44 guns. Commiss. capt. on the re-organization of the navy, June 10, 1794; and was the first com. of the frigate " Constitution." Another bro., John, was commiss, Iieut. in the Revol. navy Aug. 17, 1776; capt. Sept. 17, 1779. Nicholson, William C, commo. U.S.N., b. Md, Midshipman June 18, 1812; Iieut. Mar. 3, 1821 ; com. Sept. 8, 1841 ; capt. Aug. 22, 1855; commo, (retired list) July 16, 1862. Com. schooner " Boxer," Pacific squadron, 1850; sloop "Preble," Mcdit. squad,, 1843; fleet-capt. Pacific squad. 1855 ; com. steam-frig- ate "Mississippi," .E.I. squad,, 1858-60; steam- frigate " Roanoke," 1861. Nicklin, PHump Holbrook, bookseller NTC 660 isriisr and author, b. Phila. 1786 ; d. there March 2, 1842. N.J. Coll. 1804. After studyins; law h(j became a bookseller, first in Baltimore in 1809, and in 1814 in Phila.; member of the Philos. Society, and, while a trustee of the U. of Pa., visited En<:., makiu};, on his return in 1834, a report to the board on the condition of the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford. He contrib. articles on conchology to Silliman's Journal and to other periodicals ; pub. Letters Descriptive of Va. Springs, " Remarks on Literary Property," various papers on free trade and the tariff system in relation to l)ooks, which were pub. among the documents annexed to the report of the Phila. Free-trade Conven- tion in 1831, of which he was a member. Nicollet, Joseph Nicolas, a French astronomer and geologist, b. Savoy ab. 1795; d. Washington, D.C., Sept. 11, f843. Sec. and librarian of the Observatory at Paris in 1817. He came to the U.S. ab. 1833; ex- plored the Southern States, especially the great basin embraced by the sources of the Red, Arkansas, and Mo. Rivers; and in 1836 had ex- tended his explorations to the sources of the Mpi. He collected many interesting details of the history and dialects of the Indians, and of the products and natural history of tlie coun- try. He was engaged by the war dept., and instructed by Mr, Poinsett to revisit the Far West, and prepare a general report and map for the govt. Fi-euiont accomp. him as assist. In 1841 Nicollet presented to the Assoc, of Amer. Geologists at Phila. an interesting com- munication upon the geology of the Upper Mpi. region, and of the cretaceous formation of the Upper Missouri. Nieolson, Samuel, inventor of the " Nicolson pavement;" d. Jan. 6, 1868, a. 76. NileS) Hezekiah, journalist, b. Chester Co., Pa., Oct. 10, 1777; d. Wilmington, Del;, Apr. 2, 1839. Learning the trade of a printer, he was ab. 1800 one of the firm of Bonsall and Niles, printers and pubs., Wilmington, Del., but was unsuccessful ; afterward became a con- trib. of amusing essays, entitled " Quilldriv- ing," to a periodical ; and then for six years edited a daily paper in Baltimore. He is chiefly known as the founder, in 181 1 , of Niks' s Register, a. weekly journal pub. at Baltimore, of which he was the editor till Aug. 1836. The Register was repub. by him in 32 vols., ex- tending from 1812 to 1827, and was continued by his son W. 0. Niles, and others, till June 27, 1849 ; making 76 vols, in all. He also com- piled a vol., "Principles and Acts of the Rev- ol.," 8vo, 1822. He advocated protection to our national industry, and, with Mathew Carey.was one of the ablest champions of the " American System." Niles, Joim MiLTOx, author and politi- cian, b. Windsor, Ct., Aug. 20, 1787 ; d. Hart- ford, May 31, 1856. He received a common- school education ; was adm. to the bar, and, removing to Hartford in 1817, he, in connection with his professional labor, established atid prin- cipally edited the Hartford Times, to which he contributed for 30 years. He was an active Democ. politician, a supporter of state-rights doctrines, and received from 1821 for several years the annual app. of judge of the Hartford Co. Court ; was a State representative in 1826; app. postmaster of Hartford in 1829 by Jack- son ; from Dec. 1835 until 1839 and in 1843-9 U.S. senator; postmaster -general in 1840. With Dr. John C. Pease, he edited a Gazetteer of Ct. and R.L, pub. in 1819. He pub. "The Civil Officer," a history of S. America and Mexico, 1838; "Life of Com. Perry," 1820; and a number of orations, addresses, &c., upon a great variety of subjects; also an improved edition of Robbins's Journal; edited for repub- lication in 1816 a large Eng. work, " The In- dependent Whig." He passed his later years in horticultural pursuits. In his will Senator Niles bequeathed $20,000 to be held in trust for the poor in Hartford. His library he gave to the Ct. Hist. Society. Niles, Nathanael, clergyman, inventor, and politician, b. South Kmgston, R. I., Apr. 3, 1741 ; d. Oct. 31, 1828, at West Fairlce, Vt. N.J. Coll. 1766. He studied medicine and law, taught a while in N. Y. City, studied theol- ogy under Dr. Bellamy, and preached in sev- eral places in N.E. Becoming a resident of Norwich, Ct., he invented a process of making wire from bar-iron by water-power, and con- nected it with a wool-card manufactory. Re- moving after the Rcvol. to Orange Co., Vt., he filled several public offices in that State ; was speaker of the house in 1784; several years judge of the Supreme Court; M. C. in 1791-5; one of the censors for the revision of the State constitution. He pub. four discourses on "Secret Prayer," 1773; two discourses on " Confession of Sin and Forgiveness ; " two sermons on " The Perfection of God, the Foun- tain of Good," 1774; a sermon on " V.iin Amusements ; " and a " Letter to a Friend," 1809; he also wrote "The American Hero," a Sapphic ode, once very popular in Nonvich. — Sprague. Niles, Samuel, minister of Braintrcc, Ms., b. Block Island, May 1, 1674; d. May 1, 1762. H.U. 1699. He preached in Kingston, R.L, 1702-10; installed at 2d Church, Brain tree. May 23, 1711. He pub. "A Brief and Sor- rowful Account of the Present Churches in N.E.," 1745 ; " Vindication of Divers Impor- tant Doctrines," 8vo, 1752 ; "Scripture Doc- trine of Original Sin," 8vo, 1757; "God's Wonder-working Providence for N.E. in the Reduction of Louisburg," 1747; and a "His- tory of the French and Indian Wars," in " Hist. Colls." 3d sen, vol. vi. — Spragm. Ninigret, Sachem of Niantic, a chief of the Narragansctts at the settlement of R. I. by the whites. He was the uncle of Miantonomoh, but did not participate in his war with the Pequots in 1632. In the Pequot war of 1637 he aided the English ; having visited the West- ern Indians, and the Dutch gov. Stuyvesant, he was suspected of plotting with them the destruction of the English ; and Sept. 20, 1653, the commissioners of the United Colonies de- clared war with him. It was not prosecuted, however, owing to the opposition of Ms. Nini- gret meanwhile waged war with the Long- Island Indians; and, refusing to appear at Hartford, war was again declared m Sept. 1654. Maj. S. Willard led the exped., and NTN- 661 ISIOA. brought oIT 100 Pequots; but Ninigrct had fled. Oct. 13, 1660, he, with Scutt.ip and other chiefs, mortgaged their territory to H. Atherton and others, and gave possession at Pottequamscot in 1062. He kept aloof from Philip's war 1675- 6, and escaped the ruin which overtook the other tiibcs. Nino (ncn'-yo),PEDRO Alonzo, a Spanish navigator, surnamed El Negro (the Black), b. Andalusia, 1463; d. ab. 1505. One of the companions of Columbus in his third voyage ; afterward com. a caravel, and made discoveries on and near the S. American coast. Nisbet, CiiARLES,D.D. (N. J. Coll. 1783), scholar and divine, b. Haddington, Scotland, 21 Jan. 1733 ; d. Carlisle, Pa., Jan. 18, 1804. Edinb. U. 1754. Licensed to preach 24 Sept. 1 760. He was long a clergyman at Montrose, Scotland, and influential in the Gen. AsscmMy from his powers of wit and argument. He openly favored the cause of the Colonies in their revol. struggle. Chosen pres. of Dick. Coll. on its establishment in 1 783, he yielded to the urgen- cy of Dr. Rush, and arrived at Phila. in June, 1785. Unable to prevail with the trustees for a proper system of education, he resigned the next year, designing to return to Scotland ; changing his mind, he was re-elected in May, 1 786 ; entered vigorously on the prosecution of his duties, performing the great labor of de- livering four concurrent series of lectures on logic, the philosophy of the mind, belles-let- tres, and systematic theology, and struggled ineffectually to bring the education of the times up to his standard. He was a man of decided ability and scholarship ; possessed great humor, and an extraordinarv memory. His posthumous works were pub. m 1806 ; his Me- moirs, by Dr. Miller, 1840. — Sprague. Nisbet, James, editor and author, b. Scot- land ab. 1800 ; d. 30 July, 1865, by the wreck of the " Bro. Jonathan " off Oregon. An un- successful novelist and journalist in Eng. and Australia, in 1855 he went to Cal., where he pub. *' Annals of San Francisco," and was connected with the Chronicle and the Bulletin, of which, on the assassination of Mr. King, he became editor. Nixon, Gen. John, Revol. officer, b. Fra- mingham, Ms., Mar. 4, 1725; d. Middlebury, Vt., Mar. 24, 1815. He served as a soldier at the capture of Louisburg in 1745 ; returned to his native place after 7 years' service in the army and navy ; again entered the army as a capt., and fought at Ticonderoga when Aber- crombic was defeated, and in the battle of Lake George. Afterward, falling into an ambuscade, he cut his way through the enemy, and es- caped, but with the loss of nearly all his party. In the Revol. he led a company of minute-men at Lexington ; and at Bunker's Hill, where he com. a regt., he received a wound from which he never entirely recovered. Made a brig.-gen. Aug. 9, 1776. At the battle of Stillwater, where he com. the first brigade, Ms. line, a cannon-ball passed so near his head as to im- pair permanently the sight of one eye and the hearing of one car. In poor health, he re- signed his commission, Sept. 12, 1780; in 1803 li i removed with his children to Middlebury, Vt. NiXDn, Col. John, Revol. officer, b. West- chester, Pa. ; d. Phila. 1 Jan. 1809. A mer- chant and an ardent patriot of Phila., he com. a regt. on Long Island and at Valley Forge. Pres. of tho Bank of JST.A. 1782-1809. Nixon, Col. Thomas, bro. of Gen. John, b. Framingham, Ms., Apr. 27, 1736; d. on the passage from Boston to Portsmouth, N.II., Aug. 12, 1800; ensign in the French war in 1756; com. acompany of minute-men in 1775; was afterward commissioned col. 6th Ms. Regt., and served through the war with bravery and eflicicncy. He removed to Southborough ab. 1784. Noah, Major Mordecai Manuel, editor and politician, b. Phila. July 19, 1785 ; d. New York, Mar. 22, 1851. His parents were Jews, and to that faith he adhered through life. Commencing life as an apprentice, he soon de- voted himself to the study of the law ; removed to Charleston, and took an active part in pub- lic aH'airs. In 1811 he was app. consul to Riga, and in 1813 to Morocco, with a mission to Algiers; he returned to the U.S. ab. 1816, and pub. the incidents of his foreign travel, 8vo, N.Y., 1819. Editor of the National Advo- cate, aDemoc. journal in N.Y., until 1826; he was, while thus engaged, elected sheriff of the city and CO.; in 1826 he established the N.Y. Inquirer, subsequently merged into the present Courier and Inquirer; in 1834 he established the Evening Star, but withdrew from the daily press, and established, in connection with Messrs. Deans and Howard, a weekly paper, named the Sundaif Times. In addition to the ollice of sheriff, Maj. Noah was at one time the surveyor of the port, and judge of the Court of Sessions. He endeavored to form a settle- ment of Jews on Grand Island, in the Niagara River; but the scheme failed. In 1845 he de- livered a discourse upon the Restoration of the Jews, and pub. a collection of his newspaper essays, entitled " Gleanings from a Gathered Harvest," 12mo, N.Y. ; he also pub. a translar tion of the " Book of Jasher," 8vo, 1840 ; and was the author of several successful dramas, — " The Fortress of Sorrento," " Paul and Alex- is," " She would be a Soldier," " Marion, or the Hero of Lake George," " The Grecian Captive," and " The Siege of Tripoli." Noailles de (deh no'-al'), Louis Marie, vicomte, b. 17 Apr. 17.56; d. 9 Jan. 1804. Second son of the Marshal De Mouchy. Adopt- ing the military career, he became an excellent tactician, and com. the regt. Soissonnais in the army of Rochambeau, distinguishing himself at the capture of Yorktown, and being one of the commissioners to arrange the articles of capit- ulation. He was a bro.-in-law of Lafayette, and, imbibing an enthusiasm for liberty, was one of the nobles who, 13 July, 1789, resolved to divest themselves of their exclusive privi- leges, and sit with the tiers €tat. He had a principal share in the early part of the French revol. struggle; but in May, 1792, hopeless of the success of constitutional liberty, he resigned the com. of the advanced posts of the camp of Valenciennes, and withdrew to the U.S. Re-entering the French sei-vice, he went to St. Domingo in 1803 as gen. of brigade, but was mortally wounded in an action with an English vessel. His wife was a victim of the guillotine. N-OB 662 NOR Noble, Louis Legrand, b. Otsego Co., N.Y., 1812. Removed with his parents to Michigan in 1824. Ord. in Prot.-Ep. eh. 1840 ; officiated in N.C., at Catskill, N.Y., and became in 1854 rector of a church at Chicago. Au- thor of " Ne-mah-min," an Indian story in 3 cantos, in Graham's Mag.; " Life, Character, and Genius of Thos. Cole," 1853 ; " The Lady Angeline, and other Poems," 1 857 ; " After Ice- bcrjrs with a Painter," — Church. Noble, Noah, gov. Indiana 1831-7 ; b. Va. Jan. 15, 1794; <1. Indianapolis, Feb. 1844. Noble, Oliver, minister of Coventry, Ct., 1759-61 ; of Newbury, Ms., 1762-83; and of Newcastle, N.H., from 1784 to his d. 1792, a. 56; b. Hebron, Ct. Y.C. 1757. He pub. a discourse on Church Music, 1774 ; on Boston Massacre, 1775. Noble, Patrick, lawyer and politician, b. Abbeville Dist., S.C, 1787 ; d. there Apr. 7, 1840. N.J. Coll. 1806. He became a lawyer, a partner of Mr. Calhoun, and in 1812 a State representative ; in 1818-24 speakerof the legisl., and again in 1832 and '36 ; was pres. of the State senate ; and gov. in 1838-40. In politics he was a state-rights Democ, and was popular with the masses. Noel, Nicolas, M.D., formerly surgeon- major of the French and American armies ; member of the Amer. Philos. Society ; prof, of anatomy and physiology at Rheims ; b. Rheims, May a7, 1746 ; d. there May 11, 1832. Noel, sympathizing in the American struggle for independence, left Paris for the U.S. Dec. 1, 1776, with Tronson du Coudray, and furnished with a brevet of surgeon-major of the Colonies, given him by Franklin. He served in that capacity until Jan. 1778, when he was app. to the ship of war " Boston " to accompany the ambassador John Adams to France; subse- quently cruised in her, until ordered to return to America, where he rejoined the army. He was afterwards charged with the hospitals of the fleet and army of Rochambeau. During the French Revolution he was actively employed in the array, but returned to Rheims in 1794, and passed the remainder of his days in the labors incident to his profession. — Biog. Univ. Suppt. Nordheimer, Isaac, Dr. Phil, of the U. of Munich, prof, of Hebrew and teacher of German in Union Theol. Sem. ; d. New York, Nov. 1842. Author of Hebrew Grammar, 2 vols. 8vo, N.Y. 18.38; " Chrestomathy," Svo, N.Y. 1838; History of Florence ; N. and Tur- ner's Heb. and Chaldee Concordance, 1842. Nordhoflf, Charles, b. Erwitte, Prussia, 1830. His father was a disting. officer at Waterloo. He came to Amer. in 1834 ; entered the navy in 1845 ; and has been editorially con- nected with Harper's and other periodicals. Author of " Man-of- War Life," 1855; "Mer- chant-Vessel," 1855 ; " Whaling and Fishing," 1856; "Stories of the Island World," 1857; "Nine Years a Sailor," 1857; "Cape Cod, and all Along Shore." He edited Kern's "Landscape-Gardening," 1855. Author of the article on Arctic Adventure in Appleton's " New Amer. Cyclopaedia." Norman, Benjamin Moore, author, b. Hudson, N.Y., Dec. 22, 1809 ; d.near Summit, Mpi., Feb. 1, 1860. The death of his father, a bookseller at Hudson, called him from a clerk- ship in New York to take charge of the busi- ness there. He established a bookstore in N. Orleans in 1837, after conducting the business for a time in Phila. The loss of his wife by yel- low-fever in 1841 caused in him an unusual sym- pathy with the sufferers by this pestilence in subsequent seasons; and he became one of the most self-sacrificing and philanthropic men in that city. As the result of his travels in Yuca- tan, he pub. in 1842 " Rambles in Yucatan," a work of great value ; also " New Orleans and its Environs," 1845; "Rambles by Land and Water," 1845. — Duyckinck. Norris, Edward, minister of Salem, Ms., from Mar. 18, 1640, to his d. Apr. 10, 1659 ; b. Eng. ab. 1589. He was a teacher and min- ister in Gloucestershire, and came to N.E. in 1639. He was tolerant; did not join in perse- cuting Gorton and the Anabaptists ; and with- stood the witchcraft delusion of 1651-4; but in 1653 wrote in favor of making war on the Dutch. He pub. in Lond., 1636, a treatise on Asking for Temporal Blessings, and " The New Gospel not the True Gospel," &c., 4to, 1638, a reply to John Trask's " True Gospel Vindi- cated," Lond. 1636. — Felt's Ecc. Hist. 387. Norris, Isaac, chief justice of Pa. ; a Qua- ker; d. Germantown, Pa., June 3, 1735. He m. a dau. of Gov. Lloyd. Norris, John, one of the founders of the And. Theol. Sem., to which he gave $10,000 Mar. 21, 1808; d. Dec. 22, 1808, a. 57. Many years a merchant in Salem, and several years in the senate of Ms. Mary his widow be- queathed, in 1811, $30,000 to the sem., and a like sum to foreign missions. North, Col. Caleb ; d. Coventry, Pa., Nov. 7, 1840, a. 88. He raised a company in Ches- ter Co., Pa. ; was acapt., and afterwards a lieut.- col., in the Rcvol. army till the close of the war ; many years a merchant in Phila ; at one time high sheriff of the city and Co. of Phila. ; and at the time of his death pres. of the Pa. Society of the Cincinnati. North, Frederick, 2d Earl of Guildford, an English statesman, b. 13 April, 1732; d. Lond. 5 Aug. 1792. Succeeded to the earldom in 1790. Educated at Oxford and Leipsic. Entering parliament from Bunbury in 1761, he represented that place 30 years. He; was at the head of the treasury in 1763-5; chancellor of the exchequer 1767-70; first lord of the treas- ury 1770-82. During his administration, the American Colonies threw off their allegiance to the British crown, becoming independent after a struggle of 8 years, — 1775-83. He supported the Stamp Act and the right of taxing the Colo- nies, but, during the last 3 years of the war, per- severed in it only in deference to the wishes of the king. He possessed great good-temper, wit, and political ability. Though fiercely assailed by Chatham, Burke, and Fox, he maintained his position with eminent tact and ability until Mar. 1782, when he resigned ; the surrender of Corn- wallis having termmated the war. North, Simeon, D.D. (Wesl. U. 1849), LL.D. (W. Res. Coll. 1842), b. Berlin, Ct. Y.C. 1825 ; tutor there 1827-9. Prof, of Ian- guages in Ham. Coll., N.Y., 1829-39; pres. of NOR 663 NOR that inst. 1839-57. Author of a number of sermons, discourses, and orations. North, Gen. William, b. Fort Frederick, Pemaquid, Mc., 1755; d. New York, Jan. 3, 1836. Son of Capt. John of St. George's Fort, Thomaston, Me. Entering the Revol. army in 1775, he was a capt. in Jackson's regt. at the battle of Monmouth; became aide to Baron Steuben in 1779, assisting him in introducing his system of discipHne into the army ; accomp. him in Va., and at the surrender of Comwallis, and, gaining the esteem of the baron, became heir to one-half his property. Adj. and insp.- gen. U.S.A. from July 19, 1798, to June, 1800 ( rank of brig.-gen. ) . He was a conspicuous Fed- eralist; was once speaker of the N.Y. Assem- bly ; one of the fii-st canal commiss. of the State ; and U.S. senator in 1798. App. adj. -gen. of the army in 1812, but declined. He m. Polly, dau. of James Duane. — MS. Memoir, by Miss H. E. North. North, William, b. Eng., some time a resi- dent of N.York City ; d. there by suicide, 1854. Contrib. many pieces in prose and verse to the periodicals. After his death, " The Slave of the Lamp," a novel by him, was pub. 1855. Northend, Charles, b. Newbury, Ms. Principal of the Eppes School, Salem ; teacher and supt. of schools at Danvers many years. Author of " Teacher and Parent," 12mo, 1853 ; Speakers and other school text-books. Wil- liam D., his bro., is noted as a lawyer and poHtician of Salem. Norton, Andrews, an eminent Unitarian scholar, b. Hingham, Ms., Dec. 31, 1786; .d- Newport, R. I., Sept. 18, 1853. H. U. 1804. Descendant of Rev. John of Ipswich. He studied divinity, but never had charge of a con- gregation. Tutor in Bowd Coll. in 1809; and in 1811 at H.U., where he was also libra- rian in 1813-21; in 1813 succeeded Chan- ning as lecturer on biblical criticism and inter- pretation ; and was Dexter prof, of sacred lit- erature in 1819-30; afterwards residing at Cambridge, devoting himself to intellectual pur- suits. In 1833 he pub. his " Statement of Reasons for not believing the Doctrine of the Trinity ; " in 1837 "Evidences of the Genuine- ness of the Gospels," succeeded by three other volumes ; a treatise on " The Latest Form of Infidelity" (1839), which was answered by a champion of Transcendentalism, to whom Nor- ton ably replied ; and " Tracts concerning Chris- tianity," 8vo, 1 852. He was also a writer of verse of a devotional cast, and of great beauty and sweetness. He left in manuscript a Transla- tion of the Gospels, pub. after his death; contrib. many valuable articles to the N.A. Review and the Christian Examiner; and edited in 1833-4, in connection with Charles Folsom, the Select. Jour- nal of Foreifjn Periodical Literature. In 1814 he edited the Miscellaneous Writings of his friend Charles Eliot, and in 1823 performed a similar friendly duty for Levi Frisbee. " In his theologi- cal views and writings Mr. Norton united op- posite schools of thought, and belonged, by an almost equal title, to the extreme right and the extreme left as to matters of religious belief. He was radical as a critic and interpreter, con- servative as an expositor of Christian doctrine. While leading the van in the Unitarian protest against Calvinism, he was foremost in opposi- tion to the naturalistic school, of which Theo- dore Parker was the principal representative. As a lecturer on the interpretation of Scripture he has had few equals, and no superior, in this country." In 1812 he edited the General Repos- itory and Review, illustrating and defending with ability the views of the liberal school of theol- ogy. His son Charles Eliot (H. U. 1846) has been editor of the N.A. Review, and has pub. " Notes of Travel," and " Study in Italy," and a transl. of Dante's " New Life." Norton, Asahel Strong, D.D. (Un. Coll. 1815), b. Farmington, Ct., 20 Sept. 1765; d. Clinton, N.Y., May 10, 1853. Y.Coll. 1790. Ord. at Clinton 1793. Son of Col. Ichabod, and Ruth Strong. For 40 years he exerted an important influence in Westcra N.Y., and was one of the founders of Ham. Coll. at Clinton. Norton, Chapple, a British gen., b. 1746; d. Mar. 19, 1818. Son of Fletcher Norton, 1st Lord Grantley. App. capt. 19th Foot, June, 1763; maj July, 1769; capt. and lieut.-col. Coldstream Guards, June, 1774 ; brev. col. Nov. 17, 1780; gen. April, 1802. He came to New York in Aug. 1779, and was prominent in all the principal subsequent occurrences of the war, receiving frequent and honorable mention. He was long the representative of Guildford in parliament ; gov. of Charlemont, and col. 56th Regt. Norton, John, clergyman, b. at Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire, Eng., May 6, 1606; d. Boston, Ms., April 5, 1663. Educated at Cambridge U. He was afterward curate of Stortford. Becoming a Puritan, he came to Plymouth, N.E., in Oct. 1635; preached there during the winter; went to Boston in 1636; and, before the close of the year, became min- ister of the church at Ipswich. He assisted in forming the Cambridge platform in 1648; returned to Boston in 1652; and in 1662 went with Simon Bradstreet as agent to address Charles II. after his restoration. The king assured them that he would confirm the char- ter, but required that justice should be admin- istered in his name; and that all persons of good moral character should be admitted to the Lord's Supper, and their children to bap- tism. This was exceedingly offensive to the colonists, who treated the agents on their re- turn so coolly, that it is said to have hastened the death of Mr. Norton. He wrote an an- swer to a number of questions relating to church govt, sent over from Holland by Apol- lonius, — the first Latin prose book written in this country; also a treatise against the Qua- kers, entitled " The Heart of New England rent by the Blasphemies of the Present Generation," encouraging the magistrates in the persecution of the Quakers, which so exasperated them, that, after his death, they represented to the king and parliament that " John Norton, chief priest in Boston, by the immediate power of the Lord was smitten, and died." He also wrote the " Life and Death of that Deservedly Famous Man of God, Mr. John Cotton," Lond. 1658 ; " Doctrine of Godliness," 1648; " Suf- ferings of Christ," 8vo, 16.53; "The Ortho- dox Evangelist," 4to, 1654. Norton, Rkv. John, b. Berlin, Ct., 1716; NOR 6U 3sroT d. East Hampton, Ct., March 24, 1778. Y.C. 1737. Ord. at Deerfield 1741, and settled in Bernardstown, Ms. He was chaplain at Fort Massachusetts at the time of its capture ; was taken to Canada, where he remaiiied one year, arriving in Boston Au^'. 1747. Installed pas- tor of the Cong, church at East Hampton, Ct., Nov. 30, 1748, where he labored nearly 30 years. He pub. a narrative of his captivity, Boston, 1748, a new ed. of which, with notes by S. G. Drake, app. in 1870. Norton, John, Tryoninhokaraven, an Indian chief of the Six Nations. Translated the Gospel of John into Mohawk ab. 1807. It was printed in London by the Bible Society, and distributed among the Mohawks on Grand River, Canada. His mother was Scotch. He was educated at an English school. Norton, John N., D.D. (Hob. Coll. 1863), b. N.Y. Gen. Coll. 1842 ; Genl. Theol. Sem. 1845. Ord. deacon Prot.-Epis. Ch. July 20, 1845, and after being assist, at St. Luke's, Rochester, for 6 months, became rector of the Ch. of the Ascension, Erankfort, Ky., Dec. 1846. In 1856 he pub. "Life of Bishop White,'* since followed by biographies of many distinguished Churchmen ; that of Laud ap- pearing in 1864. He has also pub. Lives of Washington and Franklin, lectures on the Life of David, short sermons, and several re- ligious books. — Dui/ckinck: Norton, John Pitkin, first prof, of agric. chemistry at Y.C, b. 1822; d. 5 Sept. 1852. Y.C. 1846. Son of Hon. John Treadwell of Farmington, Ct. Author of "Elements of Scientif, Agriculture," 12mo, 1850; "Appen- dix to Stephen's Book of the Farm," 2 vols. 1858. He also pub. a number of essays on agric. subjects. Norton, William Augustus, teacher and author, b. E. Bloomfield, N.Y., 25 Oct. 1810. West Point, 1831 ; assist, prof. nat. philos. there 1831-3. Prof. nat. philos. and astron. U. of N.Y. 1833-9, and in Del. Coll., Newark, N.J., 1839-.50; pres. Del. Coll. 1850-2; prof, civil engr. in Y.C. since 1852. Author of " Elem. Treatise on Astronomy," 1839; "First Book of Nat. Philos.," 1857 ; and of articles in Amer. Journal of Science and other periodi- cals, Norton, William E., marine-painter of Boston, b. Boston, 28 June, 1843. After leav- ing school, he was clerk to a Southern packet- line; at 16 was apprenticed to a house, sign, and fresco painter ; and helped to form the " Life School," composed of the older members of the Lowell Institute ; went to sea at 18, study- ing his art at intervals, and at the age of 22 began a successful prof, career, making another sea-voyage for study the following summer. Among his works are " The Fog-Horn," "The Funeral-Fleet" (Geo. Peabody), "The Fishing-Fleet," " Good-By," dnd " Running Free." Notman, John, architect, b. Edinburgh, Scotland, 22 July, 1810; d. Phila. 3 Mar. 1865. In 1831 he settled in Phila. He laid out and embellished Laurel -hill Cemetery. Among his chief works are St. Mark's Church in Locust St., the fa9ade of the R.C. Cathe- dral on Logan Square, and the Church of the Holy Trinity, near Walnut and 19th Streets, Phila., of which the noble doorway is especial- ly admired. — Thomas. Nott, Abraham, judge and politician, b. Saybrook, Ct., 1767; d. Fairfield, S.C, June 19, 1830. Y.C. 1787. He studied for the ministry, but did not take orders. Ab. 1788 he taught in Ga. a year ; studied law in Camden, S.C; was adm. to the bar in 1791; m. in 1794, and settled on a plantation on the Paco- let River, but continued the practice of his profession. He was a Federalist M.C. in 1799- 1801 ; practised law with eminent success in Columbia, S.C, from 1804 to 1810, when he was elected a judge of the Court of Appeals. Nott, Edward, gov. of Va. from 1705 to his d., 23 Aug. 1 706, a. 49, at Williamsburg, Va. Nott, Eliphalet, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 1805), LL.D, (B.U. 1828), divine and educator, b. Ashford, Ct., June 25, 1773; d. Schenectady, N.Y., Jan. 29, 1866. B.U. 1795. Losing both parents while a boy, he lived with his bro., the Rev. Samuel Nott, at Franklin, Ct., where he taught school in the winter. Li- censed to preach in 1795, he labored during the first year of his ministry at Cherry Valley, in the double relation of pastor, and principal of the acad. From 1798 to 1804 he was pas- tor of a Presb. church at Albany, and in 1804 was elected pres. of Union Coll. ; after which period his history was identified with that of the institution. While at Albany, he acquired popularity as a preacher ; and among his most successful pulpit-efforts was a sermon on the death of Hamilton. In 1854 the semi-cen- tennial anniversary of his presidency was cele- brated, when between 600 and 700 of those who had graduated under him came together to do him honor. Dr. Nott, by his experi- ments in heat, and the improvements he intro- duced in stoves, effected an entire change in the mode of warming buildings. His publica- tions consist principally of sermons and ad- dresses, delivered in the middle period of life, when his reputation as a pulpit-orator was at its height. He was an earnest advocate of the temperance cause, and pub. " Lectures on Temperance," 1847. He also pub. " Counsels to Young Men," miscellaneous works, 8vo, 1810. Nott, Henry Junius, scholar and author, son of Judge Abraham, b. on the Pacolet River, Union Dist., S.C, Nov. 4, 1797 ; drowned off the coast of N.C Oct. 13, 1837. S.C. Coll. 1812. On his return from a brief visit to Eu- rope in 1818, he was adm. to the bar, and be- came law-partner with D. J. Maccord, with whom he edited 2 vols, of Reports of Cases in the Constitutional Court in 1818, '19, and '20. Sailing again to Europe in 1821 for his health, while absent was elected to the chair of criti- cism, logic, and the philos. of language, in the SC. Coll. Here he remained 13 years ; at the same time being a contrib. to the Southern Re- view. He made a collection of his " Novellettes of a Traveller," 2 vols. N.Y. 1834, chiefly humorous ; and left nearly completed, at his death, an historical romance. In 1837 ho visited New York ; took passa^ thence in the steamer " Home," and, with his wife, perished in its wreck. NOT 665 isroY Nott, JosiAH Clark, ethnologist, bro. of H. J., b. Columbia, S.C., Mar. 31, 1804. S.C. Coll. 1824. lie took the degree of M D. at Phila. in 1827; remained there two jesiTS as demonstrator of anatomy to Dr. Physick ; re- turned to COiUmbia, and commenced practice ; the years 1835-6 he spent in Europe in the study of medicine and nat. hist., since practis- ing medicine in Mobile, Ala., except during the winter of 1857, when prof, of anatomy at the U. of La. Besides many articles in the medical journals, he has produced several eth- nological works ; among these are two lec- tures on " The Connection between the Biblical and Physical History of Man," 8vo, NY. 1849 ; " The Physical History of the Jewish Race," Charleston, 1850; "Types of Man- kind," 4to, Phila. 1854; and "Indigenous Races of the Earth," Phila. 1857. The last two were prepared \sdth the aid of Mr. George R. Gliddon He established in Mobile a mod. coll., which the legisl. of Ala. endowed with $50,000, and made a branch of the State uni- versity. Since 1868, has resided in N.Y. City. Nott, Samuel, D.D. (Y.C. 1825), clergy- man, bro. of Rev. Eliphalet, b. Saybrook, Ct., Jan. 23, 1754; d. Franklin, Ct., May 26, 1852. Y.C. 1780. Mar. 18, 1782, he was chosen pas- tor of the church in Franklin, Ct., and spent in that office the remainder of his long-pro- tracted life. He was long regarded as the pa- triarch of the clergy of N.E., and was also prominent as an instructor. Dr. Nott's publi- cations included two sermons, one delivered on the 50th anniversary of his ordination, and the other on the 60th. Although thus outliving his generation, he was feeble and sickly when young. Nott, Samuel, son of the preceding, last survivor of the first band of missionaries sent out by the American Board to India in 1812, b. Franklin, Ct., 1788; d. Hartford, Ct., June 1, 1869. Un. Coll. 1808; And. Theol. Sem. 1810. Ord. Feb. 6, 1812. On his return he was from 1816 to 1822 a teacher in New York; preached in Galway, N.Y.,from 1823 to 1829, and m Wareham, Ms., from 1829 to 1849 ; he then taught school in Wareham until 1850. Author of " Slavery and the Remedy," &c., 8vo, 1856, reviewed in the N.Y. Tribune, Jan. 22, 1856 ; " Sixteen Years' Preaching and Procedure at Wareham, Ms.," 8vo, 1845. Nourse, James D., journalist and author, b. Bardstown, Ky., 1816; d. St. Louis, 1854. At dilTcrcnt times he edited 3 newspapers at Bardstown, and afterwards the Intelligencer at St. Louis. Author of the "Philosophy of History ; " " The Forest Knight," a novel, Phila., ab. 1846; "Leavenworth, a Story of the Mississippi and the Prairies ; " " The Past, and its Legacies to Amer. Society," 12mo, 1852. — AUihone. Nourse, Joseph, register of the U.S. treasury from 1789 to 1829, a vice-pres. of the Amer. Bible Society, b. Lond. 1754; d. near Georgetown, D.C., Sept. 1, 1841. He emig. with his family to Va. in 1769 ; entered the Revol. army in 1776 as sec. to Gen. Ch. Lee ; was clerk and auditor of the board of war from 1777 until app. assist, auditor-gen. Sept. 19, 1781. No well, Increase, secretary of Ms. 1636- 49 ; d. Nov. 1, 1655. Chosen an assist, in 1629, he came to N.E. with Winthrop in 1630, and was ruling elder fi-om Aug. 27, 1630, to 1632 ; a founder of the church in Charlestown, 1632; and in 1634 commiss. for military affairs. Samuel his son (preacher, chaplain at Gen. Winslow's Indian battle, Dec. 19, 1674; an assist. 1680-6 ; trcas. of H.U.), b. Charlestown, Ms., Nov. 12, 1634, d. Lond. Sept. 1688. H. U. 1653. He was a supporter of the old char- ter, and went to Eng. on its behalf in 16S8. Noyes, Eli, D.D. (Ham. Coll. 1851), scholar and missionary, b. Jefferson, Me., Apr. 27, 1814; d. Lafayette, Ind., Sept. 10, 1854. Self-educated. He commenced preaching in 1834; and Sept. 22, 1835,accomp. by his wife, sailed for Calcutta. At Orissa, whore he was located, he had very gratifying success both as an evangelist and a school-teacher, also becom- ing a skilful linguist, and pub. a Hebrew Gram- mar and Reader. He returned home with impaired health in 1841 ; was for four or five years a pastor in Boston ; and edited for 10 years the Morning Star, the Freewill Baptist organ; he also delivered and pub. in 1853 " Lectures on the Truths of the Bible." Noyes, George Rapall, D.D. (H.U. 1839), divine, b. Newburyport, Ms., Mar. 6, 1798 ; d. Cambridge, Ms., June 3, 1868. H.U. 1813. He studied at the Divinity School, Cam- bridge ; was licensed to preach in 1822; was tutor in H.U. in 1825-7 ; was then ord. pastor of a church in Brookfield, Ms. ; and afterwards became pastor of a church at Petersham, Ms. Hancock prof, of Hebrew and other Oriental languages, and Dexter lecturer on biblical lit- erature at H.U. 1840-68. He pub. new trans- lations of the Book of Job, 1 827 ; the Psalms ; the Prophets, 3 vols. 12mo ; and Proverbs, Ecclcsiastes, and Canticles, 1846; also several occasional sermons, and numerous articles in the Christian Examiner ; edited a series of theol. essays from various authors, and prepared a Hebrew Reader. His translation of the N. Testament was complete, and passing through the press, at the time of his death. Noyes, James, minister of Newbury, Ms., from 1635 to his d., Oct. 22, 1656, b. Wiltshire, Eng., 1 608. He studied at Oxford U. ; preached a while ; came to N.E. in May, 1634, and preached a year at Mystic, now Medford. Author of "The Temple Measured," Lond. 4to, 1647; a Catechism, reprinted in 1797; "Moses and Aaron," 1661. Noyes, James, first minister of Stoning- toii, Ct., from Sept. 10, 1674, to his d. Dec. 30, 1719, b. Newbury, Mar. 11, 1640. H.U. 1659. Son of Rev. James of Newbury. He began to preach at S. in 1664. He was one of the first trustees of Yale Coll. ; was a councillor in civil affairs in critical periods, and had a large prac- tice as a physician. Noyes, James 0.,M.D., b..Owasco, N.Y., 1829. Formerly surgeon in the Ottoman army, since prop, and assoc. editor of the Knick- erbocker Mag., and contrib. to others. Author of " Roumania," 1857; "The Gypsies, their Historv," &c., 1858. — Allibone. Noyes, Josiah, M.I). (D.C. 1806), phy- sician and medical professor, b. N.H.; d. Clin- NOY 666 O^K ton, N.Y., Nov. 1, 1853. Dartrn. Coll. 1801. Two years tutor in D.C., after which he was prof, of chemistry and pharmacy in Fairfield Coll.; and in 1812, on the or^^anization of Ham. Coll., N.Y., he was invited to fill its chair of chemi.stry and natural science, which he resi^med in 1830. He was the life-long friend of Mr. Webster ; and, at the request of the literary executors of that eminent statesman, he wrote reminiscences of his college-life. Noyes, Nicholas, minister of Salem, Ms., from Nov. 14, 1683, to his d. Dec. 13, 1717, b. Newbury, Dec. 22, 1647. H.U. 1667. Nephew of Rev.' James of Newbury. He preached 13 years at Haddam after gradt»ating. He was a promoter of the witchcraft persecution, after- ward publicly confessing his error. A letter of his, with an account of James Noyes, is in Mather's " Magnalia.^' He pub. a poem on the death of Joseph Green of Salem 1715. Noyes, William Curtis, LL.D. (Ham. Coll. 1856), lawyer, b. Schodack, N.Y., Aug. 19, 1805 ; d. N.Y. City, Dec. 25, 1864. Adm. to the bar in 1827, he gained a high reputation in Oneida Co., and, removing to N.Y. City in 1838, held high rank in his profession. Dele- gate to the Peace Convention in Feb. 1861. He was many years an almoner of the N. Eng. Soc. and was chosen pres. the day before his death. He prepared a codification of the laws of N.Y. for publication. His law-library, valued at $60,000, he bequeathed to Ham. College. Nugent, SiK George, an English fieM- marshal, b. June 10, 1757; d. Mar. 11, 1849. Educated at the Roy. Acad, at Woolwich. He joined the 7th Regt. as lieut. in Sept. 1777, in N.Y., and was present at the storming of Forts Montgomery and Clinton ; was app. a capt. in the 57th in Apr. 1778, and did duty with it in the Jerseys and Ct. until May, 1782, when he became major ; he served under the Duke of York in Flanders; served as maj.-gen. in Ireland during the rebellion ; was created a baronet in 1806 ; and in 1811 was com.-in-chiif in India. Hem., Nov. 15, 1797, Maria, dau. of Cortland Skinner, atty.-gen., and speaker of the N.J. Assembly, and attained the rank of field-marshal in 1842. His bro., Adm. Sir Charles Edmond (1759-1844), served as a lieut. and capt. in the R.N. during the Amer. war, at Fort Moultrie, at N.Y., and R.X. ; full adm. 1808. Nufiez, Alvab (Cabeca De Vaca), the earliest and most remarkable explorer of N. A. ; d. 1 564. With Nunez as chief officer, Pamphilo de Narvaez sailed for Florida from San Lucar de Barrameda, with 5 ships and 600 men, July 17, 1527; landing on its coast Apr. 12, 1528. Directing the flotilla to follow the coast west- ward to a certain haven, and there await his coming, Narvaez, accompanied by Nunez, en- tered the interior. They found the Indians hostile; a country possessing few attractions ; suffered much from sickness ; were disappointed in their expectation of finding gold ; and reached the coast, sick and disheartened, only to find no fleet there ; the officer in charge of the ships having sailed for Havana without making any effort to reach the place of rendezvous, leaving the gov. and his companions to their fate. The party, reduced to 242 men, embarked, Sept. 20, in 6 boats of their own construction, which were so crowded, that they were managed with the greatest diflSculty. After much suffer- ing from hunger and thirst, from attacks by the Indians, from violent tempests and severe cold, they, late in Oct., reached the mouth of a large river (supposed to be the Mpi.), and landed on an island. Continuing their voy- age, a violent storm drove them out to sea, wrecking the boat containing Nufiez on a small island, from whijch the survivors reached the mainland. The rest of their companions were never afterwards heard of. After extraordinary hardships, in which they were driven to such straits that they lived upon one another, they reached a mountainous country believed to have been New Mexico. They met with buffalo ; and, finding an epidemic among the Indians, were remarkably successful in curing them, gaining thereby a great influence over the natives, who imagined them to be from the sun. Taking advantage of this, they endeavored to instil into their minds the doctrines of Chris- tianity. After 8 months among the Indians of New Mexico, Nunez journeyed westward and southward until 1536, when, with 3 survivors, he reached the Spanish settlements in Culiacan, on the shores of the Pacific. An abridgment of Cabeca de Vaca's " Narrative " may be found in Hakluyt's " Voyages," and a French version in the collection of voyages pub. in Paris by Ternaux Compans ; but the fullest and best is a translation by Buckingham Smith, sec. of the U.S. legation in Spain (privately printed), folio, Washington, 1851. Nuttall, Dr. Thomas, naturalist, b. York- shire, Eng., 1786; d. St. Helen's, Lancashire, Eng., Sept. 10, 1859. Brought up a printer. He came to the U.S. in early life; devoted his leisure to the study of botany and geology. Travelled extensively in nearly all the States of the Union ; explored the Great Lakes and upper branches of the Mpi., and in 1810 as- cended the Mo. as far as the Mafidan villages. In 1819 he explored the Ark. River and the neighboring regions, and pub. an account of his travels, entitled " A Journal of Travels into the Arkansas Territory," Phila. 1821. He pub. " The Genera of North- American Plants," 1849 ; and the "Birds of the U.S.," 1834; " N. Amer. Sylva," 3 vols. 8vo, 1842 ; and was prof, of botany and nat. hist, in H.U. in 1822-34. He travelled in California, and pub. several papers on the shells and plants of that region. He returned to Eng, to enjoy an estate devised to hira on condition that he should reside upon it. Oakes, James, col. and brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. Pa. West Point, 1846. Entering the 2d Drags., he served through the Mex. war ; was brev. 1st lieut. 25 Mar. 1847, for Medellin, and capt. 8 Sept. 1847, for Molino del Rey ; severely wounded by Comanche In- dians, 12 Aug. 18.50; capt. 3 Mar. 1855 ; maj. 6 Apr. 1861 ; lieut.-col. 4th cav. 12 Nov. 1861 ; col. 6th, 31 July, 1866. During the Rebellion he was engaged at the battles of Shiloh and Corinth, and was brev. brig.-gen. 30 Mar. 1865. — Cu//»nj. Oakes, Thomas, physician, bro. of Urian, b. Cambridge, Ms., June 18, 1644; d. Well- OAK 667 occ fleet, July 1 5, 1 7 1 9. H.TJ. 1 662. He was emi- nent as a physician, and, on first visiting a pa- tient, " persuades him to put his trust in God, the fountain of health." An assist, in 1690; a representative in 1689, and spoak(!r of the hou.se ; councillor ; and, as agent for JVIs., went to Eng., and aided in framing the new charter. Oakes, Urian, prcs. of Harv. Coll. (7 Apr. 1675, to his d.), b. Eng. 1631 ; d. Cambridge, July 25,1681. II. U. 1 649. lie came to Amer. in 1634, and, while very young, pub. at Cam- bridge a set of astronomical calculations. He settled in the ministry at Titchficld, Eng., but was silenced for nonconformity in 1662; and afterwards preached to another congregation. His learning and piety caused him to be invited to take charge of the church at Cambridge, Ms., where he commenced his labors Nov. 8, 1671. Formally installed pres. Feb. 2, 1680. Oakley, Thomas Jacksox, LL.D. (Un. Coll. 1853), jurist, b. Dutchess Co., N.Y., 1783; d. N.Y. City, May 12, 1857. Y.C. 1801. He studied law, and practised at Poughkcepsie, N.Y. In 1810 he was app. surrogate of Dutch- ess Co.; M.C. 1813-15 and 1827-9; in 1815 member of the N.Y. Assembly ; in 1819 he suc- ceeded Van Buren as atty.-gen. of the State; in 1820 he served again in the Assembly. When the Superior Court of N.Y. Cit^ was organized in 1828, he was app. an assoc. judge, and, upon its re-organization in 1846, cliief justice. O'Beirne, Thomas Lewis, D.D., clergy- man, b. Longford Co., Ireland, 1748 ; d. 15 Feb. 1823. Though educated at St. Omer's, he took orders in the Pr.-Ep. Church, and was chaplain of Lord Howe's fleet in the Amer. war. After the great fire at New York in 1776, he preached in St. Paul's, the only Episc. church saved from the flames. Private sec. of the Duke of Port- land, lord-lieut. of Ireland, 1782, from whom he received in 1783 two valuable livings in Northumberland and Cumberland ; chaplain to Earl Fitzwilliam, and made bishop of Ossory ; he was in 1798 translated to the see of Meath. Author of a " Vindication " of the conduct of his patrons, the bros. Howe, and other political tracts, and a poem entitled " The Crucifixion," 1776. Obookiah, Henrt, b. Hawaii, 1792; d. Cornwall, Ct., Feb. 17, 1818. He was brought to N. Haven in 1809, and educated for the min- istry. He had translated Genesis into his na- tive tongue. His Memoirs were pub. 1818. O'Brien, Fitzjames, a brilliant writer, and a poet of merit, b. Ireland, 1829 ; d. in Va. April 6, 1 862. He came to this country about 1850. In April, 1861, he entered the N.Y. 7th Ilegt., and in Jan. 1862 took an app. on the staff of Gen. Lander, and, during the short term of his service, was djsting. for courage and dar- ing. Wounded in a skirmish Feb. 16, he died from tetanus following a severe surgical opera- tion. Contrib. to the Atlantic Monthly. O'Brien, Capt. Jeremiah, Rovol. patriot; d. Machias, Me., Oct. 5, 1818, a. 78. One of 5 sons of Maurice, a native of Cork. May 1 1 , 1775, on hearing of the battle of Lexington, these bros., with a few vols., captured the Brit- ish armed schooner " Margaretta " in Machias Bay. Jeremiah was the leader in this brilliant exploit, — the Jirst blow struck on the water after the war began. He soon after captured two small Eng. cruisei-s, and carried their cap- tive crews prisoners to the Piov. Congress in Watertown, who commissioned him capt. in the State navy. He com. "The Liberty" (the schooner with which his first capture was made), his bro. William serving as his first lieut. ; and cniised successfully two years. He then fitted out " The Hannibal," a 20-gun letter-of-marque, and took several prizes, but was captured ; was 6 months in " The Jeraey," prison -ship ; and after a year's confinement in Mill Prison, Eng., escaped, and retired to Brunswick, Me. He was at the time of his death coll. of the customs at Machias. His bro. John was a successful com. of privateers in the Revolution. O'Brien, John P. J., brev. major U.S.A., b. Phila. ab. 1817 ; d. Indianola, Texas, Mar. 31, 1850. West Point, 1836. He served with honor in the Florida war ; disting. himself in the command of his battery at the battle of Buena Vista, where, by losing his cannon, he saved the battle; was brev. maj., and wounded; capt. 16 May, 1849. Author of a treatise on "Courts-Martial," 1846. O'Brien, Richard, seaman ; d. Washing- ton City, Feb 14, 1824, a 72. In youth he fol- lowed the sea; and in 1781, when Arnold in- vaded Va., he was 1st lieut. of the State brig "Jefferson;" consul-gen. to Algiers (where he had previously been held in slavery) 1797-1802. Ho Avas 1 9 years on the Algerine coast, and afterward a negotiator in Com. Preble's fleet in the attacks on Tripoli. He subsequently resided at Carlisle, Pa., and was a member of the legislature. 0'Callaghan,.EDMUND B., M.D., LL.D., author, b. Ireland, was at one time a promi- nent member of the Provincial Parliament, and editor of the Vindicator, the national organ at Montreal. He was active in the agitation of 1837, since when he has been a resident of N.Y., and has rendered valuable service in editing the historical documents of the State. He has been some years in the office of the sec. of state. He has pub. " History of New Netherlands," 1846-8; "Jesuit Relations," 1847; "Docu- mentary History of N.Y.," 4 vols. 4to, 1849-51 ; "Documents relating to the Colonial History of N.Y.," 11 vols. 1855-61; "Remonstrance of New Netherland," 1856; "Commissary Wilson's Orderly-Book," 1857; "Orderly- Book of Gen. John Burgoyne," 1860; "Names of Persons for whom Marriage-Licenses were issued previous to 1784," 1860; "Journals of the Lcgisl. Councils of N. Y.," 2 vols. 8vo ; " Origin of the Lcgisl. Assemblies of the State of N.Y.," 4to, 1861 ; WooUey's "Two Years' Journal in New York," 4to, 1860; "The Re- gister of New Netherland," 1626-74, 8vo, 1865; "Calendar to the Laud Papers," 8vo, 1864; " Calendar of Hist. MSS. in the Office of the Sec. of State," 4to, 1865; "Voyage of George Clarke to America," with Introd. and Notes, 1867; "Voyages of the Slavers St. John and Arms," 1867 ; "Journal of the Voyage of the Sloop Mary from Quebeck," &c., 1866.-— Duuckinck. Occum, Rev. Sampson, an Indian preach- er, b. Mohegan, N. Lond. Co., Ct., ab. 1723 ; OCH 668 OGH3 d. New Stockbridgc, N.Y., July 14, 1792. Ord. 29 Aug. 1759. He was the first Indian pupil educated by Rev. Mr. Wheclock, in whose family at Lebanon he continued 4 years. In 1748 he kept a school in N. London, and after- ward officiated as teacher of the Indian tribe at Montauk, L.I. ; was subsequently employed on several missions to various tribes of Indians ; and preached "to good acceptance in N. York, Boston, and other poj)ulous places." His in- fluence among the Indians was for a long time great. In 1766 he accomp. Rev. Mr. Whittaker to Eng. for the purpose of soliciting aid for Dr. Wheelock's Indian school at Lebanon, where he was successful in attracting large audiences and obtaining donations. The last few years of his life were passed with the Indians at New Stockbridge. He wrote an account of the Mon- tauk Indians, pub. in the "Ms. Hist. Soc. Colls. ; " and pub. a sermon on the execution of an Indian in New Haven in 1772. — Sprague. Ochterlony, Sir David, bart., a British gen., b. Boston, Feb. 12, 1758; d. Meerut, In- dia, July 15, 1825. Eldest son of David, a loyalist of Boston; his paternal great-grand- father, Alexander, was laird of Pitforthy, in the Co. of Angus. Having completed his edu- cation, he was at the age of 18 sent to India as a cadet; became a lieut. inl778; in 1803 he was lieut.-col. ; and dep. adj. -gen. at the great battle of Delhi, immediately after which he was envoy at the court of Shah Alum ; col. Jan. 1, 1812 ; maj.-gen. June 4, 1814 ; and, for his skilful conduct in the Nepaulese war, was created a knt. com. of the Bath in Apr., and in Nov. 1815 was made a bart. He subse- quently disting. himself in the great Mahratta and Pindarry war of 1817-18, and performed various other important services. O'Conor, Charles, a prominent N.Y. lawyer, I). N.Y. City, 1804. His father, a man of education and of good family, came from Ireland to N.Y. early in this century. Chas. lost his mother in 1816 ; received only a com- mon-school education; and in 1824 was adm. to the bar of N.Y., at which he has long held the first place. He has never held office, ex- cepting that of dist.-atty. for 15 months at the request of Pres. Pierce, and as a member of the Const. Conv. of 1864. Besides the famous Forrest divorce-case (1851), his greatest cases are the Lispenard will-case (1843), the John Mason will-case (1853), the Parish will-case (1862), the Lemmon slave case (1856), and the case of the slave Jack in 1835. — Sears' s Nat. Quart. Review, vol. xi. Odenheimer, William Henry, D.D., b. Phila. Aug. 11,1817. U. of Pa. 1835; Gen. Theol. Sem. (Pr.-Ep. Ch.), N.Y., 1838. Ord. deacon 1838, priest 1841; consec. bish- op of N. J. Oct. 13, 1859 ; made rector of St. Peter's, Phila., 1840. Author of " The Origin of the Prayer-Book," 1841 ; " Devout Church- man's Companion," 1841 ; " The True Catho- lic no Romanist," 1842; "Thoughts on Im- mersion," 1843; "Young Churchman Cate- chised," 1844; "Ringelburgius on Study, Bp. White's Opinions," 1846 ; essay on " Canon Law," 1847; "Clergyman's Assist.," 1847; "The Private Prayer-Book," 1851 ; "Jerusalem and Vicinity," 1*855, the result of a visit in 1853. Odin, John Mart, D.D., R.C. archbishop of N. Orleans, b. Ambicre, Dept. of the Loire, France; d. N. Orleans, 25 May, 1870. Join- ing the Lazarists, he was sent as a missionary to Mo. Consec. bishop of Claudiopolis, and vicar apost. of Texas, Mar. 6, 1842; trans- ferred to Galveston 1847, and to N. Orleans in 1861. Odiorne, Thomas, b. Exeter, N.H., Apr. 26, 1769 ; d. Maiden, Ms., May 18, 1851. Dartm. Coll. 1791. Bookseller in Exeter till 1800; then in the dry-goods trade in Boston, removing ab. 1811 to Maiden, where he was an iron manuf. He pub. " The Progress of Refinement," a poem ; " Fame and Miscella- nies," 18mo, 1792. — D. C. Alumni. Oexmelin, Alexander Oliver, a trav- eller, who was probably a Fleming. In July, 1666, he was at Tortola, in Amcr., in the ser- vice of the W.L Co., where he was sold to a planter for 30 crowns. After 3 years' servitude, he joined some free-booters, and remained with them till 1674, when he embraced an oppor- tunity to return to Europe, thanking God, as he says, that he had been enabled to relinquish such a miserable kind of life. He afterwards made 3 other voyages to Amer., with the Dutch and with the Spaniards; and was at the taking of Carthagena in 1697. His ac- count of his adventures was pub. in French at Paris in 1686, 2 vols. 12mo; at Trevoux 1746 and 1775, 4 vols. 12 mo. From some passages in his narrative, it seems probable that he exer- cised the profession of a surgeon. — Biog. Univ. O'Fallon, Col. John, a prominent citizen of St. Louis, b. Louisville, Ky., 23 Nov. 1791. Son of Dr. James (who emig. to Wilmington, N.C., in 1774, and served in the Revol. army) by a sister of Gen. Geo. Rogers Clark. John served with distinction under Harrison in the war of 1812; was severely wounded at Tippe- canoe; afterwards acquired great wealth as a merchant, and distributed it freely in benevolent and educational enterprises. He endowed the O'Fallon Polytechnic Inst, with property worth $100,000; gave liberally to Wash. Univ.; built the Dispensary and Med. Coll. ; and has given over a million dollars to advance the cause of education, and to relieve suffiiring humanity. Ogden, Aaron, LL.D., soldier and states- man, b. Elizabethtown, N. J., Dec. 3, 1756 ; d. Jersey City, Apr. 19, 1839. N.J. Coll. 1773. While a teacher in his native place, in the win- ter of 177.5-6, he assisted in capturing, off Sandy Hook, a vessel laden with munitions for the British army at Boston. App. capt. in the first N.J. Regt. com. by his bro. Matthias early in 1777, he was engaged at Brandy wine ; was brigade maj. in Lee's corps at Monmouth, acting also as assist, aide-de-camp to Lord Stirling. While reconnoitring near Bergen in the winter of 1778-9, he came unexpectedly upon a party of the enemy, from whom he es- caped with a severe bayonet-wound. He was aide to Gen. Maxwell' in Sullivan's exped. against the Indians in 1779, and at the battle of Springfield in 1780 ; he was with Lafayette in the Va. campaign of 1781, and at Yorkiown gallantly led his light inf. to the storm of a re- doubt, receiving the commendation of Wash- OG-D 669 OG^L ington. After the peace he j^ractised hiw ; was app. lieut.-eol. 1 1th Inf. sind dep. quarterm.- <;en. Jan. 8, 1799 ; a corainiss. for settling the houndary between N. J. and N.Y. ; U.S. sena- tor 1801-3; and gov. of N.J. 1812-13. Dur- ing the war of 1812 he com. the militia of N. J., and declined a commission of maj.-gen. tendered by the Pres. At thii time of his death he was prcs.-gen. of the Cincinnati. Ogden, David, judge, b. Newark, N. J., 1707; d. Queen's Co., L.I., 1800. Y.C. 1728. He studied law in New York, and practised in N. J., soon attaining the head of his profession. App. judge of the Supreme Court in 1772; retired to the city of New York on the break- ing-out of the war, where he was a member of the board of refugees. He drew up the outlines of a plan for the govt, of the Colonies in the event of their submission to Great Britain. He withdrew to Eng. in 1783, his property in N. J. having been confiscated, but returned to the U.S. in 1790. He had the reputation of being one of the "giants of the law" in N. J. Of his sons, Abraham, a disting. lawyer, was U.S. dist.-atty. under Washington; Isaac was many years judge of the Court of King's Bench. Ogden, David B., LL.D. (Col. Coll. 1837), an eminent lawyer, b. N.J. 1769; d. N.Y., July 15, 1849. He came to N.Y. in 1802, and practised chiefly in the U.S. Supreme Court. Ogden, Henry W., capt. U.S.N., b.N.J.; d. there Aug. 25, 1860. Midshipm. Sept. 1, 1811; lieut. Mar. 5, 1817 ; com. Jan. 31, 1838; capt. Feb. 5, 1848. Ogden, Jacob, physician, b. Newark, N. J., 1721 ; d. Jamaica, L.I., 1779. Ho was of English parentage, received a classical educa- tion at Yale, and, after studying medicine, com- menced practice at Jamaica, L. I., where he enjoyed extensive patronage nearly 40 years. He pub. in 1769 and 1774 letters to Hugh Gaine on " The Malignant Sore-throat Dis- temper." Dr. Francis says he was the first who in the U.S. availed himself of the free use of mercurials in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. — Thacher. Ogden, John Cosins, b. N. J. ; d. Ches- tertown, Md., 1800. N. J. Co!l. 1770. He re- sided in N. Haven in 1770-85 ; m. a dau. of Gen. Wooster ; and in 1786-93 was rector of the Pr.-Ep. church, Portsm., N.H. ; afterward subject to mental derangement. Author of " Excursion into Bethlehem and Nazareth, Pa., in 1799, with a Hist, of the Moravians," Phila. 180r); letters occasioned by a corresp. with Dr. MrtcClintock, Masonic address, and sermons. Ogden, Matthias, soldier (bro. of Aaron); d. Elizabethtown, N. J., Mar. 31, 1791, a. 36. He joined the army at Cambridge ; took part in Arnold's expedition to Quebec, in which he was wounded ; and afterward commanded the 1st N.J. Regiment till the close of the war, when he was brevetted brigadier-general. Ogden, UzAL, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 1798), rector of Trinity Church (1788-1805), b. New- ark, N.J., ab. 1744; d. there Nov. 4, 1822. Ord. Pr.-Ep. priest 21 Sept. 1773. He pub. a Masonic Sermon, 1784; "The Reward of Iniquity;" "Antidote to Deism," 1795. He became a Presbyterian in 1805. — Spragm, O^e (o'-zha'), Vincent, a creole of St. Domingo, b. ab. 1750; executed 26 Feb. 1791. At the commencement of the French revol. he was engaged in commerce at Cape Franpais. Mercantile aff*airs having drawn him to Paris, he was adm. into the Society of Friends of the Negroes, and, aided by some of the most active members, warmly solicited the National Assem- bly in favor of his brethren. He headed an insurrection in Nov. 1790 at Grande Riviere. The insurgents demanded freedom and political equality ; but their cause was ere long disgraced by crimes equally useless and atrocious. These however, were not attributable to Oge, but to his lieut. Chavannes, Obliged to give way to superior force, Oge, with a few followers, took refuge in the Spanish territory, and, being given up to the French, was tried before the Superior Council at Cape Fran9ais, and condemned, with Chavannes, to be broken on the wheel. Ogilby, John, master of his Majesty's revels in Ireland, b. Edinburgh, 1600 ; d. 1676. Pub. " America, being the most Accurate De- scription of the New World," &c., folio, Lond. 1671. He lived many years in London; pub. translations of Homer, Virgil, &c., with Hol- lar's Illustrations, and Atlases, with descriptions of different countries. Ogilby, John D.; d. Paris, 1851. Col. Coll. 1829. Prof lang. Rutg. Coll. 1832-40; rector of Columb. Coll. Grammar School 1829- 30; a Prot.-Ep. clergyman, and prof, of eccl. hist. in the Gen. Theol. Sem., N.Y., 1841-51. Author of "Argument against the Validity of Lay Baptism," 1842; "The Catholic Church in England and America," 1844. Ogilvie, James, scholar, b. of a noble Scotch family ab. 1760 ; d. Aberdeen, Sept. 18, 1820. Emig. to America, he founded a classi- cal acad. at Richmond, Va., where he taught many pupils afterwards celebrated, among them Gen. Scott and Hon. W. S. Archer. He retired some years afterward to the backwoods of Ky., where, alone in a log-cabin, he composed a series of lectures, which wei'e given with great applause in Va. and the Atlantic States. His relative, the Earl of Findlater and Airy, dying without children, he returned to Scotland, and claimed the title; but the habitual use of nar- cotics had undermined his intellect, and the attempt failed. Soon after reaching Scotland, worn out in body and mind, he perished, proba- bly by his own hand. Author of " Philosophical Essays," 1816, 8vo, Phila. Ogilvie, John, D.D. (Col. Coll. 1770), minister in New York; d. there Nov. 26, 1774, a. 51. Y. C. 1748. He was some time a mis- sionary to the Indians on the Mohawk, but preached mostly at Albany; and from 1765 to his death was assist, minister of Trinity Church, New York. He left 300 pounds to a charity- school, and other benefactions. Ogle, Benjamin, gov. Md. 1798-1801, b. Md. 1749; d. Annapolis, July 6, 1809. Be- fore the Revol. he was a member of the Md. Council. Ogle, Samuel, gov. Md. 1737-42 and 1747; d. 1751. He had previously held a command on the Irish Establishment. Oglesby, Richard James, gov. of III. 1865-9, b. Oldham Co., Ky., June 24, 1824. OG-L 670 OLI He studied law at Springfield, HI., and began Sractice at Sullivan, Moulton Co. During the lexican war he served as lieut. 4th 111. Vols. In the spring of 1849 he joined an overland company on their way to California, where he remained two years, when he returned to Deca- tur, 111., and resumed practice; in 1860 he was chosen State senator. Made col. 8th III. Vols. in 1861, he led a brigade at the capture of Fort Donelson ; and was made brig.-gen. vols. Mar. 21, 1862, for his gallantry in that engagement. He was in the battle of Shiloh ; was severely wounded at the battle of Corinth, Oct. 4, 1 862 ; maj.-gen. Nov. 29, 1862. Oglethorpe, James Edward, a British gen., founder of the Colony of Georgia, b. Lon- don, 21 Dec. 1698; d. 1 July, 178.5. Son of Sir Theophilus of Godalraing, Surrey. En- tered Oxford in 1714; obtained a commiss. in the Guards ; served under Marlborough and Prince Eugene; and in 1722 took his seat in parliament. Made a trustee for the liberation of poor debtors, he obtained a govt, grant of .£10,000, and a liberal subscription, to found a colony of liberated insolvents in Ga., whither he proceeded in Jan. 1733; in 17.34 he re- turned to Eng. with some Indian chiefs, who were presented to the king; in 1735 he sailed again for Ga. with John and Charles Wesley ; in 1736 he again went thither with a regt. for its defence, and quelled a mutiny which nearly cost him his life. He successfully repelled the attacks of the Spaniards, but was unsuccessful in an exped. against St. Augustine, of which he pub. an acct., London, 8vo, 1742. He met with many difficulties in establishing his govt., expending large sums from his private fortune, and finally left the Colony in 1743. Made a maj.-gen. in 1745, he was employed to pursue the rebels under the Pretender, but, unable to overtake them, was tried by court-martial, and acquitted; in 1752 he resigned the charter of Ga. to the British govt.; in 1754 left parlia- ment, and retired to his seat in Essex ; and 22 Feb., 1765, was placed on half-pay as a gen. in the army. When Gen. Gage returned to Eng. in 1775, the com. in America was offered to Oglethorpe, whose merciful conditions did not please the British ministry. He was one of the first to wait on John Adams after his arrival as ambassador to Eng., and to express his regard for America, and his gratification at the termination of the war. Oglethorpe, who was a man of great benevolence, has been eulo- gized by Thomson, Pope, and by Dr. Johnson, who wished to write his life. — See Lives of Oylethorpe by Harris and by Wrir}ht. O'Hara, Charles, a'British gen.; d. gov. of Gibraltar, Feb. 21, 1802. App. lieut. and capt. Coldstream Guards, Jan. 1756 ; lieut.-col. Feb. 1762; col. 2d Foot Guards, Aug. 1777; maj.-gen. Oct. 19, 1797. He came to N. Amer- ica in 1780 in com. of the Guards; served in Va. under Leslie; com. the vanguard in the pursuit of Morgan and Greene in Jan. 1781 ; and at Guilford, where he was severely wound- ed, com. the left of Cornwall is's army, in the surrender of which he was included. He was again severely wounded at Toulon in Nov. 1795. After having been gov. of several colo- nies, he was made lieut.-gov. of Gibraltar in 1787, and gov. in 1795. He was a brave and enterprising soldier, and a strict disciplinarian. Ojeda de (da o-ha'-da), Alonzo, a Span- ish explorer, and lieut. of Columbus, b. Cuen- ca ab. 1465. He accomp. Columbus in hia second voyage to America in 1493, and com. an exped. sent to explore the interior of His- paniola, where he captured the chief Caonabo. Having returned to Spain, he received com. of an exploring exped. sent out in 1499. Ameri- go Vespucci was among his officers or passen- gers. He discovered a part of the new conti- nent, which he named Venezuela, and returned to Spain in 1500; in 1508 he attempted to colonize New Andalusia, and to conquer the natives, but was not successful. Olcott, Simeon, jurist, b. Ct. 1737; d. N. H. Feb. 1815. Y.C. 1761. Hecommenced practice at Charlestown, N.H. ; became chief justice of the C.C.P. Dec. 25, 1784 ; judge of the Superior Court, Jan. 25, 1790 ; chief justice March 28, 1795; and was U. S. senator in 1801-5. Oldham, John, murdered by the Indians, who came on board his vessel to trade in 1636. This event brought on the Pequot war. He came to Plymouth in 1623; associated with Lyford in 1624, and set up a separate worship on the sabbath, intending to alter, perhaps to assume, the govt. He afterward lived at Hull and at Cape Ann, and represented Watertown in 16.34. In 1633, with Samuel Hall and others, he travelled from Dorchester to a place on the Ct. River now called Windsor. This exploration led to its settlement. Oldham, Col. William, b. Berkeley Co., Va. ; killed at St. Clair's defeat, Nov. 4, 1791. He attained the rank of capt. in the Revol. army; resigned in 1779, and settled at the Falls of the Ohio. He was very efficient in the Indian warfare of the day, and com. a Ky. regt. in St. Clair's army. — Collins. Oldmixon, John, d. England, 1742, a. 69. A native of Somersetshire ; collector of cus- toms at Bridgewater. Author of " The British Empire in America," 2d ed. 2 vols. 1741 ; and other historical works and poems. Pope pillo- ries him in " The Dunciad." He is supposed to have visited America. Oldmixon, Mary (George), a celebrated singer, a contemporary of Garrick ; d. Phila. Feb. 1835 at an advanced age. Wife of Sir John Oldmixon, an English bart., who d. on a farm near Phila. in 1818. She was many- years on the Phila. stage, having made her debut at the Chestnut-st. Theatre, May 14, 1793, as Clorinda, in " Robin Hood." She at one time kept a seminary for young ladies -at Philadelphia. Olds, Gamaliel S., b. Granville, Ms., 1 777 ; d. Circleville, O., June 13, 1848. Wms. Coll. 1801. Tutor there several years; prof, of mathematics there in 1 806-8, at the U. of Vt. 1819-21, at Amh. Coll. 1821-5, afterwards at the U. of Ga. Ord. colleague with Dr. New- ton of Greenfield 1813-16, and preached in Ohio from 1841 till his death. He pub. " In- aug. Oration," 1806 ; 8 sermons on " Episcopa- cy and Presbyterian Parity," 1815 ; statement of Facts as to Professor at Middlebury, 1818. Olid de, Christoval, a Spanish officer OTLJL 671 OLI under Cortes in the conquest of Mexico, 1519- 21, who afterward attempted to make himself independent, b. ab. 1492; taken prisoner by the soldiers of Cortes, and executed in Hondu- ras in 1524. Olin, Henry, judge; d. Salisbury, Vt., 1837, a. 70. His boyhood was spent in Addi- son Co., Vt. ; member of the Vt. Gen. As- sembly in 1 799-1 825, excepting 4 years ; of the State Const. Convs. of 1814, '22, and '28 ; as- soc. judge of Addison Co. in 1801-6; chief judge in 1807 and in 1810-24 ; M.C. in 1824- 5 ; lieut.-gov. 1827-9 ; councillor 1820-2. Fa- ther of Rev. Stephen. Olin, Stephen, D.D. (Wesl. U. 1834), LL.D. (Y.C. 1845.), an eloquent divine, b. Leicester, Vt., March 3, 1797 ; d. Middletown, Ct., Aug. 16, 1851. Mid. Coll. 1820. His father, Judge Henry, directed his education. Entering the ministry of the M. Ep. Church in 1824, he spent two years in Charleston ; be- came pres. of the Abbeville Sem., S.C. ; re- sumed his itinerant labors in 1829 ; was prof of Eng. literature in Franklin Coll.,Ga., 1826- 33 ; pres. of the Randolph and Macon Coll. 1832-7; and from 1839 to 1841 and from 1842 till his death was pres. of the Wesl. U. of Mid- dletown. Deleg. to the Gen. Conf. of M.E. Church 1844 and 1852; deleg. to Evang. Al- liance, London, Eng., 1846. He visited Eu- rope for his health in 1 837, and on his return in 1843 pub. " Travels in the East;" he was also author of various sermons, lectures, and discourses. His works were pub. in 2 vols. 12mo, N.Y. 1852; and his "Life and Let- ters," 2 vols. 8vo, 1853. Olinda, Pedro de A ran jo Lima, Mar- quis de, Brazilian statesman, b. Pernambu- 00, 1790; d. Rio Janeiro, 7 June, 1870. Ed- ucated atPernambuco, and in law at the U. of Coimbra; member of the Constituent Assem- bly of Portugal in 1821 ; and from 1823 to his death was a member of that of Brazil ; pres. of the chamber of deputies in 1825-7, 1831-3, and 1835-7 ; twice regent of the empire dur- ing the minority of Pedro II. ; minister of state in 1823, '27, '32, '37 ; made Viscount Olinda in 1841, and marquis in 1854; member of the council of state from 1842 ; a moderate liber- .al, and tolerant in politics. Oliver, Andrew, colonial statesman, b. Boston, March 28, 1706; d. there March 3, 1774. H.U. 1724. Son of Daniel, and a de- scendant of Elder Thomas of Boston, who d. in 1657. He was a representative of Boston at the Gen. Court 1743-6; one of his majesty's council 1746-65; sec. of the province in 1756- 70 ; and succeeded Hutchinson as lieut.-gov. In 1765 he was app. distributer of stamps ; but was compelled by the citizens, who hung him in effigy on the " Liberty Tree," to resign. His fondness for wealth and power induced him to pursue a political course similar to that of his bro.-in-law Hutchinson, whose unpopu- larity he fully shared ; and his letters which Franklin obtained in Eng., and sent over in 1772, evinced his subserviency to the British ministry. He wrote well upon theological and political subjects ; and some of his productions are extant. His son Daniel (H.U. 1762) d. Ashsted, Warwickshire, Eng., May 6, 1826, a. 82. Another son, Peter, M.D. (H.U. 1769), d. Lond. Apr. 6, 1795, a. 45. Oliver, Andrew, judge of the C. C. P. for Essex Co. before the RevoL, b. Nov. 13, 1731; d. Salem, Ms., Dec. 1799. H.U. 1749. Eldest son of the preceding. He possessed fine talents and good scholarship ; he was one of the original members of the Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sci- ences, to whose " Ti-ansactions " he made seve- ral valuable contribs. ; was a member of the Philos. Society of Phila. ; and in 1772 pub. an essay " On Comets." He represented Salem in the Gen. Court- in 1766 ; but was a Tory at the Revolution. Oliver, Bcnjamin Lynde, M.D. (1815), 1788-1843. H. U. 1808. Nephew of Dr. B. L. Oliver, and son of Rev. Thos. Fitch. Au- thor of " Rights of an Amer. Citizen," 8vo, 1832; "Law Summary," 8vo, 1833; "Prac- tical Conveyancing," 8vo ; " Forms of Prac- tice," Svo, 1841; "Forms in Chancciy, Ad- miralty, and Common Law," 1842 ; " Hints on the Pursuit of Happiness," 1818. He was a noted chess-player. — Allibone. Oliver, Daniel, M.D. (U. of Pa. 1810), LL.D., b. Marblehead, Sept. 9, 1787 ; d. Cam- bridge, June 1, 1842. H.U. 1806. After practising medicine for some years in Salem, he was from 1815 to 1820 lecturer on chemistry, and from 1820 to 1837 a prof, in the mod. school at Hanover ; from 1840 until March, 1 842, a prof, in the Med. Coll. at Cincinnati. Author of " First Series of Physiology," 1835 ; 2d edition, improved, in 1840; "Address at D. Coll.," 19 May, 1825. Oliver, Peter, LL.D. (Oxon. 1776), jurist, bro. of Lieut.-Gov. Andrew, b. March 26, 1 7 1 3 ; d. Birmingham, Eng., Oct. 13, 1791. H.U. 1 730. He resided on a family estate in Middle- borough; and, after holding several offices in Plymouth Co., he was, though not educated to the law, raised to the Supreme bench, Sept. 14, 1756. He was, in 1771, made chief justice ; and when called upon in 1774 to receive the grant for his services as usual from the treas- ury of the province, and to engage to receive no pay or emolument except from the Assem- bly, he peremptorily refused ; was impeached by the house of representatives ; and, when the British troops abandoned Boston, he, with other loyalists, accomp. them. He went to Eng- land, where he lived for some years on a salary, or pension, from the crown. He was a talented writer both of prose and poetry, and pub. " Speech on the Death of Isaac Lothrop," 1 750 ; " Poem on the Death of Sec. Willard," &c., 1 757 ; " Scriptural Lexicon," Birming. 8vo, 1784-5. He was a contrib. (as was his brother also) to the Censor, a Tory paper. His son 1'eter, a physician of Middleborough, Ms. (H.U. 1761), also a loyalist, d. Shrews- bury, Eng., July 30, 1822, aged 81. Oliver, Peter (alias Wm. Pynchon Oli- ver), b. Hanover, N.H., 1821 ; d. 1855, while on a voyage for his health. A descendant of Thos., first ruling elder of the First Church, Boston, 1632; son of Dr. Daniel. Educated for the bar. Edited his uncle's (B. L. Oliver) " Practical Conveyancer ; " contrib. articles to the A^. Y. Church Review; and left in MS. " The Puritan Commonwealth," pub. by his 03L.I 672 OUN bro. F. E. Oliver, 8vo, 1856. This work, which severely criticises the Puritans, was reviewed in a pamphlet of 79 pages , by J. W. Thornton, 1857, and by Rev. Geo. E. Ellis in the N. A. Review, April, 1857. Oliver, Col. Robert, Revol. officer, b. Boston, 1738; d. Marietta, O., May, 1810. Removed to Barre while young, A lieut. in 1775; he marched to Cambridge as capt. in the 3d Regt. ; in 1777 he was major, and in 1 779 lieut.-col., 10th Ms. Cont. Regt. ; and in 1782 brcv. col. At Saratoga he was disting. in storming the German intrenchments ; acted as adj. -gen. to the Northern army, and excelled as a disciplinarian. He was among the first set- tlers of Marietta, 0., in 1788 ; a representative to the Terr, legisl. in 1798; councillor in 1799; prcs. of the council 1800-3; and judge C. C. P. — inidreth. Oliver, Thomas, last royal lieut.-gov. and pres. of the council of Ms., b. Dorchester, Ms., Jan. 5, 1734; d. Bristol, Eng., Nov. 29, 1815. H.U.I 753. Descended from Elder Thomas. After the death of Lieut.-Gov. Andrew Oliver, of a different family, in Mar. 1774, he was nominated his successor ; Sept. 2 he was com- pelled by the people to resign his seat at the council board, and took refuge with the troops in Boston; he accomp. them to Halifax in 1776, and went thence to Eng. He contrib. poem 29 to the " Pietas et Gratulatio," Boston, 1761. Olmstead, James Munson, D.D., Presb. clergyman and author, b. Stillwater, NY., 17 Feb. 1794; d. Phila. 16 Oct. 1870. Un.Coll. 1819; Princet. Theol. Sera. 1822. Licensed in 1822, and performed missionary- work until ordained in June, 1825, over the churches of Landisburg and Centre; subsequently pastor at Middle Tuscarora, Fiemington, N. J., and Snow Hill, Md. Besides sermons and essays, he pub. " Thoughts and Counsels for the Im- penitent," 1846; "Our First Mother," 1852; and " Noah and his Times," 1853. Olmsted, Denisox, LL.D. (U. of N. Y. 1845), astronomer, b. E. Hartford, Ct., June 18, 1791 ; d. New Haven, May 13, 1859. Y.C. 1813; tutor there 181.5-17. He was carefully instructed by his mother; became a member of Gov. Treadwell's family, and a clerk in the store of one of his sons ; and subsequently took charge of the union school at New London. App. in 1817 prof, of chemistry, mineral., and geol., in the U. of N.C. Here he proposed and executed the first State geolog. survey ever attempted in this country. The report was pub. in 1824-5. In 1825 he was app. prof, of mathematics and nat. philos. in Y.C. ; and in 1836 prof of nat. philos. and astronomv. He pub. in 1831-2 a treatise on nat. philos.,' which soon became a popular coll. text-book; and, soon after, an abridgment of it; in 1839 a treatise on astronomy; in 1840 a" School As- tronomy ; " in 1842 " Rudiments of Nat. Phi- los. and Astronomy ; " ' Letters on Astrono- my," prepared at the suggestion of the Ms. Board of Education ; Memoir of E. P. Mason, 1842; of J. Treadwcll, 1843 ; " Student's Com- monplace Book ; " and many articles in peri- odicals. In 1830 he pub. an elaborate theory of hail-storms. The extraordinary shower of shooting-stars which fell in Nov. 1833 led to his investigations into their history and phe- nomena; and he satisfactorily demonstrated their cosmical origin. In 1835 Profs. Olmsted and Loomis were the first American observers of Halley's Comet. The results of a series of observations for several years on the aurora borealis he has given in the 8th vol. of the " Smithsonian Contribs." Inventor of the Olmsted stove. Francis Allyn, M.D. (Y.C. 1844), his son, b. Chapel Hill, N.C, 1819, d. N. Haven, 1844. Y.C. 1839. After his return from a voyage to the Sandwich Islands for his health, 1841, he pub. " Incidents of a Whaling- Voyage," 12mo. Olmsted, Frederick Law, author and landscape-gardener, b. Hartford, Ci., Nov. 10, 1822. He studied engineering and the sciences bearing on agriculture at Y.C. in 1845-6, and then worked on a farm in Central N.Y. ; sub- sequently he carried on a farm of his own at Staten Island, at the same time writing for periodicals on rural subjects. In 1850 he made a pedestrian tour in Great Britain and on the Continent, the results of which he pub. as " Walks and Talks of an American Farmer in Eng.," 1852. In 1852-3 he travelled ex- tensively in the Southern and South-eastern States, and pub. his observations in " A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States, with Remarks on their Econon)y," 1856 ; " A Journey through Texas," 1857 ; and " A Journey in 'the Back Country," 1860; a resume of the entire series was pub. by him in 1861, entitled " The Cot- ton Kingdom, a Traveller's Observations," «S:c., 2 vols. " The Englishman in Kansas," by T. H. Gladstone, edited by him, was pub. 1857. In 1855 he made another tour through France, Italy, and Germany; and in 1856 was app, to superintend the construction of the N.Y. City Central Park. In 1857 the highest prize for the best plans for the ground was awarded to that of Messrs. Olmsted and C. Vaux, which was adopted. He was in 1858 app. architect and chief engr. Mr. Olmsted made another short European journey in 1859, and was long engaged on the Central Park, as well as in laying out the upper part of N. Y. Island and other similar enterprises. A.M. of H.U. 1864. Olney, Col. Jeremiah, Revol. officer, d. Providence, R.I., Nov. 10, 1812, a. 62. At the commencement of the war he was made lieut. -col. in Angell's regt., of which he was afterwards col., frequently being the chief officer of the R.I. forces. His heroism was conspicu- ous at Red Bank, Springfield, Monmouth, and Yorktown. Many years coll. of customs at Providence, and pres. of the Cincinnati, of R.I. Olney, Stephen, Revol. officer, b. North Providence, Oct. 1755; d. there Nov. 23, 1832. A descendant of Rev. Thomas, one of the founders of the Baptist Church in America, b. Hertford, Eng., 1631 ; d. Prov. 11 June, 1722. Entered the army in 1775 as lieut. in Capt J. Olney's company ; was at the battles of Long Island, White Plains, Brandywine, Ger- mantown, and Monmouth, and in the retreat through N.J. ; received a ball in the arm at the battle of Springfield; was at the gallant defence of Red Bank, and was promoted to capt. Detached to join Lafayette, he served o:srD 673 OTlT> under that officer at the siege of Yorktown, where he was specially disting. in the capture of a British redoubt, and received several bayo- net-wounds. He represented his native town 20 years in the Gen. Assembly, besides holding numerous town-offices. — See Lives of Barton and Oheij, bi/ Cath. Williams, Prov. 1839. Onderdonk, Benjamin Treadwell, D.D., LL.D., clergyman, b. N.Y. City, 1791 ; d. there Apr. 30, 1861. Col. Coll. 1809. Ord. priest in 1813, and app. assist, at Trinity Church ; became disting. as a preacher. Prof, in the Gen. Theol. Sem., N.Y., 1826-30; made sec. of the Diocesan Convention ; he was, Nov. 26, 1830, conscc. bishop as successor of Bishop Hobart in the diocese of Eastern N.Y. He was eminently useful and industrious in this exalted position. In 1844, serious charges, which caused great scandal, led to his trial by the house of bishops ; and though the worst charges were not proved, yet the convention deemed him guilty of such indiscretions, that they suspended him from his episcopal func- tions Jan. 3, 1845. Strenuous efforts were made by his friends to re-instate him, but with- out success. Onderdonk, Henry, Jun., educator and author, b. Manhasset, N.Y,, 11 June, 1804. Col. Coll. 1827. Fifth in descent from Adrian Andrewse, who emig. from Holland to Flatbush, L.I., bef. 1672. Henry was brought up on his father's farm, and from 1832 to 186.5 was prin- cipal of Union-hall Academy, Jamaica, L.I. Author of Re vol. Incidents of Queen's Co., N.Y., 1846; of Suffolk and King's Counties, 1849; "Queen's Co. in Olden Times," 1865; " Long Island in Olden Times," 1870; "Bibli- ography of L.I.," 1866; " Hist, of the Soc. of Priends in Queen's Co. 1657-1790," &c. Lec- turer on temperance, local history, &c. Hon. member of various historical and genealogical societies. Onderdonk, Henry Ustic, M.D. (U. of Edinb. 1810), D.D., bishop Prot.-Ep. Church, b. N.Y. City, 1789 ; d. Phila. Dec. 6, 1 858. Col. Coll. 1805. He studied medicine at London and Edinb. After pi-actising this profession a few years, he studied for the ministry; was ord. deacon in 1815; went as missionary to Canandaigua in Jan. 1816, which, under his care, grew into a flourishing parish, of which he became rector in 1818 ; in 1820 he became rector of St. Ann's Chu.rch, Brooklyn ; and Oct. 25, 1827, was consec. assist. bishop of Pa.; sus- pended Oct. 21, 1844; restored Oct. 1856. He was a popular preacher and an eminent contro- versial writer. He pub. two vols, of sermons ; an essay on " Regeneration," 8vo, 1835; "Ap- peal to the Religious Public, &c., of Canandai- gua," 1818; "Episcopacy Examined and Re- examined," 1835; "Family Devotions," 1835; and an important tract, " Episcopacy tested by Scripture," 1 830. Though he had been restored to the ministry, he did not resume the discharge of episcopal functions. Assoc, edit., with Dr. V. Mott, of the N. Y. Med. Jowiial in 1 81 5. Con- trib. to many periodicals, and aulhor of some choice hymns. O'Neall, John Belton, LL.D,, jurist, b. Bush River, S.C, Apr. 10, 1793. S.C. Coll. 1812. He taught in an acad. at Newberry; 43 studied law ; and was a short time in active mil- itary service during the war with Great Britain, Adm. to the bar in 1814, he soon had a large practice ; was a member of the State legisl. in 1816, '22, '24, and '26 ; speaker during the last tAvo terms; in 1828 an assoc. judge; in 1830 judge of the Court of Appeals; in 1850 pres. of this court and the Court of Errors ; and was subsequently made chief justice of the State. Abandoning in 1832 the use of spirituous li- quoi's and tobacco " in order to save a friend," he in 1841 became pres. of the State Temper- ance Society, and in 1852 the head of the Sons of Temperance of N.A. He furnished reminis- cences of the Revol. for the Southern Literary Messenger ; pub. a " Digest of the Negro Law of S.d," 1848; "Annals of Newberry," 1858; " Biographical Sketches of the Bench and Bar of S.C," 2 vols. 1859 ; and several pub. addresses. Ord, Edward Otiio Cresap, brev. maj.- general U.S.A., b. Alleghany Co., Md., 1818. West Point, 1839. James, his father, was an officer in the war of 1812. Entering the 3d Art., he served in 1839-42 against the Seminole Indians ; was employed in coast-survey duty in 1845-6, when he was ordered to Cal., where he contrib. to the preservation of law and order by the execution of several noted desperadoes. Capt. 7 Sept. 1850 ; in 1855 he returned to Cal., serving there and in the Territories until 1861, taking part in several Indian expeds. ; brig.- gen. vols. Sept. 14, 1861 ; and com. a brigade in the Pa. Reserves under Gen. McCall. Dec. 20 he defeated a Confed. force, under Stuart, at Dranesville, Va., near the Potomac,, for which he was made maj.-gen. May 2, 1862. Ordered to the Army of the Mpi., he was placed in com. of Corinth, and subsequently of the 2d division of the dist. of W. Tenn. He participated iu the battle of luka 19 Sept. 1862, for which he was brev. col. ; com, and was severely wounded in the battle of Hatchie 5 Oct. 1862; com. 13th corps at siege and capture of Vicksburg, and at capture of Jackson; com. 18th corps, July 21 to Sept. 30, 1864, in operations before Richmond ; and wounded in assault and cap- ture of Ft. Harrison, 29 Sept. 1864; com. dept. of Va. Jan.-June, 1865 ; and engaged in siege of Petersburg, and pursuit and capture of Lee, 9 April, 1865; brev. brig.-gen. for battle of Hatchie, and maj.-gen. for Ft. Harrison; maj. 4th Art. 21 Nov. 1861 ; lieut.-col. 1st Art. Dec. 11, 1865; brig.-gen. of regular army, July 26, 1866. Ord, George, naturalist, b. Phila. 1781 ; d. there 24 Jan. 1866. Pres. of the Phila. Academy of Nat. Science, 1851-66. Author of Supplement to Alex. Wilson's Ornithol., and Memoir of his Life, 1825; Memoir of C. A. Leueuer, in Am. Journal of Sciences and Arts, ser. ii. v. viii. 23 ; Memoir of Thos. Say, read before Philos, Soc. Dec. 19, 1834. Contrib. to scientific journals. Member Amer. Philos. Soc. and of the Linnsean Soc. of London. Ordaz (or-dath'), Don Diego, Spanish cx- plbrer, served under Cortes in the conquest of Mexico; d. 1533. He was the first white man that ascended Popocatapetl. Authorized by Charles V. to conquer the country between Cape Vela and the Bay of Venezuela, he as- cended the Orinoco 160 leagues, ab. 1531. ORT^ 674 ORT O'Reilly, Bernard, D.D., E.G. bishop of Hartford. Consec. 10 Nov. 1850; d. at sea Jan. 1856. Orellana, Francisco, a Spanish officer, who discovered the great river of the Amazons, b. Truxillo, ab. 1500; d. 1549. He accomp. Pizarro to Peru in 1531, and took part in its conquest. When, in 1540, Gonzalo Pizarro set out to explore the regions east of the Andes, Orellana was his second in command. After several weeks passed in the descent of the Napo, one of the upper affluents of the Amazon, their provisions were entirely exhausted ; and Pizarro despatched Orellana and 50 soldiers in a brig- antmc, with orders to proceed to the confluence of the waters, procure a supply of provisions, and return to his relief. In 3 days he reached the Amazon, but finding the country a wilder- ness, and being scarce able to subsist his own party, he followed the course of the river to the sea (the voyage occupying 7 months) amid al- most incredible hardships. He reached the ocean, Aug. 1641, and, sailing to Spain, ex- cited great wonder by relating that he had passed through a country inhabited only by women who were warriors, and that he had re- ceived authentic information of the existence of an El Dorado, where gold was so plentiful, that houses were roofed with it. He obtained from the Spanish crown a commission to con- quer and colonize the region he had discovered, and afterwards organized an exped. for the purpose, but died on his voyage. Ormsby, Stephen, an early settler of Ky. ; d. Louisville, 1 846. Brigade-maj. in Bar- mar's campaign against the N.W. Indians in 1790; a disting. lawyer; afterward circuit judge; M.C. 1811-17. His son Stephen was col. of the " Louisville Legion " in the Mexican war. — A. T. Goodman. Orne, Azor, Revol. patriot, b. Marblehead, 1732 ; d. Boston, June 7, 1796. He was a suc- cessful merchant ; was a delegate to the Essex Co. convention in Sept. 1774, and to the Prov. Congress ; was long one of the com. of safety ; and was an active member of com. on military affairs, in organizing the forces, and collecting arms and ammunition. In Jan. 1 776 the Prov. Congress app. him one of the three maj.-gens. of militia ; he had previously been a member of the Gen. Com-t; and, after the adoption of the State constitution in 1780, was many years in the senate and council. He was a zealous advocate for education, his own deficiency in that respect causing him to decline high offices. Orne, Joseph, physician, b. Salem, July 6, 1747; d. there Jan. 28, 1786. H.U. 1765. He studied with Dr. Holyoke; practised in Beverly in 1770-7; then removed to Salem. He was a superior poet, a fellow of the Academy of Arts and Sciences, and wrote for the Medical Society. — Thacher. Orr, Benjamin, lawyer, b. Bedford, N.H., Dec. 1, 1772 ; d. Brunswick, Mc, Sept. 5, 1828. Dartm. Coll. 1798. Son of Hon. John. In his youth he worked at a trade, and taught school ; he studied law with Judge "Wilde ; began practice at Topshara, Me., in 1801 ; and afterward removed to Brunswick, where he was eminent in chancery practice; M.C. 1817- 19. Author of an " Oration on the Death of Washington," 1800. — Willis's Lawyers of Me. Orr, Hector, M.D., physician, b. E. Bridge- water, Ms., Mar. 24, 1770; d. there Apr. 29, 1855. H.U. 1792. Son of Col. Robert. Pub. a " History of Freemasonry ; " " A Discourse," 1797; "Oration," 1801. Orr, Hugh, inventor, b. Scotland, Jan. 13, 1717; d. Bridgewater, Ms., Dec. 6, 1798. Son of Robert of Lochwinoch, Renfrewshire. He was a gunsmith, who, in June, 1740, settled at Bridgewater, where he erected a trip hammer, and manufactured scythes and other tools; ab. 1748 he made 500 muskets for the State, believed to have been the first made in this country ; and during the Rcvol. cast iron and brass cannon, and cannon-balls ; he invented a machine for cleaning flax-seed, which he sent to Scotland ; and constructed a machine lor the manuf of cotton. He was some years a State senator. His son. Col. Robert, was armorer at Springfield. Orr, Isaac, b. Bedford, N.H., 1793; d. Amherst, Ms., 28 Apr. 1844. Y.C 1818. Son of John, a Revol. officer. Some years a teacher in the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, Hartford ; labored as a preacher and missionary in Washington City, and in the service of the Coloniz. Soc. ; was a proficient in mathematics and nat. philos., and invented an air-tight stove. Coutrib. 45 letters of " Hampden " to the Commercial Advertiser, and 80 letters of " Timoleon " to the Boston Courier. He left a MS. commentary on Daniel and Revelation. Orr, James Lawrence, lawyer and states- man, b. Craytonville, S.C, May 12, 1822. U. of Va. 1 842. He received a good education, but until his 1 8th year was obliged to employ a part of his time beliind the counter of his father, a country shopkeeper. Ho studied law ; was adm. to the bar in May, 1 843, and opened an office at Anderson, S.C; in 1843 he edited the Andei-son Gaz'tte; in 1844 and '45 he was a member of the State legisl. ; and in 1 849-59 was M.C. A member of the Southern-Rights Convention held at Charleston in May, 1851, he opposed the policy, while maintaining the right of secession on the part of the several States. During the 32d Congress he was fre- quently chairman of the com. of the whole on the state of the Union ; during the next Con- gress was chairman of the com. on Indian affairs ; and was speaker of the 35th Congress. As a member of the S C. convention which mot in Dec. 1 860, he recorded his vote in favor of the immediate and separate secession of his State ; and was subsequently one of the three commiss. to Washington to treat with govt, for the surrender of U.S. forts in Charleston harbor, and to transact other business. Senator of the Confed States 1862-5 ; gov. S.C 1866-9. Orr, John, Revol. ofiicer ; d. Bedford, N.H., Dec. 23, 1 822, a. 75. At the battle of Benning- ton he received a ball just above the knee-joint, which crippled him for life. For many years he was a State representative and senator ; was also State councillor ; and 20 years a justice of the peace. Father of Benjamin and Isaac, ante. Orton, AzARiAH G., D.D., Presb. clergy- man, b. Tyringham, Ms., 1789; d. Lisle, Broome Co., N.Y., 28 Dec. 1864. Wms. Coll. ORT 675 OSE 1813; Princet. Sem. 1820. Ord. 1822 ; pastor Presb. church, Seneca Falls, N.Y., 1822-35 ; at Greene, N.Y., 1838-52 ; and at Lisle in 1852- 60. In 1838 he pub. a reply to Prof. Stuart on slavery, and wrote ably against the aboli- tion of capital punishment. Orton, Jason Rockwood, M.D., physi- cian, poet, and editor, b. Hamilton, Madison Co, N.Y., 1806; d. Brooklyn, L.I., Feb. 13, 1867. He practised medicine successfully several years, but, finding his physical powers overtaxed, removed in 1 850 to New York, and devoted himself to literary pursuits. He wrote for the Musical World, and at one time edited the WeeJdy Review and the Bingham ton Courier. Among his publications are " Po ti- cal Sketches," &c., 1829; "Arnold and other Poems," 1 854 ; " The Camp-Fires of the Red Men;" and ** Confidential Experiences of a Spiritualist," 1858. Osborne, Ethan, Presb. minister, b. Litchfield, Ct., Aug. 21, 1758; d. Fairfield, N. J., May 1, 1858. D.C. 1784. At the a^e of seventeen, he volunteered as a private in the Revol. anny ; served in the campaign of 1776, and in the retreat through N. J. Licensed as a minister at the age of 27 ; and from Dec. 1789 to 1844 was settled at the old stone church, Fairfield, N. J. — D. C. Alumni. Osborn, John, poet, b. Sandwich, Ms., 1713; d. Middletown, Ct., May 31, 1753. H. U. 1735. Son of Rev. Samuel, minister of Eastham. He studied divinity, but subsequent- ly settled at Middletown in the practice of medi- cine. Among his pieces, which evince consid- erable talent, is an epistle written in 1735, and addressed to one sister on the death of another; and a whaling-song, which was long in vogue. His son John, a physician of Middletown (b. 17 Mar. 1741, d. June, 1825), was a surgeon in the army at Ticondci-oga in 1753; was disting. as a chemist, and pub. La Conda- mine's treatise on the Small-Pox, with an Appendix. His son John Churchill, M.D., b. Middletown, Ct., Sept. 1766, d. St. Croix, Mar. 5, 1819. N. J. Coll. 1801. He prac- tised in Newbum, N.C., in 1787-1807; then went to New York, where he was prof, of the institutes of medicine in Col. Coll., and after- wards prof, of obstetrics in the Coll. of Phys. and Surgeons. He was eminent in his profes- sion, and was a connoisseur in poetry, belles- lettres, and painting. Osborne, Laughton, poet, of N.Y. Col. Coll. 1827. Has pub. anonymously "Sixty Years of the Life of Jeremy Levis," N.Y., 1831 ; " The Dream of Alla-ad-Dean ; " " The Confessions of a Poet," Phila. 1835; "The Vision of Rubeta, an Epic Story of the Island of Manhattiin, with Illustrations done on Stone," a satire ; " Arthur Carryl, a Novel," the author's best work ; a poem of the " Don Juan " class ; and a treatise on " Oil Paint- ing." From a poetical fragment entitled " England as She Is," he appears to have been a resident there in 1833. Also author of "Calvary;" "Virginia Tragedies," 12rao, 1867.— Duyckinck. Osborn, Samuel, minister of Eastham, Ms., 1718-37, b. Ireland ab. 1690; d. Boston ab. 1785. Dismissed for Arminianism, he taught a private school in Boston about 10 years. He introduced the use of peat on Cape Cod. He pub. his case and complaint, 1743. Osborn, Selleck, poet, b. Trumbull, Fairfield Co., Ct., 1783 ; d. Phila. Oct. 1. 1826. He received an ordinary English education, and at 12 years was placed in a newspaper printing-office at Danbury. At 21 he became editor of a JelFersonian paper, the Litchfield Witness. Found guilty of a libel, he defaulted payment of a heavy fine, and was confined a year in Litchfield jail. After his release he resumed his paper, which he edited some years. During the war of 1812-15 he served as a capt. in the U.S. army ; was stationed on the Cana- da frontier; and was in the battle of Plattsburg. After the peace he again edited a paper, first at Bennington, Vt., and then the Amer. Watchman at Wilmington, Del. In 1825 he edited a paper supporting Calhoun for the presidency, and soon after removed to Phila. His small volume of " Poems, Moral, Sentimental, and Satirical," Boston, 1823, contains selections from his fugitive pieces. — Dm/ckinck. Osborne, Thos. O., lawyer and soldier, b. Jersey, Licking Co., 0., 11 Aug. 1832. U. of 0. 1854. Studied law at Crawfordsville, Ind. ; was adm. to the bar, and settled in Chicago in 1858. Col. 39th 111. Regt. Dec. 1861, serving in W. Va., at the battle of Winchester, 23 Apr. 1862 ; sei*ved in the operations in Charles- ton harbor in 1863 ; took part in Butler's exped. up the James River in May, 1864 ; at Drury's Bluff was severely wounded, losing the use of his right arm ; at the siege of Petersburg ho com. 1st brigade, 1st division, 24th corps; and 2 Apr., 1865, captured Fort Gregg, the key to the works about Petersb. and Richmond, by one of the most gallant and successful charges of the war. For this service he was made brig.-gen. By his prompt movement he cut olF the Confed. troops from the Lynchburg road, and contrib. to the capture of Lee's army, and was brev. maj.-gen. 2 Apr. 1865. Now practises law in Chicago. — Leading Men of Chicago. Oseola (As-se-se-he-ho-lae, or Black Drink), a celebrated Seminole warrior, b. on the Chattahoochee River, Ga., 1804; d. Fort Moultrie, S.C, 30 Jan. 1838. Son of Wm. Powell — an Englishman, and a trader with the Indians — by an Indian woman. In 1808 the mother and her boy settled in Fla. Though of humble rank, he was the governing spirit of the Seminoles ; was disting. in all dances and games, and was noted for independence and self-possession. Oseola vehemently opposed the removal of the Indians from Fla. ; and having in June, 1835, used insulting language to Gen. Thompson, the U.S. agent at Fort King, he was confined in irons under guard for six days. Dec. 28 he avenged himself by killing Thompson and 4 others outside the fort- Dec. 31 he led the Indians in the battle of the Withlacoochie against Gen. Clinch, and was wounded in the arm. This band, the same that had massacred Maj. Dade's com. 3 days before, was put to flight. He had several en- fagements with the troops under Gen. Gaines; une 9, 1836, was repulsed in a daring and skilful assault on Fort Micanopy ; made an OS& 676 OSG^ unsuccessful attack on Fort Dranc, Aug. 12 ; and contended with skill and energy for more than a year against overwhelming odds ; but 22 Oct. 1837, while holding a conference, under a flag of truce, with Gen. Jcsup, near St. Au- gustine, was treacherously seized, and confined at Fort Moultrie until he died broken-hearted. He was a brave and generous foe, and always protected wom(m and children. Osgood, David, D.D. (Y.C. 1797), Cong, clergyman, I). Andover, Ms., Oct. 14, 1747 ; d. Medtbrd, Dec. 12, 1822. H.U. 1771. Ord. Sept. 14, 1774. Descended from John, one of the founders of Andover. Until he was 19, ho worked on his father's farm ; he then studied theology with Rev. Mr. Emerson of HoUis, and afterward at Cambridge. He settled as minis- ter of Medford, where he continued nearly 50 years, and became a distinguished preacher. A zealous Federalist, one of his sermons in 1794, upon Genet's appeal to the people against the govt., attracted great attention, and passed rap- idly through several editions. His election ser- mon in 1809 was the most celebrated of his dis- courses. He was a thorough Calvinist, " a truly good and great man, and an earnest and fearless preacher." A vol. of his sermons was pub. in Boston in 1824. — Sprague. Osgood, Frances Sargent, poetess, b. Boston, 18 June, 1811 ; d. Hingham, Ms., May 12, 1850. Dau. of Joseph Lock, a merchant of Boston. Early attracting the notice of Mrs. L. M. Child, she contrib. to her Juvenile Mis- ceUanif poems under the signature of " Flor- ence.'' In 1835 she m. Samuel Stillman Os- good, a portrait-painter, with whom she soon afterwards visited London, where he pursued Lis art-studies. She was not only a contrib. to the Eng. periodicals, but also pub. a small vol. called the " Casket of Fate ; " a collection of her poems under the title of " A Wreath of Wild-Flowers from N. England," 8vo, 1839; a 3-act drama entitled "Elfrida;" and a play writt' ;n at the request of Sheridan Knowlcs, en- titled " The Hapi)y Release, or the Triumphs of Love." They returned to Boston in 1840, where she pub. " The Poetry of Flowers and the Flowers of Poetry," together with " The Floral Offering." In 1849 the poems of Mrs. Osgood were pub. at Phila. in 8vo, illustrated. Soon after her death, a " Memorial " by her friends, with a Life by Dr. Griswold, was pub. (N.Y. 1851). Osgood, Helen Louise (Gilson), phi- lanthropist, b. Boston ab. 1835 ; d. Newton Centre, Ms., April 20, 1868. After the death of her parents, she was the ward of F. B. Fay of Chols-a ; was well educated ; and was en- dowed with great musical and conversational talent. When the civil war commenced, she was among the first to organize Soldiers' Aid Societies, and provided employment for the wives and daughters of soldiers who were in straitened circumstances. Early in 1862 she went to the army as a nurse, endearing herself to the men by her gentle attentions, her sweet voice, and her great executive power. During the bloody years of 1864-5 she administered comfort and relief to thousands of the severely wounded and dying. She also organized and conducted for many months a hospital for 1,000 patients of the sick and wounded colored soldiers of the Army of the Potomac. In 1866 she was m. to Mr. Osgood, a laborer in the sanitary work in the Army of the Potomac ; but her overtasked powers failed, and she died a martyr to her patriotism and philanthropy. Osgood, Samuel, A.A.S., statesman, b. Andover, Ms., Feb. 14, 1748 ; d. N. York, Aug. 12,1813. H.U. 1770. A descendant of John of Andover. He studied theology, but, losing his health, became a merchant. He was otlen a member of the legisl. ; was a delegate to the Essex Co. convention in Sept. 1774; a mem- ber of the Prov. Congress, and on many im- portant committees. He was a capt. at Lex- mgton and Cambridge in April, 1775 ; aide to Gen. Ward in 1775-6; member of the board of war; and left the army in 1776 with the rank of col. and assist, commissary. Member of the house till 1780, when he was a senator; dele- gate to the Old Congress 1780-4; first corn- miss, of the U.S. treas. in 1785-9 ; and U.S. postmaster-gcn. 1789-91. Afterwards member of the N.Y. legisl., and speaker of the house ; supervisor of N.Y. in 1801-3; and from 1603 till his death naval officer of the port of New York. He pub. several vols, on religious sub- jects, and a work on chronology; was well versed in science and literature, and distiug. for integrity, public spirit, and piety. Osgood, Samuel, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 1827), pastor 1st Cong. Church, Springfield, from 25 June, 1809, to his d. 8 Dec. 1862; b. Fryeburg, Me., 3 Feb. 1784. D.C. 1805. He was an able preacher, and an active reformer. He pub. some sermons and addresses, " Half-Century Sermon," 1859. Osgood, Samuel, D.D. (H.U. 1857), cler- gvman and author, b. Charlestown, Ms., Aug. 30, 1812. H.U. 1832; Camb. Divinity School, 1835. After travelling and preaching 2 years, he was ord.. May 6, 1838, over the Unitarian church in Nashua, N.H.; Dec. 29, 1841, he was called to the Westminster Church, Prov., R. I. ; and in 1849 to the Church of the Messiah, N.Y., where he remained until 1869. Ord. deacon in the Pr.-Ep. Church Aug. 5, 1870. Dr. Osgood has pub. translations from Olshausen and Do Wetto; "The History of the Passion," 1839; and " Human Life," 1842. Author of " Stud- ies in Christian Biography," 1851 ; '* The Hearthstone," 1854 ; " God with Men," 1854 ; "Milestones in our Life-Joumey," 1855; and " Student-Life," 1860. He edited the Western Messenger, Louisville, Ky., in 1836-7 ; and the Christian Inquirer, N.Y., 1850-4. He has con- trib. to the Christian Examiner, the N. A. Re- view, the BiUiotheca Sacra, and the leading monthly magazines. His printed sermons, speeches, and orations are numerous : among them is his discourse at Meadville Theological School on " The Coming Church and its Cki'- gy," 1858; and his oration bctbre the alumni of H.U. in 1 860. He has been active in lirerary and educational objects. His theological sym- pathies, before becoming an Episcopalian, were with what Avas called the "Broad Church." Many years corresp. sec. of the N.Y. Historical Society. Osgood, Thaddeus, philanthropist, b. Methuen, Ms., Oct. 24, 1775; d. Glasgow, OSS 677 OTI Scotland, Jan. 19, 1852. Dartm. Coll. 1803. He studied divinity with Drs. Lothrop and Emmons. Ord. ab. 1806; was stated supply- in Southbury, Ct. ; and was a missionary in N. Y. and Canada. He organized the first church in Buffalo, N.Y., and many others ; in 1812 collected $9,000 in Eng. for a school in Quebec, and gathered there 200 boys in a sab- bath school ; went again to Eng. in 1825, and collected $5,000 for a society to promote edu- cation and industry; in 1837 formed another society in Canada to supply Bibles for seamen and emigrants ; was many years a distributer of tracts, and founder of sabbath schools ; went a third time to Eng. for benevolent objects ; and closed his useful life in Scotland. Ossoli. — See FuLLt;R, Sarah Margaret. Osterhaus, Gen. Peter Joseph, b. Prus- pia. Served as an officer in the Prussian army; afterward settled in St. Louis, Mo. Entered the Union service in 1861 as maj. 2d Mo. Vols. ; took part in the battles of Dug Spring and Wilson's Creek; became col. 12th Mo. Vols. ; com. a brigade under Gen. Fremont; took part in the exped. under Gen. Curtis which resulted in the battle of Pea Ridge, where he com. a divis. and greatly disting. himself; was made brig.- gen. June 9, 1862 ; in Dec. com. a divis. in the 13th corps at Helena, Ark., with which he par- ticipated in the capture of Arkansas Post, 1 1 Jan. 1863, and in the Vicksburg campaign ; com. 1st div. 15th corps in the operations at Chatta- nooga and battle of Mission. Ridge ; in the At- lanta campaign in 1864, and in that of Ga. and S.C. com. the 15th corps; maj.-gen. 23 July, 1864; chief of staff to Gen. Canby at Ivirby Smith's surrender in May, 1865. Oswald, CoL. Eleazer, b. Eng. ab. 1755 ; d. New York, Oct. 1 , 1795, of yellow-fever. He was of good family, being related to Richard of Auchencruive. His sympathies were awakened by the action of the Sons of Liberty in America as early as 1770, and he soon after came to America ; served as a capt. under Arnold, and at the capture of Ticonderoga, and became Ar- nold's sec. ; he exhibited great bravery at the siege of Quebec at the close of 1775, where he com. the forlorn hope after Aniold was wound- ed ; in 1777 he was made a lieut.-col. in Lamb's regt. of artillery, and soon afterwax-ds disting. himself with Arnold at Compo. For his bra- very at the battle of Monmouth he was highly commended by Generals Knox and Lee ; soon after this engagement he left the service. He engaged in the printing and publishing busi- ness at Phila., and was app. public printer. Upon constitutional questions he was an oppo- nent of Hamilton, whom in 1789 he challenged to fight a duel ; their friends adjusted the mat- ter, and the meeting was prevented. In 1792, being in Eng. on business, he went to the Con- tinent, joined the French army, and com. a regt. of art, at the battle of Jemappes. Oswald, Richard of Auchencruive, b. 1 705 ; d. Nov. 6, 1784. One of the framcrs of the treaty of peace which closed the Revol. war. He was a merchant of Lond., and gave bail for Henry Laurens in the sum of £50,000. He m. Mary Ramsay, celebrated by Burns in one of his songs. Otey, James Hervey, D.D. (Col. Coll. 1833), Pr.-Ep. bishop of Tenn., b. Liberty, Va., Jan. 27, 1800; d. Memphis, Tenn., Apr. 23, 1863. U. of N. C. 1820. Ord. 1825, and was the first Prot.-Episc. minister who settled in Tenn.; consec. bishop Jan. 14, 1834; and did duty in Mpi., La., and Ala., among the In- dians, &c. Throughout the South and South- west his title was, " the Good Bishop." Though strongly opposed to secession, he was persuaded to write his famous letter to the sec. of state, remonstrating against coercive meas- ures on the part of the Federal govt. : the able reply to this letter changed the views of " the Good Bishop," who thenceforth acted with the Northern diocese. Author of numerous ad- dresses, sermons, charges, speeches, &c., and a vol. entitled " Unity of the Church," &c., 8vo, 1852. Otis, Harrison Gray, statesman and ora- tor, b. Boston, Oct. 8, 1765; d. there Oct. 28, 1848. H.U. 1783. Son of Samuel A., and nephew of James Otis. Adm. to the bar 1786, he soon became a successful lawyer, and entered upon public life, where his brilliant talents, graceful oratory, and extensive acquirements, gained him great ec/at. Aide to Gen. Brooks in the Shays Insurrection in 1786 ; member of the legisl. in 1796; M.C. and a prominent leader of the Federal party in 1797-1801 ; U.S. dist.-atty. 1801 ; member of the legisl. and speaker 1803-5 ; pres. of the State senate 1805- 11 ; judge of C. C. P. 1814-18 ; U.S. senator 1817-22 ; mayor of Boston 1829-32. He was a prominent member of the Hartford Conven- tion in Dec. 1814, the views and proceedings of which he afterwards wrote, and pub. a series of letters upon. In the U.S. senate he made an eloquent speech in reply to Pinckney on the Mo. Question in Jan. 1820. He pub. an ora- tion, July 4, 1788; letter to W. Heath 1798; eulogy on Hamilton 1804 ; speech on the Mo. Question 1820; on the Sedition Law; addresses in Boston 1824 and 1830. Otis, James, col. and judge, b. Barnstable, June 14, 1702; d. Nov. 9, 1778. Son of Judge John Otis, and, without the advantages of a regular education, rose by the native energy of his mind to distinction. A diligent study of the principles of law, as connected with politi- cal institutions, had prepared him as an oppo- nent of the ministerial plans against the Colo- nies, and he ardently engaged in asserting their rights ; a member of the Prov. legisl. in 1758 ; made speaker of the house in 1760; and con- tinued in that office two years, when he was negatived by Gov. Bernard. On the death of Chief Justice Sewall in 1760, Col. Otis, sec- onded by his son James, applied to Gov. Ber- nard for the app. of assoc. judge. Mr. Hutchin- son, who was nominated, attributes to their disappointment the " flaming patriotism " of the father and son. In 1763 he was app. judge of probate for Barnstable Co. ; chief justice of the C. C. P. Feb. 1764 ; the same year he was chosen speaker of the house, and also one of his Majesty's council, but was negatived by the gov., owing to his opposition to the measures of govt. He was elected to the council every succeeding year, and was negatived regularly until 1770, when Lieut.-Gov. Hutchinson appro- bated the choice. During the first years of the OTI 678 OTJS war, Mr. Otis sat at the council board, of which he was pros, and the oldest member. Otis, James, orator and Kevol. patriot, b. W. Barnstable, Ms., 5 Feb. 1725; d. Andover, Ms., 23 May, 1783. H.U. 1743. Son of the preceding. He studied law with J. Gridley ; «,t 21 began practice at Plymouth ; removed to Boston in 1750, and acquired a high reputation at the bar ; in 1755 he m. Ruth Cunnmgham. In 1760 he pub. " Rudiments of Latin Proso- dy." Otis's public career dates from his fa- mous speech against the " Writs of Assist- ance" in 1761 ; chosen to the legisl. in May, 1761, he became the leader of the popular par- ty; in 1764 he pub. a pamphlet, " The Rights of the Colonies Vindicated," a masterpiece of argument. June 6, 1765, he moved the calling of a congress of delegates from the several Colo- nies, which was adopted, and to which he was in Oct. a delegate, and one of the com. to pre- pare an address to the commons of Eng. ■Elected speaker of the house in May, 1767, he was negatived by the gov., and resigned his office of judge-advocate. Upon the require- ment of Gov. Bernard that the legisl. should rescind its Circular Letter requesting the Colo- nies to unite on some suitable mode of redress, Otis made a speech, pronounced by his enemies as the " most violent, abusive, and treasonable declaration that perhaps was ever uttered." The house refused to rescind by a vote of 92 to 17. In the summer of 1769 he denounced in the Gazette, in severe terms, the calumnies of some of the customs-officers ; who attacked him Sept. 9, and inflicted a deep cut on his head, to which has been partly attributed the derange- ment under which he afterwards labored. He obtained a verdict against Robinson, one of his assailants, for £2,000, which he gave up on re- ceiving a written apology, and withdrew to the country in 1770 on account of his health. He was again a representative in 1771, but took no active part in affairs subsequently, his mind having become seriously impaired. During a brief lucid interval he resumed practice in Bos- ton, but, 6 weeks after his return to Andover, was killed by a stroke of lightning, — a fate for which he had often expressed a wish. Otis's great defect was his irascibility. He was a man of powerful genius and ardent temper, of impetuous and commanding eloquence, and, as a lawyer, stood at the head of the profession. He pub., besides the works named, " Vindica- tion of the House of Representatives," 1762; and "Considerations," &c., 1765. — /See Tu- dor' s Life of Otis, 8vo, 1823. Otis, CoL. John, judge, b. Hingham, Ms., 1657; d. BaiTistable, Ms., Sept. 23, 1 727. John his father was in Hingham in 1635; went to Scituateab. 1662; and d. 1684, a. 64. Col. Otis was 20 years the representative of Barnstable ; councillor 1706-27; many years com. the militia of the county ; was chief justice of the C.C.P., and first judge of probate. He had fine talents, and possessed great wit and humor. Otis, Samuel Alletkb, bro. of James, b. Barnstable, Nov. 24, 1 740 ; d. at Washington, Apr. 22, 1814. H.U. 1759. He commenced the study of law, but abandoned it, and en- gaged in mercantile pursuits in Boston ; repre- sentative to the Gen. Court in 1776, and a member of the convention which framed the State constitution; during the Revol. he was a member of the board of war, and in 1784 speaker of the house; in 1787 he was app. one of the com miss, to negotiate with the insurgents in the Shays Rebellion ; member of Congress in 1788 ; and, after the adoption of the Federal Constitution, was chosen sec. of the U.S. senate. He m. Elizabeth, only dau. of Harrison Gray, receiver-gen. of Ms. (who d. 1794, a. 84), and was the father of H. G. Otis. Otterbein, Philip William, founder of the Church of the United Brethren, b. Dillen- burg, Germany, June 4, 1726; d. Baltimore, Md., Nov. 17, 1813. Ord. to the ministry in the Reformed Church at Herborn in 1 749 ; sent in 1752 missionary to America by the synod of Holland, he settled first at Lancaster, Pa. ; officiated at Tulpehockea and York, Pa., and Frederick, Md., and in 1774 established himself at Baltimore; shortly after liis settle- ment at Lancaster he adopted "new measures," such as prayer-meetings, class-meetings, and open-air meetings held in groves; he made many itinerant tours, associating with himself other preachers of like faith and zeal ; and at the time of his death there Avcre united to his church ab. 100 preachers and 20,000 members. He was a man of great learning, piety, and zeal. His church is spread over large portions of the Northern and Southern States, and numbers about 90,000 communicants. Otto, John C, M.D. (U. of Pa. 1796), physician, b. N. J. 1 775 ; d. Philadelphia, June 30, 1845. N. J. Coll. 1792. His father. Dr. Bodo Otto, was a disting. physician and Revol. officer. John C. was a successful practitioner in Phila. for nearly 50 years ; was an attending physician in the Pa. Hospital, and for many years clinical lecturer in that institution. He pub. med. papers in the N.Y. Med. Repos., and m the N. A. Med. and Surg. Journal 1828-30. — See Memoirs by I. Parrish, Phila. 1845. Otto, Louis William, Count de Moslot, French diplomatist, b. 1754 in the duchy of Baden; d. Paris, Nov. 9, 1817. Educated at the U. of Strasburg; in 1777 app sec. of lega- tion at Bavaria. The ambassador Luzerne, being app. minister to the U.S. in 1779, took with him M. Otto, who remained as sec. and charged' affaires till 1792 ; he was then employed by the com. of public safety, but, on the fall of the Girondists, was sent to the Luxembourg Prison, where he remained till the 9th thermi- dor; in 1798 he wont to Berlin as sec. to the ambassador Sieyes; in 1800 he was sent to Eng. to treat for an exchange of prisoners, and acted as ministcr-plenipo. till the peace of Amiens; after the campaign of 1809 he was ambassador to Vienna, where he negotiated the marriage of Napoleon with the archduchess ; he became a minister of state on his return to Palis in 1813, and during the hundred days was under-sec. of state for foreign affairs. He m. a Miss Livingston. Ouseley, Sir William Gore, D.C.L. (of Oxon.), son of Sir William, b. Lond. 1797 ; d. there 6 Mar. 1866. Attache at Stockholm 1817; at Washington in Nov. 1825; and m. there the dau. of C. P. Van Ness. Author of OVA 679 OTVE "Remarks on the Statistics and Polit. Insti- tutions of the U S./' 8vo, 1832 ; " Views of S. America/* 1852, &c. Ovando, Nicolas, a Spanish officer, and commander of the order of Alcantara, b. ab. 1460; d 1518. He succeeded Bobadilla as gov. of Ilispaniola in 1501 . Though just and kind to the Spanish colonists, he perpetrated great cruelties upon the Indians, many of whom were massacred at Xaraqua by his orders ; he also treated Columbus Avith great injustice, thwarting him upon all occasions. He was re- called in 1 503, and succeeded by Diego Colum- bus, son of the great admiral. Overman, Eredeeick, mining engr. of Phila. ; d. 1 852. Author of " Manuf. of Iron," 1850; of "Steel," 1851; "MouldeiV and Founders' Pocket-Guide," 1851; "Pract. Min- eralogy, Assaying, and Mining," 1851 ; "Mechanics for the MillAvright, Machinist," &c., 1852; "Metallurgy," \ S52. — Allibone. Oviedo, Y Valdes (o-ve-a'do e val-d6s'), Gonzalez Hebxando, a Spanish chronicler, b. Madrid, 1478; d. Valladolid, 1557. Of noble descent. Pie spent several years of his youth at court, and saw the final campaigns of the Moorish war. In 1514 ho was sent to St. Domingo as supervisor of gold smeltings ; became insp.-gen. of commerce, and passed most of his days in America. Author of " Cronica de las bid/'as," 1535, repub. at Sala- manca, with additions, in 1547, — one of the scarcest and most valuable records of early Spanish- American history; also of a valuable work, still in MS., " Quinquagenus," or 50 dialogues ; his " History of Nicaragua " was pub. by Tcrnaux Compans, Paris, 8vo, 1 840. Owen, CoL. Abraham, b. Prince Edward Co., Va., 1769 ; killed at the battle of Tippe- canoe, Nov. 7, 1811. He moved to Shelby Co., Ky., in 1785 ; served in the campaigns of Wil- kinson and St. Clair in 1791, and in Col. Har- din's exped. to White River. Surveyor of Shelby Co. in 1796; afterward a magistrate, and col. of militia; member of the Ky. Const. Conv. in 1799, and of both branches of the State legisl. ; aide-de-camp to Harrison at Tip- pecanoe. — CoUins's Hist. Ky. Owen, David Dale, geologist, son of Robert, b. Lanarkshire, Scotland, June 24, 1807; d. New Harmony, Ind., Nov. 13, 1860. He was educated with his bro. R. D. Owen at Hofwyl, Switzerland, and in 1826 accomp. his father to New Harmony. He spent 2 years in the study of geology and other branches of natural science in Europe, and in 1833 took up his permanent residence in the U. S. In 1835 he received the degree of M.D. from the Ohio Med. Coll., and 2 years later was employed by the legisl. of Ind. in a geological survey of the State, the results of which were pub., and re- printed in 1859. He next made a minute ex- amination of the mineral-lands of Iowa, under instructions from the gen. land-office; and in 1848 he was employed by govt, to conduct the geol. survey of Wis., Iowa, and Minn., the re- sult of which was pub. in 1852. Of a survey of Ky., from 1852 to 1857, 3 vols, have been pub. In 1857 he was app. State geologist of Ark., and in 1858 pub. a report of his survey, 1 vol. 8vo. Owen, George W., politician, b. Bruns- wick Co., Va., 1796 ; d. Mobile, Ala., Aug. 18, 1837. He was speaker of the Ala. house of representatives; M.C. 1823-9 ; mayor of Mo- bile, and afterwards coll. of that port. Owen, Griffith, an eminent Quaker preacher and physician to the early settlers of Pa.; d. Phila. 1717. He held several civil stations. Owen, John, gov. N.C. 1828-30, b. Bladen Co., N.C, Aug. 1787; d. Pittsborough, Oct. 1841. Educated at the U. of N.C. Devoted himself to agriculture ; member of the house in 1812, and of the senate in 1827 ; and pres. of the conv. at Harrisburg which nominated Harrison in 1840. Owen, John Jason, D.D., LL.D., scholar and author, b. Colebrook, Ct., Aug. 13, 1803; d. N.Y. Apr. 18, 1869. Mid. Coll., Vt., 1829 ; And. Sem. 1831. Ord. in 1832, and connected with the Presb. Educ. Soc. On the establish- ment of the Cornelius Inst., he took charge of it, withdrawing in Nov. 1848 to become prof, of the Latin and Greek languages and lit. at the N.Y. Free Acad. July 7, 1853, he became vice-principal ; and May 2, 1866, when it be- came a coll., he was made vice-pres. He made excellent translations of Homer's " Iliad " and " Odyssey," Thucydides, and Xcnophon's " Anabasis " and " Cyropaedia ; " and translated the Acts of the Apostles into Greek. He also pub. 3 vols, of Commentaries on the Gospels. Owen, Robert, philanthropist, b. New- town, Montgomeryshire, Scotland, 14 March, 1771 ; d. there 19 Nov. 1858. Ho acquired wealth by the manuf. of cotton, and, sympa- thizing with the working-classes, he, with his father-in-law and partner, David Dale, intro- duced reforms in regard to their dwellings, their hours of labor, and the education of their children. In 1812 he pub. " New View of So- ciety," maintaining a theory of modified com- munism. Wishing to test his system on a large scale, he in 1825 purchased New Harmony, Ind., and, with the assistance of his son Robert Dale Owen, tried it there. It flourished for a time ; but as asocial experiment it was a failure, as was also his effort to establish in London a " labor exchange." In 1828 he went to Mex., but could effect nothing there; in 1829 he held a public debate at Cincin. with Alexander Campbell of Bethany on " The Evidences of Christianity," pub. 2 vols. 8vo, 1829. He and his followers, the " Owenites," originated the labor-leagues, from which sprung the Chartist movement. In his later years he was a Spirit- ualist. Among his works are " Essays on the Formation of Human Chai'acter," and " The Book of the New Moral World," presenting a system of religion and society according to reason. His Autobiography gives much of in- terest in his career. — ^e Life of Owen by F. A. Packard, Phila. 12mo, 1866. Owen, Robert Dale, author and politi- cian, son of Robert, b. Glasgow, 7 Nov. 1801. Educated at Hofwyl, Switzerland. Accom- panying his father to Amer. in 1825, he edited with Madame D'Arusemont the New-Harmony Gazette, afterward called the Free Inquirer, Oct. 182.5- Dec. 1834. Member of the Ind. legisl. 1835-8 ; M.C. 1843-7 ; chairman of O^WE 680 I>^EJ &' the Ind. Const. Con v. in 1849 ; charrj€ d' affaires at Naples in 1853-8. After 15 years' labor, he procured the passage of laws in Ind. securing to women independent rights of property, and during the Rebellion served on two important govt, commissions. He was prominent in the organization of the Smithsonian Inst., and one of° its first regents. Author of " Popular Tracts," 1830 ; " Moral Physiology," 1831 ; "Pocahontas," a drama, 1837; "Hints on Public Architecture," in Smithsonian Contribs., 4to, 1849; " Plank-Roads," 1856 ; "Footfalls on the Boundaries of Another World," 1849; " The Wrong of Slavery, and the Right of Emancipation," 1864; "Policy of Emancipa- tion," 1863 ; " Beyond the Breakers," 1869. Owens, John E., comedian, b, Liverpool, 1823; brought to the U.S. in 1826, and was afterwards in business in Phila. His first ap- pearance was at the National, Phila. ; Aug. 20, 1846, he played at Masonic Hall, Phila. Joint manager of the Baltimore Museum in 1849; made an extensive European tour in 1852; manager of the Charles-st. Theatre, Baltimore, 1854, and of the N. Orleans Varieties 1859-61 ; layed a brilliant engagement at Wallack's, .Y. 1864-5 ; opened at the London Adelphi, July 3, 1865, as Solon Shingle, his great part ; was at the Broadway in Jan. -Apr. 1866 ; and in 1869 played John Unit, in " Self," at Wallack's, N.Y. — Brown's Ame.r. Stage. Owsley, William, gov. Ky. 1844-8, b. Va. 1782; d. Danville, Ky., Dec. 1862. His father settled in Lincoln Co., Ky., in 1783. He taught school ; studied law with Judge Boyle ; represented Garrard Co. for several years in the legisl. ; judge of the Supreme Ct. 1812-28. Removed'to Boyle Co. in 1843. Oxenbridge, John, 'minister of Boston, b. Daventry, Eng., Jan. 30, 1609 ; d. Dec. 28, 1674. Educated at Oxford, and also at Cam- bridge, where he took his degree in 1631 ; be- came a preacher ; made several voyages to the W. Indies ; was ord. pastor of a church in Bev- erly, Eng., in 1644, and chosen fellow of Eton Coll. ; and afterwards settled at Berwick-on- Tweed, where he was silenced in 1662. He next went to Surinam ; in 1667 was at Barba- does; and in 1669 came to Boston, where he was ord. April 10, 1670, over the First Church as coll. with Mr. Allen. He was a very pop- ular preacher. His publications are "The Duty of Watchfulness ; " "Election Sermon," 1671; "Seasonable Seeking of God;" and " A Proposition for propagating the Gospel by Christian Colonies in Guiana." — Eliot. Oxendine, Alexander W., Baptist cler- gyman and Revol. veteran, b, S.C. Aug. 26, 1759; d. Benton's Creek, Phelps Co., Mo., Sept. 3, 1869, aged 110. He was one of Mari- on's men, and was many years a minister. He retained his sight, hearing, and intellect to his last hour. Pabodie, William Jewett, poet, b. Providence, R.I., ab. 1812; d. there 1870. Has pub. " Calidore," a legendary poem, and many smaller pieces. Paca, William, Revol. statesman, b. "Wye Hall, Harford Co., Md., Oct. 31, 1740; d. 1799. Phila Coll. 1758. Adm. a student at the Middle Temple, Lond., Jan. 14, 1762 ; practised law at Annapolis; member of the legisl. from 1771, signalizing himself by his opposition to the royal govt. ; member of the com. of corresp. in 1774; delegate to Congress 1774-9, and a signer of the Decl. of Indep. ; State senator 1777-9 ; chief justice 1778-80; chief judge of the Court of Appeals 1780-2; gov. 1782 and 1786; member of the conven- tion which ratified the U.S. Constitution in 1788, and U.S. dist. judge from 1789 till his death. He contrib. of his private wealth to the patriot cause, and served upon many impor- tant local committees. His first wife was a dau. of Samuel Chew. Packard, Rev. Alpheds Spring, D.D. (Bowd. Coll. 1860), b. Chelmsford, Ms., 1798. Bowd. Coll. 1816. Tutor there 1819-24, and prof, of Greek and Latin 1824-65 ; librarian 1869. Edited, with notes, Xenophon's " Memo- rab.," 1839; works of Rev. Jesse Appleton, with Memoir, 2 vols. 8vo, 1837. Contrib. Sketches of Appleton, Samuel Eaton, and Dr. Packard, to Sprague's " Annals," and papers to several periodicals. Pub. " Hist. Bunker's- Hill-Monument Assoc," 1853. Packard, Frederick Adolphus, LL.D. (N.J. Coll. 1859), b. Marlborough, Ms., Sept. 28, 1794; d. Nov. 11, 1867. H.U. 1814. Son of Rev. Asa. He read law at Northampton, Ms.; practised law at Springfield, Ms., 1817- 29 ; member State legisl. 1828-9 ; edited the Hampden Federalist 10 years; removed in 1829 to Phila., and from 1829 to his d. edited the publications of the Sunday-school Union, — 2,000 in number, more than 40 of which he wrote or compiled. Elected pres. of the Gi- rard Coll. for orphans, July, 1849, but declined. He edited the S. S. Magazine, the S. S. Journal, and Youth's Penny Gazette ; prepared the soci- ety's annual reports; pub. tracts and occasion- al papers on S. school, educational, and other subjects ; edited 11 vols, of the Phila. Jour, of Prison Discipline, and contrib. to the Princeton Rev., the N. Englander, and other periodicals. Among his pubs, are " Union Bible Diction- ary," 1837; "The Teacher Taught," 1839; " Separation of Convicts," 1849 ; " The Teach- er Teaching," 1861 ; " The Rock," 1861 ; "Life of Robert Owen," 1866 ; " Daily Public School of the U.S.," 1866; "Visit to Euro- pean Hospitals," 1840. Packer, William F., gov. Pa. 1858-61, b. Centre Co., Pa., 1807 ; d. Williamsport, Pa., Sept. 27, 1870. He became a printer ; studied, but never practised law ; pub. the Lycoming Gase^e in 1827-36; canal com. 1839-42 ; State auditor 1842-5; State senator 1845-8; then pres. of the Susquehanna R.R. Co. until its consolidation with the Northern Central R.R. Co., of which he was a director until 1858. Paez {pa-6th'), Jose Antonio, a South- American soldier, b. San Felipe, Caracas, 1787. He fought on the royalist side in the beginning of the struggle for liberty, but joined the patriots in 1810 ; defeated Rafael Lopez in 1816, and was made a brig.-gen. ; recovered the province of Apure; routed La Torre at Las Mercuritas, 28 Jan. 1817 ; and thenceforth acted in concert with Bolivar. For his ser vices at Ortiz he was made gen. of division. The battle of Carabobo in 1821, which secured FA.G- 681 r».Aj: the independence of Colombia, established his military reputation ; and Bolivar offered to make him j^en. -in-chief. His capture of Puer- to Cabello, in Nov. 1823, ended Spanish author- ity in Colombia. He was made a senator and commandant of Venezuela ; and when, in Sept. 1829, it became an indep. republic, Paez was chosen pres. In 1839 he again became pres. He led the revolutionists against the usurper Monagas in 1848, but was unsuccessful, and was imprisoned, but was released, and resided in New York, May, 1850-Dec. 1858, when he returned to Venezuela. Minister to the U.S. in 1860, but in 1861 returned to Venezuela. Page, Benjamin, capt. U.S.N., b. Eng. 1792; d. New York, April 16, 1858. Mid- shipra. Dec. 17, 1810; lieut. Apr. 27, 1816; master Dec. 22, 1835; capt. Sept. 8, 1841. Page, Charles Grafton, M.D., physi- cist, b. Salem, Ms., Jan. 28, 1812; d. Wash- ington, D.C., May 5, 1868. H.U. 1832. He constructed an electrical machine when only ten years of age. In 1838-40 he practised medicine in Va. ; was prof, of chemistry in Col. Coll., D.C., in 1839-40, and from that time till his death was examiner in the U.S. patent-office. He was a frequent contrib. to iSillimaii's Journal, and is the author of a con- cise and complete treatise upon the subject of electrical science and discovery. He had been for years perfecting machinery for the effective and economical use of electro-magnetism as a motive-power, and had so far succeeded as to be able to use it for the propulsion of machine- ry, and, to some extent, as a locomotive force. Author of " Psychomancy, or Spirit-Rappings Exposed," 12mo, 1853. Page, David P., b. Epping, N.H., 1816; d. 1848. Principal of the N.Y. State Normal School. Author of " Elem. Chart of Vocal Sounds," 1847 ; " Theory and Practice of Teaching," 1847. Page, John, gov. of Va. 1802-5, b. Rose- well, Gloucester Co., Va., April 17, 1743; d. Richmond, Oct. 11, 1808. Wm. and M. Coll. 1763, which he represented in the house of burgesses. He was also a member of the Colonial Council. Disting. for talents and patriotism, he displayed during the Revol. an ardent attachment to the cause of the Colo- nies ; was in 1776 one of the most conspicuous members of the convention which formed the constitution of Va., and was app. one of the first councillors ; member of the com. of pub- lic safety, and lieut. -gov. of the State; and also contrib. freely from his private fortune to the public cause. At one time he com. a mili- tia regt. raised to repel a British invasion. He was among the first representatives to Con- gress from Va. 1789-97 ; and was commiss, of loans for Va. from 1806 till his death. He pub. addresses to the people 1 796-9. His son Octavius Augustus, first lieut. of the frig- ate "Chesapeake," d. Boston, June, 1813, a. 28. Page, John, gov. of N.H. 1839-42, b. Haverhill, N.H., May 21, 1787; d. there Sept. 8, 1865. He received an academical educa- tion ; was a practical farmer, and, during the intervals of public duty, resided upon and cul- tivated the old homestead farm left him by his ancestors. Assessor of the direct tax, 5th dist., N.H., 1815; member of the legisl. 1818- 20 and 1835; register of deeds, Grafton Co., 1828-34; U.S. senator 1836-7; State coun- cillor 1838. He Avas a leading Mason. Page, Thomas Jefferson, commander U.S.N., b. Va. ab. 1815. Midshipman in 1827; lieut. in June, 1833; and com. Sept. 1855. The early part of his service was in the coast-survey. In 1853-May, 1856, hecom. an exped. to explore the River La Plata, a nar- rative of which was pub. N.Y., 8vo, 1859 ; and in 1857-Dec. 1860, made an exploration of the Parana and the tributaries of the Paraguay. Page, William, painter, b. Albany, Jan. 23, 1811. He went with his parents to N.Y. City in 1819, and at the age of 11 received a premium from the Amer. Institute for a drawing in India ink. After passing nearly a year with Herring, a portrait-painter, he became a pu- pil of S. F. B. Morse ; was adm. a student of the acad., and received the premium of a large silver medal for his drawings from the antique. He spent a year in Albany, painting portraits, excelling in the brillancy of his color and the accuracy of his drawing. Adm. a member of the National Acad., he was app. to paint the portraits of Gov. Marcy and John Quincy Adams. Besides portraits, he has executed several historical compositions, a " Holy Fami- ly," now in the Boston Athenajum ; " The Wife's Last Visit to her Condemned Husband," and " The Infancy of Henri IV." He resided some time in Boston, where he painted a great number of portraits ; returned to New York, where he remained 2 years ; and then went to Europe, residing 1 1 yrs. in Florence and Rome. He returned in the autumn of 1860 to New York, where he now resides. In Italy he painted many portraits, produced his two " Vcnuses," his " Moses and Aaron on Mount Horeb," the "Flight into Egypt," the " Infant Bacchus," and other works. His copies of Titian were so remarkably like the originals, that one of them was stopped by the authorities of Florence under the belief that it was the origi- nal painting. Since his return to New York, he has delivered a course of lectures on art, and has pub. a " New Method of Measuring the Human Body," based upon the models of the antique. Paige, Alonzo Christopher, jurist, b. Scaghticoke, N.Y., July 31, 1797 ; d. Schenec- tady, N.Y., Mar. 31, 1868. Wms. Coll. 1812. His father. Rev. Winslow, intended him for the ministry ; but, preferring the law, he was adm. to the bar in 1819 ; was reporter of the Court of Chancery in 1828-46, publishing in the meanwhile 11 vols, of Chancery Reports; member of the N.Y. legisl. in 1826-30 ; senator 1838-42 ; justice of the Supreme Court 1847- 51, and 1855-7 ; and a member of the Const. Conv. in June, 1867. Paige, Elbridge Gerry ("Dow, jun"), journalist, author of " Short Patent Sermons" by Dow, jun., originally pub. in the N.Y. Sun- dai] Mercurij, of which he was editor and pro- prietor; b. Litchfield, Ct., ab. 1816; d. San Francisco, 4 Dec. 1859. Meeting with reverses in N.Y., he went ab. 1849 to Cal., where he be- came intemperate, and d. in great want. Paige, Lucius Robinson, D.D. (Tufts FAJL 682 T>AJ. Coll. 1861), b. Hardwick, Ms., Mar. 8, 1802. Universalist preacher 1825-41 ; since cashier Cambridge (Ms.) Bank ; and in 1846-55 city clerk of C. Has pub. " Selections from Emi- nent Commentators," 1833; "Centennial at Hardwick," Nov. 15, 1838 ; " Commentary on N. Test.," 6 vols. 1844-69 ; papers in Univer- salist periodicals. He is preparing a History of Cambridj^e, Ms. Faine, Charles, gov. of Vt. 1841-3, b. Williamstown, Vt., Apr. 15, 1799; d. Waco, Texas, July 6, 1853. H. U. 1820. Son of Elijah. Engaged in manufacturing, in v/hich he was very successful. He rendered the State great service in the construction of its rail- roads. His last railroad project was the ex- ploration of a southern route for a great Pacific railroad, tjov. Paine was a liberal patron of the U. of Vt. and the Northfield Academy. Paine, Elijah, LL.D. (H.U. 1812), jurist, b. Brooklyn, Ct., Jan. 21, 1757 ; d. Williams- town, Vt., Apr. 28, 1842. H.U. 1781. He studied law, and in 1784 settled in Vt. Mr. Paine was a scholar, a well-read lawyer, and also a farmer, a road-maker, and a pioneer in the manufacture of American cloths, for which purpose he constructed an establishment at Northfield. Member and sec. of the conven- tion to revise the State constitution in 1786 ; member of the State legisl. 1787-91 ; a judge of the Supreme Court 1791-5; U.S. senator 1795-1801, and U.S. dist. judge for Vt. in 1801- 42. In 1789 he was one of the commiss. to settle the controversy between N.Y. and Vt. ; pres. of the Vt. Colonization Society, to which, as well as to Dartm. Coll. and to the U. of Vt., he was a liberal benefactor. Fellow of the Amer. and Northern Academies of Arts and Sciences. In 1782 he pronounced the first oration before the Phi Beta Kappa Soc. of H. U., and was elected its pres. in 1789. Paine, Elijah, lawyer, son of the preced- ing, b. Williamstown, Vt., Apr. 10, 1796; d. N.Y. Oct. 6, 1853- H.U. 1814; Litchf Law School. Adm. to the bar, and practised in N.Y. City. Associated in business with Henry Wheaton, LL.D., he had much to do with the Reports of the U.S. Supreme Court which bear Mr. Wheaton's name. He was also the author of Paine's "U.S. Circuit Reports;" and in 1830, in connection with John Duer, LL.D., pub. Paine and Duer's "Practice in Civil Actions and Proceedings jn the State of N.Y.," 2 vols. From 1850 to his death, he was a judge of the Superior Court of N.Y. His decision in the Lemnion slave case was particularly able. Paine, Halbert E., brev. maj.-gen. vols. ; M.C. 186.5-71; b.Chardon, O., 4 Feb. 1826. W. Res. Coll. 1845. Adm. to the bar in 1848 at Cleveland ; removed to Milwaukie in 1857 ; col. 4th Wis. Regt. 1861-3; brig.-gen. 13 Mar. 1863 ; took part in defence of Washington, D.C., during Early's raid, and lost a leg while in com. 3d div. 19th corps in the last assault on Port Hudson, June, 1863. Paine, Martyn.M.D. (H.U. 1816), LL.D., physician, son of Elijah, b. Williamstown, Vt., July 8, 1794. H.U. 1813. He studied medi- cine with Dr. John Warren of Boston, and practised in Montreal, Canada, in 1816-22 ; then removed to N.Y., and acquired a large practice. In 1832, during the prevalence of cholera, he wrote a series of letters upon the disease to Dr. J. C Warren, subsequently pub. as " The Cholera Asphyxia of N. i ." He has pub. " Medical and Physiological Commen- taries," 3 vols. 1840-4 ; " Materia Medica and Therapeutics," 1842; "The Institutes of Medicine," 1847 ; " The Soul and Instinct dis- tinguished from Materialism," 1848, subse- quently incorporated in the " Institutes of Medicine ; " and in 1852 a Memoir of his son, Robert Troup. In 1856 Dr. Paine contrib. an elaborate essay on " Theoretical Geology " to the Prot.-Epis. Quarterly Review, controverting the geological interpretations of the Mosaic narrations of creation and the flood. In 1841 Dr. Paine and others established the University Med. Coll., in which he for many years held the chair of the institutes of medicine and materia medica, and subsequently that of therapeutics and materia medica. In 1 854 he was prominent in effecting a repeal of the law prohibiting dis- sections of the human body. Member of many of the principal learned societies in Europe and America. Paine, Robert, D.D., bishop of the M.E. Church South, b. N.C. 1799. Emigrated to Tenn. in 1813. Nashville U. 1826. He en- tered the Tenn. conf. in 1819; pres. of La- grange Coll., Ala., 1830-46, and then chosen bishop. Eminent both as a pulpit orator, and as presiding officer in the annual conference. Resides in Mpi. Author of a work on Hop- kinsianism, and " Life and Times of Bishop McKendree," 2 vols. 8vo. Paine, Robert Treat, LL.D. (H.U. 1805), signer of the Decl. of Indcp., b. Boston, March 11, 1731; d. there May 11, 1814. H.U. 1749. His father Thomas had been pastor of a church in Weymouth, but was afterward a merchant of Boston. His mother was the dau. of Samuel Treat, and grand-dau. of Samuel Willard. After graduating, he kept school to help support his parents, for whose mainte- nance he also made a voyage to Europe. He then studied theology, and in 1755 acted as chaplain to the Northern provincial troops, but afterward studied the law. On his admission to the bar in 1759, he established himself at Taunton, where he resided many years. In 1770 he conducted with great ability and in- genuity, in the absence of the atty.-gen., the prosecution of Capt. Preston and his men for the Boston Massacre. In 1773 he was a representa- tive ; was a delegate to the Prov. Congress in 1774-5; a member of the Cont. Congress in 1774-8, rendering important services upon vari- ous committees. In 1776 he, with 2 others, was deputed by Congress to visit the army of Schuyler in the North ; speaker of the IVIs. h. of reps, in 1777; atty.-gen. of Ms. on the or- ganization of the State, and also a member of the exec, council ; in 1779 he was a member of the State Const. Conv., and one of the com. which prepared the draught of it; and was app. judge of the Supreme Court in 1776, but declined. He removed to Boston ab. 1780, and was judge of the Ms. Supreme Court in 1790- 1804. Paine's legal attainments were great : ho ranked high as a lawyer ; was an able and im- partial judge j an excellent scholar; and was 1*^1 683 I>.AJ[ noted for the brilliancy of his wit. A founder of the Aracr. Acad, of Ms. in 1780. Paine, Robert Treat, poet, b. Taunton, Ms., Dec. 9, 1773; d. Boston, Nov. 13, 1811. H.TJ. 1792. Son of the preceding, and was originally named Thomas, but, desirous of pos- sessing a "Christian" name, had it changed by the Icgisl. in 1801. Abandoning mercantile pursuits after a brief trial, he established in Oct. 1794 a political and literary paper, the Federal Orrery, in which appeared " The Jacobiniad," and also "The Lyai-s;" their personalities pro- curing him many enemies, and occasioning as- saults on his person. He had written verses for the Ms. Mag., and subsequently wrote theat- rical criticisms. In Feb. 1 795 he m. Miss Ba- ker, an actress. Paine had a prolific imagina- tion, was bold in his views, quick at retort, witty, and exceedingly sarcastic, llis " Inven- tion of Letters," 1795, was greatly admired; and Washington expressed in a letter to him his ap- preciation of its merits. He received for this poem $1,500; and for "The Ruling Passion," intended as a gallery of portraits, $1,200. In 1798 Paine wrote the celebrated national song, "Adams and Liberty," — a patriotic ell'usion which brought him more than 1 1 dollars a line. In 1799 he delivered an oration on the first an- niversary of the dissolution of the alliance with France ; and, turning his attention to the study of law under Judge Parsons, was adm. to the Sutlblk bar in 1802 ; retired from the profession in 1809; and soon after became an inmate of his father's mansion in Boston, where he wrote " The Steeds of Apollo," his last famous effu- sion. Jan. 2, 1800, he delivered at Newbury- port a eulogy on Washington. His writings, with a Biography by Charles Prentiss, were pub. 8vo, 1812. Paine, ThomaSj political and deistical writer, b. Thetford, Norfolk, Eng., 29 Jan. 1737 ; d. New York, 8 June, 1809. His father was a Quaker, and brought up his son to his own trade, that of stay-maker. At the gram- mar-school of Thctford'he obtained some knowl- edge of mathematics. He worked at his trade, preached occasionally as a dissenting minister, married, and settled in Sandwich iu 1759. In 1764 he became an exciseman; was afterward a teacher, then a tobacconist ; failed in business in 1774, and went to London. By the advice of Dr. Franklin he came to America, arriving inPhila. in Dec. 1774. In 1775 he edited the Pa. Mag.; Oct. 18 he pub. in Bradford's Pa. Jour- nal " Serious Thoughts upon Slavery," &c., expressing the hope that the legisl. would put a stop to the importation of negroes, ameliorate the condition of the slaves, and ultimately pro- vide for their fi'eedom. In his celebrated pam- phlet called " Common Sense," which appeared in Jan. 1776, he advocated independence, con- tributing in an extraordinary degree to the dis- semination of republican ideas. It procured him a reward of £500 fi-om the legisl. of Pa., the honorary degree of M.A. from its univer- sity, and membership in the Philos. Society. Joining the army in the autumn of 1776, he was a short time aide to Grcn. Greene. Dec. 19, 1776, — a most gloomy period of the war, — Paine pub. his first " Crisis," opening with the since familiar phrase, "These are the times that try men's souls." It revived the drooping ar- dor of the people, was read at the head of every regt., and bore fruit in the battles of Trenton and JPrinceton a few days later. This publica- tion was continued till April, 1783. He was sec. to the com. on foreign affairs in Congress from Apr. 1777 to Jan. 1779, losing his place for having in the Phila. Packet denied the va- lidity of Silas Deane's claims upon the govt. Iu Jan. 1780, when financial ruin impended, he gave $500, tlie amount of his salary as clerk of the Assembly of Pa., to start a relief-fund. In Feb. 1781 he went with Col. Laurens to France to negotiate a loan, and returned Aug. 25 with $2,500,000 in silver. In 1782 he pub. a " Letter to the Abbe Raynal," correcting the mistakes in his account of the Amer. Revol., and soon afterwards a "Letter to the Earl of Shelburne," who had prophesied, that, "when Britain shall acknowledge Amer. independence, the sun of Britain's glory is set forever." For his Revol. services, Congress in 1785 gave him $3,000; and the State of N.Y. granted him 500 acres of land in New Rochelle. In Apr. 1787 he went to England, and invented an iron bridge, the prototype of so many similar struc- tures, one of which was built at Rothcrham, Yorkshire. Visiting Paris, he pub., under the name of Duchatelet, a tract recommending the abolition of royalty. In Mar. 1791 he wrote, in answer to Burke's "Reflections on the French Revol.," his celebrated "Rights of Man," which attained great popularity. For this work he was outlawed in Eng., but in Sept. 1792 was elected a member of the French National Con- vention. Acting with the Girondists, and op- posing the execution of the king, he incurred the hatred of the Jacobins, and ab. the end of 1794 was expelled from the Convention as a foreigner ; was cast into prison, and narrowly escaped death in the Reign of Tcri'or. In Nov. 1794 he was released through the influence of Mr. Monroe, in whose house he resided 18 months, and resumed his seat in the Conven- tion Dec. 8. In 1795 appeared his "Age of Reason," which, though denounced as atheisti- cal, expressly inculcates a belief in God. He came to the U.S. in Oct. 1802, finally settling ii! New York, and occasionally passing a few months on his estate at New Rochelle. At MonticeUo, whither he was invited by JelFerson, he left a favorable impression, and was cordial- ly received at Washington. He was intemper- ate in the latter part of his life, which was passed in comparative obscurity. In 1 81 9 Wm. Cobbett took his remains to Eng. A monu- ment was erected to his memory in 1839, near his original burial-place. The Avritings of Paine have the merit of sincerity and boldness, and have been the object of vituperation rather than of controversy. His services to mankind as a political writer, and especially his power- ful exertions to promote the independence of America, constitute a high claim upon the grat- itude of his adopted country. Among his other writings are " The Decline and Fall of the English System of Finance," "Letter to Geo. Washington" (accusing him of ingratitude in not attempting to procure his liberation from the Luxembourg Prison), "Agrarian Justice," &c. The most complete edition of his works IPJ^lJ. 684 FA.L (Boston, 1856) contains several pieces not by him. — See Lives by Cheetham, 1809; Carlile, 1814; G. Chalmers, 1791; G. Vale, 1841; W. T. Sherwin, 1819; and Wm. Cohbctt; Atlantic Monthly, July and Dec. 1859 ; New Am. Cyclop. Paine, Thomas, capt. U.S.N., b. R. 1. ; d. Washington, D.C., 9 Nov. 1859. Siiiling-mas- tcr U.S.N. 10 Oct. 1812; licut. 1 Dec. 1815; com. 3 Mar. 1825 ; capt. 8 Sept. 1841. Paine, William, M.D. (Marischal Coll. 1775), physician, b. Worcester, Ms., 5 June, 1750; d. therc 19 Apr. J 833. H.U. 1768. Son of Hon. Timo. Paine, loyalist. Proscribed as a loyalist in 1778, he became surgeon to the British forces in K. I. and N.Y., and surgeon- gen, in 1782. After the Revol. he settled in N. Brunswick ; was a member and clerk of the Assembly for the County of Charlotte, and dep. surveyor of the King's Forests in Amer. He removed to Salem, Ms., in 1787, and in 1793 to Worcester. Painter, Gamaliel, judge, b. New Haven, Ct., May 22, 1743 ; d. Middlebury, Vt., May 21, 1819. He received a common-school edu- cation ; erected the first house in Middlebury, Vt., in 1773 ; served as a capt. and qmr. in the Revol. army ; delegate to the convention that in 1777 declared the independence of Vt.; was a representative, judge of the County Court, and councillor, 1813-14; a member of the first Const. Conv. of Vt. in 1793; and was a prin- cipal foimder of Middlebury Coll., to which at his death he left a bequest of about $10,000. Pakenham (puk'-n-am), Sir Edward Michael, G.C.B., a British gen., b. N. of Ireland ; was killed at the battle of New Or- leans, Jan. 8, 1815, a. 36. Eldest bro. of Lord Longford. Apj). maj. 33d Lt. Drags. Sept. 1794; lieut.-col. 64th Foot, Oct. 1799; col. Oct. 1809; mnj.-gen. Jan. 1, 1812; col. 6th W. I. Rcgt. May 21, 1813. He served as quarterm.- gen. in the campaigns in Spain and France to the army under Wellington, and was disdng. in all the principal engagements of that great commander. He was specially noted at Sala- manca and Badajos, and had been badly wounded at the assault of Morne Fortunee, St. Lucie, and at the capture of Martinique. He com. the expedition against N. Orleans in 1814, and fell gallantly leading his men to the attack of Jackson's lines. Palfray, Warwick, 33 years editor of the Essex liefjister, and State senator of Ms., b. Salem, 1787; d. there Aug. 23, 1838. Author of "Evangelical Psalmist," 1802. Descended from Peter, the first settler at Salem. Began his apprenticeship in the Register office in 1801. Meml)er of the city council of Salem, and of the Ms. Icgisl. for several years. His son, of the same name, has since successfully carried on the paper. Palfrey, John Gorham, D. D. (H. U. 1834), LL.D. (And. Sem. 1838), author, b. Boston, 2 May, 1796. H.U. 1815. Grandson of Col. Wra., payra.-gen. Revol. army, aide to Washington, Mar.-Apr. 1776, b. Boston, 24 Feb. 1741; lost at sea, Dec. 1780, while on his way to France as consul-gen. John was min- ister of Brattlc-street (Unitarian) Church 17 June, 1818-1830; Dexter prof, of sacred lit. in H.U. 1831-9; editor N. Amer. Review 1835- 43; member Ms. legisl. 1842-3; sec. of state of Ms. 1844-8; M.C'. 1847-9; postmaster of Boston 1861-6, He delivered courses of lec- tures before the Lowell Institute in 1839 and 1842; was an early advocate of antislavery, having liberated and provided for a number of slaves who had been bequeathed to him by a deceased relative ; contrib. to the Boston Whig in 1846 a scries of articles on " The Progress of the Slave-Power," afterwards collected in a vol. ; was one of the editors of the Common- wealth newspaper in 1851 ; and has pub. two discourses on " The History of Brattle-street Church ; " " Life of Col. Wm. Palfrey," in Sparks's Amer. Biog. ; " Lectures on the Jewish Scriptures and Antiquities ; " " Lectures on the Evidences of Christianity ; " Review of Lord Mahon's "Hist, of England," 1852; " Relation between Judaism and Christianity," 1854; " History of N. England to 1688," 3 vols. 1858- 64 ; " Centennial Discourse at Barnstable," 1839; besides orations and addresses. Sarah H. Palfrey, his dau., pub. in 1855 " Premices," a vol. of poems; " Agnes Wentworth," 1869. Palmer, Benjamin Morgan, D.D. (S.C Coll. 1815), b. Phila. 25 Sept. 1781 ; d. Charles- ton, S.C, 9 Oct. 1847. N.J. Coll. 1800. Grandson of Rev. Samuel of Falmouth, Ms. Pastor of the Presb. church, Beaufort, S.C. ; and from 1817 to July, 1835, of the Circular and Archdale-street Church, Charleston, S.C. He pub. " The Family Companion," &c., 1835, and some sermons. — Sprague. Palmer, Elihu, deistic writer, b. Canter- bury, Ct., 1764; d. Phila. Apr. 7, 1806, Dartm. Coll. 1787. He studied divinity, but became a deist in 1791. He resided some time in Augusta, Ga., where he collected materials for Dr. Morse's Geography ; afterward lived in New York and Phila., all the while advocating his principles publicly. Attacked by yellow- fellow in 1793, he became totally blind. He was the head of the Columbian Illuminati, es- tablished in New York in 1801, He pub, a 4th- of-July Oration, 1797 ; "Principles of Nature," 1802 ; " Prospect or View of the Moral World," 2 vols. 8vo, 1804. Palmer, Erastus Dow, sculptor, b. Pom- pey, Onondaga Co., N.Y., April 2, 1817. He Avas a carpenter in Utica until 29 years of age, when he commenced cameo-cutting, and re- moved to Albany, where he still resides. Dis- satisfied with this pursuit, which injured his eyesight, he, at the age of 35, became a sculptor. His first work in marble was an ideal bust of the infant " Ceres," exhibited at the N.Y. Academy of Design : it was followed by two bas-reliefs, representing the morning and evening star ; by a statue of life-size, rep- resenting an Indian girl holding a crucifix ; also statues of " The Sleeping Peri," " The Little Peasant," and " The White Captive," a nude figure of a girl bound to a tree. All these are original works, and are disting. by careful workmanship. His largest work is a design of " The Landing of the Pilgrims," embodying 15 statues, and intended for the Capitol at Washington. Among his bas-reliefs are "Faith," "Immutability," "The Spirit's Flight," " Sappho," and " Remorse ; " and of his ideal busts the principal are "Resignation," r».AJL. 685 'E*AJSr " Spring," and " The Infant Flora." He has also made portrait-busts of Erastus Corn- ing, Com. U. C. Perry, and Gov. E. D. Mor- gan. He has produced upwards of 100 works in marble, and has never studied or practised his art abroad. Palmer, Ixnis N., brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. New York ab. 1825. West Point, 1846. Entering the mounted rifles, he was brev. 1st lieut, and capt. for gallantry at Contreras, Churubusco, and at Chapultepec, where he was wounded; became 1st lieut. 1853; capt. (2d Cav.) Mar. 3, 1855; major {5th Cav.) 3 Aug. 1861; lieut.-col. (2d Cav.) Sept. 23, 1863; col. June 9, 1868; brig.-gen. vols. Sept. 23, 1861; engaged at Bull Run; com. brigade in 4th corps in Peninsular campaign ; com. a divis. 4th corps N.C. Jan.-July, 1863; com. defences of Newbern, Aug. 1863 to Apr. 1864; com. dist. of N. C. Apr. 1864 to Mar. 1865, partici- pating in Sherman's movcmeiits, and in the action of Kinston ; brev. brig.-gen. 13 Mar. \S6o.— CuUum. Palmer, James S., rear-ad m. U.S.N., b. N.J. 1810; d. St. Thomas, W. I., of yellow- fever, Dec. 7, 1867. Midshipm. in 1825 ; lieut. Dec. 17, 1836 ; com. Sept. 14, 1855; capt. July 16, 1862; rear-adm. 1866. In 1838 he served as lieut. on board "The Columbia" in the attack on Quallah Battoo and Mu.sliie, in the Island of Sumatra; in the Mexican war he coin, the schooner "Flirt," engaged in block- ading the Mexican coast. When the civil war began, he com. the steamer " Iroquois " of the Medit. squad., but was soon after attached to the Atlantic block, fleet under Adm. Dupont. In the summer of 1862 he led the advance in the passage of the Vicksburg batteries ; was engaged in the fight with the Confed. ram " Arkansas; " and again led the advance in the passage of the Vicksburg batteries later in the same year. At the battles of New Orleans and Mobile he was Adm. Farragut's flag-capt., and won from him disting. commendation. As- signed in Dec. 1865 to the com. of the North Atlantic squadron. Palmer, Gen. John McCaulet, b. Eagle Creek, Scott Co., Ky., Sept. 13, 1817. He re- moved to 111. in 1832; settled in Carlinville in 1839; was adm. to the bar in 1840; was a delegate to the State Const. Conv. in 1847; member of the State senate in 1852-4; dele- gate to the Nat. Repub. Conv. at Phila. 1856; delegate to the Peace Convention at Washing- ton, Feb. 4, 1861 ; col. 14th 111. Vols. Apr. 1861; accomp Gen. Fremont in his exped. to Spring- field, Mo.; and Dec. 13 was made brig.-gen. of vols. He was with Gen. Pope at the capture of New Madrid and Island No. 10, and at the battle of Farmington, and com. the 1st brigade, 1st division, of the Army of the Mpi. In Nov. 1862 he was with Gen. Grant's army in tem- porary com. of a division. He subsequently com. a division at the battle of Stone River, and was j)romoted to maj.-gen. for gallantry at that battle, Nov. 29, 1862. He took part in the battle of Chickamauga Sept. 19-20, 1863; and com. the 14th corps under Sherman in the At- lanta campaign, May-Sept. 1864 ; gov. of 111. 1869-71. Palmer, John William, M.D.", b. Balti- more, April 4, 1825. City physician of San Francisco 1849. In 1852-3 served as surgeon in an E.I. Co.'s war-steamer through the Bur- mese campaigns. Since his return in June, 1853, he has contrib. to Harper's and Putnam's Mags., Atlantic Monthly, the Criterion, the N. Y. Tribune, the New World, and the Nat. Intelligencer. He pub. " The Golden Dagon," 1853; "The Queen's Heart," comedy in 3 acts, 1858; "The New and the Old," 1859; " Folks-Songs," 1860; " The Poetry of Com- pliment and Courtship," 1867 ; translation of Michelet's " U Amour," 1859; and contrib. to Appleton's New Cyclopaedia a number of Ori- ental articles. Palmer, Joseph, Revol. patriot, d. Rox- bury, Ms., Dec. 25, 1788, a. 70. Member of the Prov. Congress in 1774 and '75 ; one of the com. of safety app. by that body. As col. of militia, he was often in the field in the vicinity of Boston for the defence of the coast ; and in 1777, with the rank of brig.-gen., com. the M^!. militia in the unsuccessful attempt to defend R.I. Palmer, Joseph, M.D. (H.U. 1826), b. Needham, Ms., 3 Oct. 1796 ; d. Boston, 3 Mar. 1871. H.U. 1820. Son of Rev. Stephen, min. of Needham from 1792 to his d. in 1821, a. 55. For some years Joseph taught at Roxbury, and at the Latin School, Boston ; resided in Cuba in 1829-30; and was afterward engaged in editorial labors in Boston. Historiographer of thcN.E. Hist, and Geneal. Soc. 1856-1861. He pub. annually the Necrology of H.U., which was pub. in the Dost. Daily Advertiser 1851-68, and in the Christ. Reg. 1869. In 1864 a vol. of these nee. (1851-63) was reprinted at Boston. Palmer, Rev. Ray, D. D. (Un. Coll. 1852), Cong, minister and poet, b. R.I. 1808. Y.C. 1830. Settled over the church in Bath, Me., in 1835-50; and was pastor of the First Church, Albany, from 1850 to 1865, when he became sec. of the Congregational Union, New York. In 1865 he pub. "Hymns and Sacred Pieces;" "Memoirs of Charles Pond," 1829; "Hints on the Formation of Religious Opin- ions," 1 860 ; " Memoirs of Mrs. C. L. Wat- son," 1839; "Doctrinal Text-Book," 1839; " Spiritual Improvement," 1839; "Reminis- cences for 15 Years," 1865; "The Spirit's Life," a jjoem, 1837. Palmer, William Adams, gov. of Vt. 1831-5 ; d. Danville, Vt., Dec. 1860. M. A. of Vt. U. 1817. Six years member Vt. legisl. ; 8 years clerk of the courts; 2 years a State senator; judge of Probate and of the Co. Court; judge of the Supreme Court 1816; U.S. senator 1818-25; and member of the Const. Convs. of 1828 aiul 1835. Palmer, William Pitt, poet, b. Stock- bridge, Ms,, 22 Feb. 1805. Long a resident of N.Y. City, and successively a medical student, a teacher, a writer for public journals, and a clerk in a public oince. He wrote a hymn or ode entitled " Light," and other short poems. Paneoast, Joseph, M.D., surgeon, b. Burlington Co., N. J., 1805. U. of Pa. 1828. He began to teach anatomy and surgery in 1831 ; elected physician of the Phila. Hospital in 1834, and physician in chief to the Children's Hospital; visiting surgeon in the hosp. 1838- 45 ; app. in 1838 prof, of surgery, and in 1861 FA^IP 686 I>AR prof, of anatomy, in JefF. Med. Coll. Author of" Treatise on Operative Surgery," 4to, 1852; " Essays and Lectures." Editor of " Wistar's Anatomy," and other medical works ; and contrib. to med. journals. Papineau, Louis Joseph, a Canadian Solitical leader, b. Montreal, Oct. 1789; d. lonticello, 23 Sept. 1871. His father, anotary- public, and a member of the first legisl. Assem- bly of Lower Can. after the establishment of the constitution of 1791, educated him at the Sera, of Quebec. Adm. to the bar; entered parliament in 1809; succeeded his father in 1814 as a dep. from Montreal; and in 1815 was speaker of the house. Already a leader of the radical party, Lord Dalhousie, to neu- tralize his popularity, app. him to the exec, council ; but he never api)eared at its sittings, and continued in opposition. In 1823, when the English party aimed at the union of the two Canadas, he was sent on a mission to London to remonstrate against that measure. In 1827 he was re-elected to the house, and re- chosen speaker. Rather than sanction this choice, Lord Dalhousie adjourned the parlia- ment. A list of the demands and grievances of L. Canada were introduced by him to the house in 1834, and known as the 92 resolutions. He supported them energetically, ux-ged a con- stitutional resistance to the imperial govt., and recommended commercial non-intercourse with Eng. The new governor, Gosford, having decided in 1837 upon administering the prov- ince without the assistance of the colonial parliament, its sudden prorogation brought on the crisis; and the liberal party took up arms. This, however, Papineau did not approve ; and in a great popular meeting, Oct. 23, 1837, he insisted that constitutional and peaceful resistance would alone be of avail to Canada. His advice was not heeded, and, after the events of Nov. and Dec. 1837, he took refuge in the U.S., and in 1839 went to France, engaging for some years in literary pursuits. After the union of the Canadas in 1840, a general amnesty for political offences was granted ; and Papineau, against whom a warrant for high treason had been issued, returned in 1847 to his native country. His popularity secured his return to the Canadian parliament ; but he had since 1854 taken no prominent part in political affairs. Paredes, Mariano, Mexican gen., d. city of Mexico, Sept. 11, 1849. He was a partici- pant in all the importan tevcnts in Mexico from the days of Iturbide ; and in 1 840, when tlie overthrow of Bustamente took place, he took part in the movement. When, upon the annexation of Texas to the U.S., Pres. Herrera endeavored to bring the Mexicans to acquiesce in this result, Paredes opposed the movement, and, with 25,000 men, defeated Santa Ana, who was banished. Paredes, with the aid of Arista, deposed Herrera; and June 12, 1845, was installed pres. On the following day he took com. of the army, leaving the administra- tion in the hands of the vice-president, Bravo. He was at the head of affairs on the breaking- out of the war with the U.S. in May, 1846 : but, on the return of Santa Ana in Aug. 1846, Bravo assumed the title of provis.-pres. ; and Paredes was seized and confined, but afterwards escaped to Havana. He was in Europe for some time, seeking to place at the head of the Mexicans a Spanish or French prince, but subsequently returned to Mexico. Pareja, Francisco, a Franciscan friar, b. Aunon, N. Castile; d. Mexico, July 25, 1628. He came with others of his order to Havana in 1593, and in 1594 settled at St. Augustine for the conversion of the natives of Fla. Dur- ing the remainder of his life he was a teacher of the Timuquas, in whose language he pub. in 1612 and in 1627 "Catechisms," and a " Confessionario " 1613. He is said to have printed in Mexico in 1613 a grammar and vocabulary. — Duyckinck. Parent, Etienne, b. Beauport, near Que- bec, 1801 . Author of " Travail cliez Vllomme," 1847; ^' Du Pretre et du Spiritualisme," &c., 1848; " De V Intelligence sous ses Rapports avec Societe," 1852. Parish, Elijah, D.D. (D.C. 1807), clergy- man and author, b. Lebanon, Ct., Nov. 7, 1762; d. Byfield, Ms., Oct. 15, 1825. Dartm. Coll. 1785. Dec. 20, 1787, he settled as pastor of the Cong, church at Byfield. Theologically he belonged to the Hopkinsians. In 1810 he preached the election sermon, in which he so bitterly inveighed against the policy of the govt., that the legisl. refused to ask it for publication. Besides a number of sermons and orations on various occasions, he pub. a " Gazetteer of the Eastern and Western Continents," with Dr. Morse, 1802; "A History of N. England," 1809 ; " System of Modern Geographv," 1810; "Memoir of Dr. Eleazer Whcelock," 1811; and " Sacred Geography, or Gazetteer of the Bible," 1813. A vol. of his sermons, with a Memoir of his life, appeared in 1826. Parke, Benjamin, jurist, b. N, J. 1777 ; d. Salem, Ind.y July 12, 1835. A Western pioneer, he settled in Ind. ab. 1800; was a delegate to Congress from that Terr, in 1805-8; was soon after app. by Mr. Jefferson a jiidge of the Dist. Court, and held the office until his death. Pres. of the Ind. Hist. Society. Parke, Bknjamin, LL.D., lawyer, and man of letters, b. Newport, R.I., Oct. 1, 1801. Richard his ancestor settled at Cambridge, Ms., in 1635. GeofFry Champlin, his maternal ancestor, set- tled in Newport in 1638. His early years were passed on a farm and in school-teaching. Adm. in 1828 to practise law, he settled in Harris- burg, Pa., where he continued to practise, also editing a political journal, and contributing to magazines, journals, and reviews, until 1860, when he retired to the patemal farm of Park- vale, Susq. Co., Pa. He has pub. a Digest, of the Statutes of Pa. in 1838, also some 20 pub- lic addresses, political, agricultural, and ma- sonic. Park, Edwards Amasa, D.D. (H.U. 1844), b. Providence, R.I., Dec. 29, 1808. Son of Dr. Calvin (tutor and prof, in B. U. 1804-25 ; pastor at Stoughton, Ms., 1826-40; b. North- bridge, Ms., 11 Sept. 1774; d. Stoughton, 5 Jan. 1847; B.U. 1797). B.U. 1826; And. Theol. Sem. 1831. Ord. Dec. 21, 1831, pastor of the Cong, church, Braintree, Ms. ; prof, of moral and intell. philos. in Amh. Coll. May, 1835-Scpt. 1836 ; Bartlett prof, of sacred rhet- I>.AjR 687 FAR oric in And. Sem. 1836-47; and since 1847 Abbot prof, of Christian theology there. He has contrib. largely to periodical literature, and has been one of the editors of the Bibliothfca Sacra from the beginning. He translated with Prof. B. B. Edwards a vol. of " German Selections," 1839; edited the "Writings of Rev. N. B. Homer," 1842 ; " The Preacher and Pastor," 1845; the "Writings of B. B. Ed- wards, with a Memoir," 2 vols. 1853 ; and, with Drs. Phelps and Lowell Mason, the " Sabbath Hymn-Book." In 1859 he assisted in editing a vol. of discourses and treatises on the Atone- ment. In 1861, with Dr. Phelps and Rev. D. L. Furber, he pub. a volume on hymnology, en- titled " Hymns and Choirs." He has also pub. Memoirs of Dr. Sam. Hopkins, 1852, and Dr. Nathl. Emmons, 1861, and various discourses. He is one of the foremost preachers of N. E. Park, John, journalist and educator, b. Windham, N.H., Jan. 7,1775; d. Worcester, Ms., March 2, 1852. Dartm. Coll. 1791. He spent some time in teaching ; then studied med- icine ; was surgeon of the U. S. ship " War- ren" in 1797-1801, when he relinquished prac- tice; and in 1803 established the N.E. Rep- ertorif, a semi-weekly journal, supporting the Federal party. In 1811 he withdrew from jour- nalism, and established in Boston a female school of the highest grade, which he conducted successfully for 20 years In 1814 he published " The Boston Spectator." His son, John C. Park, is a lawyer of Boston. Parke, Joiix, poet, b. Del. ab. 1750; was in the Coll. of Phila. 1768. At the commence- ment of the war entered the American army as assist, quarterm.-gen., and was attached, as is supposed, to Washington's division ; for some of his pieces are dated at camp near Boston, and others at Whitemarsh and Valley Forge. After the peace he was some time in Phila., and is last heard of in Arundel Co., Va. In 1786 appeared in Phila. " The Lyric Works of Horace, translated into English Verse, to which are added a number of Original Poems by a Native of America." — Dui/ckinck. Parke, John G., brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Pa. 1827. West Point, 1849. Entering the topog. engrs., he became 1st lieut. 1 July, 1856 ; astronomer and surveyor of the N. W. bounda- ry commiss. Feb. 14, 1857 ; capt. Sept. 9, 1861 ; brig.-gen. vols. Nov. 23, 1861 ; maj.-gen. July 18, 1862; maj. engineer corps 17 June, 1864. He com. a brigade in Gen. Burnside's exped. to N.C. ; fought at Roanoke Island, Ncwbern, and at the capture of Fort Macon; accomp. Gen. Bm-nside when he joined the Army of the Potomac ; served in his corps through the cam- paign under Gen. Pope, and that under Mc- Clellan in Md. and Va. ; and, when Burnside assumed chief com., became his chief of staff. Engaged at South Mountain, Antietam, and Fredericksburg; at the siege and capture of Vicksburg ; com. left wing of Sherman's army at Jackson, for which brev. col. 12 July, 1863 ; engaged in defence of Knoxville, and in opera- tions against Gen. Longstreet ; in Richmond campaign com. 9th corps, taking, part in the siege of Petersburg, and various actions until Lee's surrender ; brev. lieut.-col. for capture of Ft. Macon 26 Apr. 1862; brev. brig.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865 for defence of Knoxville ; brev. maj.- gen. 13 Mar. 1865 for repulse of Ft. Steadraan. With A. H. Campbell pub. vol. 7 of Reports of Explorations *and Surveys for the Pacific R.R. 4to, 1857.— CW/Mm. Parke, Rev. Joseph, b. Newton, Ms , Mar. 12,1705; d. Westerly, R.L, Mar. 1,1777. H.U. 1724. Great-grandson of Richard of Camb. 1635. Ord. 1732. Sent in 1733 as a mission- ary to Westerly, R.I. , where he labored 9 years, both among the English and Indians, with good success; and in 1752-6 had charge of a church at Southold, R.I. Rev. Mr. Parke or- ganized a Sunday school in connection with his church at Westerly in 1752, — nearly 30 years before the experiment of Robert Raikes in Eng. Having cared for a woman sick of small- pox who had been driven away by the town-au- thorities, he was fined for contempt ; whereupon he preached a sermon in vindication of his course, which, with a narrative of the transaction, was pub. Hisson Capt. Bcnj.joined the patriot army, and was never heard of after the battle of Bun- ker's Hill. — MS. o/Benj. Parke of Parkvale. Park, RoswELL, D.D. (Norwich U., Vt., 1860), teacher and author, b. Lebanon, Ct., Oct. 1, 1807 ; d. Chicago, 111., July 16, 1869. West Point, 1831. Resigned Sept. 30, 1836. Prof. nat. phil. and chemistry in U. of Pa. 1 836-42 ; ord. Pr. Ep. clergyman 1 843 ; principal of Christ-Church Hall (high school), Ct., 1846- 52; pres. of Racine Coll., Wis., 1852-9; chan- cellor of the coll. in 1859-63. In 1863 he founded at Chicago a literary and scientific school, " Immanuel Hall," of which he was rector and proprietor until his death. Author of " Selections of Juvenile and Misc. Poems," Phila. 1836; "Pantology, or Systematic Sur- vey of Human Knowledge ; " " Sketch of the History of West Point," 1840; "Handbook for American Travellers in Europe," 1853; "Jeru- salem and other Poems," 1 857 ; and some occa- sional addresses, lectures, &c. Parker, Amasa J., LL.D. (Gen. Coll. 1846), jurist, b. Sharon, Ct., June 2, 1807. Un. Coll. 1825. Son of Rev. Daniel, minister of Ellsworth, who in 1816 removed with his fami- ly to Greenville, N.Y., to take charge ofirs acad- emy. Amasa became principal of the Hudson Acad, in 1823; was adm. to the bar in 1828, and to partnership with his uncle. Col. Amasa, at Delhi, N.Y. ; member of the legisl. in 1833 ; elected a regent of the State U. in 1835 ; M.C. in 1837-9 ; app. a circuit judge, and vice-chan- cellor of the Court of Equity, Mar. 6, 1844; at the first election under the new State Const, was chosen a judge of this Supreme Court; U.S. dist.-atty. for N.Y. 1859. Author of 6 vols, of " Reports of Criminal Cases," 8vo, 1855-69; with Wolford and Wade, " The Re- vised Statutes of N.Y.," &c.,3 vols. 8vo, 1859. Parker, Daniel, brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. Shirlev, Ms., Jan. 29, 1782; d. Washington, D.C'Apr. .5, 1846. Dartm. Coll. 1801. Bro. of Leonard M. Judge-advocate 1814 ; he read law, and began practice at Charlostown, Ms. ; previous tQ 1812 was chief clerk in the war dept. at Washington. Was app. adj. and insp.-gen. Nov. 22, 1814 ; paym.-gen. June 1, 1821 ; again app. chief clerk war dept. Nov. 1841. He pub. Army Register 1816. i>^ri 688 F^Tl Parker, Edgar, artist, b. Framinghnm, Ms., June 7, 1840. Norwich lyiilit. U. 1859, M.D. of H.U. 1863. Family came from Eng. in 1640, and were among the original settlers of Salem. Entered the army as assist, surgeon 13th Ms. Inf. Was taken prisoner twice, and severely wounded at the battle of Gettysburg. Relinquished the practice of medicine in 1867, and adopted portrait-painting as a profession, in which he is successfully engaged in Boston. Visited Europe in 1868, and also in 1870, for purposes of study. Parker, Edward Griffin, b. Boston, Nov. 16, 1825; d. N.Y. City, Mar. 30, 1868. Y.C. 1847. Lawyer of Boston ; and in Ms. senate 1859. Vol. aide on Gen. Butler's staff in May, 1861 ; and in 1862 assist, adj.-gcn. on the staff of Gen. Martindale. After the war, he had charge of the Amer. Literary Bureau of Reference. Author of ** Golden* Age of Amer. Oratory," 1857; "Reminiscences of Rufus Choate," 8vo, 1 860. Contrib. to various mags., and in 1857 edited the polit. articles in the Bos^ton Traveller. Parker, Edward Lutwyche, b. Litch- field, N.H., July 28, 1785; d. Londonderry, July 14, 1850. "Dartm. Coll. 1807. Grandson of Rev. Thomas of Dracut. Minister of the Cong. Ch., Londonderry, from Sept. 12, 1810, to his death. Author of " Ordination Ser- mons," 1824; "A Century Sermon," 1819 ; " Hist, of Londonderry," I2mo, 1851. — Sprague; D. C. Alumni. Parker, Foxhall A., capt. U.S.N., son of C;ipt. F. A. Parker, U.S.N., b. N.Y. Aug. 5, 1821. Grad. Naval School, 1843. Lieut. Sept. 28, 1850; com. July 16,1862; capt. July 25, 1866. He served in Florida against the In- dians ; com. steam-gunboat " Mahaska," 1863 ; naval battery on Morris Island during bombard, of Fort Sumter, Aug. 1863 ; engaged with Con- fed, batteries on Potomac and Rappahannock Rivers, and off Wilmington, N.C., and with Confed. troops on shore while com. " The Ma- haska " in 1863, and Potomac flotilla in 1 864-5-. He is the author of "Squadron Tactics under Steam," 1864; "Naval Howitzer Ashore and Afloat," 186.5-6 ; and has contrib. to the Knick- erbocker Mag. Parker, Henry Webster, b. Danby, N. Y., 1822. Amh. Coll. 1843. Prcsb. divine, son of Rev. Samuel of Ithaca. Author of" Poems," 12mo, 1850 ; " The Story of a Son1," a poem, 1852; "Verse," by H. W. P., Boston, 12mo, 1862. Contrib. to various periodicals. — AUi- bone. Parker, Sir Hyde, a British adm., b. 17;59; d. Mar. 16, 1807. He was second son of the unfortunate vice-adm. of the name, and went to sea, when a mere child, under his father. In 1763 he became a post-capt. ; and in 1776 served in "The Phoenix" (44), on the Amer. station, where he disting. himself in the attack on New York ; and in Dec. 1778, with a small squad., conveyed the force which captured Sa- vannah. In "l779 he was knighted for these services. He was present in the action off the Dogger Bank; in Feb. 1793 was made rear- adm. of the White ; was present at the sur- render of Toulon and the reduction of Corsica ; in 1796 he took the com. at Jamaica; in 1799 was made adm. of the Red; and in 1807 he com. at the memorable attack of Copenhagen. Parker, Isaac, LL.D. (H.U. 1814), jurist, b. Boston, June 17, 1768; d. May 26, 1830. H.U. 1786. He was, for a time, teacher in tho grammar-school, but studied law; established himself in practice at Castine, Me., and soon became popuhir; M.C. 1797-9; marshal for the dist. of Me. 1797-1801. After practising for a while in Portland, he, in 1806, accepted a seat on the Supreme bench ; and in 1814, on the decease of Sewall, succeeded him as chief justice. He was pres. of the Const. Conv. of Ms. of 1820, and, when relieved fiom the duties of the chair, took a spirited part in the debates. Prof of law in H.U. in 1816-27. Author of Oration on Washington, 1800 ; " Sketch of the Character of Judge Parsons," 8vo, 1813. Parker, James, legislator, b. Bethlehem, N. J., Mar. 3, 1776; d. Perth Amboy, N. J., Apr. 1, 1868. Col. Coll. 1793. James his father, one of the Prov. Council before the Revol., and a leading member of the board of proprietors of the Colony, removed with his family to Perth Amboy in 1783, and d. 1797. The son then assumed the care of his large landed estate; was a member of the N.J. As- sembly in 1806-14, 1815-19, and 1827-8, and active in establishing the free-school system in the State, and in abolishing the exportation of slaves thence; commiss. to fix the boundary- line between N.J. and N.Y. in 1827-9 ; collect- or of the Port of Perth Amboy 1829-32 ; M.C. 1833-7; member of the State Const. Conv. in 1844 ; vice-pres. of the N. J. Hist. Soc. from its formation to the death of Judge Hornblower, and pres. from that time until his death. He gave to Rutgers Coll. the land at New Bruns- wick on which its buildings are erected. Parker, Joel, LL.D. (Danm. 1837; H.U. 1848), jurist, b. Jaffrey, N.H., Jan. 25, 1795. Dartm. Coll. 1811. He began to practise law at Keene in Sept. 1815; member N.H. legisl. in 1824-6 ; app. assoc. justice of the Supreme Court of N.H. Jan. 8, 1833, and chief justice June 25, 1838; prof of nied. jurisprudence D.artin. Coll. 1847-57; chairman of the com- miss. to revise the N.H. laws in Nov. 1840; and since Nov. 6, 1847, has been Roy all prof, of law at H.U. He has pub., exclusive of law- reports and periodical essays, a Charge to a Grand Jury, including Memoirs of Ch. Justice Wm. M. Richardson; an Oration befoie the Phi Beta Kappa of N.H. in 1856 ; " The Three Powers of Government," lectures in 1867-9, 8vo, paper; "Progress," an address at Han- over, N.H., 1846 ; "Daniel Webster as a Ju- rist," 1853; "Non-Extension of Slavery," 1856; " Personal-liberty Laws and Slavery in the Territories," 8vo, 1861; "The Right of Secession," 1861 ; "Habeas Corpus and Mar- tial Law," 1861 ; " Constitutianal Law," 1862; " International Law, Case of the Trent," 1862 ; " War-Powers of Congress and of the Presi- dent," 1863; "Revolution and Reconstruc- tion," 1866. "His Conflict of Decisions" is now (1871) in press. Parker, Joel, D.D., b. Bethel, Vt., Aug. 27, 1799. Ham. Coll. 1824. Ord. Presb. minister 1826; settled at Rochester, N.Y., 1826-30; Dey-st. Church 1830-33; at N. Or- I>^R 689 I>^R leans 1833-8; Broadway Tabernacle, N. Y., 1838-40; Clinton-st. Ch., Phila., 1842-52; Bleeker-st. Ch., N.Y., 1852-4; Fourth-avenue Presb. Ch. 1854. Frcs., and prof, of sacred rhetoric, Un. Theol. Sem., N.Y., 1840-2. Au- thor of "Lectures on Universalism," 1829; "Morals for a Young: Student," 1832; "Invi- tations to True Happiness," 1843 ; " Courtship and Marriage," " Reasonings of a Pastor," &c., " Notes on 12 Psalms," 1849; "Sermons," 1852; "Pastor's Initiatory Catechism," 1855. Edited sermons of John W. Adams, D.D., with Memoir, 1851; Burder's Relig. Cerem. of all Nations. Assoc, editor of Presb. Qnar. Review. — AUihone. Parker, Nathan, D.D. (Bowd. Coll. 1823), Cong, minister, b. Reading, Ms,, June 5, 1782; d. Portsmouth, Nov. 8, 1833. H.U. 1803. He spent one year in teaching at Wor- cester, Ms. ; studied theology ; in 1805 was app. tutor in Bowd. Coll. ; was settled in Portsmouth, Sept. 14, 1808 ; and in 1833 Rev. Andrew P. Peabody was ord. his colleague; when the division of the Cong, body in N.E. into two parties was recognized, he took part as a professed Unitarian. Henry Ware, jnn., pub. a vol. of his sermons with a Memoir, 1835. Parker, Sir Peter, a British adm., b. 1723; d. 1811. Son of Adm. Christopher Parker. He became a post-capt. in 1747; and in 1775, in " The Bristol," of 50 guns, proceeded with a squadron under his com. to co-operate with Gen. Clinton in the attack of Charleston, S.C. Arriving at Cape Fear in May, on June 28, 1776, he made an unsuccessful attack on Fort Moultrie, resulting in great loss and damage to his fleet, and to the abandonment of the enterprise. For his bravery in this affair he received the honor of knighthood. He aided Lord Howe in the capture of New York, and com. the squadron which took possession of R. I. in the latter part of 1776. He held the chief com. on the Jamaica station in 1777-82 ; was made a hart. 26 Dec. 1782; subsequently became com. in chief at Portsmouth ; M.P. for Maldon ; admiral of the White; and on the death of Lord Howe, as the oldest admiral in the navy, he became admiral of the fleet. His grandson Sir Peter (b. 1786) disting. him- self as capt. of " The Menclaus," frigate ; and in 1814 sailed up the Chesapeake to destroy an Amer. camp at Bellair. He landed his men, and gallantly attacked the Am:)ricans, but was killed in the aflair 30 Aug. 1814. Parker, Col. Richard, Revol. ofBcer of Va. ; d. at the siege of Charleston, S.C, 24 Apr. 1780; capt. 2d Va. Regt. 24 Jan. 1776 ; afterward col. 8th Va. Rcgt. Parker, Richard E., jurist, of Va., b. 1777 ; d. Nov. 1840 ; member of the h. of dele- gates ', many years a judge of t^c Gen. and Circuit Courts of Va., also of the Supreme Court of Appeals; and in 1836-7 U.S. senator. Parker, Richard Green, b. Boston, 1798. H.U. 1817. Son of Bishop Samuel. After teaching in various places, he was master of a grammar-school in Boston in 1827-53, and of a girl's school in 1853-8. Among his many school text-books arc " Aids to Eng. Composi- tion," 1846; "Natural Philosophy," 1837; and with J. M. "Watson, " National Series of 44 Readers and Spellers ; " also author of Hist, of the Grammar-School in E. Parish, Rox- bury, 1826 ; " Tribute to the Life and Charac- ter of Jonas Chickering," 12mo, 1854. Parker, Samuel, D.D., Prot.-Episcopal bishop of the eastern diocese (consec. 14 Sept. 1804), b. Portsmouth, N.H., Aug. 28, 1744; d. Dec. 6, 1 804. H.U. 1 764. Son of Wm. ( 1 703- 81), judge of the Superior Court of N.H. 1771-6. He was 9 years a teacher; was in 1773 assist, rector of Trinity Church, Bos- ton; was ord. by the bishop of London in Feb. 1774; and 2 Nov following he entered upon the discharge of his duties. During the Revol. many of the Epis. clergy withdrew to Nova Scotia ; but Mr. Parker retained his post. In 1779 he was elected rector of the parish, an office which he held until his death. His son Rev. Benj. Clark Cutler (ILU. 1822, b. Boston, June 6, 1796, d. N.Y. City, Jan. 28, 1859; ord. priest, May 17, 1826) preached in various places, and finally took charge of the " Floating Chapel for Seamen " in New York, where he labored 15 years with ability and fidelity. Parker, Rev. Samuel, clergyman and author, b. Ashfield, N.H., Apr. 23, 1779; d. Ithaca, N.Y., Mar. 24, 1866. Dartm. Coll. 1806; And. Sem. 1810. He was a missionary in Western N.Y. until ord. minister of Danby in 1812; dism. 1827; settled at Apulia, N.Y., 1830-2; one year pastor at Middlefield, Ms. ; and afterward resided at Ithaca. He pub. "Exploring Tour beyond the Rocky Moun- tains in 1835-7," made under the direction of the A.B.C.F.M. He claimed to be the first to suggest the possibility of a railroad through the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific. — Alumni D. C. Parker, Theodore, Unitarian clergyman and author, b. Lexington, Ms., Aug. 24J 1810; d. Florence, Italy, May 10, 1860. M.A. of H.U. 1840. His grandfather, Capt. John, com- manded the company of minute-men at Lex- ington who were fired upon by the British troops, Apr. 1 9, 1 775. Theodore inherited from his parents an earnest and thoughtful mind. At 10 he began to study Latin; at 11 Greek; and metaphysics — the pursuit of his life — at 12. His memory was so retentive, that he could repeat whole volumes of poetry. Before the age of 10 he knew all the shrubs and trees of Ms. He studied at Lexington Acad, in 1827 ; taught school in the winter of 1827-8 ; entered Harv. Coll. in 1830, but did not grad- uate ; taught school in Boston and AVatertown ; in 1834-7 studied divinity at Cambridge; was settled over the Unitarian Society at West Roxburyin June, 1837. In May, 1841, in his sermon at the ordination of Rev. C. C. Shack- ford of South Boston, he first uttered those sentiments which led to the theol. controver- sies that marked the active years of his life, prominent among which was the assumption of the humanity and natural inspiration of Christ. In the autumn of 1841 he delivered in Boston 5 lectures, which formed a vol. en- titled " A Discourse of Matters pertaining to Religion," 1842. In Sept. 1843 he visited Europe. Was invited to preach in Boston, Feb. 16, 1845; and Feb. 16, 1846, became minister of the 28th Cong. Society in Boston, which, in T>AJR 690 IPJ^lEl Nov. 1852, occnpied for the first time the great Music Hall, which was crowded every Sunday. Strangers came from every part of the country, attracted by his fame. Jan. 1859, an attack of bleeding at the lungs terminated his public 8er\'ices. He sailed for Santa Cruz, Feb. 3 ; whence, in May, he sent a letter to his parish, entitled "Theodore Parker's Experience as a Minister." From that island he sailed to Europe, spent some time in Switzerland, and went to Home, where he passed the winter of 1859. Setting out thence in April, 1860, he with difficulty reached Florence, where he died. He vigorously opposed the Mexican war, and was one of the earliest advocates of temperance and antislav(;ry, Avriting and speaking much, for the latter cause especially. After the pas- sage of the fugitive-slave law in 1850, he be- came widely known as its uncompromising opponent. His sympathy was so marked at the rendition of Anthony Burns, in Jan. 1854, as to cause his indictment in the U.S. Court. The indictment was quashed ; but Mr. Parker had prepared an elaborate defence, which was printed. He bequeathed his valuable library of 13,000 volumes to the Public Library of Bos- ton. He pub. in 1852 "Sermons on Theism, Atheism, and Popular Theology;" "Mis- cellaneous Writings," 12mo, 1843; "Occa- sional Sermons and Speeches," 2 vols. 12mo, 1852; "Additional Speeches and Addresses," 2 vols. 12mo, 1855; "Trial of Theodore Par- ker for the Misdemeanor of a Speech in Faneuil Hall against Kidnapping," 1855. In addition to these he wrote for the Dial, Boston Quarterly Review, Christian Register, Christian Examiner ; edited the Ms. Quarterly irova 1847 to 1850, and was also actively engaged as a lecturer. His " Life and Correspondence," by John Weiss, was pub.N.Y., 2 vols. 8vo, 1864. A complete edition of his works, edited by Frances Power Cobbe, was pub. Lond. 12 vols. 1863-5. He was plain, outspoken, and uncompromising in the utterance of his convictions, but in the intercourse of private life exhibited an almost feminine gentleness and affectionateness. He was remarkable for the extraordinary extent and precision of his knowledge. Parker, Thomas, first minister of New- bury, Ms., from 1635 to his d. Apr. 24, 1677, b. June 8, 1 595. He studied some time at Oxford, and in Ireland under Dr. Usher, receiving his degree of M.A. while at Leyden in 1617. He taught and preached in Newbury, Eng. ; came to N.E. in May, 1634^ was co-pastor with Mr. Ward of Ipswich about a year ; and then began the settlement of Newbury, Ms. A'bitter con- troversy on church govt., lasting for years, un- happily divided his church. He was eminent for learning and piety. He pub, a Letter to a member of the Westminster Assembly on Church Govt., 1644 ; and " The Prophecies of Daniel Expounded," 4to, 1646; " Methodus Gratice Divince," 1657 ; and " Theses de Tra- ductione Peccatoris ad Vitam," with some works of Dr. Ames. Parker, Gen. Thomas, b. Frederick Co., Va. ; d. there 24 Jan. 1820. A capt. in the Revol. army ; app. lient.-rol. com. 8th Inf. 8 Jan. 1799 ; col. 12th Inf. 12 Mar. 1812 ; brig.- gen. U.S.A. 1813-14. Parkinson, Richard, of Doncaster, Eng., and subsequently of Orange Hill, near Balti- more. Some time in the employ of Washington as agriculturist at Mount Vernon. Pub. " The Experienced Farmer," 2 vols. Lond. 1798; " A Tour in America 1798-1800," 2 vols. 8vo, 1805 ; " Management of a Farm in Ireland," 8vo, 1806; "Breeding and Management of Live Stock," 2 vols. 8vo, 1809; "Survey of Rutlandshire," 1809; " View of the Agricult. of Huntingdonshire," 1811, 8vo. — Al/ihone, Parkinson, William, Baptist divine, b. Frederick Co., Md., 1774; d. 1848. Author of "Public Ministry of the Word," 1818; Sermons on Deut. xxxii., 2 vols. 8vo, 1831. — Spragne's Annals. Parkman, Ebenezer, first minister of Westborough, Ms., from Oct. 28, 1724, to his d. Dec. 9, 1782; b. Boston, Sept. 5, 1703. H.U. 1721. A short account of Westborough by him is in " Ms. Hist. Colls." He pub. " Re- formers and Intercessors," 1752 ; " Convention Sermon," 1761. Parkman, Francis, D.D. (H.U. 1834), a Unitarian minister, b. Boston, June 4, 1788 ; d. there Nov. 12, 1852. H.U. 1807. He studied theology under Dr. William E. Chan- nino: and at the U. of Edinburgh. Ord. Dec. 8, 1813; from 1813 to 1849 he was pastor of the New North Church in Boston. He pub. "The Offering of Sympathy," 1829, and some occasional sermons and addresses. The Parkman professorship of pulpit eloquence and pastoral care in the Camb. Theol. School was founded by his munificence ; and he took an active pan in nearly all the most important charitable institutions of his native city. Parkman, Francis, author, b. 'Boston, Sept. 16, 1823. H.U. 1844. Son of Rev. Francis. He visited Europe in 1844; and in 1846 made a journey across the prairies, and explored the Rocky Mountains. An account of this expedition was given in a series of ar- ticles in the Knickerhomer Mag'., collected and pub. under the title of " The California and Oregon Trail," N.Y. 1849. He has also pub. a " History of the Conspiracy of Pontiac," Boston, 1851; "Vassal Morton," a novel; " France and England in N. Amer.," 2 vols. 186.5-7 ; " Discovery of the Great West," 1869. Mr. Parkman labors under the serious disadvan- tage of an affection of the eyes, which often renders him wholly unable to read or write. Parris, Albion Keith, gov. of Me. in 1821-6; b. Auburn, Me., Jan. 19, 1788; d. Portland, Me., Feb. 11, 1857. Dartm. Coll. 1806. Son of Samuel, a Revol. officer; sev- eral years judge of the C.C.P., and member of the legisl. of Me. ; d. Washington, D.C., Sept. 10, 1847, a. 92. The son was engaged in farm- ing until the age of 14 ; was adm. to the bar in Sept. 1809, and located himself at Paris, Me; in 1811 he was county atty. ; and M.C. 181 5-1 9, after serving one year asrepresentative, and one as senator in the Massachusetts legis- lature; in 1818 appointed judge of the U.S. District Court, at which time he removed to Portland; in 1819 he was a member of the convention, and of the committee for forming a State const. ; was in 1820 app. judge of probate for Cumberiand Co. ; was U.S. senator IPJ^Tl 691 P^R 1826-8; in 1828-36 a judge of the Supreme Court of Me.; and in 1836-50 was a comp- troller of the U.S. treasury. He retired to Portland in 1850, and was mayor of the city in 1852. Parris, Samuel, first minister of Dan vers, Ms., from Nov. 19, 1689, to June, 1696, b. Lon- don, 1653 ; d. Sudbury, Ms., 27 Feb. 1720. He studied at H.U., but did not grad. At first a merchant in Boston, afterward a minister. The Salem witchcraft commenced in his family in 1692. His dau., and his niece Abigail Williams, aged 11, accused Tituba (a South- Amer. slave), living as a servant in the family, of bewitching them. Mr. Parris beat her, and compelled her to confess herself a witch. John, Tituba's husband, for his own safety turned accuser of others. 19 were hung, and Gyles Cory pressed to death. The delusion' lasted 16 months. As Mr. Parris had been a zealous prosecutor, his church in Apr. 1693 brought charges against him. He acknowledged his error, and was dismissed. After preaching two or three years at Stow, he removed to Concord, and preached 6 months in Dunstable in 1711. — See Life of Parris bi/ S. P. Fowler {read to Essex inst'), 8vo, 1857. Parrish, Edward, b. Phila. 1822. Prin- cipal of the School of Practical Pharmacy, Phila., and since 1864 prof, of materia medica there. Son of Joseph, M.D. Has contrib. to the Journal of Pharmacy, and pub. " In trod, to Practical Pharmacy," 8vo, 1856 ; " The Phan- tom Bouquet," 1863 ; " Essay on Education in the Soc. of Friends," 1866. Parrish, Joseph, M.D., physician, b. Phila. Sept. 2, 1779; d. Mar. 18, 1840. M.D. U. of Pa. 1816. He was brought up a Quaker. Studied languages, and afterward medicine ; was a resident physician in tlie Phila. Yellow- fever Hospital ; in 1806-12 was one of the phy- sicians of the Phila. Dispensary; in 1806-22 surgeon to the Phila. Almshouse; in 1816-29 surgeon to the Pa. Hospital ; and, from 1835 to his death, consulting physician to the PhiUi. Dispensary. He was an active member of va- rious philanthropic or benevolent institutions ; was a contrib. to the periodical journals of his profession, and repub. " Lawrence on Hernia," with an Appendix. His son Isaac (1811-52), also eminent as a physician, pub. " Memoir of J. C. Otto, M.D.," and many papers in medical journals. Parrott, Enoch G., commodore U.S.N., b. Portsmoutli, N.H., Dec. 10, 1 814. Midshipm. Dec. 10, 1831 ; liout. Sept. 8, 1841 ; com. Apr. 1861; capt. July 25, 1866; commo. 1870. Engaged vinder Com. Perry in the operations against Boraly, W. coast of Africa, Dec. 1843 ; in the frigate " Congress ; " and with Fremont at the capture of Guaymas and Mazatlan during the Mexican war; with the exped. which destroyed the Norfolk navy-yard, Apr, 1861 ; in brig "Perry " at the capture of the privateer " Savannah ; " com. steamer " Augusta " in cap- ture of Port Royal ; engaged the Confed. rams on their sortie from Charleston, Jan. 13, 1863 ; com. iron-clad " Canonicus " In engagement with Howlett's battery and the iron-clads on James River, June 21,' 1864, and in subsequent engagement there ; com. ** Monadnock " in attacks on Fort Fisher, Dec. 1864, and Jan. 1865 ; and present at surrender of Charleston. Parry, Sir William Edward, arctic navigator, b. Bath, Eng., Dec. 10, 1790 ; d. Ems, July 7, 1855. He entered the British navy in 1803 ; from 1813 to 1817 was attached to the N.A. station; with the boats of the "La Hogue" (74), in the spring of 1814 he ascended the Ct. River about 20 miles, and destroyed 27 privateers and other vessels ; and in 1818 joined Sir John Ross's exped. as a lieut. He commanded in 1 819 a second exped., in which he crossed the meridian at 110° W., lat. 74° 44' 20", and became entitled to the reward of £5,000 offered by parliament for reaching thus far west within the arctic circle. Upon his return in 1820 he was promoted to commander; and was knighted in 1829. He made another exped. in 1821-3 ; and in a third, in 1 826, attained by boats and sledges the lat. of 82° 45', — the nearest point to the north pole that had been reachied. In 1 852 he became rear- adm. of the White, and in 1853 lieut.-gov. of Greenwich Hospital. He pub. narratives of his voyages. Parsons, Jonathan, minister of Newbury- port, Ms., from 1746 to his d. July 19, 1776 ; b. W. Springfield, Ms., Nov. 30, 1705. Y.C. 1729. Grandson of Benjamin, who settled in Spring- field ab. 1635. Ord. at Lyme in March, 1731, and continued there until 1745. He possessed great oratorical powers, was a powerful reason er, an eminent scholar, and was skilled in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. Besides occasional ser- mons, he pub. in 2 vols. 8vo, 1780, "Sixty Sermons on Various Subjects ; " " Letters in the Christian Hist.," 1741; "On Baptism," 1770; "Lectures on Justification," 1748. — Sprague. Parsons, Gen. Monroe M., b. Va. 1819; killed near Camargo, Mexico, Aug. 17, 1865, in a fight between the liberals and imperialists. Removing early in life to Cole Co., Mo., he practised law; held oifice as a Dem. politician; was atty.-gen. of Mo. in 1853-7, and member of the State senate subsequently; in the Mcx. war he was a capt. in Doniphan's mounted regt., and was disting. in the battle of Sacra- mento. Acting in concert with Gov. C. F. Jack- son at the outset of the Rebellion, he was app. brig.-gen. C.S.A., and was active in organizing the State militia ; he was present at the skirmish at Booneville; afterward raised a brigade of mounted men, with whom he served at Carthage, Springfield, Pea Ridge, and else- where ; and, being promoted to the com. of a division, served under Price to the end of the war, excepting in the last invasion of Mo. in 1 864. After the surrender of I^rhy Smith, he went with some followers to Mexico, and joined the forces of Juarez. Parsons, Samuel Holden, maj.-gen. Rovol. army, b. Lyme, Ct., May 14, 1737; drowned in the rapids of the Big Beaver River, O., Nov. 17, 1789. H.U. 1756. Son of Rev, Jonathan. He studied law at Lyme, in the office of his uncle. Gov. Matthew Griswold; was adm. to the bar in 1759 ; settled at Lyme ; was elected representative to the Assembly in 1762, and successively for 18 sessions ; in 1774 he received the app. of king's atty., and -re- :e*ajr 692 :e*jljr moved to New London ; he was one of the com. of corrcsp. ; in 1775 he was app. col. of the 6th Ct. Regt. ; was at the siege of Boston and the battle of Long Island; made brig.-gen. by Congress, Aug. 9, 1776, and maj.-gen. Oct. 23, 1780; in 1779 he succeeded Gen. Putnam in the com. of the Ct. line ; and, at the close of the war, resumed practice in Middletown. In 1785 he was app. by Congress a commiss. to treat with the Indians at Miami ; was an active member of the conv. of Ct. in Jan. 1788 which ratified the U.S. Constitution; was app. by Washington first judge of the N. W. Terr. ; and was in 1789 app. by Ct. a commiss. to treat with the Wyandottes and other Indian tribes on Lake Erie for extinguishing the aboriginal title to the Ct. Western Reserve. Gen. Parsons went early in 1787, with others, to the North-west, and settled on or near the Ohio River. He pub. a paper on the Anti- quities of the Western States m " Trans. Amer. Acad.," vol. 2. Parsons, Theophilus, LL.D. (H.U. 1804), an eminent jurist, b. Byfield, Ms., 24 Feb. 1750; d. Boston, 30 Oct. 1813. H.U. 1769. Son of Rev. Moses. In 1774 he was adm. to the Portland bar, and kept the gram- mar-school there. Upon the destruction of tlic town in Oct. 1775, he returned to Byfield, where he enjoyed the intercourse of the eminent jurist Trowbridge; In 1777 he began practice in Newburyport; and was a delegate to the State convention at Ipswich to consider the sulject of a State constitution. His draught, slightly modified, and known as the "Essex Result," contains the principles incorporated in the best constitutions of govt, in our republic. In 1 780 he was one of the framers of the State constitution, and one of the ablest in that body. Removing to Boston in 1800, he was engaged in most cases of magnitude until made chief justice of Ms. in 1806; in 1788 he was the powerful and zealous advocate of the U.S. Constitution, to which he proposed certain amendments. In legal knowledge he was among the first of his time; and the accura- cy of his reasoning, and his profound knowledge of the law, statutes, and constitutions of the country, are shown in the 6 vols, of Reports embracing his decisions ; he was versed also in classical literature and mathematical science ; possessed a wonderful memory, and was a forcible and powerful speaker ; he was no less remarkable for his wit than for his legal attain- ments. His pub. opinions were so highly esteemed, that a collection of them was pub. in N.Y. in 1836, entitled "Commentaries on Amer. Law." — ^ee Memoir by his Son, 12nio, 1859. Parsons, Theophilus, LL.D. (H.U. 1849), son of the preceding, b. Newburyport, Ms., May 17, 1797. H.U. 1815. He studied law with Judge Wni. Prescott, and practised in Taunton, and afterward in Boston. For some years he contrib. to the N. A. Review; wrote occasionally for the American Review of Phila., and for the Free Press and N.E. Galaxu, newspapers ; and founded and edited the U.S. Literary Gazette. He has written two vols, of essays and other smaller works in exposition of the doctrines of the New-Jerusalem Church, also contributing to its periodical publications. Since 1847 he has been Dane prof, of law in the Law School of H.U. at Cambridge. He has pub. "Law of Contracts," 2 vols. 1853, 5th ed, 3 vols. 1864; "Elements of Mercan- tile Law," 1856 ; "Laws of Business forBusi- nessMen," 1857 ; "Maritime Law," 2 vols. 1859; "Memoir of Chief Justice Parsons," 1859 ; " Notes and Bills of Exchange," 2 vols. 8vo, 1862; "Law of Partnership," 1867; "Deus Homo," 1867; "Marine Insurance and Gen. Average," 2 vols. 8vo, 1868; " Ship- pinir and Admiralty," 2 vols. 8vo, 1869. Parsons, Thomas William, M.D., den- tist and poet, b. Boston, Aug. 18, 1819. H.U. 1853. Son of Dr. T. W. He was educated at the Boston Latin School; and in 1836-7 visited Italy, where he studied Italian litera- ture, and translated the first 10 cantos of Dante's " Inferno," pub. in Boston 1843. In 1854 a vol. of his poems appeared containing " Ghetto di Roma," and other pictures of life in Italy, together with pieces on American subjects. His translation of the " Inferno " was pub. Boston, 1867, 4to. His friends in 1867 printed privately a vol. of his poems entitled "The Magnolia." He has contrib. to the Galaxy, Atlantic Monthly, &c. Parsons, Usher, M.D., physician, b. Al- fred, Me., Aug. 18, 1788 ; d. Providence, R.I., Dec. 19, 1868. He studied under Dr. John Warren. Entering the navy as surgeon's mate in 1812, he was acting surgeon of " The Lawrence," Perry's flagship, at the battle of Lake Erie, Sept. 10, 1813. He served in 1814 on the Upper Lakes, and was at the attack on Mackinac, but resigned after 10 years' service in the navy, and practised medicine and sur- gery in Providence, R.I. He received degrees from H.U. 1818, Dartm. 1821, and from Brown in 1825. He was a prof, in Brown and other colleges ; pres. of the R. I. Med. Soc. ; first V. P. of the National Med. Assoc. Author of several medical works, and of a "Life of Sir Wm. Pepperrell," 1 856. He also pub. a speech at Put-in Bay, Sept. 10, 1858, on the 45th an- niv. of the battle of Lake Erie, and a number of biog. sketches and speeches in pamphlet form, and papers in periodicals. Parton, James, author, b. Canterbury, Eng., Feb. 9, 1822. At the &^e of 5 he was brought to New York, and at 19 taught in an acad. at White Plains, where he had been edu- cated. He afterward taught in Phila. and New York ; and was 3 years on the literary staff" of the Home Journal. His "Life of Horace Greeley " appeared in 1855, ot " Aaron Burr" in 1857, and of "Andrew Jackson," 3 vols. 8vo, in 1859-60; all of which met with great success. In 1856 he pub. a collection of " Humorous Poetry of the English Language from Chaucer to Saxe." He pub. in 1864 a Biography of Franklin, 2 vols. ; " Gen. But- ler in New Orieans," 1863 ; "Life of J. J. As- tor," 8vo, 1865; "Manual for tiie Instruction of Rings, Railroad and Political," 1866; "How New York City is Governed," 1866; "Famous Americans," 1867 ; " People's Book of Olograph V," 8vo, 1868; "Smoking and Drinking." 1 868 ; " Topics of the Time ; " " The Danish islands," 1869. Contrib. toiV^.^. Re P-AJR 693 FAjr view, Atlantic Montlili/, &c. He is a brilliant writer and a successful lecturer. He ra. Sara Pavson Willis (" Fanny Fern ") in 1856. Parton, Sara Payso-v ("Fanny Fern"), b. Poriland, Me., July 7, 1811. Sister of N. P. Willis. Her father Nathaniel removed with his family to Boston when she was 6 years old. She was educated in a school at Hartford taught by Catharine and Harriet Beecher ; and in 1834 ra. Charles Eldridge of Boston, upon whose death in 1846 she was thrown upon her own resources to provide for herself and two children. She was subsequent- ly m. to Mr. Farrington, a merchant of Bos- ton; but their union was of brief duration. Not succeeding in obtaining employment in teaching or in other vocations, she in 1851 as- sumed the pen for a livelihood. Her first essay proved successful, and was followed by others, which were widely copied, until the pseudonyme of " Fanny Fern " was familiar in all parts of the U.S. These pieces were pub. in 1853 under the title of "Fern-Leaves," of which 70,000 copies were sold ; and were followed by her "Little Ferns," 1853; "Fern- Leaves," 2d series, 1854; "Ruth Hall," "Rose Clark," "Fresh Leaves," 1857 ; "Fol- ly as it Flies," 12mo, 1868; and the "Play- day Book," — some of which have been re- pub, in Eng. and elsewhere. The "Life and Beauties of Fanny Fern " was pub. Lond. 1855. Her chief employment since 1854 has been in writing for the N. Y. Ledger. Soon after commencing her literary career, she went to New York ; and was m. to James Parton, the author, in Jan. 1856. Partridge, Alden, milit. instructor, b. Norwich, Vt., 1785; d. there 16 Jan. 1854. West Point, 1806; Dartm. Coll. 1812. As- sist, prof, of math. W. P. Nov. 1806 ; prof. of math. Apr.-Sept. 1813; of eng. Sept. 1813; capt. engr, corps 23 July, 1810; and supt. W. P. Acad. Sept. 1812-Apr. 1818. Principal of exploring survey under the 5th article. Treaty of Ghent. Established in 1820, in Norwich, Vt., a milit. acad., incorp. in 1834 as the Norw. U., of which he was pres. ; and founded milit. schools in Portsmouth, Va. (1840), Reading, Pa. (1850), and in Pem- broke, N.H. He lectured on milit. affairs in the large cities ; was a member of the Vt. legist, in 1833, '34, and '39 ; and was surv.-gen. of Vt. in 1832. Author of "An Excursion," 1822; Letters on Education, and on National Defence ; Journal of a Tour of Cadets, &c., 8vo, 1827. Partridge, George, Revol. patriot, b. Duxbury, ^ls., Feb. 8, 1740; d. there July 7, 1828. H. U. 1762. He studied divinity, but never preached ; and was some years a teacher at Kingston, Ms. He was a delegate to the Prov. Congress 1774-5, in which he was very active; was a State rcpi-esentative 1775-9; a delegate to the Cont. Congress 1779-82 and 1783-5; M.C. 1789-91; and sheriff of Plj^m- outh Co. 1780 and several years followmg. He bequeathed a large part of his estate for re- ligious and educational uses. Partridge, Oliver, member of the first Colonial Congress in 1765, b. Hatfield, Ms., 13 June, 1712 ; d. there July 21, 1792. Y. C. 1730. His ancestor Wm., an early settler on the Ct. River, came from Berwick-on-Tweed, and died in Hadley. Pascalis, Felix A. OuviiRE, M.D., phy- sician, b. France ab. 1750; d. New York, July 27, 1833. After completing his medical educa- tion, he established himself in practice in St. Domingo. After the insurrection of the blacks there, in 1793, he resided in Phila., and subse- quently, for near 30 years, in New York. His observations on the yellow-fever at Cadiz in 1805 produced in him a conviction that the dis- ease was not contagious : this result was made known to the public in the Medical Reposifon/, a journal which he edited jointly with Drs. JNIitchell and Ackerby, and to which he was a frequent contrib. In 1798 he pub. an Account of the Contagious and Epidemic Yellow-Fever in Phila. in 1797 ; in 1812 an essay on syphi- litic diseases; and in 1829 "Instructions for Silk-worm Nurseries, and Culture of the Mul- berry-Tree." Pasehall, Nathaniel, editor, b. Knox- ville, Tenn., April 4, 1802 ; d. St. Louis, Dec. 12, 1866. He went to St. Louis an orphan in 1814, and apprenticed himself to Joseph Char- less of the Mo. Gazette; in 1827 he started with Edward Charless, the son of his patron, the Missouri Republican, of which, with the ex- ception of 1843, when clerk of St. Louis Coun- ty, he was editor and half-owner till he died. He was master of a terse and vigorous style. His paper, while conspicuous for its ability, advocated slavery, and opposed the Republican party. Passaconaway (Papisseconewa), the Merrimack sachem, and the great sagamore of Pamunkog, or Pennacook ; d. 1663-9 at a very great age. He held control over the tribes of Southern N.H. and a portion of Ms., and was at the head of a powerful confederacy when the whites first settled the country. May 17,1 629, he conveyed to John Wheelwright and his asso- ciates at Squamscut (now Exeter) the tract of land extending from the Piscataqua to the Merrimack westward, and from the line of Ms. 30 miles north. In 1648 he invited the Indian apostle Eliot to take tip his abode near his tribe, so that they might be taught Christianity, at the same time avowing his belief in God. He was sagacious and cunning, and had a great reputa- tion as a powwow, or sorcerer. At a great dance and feast in 1660 he made his farewell speech to his people, and exhorted them to live in peace with the English, as he had ti'icd his arts as a powwow against them in vain. — C. E. Potter in Farmer's Monthly Visitor, Feb. 1852. Passmore, Rev. Joseph C, D.D., b. Lancaster, Pa., 1818; d. Racine, Wis., 12 Aug. 1866. Ord. deacon P. E. Ch. 1848; priest 1849. In 1844-62 prof, of mental philos. and polit. econ. in St. James's Coll., Md. ; after- ward at Racine until his death. Author of "Footprints, or Fugitive Poems," Phila. 1843. Editor of Bp. Butler's " Etliical Discourses," Phila. 1855. Patrick, Gen. Marsena R., b. Jefferson Co., N.Y., Mar. 15, 1811. West Point, 1835. Joining the 2d Inf., he became 1st lieut. in 1839; capt. 22 Aug. 1847; brev. maj. in 1849 "for meritorious conduct in Mexico;'* FAJT 694 IPATD resigning 30 June, 1850, he retired to his farm; and in 1859-61 was pres. of the State Agric. Coll. When civil war broke out, he was made insp.-gen. of the N; Y. militia ; brig.-gen. vols. March 17, 1862; in Dec. he com. a brigade in Doubleday's division, 1st army corps, with which he took part in the bat- tle of- Antietam ; prov.-mar.-gen. Army of the Potomac 6 Oct. 1862, to 17 Mar. 1865; re- signed 12 June, 1865 ; pres. N. Y. Agric. Soc. since 14 Feb. 1867. Besides at Geneva, N.Y. — Cullum. Patten, George W., licut.-col. U.S.A., b. Newport, U.I., 1808. Brown U. 1825. West Point, 1830. Son of Dr. Wm. of Newport. Lieut. 1830; capt. 18 June, 1846; brev. maj. for gallantry at Cerro Gordo, where he lost his hand, 18 Apr. 1847 ; maj. 9th Inf. 30 Apr. 1861 ; lieut.-col. 2d Inf. 7 June, 1862 ; retired 17 Feb. 1864. Author of "Army Manual," 1863 ; " Tactics and Drill for Inf., Art., and Cav.,"3 vols. 1861-3; "Voicesof the Border ; " " Poems," 1867. He has conirib. many poetical pieces to periodicals. Patten, Maj. John, Revol. officer, b. Kent Co., Del. ; d. Dover, June, 1801, a. 55. He fought in nearly every battle from L. I. to Cam- den ; was a member of the Old Congress in 1785-6, and M.C. 1792-3 and 1795-7. Patten, William, D.D. (B. U. 1807), minister of Newport 1786-1834 ; d. Hartford, Ct., Mar. 9, 1839, a. 76. Dartm. Coll. 1780. Son of Rev. Wm. He was a disting. theolo- gian, and a kind, benevolent man. He pub. several sermons, " Christianity the True The- ology," against Paine, 12mo, 1795 ; "Remi- niscences of Rev. S. Hopkins," 18mo, 1843; " Memoir of Mrs. Ruth Patten," 12mo, 1834. Ho m. Hannah Hurlbut of N. London, who in 1815 set up the first ragged school in the U.S., at Newport : she d. Brooklyn, Aug. 30, 1855, a. 86. — D. C. Alumni. Patterson, Daniel T., capt. U.S.N., b. N.Y. 1871 ; d. Washington, D.C., Aug. 25, 1839.^ Midshipm. Aug. 20, 1800; attached to the frigate " Philadelphia," Capt. Bainbridge, when she ran upon a reef off TrijDoli, and was taken by a flotilla of gunboats, and remained a prisoner in Tripoli until 1805. Lieut. Jan. 24, 1807; master com. July 24, 1813; capt. Feb. 28, 1815; navy commiss. 1828-32; and com. a squad, in the Mediterranean in 1832-5. In 1814 he com. the U.S. naval forces at New Orleans, and co-operated so ably with Gen. Jaekson in the defence of that city, that he re- ceived the thanks of Congress. Patterson, John, brig.-gen. Revol. army, b. New Britain, Ct., 1744; d. Lisle, Broome Co., N.Y., July 19, 1808. Y.C. 1762. He taught school, and was a practising atty. and justice of the peace in New Britain. He moved to Lenox, Ms., in 1774. His father, Maj. John, d. of yellow-fever at the taking of Havana, Sept. 5, 1762, a. 54. He was a mem- ber of the first Prov. Congress of Ms. in 1774, and of the second in 1775. The news of the battle of Lexington reached Berkshire at noon the next day, and, at sunrise the following morn- ing, Patterson's regt. of minute-men was on the way to Cambridge, where it was employed in the erection of the first redoubt thrown up on the lines ab. Boston ; after the evacuation of Boston, Col. Patterson was ordered to Cana- da, and a part of his regt. was engaged in the disastrous battle of the Cedars ; after the re- treat from Canada, the regt. joined Washing- ton just in time to take part in the battles of Trenton and Princeton; Feb. 21, 1777, Col. Patterson was app. a brig.-gen., and attached to the northern dept. A part of his brigade was at the battle of Stillwater, in which severe conflict he rendered important service ; present at the surrender of Burgoyne and at the battle of Monmouth ; he remained in service imtil the close of the war. During Shays's Rebellion in 1786, Gen. Patterson headed a detachment of the Berkshire militia ordered out for its sup- pression. After the Revol. he removed to Lisle, where he was chief justice of the Co. Court; 4 years member of the N.Y. legisl. ; member of the N.Y. Const. Conv. of 1801 ; and M.C. in 1803-5. Patterson, Robert, LL.D., b. in north of Ireland, May 30, 1743; d. Phila. July 22, 1824. He came to Phila. in 1768. Became principal of the acad. at Wilmington, Del., in 1774; was a brigade maj. in the Revol. war; prof, of mathematics, U. of Pa., in 1779-1814, and some time vice-provost. In 1805 he was made director U.S. mint; from 1819, till his death, he was pres. of the Amer. Philos. Soc, to whose " Transactions " he was a frequent con- trib. He pub. " The Newtonian System," 8vo, 1808; "Treatise on Arithmetic," 1819; and edited Ferguson's " Mechanics," 2 vols. 8vo, 1806; his "Astronomy," 8vo, 1809; John Webster's " Nat. Philos.," 1808 ; Ewing's " Nat. Philos., with Biog. Sketch," 8vo, 1809. A record of the families of Robert Patterson (the elder) was priv. printed, 1847. Patterson, Col. Robert, b. Pa. 1753 ; d. near Dayton, 0., Aug. 5, 1827. He emig. to Ky. in 1775. In 1804 he settled near Day- ton, O. Original proprietor of Lexington, Ky., and one-third owner of Cincinnati when it was laid out. He was in Col. Clarke's 111. campaign in 1 778 ; in Bowman's exped. against old Chillicothe in 1779; capt. in Clarke's ex- - ped. against the Shawnees in Aug. 1780; sec- ond in com. to Col. Boone (Aug. 19, 1782) at the battle of the Lower Blue Licks ; col. in Clarke's second exped. into the Miami country, Sept. 1782 ; and col. in 1786 in Logan's exped. against the Shawnees. Patterson, Gen. Robert, b. Co. Tyrone, Ireland, Jan. 12, 1792. He came while young to the U.S., and was placed with a merchant of Phila. He received a collegiate education, and early manifested military predilections. Capt. 32d Inf. Apr. 1814. Returning to com- mercial life, he became largely engaged in manufs., and owned several mills. At the begin- ning of the Mexican war, in 1S46, he was made a maj .-gen. of vols. He com. his division jit Cerro Gordo ; led the cavalry and advanced brigades in the pursuit ; and the next morning entered and took Jalapa, receiving the thanks of Gen. Scott. He com. the 3-mos. Pa. vols, in 1861 ; was assigned to a milit. dept. com- posed of the States of Pa., Del., and Md., and the Dist. of Col. ; and crossed the Potomac, June 15, at Williamsport. When Gen. Mc- F^T 695 F^tj Dowell advanced into Va., Patterson was in- structed to remain at Winchester to hold in chccli the superior forces of Gen. J. E. John- ston. His failure to do this, in consequence of which Johnston, re-enforcing Beauregard on the field of Bull Run, July 21, gave the victory to the Confederates, exposed him to severe criti- cism ; and he was discharged from the service, July 27, 1861. He pub. in 186.5 " A Nar- native of the Campaign in the Valley of the Shenandoah in 1861," in vindication of his conduct. Patterson, Robert M., M.D., pres. of the Amer. Philos. Society 1849-5-3, b. PhiUi. ; d. there Sept. 5, 1854, a. 68. U. of Pa. 1804. M.D. 1808. Son of Robert, director U.S. Mint. Educated as a chemist under Sir Humphry Davy ; returned home in 1812 ; was soon after elected prof, of nat. philos., chemistry, and math. in the U. of Phila. ; prof in the U. of Va. in 1828-3?; director of the U.S. Mint, Phila., 1835-53. He was elected a member of the Philos. Society in 1809 ; was a most active par- ticipant in its labors, and contrib. largely to its " Proceedings." He delivered. May 25, 1 843, while its vice-pres., "A Discourse on the Early History of the Amer. Philos. Society ; " and an address before the Franklin Institute, Svo., 1843. — Duychinck. Patterson, Thomas H., capt. U.S.N., b. La., May 10, 1819. Midship. Apr. 5,18-36; lieut. June 2, 1849; com. July 16, 1862; capt. July 25, 1866. Attached to brig " Oregon," survey of Tampa Bay, 1842-4; coast survey 1844-8 ; com. steam-gunboat " Chocura," N. A. B. squad., 1862 ; in constant co-operation with Army of the Potomac; in steamer "James Adger," 1862-5; cut out steamer "Kate" from the batteries at New Inlet, N.C., July 31, 1863; participated in the capture of a tfying battery near Fort Fisher, Aug. 23, 1863 ; cap- tured " The Cornubia " and "The R. E. Lee," both filled with arms and stores for the Confed. army ; com. steam-sloop " Brooklyn," flagship Brazil squad., 1865-7. — HamersI//. Patterson, William, LL.D.' (H.U. 1806), statesman and jurist, b. at sea, of Irish parents, in 1745 ; d. Albany, Sept. 9, 1806. N. J. Coll. 1763. He studied law, and was adm. to the bar in 1769 ; was a member of the first N. J. Const. Conv. in 1776; in 1776-86 was atty.- gen. of the State; was U.S. senator in 1789- 90, having previously been a member of the convention which formed the Federal Constitu- tion; gov. of N.J. in 1791-4; judge of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1794 to his death. In 1798-9 he revised, by authority of the legisl., the laws of N. J- Patti, Adelina {Adele Juana Maria), vocalist, b. Madrid, Spain, Apr. 9, 1843. Her father Salvator was a tenor of some repute ; and her mother. Mad. Barilli Patti, a prima donna. The family came to the U.S. in 1844. At the age of 9, Adele made a tour in the British Provinces with Strakosch and Ole Bull, singing popular opera music. Mar. 3, 1854, she made her dSut at Jullien's concert, N.Y. ; she soon after made a concert-tour to the W. Indies with Gottschalk the pianist. Nov. 24, 1859, she app. as Lucia at the N.Y. Acad, of Music, and saved the season and the managers from ruin. First app. in the Ital. Opera House, London, 14 May, 1861. July 29, 1868, she m. the Marquis de'Caux. Patti, CarLotta, sister of Adele, b. Flor- ence, 1840 ; made her debut in concert in N.Y. First app. there in opera at the Acad, in Aug. 1862. Apr. 16, 1863, she app. at the Italian Opera House, London. The Queen of Eng. said to her, " Never in my life has any singer so charmed and pleased me." She was equally successful in Paris and on the Continent. She returned to the U.S. in Sept. 1869, and ap- peared at Steinway Hall in concert. Her exe- cution is wonderful ; and her voice, a beautiful high soprano, has a compass of over two octaves. Pattison, Granville Sharpe, M.D., anatomist, b. Glasgow, 1791 ; d. N.Y. Nov. 12, 1851. Educated at Gla.sgow, he commenced his career as a lecturer at the Andersonian Inst. ; he then emig. to Amer., and was for some years prof, of anatomy in the Med. Coll. of Baltimore. Subsequently he returned to Eu- rope, and became the first prof, of anatomy in the Lond. U. ; but a few years later he again visited Amer. ; was app. prof of anatomy in the JefF. Med. Coll. of Phila. ; and in 1840, on the opening of the U. of N.Y., was app. lO a similar chair in that institution, where he re- mained until, his death. He pub. a translation of Masse's " Anatomical Atlas ; " an edition of Cruvelhier's " Anatomy," Svo ; papers in the Med. Recorder, and some pamphlets. Pattison, Gen. James, a British officer, b. 1724; d. Lond. Mar. 1, 1805. Capt. of art. Aug. 1, 1747; lieut.-col. 1761 ; col. com. of art. Apr. 25, 1777 ; maj.-gen. Feb. 19, 1779 ; lieut.- gen. Sept. 28, 1787 ; gen. Jan. 26, 1797 ; app. adjt.-gen. in America, July 11, 1776 ; sent bome with despatches after the battle of Monmouth. He accomp. the expcd. against Charleston in 1780, and com. at New York after the capture of that city. Pattison, Robert Everett, D.D. (B.U. 1838), clergyman and teacher, b. Benson, Vt., Aug. 19, isOO. Amh. Coll. 1826. Tutor in Col. Coll., D.C. ; ord. as a Baptist minister at Salem in Sept. 1829; and in Mar. 1830 settled as pastor of the First Baptist Church in Prov- idence R.I. ; he was afterward prof., and in 1836-40 pres., of Watcrville Coll., Me. Re- suming his pastoral charge at Providence, he was elected a corrcsp. sec. of the Board of Foreign Missions in 1 843 ; and in 1 846-8 he was pres. and prof, of theology of the Baptist Theol. Inst, at Covington, Ky. ; he was a prof, in the Newton Theol. Sem., Ms., in 1848-53; was again for a few years pres. of Watcrville Coll. ; was subsequently at the head of the Oread Fe- male Inst, at Worcester, Ms.; now (1871) prof, in the Chicago Coll. Besides contributions to periodicals, and addresses, be has pub. a " Com- mentary on the Epistle to the Ephcsians," 1859 ; "Eulogy on Rev. J. Chaplin, D.D.," 1841. Paul, Gabriel Rene, brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. Mo. West Point, 1834. Entering the 7th Inf., he became 1st lieut. Oct. 26, 1836 ; capt. Apr. 19, 1846 ; disting. himself in the Florida war in 1842, and at Cerro Gordo and Contreras ; was brev. maj. for gallantry at Chapultepec, Scot. 13, 1847; became maj. 8th Inf. Apr. 20 FATJ 696 F-A.Y 1861 ; licut.-col. Apr. 25, 1862; col. 14th Inf. Sept. 13, 1864 ; retired, with rank of bri^r.-gen., 28 July, 1866. He exhibited great gallantry in expelling the Confederates from New Mexico in 1861-2; was made brig -gen. vols. Sept. 5, 1862 ; engaged at Fredericksburg, ChanccUors- ville, and at Gettysburg, where he was severely wounded, and deprived of the sight of both eyes ; brov. brig.-gen. U.S.A. for Gettysburg. Paulding, Hikam, rear-adm. U.S.N., b. Westchester Co., N.Y., Dec. 11, 1797. Son of John, one of the captors of Andre'. Midshipm. Sept. 1, 1811, and was in Com. Macdonough's victory on Lake Champlain, for which service he received a sword from Congress. Lieut. Apr. 27, 1816; master com. Feb. 9, 1837; and accompanied Porter in his exped. against the W. India pirates in 1823 ; attained the rank of capt. Feb. 29, 1844; and, in com. of "The Vincennos," cruised 3 years in the W. Indies. In 1857, Avhilc commanding the home squadron, he broke up an exped. against Nicaragua, headed by Gen. William Walker, who sur- rendered with his followers, who were disarmed, and sent to the US. In Dec. 1860, Nicaragua presented him with a sword, and also offered a tract of land (which latter, however, the U.S. senate did not allow him to receive), for the important service he had rendered the republic. He pub a " Journal of a Cruise among the Islands of the Pacific," N.Y. 1831. He was made a rear-adm. on the retired list 21 Dec. 1861 ; com. N.Y. navy-yard 1862-5, and ren- dered great service in preparing ships for the different squadrons, fitting and equipping^ them expeditiously and efiiciently, and also in the protection of public property there during the draft riots of 1 863 . Gov. Phila. Naval Asylum 1866. Paulding, James Kirke, author and politician, b. Dutchess Co., N.Y.,22 Aug. 1779 ; d. Hyde Park, N.Y., 5 Apr. 1860. His father, an active Rcvol. patriot, a member of the first com. of safety in Westchester Co., subsequently commiss.-gen. of N.Y. Cont. troops, retired from service a ruined man, govt, refusing to redeem his pledges, and he was imprisoned. James, removing in early life to NY. City, became, by the marriage of his sister to Wm. Irving, acquainted with Washington Irving, with whom he began in 1807 "Salmagundi," which proved highly popular. His pamphlet, "The U.S. and England," introduced hira to the political arena, and to the notice of Pres. Madison. In 1814 he was made sec. of the board of navy commiss. ; was subsequently for 12 years navy agent at NY. ; and was sec. of the navy in 1839-41. He was an elegant and facile essayist, and excelled in humorous satire. " Among his works arc " The Divert- ing Hist, of John Bull and Bro. Jonathan," 1812 ; "John Bull in America," 1824 ; "Let- ters from the South," 1815 ; " The Backwoods- man," a poem, 1818; "Sketch of Old Eng- land by a N. Eng. Man," 12mo, 1822; " Ko- nigsmark ; " " Three Wise Men of Gotham," 1826; "Dutchman's Fireside;" "Westward Ho ; " " Life of Washington," 1835 ; " Slavery in the U.S.," 1836; "The Old Continental;" "The Painter and his Daughter; " and with his son, William I. Paulding, a vol. of Araer. Plays, 1847. He contrib. to the periodicals of the day. Several of his works have been translated, and pub. abroad. — See Lit. Life of, by his Son Win. I, 12mo, 1867. Paulding, John, one of the captors of Andre, b. 1 758 ; d. Staatsburg, N. Y., Feb. 1 8, 1818. Three times a prisoner during the war ; he escaped the second time 4 days before Andre was taken ; the third time he was released by the peace. Paulding, Van Wart, and Williams received from Congress a silver medal, inscribed on one side " Fidelity," and on the other " Vincit Ainor Patrice," also an annuity of $200. A marble monument was in 1 827 erected to his memory in the churchyard near Peekskill village by the corporation of New York. Pauw, Cornelius de, sometimes called Nicolas, a Dutch hist, writer, b. Amsterdam, 1739; d. Xanten, 1799. He was educated at Gottingen ; was for a time canon of Xanten in the duchy of Cleves, and afterward reader to Frederick 11. of Prussia, He was a man of great learning, and pub. " Recherches sur les Americains," 8vo, 1770, Berlin, followed by a defence of the same. Paxton, Charles, loyalist; d. Norfolk Co., Eng., Mar. 1788, a. 84. One of the most active and efficient of the agents of the crown in suggesting and carrying out the measures which brought on the lievol. In 1769 he and his associates were posted in the Boston Ga- zette by James Otis. This card caused the as- sault by Robinson, resulting in injuries which deprived Otis of reason. Paxton was the head of the commissions of customs at Boston, and, though a man of finished politeness and cour- teous manners, was exceedingly obnoxious. He made frequent visits to Eng., and was in the confidence of the minister Charles Towns- bend, and was one of the writers of the famous letters sent home by Franklin in 1773. He went to Eng. in 1776; was proscribed, bau- ished, and his estate confiscated, — Sabine. Paxton, Elisha Franklin, brig.-gen. C.S.A., b. Rockbridge Co., Va., Mar. 4, 1828 ; killed at the battle of Chancellorsville, Va., M:iy 2, 1863. Y.C. 1847. He was educated at theVa. Milit. Acad, at Lexington. He was pres. of a bank in Lynchburg when the Rebel- lion broke out, and shortly after com. a Va. regt. " Stonewall " Jack.son, who was strong- ly attached to him, made him his adj. -gen., and, when promoted to com. an army corps, ob- tained for him the grade of brig.-gen. and the com. of the " Stonewall Brigade." He served at Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Chancellors- ville, and was killed on the same evening on which Jackson was mortally wounded. — Ob. Rec. Yale Coll. Paxton, Joseph Rupert, b. 1827. U. of Pa. Member of the Pa. bar; in U.S. milit. service 1861-5. Author of "Jewelry and the Pi'ecious Stones," 8vo, 1856 ; translation into French of " Reveries of a Bachelor ; " dramatic versions of Dickens's stories for the Phila. theatres ; translator of French plays ; and con- trib, to periodicals. Edited the Biza)re, 1854- 5, and pub. in 1856 Nott's translation of the Epithalamium of Johannes Secundus. Payne, Col. Duval, b. Fairi'ax Co., Va., 1764; d. Mason Co., Ky., 21 June, 1830. A -PATS^ 697 FKA soldier of the Revol., after which he m. adau. of Maj. Huf^h Brent of Pr. Wm. Co., and in 1789 settled on i\ farm near Lexington, Ky. He served under Gen. C. Scott in the Indian campaign of 1791, and com. a batt. of cav., and was disting. at the battle of the Thames, 5 Oct. 1813. Payne, John Howard, actor and drama- tist, b. New York, June 9, 1792; d. Tunis, Africa, Apr. 10, 18.52. His precocity was won- derful. At 13, while clerk in a counting-house, he edited a weekly paper, the Thespian Mirror; in 1807 he pub. 2.5 Nos. of a periodical called the Pastime; Feb. 26, 1809, he made a highly successful debut at the Park Theatre as Young Norval ; he next appeared in Boston, and in the following spring played Hamlet and other leading parts in New York; in 1812-13 he played successfully at Drury Lane, also in Ire- land and in the provincial theatres. While in London, he produced a host of dramas, chiefly adaptations from the French, in one of which, " Clari, or the Maid of Milan," occurs his fa- mous song of " Home, Sweet Home," which made the fortunes of all concerned except the author. In 1826-7 he edit, in Lond. a dramatic paper called the OperaGlass. He was a corresp. of Coleridge and Charles Lamb. His tragedy of "Brutus" was successfully produced at Drury Lane, Dec. 4, 1818. He returned home in Aug. 1832 ; was a contrib. to the Democ. Re- view in 1838; was app. consul to Tunis in 1841 ; was recalled in 1845, and re-appointed in 1851. An interesting Memoir of Payne, by his friend T. S. Fay, appeared in the N. Y. Mir- ror in 1832. Also author of "Lisping of the Muse," juvenile poems, 1815; Account of East Hampton in Democ. Review; and a series of papers on our Neglected Poets; the plays of Virginius, and Charles the Second. The U. S. govt, has erected a monument over his remains in the cemetery of St. George at Tu- nis. Payne, Matthew Modntjot, col. U.S.A., b. Goochland Co., Va. App. lieut. 20th Inf. March, 1812; capt. March, 1814; maj. 2d Art. Dec. 17, 1836 ; lieut.-col. 4th Art. June 27, 1843; acting insp.-gen. to Gen. Tay- lor ; brev. col. for battles of Palo Alto and R. de la Palma, May 9, 1846, in the latter of which he was severely wounded ; col. 2d Art. Nov. 11, 1856; gov. Military Asylum, D.C., Nov. 18.54-March, 1858; resigned July 23, 1861. He resided in Richmond, and, during the Rebellion, avowed his loyalty to the Union. Payson, Edward, D.D. (Bowd. 1821), clergyman, b. Rindge, N.H., July 25, 1783 ; d. Portland, Me., Oct. 22, 1827. H.U. 1803. He had charge of an acad. in Portland 3 years ; then studied theology under his father. Rev. Seth of Rindge. Licensed to preach May 20, 1807 ; and Dec. 16 was ord. colleague of the Rev. Mr. Kellogg of the Cong. Church in Portland, where he remained until his death. He was a man of exalted piety and unquench- able zeal. His Works, with a Memoir by Asa Cummings, D.D., were pub. in 3 vols. 8vo, 1 846. Payson, Phillips, D D. (H.U. 1800), minister of Chelsea, Ms., from Oct 26, 1757, to his d. Jan. 11, 1801 ; b. Walpole, Ms., Jan. 18, 1736. H.U. 1754. A descendant of Edward of Roxbury, 1649. He was a zealous patriot of the Revol. ; disting. as a classical scholar, an energetic and pathetic preacher. His tracts on astron. and nat. philos. are in the " Trans. of the Acad, of Arts and Sciences." He pub. some sermons, among them Battle of Lexington, 1782 ; Death of Washington, 1800. Payson, Seth, D.D. (Dartm. 1809), min- ister of Rindge, N.H., from Dec. 4, 1782, to his d. Feb. 26, 1820 ; b. Walpole, Ms., Sept. 29, 1758. H.U. 1777. Bro. of Rev. Phillips. He pub. " Proofs of Illuminism," an abstract of Robinson and Barruel, 12mo, 1802; and some sermons. — Sprafjue. Peabody, Andrew Preston, D.D. (H.U. 1852), LL.D. (Roch. 1863), clergyman and scholar, b. Beverly, Ms., Mar. 19, 1811. H.U. 1826; tutor 1832-3. He spent 3 years in teaching, then studied 3 years at the Camb. Divinity School. From Oct. 23, 1833, until Sept. 1, 1860, he was settled in the South Parish Church of Portsmouth, N.H. He then became preacher, and Plummer prof, of Christian mor- als in H.U. He was for several years a leading wiiter for the American Monthl// and N. E. Mag., and long a principal contrib. to the Christian Examiner. For nearly a quarter of a century he was connected with the N. A. Review, which he edited in 1852-61. He has pub. more than 100 sermons, orations, tracts, &c. ; a vol. of " Lectures on Christian Doc- trine," 1844 ; " Sermons of Consolation," 1847; " Conversation, its Faults and Graces," 1856 ; "Christianity the Religion of Nature," 1864; "Sermons for Children," 1866; "Reminis- cences of European Travel," 1868; also com- piler of a Sunday-school Hymn-Book. He has written Memoirs, and edited the writings of Rev. Jason Whitman ; James Kinnard, jun. ; J. W. Foster ; Charles A. Cheever, M. D. ; and Gov. Wm. Plumer. His review articles cover most of the social and educational ques- tions of the day, with the discussion of many miscellaneous topics. Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer, b. Bilie- rica, Ms., 1804, dau. of Dr. N. Peabody, resided at Salem ; in 1822, became a teacher, and sub- sequently a bookseller in Boston. Author of " Records of a School ; " " Spiritual Culture ; " "The Present;" "Introd. to Grammar;" " First Steps to History ; " " Keys to Gre- cian and Hebrew History ; " Memorial of Dr. Wm. Wesselhocft,"1859; translations and pa- pers in various [leriodicals ; with her sister Mary (Mrs. Horace Mann), "Moral Culture of In- fancy ; " and " Kindergarten Guide," 1863. Peabody, Ephraim, D.D., Unitarian cler- gyman and writer, b. Wilton, N.H., Mar. 22, 1807; d. Boston, Nov. 28, 1856. Bowd. Coll. 1827; D.D. 1848. He studied theology at Cambridge; began to preach in 1830 at Mead- ville. Pa. ; preached 4 years in Cincinnati, and in the Federal-st. Church during Dr. Gannett's absence in Europe in 1837 ; and was settled in New Bedford from May, 1838, to Jan. 18, 1846, when he became pastor of King's Chapel, Bos- ton. He took the deepest concern in devising measures for the relief of the poor. The Boston Provident Society owed its original establish- ment to his'suggestion and his efforts. During the spring and summer of 1853 he travelled I>EA 698 PE^ over Europe for the benefit of his health, and spent the winter of 1855-6 in St. Augustine with the same object. As a preacher, he was in the hij^hest degree impressive. His sermons, with a Memoir, were pub. 8vo, 1857 ; " Chris- tian Davs and Thoughts," 1858. Peabody, Geouge, D.C.L. (Oxon. 1867), banker and philanthropist, b. S. Danvers, Ms., 18 Feb. 1795 ; d. Lond. 4 Nov. 1869. At the age of 1 1 he became a clerk in a grocery-store ; in 1812-13 he was a clerk in his uncle's store in Georgetown, D.C. ; he became a partner with Elisha Riggs in the dry-goods trade in New York, afterward in Baltimore ; and in July, 1843, established himself in London as a banker, his house becoming the headquarters of his countrymen in that city. His benefac- tions were numerous, and were on a princely scale. In 1852 he gave to his native town $20,000 towards founding an institute, lyceum, and library, afterward increasing it to $200,000. He contrib. $10,000 to the first Grinnell expcd. to the Arctic Ocean ; and in 1 857 gave $300,000 to found an institute of science, literature, and the fine arts, in Baltimore, which he subse- quently increased to $1,400,000. For the bene- fit of the poor of London he gave in 1862 j6500,000 ; in recognition of which the Queen presented Mr. Peabody with her portrait, the city of London gave him its freedom in a gold box, and the citizens erected to his mem- ory a fine statue. In Oct. 1866 he gave to H.U. $150,000 to establish a museum and professorship of Araer. archaeology and ethnol- ogy ; to the Southern Educational Fund, created in 1866, he gave $2,000,000; and to found a geol. branch at Yale Coll., $150,000. Peabody, Nathaniel, physician, soldier, and statesman, b. Topsfield, Ms., Mar. 1, 1741 ; d. Exeter, June 27, 1823. He studied and prac- tised with his father, a physician, who had removed to Leominster in 1745, and who d. there in 1758. He settled at Plaistow, N.H., ab. 1761, and soon acquired extensive practice. He was comrais. a lieut.-col. in 1774, and was the first man in N.H. to resign the king's com- mission on account of political opinions. In Dec. 1774 he was one of the captors of Fort William and Mary at Newcastle. He was constantly employed in the legisl, in committees and in conventions during the early part of the war; and was some time chairman of the com. of safety and other committees, to whom were referred subjects of the greatest impor- tance. App. in July, 1777, adj.-gen. of the State militia, he served in that capacity in 1779, in R.I., under Gen. Whipple; delegate to the convention at New Haven, 1779, for regulating the price of labor, manufactures, produce, &c., and for other purposes ; delegate to Congress in 1779-80; delegate to the convention, and chairman of the com., to form the State con- stitution in 1782-3 ; was for several successive years in the legisl.; councillor; senator; brig.- gen.; chairman of various committees, &c. ; speaker of the house in 1793; and maj.-gen. of militia from 1793 to 1798. One of the founders of the N.H. Med. Society in 1790. During several of the last years of his life, he was con- fined to the limits of the prison at Exeter for debt. — N.H. Hist. Colls. Peabody, Oliver William Bouen, twin- bro. of W. B. O., journalist and clergyman, b. Exeter, N.H., July 9, 1799 ; d. Burlington, Vt., July 5, 1848. H.U. 1816. He practised law in Exeter 1 1 years, at the same time editing the Rockinf/hum Gazette and Exeter News-Letter, and serving in the State legisl. ; and removed to Boston in 1830, assisting his bro.-in-law, A. H. Everett, in editing the N. A. Review. He was for several years assist, editor of the Bos- ton Daily Advertiser. From 1836 to 1842 he was register of probate in Suftblk Co.; in 1842 he accepted the professorship of Eng. literature in Jeff. Coll., La., hoping to repair his shattered health by a residence in a milder climate. Fail- ing in this, he returned to Boston, where in 1845 he was licensed to preach by the Unitarian Assoc. He soon after became the minister of a cong. in Burlington, Vt. Both brothers were men of eminent natural endowment, of ripe scholarship, of gentle and affectionate tempers. He edited Shakspeare, 7 vols. Svo, Boston, 1844; contrib. to Goodrich's " Token ; " also Lives of Putnam and Sullivan to Sparks^s "American Biography.'' Peabody, William Bourn Oliver, D.D. (H.U. 1842), Unitarian clergyma,n, b. Exeter, N.H., July 9, 1799 ; d. Springfield, Ms., May 28, 1847. H.U. 1816. Son of Judge Oliver, and, with his twin-bro. O. W. B., was educated at Phillips Acad, and at H.U. Wm. studied theology at Cambridge; and in 1820 was settled over the new Unit, society in Spring- field, where he ministered to the close of his life. He was an accomplished belles-lettres scholar and poet. Contrib. to the N. A. Re- view, among other articles, the review of Au- dubon's magnificent work, beside contrib. to the Christian Examiner. He contrib. to Sparks's Biograph. Lives of Alex. Wilson, Cotton Mather, David Brainerd, James Oglethorpe, and John Sullivan. In 1837, Gov. Everett se- lected Dr. Peabody to prepare a Report on the Birds of Ms. After his death, a vol. of his ser- mons was pub., together with a Memoir of his life by his bro. Oliver; and in 1850 his Literary Remains were edited by his son Col. Everett Peabody (killed at the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1862, a. 31; H.U. 1849). The latter was made col. of 13th, afterwards 25th, Mo. Vols, Sept. 1, 1861. Before the war, he was an engineer and constructor of railroads in the West. Peale, Charles Wilson, portrait-painter, b. of Eng. parents at Chestertown, Md., April 16, 1741 ; d. Phila. Feb. 22, 1827. He was ap- prenticed to a saddler ; carried on successively the trades of saddler, harness-maker, silver- smith, watchmaker, and carver; and after- wards, as a recreation from his sedentary prac- tice of portrait-painting, became a sportsman, naturalist, and preserver of animals; made himself a violin and guitar ; invented and exe- cuted a variety of machines ; and was the first dentist in the country that made sets of enamel teeth. At the age of 26 he obtained instruc- tion in painting from Hesselius, and afterwards from Copley in Boston. By friendly aid he was enabled in 1770-1 to study in the Royal Acad, at London under the direction of West. In 1772 he painted the first picture of Wash- ington as a Va. col ; on his return he opened I^EA 699 I»KO a picture-gallery in Phila., and was for ab. 15 years the only portrait-painter in N. A. Dur- ing the war he was often employed in confiden- tial services, and at Trenton and Germantown headed a company Avliich he had raised. He represented Phila. in the State Icgisl. in 1777. He painted the portraits of many disting. Revol. officers ; opened the first museum in the coun- try, for which he procured almost an entire skeleton of the mammoth ; and was the first to lecture on the interesting and now popular sub- ject of nat. history. He was prominent in the early attempts to establish an acad. of the fine arts, and, when that of Pa. was founded, he co- operated zealously, and contrib. to 17 annual exhibitions. He pub. an essay on " Building Wooden Bridges," 8vo, 1797 ; "Lectures on Nat. History," 8vo, 1800; "Preservation of Health;" "Domestic Happiness," 8vo, 1813; "Address to the Corp. of Phila.," 1816; "Econ- omy in Fuel," in " Trans. Amer. Soc," v. 320. Raphael, his eldest son, also a painter, d. Phila. March, 1825, a. 52. Peale, Rembrandt, painter, son of the preceding, b. Bucks Co., Pa., Feb. 22, 1778 ; d. Phila. Oct. 3, 1860. He early evinced talent as a draughtsman, and, having a strong desire to paint the portrait of Washington, accom- f)lished his purpose in Sept. 1795. He estab- ished himself as a port.-pamter in Charleston, S.C, in 1796, and, between 1801 and 1804, stud- ied under West in London. He next went to Paris, where he passed several years, and exe- cuted portraits of eminent men tor his father's museum. Returning to Phila. in 1809, he painted many portraits, and also two well- known pictures, the " Roman Daughter " and the " Court of Death." The latter, 24 feet in length by 13 in breadth, contained 23 figures, and, by exhibition in the chief cities of the U.S., brought him a large sum of money. During the winter of 1859-60 he lectured in the princi- pal cities on the portraits of Washington. He pub. " Hist. Disquis. on the Mammoth," 8vo, 1803; "Notes on Italy," 1831; "Portfolio of an Artist," 1839; "Biog. of C. W. Peale;" "Reminiscences on Art and Artists; and a small treatise on elementary drawing, entitled " Graphics," 1845. He contrib. to the Cincin. Literary Gazette in 1824. Pearce. — See also Peirce and Pierce. Pearee, Col. Cromwell, b. Willistown, Pa., Aug. 13, 1772; d. April 2, 1852. He was brought up a farmer ; was a capt. of militia in 1793; 1st lieut. 10th Inf. 1799; and col. 16th U.S. Inf. in July, 1812. He took a disting. part in the capture of York, April 27, 1813; and at Chrystler's Field, on the fall of his lead- er, took the com. In 1816 he became sheriff of Chester Co.; and in 1825-39 was associate judge of the County Court. — Notce Cestriensis. Pearce, Dutee J., lawyer and politician, b. Apr. 1789; d. Newport, R. I., 9 May, 1849. Brown U. 1808. A prominent lawyer ; served in the R. I. legisl.; atty.-gen. of R.I. 1819-25; afterward U.S. dist.-atty. ; M.C. 1825-33 and 1835-7. Pearce, James Alfred, LL.D., U.S. sen- ator in 1843-62, b. Alexandria, Va., Dec. 14, 1805; d. ChestertOAvn, Md., Dec. 24, 1862. N.J. Coll. 1822. He was bred to the law, but was much engaged in agriculture ; was a mem- ber of the Md. legisl. in 1831 ; M.C. in 1835-9 and 1841-3 ; prof, of law in Wash. Coll., Ches- tertown ; and a regent of the Smithsonian Inst. In the senate he was an earnest advocate of the coast-survey ; and, though a memb(ir of the Democratic party, was ardently devoted to the preservation of the Union. Pearson, Elipiialet, LL.D. (Y.C. I802), b. Newbury, Ms., June 11, 1752; d. Greenland, N.H., Sept. 12, 1826. H.U. 1773. Prof, of Hebrew and Oriental languages at H.U. 1786- 1806; ord. Sept. 28, 1808; first prof, of sacred lit. at And. Theol. Sem. 1808-9. He delivered a valuable course of lectures on language at Cambridge, where he also lectured on gram- mar and taught rhetoric with great success. He pub. some occasional discourses, and a Lecture on the death of Pres. Willard, 1804. Pearson, George F., rear-adm. U.S.N., b. Exeter, N.IL, 1799; d. Portsmouth, N.H., June 30, 1867. Midshipm. March 11, 1815; lieut. Jan. 13, 1825; com. Sept. 8, 1841 ; capt. Sept. 14, 1855; rear-adm. July 25, 1866; re- tired July 16, 1862. In 1837, while at Constan- tinople in com. of the U.S. schooner " Shark," he was offered by the Sultan the com. of his navy, with the rank of adm. and the salary of $10,000 per annum. Lieut. Pearson promptly declined the honor. He disting. himself by breaking up the haunts of pirates who infested the Gulf of Mexico, seizing and sinking their vessels, and clearing our waters effectually of those marauders. In 1865-6 he com. the Pa- cific squadron. Pease, Calvin, D.D. (Mid. Coll. 1855), clerjiyman, b. Canaan, Ct., Aug. 12, 1813; d. Burlington, Vt., Sept. 17, 1863. U. of Vt. 1838. He worked on his father's farm in Cliarlotte, Vt., from 1826 to 1832; was princi- pal of the Montpelier Acad, in 1838-42 ; prof, of Greek and Latin in the Vt. U. 1842-Dec. 1855, when he became pres. of that institu- tion. In Jan. 1862 he took charge of the 1st Presb. Church, Rochester, N.Y. ; in 1863 he became a member of the Amer, Philos. Socie- ty. He pub. a "Discourse on the Import and Value of the Popular Lecturing of the Day," 1842; "Classical Studies," in the Bibliotheca Sacra, July, 1852 ; " The Distinctive Idea of Preaching," 1853; "Characteristics of the Eloquence of the Pulpit," 1838; "The Idea of the N.E. College," 1856 ; and a number of occasional sermons. Pease, Calvin, jurist, b. Suffield, Ct., Sept. 9, 1776; d. Warren, 0., Sept. 17, 1839. He studied law with Gideon Grainger, and, after practising in his native State, went to Ohio in 1800. He was in the Ohio legisl.; was active in forming the State govt. ; in 1 803- 10 was pres. judge of the C.C.P. ; and in 181G-30 was judge, and some time chief judge, of the Supreme Court; State senator in 1812. Peaslee, Edmund Randolph, M.D. (Y.C. 1840), b. Newtown, N.H. 1814. D.C. 1836. Prof, of anat. and physiol. D.C 1840-2; of anat. and surgery in the Me. Med. School 1843-51 ; and of physiol. and pathology in N.Y. Med. Coll. since 1851. Author of "Hu- man Histology," &c., 1857. — Allibone. Peck, George, D.D. (Aug. Coll.), clergy- FEC 700 i>Er) man and author, b. Auj?. 8, 1797. He entered the ministry of theM.E. Church in 1816 ; was principal of the Oneida Conf. Sem. in 1835-9 ; was in 1840 app. editor of the Quarterly Re- view, and of the books of the Meth. Book Con- cern ; and editor of the Christ. Advocate and Joumal'm \ 848-52. He has been a member of 9 successive gen. conferences, and represent- ed 4 annual conferences. He has pub. " An Examination of Universalism ; " " The Lives of the Apostles and Evangelists ;" " Christian Perfection ; " " Rule of Faith ; " " Reply to Dr. Lectures to Young Men ; " " Elarly Methodism Bascom on Slavery ; " " Wyoming, its History and Incidents," 1858; "Manly Character, in the Genesee Conference, from 1788 to 1828," 1860 ; " Our Country, its Trials and Tri- umphs," 12mo, 1865. Peck, George W., editor and author, b. Rehoboth, Ms., Dec. 4, 1817; d. Boston, June 6, 1859. B.U. 1837. His boyhood was passed on his father's farm. After graduating, he was a teacher at the West; edited in Cincin- nati the Daily Sun, and Republican ; next studied law in Boston, and was adm. to the bar in 1843. He was frequently a public lec- turer; was musical and dramatic critic for the Boston Post; in 1845 issued the Boston Musical Review ; was afterward connected with the N. Y. Courier and Inquirer, and Colton's Amer. Review, Literary World, Art Union Bul- letin, &c., till Feb. 1853, when he went to Australia. He pub. " Melbourne and the Chincha Islands," N.Y. 1854. At the time of his death he was writing an essay on Shak- Bpearc, a part of which was printed in the Atlantic Monthly. — Duyckinck. Peck, Gex. John Jay, b. Manlius, Onon- daga Co., N.Y., Jan. 4, 1821. West Point, 1843. Entering the 2d Art, he served in Duncan's battery at Palo Alto, Resaca de la Pal ma, and at the siege of Monterey ; in 1847 he joined the array of Scott at Vera Cruz, and, at the assault of Molino del Rey, turned a captured gun upon the enemy with great effect ; for this he was brev. major, hav- ing the previous brev. of capt. for Contreras and Churubusco. Resigning 31 Mar. 1853, he settled in Syracuse as a banker, and was a member of theDemoc. nat. convs. of 1856 and 1860. On the breaking-out of the civil war, he was made brig.-gen. vols. Aug. 9, 1861, and maj.-gen. July 4,1862; he accomp. his brigade to Yorktown with the 4th (Keyes's) corps; arrived with re-enforcements at a criti- cal period of the battle of Williamsburg ; was at the battle of Fair Oaks ; and, at the siege of Richmond, defended the Chickahominy below the railroad. During the movement from Tui-key Creek to Harrison's Landing, he com. the rear-guaid. He was engaged in defence of Suffolk, Va., Apr.-May, 1863; and com. and was engaged in numerous skirmishes and minor actions in N.C. in 1863-4 ; com. on the Canada frontier in 1864-5; mustered out 24 Aug. 1865; pres. N.Y. State Life Ins. Co., Syracuse, since 1866. — Cullum. Peck, John Mason, D.D. (H.U. 1852), Baptist clergyman and author, b. Litchfield, Ct.,0ct.31, 1789; d. Rock Spring, 111, March 15, 1858. At the age of 20, though very illite- rate, he resolved to devote himself to the minis- try. Removing to Greene Co., N.Y., in 1811, he was licensed to preach; was ord. at Cats- kill in June, 1813 ; and in 1814 became pastor of the church in America, Duchess Co., N.Y. He went to St. Louis in 1817; was for the next 9 years an itinerant in Mo. and 111. ; or- ganized the first Bapt. society in St. Louis in 1 826 ; and erected the edifice for the Rock Spring Sem., of which he became principal. In Apr. 1829 he began to pub. the Pioneer, the first Bapt. journal in the West. He aided in found- ing Shurtleff College in 1835, and subsequently a theol. sem. in Covington, Ky. He pub. " Emigrant's Guide," 1832 ; " Gazetteer of Illi- nois," 1834; "Life of Daniel Boone," in Sparks's " Amer. Biog. ; " and a " Memoir of Father Clark," a Western preacher, 1855; ed- ited "Annals of the West; " and aided in es- tablishing hist, societies in the North-western States and Territories. — Forty Years of Pioneer Life ; Memoir of J. M. Peck, edited from his Journals and Corresp. by Rufus Babcock, Phila. 12mo, 1864. Peck, William Dandridge, prof, of nat. history at H.U. from Mar. 27, 1805, to his d. Oct. 3, 1822 ; b. Boston, May 8, 1763. H.U. 1782. He passed some years in a counting- house in Boston, and then for 20 years devot- ed himself to the study of natural history. Like his father John Peck, the eminent ship- builder of the Revol., he was an ingenious mechanic ; made a microscope and the most delicate instruments for which he had occasion. He pub. an account of the sea-serpent in Me- moirs of the Amer. Acad., iv. ; a catal. of Amer. and For. Plants, 1818; and some other articles. Peck, William G., LL.D., b. Litchfield, Ct., Oct. 16, 1820. West Point, 1844. Lieut, of U.S. topog. engrs., res. 1855 ; assist, prof, of math, at W.P. 1847-55 ; prof, of physics and eng. U. of Mich. 1855-7; prof, of math, in Columb. Coll. since 1857. Author of " Ele- ments of Mechanics," 1859; (fault's "Nat. Philos.," 1860; with Ch. Davies, " Mathem. Dictionary and Cyclop, of Math. Science," 8vo, 1855, Pedder, James, agriculturist, b. Newport, Isle of Wight, Eng., July 29, 1775; d. Rox- bury, Aug. 30, 1859. He came to Amer. ab. 1832 ; was engaged in the manuf. of sugar in Phila. several years ; and for 7 years conducted the Parmer's Cabinet, an agric. journal of great merit. From 1844 till his death he was active- ly engaged in contributing to and editing the Boston Cultivator. Several editions of his fa- mous conversations, entitled "F'rank," have been pub. ; and " The Yellow Shoestrings " ran rapidly through 1 7 editions in Lond., and two or more in America ; also author of " Far- mer's Land-Measurer," 18mo, 1854. Pedro I., Antonio Jose D'Alcantara, emperor of Brazil, b. Oct. 12, 1798; d. Sept 24, 1834. He was taken to Brazil with the rest of the royal family in 1808; m. the arch- duchess Leopoldine in 1817; was made re- gent on the departure of his father. King John, for Portugal, in 1821 ; became emperor of Bra- zil Oct. 12, 1822; and on the death of his fa- ther, in 1826, became king of Portugal, but im- FEE 701 FEI mediately abdicated in favor of his infant daughter Donna Maria, on account of the jeal- ousies of the Brazilians ; and was app. regent of Portugal during her minority. Internal dis- sensions caused him to abdicate in favor of his son Pedro II, in 1831 ; and he lived a while in Eng. in retirement. His bro. Don Miguel hav- ing usurped the throne of Portugal, Pedro's fleet, under the com. of Admiral Napier, sig- nally defeated that of Miguel in July, 1813; and Donna Maria was restored to the throne. His son Pedro II., the present emperor, b. 2 Dec. 1825, was crowned 18 July, 1841, and Sept. 4, 1843, m. the princess Theresa Christina Ma- ria, dan. of Francis I., king of the Two Sicilies. Under his rule, Brazil has steadily increased in power ; and internal improvements have been actively carried on. Don P. possesses consid- erable literary and scientific acquirements, and has the enthusiastic affection of his sub- jects. Peet, Harvey Prindle, LL.D., b. Beth- lehem, Ct., 1794. Y. C. 1822. From 1822 to 1831 assoc. with Gallaudet as an instructor in the Hartford Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb ; and since then principal of the N. Y. Inst, for the Deaf and Dumb. Author of " Course of Instruction for the Deaf and Dumb," 4 parts, 1 844-6 ; also author of addresses, reports, memoirs, &c., and contrib. to the "Annals for the Deaf and Dumb," " Journal of Insan- ity," &,c. A biog. sketch of Dr. Peet is in Barnard's Journal of Education. Peet, Stephen, missionary of Wisconsin, b. Sandgate, Vt., 1795; d. Chicago, Mar. 21, 1855. Y.C.I 823. He preached seven years at Euclid, near Cleveland, O, ; was afterward a chaplain at Buffalo, editing the Bethel Mag. and Buffalo Spectator; became minister of Green Bay, Wis., in 1837; assisted in found- ing Beloit Coll. and 30 churches ; was settled as minister of Milwaukie ; afterwards took charge of an institute at Batavia, 111., and was then made agent of an association in Mich, to found a theol. seminary. Author of " Hist, of the Presb. and Cong. Churches and Ministers of Wisconsin," 18mo, 1851. Pegram, Gen. John, b. Richmond, Va., 1832 ; d. Petersburg, Feb. 6, 1865, of a wound received at the battle of Hatcher's Run. West Point, 1856. Son of John Pegram, M.C. from Va. 1818-19. A lieut. of dragoons before the civil war began, he resigned when Va. seceded ; received the com. of a regt., and in 1862 became a brig .-gen. ; taken prisoner at Rich Mountain by Gen. McClellan. He was in most of the severe battles of the Array of Va., and was made maj.-gen. in 1864. His division was noted in the campaign of 1864-5 for desperate fighting ; and Pegram was regarded as one of the ablest division commanders in the Confed. army. Pegram, Gen. William Johnson, b. Petersburg, Va., 1841 ; killed in the battle of Petersburg, April 2, 1865. Son of G^n. James W., nephew of Col. George H. Pegram, the Confed. com. at Rich Mountain. He left the study of law at the U. of Va. to fight in the Confed. army as a private of art. at the bat- tle of Manassas, and won distinction and pro- motion in that arm of the service at Cedar Run, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg ; and attained the rank of gen. shostly before his death. Peirce. — See Peahce and Pierce. Peiree, Benjamin, librarian of H. U. from 1826 to his death, b. Salem, Sept. 30, 1778 ; d. Cambridge, Ms., July 26, 1831. H. U. 1801. Member of the State senate in 1811 ; and for several years a representative of Salem. He pub. the valuable Catalogue of the Library, in 4 vols. 8vo ; and wrote a " Hist, of the Uni- versity," pub. in 1833. Peiree, Benjamin, LL.D. (U. of N.C. 1847), mathematician, son of the preceding, b. Sulem, Ms., Apr. 4, 1809. H.U. 1829. After teaching 2 years at the" Rand Hill School, Northampton, he was app. tutor in math, at Camb. in 1831 ; prof, of math, and nat. philos. in 1833 ; and was Perkins prof, of astron. and math, in 1842-67, and also consulting astron. to " The Amer. Ephemeris and Nautical Al- manac " since its establishment in 1 849. Mem- ber of the leading scientific societies ; an asso- ciateof the Royal Astronomical Society of Lond. since 1849 ; member of the Royal Society of Lond. since 1852; pres. of the Amer. Assoc, for the Advancement of Science in 1853, and one of the scientific council which established the Dudley Observatory in 1855 ; supt. of the U.S. coast-survey since 27 Sept. 1867. He was a pupil of Dr. Bowditch, and read the proof-sheets of the translation of the Mdcamque Celeste while it was going to press. He was a contrib. to Mr. GiWs Mathematical Miscellany, and afterward pub. 5 numbers of the Camb. Misc. of Math., Physics, and Astronomy. He also pub. a series of valuable text-books during the years 1836-46; "Treatise on Analytic Me- chanics," 4to, 1857; "Associative Algebra," 1870; theory of the tails of comets in the ^.s- tron. Journal ; methods of investigating terres- trial longitudes, &c., in the Report of the Supt. of the Coast Survey; and the singular and valuable "Criterion for the Rejection of Doubtful Observations." His first important investigation was his criticism of the compu- tations and results of Leverrier upon the irregu- larities observed in the motions of the planet Uranus. He discovered and announced in 1851 the fluidity of Saturn's rings; in 1852 he prepared a vol. of lunar tables for the Nau- tical Almanac. — Appleton. Peiree, Bradford Kinney, D.D. (Wesl. U. 1868), philanthropist and author, b. Royal- ton, Vt., Feb. 3, 1819. Wesl. U. 1841. In 1843 he was a Meth. minister in the N.E. Conf , stationed at Waltham, and subsequently at Newburyport, Charlestown, and Boston. His health failing, he spent the next 10 years at Roxbury, where he prepared a series of Sun- day-school Question-Books, a "Bible-Scholar's Manual," " A Commentary on Acts." A vol. entitled " The Eminent Dead " had a very large sale. In 1850 he was app. agent for N. E. of the Sunday-school Union ; in 1855-6, while State senator from Norfolk Co., he en- tered zealously into a movement for establish- i;ig a reform school for girls at Lancaster, Ms., of which he was app.. Mar. 1856, supt. and chaplain. Chaplain of the House of Refuge, Randall's Island, N.Y., since 1863. Also au- thor of "Trials of an Inventor;" "A Half- I>EI 702 fem: Century with Juvenile Delinquents," 1869; " Stories from Life ; " " Sequel to Stories from Life," &c. Peirce, Cyrus, teacher, b. Waltham, Ms., Auii;. 15, 1790; d. West Newton, Ms., Apr. 5, 1860. H.U. 1810. He taught a private sclaool in Nantucket 2 years; then studied theology at Cambridge 3 years, and resumed his school at Nantucket. He commenced preaching in 1818; was minister of a Cong, church at North Readingfrom May, 1819, to May, 1827, but, pre- ferring the vocation of a teacher, opened a school at N. Andover ; from 1830 to 1836 he managed a large school at Nantucket ; became principal of its high school in 1837 ; and from 1839 to 1842 was principal of the first Normal School in Amer., at Lexington, Ms. After 2 years of rest, he took charge of the Female Normal School at W. Newton, where he con- tinued till his death. He pub. " A Letter on Normal Schools," addressed to Hon. Henry Barnard, 1851 ; and a prize essay on " Crime, its Cause and Cure," 1853. Peirce, Gen. Ebenezer Weaver, b. Freetown, Ms., 5 Apr. 1822. Descended from Abraham, who was of Plymouth in 1623. Re- ceived an academical education, and held vari- ous local offices ; was a brig.-gen. of State militia in 1855-61 ; com. three-months troops in Va. in May, 1861 ; app. col. 29th Ms. Regt. 13 Dec. 1861 ; lost an arm at the battle of White-oak Swamp 30 June, 1862 ; was in the battle of Manassas 30 Aug. 1862; com. 2d brig. 1st div. 9th army corps, Sept. 1863- Nov. 1864, when he resigned, having served in Ky., Tenn., and Va. App. Aug., 1866, coll. int. rev. 1st dist. Ms. Author of a hist, of the Peirce Family, 8vo, 1870. Peirce, Thomas, poet, and merchant of Cincinnati, b. Chester Co., Pa., Aug. 4, 1786; d. Cin. 1850. Losing his father at an early age, he supported himself by various labors ; taught a school in Phila. ; and in 1813 went to Cincinnati. In 1821 he contrib. a series of satirical odes to the Western Spy, entitled "Horace in Cincinnati," collected and pub. 1822. In 1825 a second satirical series appeared in the National Republican, entitled " Billy Moody." His " Muse of Hesperia," pub. in 1823, is his chief work. He wrote a number of prize-poems, and contribs. to literary jour- nals. -- Poets and Poetry of the West. Peirce, William, an early shipmaster in N.E. ; killed at Providence, one of the Baha- mas, in 1641. He was master of " The Ann " in 1623, afterward of "The Mayflower" and " The Lyon," and was shipwrecked in Va. in 1633. In 1638 he carried captive Pequot Indi- ans for sale to the W. Indies, and brought back negro slaves from Tortugas, — the first slave-traffic in N.E. Author of the first alma- nac printed in the Eng. Amer. Colonies (Camb. 1639). Peirson, Mrs. Lydia Jane (Wheeler), b. Middletown, Ct. Many years a resident of Tioga Co., Pa. ; has contrib. prose and poetry to the Southern Lit. Messenger, the New - Yorker, and other periodicals. Author of " Forest- Leaves and other Poems," 1845 ; and the " For- est-Minstrel," 1847. — Allibone. Peissner, Elias, instructor, col. 119th N.Y. Vols. ; fell at Chancellorsville, Va., May 2, 1863; b. Vilseck, Bavaria, 1826. Grad. at Munich, where he studied philos. and law, and came to Amer. in 1849. Prof, of modern lan- guages at Un. Coll. Author of a " German Grammar," " German Literature," " Romaic Languages," " The Amer. Question," 1861 ; " Lectures on Political Economy ; " " Elements of the English Language ; " address at the great Turner Festival, Albany, June 28, 1858. Pelby, Rosalie (French), actress, b. Kin- derhook, N.Y., Mar. 17, 1793; d. on the pas- sage from San Francisco to N.Y. June, 1855. From her father, the capt. of a North-River sloop, she inherited much personal beauty. Her education was limited; but she had a strong mind, and great perceptive faculties. She was early m. to an English agent, a Mr. Brown, bywhom she had one child, — the late Mrs. Anderson, an actress of great merit. Left a widow a few years after, she m. in Bal- timore Mr. Wm. Pelby, the well-known tra- gedian and manager ; thence she came to Boston, and was wrecked on her passage in the great Sept. gale of 1815. She made her first appearance at the Federal-st. Theatre, Boston, as a chorus-singer, in 1813, but rapidly rose to a high position as an actress, and in some char- acters had no superior, and in others no equal, on the Amer. stage. In 1847, with Mrs. An- derson, she started for Eng. on a pi ofessional tour, but was wrecked on the passage, and re- turned to Boston. Apr. 1, 1853, she received a farewell benefit at the National Theatre, and went to California, where, after acting a while, she opened an exhibition of wax statuary, in the manuf. of which she had great taste, and which she had also exhibited in Boston. She was an ornament to her profession ; and her charities were numerous. Her husband (b. Boston, Mar. 16, 1793), after being many years proprietor and manager of the National Thea- tre, Boston, d. May 28, 1850. Her dau. Julia Pelby, also an actress, m. James Pearson of San Francisco. Pelham, Herbert, one of the founders of Ms., and a connection of the family raised in 1756 to the dukedom of Newcastle, b. Lincoln Co., Eng., 1602 ; d, Suffi)lk, Eng., June, 1673. Magd. Coll., Oxf., 1619. He was one of the Ms. Company in Eng. in 1629; came to Ms. itil638, and settled in Sudbury ; was an assist, in 1645- 9 ; and a commiss. of the United Colonies of N.E. in making a treaty with the Narragansett and Niantick Indians in 1646; in 1(549 he returned to Eng., and engaged in the formation of a society for the religious instruction of the Indians. First treas. H. Coll. 1643. His dau. Penelope m. the second Gov. Winslow. Pell, Robert Conger, of New York, b. 1835; d. Interlachen, Switzerland, 1868. Au- thor of " The Companion," 1850 ; " Milledul- cia," 1857 ; and contribs. to periodicals. Pemberton, the name of a philanthropic Quaker family of Phila. Phineas, the grand- father of Israel, James, and John, came over with Penn, and settled near the Falls of Del. Israel his grandson, a man of eloquence and liberality, devoted the latter part of his life to acts of benevolence, especially to the Indians. He d. Phila. 1779, a. 63. John, the youngest. pem: 703 I>EIT "an eminent example of devotion and self- denial as a gospel minister," d. Pyrmont, AVestphalia, ab. 1795, a. 66. James, b. 1724, d. 9 Feb. 1809, was one of the last of his sect who held a seat in the legisl., and succeeded Franklin as pres. of the Society for the Aboli- tion of Slavery, 1790-1800. He pub. atPhila., in 1757, "An Apology for the People called Quakers," &c. — Portfolio, 1809. Pemberton, Ebenezer, minister " Old South Ch.," Boston, from Aug. 28, 1700, to his d. Feb. 13, 1717. Bapt. Boston, Feb. 11, 1672. H.U. 1691. Son of James, one of the founders of that church. Tutor and fellow of H.U. He pub. a number of occas. sermons, three prefatory epistles, «S;c., 1701-1 1 ; pub. col- lectively in 1727, Svo. The Election Sermon of 1710 was highly esteemed. — Spracjue. Pemberton, Ebenezer, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 1770), clergyman, b. Boston, 1704; d, there Sept. 9, 1779. H.U. 1721. Son of the pre- ceding. He was chaplain at Castle William,. Aug. 9, 1727 ; was called by the First Presb. Church, New York; dismissed in 175-3; and installed in the new brick church (Old North), Boston, Mar. 6, 1754, where he remained until it was closed by the Revol. in 1775. Though one of the most popular preachers of his time, his friendship for Gov. Hutchinson, one of his flock, caused an imputation of loyalty, and created difficulties in the church. He pub. "Sermons on Several Subjects," Svo, 1738; "Practical Discourses," 12mo, 1741 ; "Salva- tion by Grace through Faith," 8 sermons, Svo, 1774; and 9 occasional sermons, 1731-71. Pemberton, John C, gen. C.S.A., b. Phila. ab. 1818. West Point, ISaT. Entering the 4th Art., he served in the Florida war; became 1st lieut. Mar. 19, 1842; aide-de-camp to Gen. Worth during the Mexican war ; brev. capt. and maj. (for gallantry at Monterey and at Molino del Rey) Sept. S, 1847 ; disting. also at Contreras and Churubusco, and at the cap- ture of the city of Mexico, where he was wounded; capt. 16 Sept. 1850; and resigned Apr. 29, 1861. He entered the Confcd. service as a col. of cavalry and assist, adj. -gen. to Joe Johnston; brig.-gcn. 1862; was subsequently made a lieut.-gen. ; com. the army opposed to that of Gon. Grant in N.E. Mpi. ;* and was de- feated at Champion Hills 16 May, 1863. In- trusted with the com. of Vicksburg, he made a gallant defence, but was compelled to surrender to Gen. Grant, July 4, 1863. He resigned his com., and at the close of the war was inspector of artillery, commanding at Charleston. Pemberton, Thomas, historian, b. Bos- ton, 1728; d. there July 5, 1807. A merchant. He contributed largely to the " Colls." of the Ms. Hist. Society, of which he was a member, and at his death left to it all his MSS. His " Chronol- ogy of Ms.," in 5 MS. volumes, was made great use of by Dr. Holmes. His journal of the Ke- vol. war is in " Hist. Colls.," vol. ii. Pender, William D., gen. C.S.A., b. N.C. 1833 ; killed at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863. West Point, 1854. Entering the 4th Art., he was transferred to the 1st Dragoons, 3 March, 1855, and was disting. in several conflicts with Indians in Washington Terr, in Sept. 1858, and in Oregon in 1860; resigned 21 March, 1861. Joining the Confeds. early in 1861, he rose rapidly from col. to major-gcn. (May 20, 1863), and led a division in Gen. Hill's corps at the battle of Gettysburg. Pendergrast, Garrett J., capt. U.S.N., b. Ky. Dec. 5, 1802; d. Phila. Nov. 7, 1862. Midshipm. Jan. 1, 1812; lieut. Mar, 3, 1821 ; com. 1841; capt. May 24, 1855; flag-officer of the home squadron in 1 860 ; and, at the com- mencement of the civil war, protected the im- portant harbor of Hampton Roads. Pendleton, Edmund, statesman, b. Caro- line Co., Va., Sept. 9, 1721 ; d. Richmond, Va., Oct. 23, 1803. His grandfather Philip emig. from Norwich, Eng., ab. 1674. He had few educational advantages, but at 21 was adm. to practise law. Entering the h. of burgesses in 1752, he became a leading mem- ber, and at the period of the Revol. was speaker; in 1764 he was one of the com. to memorialize the king ; member of the com. of coiTesp. in 1773; presiding magistrate and county lieut. of Caroline Co. in 1774; member of Cong, in 1774-5; pres. of the Va. convs. of Dec. 1775, and of May, 1776 ; and drew up the resolutions instructing the delegates of Va. to propose in Cong, a decl. of indep. As the representative of the conservatives, he was the opponent of Patrick Henry, the great popular lender. He was the head of the com. of safety during tho early part of the war, the body which controlled the military and naval operations as well as the foreign corresp. of Va. On the organiza- tion of the State, he was chosen speaker of the house, and app., with Wythe and Jefferson, to revise the col. laws. He was crippled for life by a fall from his horse in March, 1777. Was again elected speaker and pres. of the Chancery Court; and in 1779 pres. of the Court of Ap- peals. In 1788 he presided over the con v. which adopted the U. S. Constitution. His masterly advocacy of this great national com- pact gained for him this high encomium from Jefferson : " Taken all in all, he was the ablest man in debate I ever met with." App. judge of the U.S. Dist. Court of Va. in 1789, but de- clined ; in 1798, when a rupture with France was imminent, he pub. a pamphlet protesting against a war with a sister republic. Pendleton, George H., lawyer and poli- tician, b. Cincinnati, July 25, 1825. Son of N. G. Pendleton. Member of the Ohio senate in 1854-5; M.C. 1855-61 and 1863-5; Democ nominee for vice-pres. in 1864, he received 21 votes out of 233 ; candidate for gov. of Ohio ia 1869, but was defeated. Pendleton, Henry, jurist, b. Va. ab. 1750; d. S.C. Jan. 1789. Emigrating to S.C, he was made a judge in April, 1776. In 1780, when the British overran the State, he joined the patriot forces, and fought at Eutaw. Re- suming his seat e:n- 704 r»EN ward a prominent lawyer and judge in N.Y. His son Nathaniel Greexe, b. Savannah, Aug. 1793, d. June 16, 1861. Col. Coll. 1813. Aide-de-camp to Gen. Gaines in 1813- 16; member of the Ohio senate 1825-6; M.C 1 840-2. Father of George H. Pendleton, William N., brig.-gen. C.S.A., and Frot.-Epis. clergyman, b. Va. West Point, 1830. Assist, prof, of math, at W.P. 1831-2 ; resigned lieutenancy 4th Art. 31 Oct. 1833; prof. Bristol Coll., Pa., 1833, and in Del. Coll., Newark, Del., 1837-8 ; Prot.- Ep. clergyman 1837-61 ; rector of Ep. Diocesan School, Alexandria, Va., 1839-44; capt. of battery in Joe Johnston's army in July, 1861 ; col. of reserve art. at Manassas 1863 ; chief of art., Army of the Valley, and surrendered with Lee, 9 Apr. 1865. Author of " Science a Witness for the Bible," 1860. Penhallow, Samuel, b. Cornwall, Eng., July 2, 1665; d. Portsmouth, N.H., Dec. 2, 1726. He came to this country in 1686, and settled at Portsmouth, N.H., where he was a judge of the Superior Court in 1714, and chief justice from 1717 till his death. Several years treasurer of the province. His wife was Mary, dau. of Pres. Cutt. Author of " Indian Wars of N. E. from 1703 to 1726," printed 1726, reprinted in " N.H. Hist. Colls." Penington, John, M.D., physician, b. 1768; d. of yellow-fever 1793. He studied in Europe ; began practice at Phila. in 1 792. Pub. in 1790 " Chemical and Economical Essays," 8vo ; and " Inaug. Dissert, on Fermentation." Penington, John, b. Monmouth Co., N. J., 1799 ; d. Mar. 18, 1867. Descended from Isaac, an eminent Quaker writer and preacher. Has pub. "An Exam, of B. Plantagenet's Dcscrip. of New Albion," 8vo, Phila. 1840; "Scraps, Ostcologic and Archseological," 8vo, 1841. Editor of Denton's New York, Phila. 8vo, 1845. — Allibone. Penn, John, called " the American Penn," son of Richard, and grandson of William, and gov. of Pa. in 1763-71 and 1773-5, b. Phila.; d. Bucks Co., Pa., Feb. 1795. He continued in the coimtry after his govt, was ended by the Kevol.; and in 1777, having refused to sign a parole, was confined by the Whigs at Fred- ericksburg, Va. The Penn estate is said to have been by far the largest that was forfeited in Amer. The amount claimed of the British govt, by the proprietors was £944,817 sterling, a portion only of which was allowed. — Sabine. JPenn, John, a signer of the Dccl. of Indcp., b. Caroliiie Co., Va., May 17, 1741 ; d. Sept. 1 788. His education was deficient, but possess- ing genius and eloquence of a high order, and having read law with Edmund Pendleton, who was a relative, he was adm. to the bar at the age of 21 , where his forensic efforts were rcmark- aL)le for their force and pathos. In 1774 he removed to Greenville Co., N.C. ; and was a member Cont. Congress, Sept. 8, 1775-6, and 1778-80. When Comwallis invaded N.C, he was placed in charge of public affairs, and acquitted himself with great credit In 1 784 he was app. receiver of taxes for the State of N.C. Penn, Richard, bro. of John, gov. of Pa. in 1771-3; d. Eng. May 27, 1811, a. 77. Unlike his bro., ho held intercourse with the members of Congress ; won general confidence by his liberal course; and when, in 1775, he embarked for Eng., he was intrusted with the second petition of Congress to the king ; after his arrival at Lond., he was examined in the h. of lords as to American affairs. While John Penn was gov., Richard was a member of his council, and naval officer of Pa. ; aftenvard M.P. ; and remarkable for classical attainments and power of memory. — Sabine. Penn, Thomas, last surviving son of Wm., the founder of Pa., b. Mar. 8, 1702; d. Lond. March 21, 1775. In 1741 he left the province, and went to Eng., and in 1746 succeeded, on the death of his bro. John, to the proprietary- share previously owned by him. He had the principal direction of its affairs for half a cen- tury ; was a principal founder of the college at Phila. ; and the Hospital, Library, and other lit- erary, charitable, and religious societies shared his bounty. His wife was a dau. of the Earl of Pomfret. His son Grexville wrote the Life of his great-grandfather. Admiral William Penn. Another son, John, LL.D., was author of critical, poetical, and dramatic works. Penn, William, founder of Pennsylvania, b. Lond. 14 Oct. 1644; d. Rushcourt, 30 July, 1718. Son of Adm. Penn. While a student at Oxford, he became deeply impressed by the preaching of Thomas Loe the Quaker. For a violation of the laws of the university, Penn and some of his associates were expelled. His father, a proud and ambitious man, finding him firm in his convictions of duty, beat him, and turned him out of doors : relenting, however, he sent his son to Paris ; whence he returned, skilled in the language and polite accomplish- ments of the French. He studied law at Lin- coln's Inn, but in 1665 went to Ireland to manage an estate of his father's. He acquired military renown as a vol. at the siege of Car- rickfergus, and caused himself to be painted in military costume. Curiously enough, this is the only genuine portrait of the great apostle of peace. He soon after joined tlie Quakers ; and, at a meeting at Cork in 1767, he was ar- rested and taken to prison, but, on application to the Earl of Orrery, was soon released. Ab. 1668 he began to preach, and, for writing "The Sandy Foundation Shaken," was for months confined in the Tower, where he wrote his cele- brated work, "No Cross, No Crown," and a vindication of himself, entitled "Innocency with her Open Face." Liberated by the influ- ence of his father, to whom he was soon after- wards reconciled, he was in 1670 arrested for street-preaching, committed to Newgate, and tried at the Old Bailey. He pleaded his own cause, and was acquitted, but was detained in prison, and the jury were fined. His father again liberated him, and, dying soon afterward, left him a large fortune, and an admonition not to wrong his conscience. While imprisoned in Newgate, he wrote " The Great Case of Liber- ty of Conscience," and some other religious tracts. He also wrote "England's Present In- terest Considered," 1674, — a most able defence of freedom of conscience and the rights of Englishmen. In 1672 he m. Gulielma Maria Springett, who, after his death, m. Isaac Pen- ington. In 1677, Penn, with Barclay and oth- I>KN- 705 f>ER era, preached in Holland and Germany; in 1676 he became concerned in the settlement of West Jersey, drew up a constitution, and invit- ed settlers ; in 1680 he obtained from the king, in payment of a claim of his father's estate, a patent for Pennsylvania, for which, aided by Algernon Sidney and others, he drew up a masterly scheme of govt. He then pub. "A Brief Account of the Province of Pa., propos- ing the easy purchase of lands, and good terms to settlers thereon. Having established a govt, allowing perfect liberty of conscience, Pcnn visited his province, arriving in Delaware Bay 27 Oct. 1682. Ab. the end of Nov. was held the famous treaty with the Indians ; and he founded Phila., the " city of brotherly love." Committing the govt, to a provis. council, he returned to Eng. in Aug. 1684. Through his influence with James II., who had been his fa- ther's firm friend, he obtained in 1686 the lib- eration of over 1,200 imprisoned Quakers, and aided in procuring in 1687 the "Toleration Act." After the accession of William III., in 1638, Pcnn, having incurred suspicion on ac- count of his intimacy with James, was tried for treason, but was honorably acquitted. He made in 1699-1701 a second visit to America, lie was committed to the Fleet Prison for debt ill 1708, where he remained a long time, but was at length released by the intervention of friends. Worn out, at length, with the inces- sant labors and cares of a life spent almost wholly in the service of others, he died of paralysis. The charge of Macaulay, that Penn dishonorably irapiicated himself in his support of James II., was replied to by Hepworth Dix- on in his Biography of Penn in 1851. — See Lives of Penn by S. Janney, 1852 ; Clarkson, 1813; ,/. MassiUac, 1791; Jacob Post, 1850; and IVeems, 1829; Corresp. between W. Penn and James Logan, with ISotes by Mrs. Deborah Lojan, ed. by Armstrong, 8vo. Pennington, "William, gov. of N.J. 1837-43, b. Newark, N.J., 4 May, 1796; d. there Feb. 16, 1862. N. J. Coll. 1813. Son of Wm. S. He became a prominent lawyer, and chancellor of the State; U.S. dist. clerk 1815- 26 ; app. gov. of Minnesota by Pres. Taylor, but declined that, and also an app. as one of the judges to settle claims under the Mexican treaty; M.C. 1859-61; chosen speaker of the house in Feb. 1860, after a long and severe con- test. He was a Whig, and finally a Republi- can, in politics. Pennington, William S., gov. of N.J. 1813-15, b. 1757; d. Newark, N. J., Sept. 17, 1826. Adm. to the bar 1802; member of the Icgisl. ; app. assoc. justice Sup. Court of N. J. 28 Feb. 1804 ; judge U.S. Dist. Court 1815-26. Maj. 2d N.J. Art. in Revol war. Chancellor of N. J. Author of N. J. Sup. Court Reports 1803-16, 8vo, 1825. — iV. E. II. and G. Peg. 1870. Pennock, Alexander M., com mod ore U.S.N., b. Va. Nov. 1, 1813. Midsliipin. Apr. 1, 1828; lient. Mar. 25, 1839 ; com. Dec. 15, 1855 ; capt. Jan. 2, 18G3 ; commo. May 6, 1868. Com. steamer " Southern Star," Rrnzil squad, and Paraguay ex ped., 1859-60; flect- capt. Mpi. squadron 1862-4, gaining a repu- tation for executive ability of the highest or- 45 der. Com. "Franklin " (flag-ship), European squadron, 1868-9, — Ilamersly. Pennock, Caspar Wistar, M.D., phy- sician, b. 1800; d. Howellville, Del. Co., Pa., 16 Apr. 1867. Some time physician to the Phila. Hospital. Author of a valuable work on diseases of the heart. Penny, Virginia, b. Louisville, Ky., 1826. Grad. Steubenville Female Sem. Author of " The Employments of Woman," 12mo, 1862 ; " 500 Employments adapted to Women," 12mo, 1868; "Think and Act, or Men and Wo- men ; " " Work and Wages," 12mo, 1869. — AUibone. Pennypaeker, Galusha, soldier, b. Pa. Private 9th Pa. Vols. Apr. 1861 ; maj. 97th, Oct. 1861 ; engaged in Florida and Charleston harbor ; wounded at Drury's Bluff, Va., May, 1864; col. Aug. 1864; engat^ed on the James River and in front of Petersburg to Sept. 1864; com. brigade in 10th corps, and wound- ed, at Fort Flarrison, Va., and in the action of Darbytnwn Road, Va. ; com. 2d brig. 2d divis- ion, 24th corps, and severely wounded, at cap- ture of Fort Fisher, for which brevetted brig.- gen. U.S.A. ; and brev. maj. -gen. for gallant and merit, services during the war; col. 34th U.S. Inf. July 28, 1866; transf. to 16.th Inf. 15 Mar. \^m. — Henry. PepperreU, Sir William, bart., soldier, b. Kittery Point, Me., June 27, 1696; d. there July 6, 1759. Of Welsh origin. Wm. his fa- ther Qame to N.E. as apprentice to a fisher- man. The son, originally a merchant, pos- sessed those characteristics of body and mind which fitted him for a military career, in which, in a country exposed to Indian hostility, he at- tained distinction. Member of the council from 1727 till his death, and was app. chief justice of the C.C.P. in 1730. He com. the exped. which captured Louishurg, June 16, 1745, for which he was in 1746 made a baro- net. Visiting Eng. in 1749, he was made a col. in the British army; became maj.-gen. in 175.5, and lieut.-gen. 1759. He was for 30 years one of the commiss. to treat with the Eastern Indians ; and, as pres. of the council, was acting gov. of Ms. from the death of Phipps, in Mar. 1756, until the arrival of Pownall in 1758. He pub. "Conference with the Penob- scot Tribe," Boston, 8vo, 1753. His grandson William P. Sparhawk (H. U. 1766) d. Lond. Dec. 17, 1816, a. 70; assumed his name, and was created a bart. Oct. 29, 1 774. He was a loyalist, and the vast PepperreU estates were in 1778 confiscated. He was allowed £500 by the British govt. One of the founders of the British and Foreign Bible Society. — See Par- sons's Life of Sir Wm. PepperreU. Perce, Elbert, b. New York 1831. Au- thor of " Gulliver Joe," 1851-3 ; " Old Karl the Cooper," 1854 ; " The Last of his Name ; " " The Battle Roll," an encyclop. of battles and sieges, 8vo, 1857-8; novels transl. from the Swedish of E. F. Carlen. Percival, James Gates, M.D., poet and geologist, b. Berlin, Ct., Sept. 15, 1795; d. Ha- zelgrove, Wis., May 2, 1856. Y. Coll. 1815, where his tragedy of "Zaraora" formed a part of the commencement-exercises. In 1820, hav- ing finished his med. studies, he commenced FKR 706 FBR practice at Charleston, S.C., where he pub. the first of the three numbers of his " Clio; " in 1821 " Prometheus and other Poems ; " and in 1822 another vol. of poems, and became one of the most popular of American poets. Assist, sur- geon in the army 1824; and was stationed at West Point as lecturer on chemistry, but re- signed in a few months, and was made surgeon in connection with the recruiting-service in Boston. Here he contrib. frequently to the U. S. Lit. Gazelle, and edited an edition of Knox's " Elegant Extracts." In 1827 he re- moved to N. Haven, and pub. a third vol. of poetry, and a final vol. in 1843, entitled " The bream of a Day, and other Poems ; " in 1834 he pub. an edition of Make Brun's Geography, with annotations and additions; in 1835, in conjunction with Charles U. Shepard, he was app. to make a geolog. and mineral, survey of Ct., the report of which was pub. in 1842. Dr. Percival was partial to philological stud- ies, and had a critical knowledge of many of the modern languages of Europe. He spent two years in assisting Noah Webster to com- pile his quarto Dictionary. In 1854 he was app. State geologist of Wis. ; and at the time of his death held the office of State geologist in 111. His 1st III. Report was pub. in 1855. He was a man of scholarly tastes and eccentric habits. A coll. of his poems was pub. Boston, I860, 2 vols. Percival, John, capt. U.S.N., b. Barn- stable, Ms., Apr. 3, 1779 ; d Dorchester, Ms., Sept. 17, 1862. Quitting the merchant-service, he entered the navy as sailing-master, March 6, 1809; became lieut. Dec. 9, 1814; master March 3, 1831 ; capt. Sept. 8, 1841. He dis- played daring and intrepidity in the capture of the British tender " Eagle " off New York, and skill and good conduct in the engagement between "The Peacock" and "Epervier" Apr. 29, 1814. His last cruise was in " The Constitution" in 1843-7. His professional skill was of the highest order, and he was a strict disciplinarian. " Mad Jack," as the sailors called him, was rough in his manners, and very eccentric. -Percy, Earl Hugh, duke of Northum- berland, a British gen., b. Aug. 25, 1742; d. July 10, 1817. Entering the army very young, he first saw service under Prince Ferdinand in Germany. Though he did not approve of the Amer. war, he offered his services, and com. as a brigadier in 1775-6. He led the timely re-enforcement, which, Apr. 19, 1775, prevented the destruction of Col. Smith's command, on the day of the Lexington battle. He was not S resent at the battle of Bunker's Hill ; but in fov. 1776 contrib. to the reduction of Fort Washington, the column led by him being the first to enter the American lines. He succeed- ed to the barony of Percy on the death of his mother in Dec. 1776; returned to Eng., and succeeded to the dukedom June 6, 1786. Perez, Jose Joaquin, Chilian statesman, b. Santiago de Chili 1801. Sec. of legation in France 1829-31 ; min.-plenipo. to Buenos Ayres 1832; subsequently dep. to Congress, councillor of state, minister of finance (1844), of the interior, of foreign affairs (1849) ; pres. of the chamber of deputies, and pres. of the senate; elected pres. of the Republic of Chili 7 Sept. 1861; re-elected 24 July, 1866, for the term ending 1871. Perham, Sidney, gov. Me. 1870-1 ; M.C. 1863-9; b. Woodstock, Me., 27 Mar. 1819. Farmer and teacher until 1852; member of the board of agric. 1852-4 ; member and speaker of the legisl. 1855 ; county clerk of Oxford 1858 and 1861. Perkins, Elisha, physician, b. Norwich, Jan. 16, 1741 ; d. New York, Sept. 6, 1799. Ed- ucated for the profession by his father Dr. Jo- seph in Plainfield, and possessed remarkable endowments of body and mind. He made great sacrifices in establishing and supporting an acad. at Plainfield, and other useful improve- ments there. Ab. 1796 he invented the " Me- tallic Tractors." These were brass and iron pins, applied first to the cure of gout, rheuma- tism, and analogous disorders, and attracted great attention for a time, but soon fell into disuse, being attacked as an imposture by men of science. He invented an antiseptic medicine, and, to test its efficacy against yel- low-fever, went to New York during its pre- valence in 1799, and fell a victim to that dis- ease. Perkins, George Roberts, LL.D. (Ham. Coll. 1852), mathematician and astronomer, b. Otsego Co., N.Y., May 3, 1812. Principally self-educated. He taught mathematics at the "Liberal Institute," Clinton, N.Y., in 1831-8; became principal of the Utica Acad. ; prof, of math, in the State Normal School in 1844-8, and principal in 1848-52. He soon after su- perintended the erection of the Dudley Observa- tory; and in 1858 was app. dep. State eng., and surveyor of the State of N.Y. Author of a series of mathematical text-books, including arithmetics; "Treatise on Algebra," 1841; " Elements of Algebra," 1844 ; " Elements of Geometry," 1847; "Trigonometry and Sur- veying," 1851 ; "Plane and Solid Geometry," 1854; also a text-book on astronomy. He has contrib- to many scientific periodicals. Perkins, Jacob, inventor, b. Newbury- port, Ms., July 9, 1766 ; d. London, July 30, 1849. At the age of 15 he carried on the busi- ness of a goldsmith in his native tpwn, also inventing a method of plating shoe-buckles, then universally worn ; at 21 he made dies for the mint ; at 24 he invented the machine for cutting and heading nails at one operation, and invented steel plates for bank-notes which it was supposed could not be counterfeited. He resided some time in Boston and New York ; went to Phila. in 1815, and in 1818 to Eng., where he received a generous patronage, and was employed in perfecting engines and ma- chines to be worked bv steam-power, and car- ried on a lar^e manuf. in Lond. for many years. He also originated the process of transferring engravings fi'om one steel plate to another; invented the steam-gun; the bathometer, for compressing water ; and the pleoraeter, to mark the speed with which a vessel moves. Many of his inventions were rewarded by the gold and silver medals of the Society of Arts, Lon- don. Perkins, James Handastd, author, b. Boston, July 31, 1810; d. Cincinnati, Dec. 14, PER 707 I>ER 1 849. Son of Samuel G., and nephew of Thos. H. Perkins, in whose counting-room he was a clerk in 1828-30. After a tour to Eng. and the W. Indies, he settled in Cincinnati in 1832, Avhere he studied law, which he soon abandoned for literature. Hecontrib.tothe Western Monthly Mag., and edited the livening Chronicle and Cin- cinnati Mirror. After the failure of his publisher, he became in 1 839 minister at large, — a mission of benevolence to which he devoted the rest of his life. Pastor of the Cincinnati Unitarian Society in 1841-7. He also identified himself with the cause of prison discipline and reform, and gave much attention to education. First pres. of the Cin. Hist. Soc. in 1844, and was afterward vice-pres. of that of Ohio. He pub. "Annals of the West," 8vo, 1847 ; a series of hist, sketches of that region in the N. A. Review from 1839 to 1847, and Digest of the Const. Opinions of Judge Marshall, and contrib. val- uable hist, papcra on the West to the A^. Y. Review. In a fit of depression he drowned himself in the Ohio. — See W. H. Channing's coll. of his Writings, 2 vols. 12mo, 1851. Perkins, Joxathan Cogswell, b. Ips- wich, Ms., Nov. 21, 1809. Phillips And. Acad. ; Amh. Coll. 1832. He studied at the Canib. Law School; was adm. to the bar in 1835; practised law successfully 13 years, when he became judge of the C. C. P. of Ms. ; State senator 1847. He has edited and annotated Pickering's "Reports," vols. 2-10; Chitty's " Crim. Law," 3 vols. 1836 ; Chitty on "Con- tracts," 1839; Jarman on "Wills," 1845; Abbot on " Shipping," 1846 ; Danicll's " Chan- cery Practice,'^ 3 vols. 1846; Collycr on "Partnership," 1848, &c. ; and has in press a treatise on " Arbitrations and Awards." Ed. with T.Metcalf and G. T. Curtis of Digest of Decis. of the Courts of Com. Law and Admi- ral t}^, 6 vols. 1854-6. Now (1871) practises law iu Salem. Perkins, Justin, D.D., missionary to the Nestorians, b. West Springfield, Ms., Mar. 12, 1805 ; d. Chicopee, Dec. 31, 1869. Amh. Coll. 1829. He passed his youth on his fiathcr's farm ; was a teacher and tutor at Amherst ; was app. to the Nestorian mission in Jan. 1833, and established himself at Oroomiah in Nov. 1834, where he established schools, and trans- lated portions of the Scriptures into the Syriac tongue. In 1841 he visited this country, accom. by Mar Yohannan, the Nestorian bishop. In Aug. 1869, worn out by his toils, he came homo to die. Author of " Eight Years in Persia," &c., 8vo, 1843; "Missionary Life in Persia," &c., 1861. Perkins, Nathan, D.D. (N. J. Colh 1801 ), minister of W. Hartford from 1772 to his d. Jan. 18, 1838; b. Lisbon, Ct., May 14, 1749. N.J. Coll. 1770. He pub. a vol. of sermons 1795, Four Letters on the Anabaptists 1793, a sermon on his 60th anniv., many pieces in the Ct. Evangel. Mag., and several occas. ser- mons. His son Nathan (Y.C. 1795) was minister of the Second Cong. Ch., Amherst, from 1810 to his d. Mar. 1842, a. 65.— Sprague. Perkins, Samuel, lawyer and historian, b. Lisbon, Ct., 1767; d- Sept. 1850. Y.C. 1785. Educated for the ministry, he was li- censed and preached, but aftenvard practised law in Windham. Author of a " History of the Late War," 8vo, 1825; "Hist. Sketches of the U.S. 1815-30," 12mo, 1830; "Gen. Jackson in the Seminole War," 8vo, 1828; " The World as it Is," 12mo, 5th ed., 1840. Perkins, Samuel E., b. Brattlcborough, Vt., 1811. Author of " Digest of Decis. Sup. Ct. of Ind.," 8vo, 1858 ; "Pleadings and Prac- tice under the Code of Ind ," 8vo, 1859. Perkins, Col. Thomas Handastd, a philanthropic merchant of Boston, b. Boston, Dec. 15, 1764; d. there Jan. 11, 1854. He commenced his commercial life in partnership with his elder bro. James, who was a resident of St. Domingo when the insurrection of the blacks occurred, and was compelled to flee for his life. In 1789 he went as supercargo to Batavia and Canton, and obtained a thorough acquaintance with the Oriental trade. The bros. afterwards embarked in the trade to the north-west coast, Canton and Calcutta, in which they acquired great wealth. Soon after the death of James, in 1822, Col. Perkins re- tired from active business. The Perkins fami- ly gave over $60,000 to the Boston Athenasiim. He took a prominent part in the erection of the Bunker-hill Monument, and gave his es- tate in Pearl St., valued at $40,000, for the use of the Asylum for the Blind. He was also in 1827 the projector of the Quincy Railway, the first in the U.S. Subsequently he was much interested in urging forward the comple- tion of the Washington Monument ; and was also the largest contrib. to the Merc. Lib. Assoc. For many years he represented Bos- ton in both branches of the State legisl. ; and, during the war of 1812, he was disting. as a strenuous opponent of Madison's administra- tion. Perrein, Jean, naturalist, b. France, 1749; d. New York, 1805. Member of the Bordeaux Society of sciences and belles-let- tres. He explored Africa and most of the W. I. islands, and spent several months in New York. In Sonnini's edition ofBufFon's Nat. Hist., credit is given to Perrein for many valuable contribs. to that Avork. Perrine, Matthew La Rue, D.D. (AUegh. Coll. 1818), b. Monmouth Co., N. J., 4 Mav, 1777 ; d. Auburn, N.Y., Feb. 11, 1836. N. J.' Coll. 1797. Pastor of the Presb. Ch., Bottle Hill, N. J., 1802-11 ; of Spring-st. Ch., New York, 1811-20; prof, of eccl. hist, and ch. polity (and for 2 years of theol. also) in Auburn Theol. Sem. from 1821 to his d. Au- thor of "Plan of Salvation," 1816 ; " Abstract of Biblical Geog.," 8vo, 1835. — Sprague. Perrot, Nicholas, trader, discoverer of the lead mines on the River Des Moines, Iowa. Was a man of talent and education. Repair- ing at an early period to the Indian country, he soon learned the Algonquin language>i. On returning to Quebec in 1665 with a party of Otfawas, he accomp. St. Ltis«;on to the Falls of St. Mary as interpreter; in 1684 he was em- ployed by De La Barre in bringing the West- ern tribes to his assistance against the Iro- quois ; and in 1687 did the like service for Denonville. He was several years Indian agent, and in 1697 was on the point of being PER 708 IJKX burned by the Miamis, and saved only by the Outaj^amis, by whom he was much belovid. Under De Vaudreuil he was interpreter, and addressed to him a memoir rcspectinj^ the Western country. He had a fort on Lake Pepin; had travelled over most of New France ; and left an interesting manuscript ac- count of" the manners and customs of the In- dians, from wiiieh M. De La Potherie borrowed larirely for his " Histoire de VAmerique." Cl»arIevoix also acknowledges his indebtedness to him. — 0' Calki(]han . Perry, Amos, teacher and author, b. Natick, Ms., 12 Aug. 1812. H.U. 1837. Son of Elijah and Mary (Jones) Perry. He was first principal of the Young Ladies' High School, N. London, Ct. ; and was many years, and until 1859, a teacher in Providence, R.I., being also a vice-pres. of the Amer. Inst, of Instruction; consul to Tunis in 1862-7, and, having carefully examined tlie site of Ancient Carthage, embodied the result of his researches in a vol. of 560 pages, 8vo, pub. in 1869. He has been a frequent contrib. to the public journals, and is a member of several learned societies. Perry, Arthur Latham, prof, of hist, and polit. economy Wms. Coll., b. Lyme, N.H., 1830. Wms. Coll. 1852. Author of •' Elements of Polit. Econ.," 8vo, 1866. Perry, Christopher Raymond, capt. U.S.N.,'b. R.L 1760; d. Newport, June 8, 1818. He served with distinction in the Re- vol. navy ; was in the hard-fought action of " The Watt " and " The Trumbull ; " and was for some months confined in the Jersey Prison-ship; post capt. Jan. 7, 1798. April 3, 1801, the navy was nearly disbanded; and Capt. Perry was app. coll. of Newport. His 5 sons (Oliver H., Raymond H., Mathew C., James A., and Nathl. H.), all officers of the navy, disting. themselves during the war of 1812-15. A dau., Anna Muria, m. Capt. Geo. W., son of Com. John Rodgers, and d. N. London, Ct., Dec. 7, 1858, a. 60. Perry, Mathew Calbraith, commo- dore U.S.N., b. Newport, R I., 1794; d. New York, March 4, 1858. Son of Christopher R., and bro. of O. H. P^rry. Midshipm. Jan. 16, 1809; lieut. July 24, 1813; com. March 21, J 8*26 ; .capt. Feb. 9, 1837. In 1819, in " The Cyane," he fixed the locality of the first settlement of Liberia. In the schooner " Shark " he cruised in the W. Indies in 1821-4, and captured several pirates. He cruised in the Mediterranean in 1830-3; on his return home was actively employed in the Brooklyn navy-yard as supt. of a school for gun practice, and the organization of a steam navy ; in 1838 he was sent to visit the dock- yards and lighthouses of Europe; in 1839- 41 he com. the Brooklyn navy-yard ; then the African squadron ; com. the Gulf squadron ; and ably co-operated in the siege of Vera Cruz during the Mexican war. He com. the Japan expcd. in 1852-4, and negotiated an impor- tant treaty with that power, March 21, 1854. An account of the Japan exped. from Perry's Notes, vols. i. and ii. edited by F. L. Hawks, LL.D., vol. iii. ed. by George Jones, A.M., was pub. 1856. Perry, Oliver Hazard, commo. TJ.S.N., b. So. Kingston, R. I., 23 Aug. 1785 ; d. Port Spain, Trinidad, 23 Aug. 1819. Son of Chrit- topher R. ; grandson of Judge Freeman Perry, who d. Oct. 1813, a. 82. Midshipm. 7 April, 1799, and served in the Tripolitan war; lieut. 15 Jan. 1807; master-com. 28 Aug. 1812; had charge of a flotilla of gunboats in N.Y. harbor in 1812; was in Feb. 1813 ordered to Lake On- tario to serve under Chaunccy, co-operating gallantly, at the head of a body of seamen, in the attack on Fort George; and was soon after ordered to com. the squadron on Lake Eric. Having equipped a fleet of 9 small vessels, he attacked the British fleet on the morning of Sept. 10, 1813, and gained a complete victory, capturing the enemy's entire sq^uadron. Tliis was the first naval action in which he had been engaged. For this brilliant service he was pro- moted to capt. (Sept. 10, 1813), received the thanks of Congress and a medal, and also re- ceived similar honors from the senate of Pa. He co-operated with Gen. Harrison in retaking Detroit; and at the battle of the Thames, Oct. 5, 1813. He com. "The Java," in Decatur's squadron in the Mediterranean, in 1815; and in 1819 sailed in " The John Adams " for the W. Indies, where he died of yeliow-fever. 18 Sept. 1860 a marble statue by Walcutt was erected with great ceremony at Cleveland, O., near the scene of the battle, to the memory of Com. Perry. — See Life of Perry by A. S. Mackenzie. Perry, William Stevens, D.D. (Amh. Coll.), Pr.-Ep. clergyman and author, b. Provi- dence, R.L, 1832. H.U. 1854. Ord. deacon 1857; priest 1858; settled at Geneva, N.Y. Author of " Hist. Sketch of the Mission. As- soc, of the Eastern Diocese of Ms," 1859; with F. L. Hawks, " Journals of the Gen. Conventions of the P. E. Ch.," vol. i. 1861, to be completed in about 8 vols. ; " Hishops Sea- bury and Provost," 8vo, 1862; "Connection of the Ch. of Eng. with Early American Dis- covery and Colonization," 8vo, 1863; " Docu- mentary Annals of the Colonial Church," 4to, vol.i. (Connecticut); "Questionson the Life and Laboiii of the Great Apostle," 1868 ; " Church- man's Year-Book, &c., for 1870," 12mo, Hartf Contrib. to the Hist. Mac/, and other periodi- cals, and ed. of papers rela ing to the Hist, of Va. 1650-1776, 4to, 1870. Person, Thomas, Revol. patriot of N.C. He strenuously opposed the Stamp Act ; was a violent regulator ; and, for his zeal for liber- ty, had his estates ravaged by the Tories. Del- egate to the Prov. Assembly 1774-6, and to the convention that formed the State constitution in 1776 ; was app. a brig.-gcn. of militia, April, 1776 ; and represented Granville Co. until 1814 in the State senate. For his liberality to the university a hall was erected at Chapel Hill, Avhich bears his name. A countv of N.C. was named for him in 1791. — Wheeler. Person, William, 1793-1818 (entered of H.U. 1816). attracted attention by his scholar- ship, and the fact of his parentage bein^ a mys- tery even to himself. In 1820, D. L. Child pub. his "Life, Letters, and Poet, and Misc. Pieces." — Allibone. Peter, Robebt, M.D., prof, of chemistry FKT 709 FET in Transylv. U. (app. 1837), b. Lancaster, Corn- wall, Eng., 1805. Some ycai'S chemical assist, to the geol. survey of Ky. Author of " History of Lexington, Ky., and of Transylvania Uni- versity," 8vo, 1855, introductory to his course of lectures in the medical dept. of the U. Prof. P. was 2 years editor of the Transylv. Jour, of Med., &c. ; contrib. to the Western Lancet and other periodicals. — Allihone. Peters, Absalom, D.D. (Mid. Coll. 1833), Cong, clergyman and author, b. Wentworth, N.H., Sept. 19, 1793; d. New York, May 18, 1869. Dartm. Coll. 1816; Princeton Sem. 1819. Son of Gen. Absalom (D.C. 1780), a descendant of Wm. of Boston, bro. of the noted Hugh Peters. Li 1819 he was a missionary in Northern N.Y.; pastor of the First Church, Bennington, Vt., from July 4, 1820, to Dec. 14, 1825; sec. of the Home Missionary Soc. until 1837, and editor of the Home Missionan/ and Pastor's Journal ; and in 1 838 began to edit the Amer. Biblical Repository. Prof, of pastoral theol. and homiletics in the Union Theol. Sera., N.Y., 1842-4 ; pastor of the First Church, Wil- liamstown, Ms., in 1844-57. Here he originated and edited the Amer, Eclectic and the Amer. Journal of Education, afterward merged in that of Dr. Henry Barnard. When past 70, he pub. a vol. of poems. During his long life, he was never ill. Author of "A Plea for Voluntary Societies ; " " Spiinkling the only Mode of Bap- tism," &c. ; " Sermon against Horse-Racing," 1822; " Sacred Music," 1823; "Colleges, Re- ligious Institutions," 1851. Peters, Col. Andrew, Revol. officer ; d. Westborough, Ms., Feb. 1822, a. 80. Maj. 2d Ms. Rcgt. 7 July, 1777; lieut.-col. 15th, 26 Nov. 1779. Peters, or Peter, Hugh, clergyman and politician, b. Fowey, Cornwall, Eng., 1599; executed in Lond. Oct. 16, 1660. Trin. Coll., Camb., 1622. Took holy orders, and preached successfully for some time at St. Sepulchre's, Lond., but, after imprisonment for nonconform- ity, removed to Rotterdam. He preached to an independent cong. there several years; then came to N.E., arriving in Oct. 1635; became pastor, Dec. 21, 1636, of the church in Salem, as successor of Roger Williams, whose doctiines he disclaimed, and whose adhorcnfs he excommu- nicated. He was also active in civil and mercan- tile alfairs, suggesting coasting and foreign voy- ages and the plan of the fisheries. In Mar. 1638 he was app. by the Gen. Court to assist in col- lecting and revising the colonial laws; Aug. 3, 1641, he sailed to Eng. to procure an alteration in the laws of excise and trade ; had several in- terviews with Charles I. ; and probably influ- enced the passage of an act of parliament mod- ifying them in 1643. He became a preacher in the parliamentary arm}', which bo accomp, to Ireland in 1649, holding, it is said, a colonel's commission. In 1651 he was app. by parlia- ment one of the commiss. to amend the laws ; and in 1654 was made one of the " trycrs " of ministers; in 1658 he preached for some time to the Eng. ganison in Dunkirk. After the restoration, Peters was committed to the Tower, and indicted for high treason, as having been concerned in the death of the king. During his impiisonment he wrote several letters of advice to his daughter, subsequently (1717) pub. un- der the title of "A Dying Father's Last Legacy to an Only Child." His private character has been the subject of much discussion both in Eng. and Amer. He was charged by his ene- mies with gross immorality, and the most bit- ter epithets were applied to hhn by Bishops Burnet, Kenneth, and others; but of late years he has been estimated more favorably. Author of "Good Work for a Good Magistrate," 1651 (in which he recommends burning the histori- cal records in the Tower) ; and some sermons and political tracts. Peters, Hugh, poet, b. Hebron, Ct., Jan. 30, 1807 ; d. Cincinnati, O., June 9, 1831. Y.C. 1826. Son of Judge John T. Adm. to the bar in 1828, he began practice at Cincin. Among his contribs. to the N. E. Weekly Re- view were a scries of Yankee lyrics of much merit. — See Everest's Poets of Ct., and CoggeS' hall's Poets ond Poetry ofilie )West. Peters, John Charles, M.D., physician, b. New York, July 6, 1819. He commenced the study of homoeopathy in 1837, and, visiting Europe in 1 842, continued it in the schools of Leipsic, Berlin, and Vienna. Commencing practice in New York as a homoeopathist, he has endeavoi'cd to incorporate into that system such improvements in medical practice as aus- cultation and percussion, microscopy, the use of the ophthalmoscope, pathological anatomy and chemistry, &c. Author of "Diseases of the Head," 1850; "Diseases of Females," 1854; "Diseases of the Eyes," 1855; "Apo- plexy," 1853; "Nervous Derangement and Mental Disorders," 1854; "Asiatic Cholera," 1867. With Dr. Witherspoon, he translated Rokitansky's " Pathological Anatomy," 1 849 ; and, with Dr. Snelling and others, pub. a " Ma- teria Medica," 1856-60. He has also edited the N. A. Jour, of Homoeofiathy. He was one of the founders of the N. Y. Path. Soc. ; and in 1859 was elected pres. of the Coll. of Med. Sciences, and prof, of materia medica and therapeutics. — Appleton. Peters, John Thompson, jurist, b. Hebron, Ct., 11 Oct. 1765 ; d. Hartford, 28 Aug. 1834. Y. C. 1789. Established himself in the prac- tice of law in Hebron in 1786 ; app. coll. of rev- enue 1st dist. 1813; judge Sup. Court, May, 1818. Peters, Richard, D.D., b. Liverpool, Eng., 1704 ; d. Phila. July 10, 1776. He came to America in 1735 ; was in 1735-7 pastor of Christ Church, Phila. ; Oct. 26, 1737, became proprietary sec. ; in Feb. 1743 provincial sec, and clerk of the council ; and in May, 1 749, member of theProv. Council; Jan. 2, 1762, he resigned his civil offices, and was rector of St. Peter's Dec. 1 762-Sept. 1 775. He pub. a Serm. on Education, 1751. — Dorr's Christ Church. Peters, Richard, jurist and agriculturist, nephew of the preceding, b. Blockley, near Phila., Aug. 22, 1744 ; d. there Aug. 21, 1828. Phila. Coll. He obtained early and consider- able success in the legal profession ; spoke Ger- man fluently ; and was disting. for wit and humor. At the commencement of the Revol. he became capt. of a company of vols., but was soon transferred by Congress to the board of war, of which he was sec. June 13, 1776-Dec. PET 710 I>ET 1781 ; member Old Congress 1782-3; and from 1789 to his death was U.S. dist. judge of Pa. First pres. of the company who built the per- manent bridge over the Schuylkill at PhiFa ; and to him the country is also indebted for in- troducing the use of gypsum into agric, he having in 1797 pub. a relation of his experi- ments with it on his own farm. Pres. of the Phila. Agric. Soc, and enriched its memoirs with many valuable contribs. Author of " Ad- miralty Decisions in the U.S. Dist. Court of Pa." (1780-1807), 2 vols. 8vo, 1807. (See Sketch of his Life by SamL Dreck, Esq.) His son Richard, jun., succeeded Henry Wheaton as reporter U.S. Sup. Court. He has pub. "Reports U.S. Circuit Ct., 3d Cir., 1803- 18," 8vo, 1819 ; "Reports U.S. Supreme Ct.," 1828-43,17 vols. 8vo ; "Condensed Reports of Cases U.S. Sup. Ct. to 1827," 6 vols. 8vo, 1835; "Digest of Cases U.S. Sup. Ciircuit, and Dist. Cts., to 1847," 2 vols. 8vo, 1848 and 1855; " Case of the Cherokee Nation against the State of Ga.," 8vo, 1831 ; editor of " Chit- ty on Bills," 1819; and Washington's "Cir- cuit Ct. Reports, 3d Circuit, 1803-27," 4 vols. 8vo, 1826-9. Peters, Samuel Andrew, D.D., LL.D., clergyman smd author, b. Hebron, Ct., Dec. 12, 1735; d. N.Y. Apr. 19, 1826. Y.C. 1757. He travelled in Europe in 1758-9. Became a Pr.-Epis. clergyman, and in 1762 took charge of the churches of Hebron and Hartford. His imprudence and loyalty involved him in con- stant trouble ; and probably no clergyman of his time was more obnoxious. Being a Tory, he was forced in 1774 to flee to Eng., where he pub. in 1781 " A General History of Con- necticut," which has been called the " most un- scrupulous and malicious of lying narratives." Its narrations are independent of time, place, and probability. In 1 794 he was chosen bishop of Vt., but was never consec. In 1805 he re- turned to Amer., and pub. in N.Y. a " History of Rev. Hugh Peters," his great-uncle, in 1807, and also a brief history of Hebron. In 1817 he made a journey to the Falls of St. Antbony, claiming a large tract of land in that region. He afterward lived in N.Y. City in poverty and obscurity, though he obtained a pension and a grant for property confiscated bv the patriots. He is the "Parson Peter" o"f Trumbull's " M'Fingal." Petersen, John Eric Christian, ma- rine painter, b. Copenhagen, Denmark, 3 April, 1839. Studied law in the U. of Copenhagen in 1859, and afterward learned the art of painting at the Roy. Acad, of Copenhagen, and with Malbve and Dahl ; serA'ed as an officer of Danish inf in the war with Prussia and Aus- tria in 1864 ; arrived in the U.S. 29 July, 1865, and has a studio in Boston. Among his best pictures are " The Start of the Ocean Race of 1866 from Sandy Hook," "Phantom Ship," " Rescue," " Egg Rock," " Making Sail after the Gale," " Capture of the Pirate," and the yacht " Dreadnaught." Mr. Petersen visited the W. Indies during the hurricane season of 1867-8, of which he made many graphic sketches. Peterson, Charles J., of Phila., co.-edi- tor with Mrs. Ann S. Stephens of Peterson's Magazine. Author of " Military Heroes of the Revol.," 8vo, 1847; "Military Heroes of the War of 1812 and the Mexican War," 1848; "Naval Heroes of the U.S.," 1850; "Cruis- ing in the Last War," 1849 ; " Grace Dudley ; " "Kate Avlesford;" "The Valley Farm;" " Mabel ; '* " The Old Stone Mansion," &c. ; "Continuation from 1840 to 1856 of Von Rotteck's History of the World." Contrib. to magazines and newspapers. — Allibone. Peterson, Henry, b. Phila. 1818; was a short time editor of Neal's Gazette, and since 1846 editor and co-proprietor of the Phila. Sat. Even. Post. Author of " The Twin-Brothers," 1843; Poems, 12mo, 1864. — ^////>one. Petigru, James Louis, LL.D. (H.U. 1837), lawver, b. Abbeville Dist., S.C, 1789; d. Charleston, Mar. 9, 1863. S.C. Coll. 1809. He was of mixed Irish and Huguenot descent. Adm. to the bar, he attained distinc. as a coun- try lawyer, and subsequently at the Charles- ton bar*; atty.-gen. of S.C. 1822-30. During the nullification troubles of 1830-2 he vigor- ously and eloquently opposed the doctrine of the State veto, and became a leader in the Union and State-rights party, upon whose defeat, he, from being one of the most popular men in the State, became an object of dislike. His virtues, and his unquestioned talent and ability as an advocate, nevertheless secured him the respect of the community in which he lived ; and he held his prominence at the bar with scarcely a rival. He was subsequently for a brief period U.S. dist.-atty., "which subjected him further to public odium. He also served in the State legisl., and in 1861 was a commiss. for codifying the laws and statutes of S.C. He opposed almost singly the secession movement in S.C. in 1860, though too old to take an active part in political controversies, remain- ing unshaken in his convictions to the hour of his death. Pres. S. C. Hist. Soc. Author of " Semi-Centenn. Oration," S.C. Coll., 1855; "Address bef the S.C. Hist. Soc," 1858.— See Biog. Sketch by W. J. Grayson, 12mo, 1866. Petion, Anne Alexander Sabes, first pres. of the repub. of Hayti, b. Port au Prince, Apr. 2, 1770; d. 29 Mar. 1818. Son of a rich colonist named Sabes by a free mulatto woman. Liberally educated at the military school of Paris. When the Revol. broke out at St. Domingo, he was one of the first who took arms ; was soon made an officer of art. ; and obtained the rank of lulj.-gen. He joined Rigaud, a man of color like himself, in oppos- ing the projects of Toussaint L'Ouverture; and, being unsuccessful, embarked for France, but returned with Gen. Leclerc, under whom Petion held a colonel's commission. The vio- lent measures adopted by Leclerc and his suc- cessor Rochambeau induced Petion to quit the French service, and, forming a union with Dessalincs, to declare war against the French, whom th( y at length expelled. Assisted by the English, they succeecded in establishing the indep. of Hayti in 1804. Petion obtained the govt, of the western dist. of which Port au Prince was the capital, Dessalincs becoming chief of the republic. Christophe, his successor, behaving in a tyrannical manner, was obliged to submit to a partition of his domains. All PET 711 PHE the southern and western part of the island acknowledj^ed the authority of the senate, by whom Petion was elected pres. Jan. 27, 1807. A civil war took place between the rivals; but Petion retained his office, in spite of all oppo- sition, till his death. He was a skilful general, a humane and just ruler. PetO, Sir Sajiuel Morton, an English engineer and contractor, b. Surrey, Eng., 1809. He constructed the Grand Trunk Railway, Canada, with the tubular bridge near Montreal, and several railways in Europe. In 1859 he was returned to parliament from Finsbury. After visiting the U.S. in 1865, he pub. " The Resources and Prospects of America," 1866. PettengiU, Amos, b. Salem, N.H., Aug. 9, 1780; d. Salem Bridge, Ct., Aug. 17, 1830. H.U. 1 805. Minister in Cliamplain, N. Y., from July 9, 1807, to 1812; of LitchHeld, Ct., from Apr. 14, 1816, to Jan. 9, 1822 : and of Salem from Jan. 1, 1823, to his d. As a teacher, and in other ways, he aided the cause of education. He pub. a view of the heavens, for schools, 1826 ; a rotary celestial map; " The Spirit of Methodism," 1829; and some discourses. A Memoir of him, by L. Hart, was pub. by the Mass. S. S. Society. Pettigrew, Charles, first Prot.-Epis. bishop of N.C. ; d. 1807 at Bonarva, on Lake Scuppernong, where he settled in 1794. His father, originally of a Scottish family, came from Co. Tyrone, Ireland, to Pa., and finally settled in N.C. Charles became a teacher at Edenton in 1773 ; was ord. in the Prot.-Epis. Church at Lond. in 1775 ; and m. Mary, dau. of Col. John Blount. In May, 1794, at a conv. held at Tarborough, he was elected bishop. He took a leading part in establishing the U. of N.C. His only son Ebenezer was M.C. from Edenton dist. in 1835-7. Pettit, Col. Charles, Revol. patriot; d. Phila. Sept. 4, 1806, a. 69. Having practised law with reputation, he became sec. of N. J. under Gov. Franklin, and continued in that office under Gov. Livingston until called by Gen. Greene to the post of assist, qmr.-gen. Conspicuous in this position for industry and intelligence, he was tendered, upon the resigna- tion of Greene, the succession to the important trust of quartermaster-gen. ; but he declined. At the peace he became a merchant in Phila. Was the author of the funding system of Pa. while a member of its legisl. ; a delegate to Congress from 1785 to 1787; and a powerful advocate, at the general conference at Harris- burg, for the adoption of the Federal Consti- tution. Pettit, Thomas McKean, judge, 1797- 18.53. Member Pa. legisl. 1830; assoc. judge dist. Ct. 1832-5 ; pres. judge 1835-45. Author of Discourse bef. Hist. 8oc. of Pa. 1828; Discourse bef. the Philomath. Soc. of the U. of Pa. 1836 ; " Memoirs of Roberts Vaux." Pettus, John J., brig.-gen. C.S.A. ; killed at the battle of Peach-tree Creek, Ga., July 20, 1864 ; gov. of Mpi. 1860-2. Peyton, John Lewis, b. Augusta Co., Va., 1825; went to Eng. in 1861 as an agent of N.C, and still (1871) resides there. Author of '* Trade of China and the Indian Islands," Svo, 1854 ; " Statistical View of Illinois," 8vo, 1854 ; " The American Crisis," &c., 2 vols. Svo, Lond. 1 867 ; " Adventures of my Grand- father, by Col. J. L. P., late chief of staff to Gen. Douglass B. Layne of Va.," Svo, 1867. — AUibone. Pfeifer, Carl, architect, b. Brunswick, Germany, 1834 ; came to the IJ.S. in 1850, and pursued "his profession in Ohio and in the West, and in 1864 established himself in N.Y. City, where he has attained high reputation. Among his works are the Church of the Messiah, the Roosevelt Hospital, and the Barroda mansion. His plans for the N.Y. Hospital and other pub- lic city buildings have recently been accepted. — Thomas. Phelps, Almira Hart Lincoln, teacher and author, b. Berlin, Ct., 1 793. Her father, Samuel Hart, was descended from Rev. Thomas Hooker. She was educated chiefly by her sis- ter Emma (Willard); taught school in her father's house at 19, and soon after took charge of the Sandy-hill (N.Y.) Female Acad. In 1817 she m. Simeon Lincoln, editor of the Ct. Mirror, who died in 1 823. She soon after became associated with her elder sister, Mrs. Emma Willard, in the direction of the female sem. at Troy, N.Y. , until in 1831 she m. Hon. John Phelps of Vt. In 1838 she took charge of u sem. at West Chester, Pa., and afterwards taught in Rah way, N.J. ; in 1841 Mr. and Mrs. Phelps took charge of the Patapsco Institute, which after her husband's death, in 1848, she conducted alone till 1856. She has since resid- ed in Baltimore, and at one time edited the Patapsco Magazine. She pub. " Familiar Lecture on Botany," 1829, revised and enlarged 1861 ; "Dictionary of Chemistry," 1830; " Botany for Beginners," 1831 ; " Geology for Beginners," 1832 ; " Female Student, or Fire- side Friend," 1833; "Caroline Westerley," 1833 ; " Lectures to Young Ladies," &c., 1833 ; " Chemistry for Beginners," 1834; "Progres- sive Education," translated from the French, 1834; " Lectures on Natural Philosophy," 1835; " Lectures on Chemistry," 1 837 and 1 857 ; " Nat- ural Philcsophy for Beginners," 1837 ; " Ada Norman," 18.54; "Hours with my Pupils," 1859 ; and " Christian Households," 1860. Phelps, Anson Greene, a wealthy and philanthropic merchant of New York, b. Sims- bury, Ct., March, 1781 ; d. New York, Nov. 30, 1853. He learned the trade of a saddler; was a merchant in Hartford until 1815, when he removed to N.Y. City, where he passed the re- mainder of his life, engaged in the business of a merchant in tin plate and heavy metals. Por- tions of his annual accumulations were sys- tematically devoted to the relief of the needy and to various objects of Christian charity. His will contained bequests to different chari- table institutions, amounting . to $371,000; $100,000 each to the Bible Society, the Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, and the Home Missionary Society. Pres. of the N.Y. Blind Asylum, the A. B. C. F. M., and the N.Y. branch of the Colonization Society. Phelps, Austin, D.D., b. W^est Brookfield, Ms., Jan. 7, 1820. U. of Pa. 1837. Ord. pas- tor of the Pine-st. Cong. Church, Boston, 1842 ; since 1848 Bartlett prof, of sacred rhetoric in And. Theol. Seminary. Author of " The Still THE 712 pm Hour,'* 1859; with Dr. Park and Lowell Ma- son, "The Sabbath Hymn-Book," "Sabbath Hymn and Tune Book," " Sabb. Tune-Book," " Sabbath-school Hymn and Tunc Book ; " " Hymns and Choirs," 18G0; " The New Birth," 18G7. — AlUbone. Phelps, Elizabeth (Stuart), writer, b. Andover, Ms., Aug. 13, 1815; d. there Nov. 30, 1852. Dau. of Prof. Moses Stuart. In 1842 she was married to Rev. Austin Phelps. She wrote " The Sunny Side ; " " The Kitty Brown" series, 4 vols. 1849; "Peep at Num- ber Five ; " " Tell-Talc ; " "Angel over the Eight Shoulder ; " and " The Last Leaf from Sunny- Side." Her dau., Elizabeth Stuart, is au- thor of " Ellen's Idol," 1864; " Up Hill," 1865 ; "Tiny," 1866; "Mercy Gliddon's Work," 1866; "Gypsy Series," 1867; " Tiny's Sun- day Night " 1867 ; " I Don't Know How," 1867 ; " Gates Ajar," 1868, a remarkably suc- cessful production ; " Hedged In ; " " Men, Women, and Ghosts," 1869 ; and " The Silent Partner," 1870. Contrib. to Our Young Folks, &c. — AlUbone. Phelps, Gen. John Wolcott, b. Guilford, Vt., Nov. 13, 1813. West Point, 1836. Enter- ing the 4th Art., he served in Fla. ; was made 1st lieut. July 7, 1838; declined the brev. of capt. for gallantry at Contreras and Churubus- co ; capt. 31 Mar. 1850, while member of a board for preparing a system of heavy -artillery instruction, whieh was formed at his sugges- tion ; com. at Fort Brown, Texas, and broke up a large filibuster exped. against Mexico and Cuba ; and served in the Utah exped., but re- signed Nov. 2, 1859 ; while residing at Brattle- borough, Vt., he became (2 May, 1861) col. 1st Vt. Vols. He established and long com. the inti'enched camp at Newport News ; was made a brig.-gen. May 17, 1861 ; was attached to Gen. Butler's exped. to N. Orleans ; landed at Ship Island, Mpi., Dec. 4, and issued a proc- lamation hostile to slavery, which was at once disavowed by Gen. Butler. Gen. Phelps en- listed and disciplined the first negro soldiers, but was ordered by Gen. Butler to abandon the project, and employ them in felling trees and similar labors; and resigned Aug. 21, 1862, and returned to Brattleborough. Vice-pres. Vt. Hist. Soc. since 1863. Phelps, Oliver, a man of extraordinary enterprise, b. Windsor, Ct., 1749; d. Canan- daigua, N.Y., Feb. 21, 1809. He received a mercantile education at Suffield, Ct. ; engaged in business in Grannllc, Ms., with great success ; and during the Revol. was in the commiss. dept. of Ms. In 1 788, he, with Nathl. Gorham, purchased of the State of Ms. a tract of 2,200,- 000 acres of land in the Genesee country, N.Y., now comprised in the extensive counties of Ontario and Steuben. He opened in Canan- daigua the first land-office in America ; and his system of survey by townships and ranges became the model for all subsequent surveys. In 1795, Phelps, with Wm. Hart and their asso- ciates, bought of this State the tract of land in Ohio called the Western Reserve, comprising 3,300,000 acres. He afterwards removed to Canandaigua, N.Y. ; represented that dist. in Congress in 1 803-5 ; and was a judge of the Circuit Court. Phelps, Samuel Shethar, jurist and statesman, b. Litchfield, Ct., May 13, 1793; d. Middlebury, Vt., Mar. 25, 1855. Y.C. 1811. Son of Capt. John, a Revol. soldier. He was a paymaster in the army at Plattsburg late in 1814,' and after the war settled as a lawyer in Middlebury. Member of the Council of Cen- sors in 1827, and author of the address by that body ; member of the legislative council in 1 83 1 ; judge of the Sup. Court of Vt. in 1831-8 ; and U.S. senator 1839-51 and 1853-4. His speeches in the senate on the Clayton Compromise Bill, and on the Vt. Antislavery Resolutions, at- tracted much attention. He had a high repu- tation as a jurist and advocate. A biog. notice is in Whig Jievieiv, xii. 93. Phelps, Sylvanus Dryden, D.D. (Madis. Coll. 1854), b. Suffield, Ct., 1816. Brown U. 1844. Pastor 1st Bapt. Church, New Haven, since Jan. 21, 1846. Author of "Eloquence of Nature, and other Poems," 1842; "Sun- light and Heartlight, and other Poems," 1856 ; "Holy Land, a Year's Tour," 1863; "The Poet's Song for the Heart and the Home," 1867 ; " Bible Lands," &c., 1869. Also poems and sermons in pamphlet form ; " Introd. to Life and Times of Bunyan," 8yo, 1855; and articles in periodicals. — AlUbone. Philes, George P., linguist, bibliographer, and scholar, b. Ithaca, N. Y., 15 Apr. 1828. Educated at Ithaca Acad. Has resided in N.Y. City since 1854, engaged as a bookseller and publisher. In 1857 he m. Emilena L., dau. of Martin Sanders of Cortland, N.Y. M.A. of Dartm. Coll. 1858. Contrib. to lit. journals under the pscudonyme of " Paulus Silentiarius ; " edited "The Phiiobiblion," 2 vols. 4to, N.Y. 1862-3 ; assisted in preparing the " Bibl. Amer. Vetust." (comp. by Henry Harrisse), N.Y., Geo. P. Philes, 1866, imp. 8vo and 4to; edited "The Bhagvat-Geeta, or Dialogues of Kreeshna and Arjoon," &c., 8vo, 1 867, and a reprint in black- letter of the " Proverbes, or Adagies," &c., from Erasmus, by Rycharde Tauerner, London, 1550, N.Y. 1867, 8vo. We believe he is now engaged in preparing a " Dictionary of Anony- mous and Pseudonymous Eng. and Amer. Au- thors, with Hist, and Critical Notes." Philip, King (Metacom), Sachem of Po- kanoket. Youngest son of Massasoit, and the successor in 1662 of his bro. Alexander; killed Aug. 12, 1676. In 1662 he promised at Plym- outh to continue in friendship with the English, and not to dispose of any of his territory with- out giving notice; in 1671, in consequence of rumors of a plot against the colonists and the occurrence of several murders, a new agree- ment was finally entered into, by which Philip admitted the superiority of the Plymouth govt. The Indians were, however, required to give up their arms, — a measure which soon produced unfavorable results. In 1675, Sassamon, a con- verted Indian, who had informed the Colony that hostile preparations were going on, was killed. His murderers were tried, convicted, and executed ; and in revenge the Indians mur- dered 8 or 9 white men. The war that ensued was of a most harassing character ; the Indians avoiding the whites in the field, but rajiidly passing from one exposed point to another, burning villages, cutting off detached parties by Fm 713 Fm ambuscade, and shooting down all who ven- tured outside of the places of protection. Philip formed an alliance with the powerful Narragan- setts ; but an expedition under Winslow in Dec. 1675 resulted in the complete subjugation of that tribe. This blow, and the complete de- struction of his own tribe, soon left Philip with- out resources. Deserted by all, he was hunted from spot to spot ; and at last, taking refuge at Mount Hope, was there attacked by a party under Capt. Church, and was killed by an In- dian while attempting to flee. In this war 13 towns were destroyed ; many others suffered se- verely ; and 600 colonists were slain. Philip was brave, crafty, and politic ; had great influ- ence over the neighboring tribes ; and was im- placable in his hatred of the colonists. Philipps, Gen. Richard, gov. Nova Sco- tia 1717-49, b. 1661 ; d. 1751. He joined the army of William of Orange as capt. ; was at the battle of the Boyne in 1690 ; and was made lieut.-col. in 1712. He was in Nova Scotia in 1720-31, and was an active and intelligent offi- cer. He was, at his death, col. 38th Regt. Philleo, Calvin W., novelist, b. Vernon, N.Y., June 14, 1822 ; d. Suffield, Ct., June 30, 1 858. A lawyer at Suffield from 1 847 to his d. During the last 5 years of his life he was a contrib. to Graham's, Putnam's, Harper's, and the Atlantic magazines. Phillips, Adelaide, vocalist, b. Stratford- on-Avon, Eng., 1833. Made her debut Sept. 25, 1843, at the Boston Museum, as Little Pickle ; at the Walnut-street Theatre, Phila., July 17, 1846, as Rosa in "John of Paris;" and was long a great favorite, and a useful member of the Boston Museum Company. Possessing a remarkable contralto voice, she resolved upon its cultivation, and was trained in Italy in 1852-4, making a successful de'but at the Carcano, Milan, Dec. 17, 1854, in the "Barber of Seville." In Oct. 1855 she app. in concert at the Music Hall, Boston ; first app. in opera at the N.Y. Academy, Mar. 17, 1856, as Azuceni in " II Troiiatore," — a part in which she is unrivalled, and which she played at the Italian Opera House in Paris in October, 1861. She sang at the great Peace Jubilee in Boston in June, 1869. Phillips, George, first minister of Water- town, Ms., from July 30, 1630, to hisd. July 1, 1644; b. Rainham, Norfolk Co., Eng., 1593. U. of Cambridge 1613 and 1617. Settled at Boxted, Essex Co., Eng. ; but became a non- conformist, and came to N. E. in June, 1630. Ho was a learned scholar, and an able disputant. His work on " Infant-Baptism " was pub. 1645. — Mather's MaijiiaUa. Phillips, Henry, Jun., numismatist. Member of the Phila. bar. Author of " Histo- ry of the Paper-Money of Pa.," 8vo, 1862; "N. Jersey Bills of Credit, 1723-86," 8vo, 1863; "Paper -Currency of the Colonies," 1863-6, 2 vols. 4to ; " Early Currency of Mary- land," 1867 ; " Medicine and Astrology," 8vo, 1867; "Pleasures of Numismatic Science," 8vo, 1867. — AlUlmie. Phillips, Col. John ; d. Charlestown, Ms., Mar. 20, 1726, a. 93 yrs. 9 mo. He was judge of the Admiralty Court ; treas. of the province ; col. of the regt. 1689-1715; a justice of the C. C. P. ; one of the council 1689-1716; and repres. 1683-6. — Savar/e. Phillips, John, LL.D., merchant and philanthropist, b. Andover, Ms,, Dec. 27, 1719 ; d. Exeter, N.H., Apr. 21, 1795. H. U. 1735. Son of Rev. Samuel of Andover. He studied theology and preached for a time, but subse- quently became a merchant ; and was for some years a member of the council of N.H. He en- dowed a professorship in Dartm. Coll. ; contrib. Uberally also to N. J. Coll. April 21, 1778, he, with hisbro. Samuel, founded Phillips Acad, at Andover, giving to it $31,000, beside a third in- terest in his estate ; and in 1 781 founded Phillips Acad., Exeter, to which he gave $134,000. Phillips, John, first mayor of Boston, 1822-3, b. Boston, Nov. 26, 1770 ; d. there May 29,1823. H. U. 1788. Nephew of Licut.-Gov. William. Studied law, and at an early age was app. atty. for Suffolk Co. During the last 20 years of his life he was a member of the State senate, and 1813-23 its pres. ; in 1809 he became a judge of C. C. P. ; member of the State Const. Conv. in 1820. Phillips, Philip, vocalist and musical composer, b. Chautauqua Co., N.Y., 13 Aug. 1834. His youth was spent on a farm; his leisure he devoted to music, completing his studies under Lowell Mason. He has since given sacred concerts in all parts of the U.S. App. in 1866 musical editor of the Meth. Book Concern, N.Y. ; visiting Europe in 1869, he sang in the principal cities there. Among his most popular works are "Musical Leaves," " Singing Pilgrim," " An Offering of Praise," and " New Standard Singer." Phillips, Samuel, Jun., LL.D., b. N. An- dover, Ms., Feb. 7, 1752; d. Andover, Feb. 10, 1802. H.U. 1771. Grandson of Rev. Samuel (H. U. 1708), minister of Andover (17 Oct. 1710 to his d. 5 June, 1771 ; b. Salem, 28 Feb. 1690). Son of Samuel, a councillor of state, who d. July 21, 1790, a. 76. He was 4 years a member of the Ms. Prov. Cong., and one of its best speakers ; a member of the Const. Conv. of 1779 ; a State senator for 20 years following the adoption of the constitution, and 15 years pres. of that body ; a judge of the C. C. P. (1781-98); commiss. of the State in Shays's Insurrection ; and lieut.-gov. at the time of his death. He was also much engaged in agric, manuf., and mercantile pursuits. He planned and organized at Andover the first incorporated academy in the State, and one of the first in the country, gave it some lands, and procured endowments for it from his father, uncles, and cousin, to the amount of $85,000. At his death he left to the town of Andover a fund of $5,000, the income to be applied to the cause of education. He was a founder of the Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sciences of Boston. Phillips, Stephen Clarendon, philan- thi'opist, b. Salem, Nov. 4, 1801; lost by the burning of " The Montreal " on the River St. Lawrence, June 26, 1857. H. U. 1819. He be- gan to study law, but became a merchant ; mem- ber legisl. in 1824-9; senator in 1830; again a representative in 1832 and '33; M.C. 1834- 8; mayor of Salem Dec. 1838-March, 1842; and upon his voluntary retirement devoted the whole of his salary as mayor to the public PHI 714 p»iii schools of the city. In 1848 and '49 he was the Free-soil candidate for gov. He dis- charged several State and private trusts with ability, sagacity, and integrity ; and was many years a member of the State Board of Educa- tion. Author of " The Sunday-school Service- Book." Phillips, Wendell, orator and reformer, h. Boston, Nov. 29, 1811. H.U. 1831 ; Camb. Law School, 1833. Son of John, first mayor of Boston. Adm. to the Sutlolk bar in 1834. The agitation of the slavery question was at this time at its height ; and Mr. Phillips joined the abolitionists in 1836, relinquishing profes- sional practice in 1839 from unwillingness to act under his attorney's oath to the Constitu- tion of the U.S. His first memorable speech was made in Faneuil Hall in Dec. 1837, at a meeting " to notice in a suitable manner the murder, in the city of Alton, 111., of the Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, who fell in defence of the freedom of the press." At a moment when the purpose of the meeting seemed likely to be defeated, and its resolutions rejected, by the opposition of Atty.-Gen. Austin, Mr. Phillips, who was among the audience, in an outburst of indignant eloquence at once nbuked Mr. Austin for the sentiments he had uttered, and secured the passage of the resolutions. He was a prominent advocate of the doctrines of the Garrisonian abolitionists, who, believing the Constitution of the U.S. to be an immoral compact between freedom and slavery, refused it support, abstained from voting, and labored for the dissolution of the Union as the best means of freeing the slaves. Mr. Phillips is now identified with the progress of the temper- ance, labor-reform, and wonian's-rights move- ments. He is a frequent public lecturer, and as an orator ranks among the very foremost America has produced. Pres. of the Amer. Antislavery Soc. from 1865 until its dissolution, 9 April, 1870; candidate of the Labor-reform Earty for gov. of Ms. in 1870. His Speeches, lectures, and Letters were pub. Boston, 1863 ; " The Constitution a Proslavery Compact," 8vo, 1844; "Can Abolitionists Vote or Take Office? " 184.5 ; " Review of Spooner's Uncon- stitutionality of Slavery," 8vo, 1847 ; " Review of Webster's 7th-of- March Speech," 1850; "Review of Kossuth's Course," 1851; "De- fence of the Antislavery Movement," 8vo, 1853; "Addresses," 8vo, 1859. He has con- trib. largely to the Liberator and to the Anti- si av&'f I Standard. Phillips, WiLLARD, LL.D., A.A.S., law- yer and author, b. Bridgewater, Ms., Dec. 19, 1784. H.U. 1810; tutor there 1810-15. He j)rocured the means for his own education by teaching. He then began the practice of law in Boston, and at the same time assisted in the editorship of the N.A. Review, to which he was, until 1834, a contrib. In 1825 and '26 he was a rnember of the State legisl. He gave up prac- tice in 1845 ; was judge of probate for Suffolk Co. in 1839-47 ; and has been pres. of the N.E. Mutual Life Insurance Co. since 1843 ; in 1837-41 he was one of the commiss. who reduced the law of crimes and punishments to a systematic code. He pub. in 1 8 1 2 a pamphlet entitled "An Appeal to the Public Spirit of the Federalists and the Good Sense of the Democrats ; " " Treatise on Insurance," 1823, 5th edition, 2 vols. 8vo, 1868; "Treatise on Patents," 1837; "Inventor's Guide," 1837; "A Manual of Political Economy," 1828; "Propositions concerning Protection and Free Trade," 1850. He wrote, among other articles for the " Encyclopedia Americana," one on " Political Economy," and in 1832 pub. a digest of the first 8 vols, of Pickering's " Reports." With Edward Pickering he edited the first Amer. edition of " Collyer on Partnership." In 1812 he was a contrib. to the Gen. Repository and Revieiv, and for some years edited and pub. the A nterican Jurist. Phillips, William, a British gen.; d. Petersburg, Va., May 13, 1781. App. capt. of art. May, 1756; brev. lieut.-col. 1760; col. May 25, 1772; and maj.-gen. in June, 1776, in Burgoyne's cxped. He served with credit in Germany; was taken prisoner with Burgoyne in Oct. 1777; exchanged in Nov. 1779; and was actively engaged at the South until his death. In the spring of 1781 he was sent from New York with 2,000 men to join Arnold, then at the Chesapeake. After a brief career of devastation in Va., he was carried off by a fever. He was haughty and irritable, and held the Americans in great contempt. Phillips, William, lieut.-gov. of Ms. 1812-23, b. Boston, Apr. 10, 1750; d. May 26, 1827. Son of Wm., a benefactor of Andover Sem., who d. Jan. 15, 1804, a. 82. He engaged in business with his father, and acquired a for- tune; was an ardent patriot of the Re vol. ; was several years a representative after 1800; and at his death bequeathed large sums to Phillips Acad., Andover Theol. Sem., and other insti- tutions. His son Jonathan, also a philan- thropic merchant of Boston, and a member of the Ms. legisl., b. 24 Apr. 1 778, d. 29 July, 1860. Phillips, William Wirt, D. D. (Col. Coll. 1826), Presb. clergvman, b. Montgomery Co., N. Y., 23 Sept. 1796; d. N. Y. Citv, 20 Mar. 1865. Un. Coll. 1815; New Brunswick Theol. Sem. Ord. Apr. 1818 over the Pearl- street Church, New York; transferred in 1826 to the Wall-street Church ; afterwards removed to Fifth Avenue, where he officiated till his death. He held many important trusts in his denomination, and was in 1835 moderator of the Gen. Assembly. Phipps, Henry, Earl of Mulgrave, a Brit- ish gen., b. 1755 ; d. April 7, 1831. Educated at Eton, and intended for the law; he entered the army in 1775; was aide-de-camp to Knyp- hausen in 1776; served through the American war; was disting. at the siege of Toulon in 1794; rose to the rank of gen. in 1809; and became an earl in 1812. Phips, Spencer, lieut.-gov. of Ms., b. Rowley, Ms., June 6, 1685 ; d. April 4, 1757. H.U. 1703. Son of Dr. David Bennet of Row- ley ; and on being adopted by his uncle. Sir Wm. Phips, took by statute the latter name. He was a councillor in 1722 ; was 9 tinies re- elected ; was lieut.-gov. in 1731-57, and admin- istered the govt, from Sept. 1749 to 1753, and in 1756-7. His son David (H.U. 1741) d. Bath, Eng., in 1811, a. 87. A prominent loyal- ist of Boston; went to Halifax in 1776. pm 715 FIG PhipS, or Phipps, Sir William, gov. of Ms., 1). Woolwich, Me., Feb. 2, 1651 ; d. London, Feb. 18, 1695. He was one of 26 children ; was at first a shepherd ; at the age of 18 bound himself to a ship-carpenter, and learned to read and write. In 1684 he went to Eng. to procure means to recover the treasure from a Spanish vessel wrecked near the Baha- mas. His first search, for which a national vessel was furnished him, was unsuccessful ; in a second attempt in 1687, at the cost of the Duke of Albemarle, he recovered from the wreck treasure to the amount of £300,000, of which £16,000 was given him as his shore. He was also knighted, and app. high sheriff of New Eng. In 1690 he com. the fleet which captured Port Royal, also a much larger one sent against Quebec without success. He arrived in Boston in Nov., and was made a magistrate of the colony, but Soon revisited England to induce the govt, to send another expedition to Canada. Through the influence of Increase Mather, the agent of Ms. in Eng., he was app. gov. of the province, and arrived in Boston, May 14, 1692; in Aug. he sailed with ab. 450 men to Pemaquid, where he built a fort. Summoned in 1694 to Eng. to answer complaints which had been brought against him, he died there very suddenly. He was a lover of his country, a man of uncommon enterprise and industry, and of an excellent disposition ; but the violence of his temper weakened his influence. He is much eulogized by Cotton Mather, his pastor, with whom he co-operated in the witchcraft delusion. — See Life hy Bowen in Sparks' s Am. Biog. Physic, Phillip Syng, M.D. CEdinburgh, 1792), an eminent physician and surgeon, b. Phila. July 7, 1768; d. there Dec. 15, 1837. U. of Pa. 1785. Ilis father, an Englishman, had charge of the estates of the Penn family. He received his early education at the Friends' Acad.; studied medicine; went to Europe in Nov. 1 788 ; became the private pupil of John Hunter, and in 1790 was adm. to St. George's Hospital as house-surgeon. On leaving it, he received his diploma from the Roy. Coll. of Sur- geons in Lond.; was invited by Dr. Hunter to assist him in Ids professional business, and remained with him a year. After a year's at- tendance on the lectures of the university, and visiting the Royal Infirmary at Edinb., Dr. Physic returned to Phila. ; commenced the practice of medicine; and in 1793, on the ap- pearance of the epidemic, was app. physician to the Yellow-fever Hospital at Bush Hill; in 1794 one of the surgeons of the Pa. Hospital; on the rc-appearanco of the yellow-fever was again resident physician at the Bush-hill Hos- pital ; and in 1801-16 was surgeon-extr. to the Phila. Almshouse Infirmary; in 1805 he was app. prof, of surgery in the U. of Pa. ; in 1819- 31 he filled the chair of anatomy; in 1821 was app. consulting surgeon to the Inst, for the Blind ; in 1824 was elected pres. of the Phila. Med. Soc. ; in 1825 became a member of the Roy. Acad, of Med. in France ; and in 1836 an hon. fellow of the Roy. Med. and Chirurgical Soc. of Lond. As a practical surgeon. Dr. P. had no rival in the U.S. ; and he was exceed- ingly popular as a lecturer. Author of valua- ble communications to the medical journals. — See Memoir by John Bell in Gross's Med. Biog. Piatt, John James, poet, b. Milton, Ind., 1 Mar. 1835. Nephew of Donn Piatt, writer and politician, and of Abram Sanders Piatt, politi- cal and poetical Aviiter. He learned the print- ing-business, and attended the Columbus High school and Kenyon Coll. He became known by his poetical contribs. to the Louisville .Jour- nal in 1858; became a contrib. to the Atlantic Monthli/ in 1859; and in 1860, in conjunction with W. D. Howells, pub. a vol. of " Poems of Two Friends." — See Poets and Poetry of the West. Pichon, Thomas (alias Thomas Signis Tyrrell), b. France ; d. Lond. 1781. lie was brought up a medical student at Marseilles, and was insp. of hospitals in Bohemia in 1 743 ; sec. to Count Raymond, the French gov. of Cape Breton, 1751-3 ; and was afterAvard com- miss. of stores at Fort Beausej our until its cap- ture in 1755. All the while he held these posts, he was furnishing information to the British officers, from whom he received money, and articles of dress. He was in Lond. from 1758 till his death. He pub. anonymously a work on Cape Breton and St. John Island, containing accurate descriptions of the Indians and other valuable" information, Lond. 1760, and Paris 1761. He claimed the name of Tyrrell as that of his mother's family. Pickens, Andrew, brig.-gen. Revol. ar- my, b. Paxton, Bucks Co., Pa., 13 Sept. 1739; d. Pendleton Dist., S.C, 17 Aug. 1817. His parents, who were of Huguenot descent, re- moved in 1752 to the Waxhaw Settlement, S.C. He was a vol. in Col. Grant's exped. against the Cherokees in Apr. 1761, after which he re- moved to the Long Cane Settlement. At the outset of the Revol. he was made a capt. of mililia, but rose rapidly, through courage, skill, and zeal, to the rank of brig.-gen. In the darkest time, Avhen the South Avas overnin by* the enemy, and suffered from the Tories all the horrors of civil Avar, he, Avith Marion and Sum- ter, kept alive the spirit of resistance. In Feb. 1779, with 400 men, he defeated Col. Boyd with 800 Tories at Kettle Creek; had his horse killed under him while covering the retreat at the battle of Stono, 20 June, 1779 ; and in that year inflicted a severe defeat on the Cherokees at Tomassee; at the battle of the Cowpens, 17 Jan. 1781, he com. the militia, whom ho rallied and brought a second time into action after they had been broken and compelled to retreat, for which service Congress voted him a sword ; in June he captured Augusta, Ga. ; and at the bat- tle of Eutaw, where he com. the Carolina militia, was struck by a bullet, which, but for striking the buckle of his sword-belt, Avould have in- flicted a mcfrtal Avound. By a successful exped. against the Cherokees in 1782, he obtained a large cession of territory now embraced in the State of Ga. Member of the S.C. legisl. from the close of the war to 1794; M.C. 1793-5; member of the State Const. Conv. ; made maj.- gen. of militia in 1795 ; and again in the legisl. until 1801 and in 1812. Commiss. in many treaties with the Southern Indians; by that of HopcAvell he obtained from the Cherokees the portion of the State of S.C. noAV called Pen- PIC 716 I>IC dleton and Greenville. He soon after settled at Hopewell, on Kcowec Kiver, where the trea- ty was held. In 1765 he married Rebecca Cal- houn, aunt of John C. He was remarkable for simplicity, decision, and prudence, and for the scrupulous performance of duty. His son Andrew, gov. of S.C. 1816-18, an able law- yer, d. Pontotock, Mpi., 1 July, 1838. Pickens, Fraxcis W., statesman, b. To- gadoo, St. Paul's Parish, S.C, Apr. 7, 1807 ; d. Edo-efield, S.C, Jan. 25, 1869. Son of Gov. Andrew. Educated at S.C Coll. Was in 1829 adm to the bar, and began practice in Edge- field Dist. During the nullification excitement in 1832, he disting. himself in the legisl. as a debater ; was prominent on the committees on the judiciary and on foreign relations ; made a report in 1833, as chairman of a sub-corn., to the effect that Congress, as the agent and mere creature of the States severally, had no claim to allegiance, and could exercise no sovereignty. M.C. 1835-45. In 1836 he made an elaborate speech, denying the right of Congress to abol- ish slavery in the Dist. of Col. ; in 1844 he was elected to the S.C senate. He voted with the majority against the " Bluffton movement," a secession demonstration then in progress in the State, advocated by Gov. Hammond and other prominent men ; was a member of the Nashville Southern Con v. in 1850-1 ; presided over the State conv. called to elect delegates to the gen. Democ. conv. in 1854 ; was a delegate to that conv. in 1856 at Cincinnati; was minister to Russia in 1857-60; and, when S.C. declared its secession from the Union, was chosen its gov. He immediately demanded of Maj. An- derson the surrender of Fort Sumter, and while in oliice did all in his power in aid of the Re- bellion. He was succeeded by Bonham in 1 862. He wp.s a planter of great wealth, gave much attention to scientific agriculture, and won much repute in the Southern States as an ora- tor before colleges and literary societies. Pickens, Israel, gov. of Ala. 1821-5, b. Cabarrus Co., N.C ; d. near Matanzas, April 23, 1827. He served one year in the N.C. le- gisl. ; was M.C. in 1811-17 ; was app. register of the land-office of Mpi. Terr, in 1817; after- ward removed to Ala. ; and was U.S. senator in 1826. Pickering, Charles, M.D. (H.U. 1826), naturalist, grandson of Col. Timothv, b. Sus- quehanna Co., Pa., Nov. 10, 1805. After practising medicine 11 years in Phiia., he was attached as naturalist' to Wilkes's exploring exped. in 1838-42 ; then went to India and Eastern Africa, and pub. the results of his re- searches in'o the characteristics of their various tribes, in his " Races of Man and their Geo- graphical Distribution," 4to, 1848; and "Ge- ographical Distribution of Animals and Man," 1854. Author, also, of a work on the " Geo- graphical Distribution of Plants," pub. 1861. In 1858 he communicated to the Amer. Orien- tal Soc. an essay on the Invention of the Art of Writing ; and, before the Boston Nat. Hist. Soc, notes on the Stinging Power of the Phy- salia. Pickering, Charles W.,commo. U.S.N., b. NH. Midshipm. May 22, 1822 ; lieut. Dec. 8, 1838; com. Sept. 14, 1855; capt. July 15, 1862 ; commo. (retired list) Feb. 1, 1867. In 1822-3 he made his first cruise with his un- cle, Capt. R. T. Spencer, in " The Cyane ; " executive officer of this vessel in 1854, convey- ing Lieut. Strain and his explorinIE 718 PIE vigorously supported the annexation of Texas; was made col. 16th U.S. Inf. after the breaking- out of the Mexican war; app. brig.-gcn. 3 Mar. 1847; com. a large re-enforcement for the army of Gen. Scott, and was severely in- jured by the fall of his horse upon his leg 19 Aug. 1847. He presided over the N.H. Const. Conv. in the winter of 1850-1. At the Na- tional Dcmoc. conv., June, 1852, the prominent candidates for the presidency were Cass, Bu- chanan, and Douglas. After 35 ballots with- out decisive result, the name of Gen. Pierce waa proposed; and he was nominated on the 49th ballot. He was elected for the terra of Mar. 4, 1853-7, receiving 254 electoral votes to 42 for his Whig competitor. Gen. Scott. In his inaug. he denounced the agitation of slave- ry. His administration was signalized by the acquisition from Mexico of Arizona ; the or- ganization of the Territories of Kansas and Nebraska, by which the Mo. Compromise Act was repealed, and slavery permitted to enter those Territories, — a measure which aroused the indignation of the free States, and created great excitement ; and by the troubles in Kan- sas, caused by the efforts to make of it a slave State, contrary to the wishes of a large major- ity of its citizens. In Aug. 1854, Mr. Pierce directed the American ambassadors, Buchanan, Mason, and Soule, to confer on the best means of acquiring Cuba. They met at Ostend, and issued the " Ostend Manifesto," the purport of which was, that, if Spain would not sell Cuba, the Americans would take it by force. He used his official influence to promote the de- signs of the proslavery party in Kansas. Jan. 24, 1 856, he sent a message to Congress, rep- resenting the formation of a free-State govt, in Kansas as an act of rebellion. During the Rebellion, he was strongly in sympathy with the secessionists. As a lawyer he acquired an extensive practice. — See Us Life hy Nathaniel Hawthorne, 1852. Pierce, George Edmond, D.D. (Mid. Coll. 1838), pres. W. Res. Coll. 1834-55, b. Southbury, Ct., 9 Sept. 1794 ; d. Hudson, O., 27 May, 1871. Y.C. 1816; And. Theol. Sem. 1 82 1 . Principal Fairfield Acad. 1816-18; ord. pastor Cong, church, Harwinton, 10 July, 1822. Pierce, George Foster, D.D., bishop of the M. E. Church, b. Greene Co., Ga., Feb. 3, 1811. Franklin Coll. 1829. He began to study law, but was adm. into the Ga. conf. at Macon in 1830. With the exception of the year 1834, during which he was stationed in Charleston, S.C, he labored in the regular ministry in various parts of Ga. until 1838-9, when he became first pres. of the Ga. female (now Wesleyan) college in Macon. While here, he edited, jointly with P. Pendleton, the Southern Lady's Book. Pres. of Emory Coll., Ga., from 1848 until his election to the episco- pacy in 1854. Author of " Incidents of West- ern Travel,^' ed. by T. O. Summers, D.D., 12mo, 1857. Pierce, John, dep. pavmaster-gen. Revol. armv; d. N.Y. City, July,*1788. Pierce, John, D.D. (H.U. 1822), Cong, minister, b. Dorchester, Ms., July 14, 1773 ; d. Brookline, Ms., Aug. 24, 1849. H.U. 1793. Tutor, 1796. The son of a shoemaker. Ho spent two years in teaching, and then studied theology ; and Mar. 15, 1797, was ord. over the First Cong. Church, Brookline, Ms., of which he was sole pastor for half a century. Member of the Acad, of Arts and Sciences, and of the Ms. Hist. Soc. For several years he was pres. of the Ms. Bible Soc. In all matters appertain- ing to family and literary statistics he was a prodigy. He had 18 quarto vols, of 600 pages each, of his own MS., containing memoirs and memorabilia. He pub. " Half-century Dis- course at Brookline, Mar. 1847 ; " Sketch of Brookline," in " Ms. Hist. Colls.," 2d ser. vol. ii. Pierce, William, statesman, of Ga., aide- de-camp to Gen. Greene in the Revol. war, and presented with a sword by Congress ; dele- gate to the Old Congress from Ga. 1786-7 ; and member of the conv. which framed the U.S. Constitution. He pub. his impressions of the members of that body in a Savannah paper long afterward. Pierpont, John, clergyman and poet, b. Litchfield, Ct., Apr. 6, 1785 ; d. Medford, Aug. 27,1866. Y.C. 1804. A lineal descendant of Rev. James Pierpont, the second minister of New Haven (1685-1714), and supposed to be allied to the noble English family of the name which held the earldom of Kingston. He was an assist, in Dr. Backus's acad. at Bethlem ; went to S.C. in the autumn of 1805, and passed nearly 4 years as a private tutor in the family of Col. William Alston. After his return in 1809 he studied law at the school in Litchfield ; was adm. to the Essex Co. bar in 1812, and practised for a time in Newburyport. His health demanding more active employment, he relinquished his profession, and engaged in mercantile life, first in Boston, and afterwards at Baltimore, but quitted it in 1816, and pub. his " Airs of Palestine," which soon reached a third edition. He next studied theology, and Apr. 14, 1819, was ord. pastor of the HoUis-st. Church, Boston, In 1835 he visited Europe. On his return he resumed his pastoral charge in Boston, where he continued until May 10, 1845. The freedom with which he expressed his opinions, especially in regard to the temper- ance cause, had given rise to some feeling before his departure for Europe; and in 1838 there sprung up between himself and a portion of his parish a controversy which lasted 7 years, when, after triumphantly sustaining himself against the charges of his adversaries, he requested a dismissal. He then became for 4 years pastor of a. Unitarian Church in Troy, N.Y. ; Aug. 1, 1849, was settled over a church in Medford ; resigned Apr. 6, 1856. A zealous reformer, he powerfully advocated the temperance and anti- slavery movements ; was the candidate of the Liberty party for gov., and, in 1850, of the Free- soil party for Congress. After the Rebellion broke out, though 76 years of age, he went into the field as chaplain in a Ms. regt., but was soon employed in the treasury dept. at Wash- ington. In addition to his poetical works, pub. at Boston, 12mo, 1840, he pub. several popular school-readers, and some 20 occasional sermons and discourses. Pierrepont, Edwabds, jurist and lawyer. FIB2 719 r»iK: b. North Haven, Ct., 1817. Y.C. 1837 ; New- Haven Law School. A descendant of James, one of the founders of Yale Coll. In 1840-5 he practised law in Columbus, O., since practising in N.Y. City, where he has for many years been eminent at the bar. Judge N.Y. Sup. Court 1 857-60 ; member Const. Con v. of 1 867 ; U.S. atty. for the south, dist. of N.Y. 1869- July, 1870. Formerly a Democ, in 1861 he became a Repub. ; zealously supported the admin, of Mr. Lincoln and his re-election in 1864, and aided in the election of Pres. Grant. Pierson, Abraham, first pres. of Y.C. 1701-7, b. Lynn, Ms., 1641 ; d. Mar. 5, 1707. H.U. 1668. "Abraham his father, first minister of Southampton, L.I. (b. Yorkshire, Eng., 1608, d. Aug. 9, 1678), w;is one of the first settlers of Newark in 1667, and was the first minis- ter of that town. Preached to the Indians of Long Island in their own language, and contrib. " Some Helps for the Indians in N. Haven Colony to a Further Account of the Prog- ress of the Gospel in N.E.," 1659. His son was ord. colleague with him at Newark, N. J., March 4, 1672, and was minister of Killing- worth, Ct., from 1694 till his death. — Sprague. Pierson, Hamilton Wilcox, D.D., b. Bergen, N.Y. Un. Coll.; Union Thcol. Sem. Pres. of Col. Coll., Ky., 1858. Author of •■' Jefferson at Monticello," 8vo, 1862. Edited Amer. Missionary Memorial, 8vo, 1853 ; and contrib. to periodicals. — AUibone. Pierson, Isaac, D.D., physician of Orange, N. J., 40 years, b. Aug. 15, 1770; d. Sept. 22, 1833. N.J. Coll. 1789. Fellow of the Coll. of Physicians and Surgeons, N.Y. M.C. 1827-31. Pigot, Sir Robert, aBritishgen., b. 1720; d. Aug. 1, 1796. Maj. 10th Foot, May .5, 1758; lieut.-col. Feb. 1764; col. 38th Foot, June, 1776; maj.-gen. Aug. 1777; lieut.-gen. Nov. 1782. At the battle of Bunker's Hill he com. the left wing ; and to his activity, bravery, and firmness much of the success of that day was owing. So highly did he distinguish himself, that he received as a reward for this service the colo- nelcy of the 38th Foot. Ho had a com. in R.I. in Aug. 1778, and superseded Prescott at New- port soon after. Pike, Albert, poet, b. Boston, Dec. 29, 1809. H.U. 1859. Son of a journeyman shoemaker. When he was 4 years old, t!ie family removed to Newbury port. He entered H.U. at the age of 16, but, unable to support himself there, taught at Newburyport and Fair- haven ; in the spring of 1831 he went to St. Louis, travelling much of the way on foot; joined an exped!^ to N. Mexico ; and for a year was either a merchant's clerk or a peddler in Santa Fe; in Sept. 1832 he accomp. some trappers, from whom he separated with 4 others ; travelled 500 miles on foot, and reached Fort Smith, Ark., " without a rag of clothing, a dollar in money, or knowing a person in the territory." He contrib. poetry to the Ark. Advocate; became a partner in the concern, which he bought out in 1834, and continued to edit the paper until 1836, when he was adm. to the bar, to which he subsequently devoted himself. He pub. " Prose Sketches and Poems," Boston, 12mo, 1834. The " Hymns to the Gods " were conaposed wJiile he was teaching in Fairhavcn. Some of his fugitive poems have appeared in periodicals; and in 1854 a coll. of Ins poems, entitled " Nugge," was printed at Phila., but never pub. He was prominent as a State-rights man ; served with distinction as a vol. in the Mexican war ; and com. a com- pany of Ark. cavalry. He organized a body of Cherokee Indians, whom he led, in the early part of the Rebellion, and took part with them in the battle of Pea Ridge, sharing in the Con fed. defeat. He edited the Memphis Appeal in 1867-8; "Reports of the Sup. Ct. of Ark.," 5 vols. 8vo, 1840-5; "The Arkansas Form- Book," 8vo, 1845 ; " Statutes, &c., of the An- cient and Accepted Scottish Rite," 1859. Pike, Mrs. Frances West (Atherton), b. Prospect, Me., 1819; wife of Rev. Richard Pike. Author of "Step by Stop," 1857; "Here and Hereafter," 1858; "Katharine Morris, an Autobiography," 1858. Contrib. to the Monthlij Religions Mag. 1855, and to the Child's Tnie- 'Friend lS58.—Allibone. Pike, Mrs. Mary H. (Greene), b. East- port, Me., 1827. Author of " Ida May," 1854 ; " Caste," 1856 ; " Agnes," 1858; " IBond and Free," 1858; "Entanglements," 2 vols. 1863; " Cumworth House," 3 vols. 1864; "The Cypresses," 1867; "My Son's Wife," 1868. Contrib. to Graham's, Harper's, and Atlantic magazines. Wife of F. A. Pike of Calais, M.C. 1861-9. Pike, Nicholas, author of a popular trea- tise on Arithmetic, pub. in 8vo, 1788, b. Somersworth, N.H., Oct. 6, 1743; d. New- buryport, Ms., Dec. 9, 1819. H.U. 1766. He was the son of Rev. James, and a descendant of John of Newbury, 1635, and was a justice of the peace for Essex County. Pike, Zebulon Montgomery, brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. Lamberton, N. J., 5 Jan. 1779; killed at York, near Toronto, U.C, 27 Apr. 1813. Zebulon his father (b. N.J. 1751, d. Lawrenceburg, Ind., 27 July, 1834) was a capt. Revol. army; also in St. Clair's defeat in 1791 ; and was brcv. lieut.-col. U.S.A. 10 July, 1812. The son was app. a cadet in the regt. of his father. 3 Mar. 1799 ; 1st lieut. in Nov. ; and was made capt. in Aug. 1806. Skilled in mathematics and in the languages, he was app., after the purchase of La., to conduct an exped. to trace the Mpi. to its head ; leaving St. Louis 9 Aug. 1805, he performed this service satis- factorily, returning after 8 months and 20 days of exploration, and exposure to constant hardship. In 1 806-7 he was engaged in gcog. explorations of La., during which, being found on Spanish territory, he with his party was taken to Santa Fe, and after a long examina- tion, and the seizure of his papers, was escorted home, arriving at Natchitoches 1 July, 1807. In 1810 he pub. a narrative of his expeditions, with valuable maps and charts. Receiving the thanks of govt., he was made maj. 6th Inf. 3 May, 1808; lieut.-coL 4th Inf. 31 Dec. 1809 ; flep. qnarterm.-gen. 3 Apr. 1812; col. 15th Inf. 3 July, 1812; brig.-gen. 12 Mar. 1813. Early in 1813 he was assigned to the principal army as adj. and insp.-gen.. and Avas selected to com. an exped. against York, the capital of Upper Canada. Landing under a heavy fire, he charged the enemy in person, and put them FIL 720 FIN" to flight, carried one battery by assault, and was moving to the attack of the main works, wlien the explosion of the British magazine mortally wounded him, speedily causing his death. Pillmore, Joseph, D.D., b. Tadmouth, Yorkshire, Eng., ab. 1734; d. Phila. July 24, 1825. Came to the U.S. a Meth. preacher in 1769. Ord. Pr.-Ep. Ch. 1785; assist, rector St. Paul's 1789-94; of Christ Ch., New York, 1794-1804 ; of St. Paul's, Phila., from 1804 to his d. Author of " Narrative of Labors in South Wales," 1825. His MS., describing his I ravels and labors in the different colonies, is in the possessicn of John Campbell of Phila. (1868). — ^Mone. Pillow, Gen. Gideon Johnson, lawyer and politician, b. Williamson Co., Tenn., June 8. 1806. U. of Nashville, 1827. Second son of Gideon, and grandson of John Pillow, a soldier of the Revol., who in 1783 settled in the present city of Nashville. His five sons were all disring. for activity and intrepidity in conflicts with the Indians. He studied law ; practised in Columbia, Tenn., in 1830; and in the course of 10 years ranked with the first lawyers of his State. He contrib. materially in 1844 to the nomination and election of Mr. Polk to the presidency, who, July 13, 1846, made him a brig.-gen. Proceeding at once to Mexico Avith his brigade of Tenn. vols., after a severe illness at Camargo he joined Scott before Vera Cruz ; had a conspicuous share in the operations which resulted in the fall of that important place ; and was one of the commiss. to negotiate terms of capitulation. At Cerro Gordo he led the attack on the ene- my's right, and was wounded ; made maj.-gen. Apr. 13, 1847; took part in the subsequent o])erations upon the city of Mexico, being conspicuous in the battles of Contreras and Churubusco ; and at the storming of Chapul- tepec was severely wounded. He opposed the convention at Tacubaya, and incurred the displeasure of Gen. Scott, whose pointed and offensive remarks constrained the former to call a court of inquiry, where every charge was met and disproved, and his fame cleared of any reproach. Retiring to private life, he devoted himself to the management of his large estate. In 1850 he was a member of the Nash- ville Southern Convention, where he delivered a speech against the extreme ground taken by ultra Southern men. In April, 1 861, he offered to raise a large force in Tenn in aid of the secession cause, and was a maj.-gen. in the Confed. army. He escaped from Fort Donelson previous to its surrender. Pinckney, Charles, LL.D. (N.J. Coll. 1787),statesman,b. Charleston, S.C.,1758; d. there Oct. 29, 1824. Grandson of Wm., com- miss.-gen. of S.C. (1703-66). He was educated for the bar. At the capture of Charleston he was made prisoner, and sent to St. Augustine ; mem- ber of the legisl. and of the Old Congress in 1784-7 ; member of the conv. which formed the U.S. Const, in 1787 ; pres. of the S.C. Const. Conv. of 1788; gov. of S.C. in 1789-92,1796-8, and 1806-8; U.S. senator 1798-1801 ; a fre- quent and able speaker on the Republican side in that body; an active promoter of Jeffierson's election to the presidency in 1800; minister to Spain in 1802-5, and negotiated a release from that power of all right and title to the terr. purchased by the U.S. from France ; was subsequently, at several times, in the State legisl ; and was an M.C. in 1819-21, and an opponent of the Mo. Compromise. Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, LL.D. (H.U. 1803), Revol. soldier and states- man, b. Charleston, S.C, 25 Feb. 1746; d. there 16 Aug. 1825. Son of Chief Justice Charles. Educated at Westminster and Ox- ford, Eng. ; read law at the Temple, Lond. ; and passed 9 months in the Roy. Milit. Acad, at Caen, France; returning in 1769, he es- tablished himself in the practice of law. Was a member of the first Prov. Congress of S.C. in June, 1775 ; was made a capt., and soon after col. 1st S.C. regt. ; after the successful de- fence of Fort Moultrie, he joined the Northern army, and was an aide to Washington at Brandy wine and German town ; returning south in the spring of 1778, he took part in the unsuccessful exped. to Fla. In Jan. 1779 he presided over the senate of S.C. He dis- played great resolution and intrepidity in the rapid march which saved Charleston from Gen. Prevost, and in the subsequent invasion of Ga. and the assault on the lines of Savannah. In the attack on Charleston, in April, 1780, he was in favor of holding out to the last extrem- ity ; and, on its surrender in May, became a prisoner, and suffered a rigorous and cruel confinement. Exchanged in Feb. 1782 ; made brig.-gen. 3 Nov. 1783. He resumed practice after the war. Was a member of the conv. that framed the U.S. Const., and declined succes- sively the places of judge of the U S Supreme Court, sec. of war, and sec. of state, ten- dered him by Washington; maj.-gen. of the State militia ; app. in July, 1796, min.-plenip. to France ; the hostility of the French Direc- tory caused the rejection of our conciliatory propositions, and the order to Pinckney to quit the French territory. He withdrew to Amsterdam in Feb. 1797. When war became inevitable, the whole country resounded with his celebrated sentiment, " Millions for defence, but not a cent for tril)ute." Returning home, he was made by Washington a maj.-gen. Many years an active politician, and was can- didate for the vice-presidency in 1800. As a lawyer he was disting. for accurate learning and strength of reasoning. Pinckney, Henry Laurens, politician, son of Gov. Charles, b. Charleston, Sept. 24, 1794; d. there Feb. 3, 1863. S.C. Coll. 1812. He studied law with his bro.-in-law Robert Y. Hayne; was adm. to the bar; member of the legisl. in 1816-32; mavor of Charleston in 1832 and 1839-40; M.C.' in 1833-7; and sub- sequently collector of the port, and a member of the legisl. Editor of the Charleston Mercury in 1 81 9, and a prominent exponent of the State- rights party. Author of Memoirs of Jona- than Maxcy, Robert Y. Hayne, and Andrew Jackson. Pinckney, Gen. Thomas, a Revol. offi- cer, and gov. of S.C. 1787-9, b. Charleston, Oct. 23, 1750; d. there Nov. 2, 1828. With his bro. Charles C, he was educated in Eng. ; FTN 721 I>IS studied law in the Temple ; and was adm. to the bar in 1770. Joining the Cont. army, he rose to the rank of major; served as aide to Lincoln ; and then with Count D'Estaing at the disastrous siege of Savannah in Oct, 1779. He disting. himself in the battle at Stono Fer- ry, and was aide to Gen. Gates in the battle near Camden, Aug, 1780, where he was des- perately wounded and made prisoner. During Washington's administration he was offered the place of judge of the U.S. Court, which he declined; minister to Great Britain in 1792-4, In Nov. 1794 he was employed on a mission to the court of Spain, where he made the treaty of St. Ildefonso, securing to the U.S. the free navigation of the Mpi. ; in Dec. 1796 he returned to Charleston ; and was M.C. in 1799-1801. Mar. 27, 1812, President Madison app. him to the command of the 6th milit, dist. His last active field-service was at the bat- tle of Horse-shoe Bend, where the military power of the Creeks was finally broken. He m, the dau. of Rebecca Motte, Pine, Robert Edge, portrait-painter, b. Eng. 1742 ; d. Phila. Oct. 1788. Son of John, an Eng. designer and engraver. In 1760 and 1762 he drew the prizes from the Society for the Encouragement of the Arts for the best hist, designs. He painted portraits with some reputation ; and in 1782 exhibited a series of pictures of scenes from Shakspeare. He after- ward came to America, and exhibited in Phila., where he was befriended by the Hopkinson family, the earliest cast of the Venus de Medici seen here. His best-known pictures are Wash- ington (1785), Gen, Gates, Baron Steuben, Charles Carroll, Gov, Colden, and Dr. Ogil- vie, and " Canute on the Seashore." Pinkney, Edward Coate, poet, son of Wm., b. Lond. Oct. 1802 ; d. Baltimore, Apr. 11, 1828. Educated at St. Mary's Coll., Bait. He was in the naval service in 1816-24; then practised law without success ; next failed in an attempt to procure a commission in the na- val service of Mexico; and in 1827 assumed for a brief period the control of a polit, journal, the Marylander. Author of "Rodolph and other Poems," 1825. An edition of his poems appeared in 1844 with a brief introd. by N. P, Willis, in the series of the Mirror Library, en- titled " The Rococo." A biog. notice by Wm, Leggett is in A^. Y. Mirror, 1827. JPinkney, William, LL.D., lawyer, ora- tor, and statesman, b. Annapolis, Md., March 17, 1764; d. Feb. 25, 1822. His father, a na- tive of the north of Eng., was a loyalist; while his son manifested a decided attachment to the cause of his country. He quitted the study of medicine for the law, and in 1783 entered' the office of Judge Chase. Adm. to practice in 1786, he soon attracted attention by his ora- tory ; delegate to the State conv. to ratify the Federal Const, in 1788, and also to the Md. h. of delegates. He was m. in 1789 to the sister of Com. Rodgers; and in 1790 was elected a member of Congress ; but his seat was contest- ed on the ground of his not residing in the dis- trict for which he was chosen. After making a powerful argument, and obtaining a favora- ble decision, he declined the honor io conse- quence of the state of his private affairs. Mem- 40 ber of the exec, council of Md. 1792-5, and again in 1795 a delegate to the legisl. from Anne Arundel Co. While he had thus at- tained a disting. political rank, he rose to the head of the bar. In 1796-1804 he was one of the commiss. in Lond. under Jay's treaty, and at the same time recovered for Md. a claim on the Bank of Eng. for $800,000, Atty.-gen. of Md. 1805. In 1806 he was made minister ex- traordinary to treat with the British govt, in conjunction with Monroe, and, after his return, was resident min. in 1807-11 ; in Sept. 1811, he was chosen to the State senate from Bait, ; was U.S, atty,-gen. Dec. 1811-14. He com, a vol. battalion at the battle of Bladensburg, and was severely wounded; M.C. in 1815-16, and made an able speech on the "treaty-making power," He accepted in Mar. 1816 an app. as special minister to Naples, whence he re- paired to the Russian capital as resident minis- ter, returning home in 1818 ; U.S. senator from 1820 to his d. ; and made an elaborate and powerful speech against the clause in the bill for the admission of Mo. into the Union, which prohibited the introduction of slaves into the new State, His death was occasioned by over- exertion in the Supreme Court in 1822 in a cause in which he took great interest, at a time when the state of his health unfitted him for application to study and business, — See Life by Henry Wheaton, N.Y., 1826; and bij his Nephew, Rev. Wm. Pinkney, D.D., 8vo, 1853, Pintard, John, LL.D,, b. N.Y. City, 1759; d. there June 21, 1844. N.J. Coll. 1776, He studied but never practised law; during the Revol. was a soldier, and 3 years clerk to his uncle, Lewis Pintard, commissary for Araer. prisoners in New York. Edited the N. Y.Daily Advertiser a short time, then engaged in com- merce; was long city inspector; and many years sec. of the Old Mutual Ins. Co. Found- er of the N.Y. Hist. Society; a zealous pro- moter of other useful institutions, an intelli- gent antiquary, and author of a number of papers in periodicals ; among them is an ac- count of N. Orleans in the Med. Repository. Vice-pres. Amer. Bible Society. Pinzon (pen-thon), Vincenzio Yaxez, commanded "The Nina" in the voyage of Columbus (1492). In 1499 he led an exped., and explored a part of the coast of Brazil. Living in 1523. His elder bro., Martin Alonzo, who com. "The Pinta" in the first voyage of Coliunl)us, d. 1493. Pise, Charles Constantine, D,D,, R.C, clergyman and author, b, Annapolis, Md,, 1802; d, Brooklyn, May 26, 1866, Georgct. Coll. His father was an Italian, his mother a native of Phila. He studied theology at Rome 2 years; on his return taught rhetoric and poetry in the sem. of Mount St. Mary's, Em- mcttsburg, and was ord. priest in 1825. After six months' labor at Fredericktown, Md,, he was called to Baltimore, where he wrote his " History of the Church to the Reformation," 5 vols. 1830; "Father Rowland," a tale in answer to " Father Clement ; " and the " Pleas- ures of Religion, and other Poems." His health failing, he again visited Rome, M^here he received the degree of D.D,, and the honorary title of Knight of the Roman Empire. He I>IS 722 FTjA. was afterward associate pastor of St. Patrick's Church, Washiri'^ton, and, through the influ- ence of Henry Clay, was app. chaplain of the U.S. senate. Removing to New York, he was settled over several churches successively. In 1849 he resigned his position at St. Peter's Church, and purchased the Emanuel Church, Brooklyn. He was eminent both as a lecturer and preacher. In 1858 he delivered a Latin ode at Emmettsburg on the 50th anniv. of the foundation of Mount St. Mary's College. He pub. a poem entitled "The Acts of the Apostles;" "Zenosius, or the Pilgrim Con- vert ; " " Indian Cottage ; " " Aletheia, or Letters on the Truth of the Catholic Doc- trines ; " " Letters to Ada ; " "Christianity and the Church ; " " Lives of St. Ignatius and his First Companions ; " " Notes on a Protes- tant Catechism," &c. ; the " Catholic Bride ; " and "Horae Vagabondae," sketching Irish scenery and manners. Pison (pee-son), William, a Dutch natu- ralist and physician, accomp. the Prince of Nassau to Brazil in 1637. The researches of Pison, and his companion Murograf, entitled "Natural History of Brazil," were pub. in 1648. Pitcairn (pit-kam), John, a British offi- cer, killed at Bunker's Hill, June 17, 1775. He was of Fifeshire, Scotland. Capt. of ma- rines Jan. 10, 1765 ; major in April, 1771. He led the advance in the exped. to Lexington on the moniing of Apr. 19, 1775, and, surround- ing the militia company there, ordered it to disperse. The conflict that ensued began the armed struggle that ended in Amer. independ- ence. Pitcairn was charged with having given the order to fire on the Americans, but insisted to his dying day that the colonists fired first. He behaved with great gallantry at Bunker's Hill, where he was shot dead while entering the redoubt. His eldest son David, an eminent physician of Lond., d. in 1 809. In the dis- putes between the soldiers and the people of Boston, he was the only British officer who dealt fairly with the latter. Pitcher, Thomas G., brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. Ind. West Point, 1845. Served in 8th Inf. through the Mexican war, and brev. 1st licut. 20 "Aug. 1847,, for Contreras and Churubusco; adj. 8th Inf 1849-54; capt. 19 Oct. 1858; brig.-gen. vols. 29 Nov. 1862; maj. 16th Inf. 19 Sept. 1863 ; col. 44th Inf. 28 July, 1866; 1st Inf. 15 Dec. 1870. He served in the Va. campaign June- Aug. 1862, and brev. maj. 9 Aug. 1862 for Cedai* Mountain, where he was severely wounded, and brev. brig.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865 for gallant and merit, services dur- ing the Rebellion. Superint. U.S. Milit. Acad, since 28 Aug. 1866. — Cullum. Pitkin, Timothy, LL.D. (Y.C. 1829), author, b. Farmington, Ct., 21 Jan. 1766; d. N. Haven, Dec. 18, 1847. Y.C. 1785. Son of Timo., minister of Farmington in 1752-85. A lawyer by profession ; member, and 5 times speaker, of the legisl. ; M.C. 1806-20; and again in the State legisl. He was a Federalist, and was in Confess esteemed good authority upon the political history of the country. Author of " Statistical View of the Commerce of the U.S.," Svo, 1816, and revised in 1835 ; "Political and Civil History of the U.S.," 1763-97, 2 vols. 8vo, 1828. He left a continu- ation of this work to the close of his own po- litical life, in MS. Pitkin, William, gov. of Ct. 1766-9 ; d. East Hartford, Oct. 1, 1769. Son of William, chief justice of Ct. (app. 1713), b. Middlesex, Eng., 1664; d. Hartford, Ct., Apr. 5, 1723. Member of the council from 1 734 ; apj). a judge of the Supreme Court in 1741, and lieut.-gov. and chief justice in 1754-66. In 1754 he was one of the delegates to the conv. at Albany, and one of the committee app. to prepare the plan of union which was adopted on that oc- casion. Pizarro, Francisco, conqueror of Peru, b. Truxillo, Spain, ab. 1471 ; d. Lima, Juno 26, 1541. Though the illegitimate son of a gentleman by a peasant-girl, and obliged to tend hogs for a support, he possessed an un- daunted courage, and, with other adventurers, came to America. In 1 51 he was in the exped. to Uraba under Ojeda ; was with Balboa when he discovered the Pacific Ocean ; was afterward in several expcds. under Gov. Pedro Arias ; and settled as a planter near Panama. In 1524 he joined with Almagro and Luynes in a search for hitherto-undiscovered countries ; explored a part of the Pacific coast, and underwent ex- treme hardship. In a second attempt, in 1526, he explored a part of Peru, and entered the wealthy city of Tumbez. He went to Spain in 1528, and obtained from Charles V. author- ity to conquer the great South- Amer. empire, but was himself obliged to find the means. After incredible hardships, and unceasing per- severance, he in 1531, with 177 men, penetrat- ed into Peru, and perfidiously seized the mon- arch Atahualpa, who had come to the Spanish camp for a friendly interview, and whom he cruelly and inhumanly j)ut to death. With this insignificant force, Pizarro, entering Cuz- co, the capital, in Nov. 1533, overthrew the dominion of the Peruvian incas, which ex- tended over 35 degrees of latitude, over many millions of a civilized and wealthy population, and which was sustained by large armies of well-disciplined veteran soldiers. In 1538 Pi- zarro and Almagro quarrelled for the supe- riority ; and the latter was defeated, and put to death ; but his son and friends, uniting against the victor, assassinated him in his palace. He founded the city of Lima. His descendants, bearing the title of Marquis of the Conquest, are still to be found at Truxillo in Spain. Gon- ZALO and Hernando, his bros., assisted him in his conquest. The former rebelled against the successor of his bro. Francis, and was executed at Cuzco in 1548. Hcraaudo in 1540 returned to Spain, but through the in- fluence of the friends of Almagro, whom he had put to death, was for 20 years imprisoned in the fortress of Medina del Campo, and d, ab. 1 565. Pedro, a relative, wrote an " Ac- count of the Discovery and Conquest of Peru," pub. ab. 1847. Placide, Henry, comedian, b. Charleston, S.C, Sept. 8, 1799; d. Babylon, L.I., Jan. 23, 1870. Son of Alexander, a dancer and panto- mimist, who d. 1812. He was for more than 20 years a favorite in New York, where he FI^A. 723 I>IL.XJ was manager of the old Park Theatre in its palmy days. His first appearance was at Charleston when he was 9 years old. App. at the Park Theatre, N.Y., Sept. 2, 1823, as Zckiel Homespun in " The Heir-at-Law." In 1838 he appeared at the Haymarket, London, as Sir Peter Teazle. He was the original Sir llarcourt Courtly in this country. He played successful engagements in the principal cities of the U.S. and En^., and was a prime fevor- ite in and long a resident of New Orleans. He took leave of the stage at the Winter Garden, New York, in 1 865, in the part of Corporal Cartouche. Thomas his bro. is a comic actor of merit. Plater, George, judge of the Md. Court of Appeals; member of the Old Congress 1778- 81; prcs. of the con v. which in 1788 ratified the U.S. Const., and gov. of Md. in 1792; d. Annapolis, Feb. 10, 1792, a. 56. W. and M. Coll. 1753. Piatt, Jonas, LL.D. (N.J. Coll. 1824), judge N.Y. Sup. Court, and M.C. 1799-1801 ; d. Peru, N.Y., 1834. Pleasauton, Alfred, brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Washington, D.C., Jan. 1824. West Point, 1844. Entering the 1st Dragoons, he joined the 2d in 1845; accomp. the army to the Rio Grande, and was brev. 1st lieut. for a gallant charge on the enemy's batteries at Resaca de la Palma. He afterward served in Cal., New Mexico, and Texas ; was acting assist, adj.-gen. to Gen. Harney during the Sioux exped. ; adj.-gen. in 1856-60 in his cam- paign in Florida, and his operations in Kansas, Oregon, and Washington Territories; made capt. March 3, 1855 ; acting col. 2d cav. in the fall of 1861; maj. Feb. 15, 1862 ; brig.-gen. vols. July 16, 1862; maj.-gen. vols. 22 June, 1863. He served through the peninsular campaign ; took com. of Gen. Stoneman's cavalry brigade; and, when Gen. M'Clellan crossed the Potomac in Oct., he led the vanguard. He was in the battle of Fredericksburg ; and at Chancellors- ville he saved the army after the rout of the 11th cor*ps ; he com. the cavalry at Gettysburg, and in Mo. during the Price raid, in which he did efficient service, finally routing Price at the Marais des Cygnes. Resigned Jan. 1868. Brev. lieut.-col. U.S.A. for Antietam, col. for Gettys- burg, brig.-gen. for campaign against Price in Mo., and maj.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865, for gallant and merit, services during the Rebellion. He after- ward embarked in manuf. and mining enter- prises ; was made collector of the 4th Dist. in 1869; and was U.S. revenue coll. Dec. 1870 to 8 Aug. 1871. Pleasants, James, gov. of Va. 1822-5, b. 1 769 ; d. Goochland Co. Nov. 9, 1 836. Delegate to the Assembly in 1796 ; clerk 1803-10 ; M.C. in 1811-19; U.S. senator in 1819-22; and in 1829-30 a member of the State Const. Conv. Twice app. to the bench, he declined from a distrust of his qualifications. His son John Hampden d. Richmond, Va., Feb. 27, 1846, from wounds in a duel with Thos. Ritchie, jun. He was a man of disting. talents, founder of the Richmond Whig, and its chief editor 22 years. Plessis, Joseph Octave, R. C. bishop of Quebec, b. Montreal, March 3, 1762; d. Que- bec, Dec. 4, 1825. Son of a blacksmith. Oid. priest, March 11, 1786; was employed as prof, of humanity at the Coll. of St. Raphael, also as secretary to the bishop of Quebec, and curate of the capital; Sept. 6, 1797, he was made coadjutor to Bishop Denault ; Apr. 26, 1800, he was app. bishop of Canatte, in Pales- tine, with the succession to the seat at Quebec, of which he became incumbent, Jan. 17, 1806. He founded the coll. at Nicolet, as well as primary schools at Quebec. He was called by the crown to the legisl. council in 1818, and proved himself a loyal and patriotic sena- tor. In 1799 he pronounced an oration at Quebec on the occasion of the naval battle of Aboukir. — See Ferland's Biog., Notice of, Que- bec, 8vo, 1864. Plumer, William, lawyer and politician of N.H., b. Newburyport, Ms., June 25, 1759 ; d. Epping, N.H., Dec. 22, 1850. A descendant of Francis of Boston in 1634, who d. in New- bury. With his father's family he removed to Epping in 1768. Possessing a vigorous, in- quisitive mind, as well as great industry, he became one of the best scholars in the Granite State. Adm. to the bar in 1787 ; acquired an extensive practice ; was a learned and shrewd practitioner ; and for many years was solicitor for Rockingham Co. During 8 years, two of which he was speaker, he was a rep. to the State legisl. ; was subsequently in the State senate, of which body he was twice pres. ; in 1792 he was a delegate to the State Const. Conv., and was active in embodying in that instrument many of the distinctive features still pertaining to it; U.S. senator in 1802-7; gov. of N.Hi 1812-13 and 1816-19. During the last 30 years of his life he gave himself up to literary pursuits, being a considerable con- tributor to the periodical press, under the sig- nature of " Cincinnatus." Author of "Ap- peal to the Old Whigs," 1805; "Address to the Clergy," 1814, &c. His Life was written by his son, and edited by Rev. A. P. Peabody, D.D., 8vo, 1856. His son William (b. Oct. 9, 1789, d. Epping, 18 Sept. 1854, H.U. 1809) was frequently in the house and senate of N.H. ; M.C. 1819-25; member of the State Const. Conv. of 1850. Pub. " Youth, or Scenes from the Past, and other Poems," 12mo, 1841 ; " Manhood," &c., a series of poems, Boston, 12mo, 1843. Plumer, William Swan, D.D., LL.D., b. Darlington, Pa., 1802. Wash. Coll., Va., 1825; Princeton Theol. Sem. Ord. in the Presb. church in 1827; preached in various places in Va., N.C., Md., and Pa. Prof of theol. in the Allegh. Sem. in 1854-62, and in the Theol. Sem., Columbia, S.C, since 1866. Author of " Thoughts on Relig. Education," &c., 1836; " Argument against Indiscriminate Incorp. of Churches," 8vo, 1847 ; " The Bible True, and Infidelity Wicked ; " " Plain Thoughts for Children;" "The Church and her Enemies," 1856; "Rome against the Bible," &c., 1854; "Vital Godliness," 1865; " Jehovah Jireh," 1866 ; " Studies in the Book of Psalms," 8vO, 1866; "Rock of our Salva- tion," 1867; "Words of Truth and Love," &c. — AUibone. Plumley, Benjamin Rush, b. Newton, FLU 724 rOE Pa., 1816. Author of "Kachel Lockwood; " "Kathaleen McKinley; ^' "Lays of the Earl^ Quakers," in the Knickerbocker ; and of " On- ental Ballads, "AbdEl Hassan," &c., in the Atlantic Monthli/ and Knickerbocker; and is a contrib. to periodicals. — AUibone. Piummer, Gen. Joseph B., b. Barre, Ms., in 1820; d. Corinth, Mpi., Aug. 9, 1862. West Point, 1841. Entering the 1st Inf., he became 1st lieut. March 15, 1848; capt. May 1, 1852 ; and maj. 8th Inf. Apr. 25, 1862. He served with distinction in Florida and Mexico ; rendered valuable service to Gen. Lyon in the capture of Camp Jackson, Mo., May 10, 1861 ; com. a battalion of regulars in the battle of Wilson's Creek, Mo., Aug. 10, and was severely wounded ; became col. 1 1 th Mo. Vols. 25 Sept. 1861 ; com. at Cape Girardeau, Mo., and de- feated Jeff. Thompson at Fredericktown, Mo., Oct. 21, killing 158, and capturing 42 prisoners and one cannon ; was made brig.-gen. Oct. 22, 1861 ; participated in the capture of New Ma- drid and Island No. 10, and served under Gen. Pope in the campaign near Corinth, Mpi., until July, 1862. Plympton, Joseph, col. U.S.A., b. Sud- bury, Ms , March 24, 1787 ; d. Staten Island, June 5, 1860. App. lieut. 4th Inf. Jan. 3, 18i2 ; capt. June, 1821 ; maj. 2d Inf. Sept. 22, 1840; lieut.-col. 7th Inf Sept. 9, 1846; col. 1st Inf June 9, 1853. Disting. on the North- ern frontier in the war'of 1812-15 ; com. in at- tiick on Seminole Indians, near Dunn's Lake, Fia., Jan. 25, 1842 ; com. liis regt. through the campaign of Gen. Scott in Mexico ; and won brevets for gallantry at Cerro Gordo and Con- trcras. » Pocahontas, the celebrated daughter of the Indian chief Powhatan, b. ab. 1 595 ; d. Gravesend, Eng., March, 1617. She discov- ered the warmest friendship for the colonists of Va., which was remarkably displayed in 1607, when Capt. John Smith was taken pris- oner, and about to be put to death. She inter- posed herself between the uplifted war-club and the intended victim, and prevailed upon her father to spare his life. ( Considerable doubt has been thrown upon this romantic story by Mr. Charles Deane ; see Preface to his ed. of Smith's "True Relation," and Rev. E. D. Neill's " Hist, of the Va. Comp. of Lond." ) She w^as subsequently a frequent visitor to the set- tlements, to which she furnished provisions in times of great need. Informed in 1609 of an intended plot to destroy Smith and his party, she ventured alone through the forest at mid- night to disclose it to Smith. Ab. the year 1612, while on a visit to Japazaws, chief of the Potomac, the latter sold her to Capt. Argall for a copper kettle ; and, while a negotiation was pending with her father for her ransom, she was m. at York town, Apr. 1613, to Mr. Thomas Rolfe, an Englishman of respectable character, with whom early in 1616 she em- barked for Eng., where she was baptized, ex- changing her Indian name for that of Rebecca. In London she received a visit from her former friend, Capt. Smith, who, for some unknown purpose, she had been taught to believe was dead. She was introduced to the nobility and gentry by Smith, and was introduced at court by Lady De la War. Mr. Rolfe was app. sec. and recorder-gen. of Va. After a short residence in England, as she was ab. to embark from Gravesend, in company with her husband, to revisit her native land, she d. at the age of 22, leaving one son, who was educated by his uncle in London, and afterwards became a wealthy and disting. character in Virginia. Poe, Adam, D.D., a Meth. clergyman, b. Columbiana Co., O., July 21, 1804; d. June 26, 1868. His youth was spent on his father's farm. He became an itinerant in 1826; was adm. to the annual conf. in 1827; was a circuit preacher until 1835 ; pres. elder of the Woostcr dist. 183.''>-9 ; was stationed at Mansfield and Delaware, and presided over different districts from 1839 to 1852 ; assist, agent of the Western Book Concern 1852-60 ; and became principal agent in 1 860. Dr. Poe was one of the best- known clergymen of his denomination ; took a deep interest in education ; and may almost be said to have founded the 0. Wesleyan Confer- ence. Poe, Edgar Allan, poet, b. Baltimore, Jan. 1811 ; d. there Oct. 7, 1849. His father, who was the son of David Poe, a disting. offi- cer of the Md. line of the Revol. army, was a lawyer, but, marrying an actress, went himself upon the stage; and in a few years both died, leaving 3 young children entirely destitute. Edgar was adopted by a wealthy citizen of Richmond, John Allan ; was 4 or 5 years at a school at Stoke Newington, near London ; and was afterwards expelled from the U. of Va. for bad conduct. He set out to join the Greeks in their struggle for indep. ; and after a year's stay in Europe returned home, and, by Mr. Allan's influence, received a cadetship at West Point; ignominiously expelled at the end of ten months, he was kindly received by Mr. Allan, who was, however, compelled to turn him out of doors on account of his conduct towards his wife. In 1829 he pub. " Al Aaraaff' Tamerlane, and minor Poems." Not succeeding at first in the pursuit of literature as a profession, he enlisted as a private soldier, but soon deserted. He next competed successfully for two prizes of $100 each, offered by an editor in Baltimore. J. P. Kennedy the novelist relieved his desti- tution, and procured him the editorship of the Southern Lit. Messenrjer at Richmond. While here he m. his cousin Virginia Clemm, with whom, after being dismissed for his excesses by the publisher of the Messenger, he removed to New York in Jan. 1837. Here, in 1838, he pub. " The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym ; " then edited Burton's Gentleman's Mag. one year at Phila. ; edited Graham's Mag. for a year; in 1840 pub. " Talcs of the Grotesque and Arabesque ; " and pub. in N. York, in Feb. 1845, the poem of " The Raven," which made him famous. He then edited the Broadivai/ Journal, but was so poor, that public appeals for pecuniary aid were made in his be- half by the newspapers. His wife died, and in 1849 he went to Richmond, where he formed an engagement with a lady of considerable for- tune ; but, before the day app . for their mar- riage, he d. in Baltimore of delirium tremens. Among his prose productions are " The Gold Bug," " The Fall of the House of Usher," FOI 725 FOU, " The Murders in the Kue Morgue/' " The Purloined Letter," " The Conchologist's First Book." His poems are characterized by in- genuity, melody, and taste, though upon gloomy and fantastic topics. His works were edited by R. W. Griswold, 4 vols. 1 850. — -See Mrs. IV/iitinan's "Edgar Poe and his Critics," 1860. Poindexter, George, lawyer and poli- tician, b. Loudon Co., Va., 1779; d. Jackson, Mpi., Sept. 5, 1853. Of Huguenot ancestry; left an orphan at an early age. He studied law at Richmond, In 1802 he removed from Mil- ton, Va., where he had practised law for a year or two with success, to Mpi., and was in 1803 made atty.-gen. of the Territory ; was its dele- gate to Congress in 1807-13; M.C. 1817-19; gov. 1819-21; U.S. senator 1831-5; and af- terward a commiss. to investigate the Swart- wout defalcation. In one of his many person- al and political quarrels, he killed in a duel Abijah Hunt, a leading merchant in the South- west ; he was accused of unfairness in this quarrel, out of which grew bitter and pro- longed controversies. In 1813-17 he was U.S. dist. judge for Mpi. He made the ablest speech on the conduct of Gen. Jackson, in the house in 1819, and to it Jackson in great measure owed his triumphant acquittal. He deserted his party, however, on the bank ques- tion ; and became exceedingly obnoxious to Jackson by voting for Clay's resolution cen- suring the executive. He practised his profes- sion from 1821 to 1831, and removed to Louis- ville, Ky., in 1835. He pub. "Revised Code of the Laws of Mpi.," 8vo, 1824. — See Biog. Sketch, Washington, 8vo, 1835. Poinsett, Joel Roberts, LL.D., states- man, b. Charleston, S-C, Mar. 2, 1779; d. Statesbnrg, S.C, Dec. 12, 1851. Of Hugue- not descent, and the last of his family ; he was taken to Eng. by his parents while a child, re- turning to Charleston in 1788. Educated at Greenfield, Ct., under Pres. D wight, ki 1793; he went abroad for his health in 1796, travelled in Europe and Asia, and studied medicine and miUtary affairs. Returning home in 1809, he was sent by Pres. Madison to S. America to ascertain the condition of the people, and their prospects of success in the revol. just begun. After establishing friendly and commercial re- lations with Buenos Ayres, he crossed the continent to Chili. The Spanish authorities of Peru having seized and condemned several Amer. vessels, invaded Chili, and seized 10 Amer. whale-ships at Talcahuano, Mr. Poin- sett, with a small force of Chilians, retook Tal- cahuano, and liberated the vessels. Hearing of the declaration of war with Eng., he de- termined to return home and enter the army ; but peace was declared before he arrived. On his return to S.C. he was elected to the State legisl., and secured the construction of the im- portant road over the Saluda Mountain. M.C. 1821-5 ; and discharged an important mis- cion to Mexico in 1822, during the brief reign of Iturbide ; minister to Mexico in 1825-9, and negotiated a treaty of commerce; while there he maintained his personal independence with spirit and courage during scenes of pecu- liar diflficulty in the revol. outbreaks of the times. He returned home to lead the Union party of S.C. in the nullification struggle ; and was sec. of war under Van Buren in 1837-41; opposed to nullification, secession, and the Mexican war. He delivered a discourse on the " Promotion of Science," at the first anniv. of the Nat. Institution ; pub. '* Notes on Mexico, made in 1822," Phila. 1824, and some essays and orations on topics of manuf. and agric. in- dustry. He endowed the Nat. Institution with a valuable museum. Founder of an Acad, of Fine Arts at Charleston. — Nat. Port. Gall. Polk, James Knox, 11th pres. of the U.S., b. Mecklenburg Co., N.C., Nov. 2, 1795; d. Nashville, Tenn., June 15, 1849. U. of N.C. 1818. His family, originally named Pol- lock, came from Ireland early in the 18th cen- tury; and his great-uncle Thomas was (listing. in the Revol. His father Samuel, a farmer, and a stanch Jeffersonian, removed to Teim. in the fall of 1806. Mr. Folk studied in the office of Felix Grundy ; was adm. to the Co- lumbia bar in 1820, soon taking a high posi- tion ; member of the legisl. in 1823-5; M.C. 1825-39, and speaker 1835-9; gov. of Tenn. in 1839-40; nominated to the presidency by the Democ. conv. at Baltimore, May 29, 1844 ; and elected by 170 votes to 105 for Henry Clay, the prime issue being the annexation of Texas. He was the early friend of Jackson, and strongly supported his measures while in Congress, opposing lisderal appropriations for internal improvements, a protective tariff, and a national bank; and was one of the most conspicuous adversaries of the administration of John Quincy Adams. In the session of 1833-4, as chairman of the com. of ways and means, he vindicated with much force the con- duct of the pres. in ordering the removal of the public deposits from the Bank of the U.S. His administration was one of the most im- portant in our history ; it covers the settle- ment of the Oregon-boundary question, the cre- ation of the (lept. of the interior, the admission of Wisconsin as a State, the annexation of Texas and the consequent war with Mexico, and acquisition of New Mexico and California. He labored to organize the national treasury on the principles of the Constitution, and in- troduced into the govt, many financial and commercial reforms. He was an animated speaker, and a ready debater. — See his Life bu John S. Jenkins, 12 mo, 1850 ; Hist, of his Ad- min istration, by L. B. Chase, 8vo, 1850. Polk, Leonidas, Pr.-Ep. bishop, and gen. C.S.A.,2d cousin of the preceding, b. Raleigh, N.C, 1806; killed at Pine Mountain, Ga., June 14, 1864. West Point, 1 827. He served a few months as lieut. of art. ; then studied the- ology ; was ord. deacon in 1830; was a cler- gyman from 1831 to 1838, when he became miss, bishop of Ark. and the Indian Terr, south of 36^ 30' ; and in 1841 became bishop of La., residing in Lafourche parish, where he had extensive plantations. Sympathizing strongly with secession, he early urged upon Davis and the Confed. authorities the importance of fortify- ingand holding the strategical points of the Mpi. Valley. In July, 1861, he became maj.-gen. in the Confed. army. His thorough military training was evinced by his selection of points FOXu 726 FON of defence, such as Forts Henry and Donel- son, Columbus, K^-., Island No. 10, and Mem- phid ; though he did not rank high as a general. Evacuating Columbus, March 1, 1862, he joined Beauregard's army at Corinth ; took part in the battle of Shiloh, in com. of the 1st corps ; served afterward under Bragg; and com. the 2d army corps when Bragg invaded Ky. in Sept. 1862. lie saw much hard fight- ing in the battle of Murfroesborough, and shared in the victory at Cliickaraauga ; for disobedience of orders in this battle, whereby, as was asserted in Bragg's official report, the federal army was alone saved from annihila- tion, he was relieved from his com., and placed under arrest. App. lieut.-gen. early in 1863; in the winter and spring of 1864 he had tem- porary charge of the Dept. of the Mpi. By skilful dispositions, he prevented the junction of Gens. Smith and Sherman in Southern Mpi., and took com. of a corps in Johnston's army which opposed the advance of Sherman to Atlanta, participating in the chief engage- ments. He was killed by a cannon-shot while reconnoitring near Marietta, Ga. He had never resigned his diocese, and intended after the war to resume his episcopal functions. Polk, Tkusten, politician, b. Sussex Co., Del., May 29, 1811. Y.C. 1831. He studied law at the Yale Law School, and began prac- tice in St. Louis in 1835. Member of the State Const. Conv. 1845; gov. of Mo. 1857; U.S senator 1857-63, expelled for disloyalty 10 Jan. 1862. Pollard, Edwaed A., editor Richmond Examiner, and from 1867 to May, 1869, the Southern Opinion, weekly, at Richmond. Au- thor of "Biaek Diamonds," 1859 ; " Southern Hist, of the War," 3 vols. 8vo, 1863-5 ; " Eight Months in Prison," &c., 1865; " The Lost Cause," 8vo, 1866 ; " Lee and his Lieutenants," 8vo, 1867 ; " The Lost Cause Regained," 1868; "Life of Jefferson Davis," 8vo, 1869; " Va. Tourist." Son of Maj. Richard, soldier and diplomatist, d. Washington, D. C, Feb. 1851. App. capt. 20th Inf. April 14, 1812; maj. 21st Inf. Dec. 14, 1813; duirg^ d'affaires to Chili, 1835. Pollock, James, LL.D. (N. J. Coll. 1855), b. Pa. N.J. Coll. 1831. Practised law; app. judge of C.C.P. ; M.C. from Pa. 1843-9 ; gov. 1855-8; deleg. to Peace Cong. March, 1861. Pomeroy, Benjamin, D.D. (D.C 1774), minister of Hebron, Ct., from Dec, 1735, to his d., Dec. 22, 1784; b. Suffield, 1704. Y.C. 1733. Eltweed, his ancestor, settled at Wind- sor in 1633. During Whitefield's revival, he preached with great zeal and power. He was for 7 years deprived of his stated salary for preaching in disregard of the laws of Ct. Chap- lain in the French and Revol. wars ; an excel- lent scholar, a man of real genius, and one of the best preachers of his day. — Spraqut. Pomeroy, John Norton, LL.D. (U. of Vt. 1861), dean of the Law School, and prof. of polit. science, U. of N. Y., b. Rochester, N.Y., ab. 1826. Author of *' Introd. to Muni- cipal Law," 8vo, 1864; "Introd. to U.S. Constitutional Law," 8vo, 1868; contrib. on Criminal Procedure to N. A, Review, April, 1861, and Jan. 1862. Pomeroy, Gen. Seth; d. Peekskill, N. Y., Feb. 1777. Son of Ebenezer, and grandson of Deacon Medad Pomeroy, and re- sided in Northampton, Ms. ; engaging, while young, in military duties. Capt. in 1744; maj. at the capture of Louisburg in 1745 ; in 1755 he was lieut.-col. in Williams's regt., from whose death he was chief commander in the battle with Dieskau. His regt. was the most prominent, and suffered most, in gaining the victory at Lake George. He was a delegate to the Prov. Cong, in 1774-5 ; in Oct. 1774 was chosen with Preble and Ward a general officer, and in Feb. 1775 a brig.-gen. He fought as a private soldier at Bunker's Hill, and was in the hottest of the fight. His app. as senior briga- dier by Congress, a few days after, causing some difficulty in the adjustment of questions of rank, he declined it, and soon after retired to his farm. In the following year, however, when N.J. was overrun by the enemy, he headed the militia of his neighborhood, and marched to the Hudson River. He was an ingenious and skilful mechanic, and manuf. of arms, and was a zealous and devoted patriot. His son Lemuel, 40 years in the legisl., d. Southampton, Dec. 1819, a. 82. Ponce de Iieon (pon'-tha da la-on), Juan, the Spanish discoverer of Florida; d. Cuba, 1521. He disting. himself in the war with the Moors of Granada ; accomp. Colum- bus on his second exped. in 1498 ; and became com. of the eastern province of Hispaniola. Sent by Ovando in 1509 to conquer the Island of Porto Rico, he amassed there great wealth, and hearing of an island situated to the north, in which was a miraculous fountain which could restore youth to the aged, he sailed in quest of it to the Bahamas in Mar. 1512. He failed to find the fountain, but landed, 8 April, 1512, some miles north of the site of St. Augus- tine, taking possession in the name of the King of Spain. He cruised there some months, doublcd,Cape Florida, sailed among the Tortu- gas, and returned to Porto Rico, leaving ono of his n>en to continue the search. Returning to Spain in 1513, he received from Ferdinand permission to colonize the " Island of Florida," and the app. of gov. ; in 1514 he led an unsuc- cessful exped. against the Carib. Indians. Pro- ceeding in 1521 to take possession of his prov- ince, he encountered the determined hostility of the natives, was driven back to his ships mortally wounded, and d. soon after his arrival in Cuba. Pond, Enoch, D.D., author, b. Wrentham, Ms., July 29, 1791. B.U. 1813. He studied theology with Dr. Emmons; was licensed to preach June, 1814; ord. pastor of the Cong, church, Auburn, Ms., March 1, 1815; and dis- missed in 1828 to become the conductor of the Spirit of the Pilgrims, a monthly pub. in Bos- ton. He was prof, of theology in the sem. at Bangor from Sept. 1832 to 1856, when he became pres. prof, of eccles. history, and lecturer on pastoral duties. He has pub. reviews of " Judson on Baptism," " Monthly Concert Lectures," 1824; "Memoir of Pres. Davies," 1827; of "Susanna Anthony," 1827; of " Count Zinzendorf," 1839; of "John Wick- lifl^c," 1841; "Morning of the Reformation," i>02sr 727 i>oo 1842 ; " No Fellowship with Romanism," 1843; "The Mather Family" and "The Young Pastor's Guide," 1844 ; " The World's Salvation," 1845 ; " Pope and Pagan," a " Re- view of Swedenborgianism," and " Plato," 1846; "Life of Increase Mather" and "Sir Wm. Phipps," 1847 ; " The Church," 1848 ; a review of Bushnell's "God in Christ," 1849; "The Ancient Church," 1851; "Memoir of John Knox," 1856 ; " The Wreck and Rescue," 1858; "Bangor Lectures on Pastoral Theol.," 1866; "Lectures on Christian Theology," 8vo, 1 868 ; " Prize Essay on Congregational- ism," Sept. 1867. Pont Briand, Henri Du Briel, de, 6th and last bishop of Canada under the French dominion, b. Vannes, France, 1709; d. Mon- treal, June 8, 1760. Consec. April 9, and ar- rived at Quebec Aug. 17, 1741. On the approach of the English to Quebec, in 1759, he issued a Pastoral Letter, which is in Smith's "History of Canada." Ponte, Lorenzo da, an Italian poet, b. Ceneda, Venice, Mar. 10, 1749 ; d. New York, Aug. 17, 1838. He was well educated. Was 2 years prof, of rhetoric in the Sem. of Ponta Guadio ; then removed to Venice, and, in con- sequence of a satirical sonnet against Count Pisani, was exiled. He went to Vienna, where he became Latin sec. to Joseph II.,; wrote for the Italian theatres of Vienna and Prague ; and produced the librettos of a number of operas, among them "Don Giovanni" and " Nozzi di Figaro." He passed several years at London as poet and sec. of the Italian Opera, under the management of Taylor. In 1805 he came to America, teaching his native language and literature in New York ; in his 80th year he was app. prof, of Italian in Col. College. Be- sides dramas, he is the author of Memoirs of his own Life, 3 vols. N.Y., 1823 ; of a number of sonnets, and of translations of Byron's " Prophecy of Dante," and of Dodsley's " Even- ing of Human Life." He possessed a tall and imposing form, and a head of antique beauty, with a profusion of flowing hair. His son Lorenzo L., prof, of the Italian lang. and lit. in the U. of N.Y., b. Lond. 1805, d. N.Y. City, 28 Jan. 1840. Author of " History of the Flor- entine Republic," 2 vols. 8vo, N.Y. 1833 ; and " Almachide," a tragedy, 1830. Pontiac, chief of the Ottawas, b. on the Ottawa River, 1720 ; d. 1769. He settled near Michiliraacinac, and was an ally of the French. In 1746, at the head of a body of Indians, mostly Ottawas, he successfully defended Detroit, then a French possession, against the attacks of some hostile northern tribes. He is supposed to have led the Ottawas at Braddock's defeat in 1755. In 1760, Maj. Rogers, with a detach- ment, took possession of the western posts un- der the treaty of Paris. Hating the English, the discontent of the Indians was increased by injudicious usage; and Pontiac, at the close of 1762, sent messengers to the different nations, proposing that in May, 1763, they should rise, massacre the English garrisons, and destroy the frontier settlements. 9 forts were attacked on the same day, and their garrisons either massacred or dispersed. Pontiac himself was to attack Detroit ; but, his intention being discovered, he besieged it, and, to obtain food for his war- riors, issued promissory-notes drawn upon birch- bark, and signed with the figure of an otter, which were all redeemed. The siege lasted from May 12 to Oct. 12, when it was raised, and the Indians sued for peace. Pontiac, unsub- dued, endeavored to stir up the Indians on the Miami and in other places, and applied in vain for aid from the French com. at New Orleans. His followers gradually fell off; and in 1766 he formally submitted to the English rule. He was killed by an Illinois Indian at Cahokia, opposite St. Louis, while drunk. — See History of the Conspiracy of Pontiac by F. Parkman, 1851. Poole, William Frederick, b. Salem, Ms., 1821. Y.C. 1849. Librarian Bost. Mer. Lib. 1852-6, and of the Bost. Athenaeum 1856- 69 ; now of the Cincin. Library. Author of " Index to Subjects in Reviews and Periodicals," . 8vo, 1848; "Index to Periodical Literature," 8vo, 1853 ; " The Battle of the Dictionaries," 8vo, 1856 ; " Websterian Orthography," 1857 ; "The Orthographical Hobgoblin," 1859; " The Mather Papers," 1868 ; " Cotton Mather and Salem Witchcraft," repr. from N.A.Review, 1869. Contrib. to N.A. Review, &c. Poor, Charles H., rear-adm. U.S.N., b. Cambridge, Ms., June 9, 1808. Midshipm. Mar. 1, 1823 ; lieut. Dec. 31, 1833 ; com. Sept. 14, 1855; capt. 1 July, 1862; commo. Jan. 2, 1863; rear-adm. Sept. 20, 1868; retired 9 June, 1870. He com. exped. of sailors and marines to re-enforce Fort Pickens in 1861 ; frigate "Roanoke," N. Atlantic block, squad., 1861-2 ; com. " The Saranac," Pacific squad., 1863-5 ; com. the N. Atl. squad. Aug. 19, 1869. Poor, Daniel, D.D., missionary to India, b. Danvers, Ms., June 27, 1789 ; d. of cholera at Jaffria, Ceylon, Feb. 3, 1855. D.C. 1811 ; And. Sem, 1814. He sailed from Newbury- port with other missionaries, Oct. 23, 1815 ; arrived at Colombo in Ceylon, Mar. 23, 1816 ; resided a while at Tillipally, afterward at Bar- ricotta, where he opened a scientific sem. ; re- moved to Madura in Mar. 1836 ; returned home in Sept. 1848; spent about two years in the employ of the A.B.C.F.M., visiting various parts of the country, delivering addresses, and otherwise stimulating missionary enterprise, returning to Ceylon in 1850. Author of vari- ous publications in the Tamil and English languages. Poor, Enoch, brig.-gen. Revol. army, b. Andover, Ms., 1736 ; killed in a duel with a French officer, near Hackensack, N. J., Sept. 8, 1780. Son of Thomas, and grandson of Daniel Poor, one of the first settlers of Andover. After receiving a common-school education at that place, he removed to Exeter, N.H., where he engaged in commercial pursuits. Imme- diately after the battle of Lexington, thePtov. Assembly app. him col. Upon the evacuation of Boston, his regt. was ordered to N.Y., and thence to join in the invasion of Canada. He was one of the officers who remonstrated in writing against the abandonment of Crown Point. Feb. 21, 1777, he was app. a brig.-gen. ; served in that capacity in the battles with Bur- goyne, after whose surrender he joined the army under Washington in Pa. He was a participator FOO 728 roi* in the movements in the vicinity of the Dela- ware, as well as in the sufferings and destitution of Valley Forge ; disting. himself at the battle of Monmouth in 1778, and in 1779 accomp. Sullivan in his exped. against the Indians of the Six Nations. When the corps of light in- fantry was formed in Aug. 1780, it was ar- ranged into two brigades, one of which was com. by Poor, and placed under the orders of Lafayette, by whom he was highly esteemed. Washington, in announcing his death to Con- gress, says he was " an officer of distinguished merit, who, as a citizen and a soldier, had every claim to the esteem of his country." Poor, John Alfred, lawyer, father of the railroad system of Me., b. Andover, Me., 8 Jan. 1808; d. Portland, 5 Sept. 1871, a. 63. At first a lawyer in Bangor, and afterward in Portland. Some years editor of the State of Maine, newspaper, and some time a member of the Me. legisl. Originator of the European and N.A. Railroad, and pres. of the proposed Portland, Rutland, and Oswego Railroad. An active member of the Me. Hist. Soc., under whose auspices he pub. in 1862 " A Vindica- tion of the Claims of Sir F. Gorges," &c. ; and he del. the address at the Popham celeb. in 1868. Poore, Benjamin Perlet, journalist and author, b. Newbury, Ms., Nov. 2, 1820. He was two years in a printing-office ; pub. and edited the Southern Whig, Athens, Ga., 1838- 40; attache to H. W. Hilliard, Brussels, 1841 ; hist, agent of Ms. in France, 1844-8, and com- piled 10 folio vols, of important documents, 1492-1780; foreign corresp. of Boston Atlas, 1843-8; editor Boston Daily Bee, and editor and proprietor of the American Sentinel, 18.50 ; Washington corresp. Bost. Journal since 1854, under the signature of "Perley;" sec. U.S. Agric. Soc, and editor of its journal, since 1854. Author of "Life of Gen. Tavlor," 1848 ; " Rise and Fall of Louis Philippe,"'l 848 ; " Early Life of Napoleon," 1851 ; Novellettes, repub. from Gleason's Pictorial; "Agricult. Hist, of Essex Co., Ms. ;" " The Conspiracy Trial," 1865; "Congressional Directory," ISai. — Allibone. Pope, Charles A., M.D., surgeon, b. Huntsville, Ala., 15 Mar. 1818; d. Paris, Mo., 6 July, 1 870. He graduated at the universities of Ala. and of Pa., and attended a course of lectures at the Cincin. Med. Coll. After 2 years of travel and study abroad, he settled in St. Louis in 1841 ; gained a large practice, and filled successively the chairs of anatomy and surgery in the St. Louis U. He aided in found- ing the St. Louis Med. Coll., and devoted much time and labor to promote the cause of education. Pres. Amer. Med. Assoc, in 1853. Pope, John, politician, b. Pr. William Co., Va„ ab. 1770; d. Washington Co., Ky., July 12, 1845. Losing an arm by accident, he deter- mined to study law; settled in Shelby Co., and afterward in Lexington, Ky. ; many years in the Ky. legist. ; U.S. senator 1807-13 ; M.C. 1837-43; gov. Ark. Terr. 1829-35; pres. pro tern. U.S. Senate 1811. — Collins's Hitt. Ky. Pope, John, commo. U.S.N., b. Ms. Mid- shipm. May 30, 1816; lieut. Apr. 28,1826; com. Feb. 15, 1843; capt. Sept. 14, 1855; commo. (retired list) July 16, 1862. He com. brig "Dolphin," coast of Africa, 1846-7; sloop " Vandalia," E.I. squad., 1853-6 ; steam- sloop "Richmond, " Gulf squad., 1861 ; prize commis., Boston, 1864-5; light-house insp. 1866-9. Pope, John, brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. Ky. Mar. 16,1823. West Point, 1842. His father, Judge Nathaniel (b. Va. 1785, d. St. Louis, Mo., 23 Jan. 1850), was a lawyer at Vandalia, 111. ; a del eg. to Congress from 111. Terr, in 1816-18; register of the land-office at Edwardsville, III., 1818; app. judge U.S. Dist. Court of 111. 1819. John entered the topog. engs. ; was attached to the army of Gen. Taylor; was brev. 1st lieut. for Monterey, and capt. for Buena Vista, Feb. 23, 1847. He conducted the Minnesota explor- ing exped. in 1849-50; then that to test the fea- sibility of boring artesian wells in the Llano Es- tacado, between Texas and N. Mexico ; and in 1 855 that to survey the route of the Pacific Rail- road. In 1854-9 he was exploring the Rocky Mountains. He became capt. July 1, 1856. In an address in 1860 on the subject of " Fortifica- tions," del. at Cincinnati, he denounced the pol- icy of Pres. Buchanan in unsparing terms, and was 'court-martialled ; but the matter was dropped. He was one of the officers who escorted Mr. Lincoln to Washington ; was made brig.-gen. vols. May 17, 1861 ; and app. to a com. in Mo., where his operations were very successful. In an engagement at the Blackwater, Dec. 13, he routed the enemy, and took a number of pris- oners. In Feb. 1862, Gen. Halleck intrusted him with the com. of the land-force destined to co-operate with Flag-Officer Foote's flotilla. Marching on New Madrid, he captured that place. Mar. 13 ; and, after the surrender of Island No. 10 (Apr. 8), took a large number of prisoners; Mar. 21, 1862, he became maj.-gen. of vols. ; in April he took com. of a grand divis- ion of Gen. Halleck's army ; vigorously pur- sued the enemy in retreat from Corinth*; and was summoned to Washington to take com. of the Army of Va. June 27, 1862; made brig.- gen. U.S.A. July 14. Aug. 17 and 18 Gen. Pope drew back his whole force across the Rap- pahannock ; from this date, for 1 5 days. Gen. Pope, re-enforced by a part of the Army of the Potomac, fought continuously a superior force of the enemy under Lee, on the line of the Rap- pahannock, at Manassas Junction, at Groveton, and Chantilly. He withdrew his force behind Difficult Creek, and thence within the fortifica- tions of Washington ; and, Sept. 3, was at his own request relieved of the com. of the Army of Va., and assigned to that of the Dcpt. of the North-west. In Dec. he testified at Washing- ton before the court-martial on Fitz-John Porter, accused by him of misconduct before the enemy at the second battle of Bull Run. Brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865 for cap- ture of Island No. 10. Author of "Explora- tions from the Red River to the Rio Grande," in " Pacif R.R. Reports," vol. 3 ; " The Campaign in Va. of July and Aug. 1862," 8vo, 1863. Popham, George, pres. of the first com- pany of settlers in New England ; d. 5 Feb. 1608. He sailed from Plymouth, Eng., 31 May, 1607, with 2 ships and 100 men. Popham com- manded one ship, and Raleigh Gilbert, nephew FOF 729 FOR of Sir Walter Ealeigh, the other. Aug. 1 5 they landed at the mouth of the Sagadahock or Ken- nebec River, " on a western peninsula ; " and a storehouse was built, with a fort, which was called Fort St. George. After the death of Popham, the colonists returned home, having, as Smith says, "found nothing but extreme extremities." His bro. Sir John, lord chief justice of the King's Bench, a promoter of the settlement of America, b. Somersetshire, 1531, d. 10 June, 1607. He became chief justice ab. 1592^ Sir Francis Popham was a patentee of N. England, and a member of parliament in 1 620. — See Memorial Volume of the Popham Celebration. Popkin, JOHX SPELLING, D.D. (H. U. 1815), clergyman and scholar, b. Boston, June 19, 1771 ; d. Cambridge, Ms., March 2, 1852. Son of Col. John, Revol. officer. H.U. 1792. He exercised the vocation of a teacher for a short time in Woburn and in Cambridge ; and was Greek tutor at H.U. in 1795-8. Member of the Am. Academy. Ord. pastor of the Fed- eral-street Church, Boston, July 10, 1799; dis- missed Nov. 28, 1802; installed pastor of the First Church in Newbury, Sept. 19, 1804; dis- missed Oct. 5, 1815, having accepted the app. of prof, of Greek in H.U. In 1826-33 he was Eliot professor of Greek literature. During his ministry, he pub. a number of sermons of a high character. An interesting vol. of his pro- ductions has appeared, consisting of lectures, and extracts from sermons, with a Memoir of his Life by C. C. Felton, 1852. Porter, Alexander J., jurist and senator, b. near Armagh, Ireland, 1786; d. Attakapas, La., Jan. 13, 1 844. His father fell in the rebel- lion of 1 798. He came to the U.S. in 1801; en- gaged in mercantile occupations in Nashville, Tenn. ; but, having studied law, was in 1807 adm. to the bar. The defects of his early edu- cation were remedied by his own individual efforts; and by his industry and talent he atttained the front rank of jurists and politi- cians. Removing to St. Martinsville, La., in 1810, he was active in forming the State const. in 181 1 ; became a judge of the Supreme Court in 1821; and was U.S. senator in 1834-7. Re-elected in 1843, ill health prevented his tak- ing his seat. A Whig in politics, he voted to censure Pres. Jackson for the removal of the deposits; favored Calhoun's motion to reject petitions for the abolition of slavery in the Dist. of Col. ; favored the division among the States of the surplus revenue, and the recognition of the independence of Texas. To the labors of Judges Porter, Matthews, and Martin, is due the system of jurisprudence at present existing in Louisiana. Porter, Gen. Andrew, Revol. officer, b. Worcester, Montgomery Co., Pa., Sept. 24, 1743; d. Harrisburg, Nov. 16, 1813. He taught a school at Phila. from 1767 till June 19, 1776, when he was made by Congress a capt. of marines, and ordered on board the frig- ate " Effingham ; " transferred soon after to the art., in which, from his previous studies, he was qualified to be eminently useful ; he served with great reputation for science and bravery; was in 1782 promoted to major ; and at the end of the war was col. of the 4th or Pa. Art. He was engaged at Trenton, Princeton, Brandy- wine, and Gerraantown. In the latter action nearly all his company were killed or taken prisoners; and in the first, he received on the field, in person, the commendation of Washing- ton. Detached in Apr. 1779 to join the exped. of Sullivan against the Indians, he suggested to Gen. Clinton the idea of damming the outlet of Otsego Lake, by which meana- the water was raised sufficiently to enable the troops to be transported by boats to Tioga Point. In 1 784- 8 he was a commiss. for running the State boundary-lines; was in 1800 made brig.-gen. of State militia, and soon after maj.-gen. ; and in 1809 was app. surv.-gen. of Pa. He de- clined, on account of his advanced age, the of- fices of brig.-gen. in the army, and sec. at war of the U.S., otfered him by Madison during the war of 1812. Of his sons, George B. d. gov. of Michigan, David R. was gov. of Pa., and Gen. James M. see. of war. — Rogers. Porter, Benjamin F., jurist, b. Charles- ton, S.C, Sept. 1808. He was self-educated. Was adm. to the bar in Charleston at an early age, afterward studied medicine, which in 1830 he practised in Ala., but returned to the law, and was chosen to the legisl. in 1832 ; and was in 1835 reporter of the State. In 1840 he was elevated to the bench, but, doubting the constitutionality of his election, resigned the office. He edited 14 vols, of the Ala. Reports, and translated the " Elements of the Institutes " of Heineccius. He has also contrib. to period- icals ; has been frequently an orator on public occasions ; and has pub., among other works, a collection of poems, chiefly lyrical, in Charles- ton. Porter, David, D.D. (Wms. Coll. 1811), minister of Spencertown 1787-1803, and of Catskill, N.Y., 1 803-31, b. Hebron, Ct., 27 May, 1761; d.Catskill,Jan.7,1851. D.C. 1784. He served nearly a year in the Revol. army. He pub. " Dissertation on Baptism," 1 809, and some sermons. Agent of several benev. societies; member of the A.B.C.F.M., and, though eccen- tric, a man of great influence. — Sprague. Porter, David, commodore U.S.N., b. Boston, Feb. 1, 1780; d. Pera, near Constan- tinople, March 3, 1843. Midshipm. Apr. 16, 1798; lieut. Oct. 8, 1799; master com. Apr. 20,1806; capt. July 2, 1812. His father Capt. David com. a Boston merchant-ship, and was actively engaged in the Revol. ; afterward removed to Baltimore, and, engaging in the W. India trade, introduced his son to the naval career at the age of 16. The son served in " The Constellation " during her famous ac- tion with " The Insurgente " in Feb. 1799 : his good conduct in the action, and in securing the prize, caused his promotion soon after. In Jan. 1800, he was wounded in an engagement with a pirate.ofF St. Domingo; in Aug. 1801 he was 1st lieut. of the schooner " Enterprise," which captured a Tripolitan cruiser of supe- rior force. While 1st lieut. of the flag-ship " New York," he com. a boat exped. which destroyed several feluccas laden with wheat under the batteries of Tripoli, and was again wounded; transferred to "The Philadel- phia," which was captured while aground in the harbor of Tripoli in Oct. 1803, he was 18 POR 730 I>OR months a prisoner. In 1806, while in com. of" The Enterprise," he severely punished 12 Spanish gunboats which rashly attacked hira in sight of Gibraltar. App. to the small frig- ate "Essex" (32 guns), he sailed from New York, July 3, 1812, made several valuable cap- tures, and took, after an action of 8 minutes, H.B.M. ship "Alert" of 20 guns,— the first ship-of-war taken in the contest. Dec. 12, he captured the British govt, packet "Nocton," with $55,000 in specie ; and, at the close of Jan. 1813, sailed to the Pacific, where he captured a number of British whaling and trading ves- sels. March 28, 1814, " The Essex " was cap- tured after a severe fight in the neutral port of Valparaiso by the British frigate "Phoebe" (36) and " The Cherub " (28). He pub. a narra- tive of this remarkable cruise (N.Y. 2 vols. 8vo, 1822). From 1815 to 1823 he was one of the navy commiss., and in the latter year com. a successful exped. to suppress piracy in the Gulf of Mexico. Subsequently made cogni- sant of an insult to the American flag at Fox- ardo in Porto Rico, he obliged the authorities to make an apology. This led to his recall, to court-martial for transgressing orders, and sen- tence of suspension for 6 months. He resigned Aug. 18, 1826, entered the Mexican navy as com.-chief, but in 1829 took the US. consul- ship to Algiers. Upon the occupation of Al- giers by France, he was made charcj€ d'af- faires to Constantinople, and subsequently resi- dent minister. His corresp. with a friend in New York was pub. in 1835 as " Constantinople and its Environs." While in Turkey, Porter negotiated several important treaties, and held his position as minister till his death. He was a humane as well as a brave man, and a superior seaman. — Duyckink. Porter, David D., adm. U.S.N., younger son of the preceding, b. Phila. June, 1813. Midshipra. Feb. 2, 1829; lieut. 27 Feb. 1841 ; com. 22 Apr. 1861 ; was attached to the coast- survey in 1836-40; and in "The Congress" cruised in Mediterranean and Brazilian waters 4 years. In 1845 he was ordered to the Wash- ington Observatory. During the Mexican war he had charge of the naval rendezvous at N. Or- leans ; was present at Vera Cruz, Tuspan, and Tabasco, also in land-fights at Taraultee and Chiflon ; then returned to the coast-survey ; in 1849-53 com. successively the Cal. mail- steamers " Panama" and " Georgia; " and in 1861 was sent in the steam-sloop " Powhatan " to Pensacola to join the Gulf block, squad. In the exped. against New Orleans early in 1862, he was placed in charge of a flotilla of 21 mor- tar-boats and several steamers, with which he CO operated with Flag-Ofiicer Farragut in the capture of the Mpi. forts and the unsuccessful siege of Vicksburg. He was afterward ordered with his flotilla to the James River ; and in Oct. took com. of the Mpi. gunl^at fleet with the rank of acting rear-adm. In Jan. 1863 his fleet captured Arkansas Post, and, Apr. 29, de- stroyed the formidable batteries at Grand Gulf. During the siege of Vicksburg, his mortar-fleet threw shells into the city and works 40 days without intermission. Made rear-adm. July 4, 1863, for the capture of Vicksburg. While co- operatiag with Gea Banks's Bed-river exped. in Apr. 1864, his fleet was saved at Grand Ecore by the skill of Lieut.-Col. Bailey, who constructed a dana across the river, giving suf- ficient water for their passage over the bar. Ordered to the com. of the N. A. block, squad., he attacked Fort Fisher, N.C., in Dec. 1864, and again in Jan. 1865 when captured by as- sault. Vice-adm. July 25, 1866; adm. 17 Oct. 1870 ; supt. Naval Acad. 1866-70. Porter, David R., gov. of Pa. 1839-45, b. Pa. 1788; d. Harrisburg, Pa., Aug. 6, 1867. Son of Gen. Andrew. He was a lawyer ; often a member of each branch of the State legisl., and was extensively engaged in the manuf. of iron. Charges of irregularity in his election as gov. in 1838, in Phila. Co., gave rise to much feeling in the organization of the legisl. ; and disgraceful proceedings at the State capital, since famous as the " Buckshot War," were the consequence. Porter, Ebenbzer, D.D. (D.C. 1814), pres. And. Theol. Sem. 1827-34, b. Cornwall, Ct., Oct. 5, 1772; d. Andover, Apr. 8, 1834. D.C. 1792. His father Thos. Porter, a farmer and a prominent politician, removed in 1779 with his family to Tinmouth, Rutland Co., Vt. He taught school some months ; then studied divinity ; and Sept. 6, 1796, was ord. pastor of the Cong, church at Washington, Ct. His health becoming impaired, he removed in Apr. 1812 to Andover as prof, of sacred rhetoric. Dr. Porter pub., beside many occas. sermons, "The Young Preacher's Manual," 1819; " Analysis of Vocal Inflection," 1824 ; " Anal- ysis of Rhetorical Delivery," 1827; "Rhe torical Reader and Exercises," 1831 ; " Sylla bus of Lectures," 1832; an " Abridgment oi Owen on Spiritual- Mindedness," 1833; "Lec- tures on Homiletics and Preaching," 1 834, and on "Public Prayer; " together with "Sermons and Addresses," and an abridgment of Owc» on the 130th Psalm. Since his death, " Tha Biblical Reader," and " Lectures on Eloquence and Style," have also been published. Porter, Eliphalet, D.D. (ILU. 1807), a Cong, clergyman, b. N. Bridgewater, Ms., June 11, 1758; d. Roxbury, Dec. 7, 1833. H.U. 1777. He studied theology with his father. Rev. John Porter, minister of N. Bridgewater 1740-1802; and Oct. 2, 1782, was ord. over the Cong, society of Roxbury, where he continued 51 years. Member of the Acad, of Arts and Sciences. In 1830 the Rev. George Putnam was settled with him as colleague. He pub. a "Eulogy of Washington," 1800; and nine single sermons. Porter, Gen. Fitz-John, nephew of Com. David, b. Portsmouth, N.H., 1822. West Point, 1845. Entering the 4th Art., he was made 1st lieut. May, 1847 ; won the brevets of capt. and major at Molino del Rey and Char pultepec; and was severely wounded at the Bclen Gate. He was in 1849-53 assist, inst. of art. at West Point; adj. there in 1853-4, and assist, inst. of cav. and art. in 1854-5 ; 27 June, 1856, he was made a.ssist. adj.-gen. (rank of capt.); col. 15th Inf. May 14, 1861 ; brig.- gen. vols. May 17; brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. June 27, 1862, and maj.-gen. vols. July 4; chief of staff to Gens. Patterson and Banks, Apr. to Aug. 1861 J assigned to the Army of FOR 731 FOR the Potomac, he was in Aug. placed at the head of a division ; and in May, 1 862, took com. of the 5th corps. He directed the siege- works before Yorktown, and was gov. of that place for a short time after its evacuation ; com. the extreme right before Richmond, re- ceived the fiercest attacks of the enemy, and was promoted for his services. Temporarily attached to Gen. Pope's com. during the battles which followed the evacuation of the Peninsula, he avoided all participation in them ; and, for- mal charges being made against him, he was deprived of his com., but, at the request of Gen. McClelian, was restored to duty, and took part in the Md. campaign ; com. the reserve in the battle of Antietam. In Nov. he was ordered to Washington for trial by court-martial, and was cashiered 21 Jan., 1863, for violation of the 9 th and 52d articles of war. The grounds for his appeal to the Pres. in 1870 for a reversal of this sentence are stated in Old and New for June, 1870. Porter, George B., gov. of Mich. Terr. 1831-4, son of Gen. Andrew, b. Lancaster, Pa., 1790; d. Detroit, Mich., 6 July, 1834. Liberally educated, and a lavrp^er ; he was an active and thorough business-man. Porter, Col. George W., author of many valuable inventions, especially the Porter rifle ; d. near Memphis, Tenn., 7 Nov. 1856, a. ab. 50. Lieut. 33th U.S. Inf May, 1814-June, 1815. Porter, James, the " Kentucky giant ; " d. Louisville, Ky., 23 Apr. 1859. He was 7 feet 9 inches high, and weighed 300 lbs. Porter, James Madison, lawyer, son of Gen. Andrew, b. Selma, Pa., Jan. 6, 1793; d. Easton, Pa., Nov. 11, 1862. He was educated for the bar ; served as a vol. in the war of 1 812 ; was a member of the Pa. Const. Conv. in 1838, having an important share in the revision of the State Const.; was app. sec. of war in Mr. Tyler's cabinet in 1843, but rejected by the senate. He was one of the founders of Laf. Coll. at Easton ; 25 years pres. of its board of trustees ; and was pres. judge 12th judicial dist., Pa., and 22d dist. Porter, John Addison, chemist, b. Cats- kill, N.Y., Mar. 15, 1822 ; d. N. Haven, Ct., Aug. 25, 1866. Y.C. 1842. He was tutor, and then prof of rhetoric, in Del. Coll. until 1847 ; then studied at the U. of Giessen, Ger- many, several years, where he had the instruc- tion of Liebig in agricultural chemistry. In 1850 he became prof, of chemistry as applied to the arts in Brown U., and held a similar chair at Y.C. in 1852-64. During the seces- sion war, he wrote and spoke strongly on the Union side, and edited the Connecticut War Record. He was the author of several text-books of chemistry ; selections from the " Kalevala," the great Finnish epic, 1868 ; and contribs. to the scientific journals. — Y. C. Oh. Record. Porter, Moses, brig.-gen. U S.A., b. Dan- vers, Ms., 1755; d. Cambridge, Ms., Apr. 14, 1822. Lieut, in Trevett's art. May 19, 1775; served at Bunker's Hill, and through the Revol., the succeeding Indian wars, and that of 1812- 15 with Eng. He was at White Plains ; the campaign in the Jerseys, Trenton, Brandy- wine, Germantown; was an efiicient co-adju- tor of Col. Smith in the defence of Mud Island, in the Delaware ; was one of the few old officers selected for the first peace estab- lishment; lieut. May 1, 1787; capt. Nov. 1791, serving under Wayne in 1794; raaj. 1st Art. May 26, 1800; col. light art. Mar. 12, 1812; accomp. Wilkinson's army, and com. the art., and disting. at the capture of Fort George, May 27, 1813; brev. brig.-gen. Sept. 10, 1813, and ordered to the defence of Norfolk, Va., in 1814; col. 1st. Art. May, 1821. Porter, Noah, D.D. (U. of N.Y. 1858), LL.D., b. Farmington, Ct., 1811 ; author and educator. Y.C. 1831. Clark prof, of moral philos. and metaphysics Y.C. 1846-71 ; now (1871) pres. Y.C. Son of Rev. Noah, min. of Farmington 1806-66. Author of Hist. Discourse at Farmington, Nov. 4, 1840; "Edu- cational Systems of the Puritans and Jesuits Compared," 1851 ; " The Human Intellect," 1868; "Books and Reading," 1870; and an abstract entitled "Elements of Intellectual Philos.," 1870. Contributor to religious pe- riodicals. Porter, Peter Buel, politician and sol- dier, b. Salisbury, Ct., Aug. 14, 1773 ; d. Ni- agara Falls, Mar. 20, 1844. Y.C. 1791. His father Dr. Joshua, a physician in Salisbury, Ct. (Y.C. 1754, d. 1825), was a col. of militia in the battle of Saratoga. The son began to practise law at Canandaigua, N.Y,, in 1795; soon became popular; and was M.C. in 1809- 13 and 1815-16. He had settled at Black Rock, where he had, with his bros., made large purchases of land, when the war of 1812 with Eng. broke out. Made mnj. -gen. of N.Y. and Pa. vols, in July, 1813, he defended Black Rock (Buffalo) against the British in that month ; and was disting. in the battles of Chip- pewa, Niagara Falls, and Fort Erie, receiving the thanks of Congress and a gold medal. Both Gens. Brown and Gaines speak of him in their reports as a " brave, skilful, and gallant officer." In 1815 Pres. Madison app. him com. in chief of the army, which he de- clined ; commiss. under the treaty of Ghent in 1816 ; afterward sec. of state of N.Y. ; sec, of war under Pres. Adams in 1823. He m. Letitia Grayson, dau. of Atty.-Gen. John Breckenridge. Gen. Porter was identified with the progress of Western N.Y., was one of the early project- ors of the Erie Canal, and one of the first board of commiss. His son Col. Peter Aug. was killed at Cold Harbor, Va., June 3, 1864, at the head of his regt. (129th N.Y.) ; b. Black Rock, N.Y., July 14, 1827. H.U. 1845. He studied at Heidelberg, Berlin, and Breslau ; member of the N.Y. legisl. 1861 ; commiss. col. Aug. 17, 1862. Porter, Thomas, judge ; d. Granville, N. Y., Aug. 1833, a. 99yrs. 3mos. He was in the British army at Lake George in 1755, and was active during the Revol. He was 10 years judge of the Supreme and County Courts of Vt., and was a member of the legislatures of Vt. and Ct. 35 years. Dr. Ebenezer, of An- dover Sem., was a son. Porter, William A., b. Hunterdon Co., Pa., 1821. Laf. Coll. 1839. Adm. to Phila. bar 1842; sheriff of Phila. 1843; city solici- tor 1856 ; app. judge Sup. Ct. 1858. Author of •' Essay on Law of Sheriffs," 1845 ; " Life POR 732 FOB of Ch. Justice John B. Gibson," 8vo, 1855; " Addresses." — AUibone. Porter, William David, commodore U.S.N., b. N. Orleans, 1810; d. N.Y. City, May 1, 1864. Son of Com. David. App. to the navy, Jan. 1, 1823; lieut. Dec. 31, 1833. He projected and founded the present light-house system ; served through the Mexican war with distinction, but was retired in 1855, and re- stored in 1859. At the beginning of the Rebel- lion he was on the Pacific station, in the sloop of war " St. Mary's." His loyalty being suspect- ed, he wrote to the govt, a letter in his defence, which was pub., and excited much comment. He was subsequently ordered to the Mpi. to assist in fitting out the gunboat flotilla, and placed in com. of " The Essex," which he caused to be covered with iron plates, and took part in the attacks on Forts Henry and Donel- 6on, being severely scalded in the first-named action ; and fought his way past all the batte- ries from Cairo to N. Orleans. He took part in the attack on Vicksburg, and afterward engaged the iron-clad Confcd. gunboat "Arkan- sas " near Baton Rouge. " The Arkansas " was blown up ; and in Sept. he bombarded Natchez, and attacked the Vicksburg batteries and Port Hudson. For these disting. services, Com- mander Porter was made commodore July 16, 1862. Owing to feeble health, he did little subsequent duty. He had two sons in the rebel service. Porter, William T., editor, b. Vt. 1806; d. New York, July 19, 1858. At first a teacher ; he subsequently became a printer, and, having removed to New York ab. 1833, pursued his vocation in a book-printing establishment ; afterwards established the Constellation, a week- ly journal, which was merged into the Spirit of the Times, a weekly paper devoted to sport- ing news and literature. Having sold out his interest in it, he began in 1856, in connec- tion with Mr. George Wilkes, the publication of Porter's Spirit of the Times, which he con- tinued to edit until his death. He was an elegant, graceful, and spirited writer, and was connected at various times with other journals. He edited Col. Hawker's " Instructions to Young Sportsmen," T. B. Thorpe's " Arkan- sas Stories," and J. M. Field's " Night in a Swamp," and other stories. — See Life by Fran- cis Brinlejj, 12mo, 1860. Porterfleld, Col. Charles ; killed at the battle of Camden, Aug. 16, 1780. Capt. Uth Va. Regt. Feb. 13, 1776; lieut.-col. of the State garrison regt. Aug. 14, 1779. Porterfleld, Gen. Robert, Revol. officer; d. at his residence in Augusta Co., Va., Feb. 13, 1843, a. 90. He entered the army an ensign in Morgan's rifle regt., and quitted it a cap- tain. In the campaign of 1779, was capt. and aide de-camp to Gen. W. Woodford ; was cap- tured at Charleston, S. C, and afterward served at the North under Washington. He was a brig.-gen. in the war of 1812, and an acting county magistrate over 50 years, twice holding the office of high sheriff". Portier, Michael, D.D., Roman-Cath. bishop of Mobile; consec. Nov. 5, 1826; d. May 14, 1859. Posey, Cabnot, brig.-gen. C. S. A., b. Mpi.; d. Charlottesville, Va., Nov. 13, 1863, from a wound received at Bristol Station, Oct. 14. As 1st lieut. in Jeff" Davis's regt. rifles, he was disting., and wounded at Buena Vista. Posey, Gen. Thomas, b. on the banks of the Potomac, July 9, 1750; d. Shawneetown, 111., March 19, 1818. He received a plain English education. Removed to Western Va. at the age of 19, and was quartermaster to Lewis's division of Lord Dunmore's army ; par- ticipated in the bloody battle with the Indians at Point Pleasant, Oct. 10, 1774; in 1775 he was one of the com. of corresp. ; was app. capt., and raised a company for the 7th Va. Cont. Regt. ; aided in defeating Dunmore at Gwyn's Island ; joined Washington's army at Middlebrook early in 1777 ; was transferred to the celebrated rifle regt. of Col. Morgan ; was soon after engaged in a severe action with the British light troops at Piscataway, N. J. ; joined Gen. Gates, and rendered great service at the two battles of Bemis Heights (Sept. 12) and Stillwater (Oct. 7) ; succeeded to the com. of the regt. in the spring of 1778; and led his regt. as maj. in Oct. 1778 in an exped. against the Indians. In the spring of 1779 he took com. of the 1 1 th Va. Regt. ; was soon after transferred to the com. of a batt. of Febiger's regt. under Wayne ; and at the brilliant assault on Stony Point, July 15, 1779, was one of the first toenter the enemy's works. He was present at the surrender of Yorktown ; organized anew regt., of which, with the rank of lieut.-col., he took com. ; and served under Wayne in Ga. until the evacuation of Savannah. When surprised by the Indians under Gueristersigo on the night of June 23, 1782, Posey rallied and led his men to the charge, exhibiting great bravery and skill, and defeating the enemy with severe loss. From 1786 to 1793 he was county lieut. of Spottsylvanla, Va. ; app. btig.- gen. Feb. 14, 1793 ; settled in Ky. ; was elected State senator; was 4 years lieut.-gov. ; maj.- gen. of Ky. levies in 1809 ; U.S. senator from La. 1812-13; succeeded Harrison as gov. of Ind. Terr. March 3, 1813 ; and in 1816 became agent for Indian affairs, which post he held at his death. — See Life of Posey in Sparks' s Amer. Bioq. Post, MiNTURN, M.D. (U. of Pa. 1832), physician and author, b. New York, June 28, 1808; d. there April 26, 1869. Col. Coll. 1827. He studied medicine in N.Y. and Phila. ; was a pupil of Dr. Mott, and com- pleted his studies under Louis, Broussais, and others. He acquired a lucrative practice in New York; and was 26 years medical exam- iner of the N.Y. Mutual Life Ins. Co. Dr. Post was thoroughly familiar with diseases of the chest, and was largely instrumental in promoting the study of physical diagnosis. He was the translator of a French treatise on Auscultation and Percussion, 8vo, 1839. Post, Wright, M.D., an eminent physi- cian and surgeon, b. North Hempstead, L.I., Feb. 19, 1766; d. Throgs Neck, N.Y., June 14, 1828. After studing 4 years under Dr. Richard Bayly of New York, and 2 years under Dr. Seldon of London, he returned in 1786 to New York to commence practice. App. in 1792 prof, of surgery in Col. Coll., I'OS 733 POT he visited the great schools of Europe, collect- ing a splendid anatomical cabinet, with which he returned to America in 1793. He was for 20 years prof, of anatomy and physi- ology in tiiat institution, during which period he effected many difficult surgical operations, and attained high distinction. In 1813 he was app. to a similar professorship in the Coll. of Phys. and Surg., of which he was pres. in 1821-6. In 1815 he again visited Europe for his health. He was for 30 years consulting physician of the N.Y. Hospital, and was a member of the most prominent literary socie- ties of the city. PosteU, Col. Benjamin, Revol. officer of St. Bartholomew's parish; d. Charleston, S.C, Jan. 1801, a. 41. In 1775 he was made a lieut. 1st S.C. Regt., and, on the capture of Charleston in 1780, was sent to St. Augustine, suffering from brutal treatment during his cap- tivity of 11 months; afterward a member of the State legisl., and col. of the Colleton Co. regt. With his bro., Maj. John Postell, he rendered good service in Marion's brigade. Jan. 29, 1781, the latter captured near Monk's Corner 40 British regulars. Col. James Pos- tell, also a disting. partisan under Marion, d. near Coosawatchie, S.C, 16 Mar. 1824, a. 78. Potter, Alonzo, D.D. (H.U. 1846), LL.D. (Un. Coll. 1846), Prot.-Ep. bishop of Pa., b. La Grange, Duchess Co., N. Y., July 10, 1800; d. San Francisco, July 4, 1865. Un. Coll. 1818. His ancestors were among the ear- ly settlers of R.I. He became a tutor in Un. Coll. in 1819; and was prof, of mathematics and nat. philos. in 1821-6. Ord. deacon in April, 1821, and priest in Aug. 1824; elected pres. of Geneva Coll. in 1825, he declined the post ; rector of St. Paul's, Boston, from Aug. 29,1826, till Aug. 27,1831; vice-pres. and prof, of moral philos. in'Un. Coll. 1831-45; consec. bishop of Pa. Sept. 23, 1845. He m. the only dau. of President Nott. Bishop Pot- ter was especially identified with the organi- zation of the hospital of the Prot.-Ep. Ch., and the establishment of the Divinity School of the church in Phila. He Dub. " The Prin- ciples of Science applied to the Domestic and Mechanic Arts," 1841 ; "Political Economy," 1841 ; " Hand-Book for Readers and Students," 1847 ; " Discourses, Charges, Addresses," &c., 1858; "Religious Philosophy," 1870; "Plan of Temperance Organization for Cities ; " and, with Geo. B. Emerson, " The School and Schoolmaster," 1844. He edited 6 vols, of Harper's " Family Library ; " Wilks's " Chris- tian Essays," 1829; Maria James's "Poems," 1839 ; and 15 Lectures on the Evidences of Christianity by clergymen of the Prot.-Ep. Church, 8vo, 1855. Between 1845 and 1853 he delivered five courses of Lowell Inst, lec- tures on subjects connected with natural the- ology. Potter, Chandler Eastman, author, b. Concord, N.H., Mar. 7, 1807 ; d. Flint, Mich., Aug. 4, 1868. Dartm. Coll. 1831. After teaching, practising law, and serving one terra in the State legisl., he in 1844 removed to Man- chester, where he edited and pub. for 4 years the Manchester Democrat. He in 1 852-3 edited the Farmer's Monthly Visitor, and the Granite Farmer in 1854-5 ; was the author of a valua- ble history of Manchester, and was well versed in the history of N.H. From 1848 to 1855 he was judge of the Manchester Police Court. For some years he com. the famous Amoskeag Veterans. Many years an active member of the N.H. Hist. Soc, and its pres. in 185.5-7. Author of a valuable military history of N.H. in the adj.-gen.'s reports for 1866 and 1868, of two addresses upon the Penobscot Indians, and other addresses, and papers in periodi- cals. Contributed the article upon the Penob- scot and other Eastern Indians to School- craft's " History of the Indians," and partially prepared a new edition of Belknap's N. H., with continuation to 1860. Co-editor of the Weeklij Mirror and the Mirror and Farmer in 1864-5. — ,See.iV. E. Hist, and Geneal. Reg., xxiii. 61. Potter, Elisha Reynolds, politician, b. S. Kingstown, R.I., Nov. 5, 1764; d. there Sept. 26, 1835. In early life he was a soldier and a blacksmith's apprentice ; acquired some knowl- edge of law, which he practised with success until he was 40, when he entered political life. From 1793 until his death, he was a rep. to tho Assembly, with the exception of 4 terms in Congress in 1796-7 and 1809-16, and in 1818, when a candidate for the office of gov. He was 5 times speaker of the house. Few political men in Rhode Island ever acquired or main- tained a more commanding influence. He was always a forcible, and sometimes an eloquent speaker. Potter, Elisha Reynolds, b. S. Kings- town, R.I., 20 June, 1811. H.U. 1830. Com- missioner of public schools in R.I. 1849-54; some years member of the legisl.; adj.-gen. 1835-6; M. C. 1843-5. Author of "Early History of Narragansett," 8vo, 1835; "Paper- Money of the Colony of R.I.," 8vo, 1837; "Ex- tension of Suffrage in R.L," 8vo, 1842 ; "Ad- dress bef. the R.L Hist. Soc. Feb. 19, 1851 ; " "Reports on the R.L Public Schools;" "The Bible and Prayer in Public Schools," 8vo, 1854, &c. — R.L Educational Mag., 8vo, 1852-4. Potter, Hazard Arnold, M.D. (Bowd, Coll. 1835), physician and surgeon, b. Potter township, Ontario Co., N.Y.,Dec. 21, 1811 ; d. Geneva, N.Y., 3 Dec. 1869. After practising . in R.L a few months, he returned to his na- tive town; in 1853 he removed to Geneva, N.Y., where he had a high reputation as a sur- geon and consulting physician. He performed successfully many cntical surgical operations, and was one of the first surgeons who called attention to the presence of arterial blood in the veins of the parts paralyzed by depressed fracture of the cervical vertebrae, which he first observed in 1837. In 1854 he successfully per- formed the operation of trephining the spine. He was one of the first to remove ovarian tu- mors, and introduced a new mode of amputa- tion at the hip-joint. During the civil war he was a vol. surgeon. Potter, Horatio, D.D. (Trin. Coll. 1838), LL.D. (Geneva, 1856), D.C.L. (Oxf. I860), Pr.-Ep. bishop of N.Y., bro. of Alonzo, b. La Grange, Duchess Co., N. Y., Feb. 9, 1 802. Un. Coll. 1826. Ord. deacon July, 1827 ; priest in FOT 734 ro^^r 1828 ; and in 1828-33 was prof, of mathemat- ics and nat. philos. in Wash. Coll., Hartford. While here, he was invited by Bishop Moore to become his assistant in the Monumental Church, Richmond, Va., but declined. In 1 853 he became rector of St. Peter's, Albany, N.Y.; in 1837 he was chosen prcs. of Trinity Coll., Hartford, but declined. Dr. Potter was chosen provis. bishop of N.Y.,' and consec. Nov. 22, 1854. By the death of Bishop B. T. Onder- donk, April 30, 1861, he became bishop of the diocese. Potter, Hbv. Isaiah, first settled minister of Lebanon, N.H., from July 6, 1772, to his d. 2 July, 1817; b. Plymouth, Ct., 1746. Y.C. 1767. Studied theology with Dr. Smalley of Berlin, Ct., and was a fellow-student with Dr. Nathaniel Emmons. He m. Elizabeth, dau. of John Barrett of Northfield, Ms. He pub. some occasional sermons. Potter, Gen Robert B., lawyer and sol- dier, b. N.Y. Son of Bishop P. of Pa., and grandson of Pres. Nott. In 1861 ho was a suc- cessful lawyer in New York ; became maj. 51st Regt., Shepard Rifles; led the assault at Ro- anoke Island ; was wounded at Newbcm ; com. his regt. at Cedar Mountain, Manassas, Chantil- ly ; and at Antictam carried the famous "stone bridge," and was again wounded. He served also m the battle of Fredericksburg; made brig.- gen. 13 Mar. 1863; com. 2d div. 9th corps at Vicksburg, and com. the corps against Long- street in Tenn. and siege of Knoxville ; com. his div. under Grant, and was conspicuous from the Wilderness to Petersburg; and brev. maj.- gen. June, 1864, for gallantry in "several ac- tions since crossing the Rapidan." In the final assault on Petersburg, April 2, 1865, he was shot through the body, but recovered. Potts, George, D.D., a leading Presb. cler- ^man and author, pastor of the University- place Church, b. Phila. 1801 ; d. N. Y. City, Sept. 15, 1864. U. of Pa. 1819; Princeton Theol. Sem. 1822. Pastor of a church in Natch- ez, Mpi., 1823-35 ; and of the Duane-st. Church, N.Y. City, from May, 1836, until the comple- tion of the edifice in University Place. He was brought prominently before the public in 1844 by a controversy with Dr. Wainwright of the Episc. Church, pub. as " No Church without a Bishop." He also pub. a number of ser- mons, letters, addresses, &c. Potts, Jonathan, M.D. (Phila. Coll. 1771), b. Bristol, Pa., 1747 ; d. 1781. He began prac- tice at Reading ; was an active patriot ; was app. surgeon for Canada and Lake George, June, 1776 ; and app. director of the Gren. Hos- pital for the Northern Dept. Jan. 1777. — N.E. Gen. and Hist. Reg. 1864. Potts, Richard, LL.D. (N. J. Coll. 1805), gov. of Md. 1781-1782, and U.S. senator from 1792 to 1796. Member Old Congress 1781-2. Potts, Stacy Gardner, b. Harrisburg, Pa., 1800; d. Trenton, N. J., 9 April, 1865. Bro. of Wui. S. Adm. to the bar in 1827 ; member of the legisl. 1828-9 ; clerk of the N. J. Court of Chancery 1831-41 ; judge N. J. Sup. Ct. 1852-9. Author of " Village Tales," 12mo, 1827 ; "Precedents and Notes of Practice in the N.J. Court of Chancery," 1841. Edited the Emponum in 1821, and contrib. to the Phila. Monthly Mag. He left in MS. " The Christ of Revelation. He was in 1845 one of the com- mission to revise and pub. the laws of N. J. M.A. of N.J. Coll. 1844. Potts, William Stephens, D.D., minis- ter in St. Louis, b. Northumb. Co., Pa., 13 Oct. 1802 ; d. 27 Mar. 1852. Pres. of Marion Coll. 1835-9 ; pastor 1st Presb. Ch., St. Louis, 1828-35 and 1839-52. He pub. a number of sermons, addresses, &c. — Sprague. Pouchot, M., engineer officer under Mont- calm in Canada, b. Grenoble, France, 1712; killed in Corsica, while reconnoitring, 8 Mav, 1769. Entered the engrs. in 1733; served in Corsica, Flanders, and Germany; defended Niagara and Fort Lewis. Author of " Me- moirs of the War of 1755-60 in N.A.," pub. in 3 vols. 1781, translated and edited by F. B. Hough, 2 vols. 4to, 1866. Poulson, Zachariah, editor and pub- lisher, b. Phila. Sept. 5, 1761 ; d. there July 31, 1844. He edited and pub. the Amer. Daily Advertiser, the first daily in the U.S., from Oct. 1800 to Dec. 28, 1839. He had been for many years printer to the State senate. Pub. Poul- son's Town and Country Almanac from 1789 to 1801; Proud's " History of Pa.," 1797-8; and other valuable books. He was connected with many literary and benevolent societies, and for nearly 59 years with the Library Company of Phila. — Simpson. Poussin, William Tell, major U. S. topog. engineers, b. France. Accomp. Gen. Bernard to the U.S. after the downfall of Na- poleon. App. assistant topog. engr. (rank of capt.) March 6, 1817; aide-de-camp to Gen. Bernard, topog. engr. (rank of major), Jan. 15, 1829; resigned July 31, 1832, Author of " Travaux d' Amdiorations Int€neures, Projete's ou Executes par le Gouv.-Gen. des £tats-Unis d'Amerique, 1824 a 1831," 4to, 1834; " Con- side'rations sur le Principe Democrat i que," &c., 8vo, 1841 ; " De la Puissance Ame'ricaine," &c., 2 vols, 8vo, 1843 ; also other works, and con- tribs. to periodicals. He took an active part in the establishment of the French republic of 1848. Envoy-extra, and minister-plenipo. from France to the U.S. 1849. PoweU, Charles Stuart, comedian, b. Eng. 1749; d. Halifax, N.S., 26 April, 1811. He played at the Covent Garden, London ; had been manager of the Hay market ; first app. in Boston, 13 Aug. 1792; opened the Boston Theatre as manager in Feb. 1794-6; and was some years manager of the Halifax Theatre. Powell, George, historical painter, b. N.Y. City, 1823. Among his works is "The Discovery of the Mississippi." Powell, Henry Watson, a British gen. ; d. Lyme, Eng., July 14, 1814. App. a capt. in the 64th Foot, Sept. 1756, he served in the W. Indies in 1759, and in America in 1768; lieut.- col. 53d, July, 1771 ; took part in Burgoyne's exped., with the rank of brig.-gen., 1777 ; and when the Americans evacuated Ticonderoga, July 6, he was left in com. of that post. Here he was attacked by a body of N. H. and Ct. militia, Sept. 18, who were obliged to retreat. He became a gen. in the army Jan. t, 1801. — Burgoyne's Ord. Book. Powell, Col. John Habb, agriculturist. FOTV 785 I»OTV b. Phila. April, 1786; d. there June 14, 1856. His father Robert Hare came from England in 1773 ; was a member of the first State Const. Conv., and was speaker of the State senate in 1827. John was educated at Phila. Coll.; be- came a successful merchant; was sec. of lega- tion to Wm. Pinkney in Lond. ; returned in Dec. 1811 ; was brigade-major to Gen. T. Cadwallader Sept. 1814; insp.-gen. (rank of col.) Dec. 1814 to June, 1815. Turning his attention to agriculture, he contributed many valuable essays to the journals of that science ; was a founder of the Pa. Agric. Society, 1823; and was instrumental in improving the breed of horned cattle and sheep in the U.S. He was a good speaker and debater, and a patron of the fine arts. Author of " Memoirs of the Pa. Agric. Soc," and " Hints for American Farm- ers." — Simpson, Powell, Lazarus W., politician, b. Hen- derson Co., Ky., Oct. 6, 1812 ; d. Henderson, Ky., July 3, 1867. St. Joseph's Coll., Bards- ton, 1833 ; Transylv. Law School, 1835. Adm.. to the bar in 1835 ; he was energetic both as a lawyer and a farmer. In 1836 he was elected to the legisl., of which he proved a useful mem- ber; was gov. of Ky. in 1851-5; and was U.S. senator in 1859-65. He was a clear and forci- ble reasoner, and an excellent working member of the senate, but was not re-elected on account of his extreme anti-war views. Powell, Levin, lieut.-col. Revol. army, b. Va., 1738 ; d. Bedford, Pa., Aug. 1810. Mem- ber of the Va. conv. which ratified the U.S. Const. ; M.C. from Va. 1799-1801 ; served through the Revol. war in the Va. line, Cont. army. Resided in Loudon Co., Va. Powell, Levin M., rear-adm. U.S.N., b. Va. ab. 1800. Midshipm. Mar. 1,1817; lieut. Apr. 28, 1826 ; com. June 24, 1843 ; capt. Sept. 14, 1855; commo. July 16, 1862; rear-adm. June 8, 1870. Served as midshipman in the Medit., China Seas, and Gulf of Mexico, and W. Indies, for the suppression of piracy ; com. several expeditions against the Seminoles, and wounded at the head waters of the Jupiter River in Jan. 1837; com. two surveying ex- peditions in the Gulf of Mexico 1842-3 ; com. sloop-of-war " John Adams," coast of Africa, 1849-50; home squad. 1856; frigate " Poto- mac," block, squad., 1861 ; lighthouse insp. 1863-6. Powell, Snelling, comedian, bro. of Charles S., b. Carmathen, Wales, 1758 ; d. Boston, 8 Apr. 1821. Feb. 2, 1794, he made a successful d^ut at the Boston Theatre as Gustavus Vasa. He was a successful man- ager of that theatre. His wife, a popular ac- tress, a Miss Harrison, d. 26 Dec. 1843. Powell, WiLi>iAM DiNSMOOR, chicf jus- tice of Upper Canada, b. Boston, 1756; d. Toronto, 6 Sept. 1834. Powell, W. Byrd, M.D., physiologist, b. Bourbon Co., Kv., Jan. 8, 1799 ; d. Covington, Ky., May 13, 1 866. Transylv. U. 1 820. Med. School, 1823. His father was a pioneer in the settlement of Ky. He interested himself spe- cially in studying the physiology of the brain and the temperaments. In 1835 he became prof, of chemistry in the Med. Coll. of La. In 1836 he demonstrated that the human tem- perament could be read from an examination of the cranium alone. He prosecuted this study for 3 years among the Indian tribes, and was regarded by many of his friends as insane. He assisted in organizing the Memphis Institute in 1 849, and occupied the chair of cerebral phy- siology and med. geology. In 1851 he removed to Covington, Ky. ; in 1856 he took the chair of cerebral phys. in the Eclectic Med. Inst, of Cincinnati, and lectured there 2 or 3 years. In his " Natural Hist, of the Human Temper- aments," 1856, he announced his discovery of a measurement indicating infallibly the vital force, and also the signs of vital tenacity. He was a frequent contrib. to scientific and litera- ry periodicals ; wrote, jointly with Dr. R. S. Newton, " The Eclectic Practice of Medicine," and an " Eclectic Treatise on Diseases of Chil- dren." — Appleton. Power, Tyrone. Irish actor and author, b. Co. Waterford, Nov. 2, 1797 ; d. at sea. Mar. 1841. Another account states that he was b. in Swansea, Wales, and was a journey- man printer, changing his name from Thomas Powell after he went on the stage. His wid- owed mother having i-emoved to Wales, Tyrone made his debut in the Cardiff Theatre as Ro- meo. He played at provincial theatres till 1818, when he retired; but in 1821 re-appeared on the London stage. His first decided success there was in 1824, in the part of Paddy O'Halloran ; and he thenceforth devoted him- self to the delineation of Irish characters, in which he was unrivalled. In 1833-5 and again in 1840-1, he visited the U.S., where he was highly successful. He embarked for Europe, Mar. 11, 1841, in the steamship "President," which was never heard of afterward. He pub. "Impressions of America," 2 vols. 8vo, 1835; " The King's Secret," a novel ; " The Lost Heir," &c. Powers, Grant, a Cong, clergyman, b. Hollis, N.H., May 31, 1784; d. Goshen, Ct., Apr. 10, 1841. Dartm. Coll. 1810. He stud- ied theology ; was minister at Haverhill in 1815-29, and at Goshen from Aug. 27, 1829, to his death. Author of " Essay upon the In- fluence of the Imagination on the Nervous System, contributing to False Hopes in Reli- gion ; " a " History of the Coos Country," 12mo, 1841 ; and " Centennial Address at Hol- lis," 8vo, 1830. Powers, Hiram, sculptor, b. Woodstock, Vt., July 29, 1805. He spent his youth on his father's farm ; emigrated with his family to O., and, on the death of his father, established him- self in Cincinnati, being successively employed in a reading-room, in a produce- store, and with a clockmaker. From a German sculptor he learned the art of modelling in plaster, and for 7 years he directed the wax- work dept. of the museum at Cincinnati, but in 1835 went to Washington, where he was for some time prof- itably employed in modelling busts of disting. men. With the assistance of Mr. N. Long- worth of Cincinnati, he was able to establish himself in Florence, where he has since resided. In 1838 he produced an ideal statue of Eve, pronounced by Thorwaldsen a work which any sculptor might be proud to claim as his master- piece; in 1839 he finished his model of the FOTV 736 FRA. "Greek Slave," his most popular work, of which he has made several duplicates in mar- ble. Among his other well-known works are the " Fisher-Boy ; " " II Penseroso ; " " Proser- pine," a bust; "California;" " America," mod- elled for the Crystal Palace at Sydenham. Eng. ; a bronze statue of Webster, now erected in the State-house grounds at Boston ; and por- trait-statues of Washington and of Calhoun. The latter, his best work of the kind, after be- ing shipwrecked on Long Island, was safely deposited in Charleston. Among his numer- ous busts are those of Adams, Jackson, Web- ster, Calhoun, Marshall, Everett, and Van Buren. Mr. Powers is the inventor of a useful process of modelling in plaster, which obviates the necessity of taking a clay model. Powhatan, emperor of the Indians in Va. when the English made their first settlement in 1607 ; d. Apr. 1618. He was the most pow- erful of the Indian kings, swaying the sceptre over 30 nations numbering 8,000 souls. He was remarkable for vigor and energy, skilful in intrigue, courageous in battle, and magnanimous in victory. He lived, for a savage, in great dig- nity and splendor; was always attended by a guard of 40 warriors, and watched by a sentry at night. He was hostile to the English, and came near destroying them repeatedly ; but, on the marriage of his dau. Pocahontas to Mr. Rolfe, he became friendly, and remained at peace. His principal residence was Werowoco- moco, on York River, in the present county of Gloucester. Pownall, Thomas, LL.D., an English statesman and writer, b. Lincoln, 1722 ; d. Bath, Eng., 25 Feb. 1805. U. of Camb. 1743. He was made sec. to the commiss. for trade and plantations in 1745, and was in the commissa- riat of the army in Germany; in 1753 he came to Amer. as sec. to Sir D. Osborne, whom he succeeded as licut.-gov. of N. J. in 1755; mem- ber of the Congress at Albany in 1754; gov. of Ms. 1757-60; gov. of S.C. 1760-1 ; and, re- turning to Eng., was made director-gen. of the office of control, with rank of col. Entering parliament in 1768, he strenuously opposed the measures of the ministiy with respect to Ameri- ca ; and his speeches, made at various impor- tant crises, form an instructive comment upon the mistaken policy of the times. He retired from parliament in 1780. Foreseeing the dan- ger to Eng. of a union among the Colonies, when the Congress met at Albany to devise the best means of defence against the French, he presented a powerful memorial to Lord Halifax upon the subject. As gov. of Ms. he did not give his confidence to Hutchinson, Oli- ver, and their party, which they resented by slandering him to the people and the clergy. He pub. in 1766 "The Administration of the Colonies ; " " Topog. Description of such Parts of N. Amer. as are contained in the Annexed Map (that of L. Evans, corrected, and contin- ued to 1775) of the Middle British Colonies," &c. ; besides a number of works on archaeolo- gy, antiquities, and politics, Poydras, Jdlien, philanthropist, first delegate to Congress from the Terr, of Or- leans 1809-12; d. Point Coupe'e, La., June 25, 1824. He gave $100,000 for the founding of the Female Orphan Asylum, and left $20,000 for a college at Point Coupe'e. Pratt, Benjamin, lawyer and jurist, b. Co- hasset, Ms., Mar. 13, 1710; d. Jan. 5, 1763. H. U. 1737. Bred to a mechanical employ- ment by his parents, who were poor, the loss of a limb in early life led him to study ; and he soon became conspicuous among the lawyers of the day in learning and eloquence. He was a representative of Boston 1757-9, and was a zealous lover of freedom. The friendship of Gov. Pownall procured him the app. of chief justice of N.Y., which he did not long live to enjoy. He was a man of great research and learning, wrote some fugitive verses, and had made extensive collections in view of writ- ing a history of N. Eng., but died too soon to accomplish it. His wife was the dau. of Judge Auchmuty. Pratt, Enoch, pastor Cong, church, W. Barnstable, Ms., 1807-35, b. Middlcborough, Ms., 1781 ; d. Brewster, 2 Feb. 1860. Brown U. 1803. Ord. Barnstable 28 Oct. 1807 ; re- signed 1837. Author of a " History of East- ham, Wellfleet, and Orleans, Ms.," 8vo, 1844. Pratt, Louisa Kirby ; d. Cincinnati, 2 Oct. 1864. Author of a series of essays in the Ho7ne Journal over the signature of "Bell Smith." Her Letters from Paris wei-e pub. with the title " Bell Smith Abroad." Pratt, Matthew, an early portrait-painter ofPhila. (1734-1805). He studied 4 years in Lond. with West; returned to Phila. in 1768 ; assisted Peale, his schoolmate, in establishing his museum ; and painted many of the eminent men of his time, among others the prominent members of the convention which framed the Federal Constitution in 1787. — Tudcertnan. Pratt, Phinehas, an early settler of Wey- mouth, Ms., d. Charlcstown, Ms., 19 Apr. 1680, a. 90. He came to N.E. in June, 1622, with Weston's colony, but, on its failure, fled from the place in Feb. 1623, and reached Plym- outh, 30 miles distant, pursued by Indians " in times of frost and snow, as a deer chased with wolves." In 1662 he addressed a petition to the Gen. Court, accomp. with a narrative of the first planting, which he called a " Declaration of the Affairs of the English People that first inhabited N. England." — See Ms. Hist. Colls. 4, iv. 476; Drake's Historij of Boston. Pratt, Thomas G., gov. of Md. 1844-8, b. Washington, D.C., 1805 ; d. Baltimore, Nov. 9, 1869. N.J. Coll. He was bred a lawyer; frequently served in the Md. senate ; was U.S. senator in 1851-7 ; delegate to the Chicago Convention 1864, and to the Pliila. National Convention in 1867. Pratt, Zadock, an eminent citizen of N.Y., b. Stephentown, Rensselaer Co., N.Y., Oct. 30, 1790; d. Bergen, N. J., 6 Apr. 1871. He began life a poor boy, but by his industry gained a large fortune. In 1812 he began business as a saddler and harnessmakcr. Devoting his attention to tanning in 1817, he attained emi- nent success ; and his name will ever be asso- ciated with Prattsville, where he located a tan- nery in 1824. Elected to Congress in 1836, and again in 1842, he labored successfully for the public good. His career in Congress will be remembered for his efforts in behalf of the f:ra. 737 FRE reduction of postage, his plans for the new post-office buildings, and the bureau of statis- tics, which owes its origin to him. Delegate to the Baltimore Convention of 1862 ; pros, of many societies and institutions, including the Mechanics' Institute, N.Y. ; also col. of a regt., and member N.Y. legisl. His son, Gen. George, d. of a wound at the battle of Manas- sas, a. 32. Pratz, Le Page du, French traveller, b. Holland; d. 1775. Entering the French service, he fought in Germany, and, having obtained an interest in the French Western Land Co., left La Rochelle in May, 1718, to take posses- sion of lands ceded them near New Orleans. After some fruitless efforts at colonization, he ascended the Mpi. inl720; settled with the Natchez Indians, by whom he was well re- ceived, but with whom he had a conflict in Dec. 1723, and his property was burned. Peace restored, he explored the interior of the coun- try, visiting the region watered by the Missouri and the Arkansas, and, after 8 years of labor, returned to N. Orleans, where he was treasurer of the company until the office was suppressed, when he returned to France ; and 25 June, 1734, he landed at La Rochelle, He pub. his " History of Louisiana," giving an account of his adventures, 3 vols. 12mo, 1758, Paris, — a work of remarkable exactness. — Hoefer, Nouv. Biorj. Univ. Pray, Isaac Clark, editor, author, and dramatist, b. Boston, 1813 ; d. N.Y. Nov. 28, 1869. Amh. Coll. 1833. Son of a Boston mer- chan t of the same name. Some time connected with the Journal of Commerce, and afterward wrote for the Herald; was the author of " Vir- ginius," a play first brought out at the Acad, of Music, and was very successful as a theatrical manager. He trained many celebrities for the stage, among whom are Charlotte Cushman and Charles H. Eaton. He was in Eng. in 1846-7, and performed successfully at the Queen's Theatre, London, the Theatres Royal, Liver- pool and Cork, in the highest walks of the drama. Author of "Prose and Verse," 12mo, 1835; "Poems," 1837, 12mo; "Book of the Drama," 8vo, 1851 ; "Memoirs of J. G. Ben- nett," 1855; and of several burlesques and plays. Edited the Shrine, a monthly, pub. at Annherst, 1831-3; Boston Pearl, weekly, 1834 ; also many other magazines and reviews, and in 1859-60 edited the Phila. Enquirer. Pray, Job, member of the exec, council of Ga., and a brave naval commander of the Revol. ; d. Ga. 29 Apr. 1789, a. 50. Oct. 18, 1776, he was sent by the council of safety to St. Thomas to procure arms and ammunition. Pray, Publius Rutilius R., lawyer and jurist; d. Pearlington, Mpi., Jan. 11, 1840, a. 45. At the time of his death he was one of the judges of tlie High Court of Errors and Appeals. He pub. " Revised Statutes of Mpi.," 8vo, 1836. Preble, Edward, commo. U.S.N. , son of Gen. Jedcdiahjb. Portland, Me., Anir. 15, 1761 ; d. there Aug. 25, 1807. From childhood he discovered a firm, resolute, and persevering temper, and a strong disposition for perils and adventures, which led him to make a voyage to Europe in a letter-of-marque in 1777. In 1779 47 he served as midshipman under Capt. John Foster Williams in " The Protector," and hav- ing been taken in the Penobscot exped., under Capt. Salton stall, was confined in the Jersey prison-ship, but obtained his release at N.Y. by the interest of Col. William Tyng. He next served as first lieut. of the sloop-of-war " Winthrop," Capt. Little, and boarded an English armed brig of superior force, lying in Penobscot harbor, under circumstances which gave the action great €dal. He remained in this ship until Dec. 1782, and occupied him- self as shipmaster until Feb. 9, 1798, when ho was named one of the five lieuts. app. by the govt., and in the fall and winter of that year made two cruises as com. of the brig " Picker- ing." Capt. May 14, 1799, he made in the frigate "Essex," of 36 guns, in 1800, a voy- age to the E. Indies for the protection of our trade. Near the end of the year, he arrived in N.Y. in feeble health, and so continued until May, 1803, when he took com. of the frigate " Constitution ; " and in June took charge of the squad, sent against Tripoli. He set snil in Aug., and, arriving at his destination in Sept., prevented a war between the emperor of Morocco and the U.S., and brought the bashaw of Tripoli to terms by a series of skilful bom- bardments. Having been superseded by Bar- ron, Sept. 8, 1804, he obtained leave to return home. Congress voted him the thanks of the nation and an emblematical medal. — See Preble Family h\j Capt. Geo. H. Preble, 1868. Preble, George Henry, capt. U.S.N., b. Portland, Me., Feb. 25, 1816. Son of Capt. Enoch, and nepliew of the preceding. Mid- shipm. Oct. 10, 1835; lieut. Feb. 1.5,1848; com. July 16, 1862; capt. Jan. 29, 1867 ; served in the Seminole war 1841-2. During the Mexi- can war he was in the attack on Alvarado, Aug. 8 and Oct. 15, 1846 ; Tampico, Laguna, Vera Cruz, Alvarado, Apr. 1847; attached to coast-survey 1847-51 ; in sloop "Macedonian" in Oct. and Nov. 1854, in engagements with Chinese pirates ; destroyed 3 piratical junks, July 10, 1855, and 2 on Aug. 27, 1855; com. steamer " Katahdin," W.G. block, squad., at the capture of N.Orleans ; and at Vicksburg, Juno 29, 1862 ; com. " Oneida," W.G. block, squad., 1862 ; sloop " St. Louis," S.A. block, sqliad., 1863-5; with naval brigade served on shore in battle of Honey Hill, S.C, Nov. 30,1864, and in 3 actions at Deveaux's Neck (Dec. 6, 7, and 9, 1864); com. steam-sloop " Pensaco- la," N.P. squad., 1868-9. Author of a " Gene- alogy of the Preble Family," 8vo, 1808 ; " His- tory of the Amer. Flag," 1872. Preble, Gen. Jedediah, b. Wells, Me., 1707; d. Portland, Me., Mar. 11,1784. He settled in Portland ab. 1748, and began life as a mariner; capt. in Waldo's regt. 1746; was with Gen. Winslow as a lieut.-col. in Acadia in 1755 ; col. 13 Mar. 1758 ; brig.-gen. 12 Mar. 1759 ; was 12 years a representative ; council- lor in 1773; made a brig.-gen. by the Prov. Congress of Ms. 27 Oct. 1774; and afterward a maj.-gen., but declined on account of age. Member of the State senate in 1780, and judge of the C.C.P. in 1778. Preble, William Pitt, LL.D. (Bowd. Coll. 1829), jurist, b. York, Me., Nov. 27, I>RE 738 PRE 1783; d. Portland, Me., Oct. 11, 1857. H.U. 1806. In 1813 he was app. U.S. dist.-atty., and became a leader of the Democ. party ; in 1818 he removed to Portland, which he repre- sented in the Me. Const. Conv., of which he was one of the most influential members. On the inauguration of the new State govt, in 1820, he was app. a judge of the Supreme Court ; in 1829 he was app. minister to the Netherlands, and afterward held many public stations. First pres. of the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad Co. in 1847. Prentice, George Denison, poet and journalist, b. Preston, Ct., Dec. 18, 1802; d. Louisville, Ky., Jan. 22, 1870. Brown U. 1823. Such was his early ripeness of intellect, that he was principal of a public school before he was 15. He studied law, and was adm. to the bar in 1829, but did not engage in practice; and in 1828 became editor of the N.E. Weekly Review at Hartford, — a literary journal which he conducted two years. Removing to Louis- ville, Ky., he began in Nov. 1830 to edit the Louisville Journal, in which he won a high and wide-spread reputation for political ability and for wit and satire. For many years a leading advocate of the policy of the Whig party, it maintained during the Rebellion, with great zeal and ability, the cause of the Union against the secessionists. Specimens of his verse are to be found in several collections of American poetry; but they have never been gathered into a volume. A selection of his newspaper para- graphs was pub. under the title of " Prentice- ana "in 1860. In 1831 he wrote a Life of Henry Clay. — Poets and Poetry of the West. Prentiss, Gen. Benjamin Matberry, b. Belleville, Wood Co., Va., Nov. 23, 1819. In 1835 he removed to Mo., and in 1841 to Quin- cy. III., where he engaged in business. He was a capt. in the Mexican war. In 1860 he was an unsuccessful Repub. candidate for Congress. Col. 7th 111. Vols. Apr. 1861, and afterward brig.-gen. 3-months' troops, having com. at Cai- ro, III., — at that time a position of the utmost importance; brig.-gen. U.S. vols. May 17, 1861 ; in Aug. 1861 he was detailed to the com. at Iron ton, Mo.; and Dec. 28 fought the battle of Mount Zion, routing a large body of secessionists. He served in Mo. until April, 1862, when he joined Gen. Grant 3 days be- fore the battle of Shiloh, at the beginning of which he was taken prisoner with most of his com. lie was released in Oct., and in Dec. was a member of the court-martial on Gen. F. J. Porter. Made maj.-gen. Nov. 29, 1862 ; ab. July 3, 1863, he defeated Gens. Holmes and Price, who attacked him at Helena, Ark. Prentiss, Charles, editor and wit, b. Reading, Ms., Oct. 8, 1774 ; d. Brimfield, Ms., Oct. 20, 1820. H.U. 1795. Son of Rev. Ca- leb of Reading. Edited in 1795 the Rural Re- pository at Leominster, Ms., and pub. there in 1797 "A Collection of Fugitive Essays in Prose and Verse," and the Political Focus, af- terward the Washington Federalist, at George- town, the Anti-Democrat at Baltimore, and a literary paper, the Child of Pallas. In 1804 he visited England. In 1809 he pub. the Thistle, a theatrical paper of brief duration; after 1810 he reported the congressional pro- ceedings at Washington, and edited the Inde- pendent American ; in 1813 he pub. at Brook- fickl the " Life of Gen. Eaton," " Life and Writings of R. T. Paine," 8vo, 1812 ; in 1817- 18 he edited the Virginia Patriot at Richmond. " A scholar, a good writer, a judicious critic, he studied no profession, and relied for sup- port entirely upon his pen." — Duyckinck. Prentiss, George Aldrich, commodore U.S.N., b. Keene, N.H., 1808 ; d. near Charles- ton, S.C., 8 Apr. 1868. Son of John Prentiss, formerly editor of the N.H. Sentinel. Mid- shipm. 1 Mar. 1825; lieut. 9 Feb. 1837; com. 14 Sept. 1845 ; commo. (retired list) 16 Julv, 1860. Prentiss, Col. John Holmes, a promi- nent Democratic editor of N.Y., b. 1785; d. Cooperstown, N.Y., 26 June, 1861. M.C. 1837- 41 . Son of Dr. Samuel. — Prentiss Family. Prentiss, Samuel, M.D., b. Stonington, Ct., 1759; d. Northfield, Ms., 1818. Son of Col. Samuel of the Revol. army. Studied with Dr. Philip Turner of Norwich ; served in the ai my as an assist, surgeon ; resided some years in Worcester, and for 20 years was an eminent physician and surgeon in Northfield. In 1810 he resided at Bernardston. Of his sons, Samuel was a U.S. senator and judge, John H. a prominent editor and politician, and Wm. of Milvvaukie has been pres. of the legisl. council of Wisconsin. — Williams's Med. Bioj. Prentiss, Samuel, LL.D., senator and ju- rist, son of the preceding, b. Stonington, Ct., Mar. 31, 1782; d. Montpelier, Vt., Jan. 15, 1857. He studied law, and commenced prac- tice in Montpelier in 1803, soon acquiring the reputation of a learned, eloquent, and upright lawyer, and becoming one of the foremost men of the Vt. bar. In 1824-5 he represented Montpelier in the legisl. ; in 1829 he was elect- ed chief justice of the Supreme Court of Vt. ; and was U.S. senator in 1831-42, where he did much to effect the passage of a law against duelling in the Dist. of Col. ; U.S. dist. judge from 1 842 to his death. Prentiss, Sergeant Smith, lawyer and orator, b. Portland, Me., Sept. 30, 1808 ; d. Longwood, near Natchez, Mpi., July 1, 1850. Bowd. Coll. 1826. He went to Mpi' in 1827; was tutor a year or two in a private family near Natchez ; studied law; and was adm. to the bar in 1829, when his first speech before a jury is said to have been marked by that wit and eloquence which never deserted him. He was law-partner of Gen. Felix Huston. In 1832 he moved to Vicksburg, became at once leader of the bar in that section of the State, and, by gaining a suit involving the most valuable por- tion of the city, gained a high reputation as a lawyer; while the ground which he received as a fee made him one of the wealthiest men in the State. He was elected to the State legisl. in 1835. His speech in the U.S. house of repre- sentatives in 1837, which lasted 3 days, in which he claimed the seat held by Col. Claiborne (which claim was only rejected by the casting-vote of the speaker, J. K. Polk), established his reputa- tion as one of the ablest parliamentary debaters in the country. The candidate thus sent back to the people canvassed the State, and was by I»RE 739 MiE an overwhelming vote returned to the house, where he disting. himself by his eloquence. His distaste for political life led him to resume gractice at the close of his term. Embarrassed y the financial troubles of 1 837, and dissatisfied with the course of Mpi. in repudiating her bonds, he removed to New Orleans in 1845, where he led the bar until broken down by ill- health. He was disting. for his love and knowl- edge of literature, and took part in many philanthropic movements in that city. — See his Memoirs, edited bi/ his brother George L., D.D., 2 vols., N.Y., 18.55. Prentiss, Thomas, D.D., minister of Med- field, Ms., from 1770 to his d. Feb. 28, 1814, b. Holliston, Oct. 27, 1747. H.U. 1766. He was a leader in temperance reform, and estab- lished in M. a large public library. He pub. a number of sermons. Some time a chaplain in the Revol. army. Prescott, Benjamin, minister of Danvers 1713-i58, b. Concord, Ms., 16 Sept. 1687; d. Danvers, May 27, 1777. H.U. 1709. Son of Capt. Jonathan. Author of " Examination of Certain Remarks," 1735; "Letter to Joshua Gee." 1743; "Letter to Whitefield," 1745; " Consideration of the Unhappy Misunder- standing between Parliament and the Colo- nies," 1774. — Prescott Memorial. Prescott, Oliver, M.D., physician and a Revol. patriot, b. Groton, Ms., Apr. 27, 1731 ; d. there Nov. 17, 1804. H.U. 1750. Son of Judge Benjamin, who was grandson of John of Lincolnshire, Eng., who was an early settler of Lancaster, Ms. He practised medicine in his native town. Before the Revol. he was successively major, lieut.-col., and col. in the militia, and early in 1776 was app. a brig.-gen. for the Co. of Middlesex ; member of the board of war; was in 1777 elected a member of the supreme exec, council of the State, and served 3 years; in 1778 he became 3d maj.-gen. of State militia; and in 1781 second, but soon after resigned ; judge of probate for Middlesex Co. from 1779 until his death. He was very influential in suppressing the Shays Rebel- lion. In 1780 he became a fellow of the Acad, of Arts and Sciences. He was a trustee, as well as a patron and benefactor, of Groton Acad. His son Oliver, M.D., b. Groton, Ms., Apr. 4, 1762, d. Newburyport, Sept. 26, 1827. H.U. 1783. He studied physic with his father, and Dr. James Lloyd of Boston ; was surgeon of tlie forces which suppressed the Shays Insur- rection in 1787; and was often a representative to the State legisl. He was a founder, trustee, and treasurer of the Groton Acad. Quitting an extensive practice in Groton, he removed to Newburyport in 1811, where he practised with success till his death. He contrib. some valuable articles to the N. E. Journal of Medi- cine and Surgery, and pub. a " Dissertation on the Natural History and Medicinal Effects of the Secale Cornutum, or Ergot." — Prescott Memorial. Prescott, Richard, a British lleut.-gen. ; d. Oct. 1788. App. major 33d Foot, Dec. 20, 1756; May, 1762, lieut.-col. 50th Foot, with which he served in Germany ; brev. col. 7th Foot, June 22, 1772, with which he came to Canada in 1 773. On the reduction of Montreal by the Americans in 1775, Col. Prescott, who had the local rank of brig.-gen., attempted to descend to Quebec with the English troops and military stores, but was obliged to surren- der Nov. 17. In Sept. following he was ex- changed for Gen. Sullivan ; in Nov. he became col. of his regt. ; and in Dec. was third in com. of the exped. sent against R.I., where he re- mained in com. of the British forces until again made prisoner July 10, 1777, by the ad- venturous daring of Lieut.-Col. Barton. He was finally exchanged for Gen. Lee, and resumed his com. at R.I., continuing there till its evacu- ation, Oct. 25, 1779. Maj.-gen. Aug. 29, 1777; lieut.-gen. Nov. 26, 1782. His treatment of Amer. prisoners was harsh and brutal. Prescott, Robert, a British gen., b. Lan- cashire, Eng., 1725; d. near Battle, Sussex, Eng., Dec. 21, 1816. Capt. 15th Foot, Jan. 22, 1755, and served in the exped. against Roche- fort in 1757, against Louisburg in 1758 ; acted as aide-de-camp to Amherst in 1759, and afterwards joined the army under Wolfe ; March 22, 1761, he was app. major 95th Foot, which formed part of the force sent under Monk- ton to reduce Martinico ; lieut.-col. 28th Regt. Sept. a, 1775, and was present at the battle of Brooklyn and in the several engagements in Westchester Co., and in the storming of Fort Washington in Nov. ; in 1777 he was attached to the exped. against Phila. ; was app. col. by brev. Aug. 29, and was in the battle of Brandy- wine; in 1778 he was app. 1st brig.-gen. ia the exped. underGen. Grant against the French W. Indies; col. Oct. 13, 1780; Oct. 19, 1781, maj.-gen. July 6, 1789, he was app. col. of the 28th Regt., and lieut.-gen. Oct. 12, 1793 ; was ordered to Barbadoes, which capitulated March 22, 1794, and of which, as well as of Guadaloupe, he was made civil gov. July 12, 1796, he succeeded Lord Dorchester in the govt, of Lower Canada, which he administered until July 31, 1799, when he was recalled in conse- quence of a rupture with the exec, council. Gen. in the army, Jan. 1, 1798. Prescott, Col. William, a disting. Re- vol. officer, bro. of Oliver, b. Groton, Ms., 20 Feb. 1726; d. Oct. 13, 1795. A provincial lieut. at the capture of Cape Breton in 1 754 ; capt. under Gen. Winslow in Nova Scotia, 1 756. He was oifered a commis. in the regular army, which he declined. Inheriting a large estate at Pepperell, he resided there until the breaking-out of the war, filling various muni- cipal offices. In 1774 he was app. to com. a regt. of minute-men, with which he marched (19 April, 1775) to Lexington. The British having retreated, he proceeded to Cambridge, where he entered the pro v. army. June 16, 1 775, he was ordered to Charlestown with 1 ,000 men, and directed to throw up works on Bun- ker's Hill. On arriving at the ground, it was perceived that the neighboring elevation, called Breed's Hill, was a more suitable station; and on it the defences, consisting of a redoubt and breastwork, were erected during the night. The following day, a large British force, under Gen. Howe, attacked, and (after a contest among the most memorable in American annals, and after sustaining a loss equal to the Aracricaij force engaged) succeeded in dislodging him. I>RE 740 3?rtE Few of Prescott*s men had ever seen an action : they had been laboring all ni^ht, and were left without supplies of ammunition or refresh- ment, and, thus fatigued and destitute, had to bear the repeated assaults of a numerous, well- appointed vctsran army. Col. Prescott was one of the last to leave the intrenchments when he found it necessary to order a retreat. Early in 1777 he resigned, and returned home, but in the autumn of the same year joined the Northern army under Gen. Gates as a vol- unteer, and was present at the capture of Burgoyne. He subsequently sat in the Ms. legislature for several years. Prescott, William, LL.D. (H.U. 1824), lawyer and jurist, son of the preceding, b. Pepperell, Ms., Aug. 19, 1762; d. Boston, Dec. 8, 1844. H.U. 1783. He taught school first at Brooklyn, Ct., and then at Beverly, Ms., where, during two years, he also studied with Mr. Dane, the disting. lawyer, and whore, in 1787-9, he engaged in successful practice. Re- moving to Salem, he served as its representa- tive, and as senator of Essex Co. in the Icgisl. ; in 1806, and again in 1813, he was offered a seat on the bench of the Supreme Court of Ms., which he declined. He removed to Bos- ton in 180S ; served for some years as one of the governor's council ; was a deleg. to the Hartford Conv. in 1814; in 1818 was judge of the C. C. P. for Suffolk; and wa^ in 1820 a delegate to the State Const. Conv. Member of the Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sciences. Two of his sons survived him, one of whom was William H. Prescott the historian. The other, Edward Gordon (b. Salem, Jan. 2, 1804, H.U. 1825), was first a lawyer, but in 1837 settled as an Epis. clergyman in N. J. ; d. 11 Apr. 1844. Prescott, William Hicklixg, LL.D. (Col. Coll. 1840; H.U. 1843; Oxf U. 1850), historian, b. Salem, Ms., 4 May, 1796 ; d. Bos- ton, 28 Jan. 1859. H.U. 1814. Son of Judge William and Catharine Greene, dau. of Thomas Hickling, who for nearly 50 years Avas U.S. consul at St. ^Miehael's. His grandfather Col. William com. at the battle of Bunker's Hill. His preparatory studies were directed by Rev. J. S. J. Gardiner. An injury to his eye while at college determined him to adopt a literary instead of a professional career. In 1815-17 he travelled m England, France, and Italy, but, having vainly sought aid from eminent oculists, returned home with his sight perma- nently impaired, and was obliged to use the eyes of others in his subsequent literary re- searches and labors. In May, 1820, he m. Su- san Amory. He began in 1824 his contribs. to the N. Amer. Review, which were pub. in one volume in 1845; in 1834 he wrote the Me- moir of Charles Brockdcn Brown for Sparks's Amer. Bio-j. ; in Jan. 1826 he began his "His- tory of Ferdinand and Isabella," pub. in 1838 i:i 3 vols. 8vo, the success of which placed him in the front rank of historians. His " Con- quest of Mexico " app. in 3 vols. 8vo, 1 843 ; ♦* Conquest of Peru," 2 vols. 8vo, 1847 ; " His- tory of Philip II. of Spain," 3 vols. 1855-8, which he intended to issue in 6 vols., but which he did not live to complete. In 1856 he pub. an edition of Robertson's " Charles the Fifth," with notes and a valuable supplement. His works were translated into the French, Span- ish, Italian, German, and Dutch languages. His merits as an historian are a spirit of thor- ough research, an unequalled impartiality, and a remarkable clearness, animation, and grace of style. He was a member of the most promi- nent learned bodies of the Old and New World, and was in the highest degree a social, kindly, and generous man. — See Life hy George Tick- nor, 1864. Preston, Isaac Trimblk, jurist, b. Va. in 1793 ; d. July 5, 1852, in consequence of a steamboat disaster on Lake Pontchartrain, near New Orleans. Y.C. 1812. He studied law at Litchfield, Ct. Was a capt. in the Avar of 1812-15; subsequently completed his legal studies with William Wirt ; removed to New Orleans, where he practised Avith great success, and Avas at the time of his death a judge of the Supreme Court of Louisiana. Preston, Col. James P., gov. of Va. in 1816-19, b. 1775; d. Smithfield, Va., May 4, 1843. W. and M. Coll. 1790-5. Son of Col. William. App. lieut.-col. 1 2th Inf Mar. 19, 1812 ; col. 23d, Aug. 1.5, 1813. At the battle of Chrystlcr's Field he received a Avound in the thigh, which crippled him for life. For many years he was postmaster of the city of Rich- mond. Preston, John S., orator and politician, brother of William C, b. near Abingdon, Va., Apr. 20, 1809. He was educated at Hamp. Sid. Coll. and the U of Va., and aftenvard studied in the Law School of H.U. In 1 830 he m. a dau. of Gen. Wade Hampton of S.C, and was an active nullifier. He was engaged for many years in sugar-planting in La., where he OAvned large estates, but resided in Columbia, S.C. He gained reputation as an orator in the State legisl. from 1 848 to 1 856, and increased it by addresses before the '76 Association of Charleston, the literary societies of the S.C. Coll., and particularly at the celebration of the 75th anniv. of the battle of King's Mountain. In May, 1860, he was chairman of the S.C. delegation to the Dcmoc. conv. at Charleston, from Avhich he subsequently withdrew, then joining the secession movement. After the elec- tion of Mr. Lincoln he Avas app. a commiss. to Va. ; and in Feb. 1861 made an elaborate plea in favor of her immediate withdrawal from the Union, which is esteemed the croAvning effort of his oratory. Preston, Thomas S., pastor of St. Anne's R.C. Church, and chancellor of the diocese of N.Y., b. Hartford, Ct., 1824. Trin. Coll., Hartf., 1843. Author of "Ark of the Cove- nant," 1 860 ; " Life of St. Mary Magdalene," 1861 ; " Sermons for the Seasons," 8a^o, 1864 ; "Life of St. Vincent de Paul," 1866; "Lec- tures on Christian Unity," 1866; "Purgatorian Manual," 1867; "Reason and Revelation," 8vo, 1868. Preston, WiLLAiiD,D.D. (U. of Ga. 1839), an eloquent Presb. clergyman, b. Uxbridge, Ms., Mav 29, 1785; d. Savannah, April 26, 1856. Brown U. 1806. Studied laAv; prac- tised a few years in Providence, R.I., but en- tered the ministry in 1811 at St. Alban's, Vt. ; in 1816-20 he had charge of the church in I»RE 741 FRI Richmond St., Providence, R,I.; was chosen pres. of the U. o? Vt. in 1825 ; removed to Ga. for the benefit of a milder climate in 1829, offi- ciating in Powcllton, Madison, and Milledge- villc ; in 1831 became pastor of the Presb. ch. in Savannah, and there remained until his death. Preston, William, gen. C.S.A., b. near Louisville, Ky., Oct. 16, 1816 ; d. 1862. Camb. Law School, 1838. He studied at the Jesuits' Coll. at Bardstown, Kj., and at New Haven. Practised law at Louisville until Oct. 1847, when he became lieut.-col. 4th Ky. Vols., and served through the Mexican war. Resuming his profession, he became a member of the State CoTist. Conv. June 11, 1850; of the State le- gisl. in 1850 and 1851; M.C. 1851-3; after- wards attached himself to the Democ. party ; was a member of the conv. at Cincinnati in 1856 which nominated Mr. Buchanan, who. Mar. 12, 1859, app. him envoy-extr. to the court of Spain. Resigning early in 1 861 , he returned to Ky . to induce the State to secede ; was chosen in Nov., by a convention held at Russellville, a commiss. to visit Richmond, and negotiate for the admission of Ky. into the Con fed. ; app. a brig.-gen. in the Confed. army ; acted as a vol. aide on the staff of his bro.-in-law Gen. A. S. Johnston; was present at Shiloh when Gen. Johnston received his death-wound ; and served under Bragg during his invasion of Ky. in Sept. 1862. Preston, William Ballard, statesman, b. Va. ; d. at his residence in Montgomery Co., Va., Nov. 14, 1862. M.C. in 1847-9 ; sec. of the navy under Pres. Taylor 1849-50; and a senator in the Confed. Congress. Preston, William Campbell, LL.D. (H.U. 1846), statesman, b. Phila. Dec. 27, 1794; d. Columbia, S.C, May 22, 1860. U. of S.C. 1812. His grandfather Col. William com. a mi- litia regt., was wounded at Guilford, and d. soon after 1783. Francis his father, M.C. 1793-7, d. May 26, 1835, a. 69. He studied law in the office of Wm. Wirt at Richmond, and, while visiting Europe in 1816-19, attended the lec- tures of Hope, Play fair, and Brown, at Edinb. Adm. to the bar in 1 820, he settled at Colum- bia, S.C, in 1822, and practised successfully; M.C. in 1824, he disting. himself by his advo- cacy of free trade and State rights, and was a nullification leader in the State legislatures of 1823 and 1 830-2 ; U.S. senator 1834-42, where he took high rank as a debater. Pres. of the U. of S.C. 1845-51. He soon after established the Columbia Lyceum, which he endowed with his library of 3,000 vols. His oratory was or- nate and fluent, his elocution graceful, and he was well versed in the English classics. Maj. Wm. and James P. Preston were his sons. He pub. a Eulogy on Hugh S. Legare, 1843 ; and speeches, addresses, &c. Prevost, Augustine, a Biitish maj.-gen., b. Geneva; d. Bernett, Eng., 5 May, 1786. His mother was the dau. of Chevalier Grand. He was lieut.-col. in March, 1761; col. Aug. 29, 1777 ; maj.-gen. 27 Feb. 1779. As a capt. 60th Regt. ( Hoyal American), he served under Wolfe at Quebec. He was highly disting. in the American war by his defence of Savannah in Oct. 1779. He captured the fort at Sunbury, Ga., in Dec. 1778; defeated Gen. Ashe at Brier Creek in March, 1779 ; and in May following attempted, unsuccessfully, to capture Charles- ton. Prevost, Sir George, a British lieut.- gen., son of the preceding, b. New York, May 19, 1767; d. Eng., Jan. 5, 1816. He entered the army young ; served with distinction at St. Vincent's and Dominica, and at St. Lucia; was created a baronet Nov. 20, 1805 ; maj.-gen. Jan. 1805; lieut.-gen. June, 1811; lieut.-gov. of Nova Scotia in 1 808 ; second in com. at the capture of Martinique; and in June, 1811, succeeded Sir James Craig in the chief civil and military com. of British N. America, which he held till his return to Eng. in 1814. His ser- vices in the defence of Canada against the ar- mies of the U.S. in 1812-14 were of great im- portance, although he was defeated by Macomb and Macdonough at Plattsburg, 11 Sept. 1814. Price, Eli K., member of the Phila bar, b. Chester Co., Pa., 1797. Author of "Me- moir of Philip and Rachel Price" (his parents), 1853; "Limitations of Actions in Pa.," 8vo, 1857; "The Family as an Element of Govern- ment," 1864. — AUibone. Price, Richard, D.D. (Glasg. U. 1769), LL.D. (Y.C. 1783), minister, and writer on politics and morals, b. Glamorganshire, Wales, 22 Feb. 1723; d. 19 Apr. 1791. Educated at Talgarth and at a Presb. acad. in Loud. Set- tled in 1758 over a dissenting cong. at New- ington Green, of which he was many years pastor. He was an intrepid assertcr of the rights of man; and in 1776 pub. "Observar tions on the Nature of Civil Liberty," &c., — the best exposition of the injurious policy pursued towards the Americans. It attained in two years a sale of 60,000. The common council of Lond. gave him the freedom of the city, and the Amer. Congress afterward invited him to become a citizen of the U.S. In 1784 he pub. "Observations on the Importance of the Amer. Revol." From 1763 to 1786 he contrib. many papers to the "Philos. Transactions." F.R.S. 1764. Of his many other works, that on the National Debt is regarded as one of the best upon political arithmetic. Philanthropy was the leading characteristic both of his conduct and his writings. Price, Rodman M., gov. of N.J. 1854-7, b. Sussex Co., N. J., Nov. 5, 1816. He studied at N. J. Coll. ; but illness prevented Ms gradu- ation. He then studied law ; was app. purser in the navy in 1840; is said to have been the first person to exercise judicial functions under the American flag on the Pacific coast as al- calde; was made navy agent there in 1848; was M.C. from N.J. 1851-3; delegate to the Peace Congress, 1861. He caused the estab- lishment in that State of a normal school, and fostered the State militia. — Lanman. Price, Sterling, maj.-gen. C. S, A., b. Prince Edward Co., Va., Sept. 1809; d. St. Louis, Mo., 29 Sept. 1867. He settled as a farm- er in Charlton Co., Mo., in 1 830. Good natural abilities, improved by study, soon made him known. He served in the State legisl. ; was M.C. 1845-7 ; col. of Mo. vol. cavalry in Mex. war, 12 Aug. 1846; brig.-gen. 20 July. 1847; promoted and made military gov. of Chihuahua for the capture of Taos ; com. and wounded at I>RI 742 i>Ri Canada, New Mex., 24 Jan. 1847; and com. in battle of Santa Cruz de Rosales 16 Mar. 1848. Gov. of Mo. 1853-7 and during the " border- rutfiiin war " between the Missourians and the settlers of Kansas ; and was bank commiss. in 1861, and a leader of the secession party of Mo. ; made pres. of the State conv. 28 Feb. 1861, as gen. -in-chief he sought to take Mo. out of the Union. Retiring before Gen. Lyon, Price auarrelled with Ben. McCullough, who with- rew his forces; and the State was saved to the Union. Sept. 20 he captured Lexington with 3,000 prisoners, and was thanked by the Con- fed. Congress. Transferred to the service of the Con fed. States in Mar. 1862, with the rank of maj.-gen. ; he was one of the leaders in the battle of Pea Ridge, Mar. 6-8, 1862, where he was wounded; fought at Iuka20 Sept., and at Corinth Oct. 3-5 ; com. the advance of the army in Northern Mpi. under Pemberton in Dec. ; was subsequently in com. of the Dept. of the Ark.; and in Sept. 1864 invaded Mo., but, after gaining some temporary success, was driven from the State, and pursued with great loss. At the close of the war he went to Mex- ico, where he acted for a time on the board of immigration, but returned to Mo. in 1867. Prideaux, John, brig.-gen., b. Devon- shire, England, 1718; accidentally killed in the trenches at the siege of Niagara, July 19, 1759. Son of Sir John Prideaux, bart. App. capt. of the 3d Foot Guards, Feb. 24, 1745; col. 55th Foot, Oct. 28, 1758; and brig.-gen. May 5, 1759 ; served at the battle of Dettingen. lie was intrasted by Wm. Pitt with the duty of reducing Foit Niagara, then one of the most formidable in the country. He effected a land- ing, July 7, 1759, and at once opened fire upon the fort; on the 11th he defeated a sortie, and on the 19th was busy in the trenches, when he was killed by the bursting of a coehorn. Pridgen, William, of Bladen Co., N.C., of remarkable longevity; d. Oct. 14, 1845, a. 123. Although exempted by age from military duty, he served a full term in the Cont. army, and became entitled to a pension, which he re- ceived during the latter years of his life. He retained the use of his limbs and his faculties to the last, with the exception of his sight, which he lo.st a few years before his decease. Priest, Josiah; d. ab. 1850 in Western N.Y. Pub. "American Antiquities and Dis- coveries in the West," 8vo, Albany, 1841 ; " Slavery in the Light of History and Scrip- ture," &c., 1843; " Stories of the'Revol.,"&c., Bvo, 1836 ; " View of the Millennium," 12mo, 1828; " Wonders of Nature," &c., 1826. He was an uneducated man, by trade a harness- maker. Priestley, Joseph, LL.D., philosopher, chemist, and theologian, b. Fieldhead, York- shire, England, 13 Mar. 1733 ; d. Northumber- land, Pa., 6 Feb. 1804. He studied at a dis- senting acad. ; preached in 175.V8 at Needham Market; at Nantwich, Cheshire, in 1758-61, when he became tutor of languages and belles- lettres in the sem. at Warrington, where he pub. " The Scripture Doctrine of Remission," in which he rejects the dogma of the Atone- ment; and in 1767 a " History of Electricity," at the suggestion of Dr. Franklin. This caused his election into the Royal Society, and gainod him the degree of LL.D. from Edinburgh U. In 1767 he became minister to a large cong. at Leeds, and made important pneumatic discov- eries ; in 1772 he received the Copley Medal for his " Observations on Different Kinds of Air." He discovered the effect of respiration on the blood, and the tendency of vegetation to restore to vitiated air its vivifying principle. He also discovered nitrous gas, muriatic gas and oxygen, which he obtained in 1774 from red precipitate of mercury, calling it "dephlo- gisticated air." " As a physicist and chemist," says Cuvier, " his talents were of the first order." His researches and writings have con- tributed much to the progress of the sciences. Librarian and literary companion of the Earl of Shelburne 1773-80, he accomp. him in 1774 in a tour through Flanders, Holland, and Ger- many. While at Leeds he pub. some pieces in favor of civil liberty, the chief of which was " An Address to Dissenters on the Subject of the Differences with America," written at the request of Drs. Franklin and Fothergill. In 1780 he settled at Birmingham as minister of the principal dissenting cong., and incurred public odium by his liberal religious and repub- lican sentiments; in July, 1791, his house was fired by a mob, who inflicted great damage on his books, apparatus, &c., he and his family escaping by flight; in April, 1794, he settled in Northumberland, Pa., but was regarded with hostility by the anti-French party. He delivered two courses of lectures at Phila. in 1796-7 on "The Evidences of Revelation," pub. in 2 vols., and defended Socinianism with much warmth in a controversy with Dr. Linn of Phila. Besides the above-named works, ho is the author of " Institutes of Natural and Revealed Religion," 1772-4; "Experiments and Observations on Air," 5 vols. 1774-80; " Defence of Socinianism ; " " History of the Corruptions of Christianity," 1782 ; " Familiar Letters to the Inhabitants of Birmingham," 1790; "Reply to Burke's Reflections on the French Revol.," 1791 ; " Disquisitions on Mat- ter and Spirit," &c. His publications exceed 70 volumes. — See Corrys Life of Priestley, 1805; Autobiographic Memoirs, 1806; Allibone. Prime, Benjamin Young, M.D., b. Hunt- ington, L.I., 20 Dec. 1733; d. 31 Oct. 1791. N.J. Coll. 1751; tutor there 1756-7. De- scended from James, a first settler of Milford, Ct. Son of Ebenezer, minister of H. 1719-79. He took his medical degree at Leyden ; settled in the practice of medicine in New York in 1764; subsequently wrote essays in Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French, and Spanish, and many Revol. songs and ballads, which circulated widely during the war. Author of " The Pa- triot Muse," poems, 8vo, Lond. 1764 ; " Colum- bia's Glory," a poem on the American Revol., 1791 ; and '^ Muscipu/a Cambryomachia" 1838. — Sprafjue, Prime, Nathaniel Scudder, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 1848), Presb. clergyman, b. Huntington, L.I., Apr. 21 , 1 785 ; d. Mamaroneck, N. Y., Mar. 27, 1856. N.J. Coll. 1804. From his grand- father. Rev. Ebenezer, and from his father, Dr. Benjamin Young, he inherited a taste for let- ters, which he cultivated assiduously, and trans- I>RI 743 i>m » mitted to his children. Ord. Oct. 24, 1809, and officiated for several years at Sag Harbor, Freshpond, and Smithtown ; and July 14, 1813, became pastor of the church in Cam- bridge, Washington Co., N. Y., where he re- mained until 1830 ; the last three years of this time he was principal of a literary institution. In 1830 he took charge of the Mount-Pleasant Acad., Sing Sing; and in 1835 established a female seminary in Newburg, N. Y., subse- quently teaching and preaching in various places. He was an able preacher and a suc- cessful instiiictor. He wrote for the press a Treatise on Baptism ; and " The History of Long Island," 12mo, 184.5. — Sprarjue. Prime, Samuel Irenmius, D.D. (Hamp. Sidney Coll.), clergyman, son of Rev. N. S. Prime, b. Ballston, N. York, Nov. 4, 1812. Wms. Coll. 1829. After studying at Prince- ton Theol. Sem., he entered the Presb. minis- try. Compelled by ill-health in 1840 to relin- quish the active duties of his profession, he be- came editor of the N. Y. Observer, newspaper, the chief organ of his denomination, and one of the leading religious periodicals in the country. Author of " Travels in Europe and the East," £ vols. 1855; a work on Switzerland, the re- sult of an extensive journey in 1853 ; "Life in New York," 1845; "Annals of the English Bible," 8vo, 1849 ; and of several religious works, including " Thoughts on the Death of Little Children ; " " The Power of Prayer," — the latter a sketch of the Fulton-st. (New York) prayer-meeting, has been repub. in several Eu- ropean languages ; " The Bible in the Levant," &c., 1859; "Memoirs of Rev. Nicholas Mur- ray," 1862; and "Five Years of Prayer, with the Answers," 1864. — See Notice in Harper's Wee/el I/, Sept. 25, 1858. Prime, William Cowper, author, bro. of S. I., b. Cambridge, N.Y., Oct. 31, 1825. N. J. Coll. 1843. Becoming a member of the New- York bar, he has since been also engaged in literary pursuits. He has pub ." The Owl- Creek Letters," originally contributed to the N. Y. Jour, of Commerce; "The Old House by the River," 1853; and "Later Years," 1854. In 1855-6 he travelled extensively in the East and elsewhere, and pub. on his return "Boat-Life in Egypt and Nubia," 1857; and "Tent-Life in the Holy Land," 1857. He has since paid much attention to numismatics and Egyptian antiquities; and in 1860 edited a work entitled " Coins, Medals, and Seals," 4to. In 1865 he pub., with notes, the old hymn, " Mother Dear, Jerusalem ! " " Passio Chris- ti " of Albert Durer, 1868. Contrib. to the New Amer. Cyclop, and to periodicals. Prince, Henry, brev. brig.-gen. U S.A., b. Eastport, Me., Jan. 19, 1811. West Point, 1835. Entering the 4th Inf., he became 1st lieut. 1838; won two brevets for gallantry at Contreras, Churubusco, and Molino del Rey, where he was severely wounded; made capt. Sept. 26, 1847; paymaster (rank of major), May 23, 1855; and brig.-gen. vols. April 28, 1862. Assigned to the Army of Va. under Grcn. Pope, he was taken prisoner at the battle of Cedar Mountain, Aug. 9, 1 862 ; was released on parole in Sept. ; served in N. C. Jan.-June, 1863 ; in the Rapidan campaign, Oct.-Dec 1 863 ; in Mine-Run operations Nov.-Dec. 1 863 ; in com. of Dist. Columbus, Ky., Apr.-Aug. 1864; brev. heut.-col. 9 Aug. 1862, for Cedar Mountain; and brig.-gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865. — Cullum. Prince, John, LL.D. (B. U. 1795), a Cong, clergyman, eminent for his scientific ac- quirements, b. Boston, July 11, 1751; d. Sa- lem, June 7, 1836. H. U. 1776. Ord. at Salem in 1779, and pastor of the First Church there nearly 58 years. He especially disting. himself for his improvements in the air-pump ; and the one which he made as early as 1784 gave him a reputation throughout the scien- tific world. He pub. sermons. A Memoir by C. W. Upham is in "Ms. Hist. Colls.," 3d ser., V. 5. Prince, John Charles, R. C. bishop of St. Hyacinth, C. E. Consec. bishop of Mar- ty ropolis, and co-adjutor of Montreal, Ju'y 25, 1845 ; transf. to St. H. June 8, 1852 ; d. May 5, 1860. Prince, Nathan, scholar, b. Sandwich, Ms., 30 Nov. 1698; d. minister of Ruatan, Bav of Honduras, July 25, 1 748, a. 50. H.U. 1 7 \%. Bro. of Rev. Thomas. Tutor of H. U. 1723 ; fellow in 1737, but was removed in 1742. He afterwards pub. an account of the consti- tution and govt, of Harv. Coll., from its founda- tion in 1636 to 1742 ; and an essay to solve the difficulties attending the accounts of the resur- rection, 1734. He became an Episcopalian, and ranked among the great scholars of his time. — Allen. Prince, Oliver H., U. S. senator from Ga. 1828-9 ; lost Oct. 9, 1837, in the steamboat " Home," near Ocracocke. He pub. " Digest of the Laws of Ga.," &c., to Dec. 1820, 2d'ed. 8vo, 1837. Prince, or Prence, Thomas, gov. of Plym. Col., b. Eng. 1601 ; d. Plym., Ms., Mar. 29^ 1 673. He arrived in Plymouth in 1 621 ; was gov. in 1634, 1638, and from 1657 to 1673, and was an assist, in 1635-7 and in 1639-57. lie lived at Nauset, or Eastham, of which he was one of the first settlers in 1644, until rechosen governor; and in 1663 he removed to Plym- outh. He was a man of eminent worth and piety, and an impartial magistrate. Strict in his religious opinions, he zealously opposed those whom he believed to be heretics, particu- larly the Quakers. He was a friend of learn- ing, and, in opposition to the clamors of the ig- norant, procured revenues for the support of grammar-schools in the Colony. Prince, Thomas, minister and chronolo- gist, b. Sandwich, Ms., May 15, 1687; d. Boston, Oct. 22, 1758. H.C. 1707. Son of Samuel of Sandwich, and grandson of Elder John of Hull, who came to N.E. in 1633. He went to Eng. Apr. 1, 1709, and preached some time at Combe, in Suffolk ; but, being strongly attached to his native land, returned to Boston, July 20, 1717, and was ord. over the Old South Church, Oct. 1, 1718, as col- league of Dr. Sewall. He was eminent as a preacher, linguist, and man of learning. Mr. Prince began in 1703, and continued more than 50 years, a collection of public and private pa- pers relating to the civil and religious history of N.E. This he pub. in the form of annals. I>RI 744 FRY 12mo, 1736, and 3 numbers of the second part in 1756, but spent so much time uj)on the in- troductory epitome, beginning: at the creation, that he brought his history only down to 1633. His collection of MSS. was deposited in the Old South Church, and was panly destroyed by the British, who occupied that building in 1775-6; many important facts relating to the history of the country being thus irrecovera- bly lost. His books and MSS. now form part of the Pub. Library of the city of Boston. Be- sides a great number of sermons, he pub. an " Introduction and Notes to Mason's History of the Pequot War," 1736; A^arious biographi- cal and other papers in the Christian tlis- tory, 1743-4; "An Improvement on the Doctrine of Earthquakes," &c., H.'iS; "Life of Neheniiah Walter, appended to his Ser- mons," 1755; Notes and Appendix to " Wil- liams's Kodeemcd Captive," 1757; "The Psalms, &c., with Historical Preface and Notes," 1758 ; several lives in " Mayhew's In- dian Converts," 1727 ; and an account of the first appearance of the Aurora Borealis. Prince, Thomas, son of the preceding, b. Boston, Feb. 27, 1722; d. Oct. 1748. H.U. 1740. He edited the earliest American peri- odical, the Christian History, containing ac- counts of the revival and propagation of re- ligion in Great Britain and America for 1743, 2 vols. 8vo, pub. weekly, 1744-6 Pring, Daniel, commodore R.N. ; d. Port Royal, Jamaica, Nov. 29, 1847. He early entered the navy ; was a midshipm. at the at- tack on Copenhagen in 1801 ; was made a lieut. in 1807; com. the schooner "Paz "on the Halifax station in 1812; was transferred to service on Lake Ontario in 1813, and pro- moted to commander; and in 1814 wasapp. to com. " The Linnet," a brig of 16 guns, in the squad, of Com. Downie on Lake Champlain. In the celebrated engagement with the fleet of Macdonough, he sustained a severe conflict with "The Eagle" (of 20 guns), butwasevent- ually compelled to strike. In 1815 he was promoted to post-captain, and early in 1846 to commodore. — Morgan's Celebrated Canadians. Proctor, Henry A., a British lieut.-gen., b. of an ancient family in Wales, 1765 ; d. Liv- erpool, Eng., 1859. He joined the army as lieut. 43d Foot, Dee. 1781 ; became maj. May, 1795 ; lieut.-col. 41st, Oct. 1800; col. July, 1810; maj.-gen. June, 1813 ; and, on the breaking-out of the war of 1812, came to Canada in com. of the 41st Regt. He was despatched to Am- herstburg by Gen. Brock to prevent the land- ing of Hull, whose forces he repulsed from that place, and def« ated at Brownston, and gained a brilliant victory over Winchester on the River Raisin, for which he was promoted to the rank of brig.-gen. In May, 1813, he was defi ated at Fort Meigs by Gen. Harrison ; Aug. 2, he was signally defeated by Major Croghan in defence of Fort Stephenson, Lower Sandusky; and Oct. 5, 1813, was totally de- feated at the battle of the Thames by Gen. Harrison. He was afterward tried by court- martial, and suspended from rank and pay for 6 months. He com. again during the war, and rose to the rank of lieut.-gen. — Morgan's Celebrated Canadians. Proctor, Gen. Thomas, Revol. oflScer, b. Ireland, 1739; d. Phila. 16 Mar. 1806. Col. of Pa. art. through the Revol. ; disting. at Brandywine, and in Sullivan's exped. against the Indians. He was a carpenter by trade. Proud, Robert, historian, b. Yorkshire, Eng., May 10, 1728; d. Phila. July 7, 1813. Arriving in Phila. in Jan. 1759, he taught Greek and Latin in a Quaker acad. until the Revol. Firm in his attachment to the crown, he believed that the Revol. would cause the decline of virtue and prosperity in America. He pub. in 1797-8 a valuable history of Pa. (1681-1742), by which he was pecuniarily a loser. — See Notice of his Life in Pa. Hist. Soc. Memoirs, by C. W. Thompson, vol. i. 8vo, 1826. Proudfit, Alexander Moncrief, D.D. (Wms. Coll. 1812), Presb. clergyman, b. Pequea, Pa., 1770; d. New Brunswick, N. J., Apr. 17, 1843. Col. Coll. 1792. He was in 1794-1835 pastor of the Ref. Presb. Church, Salem, N.Y. ; and was subsequently the agent of the Amcr. Colonization Society. He pub. "Ruin and Recovery of Man," 12rno, 1806; "Theological Works," 4 vols. 12mo, 1815; a work on the Parables, 12mo, 1820; and ser- mons. A Memoir by John Forsyth, D.D., was pub. in 12mo, N.Y. Provoost, Samuel, D.D. (U. of Pa. 1786), Prot.-Ep. bishop of N. Y., h. New York, March 11, 1742; d. there Sept. 6, 1815. Col. Coll. 1758. Of Huguenot descent; son of John, a merchant of New York. Educated at Cambridge, Eng., where he graduated. He be- came an Episcopalian ; was adm. to orders in 1766; married at Cambridge; returned to New York, and became an assist, at Trinity Church, Dec. 1766. Being a warm advocate of the Amer. Revol., he resigned his charge in 1770 ; retired to a small farm in Duchess Co., and refused all preferment, although proposed as a delegate to the Prov. Congress in 1775; invited in 1777 to become chaplain to the con- vention which formed the first const, of N.Y. ; and offered the same year the rectorship of St. Michael's Church at Charleston, and in 1782 of King's Chapel, Boston. In 1783, when New York was evacuated by the British troops, he left his retirement for the rectorship of Trinity Church; and at the first gen. conv. of the church in 1786 was elected bishop; pro- ceeded to Eng. with Bishop White of Pa. for consecration; and was adm. 4 Feb., 1787, to the holy order of bishops at Lambeth, return- ing to New York, April 8, 1787. He was chaplain to the Cont. Congress in 1785, and to the U.S. senate in 1789. Overcome by domes- tic bereavements and afflictions, he resigned his rectorship of Trinity Church in 1800, and his bishopric in Sept. 1801. Pryor, Roger A., b. Dinwiddie Co., Va., July 19, 1828. Hamp. Sid. Coll. 1845. His father was a prominent clergyman. He stud- ied law; and in 1850 edited the Sout/iside Democrat at Petersburg, Va. In 1 852-3 ho was on the staff of the Union, newspaper, at Wash- ington ; in 1 854 he was commiss. to Greece ; in 1855 resumed his editorial functions at Peters- burg ; afterward edited the Soutli at Richmond, and the States^ an advocate of extreme South- FJJG- 745 I»UR crn views, at Washington. Elected to Con- gress in 1859, he was noted as a vehement advo- cate of secession, and for his challenge of John F. Potter of Wisconsin. On the approach of the civil war, Mr. Pryor volunteered as an aide- de-camp to Gen. Beauregard during the reduc- tion of Fort Sumter. He held the rank of brig.-gen., and led a division in the battles be- fore Richmond ; resigned Aug. 26, 1863. Mem- ber of the Confed. Congress. Captured in Nov. 1864, and for a short time imprisoned in Fort Lafayette. Has since been an editor in Tenn. Pugh, Ellis, Quaker preacher, b. Dolgel- ly, Merioneth Co., Wales, June, 1656 ; d. Oct. 10, 1718. He began to preach ab. 1680, and in 1687 settled at Gwyncdd, Pa. He revisited his native place in 1706-8. Author of a trea- tise called "A Salutation to the Britains," written in Welsh. — Collection of Quaker Memo- rials, Pugh, George Ellis, lawyer and senator, b. Cincinnati, O., Nov. 28, 1822. Miami U. 1840. In 1847 he was capt. in the 4th Regt. O. Vols, in the Mexican war; representative in the legisl. in 1848 and '49; city solicitor of Cincinnati in 1850; atty.-gen. of the State in 1851 ; and was U.S. senator in 1855-61. Pulaski, Count Casimir, a Polish pa- triot, and a brig.-gen. in the Revol. army, b. Lithuania, Poland, March 4, 1748; d. Oct. 11, 1779. Son of the patriotic Count Pulaski, who formed the confederation of Barr in 1768. He was educated for the law, but had seen some military service under Duke Charles of Cour- land, when, at the age of 21, he joined his fa- ther in the struggle for liberty against King Stanislaus in 1769. The old count was taken prisoner, and perished in a dungeon. His son, elected com.-in-chief in 1770, prolonged the contest, but with insufficient forces. In 1771, he, with 39 others, entered Warsaw, disguised as peasants, for the purpose of seizing the king. They bore him out of the city, but were com- pelled to leave him not far from the walls, and escape. His little army was soon afterward defeated, himself outlawed, his estates confis- cated, and he entered the service of the Turks, then at war with Russia. He afterwards went to Paris; had an interview with Franklin, and, sympathizing deeply with a people struggling for their liberties, came to America in the sum- mer of 1777. He joined the army under Wash- ington ; fought with distinction at Brandy wine ; and was (Sept. 13, 1777) app. by Congress to com. the cavalry, with the rank of brig.-gen. He was in the battle of Germantown ; and early in the spring of 1778 was placed in com. of a corps of 68 light horse and 200 foot. This was called "Pulaski's Legion," and was officered mostly by foreigners. Commanding this hete- rogeneous corps, badly equipped and worse mounted, this brave Pole encountered difficul- ties and sought danger. Ordered to Little Egg Harbor, he was surprised while on the march, — a deserter having given information to the enemy, — and a large portion of his inf. was bayonetted. In Feb. 1779 he was ordered to the South, and was in active service under Lin- coln until the siege of Savannah, in Sept.-Oct. of that year, where he was mortally wounded in the p,ssault, Oct. 9. He was taken to the U.S. brig " Wasp," where he died. Nov. 29, *79, Con- gress voted a monument to his memory, which was never erected ; but one was raised by the citizens of Savannah, of which Lafayette, dur- ing his triumphal progress through the U.S., laid the comer-stone. — A^ee Sparks's American Biography, vol. iv. 2d scries. Pulte, JosEAH HippoLYT, M.D., b. Mcs- chede, Westphalia, Oct. 6, 1811. U. of Mar- burg. He came to the U.S. in 1834, and prac- tised medicine at Allentown, Pa., 6 years. Be- coming a homcEopathist, he aided in establish- ing a homoeop. coll at Allentown. A resident of Cincinnati since 1840. Prof, of clinical mcd. in the Western Homoeop. Coll., Cleveland, 1852; and of obstetrics, 1853-5. Contrib. to various homceop. journals. Editor of Teste's "Diseases of Children," 1857; and has pub. " Organon of the Hist, of the World," 1859 ; "Domestic Physician," 1850; "Reply to Dr. Metcalf," 1851 ; " Science of Medicine," 1852 ; "Woman's Medical Guide," 1853; " Civilizar tion and its Heroes, an Oration," 1855, &c. — Allibone. Pummill, James, poet, b. Cincinnati, 12 Dec. 1828. Pub. in 1846 a vol. of poems, "Fruits of Leisure," and in 1852 "Fugitive Poems." He was a contrib. to the Ladies' Re- pos. and the Knickerbocker Mag., and is editor and prop, of the Aurora (Ind.) Commercial. — Sec Poets and Poetry of the West. Purcell, John Baptist, D.D., R.C. arch- bishop of Cincinnati ; consec. Oct. 13, 1833. Has ed., with a memoir, Macleod's History of the Devotion to the Virgin Mary in N. A., 8vo, 1866 ; " The Roman Clergy and Free Thought, a controversy with Thos. Vickers,'* 1868. Purchas, Samuel, an Eng. divine, b. Thaxted, in Essex, in 1577 ; d. London, 1628. Educated at St. John's Coll. Cambridge. His principal work was entitled " Purchas his Pil- grimages, or Relations of the World," which, with Hakluyt's Voyages, led the way to other collections of the same kind, and has been much valued and esteemed. The first vol. was pub. in 1613 ; but the fourth edition of it, in 1626, contains numerous important additions. The last 4 vols, appeared in 1 625. The 3d and 4A\ vols, of " Purchas his Pilgrinies " relate to Amer., and preserve the original narratives of the earliest English navigators and explorers of the Western World. He also wrote " Micro- cosmos, or the History of Man ; " " The King's Tower and Triumphal Arch of London." Purchas was rector of St. Martin's in Ludgate, and chaplain to Abbot, archbishop of Canter- bury. His works are scarce, and command a high price. — Allibone. Purdon, John, adm. to the Phila. bar, 1806; d. 1835. N.J. Coll. 1802. Pub. 8vo, Phila. 1811, an abridgment of the laws of Pa, from 1700, &c., 4th ed. 1831; since pub. as Brightley's Digest, and continued to the present time. — Allibone. Purple, Norman H., b. Exeter, N.Y., 1808. Four years judge of the 111. Sup. Ct. Has pub. Statutes of 111. relating to Real Es- tate, 8vo, 1847 ; Statutes of III. in force Jan. 1, 1856, 2 vols. 8vo. — Allibone. Purple, Samuel S., M.D., co-editor with FUR 746 FUT S. Smith, M.D., of the Journal of Medicine, and contrib. to the Med. Times. Author of " Med. Observations," 1852 ; " Bibliolheca Medicci," 8vo, 1860, in MS.—AUibone. Fursh, Frederic, botanist, b. Tobolsk, Siberia, 1774; d. Montreal, Canada, June 11, 1820. Educated at Dresden. Came to Amcr. in 1799, and remained until 1811, when he vis- ited Eng. ; and in 1814 pub. at Lond. Flora Americce Septentrionalis, 8vo. Returning to Amer., he d. while collecting materials for a flora of Canada. Purviance, Hugh Y., commo. U.S.N., b. Md. Midshipm. Nov. 3, 1818; lieut. Mar. 3, 1827 ; com. Mar. 7, 1849 ; capt. Jan. 28, 1856 ; commo. (ret. list) July 16, 1862; com. sloop "Marion," coast of Africa, 1852-5; frigate " St. Lawrence," 1861 ; sunk Confed. privateer " Petrel " off Charleston, and participated in the fight of " The Merrimack," gunboats, and batteries off Sewell's Point, Hampton Koads. Putnam, Albigence Waldo, a lawyer of Nashville, Tenn., b. Belpre', O., 11 March, 1799. U. of O. Grandson of Gen. Putnam. Author of Hist, of Middle Tenn., 8vo, 1859 ; Life of Gen. John Sevier, in Wheeler's Hist, of N.C. ; also a number of papers in periodicals, and contrib. to the Tenn. Hist. Soc, of which he is president. — Alliborie. Putnam, George Palmer, publisher, b. Brunswick, Me., Feb. 7, 1814. A descendant of John, who came from Buckinghamshire, Eng., to Sulcm, in 1640. Great-nephew of Gen. Putnam, and grandson of Gen. Joseph Palmer. He has long been a bookseller in N.Y., and in 1836-47, while of the firm of Wiley and Putnam, resided in Lqnd. His own compila- tions are, "Chronology," 12mo, 1833; "The Tourist in Europe," 12mo, 1838; "American Book Circular," 1843; "Amer. Facts," 8vo, 1845 ; " The World's Progress, a Dictionary of Dates," &c., 8vo, 1850, and several editions since. He also pub. Putnam's Monthli/ Mag. 1853-7 and 1868-70; " The Popular Library," 24 vols. 12mo; "Home Cyclopaedia," 1850-3, 5 vols. 12mo. Between 1848 and 1870 he pub. more than 300 vols, by Amer. authors of the first rank; and his services to American liter- ature have in various ways been of great value. Putnam, Israel, maj.-gen. Revol. army, b. Salem, Ms., 7 Jan. 1718 ; d. Brookline, Ct., 29 May, 1790. He received little educa- tion, but was endowed by nature with a power- ful frame, great courage, and an enterprising spirit. He m., and in 1739 settled in Pomfret, Ct., where by industry he acquired a good estate. In 1755 he raised and com. a company for the French war. Joining the army near Crown Point, his bravery, activity, and enterprise gained him, in 1757, the rank of maj. While stationed at Ft. Edward, he by personal exer- tions saved a powder-magazine from fire after it had burned the outer planking. In Aug. 1758, while returning to Fort Edward from a scouting exped., he fell into an ambuscade, was taken, and ab. being burned at the stake, when Molang, a French partisan, rescued him. He was taken to Montreal, where Col. Schuyler re- lieved his wants, and procured his exchange. He was a lieut.-col. at the siege of Montreal iu 1760, and at the capture of Havana in 1762; and in 1764 was a col. in Bradstieet's exped. against the Western Indians. He was afterward an inn-keeper in Brookline, Ct., and a member of the legisl. In 1773, with Gen. Lyman, he went to the Mpi. to explore a grant of military lands, but derived no benefit from them. Hearing of the battle of Lexington, he left his plough where he was using it, unyoked his team, and, clothed as he was, set off for Bos- ton. He returned; raised a regt, with which he marched to Cambridge ; was app. a provin- cial maj.-gen., and also on the continental es- tablishment, 19 June, 1775. At Bunker's Hill he was conspicuous, animating and encoura- ging the troops. On the evacuation of Boston, he was intrusted with the com. at N.Y. He afterward superintended the fortifications of Phila., and, after Trenton and Princeton, was posted at the latter place, performing great ser- vice with a small force. App. in the spring of 1777 to com. a force in the Highlands of N.Y. , he made the judicious selection of West Point as the site of a fortress. While posted at Read- ing, Ct., in 1778, he was attacked by Gen. Try- on, and escaped by plunging down a steep precipice, where the British dragoons daicd not follow him. This was his last active ser- vice. He was a good executive officer, more brave than prudent, frequentl^y wanting in dig- nity, but generous and humane. — See Life by David Humphreys. Putnam, Mary (Lowell), authoress, dau. of Rev. Charles, b. Boston, Dec. 3, 1810. She was m. Apr. 5, 1832, to Samuel R. Put- nam, a merchant of Boston. From her moth- er she inherited the faculty of acquiring lan- guages to an extraordinary degree. From 1851 to 1857 she resided with her family, chiefly in France and Germany, prosecuting her stud- ies in languages, and collecting materials for a History of Hungary. She transl. from the Swedish " The Neighbors," by Miss Bremer ; has pub. anonymously, " Records of an Ob- scure Man," 1861 ; " Tragedy of Errors," and " Tragedy of Success ; " dramatic poems illus- trative of slavery and the condition of the South ; and has contrib. many articles to the N.A. Review and to the Christian Examiner. Putnam, Rcfus, brig.-gen., b. Sutton, Ms., Apr. 9, 1738; d. Marietta, O., May 4, 1824. He quitted the business of a millwright to serve as a common soldier through the cam- paigns of 1757-60, and, on the surrender of Montreal, m. and settled in New Braintree, Ms., to pursue his original vocation, devoting his leisure to the study of mathematics, and attaining great proficiency in its application to navigation and surveying. In Jan. 1773 he sailed to E. Florida with a committee to ex- plore lands there supposed to have been grant- ed by parliament to the provincial officers and soldiers who had served in the French war, and was app. by the gov. dep.-surveyor of the province. Returning to Ms. he was made a lieut.-col. in David Brewer's regt. The abil- ity displayed by him as an engineer in throw- ing up defence's in Roxbury secured for him the favorable consideration of Washington, who wrote to Congress that the millwright was altogether a more competent officer thnn any of the French gentlemen to whom it had y;ivea I>TJT 747 QUI appointments in that line. In 1776, Putnam, as chief cn;,^-., superintended all the defences of N.Y. ; was in Aug. upp. chief engr., with the rank of col., but during the autumn, from some dissatisfaction with the action of Congress in regard to his corps, left it to take com. of the 5th Ms. Regt. ; in the following spring he was attached to the Northern army, and disting. himself at the battle of Stillwater; in 1778, with his cousin Gen. Israel Putnam, he super- intended the construction of the fortifications at West Point ; after the surprise of Stony Point, he was app. to the command of a regt. in Wayne's brigade, in which he served to the end of the campaign ; Jan. 7, 1 783, he was made brig.-gen. He was several years a mem- ber of the legisl., and acted as aide to Gen. Lincoln in quelling Shays's Rebellion in 1787. Apr. 7, 1788, as supt.of the Ohio Co., he founded Marietta, the first permanent settle- ment on the eastern part of the North-west Ter- ritory ; in 1789 he was app. a judge of the Supreme Court of the N. W. Territory ; May 4, 1792, he was app. brig.-gen. of Wayne's army to act against the Indians, and from May, 1792, to Feb. 1793, was U.S. commiss. to treat for peace with them, concluding an important treaty with 8 tribes at Vincennes, Sept. 27, 1792. U.S. surveyor-gen. from Oct. 1793 to Sept. 1803. In 1803 he was member of the O. Constitutional Convention. Putnam, Samuel, LL.D., A.A.S., jurist, b. Danvers, Ms., Apr. 13, 1768; d. Somerville, Ms., July 3, 1853. H.U. 1787. He studied law, and commenced practice in Salem in 1790, attaining a high position at the Essex Co. bar. He was senator from Essex in 1808, '09, '13, '14; representative in 1812; and in 1814-42 was a judge of the Ms. Supreme Court. Pynchon, William, leader in the Spring- field settlement in 1636, b. Essex Co., Eng., ab. 1590; d. Wraisbury, Buckinghamshire, Eng., Oct. 1662. He was an assist, in 1628 and '29; came over with Gov. Winthrop in 1630; and was treasurer of the Colony, and a magistrate, until his removal from Roxbury, of which town he was one of the principal founders. He was chosen magistrate of Springfield in 1638, and was an assist, in 1643-50. While in Rox- bury and Springfield, he was largely concerned in the beaver-trade. In 1650 his " Meritorious Price of Christ's Redemption," in opposition to the Calvinistic view of the atonement, was pub. in Eng., causing his deposition from the magistracy. His book was burned on Boston Common by order of the court ; and the author- ities of Ms. employed Norton to answer him. In consequence of these and other persecutions, he returned to Eng. in 1652, and in 1655 is- sued a new edition of his book with additions. He also pub. " The Jewes Synagogue," 4to, 1 652 ; *' How the First Sabbath was ordained," &c., 1654. His son Col. John, .50 years a magistrate of Springfield, and one of the found- ers of Northampton in 1654, d. Jan. 17, 1703, a. 76. Quackenbos, George Payne, LL.D. (Wesl. U. 1863), educator, b. New York, 1826. Col. Coll. 1843. He commenced teaching in N.C. In 1847 he opened a private school in N.Y. City, and has been contrib. to or editor of various journals. In 1846-8 he conducted the Literary American. He has pub. many popular school-books, among them " Advanced Course of Composition and Rhetoric," 1854 ; " Illustrated School History of the U.S.," 1857; " A Natural Philosophy for Schools and Aca- demies," 1859; "Primary History of the U.S.," 1860; "English Grammar," 1862; and has prepared an American edition of Spiers and Surenne's French and English Dic- tionary, 1852, and a series of arithmetics on the basis of the works of Geo. R. Perkins. Quesuel, Joseph, a Canadian dramatist and composer, h. France, 1750; d. Montreal, July 3, 1809. He produced Colas et CoUnette, a 3-act comedy, Quebec, 1788; Lucas et Ce- cille, a musical operetta ; and Les R€publicains Fratigais, a comedy. In 1805 he wrote a trea- tise on the dramatic art, besides several musi- cal compositions of merit, which were extreme- ly popular. His sons Jules and F. A. made some figure in the political history of the Lower Province. — Morgan. Quinby, George W., b. Westbrook, Me., 1810. Has pub. fifteen sermons and as many prayers; " Exposition and Defence of Univer- salism ; " " Marriage and the Marriage Rela- tion ; " Six Lectures ; " The Gallows, the Pris- on, and the Poor-House," 1857, &c. Edited the Star in the West, and contrib. to the Trumpet, &c. — Allihone, Quinby, Gen. Isaac F., b. N.J. ab. 1820. West Point, 1843. He entered the art.; was assist, prof, of philos. at West Point, Aug. 1845 to June, 1847 ; 1st lieut. March 3, 1847 ; served with his regt. in Mexico; was adj. and quarterm. from Oct. 1848 to Mar. 1852, when he resigned, and became prof, of math, and nat. philos. in Rochester U., which post he resumed m 1864. When the civil war broke out, he left his professorship to become col. 13th N.Y. Vols. ; fought gallantly at Bull Run, July 21 ; subse- quently resigned, and resumed his professorship at Rochester, until made brig.-gen. Mar. 17, 1 862, and placed in com. of the Dist. of the Mpi., including the important post of Columbus, Ky. He quitted this post Oct. 26 to take com. of the 3d division of the Army of the Mpi. at Corinth ; com. the Yazoo Pass exped. Mar. 1 863 ; en- gaged at Champion Hill 16 May, and assaults of Vicksburg 19-22 May, 1863; resigned 31 Dec. 1863. — Cullum. Quincy, Edmund, jurist, agent for Ms. at the court of Great Britain, b. Braintree, Ms., Oct. 24, 1681 ; d. London, Feb. 23, 1738. H.U. 1699. In 1718 he was app. a judge of the Su- preme Court ; and for a long time held a seat m the house of representatives, as also in the council; and was col. of a regt. In 1737 he was selected as an agent to the British court for the purpose of procuring a decision of the controversy respecting the boundary-line be- tween Ms. and N.H., but died while thus em- ployed. The Gen. Court testified the high re- spect in which they held him by erecting a mon- ument to his memory in Bunhill Fields. Ed- mund his son (b. 1703, d. July 4, 1788; H.U. 1722; merchant of Boston) pub. a treatise on " Hemp Husbandry," 1765. Father-in-law of John Hancock. Quincy, Edmund, polit. and miscell. au- QUI 748 QUI thor, b. Boston, Feb. 1, 1808. H.U. 1827. Has pub. " \7cnsley, a Story without a Mor- al," 1854; a Memoir of his father Josiah (pres. of H.U.), 8vo, 18G7; and has been a frequent contrib. to literary periodicals and political newspapers. He was long a promi- nent abolitionist ; sec of the American'and Ms. Antislavery Societies. Quincy, Col. John; d. July 13, 1767, a. 78. H.U. 1708. Son of Daniel, and grand- son of Licut.-Col. Edmund. He was maj., and afterwards col., of militia; 40 years a repre- sentative and councillor ; and long speaker of the house. When that part of Hraintree in which he lived was incorporated, the Gen. Court gave it the name of Quincy. His pa- ternal estate became the property of his great- grandson, John Quincy Adams. Quincy, Josiah, Jun., a disting. patriot, b. Boston, Feb. 23, 1744; d. Apr. 26, 1775. H.U. 1763. Grandson of Judge Quincy. His father Josiah, a Boston merchant, and a^zealous friend of his country, d. at Braintree in 1784, a. 75. The son studied law two years with Oxenbridge Thatcher, and, after his adm. to the bar, soon rose to distinction in his profes- sion. In Oct. 1769 he m. the eldest dau. of Wm. Phillips, Esq. ; and in the following year, having previously been conspicuous as an ar- dent writer and speaker on the side of the peo- ple, he was called upon to defend, in conjunc- tion with John Adams, the perpetrators of the Boston Massacre. So strong was the public feeling against the soldiers, that, notwith- standing the approved patriotism of their de- fenders, they incurred much odium in the per- formance of this trying duty. Compelled by ill-health to abandon all business, he embarked Feb. 8, 1773, for Charleston, S.C., and in the ensuing May returned home by land, so much benefited as to be able to resume his labors. In May, 1774, appeared his " Observations on the Act of Parliament commonly called the Boston Port Bill," &c. In Sept. 1774 he went to Eng., and labored unremittingly while in Lon- don to promote the interests of his country, be- coming intimate with the principal Whigs, and maintaining a constant corresp. with the patriot leaders at home, which, together with his interest- ing journal and the tract above mentioned, are contained in the Memoir written by his son Jo- siah in 1 825. He left London, March 1 6, 1775, contrary to the counsel of his physician, grew worse and worse during the voyage, and breathed his last when in sight of land, at the early age of 31. Author of Reports Sup. Court Ms. Bay, 1761-72, edited by S. M. Quincy, 8vo, 1865. — See Memoir by C. Francis, D.D., in Sparks's Amer. Biug., 2d series, vol. 7. Ralegh, Sir Walter, soldier, statesman, and writer, b. Budleigh, Devon, Eng., 1552 ; d. 18 Oct. 1618. Educated at Oxford. In 1569- 75 he fought for the Huguenots in France ; and in 1576-9, under Sir John Norris, in the Low TIAJL, 751 ram: Countries. In 1579 he set out with Sir Hura- Shrey Gilbert, his half-bro., on an exped. to rewfoundland; but it was frustrated by a Span- ish fleet. He next served in Ireland. From another exped. to Newfoundland with Gilbert, in 1 583, he was forced to return by the break- ing-out of a contagious disease on board his ship. Ralegh determined to plant a colony in America, obtained an extensive patent, sent out two ships under Barlow that brought back good cargoes, and sent in 1585 a second exped. under Greenville; but the colony was badly governed, and returned in 1 586. Tobacco and potatoes were introduced into Europe by these voyages. Wisely determining to found an agri- cultural colony, in April, 1587, he sent a large body of emigrants, with their wives and families, to make a settlement in Chesapeake Bay. Grant- ing them a charter, and app. a municipal govt, for the city of Raleigh, he intrusted the ad- ministration to John White, with 11 assistants. They founded their city on the site of the old settlement at Roanoke Island, and sent back for re-enforcements. They never came ; and 2 of Ralegh's ships were taken by the French. His means were exhausted, and the colonists all perished. Having expended £40,000 in his efforts at colonization, Ralegh in 1589 formed under his patents a company of " Merchants and Adventurers" to continue them. After receiving many marks of royal favor, he in 1589 accomp. the expelled king of Portugal in his attempt to re-instate himself, but rendered him- self obnoxious by taking bribes for the exertion of his influence. In Feb. 1595 he made an exped. to Guiana, and reached the great River Orinoco. In 1596 he had a naval command under Essex in the attack on Cadiz, but became his enemy, and promoted his downfall and exe- cution. He was deprived of his posts by James I., and, upon suspicion of being implicated in a conspiracy to place Arabella Stuart upon the throne, was declared guiJty of high treason, and was 12 years confined in the Tower, during which period he composed his " History of the World." To retrieve his fortunes, he under- took a settlement in Guiana, but, having at- tacked the Spanish settlement of St. Thomas, offended King James, who was then seeking the hand of the infanta for his son Charles, and who, upon his return, caused his arrest and trial, which resulted in sentence of death, and his speedy execution. Hall, or Rahl, a Hessian col. in the British service ; killed at the battle of Trenton, Dec. 26, 1776. He had seen service in the seven-years' war, and with his regt. (de Rati) formed part of the contingent hired of the elector of Hesse Cassel by George III., and landed at Staten Is- land in Jnne, 1776. He took part in the battle of White Plains, in the capture of Fort Wash- ington, where he was particularly disting., and, after the Americans evacuated N. J., was placed in com. of an advanced post at Trenton. Here he was surprised and slain on the morn- ing after Christmas. Ralph, James, polit. writer, b. Phila. ; d. Chiswick, Eng., 24 Jan. 1762. He was a schoolmaster, and went to Eng. with Franklin in 1724 as a literary adventurer, leaving behind him his wife and child. In 1728 he pub. a poem entitled " Night," which Pope alludes to m " The Dunciad." He wrote plays and politi- cal pamphlets, attaching himself to the party of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and received a pen- sion from George III. Author of " Use and Abuse of Parliaments," 2 vols. 8vo ; " Hist, of Eng. during the Reigns of Charles II., James II., William III.," &c., 2 vols, fol., &c. — See Franklin's Autobiography. Ralston, Samuel, D.D. (Wash. Coll. 1822), b. Donegal Co., Ireland, 1756; d. Car- roll, Pa., Sept 25, 1851. U. of Glasgow. Ho came to America in 1794, and in 1796 took charge of the congregations of Mingo Creek and Williamsport, continuing there till he d. Author of " Baptism, a Review of Campbell and Walker's Debate ; " *' A Brief Examina- tion of the Prophecies of Daniel and John," 1842; "The Seven Last Plagues," 1842; "De- fence of Evangelical Psalmody," 1844. — Sprague. Ramage, Adam, inventor of the Ramage Erinting-press, a native of Scotland, who came ere about the year 1800; d. Phila. July 9, 1850, a. 80. His improvement, the first that was made in the printing-press of a century ago, consisted in a modification of the shape of the screw, and to this day is, for some puj:- poses, the best that has been invented. Ramirez, Rt. Rev. Francisco, D.D., bishop of Caradro, and vicar apostolic of Ta- maulipas, Mexico, b. Mexico, 1823 ; d. Brazos Santiagos, Texas, July 18, 1869. Educated a priest, he took an active part against Juarez, and while in Europe was, through the influence of the archbishop of Morclia, made a bishop. Attaching himself to the Emperor Maximilian, he was his almoner, and subsequently cabinet councillor. He was a true friend of the Mexi- can race. On the dowwnfall of the emperor, he escaped to Texas, where he lived in obscurity and want, Ramsey, Alexander, M.D., anatomist, b. Eng. ab. 1754; d. Parsonsfield, Me., Nov. 24, 1824, of the bite of a rattlesnake two years before. He had resided long in the U.S. as a lecturer on anatomy and physiolof^y. He pub. " Anatomy of the Heart, Cranium, and Brain," 2ded., Edinb., 1813; " Plates on the Brain," 4to, Lond. 1812. Ramsey, Alexander, statesman, b. near Harrisburg, Pa., Sept. 8, 1815; clerk in the office of the register of Dauphin Co. in 1838 ; clerk of the Pa. h. of representatives in 1841 ; M.C. 1843-7; chairman of the State central committee in 1848 ; gov. of Minn. Terr. 1849- 53, and negotiated treaties by which the govt, secured large tracts of lands from the Sioux Indians ; made treaties with the Chippewas ; mayor of the city of St. Paul in 1855 ; gov. of Minn. 1860-4; and U.S. senator in 1863-9. Ramsay, David, M.D. (Phila. Coll. 1772), phvsician and historian, b. Lancaster Co., Pa., 2 Apr. 1749 ; d. Charleston, S.C, 8 May, 1815. N. J. Coll. 1765. His father was an Irish emi- grant and a farmer. He was for two years tutor in a wealthy family in Md. Removing to Charleston in 1773, he soon acquired celebrity as a physician ; labored zealously with his pen in the cause of his country ; was a leading member of the S.C. legisl. in 1776-83 ; served ram: 752 RAN- as a surgeon in the army, and was at the siege of Savannah ; was a member of the council ; and on the capture of the city in May, 1780, was confined 11 months at St. Augustine. He disting. himself in the legisl. by opposing the confiscation acts ; member of the Old Congress in 1782-6 ; 21 years member of the State legisl., the last 7 of which he was pres. of the senate. During the progress of the Revol., Dr. Ramsay collected materials for its history; and his great impartiality, his fine memory, and his ac- quaintance with many of the actors in it, emi- nently qualified him for the task. His death was occasioned by wounds received two da^s pre- vious from the pistol of a maniac. In Jan. 1787 he m. Martha, dau. of Henry Laurens, disting. for learning and piety, b. 3 Nov. 1759, d. 10 June, 1811. Among his writings is a " History of the Revol. in S.C," 2 vols. 1 785 ; " History of the Amer. Revol.," 2 vols. 1790 ; " Life of Washington," 1801 ; " History of S.C," 1808; "Memoirs of Martha L. Ram- say," 1811; Medical Register for 1 802 ; " Means of preserving Health in Charleston ; " " His- tory of the Indep. Church in Charleston, S.C, from its Origin to 1814; " and a " Hist, of the U.S. to 1808," pub. from his MS., with con- tinuation by Rev. S. S. Smith, 3 vols. 1816. His " Universal Hist. Americanized " was pub. in 8 vols. 1819. He also pub. "Oration, 4 July, 1778;" an " Oration on the Acquisition of Louisiana," 1804; and " Eulogium on Dr. Rush," 1813. Kamsay, George D., brevt. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Va. West Point, 1820. Entering the art., he became capt. of ordnance 25 Feb. 1835; maj. 22 Apr. 1861 ; lieut.-col. 3 Aug. 1861 ; col. 1 June, 1863; brig.-gen. and chief of ordn. 15 Sept. 1863 ; retired 12 Sept. 1864 ; brev. maj. 23 Sept. 1846 for gallantry at Mon- terey ; brev. maj.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865 for long and faithful services. — Cullum. Ramsay, Col. Nathaniel, Revol. pa- triot of Md., bro. of David the historian ; d. 25 Oct. 1817. N.J. Coll. 1767. At Mon- mouth he with his regt. checked the British column until Washington could rally his troops, and fell pierced with wounds. Made prisoner at Charleston; exchanged 14 December, 1780. Deleg. of Md. to the Old Congress 178.5-7. Ramseur, StephenD., maj.-jren. CS.A., b. N.C 1837. West Point, 1860. Died 21 Oct. 1864 of a wound received at Cedar Creek, Va., while com. a division under Early. ■Rand, Asa, Cong, clergvman and editor, b. Rin.lge, N.H., Aug. 6, 1783 ; d. Ashburn- ham, Ms., 24 Aug. 1871. D.C 1806. Son of Col. Daniel, an early settler of Rindge, who d. 1811, a. 69. Ord. at Gorham, Me., Jan. 18, 1809; edited the Christian Mirror at Portland, Me., in 1822-5 ; then took charge of the female sem. at Brookfield. In July, 1826, he became editor of the Boston Recorder, also editing the Youth's Companion, and the Volunteer, a reli- gious monthly. Removing to Lowell in 1833, he was connected with a bookstore and printing- office, and pub. the Lowell Observer, weekly. On the restoration of his health in 1835, he re- turned to his chosen vocation of preaching ; lectured on antislavery in Me. and Ms. ; in Sept. 1837-42 he ministered in Pompey, N.Y. ; afterward pastor of the Presb. church in Peter- borough, N.Y. While at Gorham, he assisted in conducting a religious quarterly pub. at Portland 1814-18. Mr. Rand's publications are, besides occas. sermons, a vol. of " Familiar Sermons," a " Review of Finney's Sermon," "New Divinity Tried," a vindication of the same, and a letter to Rev. Dr. Beecher. Rand, Benjamin Howard, M.D., b. Phila. 1827. Jeff. Med. Coll. 1848. Son of B. H. Rand, writing-master in Phila, (1794- 1862). Prof, of chemistry, Phila. Med. Coll., 1853, and lecturer on chemistry in the Frank- lin Institute ; prof, of chemistry in Jeff. Med. Coll. 1864. Author of "Med. Chem. for Stu- dents," 1855; "Elements of Med. Chem.," 1866. Edited Metcalfe's "Caloric," 2 vols. 1859, and contrib. to med. periodicals. His sister Marion H., a contrib. of poetry to peri- odicals, b. 1824, d. Grahamville, S.C, 1849. — See Specimen of her verse in Read's and also in May's Female Poets of Amer. Rand, Edward Sprague, Jun., b. Bos- ton, Oct. 20, 1834. H.U. 1855; Camb. Law School, 1857. Law-partner of his father, E. S. Rand, a disting. lawyer of Boston. Author of " Life-Memories and other Poems," 1859; "Flowers for the Parlor and Garden," 1863; " Garden-Flowers, How to Cultivate Them," 1866 ; a vol. on " Greenhouse Plants," and on " Orchids." He assisted in Flint's edition of Harris's " Insects of Ms.," edited the floral dept, of the Homestead, and is a contrib. to many scientific journals. — AUibone. Rand, Isaac, M.D., an eminent physician, b. Charlestown, Ms., Apr. 27, 1743; d. Boston, Dec. 11, 1822. H.U. 1761. He studied medi- cine with his father Dr. Isaac of Charlestown (1718-90), and settled in Boston in 1 764. Dis- ting. for his attainments in the exact sciences, he, with Samuel Williams, was selected to ac- comp. Prof. Winthrop to Newfoundland in 1761 to ohserve the transit of Venus. He rose rapidh in reputation, and in a few years shared largely in the best business of the town. Pres. of the Ms. Med. Soc, 1798-1804. He pub. essays on the Yellow Fever of 1798, and on Hydrocephalus Intemus, written in 1785, as well as a discourse on the Use of the Warm Bath, and Digitalis in Pulmonary Consump- tion, delivered in 1804 before the Med. So- ciety. — Thacher. Randall, Alexander W., politician, b. Montgomery Co., N.Y., Oct. 1819. Received a good education ; studied law ; went to Wiscon- sin in 1840; practised at Waukesha, of which place he was postmaster ; in the legisl. in 1854; judge of the 2d dist. 1856 ; gov. of Wis. 1857- 61 ; minister to Italy 1861-5 ; U.S. assist, post- master-gen. 1865-6; postmaster-gen. 1866-9. Randall, Archibald, lawyer and jurist; d. Phila. May 30, 1846, a. 46. Adm. to the bar in 1818, he practised with success for more than 25 years. In 1834 he was app. a judge of the CC.P. ; in 1842 he was raised to the bench of the U. S. Dist. Court for the Eastern Dist. of Pa. ; and in 1844 he presided over both the Dist. and Circuit Courts of Eastern Pa. His decisions in bankruptcy are in Pa. Law Journal, 1842-6, 5 vols. 8vo. Randall, Henry Stephens, LL.D., b. TIJ^N 753 RAJl^ Madison Co., N. Y., 1811. Un. Coll. 1830. Adm. to the bar, but never practised. Sec. of state and supt. of public instruction, N.Y. 1851. Author of "Sheep Husbandry," 8vo, 1849; " The Practical Shepherd," 8vo ; "Life of Jef- ferson," 3 vols. 8vo, 1857; "Fine-wool Sheep Husbandry," 8vo, 1863; "First Principles of Popular Education," &c., 8vo, 1868. Assoc, editor of Moore's Rural New-Yorker, and con- trib. to many periodicals. Author of a number of educational reports. — Allibone. Randall, John Witt, M.D. (1839), b. Boston. II.U. 1834. Member of the scientific corps in Wilkes's exploring exped. Has pub. papers on nat. hist, in the " Trans." Acad. Nat. Sci. and Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. ; " Consola- tions of Solitude," a vol. of poems, 1856. Randolph, Beverly, member of Assem- bly during the Revol., and gov. of Va. 1788- 91; Wm.andM. Coll. 1771; d. Feb. 1797, a. 43. Randolph, Edmund, statesman, b. Va. 10 Aug. 1753; d. Frederick Co., Va., 12 Sept. 1813. Son of John, atty.-gen. of Va., and a loyalist (b. 1728, d. Lond. 31 Jan. 1784), con- sidered the ablest lawyer in Va. Bro. of Pey- ton. Edmund became eminent as a lawyer; was a warm friend of the Revol.; Aug. 15, 1775, became aide to Washington ; was the del- egate of Williamsburg to the conv. of May, 1 776 ; became atty.-gen. of the State in July ; delegate to Congress in 1779-82; gov. of Va. 1786-8; member of the conv. that formed the Federal Const., and introduced what was called the " Va. Plan ; " voted against the instrument, but in the Va. conv. urged its acceptance; U.S. atty.-gen. 1789-96; U.S. sec. of state 1794-Aug. 1795, having lost the confidence of the admin- istration in consequence of an intrigue with the French minister. He was disinherited by his father for refusing to adhere to the royal cause. His person, mode of speaking, and the cast of his eloquence, are described by Wirt in his " British Spy." He m. the dan. of R. C. Nich- olas. Author of "A Vindication" of his res- ignation, 8vo, 1795. Randolph, Edward, an agent sent from Great Britain to ascertain the condition of the N. Eng. Colonies, and who gave them great trouble by his hostility to their interests ; came to Boston in 1676, and vras the principal means of depriving Ms. of her charter. He M'as a member of the council during the govt, of An- dros, and in 1689 was imprisoned with him as a traitor. Subsequently released, he went to the West Indies, where he died. Randolph, George Wythe, politician, b. Edge Hill, Va., ab. 1802 ; d. Albemarle Co., Va., Apr. 4, 1867. Son of Gov. Thos. M. He was a grandson of Jefferson. Entered the na- vy at the age of 13 ; attained a lieutenancy, which he resigned ; began to practise law at Charlottesville in 1845, and at Richmond in 1850. lie was considered a leader in the seces- sion war in Va. ; was a major at Bethel, and for gallantry there was made a brig.-gen.; sec. of war for the Confed. Mar. 17-Nov. 17, 1862. Resuming the practice of law, he in Dec. 1 863 went to France as agent for the Confed. trcas. dept., and returned home in Sept. 1865 with shattered health. His bro., T. J. Randolph, edited the Jefferson Papers. 48 Randolph, Jacob, M.D. (U.of Pa. 1817), physician, b. Phila. Nov. 25, 1796; d. ther§ Feb. 29, 1848. Plis ancestor Edward Fitz Ran- dolph emig. to N.E. in 1630, and afterward settled in N. J. His father, of the same name, was an officer of the 4tli Pa. Rcgt. in the Revo\ war. Jacob began practice in Phila. ; m. the eldest dau. of Dr. Physiek in 1 822 ; and soon attained eminence as a surgeon. Surgeon to the almshouse in 1830; a surgeon of the Pa. Hospital from 1835 to his death; and in 1847, after having been some time lecturer upon clin- ical surgery in the Pa. U., was made prof, of that branch. He pub. a Memoir of Dr. Phys- iek in 1839, and contrib. many valuable papers to medical journals. Member of the American Philos. Soc. and of the Coll. of Surgeons, and a consulting surgeon to the Phila. Dispensary. — Gross's Amer. Med. Biog, Randolph, John, of Roanoke, orator, b. Cawsons, Chesterfield Co., Va., 2 June, 1773 ; d. Phila. 24 May, 1833. John his father was the son of Col. Richard of Curies, who m. Jane Boil- ing, gr.-granddau. of Pocahontas, and who was trcas. of the Colony. His father d. in 1775, and in the autumn of 1778 his mother m. St. George Tucker. In 1 784 he was sent to Ber- muda for his health, which was much improved there ; and he passed his time in reading the best English authors. In 1787 he studied at N. J. Coll., and in 1788-90 at Col. Coll., N. Y. In 1799 he entered Congress from the Charlotte Dist., which he represented till 1829 with the exception of 4 years, holding in 1825-7 a seat in the U.S. senate. He was a Democ, a par- tisan of State rights, and a political friend of Jefferson. About the end of 1804 he Avas app. chief manager of the impeachment trial of Judge Chase ; became estranged from Jellerson about 1 806 ; separated from his political asso- ciates ; tried to defeat the election of Madison ; opposed the embargo and the war of 1812, and was, in consequence, defeated in the election of 1813. He opposed the recharter of the U.S. Bank in 1816, and the Mo. Compromise Bill of 1820, because it prohil)ited the exttnaon of slavery, at the same time stigmatizing the Northern men who voted for it as "dough- faces." One of his most marked efforts was his speech in 1822 against a resolution of sym- pathy for the Greeks, then struggling for inde- pendence. In 1826, after the app. by Pros. Ad- ams of Mr. Clay as sec. of state, he insulted Clay in a speech, alludin,^ to the affair as a "combination of the Puritan with the black- leg." His apologist Garland admits that "he indulged in language of the grossest personal insult." In the duel that ensued, Randolph's pistol went off before the word : Clay fired with- out effect, and his adversary then threw away his fire. He supported Jackson for the presi- dency in 1828, and in 1830-1 was minister to Russia, returning home in feeble health. He sympathized with the nullificrs of S.C. He died as he was about taking passage for Europe. By his wi.l he manumitted his 300 slaves, mak- ing provision for their support. He was never married. He was a man of genius, of ready wit, and a master of sarcasm and invective. " He was like an Ishmaelite," says Garland ; " his hand against every man, and every man's :rajn 754 RAlI? hand a^^ainst him." His personal appearance and voice were peculiar, and his speeches were more fully and correctly reported than those of any other member of Congress. — See Life by Garland, 2 voLs. 1850 ; Parton's Famous Amer- icans, 1 867 ; Letters of John Randolph to a Young Relative, 1834. Handolph, Peyton, first pres. of Con- gress, b. Va. 1723; d. Phila. Oct. 22, 1775. Wm. and M. Coll. He went to Eng. ; studied law at the Temple ; com. practice on his return ; and in 1 748 was king's atty.-gen. for the Colony; member of the house of burgesses, and was placed at the head of a com. to revise the colo- nial laws ; in 1 764 he drcAv up an address from the h. of burgesses to the king against the pas- sage of the Stamp Act; was chosen speaker in April, 1766, and resigned the office of atty.-gen. He was prominent in all the measures of oppo- sition to the English govt. ; and was chairman of the com. of corresp. in 1773, which by its recommendations brought about the meeting of the first Gen. Cong, at Phila. He was sent a del- egate to that assembly, and was elected its first pres. Sept. 5, 1774. March 20, 1775, he pre- sided at a convention of delegates assembled at Richmond, and was again elected to Congress. He resumed his situation as speaker of the h. of burgesses for a short time in May, and re- turned to Congress after its adjournment ; but a stroke of apoplexy soon closed his patriotic career. Bro. of John, atty.-gen. of Va., and a loyalist, who d. London, Jan. 1784, a 56. Randolph, Col. Thomas Mann, gov. Va. 1819-22, b. Va. ; d. Monticello, June 20, 1828. His grandfather. Col. Wm. of Tucka- hoe, d. 1745, in which year his father was born. He m. a dau. of Pres. Jefferson ; was app. col. 20th Inf. March 3, 1813; and was M.C. from Va. in 1803-7, and a member of the Va. legisl. His father, T. M. Randolph , was a member of the Va. conv. of 1775 from Goochland, and a member of the committee of safety. Ranney, Rurus Percival, jurist, b. Blandford, Ms., 30 Oct. 1813. Ilis early edu- cation was limited. He worked on his father's farm in Freedom, Portage Co., 0.; attended a coll. at Pludson for a short time ; studied law ; was admitted to practice in 1838 ; became a partner of B. F. Wade in 1839; member of the 0. Const. Conv. of 1850, and prominent in its debates; judge of the Sup. Ct. of 0. 1851-6 and 1862-4; U.S. dist.-atty. of Ohio 1857; re- moved to Cleveland in 1857 ; and in 1859 was the unsuccessful Democ. candidate for gov. of Ohio. His bro. John L., a disting. lawyer of Ohio, b. 14 Nov. 1815, d. Ravenna, 22 Feb. 1866. — ^. T. Goodman. Ransom, Gen .Thomas Edward Green- field, b. Norwich, Vt., Nov. 29, 1834; d. Rome, Ga., Oct. 29, 1864. At 12 he entered the Norwich U., a military coll. in charge of his father. He was taught engineering. Left the U. in 1851 ; removed to Peru, 111. ; was a civil engr. and land-agent until the Rebellion broke out, when he became major 11th 111. Vols., and on its re-organization licut.-col. On the night of Aug. 19, in a brilliant dash on Charleston, Mo., he was severely wounded. He led his regt. at the attack on Fort Donelson, where he was again severely wounded ; Avas promoted to col. ; and was wounded in the head at Shiloh ; in Juno, 1862, he became chief of Gen. McClcrnand's staff, and insp.-gen. of the Army of Tcnn. ; Oct. 10 he was made brig .-gen. vols. ; in Nov. he or- ganized a successful expcd. against Col. Wood- ruffs Confed. force near Gettysburg ; disting. at Vicksburg ; he led a division during the Red- river campaign, and, when McClernand was ill, com his corps; at the battle of Sabine Cross Roads, April 8, 1864, he was severely wounded in the knee. Subsequently assigned to com. the 4th div. 16th corps, he was thence promoted to com. the 1 7th corps. He manifested m his brief but brilliant career great military capacity. Ransom, Truman B., col. U.S.A., b. Vt. ; killed Sept. 13, 1847, at the head of his regt. in storming Chapultepec At one time a maj.- gen. of militia. Pres. of Norwich U.,Vt. App. major 9th Inf. Feb. 16, 1847 ; col. March 16, 1847. — Gardner. RantOUl, Robert, Jun., lawyer and politi- cian, b. Beverly, Ms., 13 Aug. 1805; d. Wash- ington, D.C., 7 Aug. 1852. H.U. 1826. Son of Robert (b. Salem, Ms., 23 Nov. 1778; d. Beverly, 24 Oct. 1858), a meml)er of the legisl. in 1809-33, excepting in 1827; of the Const. Convs. of 1820 and 1853; an honest politician, and a friend of temperance, educa- tion, and peace. The son began practice at So. Reading in 1827 ; removed to Gloucester in 1833, and in 1838 to Boston, and had a very successful career at the bar. Member of the legisl. from Gloucester in 1833-7 ; member of the Board of Education from 1837, devoting to it his most useful labors ;• collector of the port of Boston 1843-5 ; U.S. dist.-atty. for Ms. in 1845 ; U.S. sen. for a part of the unexp. term of Mr. Webster in 1851 ; and M.C. from 1851 to his death. He was an ultra reformer, car- rying his Democ. principles even into the code of jurisprudence ; and sympathized with the masses, with whom he was exceedingly popu- lar. He pub. an address to the working-men ; made a report and speech in the legisl. on cap- ital punishment; and delivered speeches against the Fugitive-slave Law, and on other exciting topics. He wrote with great force and clear- ness for the period, press. A vol. of his writ- ings, with a Memoir, was pub. by Luther Ham- ikon, 8vo, 1854. Raphall, Rev. Morris Jacob, Ph. Dr., pastor of the Cong. "Bnai Jeshurun," b. Stockholm, Sept. 1798; d. New York, June 23, 1868. Educated at the Jewish Coll. in Copenhagen, he went to Eng. in 1812; stud- ied at the U. of Geissen from 1821 to 1824; returned to Eng. in 1825; and in 1834 began the Hebrew Revieiv, the first Jewish periodical pub. in Eng. In 1840, during the persecution of the Jews in Syria, he v/as sec. to the chief rabbi in Eng. In conjunction with Dr. Sola, he translated 18 treaties of the "Mishna." In 1841 he was app, rabbi of the Birmingham Synagogue, and concerned in the building of the Hebrew National School. He afterward pub. a number of treatises in defence of Juda- ism. In 1847 he wrote an address to the elect- ors of London, contributing greatly to the election of Rothschild to parliament; in 1849 he came to the U.S., and was called to ihu TIJLP 755 TIASW Greene-st. Synagogue, afterward to that of West 34th St. He transhued " Maimonides," "The Book of Principles," some works on ethics, and portions of the Bible ; and pub. "The Festivals of the Lord," 1840; "Devo- tional Exercises for the Daughters of Israel ; " " The Path to Immortality," 1859 ; " The Bible Viewof Slavery," 1861 ; "Judaism Defended," 8vo, 1849; "Post Biblical History of the Jews," 2 vols. 8vo, 1856. On leaving Birming- ham in 1849, a purse of 100 sovereigns was presented to him by the mayor and principal inhabitants, with an address acknowledging his eminent services in the cause of education and to the public institutions of the city. Happ, George, the founder of the Har- mony Society, Economy, Pa., b. Wurtemberg in 1770; d. Aug. 9, 1847. In his youth he believed that he had experienced a divine call, and that he was charged with the restoration of the Christian religion to its original purity. He did not long confine himself to spiritual matters, but formed the plan of a community organized on the model of the primitive church, with goods in common. Being hindered in this project by the State, he emig. to Amcr. in 1803 with a band of followers of his own pecu- liar religious, social, and political views. They first settled in Butler Co. in 1805 ; from there they removed in 1815 to the Wabash, and built the village of New Harmony, which was pur- chased in 1824 by Robert Owen ; andRapp and his followers established themselves at Econo- my, Pa. They own 3,500 acres of land, and carry on the manuf. of wool, cotton, silk, and flour. Rarey, John S., horse-tamer, b. Franklin Co., O., 1828; d. Cleveland, 0., Oct. 4, 1866. At an early age he displayed tact in the man- agement of horses, and by degrees worked out his own system, gaining profit and celebrity. In 1856 he went to Texas, and on his return to 0. began to give public exhibitions, which he extended to Europe. One of his greatest triumphs was in Eng. over the racing colt " Cruiser," which was so vicious that he had killed one or two grooms, but was completely tamed and brought to America by Mr. Rarey. In 1863 he was employed by govt, to inspect and report on the horses of the Potomac Army. Author of a treatise on Horse-Taming, repub. in Eng. in 1858. Hathbun, Valentine, b. Stonington, Ct, 17 23, was a clothier, and pastor of a Baptist church in Pittsfield, Ms., in 1772-80; then joined the Shakers in Hancock, but left them 3 months after, and pub. against them " Some Brief Hints of a Religious Scheme," &c., Hartf., 1781, of which 5 editions were issued. His bro. David remained with them 4 years, and in 1785 pub, a more full account of their delu- sion. Bauch, Frederick Augustus, D.D., b. Kirchbracht, Hesse-Darmstadt, 1806 ; d. Mer- cersburg, Pa., Mar. 2, 1841. U, of Marburg, 1827. Prof. extraor.U. of Geissen, 1830. Came to America in 1831 ; prof, of German in Laf. Coll. ; principal of the high school of York, and then of Mercersburg 1832-6 ; pres. of Mar- shall Coll. 1836-41. Author of Psychology, 1840; "The Inner Life of the Christian." Pub. one or two works in Germany, and left unfinished a work on ethics. — AUihone. Haum, Green B., soldier and politician, b. Golconda, 111., Dec. 3, 1829. With a com- mon-school education, he studied law, and practised 16 years, acquiring a lucrative busi- ness. An antislavery Democrat, he made the first war speech in Southern Illinois, Apr. 23, 1861, at Metropolis ; was made raaj. 46th Regt. in Sept. ; participated in the siege and subse- quent battle at Corinth, where he led his regt.; was made col. July 31, 1862; brev. brig.-gen. Aug. 1864; brig.-gen. Dec. 1864 ; in the cam- paign of Central Mpi. ; that of Vicksburg, com. the 2d brig. 7th div. 17th corps at its surren- der; was severely wounded at Mission. Ridge; rejoined his command at Huntsville, Ala., Feb. 15, 1864; held Resaca against Hood's army; accomp. Sherman in the march to the sea ; and resigned May 6, 186.5. M.C 1867-71. Ravenscroft, John Stark, D.D., bishop of N.C., b. Blandford, Prince George Co., Va., 1772; d. Raleigh, Mar. 5, 1830. Son of Dr. John, who removed with his family to Great Britain two months after he was born. He re- turned to Va. at the age of 16, after receiving a good classical education in Scotland, to secure the remains of his father's property. Entered Wm. and M. Coll. with a view to the study of law; m. and settled in Lunenburg Co., Va. Becoming a member of the Epis. Church in 1815, he was adm. to holy orders in 1817 ; be- came minister of St. James's Church, Mecklen- burg Co., where he labored until 1823, when he was elected bishop of N. C, and was consec. May 22. He took charge of the congregation at Raleigh, which in 1828 he gave up for that at Williamsburg. Two vols, of his sermons, with a Memoir, were pub. 8vo, 1830. Rawdon, Francis, Marquis of Hastings, a British gen., b. 9 Dec. 1754 ; d. 28 Nov. 1826. Son of Earl Moira. Was grad. at Oxford ; entered the army in 1771 ; embarked for America as a lieut. 5th Foot in 1775 ; and at Bunker's Hill received two shots in his cap. He became aide to Sir H. Clinton; disting. himself at the battles of L.I. and White Plains, the attacks on Forts Washington and Clin- ton ; was made adj. -gen. in 1778, and raised and com. a corps called the Volunteers of Ire- land. Disting. himself at Monmouth, he was sent with a small army to S. C. ; effected a junction with Lord .CornwalHs.; and at Cam- den, 16 Aug. 1780, led a.division. After Corn- wallis's departure for Va.j Rawdon fortified himself at Camden. At the battle of Hob- kirk's Hill, 25 Apr. 1781, he attacked Greene, and compelled him to retrep,t; he then re- lieved Ninety-six, and took post at Orange- burg. Rawdon's last act, previous to leaving this country, was his ordering the execution of Col. Hayne, — a cruel and unjustifiable act, for which he has been generally condemned. While on his return-voyage, he was taken by the French, and carried to Brest; March 5, 1783, he was made a baron, and aide-de-camp to the king; in Oct. 1789 he succeeded to the title of his uncle, the Earl of Huntington ; and in 1793 became Earl Moira and a maj.-gen. ; in 1794 he served under the Duke of York in the Netherlands. Intrusted in 1812 with the for- TIATW 756 IiA.Y raation of a ministry, he was rewarded with the order of the Garter, and the gov.-generalcy of British India, which he held 9 years, return- ing in ill health in 1822; in March, 1824, he was made gov. and com. -in-chief of Malta; but, his health failin;,^ he left his govt., and died on board " The Revenge" in the Bay of Bala. Rawle, William, LL.D. (N.J. Coll. 1827), an eminent jurist, b. Fhila. April 28, 1759; d. April 12, 1836. After pursuing his legal stud- ies in N.Y., Lond., and Paris, on his return, in I 783, he established himself in practice in Phila., where he passed his life, disting. for scientific and classical as well as legal attainments. In 1789 he was elected to the legisl., and in 1791 was app. by AVashington dist.-atty. for the State, but was decidedly averse to politics, and resigned in 1799. He was an active member of many lit. and scientific associations, and was tiie first pres. of the Pa. Hist. Society, to whose printed Colls, he made repeated contributions. In 1822 he was chosen chancellor of the Phila. bar, before whom he delivered several discourses, which were pub. His other writings comprise " A View of the Constitution of the U. S.," and a New Civil Code, prepared by a commiss. appointed to revise, collate, and digest the Pa. statutes. A Memoir by T. J. VVharton was pub. Phila. 8vo, 1840. His son William, Jun. (1789-1858), pub. several vols, of Pa. Re- ports, and an Address before the Phila. Law Acad. 1835. William Henry, son of Wm., Jun., b. Phila. 1823. Author of "Law of Covenants for Title," 8vo, 3d ed. 1860. Editor of J. W. Smith's " Law of Contracts," 8vo, 1853; and of William's "Law of Real Prop- erty," 8vo, 1857; " Equity in Pa.," 8vo, 1868. — 'Allibone. RawlingS, Col. Moses, Revol. oificer ; d. Hampshire Co., Va., May, 1809. He com. a Md. rifle regt. at Fort Washington, and, after a brave resistance, was captured on the fall of that fort, 16 Nov. 1776. Rawlins, Gen. John A., b. Guilford, 111., Eeb. 13, 1831 ; d. Washington, Sept. 6, 1869. He was a farmer and charcoal-burner until 1854, but improved every opportunity for read- ing and study. He studied law at Galena ; was adm. to the bar in 1855, an pub. in 1871 " Stories from Old Eng. Poetry.^' Richardson, Gen. Israel B., b. Burling- ton, Vt., 1819; d. Sharpsburg, Md., Nov. 3, 1862. West Point, 1841. He was a descend- ant of Gen. Israel Putnam. Entering the 3d Inf., he served in the Florida war; became 1st lieut. Sept 21, 1846; brev. capt. and major for gallantry at Contreras, Churubusco, and Cha- pultepec; capt. March 5, 1851 ; resigned Sept. 30, 1855, and settled in Mich. When the civil war broke out, he became col. 2d Mich. Vols. ; took a prominent part at the battles of Black- burn's Ford, July 18, and Bull Run, July 21, in both of which he com. a brigade; brig.-gen. vols. May 17, 1861; com. a division in Sum- ner's army corps in the Peninsular campaign with great gallantry ; was made maj.-gen. July 4, 1 862 ; covered the retreat of the army after the second battle of Manassas, Aug. 30 ; fought at South Mountain and Antietam, in the latter of which he rendered the most important ser- vices, and received a wound in the shoulder, from the effect of which he died. Richardson, Sir John, a British natu- ralist, b. Dumfries, Scotland, 1787; d. 1865. Surgeon in Capt. Franklin's arctic expeds. of 1819 and '25. In 1848 he led an exped. in search of that navigator. He pub. " Zoology of the Northern Parts of Brit. America," 2 parts, 1829-37 ; "Journal of a Boat- Voyage through Rupert's Land to the Arctic Sea," &c., 1851; and " Notes on the Natural Hist, of the Last Arctic Voyages," &c., 1852-4. Richardson, Maj. John, b. Brit. Ameri- ca. Was made a prisoner in the battle of the Thames ; subsequently served in Spain, in the British Legion ; resided some yeai's in Paris, where he wrote "Ecart€;" and removed to Canada, and finally to the U.S., where he wrote for the press until his death. Also au- thor of "Wacousta, or the Prophecy," 1833; "War of 1812," 8vo, 1842; "Eight Years in Canada," 8vo, 1847 ; " Matilda Montgomerie," 8vo, 1851; "Westbrook, or the Outlaw;" " Wau-man-gec, or the Massacre of Chicago," 1852 ; " The Fall of Chicago," 1856 ; " Cana- dian Brothers." He established a newspaper in Upper Canada. — Allibone. Richardson, John Peter, gov. of S.C. 1840-2, b. Hickory Hill, Sumter Dist., S.C, Apr. 14, 1801. S. C. Coll. 1810. Grandson of Gen. Richard. Member of the State legisl. in 1824-36 ; M.C. in 1836-40 ; during the nul- lification excitement he was one of the leaders of the Union party, and, in the convention which passed the ordinance of nullification, steadily opposed that measure; in 1850 he was one of the delegates at large from S.C. to the Southern convention; and in 1851 presided over the meeting of the Southern-Rights Assoc. in Charleston. He opposed the separate seces- sion of the State in the State convention at Columbia in 1852. Richardson, Nathaniel Smith, D.D. (Rac. Coll. 1857),Prot.-Ep. clergyman, b. Mid- dlebury, Ct., 1810. Y. C. 1834. Author of " Pastor's Appeal ; " " Reasons why I am a Churchman," 1843; "Hist, of Watertown, Ct.," 1845; "Churchman's Reasons," &c., 1 845 ; " Reasons why I am not a Papist," 1847; "Evidences of Religion," 1850; "Spon- sor's Gift," 1852. Founder and editor Amer. Ch. Review since 1848. — Allibone. Richardson, Gcn. Richard, Revol. pa- triot, b. near Jamestown, Va., 1704; d. near Salisbury, S. C, in Sept. 1781. He was a land- surveyor in Va. ; afterwards a farmer in Cra- ven Co., S.C. ; and, during the Indian border wars, com. a regt. Member of the council of safety at Charleston in 1775; and, for his ser- vices in quelling a dangerous loyalist revolt in the " back country," received the thanks of the Prov. Congress, and was promoted to brig.-gen. Member of the legisl. council of 1 776 ; and in the Prov. Cong, of S.C. assisted in forming her constitution. Lord Cornwallis made fruitless efforts to gain him over to the royal cause. Made prisoner at the capture of Charleston, he returned from the prison of St. Augustine only to die. His son James B. was gov. of S.C. in 1802-4. His eldest son com. Marion's right wing at Eutaw, and was wounded. Richardson, William A., lawyer and politician, b. Fayette Co., Ky. Transyl. U. RIC 768 RID Studied law, and came to the bar at 19 ; State attorney in 1835 ; member State legisl. 1836, '38, and '44; speaker of the house in 1844. Having removed to 111., he was capt. in Hardin's rcgt. vols, in Mexican war ; disting. in battle of Buena Vista, and elected maj. in Feb. 1847. M.C. from 111. 1847-55; gov. of Nebraska Terr. 1858-60; re-elected to Congress in 1860, and, on the death of Stephen A. Douglas, suc- ceeded him in the U.S. senate. Richardson, William Merchant, LL.D. (D.C. 1827), jurist, b. Pelham, N.H., Jan. 4, 1774; d. Chester, N.H., March 23, 1838. H.U. 1797. Practised a few years at Groton, Ms.; was M.C. 1811-14, and removed to Portsmouth, N. II. Disting. at the bar, he was chief justice of the Supreme Court of N.H. 1816-38; author of the N.H. Justice and the Town-Officer. A considerable portion of the N.H. Reports, vols. 1 and 2, was drawn up by him ; he furnished nearly all the cases of the 3d, 4th, and 5th, and he prepared a large share of the matter for several volumes more. — See Life of, 18mo, Concord, N.H., 1839. Riehe (re'-sha'), Jean Baptiste, pres. of Hayti, Mar. 1846 to his d. Feb. 1847 ; b. Cape Hay tien ab. 1 780. He served as a general under Christophe. Richings, Caroline Mart, vocalist, b. Eng. ; came with her parents to the U.S. when quite young, and was the adopted dau. of the veteran actor, Peter Richings. First appeared as a pianist, Nov. 20, 1847, in Phila. ; and in the opera of " The Child of the Regiment," at the Walnut-st. Theatre, Feb. 9, 1852. First app. as a comedienne. Mar. 21, 1853, at the Walnut St., as Stella in the comedy of " The Prima Donna," for the benefit of Peter Rich- ings. First app. in Italian opera at the Phila. Acad. Mar. 7, 1857, as Adalgisa in "Norma." A member of the Walnut-st. company in 1 857- 9 ; since then a star ; and now manageress of the Richings Eng. Opera Troupe. Married Dec. 25, 1867, to P. Bernard, at Boston. — Brown's Amor. Stage. Richings, Peter, actor, b. Kensington, Eng., 19 May, 1797; d. Media, Pa., 19 Jan. 1871. Son of a capt. in the British navy, and liberally educated. Made his Amer. debut at the Park Theatre, N.Y., 25 Sept. 1821, as Henrj^ Bertram, and many years a leading favorite there. In 1 840 he became stage-man- ager of the Chestnut-st. Theatre, Phila. Richmond, Charles Gordon Lennox, fourth duke of, b. 1764; gov.-gen. of Canada from Jiily 29, 1819, to his d. Aug. 28, 1820. He had previously been lord-licut. of Ireland. Richmond, Dean, political manager, b. Barnard, Vt., March 31, 1804; d. N.Y. City, Aug. 27, 1 866. He was named after his grand- father, Elkanah Dean of Taunton, Ms. His educational advantages were few ; but he had a retentive memory, and was a great reader. Early in life, he took an active part in politics, and became a Democ. leader, but, while he aided in the bestowal of office, would never accept office or public honors of any kind. At the age of 15 he began the manuf. of salt at Salina, N.Y. ; made money, and in 1842 removed to Buffalo, where, enaging in the produce-business, he became quite wealthy. He became a direct- or in the Attica and Buffalo Railroad, and, on the consolidation of the N.Y. Central Roads in 1853, vice-pres. of that corporation, and in 1864 president. Richmond, James Cook, an Epis. cler- gyman, b. Providence, R.I., 1808; murdered at Poughkeepsie, N.Y., 20 July, 1866. H.U. 1828. Author of a "Visit to lona," 1846; "A Midsummer Day Dream ; " and "Meta- comet," canto 1 of an epic poem. He studied at Gottingcn and Halle. Ord. deacon at St. John's Ch., Providence, R. I., 12 Oct. 1832; priest 13 Nov. 1833 ; was a missionary in Me. and 111. 1834-5; was rector of churches in different cities, and, while settled at Milwaukie, became in 1861 chaplain 2d Wis. Vols. He had at various times travelled over a great part of Europe. He pub. a pamphlet at Boston under the anagram of " Admonish Crime." Ricketts, James Brewerton, brev. maj.- gen. U.S.A., b. N.Y. City. West Point, 1839. Entering the 1st Art., he became 1st lieut. 21 Apr. 1 846 ; served in Mexico, participating in the battles of Monterey and Buena Vista ; be- came capt. 3 Aug. 1852; was engaged against the Mexican bandit Cortinas in Nov. 1859; placed in com. of the first battery of rifled guns when the civil war began, he disting. himself in the first battle of Bull Run, where he was severely wounded, taken prisoner, and confined 8 months in Richmond. He was then exchanged ; made brig.-gen. of vols., dat- ing from the battle of Bull Run ; was placed in com. 2d div. 3d army corps in the Army of Va. ; was wounded in the second Bull-Run bat- tle ; and at Antietam led Gen. Hooker's corps after that general was wounded. Maj. June 1, 1863. He was engaged in the Richmond cam- paign, Mar.-July, 1864, and in the Shenandoah campaign, July-Oct. 1864; brcv. licut.-col. 21 July, 1861, for Bull Run; col. 3 June, 1864, for Cold Harbor ; brig.-gen. for Cedar Creek, and maj.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865 ; retired (as a maj.- gen.) 3 Jan. 1867. — Ciillum. Ricord, Mrs. Elizabeth, teacher in Genesee, N.Y., 1828-47, and subsequently in N.Y. City until her d. 10 Oct. 1865, a. 78. Author of "Philosophy of the Mind," 12mo, and other publications. Riddell, John L., M.D. (Cin. Coll. 1836), b. Ley den, Ms., 1807. App. in 1830 a lecturer, and since 1836 prof, of chemistry in the La. Med. Coll. Author of " Flora of the Western States," 8vo, 1836; "Nature of Miasm and Contagion," Svo, 1836; "Monograph of the Silver Dollar," Svo, 1845; "Constitution of Matter," Svo, 1847; "Epidemic of 1853," and papers in many scientific journals. In- ventor of the binocular microscope and mag- nifying-glass. — See Geneal. of the Riddell Family. Riddle, George Reade, U.S. senator 1864-7, b. Newcastle, Del., 1817; d. Wash- ington, Mar. 30, 1867. Del. Coll. He was long engaged in constructing roads and canals, the last of which was at Harper's Ferry ; was adm. to the bar in 1848; dep. atty.-gen. of Newcastle Co. 1848-50; M.C. 1851-5; corn- miss, of Del. to retrace Mason and Dixon's line in 1849; and delegate to the Democ. Nat. Conv. of 1844. 1848. and 1856. Rm 769 RI^S" Rider, George Thomas, Epis. clergyman, b. Coventry, K.L, 1829. Trin. Coll. 1850. Author of " Plain Music for the Cora. Praycr- Book,"1854; "Lyra Anglican a," 1864; "Lyra Americana," 1864. Contrib. to Lit, World, N.Y. Churchman, &c. — ALlihone. Ridgely, Charles, phvsi( ian, b. Dover, Del., Jan. 26, 1738; d. there Nov. 25, 1785. Educated at the Pliila. Acad. Studied medi- cine under Dr. Phineas Bond ; commenced practice at Dover in 1758, and continued there in successful practice through his life. From 1765, with few intervals, till the close of his life, lie was a member of the legisl. of Del. ; was ]ires. judge in Kent Co. in the C.C.P., and of Quarter Sessions before the Revol. ; was a member of the State Const. Conv. in 1776; and was again called to the bench, which he occupied as long as he lived. By his first wife he had Nicpiolas, chancellor of Del. ; by his second wife he had Henry Moore, U.S. sena- tor 1826-9, M.C. 1811-15, b. 1778, d. 7 Aug. 1847. — 77,f7c/ier. Ridgely, Charles, of Hampton, gov. Md. 1815-18; d. July 17, 1829, a. 69. Often member of the State legisl. ; a man of large in- herited fortune, lii)eral and hospitable. By his will he manumitted his slaves, 300 or 400 in number. Ridgely, Charles G., commo. U.S.N., b. Baltimore, July 2, 1784; d. Phila. Feb. 4, 1848. Midshipm. Oct. 19, 1799; was with Commo. Preble at the battle of Tripoli, and for his gallant conduct in that war received a gold medal from Congress; lieut. Feb. 2, 1807; master com. July 24, 1813; capt. Feb. 28, 1815. Ridgely, Daniel B., commo. U.S.N. ; d. Phila. May 5, 1868; b. Ky. . Entered the navy 1828; commo. 1866. Riedesel (ree'-deh-zdl), Baron Fried- rich Adolph, a German gen. in the British service, b, Lauterbach, Rhinehesse, June 3, 1 738 ; d. Brunswick, Jan .6,1 800. After study- ing at the College of Marburg, he became ensign of inf. in the English service; served under Prince Ferdinand in the 7-years' war, and in 1760 was capt. of the Hessian Hussars; made lieut.-col. of the Black Hussars 1762 ; adj.-gen. of the Brunswick army in 1767 ; col. of carbineers 1772; and early in 1776, as maj.-gen., took com. of the division of 4,000 Brunswickers hired by Great Britain to aid in the reduction of her revolted American Colo- nies. He arrived at Quebec, June 1 ; actively aided in the taking of Ticonderoga, July 6 ; secured the British victory at Hubbardton the next day by bringing up re-enforcements ; and, taking part in the subsequent movements of liurgoyne, was made prisoner at Saratoga, Oct. 17; was exchanged in the autumn of 1780; and in Aug. 1783 returned home. Made lieut.-gen. March, 1787, he com. the Brunswick contingent serving in Holland; retired to Lauterbach in 1793 ; and in 1794 be- came com. of Brunswick. His Memoirs, Let- ters, and Journals in America, by Max Von Eelking, were translated by Wm. L. Stone, and pub. 2 vols., 1868. His wife Frederica Charlotte Louisa, b. Brandenburg, 1746, d. Berlin, 29 Mar. 1808. Dan. of the Prus- sian minister Massow ; m. at the age of 16, and 49 accomp. her husband in his Amer. campaigns. Her son, the Count de Reuss, pub. " Voi/ar/e de Mission en Amerique, on Lettres de Mme. Riede- sel," Berlin, 1799, an Eng. translation of which was pub. in N.Y. 1827, and a complete edition transl. by Wm. L. Stone, 8vo, 1867. Riley, Gen. Bennet, b. Baltimore, 1786; d. Buffalo, June 9, 1852. Entering the army at an early age, he was app. ensign in the Ri- fles Jan. 19, 1813; capt. 5th Inf. Aug. 1818; maj. 4th Inf. 1837; lieut.-col. 2d Inf. Dec. 1839; col. 1st Inf. Jan. 31, 1850. In Aug. 1823 he (listing, himself in an engagement under Col. Leavenworth with the Arickaree In- dians ; in the l)attle of Chakachatta in Fla., June 2, 1840, Col. Riley was particularly dis- ting. He com. the 2d Inf. under Gen. Scott ; and in the Valley of Mexico was the com. of the 2d brigade of Twiggs's division ; was dis- ting. at Cerro Gordo, for which he was brev. brig.-gen., and owed his brev. of maj.-gen. to his gallantry at Contreras. In 1849 and '50 he com. the military dept. of Upper California. Riley, Capt. James, noted for his ship- wreck and captivity among the wild Arabs on the southern coast of Africa, b. Middletown, Ct., 1775 ; d. at sea, Mar. 15, 1840. After his escape from the Arabs, and the kindness shown to him by Mr. Wiltshire at Mogadore, Captain Riley had, with the exception of a residence in Van Wert County (1821-8), Ohio, con- stantly traded to tha't port. Member of the Ohio legisl. 1823. He had a strong mind, great energy and perseverance, not easily daunted by danger, and possessed many excel- lent traits of character. His narrative was drawn up by Anthony Bleecker, and pub. 1816. A sequel, containing Riley's subsequent career, was pub. by his son, W. "Wiltshire Riley, 8vo, 1851. Rimmer, William, sculptor, and lecturer on art-anatomy, b. Boston, 20 Feb. 1821. Dr. R.'s medical education, together with his taste for art, led him into the career of lecturer on art-anatomy, which he has successfully culti- vated in various cities, his present residence and studio being in Boston. He delivered the first course of lectures on art before the Lowell Institute, Boston ; and has lectured in the university at Cambridge, and before the Nat. Acad, of N.Y. (1870). Director of the School of Design in N.Y. 1866-70. He has produced statues of "The Falling Gladiator," " Osiris," Alex. Hamilton, and a head of" St. Stephen." Author of "Elements of Design," 8vo, 1864. Rincon, Axtoine del, b, Pueblo de los Angelos ; d. Mexico, 1641. Author of "J?7e de la Lengna Mexicana," 12mo, Mexico, 1595. He was a Jesuit, who devoted his entire life to the conversion of the Mexicans. Ringgold, Cadwaladbr, rear-admiral U.S.N., I). Md. 1802; d. N.Y. City, April 29, 1867. Son of Gen. Samuel. Midshipm. Mar. 4,1819; licut. May 17. 1828; com. July 16, 1849; capt. Apr. 2, 1856; commo. July 16, 1862 ; rear-adm. Mar. 1867. While a com., he was for a short time in charge of the surveying and exploring expedition to the N. Pacific and China seas. At the breaking-out of the Rebel- lion he was transferred to the frigate " Sabine;" was engaged in blockading the Southern ports, :rtn 770 RIT and in the various operations of the navy against Port Royal and other ports on the Atlantic; retired Dec. 1864. Author of a series of charts, with sailing-directions, 4to, 1852. Hinggold, George Hay, lieut.-col. U.S.A., b. Hagerstown, Md., 1814; d. San Francisco, April 4, 1864. West Point, 1833. Major and paymaster in the Mexican war, and in 1862 became dep. paym.-gen. (rank of lieut.- col.). He was a scholar, an accomplished draughtsman, and amateur painter, and pub. in 1860 a vol, of poetry entitled " Fountain Rock, Amy Weir, and other Metrical Pa.s- times." Ripley, Eleazer Wheelock, maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Hanover, N.H., April 15, 1782 ; d. West Feliciana, La., Mar. 2, 1839. Dartm. Coll. 1800. Nephew of Pros. John Wheelock. His fiUher Svlvanus, D. D., prof, of divinitv in Dartm. Coll. 1782-7, d. Feb. 5, 1787. 'The son practised law on the Kennebec and in Port- land, Me., where he went in 181 1 ; was a mem- ber of the legisl. of Ms. in 1810-11, speaker in 1812; was State senator 1812; and was app. lieut.-col. 21st Inf. ; col. March 12, 1813; and was wounded in the attack on York, \J. C, April 27, 1813 ; was actively engaged on the frontier until April 15, 1814, when he was pro- moted to the rank of brig.-gen. ; was in the following July app. to com. the second brigade of Gen. Brown's army, taking part in the bat- tles of Chippewa and Niagara ; was brev. maj.- gen. as a reward for his gallant conduct and the severe wounds received in the latter of those battles. In the defence of Fort Erie, Aug. 15, and the sortie of Sept. 17, in which he was shot through the neck, he acted a con- spicuous and gallant part, and for his services during the campaign was honored by Congress with a gold medal inscribed " Niagara, Chip- pewa, Erie." Gen. Ripley resigned Feb. 1, 1820 ; practised law in La. ; was a member of the State senate ; and M.C. in 1835-9. He pub. an oration, July 4, 1805. Ripley, Ezra, D.D. (H.U. 181^), a Uni- tarian minister^ b. Woodstock, Ct,, May 1, 1751 ; d. Concord, Ms., Sept. 21, 1841. H.U. 1776. He spent some time in teaching ; offici- ated a short time as a chaplain in the army ; andJS^ov. 11, 1778, was ord. pastor of one of the largest congregations of Ms., located in Concord, preaching for the last time. May 1, 1841, his rifnetieth birth-day. He pub. several occas. sermons, a!id " A History of the Fight at Concord," 1827. Ripley, George, critic, and man of let- ters, b. Greenfield, Ms., Oct. 3, 1802. H.U. 1823; Camb. Divinity iSchodl, 1826. Pastor of the 13th Cong. (Unit.) Church, Boston, 8 Nov. 1826-28 Mar. 1841. Prominent in the socialist experiment at Brook Farm (Roxbury, Ms.) in 1844-6, and in 1847 removed to N.Y. City. Associate editor, with R. W. Emerson and Margaret Fuller, of the Dial, 1840-1 ; editor of the Harbinger (a Fourierite organ) 1844-8; and since 1840 lit. editor of the iV. Y". Tribune. Assoc, editor with C. A. Dana of Appleton's New American Cyclopaedia (1857- 62). Author of Discourses on the Philos. of Religion, 8vo, 1836; Letters to Andrews Nor- ton on " The Latest Form of Infidelity," 1840. Edited " Specimens of Foreign Standard Lite- rature," 1 838-42, 14 vols. ; with Bayard Taylor, " Hand-Book of Literature and the Fine Arts," 1852 and 1857. Ripley, Henry Jones, D.D. (U. of Ala. 1844, H.U. 1845), clergyman, b. Boston, Ms., June 28, 1798. H.U. 1816 ; And. Sem. 1819. He was ord. in Boston in 1819 ; and for 7 years (excepting one spent in Eastport) was pastor of the North Newport Baptist Church in Libertv Co., Ga. In Sept. 1826 he was app. prof, of bibl. lit. in the Newton Theol. Inst., Ms.; be- came, seven years after, prof, of bibl. lit. and interpretation ; and, later still, prof, of sacred rhetoric and pastoral duties. He resigned in 1860, but still resides at Newton Centre. Be- sides sermons, tracts, and numerous articles in reviews, magazines, &c., he has pub. "Memoir of Rev. Thomas S. Winn," Boston, 1824; "Christian Baptism," 1833; "Notes on the Four Gospels," 2 vols. 1 837-8 ; " Notes on the Acts of the Apostles," 1 844 ; " Sacred Rhetoric, or Composition and Delivery of Sermons," 1849; " Notes on the Epistle to the Romans," 1857; "Notes on Hebrews," 1868; "Church Polity," 1867; " Exclusiveness of the Bap- tists," 1857. Ripley, James W., brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Windham, Ct., 10 Dec. 1794; d. Hartford, Ct, 16 Mar. 1870. West Point, 1814. Enter- ing the art., he became cupt. 1 Aug. 1825 ; capt. of ordnance 30 May, 1832 ; maj. 7 July, 1838 ; brev. lieut.-col. for merit, conduct in the Mex. war 30 May, 1848; lieut.-col. 31 Dec. 1854; brig.-gen. and chief of ordnance dept. 3 Aug. 1861 ; brev. maj.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865; re- tired 15 Sept. 1863. He served under Jackson in the Seminole war of 1817-18; in 1823 was a commiss. for running the bottndary-line of the Fla. Indian Reservation ; was two years chief of ordnance of the Pacific Dept. ; supt. of the Springfield Armory in 1841-54; and member of the ordnance board from 29 June, 1847. Ripley, Roswell Sabin, brig.-gen. C.S.A., b. Ohio ab. 1823 ; d. Charleston, S.C., Aug. 1863. West Point, 1843. Nephew of Gen. J. W. Ripley. Entering the 3d Art., he became 1st lieut. 2d Art. Mar. 3, 1847 ; was aide-de-camp to Gen. Pillow in 1847-8 ; brev. capt. for gallantry at Cerro Gordo, and major for gaUantry at Chapultepec ; resigned Mar. 2, 1853, and took up his residence in Charleston, S.C., wliere he had married. Before the civil war, he had actively engaged in the military service of S.C. ; took a prominent part in the siege of Fort Sumter, became a brig.-gen., and was wounded at the battle of Antietam. Au- thor of " The War with Mexico," 2 vols. N.Y. 1849. Ritchie, Anna Cora. — See Mowatt. Ritchie, Robert, commo. U S.N., b. Pa. 18U0; d. Phila. 6 Julv, 1870. Midshipman 1 Feb. 1814; lieut. 13 Jan. 1825 ; com. 8 Sept. 1841; capt. 14 Sept. 1855; commo. (retired list) 1867. He com. the steam-sloop " Sara- nac," 1861 -Mar. 1862. Ritchie, Thomas, journalist, b. Tappa- hannock, Va., Nov. 5, 1778; d. Richmond, July 12, 1854. His father, a native of Scot- land, and a merchant, died when Thomas was RIX 771 Rrv 6 years old. In addition to his academical studies, he devoted some time to medicine ; commenced school- i^eeping at the age of 21 in Fredericksburg; removed to Richmond in 1803; and in 1804 became editor of a Demo- cratic newspaper, subsequently called the Rich- mond Enquirer. Of this paper he was the editor and proprietor forty years, exercising an influ- ence, which, considering its duration, was un- equalled by that of any other publication in the Union. In 1845 he relinquished the Enquirer to his two sons, having consented, at the soli- citation of Pres. Polk, to assume the editorial control of the organ of his administration, — a new paper called the Union, from which he retired in 1849. Thomas, his son, editor of the Enquirer, d. May 21, 1854. Ritner, Joseph, gov. of Pa. 1835-9, b. 1779; d. Carlisle, Pa., 16 Oct. 1869. He served in the Pa. legisl. in 1820-7 ; was the unsuc- cessful candidate of the anti-Masons for gov. in 1829 ; was an efficient promoter of common schools, and a disting. opponent of slavery. Rittenhouse, David, LL.D. (U. of Pa. 1782), F.K.S. (1795), mathematician and as- tronomer, b. near Germantown, Pa., Apr. 8, 1732; d. Phila. June 26, 1796. His great- grandfather, a Hollander, established at Ger- mantown ab. 1690 the first paper-mill in Amer. While working on his father's farm at Norriton, he came into possession of the tools and mathe- matical books of a deceased uncle, and thor- oughly mastered Newton's ^' Principia." Before he was 19, he discovered the method of fluxions, and for some time supposed it was original with himself. He made a clock before he was 17 without instruction, and in 1751 applied him- self to that art, which he followed for some years, attracting public attention by his skill and knowledge. At 23 he planned and exe- cuted an orrery, which was purchased by Princeton Coll. A second and larger one was afterward constructed by him for the U. of Pa. In 1763 he was employed to determine the initial and most difficult portion of the boun- dary-line since known as Mason and Dixon's, which he did accurately with instruments of his own construction. He afterward fixed the boundaries between N.Y., N. J., and Pa., and several other States. App. by the Amer. Pliilos. Society to observe the transit of Venus, June 3, 1769, he was completely successful; though, at the moment of apparent contact, his emotion was so great, that he fainted. His account was pub. in the " Transactions " of the society. In 1770 he removed to Phila., where he continued his clock and mathematical- instrument making with high reputation. In 1777-89 he was treasurer of Pa.; succeeded Franklin as pres. of the Philos. Soc. in 1791; was director of the U.S. mint in 1792-5 ; mem- ber of the Acad, of Arts and Sciences at Boston. A number of his pieces are to be found in the first four vols, of the " Trans." of the Philos. Soc. ; and an " Address "delivered before this body in 1775, upon the history of astronomy, was pub. by him. A Life of Rittenhouse was pub. in 1813 by his relative William Barton; and another, by Prof. James Renwick, is in Sparks's " Amer. Biog." Ritter, Abraham, of Phila. ; d. 1860, a. 68. Author of " Hist, of Moravian Church in Phila. 1742-1757," 8vo, 1857; "Philadelphia and her Merchants," &c., 8vo, 1860. — AUi- bone. Rivera (re-va'-ra), Jose Fructdoso, a S. Amer. general and a Guacho, pres. of the Re- pub, of Uruguay 1830-4; b. ab. 1790; d. 1854. Rivers, William James, educator, b. Charleston, S.C, 1822. S.C Coll. 1841, of which in 1 856 he was chosen prof, of Greek lit., having for a number of years previous conduct- ed a large private school. Author of a " Sketch of the History of S.C. to the Close of the. Proprietary Govt.," 1856 ; " Catechism of the Hist, of S.C," 1850; and of a number of con- tributions to the periodical press of S.C. He has much local reputation as a poet. — Apple- ton. Rives, John C, editor Congressional Globe, h. Ky. ab. 1796; d. Georgetown, D.C., April 10, 1864. Removed to Washington in 1824. He was a self-made man, and during the early part of Jackson's administration, with Frank Blair, sen., founded the Globe. He was never a partisan, and was generous in the extreme. Rives, William Cabell, statesman, b. Nelson Co., Va., May 4, 1793; d. near Char- lottesville, Va., April 26, 1868. Grandson of Col. Wm. Cabell. Educated at Hamp. Sid. and Wm. and Mary Colls. Studied law and politics under the direction of Thos. Jefferson ; was aide-de-camp in 1814-15 with a body of militia called out for the defence of Va. ; was in 1816 a member of the State Const. Conv. ; member of the legisl. in 1817-19 and 1822; M.C. in 1823-9; in 1829-32 minister to France; U.S. senator 1832-45 ; again minister to France in 1849-53; member of the peace conf. in Feb. 1861. After the secession of Va., Mr. Rives became a member of the Provis. Confed. Congress at Montgomery. Author of " Life and Times of James Madison," Boston, 1859-69, 3 vols. 8vo; on " Agriculture," 1842; " Life of John Hampden," 8vo, 1845 ; " Ethics of Christianity," 8vo, 1855; and "Discourse on the Uses and Importance of History." Mrs. Wm. C. Rives, b. Castle Hill, Albemarle Co., Va., 1 802, is the author of " The Canary- Bird," 1835-6; " Residence in Europe," 1842; " Epitome of the Bible," 1846-7 ; " Home and the World," 1857. Rivington, James, ro;^alist printer and bookseller of New York during the Revol., b. Lond. ab. 1724; d. N.Y. July, 1802. As a bookseller in Lond., he acquired some property, but lost it at Newmarket. In 1760 he came to Amer., opened a shop in Phila., but in 1761 established himself in New York, where, April 22, 1773, he began to publish the New-\ork Gazetteer. " His ever open and uninfluenced press" advocated the cause of the English govt, with great zeal, and severely attacked the patriots. In May, 1775, he seems to have been placed in confinement by order of Congress, to which body he addressed a remonstrance, in which he solemnly declares, "that, however wrong and mistaken he may have been in his opinions, he has always meant honestly and openly to do his duty as a servant of the public." Nov. 1775, in consequence of his constant at- RO^ 772 ROB tacks upon the patriots, Capt. Isaac Sears, with a troop of horse, destroyed his press and other apparatus, and, carrying off the types, converted them into bullets. Rivington then went to Eng. ; was app. king's printer in N.Y. ; returned with a new press after the city had fallen into the hands of the Bi-itish ; and, in Oct. 1777, resumed the publication of his pa- per, the title of which he soon changed to Rivington's N. Y. Loijnl Gazette, and, on Dec. 13, to the Rofjal Gazette. In 1781, when British success looked very doubtful, he turned spy, funiishing Washington with important infor- mation ; and, when New York was evacuated, Rivington remained in the city. He changed the title of his paper to Rivinnton's N. Y. Gazette and Universal Adoertiser. His business, how- ever, declined; his paper was stopped in 1783 ; and he passed the rest of his life in compara- tive poverty. He possessed much talent, fine manners, and was well informed. His was the most influential royalist journal of the times. Koane, Spencer, jurist, b. Essex, Va., April 4, 17G2; d. Sept. 4, 1822. He studied law with Chancellor Wythe and in Phila. ; was successively a member of the assembly, of the council, and of the senate ; was app. a judge of the Gen. Court in 1789, and in 1794 a judge of the Court of Errors. In 1819 he was one of the commiss. for locating the University of Va. His wife was a dau. of Patrick Henry. He was a Jeffcrsonian Republican, and in several essays in the liiduuond Enqnirer, signed "Algernon Sidney," asserted the supremacy of the State in a question of conflicting authoritv between Va. and the U.S. Roane, John Selden, gov. of Ark. 1848- 52, and a brig.-gen. C.S.A.; d. Pine Bluff, Ark., April 8, 1857. ^ Lieut.-col. of Yell's Ark. cavalry in the Mexican war; disting. at the battle of Buena Vista; and com. theregt. after Yell was killed; made col. Feb. 28, 1847. Robbins, Am3ii Ruhamah, minister of Norfolk, Ct., from 1761 to his d. Oct. 30, 1813; b. Branford, Sept. 1740. Y. C. 1760. Son of Rev. Philemon. Chaplain in the army in Canada in 1776. He pub. a half-century ser- mon 1811. Robbins, Ashur, LL.D. (B.U. 1835), lawyer and statesman, b. Wethersfield, Ct., 1757; d. Newport, R.I., Feb. 25, 1845. Y. C. 1782. Tutor in R. I. Coll. (now Brown U.) 1783-90; then studied law in Newport, where he estab. himself in practice, and continued to reside, attaining a high rank in his profession. U.S. dist.-atty. in 1812; member State legisl. 1818-25; and U.S. senator 1825-39. Author of Oration, July 4, 1827; addresses and speeches. Robbins, Chandler, D.D. (H. U. 1855), b. Lynn, Ms., 14 Feb. 1810. H. U. 1829. Pastor of the Second (Unit.) Church, Boston, since 4 Dec. 1833. Author of " Dedication Sermon at Boston," 1845; "History of the Second Church, and of the New Brick Church," 8vo, 1 852 ; " Liturgy for a Christian Church," 1854; "Hymn-Book," 1854; Memoir of Ma- ria Elizabeth Clapp, 1858; of William Ap- pleton, 1863; also sermons. Co-editor with Oeo. Livermore of vols. i. and ii. Proceed. Ms. Hist. Soc. ; and co-editor Cat. of Lib. of Ms. Hist. Soc, 2 vols. 8vo. Conti'ib. to Christ. Exam., Knickerbocker, *torical View of the Slavic Languages," repub. in 1850 by itself She visited Germany in 1837-40, and pub. there " An Essay on the Historical Characteristics of the Popular Songs of the Germanic Nations," &c., 1840; also a small work entitled " The Poems of Ossian not Genuine." She afterward pub. " A History of Captain John Smith " in German ; " The Colonization of New Eng.," 1847; " Heloise, or the Unrevealed Secret," 1850; " Life's Dis- cipline, a Tale of the Annals of Hungary," 1851 ; and " The Exiles," 1853, afterward pub. as "Woodhill;" and she contrib. to various American and German periodicals. After the death of her husband, in 1863, she returned to Germany. Roehambeau (ro'-shon'-bo), Jean Bap- TiSTE DoNATiEN ViMEUR, Couut dc, marshal of France, b. Vendome, 1 July, 1725; d. 10 May, 1807. Entering the army at 16, he served under Broglie; became in 1745 aide to Louis Philip, Duke of Orleans ; afterward com. the regiment La Manche, and was disting. and wounded at Lafeldt. He attained fresh laurels at Crevelt, Mindeti, Corbach, and Clostercamp. Made lieut.-gcn. in 1780, and sent with a corps of 6,000 men to theassistanceof the Americans, he disembarked at H.I. in July, 1780; acted in concert with Washington, fii-st against Clinton in N.Y., and then against Coruwallis, render- ing important services at the siege of Yorktown, and receiving the surrender of the British army 19 Oct. 1781. Roehambeau was presented with the captured cannon. He received the decoration of the Saint-Esprit in 1783; was made a marshal in 1791; and early in 1792 com. the Army of the North. He narrowly escaped the guillotine during the Reign of Ter- ror. In 1804 Bonaparte gave him a pension and the cross of grand olficer of the Legion of Honor. His " Memoirs " were pub. 2 vols. 8vo, 1809, and translated by M. W. E. Wright, Paris, 8vo, ltr38. His son Joseph Marie, Vicomte de, aide-de-camp to his father in the American Revol., and col. Regt. Auxonne, served in the W. Indies, Italy, St. Domingo, &c. ; became a gen. ; and was killed at the bat- tle of Leipsic 18 Oct. 1813, a. 63. Rochefoucauld Liancourt (rosh'-foo'- ko'le'-on-koor'), Francois Alexandre Fred., Duke de la, b. 14 Jan. 1747; d. Paris 27 Mar. 1829. Grand-master of the wardrobe to Louis XV. and XVI. ; dep. to the States-Gen., and the advocate of just and necessary reforms ; pres. of the national assembly after the taking of the Bastille in July, 1789; member of the constituent assembly ; military com at Rouen in 1792. After the 10th of" August lie left France, resided in Eng., and travelled through the U.S., but returned to France after the 18th Brumaire, devoting himself to the ])rosecution of the useful arts and to benevolent offices. He was 23 years insp.-gen. of the School of Arts and Trades at Chalons. He established the first savings-bank in France, and was influ- ential in introducing vaccination there. Created a peer after the restoration in 1815. Author of " Voyage dans les ^tats-Unis" (17i*5-7), 8 vols, ismo ; and " Account of the Prisons of Phila.," 8vo, 1796. His Life by his son was pub. in 1827. Rockingham, Charles Watson Went- worth, marquis, statesman, b. May 13, 1730; d. 1 July, 1782. He succeeded to the title in 1750; entered the house of peers in 1751; re- signed his offices in 1763; was app. first lord of the treasury in July, 1765; resigned 1 Aug. 1766. When the Lord North ministry sue- ROC 777 Ror> cumbed, he again took the chief direction of affairs in March, 1782, but died shortly after, I)urin<; the Stamp-act discussions in 1765, he took the middle course, of repealing the act, and dechiring the right to tax the Colonies. Dur- ing North's administration, he was the leader of the aristocratic party of the opposition in the House of Lords. Rockwell, J- Edson, D.D., b. Salisbury, Vt., 1816. Amh. Coll. 1837. Has published " Sketches of the Presbyterian Church," 1854 ; " Young Christian Warned," 1857 ; " Scenes and Impressions Abroad," 1859 ; " ]\Iy Sheet- Anchor," 1864; also sermons, iuldrcsses, and reports; edited Sabbatlisr/iool F/s/^or 1 852-60 ; and contributed to periodicals. — Allibone. Rockwell, James Otis, poet and editor, b. Lebanon, Ct., 1807; d. Providence, R.I., in the summer of 1831. At an early age he was an operative in a cotton-factory at Paterson, N.J. ; at 14 he was apprenticed to a printer at Utica ; four years later he came to Boston ; became assistant editor of the Statesman ; and in 1829 took the editorial charge of the Provi- dence Patriot. His pieces are scattered through his own and other periodicals, having never been collected. — See Everest's Poets of Ct. Rockwell, John Arnold, jurist, b. Nor- wich, Ct., Aug. 27, 1803; d. Washington, IXC, Feb. 10, 1861. Y. C. 1822. He prac- tised law in Norwich ; was a member of the State senate in 1838-9 ; soon after became judge of the New-London County Court ; M.C. 1847-51, and chairman of the committee on claims. The Court of Claims at Washing- ton owes its establishment chiefly to him, and his principal labors were in that court. He pub. two volumes on " The Mexican Law of Mines and Real Estate," 1851-2, which are now standard authorities. Rockwell, Julius, senator and jurist, b. Coleljrook, Ct., Apr. 26, 1805. Y.C. 1826. He studied law at the New-Haven Law School ; Was adm. to the Litchfield Co. bar in 1829, comnjencing practice in 1830 at Pittsficld, Ms. He was in the legisl. of Ms. in 1834-8; was speaker for 1835 and 1838 ; bank comii.iss. in 1838-41 ; M.C. in 1847-51; and U.S. senator for two sessions, to succeed Mr. Everett ; in 1853 he was a member of the State Const. Conv. ; in 1858 was again a State represen- tative ; judge of the Superior Court of Ms. 1859-71. Rodgers, C. R. P., commo. U. S. N., b. N.Y. Nov. 14, 1818. Midshipm. Oct. 5, 1833 ; lieut. Sept. 4, 1844; com. Oct. 18, 1861 ; capt. July 25, 1866 ; commo. 1870. Present at the capture of Vera Cruz and of Tabasco ; at- tached to coast-survey 1850 and 1856-8 ; com. of midshipm. Naval Acad. 1859-61 ; com. steam-frigate " Wabash," flagship. So. Atl. squad., 1861-2 ; at battle of Port Royal, Nov. 1861; at Fort Pulaski, in com. of naval bat- tery, Jan. 27, 1862 ; com. division of gunboats in exped. to St. Augustine and up the St. Mary's River in Mar. 1862; fleet-capt. S.A. block, squad. 1 863 ; com. steamer " Iroquois," 1864-5; com. frigate " Franklin," European nquad., 1869; chief of bureau of docks and yards, 1 Oct. 1871. — Hawersly. Rodgers, Capt. George W., U.S.N., b. Md. 1787 ; d. Buenos Ayres, May 21, 1832. His father was col. of a Md. regt. during' the Revol. war ; and his bro. was Com. John Rodgers. Midshipm. Apr. 1804; lieut. Apr. 24, 1810; master com. Apr. 27, 1816; and post-capt. Mar. 1, 1825 ; first lieut. of " The Wasp" in the action with " The Frolic," Oct. 18, 1812. For his gallantry in the war of 1812 he received a sword of honor from his native State, and a gold medal from Congress, accomp. by a vote of thanks. In 1832 he com. tho squadron on the coast of Brazil, having also a diplomatic mission to that govt. His wife Anna Maria, sister to Com. Perry, d. New London, Ct., Dec. 7, 1858, a. 60. Three sons fought bravely in the Mexican war, — Lieut. A. P. Rodgers, who fell at Chapultepec ; Capt. Raymond Hodgers, U.S.N., fieet-capt. during Dupont's capture of Port Royal anrl attack on Charleston ; and Capt. George W., who was killed while commanding the monitor " Cats- kill " in an attack on Fort Wagner, Morris Island, Aug. 20, 1863. Rodgers, John, D.D. (U. of Edinb. 1768), Presb. divine, b. Boston, Ms., Aug. 5, 1727; d. N.Y. City, May 7, 1811. In 1728 his i^a'cnts removed to Phila., where he re- ceived a classical education. He was impressed with religious truth by the preaching of White- field ; in Oct. 1747 was licensed to preach, and, after having been a missionary in Va. and Md., was settled in St. George's, Del., Mar. 19, 1749, where he continued his popular and useful labors until July, 1765 ; he then removed to N.Y., and Avas pastor of the Wall-st. (Presb.) Church until the close of his life. Leaving N.Y. in Feb. 1776, he became chaplain of Heath's brigade in April ; then chaplain of the State convention, then of the council of safety, and of the first legisl. until Oct. 1777 ; and till the end of the war he preached at Amenia, N.Y., Danbury, Ct., and Lamington, N.J. His Memoirs were written by Dr. Samuel Miller. He pub. sermons and some fugitive pieces. — Sprafjne. Rodgers, John, commo. U. S. N., b. Har- ford Co., Md., 1771 ; d. Phila. Aug. 1, 1838. Entering the navy as a lieut. Mar. 9, 1798, he was the executive officer of the frigate "Con- stellation," Com. Truxton, when she captured the French frigate " L'Insurgente " off Nevis, Feb. 9, 1799, and took possession of the prize. Made a capt. Mar. 5, 1799, he cruised in " The Maryland " (20) upon the W. I. station ; in 1802 he com. " The John Adams " (28), with which and " The Enterprise " (12) he success- fully attacked, in June, 1803, a Tripolitan cruiser of 22 guns, and several gunboats at anchor near Tripoli; in 1804 he com. "The Congress " (38) in the squadron employed against Tripoli under Com. Barron, vrhom in 1805 he succeeded in the com. After the peace with Tripoli, he proceeded with his squadron to Tunis, where he engaged in negotiations which resulted in the establishment of friendly relations. In the spring of 1811, in "The President" (44), off Annapolis, he heard that a seaman had been impressed off Sandy Hook by an English frigate ; sailing for that point without delay. May 16 he hailed, about 8^, p.m., a vessel of war, but received no answer. After ROD lis ROE a little delay, the stranger hailed, which she fol- lowed up with a shot, which entered " The President's " mainmast. After a short engage- ment, in which his opponent was much crip- pled, he ceased firing, and on the following morning boarded, discovering her to be H.B.M, ship " Little Belt" (22 guns), Capt. Bingham; The accounts given by the two commanders of this affair differed widely, particularly as to the firing of the first gun ; and it widened the breach which already existed between the two nations. June 21, 1812, receiving official intel- ligence of the declaration of war against Great Britain, Com. Rodgers sailed from N.Y. in com. of a squadron ; June 23, while chasing the British frigate " Belvidere," during a run- ning fight, a gun burst, killing and wounding 16, Com. Rodgers being among the latter : in a subsequent cruise he took the British packet " Swallow," with a large amount of specie, and the schooner " Highflyer ; " app. June 14 to the new frigate " Guerriere," he rendered important service in the defence of Baltimore ; from April, 1815, to Dec. 1824, he served as pres. of the board of navy commissioners ; acting sec. navy, Sept. to Dec. 1823; and in 1824-7 in com. of the Mediterranean squadron. On his return he was again on the board of navy commissioners, which he relinquished in 1837. R. Adm. John Rodgers, U.S.N., is his son. Another son, Robert, was col. 3d Md., Potomac inf. ; did good service during the civil war, and was twice severely wounded. Rodgers, John, rear.-adm. U.S.N., b. Md. Aug. 8, 1811. Son of Com. John, U.S.N. Midship. Apr. 18, 1828; licut. Jan. 22, 1840; com. Sept. 14, 1855; capt. July 16, 1862; commo. June 17, 1863; rear-adm. Dec. 31, 1869. Com. steamer "John Hancock," and surv. and expl. exped. to N. Pacific and China Seas 1853-6; in 1862 superintended at the West the construction of ironclads ; May 10, 1862, com. an exped. of gunboats in the James River ; and in " The Galena " attacked Fort Darling, May 15. Junel7, 1863, in War- saw Sound, Capt. Rodgers, in the monitor " Weehawken," encountered and captured the powerful rebel ironclad " Atlanta" in 15 min- utes ; in the monitor " Monadnoc," 1866-7, made the passage around the Horn to San Francisco; commanded Asiatic fleet; and in August, 1871, captured the Corean forts. — HamersJy. Rodinan, Gen. Isaac Peace, b. South Kingstown, R.I., Aug. 28, 1822; d. Sept. 29, 1862, from wounds at the battle of Antietam. Educated to mercantile pursuits, he engaged in manuf.; was some years col. of a militia regt., and in 1861 a member of the State senate. He resigned his seat to raise a company of vols., and, as capt. 2d R.I. Regt., participated in the battle of Bull Run. Becoming col. 4th R.I. Vols., he was at the taking of Roanoke Island. For gallantry at the battle of Newbern, Mar. 14, 1860, where he took the enemy's works at the point of the bayonet, he was made brig.- gen. Apr. 28, 1862. His regt. also participated in the investment and reduction of Fort Macon. In the battle of Antietam, while leading his brigade to a charge upon the enemy's guns, he was mortally wounded by a cannon-ball in the terrible conflict by which the stone bridge was carried and held. Rodney, Caesar, signer of the Decl. of Indep., b. Dover, Del., ab. 1730; d. early in 1783. His father William came over with Penn, and, after a short residence in Phila., settled in Kent Co., Del., leaving to his eldest son a large landed estate. At the age of 28 Caesar was app. high sheriff, and, at the end of his term of service, was created a justice of the peace and a judge of the lower courts. As early as 1762 he represented his county in the legisl., by which, in 1765, he was sent to the Stamp-act Congress at N.Y; in 1769 he was elected speaker of the house, continuing to occupy that chair for several years ; was app. chairman of the com. of corresp. with the other Colonies ; and in 1774 was a delegate to the Gen. Congress ; in the following year he was re-elected, and also made a brig.-gen. When the question of independence was before Con- gress, Rodney was on a tour through the south- ern part of Del., quieting the minds of the people, and preparing them for a change of govt. His colleagues McKean and Read being divided upon the question, the former, who knew him to be favorable to the declaration, urged him by express to hasten his return. He did so, and by great exertion arrived just in season for the final discussion ; and, by his aflSrmative vote, he secured that union among the Colonies, so important to the cause of in- dependence. The opposition of the royalists, who abounded in the lower counties, prevented his re-election the succeeding year ; but, as a member of the councils of safety and inspec- tion, he displayed great activity in collecting supplies for the troops of the State then with Washington in N.J. He repaired in person to the camp near Princeton in 1777, where for hearly two months he was engaged in laborious services, and, commanding the Del. line, was brig.-gen. In the autumn of the same year he was again chosen to Congress, but, before tak- ing his seat, was chosen pres. of his Srate, in which station he remained 4 years (1778-82). His nephew Caesar A. (M.C. 1803-5 and 1819-21, U.S. atty.-gen. 1807-11, U.S. senator 1821-3, minister to Buenos Ayres 1823, until his death, June 10, 1824) pub. with J. Graham " Reports on the Present State of the United Provinces of S. America," Lond. 8vo, 1819. Rodney, Daniel, M.C. from Del. 1822-3 ; U.S. senator 1826-7; gov. of Del. 1814-17; d. 2 Sept. 1846, a. 75. Roe, AzEL Stevens, novelist, b. N.Y. City, 1798. With an academic education he became a merchant's clerk in N.Y. ; was afterward a wine-merchant, and, on retiring from business, settled at Windsor, Ct. Having lost most of his property by the failure of persons for whom he had freely indorsed, he applied himself to literature with success. He has written *' James Montjoy, or I've been Thinking," 1850; "To Love, and to be Loved," 1852 ; " Time and Tide, or Strive and Win," 1852 ; " A Long Look Ahead," 1855; "The Star and the Cloud," 1856; "True to the Last," 18.59; " How Could He Help It? " 1860 ; " Like and Unlike," 1861; "Looking Around," 1866; ROE 779 ROG- " The Cloud on the Heart," 1869 ; *' Woman our Angel," 1866. Roebling, John A., engineer, b. Prussia, 1806, and educated as a civil engineer. In 1827-31 he was an assist, constructor of mili- tary roads. Emig. to the U.S. in 1831, he was employed on various works in O. and Pa., and in. 1842 began the manuf. of wire-ropes, first used on the Alleghany Portage Road, and now in general use. In 1850 he erected extensive works near Trenton, N. J., where 2,000 tons of wire-rope are annually made; in 1844 he built the wire suspension aqueduct over the Alleghany River at Pittsburg; in 1852-5 he built the Niagara Suspension Bridge; and in 1856-67 the Cincinnati Suspension Bridge over the Ohio River, said to be the largest in the world; in 1858-60 he built the fine wire suspension bridge over the Alleghany River at Pittsburg. Rogers, Hexky Darwin, LL.D., F.R.S., geologist, bro. of James B., b. Phila. 1 809 ; d. Glasgow, Scotland, May 28, 1866. Became prof, of physical sciences in Dick. Coll. in 1831, and afterward prof, of geology in the U. of Pa., which office he long held. In 1835 he pub. a report and geolog. map of N. J., and a final Report, 8vo, 1840. In 1836-56 he was occupied in the survey of Pa. ; pub. several annual reports, the final one in 2 vols. 4to, 1858. In 1857 he became regius prof, of geol. and nat. history in the U. of Glasgow, having for some years previously resided in Boston. Ke contrib. many important papers on geol. and other scientific subjects to the ** Transac- tions " of scientific associations, to the Journal of Science, and to the Edinburgh New Philos. Journal, of which he is one of the editors. Author of a geological map of the U.S., and a chart of the arctic regions in the " Physi- cal Atlas ;" and, in conjunction with W. and A. K. Johnston of Edinburgh, pub. a geologi- cal atlas of the U.S., 1861. Rogers, Henry J., electric teleg. engineer, and inventor of the marine signals, b. Balti- more, Md., 1811. Has pub. " Teleg. Diet, and Seam'an's Signal-Book," 8vo, 1845; " Sema- phoric Signal-Book," 1847 ; " Code of Marine Signals," 1854. With W. F. Larkins edited "Rogers's Commercial Code of Signals for All Nations," 8vo, 1859. — AlUbone. Rogers, James Blythe, M.D. (U. of Md. 1822), chemist and physician, eldest son of Dr. P. K. Rogers, b. Phila. Feb. ,22, 1803 ; d. there June 15, 1852. Prof, of chemistry in Washington Med. Coll., Baltimore; then in that of Cincinnati ; then in the Franklin School of Phila. ; and in 1847-52 filled the chair of chemistry in the U. of Phila. For several years he assisted in the chemical and geol. surveys of Va. and Pa. He pub. some valuable papers in the scientific journals, and was one of the editors of the last Amer. re- print of Turner's " Chemistry." Rogers, John, pres. of H. U. April 10, 1682, to his d. July 2, 1684; b. Coggeshall, Eng., Jan. 1631. H.U. 1649. SonofRcv.Na- thanicl of Ipswich, and assisted in his pulpit, but afterward studied and practised physic. Rogers, John, chancellor, member Old Cong. 1775-6; d. Annapolis, Md., Oct. 1789. Rogers, John, sculptor, b. Salem, Ms., 30 Oct. 1829. He left school at 16; was two years in a dry-goods jobbing-house in Bos- ton, and afterward took a trip to Spain. He then learned the trade of a machinist ; made sketches in clay, and, after a brief visit to Europe in 1858-9, engaged as a draughtsman in a surveyor's office in Chicago. Here he modelled his " Slave-Auction," which he took to New York in Dec. 1859, where his "Picket- Guard," and other war-subjects, soon brought him both fame and money. He has admirably modelled small groups illustrating familiar sub- jects of daily life, and episodes of the camp and battle-field, and has a studio in New York. Among his best efforts are " The Returned Volunteer," " Sharpshooters," " Town Pump," " Union Refugees, " The Country Postmas- ter," "The Wounded Scout," and "The Home-Guard." Rogers, Nathaniel, minister of Ipswich from Feb. 20, 1639, to his d. July 3, 1655; b. Haverhill, Eng., 1598. Educated at Emanuel Coll., Camb. Son of Rev. John. He is often erroneously called a grandson of John the martyr. He preached at Bocking in Essex, and next at Assington, Suffolk. Persecution drove him to N.E., where he arrived Nov. 16, 1636. Memberof the synod of 1637. He pub. " Cause of God's Wrath against the Nation," 1644 ; and left in MS. a Latin Vindication of Cong. Church Govt. — N. E. Hist, and Gen. Reg., V. 122. Rogers, Nathaniel Peabody, b. Plym- outh, N.H.,3 June, 1794; d. Concord, N.H., 16 Oct. 1846. D.C. 1816. He studied and practised law, which he left in ,1838 for the edi- torship of 'the untislayery Herald of Freedom. He wrote under the signature of " The Old Man of the Mountain " for the N. Y. Tribune. A vol. of his fugitive pieces was pub. Concord, 1847. Rogers, Randolph, sculptor, b. Va. Studied and practised a few years at Rome ; became known in New York by his " Nydia," " Boy and Dog," " Angel of the Resurrection," and, returning to Rome after his marriage, ex- ecuted a marble statue of John Adams (now at Mt. Auburn Cemetery), some good busts, and attractive ideal figures. His bass-reliefs for the doors of the new Capitol extension at Wash- ington represent events in the life of Columbus. He has furnished designs for the Washington Monument at Richmond; and he has lately been employed upon memorial monuments for R.I. and Michigan. Among his smaller works, " Ruth " and " Isaac " are favorites. His last work, a colossal bronze statue of Lincoln, was unveiled at Phila. 22 Sept. 1871. Rogers, Major Robert, a famous par- tisan of the French war, b. Dunbarton, N.H., ab. 1730; d. Eng. ab. 1800. The son of an early Irish settler of D. He com. during the French war (1755-63) Rogers's Rangers, — a corps renowned for their exploits. March 13, 1758, with 170 men, he fought 100 French and 600 Indians : after losing 100, and killing 150, he retreated. In 1759 he was sent by Amherst from Crown Point to destroy the Indian village of St. Francis; which service he performed : 200 Indians were killed. In 1760 he was ordered ROG- 780 i^om: by Amherst to take possession of Detroit and other Western posts ceded by the French, which he accomplished. He next visited Enj^land, where he sutiered from want, until he borrowed the means to print his journal, and present it to the kinj^, who in 1765 app. him gov. of Michili- macinac. Accused of plotting to plunder the fort, and join the French, he was sent in irons to Montreal, and tried by a court-martial. In 1769 he went toEng.,was presented to the king, but soon afterward was imprisoned for debt. He afterward, according to his account to Dr. Wheclock at Dartmouth, " fought 2 battles in Algiers under the dey." At the opening of the Rcvol., his course was such, that he was close- ly watched ; and in 1775, Congress, whose pris- oner he then was, released him on parole. Sus- pected by Washington of being a spy, he was secured in June, 1776, but, on being released by Congress soon after, openly joined the royal side, and, notwithstanding his parole of honor, accepted the commission of colonel, and raised the "Queen's Rangers," — a corps celebrated throughout the contest. Oct. 21, 1776, he nar- rowly escaped being taken prisoner at Maraaro- neck by a party sent out by Loi-d Stirling, and soon after went to Eng. He pub. a concise ac- count of N.A., Lond. 1765; "Journals of the French War," 1765, repub. at Concord, 12mo, 1831, and entitled " Reminiscences of theFrench War," with the Life of Stark; and in 1766 the tragedy of " Ponteach." His Diary of the Siege of Deti'oit, &c., was published by F. B. Hough, 1860. Rogers, Robert Empie, M.D. (U. of Pa.), chemist and physician, bro. of James B., b. lialtimore 18J4- On graduating, his ex- perimental essay on Endosmose was pub. by request of the faculty. In 1844-52 he was prof, of chemistry in the U. of Va. ; then succeeded his bro. in this chair in the U. of Pa. He as- sisted in the geol. surveys of Va. and Pa. Be- side contribs. on chemical subjects to scientific journals, he was assoc. with his bro. in the edit- ing of Turner's " Chemistry," and has since ed- ited the reprint of Lehmann's "Physiological Chemistry." Several years dean of the med. faculty of the U. of Pa.' Rof^ers, Gen. Thomas J., author of bio- graphical dictionaries of Revol. worthies, 1st ed. 12mo, 1813, 4th ed. 1829; M. C. from Pa. 1818-24; b. Waterford, Ireland, 1781; came to America in 1784 ; d. N.Y. City, Dec. 7, 1632. Edited a political paper. Rogers, William, D.D., Baptist clergy- man, b. Newport, R. I., 22 July, 1751 ; d. Phila. 31 Mar. 1824. R.I. Coll. 1769. Ord. in May, 1771, over the First Church, Phila. ; chaplain in the Pa. line of the Revol. army in 1776-81 ; proC. of belles-lettres in Phila. Coll. in 1789-92, and in the U. of Pa. in 1792-1812; was "stated supply" of the 1st Bapt. Church, Phila., in 1803-5, and member of the gen. as- sembly in 1816-17; an officer and an active manager of the Gradual-abolition Societies of Pa. and Md., of the Prison Soc. of Phila., &c. He pub. sermons, addresses, prayers on special occasions, a circular letter on Justification (1785), and one on Christian Missions. Rogers, William Barton, physicist and geologist, brother of James B. and R. E., b. Phila. 1805. A. M. of H. U. 1866. He first leciured on science in the Md. Inst, in 1 827 ; and in 1829 succeeded his father. Dr. P. K. Rogers, in the chair of nat. pliil. and chemistry in Wm. and Mary Coll.; in 1835-53 he was prof, of nat. philos. and geology in the U. of Va., but has since resided in Boston. He or- ganized the geol. survey of the State of Va. in 1835, remaining at its head till 1 842, publishing 6 vols of reports. Author of a short treatise on the " Strength of Materials," 1 838 ; of " Ele- ments of Mechanical Philosophy," 1852 ; and of numerous papers in the philos. and sci. jour- nals of Great Britain and America ; a zealous promoter of scientific education among the in- dustrial classes. In the beginning of 1862 he delivered a course of lectures before the Eowell Institute, Boston, on the Application of Science to the Arts ; and in April of that year was chosen pres. of the new Institute of Technolo- gy at Boston, which he was instrumental in organizing ; and resigned in 1868 in ill health. Rogers, Capt. Woodes, an English navi- gator and buccaneer. Com. an exjied. against the Spaniards in the South Sea ab. 1 709 ; d. 1732. Rolle, Dennis, b. Devonshire, Eng. ; d. 1797. He traced his descent from Rollo, first duke of Normandy. In 1766 he purchased a whole district in Fla., whither he proceeded with 1,000 persons to people his new posses- sions; but, through the unhealthiness of the climate and the desertion of those who escaped disease, he soon found himself without colo- nists and without money, and was compelled to work his passage back to Eng. in an Ameri- can vessel. He then settled on his paternal es- tate ; had a seat in the house of commons, and filled the office of sheriff for the county ; he de- voted much of his time to the improvement of the condition of the lower classes. Rolph, John A., artist and landscape-en- graver, b. Essex, Eng., 1799; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., 30 Mar. 1862. He came to the U.S.*^in 1833, and resided chiefly in New York. Uncle of Edward Miall, M.P., and father of Mrs. Clara M. Brinckerhoffthe singer. In " Wirkes's Explor. Exped.," some fine specimens of his talent may be found. Rolphe, John, M.D., an eminent Cana- dian physician, b. Eng. 1786 ; d. Toronto, 19 Oct. 1870. Emig. to Canada at an early age. He took an active part in the insurrection of 1837, and, being obliged to fly, lived in Russia some years, and also in the U.S. Returning to Canada after the amuesty, he practised law and medicine ; was a member of the Canadian par- liament ; and founded the People's School of Medicine, now the med. dcpt. of Victoria Coll. Roman, Andre Bienvenu, gov. of La. 1830-4 and '38-41, b. St. Landry Pari.sh, La., 1795 ; d. St. James Parish, La., Jan. 29, 1866. His ancestors were from Provence. In 1818 ho was chosen to the legisl. ; was frequently re- elected ; was 4 years speaker; judge of St. James Parish in 1826-8; again member and speaker of the house 1828-30 ; member of the convention which passed the ordinance of se- cession,, which he opposed. With John Forsyth and Martin J. Crawford, he was app. by the Confed. provis. govt, to confer with the govt, of ROM: 781 noo the U.S. at "Washington. He took no further part in public affairs. Romans, Bernard, engineer, b. Holland; d. ab. 1784. In early life he removed to Eng., where he studied eng., and was employed by the British govt, in America some time before the Revol, Subsequently, while in its employ as a botanist in N.Y., and engaged in the {)ublication of a " Natural History of Florida," le was olVered a position as military en^r. by the N.Y. com. of safety. In this capacity he submitted to Congress (Sept. 18, 1775) plans for fortifying the Highlands oppo;>ire West Point. Col. Romans remained in service (capt. Pa. Art. Feb. 8, 1776) until near the close of the war, when he was captured at sea by the British, en route fi-om New London to Charles- ton. He was taken to Eng., and in 1784 em- barked for America, but is supposed to have been murdered on the passage. He pub. in 2 vols., 1778-82, "Annals of the Troubles in the Netherlands from the Accession of Charles v.," vol. i. dedicated to Gov. Trumbull; "Map of the Scat of Civil War in America," 1775; " Corapleat Pilot for the Gulf Passage," &e., Svo, 1779. Romayne, Nicholas, M.D., b. Hacken- sack, N. J., Sept. 1756 ; d. N.Y. Ciry, July 21, 1817. He studied under Dr. Peter Wilson, and completed his med. education at Edinburgh ; pu!). a dissertation "Z)e Generatione Piiris." He spent 2 years in Paris, and also visited Ley den, returning ab. 1782 to N. York, where he com- menced his professional career. He gave pri- vate lectures on anatomy, and taught many pro- fessional branches with great success, but relin- quished this pursuit, and again visited Europe. Having embarked in the scheme of Blount's conspiracy, he was for a time incarcerated. He was first pres. of the N.Y. Medical Society in July, 1806, and in 1807 was made first pres. of the Coll. of Phys. and Surgs., which he had been active in founding. He gave instruction in that institution in anatomy and the insti- tutes of medicine. Romeyn, John Brodheab, D.D. (N. J. Coll. 1809), Presb. clergyman, b. Marbletown, N.Y., 8 Nov. f778 ; d. Feb. 22, 1825. Son of Rev. Theodoric R. Columb. Coll. 1795. Li- censed to preach in 1 798 ; was from 1 799 to 1800 pastor of the D. Ref. church at Rhine- beck ; was transferred to the church in Sche- nectady ; was 4 years pastor of the Presb. ch. in Albany; and from 1808 until his death was the first pastor of the church in Cedar St., N.Y. He was an eloquent and impressive preacher. A coll. of his sermons was pub. in 2 vols. Svo, 1816. — Spraguc. Romeyn, Theodoric Dirck,D.D., bro. of the preceding, prof, of theol. in the Reformed Dutch Church, b. Hackensack, N. J., Jan. 23, 1744; d. Schenectady, Apr. 16, 1804. N.J. Coll. 1765. Ord. over the Dutch church in Ulster Co. May 14, 1766; was afterwards in- stalled at Hackensack until his removal to tJie church in Schencctad}^ in Nov. 1784. He was twice offered the presidency of Queen's Coll., N. J., and was for a consid<'rable time a prof, of thcol. It was chiefly by his efforts that Un. Coll. was founded at Schenectady. RonckendorfF, William^ capt. U.S.N., b. Pa. Nov. 9, 1812. Midshipm. Feb. 17, 1832; lieut. June 28, 1843; com. June 29, 1861 ; capt. Sept 27, 1866. Attached to the Pacific squad, during the Mexican war; com. steamer "M. W. Chapin," Paraguay exped., 1859; com. steamer "Water-Witch," 1861 ; com. steam- sloop " San Jacinto," N. Atl. block, squad., 1862; in battle of Sewell's Point, and capture of Norfolk, May, 1862 ; in E. Gulf block, squad. 1863; com. steam-sloop " Powhatan," W. 1. squad., 1863-4; com. ironclad "Tonawanda," I S65. — Ha mersly. Roorbach, Orville A., many years a publisher in N.Y. and Charleston ; d. N. York, June, 1861. He pub. Bibliotheca, Americana from 1820 to 1861. Roosevelt, Robert B., pres. N.Y. Sports- men'sClub, b. New York, 1829. M.C. 1871- 3 ; editor N. Y. Citizen, a Democ. print. Au- thor of "Game-Fish of N. A.," 1865; "Su- perior Fishing," 1865; "Game-Birds of the N. States," 1866; "Five Acres Too Much," 1869. Editor of C. G. Halpine's writings, with a Memoir and Notes, 1869. — Lanman. Root, Erastus, politician, b. Hebron, Ct., Mar. 16, 1773; d. New York, Dec. 24, 1846. Dartm. Coll. 1793. He taught school for a time, but studied law; and in 1796 settled at Delhi, now the capital of Del. Co., N.Y., and then in Otsego. In 1798 he was elected to the State assembly, and repeatedlv re-elected after- wards. He Avas elected to Cfongress in 1803, 1809, 1812, 1815, and 1831 ; was lieut.-gov. in 1822; and in 1839 was elected to the sen- ate. He was an ardent disciple of Geo. Clin- ton in politics. He pub. " Address to the Peo- ple," 1824. Root, George Frederick, prof, of music, b. Sheffield, Ms., 30 Aug. 1820. In 1826 his father removed to N. Reading. In 1838-43 he was a partner with A. N. Johnson as teacher of singing, and organist ; in 1 844-55 taught mi:- sic in New York; and since 1860 has been a member of the well-known Chicago miisic-firra of Root & Cady. He has composed the can- tatas, " Flower-Queen," " Daniel," " Pilgrim- Fathers," "Haymakers," and " Belshazzar's Feast;" "Hazel Dell," "Rosalie the Prairio- Flower," "Battle-Cry of Freedom" (1862), and other popular songs ; has edited " Singer's Manual," 1849 ; with J. E. Sweetser, "A Coll. of Church Music," Svo, 1849; "Academy Vo- calist," &c., 1852; "Young Ladies' Choir;" " Musical Album ; " " Young Men's Singing- Book," with L.Mason, 1855; " Sabbath Bell," 1856; "Festival Glee-Book," 1857; "The Shawm;" "The Diapason," 1860; "School for the Melodeon, Harmonium, and Cabinet Organ," 1863; "The Bugle-Call," 1863; "The Comet," 1865; "The Musical Curriculum," 1865 ; " Silver Lute ; " " The Forest Choir ; " "The Triumph," 1868. Root, Jesse, jurist, b. Coventry, Ct., Jan. 1737 ; d. there Apr. 5, 1822. N.J. Coll. 1756. He preached ab. 3 years ; but in 1763 was adra. to the bar. Residing at Hartford, eariy in 1777 he raised a company, with which he joined Washington's army at Peekskill, and was made a lieut.-col. He was a deleg. to Congress in 1778-83; was app. judge of the Sup. Court in 1789; chief justice from 1796 to ROS 782 ROS 1807; was afterward a member of the legisl. ; member of the Amer. Acad, and of the Ct. Acad, of Arts and Sciences. He pub. in 1798 Reports of Cases adjudged in the Court of Errors of Ct. July, 1789-June, 1793, and a sec- ond vol. 1802. Rosas, Don Juan Manuel Ortiz de, dictator of the Arg. Repub., b. Buenos Ayres 1793. Son of a wealthy land-owner, he lived with the f/uachos of the pampas, and imbibed the sanguinary tastes which afterward devel- oped into frightful cruelty. In 1829 Gov. Dorrego app. Rosas, his intimate friend, to the com. of the rural districts, but was soon com- pelled to surrender to Rosas, who thenceforth, for 23 years, ruled despotically the Argentine Confederation. He reduced the hostile Indian tribes of the interior, and succeeded in uniting the whole of the Plata-river States into the Argentine Confed. in 1835. He often repeat- ed the ill-disguised farce of sending his resigna- tion to the chamber of representatives, when every one knew that whoever advocated its ac- ceptance would be assassinated in 24 hours, as was Maza, pres. of that body. He exhibited energy and constancy in resisting the conditions which Eng. and France sought to impose upon him. Among his arbitrary acts was his at- tempt to impose upon the indep. repub. of Uru- guay a gov. whose term had expired. This act, and his impolitic conduct toward Brazil, with which empire he maintained hostilities for 5 years, hastened his downfall. Feb. 3, 1852, his forces having been destroyed at Monte Casero, 6 leagues from Buenos Ayres, Rosas fled to Eng. with his family, leaving the country to the mercy of Gen. Urquiza, his conqueror. Hose, Aquila, poet; d. Phila. Aug. 22, 1723, a. 28. Franklin, in his Autob., states, that, on his first visit to Keimer the printer, he found him " composing an elegy on Aquila Rose, an ingenious young man, of excellent character, sec. to the Assembly, and a pretty poet." His son Joseph, afterward appren- tice to Franklin, pub. in 1740 "Poems on Several Occasions by Aquila Rose," a pamphlet of 56 pages. — Duyckinck. Roseeranz, William Starke, brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Kingston, 0.,6 Dec. 1819. West Point, 1842. His father, a farmer and merchant, served under Harrison in the war of 1812 as an adj. of light horse. The son en- tered the engr. corps; was assist, prof, of engr. at West Point 1843-4 and 1845-7 ; assist, prof, of nat. philos. 1844-5; had charge of the re- pairs at Ft. Adams, R.I., in 1847-53; and resigned from ill health 1 Apr. 1854. Civil engr. and architect, Cincinnati, O., 1854-5; supt. of Cannel-coal Co. 1855-7; manuf. of kerosene-oil at Cincinnati 1857-61, and so badly burned by an explosion as to be confined to his bed 18 months. Vol. aide to Gen. Mc- Clellan in Ohio, Apr .-June, 1861; col. and chief engr. of Ohio, 9 June, 1861 ; col. 23d Ohio Vols. 10 June, 1861 ; brig.-gen. U.S.A. 16 May, 1861 ; com. brigade in West Va. June- July, 1861, and engaged at Rich Mountain 11 July ; com. dept.of Ohio, July-Sept. 1861, and of West Va. Sept. 1861-Apr. 1862, and en- gaged at Carnifex Ferry 10 Sept. 1861 ; com. a division at siege of Corinth, Mpi., 22-30 May, 1862 ; com. Army of the Mpi. June-Oct. 1862, defeating Gen. Price at luka 19 Sept. 1862, and Van Dorn and Price at Corinth 3 and 4 Oct. 1862; com. Army of the Cumberland, Oct. '62 to Oct. '63 ; Dec. 31 he won the san- guinary battle of Stone River, near Murfrees- borough, Tenn., over Bragg's army. By great personal exertions he on that day checked the tide of a terrible disaster, re-formed his army in the face of the attacking enemy, rolled back their victorious columns, and turned defeat into victory. The result of this battle was the rescue of Middle Tenn. and the secure posses- sion of Ky. 24 June, 1863, he advanced on Tullahoma ; occupied Bridgeport and Steven- son 24 July ; crossed the Tenn. River 4 Sept. 1863 ; 19 and 20 Sept. fought the unsuccessful battle of Chickamauga ; and was relieved of his com. 30 Oct. 1863. From 28 Jan. to 9 Dec. 1864 he com. the dept. of Mo., during which time occurred the Price mid. Brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865 ; maj.-gen. vols. 21 Mar. 1862; resigned 28 Mar. 1867. Minister to Mexico in July, 1868, but was recalled a few months later. — See Roseeranz' s Campaign mth the 1 4th Army Corps, 12 mo, 1863. Rosier, James, "a gentleman employed in the voyage," pub. Lond., 1605, "A True Relation of the Most Prosperous Voyage," &c., of Capt. George Waymouth to Virginia. Re- pub. in Purchas, vol. iv. Ross, Alexander, a British gen., b. 1742; d. Lond. Nov. 29, 1827. Ensign in the 50th Foot in Feb. 1760; he was in all the actions with the allied army in Germany after that date; became capt. in the 45th in May, 1775, and was in all the principal actions in the American war, during a great part of which he served as capt. of grenadiers, and in the latter part of it as aide-de-camp to Lord Cornwallis ; brev. maj. in 1781 ; a commissioner with Col. Dundas, on the part of Cornwallis, to arrange the details of the surrender at Yorktown ; after- wards served as dep. adj.-gen. in Scotland; thence went as adj.-gen. to the E. Indies while the Marquis of Cornwallis com. in that country, and was present in every action that took place at that time. He attained the rank of gen. Jan. 1, 1812. Cornwallis's corresp. was pub. in 3 vols., 1859, by Charles, son of Alex. Ross. Ross, Edward C, LL.D. (Ken. Coll. 1849), prof of mathematics and nat. philos. in the N.Y. Free Acad. 1848-51, b. Pa. 1801 ; d. N.Y. May 16, 1851. West Point, 1821 ; A.M. of Geneva Coll. 1842. He left the army in 1839, after performing arduous service dur- ing the Florida war ; and for 10 years acted as assist, prof, of math, at West-Point Acad. Prof, of math, in Kenyon Coll., O., 1840-8. He translated Bourdon's Algebra from the French in 1831. Ross, George, judge and patriot, b. New- castle, Del., 1730; d. Lancaster, Pa., July, 1779. Son of the pastor of the Epis. church in New- castle. Commenced the study of the law at Phila. at the age of 18, and establi.shed him- self in practice at Lancaster in 1751. He was a representative in the Assembly of Pa. in 1768-70; and in 1774 he was elected to the first Gen. Congress at Phila. ; at the same time he was app. to report to the Assembly ROS 783 ROS instructions for himself and his associates. In 1775 he drew up a reply to Gov. Penn's mes- sage, deprecating any action on the part of the Colony. A report on the measures necessary for putting the Colony and the city of Phila. in a state of defence was also from his pen. He signed the Decl. of Indep., but in Jan., 1777, was j^ompelled, by indisposition, to resign his place in Congress. The inhabitants of Lan- caster having voted him a piece of plate worth XI 50 on this occasion, he declined the present. The convention which assembled after the dis- solution of the proprietary govt. app. Mr. Ross to prepare a decl. of rights. After acting as a successful mediator in difficulties with the In- dians, he was app. a judge of the Court of Ad- miralty in April, 1779. HOSS, James, scholar, taught school at Chambersburg, Pa., 1796-1801, subsequently at Lancaster and Phila. ; and was prof, of lan- guages in Dick. Coll., Pa. Author of Latin and Greek grammars, and other text-books in those languages ; of Latin poems in the news- Sapers, and an Ode to the memory of Dr. C. [isbet. — Hist. Magazine, 1862. B.OSS, James, statesman, b. York Co., Pa., July 12, 1762 ; d. near Pittsburg, Nov. 27, 1847. Educated- at Pequea under Rev. Dr. Robert Smith. He taught at Canonsburg the first classical school opened in the West ; afterward studied law in Phila. ; was adm. to the bar in 1784; rose to distinction in the profession ; m. a lady of fortune, and devoted himself to poli- tics. He was prominent in the State Const. Conv. of 1790 ; an able defender of the Federal Const. ; was a U.S. senator in 1794-1803, and one of the leaders of the Federal party. He was one of the commiss. from Congress to the Whiskey Insurgents. He pub. " Speech on the Free Navigation of the Mpi.," 1803. Ross, Sir John, arctic explorer, b. Scot- land, 24 June, 1777 ; d. Lond. 30 Aug. 1856. Entering the royal navy in 1786, he attained the rank of rear-adm. in 1851, having been 13 times wounded. He began his arctic voyages in 1828 with Capt. Parry ; was similarly en- gaged in 1829-33 ; and in 1850 went in search of Sir John Franklin in a small vessel of 90 tons, remaining one winter in the ice. Author of a "Voyage of Discovery," 2 vols. 1819; " Narrative of a Second Voyage," 2 vols. 1835- 6. His nephew Sir James' Clark Ross, also distiflg. for his arctic explorations, d. 3 April, 1862. Author of "Voyage of Discovery in the Southern Antarctic Regions," 1847. Ross, John (Kooweskogwe), a Cherokee chief, b. Ga. ab. 1790; d. Washington, D.C., Aug, 1, 1866. He was a half-breed, and at an early age had acquired a good English educa- tion. He became principal chief of the Chero- kees in 1828. The proceedings of the Ga. legisl. for their removal, in 1829, led to an appeal on the part of the Cherokees, Ross acting as their agent, to the U.S. Sup. Court, which resulted in a decision in their favor. Georgia, however, refused to obey, and aggressions upon the In- dians increased. In 1835 a treaty was con- cluded between J. F. Schermerhorn, an agent of the U.S., and Major Ridge ; his son John Ridge, and about 600 other Cherokees, agreeing to surrender their lands, and remove West within 2 years. Against this treaty, known as that of New Echota, Ross and over 15,000 of his tribe protested. The govt., however, sent a force under Gen. Scott to compel its fulfilment ; and the Indians, with Ross at their head, re- moved to their new home, a moderate allow- ance being made them for their losses by the govt. In 1861, Ross, after some hesitation, en- tered into a treaty with the seceding States. At the time of his death, he was urging the claims of his tribe for losses during the war. He pub. " Letter to a Gentleman of Phila.," 1836. Boss, Robert, an English maj.-gen., b. Ross Trevor, Devonshire, Eng. ; killed at North Point, 12 Sept. 1814. Trinity Coll., Dublin. Disting. as an officer of the 20th Foot in Holland and Egypt; was a lieut.-col. at Maida ; was in the campaign of Corunna, under Sir John Moore ; and com. a brigade at the battles of Vittoria and the Pyrenees, and was wounded at Orthez. Selected by Welling- ton to com. the corps sent against Wasliington, he defeated the U.S. troops at Bladensburg; entered the city of Washington 24 Aug. 1814, and burned and sacked it; and, while leading the advance in the direction of Baltimore, was killed by a rifleman. Hossiter, Thomas P., painter, b. New Haven, Ct., Sept. 29, 1818. He began to study with Jocelyn, and in 1838 commenced port.- painting. He was in Europe 1840-6, studying chiefly in Rome; and in Paris in 1853-6, where he obtained a gold medal in the Exposition of 1855. Since 1860 he has resided at Cold Spring, Hudson Highlands. He became an academi- cian in 1849. He has painted a number of scriptural pieces, among them " Miriam," '* The Jews in Captivity," and " Noah ; " also "Joan of Arc in Prison, " House of Washing- ton," "Representative Merchants," &c. ; and has latterly been engaged upon a series of compositions on the Life of Christ. Died 1871. — Tuckerman. Host, Pierre A., jurist, b. France ab# 1797; d. N. Orleans, Sept. 6, 1868. He re- ceived an academic and scientific education at Paris, where he was a pupil of the Polytechnic School. Emigrating to the Red-river dist. ab. 1824, he began to practise law, soon became conspicuous at the bar, and, removing to St. Charles parish, became an extensive and pros- perous planter. In 1845 he was placed upon the bench of the Supreme Court, where he ranked among the foremost jurists of the State. Commis. to Spain under the Confed. government. Kostaing, Just Antoinb Henri Marie, Marquis de, a French lieut.-gen., b. Vauchette, Nov. g4, 1 740 ; d. 1 825. He was at first a page to Louis XV. ; made the campaigns of 1760-2 in Germany as captain of cavalry, and then of America (1780-3) as col. successively of the regts. of Auxerois and of Gatinais. His con- duct in this war, and particularly at the siege of Yorktown, procured him the cross of St. Louis, that of Cincinnati, and the grade of marechal-de-camp in 1783. Dep. to the states- gen. ; sec. of the national assembly, Oct. 13, 1789; and then a memberof the military com. ; but detached himself from the party which was ROT 784 ROTV seeking the destruction of the monarchy, and joined the col^ droit; named lieut.-gen. March 20, 1792. He withdrew from the political arena, and retired to his estate of Forez, where, thanks to his opinion in favor of the tiers-^tat in the constituent assembly, he long survived the epoch of terror. Rothermel, Peter F., painter, b. Luzerne Co., Pa., July 8, 1817. He was educated as a land-surveyor; but, on removing at the age of 22 to Phila., studied painting, and commenced practice as a portrait-painter, but soon engaged upon historical subjects. In 1836-7 he visited France, Germany, and Italy, and painted his "St. Agnes," now in St. Petersburg. Among his earlier works are " Christabel " and "Kath- arina and Petruchio." He has also painted *' De Soto discovering the Mississippi," " Co- lumbus before Isabella the Catholic," the Noche Triste from Prescott's " Conquest of Mexico," " Christian Martyrs in the Colos- seum," " Patrick Henry before the Virginia House of Burgesses," " I'he Battle of Gettys- burg." Ilottenburg, Baron de; d. Portsmouth, Eng., April 24, 1832. App. major 1795; col. 1805; brig.-gen. 1808; maj.-gen. 1810; lieut.- gen. 1819. He served in the Irish rebellion of 1798; at the capture of Surinam, 1799; com. the light troops in the Walchcren exped. in 1809; took com. at Quebec in 1810; at Mon- treal in 1812 ; com. the troops in U.C. in 1813, and was pros, of the Province ; and in 1814-15 com. the left division of the army in (\inada. Rouquette, Adrien Emmanuel, poet, b. New Orleans, 1813. He was educated at the Roy. Coll. of Nantes, France, and studied law, but became a prof, in the R.C. Sem. at N. Or- leans. He writes both in French and English ; and his works comprise " Les Savanes Poesies Am€ricaines," 1841 ; " Wild-Flowers," a vol. of sacred poetry, 1848; a prose treatise in de- fence of monasticism, entitled " La Thehaide en Am&ique," 1852 ; " L'Ant07nade,"S:c., 1860; ^nd in 1846 a Discourse at the Cathedral of St. Louis on the Anniversary of the Battle of New Orleans; " Poemes Patriofigues," 1860. His bro. FRAN901S Dominique, poet, b. New Orleans, Jan. 2, 1810, was also educated at Nantes, studied law in the office of Wm. liawle in Phila., and, returning to France, pub. there (1838) a vol. of poems entitled " Z^s Meschac€- heennos;" "The Arkansas," 1850; '* Fleurs d'Am&ique," 1857. He has written a work both in French and English on the Choctaw Nation. Rous, Captain John ; d. 1760. In Aug. 1744 he com. an exped. sent to cut out a fleet of French vessels from the harbor of Fishotte, Newfoundland, which he successfully per- formed, and laid waste all the French posts on that coast. In the exped. against Cape Bre- ton in 1745, he com. " The Shirley " (24), and, after the reduction of Louisburg, was sent to England with the news, and rewarded with the commission of capt. in the royal navy, Sept. 24, 1745 ; in 1755 he com. the fleet which conveyed the exped. against the French in the Bay' of Fundy, and he afterward destroyed their forts and houses in the River St. John's ; in 1757 he com. the frigate " Winchelsea" in the unsuc- cessful exped. against Louisburg, and captured a French sloop of 16 guns after a stout resist- ance ; in 1758, in "The Sutherland " (50), at the siege of Louisburg, and in 1759 at that of Quebec, he did good service ; member of the colonial council in 1754. Rousseau, Lovell Harrison, brev. maj.- gen. U. S. A., b. Lincoln Co., Ky., 4 Aug. 1818; d. N. Orleans 8 Jan. 1869. He lost his father (who was of Huguenot descent, and who was first cousin to Pres. Harrison) when he was 13, had no schooling after he was 10 years old, and worked at road-making. After studying law at Louisville, and at Bloomfield, Ind., he was in 1841 adm. to the bar; was a member of the legisl. in 1844-5 ; was a capt. in the 2d Ind. Regt. at the battle of Buena Vista ; and in 1847 was chosen by the Whigs State sena- tor. Returning to Louisville in 1849, he took a high place at the bar as a criminal lawyer. Member of the Ky. senate in 1860, he took a bold and decided stand for the govt., and against the quasi neutrality of the legisl., and, when the civil war began, raised two Ky. regts., which he was obliged to encamp on the Indiana side of the Ohio River, where he established "Camp Joe Holt." In Sept. 1861 he crossed the river to protect Louisville; was made brig.- gen. vols. 1 Oct. 1861 ; was attached to Gen. Buell's army, and fought at Shiloh ; led a div of McCook's corps, and took a leading part in the battle of Perry ville 8 Oct. 1862, for which he was made maj.-gen. vols. ; was conspicuous at the battle of Stone River 31 Dee. 1862 ; was in the Tullahoma campaign, in the movement at Chattanooga, and the battle of Chicka- mauga ; com. the Dist. of Tenn. in 1864, and made his famous raid into Ala., destroying the Montgomery and Atlanta lines of railroad; and in Dec. held the important post of Forjt Rosecranz against Hood. Brev. major-gen. U.S.A. for gallant and merit, services in the war; brig.-gen. U.S.A. Mar. 1867, and assigned to duty in Alaska, Subsequently com. in New Orleans. M.C. 1865-7. He was a supporter of the reconstruction policy of Pres. Johnson. Rowan, John, jurist, b. Pa. 1773 ; d. Louisville, Ky., July 13, 1843. His parents went to Ky. in 1783. John was educated by Dr. Priestley at Bardstown ; was adm. to the bar in 1795 ; member of the State Const. Conv. in 1799; sec. of state in 1804; M.C. 1807-9; many years in the State legi.sl. ; judge of the Court of Appeals 1819-21 ; U.S. senator 1825- 31 ; comraiss. of claims against Mexico under the treaty of April 11, 1839; pres. of the Ky. Hist. Soc. 1838-43. In the U. S. senate he made able speeches on amending the judiciary system, April 10, 1826, and on imprisonment for debt in 1828. He was acknowledged to have no equal at the Ky. bar in criminal cases. He was a man of extensive literary acquire- ments, and of commanding eloquence. His speeches on Foote's Resolutions, and on Im- prisonment for Debt, were pub. 1830. Rowan, Stephen C., vice-adm. U.S.N., b. Ireland, Dec. 25, 1808. Midshipm. Feb. 15, 1826; lieut. Mar. 8, 1837; com. Sept. 14, 1855; capt. July 16, 1862 ; rear-adm. July 25, 1866 ; vice-adm.'Sept. 9, 1870. Com. naval battalion under Com. Stockton at battle of Niesa, Upper ROTV 785 RTJD Cal. ; exec, officer of " The Cyane " when she bombarded Guaymas, 1847; com. s!oop-of-war " Pawnee " in action with batteries at Aquia Creek, in May, 1861, and in capture of Hat- teras ; com. naval flotilla in attack on Roanoke Island, and in capture and destruction of Confod. fleet in Albemarle Sound, Feb. 10, 1862 ; also captured Elizabeth City and Edenton, N. C, He com. the naval forces at the fall of New- bern; com. " The New Ironsides " off Charles- ton, and participated in the different attacks on P'orts Wagner, Gregg, and Moultrie; com. Asiatic squad. 1868-9. — Hamersly. Rowland, Rev. Henry Augustus, reli- gious author, b. Windsor, Ct., 18 Sept. 1804; d. Boston, Sept. 4, 1859. Y.C. 1823. Grand- son of Rev. D. S. ; son of Rev. H. A., minister of Windsor 1790-1835. He studied theology ; was one year agent of the Am. Bible Society ; was settled in Fayetteville, N. C, in 1830, in N.Y. City in 1834, in Honesdale, Pa., 1843-54, and at the time of his death at Newark, N. J. He was a frequent contrib. to religious periodi- cals, and was the author of " The Common Maxims of Infidelity," " The Path of Life," " Way of Peace," and " Light in a Dark Al- ley," 1850. — See Memorial of Rowland, with Funeral Sermon, bi/ E. R. Fairjidd, 1860. Rowlandsou, Mary, wife of Joseph, first minister of Lancaster, Ms., who d. 24 Nov. 1678. Was made captive by the Indians when that town was destroyed, Feb, 10, 1676, and pub. an account of her captivity in 1682. She was redeemed by the bounty of some ladies of Boston after a captivity of 11 weeks and 5 days. Her narrative passed through many editions, the 6th in 1828. She was dau. of John White. Rowson, Susanna, authoress, b. Ports- mouth, Eng., 1762 ; d. Boston, March 2, 1824. She, with her father Wm. Haswell, a British naval officer, was wrecked in 1767 on Lovell's Island, on the New-Eng. coast; after which he settled at Nantasket, married again, and on the breaking-out of the war, being a British subject, was compelled to depart. Susanna followed him to London, where in 1786 she m. Wm. Rowson, leader of the band attached to the Royal Guards. They came to Phila. in 1793 under engagement to Wignell, manager of the Phila. Theatre. She had previously ap- peared successfully at the provincial theatres in light comedy and musical pieces. While at Baltimore, in 1795, she wrote a poetical address to the armies of the U.S., entitled " The Stan- dard of Liberty." In 1796 she appeared with her husband at the Federal-street Theatre, Boston, where her comedy, " Americans in Eng- land," was played for her benefit, and farewell of the stage. She next taught school succes- sively at Medford, Newton, and Boston. She pub. in London " Victona," a novel, 1786; " Mary, or the Test of Honor ; " " A Trip to Parnassus ; " " Fille de Chamhre;" " Thelnquis- itor;" "Mentoria;" and " Charlotte Temple," a highly popular novel. In America she pub. "Trials of the Heart," a novel; "Slaves in Algiers," an opera ; " The Volunteers," a farce; and "The Female Patriot;" " Reuben and Rachel," a novel, Boston, 1798 ; and " Mis- cellaneous Poems, 1804 ; " Sarah, or the Exem- plary Wife," 1802 ; Spelling Dictionary, 1807 ; "Present for Young Ladies," 1811. She also compiled some educational works, a Dictionary, two systems of Geography and Historical Exer- cises ; contrib. to the Boston Weekly Mag. In 1822 she pub. 2 vols, of " Biblical Dialogues." " Charlotte's Daughter," a sequel to " Charlotte Temple," app. in 1828. — Memoirs of Mrs. Row- son by Elias Nason, 8vo, 1870. Royall, Anne, authoress, b. in Va. June 11, 1769; d. Washington, D.C., Oct. I, 18.54. Ki(lnaj)ped by the Indians in childhood, she was detained 15 years ; afterwards m. Capt. R., a Revol. officer, and lived in Ala. In Wash- ington, she established in 1835 the papers Patil Pry and the Huntress. She published " Sketches," 1826 ; " The Tennessean," 1827 ; " 1 he Black Book," 1828, a narrative of travels throughout the U.S., and criticisms of individual character, second series, 1831 ; "Letters from Alabama," 8vo, 1830. She wielded a sarcastic and often a bitter pen. Royall, Isaac, loyalist; d. England, Oct. 1781. Representative from Medford, Ms., to the Gen. Court, and for 22 years a member of the council. App. a brig.-gen. 1761, he was the first who bore that title here. He left the country, Apr. 16, 1775; was proscribed in 1778, and his estate confiscated. A dau. m. the second Sir Wm. Pepperell. He bequeathed upwards of 2,000 acres of land in Worcester Co. to found the first law professorship of H.U. ; and his bequests for other purposes were nu- merous and liberal. Royce, Stephen, LL.D. (U. of Vt. 1837), gov. of Vt. 1854-6, b. Tinmouth, Vt., 12 Aug. 1787 ; d. E. Berkshire, Vt., Nov. 11, 1868. Midd. Coll. 1807. Adge Sup. Court 1826-7 and 1829-52; chief justice 1846-51; member legisl. from Sheldon 1815-16, from St. Al- ban's 1822-4. Rucker, Daniel H., brev. maj.-gen. U.S. A , b. on Grosse Isle, Detroit River. 2d lieut. 1st Dragoons, Oct. 1837; capt. Feb. 1847; brev. maj. for gallantry at Buena Vista, Mex. ; transf. to quarterm. dept. Nov. 30, 1849 ; maj. Aug. 3, 1861 ; col. and aide-de-camp, Sept. 1861; brig.-gen. U.S. vols. May, 1863; col. and assist, quarterm. -gen. July, 1866 ; brev. brig.-gen. and brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A. for faith- ful and merit, service during the war. — Henry's Milit. Record. Rudd, John Churchill, D.D., Epis. clergyman, b. Norwich, Ct , May 24, 1779 ; d. Utica, Nov. 15, 1848. He received a good academical education ; was adm. to holy orders in 1805; was rector of St. John's, Elizabeth- town, N. J., until 1826 ; was rector of St. Pe- ter's, Auburn, N.Y., 1826-31, having likewise the charge of an acad. for 3 years; in 1827 established the Gospel Messenger and Church Record, a weekly religious journal, of which he continued to be editor and proprietor until his death. Rudolph, Michael, a brave Revol. officer, b. Md. ab. 1754; d. after 1794. With his bro. John he joined Maj. Henry Lee, at the head of Elk, in 1778, with rank of capt. in his Legion ; disting. himself greatly in many of the minor battles and sieges of the war in the south ; and after its close m. and settled in bn.si- liXJIP 786 htjm: ness in Savannah. He was subsequently col- lector at Sunbury, Ga., where he cuhivated a small farm. Entering the army again in 1790 as capt. 1st Inf., he served under Harmar in the North-west ; became maj. of cav. ; resigned in 1794; afterward traded to the W. Indies, and was last heard of as having embarked for France to enter its military service. Itu£Q.n, Edmund, pres. Va. Agric. Soc, b. Prim-e Edward Co., Va., 1794; d. by his own hand near Danville, Va., June 17, 186.5. He pul). " Essay on Calcareous Manures," 1831 ; " Report, &c., Agric. Survey of S.C," Svo, 1843; "Essays and Notes on Agric.," 8vo, 1855. Also editor Farmer's Register, 1833-42, 10 vols., and other agric. periodicals, and of tlie Westover Manuscripts, by William Byrd, 8vo, 1841. He was a noted secessionist, fired the first gun at Fort Sumter, and com- mitted suicide because he would not live under the U.S. government. Rufiner, Henry, D.D., LL.D., many years pres. of Lexington Coll., Va. ; d. at his residence in Kanawha, Va., Dec. 17, 1861, a. 72. Author of an argument against the con- tinuance of slavery in Va. ; " The Fathers of the Desert," 2 vols. 12mo, 1850; "Judith Bensaddi,"a romance; discourse on Future Punishment, . 1823 ; Inaug. Address, Lexing- ton, Feb. 22, 1837. Ruger, Thomas H., col. and brev. brig.- gen. U.S.A., b. N.Y. ab. 1833. West Point, 1854. Resigned 2 dlieut. engrs. 1 Apr. 1855; counsellor-at-law, Janesville, Wis., 1856-61 ; lieut.-col. 3d Wis. Vols. 29 June; col. 20 Aug. 1861 ; brig.-geii. 29 Nov. 1862 ; col. 33d U.S. Inf. 28 July, 1866. He served in the Shenan- doah Valley in 1861-2; was at Cedar Moun- tain and Antietara ; com. brigade of 12th corps at Chanceilorsville ; com. a division at Gettys- burg ; com. a brigade in 20th corps in Atlanta campaign, May-Nov.' 1864 ; com. div. 23d corps in operations against Hood's army, and in operations in N. C. until Johnston's surrender; brev. maj.-gen. vols. 30JNov. 1864 for battle of Franklin, Tenn., and brev. brig.- gen. U.S.A. 2 Mar. 1867 fur Gettysburg. Trans, to 18th Inf. 15 Mar. 1869. — C'ullum. Ruggles, Benjamin, U.S. senator from O. 1815-33, b. Windham Co., Ct., L783 ; d. St. Clairsville, O., Sept. 2, 1857. By .keeping school in winter, he obtained th^e .means for re- ceiving a classical education ; was adm. to the bar; removed to Marietta, 0., but subsequent- ly settled at St. Clairsville; and in 1810 was elected pres. judge of the C.C.P. for -the third circuit. — Lanman. Ruggles, Daniel, maj.-gen. CiSuA., b. Ms. ab. 1814. West Point, 1833. Entering 5th Inf., he became 2d lieut. Feb. 18,1836^ 1st lieut. July 7, 1838; capt. June 18, 1846.; served in the Florida war; was disting. at Palo Alto and La Palma, and at the storming ©f Molino del Rey ; brev. maj. and lieut.-col. respectively for gallantry at Contreras and Churuhusco Aug. 20, and at Chapultepec Sept. 13, 1847 ; and resigned May 7, 1861. Made brig.-gcn. in the Confed. array in 1861 ; served in N. Or- leans in the winter of 1861-2, and retreated thence with the forces under Gen. M. Lovell before the surrender of the city to Flag-Officer Farragut; maj.-gen. in 1863 ; surrendered wiih Lee. Ruggles, Edward, M.D., physician and artist, b. Fall River, Ms., 1817 ; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., 10 Mar. 1867. While studying medicine in Paris, he also acquired skill as an artist, and after his return had a large medical practice, amusing his leisure hours at the easel. About 1867 some of his pictures were exhibited; and the applause they received led him to devote himself to painting cabinet-pieces, which he produced with great rapidity, and which were highly popular. Ruggles, Samuel Bulkley, LL.D., b. Ct. 1800. Y.C. 1814. Adm. to the N.Y. bar 1821; member N.Y. legisl. 1838; canal com- miss. 1839; pres. of the board 1840 and 1858; U.S. commiss. to Paris Exposition 1866, to Internat. Monetary Conference, Paris, 1867, In- ternal. Statist. Confer, at the Hague, 1869; has pub. many pamphlets on subjects of Law, Po- lit. Economy, and Education. — Allihoiie. Ruggles, Timothy, lawyer, politician, and loyalist, b. Rochester, Ms., 11 Oct. 1711 ; d. Wilmot, N". S., 4 Aug. 1795. H.U. 1732. Son of Rev. Timo., min. of Rochester 17 IO- CS. He practised law successfully at Sandwich, and then at Hardwick ; was a member of the legisl. in 1736; and at the battle of Lake George in 1755 was a brig.-gen.,and second in com. App. judge of C.C.P. in 1756, and was chief justice from 1 762 until the Revol. ; speaker of the Assembly in 1762-3 ; many years an in- fluential member of that body ; delegate to the Stamp-act Congress at N.Y. in 1765, and its pres., but refused to concur in its measures, and was reprimanded by the legisl. Adhering to the royal cause, he took refuge in Boston, where, in 1775, he endeavored, without success, to raise a corps of loyalists, and on the de- parture of the British troops accomp. them to Nova Scotia, and became one of the proprie- tors of the town of Digby. A wit, scholar, lawyer, he was rude in speech and manner, but was an impressive pleader and an able debater. In Mrs. Warren's dramatic piece, " The Group," he figures as Brigadier Hateall. — See Ward's Life of Curwen ; Sabine's Loyalists. Rumford, Sir Benjamin Thompson, count, physicist and statesman, b. Woburn, Ms., March 26, 1753 ; d. Auteuil, France, Aug. 21, 1814. His emig. ancestor James came to N.E. ah. 1630, and settled in Charlestown, Ms. Receiving a common-school education, he en- tered a counting-house in Salem at the age of 13, and while thus engaged, and also in school- teaching, employed much of his leisure in in- vestigating medicine and physics, attending the lectures of Prof. Winthrop of H.U. He v.a,3 a clerk in a store in Boston at the timo of the massacre in March, 1770. He next taught an acad. in Rumford, now Concord, N.H., and in 1772 m. Mrs. Rolfc, a wealthy widow of that place, and was made major of militia. This app. gave umbrage to older officera over whose heads he was placed, and was the origin of the persecution which afterward drove him into the British camp. He shared in the feelings of his countrymen, although not one of the intense patriots of the day, and tried in vain to obtain a commission in the Cont. army. He was RTJM 787 RXJS charged with disaffection, driven from his home, and afterwards from his step-father's residence in Woburn. He had a public hearing at Wo- burn, and, though not condemned, was not fully acquitted. Oct. 10, 1775, he loft the Amer. lines, and after the fall of Boston was sent to Eng. bj Gen. Howe with despatches. Employed by Lord Geo. Germaine, sec. of state for the Colonies, he became in 1780 under-sec; on the retirement of Germaine, he returned to America, raised in N.Y. " The King's Ameri- can Dragoons," and was comissioned licut.-col. ; Feb. 24, 1 782, he succeeded, in the absence of Ma- rion, in surprising his brigade, then under Col. *Horry, dispersing it, and destroying its stores. Returning to Eng. at the close of the war, he was kniglited, and in 1784 entered the service of the El(ictor of Bavaria as aide-de-camp and chamberlain. Here he re-organized the military service, suppressed beggary, and introduced numerous retbrms ; among others was the con- version of an old hunting-ground near Munich into a park, where, after his departure, the in- habitants erected a monument in his honor. For his services he was made a State council- lor, lieut.-gen., minister of war, and count, tak- ing the title of Rumford, his old residence. His health becoming feeble, he made a tour in Ita- ly ; went to Eng. in Sept. 1795, where he was robbed of all his private papers, and original notes and observations on philosophical sub- jects. He pub. the record of his labors in Ba- varia in a series of essays. He discovered the leading principles upon which fireplaces and grates for coal are constructed, and many other economies in tne production and employment of heat, which he demonstrated to be only a mode of motion, — one of the great discoveries of the age. Returning to Bavaria in 1796, he was app. head of the council of regency during the absence of the elector, and maintained the neutrality of Munich during the war between France and Austria, and was made supt. of the gen. police. At the end of two years, his health failing, he fixed his residence in Eng., where he founded the Roy. Institution ; in 1802 ho fixed his residence in Paris; and in 1804 m. the widow of Lavoisier, but they soon sepa- rated. He passed the rest of his life in philo- sophical and chemical experiments. He con- trib. a large number of papers to scientific jour- nals ; made discoveries in the strength of ma- terials and the force of gunpowder, in light, Jieat, and illumination ; instituted prizes for discoveries in light and heat for the Roy. Soc. of Lond. and the Amer. Acad, of Sciences, of which he himself received the first on the for- mer subject from the Roy. Soc. ; and he be- queathed to H. U. the funds by which was founded its professorship of the application of science to the art of living in 1816. He left by his first wife a dan., who bore the title of countess, and who resided in Concord, where she d. in 1852. His wife Sarah d. Paris, Feb. 10, 1836, a. 81. His essays were pub. 3 vols. 8vo, 1796; Philosophical Papers, 8vo, 1802. His Life by Rev. Geo. E. Ellis, D.D., to accomp. a complete edition of his works, to be issued in 4 vols. 8vo, was pub. 8vo, Boston, 1871. Rumsey, James, inventor, b. Bohemia Manor, Cecil Co., Md,, 1743; d. London 23 Dec. 1792. In Sept. 1784 he exhibited on the Potomac a boat which was propelled against the stream by machinery. Washington wit- nessed and certified to the fact. In Mar. 1786 he propelled a boat on the Potomac by a steam- engine and machinery of his own making, and obtained a patent in Va. in 1787. In 1788 the Rumsey Society, of which Franklin was a member, was formed in Phila. to aid him. He went to London, where a similar body was formed, a boat and machinery built for him ; and he obtained patents in Great Britain, France, and Holland. A successful experi- ment was made on the Thames in Dec. I7i»2; and he was preparing another when his death occun-ed. In 1839 the Ky. legisl. presented a gold medal to his son, " commemorative of his father's services and high agency in giving to the world the benefit of the steamboat." He pub. a " Short Treatise on the Application of Steam," 1788. He made important improve- ments in mill-machinery about 1784. Runkle, John Daniel, Ph. D. ( Ham. Col. 1870), LL.D. (Wesl. U. 1871), phvsicist, b. Root, Montg. Co., N. Y., 1 1 Oct. 1 822. *Law. Sci. School, Camb., 1851. He worked on his fa- ther's farm until 21, then studied and taught until he entered the Sci. School in 1848. App. in 1 849 assist, in the prep, of the " American Ephemeris and Naut. Almanac," with which he is still connected. In 1856 he pub. in the '* Smithsonian Contribs." " New Tal)les for de- termining the Values of the Co-efficients in the Perturbative Function of Planetary Motion," &c. ; and founded the Mathem. Monthly, of which 3 vols, were issued (1859-61). Elected in 1865 prof, of mathematics and analytic me- chanics in the Ms. Institute of Technology, act- ing-pres. in 1868, and pres. in 1870. Rupp, Isaac Daniel, writer on agric, history, &c., b. near Harrisburg, Pa., 10 July, 1803. Publisher of " The Wandering Soul," transl. from the Dutch, 1833 ; Pfciffer's " Voy- ages and Captivity in Algiers," i 836 ; " Prac- tical Farmer," 18*37. Author of *' History of the Religious Denominations of the U.S.," 1844; histories of Lancaster Co., 8vo, 1844; Berks and Lebanon, 8vo, 1844 ; York Co., 8vo, 1845; Northampton, Lehigh, Carbon, Monroe, and Schuykill, &c., 8vo, 1845; Dauphin, Cumberland, Franklin, &c., 8vo, 1845 ; Northumberland, Huntingdon, Mifflin, &c., 8vo, 1847; "Early History of Pennsylv. and the West," 8vo, 1846. — See for complete list of his puhticatiom Hist. Mag., Feb. 1871. Ruschenberger, William S. W., M.D., (U. of Pa. 1830), naturalist and author, b. Cumberiand Co., N. J., Sept. 4, 1807. He was educated in New York and Phila. ; studied medicine; became a surgeon in the U.S.N., and between 1826 and 1834 made two voyages in the Pacific; from March, 1835, to Nov. 1837, he was fleet-surgeon for the E. India squadron- which circumnavigated the globe. While in char^re of the U.S. naval hospital at Bi'ooklyn, N. Y. (1843-7), he organized the naval labora- tory for supplying the service with unadulter- ated drugs. After again visiting the E. Indies, in 1848, he was in 1849 made a member of the board to draw up plans and regulations for the U.S. Naval Acad. In Oct. 1854 he sailed as Rx:s 788 RTJS surgeon of the Pacific squadron ; retired with rank of commodore 4 Sept. 1 8G9. Among his works are, " Three Years in the Pacific," 1834 ; "A Voyage round the World, inchiding an Embassy to Muscat and Siam," 1838; "Ele- ments of Natural History," 1850 ; " A Lexicon of Terms used in Natural History," 1850; ** Notes and Commentaries during a Voyage to Brazil and China in the Year 1848," 1854; notice of the origin, &c., of the Phila. Acad. of Nat. Sciences, 8vo, 1852; besides numerous 'e Biog. Sketch in Waldie's Lib., vol. v. Sayrej Stephen, banker and patriot, b. Long Island 1734; d. at the residence of his son in Va. Sept. 27, 1818. N.J. Coll. 1757. Bred a merchant, by his activity and talents he had obtained much distinction at the period of the Revol. Was sheriff of London with Wm. Lee, brother of Richard Henry, in 1774; and was particularly in the confidence of the Earl of Chatham at a critical period, having become a banker. His zeal for the independ- ence of his native country was unmeasured, and an officer of the Royal Guards, named Rich- ardson, also an American, seized upon a gay and unguarded expression of Mr. Sayre to bring a charge of high treason for imagining the death of the king, and he was committed to the Tower. The charge soon ended in Mr. Sayre's release ; but it had already produced his ruin. His banking-house failed ; he lost every thing, and was obliged to quit England. He was then employed by Dr. Franklin upon several important missions, acted for some time as his private sec., and went in the suite of Mr. Lee to Berlin at the time of the first suggestion of the project of armed neutrality. After leaving Berlin, Mr. Sayre passed to Copenhagen, Stockholm, and St. Petersburg, and in each of those capitals procured ample supplies for the support of American indep. In 1795 he was an active opponent of Washing- ton's administration. Scadding, Henry, D. D. (1852), b. Dunkeswcll, Eng., 1813. Educated at U.C. Coll., Toronto, and St. John's Coll., Carab., Eng. M.A. 1840. Classical prof. U.C. Coll. 1838-62; rector Trinity Church, Toronto, since 1847. Author of " Memorial of Rev. W. H. Ripley," 8vo, 1849; Shakspeare, the Seer, &c., an address, Apr. 23, 1864; "Early Notices of Toronto," 1865 ; " Truth's Resur- rection," 1865. Contrib. of articles on phi- lology and antiquities to Brit. Amer. Mag., Canadian Jour., &c. — Allibone. Scanimell, Alexander, col. Revol. ar- my, b. Mendon, Ms., 24 March, 1747 ; d. Wil- liamsburg, Va., 6 Oct. 1781. H.U. 1769. Son of Dr. Samuel Leslie, who came to Boston from Portsmouth, Eng., in 1738, settled in Mendon (now Milford), and practised until his death in 1 753. He taught school in Kingston and Plym- outh, Ms. ; was a surveyor at Portsmouth in 1772; taught school at Berwick; and was a proprietor of the town of Shaplcigh, Me. ; as- sisted Capt. Holland in surveys for his map of N.II.; and in 1775 was a law-student with Gen. Sullivan, and his brigade major at Cambridge in 1775, and on Long Island in 1776. Made col. 3d N.H. Regt. in Nov. 1776; took part in the battles of Trenton and Princeton ; was wounded and especially disting. at Saratoga; was adj.-gen. of the army from early in 1778 to 1781 ; col. 1st N.H. Regt. 1 Jan. 1781, and in July took com. of a regt. of light inf. While officer of the day at the siege of Yorktown, 30 Sept. 1781, he was surprised while reconnoi- tring, and, after surrendering, was inhumanly wounded, and died in a few days. He was an officer of great merit and of amiable character. He Avas 6 feet and 2 inches in height. — See Hist. Mag., Sept. 1870. fclchaetfer, the name of several disting. Lutheran divines. David Frederick, D.D. (son of Frederick David, D.D., successively pastor at Carlisle, Germantown, and Phila., 1760-1836), pastor of the Lutheran church, Frederick, Md., from July, 1808, to his d. May, 1837; b. Carlisle, Pa., 1787. He was 3 years prcs. and sec. of the Md. synod; also of the general synod. Pub. "Hist. Address on the Reformation," 1818; and edited the Lutheran Litelligcncer 1826-31. Frederick Christian, D.D., son of F. D., b. Germantown, Pa., 1792 ; d. New York, Mar. 1831. N.J. Coll. 1818. Licensed to preach 1812; was pastor at Ilar- risburg, and then in N. Y. City. He pub. " Parables and Parabolic Sayings," and two sermons. Prof. Gcr. lang. at Columbia Coll. 1830-1. Charles Frederick, D.D., son of F. D., b. Germantown, Pa., 1 807. U. of Pa. 1827. Lutheran pastor at Carlisle, Easton, &c., and successively prof, of thcol. in the Lu- theran Sem. at Columbus, 0. ; prof, of German in Pa, Coll., Gettysburg, and of theol. in the Ev. Lutheran Scm., Phila. He has pub. Kurtz's " Manual of Sacred Hist.," from the German, 1855 ; Luther's Smaller Catechism, with addi- tions, 1856; " Antritts-Rede," Apr. 16, 1856; "Discourses," 8vo, 1861; Lechler's " Com- mentary on Acts," 1866; "True Christianity," &c., 1869; "Exegetical Punctuation of the N. Test.," 1869. Contrib. to the Evang. Re- view, 1 849-66, and other periodicals. Charles William, D.D., grandson of F. D., b. Ila- gerstown, Md. Formerly Lutheran pastor at Harrisburg. Has been for some years pastor of St. Michael's Ch., Germantown. He has pub. "Discourse on the 50th Anniv. of the Ev. Luth. Ch., Harrisb.," 8vo, 1845; "Early History of the Lutheran Ch. in America," 1857; and oc- casional discourses. Co-editor of several Lu- theran periodicals. — Sprague ; Allibone. SchaflF(shaf), Philip, Ph.D., D.D. (1854), theologian and author, b. Chur, canton of Grisons, Switzerland, Jan. 1, 1819. U. of Ber- lin, 1841. Educated at the universities of Tii- bingen, Halle, and Berlin. He travelled as a private tutor to a Prussian nobleman through France, Switzerland, and Italy (1841-2), and, returning to Berlin, lectured on theology ; prof, of theol. at Mercersburg, Pa., 1844-62 ; charged with heresy on account of some of his writings, he was honorably acquitted by the synod at York, Pa., in 1845. From Nov. 1862 to 1867 he was lecturer on eccles. hist, at And. Sem., and in 1 868-70 was prof, of church history in the Hartford Theol. Inst., and was in 1871 sen 803 sen prof, in the Union Theol. Sem., N.Y. He has pub. in German a " History of the Apostolic Church," 1851; "German Hymn-Book, with a Hist. In trod.," 1859; and in English, "St. Augustine, his Life and Labors," 1853 ; " America, its Political, Social, and Religious Character," lectures delivered at Berlin, 1854, translated in 1855; "Germany, its Universi- ties and Divines," 1857; "Hist, of the Chris- tian Church of the First Three Centuries," 1858, 2 vols. 8vo; essay on " Slavery and the Bible," 1861; "The Christ of the Gospels," 1864; "The Person of Christ the Miracle of ffistory," 1865; "Lectures on the Civil War in America," 1865; "Christ in Song," 1869; besides many contributions to American and foreign periodicals. Dr. S. also pub. the Kirch- enfreuna, a theological monthly for the German churches of America, in 1848-53 ; and has been co-editor of the Mercersburg Review since 1857. Sehanck, John, a British admiral, b. Fife- shire, Scotland, 1740; d. Eng. 6 March, 1823. He was a lieut. in the navy in 1776, and super- intended the construction of " The Inflexible," which, in less than 6 weeks from the commence- ment of her construction, was the victor in the engagement with Arnold's fleet on Lake Cham- plain. He was of great service to Burgoyne in his expedition in the construction of floating- bridges ; and for his services he was promoted to commander, and in 1783 post-capt. ; admiral ofthe Blue, July, 1821. Schenck, James F., rear-adm. U.S.N., b. Ohio, June 19, 1807. Bro. of Robert C. Mid- shipm. Mar. 1,1825; lieut. Dec. 22, 1835; com. Sept. 14, 1855; capt. 1861; commo. July 2, 1863; rear-adm. (ret. list), July, 1870. At- tached to frigate " Congress " during the Mcx. war ; chief aide to Com. Stockton at capture of Santa Barbara and Los Angelos, and at bombard, and capture of Guaymas and Mazat- lan; com. mail-steamer "Ohio," 1848-52; steamer "Saginaw," E. India squad., 1860-1; com. frigate " St. Lawrence," block, squadron, 1862 ; steam-sloop "Powhatan," N. Atl. squad., 1864-5; and com. 3d division Porter's squad, in both attacks on Fort Fisher. — Uamersly. Schenck, Noah Hunt, D.D., rector of Emanuel Ch., Baltimore, and in 1867 of St. Ann's, Brooklyn, N.Y., b. Pennington, N. J., 1825. N.J. Coll. 1844 ; Gambler Theol. Sem. 1853. He has pub. 20 or 30 essays, sermons, and treatises ; established and edited, 1858-60, the Western Churchman (Chicago) ; was co-ed- itor of the Protestant Churchman 1867 ; and con- trib. to the Western Episcopalian, &c. — Alli- hone. Schenck, Gen. Robert Gumming, b. Franklin, Warren Co., O., Oct. 7, 1809. His father. Gen. William C. Schenck, an officer of Harrison's army, d. Jan. 1821. Bro. of Adm. J. F. Schenck. He grad. in 1827 at the Miami U., of which he was afterward a prof. ; was adra. to the bar, and settled in Dayton ; soon after was chosen to the legisl. from Montgom- ery Co., serving three terms ; and was M.C. in 1843-51. In this body he was noted for terse and practical speeches, keen and pungent wit. Minister to Brazil in 1851-3. Commiss. brig.- gen. of vols. May 17, 1861 ; June 17, 1861, while his com. were being transported to Vien- na, Va., over the Loudon and Hampshire R.R., they were fired upon while in the cars, sustain- ing a loss of 10 killed and 2 wounded. He was engaged at the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861 ; next served in Western Va. under Rose- cranz ; was ordered to the Shenandoah Valley to assist in opposing Stonewall Jackson ; and for his eflicient services at the battle of Cross Keys, June 8, 1862, he was placed by Gen. Fremont in com. of a division. In the second battle of Bull Run, Gen. Schenck com. a divis- ion in Sigel's corps, Aug. 29 and 30, and was severely wounded by a ball which shattered his right arm. Sept. 18, 1862, he was promoted to maj.-gen. ; Dec. 16, 1862, he was app. to com. at Baltimore. During the march of Lee into Pa. in July, 1863, Schenck did good service. M.C. 1863-71 ; app. minister to England, Jan. 1871. Schenck, William Edward, D.D., cor- resp. sec. and editor Presb. Board of Educa- tion, b. Princeton, N. J., 1819. N.J. Coll. 1838. He has pub. " Historical Account of the First Presb. Church, Princeton," 1850; "God our Guide," 1863; " Children in Heaven," 8*^o, &c. — Allibone. Schimmelfennig, Gen. Alexander, b. Germany, 1824; d. Minersville, Pa,, Sept. 7, 1865. He was an officer under Kossuth in the Hungarian Avar; at the beginning of 1861 was made col. of a Pa. regt. ; sei'ved under Sigel in the Va. campaign of Gen. Pope; was made brig.-gen. for his services at Bull Run, 29 Nov. 1862; at Chancellorsville he com. the first bi'i- gadeof Schurz's division ofthe 11th corps, and held the same com. at Gettysburg; in Feb. 1864 he was sent to St. John's Island. His forces were the first to enter Charleston, Feb. 18, 1865, when flanked by Gen. Sherman. Au- thor of " The War between Russia and Tur- key," 8vo, Phila. 1854. Schlatter (shlat'-ter), Michael, mission- ary of the German Ref. Church, b. St. Gall, Switzerland, July 14, 1716 ; d. near Phila. Oct. 1790. He became a clergyman, and in 1746-51 labored as pastor of the Ref cli arches of Phila. and Germantown. He organized the synod of the G. R. Church in Amer. in Sept. 1747 ; went to Europe in 1751, and secured the services of 6 other ministers for the Amer. churches; in 1755 he became supt. of the German charity-schools in Pa.; in 1757 he accomp. an exped. to Nova Scotia against the French as chaplain to the Roy. Amer. Regt. He was imprisoned by the British in 1777 for his patriotism. Schley, William, lawyer, gov. of Ga. 183.5-7, b. Frederick City, Md., Dec. 14, 1786; d. Augusta, Ga., Nov. 20, 1858. He was edu- cated at the academies of Louisville, and Au- gusta, Ga. ; was adm. to the bar in 1812; practised law ; was judge of the Sup. Court of middle dist. of Ga. in 1825-8; was elected a member of the legisl. in 1830 ; and was M.C. in 1 833-5. He pub. a " Digest of the English Statutes," and was pres, of the Med. Coll. of Georjria. Schmucker, Samuel Mosheim, LL.D., historian, sou of Samuel S., b. Newmarket, Va., Jan. 12, 1823; d. Phila. May 12, 1863. Wash. Coll. 1840. He studied theology in the sen 804 sen Gettysburg Theol. Sem., and in 1842 was li- censed to preach at Bloomfield. He afterward preached in Lewiston, Pa., and in German- town, and was dismissed in Oct. 1848. He then studied law ; was adm. to the Phila. bar in Jan. 18.50, and practised in N.Y. in 1853-5, when he resumed practice in Phila., but occu- pied himself chiefly in literature. He pub. bi- ographies of Catharine IL, 1855 ; Nicholas I., 1856 ; Fremont, 1856 ; Hamilton and JefFerson, 1857 ; Dr. E. K. Kane and Napoleon III., 1858; Washington and Clay, 1860; Histo- ries of the Mormons, 1858; "Arctic Explo- rations;" "All Religions," 1859; " The Four Georges;" " The Modern Jews," 1860 ; "The South. Kebellion," 1863 ; " Errors of Modern Infidelity," 1848 ; " The Spanish Wife," 1854; "The Yankee Slave-Driver," 1857; "Memo- rable Scenes in French History," 1857 ; " Memorials of Daniel Webster," 1859 ; "Blue Laws of Connecticut," 1860; &c., &c. Schmucker, Samuel S., D.D., b. Ha- gerstown, Md., Feb. 28, 1799. Ord. 1818. Six years pastor of the Lutheran church, New- market, Va. ; from Sept. 1826 to Aug. 1864, prof, of didactic theol. in, and pres. of, the theol. sem. at Gettysburg; and, since then, emeritus prof. Son of John George, D.D., Lutheran pastor of York and Williamsburg, Pa., 1771-1854, who pub. some works in Ger- man. Samuel S. has pub. " Christian Tem- ple," 1824; "Popular Theology," 8 vo, 1834; " Portraiture of Lutheranism," 8vo, 1840 ; '• Psychology," 8vo, 1842 ; "Papal Hierarchy," 8vo, 1845; "Christian Pulpit," 1846; "Spir- itual Worship of God," 1860 ; and " True Hist, of Christ's Church," 1870. He compiled the Hymn-Book of the General Synod, 1828; ed- ited Evangelisches Magazin, 1830; and has con- trib. to the BiU. Repository, Dr. Brekenridge's Review, and the Evangelist Review. — Allihone. Schofleld, John McAllister, maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Chautauqua Co., N.Y., Sept. 29, 1831. West Point, 1853. Entering the 2d Art., he was 5 years an instr. in nat. philos. at West Point, and was filling, under leave of ab- sence, the chair of nat. philos. in Washington U., St. Louis, Mo., when the civil war began. App. capt. May 14, 1861 ; inaj. 1st Mo. Inf. ; he was chief of staff to Gen. Lyon when he fell at Wilson's Creek ; became brig.-gen. vols. Nov. 21, 1861, and was assigned to com. the Mo. militia; 15 Apr. 1862, the dist. of Mo. was assigned to him ; in Oct. he received the com. of the army of the frontier, comprising the troops of Mo. and Kansas, with which he drove all the organized Confed. forces back to the Valley of the Ark., defeating Hindman, Oct. 22, at Maysville, near Pea Ridge, Ark., and pursuing him beyond the Boston Mountains. Maj.-gen. vols. Nov. 29, 1862; brig.-gen. U.S. A. Nov. 30, 1864; maj.-gen. Mar. 4, 1869 ; 2 May, 1864, he joined Sherman with the Army of the Ohio, and was conspicuous in all the bat- tles and operations of the Atlanta campaign, and until the surrender of Gen. J. E.Johnston, comg. the 23d corps. He left Sherman in Nov. 1864 to assist Gen. Thomas at Nashville, repulsing the attack of Hood; and commanded at the battle of Franklin, and was conspicuous in the decisive battle of Nashville, 15 and" 16 Dec. Transferred to N.C., ho took possession of Wilmington, Feb. 22, 1865, advanced into the interior of the State, beat the enemy in sev- eral engagements, and entered Goldsborough just before Sherman. Brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865 for the battle of Franklin. App. May 2, 1867, to the com. of the first military district, comprising the State of Va. ; sec. of war ad interim on the resignation of Gen. Grant; confirmed May 30, 1868; resigned Mar. 1869, and assigned to com. the dep. of the Missouri. Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, LL.D., au- thor, b. Watervliet, N.Y., March 28, 1793; d. Washington, D.C., Dec. 10, 1864. His first American ancestor settled in Albany Co. in the reign of George II., and taught school ; whence his name of Calcraft was popularly changed to Schoolcraft. He entered Un. Coll. in 1807, and studied chemistry and mineralogy. Lawrence his father being supt. of glass-works, he pub. a work on " Vitreology " in 1817. He made a Western journey in 1817-18 ; returned with a very complete mineralogical and geo- logical collection, and pub. " A View of the Lead Mines of Mo.," 1819, and a narrative, since enlarged, entitled " Scenes and Adven- tures in the Semi-Alpine Region of the Ozark Mountains of Mo. and Ark.," 1853. In 1820 he was app. geologist to an exploring-exped., under Gen. Cass, to the Lake-Superior copper region, of which ho pub. a narrative in 1821, and also as sec. of a commiss. to treat with the Indians at Chicago ; travelled through III., and along the Wabash and Miami Rivers, and em- bodied the results in " Travels in the Central Portions of the Mpi. Valley," 1825. App. in 1823 Indian agent, he established himself at Sault Ste. Marie, and afterward at Micliilimaci- nac, and m. a Miss Johnston, the grand-dau. of an Indian chief. In 1828-32 he was a member of the Terr, legisl. of Mich. ; in 1828 founded the Mich. Hist. Soc. ; in 1831 the Algic Society at Detroit, two of his lectures before which, on the Grammatical Construction of the Indian Languages, were translated by Duponceau, and presented to the French Institute, which awarded him a gold medal. He pub. at this time " The Rise of the West," a poem ; " Gee- hale, an Indian Lnment;" "Indian Melodies;" "The Man of Bronze;" and "Iosco, or the Vale of Norma; " besides an Algonquin Gram- mar. He led a second govt, exped. in 1832; and pub. " A Narrative of an Exped. to Itasca Lake," 1834. Commiss. to treat with the tribes on the Upper Lakes in 1836, he procured from them the cession of 16,000,000 acres of land to the U. S. ; he was then app. acting supt. of Indian affairs, and in 1839 chief disbursing agent for the Northern dept. In 1842 he visited Europe, and on his return made a tour in Western Va., Ohio, and Canada. App. by the N.Y. legisl. in 1845, he made a census, and collected statistics, of the Six Nations of N.Y. ; pub. the results in " Notes on the Iroquois," 1847. Mar. 3, 1847, by a resolve of Congress, Mr. Schoolcraft engaged in a work entitled " Hist, and Statistical Information respecting the History, Condition, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the U.S.," of which 6 vols. 4to have appeared. He is also the author of sen 806 sen [ " Algic Hesearches," 2 vols. 1839 (revised ed. 1856); "Talladega, a Tale of the Creek War;" " Oncota, or the Red Race of America/' 1844; " Personal Memoirs of a Residence of 30 Years with the Indian Tribes on the American Fron- tiers," 1853 ; and " The Myth of Hiawatha and other Oral Legends." His two works on the Upper Mpi. have been combined" under the title of " Narrative of an Exploratory Exped. to the Sources of the Mpi. River in 1820, resumed and completed by the Discovery of its Ori- gin in Itasca Lake in 1832." "The Indian S'airy-Book," compiled from his MS., was pub. by C. Matthews, N.Y., l86S.—Appleton. Schouler, Gen. William, adj.-gen. Ms. 1860-6, b. at Kilbarchan, Scotland, 13 Dec. 1814. Came to N.Y. with his lather, a calico-printer, in 1815 ; soon removed to Ms., and followed his father's trade in Taunton, Lynn, and W. Cam- bridge. Became propr. and ed. of the Lowell Courier 1841-7; one of the proprs. and eds. Z>a% ^//as, Boston, 1847-53; co.-ed. Cin. Ga- zette 1853-6; Ohio State Jour. 1856-8; ed. Boston Atlas and Bee, 1858. Four times in Ms. legisl.; member Const. Conv. 1853. Author of " Mass. in the Civil War," 2 vols. 8vo, 1868-71; and of a series of "Personal and Polit. Recoils." in the Boston Journal in 1870. Schriver, Edmund, insp.-gen., and brcv. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Pa. West Point, 1833. Entering 2d Art., transferred to adj.-gen. dept. as capt. 7 July, 1838 ; resigned 31 July, 1846; pres. Rens. and Saratoga R.R. Co. 185 1-61 ; aide-de-camp to Gov. Morgan, Apr. 1861; licut.- col. 11th Inf 14 May, 1861; col. and A.D.C. 18 May, 1862; col. and insp.-gen. 13 March, 1863; brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. 1 Aug. 1864, and maj.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865, for services in the Rebellion ; chief of staff (1st corps) Mar. 1862 to Jan. 1863; in the Siienandoah campaign and the Northern Va. campaign, and present at Cedar Mountain, Manassas, and Chantilly ; insp.-gen. (Army of the Potomac) 186-3-5 ; and engaged at Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, and in the Richmond campaign from the Rapidan to its close in June, 1865. — Cullum. Schroeder, John Frederick, D. D. (Trin. Coll. 1836), clergyman and author, b. Baltimore, Apr. 8, 1800 ;''d. Brooklyn, N.Y., Feb. 26, 1857. N.J. Coll. 1819. He studied at the Epis. Theol. Sem. at New Haven ; was adm. to holy orders in 1823, and had charge of a parish on the Eastern Shore of Md. for a few months. He was afterward assist, at Trinity Church, N. Y., 14 years, and was a popular preacher. He delivered a course of lectures on Oriental Lit. before the N.Y." Athenieum ; con- tributed a treatise on the Authenticity and Canonical Authority of the Scriptures of the Old Testament, and a treatise on the Use of the Syriac Language, to a vol. of essays and dis- sertations on Biblical Literature edited by him- self; pub. a memorial volume on the death of Bishop Hobart in 1830. In 1839 he established St. Ann's Hall, at Flushing, L. I., for the education of young ladies. He was some time pastor of the Church of the Crucifixion in N.Y., and St. Thomas's Church, Brooklyn, L.I. He pub. in 1855 " Maxims of Wa.vhing- ton. Political, Social, Moral, and Religious;" Memoir of Mrs. Mary Anna Boardman, &.e., by her son-in-law, 8vo, 1849. At the time of his death he was engaged on " The Life and Times of Washington," a serial work, 2 vols, of which were pub. He lived to complete only 4 num- bers. — Dui/ckinck. Schureman, James, Revol. patriot; d. New Brunswick, N. J., Jan. 23, 1824, a. 67. Rutg. Coll. 1775. At the head of a vol. com- pany, he took part in the battle of Long Island ; was taken and imprisoned in the N.Y. sugar- house in the course of the war, and suffered greatly from hunger, but, with a single com- panion, managed to escape, and joined the Amer. army at Morristown. Delegate to the Cont. Congress 1786-7; M.C '89-91 and '97- 9 ; in 1799-1801 was a U.S. senator, and sub- sequently became mayor of the city of New Brunswick. He was again a representative in 1813-15. Schureman, John, D. D. (N. J. Coll. 1801), minister of the Dutch Church, N.Y. City; d. there 1818, a. 39. Rutg. Coll. 1795. Prof, theol. in N. J. Theol. Seminary. Schurz (shoorts), Carl, orator and poli- tical), b. Lib'iar, near Cologne, Germany, Mar. 2, 1829. He studied at the Gymnasium of Cologne and at the U. of Bonn ; engaged in the revol. outbreak in 1848; joined Gottfried Kinkel in the pub. of a liberal newspaper; but, after an unsuccessful attempt at insurrection at Bonn in the spring of 1849, both were obliged to fly. As adjutant he participated in the de- fence of Rastadt, and on its surrender made his way to Switzerland. He rescued Kinkel from the fortress of Spandau on the night of Nov. 6, 1850; crossed the frontier into Mecklenburg; thence went to -Rostock, and took passage in a schooner for Leith. Schurz then went to Paris, where he was corresp. for German jour- nals till June, 1851, when he went to Loudon, where he was a teacher till July, 1852. He then m., came to Phi la., where he remained 3 years, and then settled at Madison, Wis. In the presidential campaign of 1856 he became known as an orator in the German language; in 1858, when Mr. Douglas and Mr. Lincoln were contesting the U.S. senatorship, he deliv- ered his first English speech, which was widely circulated. He next established himself in the practice of law at Milwaukie, and engaged in a lecturing-tour in the winter of 1859-60. In the Repub. Nat. Conv. of 1860 he exercised great influence, especially in determining that portion of the platform relating to citizens of foreign origin. During the canvass which fol- lowed, he spoke effectively throughout the Northern States. After Mr. Lincoln's inaugu- ration he was app. minister to Spain. He re- turned to the U.S. in Dec. 1861 ; resigned his office as minister; became brig.-gen. of vols. April 15, 1862; maj.-gen. Mar. 14, 1863; June 17 he took com. of a division in the corps of Siegel, with which he disting. himself at the second battle of Bull Run, but was routed by Jackson at the battle of Chancellorsville. He was temporarily in com. of the 11th corps at the battle of Gettysburg, July 1, 1863, where he was conspicuous, as also at Fredericksburg. A]>p. a commiss. to examine and report on the conc^ition of the Southern States, especially upon the Freedmen's Bureau, his report was sen 806 SCO extremely distasteful to Pres. Johnson. In 1 865-6 lie was N. Y. Tribune corresp. in Wash- ington ; in 1867 he was editor of the Detroit Post. He took a leading part in the Chicago convention in 1868, of which he was temporary chairman ; labored zealously for the election of Gen. Grant; and in Jan. 1869 was chosen U. S. senator from Mo. A vol. of his speeches was pub. 8vo, 1865, Schuyler (ski'-ler), Col. Peter, mayor of Albany, disting. for his patriotism and for his influence over the Indians. In 1691 he headed a successful exped. against the French settlements north of Lake Champlain. His recommendations had to the 5 Nations of Indi- ans the force of law. In 1710, at his own ex- pense, he took 5 Indian chiefs to Eng. for the purpose of exciting the govt, to vigorous meas- ures against the French in Canada. In 1719, as the oldest member of the council, the chief com. in N.Y. devolved upon him. He often warned the N.E. Colonies of expeds. meditated against them by the French and Indians. Schuyler, Coi,. Peter, b. Albany ab. 1710; d. at his residence on the Passaic, near Newark, N. J., Nov. 17, 1762. Grandson of Philip Pieterse of Alb?ny, and second son of Arent of N. Jersey by his second wife. In 1746, on the projected invasion of Canada, he was put in com. of the N. J. regt. In Dec. 1 755 he attended the congress called by Gov. Shirley at N.Y., and was stationed with his regt. at Oswego until its reduction by the French, Aug. 14, 1756, when he was released on parole, after a brief imprisonment in Cana- da. In 1759 he again com. the N.J. regt. with which he served under Amherst in the conquest of Canada. While a prisoner in Montreal, he kept open house for the relief of his fellow-suf- ferers, and redeemed from the Indians many of their captives. Schuyler, Philip, maj.-gen. Revol. army, b. Albany, 22 Nov. 1733; d. there 18 Nov. 1804. His father dying while he was young, he was adopted into the family of Col. Philip Schuyler, whose estate in Saratoga he afterwards inherited. Receiving by the law of primogeniture the whole of his father's estate, he divided it equally with his brothers and sis- ters. He was a capt. of N.Y. levies at Ft. Ed- ward in 1755 ; acommiss. in the army in 1755- 63; was a prominent member of the N.Y. legisl., and, with Geo. Clinton, was chiefly in- strumental in determining the early and decided resistance of the province to the measures of Britain ; a delegate to Congress, he was with Washington on the committee to draw up rules and regulations for the army ; 19 June, 1775, was made a maj.-gen., and placed in com. of the Northern array, but relinquished it to Montgomery in Sept. on account of illness. Upon his recovery he devoted himself zealous- ly to his arduous duties, particularly to the superintendence of Indian affairs. The energy of his character, and the dignity of his deport- ment, excited ])opular jealousy and ill-will, and in Oct. 1776 he tendered his resignation. Con- gress declared that it could not dispense with his services; and its president requested him to continue in command. On the approach of Bur^joyne'sarmy in 1777, he did all in his power to impede its advance by obstructing the navi- gation of Wood Creek, rendering the roads impassable, removing all provisions and stores beyond its reach, and summoning the militia of N.Y. and N.E. to his assistance ; but the necessary evacuation of Ticonderoga by St. Clair occasioning unreasonable jealousies in regard to Schuyler in N.E., he was superseded by Gates in Aug., though Congress, upon in- vestigation, warmly approved his conduct. Though " sensible of the indignity," and though superseded by a man who had ever been his enemy, this patriot offered to serve his country as a private gentleman in any way in which he could be useful. He was present at Burgoyne's surrender, though without com- mand, and resigned 19 Apr. 1779. Member Cont. Congress 1778-81. In Nov. 1779 he was app. to confer with Washington on the state of the Southern dept. ; U.S. senator 1789- 91 and again in 1797. In the N.Y, senate he was a principal contrib. to the Code of Laws adopted by the State, and was active and effi- cient in promoting the system of inland navi- gation in N.Y. — See his Life and Times by B. J. Lossing, 2 vols. 1860-2. Schweinitz (shwi'-nits), Edmund Alex- ander DE, Moravian divine, son of L. D., b. Bethlehem, Pa., 1825. Studied at the Moravi- an Sem, there, and at the U, of Berlin. Au- thor of an " Account of the Moravian Church," 8vo, 1859; " Systematic Beneficence," 8vo, 1861 ; "Moravian Episcopate," 1865 ; " David Zeisberger," 2 vols. 1870. Editor of the Mo- ravian, a contrib. to Appleton's Cyclopaedia, and one of the translators of Herzog's Real Encyclopaedia. — Allihone. Schweinitz, Lewis David von. Ph. D. (U. of Kiel), botanist and Moravian clergy- man, b. Bethlehem, Pa., Feb. 13, 1780; d. there Feb. 8, 1834. He studied in Germany from 1798 to 1812, when he returned, and officiated at Salem, N.C., and at Bethlehem from 1821 till his death. He added nearly 1,400 new species to botanical science, more than 1,200 of them N,A, fungi previously little known. Member of various learned societies in Ameri- ca, Germany, and France. He bequeathed his valuable herbarium to the Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila. He pub. " Conspectus Fiuu/o- rum Lusatice" and "Si/nopsis Fungorum Caro- lince Supei-ioris " at Leipsic ; " Specimen Flora Amerioje Septentrionalis Cryptogamicce," 1821 ; " Monograph of the Linnaean Genus Viola,'* 1821; " Catalogue of Plants collected in the N.W. Territory by Say," 1824; " Monograph upon the American Species of the Genus Ca- rex," 1824 ; and " Synopsis Fungorum in Ameri- ca Boreali Media Degantium," 1831. — 5ee Me- moir of, by W. R, Johnson, Lond. 8vo, 1835. Scott, Charles, soldier, and gov. of Ky. 1808-12, b. Cumberland Co., Va., 1733; d, 22 Oct. 1820, A non-commissioned officer at Braddock's defeat in 1755 ; raised and com. the first company south of the James for the Revol. ai-my; was app. col, 3d Va, Batt. 12 Aug, 1776; was disting, at Trenton; made a brig.-gen. 2 Apr. 1777; was with Wayne at the storming of Stony Point in 1779; was made prisoner at Charleston, S.C, in 1780 and was not exchanged until near the close of SCO 807 SCO the war. At Monmouth, where he was the last to leave the field, he was particularly disting. In 1785 he settled in Woodford Co., Ky. ; as brig.-gcn. of Ky. levies was with St. Clair at his defeat in 1791 ; com. in a successful exped. to the Wabash, and in actions with the Indians in May and June, 1791 ; and in 1794 com. a portion of Wayne's army at the battle of Fallen Timbers. The shiretown of Powhatan Co. was named for him, also a county in Ky. Scott, GusTAvus Hall, commo. U.S.N., b. Va. June 13, 1812. Midshipman, Aug. 1, 1828; licut. Feb. 25, 1841; com. Dec. 27, 1856; capt. Nov. 4, 186-3; commodore 1869. Com. steamer " Keystone State," si^ecial ser- vice, 1861; steam - gunboat " Maratanza," N.A.B. squad., 1862-3; steamer "De Soto," 1864; steam-sloop " Canandaigua," blockade squad., 1865; steam-sloop " Sai-anac," Pacific squad., 1866-7 ; lighthouse insp. 1868. — Ham- erslt/. Scott, Henry Lee, author of "Militarv Dictionary," 8vo, 1861, b. N. C. 1814. Wes't Point, 1833. Son-in-law and aide-de-camp to Gen. Scott ; brev. for gallantry in the Mexican war; lieut.-col. Mar. 7, 1855; and insp.-gen. U.S.A., and col. 14 May, 1861 ; retired for physical disability 30 Oct. 1861 ; resigned 31 Oct. 1862. — CM//am. Scott, Job, an eminent minister of the So- ciety of Friends. Author of " The Baptism of Christ a Gospel Ordinance," 1803 ; " War In- consistent with the Example and Doctrines of Christ," 8vo, 1804. — See " Journal of his Life, Travels, and Labors," Wilmington, 1797. — Alii hone. Scott, John, jurist ; d. Richmond, Ya., Jan. 7, 1850, a. 68. Member of the Va. senate 1811-13; of the State Const. Conv. in 1829; in 1830-1 he was app. judge of the 6th circuit and of the General Court. In the new organi- zation of this last court and the establishment of the special Court of Appeals, March, 1848, he was app. one of the 5 members of these two courts, and so continued until his death. Scott, John Morin, brig.-gen. Revol. army, b. N. York 1730; d. Sept. 14, 1784. Yale, 1746. A descendant of the baronial family of Scott of Ancram, he was an early op- ponent of British oppression. He adopted the profession of the law, and married Helena Rut- gers. With Wm. Livingston of N. J, his voice and pen boldly advocated extreme measures, and, because of his ultra Whig principles, the timid ones defeated his election to Congress in 1774. He was one of the most active and influ- ential members of the gen. com. of N.Y. in 1775, and a member of the Prov. Congress that year; June 9, 1776, he was made a brig.- gen., which office he held till March, 1777. He was with his brigade in the battle of Long Is- land ; from March, 1777, to 1789, he was sec. of the State of N. Y. ; and was a member of Con- gress in 1780-3. Scott, Julia H. (Kinney), b. Pa. 1809; d. Towanda, Pa., 1842. Married to David L. Scott in 1825. A coll. of her poems, with a Memoir by Sarah C. Edgarton (Mrs. Mayo), was pub. 1843 ; a new ed.by Mrs. C. M. Saw- yer, in 1854. — See Grisioold's Female Poets of Amer. Scott, Martin, lieut.-col. U.S.A., b. Ben- nington, Vt. ; killed Sept. 8, 1847, at the head of his regt., in battle of El Molino del Rey. App. lieut 26th Inf. Apr. 1814 ; capt. 5th Inf. Aug. 1828 ; brev. maj. for battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, May 9, 1846 ; maj. 5th Inf. June 29, 1846 ; com. his regt., and brev. lieut.-col. for the severe conflicts at Monterey, Mexico, Sept. 23, 1846. He was a famous marksman, and had seen much hard service. Scott, Richard, an early settler in R. I., b. Glemsford, Suffolk, Eng., 1607 ; d. Provi- dence, R. I., 1681-2. A lineal descendant of John Baliol, founder of Baliol Coll., Oxford. Came to Boston in 1634; m. Katharine Mar- bury (sister of Mrs. Anne Hutchinson) ab. 1637 ; joined Roger Williams soon after, and was a co-proprietor in his purchase of the In- dians, and one of the signers and the supposed author of the celebrated covenant between themselves to be obedient " to all such orders and agreements as shall be made for the public good only in civil things" At first a Baptist, he in 1657 became a Quaker ; and his wife and daughters were whipped and imprisoned in Boston for Quakerism. He was a commiss. to settle the controversy with Ms. in regard to the jurisdiction of Shawomet in 1645 ; and- was a dep. to the Assembly in 1666. He left numer- ous descendants. Scott, Robert Kingston, gov. S.C. 1868- 71, b. Armstrong Co., Pa., 8 July, 1826. M.D. of Starling Med. Coll., 0. Son of a soldier of the war of 1812, grandson of a soldier of the Revol. Settled in practice in Henry Co., O. Lieut.-col. 68th O. Vols. Oct. 1861 ; col. 5 July, 1862 ; at capture of Fort Donelson, battle of Shiloh, and siege of Corinth ; com. brigade at Hatchie River, Tenn., under Gen. Hurlbut ; com. advance of Logan's div. on tbe march into Mpi.; engaged at Port Gibson, Raymond, Jackson, and Champion Hills ; com. 2d bri- gade, 3d div. 17th corps, until July, 1865; was made prisoner near Atlanta ; exchanged 24 Sept. 1864; and was in Sherman's operations before Atlanta, and in the " raarrh to the sea ; " assist, commis. bureau of R.F., S.C, 1865-8. Scott, Thomas, judge, b. Md. 1772; d. Chillicothe, 0., Feb. 15, 1856. Meth.-Epis. min- ister 1789-96; in 1798 studied law, and settled in Chillicothe ; sec. of the conv. that framed the const, of Ohio in 1802, and of the State senate 1803-9; judge Sup. Court 1809-10; and chief justice 1810-15. — A. T. Goodman. Scott, Thomas Fielding, D.D., Prot.- Epis. missionary, bishop of Oregon and Wash- ington, consee. at Savannah, Ga., Jan. 8, 1854 ; b. 1805 ; d. N.Y. City, July 14, 1867. Many years a clergyman in Georgia. Scott, William Anderson, D.D., b. Tenn. Cumberland U., Ky., 1833. Formerly editor of the N. Orleans Presbyterian, and pastor of Calvary Church, San Francisco; was in 1863 installed over the 42d Presb. Church, New- York City. Author of "Daniel a Model for Young Men," 8vo, 1854; "Achan in El Dorado," 1855; "Trade and Letters," 1856; "The Giant Judge," 1858; "The Church in the Army," 1 862 ; " The Christ of the Apostles' Creed," &c., 8vo, 1867 ; also a number of addresses, papers in periodicals, &c. — AUibone. SCO 808 SE-A. Scott, WiNFiELD, lieut.-gcn. U.S.A., b. Petersburg;, Va., June 13, 1786; d. West Point, N.Y., May 29, 1866. Wm. and M. Coll 1804. Left an orphan in his boyhood, he studied law, and was adm. to the bar in 1806. App. capt. of art. May 3, 1808 ; lieut.-ool. 2d Art. July 6, 1812 ; adj.-gen. (rank of col.) March 18, 1813; col. 2d Art. March 12, 1813 ; brig.-gcn. March 9, 1814 ; maj.-gen. and gen. in chief of the ar- my, June 25, 1841 ; bj-ev. lieut.-gen. Feb. 28, 1855. Ordered to the Canada frontier in July, 1812, he was made prisoner, Oct. 13, at Queens- town Heights ; exchanged in the early part of 1813 ; joined the army of Gen. Dearborn in March, 1813 ; com. the advance in the attack on Fort George, May 27, and was severely in- jured by the explosion of a magazine at its surrender. Crossing the Niagara River, July 3, 1814, on the 5th he defeated the British at Chippewa ; on the 25th was fought the battle of Lundy's Lane, near Niagara Falls, in which Scott had 2 horses killed under him, and re- ceived two severe wounds, one of which left his arm partially disabled. These two engage- ments, fought with the best British troops, established the prestige of our arms. For these brilliant services he was awarded by Congress a gold medal, Nov. 3, 1814, and was offered, but declined, the secretaryship of war. Visiting Europe in a military and diplomatic capacity, he enjoyed in France the converse and asso- ciation of the leading captains of Napoleon. During the nullification troubles in 1832, he was sent to Charleston on a confidential mis- sion, which was completely successful. His prudence and discretion were eminently shown in procuring the removal of the Cherokees from Ga. in 1838, in the Canadian rebellion of 1837-9, and in the l)oundai*y dispute between Me. and N. Brunswick in- 1839. The annexa- tion of Texas having resulted in war with Mexico, March 9, 1847, Scott landed with 12,- 000 men at Vera Cruz, invested the city and the castle of St. Juan d'UUoa, both which ca- pitulated on the 26th ; taking up the march toward the capital, he gained successively the battles of Cerro Gordo (April 18), Contreras, San Antonio, and Churubusco (Aug. 19 and 20), Molino del Key (Sept. 8), Chapul tepee (Sept. 13), and captured the city of Mexico (Sept. 14). In these engagements, the Mexi- cans, though greatly superior in numbers, and having every advantage of position, were sig- nally defeated. In 1 852 he was the unsuccessful nominee of the Whig party for the presidency. On the breaking-out of the civil war, he urged wise precautions to prevent the armed with- drawal of the 1 1 seceding States from the Union, secured the safe inaug. of Pres. Lincoln, the defence of the national capital, the organization of the Union army, and its establishment upon the strategetic points of the country. He re- tired from active service, Nov. 1, 1861, visited Europe in Nov., and devoted his later days to the preparation of his " Autobiography," 2 vols. 8vo, 1864. Also author of " General Reg- ulations for the Army,'' 1825; and "Infantry Tactics," 1835. ScottOW, Capt. Joshua, merchant and author, of Boston, b. Eng. 1615; d. Boston, 20 Jan. 1698. He came to Boston in 1634 with his mother, a widow, and a bio. Thomas. Two of his daughters rn. Thomas Savage and Samuel Checkky. His son Thomas grad, (H.U.) in 1677. He pub. in 1691 " Old Men's Fears ; " in 1694 " A Narrative of the Plant- ing of the Ms. Colony," &c. He was a capt. of militia, confidential agent of La Tour in transacts, with the colonial govt. 1654-7. Scranton, George W., manufiicturer, b, Madison, Ct., May 23, 1811; d. Scranton, Luzerne Co., Pa., Mar. 24, 1861. Removing to N. J., and then to Pa., he engaged in his business of iron manuf. in the heart of the coal and iron region, where a large town has grown up which perpetuates his name. M.C. from 1858 till his death. Screven, Gen. James ; d. of wounds re- ceived in a skirmish at Midway, Ga., Nov. 24, 1778. Descended from William, a Baptist minister, who d. Georgetown, S.C., 1713, a. 84. He early engaged in the cause of liberty, and in 1774 was one of the com. which drew up articles of association for its defence in Ga. A brig.-gen., commanding the Ga. militia when that State was invaded from E. Fla., he had repeated skirmishes with them between Sun- bury and Savannah, in one of which he fell. Congress ordered the erection of a monument to his memory, Seudder, Horace Elisha, b. Boston, 1838. Wms. Coll. 1858. Author of "Seven LittlePeople and their Friends," 1862; "Dream- Children," 1863 ; "Life and Letters of D. C. Seudder, Missionary," &e., 8vo, 1864 ; " Stories from my Attic," 1869. Editor of Riverside Mag., and contrib. to Atlantic Monthly, N.A. Beview, &c. — AUibone. Seudder, John, M.D. (Coll. of Phys. and S. 1815), missionary, b. N. Brunswick, N. J., Sept. 3, 1793; d. Wynberg, Cape of Good Hope, Jan. 13, 1855. N.J. Coll. 1811. He studied medicine, and settled in N. Y., where he had previously been house-surgeon of the city hospital. Giving up an extensive practice, he offered himself as a missionary to the Amer. Board ; studied theology ; and in 181 9 was ord. as a minister of the D. R. Church. For 19 years he labored in Ceylon, where he also con- ducted a large hospital, and attained a high reputation as a surgeon and physician, also superintending a number of schools. He was transferred to the Madras mission in 1839; revisited Amer. in 1842-6 ; but, visiting the Cape of Good Hope on account of his health in 1 854, died there. He pub. " The Redeemer's Last Command," " The Harvest Perishing," " Knocking at the Door," " Letters to Children on Missionary Subjects," "Letters from the East," 1833 ; " Letters to Pious Young Men," 8vo, 1846, &c. His children, 8 sons and 2 daughters, all devoted themselves to missionary labors. — See Memoir by Rev. J, B. Waterhury, 12mo. Seudder, Col. Nathaniel, long a mem- ber of the N. J. Assembly ; member of the Old Congress 1777-9 ; killed in a skirmish with an invading-partv of the enemy at Shrewsbury, N.J., Oct. 15", 1781. N.J. Coll. 1751. Seabrook, Whitemarsh Benjamin, gov. of S.C. 1848-50; d. St. Luke's Parish, S.C, Apr. 16, 1855, a. ab. 60. N.J. Coll. SSIA. 809 SKA 1812. He had been a member of the State senate, and pres. of the State Agric. Society. Seabury, Samuel, D.D. (Oxf, U. 1777), first Frot.-Epis. bishop of the U.S., b. Groton, Ct., Nov. 30, 1729; d. Feb. 25, 1796. Y.C. 1748. Son of a Cong, minister of Groton. In 1751 he went to Scotland to study medicine, but turned his attention to theology, and in 1753 was ord. in Lond. ' He returned to Amer. ; was settled atN. Brunswick, N. J. ; at Jamaica, L.I., 1756-66; and at Westchester until the commencement of hostilities, when he went to N. Y. ; and at one time waschaplain of the king's Amer. regt., also practising medicine. Being the supposed author of some Tory pamphlets, he was in 1775 seized by a party of soldiers, carried to N. Haven, and imprisoned. As the fact of authorship could not be proved, he was suffered to return to Wesj^-hester, where he continued to exert himself in behalf of the same opinions. He made a voyage to Eng. in March, 1784, to obtain consecration as bishop of Ct. Meeting with obstacles to his wishes from the English prelates, he was consecrated by three bishops of the Scottish Epis. Church, Nov. 14, 1784, and subsequently fulfilled the duties of his pastoral office at New London till his death. He took part in revising the Prayer-Book, and framing the const, of the church, which was adopted in 1789. He pub. in 1791 two vols. of sermons, to which a suppt. was added in 1798; also two religious tracts. Seabury, Samuel, D.D., clergyman, grandson of the preceding, b. June 9, 1801. Ord. deacon, Apr. 12, 1826; priest, July 7, 1828. Originally a school-teacher. He was for a time missionary to Huntington and Oyster Bay, L.I. ; removed to Hallett's Cove (now Astoria), where he founded St. George's Church ; became a teacher in the Flushing Inst. in 1830; and in 18-34 removed to N.Y. to take charge of the Churchman, newspaper. This journal attained great influence in the Epis. Church, especially in the discussion respecting the Oxford tracts and kindred matters. In 1849 he became rector of the Church of the Annunciation in N.Y. In 1863 he succeeded Dr. Turner as prof, of biblical learning in the Epis. Theol. Sem., N.Y. He has pub. " The Continuity of the Church of Eng. in the 16th Century," N.Y. 1853, 8vo ; "Amer. Slavery Justified," 1861, and other works, beside a number of occas. sermons and addresses. — Dut/ckinck. Sealsfleld, Charles, novelist, b. 1797; d. Solothurn, Switzerland, 26 May, 1864. He resided in Amer. until 1 844, when he went to Switzerland. Most of his works were origi- nally written in GE 855 SFI Spencer, Ichabod Smith, D.D. (Ham. Coll. 1841), Presb. minister, b. Rupert, Vt., Feb. 23, 1798; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., Nov. 23, 1854. Union Coll. 1822. Descended from Thos., a first settler of Hartford, who d. 1687. He studied at Salem Acad., N.Y., and taught school at Schenectady and Canandaigua. Set- tled at Northampton, Sept. 11, 1828, as col- league with Mr. Williams ; dism. March 12, 1832, and was pastor of the Second Church, Brooklyn, until his death. Besides occas. ser- mons, he published two vols, of "Pastoral Sketches." His sermons, with Memoir, were pub. by J. M. Sherwood, 2 vols. 1855; his Sacramental Discourses by Gardiner Spring, 1 861 ; " Evidences of Divine Revelation," 1865. — Sprague. Spencer, Jesse Ames, D.D, (Col. Coll. 1852), clergyman and author, b. Hyde Park, N.Y., June 17, 1816. Col. Coll. 1837. Re- moving to N.Y. City in 1825, he was several years assist, to his father as city surveyor. He studied theology in the Gen. Sem. of the Epis. Church; was ord. deacon in July, 1840, and priest in 1841. After 2 years' ministerial la- bor at Goshen, N.Y., he was compelled by ill- health to make a trip to Europe, and on his return engaged in educational and literary oc- cupations. In 1848-9 he travelled in Europe, Egypt, and the Holy Land ; and in 1850 was app, prof of Latin and Oriental languages in Burlington Coll., N.J. He became editor and sec. of the Epis. Sunday-school Union and Church Book Society in Nov. 1851, but re- signed in 1857 ; in 1858 was elected vice-pres. of the Troy U., but declined; prof, of Greek in the Coll. of N.Y. City since Oct. 1869. He has pub. a vol. of " Discourses," 1843 ; " His- tory of the English Reformation," 1846 ; " The New Testament in Greek, with Notes," 1847; " Caesar's Commentaries," 1848; "Egypt and the Holy Land," 1849; and a " History of the U.S.," 4 vols. 8vo, 1858. He has also edited a valuable series of classical books by T. K. Arnold. Spencer, John Canfield, LL.D., lawyer and politician, b. Hudson, N.Y., Jan. 8, 1788; d. Albany, N. Y., May 18, 1855. Un. Coll. 1806. Son of Chief Justice Ambrose. In 1809 he m., and opened a aw-office in Canan- daigua, whence in 1845 he removed to Albany. Becoming at the age of 19 private sec. to Gov. Tompkins, from that time until his last illness he was prominent in public affairs. In 1811 he was made master in chancery; in 1813 brigade judge-advocate in active service on the frontier; in 1814 postmaster of Canan- daigua; in 1815 assistant atty.-gen. for the western part of the State ; and 'was M.C. from 1817 to 1819. While there, as one of the com. to examine into the affairs of the U.S. Bank, he drew up its report. When, 15 years after- wards, the final struggle came, and Gen. Jack- son was using the means furnished to his hand by this report, Mr. Spencer was found among the friends of the bank. In 1819-20 he- was a member of the Assembly, and was speaker in 1820; State senator in 1 824-8 ; in 1827 he was app. by Gov. Clinton one of the board to revise the statutes of New York, and took an impor- tant part in the performance of that laborious and responsible task. Joining the anti-Masonic party, he was app. special atty.-gen. under the law passed for that purpose, to prosecute those connected with the alleged abduction of Mor- gan, but resigned in May, 1830, having, mean- while, involved himself in a controversy with Gov. Throop. In 1832 he was again elected to the Assembly ; in 1839-41 he was sec. of state, and supt. of common schools ; in Oct. 1841 he was made sec. of war by Pres. Tyler ; and in March, 1843, was transferred to the treasury dept., but resigned in 1844 from his opposition to the annexation of Texas, and afterward de- voted himself to the practice of his profession. The organization of the State asylum for idiots, and the improvement of the common-school system of the State, were, to a very considerable extent, due to him. He edited the first Amer- ican edition of De Tocqueville's " Democracy in America," with an original preface and notes. Spencer, Gen. Joseph, b. East Haddam, Ct., 1714; d. there Jan. 13, 1789. Judge of probate in 1753; joined the Northern army in 1758 as major under Col. Whiting, and as lieut.-col. in the two following campaigns, when he acquired the reputation of a brave and good officer. Elected a member of the council in 1 766, and was app. brig.-gen. in the Cont. army, June 22, 1775; maj.-gen. Aug. 9, 1776. He was with the army in the exped. against R.I. in 1778, and assisted in Sullivan's retreat; and resigned 14 June, 1778, in consequence of an order by Congress to inquire into the reasons of the failure on his part to carry out the plan of an exped. against the British in R.I. the preceding year. In 1779 he was elect- ed to Congress, and in 1780 was again eleoted into the council, and was annually re-elected until his death. He was highly esteemed by Washington. Spencer, Platt R., teacher and author of the " Spencerian " system of penmanship, b. Greene Co., N. Y., 1801 ; d. Geneva, O., 16 May, 1864. Spencer, Thomas, M. D., founder and prof, of the Medical Coll. at Geneva, N.Y., b. Great Barrington, Ms., 1793; d. Phila. May 30, 1857. He was a surgeon in the army dur- ing the Mexican war, and was afterward prof, in a med. coll. in Chicago and in Phila. He had been pres. of the N.Y. Medical Assoc, and was the author of " Chemistry of Animal Life," 1845 ; "Epidemic Diarrhoea," 8vo, 1832; "Introductory Lecture at Geneva College," 1842. —5ee Memoir by S. D. W'dlard, M.D., 8vo, 1858. Spencer, William A., capt. U.S.N., b. N.Y: 1793 ; d. N. Y. City, 3 Mar. 1854. Son of Judge Ambrose. Midshipm. 15 Nov. 1809; lieut. 9 Dec. 1814 ; com. 3 Mar. 1831; capt. 22 Jan. 1841 ; resigned 9 Dec. 1843. Acting lieut. in Macdonough's victory on Lake Champlain 11 Sept. 1812. Spinner, Francis E., U. S. treas. since 1861, b. German Flats, Herk. Co., N.Y., 21 Jan. 1802. Educated by his father, a German cler- gyman. 20 years the exec, officer of the Mo- hawk-valley Bank; major-gen. of militia; co. sheriff; auditor in the naval office, New York, 184.5-9; M.C. 1855-61. si>o 856 SPR SpofFord, Harriet Elizabeth (Pres- cott), author, b. Calais, Me., 3 April, 1835. Dau. of Joseph W. Prescott ; married in 1865 to R. S. Spofford, jun., of Newburyport, Ms. She has pub. "Sir Rohan's Ghost," 12nio, 1859; " The Amber Gods, and Other Stories," 1863 ; " Azariaa," an episode, 1864. Contributed to Atlantic Monthly, N. A. Review, Our Young Folks, Harper's and Knickerbocker Magazines, the Galaxtj, &c. Spooner, Alden Jeremiah, editor Brook- lyn :SLar, and 20 years contrib. to the Knicker- bocker and Cohnan's Monthly Mags., b. Sag Har- bor, L.I., 2 Feb. 1810. Editor, with notes and memoir, G. Furman's " History of Brooklyn," and also Wood's "Hist, of Long Island," with Memoir of Wood, and additions. Spooner, Lysander, b. Petersham, Ms., 1808. Author of "The Deist's Reply," &c., 8vo, 1836 ; " Credit, Curreney, and Banking," 1843 ; " Unconstitutionality of prohibiting Pri- vate Mails;" "Unconstitutionality of Slave- ry," 1845; "Poverty, Causes and Cure," 1846 ; " A Defence for Fugitive Slaves," 1856 ; "Trial by Jury," 1852; "New System of Paper Currency," 1861; "Considerations on U.S. Bonds," 1866; "No Treason," 1867. He is a vigorous and perspicuous writer. — Allibone. Spooner, Shearjashub, M.D. (Coll. of Ph. and Surg. 1835), b. Brandon, Vt., 1809; d. Plainfield, N. J., March, 1859. Midd. Coll. 1830. He practised dentistry with success in New York until 1858, when he removed to Plainfield, N.J. Author of " Guide to Sound Teeth," 1836; "Art of Manuf. Mineral Teeth," 1837; "Treatise on Dentistry," 8vo, 1838; "Anecdotes of Painters," &.c., 3 vols. 1853; "Dictionary of Painters, Sculptors, Engravers," &c., 2 vols. 8vo, 1865. — Allibone. SpotSWOOd, Col. Alexander, gov. of Va. 1710-23, b. Tangier, Africa, 1676; d. An- napolis, Md., 7 June, 1740. Bred to the army, he served under Marlborough ; was danger- ously wounded at Blenheim, and became dep. quarterm.-gen. ; he was app. postmaster in 1730, and in 1739 com. of the forces intend- ed to operate against Fla. He was the author of an act improving the staple of tobacco, and making tobacco-notes the medium of ordinary circulation ; was the ftither of the iron manuf. in Va. ; was the first to explore the Appalachian Mountains ; exerted himself to befriend Wm. and Mary Coll. ; and was zealous in efforts to Christianize the Indians. His son Robert was killed by Indians in 1757. A grandson. Col. Alex., a disting. Revol. officer, app. maj. 2d Va. Regt. 13 Feb. 1776, m. Eliza, niece of Gen. Washington, d. Not- tingham, Va., 20 Dec. 1818. John, bro. of the last, also a Revol. officer, was severely- wounded at the battle of Germantown. SpottS, James H., capt. U.S.N., b. N.C. March 11, 1821. Midshipm. Aug. 2, 1837; licut. Nov. 21, 1851 ; com. July 16, 1862; capt. July 25, 1866. Com. steamer "Magnolia," E. Gulf block, squad., 1862; steamer " South Carolina," S.A. block, squad., 1863-4 ; steamer " Powhatan," N.A. block, squad., 1864-5 ; in both engagements with Fort Fisher, Nov. 1864 and Jan. 1865; in the engagement with Fort Anderson and in the Cape-Fear River Feb. 1865; also at the bombard, of batteries above Dutch Gap. James River, Apr. 1865 ; com. " Guerriere," 1870. — Hamersly. Sprague, Charles, poet, b. Boston, Oct. 26, 1791. Son of Samuel, one of the famous tea-party. At the age of ten he unfortunately lost the vision of his left eye. He engaged in mercantile business until 1820, when he be- came a teller in the State Bank, and on the establishment of the Globe Bank (in 1S25) was chosen cashier, a station he occupied until 1865. He has six times received the prize for the best poems for the American stage, becoming known as a poet by being in 1821 the successful com- petitor for tlie prize offered for the best prol- ogue at the opening of the Park Theatre, N.Y. In 1823 he wrote the prize ode for the pageant in honor of Shakspeare at the Boston Theatre; in 1830 he pronounced an ode at the centennial celebration of the settlement of Boston; in 1827 he delivered an address on intemperance ; and at the commencement at Harvard, 1829, delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa Society the ingenious poem " Curios- ity." He was of the city council in 1823, '24, and '27, and delivered the city oration July 4, 1 825. Among his best pieces are the " Ode on Shakspeare," and the "Winged Worshippers." An edition of Jiis poems and prose writings appeared in 1855, 8vo. A son, Charles James, has also written verses in a delicate vein of sentiment. Sprague, John T., col. U.S.A., b. New- buryport, Ms., 1812. App. lieut. U.S. marines 17 Oct. 1834; served against the Creek and Seminole Indians; adj. Nov. 1843-6; brev. capt. 15 Mar. 1842 for good conduct in Fla. war; capt. Sept. 1846; maj. 1st Inf. 14 May, 1861 ; chief of staff to Gen. Pope; adj.-gen. of N.Y. 1861-5; lieut.-col. 11th Inf. Mar. 1863; col. 7th Inf. 12 June, 1865; and retired 15 July, 1870. Author of a "History of the Florida War," Svo, 1848. Sprague, Peleg, LL.D. (H.U. 1847), jurist, b. Duxbury, Ms., Apr. 28, 1793. II.U. 1812. Litchf. La\v School. William his an- cestor is supposed to have come over with Rev. Mr. Iligginson to Salem in 1629, and settled at Hingham. Adm. to the Plymouth-Co. bar in Aug. 1815; practised 2 years in Augusta, Me., and then settled in Hallowell, where he speedily acquired distinction. Member of the Me. legisl. 1820-1; M.C. 1825-9; U.S. senator 1829-35; U.S. dist. judge of Ms. 1841-65. Judge Sprague removed to Boston in 1835. Author of " Speeches and Addresses," 8vo, 1858; "Decisions," 1841-61, edited by F. E. Parker, Svo, 1861; vol. ii. 1854-64, 8vo, 1868. — Willis's Lawyers of Me. Sprague, William, gov. of R.I. 1838-9, b. Cranston, R.I., 1800; d. Providence, Oct. 19, 1851. When quite young, he was elected to the G<;neral Assembly, and in 1832 was chosen speaker of the house; M.C. in 1836-8; U.S. senator 1842-5; and afterwards member of the Assembly of his State. He was engaged largely in the manuf. of cotton, and was pres. of the Hartford, Providence, and Fishkill Rail- road, of the Globe Bank, and of the People's Savings Bank. SFR 857 SPR Sprague, William, gov. of R.I. in 1 860- 3, b. Cranston, R.I., Sept. 12, 1 830. Nephew of the preceding. Amasa, his father, was mur- dered at Cranston, R.I., ab. Jan. 1844. He has been engaged from boyhood in the calico I)iint-works founded by lus grandfather Wil- liam, after whose death they were carried on by liis father and uncle, and in which he became partner. In Feb. 1861 he offered to the Pres. 1,000 men and a battery of artillery, and, as soon as the call for troops was made, hastened with them to the field. The comniiss. of brig.- gen. of vols, was offered him ; but he refused it. He fought with the R.I. troops at Bull Run, where his horse was shot under him, and in several engagements of the Chickahominy campaign. Chosen U.S. senator for 6 years from Mar. 4, 1863, and re-elected for the fol- lowing term. Sprague, William Buell, D.D. (Col. Coll. 1828), clergyman and author, b. An- dover, Ct., Oct. 16, 1795. Y.C. 1815. Princet. Theol. Sem. 1819. Private tutor in the family of Maj. Lawrence Lewis of Va. one year ; was colleague pastor, with Rev. Joseph Lathrop, of the First Cong. Church, West Springfield, Ms., 1819-29; and has, since Aug. 26, 1829, been pastor of the Second Presb. Church at Albany. He visited Europe in 1 828 and 1 836. His writ- ings are, *' Several Discourses on Special Occa- sions," 1821 ; "Letters to a Daughter," 1822; "Letters from Europe," 1828 ; " Life of E. D. Griffin," 1838; "Life of Timothy D wight," in Sparks's "Amer. Biog.," 1845; "Lec- tures on Revivals of Religion," 1832 ; "Hints on Christian Intercourse," 1 834 ; " Contrast be- tween True and False Religion," 1837; "Aids to Early Religion," 1847 ; " Words to a Young Man's Conscience," 1848; "Visits to Euro- pean Celebrities," 1 855 ; " Annals of the Amer. Pulpit," 9 vols. 8vo, 1857-66; "Lectures to Young People," 1825; "Letters to Young Men," 1854; "Women of the Bible," 8vo, 1850; "Memoirs of Rev. John and W. A. McDowell, D.D.," 1864; and was a contrib. to Appleton's New Amer. Cyclop. He has also written numerous introductions to biog. and other works, and is the author of more than 100 pamphlets. Among these are "Funeral Sermon on Dr. Joseph Lathrop," 1821 ; " Hist. Discourse at West Springfield," 1 824 ; " Fourth- of-July Discourse at Northampton," 1827 ; " A Sermon at Albany in behalf of the Polish Exiles," 1834; "Oration Commemorative of Lafayette, at Albany," 1834; "Phi Beta Kappa Address" at Yale, 1843; "Address Before the Philomathesian Society of Middle- bury Coll.," 1844; "Hist. Discourse on the Second Presb. Church of Albany," 1 846 ; " Dis- courses on Dr. Chalmers and' Silas Wright," 1847; "Ambrose Spencer," 1848; and on " Samuel Miller of Plinceton," 1850. He has one of the largest collections of autographs in America. — Duyckinck. Spring, Gardiner, D.P. (Ham. 1819), LL.D. (Laf. Coll. 1853), author and clergyman, b. Newburyport, Ms., Feb. 24, 1785. Y.C. 1805. Son of Rev. Samuel. He studied law witli Judge Daggett at New Haven ; taught school 15 months in Bermuda; was adm. to the bar in December, 1808, and commenced practice ; but was induced soon after to study theology. After studying at Andover, he was licensed toward the end of 1809, and Aug. 10, 1810, was called to tlie Brick Church in "n.Y. City, where he has since remained, unmoved by invitations to preside at Hamilton and Dart- mouth Colleges, maintaining for over half a century a position as one of the most popular preachers and esteemed divines of the city. His works include "The Attraction of the Cross," 1845; "The Mercy - Seat," 1849: " First Things," 1851 ; " The Glory of Christ," 1852; "The Power of the Pulpit," 1848; "Short Sermons for the People;" "The Obligations of the World to the Bible," 1844 ; " Miscellanies," including " Essays on the Dis- tinguishing Traits of Christian Character," 1813; "The Church in the Wilderness;" " Memoirs of the Late Hannah L. Murray," 1849 ; " Memoirs of Rev. S. J. Mills," 1820 ; " Fragments from the Study of a Pastor," 1838 ; " The Bible not of Man," 1847 ; " Dis- courses to Seamen," 1847 ; " Contrast between Good and Bad Men," 2 vols. 1855; "Brick- Church Memorial," 1861; "Pulpit Ministra- tions," 2 vols. 8vo, 1864; and "Personal Reminiscences," 2 vols. 8vo, 1866. His works are pub. 10 vols. 8vo, 1855. — Ducykinck. Spring, Marshall, M.D., physician, b. Watertown, Ms., Feb. 19, 1742 ; d. 'there Jan. 11,1818. H.U. 1762. He studied under his maternal uncle. Dr. Josiah Converse, and, after a short residence at St. Eustatia, settled in Watertown, where he soon acquired a large practice. Though differing in political sen- timent from his neighbors, he was early on the ground at Lexington, skilfully attending the wounded. In 1789 he was a member of the State con v. which adopted the U.S. Con- stitution, which he opposed, never having be- lieved in the capacity of the people for self- govt. ; several years a Democ. member of the exec, council. He was remarkable for wit and repartee. — Thacher. Spring, Samuel, D.D. (Wms. Coll. 1806), clergyman, b. Northbridge, Ms., Feb. 27, 1746; d. Newburyport, Mar. 4, 1819. N.J. Coll. 1771. Having been licensed to preach, he in 1775 became a chaplain in the army, and ac- comp. Arnold's exped. to Canada. At the close of 1776 he left the army, and (Aug. 6, 1777) was ord. pastor of a church in Newbury- port, where he continued till his death. He was a man of great influence, and weight of character; was active as a leader of the Hop- kinsian party, and also in the organization of the A. B. C. F. M. ; he also aid«d in founding the Ms. Missionary Society in 1799, of which he was pres. Besides some controversial works, he pub. some 25 miscellaneous discourses. By his wife, dau. of Dr. Hopkins of Hadley, he had two sons, ministers in N.Y. and Hartford. Sproat, Col. Ebenezer, Revol, officer, b. Middleborough, Ms. ,1752 ; d. Marietta, O., Feb. 1 805. Entering the army a capt. early in 1 775, he was successively major and lieut.-col., and finally lieut.-col. comg. 2d Ms. Regt. He was in Glover's brigade at Trenton, Princeton, and Monmouth, and app. insp. of brigade by Steuben. After the war, he was a surveyor in Providence, R.I., where he ra. a dau. of Com. SI»XJ 858 ST-A. Whipple. He began a survey of Ohio lands in 1786 ; led the party of emigrants who set- tled Marietta in 1788 ; and was 14 years sheriff, and col. of militia. He was tali and command- ing in person, and was by the Indians called " the Big Buckeye." — Hildreth. Spurzheim, John Gaspard, M.D., phrenologist, b. Longwich, Prussia, 31 Dec. 1776; d. Boston, 10 Nov. 1832. Educated at the U. of Treves. In 1799 he studied medicine at Vienna ; assisted Gall, the originator of the science of phrenology, in investigating the anatomy of the brain, and accomp. him to Paris, lecturing and teaching until 1813. Spurzheim then visited Great Britain, where for many years he taught and explained his theories in various cities. Arriving in N.Y. in Aug. 1832, he proceeded to Boston, where he was enthusiastically received, and drew to his lectures large and intelligent audiences, but soon sunk under his labors, and was buried at Mount Auburn. He assisted Gall in prepar- ing his great work on the " Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in General, and of the Brain in Particular ; " and was the author of " Physiognomy in Connection with Phrenology," 1833; "Observations on In- sanity," " Phrenology or Doctrine of the Mind," " Sketch of the Natural Laws of Man," and •' Anatomy of the Brain," 1830-2 ; " View of the Elem. Principles of Education," 12mo, 1832. Squier, Ephraim George, archaeologist, b. Bethlehem, N.Y., June 17, 1821. A.M. of N. J. Coll. 1848. Son of a Meth. minister of N. Y., and grandson of a Revol. soldier, who d. 1842, a. 97. In his youth he worked on a farm in summer, and taught school in winter. He next pub. a village newspaper; studied civil engineering; and in 1841-2 conti'ibuted to, and virtually edited, the N. Y. State Me- chanic at Albany; pub. also a vol. on the Chinese in 1843; in 1843-5 he edited the Hartford Daily Journal, and was efficient in organizing the Whig party of Ct. ; in 1845-8 he edited the Scioto Gazette at Chillicothe ; and was clerk of the legisl. in 1847-8. In conjunc- tion with Dr. Davis of Ohio, he commenced a systematic investigation of the aboriginal monuments of the Mpi. Valley, the results of which he embodied in a Memoir in the first vol. of Smithsonian " Contribs. to Knowledge." At the request of Albert Gallatin, he prepared a " Memoir on the Ancient Monuments of the West," pub. in the Trans, of the Ethnological Society. Under the auspices of the N.Y. Hist. Society, he pub. in 1849 "Aboriginal Monuments of the State of N.Y. from Original Surveys and Explorations." App. in 1848 charge d'affaires to the republics of Central America, he negotiated treaties with Nicaragua, Honduras, and San Salvador. In 1853 he again visited Central America to investigate the line of an inter-oceanic railway, the result of which is pub. in his Report of the Honduras Inter-Oceanic Railway Co., of which he was sec. In a second visit to Europe he secured the co- operation of French and English capitalists, and special guaranties for the road from those govts. His explorations and observations are found in his " Nicaragua, its People, Scenery, and Monuments," 2 vols. 1852; "Notes on Central America," &c., 1854; " Waikua, or Adventures on the Mosquito Shore," 1855; " Question Anglo -Americaine," &c., Paris, 1856 ; "The States of Central America," 1857; " Monograph of Authors who have written on the Aborigmal Languages of Central Amer.," 1861; and "Tropical Fibres, and their Eco- nomic Extraction." He has received the med- al of the Geog. Society of France, and is a member of various scientific and literary socie- ties. He has also pub. "The Serpent Sym- bol," 1851 ; a paper in the Ethnological Society's Collections on the remains at Stone- henge, examined during a visit to Europe in 1852 ; " Honduras and San Salvador, Geo- graphical, Historical, and Statistical," 2 vols. ; and " Hunting a Pass," comprising adventures, observations, and impressions during a year of active explorations in the States of Nicaragua, Honduras, and San Salvador, with numerous illustrations. He has also been an industrious contrib. to the periodical, newspaper, and scientific literature of the day, on Central- America politics and antiquities, and ethnology of the aborigines. Editor of Frank Leslie's pub- lications. U.S. commiss. to Peru 1863-4. First pres. Anthropological Institute of N.Y. 1871. Stahel, Gen. Julius, b. Hungary 1825. Entering the military service of Austria, he rose from the ranks to be 1st lieut. ; but es- poused the Hungarian cause, and served through the war on the staffs of Gorgev and Guyon. When Austria triumphed, he emigrated to Ger- many, thence to Eng., and finally to N. Y. City, where he became a journalist, and in 1859 established the N. Y. Illustrated News, which he conducted a year. In May, 1861, he became lieut.-col. 8th N. Y. Vols. (Col. Blenker), and com. the regt. in the battle of Bull Run. He was soon after made its col. ; had charge of a brigade in Blenker's division ; and became brig.-gen. vols. Nov. 12, 1861. In Dec. 1862 he com. a div. in Sigel's Uth army corps; maj.-gcn. March 14, 1863. Staigg, Richard M., miniature and genre painter of Boston, b. Eng. ab. 1820. Came to the U.S. in early childhood, and while engaged in mechanical occupations at Newport, R.I., received instructions in painting from Jane Stuart and Allston, and soon attained high rank as a painter of miniature portraits. Those of Allston, Webster, and Everett, are memo- rable. His cabinet coast-scenes and genre pieces are highly valued ; among them are " Cat's - Cradle," " The Crossing - Sweeper," "News from the War," "Knitting," "The Love-Letter," and " The Sailor's Grave." — Tucker7nan, Stanard, Robert, jurist ; d. Richmond, Va., May 13, 1846, a. 66. He was a disting. member of the State Const. Conv. of 1829-30; represented Richmond for several sessions in the house of delegates ; and stood at the head of the bar of that city when he was elevated to the bench of the Court of Appeals. Stanberry, Henry, lawyer, b. New York, Feb. 20, 1803. Wash. Coll., Pa., 1819. He went to Ohio in 1814; adm. to the Ohio bar in 1824; atty.-gen. of Ohio 1846; U.S. atty.- gen. July, 1866, to March, 1868. Defended &TJL 859 SXA. President Johnson during the impeachment trial. Standish, Miles, an early New-Eng. sol- dier, b. Lancashire, Eng., ab. 1584; d. Dux- bury, Ms., Oct. 3, 1656. He had served in the Netherlands. Came to Plymouth with the first company in 1620 ; and was chosen capt. by the Pilgrims, though not of their church. He was small in stature, but of a very hot and angry temper ; possessed great courage, energy, and determination ; and rendered important services to the early settlers. Sent in 1623 to Wey- mouth to protect the inhabitants from a con- spiracy of the Indians, he seized their chief, Pecksuot, snatched his knife from his neck, and killed him with it. Tlus and similar exploits filled the savages with a wholesome ten-or of him, and gave security to the colonists. In 1625 he went to Eng. as agent for the Colony, and returned with supplies in 1626. He then settled in Duxbury, where he was a magistrate for the rest of his life. — See his Will in Gen- eal. Reg., v. 335. Stanford, Johx, D.D., Baptist clergyman and philanthropist, b. Wandsworth, Eng., Oct. 20, 1754; d. New York, Jan. 14, 1834. He studied medicine ; then engaged in teaching at Hammersmith, near London ; and, after join- ing the Baptist Church, came in 1786 to the U.S. ; spent some months at Norfolk, Va., and then opened an acad. at New York ; pas- tor of the Baptist church in Providence, R.I., in 1787-9 ; again a teacher in New York in Nov. 1785-1813; and in 1791 commenced a course of Sunday-evening lectures. A Baptist church having been formed, through his exertions, in 1794, he officiated as its pastor until ab. 1800; in 1811 he became chaplain of the almshouse; and ultimately the prisons, hospitals, and charitable asylums of the city became his field of labor. He also taught classes of theol. stu- dents. Besides a " History of the First Bap- tist Church of Providence," he wrote a number of tracts, addresses, and discourses ; a coll. of essays entitled " The Aged Christian's Com- panion," 1829 ; "Domestic Chaplain," 1806; " Description of New- York City," 1814. — See Memoir hij C. G. Sommers. Stanford, Leland, a prominent citizen of Cal., b. near Albany, N.Y., 9 Mar. 1824. His ancestors settled as farmers in the Mohawk Valley ab. 1720. He had a com. -school educa- tion. Was adm. to the bar in 1 849 ; practised in Port Washington, Mich., in 1849-52 ; became a merchant in Sacramento ; was a deleg. to the Chicago conv. in 1860; gov. of Cal. 1862-4; and, as pres. of the Central Pacific Railroad Co., was foremost in pushing forward that great national enterprise. He is largely interested in railroad and manuf. enterprises in California. Staniford, Thomas, col. U. S. A., b. Vt. 1789 ; d. Cambridge, Md., Feb. 3, 1855. App. ensign Ilth Inf. Oct. 12, 1812; adj. 1819; capt. March, 1820 ; maj. 4th Inf. Dec. 1, 1839 ; brev. lieut.-col. for gallant conduct in battles of Palo Alto and R. de la Palma, May 9, 1846 ; lieut.- col. 8th Inf. June 29, 1846; brev. col. for gal- lant and meritorious conduct in battles of Monterey, Mexico, Sept. 23, 1846; col. 3d Inf. Fei). 23, 1852. — Gardiner. Stanley, Anthony Dumond, mathema- tician, b. East Hartford, Ct., April 2, 1810; d. there March 16, 1853. Y.C. 1830. He was tutor there in 1832-6, and prof in 1836-53. Author of a " Treatise on Spherical Trigonome- try," " Tables of Logarithms," and a revised edition of Day's "Algebra." Stanley, David S., brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Cedar Valley, Wayne Co., O., 1 June, 1828. West Point, 1852. Entering the 2d Dragoons, ho became (27 Mar. 1855) 1st lieut. 1st Cav. ; distinguished at defeat of Comanche Indians in the Wichita Mountains, 25 Feb. 1859; capt. 4th Cav. 16 Mar. 1861 ; brig.-gen. vols. 23 Sept. 1861; maj.-gen. 29 Nov. 1862; maj. 5th Cav. 1 Dec. 1863; col. 22d Inf. 28 July, 1866. When the Rebellion broke out, he suc- cessfully brought off all the govt, property from Forts Smith, Washita, Arbuckle, and Cobb ; did good service in Mo., especially at Dug Springs and Wilson's Creek ; and was after- ward some time disabled by a fall from his horse. Joining Gen. Pope at New Madrid, he com. the 2d div. Army of the Mpi. at the battle of Farmington ; May 28, 1862, he repulsed an attack by Cleburne on the left wing ; was in the pursuit of the Confeds. to Booneville in the battles of luka and Corinth ; chief of cav., Army of the Cumberland, Nov. 1862 ; displayed great ability and skill at the battle of Stone River; was engaged in the advance on Tulla- homa ; the exped. to Huntsville, Ala. ; the pas- sage of the Tenn. River in Sept. 1863; com. 1st div. 4th corps in Nov. 1863 ; in the Atlanta campaign under Sherman ; com. the 4th corps from July, 1864, to the close of the war. His timely arrival on the battle-field of Franklin averted disaster; but he was wounded and dis- abled. He was brev. lieut.-col. 31 Dec. 1862 for Stone River; col. 15 May, 1864, for Re- saca, Ga. ; brig.-gen. and maj.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865 for Ruffes Station, Ga., and Franklin, Tennessee. Stanley, Edward, lawyer and statesman, b. Newbern, N.C. Eldest son of Hon. John, lawyer and M.C. (1801-3 and 1809-11), d. 3 Aug. 1 833. Edward was a Whig M.C. in 1 836- 42 and 1 849-53 ; represented Beaufort in the legisl. of N.C. in 1844, '46, and '48 ; speaker in 1848, and atty.-gen. of the State in 1847. He was one of the ablest of the Whig members of Congress ; voted for the compromise meas- ures of 1850, but was not thought in the South to be sufficiently devoted to the defence and preservation of slavery. In 1853 he went to San Francisco, where he practised law ; in 1857 he was the Repub. candidate for gov., re- ceiving 21,040 votes to 53,122 for Weller, Dem- ocrat. After the capture of Newbern (March 14, 1862) and the occupation of other points in N.C, he was app. military gov. of the State, which place he filled some months, then re- signed, and returned to California. Stanley, Fabius, commo. U.S.N., son of John, lawyer and M.C, b. Newbern, N.C, Dec. 15, 1815. Midshipm. Dec. 20, 1831 ; lieut. Sept. 8, 1841; com. May 19, 1861; capt. July 25, 1866; commo. June, 1870. Attached to sloop " Dale," Pacific squad., during Mexican war, and present at the capture of Guayamas, and many engagements on the Pacific coast ; com. the *' Wyandotte " in 1860, and prevented ST-A. 860 ST-A. the attack of Fort Taylor, Key West, by the Confeds. ; com. steamer "Narraganset," Pacific squad., 1862-3; steamer "State of Georgia," S. Atl. squad., 1864-5. In 1865 ordered to com. Fort Johnson, also an exped. up the Santce, and that of Bull's Bay against Charles- ton ; com. " Tuscarora," S. Pacific squad., 1866-7. — Hamerslij. Stanley, J- M., portrait-painter, b. Canan- daigua, N.I., 1814; removed to Michigan in 18.34. Began his profession in Detroit in 1835, and has practised it in various places, travel- ling extensively among the Indians, taking the likenesses of the principal chiefs. In 1851-63 he resided in Washington, D. C. His extensive collection of Indian portraits and miscellaneous pictures were for many years a chief attraction of the Smithsonian Inst., where they were in Jan. 1865 unfortunately destroyed by fire. Now (1871) resides in Detroit. Stansbury, Maj. Howard, b. N.Y. City, Feb. 8, 1806 ; d. Madison, Wis., April 17, 1863. App. 1st lieut. topog. engrs. July 7, 1838 ; capt. July, 1840 ; maj. Sept. 28, 1861. Prior to his entry into the eng. corps, he was engaged in various surveys of Western rivers, and in 1835 had charge of a number of public works in In- diana. In 1841 he was engaged on a survey of the lakes; in 1842-5 he was in charge of the survey of the harbor of Portsmouth, N.H., — a work which, fflr minute accuracy of detail, is unsurpassed in this country; in 1847 he was charged with the construction of an iron light- house on Carysfort Reef, Florida, the largest lighthouse on our coast; in 1849-51 he was engaged in the Great Salt-Lake exped., his rei)ort of which gave him a wide reputation ; in 1852-3 he was engaged upon the lake har- bors ; in 1856 he was assigned to the charge of the military roads in Minnesota ; at the time of his death, he was mustering and disbursing officer at Madison. Stansbury, Gen. Tobias E., b. 1756; d. Baltimore Co., Md., Oct. 25, 1849. From the opening events of the Revol. war, down to with- in a few years of his death, he participated actively in national and state affairs ; was re- peatedly a member of the legisl., and presided as speaker of the house of delegates ; brig.- gen. of Md. militia 1813-14 ; com. a brigade in battle of Bladcnsburg and in defence of Balti- more. Stanton, Daniel, Quaker preacher, b. Phila. 1708 ; d. there June 28, 1770. He be- gan to preach in 1728 ; travelled in N.E. and the W. Indies ; went to Europe in 1748; and visit- ed the Southern Colonies in 1760. He bore testimony against slavery, and against the vices of the city, especially horse-racing, drunk- enness, and stage-plays ; and was a very zealous, faithful preacher. — See Journal of his Life, Travels, and Gospel Labors, Phila. 8vo, 1772. Stanton, Edwin McMasters, LL.D. (Y.C. 1867), lawyer and statesman, b. Stcu- benville, O., Dec. 19, 1814; d. Washington, D.C., Dec. 24, 1869. Kenyon Coll. 1833. His parents were of Quaker origin, and came from Culpeper Co., Va. He became a bookseller's clerk at Columbus, O. ; studied law; and in 1836 was adra. to the Columbus bar. He be- gan practice at Cadiz, 0.; became prosec. atty. of the Co. in 1837; but soon removed to Steu- benville, where he had extensive practice. In 1839-42 he was reporter of the decisions of the Supreme Court. In 1848 he removed to Pitts- burg, became the leader of the bar, and was often employed in the Supreme Court at Wash- ington. His argument in the case of the Wheeling Suspension Bridge is among the most noted of his efforts during this period. In 1857 he removed to Washington; and in 1858 was employed by Atty .-Gen. Black to go to Cali- fornia to plead the cause of the U.S. in some very important cases. Dec. 14, 1860, he suc- ceeded Mr. Black as atty. -gen., and did his country great service by resisting, as far as pos- sible, the efforts of the secession leaders, then actively engaged in preparing the civil war that soon after broke out. He went out of office with Mr. Buchanan's administration, March 4, 1861 ; succeeded Gen. Cameron as sec. of war, Jan. 13, 1862; suspended Aug. 12, 1867, by Pres. Johnson ; ic-instated by the sen- ate, Jan. 14, 1868; resigned May, 1868; app. judge U.S. Supreme Court, Dec. 20, 1869. His labors as war secretary during the Great Rebellion were overwhelming : he slept for months at the office, working till two or three o'clock in the morning, and rising belore the sun. His assistant secretaries, men of energy and ability, broke down one after another ; but he bore the brunt of the burden with inflexible courage and perseverance, and unequalled ability. His opposition to the policy of the pres. made him obnoxious to Mr. Johnson, who sought to deprive him of his office; but it was retained by Mr. Stanton until the failure of the impeachment trial, upon which he re- signed. His health had been shattered by his arduous labors; and he died before his commis- sion to the Supreme-Court bench had been made out. He pub. Reports, Sup. Ct. of Ohio, 1841-4, 3 vols. 8vo ; also Reports as Secretary of War, 1862-8. Stanton, Elizabeth Cadt, reformer, b. Johnstown, N.Y., Nov. 12, 1816. Dau. of Judge Daniel Cady. She was educated at the Johns- town Acad., and Mrs. Wiliard's Seminary at Troy. In 1840 she m. Henry B. Stanton, an antislavery orator, and accomp. him to Lon- don, where he was a delegate to the World's Antislavery Convention. Here she made the acquaintance of Lucrctia Mott, with whom, upon the question of woman's rights, she found herself in sympathy. On their return, Mr. Stanton practised law in Boston until 1845, when they removed to Seneca Falls, N.Y. The first woman's -rights convention was called by her at Seneca Falls, July 19-20, 1848; and it made the first public demand for woman's suffrage. Since that period she has labored incessantly with pen and voice, travel- ling over the country, endeavoring to effect this great object. In 1868, she, with Parker Pills- bury and Susan B. Anthony, began to pub. the Revolution in advocacy of the new ideas. (See Eminent Women of the Age.) Her hus- band, Henry Brewster, b. Griswold, Ct., 1810, studied at Lane Sem., 0. Author of " Reforms and Reformers," 1 849 ; addresses, &c. Stanton, Henry, brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. Vt. ab. 1796; d. Fort Hamilton, N.Y. , Aug. ST^ 861 STA 1, 1856. App. lieut. of light art. June 29, 1813; assist, dep. qmr.-gcn. July, 1813; mili- tary sec. to Gen. Izard 1814 ; dep. qmr. (rank of major) May 13, 1 820 ; acting adj.-gen. of the armjr under Gen. Jesup in Florida 1836- 37 ; assist, qmr.-gcn. (rank of col.) July 7, 1838 ; brev. brig .-gen. "for meritorious conduct in the Mexican war/* Jan. 1, 1847. — Gardner. Stanton, Eichaed H., M. C. from Ky. 1849-55, b. Alexandria, Va., 1812. Author of " Code of Ky.," 8vo, 1859 ; " Rev. Statutes of Ky.," 2 vols. 8vo, 1860; "Treatise for Justices," 1861; "Manual for Executors," 1862. Edited the Maysville Monitor and Maysville Express. — Allihone. Stanwix, John, lieut.-gen., lost at sea in Dec. 1765 wliile crossing from Dublin to Holy- head in " The Eagle " packet. Nephew and heir to Brig.-Gen. Stanwix, who served with reputation in the wars of Queen Anne. En- tered the army in 1706 ; Avas an old captain of grenadiers in 1739; made maj. of marines in 1741; licut.-col. in 1745; app. equerry to Frederick, Prince of Wales, in 1749; in 1750 was advanced to the govt, of Carlisle, which city he then represented in parliament ; and in 1 754 became dep. qmr.-gen. of the forces. Jan. 1, 1756, he became col. com. of the first batt. of the 60th, or Roy. Americans ; was put in com. of the Southern dist. on his arrival in Amer., and had his headquarters at Carlisle, Pa., dur- ing 1757, and was app. brig.-gen. Dec. 27. On bcmg relieved by Forbes m 1758, Brig. Stan- wix proceeded to Albany, whence he was ordered to the Oneida carrying-place to secure that important position by the erection of a work, which, in his honor, was called " Fort Stanwix." He returned to Pa. in 1759; be- came maj .-gen. June 19; repaired the old fort at Pittsburg, and surmounted the works with cannon ; and by his pi-udent conduct secured the good will of the Indians. He resigned his com. to Monckton, May 4, 1760 ; became lieut.- gen. Jan. 19, 1761 ; and on his return to Eng. was app. lieut.-gov. of the Isle of Wight ; be- came col. of the 8th Foot, and M.P. for Ap- pleby. Staples, William Read, LL.D. (B.TJ. 1862), jurist and historian, b. Providence, R.I., Oct. 10, 1798; d. there Oct. 19, 1868. Brown U. 1817. Adm. to the bar in 1819; assoc. judge Sup. Court, R.I., 1835-54; chief justice of that court 1854-6; sec. and treas. R.I. Soc. for the Encouragement of Domestic Industry from 1856 until his death, and a contrib. of Biographies to its Transactions. One of the founders of the R.I. Hist. Society, many years its librarian and sec, and a vice-pres. at his death. He edited the 2d vol. Colls. R.I. Hist. Society, and in the 5th vol. pub. " Annals of Providence." He also pub. " Documentary Hist, of the Destruction of the Gaspe'," 1845; " Proceedings of the First General Assembly for the Incorp. of Providence Plantations, &c., in 1647," 8vo, 1847; and "R. I. Book of Forms," 12mo, 1859. He left unfinished a "History of the State Convention of 1790," since pub. ; " History of the Criminal Law of R.I. ;^' "R.I. in the Cont. Congress 1765- 90," pub. Bvo, 1870 ; edited with notes Gorton's " Simplicitio's Defence," 1 835. Stark, Caleb, d. Dunbarton, N.H., Feb. 1, 1864, a. 59. H.U. 1823. Son of Caleb, maj. Revol. army, who served from Bunker's Hill to Yorktown, and who in 1828 removed to 0.^ (b. 3 Dec. 1759 _; d. 26 Aug. 1838.) He practised law in Cincinnati, 0., and Concord, N.H. Author of "Reminiscences of the French War," &c., 8vo, 1831 ; " A History of Dunbarton, N.H.," 1860; and a Life of his Grandfather, Gen. John Stark, 8vo, 1860. Stark, John, maj.-gen., b. Londonderry, N.H., Aug. 28, 1728; d. Manchester, N.H., May 8, 1822. Removing with his father to Derryfield, now Manchester, about 1736, he was employed in hunting and husbandry until April 28, 1752, when, being on a hunting cx- ped., he was taken prisoner by the St. Francis Indians. After six weeks' captivity, he was ransomed for 103 dollars. He became very popular with the Indians by his frequent exhi- bitions of courage and independence, and was adopted into the tribe. App. in 1755 a lieut. in Rogers's company of Rangers, he served in* that and the following campaign, and in Jan. 1757, while returning from an exped., the corps was attacked by the French and Indians near Ticonderoga. A sanguinary battle ensued, in which his superior officers were killed or wounded ; and upon him devolved the conduct of the retreat, which heeff'ected with great skill and prudence. He was soon afterwards app. acapt. of rangers, and in 1758 participated in the attack on Ticonderoga under Gen. Aber- crombie. In the following spring he joined the army of Amherst, and was present at the reduction of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. A member of the com. of safety at the com- mencement of the Revol. , on the news of Lex- ington battle he repaired at once to Cam- bridge, and was immediately chosen col. of the N.H. troops. At Bunker's Hill his men were stationed at the left of the line, behind a rail fence, and repeatedly repulsed the enemy with great loss, but, when the redoubt was carried, were compelled to retire. At the close of the northern campaign, in Dec. 1776, he joined Gen. Washington at Newton, com. the van- guard at Trenton, and was very active at the battle of Princeton ; having been overlooked in the promotions, he resigned his commission in Apr. 1777, and returned to his farm. On the advance of Burgoyne, the council of N.H. commissioned Stark to raise a force, and guard the frontier. Aug. 16, 1777, he attacked Col. Baum in his intrenchment on the Wallooms- chaick, near Bennington, and defeated him. Scarcely was this action over, when a detach- ment underCol.Breyman,sent to succor Baum, arrived, which he also defeated with great loss. Congress passed a vote of thanks to him for this brilHant service, and made him a brig.-gen. Oct. 4, 1777, notwithstanding it had just before passed a vote of censure for his disobedience of the order of Gen. Lincoln to march to the west of the Hudson, — which step, if taken, would have left Burgoyne's rear unmolested. In Sept. he joined Gates, and contributed to the successful issue of the campaign ; early in 1778 he com. the northern dept. at Albany ; in Oct. joined Gen. Gates in R.I.; in May, 1780, he joined the army in Morristown, and was ST-A. 862 STE present at the battle of Springfield; in the spring of 1781 he was again ordered to the com. of the northern dept. In 1818 Congress voted him a pension of 60 dollars a month. A Memoir of his Life, by his grandson, was pub. in 1860; also by E. Everett in Sparks's " Amer. Biographv." Staughton, William, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 1801), Pres. of Col. Coll., D.C., 1822-7, b. Coventry, Eng., Jan. 4, 1770; d. Washing- ton, D.C., Dec. 12, 1829. A vol. of his poeti- cal effusions, pub. at the age of 17, indicated his talent, and induced his friends to educate him for the ministry at Bristol Acad. He commenced preaching in 1793 ; came to Charieston, S.C, in the autumn of that year, preaching successively in Georgetown, S.C, N.Y. City, Bordentown and Burlington, N.J., where he taught and preached for several years. He became connected with the First Baptist Church in Phila. in 1805, and thenceforth his popularity probably exceeded that of any of his brethren in the U.S. In addition to his la- bors as a minister, he directed the theol. studies of young men preparing for the ministry. Chosen pres. of the Baptist Coll. and Theol. Inst, at Georgetown, Ky., but died on his way thither. His contributions in prose and verse to religious periodicals were numerous, and he pub. 5 or 6 sermons and orations. His Me- moirs, by Lynd, were pub. 12mo, Bost. 1834. Stearns, Asahel, LL.D. (H. U. 1825), prof of law in H.U. 1817-29, b. Lunenburg, Ms., June 17, 1774; d. Cambridge, Feb. 5, 1839. H.U. 1797. He practised law at Chelms- ford many years ; was M.C. in 1815-17; was a member of the American Acad, of Arts and Sciences ; and was several years county atty. for Middlesex. In 1824 he pub. a volume of Real Actions, and was subsequently one of the commissioners for revising the statutes of Ms., which was his last labor. Stearns, Charles, D.D. (H.U. 1810), b. Leominster, Ms., 1752; d. Lincoln, Ms., July 26, 1826. H.U. 1773. Ord. 1781. He pub. " The Ladies' Philosophy of Love," a poem, 1797 ; Dramatic Dialogues, 1798 ; " Principles of Religion and Morality," 1798 ; and 5 single sermons. — Spragm. Stearns, George Luther, patriot and reformer, b. Medford, Ms., 8 Jan. 1809; d. New York, Apr. 9, 1867. Brother of Asahel. Luther, his father, was a teacher of high repu- tation. He prospered in the ship-chandlery business, and subsequently in the manuf. of sheet and pipe lead ; doing business in Boston, and residing in Medford. Identifying him- self early with the antislavery cause, he be- came a Free-soiler in 1848; aided John Brown in Kansas, and stood by him unflinchingly until his death. Soon after the breaking-out of the Rebellion, Mr. Stearns advocated the enlistment of black men in the national cause, having previously labored assiduously in the emancipation movement. The 54th and 55th Ms. Regts., and the 5th Cav., were largely re- cruited through his instrumentality. In Pa., Md., and Tenn., being commissioned as major, through the recommendation of Sec. Stanton, he was of great service to the national cause by enlisting blacks in the volunteer army. He was the founder of the Commonwealth and Right Way, newspapers for the dissemination of his ideas. Steams, John, M.D. (1812), b. Wilbra- ham, Ms., 1770; d. N.Y. City, Mar. 18, 1848. Y.C. 1789. First pres. N.Y. Acad, of Medi- cine, 1846, and one of the founders of the Tract Society. He practised at Waterford, Albany, Saratoga, and finally in N.Y. City; State senator in 1812; and pres. N.Y. Med. Society. He pub. a number of addresses. — See notice in Dr. Francis's Old New Yoi-k. Stearns, Samuel, M.D., LL.D., astrono- mer, b. Ms. Author of " Tour from London to Paris," 8vo, 1790 ; " American Oracle," 8vo, 1791; " American Herbal, or Materia Medi- ca," the first work of the kind in America. He began it in 1772; travelled in 9 American States, and in Great Britain and France, — over 23,000 miles by land and sea. Edited Phila. Mag. 1789. Dec. 20, 1782, Dr. S. made the calculations for the first nautical almanac pub. in America. Stearns, Samuel Horatio, minister of the Old South, Boston, from April 16, 1834, to his death, Paris, July 15, 1837 ; b. Bedford, Sept. 12, 1801. H.U. 1823. Son of Rev. Samuel of Bedford. A vol. of his discourses, with Memoir by his bro. W. A. Stearns, was pub. 1838. Stearns, William Augustus, D.D. (H.U. 1853), LL.D. (N. J. Coll. 1862), son of Rev. Samuel, b. Bedford, Ms., 17 Mar. 1805. H.U. 1827. Pastor Cong. Church, Cam- bridgeport, Ms. Pres. of Amh. Coll. since 1854. Author of a work on Infant Church- Membership ; " Life of Rev. S. H. Stearns," 12mo, 1839; Discourses and Addresses, 8vo, 1855 ; and sermons and discourses. Stedingk, Curt Bogislaus Louis Christopher, Count von, field-marshal of Sweden, b. at his father's castle of Pinnau, in Pomerania, Oct. 26, 1746 ; d. Stockholm, 1836. U. of Upsal, 1768. An ensign, at the age of 13 he accomp. his father in the war between Sweden and Prussia, and was present at the siege of Stralsund. Entering the French ser- vice in the Royal Regt. of Swedes, he rose to the rank of lieut.-col. At Versailles, where he remained on duty, he lived in intimate friend- ship with Count Fersen, another Swedish volunteer in the cause of America. Stedingk, commanding a brigade of inf., sailed in D'Es- taing's fleet in 1778. In his operations against the W. I. islands, Stedingk • won high honor, especially in the attack upon Grenada ; in the assault upon Savannah, Oct. 9, 1779, the rash- ness and impracticability of which he confi- dently predicted to D'Estaing, he led one of the two principal assaults, and, after planting the American flag on the last intrenchment, was compelled to retreat with the loss of nearly half his brigade of 900 men, and was himself wounded. After his return to France, the king made him col. of the Regt. of Alsace, and knight of the Protestant branch of the Order of St. Louis; while the king of Sweden, in token of his gallant behavior in America, made him a col. of dragoons and a knight of the Or- der of the Sword. He also received from Wash- ington the badge of Cincinnatus. Stedingk STE 863 STE left France in 1787; was a principal actor in the war which for a short period subsisted be- tween Sweden and Russia ; and was rewarded for his services with the embassy to St. Peters- burg in 1790, which he long retained. In 1814 he repaired to Paris in com. of the Swedish army, and ambassador of the Swedish king to sign the treaty of peace. Stedman, Charles, author of '\ The His- tory of the American War," 2 vols. 4to, Lond. 1794; d. London, 26 June, 1812. He served as a commissary under Howe, Clinton, and Cornwallis in the Amer. Revol. war, and at the time of his death was dep. compt. of the stamp- office. Lowndes says Stedman's "History" was written by Wm. Thomson, LL.D. Stedman, Edmund Clakexce, poet, b. Hartford, Ct., 1 Oct. 1833. Son of Edmund B., a merchant of H., by Elizabeth C. Dodge, now Mrs. Kinney, poet, and wife of Wm, B., editor Newark fN. J.) Advertiser. One of his ancestors on his mother's side was Rev. Aa- ron Cleveland ; bishop A. C. Coxe being her cousin. His father died when he was 2 years old, and he was educated under the care of a relative, entering Y.C. in 1849. He did not graduate, but in 1870 received the hon. degree of A.M. He began journalism in his 20th year ; ed. the Winsted Herald, Litchfield Co., Ct. ; removed to N.Y. City (where he is now a member of the stock exchange) ; became con- nected with the Tribune, becoming generally known by his satirical poem contrib. to that journal, "The Diamond Wedding" (1859); and in 1861-3 was war-corresp. in Va. for the N.Y. World. Besides contribs. to the J.i/a??«/c, Scribner's, the Galaxy, &c., he has pub. " Po- ems," 1860; "Battle of Bull Run," 1861; " Alice of Monmouth, an Idyl of the Great War, with Other Poems," 1864; "The Blame- less Prince," &c., 1869. Now (1871) engaged upon a translation of the Greek Sicilian poets. Stedman, Gex. Griffin A., b. Hartford, Ct. ; killed near Petersburg, Va., Aug. 6, 1864. Trin. Coll. Maj. 11th Ct. ; lieut.-col. at An- tietam, and wounded ; com. the regt. at Fred- ericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg, and com. a brigade in the campaign of 1864. He was fatally wounded in one of the skirmishes before Petersburg. Stedman, John Gabriel, b. Scotland, 1745; buried at St. Mary's Church, Becklcy, Devonshire, 1797. Author of "Narrative of Exped. against the Revolted Negroes of Suri- nam, 1772-7," London, 2 vols. 4to, 1796. Steedman, Charles, rear-adm. U.S.N., b. Charleston, S.C., Sept. 24, 1811. Midshipm. Apr. 1, 1828; lieut. Feb. 25, 1841 ; com. Sept. 14, 1855; capt. Sept. 13, 1862; commo. July 25, 1866 ; rear-adm. 18 June, 1871. He com. a gun in naval battery at bombard, of Vera Cruz; com. brig "Dolphin," Paraguay exped., 1859-60; com. "The Bienville" at battle of Port Royal, S.C., Nov. 7, 1861; with " The Paul Jones," and other gunboats under his com., engaged Fort McAllister in Aug. 1862; Sept. 17, 1862, silenced the batteries of St. John's Bluff, St. John's River, Fla. ; Sept. 30 co-operated with Gen. Brannon in capture of same batteries; com. sloop-of-war "Ticondero- ga " in both attacks on Fort Fisher, and in European squad. 1866-7 ; commanding navy- yard, Boston, 1870-1. — Ilamersly, Steedman, Gen. James Barrett, b. Nor- thumberland Co., Pa., July 30, 1818. In 1837 he went to Ohio as a contractor in the construction of the Wabash and Erie Canal ; in 1843 he was sent by the Democrats to the Ohio legisl. ; in 1849 he organized a company to cross the plains to California, gold-hunting; returning in 1850, he became in 1851 a mem- ber of the board of public works of Ohio. Dur- ing Mr. Buchanan's administration, he was printer to Congress. In 1861 he was col. 4th Ohio Vols. ; was ordered to Western Va. ; took part in the battle at Philippi, and subsequent- ly joined Gen. Buell in Ky. ; app. brig.-gen. of vols. July 17, 1862 ; disting. at Perryville; in July, 1863, com. the 1st div. reserv^e corps. Army of the Cumberland; and, for disting. ser- vices at Chickamauga, was made maj. -gen. 24 Apr. 1864. He took an active part in Sher- man's Atlanta campaign; relieved the little garrison at Dalton, and defeated Wheeler's cavalry in June, 1864; joined Gen. Thomas when Shennan marched to the sea ; and was disting. in the battle of Nashville. Resigned July 19, 1866. Internal rev. collector at New Orleans under Pres. Johnson. — Reid's Ohio in the War. Steele, Rev. Ashbel, b. Waterbury, Ct., 31 Jan. 1796. Presb. pastor in Washington, D.C. Author of " Chief of the Pilgrims, or Life of Brewster," 8vo, 1857; " Geneal. of the Brewster Family." Contrib. to Spirit of Mis- sions, Phila. Recorder, and Nat. Intelligencer. — Steele Fam. Geneal. Steele, Gen. Frederic, b. Delhi, N.Y., 1821 ; d. San Mateo, Columbia Terr., Jan. 12, 1868. West Point, 1843. Entering the 2d Inf., he served during the Mexican war. For gallantry at Contrerasand Chapultepec he was brev. 1st lieut. and capt. ; capt. 2d Inf. 5 Feb. 1855. He served in Mo. at the beginning of the civil war; was made major 11th Inf May 14, 1861; and for his conduct at the battle of Wilson's Creek (Aug. 10, 1861 ) was made brig.- gen. of vols. Jan. 29, 1862; in Dec. 1862 he com. at Helena, Ark., capturing Little Rock Sept. 10, 1863; maj.-gen. Nov. 29, 1862. He com. a division in the 15th army corps under Sherman, and took part in the battles of Chick- asaw Bayou, capture of Fort Hindman, and siege of Vicksburg, where he com. the 5th division of Grant's army ; and com. the dept. of Ark. until the end of the war. He com. a column at the capture of Mobile 12 Apr. 1865. In 1865 he was transferred to Texas, and placed in com. on the Rio Grande. Lieut.-col. 3d Inf. 26 Aug. 1863; col. 20th inf. July 28, 1866; brev. col. for Vicksburg ; brig.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865 for Little Rock, and maj.-gen. for services in the Rebellion. Steele, John, Revol. officer, b. Augusta Co., Va., ab. 1755; d. ab. 1805. He was an officer at the battle of Point Pleasant, Va., 10 Oct. 1774, and at the battle of German town was shot through the bod^. Many years one of the Va. executive council ; commiss. to treat with the Cherokees under John Adams's ad- ministration ; andsec. ofMpi. Terr. 1798-1801. Steele, Gen. John, Revol. officer, b. Lan- STE3 864 STE caster, Pa., 1758 ; d. 27 Feb. 1827. Capt. through the war ; wounded at Brandywine, and present at Yorktown ; afterward State senator ; a commissioner to setde the Wyoming troubles ; and long collector of the port of Phila. ; com. Washington's Life Guard in 1780; gen. of Pa. militia. Steele, Gen. John, b. Salisbury, N.C., Nov. 1, 1764; d. there Aug. 14, 1815. His mother Elizabeth was disting. among the patriotic " women of the Kevol." John was a successful planter; from 1787 was frequently a member of the h. of commons ; member of the convention to adopt the Federal Constitu- tion in 1788 ; ^I.C. 1790-3 ; was often speaker of the h. of commons ; was in 1806 a commiss. to adjust the boundaries between N. and S. Carolina; was a gen. of militia, and first compt. of the treasury until 1802. Steele, John H., gov. N.H. 1844-6; b. N.C. 1792; d. Peterborough, N.H., July 3, 1865. Steen, Alexander E., brig.-gen. C.S.A., of St. Louis, Mo.; killed at Prairie Grove, Ark., 7 Dec. 1862. Lieut. 12th U.S. Inf. 6 Mar. 1847; brev. for Contreras and Churu- busco ; disting. and wounded in the conflict with the Apaches 27 June, 1857. Steers, George, naval constructor, b. Washington, D.C., 1821; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., 25 Sept. 1856. Among many of his beautifully- modelled vessels, the most celebrated were the yacht " America," and the steamships " Adriatic " and " Niagara." Steinwehr, Gen. Adolph Wilhelm Friedrich, baron von, b. Blankenberg, duchy of Brunswick, Sept. 25, 1822. His father was a major, his grandfather a lieut.-gen., in the Prussian service. He was educated at the Military Acad, of Brunswick; became alieut. in 1841 ; resigned in 1847, and came to the U.S. to offer his services to the govt, in the Mexican war ; but, failing to obtain a commiss. in the regular army, returned to Germany after marrying in Mobile. In 1854 he came again to the U.S., and bought a farm near Walling- ford, Ct. He raised the 29th N. Y. Regt., which he com. in the first battle of Bull Run. Made brig.-gen. vols. Oct. 12, 1861, and app. to the 2d brigade of Blenker's division. When Sigel assumed com. of the corps after the organiza- tion of the Army of Va., Steinwehr was pro- moted to com. the 2d division, 11th corps, and participated in the campaign on the Rapidan and Rappahannock in August and in Dec. ; in the battle of Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863, and the battle of Gettvsburg, Pa., July 1, 1863. Stellwagen, Henry S., capt. U. S. N., b. Pa.; d. Cape Island, N. J., July 16, 1866. Midshipm. Apr. 1,1828; lieut. July 2, 1840; com. Sept. 14, 1855; capt. Aug. 29, 1862; com. steamer " Connecticut," 1862; " Merci- dita," 18G3. Stembel, Roger N., commo. U. S. N., b. Middletown, Md., Dec. 27, 1810. Midshipm. Mar. 27, 1832 ; licut. Oct. 26, 1843 ; com. July 1, 1861; capt. July 25, 1866; commo. 1870; com. N. Pacific squad. 1871 ; attached to coast- survey 1844-7 ; to Mpi. flotilla; and in action at Lucas's Bend, Sept. 9, 1861 ; Belmont, Nov. 7, 1861 ; Fort Henry, Feb. 6, 1862; Island No. 10, Mar. 16 to Apr. 7, 1862 ; near Fort Pillow with Confed. rams, May 10, 1862 ; besides some minor afi'airs from Aug. 1861 to May, 1862, and wounded May 10 ; com. steam-sloop " Ca- nandaigua," European squad., 1866-7. — Earn- er sUi. Stephen, Gen. Adam; d. Va. Nov. 1791. He had been a meritorious Va. officer in the colonial wars; was a capt. in the Ohio exped. of 1754; served with distinction under Brad- dock ; afterwards com. Fort Cumberland with the rank of lieut.-col. ; and, on his return from an exped. to S.C against the Creek Indians, he was placed at the head of the troops for tbe defence of the Va. frontier, and was made a brig.-gen. When the Revol. commenced. Col. Stephen was app. to one of the Va. regts. ; was made a brig.-gen. in the Cont. service, Sept. 4, 1776, and a maj.-gen. Feb. 19, 1777; and behaved well at the Brandywine. Yielding to a bad habit, he fell into disgrace at German- town ; was found guilty of being intoxicated, and was dismissed from the army 1778. Stephens, Alexander Hamilton, statesman, b. Taliaferro Co., Ga., Feb. 11, 1812. Franklin Coll. 1832. Left an orphan, he was indebted to his friends for the means of education. Adm. to practise law in 1834, and soon acquired extensive practice at Crawfords- ville. After repaying his friends, his first earn- ings were devoted to redeeming from the hands of strangers the home of his childhood, upon which he still resides. In 1836-41 he was a member of the State legisl. ; in 1839 he was a delegate to the Charleston commercial conven- tion ; in 1842 he was elected to the State senate; and was M.C. in 1843-59, serving on many committees, and delivering many speeches; chairman of the com. on Territories. He favored the annexation of Texas ; was a sup- porter of Mr. Clay for the presidency in 1844 ; opposed the Clayton Compromise in 1848; took a leading part in effecting the compromises of 1850; and was an active supporter of the Kansas and Nebraska Act of 1854. After the breaking-up of the Whig party, he joined the Democrats, and was a prominent supporter of Buchanan's administration. He advocated the election of Douglas to the presidency in 1860, and in numerous public addresses de- nounced those who advocated a dissolution of the Union, and in the State convention vigor- ously opposed the secession of Georgia. He was elected provisional vice-pres. of the Con- federate States 9 Feb. 1861, and permanent vice-pres. in Nov. In a speech at Richmond, Va., Apr. 22, 1861, he justified the secession movement, and pronounced slavery the corner- stone of the new govt. He was for some time a prisoner of state in Fort Warren, but was released 11 Oct. 1865. He has pub. " History of the War between the States," 2 vols. 8vo, 1868 ; " Constitutional View of the Late War," 2 vols. 8vo; Letters and Speeches, 8vo, 1867, ed. by Henry Cleveland. Stephens, Mrs. Ann Sophia (Winter- botham), authoress, b. Derby, Ct., 1813. She m. in 1832, and removed to Portland, Me., where in 1835 she commenced and continued for some time the Portland Magazine. In 1836 she edited " The Portland Sketch-Book." She in 1837 removed to N.Y. City, where she has STES 865 STE sibce resided, and actively contributed to the magazines. " Mary Derwent," a tale, won her a prize of $400, and gave her popularity as a magazine-writer. Her most elaborate work is the novel of "Fashion and Famine" (1854), a story of the contrasts of city life. It is of the intense school, but contains excellent de- scriptions and delineations of character. She has also pub. " The Heiress of Greenhurst," " The Old Homestead," and two books on needlework, and has also written much in verse. She edited the Ladies' Companion 4 years, and in 1842 was co-editor of Graham's Maijazine, to which she was long a contributor ; also editor of the Ladies' World; in 1856 she started the Illustrated New Monthly. An edition of her works in 14 vols, was pub. 1869-70. Stephens, Mrs. Harriet Mario>:, authoress, d. East Hampden, Me., 1858, a. 35. She appeared upon the stage under the name of Miss Rosalie Somers until 1851, and was afterward well known by the contributions of her pen under the signatures of " Marion Ward " and " H. M. S." She wrote " Hagar the Martyr," and a variety of tales, sketches, and poems, collected and pub. with the title of " Home-Scenes and Home-Sounds." Stephens, John Lloyd, an eminent trav- eller, b. Shrewsbury, N. J., Nov. 28, 1805; d. N.Y. Oct. 12, 1852. Col. Coll. 1822. He studied at the Litchfield Law School, and prac- tised in N.Y. City for about 8 years. Taking an active interest in politics, he joined the Democ. party, and became a favorite speaker at Tammany Hall. In 1834-6 he vidited Eu- rope and Egypt ; and in 1837 pub. " Incidents of Travel in Egypt, Arabia Petraea, and the Holy Land;" which was followed in 1838 by " Incidents of Travel in Greece, Turkey, Rus- sia, and Poland." Mr. Stephens was in 1839 app. special ambassador to Central America ; on his return in 1841 he pub. "Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yu- catan." In 1842 he again visited Yucatan, and pub. in 1843 another work, entitled "Inci- dents of Travel in Yucatan." All his books were exceedingly popular ; and his travels in Central America and Yucatan have been pro- nounced to be the richest contribution ever made by any one man on the subject of Ameri- can antiquities. He was a director of the " Ocean Steam Navigation Co.," which estab- lished the first American line of trans-Atlan- tic steamships, and went to Europe as the repre- sentative of the company on the trial-trip of its first vessel, " The Washington." The latter part of his life was devoted to the construction of the Panama Railroad, of which he was pres- ident. Delegate to the State Const. Conv. of N.Y. in 1846. Stephens, William, gov. of Ga., son of Sir Wm. S., lieut.-gov. of the Isle of Wight, b. there Jan. 28, 1671 ; d. Ga. Aug. 1753. King's Coll , Camb. Studied law at the Middle Tem- ple, and in 1696 was M. P. for Newport. In 1712 he was a commissioner of the victualling ; he afterward came to Charleston, S.C. ; became acquainted with Oglethorpe, at whose recom- mendation he was, in Aug. 1 737, app. sec. of the trustees in Ga., and in Nov. arrived in Sii- vannah. In 1741 he was made pres. of the 65 county of Savannah ; and was in 1 743-50 pres. of the Colony. His journal 1737-41 was printed in 3 vols. 8vo. " The Castle-Builders, or the History of William Stephens," a very rare work, was written by his son. Steptoe, Edward Jenner, lieut.-col., b. Va. 1816; d.near Lvnchburg, Va., 1 Apr. 1865. West Point (lieut. 3d Art.), July, 1837. Dis- ting, under Col. Worth in Florida war 1838- 42 ; assist, instructor of inf. tactics, Military Acad., 1842-3; capt. 3 March, 1847; com. light battery in Quitman's division in the val- ley of Mexico ; brev. major " for gallantry in battle of Cerro Gordo," April 18, 1847 ; brev. lieut.-col. "for gallantry in battle of Chapul- tepec," Sept. 13, 1847 ; maj. 9th Inf. March 3, 1855; com. and disting. in conflicts with In- dians at the Cascades, Washington Terr., Apr. 27 and 28, 1856 ; lieut.-col. 10th Inf. ; resigned Nov. 1, 1861. App. gov. of Utah Terr. 1854, but declined. — (jullum. Sterrett, Andrew, capt. U.S.N. ; d. Lima, 9 Jan. 1807. App. lieut. U.S.N. 25 Mar. 1798 ; dist. in action between " The Constella- tion " and " L'Insurgente," 9 Feb. 1799 ; and 1st lieut. in the action with "La Vengeance," another French frigate. While in com. of " The Enterprise," he captured " L'Ami de la Patrie." Resigned 29 June, 1805. Steuben, Frederick William Augus- tus, baron, maj. -gen. Revol. army, b. Magde- burg, Prussia, i5 Nov. 1730; d. Steubenville, N.Y., 28 Nov. 1794. Educated at Neisse and Breslau. At 14 he was a volunteer under his father, an officer of Frederick the Great, at the siege of Prague ; disting. at Prague and Ross- bach in 1757 ; made adj.-gen. in 1758, and wounded at Kunnersdorf ; made prisoner in 1761, and sent to St. Petersburg, but was soon released; in 1762 app. adj.-gen. on the king's staiF ; was one of the young officers under the special instruction of Frederick, and after the siege of Schneidnitz, in which he took part, re- ceived from the king a valuable lay benefice. After the seven-years' war, he retired from the army, and travelled with the prince of Hohen- zollcrn Heckingen, who in 1764 app. him grand marshal and gen. of his guard, and made him a knight of the order of " Fidelity." Leaving these offices, and an income of $3,000 a year, at the suggestion of Count St. Germain he of-" fered his services to the Americans, and arrived, at Portsmouth, N.H., in Nov. 1777. Joining the army at Valley Forge, he was app< insp.r gen. (rank of maj.-gen.) 29 Mar. 1-778; was a vol. in the battle of Monmouth in Junie ; per- formed important services ; preparect a manual of instruction for the army, which was ap- proved by Congress in 1779t; and introduced the most thorough discipline, a change of which the army stood greatly in need, and which contributed largely to its ultimate suc- cess. In 1780 ho com. in Va., and finally in the trenches at Yorktown. He frequently shared his last dollar with the suffering sol- diers, as he often did his clothing and camp- cfiuipments also. At the close of the war, the State of N. J. gave him a small farm ; the legisl. of N.Y. gave him 16,000 acres of wild land in Oneida Co. ; and the govt, granted him an annuity of $2,500. He erected a log- STE 866 STK house at Steubenville ; gave a tenth part of his land to his aides — North, Popham, and Walk- er — and his servants, and parcelled out the rest to 20 or 30 tenants. A man of great kind- ness and generosity, always cheerful, of ready wit, and highly-pohshcd manners. His Life by F. Kapp was pub. N.Y., 1860; and by F. Bowen, Sparks's " Amer. Biography." Steuben, Baron Von, b. Prussia ; killed at Spottsylvania, May 12, 1864. He was a Prussian oIKcer ; came to the U.S., and joined the 52 N. Y. Vols. ; and was a brave and effi- cient officer. Stevens, Aaron F., M.C. 1867-9, b.Der- ry, N.H., 9 Aug. 1819. Educated at Pinker- ton Acad. Came to the bar in 1845, and set- tled in Nashua; member State legisl. 1849 ct seq. ; State solicitor 5 years. Major 1st N.H. Vols. 1861; col. 1862; served through the war ; wounded at Fort Harrison, Va., in 1864; and brev. brigadier-general. Stevens, Abel, LL.D., Meth. clergyman, b. Phi la. Jan. 19, 1815. He studied at the Wesl. U., Middletown, Ct. Settled as pastor in Boston in 1834; in 1837 travelled in Eu- rope ; until 1 840 was stationed in Providence ; removed to Boston in 1840, editing Zfon's Her- ald; went to New York in 1852, and edited the National Mag.; and in 1856 edited the Chris- tian Advocate and Journal. Dr. S. has pub. " Memorials of the Introduction -of Methodism into the U. S. ; " " Progress of Methodism in the Eastern States;" " Church Polity ; " "The Preaching required by the Times ; " " Sketches and Incidents, a Budget from the Saddle-Bags of an Itinerant;" "The Great Reform;" " History of the Religious Movement of the Eighteenth Century, called Methodism; " " His- tory of the Methodist Church in America," 4 vols. 1864-7; "Centenary of Amer. Method- ism," &c., 1866; "Women of Methodism," &c., 1866. Stevens, Alexander Hodgdon, M.D. (U. of Pa. 1811), LL.D. (N.Y. State U.), prof. of surgery, son of Gen. Ebenezer of the Revol. army, b. N.Y. 1789; d. N.Y. City, March 30, 1869. Y.C. 1 807. His mother, a sister of Col. Ledyard, was aunt to the famous traveller, John. He studied in Lond. and Paris in 1812, and then began practice in N.Y. City. Fellow of the Coll. of Phys. and Surgeons 1813; prof. ofiSurgery in Queen's (now Rutgers) Coll. 18M-16; app. visiting surgeon N.Y. Hospital in 1817 ; prof, of surgery Coll. of Phys. and Surge. 1826-37, of clinical surgery 1838-9; agaijQ prof, of surgery 1 840-4 ; pres. of the coll. 1843-55; and emeritus prof, of clinical surgery from- 1844. Pres. of the State Med. Soc, and in 1848 of the Amer. Med. Assoc. He pub. "Inflammation," 1811 ; "Fungus of the Eye," 1818; "Clinical Lecture on Injuries," 1837; on "Lithotomy," 1838; "Medical Education," 1849. Edited Cooper's " First Lines of Sur- gery," 1822, 2 vol8. ^vo. — Obit. Record Y.C. Stevens, G;en. Ebenezer, Revol. officer, h. Boston, 1752 ; d- 2 Sept. 1823. He was one of the famous " Tea" Party " of Boston in Dec. 1773; soon afterward, removed to R.I. ; com- missioned a lieut. 8 May, 1775; raised two companies of art. andopeof artificers for the ^ €ap«i against Quebgcj ; ^ajp. maj. 9 Nov. 1 776 ; com. the art. at Ticonderoga and at the battle of Stillwater; app. lieut.-col. 30 April, 1778, and soon after assigned to Col. Lamb's rcgt. ; was with Lafayette in Va., and at Yorktown was in alternate com. of the art. with Lamb and Carrington. After the war, he was many years a leading merchant in New York. Be- came a maj .-gen. of militia, and during the war of 1812 served in defence of N. Y. City. Samuel his son, a disting. member of the N.Y. bar, d. N.Y. 24 Nov. 1844, a 60. Stevens, Edward, brig.-gen. Revol. ar- my, b. Culpcper Co., Va., 1745 ; d. at his seat there Aug. 17, 1820. At the commencement of the war, he com. with distinction a battalion of riflemen at the battle of Great Bridge, near Norfolk, Va. ; he was soon after made col. of the 10th Va. Regt., with which he joined Wash- ington; and at the battle of Brandy wine (Sept. 11, 1777), by his gallant exertions saved a part of the army from capture, checked the enemy, and secured the retreat; he also disting. himself at Germantown, and, being made a brig.-gen. of Va. militia, fought at Camden, also at Guil- ford Court House, where his skilful disposi- tions were extremely serviceable to the army, and where, though severely wounded in the thigh, he brought off" his troops in good order. Gen. Greene bestowed on him marked com- mendation. At Yorktown he performed im- portant duties ; and all through the war pos- sessed a large share of the respect and confi- dence of Washington. Member of the State senate from the foundation of the State const, until 1790. — Rogers. Stevens, George M., brig.-gen. C.S.A., b. Md.; killed near Atlanta, Ga., 20 July, 1864. Stevens, Henry, bibliographer, son of Henry (1791-1867, first pres. of the Vt. Hist. Soc), b. Stevensvillc, Vt., Aug. 24, 1819. Y.C. 1843. Since 1845 he has resided in London, engaged in collecting rare and valuable books, adding to the collection of Amer. books in the British Museum, and enriching Amer. libraries. He has pub. " Historical Nuggets ; " " Rare Books relating to America," 2 vols. 1862; " Catalogue of Amer. Books in the Brit. Mu- seum," 8vo, 1859; "Hist, and Geographical Notes on the Earliest Discoveries in America," 1869; and many catalogues of private libraiies. He has also made indexes of historical papers for several of the States, compiled from the records in the English State-paper office. — AlUhone. Stevens, Gen. Isaac Ingalls, b. Ando- vcr, Ms., 25 Mar. 1818; killed in battle of Chan- tilly, Va., 6 Sept. 1862. West Point, 1839 (first in his class). Entering the engrs., he was made 1st lieut. 1840; adj. m 1847-8; attached to Scott's staff" in Mexico, and brev. capt. and maj. for Contreras, Churubusco, and Chapul- tepec ; and was severely wounded in the attack of the San Cosme Gate of the capital, and pro- nounced by his general the most promising oiu- cerof his age. Attached to the coast-survey at Washington. On the accession of Pierce, his personal friend, to the presidency, he resigned, and was made gov. of Washington Terr., and placed in charge of the survey of the route for the North Pacific R.R., a narrative of which he pub. He determined the feasibility of the route SXE 867 STE for a railroad, established the practicability of navigating the Upper Mo. and Columbia Riv- ers by steam, and negotiated several treaties with the Indians. He also suppressed an In- dian war, and resigned in Aug. 1857. He was Avounded in a rencounter with Chief Justice Lan- der, and his action was disapproved by the govt. M.C. for Wash. Terr. 1857-61 ; member Nat. Democ. conventions at Charleston and Balti- more ; supported the nomination of Brecken- ridge for the presidency ; and was chairman of the Breck. exec, committee, but, when secession became imminent, strongly advised the prcs. to dismiss secretaries Floyd and Thompson. Made col. 79th N.Y. Highlanders, 30 July, 1861; brig.-gen. vols. 28 Sept. 1861; maj.-gen. 4 July, 1862. He com. under Sherman in the Port-Royal exped. ; attacked, and with the aid of gunboats carried, the Confed. batteries on the Coosaw in Jan. 1862; com. the principal column in the unsuccessful attack on Seces- sionville, S.C, 16 June, 1862 ; was subsequently attached to Gen. Pope's command ; had charge of a division in the series of battles fought by that general in Va. ; fought gallantly at the second Bull-run battle ; and fell while bearing aloft the colors of one of his rc^ts., cheering it on. He pub. in 1851 " Campaigns of the Rio Grande and Mexico, with Remarks on the Recent Work of Major Ripley." Stevens, John, inventor, b. New York, 1749; d. Hoboken, N.J., 1838. In 1787 he became interested in steamboats from seeing that of John Fitch, and experimented for near 30 years. In 1789 he petitioned the N.Y. legisl. for a grant of the exclusive navigation of the waters of that State, without success. In 1804 he built a propeller, a small open boat worked by steam, with such success, that he built the steamboat " Phoenix," completed soon after " The Clermont " was finished by Ful- ton. The latter having the exclusive right for Hudson River, Mr. S. placed his boats on the Delawa,rc and Connecticut. In 1812 he pub. a remarkable pamphlet, urging the govt, to make experiments in railways traversed by steam-carriages ; and if feasible, proposed the construction of such a railway from Albany to Lake Erie. Stevens, Capt. Phineas, b. Sudbury, Ms. ; d. Charlcstown, N.H., 1756. His father moved to Rutland, N.H., whence, at the age of 16, he was carried prisoner to Canada. In 1746 he volunteered in an exped. against Can- ada ; was afterwards ordered to the frontiers ; and at "Number 4 "made a gallant defence against the French and Indians in March, 1747. For his bravery on this occasion he was pre- sented with a valuable sword by Commodore Knowles, and continued in com. of the fort until 1750. Sent to Canada by Gov. Shirley in 1749, he left a journal of his visit printed in N.H. Hist. Colls., V. 199.— 0'Ca/%W Stevens, Robert Livingston, inventor, b. Hoboken, N.J., 1788; d. there 20 Apr. 1 856. Son of John the inventor. The son at the age of 20 built a steamboat with con- cave water-lines, the first application of the wave-line to ship-building ; adopted a new method of bracing and fastening steamboats ; in 1818 discovered the utility of employing steam expansively, and using anthracite coal for fuel in steamers; in 1822 substituted the skeleton wrought-iron for the heavy cast-iron walking-beam; in 1824 applied artificial blast to the boiler-furnace, and in 1827 the hog-frame to boats to prevent them from bending at the centre. He also invented the T-rail. About 1816 he commenced steam ferriage between N.Y. City and the Jersey shore. A projector of the Camden and Amboy Railroad, and many years pres. of the company. About 1 815 invented an improved bomb for the naval ser- vice ; commissioned by govt, in 1842 to build an immense steam-battery for the defence of N.Y. harbor, left unfinished at the time of his death. Stevens, Thaddeus, political leader, b. Peachara, Vt., Apr. 4, 1793 ; d. Washington, D.C., Aug. 1 1, 1868. Dartm. Coll. 1814. His Earents were poor. He was sickly and lame ; ut his mother toiled with all her strength to secure for him an education. He was ambi- tious, and turned his scanty opportunities to such good account, that he succeeded in quali- fying himself for college. Immediately after leaving Dartmouth, he moved to York, Pa., where he taught school. Studied law; was adm. to the bar in 1816; and was for many years an eminent practitioner in Gettysburg. In 1828 he entered the political arena, taking sides with the Adams party, and becoming an active Whig. He was several years in the legisl. between 1833 and '41 ; in 1837 he was a member of the State Const. Conv., taking an active part in all important debates, but, being hostile to slavery, refused to sign the constitution because it restricted suffrage on account of color. After the adoption of the constitution, he was a leading spirit in one of the two legislatures in session at the same time; but they finally coalesced without violence. Canal commiss. in 1838. In 1842 he removed to Lancaster, took a front rank at the bar, and was devoted to his profession until 1848, when he was elected to Congress, and ardently op- posed the repeal of the Mo. Compromise, the fugitive-slave law, and the Kansas-Nebraska bill. He was again in Congress from 1859 to his death, and was a recognized leader. Dur- ing 3 sessions he was chairman of the impor- tant com. of ways and means, and was chair- man of the com. on reconstruction of the 39th and 40th Congresses. He was also chairman of the board of managers in the impeachment of President Johnson ; member of the Balti- more convention in 1864. Thoroughly radical in his views, hating slavery vrith all the intensi- ty of his nature, believing it just, right, and ex- pedient not only to emancipate, but to arm, the negro, and make him a soldier, and, after the war, to make him a citizen and give him the ballot, he led off in all measures for effect- ing these ends. The Emancipation Proclamar tion was urged upon the Pres. by him on all grounds of right, justice, and expediency; the 14th Amendment to the Constitution was ini- tiated and pressed by him. He advocated and carried, during the war, acts of confiscation, and proposed the most rigid and stem measures against the instigators and i>romoters of the Rebellion to the last day of his life. STE5 868 STE Stevens, Capt. Thomas Holdup, U.S.N., b. Charleston, S.C., 1793; d. Washington, D.C., Jan. 22, 1841. While an inmate and pupil of the orphan asylum in Charleston, Gen. Stevens of that city became interested in him, procured him a midshipman's warrant in 180S, and in 1815 he added by legisl. enactment the name of Stevens to that of Holdup. Lieut. July 24, 1813; master com. Mar. 3, 1825; capt. Jan. 27, 1836. In 1812 he volunteered for lake service. In Dec. he accomp. a party who stormed a battery at Black Rock in the night, in which he received a canister-shot through the right hand, impairing its use for life. In Apr. 1813 he took charge of fitting and rigging the squadron at Erie. In the ac- tion of Sept. 10 he com. the sloop " Trippe,'* fought bravely against the rear of the enemy's line, and, in the pursuit which followed, aided in conquering and bringing back tv.'o of the enemy's vessels. In the summer of 1814 ho was 1st lieut. of " The Niagara," and subse- quently com. diffcrent vessels. He was chiA'- alrous, generous, and heroic, and possessed considerable literary talent. Stevens, Thomas H., capt. U.S.N., b. Ct.j May 27, 1819. Son of the preceding. Midshipm. Dec. 14, 1836; lieut. May 10, 1849; com. July 1 6, 1 862 ; capt. July 25, 1 866. Com. steamer "Ottawa" at battle of Port Royal, Nov. 1861 ; in various engagements in Florida in Mar. and Apr. 1862; com. steamer "Mara- tanza" in battle of West Point, May 7, 1862 ; capture of Confed. gunboat " Teaser ; " com. steamer "Sonoma," W.I. squad., 1862; com. ironclad "Patapsco" in engagement with Fort Wagner (Aug. 22, 1863), with Fort Moultrie and batteries (Aug. 31 and Sept. 7 and 8) ; com. boat-assault on Fort Sumter, night of Sept. 8,1863; com. "Oneida" in operations before Mobile ; and in battle of Mobile Bay, and capture of Confed. fleet (Aug. 5, 1864) and capture of Fort Morgan, com. monitor " Win- nebago." The gallantry, coolness, and conduct of this officer have won* for him the highest en- comiums. — Hamersli/. Stevens, Gen. Walter H., b. New York ab.l827; d. Iberville, La., Dec. 1867. West Point, 1848. Entering the engineers, he be- came 1st lieut. July, 1855, and was dism. 2 May, 1861 ; on the staff of Gen. Bragg as eng. officer, had the rank of brig.-gen. ; and sur- rendered at Appomattox C. H. Apr. 9, 1865. Chief engr. of the railroad from Vera Cruz to Mexico for some time before his death. Stevens, William Bacon, D.D., M.D. (Dartm. Coll. 1838), LL.D., consec. bishop of Pa., Jan. 2, 1862, b. Bath, Me., 1815. Ord. deacon and priest Prot.-Ep. Church 1844 ; and prof, belles-lettres and moral philos. U. of Ga. ; rector, of St. Andrew's, Phila., 1848-62; prof, of liturgies in Epis. Divinity School, Phila., 1862. He has pub. " Discourse before the Ga. Hist. Society," Feb. 12, 1841; "History of Georgia to 1797," 2 vols. 8vo, 1847-59 ; " Para- bles of the N. Test.," 1855; "Consolation;" " Home Service ; " " The Lord's Day ; " " The Past and Present of St. Andrew's," 1 858 ; and sermons. He edited the " Ga. Hist. Colls.," vols. i. and ii., and pub. many tracts and papers in periodicals. — AUihone. Stevenson, Andrew, statesman, b. Cul- peper Co., Va., 1784; d. Blenheim, Albemarle Co., Va., June 25, 1857. Prominent at the bar. In 1 804 he became a member of the Va. legisl., and afterwards speaker; M.C. in 1821- 34, and in 1827-34 was speaker; minister to Eng. in 1836-41 ; he devoted himself, on his re- turn, chiefly to agricultural pursuits and to the interests of the Va. University, of which institu- tion he was a rector at the time of his death. Stevenson, John W., statesman, son of Andrew, b. Richmond, Va„ ab. 1819. U. of Va. He settled at Covington, Ky., in 1841 ; practised law with success ; in the Ky. legisl. in 184.5-7 ; a leader in the State Const. Conv. in 1 849 ; member of the Democ. Nat. Conv. of 1848, '52, and '56; M.C. 1857-61 ; acting gov. of Ky. 1867-8 ; gov. 1868-72 ; one of the com- missioners to revise the code of Kentucky. Stevenson, Gen. Thomas G., b. Boston, 1836 ; killed near Spottsylvania, Va., Ma^ 10, 1864. Son of Hon. J. Thomas. Early evmced a taste for military life, and was major 4th batt. Ms. Inf. when the Rebellion began. He had a high reputation as a drill-master, and trained a large number of young men since honorably disting. in the field. He raised the 24th Regt., participating as its col. in the capture of Roanoke Island and Newbem ; suc- cessfully defended Washington, N.C., against superior forces of the enemy ; led a brigade in the movements on Kinston ; brig.-gen. Dec. 27, 1862; and in the following summer aided in the reduction of Morris Island and in the assault on Fort Wagner. He was in com. of the 1st div. 9th corps when he fell. Stewart, Alexander, a British gen. ; d. Feb. 1793. App. capt. 37th Foot 29 June, 1761 ; maj. Aug. 1771 ; lieut.-col. 3d (Bufls) 7 July, 1775; col. 16 May, 1782; maj.-gen. 23 Apr. 1790. In May, 1781, he succeeded to the com. of the British'lorces in S.C, and Sept. 8, 1781, fought at Eutaw, against Greene, the last battle of the Amer. RevoL, which resulted in his retreat to Charleston. Stewart, Aj exander T., a leading mer- chant of New Yvjrk, of Scotch-Irish parentage, b. near Belfast, Ireland, ab. 1803. Educated at Trin. Coll., Dublin. Came to N.Y. City in 1823; taught school for a brief period; then established a retail dry-goods store on Broad- way ; in 1 843 he erected his large marble struc- ture (on Chambers St. and Broadway), and has acquired great wealth by industry, enterprise, and sagacity. Nominated sec. of the U.S. treasury by' Prcs. Grant in Mar. 1869, but found ineligible by the U.S. senate. In 1847, during the Irish famine, Mr. Stewart chartered a ship, which he filled with provisions, and sent as a gift to Ireland. A strenuous upholder of the Union during the Rebellion, and strong- ly identified with the Repub. party. He was one of the Amer. representatives at the Paris Exposition of 1867. Stewart, Charles, rear-admiral U.S.N., b. of Irish parents, Phila., July 18, 1778; d. BordentoAvn, N. J., Nov. 7, 1869. At the age of 13 he entered the merchant-service, in which he rose from the situation of cabin-boy to the com. of an Indiaman. March 9, 1798, ho was commissioned a lieut. in the navy; in SXE 8G9 STI July, 1800, was app. to the com. of the schoon- er " Experiment," and cruised in the West Indies, where he rendered efficient service; Sept. 1 he captured the French schooner " Deux Amis" (of 8 guns), and soon after " The Di- ana" (of 14 gvms), besides recapturing a num- ber of American vessels which had been taken by French privateers. In 1802, as first officer, he joined the frigate " Constellation," which had been ordered to the Mediten*anean to block- ade Tripoli ; and on his return, after one year's cruise, was placed in com. of the brig " Siren ; " in this vessel he was engaged in the exped. sent to destroy the frigate "Philadelphia" (Feb. 16, 1804), and subsequently in the block- ade and siege of Tripoli. For his services in the bombardment of Aug. 3, 1804, he received the thanks of Com. Preble in General Orders. Promoted to be master com. May 19, 1804, he was placed in com. of the frigate " Essex," which joined the squadron in Tunis Bay, and subsequently tookcom. of thefrigate " Constella- tion; " Apr. 22, 1806, he was made capt., and was employed in superintending the construc- tion of gunboats at New York ; in Dec. 1812 Capt. Stewart was again app. to " The Con- stellation," and proceeded to Hampton Roads, where he assisted in defending Norfolk and Craney Island from the attacks of the enemy ; in Dec. 1813 he sailed in com. of frigate "Constitution," in which, in Feb. 1815, he fell in with the British ships of war, " The Cyane " of 34, and " The Levant" of 21 guns, and captured them after a sharp conflict of 40 minutes. " The Levant " was subsequently retaken by a British squadron ; but " The Constitution " escaped with her other prize to St. Jago. On his return to America he was received with the highest honors. The legisl. of Pa. presented him with a gold-hilted sword ; and a gold medal was ordered to be struck by Congress. He com. the Medit. squadron from 1817 to 1820, when he took com. of the Pacific fleet. On his return home, he was tried by a court-martial, but was honorably acquitted. Member of the board of navy commiss. 1 830- 3, and in 1837 succeeded Barron in com. of the navy-yard at Phila. In 1857 he was placed on the reserved list on account of his advanced aore; but in March, 1859, he was replaced on the active list by special legislation ; July 16, 1862, he was made a rear-adm. on the retired list. He rendered important service in the organization of the navy, and submitted to the dopt. many valuable papers on the subject. A Memoir of Stewart was pub. Phila., 8vo, 1836. Stewart, Col. Charles, Revo), officer; d. N.J. 24 July, 1800. He was an active and influential soldier and patriot. Member of the first N.J. conv. that issued a dccl. of rights airainst the aggressions of the crown ; member of its first Prov. Congress ; col. of its first regt. of minute-men ; col. of its 2d regt. of the line ; and from 1776 to the close of the war was commis.-gen. of issues. Stewart, Charles James, D. D. (Oxf. 1817), Prot.-Ep. bishop of Quebec from Jan. 1, 1826, to his d. Lond., July 13, 1837, b. April 13, 1775. Son of the Enrl of Galloway. M.A. of Oxford U. 1799. Rector of Orton, near Peterborough, 8 years ; app. to the mission of St. Armand, in the Eastern Townships, C.E. ; in 1819 app. visiting missionary to the diocese of Quebec. Author of " Short View of Eastern Townships in L.C.," 8vo, 1817. — See Life by R(V. J. N. Norton, 1859. Stewart, Charles Samuel, D.D. (U. of N.Y. 1863), clergyman, b. Flemington, N. J., 1795; d. Cooperstown, N.Y., 14 Dee. 1870. N.J. Coll. 1815. Grandson of Col. Charles, and son of Samuel Robert, counselloc-at-law. He studied law at Litchfield ; then studied at Princeton Theol. Sem. ; and was ord. an evan- gelist and missionary to the Sandwich Islands in 1822. An account of his residence in the Sandwich Islands in 1823-5 was pub. by him in 1 8:^8. Returning home in 1826, he travelled and preached extensively in the Northern States, advocating the cause of missions. App, a chaplain U.S.N, in Nov. 1828, the result of his first cruise was his " Visit to the South Seas in 1829-30," 2v ols. 1831. He also pub. " Brazil and La Plata," 8vo, 1856; and 2 vols, of " A Tour through England, Scotland, and Iiehvnd, in 1832." He held the chaplaincy of the naval station at New York, where he edited the Naval Magazine, in 1836-7. His wife, Harriet Bradford (Tiffany) (b. Stamford, Ct., June 24. 1798; m. June 3, 1822), embarked for the Sandwich Islands with her husband and other missionaries, Nov. 19, 1822, d. Sept. 1830. His son Charles S. graduated at West Point (first in class) 1846, and is now a lieut.-col. in the corps of engrs. Stewart, Major John, Revol. officer, b. Ireland ; killed by a fall from his horse near Charleston, S.C. Bro.-in-law of Gen. Wayne, and for his gallantry in the storming of Stony Point was awarded a gold medal by Congress. He com. a corps of light inf., and 31 Aug., 1778, had a severe engagement at Indian Field with Col. Emmenck's command of Tories and Indians. A John Stewart was com. lieut.-col. 1st Md. Regt. 10 Feb. 1781. Stewart, or Stuart, Gen. Philip. Revol. officer, b. Va. 1760; d. Washington, D.C, U Aug. 1830. He was an officer of Baylor's Dragoons, and was disting. in Col. Washing- ton's cavalry at Eutaw, where he led the foT' lorn-hope, and fell covered with wounds. M.C. from Md. 1811-19. Stewart, Robert M., gov. Mo. 1857-61, b. Truxton, Cortland Co., N. Y., 12 March, 1815; d. St. Joseph, Mo., 21 Sept. 1871. When a boy, he emig. to Ky., and in 1838 to Mo., settling in Buchanan Co. He was 10 years a member of the State senate, and a mem- ber of the State Const. Conv. of 1845. Enter- ing the Union army in 1861, ill-health pre- vented him from remaining in the service. An efficient promoter of railroads. Stewart, Gen. Walter, Revol. officer, b. Ireland. Aide-de-camp to Gen. Gates, and col. 13th Regt. (Pa.) in 1777, and honorably disting. himself in the service. He was one of the handsomest men of his day, and m., 11 April, 1781, Deborah, dau. of Blair McClen- achan. He enjoyed the esteem and friendship of Washington, and, after the war, resided in Philadelphia. Stiles, Ezra, D.D. (Edinb. 1765), LL.D. (N.J. Coll. 1784), clergyman and scholar, b. STI 870 SXI North Haven, Ct., Dec. 15, 1727; d. New- Haven, May 12, 1795. Y.C. 1746 ; tutor 1749- 55. His grandfather was brought an infant to N.E. in 1634. His father Isaac was minister of North Haven. Ezra was licensed, and preaclied his first sermon in June, 1749. Dr. Franklin having sent an electrical apparatus to Yale, Mr. Stiles, with one of his fellow-tutors, entered zealously upon this new field of science, and performed the first electrical experiments ever made in New England. In Apr. 1750 he E reached to the Stockbridge Indians. II!- ealth and religious doubts caused him to begin the study of law in 1752. He was adm. to the bar in 1753, and practised at N. Haven 2 years. In Feb. 1755 he pronounced a Latin oration in honor of Dr. Franklin on occasion of his visiting New Haven, and was on intimate terms with him till his death; in April, 1755, he was invited to preach at Newport, and soon after became settled there permanently, having conquered his theological doubts; in 1777, while a resident of Portsmouth, whither he re- moved on the British occupation of Newport, he was a second time invited to the pres. of Yale Coll., which he accepted, and entered upon June 23, 1778, filling this post till his death. After the death of Prof. Daggett in 1780, he discharged the duties of prof, of divin- ity, besides giving each week one or two disser- tations on philos. or astronomical subjects. Dr. Stiles was an indefatigable student, acquired many Oriental languages, corresp. with the Jesuits on the geography of California, with Greek bishops on the physical formation of Pal- estine and the adjacent countries, and addressed scientific and philological queries to travellers from remote regions. Dr. Stiles was, un- doubtedly, one of the purest and best-gifted men of his age. One of his daughters m. Rev. Abiel Holmes, by whom his Life was written and pub. in 1798'. His Life by Prof. Kingsley is in the second series of Sparks's Collection. His chief literary productions are his " History of Three of the Judges of King Charles I.," 1794 ; " Account of the Settlement of Bristol," 1785; a funeral oration on Gov. Law, 1751; and on his re-election to his office of president, 1778, in Latin. He wrote many addresses and sermons. One of the latter is an able plea for the union of various N. England denomina- tions. Stiles's Diary and bound manuscripts, preserved at Yale, fill 45 vols., and include numerous important details of the Revol., of which he was an early and constant promoter. "A Family Tablet," Boston, 12mo, 1796, con- tains poems by the Stiles family. 13 are by Miss Ruth Stiles ("Louisa"), who m. Rev. Caleb Gannett ; 3, signed " Eugenio," are by Dr. Ezra Stiles, jun., who d. N.C. Aug. 22, 1 784 ; 8 are by Mary (" Myra ") ; s;ind 1 6 are by her husband. Rev. Abiel Holmes (" Myron"). Stiles, Henry Reed, M.D. (U. of N.Y. 1855), iiist. writer, b. N.Y. City 10 Mar. 1832. Practised med. in Galena, 111. ; now (1871) in Brooklyn, N.Y. Has pub. "History of Ancient Windsor, Ct.," 8vo, 1859 ; also a supplement to the same, 8vo, 18G3 ; " Stiles's Genealogy," 1863; "History of Brooklyn, N.Y.," 3 vols. 8vo, 1869-70; "Bundling, its Origin," &c., 12rao, 1869; "Autobiog. of Thos. Douglas," 12mo, 1856. He has edited " The Wallabout Prison-Ship," " Revol. Adventures of Eb. Fox," " Andrew Sherburne's Memoirs," and "Prison- ship Narrative," and has edited as well as con- trib. to the N.Y. Hist. Magazine. Stiles, William H., politician and author, b. Savannah, Ga. ; d. there Dec. 20, 1865. He became a lawyer in Savannah in 1831 ; was solicitor-gen. of the eastern dist. of Ga. in 1833-6; M. C. 1843-5; and was chargtf d'affaires to Austria 1845-9. Served as a col. in the Confed. army. Author of " A His- torv of Austria in 1848-9." Still^, Alfred, M.D. (U. of Pa. 1836), b. Phila. 1813. U. of Pa. 1832. Studied also in Europe. Res. physician Phila. Hospital 1836, Pa. Hospital 1839-41 ; lecturer on pathology and prac. of med. to Phila. Assoc, for Med. Instruction 1844-50; physician to St. Joseph's Hosp. 1849 ; prof, of theory and prac. of med. ill Pa. Med. Coll. 1854-9, and in U. of Pa. since June 20, 1864. He has pub. "Medical Instruction in the U.S.," 8vo, 1845 ; " Ele- ments of Pathology," 1848 ; " Report on Med. Literature," 18.50 ; " Unitv of Medicine," 1856; "Humboldt's Life and Char.," 1859; "Therapeutics," 2 vols. 8vo, 3d ed., 1868; " War as an Element of Civilization," 1862 ; " Epidemic Meningitis," 1867. Contrib. to med. and surg, journals. — Allibone, StiU^, Charles Ja.neway, LL.D., b. Pliila. 1819. Y.C. 1839. Prof, of Eng. lit., U. of Pa., May 1, 1866, and provost of the same, Sept. 1868. Author of "IIow a Free People conduct a Long War," 1862; "North- em Interest and Southern Independence," 1863; "Hist. Development of Araer. Civiliza- tion," an address at Y.C, July 29, 1 863 ; " Hist. U.S. Sanitary Com.," 8vo, 1866; "Memoir of Rev. Wm. Smith, D.D.," \%&^. — Allibone. StiU^, MoRETON, M.D., physician and author, b. Phila. Oct. 27, 1822 ; d. Saratoga, N.Y., Aug. 20, 1855. U. of Pa. 1844. His ancestor Olof Person Stille came Avith the first Swedish colony to the banks of the Del. in 1638. He began his medical studies with his bro. Alfred, and, after spending 3 jrcars in Europe, settled in practice in Phila. in 1847. Resident phys. Pa. Hospital 1848-9; revisited Europe in 1850-2 ; and in Mar. 1855 was app. lecturer in the Phila. Assoc, for Med. Instnic- tion. Besides many contributions to mod. journals, he was joint author with Mr. Whar- ton of a valuable treatise on med. jurispru- dence. — Gross's Med. Bioq. Stillman, Samuel, D.D. (B.U. 1788), Baptist clergyman, b. Phila. Feb. 27, 1737; d. Boston, March 12, 1807. In 1748 his par- ents removed to Charleston, S.C. ; and he re- ceived his education at an acad. in that city. He preached his first sermon, Feb. 1 7, 1 758 ; was ord. Charleston, Feb. 26, 1759 ; settled at James Island, but soon returned to Phila., where he m. Hannah, dau. of Evan Morgan. Ill-health occasioned his removal to Borden- town, N.J., in 1760, whence, 2 years afterwards, he came to Boston. After being one year an assist, at the Second Baptist Church, he was installed minister of the First, Jan. 9, 1765, where he continiacd till his death from a para- lytic shock. Mr. Stillman soon became one STI 871 STO of the most popular pulpit-orators of his day, and contributed powerfully to the cause of liberty by his patriotic discourses. He was a delegate to the U.S. Const. Conv. in 1788, and Avas a decided Whig, and a Federalist of the Washington school. He was active in the interests of Brown U., and his name appears in the act of incorporation 1764. A Memoir by his son-in-law Thomas Gray, D.D., is prefixed to a vol. of occasional sermons pub. in 1808. Among his pub. discourses are, " On the Re- peal of the Stamp Act," 1766; "Four Dis- courses," 1769; "Ancient and Hon. Art. Ser- mon," June 4, 1770 ; " Election Sermon," May 26, 1779; "Masonic Dis. at Charlestown,'^' June 24, 1785 ; " Oration," July 4, 1789, Bos- ton ; " On the Death of Mary Stillman," his mother, 1 768 ; " Hon. Samuel Ward," bef. Con- gress, Mar. 26, 1776; "Nicholas Brown of Prov.," May 31, 1791 ; " Washington," 1800; "Rev. H. Smith," Haverhill, Jan. 31, 1805.— Geneal. Reg., ix. 78. Stirling, Lord. — See Alexander, Wm. Stirling, Sir Thomas, of Ardoch, a Brit- ish gen.; d. 9 May, 1808. He obtained his cg,ptaincy in July, 1757, in the 42d, or Royal Highland Regt., which accomp. Abercrombie in 1758, and Amherst in 1759, in their respec- tive expeds. on Lakes George and Champlain ; was afterwards detailed to assist at the siege of Niagara, and accomp. Amherst from Oswego to Montreal in 1760; in 1765 Capt. Stirling was stationed at Fort Chartres in 111., and returned to Phila. in June, 1766, after a march of more than 3,000 miles, with his entire de- tachment of 100 men in perfect health, and without accident; app. a major in 1770, and lieut.-col. 42d in Sept. 1771 . He com. this regt. throughout the Amer. Revol. ; was in the engagement on Staten Island, and in the battle of Brooklyn Heights in 1776; at the storming of Fort Washington, the capture of Red Bank, and in the battle of Brandywine ; wounded at the battle of Springfield, June 7, 1780. He became a col. in the army in 1779, and was brigadier under Clinton in the exped. against Charleston, S.C., in 1780. He suc- ceeded Lieut.-Gen. Frazer as col. of the 7 1st Highlanders in Feb. 1782; and in Nov. follow- ing became maj.-gen. ; in 1796 he was app. lieut.-gen., and created a baronet; and became a gen. Jan. 1, 1801. He was an officer of su- perior merit. Stith, Rev. William, pres. of Wm. and Mary Coll. 1752-5, b. Va. 16S9 ; d. Williams- burg, Va., 27 Sept. 1755. Son of Capt. John and Mary Randolph, and was a bro.-in-law of Peyton Randolph. Studied theol., and ord. in Eng. in 1731 ; master of the grammar-school of Wm. and M. Coll. 1731, chaplain h. of burgesses 1738, and rector of Henrico parish 1752-5. Author of " History of Va. from the First Settlement to the Dissol; of the Lond. Co.," written in 1745, pub. Williamsburg 1747. Stobo, Ma J. Robert, b. Glasgow 1727; d. ab. 1770. The son of a merchant. Came to Va. ab. 1 742 ; was app. a capt. in 1 754 ; was with Washington at Fort Necessity when it surrendered in July of that year, and was a hostage for the fulfilment of the articles of ca- pitulation. Wliile at Fort Du Quesne, he drew up a plan of the works, and sent it to the com- manding officer at Wills's Creek. His cor- respondence fell into the hands of the French on the defeat of Gen. Braddock, and he was imprisoned at Quebec, whence, on a third at- tempt (in 1758), he succeeded in escaping, and joined the British army at Louisburg. He accomp. it to Quebec, and was useful by his knowledge of localities. He returned to Va., whence in 1760 he sailed for Eng. ; was made capt. 15th Foot, June 5, 1761 ; served in the W. Indies in 1762 ; returned to Eng. in 1767 ; and left the army in 1770. — See Memoir by N, B. C, Pittsburg, 1854, 18mo. Stockton, Richard, signer of the Decl. of Indep., b. Princeton, N. J., Oct. 1, 1730 ; d. near there Feb. 28, 1781. N.J. Coll. 1748. He studied law with David Ogden of Newark ; was adm. to the bar in 1754, and soon became disting. Visiting Eng. in 1766, he rendered valuable services to N. J. Coll, ; and on his re- turn, in 1767, was escorted to his residence by the people, by whom he was much beloved. In 1768 he was made a member of the exec, council of N.J. ; in 1774 he was app. a judge of the Sup. Court of N. J. ; and was chosen a deleg. to Congress in 1776, in time to partici- pate in the debate on the proposition for inde- pendence : ' though at first doubtful of its poli- cy, he cordially supported it. He was re-elected to Congress, where he was an active and influ- ential member. Soon after his return from a mission to the northern army under Schuyler, he was captured by a party of royalists, Nov. 30, 1776, who threw him into prison at New York, and treated him with great severity. Congress interposing, he was exchanged ; but he fell a sacrifice to the ill-usage he had re- ceived. The enemy destroyed his library, and devastated his lands. He was unrivalled at the bar, and refused to engage in any cause which he knew to be unjust, and stood forth in defence of the helpless and injured, Stockton, Richard, LL.D., lawyer and statesman, son of the preceding, b. Princeton, N. J., April 17, 1764; d. March 7, 1828. N. J. Coll. 1779. In 1796 he was chosen to the U.S. Senate, and in 1813 to the house of represen- tatives ; in 1 825 he was a commissioner from N, J. to negotiate the settlement of an impor- tant territorial controversy with N. Y., and penned the proposed agreement appended to this report. He was a profound lawyer, and an uncommonly eloquent advocate, and, during more than a quarter of a century, was at the head of the bar of New Jersey. Stockton, Robert Field, commodore U.S.N., b. Princeton, N. J., 1796; d. there Oct, 7, 1866. A.M. of N. J. Coll. 1820. Son of the preceding. He left N. J, Coll. in his 1 5th year ; entered the navy as midshipm. Sept. 1, 1811 ; received honorable notice for gallant- ry in several battles ; was made lieut. Dec. 9, 1814 ; com. May 27, 1830; capt. Dec. 8, 1838; resigned May 28, 1850. In 1815, while 1st lieut. of " The Spitfire," he disting. himself by boarding with a boat's crew an Algerine war- vessel. Ordered in 1821 to the coast of Africa, he obtained by treaty from the native chiefs the tract constituting the present republic of Li- beria. He also captured many slavers, and a STO 872 STO Portuguese privateer, " The Marianna Flora " of 22 guns. On his return, he was successful in breaking up the nests of many W. India j)i- rates. In 1826-38 he took an active part in politics in favor of Gen. Jackson, and also in aiding internal improvements in his State. In 1838 he was flag-officer of " The Ohio" in the Mediterranean. He was one of the first to ad- vocate a steam navy ; and " The Princeton," built according to his plans in 1844, furnished the model for numerous other vessels. By the explosion of one of her large |?uns, Feb. 28, 1844, Com. Stockton was seriously injured. Sent to the Pacific in Oct. J 84.5, he with 1,500 men, including 600 sailors, in about 6 months conquered the whole of California, and estab- lished the authority of the U.S. there. Form- ing a provis. govt., he returned to the east in June, 1847. The difficulty between him and Gen. Kearney in relation to the supreme com. there was subsequently made the subject of a court-martial. U.S. senator in 1851-3, he stren- uously opposed intervention in favor of Hun- gary, and procured the passage of a law for the abolition of flogging in the navy. His life and speeches were pub. 8vo, New York. Stockton, Thomas, gov. of Del. 1844-6; d. Newcastle, Del., March 2, 1846. Capt. 3d Art. Sept. 10, 1812 ; major 42d Inf. Apr. 1.5, 1814; resigned July 6, 1825. Stockton, Thomas Hewlings, D.D., Meth. clergvman, b. Mt. Holly, N. J., June 4, 1808; d. Phila. Oct. 9, 1868. He wrote for the press at 1 6, and studied medicine in Phila. ; but in May, 1829, began preaching ; in 1 830 was stationed at Baltimore ; and was chaplain to Congress in 1833, '35, and '37. At Baltimore he compiled the hymn-book of the Meth.-Prot. Church, and edited the Methodist-Protestant; but, un^villing to submit to restrictions in its discussions of slavery by the Baltimore Conf., he resigned, and went to Phila., where he was pastor and a public lecturer until 1847 ; he then removed to Cincinnati ; declined the presi- dency of Miami U. ; in 1850-6 was assoc. pas- tor of St. John's Church, Baltimore ; and for 3| years was temporary pastor of an assoc. Ref. Presb. Church. In 1856-68 he was pastor of the Church of the New Testament, and per- formed also much literary labor. He had a high reputation for eloquence, and edited with abili- ty the Christian World and Bible Times. He was in the van in all forms of social progress, and a pioneer in the antislavery party. He op- posed sectarianism, and by voice and pen helped to promote Christian brotherhood and union. Memoirs of Stockton have been pub. by Rev. Alex. Clark and by Rev. John G. Wilson. He was again chaplain to the U.S. house of representatives in 1859-61, and in 1862 of the U.S. senate. Dr. Stockton pub. an edition of the New Testament in paragraph form ; many pamphlets, sermons, and address- es ; " Floating Flowers from a Hidden Brook," 1844; "The Bible Alliance," 1850; "Ser- mons for the People," 1854; "The Blessing," 1857; "Stand up for Jesus," 1858; "Poems, with Autobiographic and Other Notes," 1862 ; " The Peerless Magnificence of the Word of God," 1862; and " The Meditation of Christ." Stoddard, Amos, soldier and author, b. Woodbury, Ct., Oct. 26, 1762; d. May 11, 1813. Grandson of Rev. Anthony. He was a soldier from 1779 to the close of the war of indep. ; then clerk of the Supreme Court in Boston ; was a lawyer in Halloweli, Me., in 1792-8; was app. capt. of art. June 1, 1798; gov. of Mo. Terr. 1804-5; major June 30, 1807 ; dep. quarterm. July 16, 1812 ; disting. and dangerously wounded by a shell in the siege of Fort Meigs, and died of tetanus. Author of " Sketches of Louisiana," 12mo, 1810; and the " Political Crisis," Lond. His pa[)ers are in the archives of the Western Reserve Hist. Soc, Cleveland, Ohio. Stoddard, Anthony, b. Northampton, Aug. 9, 1678, minister of Woodburv, Ct.,from May 27, 1702, to his d. Sept. 6, 1760. H.U. 1697. He was clerk of probate 40 years; was the lawyer and physician of his people, and one of the largest farmers in the town. A genealogy of the descendants of Anthony of Boston, by Charles and Elijah W. Stoddard, was pub. N.Y., 8vo, 1865. Stoddard, Richard Henry, poet, b. Hiiighani, Ms., July, 1825. His father, a sea- captain, was lost on a voyage to Sweden in the early youth of the son, who, for several years, worked in an iron foundry in New YOrk, in which city he has resided since 1835, holding for some years a post in the custom-house. His health failing, he became in 1848 a contrib. to the magazines and newspapers. In 1852 he m. Elizabeth Drew (Barstow), a poetess, b. Mat- tapoisett, Ms., 1823, author of 3 novels, — "Morgesons," 1862; "Two Men," 1865; "Temple House," 1867. He pub. in 1849 a collection of poems entitled "Footprints." A collection of his maturer poems was i)ub. in Boston in 1852. He has written " Adventures in Fairy -Land," 1853, a series of prose tales; " Songs of Summer," and " Town and Coun- try," a book for children, 1857; "Loves and Heroines of the Poets," 1860; "The King's Bell," 1863; "Putnam the Brave," 1869; "Life, Travels, and Books of Alexander von Humboldt," 1859; "Abraham Lincoln," an Horatian ode, 1865 ; " Madrigals," mostly from the old Eng. poets, 1865 ; " Book of the East," 1871 ; edited the "Late Eng. Poets," Dec. 1865. Stoddard, Solomon, clergyman, b. Bos- ton, Oct. 4, 1643 ; d. Northampton, Ms., Feb. 11,1729. H.U. 1662. He was a fellow, and in 1667-74 first librarian, of H.U. During this time, his health being poor, he went to Barbadoes as chaplain to Gov. Serle, and for near 2 years preached to dissenters. Called in 1669 to the church at Northampton, he was ord. there Sept. 11, 1672, and remained there till his death. In Feb. 1727, Jonathan Edwards, his grandson, was elected as his colleague ; in 1700 he pub. "The Doctrine of Instituted Churches," in answer to I. Mather's " Order of the Gospel," which occasioned an exciting controversy, which was renewed in 1 708-9. He pub. some miscellaneous sermons, " A Guide to Christ," 1714, and " The Safety of appearing in the Day of Judgment in the Righteousness of Christ," reprinted atEdinb. in 1792; " The Trial of Assurance," 1696. He was a man of learning, and a very successful preacher. STO 873 STO His son Col. John d. Boston, June 19, 1748, a. 67. H.U. 1701. He was many years mem- ber of the council of Ms., chief justice of C.C.P., and col. of militia. — See His Jour, of Exped. to Canada, 1713-14, in Geneal. Reg., Jan. 1851. Stoddert, Benjamin, sec. U. S. N. 21 May, 1798-26 Jan. 1802; b. Md. 1751 ; d. Bla- densburg, Md., 17 Dec. 1813. A capt. at the battle of Brandywine; afterward a maj. in the Revol. army. Many years extensively engaged in mercantile pursuits in Georgetown, D.C. Stoever, Martin Luther, Ph.D. ( Ham. 1866), LL.D., b. Germautown, Pa., 17 Feb. 1820; d. Gettysburg, Pa., 22 July, 1870. U. of Pa. 1838. App. in 1839 tutor of Pa. Coll., he was connected with it as tutor, principal of prep, dept., or prof, of Latin, until his death. Author of " Self-Culture," an address, Sept. 14, 1841, Gettysburg; "Life of H. M. Muh- lenberg, D.D.," 1856 ; " Memorial of P. F. Mayer, D.D.," 1859 ; " Brief Sketch of the Lutheran Church in the U.S.," 1860. Editor Literary Record 1847-8; and co-editor, and from 1862-70 sole editor, of the Evangelical Re- vieiv ; contrib. to periodicals. Stokes, Anthony ; d. Lond. 27 Mar. 1799, a. 63. Barrister at law of the Inner Temple, Lond.; from 1768 chief justice, and from 1772 councillor, of Ga., and until its evacuation by the British forces in 1782. Pub. Lond., 1 783, " View of the Constitution of the British Colonies in N.A.," &c. A loyalist at the opening of the Revol., he was made a prisoner, but was soon afterward exchanged, and returned to Eng. — Europ. Mag., Aug. 1783. Stokes, MoNTFORD, gov. of N.C. 1830-2, b. N.C. 1760; d. Ark. 1842. Served in the Revol. army ; several years clerk of the Superior Court, and afterwards of the Senate ; U.S. senator 1816-23 ; State senator 1826 ; mem- ber of the House 1829-30; Indian agent in Ark. from 1831 until his death. His bro. Col. John, a Revol. oflficer, afterward U.S. dist. jud<,^e of N.C, d. Fayetteville, N.C, Oct. 1790. Stone, Andrew Leete, D.D. (Amh. Coll. 1861), b. Oxford, Ct., Nov. 25, 1815. Y.C 1837. Son of Dr. Noah Stone, a phy- sician. Three years a prof, in the N.Y. Insti- tution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb ; at the same time pursuing the study of theology. He then connected himself with the Amer.'S.S. Union atPhila. ; in Sept. 1844 was ord. pastor of the South Church, Middle- town, Ct. ; in Jan. 1849 was called to the pastorate of the Park-street Church, Boston ; and in 1865 was settled in San Francisco, Cal. He is a very popular preacher, and is deeply interested in the great reforms of the day. Author of " Service the End of Living," 1858 ; " Ashton's Mothers," 1859 ; " Discourse on the Death of Abraham Lincoln," 1865; addresses, sermons, &c. Stone, Gen. Charles P., b. Greenfield, Ms., 1826. West Point, 1845. Assist, prof, of ethics, West Point, Aug. 1845-Jan. 1846 ; brev. Ist lieut. for gallantry at Molino del Rcy Sept. 8, and capt. for Chapultepec Sept. 13, 1847; became 1st lieut. 26 Feb. 1853 ; and resigned Nov. 17, 1856. Banker in San Fran- cisco 1 856-7 ; chief, corar. under the Mex. govt. for survey and explor, of public lands in Sonora and L. Cal. 1 857-60. Jan. 2, 1 861 , he was app. by Gen. Scott to organize and com. the militia of the Dist. of Col. ; May 14, 1861, he was made col. 14th Inf. ; May 28 he was attached to the staff of Gen. McDowell ; was soon after assigned to com. a brigade under Gen. Patter- son ; and was made brig.-gen. vols. May 17, 1861. The troops engaged in the battle of Ball's Bluff, Oct. 21, belonged to his division, and acted under his orders ; and, reports un- favorable to his loyalty having been circulated, he was arrested Feb. 9, 1862, and confined in Fort Lafayette. In Aug. 1862 he was released, and ordered to Washington. May 9, 1863, he was ordered to report for dutj to Gen, Banks in La. ; was engaged in the siege and capture of Port Hudson ; was chief of staff to Gen. Banks, July, 1863-April, 1864; engaged at Bayou Tiche, Sabine Cross-Roads, and Pleas- ant Hill ; and com. a brigade in 5rh corps. Army of Potomac, before Petersburg, Aug. 21, to his resignation 13 Sept. 1864; in 1870 he entered the service of the khedive of Egypt as brig.-gen. and chief of staff. Stone, David, judge and senator, b. Bertie Co., N.C, Feb. 17, 1770; d. Raleigh, Oct. 7, 1818. N.J. Coll. 1788. He studied law ; rose to a high position at the bar ; was 4 years in the State legisl. ; judge of the Supreme Court in 1795-8; M.C 1799-1801; U.S. senator 1801-7; gov. of N.C. in 1808-10; and again U.S. senator in 1813-14. Stone, David Ma vine, editor, and one of the proprietors, of the N. Y. Jour, of Commerce since 1849, b. Oxford, Ct., 23 Dec. 'l 81 7. Son of Dr. Noah Stone. At first engaged in mechanical pursuits, he afterwards employed himself in mercantile affairs, and was long a contrib. to various periodicals. Stone, Edwin Martin, 13 years Cong, pastor at Beverly, Ms., and since 1847 in the ministry at large, Providence, R.I. ; b. Fra- mingham, Ms., 29 Apr. 1805. He pub. " Biog. of Elhanan Winchester," 1836 ; " Hvmns for Sab. Schools," 1837; "History of "Beverly, Ms.," 1843; "Life of John Ilowland," 1857; " History of the Providence Association," 1 860 ; " The Architect and Monetarian," 1869; " Hist. Sketches of the Services of R.I. Regts.," &c. (1861-5), pub. in the "Register of R.I. Vols.," 1866 ; "Hymns and Tunes for Vestry and Conf. Meetings," 6th ed. 1844 ; " Invasion of Canada in 1775, including the Journal of Capt. S. Thayer, with Notes and Appendix," 1867. Contrib. of hist., educ, thcol., and other articles to periodicals, and successively editor of the Boston Times (1827), Indep. Messenger ( 1 832-3), and Salem Observer. His son Edwin Winchester, b. Beverly, Ms., 30 Sept. 1835, served in the 1st R.I. Art. in the Rebellion ; was a war corresp. of the Prov. Journal, and pub. "Rhode Island in the Rebellion," 1864, 2ded. 12mo, 1865. Stone, John Augustus, actor and dramatist, b. Concord, Ms., 1801 ; d. Phila. June 1, 1834, having drowned himself in the Schuylkill in a fit of derangement. He made his ddbut in Boston as Old Norval in the play of " Douglas ; " acted in N.Y. City in 1826, and in Phila. at intervals afterwards. He STO 874 STO produced " Metamora," for which Mr. Forrest paid him $500, and " The Ancient Briton," for which he received from the same source $1,000, the " Banker of Rouen," "La Roque the Regicide," the "Demoniac," " Tancrcd," and other pieces. — Duyckinck. Stone, John Haskins, gov. of Md. 1794- 7; d. Annapolis, Oct. 5, 1804. While young, and at an early period of the Revol. war, he was the first capt. in Smalhvood's regt. ; was made col. in Dec. 1776; and resigned Aug. 1, 1779. He disting. himself at the battles of Long Island, White Plains, Princeton, and German town, in the last of which he received a wound which disabled him from further ser- vice. In 1781 he became a clerk in the office of R. R. Livingston, sec. of foreign affairs ; was subsequently a member of the exec, coun- cil of Maryland. Stone, John Seely, D.D., Epis. divine, b. W. Stockbridge, Ms., 1795. Un. Coll. 1823. Rector of Christ Ch., Brooklyn, and of St. Paul's Ch., Boston, 1832-41; some ^ears lec- turer in the Phila. Div. School, and smce July, 1867, dean of the Theol. Sem., Cambridge, Ms. Author of "The Mysteries Opened," 1844 ; lectures on the Christian Sabbath, 1867; "The Church Universal," 1846, enlarged to "The Living Temple," 1866; "The Con- trast," &c., 1853; "Life of James Milnor, D.D.," 8vo, 1848 ; " Life of Bishop Griswold," 8vo, 1844. Stone, Lucy, reformer, b. West Brook- field, Ms., 1818. She grad. at Oberlin Coll., where her oratorical talent decided her voca- tion. On her return to N. Eng., she became an agent of the Am. Antislavery Society, lec- turing alternately for the slave and woman. In 1855 she was married to Henry B. Blackwell, retaining her own name. " She was the first speaker who really stirred the nation's heart on the subject of woman's wrongs." She was prominent in all the early nat. conventions, as she was sec. of the woman's-rights organiza- tion for many years. She left her retirement in the spring of 1867, and travelled through Kansas, speaking to large audiences, and in the following winter lectured on suffrage for wo- man in Ct., Ms., N.J., and N.Y. She has an intellectual face, and a soft, clear, and musical voice. Stone, Samuel, minister, b. Hertford, Eng. ; d. Hartford, Ct., July 20, 1663. Eman- uel Coll., Cambridge, 1623-7. He came to America to escape persecution, with Mr. Cotton and Mr. Hooker, in 1 633 ; was an as- sist, to the latter, Oct. 11, 1633-42 ; removed with him to Hartford in 1636 ; and was his suc- cessor in the ministry for 16 years. Eminent as a controversialist, and celebrated for wit and ^ood humor. The latter part of his life was imbittered by theol. disputes, which led to a divided church. He left in MS. a body of divinity much esteemed by theol. students, and a confutation of the Antinomians. Stone, Thomas, a signer of the Decl. of Indep., b. Pointon Manor, Charles Co., Md., 1743; d. Port Tobacco, Md., Oct. 5, 1787. Descended from William Stone, gov. of the state during Cromwell's protectorate. He re- ceived his*academic education under the care of a Scotch tutor; afterwards studied law in Annapolis under Thos. Johnson, and engaged in practice at Frederickton, Md., at the age of 21 ; and in 1771 removed to Charles Co. Mem- ber of Congress 1775-9 (foremost among the champions of his country's rights and honor at that trying period), and again in 1783-4, and pres. pro tern. He strongly favored the establishment of independence; served on sev- eral committees, including that charged to pre- pare a plan of confederation ; and was app. a deleg. from Md. to the conv. of 1787 which formed the Const, of the U.S. ; but domestic circumstances compelled him to decline. Re- peatedly a member of the Md. senate during the intervals of his congressional service. Stone, William Leete, author and edi- tor, b. Esopus, N.Y., Apr. 20, 1792; d, Sara- toga Springs, Aug. 15, 1844, Son of Rev. Wm. Stone. Removed to Cooperstown 1809, where he assisted his father in the care of a farm, but at the age of 17 became a printer in a newspaper-office. In 1813 he became editor of the Herkimer American, and subsequently edited a polit. newspaper at Hudson, then at Albany, afterwards at Hartford, and from 1821 until his death was one of the proprs. and edi- tor of the N. Y. Commercial Advertiser. Col. Stone also edited while at Hudson the Loun- ger, a lit. periodical disting. for its pleasantry and wit; in 1834 he pub. two vols, of "Tales and Sketches;" in 1832 "Letters on Mason- ry and Anti-Masonry;" " Mathias and his Impostures," 1835; in 1836 " Ups and Downs in the Life of a Gentleman," a satire on the follies of the day; Memoirs of Brandt, 1838, and of Red Jacket, 1841; "Life of Uncas:" "History of Wyoming," 1840; "Border Wars of the Amer. Revol.," 2 vols. 1834; " Maria Monk," &c., 1836 ; Letters on Animal Magnetism, 1837. He had completed the col- lection and arrangement of the materials for an extended memoir of Sir Wm. Johnson at the time of his death, since completed and pub. by his son. For some years he had been supt. of common schools in N.Y. City, and did much for the cause of education. His son William Leete, Jun. (b. N.Y. City, 1835 ; Brown U. 1857), has published "Guide to Saratoga Springs," 1866 ; *• History of N.Y. City," 8vo, 1868; "Life of Sir Wm. Johnson," "^2 vols. 8vo, 1 865. Is engaged on a " History of the Six Nations," and has contrib. to the magazines. Ed. of Gen. Reidsel's Memoirs, from the Ger- man of Von Eelking, 2 vols. 8vo, 1868. Stone, William Murray, D.D. (U. of Pa. 1831), Pr.-Ep. bishop of Md. (consec. 21 Oct. 1830), b. Somerset Co., Md,, 1779; d. near Salisbury, Md., Feb. 26, 1838. He was educated at Washington Acad., on the Eastern Shore; ord. deacon 1802, and ministered for many years in his native parish with fidelity and success. Bishop Stone was remarkable for the meekness, humility, and simplicity of his character. He pub. a charge, 1831 ; pas- toral letter, 1835 ; and a sermon, 1835. Stoneman, George, brev. major-gen. U.S.A., b. Busti, Chautauqua Co., N.Y., Aug. 8, 1822. West Point, 1846. Entering the 1st Dragoons, ho acted as quartermaster to the Mormon battalion at Santa Fe, and sent with STO 875 sxo it to Cal. in 1847 ; capt. 3 Mar. 1855 ; in 1861, being in com. of Fort Brown, Texas, he re- fused to obey the order of his superior. Gen. Twiggs, for the surrender of the govt, property to the secessionists, chartered a steamer, evacu- ated the fort, and arrived at N.Y. March 15; May 9 he was made maj. 4th Cav., and served in Western Va. as insp.-gen. until Aug. 13, when he became brig.-gcn. vols., chief of cav., and highly efficient in organizing that arm of the service. After the evacuation of Yorktown by the Confeds., his com. of cav. and flying art. pursued and overtook them, and thus brought on the battle of Williamsburg, May 5, 1862. After the second battle of Bull Run, he took com. of the division of Kearny; succeeded Hcintzclman as com. of the 3d army corps, which he led at Fredericksburg 13 Dec. 1862; maj.-gcn. Nov. 29, 1862; com. cav. corps in raid towards Richmond, Apr. 13-May 2, 1863 ; and com. 23d corps, Jan.-Apr. 1864. On the re-organization of the armies operating against Richmond by Gen. Grant, Gen. Stoneman was app. to com the cavalry corps in the dept. of the Ohio ; was engaged in the operations of the Atlanta campaign to July 31, 1864, when he was captured at Clinton, Ga., while on a raid to Andorsonville ; com. raid to South- west Va. in Dec. 1864; com. dist.of E. Tenn. Feb.-Mar. 1865; com. exped. to Asheville, N.C., Mar .-Apr. 1865, and engaged at Wythe- ville, capture of Salisbury, N.C., and Ashe- ville. Brev. brig.-gen. and maj.-gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865 for capture of Charlotte, N.C., and services during the Rebellion ; lieut.-col. 3d Cav. Mar. 30, 1864; col. 21st Inf. July 28, 1866 ; retired 1871.— CuUu7n. Storer, David Humphreys, M.D. (H.U. 1825), naturalist, b. Portland, Me., 1804. Bowd. Coll. 1822. Author of "Genera, Species, &c., of Recent Shells," 1837 ; " Ichthyology, &c., of Ms.," 1839; "Fishes of K A.," 1846; "Fishes of Ms.," 1853. Contrib. to scient. journals. Storer, Frakcis Humphreys, prof, of chemistry in Ms. Institute of Technology, b. Boston 1832. H.U. Scient. School, 1855. 'Au- thor of "Alloys of Copper and Zinc," 1859; "Manuf. of Paraffine Oils," 1860; "Solubili- ties of Chemical Substance," 1864; with C. W. Elliot, " Manual of Inorganic Chemistry," 1868; and a "Manual of Qualitative Chem. Analysis." Storer, George W., rear-adm. U.S.N., b. Portsmouth, N.H., 1789; d. there 8 Jan. 1864. Nephew of Col. Tobias Lear. Midshipm. 16 Jan. 1809; lieut. 24 July, 1813; com. 24 Apr. 1828; capt. 9 Feb. 1837; rear-adm. (retired list) 16 July, 1862. Com. the squad, off Bra- zil 1848; com. sloop-of-war "Boston," in Medit. squad., 1831; com. frigate "Potomac," coast of Brazil, 1838-43; governor naval asylum 1855-8. Storer, Horatio Robinson, M.D. (H.U. 1853), prof, of obstetrics and med. jurisp. in Berkshire Med. Coll., Ms., b. Boston 1830. H.U. 1850. Author (with F. F. Heard) of " Criminal Abortion in America ; " " Why Not? a Book for Every Woman," 1866; "Is it I ■? a Book for Every Man ; " " Decrease in the Rate of Increase of Population in Europe and America," 1867 ; "Nurses and Nursing," 1868; co-editor of the Journal of the Gyneco- logical Soc. of Boston, 1 869 ; and contrib. to scientific journals. — Allibone. Storrs, Charles Backus, first pres. of the West. Res. Coll., O , b. Longmeadow, Ms., 15 May, 1794; d. Braintree, Ms., Sept. 15, 1833. N.J. Coll.; And. Theol. Scm. 1820. Son of Rev. Richard S. Ord. 3 Jan. 1821, and preached at Ravenna, 0., from 1822 to Mar. 1828, when he was chosen prof, of Christ, theol. in the W. Res. Coll., and in 1831 pres. — Sprague. Storrs, Hekry Randolph, lawyer, b. Middletown, Ct., 1787; d. New Haven, July 29, 1837. Y.C. 1804. Adm. to the bar in 1 807 ; practised first at Champion, Jetf Co., N.Y., and afterward at Whitestown and Utica, N.Y.; M.C. in 1819-21, 1823-31 ; and subse- quently removed to N.Y. City, where he soon rose to high distinction in his profession. He was 5 years first judge of Oneida County. Storrs, Richard Salter, D.D. (Wms. Coll. 1835), son of Richard S. (minister of Longmeadow, Ct., from 1785 to his d. Oct. 3, 1819, a. 54), b. Feb. 1787. Wms. Coll. 1807. Pastor 1st Cong. Church, Braintree, Ms., since 1811. He pub. "Memoir of Rev. Samuel Green, 12mo, Bost., and some 20 single ser- mons. Edited Boston Recorder; co-cdiior of the Congregational}' St ; and contrib. to the Pan- Oplist, Home MontUtj, &c. Storrs, Richard Salter, Jun., D.D. (Un. Coll. 1853), clergyman, b. Braintree, Ms., Aug. 21, 1821. Amh. Coll. 1839 ; And. Theol. Sem. 1845. His father and grandfather of the same name were disting. clergymen. 22 Oct. 1845 he was ord. pastor of the Harvard Cong. Church, Brooklinc, Ms., and in 1846 of the Church of the Pilgrims, Brooklyn, N. Y., which position he still retains. He was assoc. editor of the Independent at its commencement in 1848. He has pub., besides sermons, orations, and ad- dresses, " Graham Xectures on the Wisdom, Power, and Goodness of God," 1856; "Life and Letters of Rev. Daniel Temple," 12mo, 1855; and an elaborate report on the revision of the English version of the Bible, undertaken by the Bible Society some years since ; and ar- ticles in Bihliotheca Sacra and New-Englander. For specimens of his writings, see " The Amer. Pulpit," 1856, 401-20; "Pulpit Eloquence of the 19th Cent ary," 1857, 485-500. Storrs, William Lucius, LL.D. ( W. Res. Coll. 1846), jurist, bro. of H. R., b. Middle- town, Ct., Mar. 25, 1795; d. Hartford, June 25, 1 861 . Y.C. 1 814. He studied at Whitestown, N.Y., and was adm. to the bar in 1817. He soon after went to Middletown, where he prac- tised until 1840. He was a member of the State Assembly 1 827-9 and 1 834, and was speak- er in 1834; M.C. in 1829-33 and 1839-40; app. assoc. judge of the Supreme Court of Err- ors in Ct. in June, 1840, and chief justice in 1856. In 1846-7 he was prof, of law in Yale College. Story, Isaac, poet, b. Marblehead, Aug. 25, 1774; d. there July 19, 1803. H.U. 1793. Son of Rev. Isaac Story, and grandson of Rev. Simon Bradstreet. His father, minister of Marblehead (1771-1800; N.J. Coll. 1768), d. there Oct. 1816, a. 67. He practised law at STO 876 STO Castiue, where he also edited the Journal, and at Eutland, Worcester, Co., Ms. Of his writings for periodicals, some were pub. in the Farm- er's Museum. He wrote a vol. under the signatiu-v) of " The Traveller," much of which appeared in the Columbian Centinel. A vol. entitled "The Parnassian Shop, by Peter Quince," Boston, 1801, was in imitation of Peter Pindar. In 1792 he pub. at Marblehead " An Epistle from Yarico to Inkle," in verse ; "Consolatory Odes," 12mo, 1799. In 1800 he delivered a eulogy on Washington at Ster- ling, Ms., where he then resided; and in 1801 he delivered a Fourth-July oration at Worces- ter, which was published. Judge Joseph Story was a kinsman. Story, Joseph, LL.D., jurist, b. Marble- head, Ms., Sept. 18,1779 ; d. Cambridge, Sept. 10, 1845. H.U. 1798. His father Dr. Elisha was a surgeon in the Revol. army. At the university, Joseph was disting. for his poetical talent. He studied law with Samuel Sewall, and afterward with Samuel Putnam ; was adm. to the bar in July, 1801, and began practice at Salem. In 1804 he pub. a vol. of poems con- taining "The Power of Solitude." In 1805- 8 he was a member of the legisl., and a leader on the repub. side; M.C. in 1808-9, separating himself from the administration on the ques- tion of continuing the embargo, which he fctrenuously opposed ; speaker of the Ms. house in 1811; and from Nov. 18, 1811, to his death, was assoc. judge of the U.S. Supreme Court, a position for which he was eminently qualified, and in which he not only won great fame as a judge, but achieved both a European and American reputation as a jurist. In the State Const. Conv. of 1820, Judge Story was a very useful member. Dane professor of law in H.U. from 1829 until his death. In his con- stitutional views he was of the school of Wash- ington and Marshall. His juridical works evince extraordinary learning, luminous expo- sitions, and profound views of the science of law. They include a commentary on the Con- stitution, " Conflict of Laws," treatises on the law of bailments, agency, bills of exchange and promissory-notes, partnership, and commenta- ries on equity jurisprudence and equity pleadings. Judge Story possessed great colloquial powers. His "Miscellaneous Writings " were pub. in 8vo, 1854 ; a Life, by his son William Story, was pub. 2 vols. 8vo, 1851. He received the degree of LL.D. from Harvard, Brown, and Dartm. Colleges. His commentaries and his written judgments in his circuit make 27 vols., and his judgments in the Supreme Court form an important part of 34 volumes more. Story, William Wetmore, son of the preceding, poet and artist, b. Salem, Feb. 19 1819. H.U. 1838. He studied law under his father's auspices ; was a frequent contrib. in prose and verse to the Boston Miscellany ; and has pub. " Reports of Cases in the U.S. Cir- cuit Court for the First Circuit," 2 vols., 1842- 5; and "A Treatise on the Law of Contracts not under Seal," 1844; "A Treatise on the Law of Sales of Personal Property," 1847; "The American Question," 1862; "Roba di Roma,"18G2; "Proportions of the Human Figure," 1866; "Graffiti d'ltalia," 1869; and a poem entitled "The Roman Lawyer in Jeru- salem," 1870. In 1844 he delivered the Phi Beta Kappa poem at H.U., " Nature and Art." He pub. a volume of poems in 1847 and in 1856, and "Life and Letters of Joseph Story," 1851. He has resided since 1848 in Italy, and is disting, as a sculptor. Among his admired works is " Cleopatra and the Sibyl," " Delilah," a statue of his father, and a bust of J. R, Low- ell. He has modelled a " Shepherd-Boy," " Little Red Riding-Hood," statues of Sappho and of George Peabody, and busts of Josiah Quincy and Theodore Parker, and other works. He is also an accomplished musician. StOUghton, Col. Israel, an early settler of Dorchester ; d. Lincoln, Eng., 1645. Adm. freeman, Nov. 1633 ; member of the first Gen. Court, convened May, 1634, and again in 1635, '36, and '37 ; disabled from holding office for 3 years for publishing a pamphlet denying to the gov. and assistants some of the powers they claimed, but restored in 1636. In May, 1637, he had com. of the Ms. troops sent against the Pequots; capt. of the Art. Co. 1642; a com- miss. to administer the govt, of N.H. in 1641 ; assist, in 1637-42, and again in 1644. He was in Eng. in 1642, and, returning in 1644, served as lieut.-col. of Rainsborough's rcgt. until his d. He was a large land-owner of Dorchester, and gave 300 acres of land to Ilarv. College. StOUghton, William, statesman, b. 30 Sept. 1631 ; d. Dorchester, July 7, 1701. H.U. 1650. Son of the preceding. He stud- ied theology, went to Eng., and was a fellow of New Coll., Oxford, but was ejected at the Restoration. Returning to N.E. in 1662, he acquired a high reputation as a preacher, his sermon at the annual election in 1668 be- ing pronounced one of the best ever heard on the occasion. Declining all invitations to a settlement as pastor, he was an assist, from 1671 until the dissolution of the govt, in 1686; from 1676 to 1679 he was in Eng. as agent for the Colony. Elected assist, and gov. May 12, 1686, he refused to serve, inasmuch as Dudley was left out in complaisance to him. He was chief justice from July 26 to Dec, 20, 1686, and a justice, and a member of Andros's council until Apr. 1689, when he was one of the " Council of Safety " which wrested the govt, from that officer; from May, 1692, until his death, he was lieut.-gov. of Ms., and chief jus- tice of the Superior Court from Dec. 22, 1692, until just before his death. His name is un- fortunately connected with the witchcraft per- secution, he being the chief justice of the s])ecial tribunal on that occasion. He was a generous and liberal benefactor of H. Coll., and left a tract of land for the support there of students, natives of Dorchester, and another tract for the benefit of schools. StOUghton, Gen. William L., lawver, and M.C. 1869-71, b. N.Y., 20 Mar. 1827. Settled in thepractii-e of law in Sturgos, Mich., in 1851 ; prosec. attv. 1856-60 ; app. U.S. dist. atty. 1861. Col. ifih Mich. Rcgt. 1862, and disting. at Stone River, Dec, 31-Jan. 2, 1863 ; afterwards com. a brigade at Chickamauga, Mission. Ridge, and at Atlanta, where he lost a leg; brev. maj.-gen. U.S. vols.; atty.-gen. of Mich. 1866-8. 8TO 877 STI& Stow, Baron, D.D., Baptist clerp:yraan, 1). Croydon, N.H., June 16, 1801; d. Boston, Dec. 27, 1869. Col. Coll., D.C., 1825. After editing the Columbian Star, a religious news- paper, for 2 years, at Washington, he was ord., Oct. 24, 1827, over the church in Portsmouth, N.H. ; in 1832 became pastor of the Baldwin- place Church; and from 1848 to 1867 of the Rowe-street Church, Boston. He was many years prominent in the Baptist Missionary Union ; pres. of the trustees of the Newton Theol. Institution. Besides sermons, he pub. "Daily Manna for Christian Pilgrims," 1848; " Christian Brotherhood ; " " The Psalmist," 1849 ; " First Things," 1859 ; " History of the Danish Missions on the Coast of Coromandel ; " " Memoir of Harriet Dow ; " " History of the English Baptist Mission to India ; " Discourse at the 100th Anniv. Baldw. PI. Ch., 27 July, 1843 ; also many articles in reviews and peri- odicals. Stowe, Calvin Ellis, D.D., clergyman, b. Natick, Ms., April 26, 1802. Bowd. Coll. 1824. And. Theol. Sem. 1826. He was for two years an assist, to Prof. Stuart, and at the same time assist, editor of the Boston Recorder. In 1830 he became prof, of languages in Dartm. Coll. ; and was prof, of biblical lit. in Lane Sem., Cincinnati, 1833-50. He lectured and wrote effectively on the school system of Ohio. On his return from Europe in 1837 he pub. his report on " Elementary Education in Europe." He subsequently pub. reports on the " Educa- tion of Immigrants," " The Course of In- struction in the Primary Schools of Prussia," and on " Elementary Instruction in Prussia." In 1850 he became divinity prof, at Bowd. Coll., and in 1852-64 -was prof, of sacred lit. in And. Theol. Sem. He pub. " History of the Hebrew Commonwealth, from the German of Jahn," 1828; "Criticism and Interpretation of the Bible," 1835 ; "Origin and History of the Books of the Bible," 1867. He m. Harriet, dan. of Lyman Beecher, in 1832. Stowe, Harriet Elizabeth Beecher, author, dau. of Rev. Dr. Lyman Beecher, b. Litchfield, Ct , June 15, 1812. One of a fami- ly of 12, which, out of 10 survivors, has given to literature 8 authors of more or less repute. Mrs. Stowe had the advantage of intellectual companionship and strict moral training from infancy. From her 15th year she was associated with her elder sister Catharine at a successful female sem. she had estab- lished at Hartford in 1822. In her 21st year she m. Rev. Calvin E. Stowe. During a long residence in Cincinnati, she became interested in the question of slavery. She pub. in 1849 a collection of moral tales, " The Mayflower, or Sketches of the Descendants of the Pilgrims." Her great work, " Uncle Tom's Cabin," origi- nally appeared in the National Era, an antisla- very paper at Washington, and was pub. Bos- ton, 1852. It has been translated into 9 diubr- ent languages, and has been dramatized in 20 different forms, and acted in every capital in Europe, and in most of those of the U.S. She subsequently pub. "A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin." She soon afterward, in company with her husband, and Rev. Cluiiics Beecher her bro., visited Great Britain, where she was favor- ably received. After her return she pub. " Sun- ny Memories of Foreign Lands ; " and in 1 860 " The Minister's Wooing," originally pub, in the Atlantic Monthlj). She has also pub. "Dred, a Tale of the Dismal Swamp," 1856; "Ao-nes of Sorrento," 1 862 ; " The Pearl of Orr's Is- land," " The May-Flower, and Miscellaneous Writings," 1855 ; " House and Home Papers," 1 864 ; " The Chimney-Comer," a series of essays in the Atlantic Monthly, 186.5-6 ; " Little Foxes," 1865; "Queer Little People," 1867; " Oldtown Folks," 1869 ; " Men of Our Times," 1868; "True Story of Lady Byron's lAHe," m Atlantic Monthly, Sept. 1869; "Lady Byron Vindicated," 1870; "Pink and White Tyranny," 1871 ; " My Wife and I," 1872. In Dec. 1868 she became co-editor with D. G. Mitchell of " Hearth and Home," a magazine. Mr. and Mrs. Stowe now reside in Hartford. Straehan, John, D.D., LL.D., bishop of Toronto, b. Aberdeen, Apr. 12, 1778; d. Toronto, Nov. 1, 1 867. U. of Aberdeen, 1796. He studied theology at St. Andrew's ; taught a village school in 1797; and in Aug. 1799 came to Canada, and taught school at Kings- ton till ord. deacon. May 2, 1 803 ; priest, June 3, 1804 ; and'app. to the mission of Cornwall, where he taught a grammar-school. In 1812 he was app. rector of York; in 1818 exec, councillor; archdeacon of York in 1825; and in 1839 bishop of Toronto. From the year 1818, he took an active part in politics; and a bitter strife arose between his party on the one side, and that of W. L. Mackenzie on the other, out of which the rebellion in Upper Can- ada of 1837-8 arose. He pub. 70 essays in the Kingston Gazette in 1811 under the name of " Reckoner," also a number of letters and oth- er pamphlets. He received the degree of LL.D. from the U. of St. Andrew's, and that of D.D. from the U. of Aberdeen, in 1807. Among the many benefits he conferred u]:!on Toronto was the establishment of Trinity College. Strachey, William, first sec. to the Colony of Va., where he resided 1610-12 ; w.^.s ship\vrecked on the Bermudas 1609. He pub. for the Colony in Va. "Lawes, Divine, Morall, and Martiall," 4to, 1612; " History of Trav- aille into Va.," &c., pub. by the Ha'kluyt Soc, and the second book in Mass. Hist. Colls., 4th ser. i. Strader, Capt. Jacob, a pioneer in the steamboats and railroads of the West, b. N. J. 1795; d. Cincinnati, Aug. 28, 1860. Strain, Lieut. Isaac G., U.S.N., explorer, - b. Roxbury, Franklin Co., Pa., 1821; d. Aspinwall, May 15, 1857. In 1845, while a midshipman, he led a small party to explore the interior of Brazil ; in 1 848 he explored the peninsula of Cal. ; in 1849 he crossed from Valparaiso to Bucno.? Ayres, and Avrote a nar- rative entitled " The Cordillera and Pampa ; " " Sketches of a Journey in Chili and the Ar- gentine Provinces," in 1849. He was in 1850 attached to the Mexican Boundary Commiss., and later more known as the leader of the ex- ped. across the Isthmus of Darien. An inter- esting account of this journey was prepared from' his materials by J. T. Headley, and pub. in I/arpei-'s Mag. 1855. In 1856, in the steam- er " Arctic," he ascertained by soundings the STR 878 STR practicability of laying an ocean tcleg. cable between America and England. Strange, Robert, LL.D. (Rutg. 1840), jurist and senator, b. Va. Sept. 20, 1796; d. Feb. 25, 1854. Hamp. Sid. Coll. He studied law ; was with some intermissions a member of the N.C. house of delegates from 1821 to 1826; judge of the Superior Court 1826-36; and U.S. senator in 1836-40. He resumed his profession, and subsequently became solicit- or of the 5th jud. circuit of the State.- Author of" Eoneguski, or the Cherokee Chief," a novel. Stratton, Charles C, b. N.J. 1796; d. Gloucester Co., N. J., March 30, 1859. Rutg. Coll. 1814. Many years in the State legisl. ; M.C. 1837-9 and 1841-3; member Const. Conv. 1844 ; and gov. of N. J. 1844-8. Stratton, Charles S. — See Tom Thumb. Street, Alfred Billings, poet, b. Pough- keepsie, N.Y., Dec. 18, 1811. Descended from Rev. Nicholas, pastor of the first church in New Haven. His father Randall S., an emi- nent lawyer, d. Monticello, N.Y., in 1841. Al- fred was educated at the Duchess-Co. Acad. ; studied law in the office of his father; practised a few years in Monticello ; and since 1 839 has resided in Albany, where he has been for some years State librarian. He commenced his lite- rary career at an early age as a poetical writer for'the magazines. His first vol., " The Burn- ing of Schenectady, and Other Poems," was pub. 1842; a 2d coll., "Drawings and Tintings," 1844. His longest publication is " Frontenac, a Tale of the Iroquois in 1696," Lond. 1849. Besides his numerous pieces in periodicals, he has delivered three very able poems before the students of Geneva and Union Colleges, from the latter of which he received in 1841 the hon. degree of A.M. An edition of his poems was pub. in N.Y. in 1847, and another in 2 vols. 1866. In 1859 he pub. two prose vols., " The Council of Revision," a history of the courts of N.Y., with biog. sketches of its governors and judges, from 1777 to 1821 ; "Woods and Waters, or the Saranacs and Racket," a tour in the great wilderness of Northern N. York ; in 1864 " Forest-Pictures in the Adirondacks; " " The Indian Pass," 1869. Some of his poems have been translated into German. Street, Augustus Russell, philanthro- pist, b. N. Haven, Nov. 5, 1791 ; d. there June 12, 1866. Y.C. 1812. He studied law, but ill-health prevented his pursuing the profes- sion. Inheriting a large fortune, he gave free- ly to benevolent objects. His Alma Mater received neariy $300,000: he founded the Streel professorship of modern languages ; erected the building for the Yale School of Fine Arts, providing for its partial endow- ment ; and also left a handsome legacy for ulti- mately founding the Titus Street professorship in the Yale Theol. Sem. He was an invalid the greater part of his life. In 1843-8 he trav- elled abroad. A dau. m. Admiral Foote, and d. 1863.— Y.C. Obit. Record. Stribling, Cornelius K., rear-admiral U.S.N., b. S.C. Midshipm. June 18, 1812; lieut. Apr. 1, 1818 ; com. Jan. 24, 1840 ; capt. Aug. 1, 18.53; commo. July 16, 1862; rear- adm. (ret. list.) July 25, 1866. He was in " The Macedonian " when the Algeiine vessels were captured in 1815; com. in April, 1823, two barges on the coast of Cuba, and captured the pirate schooner " Pilot;" commanded ship "Ohio," Pacific squadron, 1848-50; supt. Naval Acad. 1850-3; commanded E.I. squad. 1859-61 ; com. Phila. navy-yard 1863-4 ; com. Eastern Gulf block, squadron 1864-5; mem- ber light-house board 1867-71. — Hamersly. Strieker, Gen. John, b. Md. ; d. Balti- more, June 23, 1825. A patriot of the Revol. ; he was also brig.-gen. commanding 3d brigade Md. militia in defence of Bait, in 1814, and disting. in battle of North Point. Pres. of the Bank of Baltimore at his death. Strickland, Lieut.-Col. Samuel, CM., bro. of Agnes Strickland, b. Eng. 1809; emig. to Canada 1825 ; d. Lakefield, U.C, 1867. Au- thor of " 27 Years in Canada West," London, 2 vols. 1853. Strickland, William, architect, b. Phila. 1787; d. Nashville, Tenn., 7 Apr. 1854. He studied under Latrobe; established his reputa- tion by planning the Chestnut-street Masonic Hall ; and for many years was employed on the public buildings of Phila., among them the U.S. Bank, the Merchants' Exchange, the U.S. Mint., and the U. S. Naval Asylum. His last great work was the capitol, Nashville, Tenn., begun in 1845, completed in 1857. In 1825 he examined the canal and railway systems of England, and on his return superintended the building of the railroad between Newcastle and Frenchrown, Md. Member Roy. Soc. of Civil Engrs. and of Amer. Philos. Soc. — Thomas. Strickland, William P., D.D., clergy- man and author, b. Pittsburg, Pa., Aug. 17, 1809. Educated at the Ohio U. Entered the itinerant ministry of the M.E. Church, O., in 1832 ; was for some years agent and sec. of the Amer. Bible Society. Removing to N. York in 1856, he has since been connected with the Meth. Book Concern, and assoc. ed. Christ. Ad- vocate and Jour. In 1 862 he was chaplain of the 48th N.Y. Regt. at Port Royal, S.C. He has pub. " History of the American Bible So- ciety," 1849; "History of Methodist Mis- sions," 1850; " Genius and Mission of Meth- odism," 1851 ; *' Christianity Demonstrated," 1852; "Memoir of Rev. James B. Finley," 1853; "A Treatise on Biblical Literature," 1853 ; " The Light of the Temple," a Masonip work, 1854 ; " The Astrologer of Clialdaea," 1856; "Pioneers of the West," 1855; "Life and Times of Francis Asbury," 1858; "Life of Jacob Gruber," 1859; and "Old Macki- naw," 1860. He has edited the Literary Casket, the Western Amer. Review, and has contributed to several magazines, and to Appleton's "New Cyclopaedia." Stringer, Samuel, physician, b. Md. 1734 ; d. Albany, July 11, 1817. He studied medi- cine in Phila. under Dr. Bond; was in 1755 app. by Gov. Shirley to the med. dept. of the army ; and was in the campaign of 1758 at Ti- condcroga. After the war he settled and m. in Albany. In 1775-7 he was director-gen. of hospitals in the northern dept., and accomp. the troops in the invasion of Canada. Resum- ing practice at Albany, he was until his death one of the first physicians and surgeons in that vicinity. — Thacher. SXR 879 STR Stringham, James S., M. D. (Edinb. 1799), physician, b. New York 1775; d. St. Croix, 28 June, 1817. Col. Coll. 1793. He abandoned the study of theology for that of medicine, which he first pursued under Drs. Bard and Hosack of New York. He was prof, of chemistry in Col. Coll. in 1802-13; in 1813-17 he was prof, of med. jurisp. in the Coll. of Physicians and Surgeons, and may be regarded as the founder of that science (upon which he was the first to lecture) in this country. Beside his inaugural, " De Aisorbenthiin Si/s- temate," he contrib. essays and papers to the medical journals. Dr. S. was one of the most efficient of the early promoters of science in this country. He was a physician of the N.Y. Hospital, and was a member of the Roy. Med. Soc. of Edinburgh, and fellow of the N.Y. Literary, Philos., and Historical Societies. — Thacher. Stringham, Silas Hortox, rcar-adra. U.S.N., b. Middletown, N.Y., Nov. 7, 1798. Midshipman, Nov. 15, 1809; lieut. Dec. 9, 1814; he served in "The President," Com. Rodgers, till 1815, witnessing the affairs wth "The Little Belt" and "The Belvidere." Transferred in 1815 to the brig " Spark," one of Decatur's squadron, he took part in the Al- gerine war. In 1819 he was lieut. in " The Cyane," which conveyed the first settlers to Li- beria ; placed in com. of a boat to search for slavers, he captured 4, and was sent home with his prizes. Made 1st lieut. in 1821, he was ordered to "The Hornet," on the W.I. station, and aided in the capture of a notorious pirate- ship and slaver. Master com. March 3, 1831 ; capt. Sept. 8, 1841; in 1842 ordered to the razee " Independence; " and in 1846 took com. of " The Ohio," and took part in the bom- bardment of Vera Cruz ; he then com. the Brazil squadron ; in 1851 the Gosport navy- yard; in 1852-5 the Mediterranean squadion, his flagship being " The Cumberland ; " in March, 1861, he was app. flag-officer of the At- lantic block, squad., and ordered to " The Minnesota " as his fla^^ship. With Gen. B. F. Butler, he com. the joint naval and military exped. which captured Forts Hatteras and Clark, Aug. 27 and 28. Sept. 28 he was re- lieved from com. at his own request; July 16, 1862, he was made a rear-adm. on the retired list; now (1871) por^adm. New York. Strong, Caleb, LL.D. (H.U. 1801), gov. of Ms., b. Northampton, Ms., Jan. 9, 1745 ; d. there Nov. 7, 1819. H.U. 1764. He studied law, but did not establish himself in practice till 1772. He took a decided part in the cause of liberty; was in 1775 app. one of the com. of safety ; in 1 776-80 was an active member of the leglsl. ; councillor 1780; in 1779 assisted in forming the State const.; in 1787 that of the U.S., and exerted himself in the State Con- vention to procure its ratification. App. in 1781 to a seat on the supreme bench, he de- clined the office; in 1789-97 he was a U.S. senator; and gov, of Ms. in 1800-7 and 1812- 16, — the difficult period of the last war with England. As a Federalist, he opposed the war ; and his conduct was severely censured by his political opponents. When requisition was made upon him for troops, he, in common with the whole Federal party of N. Eng., denied the right of the Pros, upon constitutional grounds. Though Gov. Strong so positively declined answering calls which he considered unconstitu- tional, he was ready to adopt every measure which the safety of state demanded ; and, as it was amply defended, no evil resulted from the difference between the State and National au- thorities. — See his Life by Alden Bradford, 8vo, 1820; Strong Family hy'B. W. Dwir/'ht, 2 yo\s. 8vo, 1871. Strong, Gen. George C, b. Stockbridge, Vt., 1832; d. July 30, 1863, from wounds re- ceived in the assault on Fort Wagner, Charles- ton harbor. West Point, 1857. Losing his father, he was adopted in the family of his uncle, A. L. Strong of Easthampton, Ms. At West Point he held the post of 1st capt. of cadets 3 years. Placed on the staff of Mc- Dowell at Bull Run, he was highly compli- mented for efficiency at that battle ; he next served on McClellan's staff, but was detailed as ordnance-officer by Gen. Butler to the dcpt. of the Gulf. He disting. himself at Biloxi, and in the hazardous adventure up the Tangipahoa River. Brig.-gen. vols. 29 Nov. 1862; capt. ordnance 3 Mar. 1863. He was a brave and skilful officer, and led the assaulting column at Fort Wagner 18 July, 1863, with veteran courage and judgment. Author of " Cadet Life at West Point," 1862. — CuUiim. Strong, James, D.D. (Wesl. U. 1856), thcol. writer, b. N.Y. City, Aug. 14, 1822. Wesl. U. 1844. From 1858 to Dec. 1861 he was prof, of biblical lit., and acting prcs. of Troy U., N.Y. ; prof, of exeg.-theol. in Drew Theol. Sem., Madison, N. J., since 1868. He pub. a " Harmony and Exposition of the Gos- pels," 1854 ; and, on a similar plan, a " Greek Harmony of the Gospels," 1854 ; " Manuals' of Greek and Hebrew Grammar ; " "Outlines of Theology ; " " Appeal to Sunday-school Ef- forts ; " articles in the Meth. Quarterly Review and Christian Advocate and Journal. With Rev. Dr. McClintock, he prepared the " Cyclopae- dia of Biblical, Theol., and Eecles. Literature." Strong, James H., commo. U.S.N., b. Canandaigua, N.Y., Apr. 26, 1814. Son of Judge Elisha B. Midshipm. Feb. 2, 1829; lieut. Sept. 1841 ; com. Apr. 24, 1861; capt. Aug. 5, 1865; commo. Mar. 1870; com. steamer "Mohawk," 1861; steamer "Flag," 1862; and steam-sloop "Monongahela," 1863-5. In Nov. 1863 he conveyed a division of Gen. Banks's army to Brazos, and aided in capture of battery at Arkansas Pass. At the battle of Mobile Bay, " The Monongahela " attacked the rebel ram " Tennessee," and forced her to sur- render. Strong, Nathan, D.D. (N. J. Coll. 1801), scholar and theologian, b. Coventry, Ct., 5 Oct. 1748; d. Hartford, Dec. 25, 1816. Y.C. 1769; tutor 1772-3. Son of Rev. Nathan. Ord. pastor of the First Church in Hartford, Jan. 5, 1774. In the Revol. war he was a })atriot, and a chaplain in the army; in talents, earning, and usefulness he held the first rank among his associates in the ministry. He pub. 2 vols, of sermons, 1798-1800; and "The Doctrine of Eternal Misery Consistent with the Inf. Bencv. of God/' a vol. in vindication SXR 880 STTJ of the doctrine of future punishment, 1796. He was also editor of the Evany. Mag. ; prin- cipal founder of the missionary soc. of Ct. in 1798. He possessed great shrewdness and wit as well as strong common sense. Strong, Neiiemiah, prof, of mathematics at Y.C. 1770-81; b. Northampton, 24 Feb. 1730; d. Bridgeport, Ct., 12 Aug. 1807. Y.C 1755; tutor there 1757-60. Minister of Sims- bury, now Granby, 21 Jan. 1761-8. He pub. "Astronomy Improved," 1784. Strong, Simeon, LL.D. (H.U. 1805), jur- ist, b. Northampton, 6 Mar. 1736 ; d. Amherst, Dec. 14, 1805. Y.C. 1756. He was several years a preacher; but, his health not permitting his continuance in that employment, he studied law ; was adm. to the bar m 1761, and became eminent in the profession. Representative 1767- 9 ; senator 1793 ; and in 1801-5 was a judge of the Ms. Sup. Court. — See PanopUst for 1812, 433-6. Strong, Theodore, LL.D. (Rutg. Coll. 1835), mathematician, b. S. Hadley, Ms., 26 July, 1790; d. N. Brunswick, N. J., Fob. 1, 1869. Y.C. 1812. Son of Rev. Josei)h (Y.C. 1784). On quitting Yale, he was tutor in Ham. Coll., N.Y., 1812-16, and in 1816-27 prof, of mathematics and nat. philos., changing in 1827 the scene of his labors to Rutg. Coll., New Brunswick, where he continued until 1862. In 1859 he pub. his " Treatise on Alge- bra," — a work original in its method and in many of its conclusions. He succeeded in solving by a direct method the Irreducible Case of Cubic Equations left by Cardan, which had baffled the best ' mathematicians of Europe; and he also discovered a method of extracting by a direct process, for the first time, any root of any integral number. At the time of his death he had prepared for the press a vol. on the Differential and Integral Calculus. He ?ub. many mathematical papers in Silliman's 'ournal. An orig. member of the Nat. Acad, of Arts and Sciences. Strong, Titus, D.D., Pr.-Epis. clergvman, b. Brighton, Ms., Jan. 26, 1787 ; d. June 11, 1855. Leaving the trade of a printer, he en- gaged early in politics. Becoming a decided churchman, he was ord, deacon in 1814, priest in 1826, and labored in Greenfield, Ms., to the close of his life. His " Candid Examination of the Pr.-Epis. Church '* is one of the most effi- cient productions of its class. He also pub. the " Scholar's Guide," besides preparing several elementary books for common schools, and frequently contributing to the periodical press. Stroud, George McDowell, b. Strouds- burg, Pa., Oct. 12, 1795. N.J. Coll. 1817. Many years an eminent judge of the District Court of Phiia. Has pub. " Sketch of the Laws relative to Slavery in Several of the States," 1827 and 1856; some pamphlets and articles in the Law Reg., &c. — Allibone. Stryker, James, b. Richmond Co., N.Y., 1792; d. Sharon, Ct., 3 June, 1864. Col. Coll. 1809. Lie. used to practise law 1813; capt. in the war of 1812-15; judge in the courts in Buffalo, N.Y., 1830-40; originator and editor of Sin/Jeer's Amer. Register and Magazine, 6 vols. 8vo, 1849-55. lie was at one time editor of the Buffalo Republican, and contrib. to periodicals. A commiss. to nego- tiate with the Six Nations for their removal to the West. Stuart, Alexander, H. H., politician, b. Staunton, Va., Apr. 2, 1807. Wm. and M. Coll. 1825. U. of Va. 1828. Adm. to the bar at Staunton in 1828; member of the young men's convention in Washington in 1832; of the Va. house of delegates in 1836-9 ; M.C. 1841-3 ; sec. of the interior 1850-3; State sen- ator 1857-61. He was active in the canvasses preceding the election of Harrison and Fill- more, and advocated the election of Henry Clay, his personal friend, in 1844. In 1844 he delivered the annual address before the Amer. Institute in New York. Stuart, Charles B., eng. in chief U.S.N., b. 1814. Author of "Naval Dry Docks of the U.S.," 1851 ; "Naval and Mail Steamers of the U.S.," 1853; "Railroads of the U.S. and Canada," 1855; "Water- Works of the U.S.," 1855. Stuart, Gilbert Charles, portrait-paint- er, b. Narragansct, R.I., 1754 ; d. Boston, July 9, 1828. He was first taught by a Scottish painter named Alexander, by whom, at about 18 years of age, he was taken to Edinburgh. He soon returned, and painted at Newport, Boston, and New York ; but, the war making his prospects hopeless, he went to London, where he was aided by Benjamin West with money and instruction. Stuart painted a full- length portrait of his benefactor, now in the British National Gallery. Ab. 1781 he began practice in Lond., and soon rose to great emi- nence. Subsequently he resided successively in Dublin and Paris, and painted a portrait of Louis XVI. Returning to Amer. m 1793, he painted at Phila. the well-known head of Wash- ington, the original of which is now in posses- sion of the Boston Athenaeum. After residing in Washington, he took up his permanent abode in 1806 in Boston. His last work was a por- trait of John Quincy Adams. He painted many of the disting. men of the Revol. and of the early period of the Union. He ranks among the first Amer. portrait-painters, and was a man of fine social qualities. His daughters, Mrs. Stebbins and Miss Jane Stuart, long pur- sued their father's profession in Boston. Stuart, Isaac William, scholar, b. New Haven, lb09; d. Hartford, Ct., Oct. 2, 1861. Y.C. 1828. Son of Rev. Moses. He taught a while in the Hopkins grammar-school, Hart- ford. A taste for the study of hieroglyphics and Oriental lit. led to his pub. in 1830 a trans- lation, with notes, of Greppo's "Essay on the Hieroglyphic System of Champollion." Elect- ed prof, of Greek andLatin'in tlie Coll. of S.C, he resided in Columbia some years. Returning to Hartford, he was for many years proprietor of the Wyllis Estate, on which stood the Char- ter Oak. He wrote a " Life of Nathan Hale," 1856; "Hartford in the Olden Time," 1853; and an elaborate Life of Jonathan TmmbuU, 1857; and edited, with Notes, the "CEdipus Tyrannus " of Sophocles, pub. 1837. He was three times a member of the Ct. senate, and was an orator of unusual excellence. — Obit. Rrcord Yale, 1862. Stuart, Gen. James E. B., b. Patrick Co., SXXJ 881 STU Va., 1 832 ; killed near Richmond, Va., May 11, 1864. West Point, 1854. 1st lieut. 1st Cav. Dec. 20, 1855; disting. himself in a fight with the Cheyennes, June 29, 1857, when he was se- verely wounded; became capt. 22 Apr. 1861 ; and resigned May 14, 1861. App. col. of a regt. of Va. cav. ; com. all the Confed. cav. at Bull Run ; disting. himself at Lcwinsville, Va., Sept. 13, 1861 ; made brig.-gen. Sept. 1861 ; maj.-gcn. in 1862 ; conducted a brilliant incur- sion within Gen. MoClellan's lines on the Pa-- munkey, June 13, 1862, destroying much prop- erty, and causing very great alarm ; surprised Gen. Pope's headquarters at Catlett's Station, near the Rappahannock, Aug. 22 ; and, with 1,800 cavalry and 4 guns, passed from south of the Potomac, Oct. 9, crossing between Wil- liamsport and Hancock on the right wing of Gen. McClcllan's army, traversed Md., and, Oct. 10, entered Chambersburg, which was surren- dered without resistance, took a great quantity of spoil, and destroyed a vast amount of valua- ble property, and, retreating, crossed the Poto- mac on McClellan's left; thus making a circuit of his army without loss. He was justly re- garded as a cavalry-officer of great merit. Ho m. a dau. of Gen. Philip St. George Cooke. At Beverly Ford, Va., and in Md. and Pa. dur- ing the Gettysburg campaign, he was invaria- bly worsted by the Federal cavalry. He did good service in protecting Lee's army on its retreat from Gettysburg. He was mortally wounded in an encounter with Sheridan's cav- alry at Yellow Tavern, and died a day or two afterwards. Stuart, John, D.D., founder of the Eng- lish Church in Upper Canada, b. Harrisburg, Pa., Feb. 24, 1740; d. Kingston, U.C, Aug. 15, 1811. His father Andrew was a rigid Pres- byterian. Young Stuart having made a voyage to Eng., where he was ord. priest, returned to Phila. ab. 1770, and for 7 years officiated as a missionary among the Indians of the Mohawk Valley. For them he made a translation of the New Testament into the Mohawk language. Refusing allegiance to the revolted Colonics, he fled to Canada in 1781 ; was soon after chaplain in a prov. regt. ; and as a missionary travelled through the upper province, where he labored with energy and success; in 1786 he settled at Kingston, and for some time previ- ous to his death was chaplain to the legislative council. His son Sir James, LL.D., an emi- nent Canadian jurist, chi 'f justice of Lower Canada, b. Fort Hunter, N.Y., Mar. 2, 1780, d. Quebec, July 14, 1853. Created a baronet in 1840, called to the bar in 1801, solicitor-gen. 1805-9, atty.-gen. 1822-32, chief justice of L.C. 1838-53. Andrew, his second son, also a disting. jurist, and solicitor-gen. of L. Cana- da, b. Kingston, 1786, d. Quebec, Feb. 21, 1840. Un. Coll. To the Quebec Historical Society's " Trans." he contrib. "Notes on the Saguenay Country," a paper on the "Ancient Etrus- cans," and "Detached Thoughts upon the History of Civilization." — Morgan. Stuart, Sir John, a British gen., b. Ga. 1761 ; d. Clifton, En^., 1 April, 1815. John his father came to Ga. with Oglethorpe, became In- dian agent and one of the council, m. Miss Fen- wick, dau. of a wealthy citizen of Charleston, 6d S.C, was a loyalist, and d. in Eng. His son was educated at Westminster School ; entered the 3d Foot Guards in Jan. 1779; served under Corn wall is; and was dangerously wounded at the battle of Guilford. He attained distinc- tion in the wars growing out of the French revol., and, while com. the British troops in Sicily, gained 4 July, 1806, the splendid victo- ry of Maida over the French Gen. Rcgnicr. For this service he received the Order of the Balh, a gold medal, the thanks of parliament, and the freedom of the city of London. He was subsequently lieut.-gov. of Grenada, and d. a lieut.-gen. and com.-in-chief of the West- em District. Stuart, Rev. Moses, D.D., theologian and philologist, b. Wilton, Ct., 26 Iklarch, 1780; d. Andovcr, Ms., 4 Jan. 1852. Y.C. 1799 ; tutor 1 802-4. Adm. to the bar in Danbury, Ct., Nov. 1802 ; studied theology ; ord. pastor of the 1st Church, N. Haven, 5 Mar. 1803 ; and was prof, of sacred lit. in And. Theol. Sem. 28 Mnrch, 1810-48. He was an excellent pulpit-orator, possessing a sonorous voice and a commanding and impassioned manner, and a teacher of dis- ting. usefulness and success. He pub. a " He- brew Grammar" in 1813, and another in 1831 ; commentaries on the Hebrews, Romans, Reve- lation, and the books of Daniel, of Ecclesias- tes, and of Proverbs ; a vol. of "Miscellanie?," 1846; "Conscience and the Constitution," a defence of the policy of Daniel Webster, 1850; "Hebrew Crestomathv," 1829_; "Letters to Dr. Channing on ReiiT,ious Liberty," 1830; "The Mode of Christian Baptism," 1833; "Grammar of the New-Testament Dialect," 1834; "Hints on the Prophecies," 1842; "Scriptural View of the Wine Question," 1848; and a large number of contribs. to tho periodical press. Stuber, Dr. Henry, b. Phila. ab. 1770; d. there ab. 1792. Of German origin. He was a pupil of Dr. Kunze in Greek, Latin, and German, when that divine was connected wirh the U. of Pa. He studied medicine, obtained a situation in one of the public offices of the U.S. govt., and was engaged in the study of law when he died, still very young. He wrote for the journals of the day ; and to the early editions of Franklin's Autobiography added a continuation, giving an historical account of his discoveries in electricity. — J. W. Francis, in Sparks's Franklin. Sturges, Jonathan, LL.D. (Y.C. 1806), jurist, I). Fairfield, An^. 23, 1740; d. there Oct. 4, 1819. Y.C. 1759. He became a law- yer. In 1774 was a delegate to Congress; M.C. in 1789-92 ; judge of the Supreme Court of Ct. in 1792-1805. Sturgis, Samuel Davis, brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Shippensburg, Pa., 1822. West Point, 1846. Entering the 2d Dragoons, he served in the Mexican war, and was made prisoner while on a rcconnoissance before the battle of Buena Vista, l)ut was soon exchanged. He subsequently served in Cal., New Mexico, and the Territories, and for his energy and skill against the Indians was made capt. 3 Mar. 1855. He com. at Fort Smith, Ark., until 1861. All his officers resigned, and joined the Southern Confederacy; and he evacuated STTJ 882 SXJI^ the fort on his own responsibility, thus saving his com. and the govt, property. May 3 he was app. noajor 4th Cav., and served in Mo. under Gen. Lyon, whom he succeeded in com. after his death, at the battle of Wilson's Creek ; Aug. 10, 1861, he was made brig.-gen. vols., assigned to the army in Tenn., and afterward com. the dept. of Kansas ; in 1862 he was called to Washington, and assigned to the com. of the fortifications around the city. At the bat- tles of South Mountain, Antietam, and Fred- ericksburg, he com. the 2d division 9th army corps. Engaged at the battle of Fredericks- burg 13 Dec. 1862 ; in operations in Ky. Apr.- July, 1863 ; chief of cavalry, dept. of the Ohio, July, 1863, to Apr. 1864, capturing Gen. Vance and his command 13 Jan. 1864; en- gaged at Bolivar, Tenn., 10 May, 1864; and exped. against Gen. Forrest, and in the combat near Guntown, Mpi., 10 June, 1864 ; lieut.-col. 6th Cav. Oct. 27, 1863; col. 7th Cav. 6 May, 1869; brev. col. for Fredericksburg; brig, and maj.-gcn. 13 Mar. 1865. — CuUum. Stuyvesant, Peter, the last Dutch gov. of N.Y., b. Holland, 1602 ; d. N.Y. City, Aug. 1682. lie served in the war in the W. Indies; became director of the colony of Cura9oa ; and, having lost a leg in an unsuccessful attack on the Portuguese island of St. Martin, returned to Holland in 1644. Gov.of N.Y. 1647-64. He exerted himself vigorously to repress the en- croachments of the Swedes and English, and in 165.5 took the Swedish fort Casimir, afterwards called New Castle, in Delaware Bay. An ex- ped. under the Eng. colonel, Nichols, compelled him to capitulate 27 Aug. 1664; and the New Netherlands became an Eng. possession. He returned to Holland to report to his superior, and subsequently resided on his farm in N.Y. He had two sons by his wife Judith Bayard. He conciliated the Indians, and made honorable treaties respecting boundaries with the people of Ct., and was dignified, honest, and true, but aristocratic and arbitrary. Irving has immorttvlized him in the humorous pages of " Knickerbocker." Sucr^ (soo'-kra), Gex. Antoxio Jose DE, next to Bolivar, the greatest benefactor of S. America, b. Cumana, Venezuela, 1793; as- sassinated while on his way to Pasto, New Granada, in 1830, by order of the traitor Gen. Obando. Was educated at Caraccas. Entered thearmy in 1811, and com. the patriots at the battle of Pichincha (May 24, 1822), by which was-secured theindep. of Colomliia ; in June, 1823, he was elected.com. in chief of the patriot forces in Peru; :Dec. 9, 1824, gained the battle of Ayacucho, the most brilliant ever fought in S. America, and which secured the independ- ence, of Peru, He afterwards liberated Bo- livia, and was in 1 826 app. by the Congress of that republic pres. for. life. The revol. in Peru in 1827, which overthrew the govt, of Bolivar, exerted an unfavorable influence in Bolivia; and an insurrection took place, in which Sucre was attacked and dangerously wounded. On his recovery in Aug. 1828 he resigned, and re- turned to Colombia, and wivs at once made com. of the Colombian Army of the South, and political chief of the southern dept. of the Colombian republic ; in this capacity be led his troops in a series of military operations which terminated in the defeat and capitulation of the Peruvians, under Gen. Lamar, at Tar- qui, Feb. 26, 1829. He was the first pres. of the Cont. Congress of Bogota in 1830, and was delegated by that body as one of the commiss. to propose friendly terms with Venezuela. When this mission had proved unsuccessful, and the Congress had closed its labors, he was proceeding to the southern departments to appease certain disturbances which had arisen under Gen. Flores, when he met his untimely fate. Sullivan, James, LL. D. (H. U. 1780), statesman and jurist, b. Berwick, Me., Apr. 22, 1744; d. Boston, Dec. 10, 1808. Bro. of Gen. John. John liis father, a man of liberal educa- tion, came from Ireland in 1723, and d. July, 1795, a. 104. James was intended for a mili- tary life; but the fracture of a limb caused him to study law under his bro., and he practised some years at Biddeford, receiving in 1770 the app. of king's atty. for York Co. He took an early and active part in the Revol. move- ment ; was a member of the Prov. Congress of Ms. (of which Maine then formed a part) in 1775, and with two others executed ably a difficult mission to Ticonderoga. Early in 1776 he was app. ajudgeof the Superior Court, which post he resigned in Feb. 1782 ; in 1779- 80 he was a member of the State Const. Conv. ; in 1784-5 he was a delegate to Congress, and he was repeatedly chosen a representative of Boston (whither he had removed) in the legisl.; in 1784 he was a commiss. to settle the con- troversy between Ms. and N. Y. respecting their claims to Western lands ; in 1787 he was of the exec, council, and judge of pro- bate for Suffolk Co.; atty.-gcn. 1790-Junc, 1807, when he was elected gov. by the Repub- lican party, and re-elected in 1808. He was one of the commiss. app. by Washington for settling the boundaries between the U.S. and the British Provinces; he was the projector of the Middlesex Canal, constructed under the superintendence of his son John L. ; a member of the Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sciences from its institution ; a principal founder and many years pres. of the Ms. Hist. Society. He pub. "Observations on the Govt, of the U. S.," 1791 ; "A Dissertation on the Stability of the States ; " " The Path to Riches, or Disserta- tion on Banks ; " " History of Maine," 1795 ; " Impartial Review of the Causes, «Sdc., of the French Revol,," 8vo, 1798 ; " Corrcsp. with Col. Pickering," 1808; "History of Land-Titles in Ms.," 1801; " Dissertation on the Const. Lib- erty of the Press," 1801 ; " A History of the Penobscot Indians," in the Ms. Hist. " Colls. ; " and "The Altar of Baal Torn Down," 8vo, 1795. His Life, with selections from his writ- ings, by his grandson Thos. C. Amory, was pub. 2 vols. 8vo, 1859. Sullivan, John, LL.D. (H.U. 1780), maj.- gen. Revol. armv, b. Berwick, Me., Feb. 17, 1740; d. Durham, N.H., Jan. 23, 1795. He practised law with success in Durham, and from 1772 held the commission of major. In 1774 he was a member of the first Gen. Con- gress, and in Dec. led, with John Langdon, a force against Fort William and Mary, near &XTL, 883 STTL. Portsmouth, and took 100 barrels of f>:un powder (afterward used at Bunker's Hill), 15 cannon, small-arms, and stores ; June 22, 1*775, he was app. by Congress a brig.-gen., and com. on Winter Hill at the siege of Boston ; after the evacuation he was sent with re-enforcements to the northern army in Canada, of which he took com. June 2, 1776; planned the unsuc- cessful attack upon the British at Trois Rivieres, and, in effecting his retreat from the Province, displayed skill and resolution. Con- gress having app. Gates to that dept., Sullivan joined the army under Washington. Made a maj.-gen. Aug. 10, 1776, he acted under Put- nam on Long Island, and on the disastrous day of Aug. 27, 1776, was taken prisoner, but was soon exchanged for Gen. Prescott, and was with Washington in the autumn at West- chester. After Lee's capture, Sullivan took com. of his division, led the right at Trenton, did good service at Princeton, and during the rest of the season protected the lines at Morris- town ; Aug. 22, 1777, he made a descent on Staten Island, which came near being success- ful. He com. the right wing at Brandywine, and was fully exonerated by Washington and Lafayette from the charge of being responsible for that defeat. He defeated and drove the British left at Germantown; but mistakes on the Amer. left, occasioned by the fog, changed a victory into a repulse. In Aug. 1778 he com. in Rhode Island ; but deprived of the expected co-operation of D'Estaing's fleet, upon which success depended, Sullivan was obliged to raise the siege. At I5utt's Hill, on the 29th, he repulsed the enemy, and withdrew from the island with slight loss. In 1779 he com. an exped. against the Indians of the Six Nations, laid waste their settlements, and, Aug. 29, in- flicted a severe defeat on the Indians under Brant, and Tories under Sir John Johnson, at Newtown, in Western N. Y. Owing to his shattered health, he then resigned, and received a vote of thanks from Congress. In the au- tumn of 1780 he again took his seat in Con- gress, and was chairman of the com. which aided in suppressing the mutiny of the Pa. troops in 1781. Resuming practice in N.H., he was atty.-gen. in 1782-6, and was in 1786- 9 president of the State ; member of the State Const. Conv. of 1784; State councillor 1785 ; a commissioner to settle the " New-Hampshire grant" trouble with Vt. In 1786 he saved the State from anarchy by his intrepidity and good management, and in 1788 secured the adoption of the Federal Constitution. From 1789 till his death he was U.S. judge of N.H. His Life, by O. W. B. Peaibody, is in Sparks's "Amer. Biog. ;" and another, by Thomas C. Amory, was pub. 1868. His youngest son, George (b. 29 Aug. 1771, d. 14 June, 1838, H.U. 1790), was an eminent lawyer. M. C. 181 1-n ; atty.-gen. of N.H. 1806-7 and 1816- 36. He published orations, addresses, and pamphlets. Sullivan, John Langdon, M.D. (Y.C. 1837), engineer and inventor, son of Gov. James, b. Saco, Me., Apr. 9, 1777 ; d. Boston, Feb. 9, 1865. H.U. 1807. After engaging in mercantile business, he travelled in Europe, studying the construction of canals in France and Eng. ; and in 1 804 was app. agent and engr. of the Middlesex Canal, between Boston and Concord, N.H., and for the improvement of the Merrimack. He invented a steam tow-boat, for which he received a patent in 1814 in prefer- ence to Fulton, his priority of discovery being fully shown. In 1824 he was app. by Pres. Monroe associate civil engr. of the board of int. improvements ; which post he resigned in 1825, after reporting the practicability of a canal across the Alleghanies. In 1837 he en- gaged in the practice of medicine at New Haven ; afterward adopted the homcEopathic system, and made some important inventions and discoveries both in medicine and surgery. In 1847 he removed to New York. Sullivan, William, LL.D. (H.U. 1826), lawyer and scholar, b. Saco, Me., 30 Nov. 1774; d. Boston 3 Sept. 1839. H.U. 1792. Son of Gen. James. He acquired a lucrative practice at the Suffolk bar ; was frequently a member of the legisl. and council of Ms. be- tween 1804 and 1830 ; a delegate to the State Const. Conv. of 1820; brig.-gen. of militia; and was a member of the Acad, of Arts and Sciences, of the Ms. Hist. Soc, and of the Amer. Philos. Soc. He was an elegant belles-lettres scholar, and a persuasive orator. He pub., be- sides addresses, " Familiar Letters on the Public Men of the Revol.," 1834, in vin- dication of the Federal party; "Sea-Life," 1837 ; " Political Class-Book," 1830 ; " Moral Class-Book," 1833; "Hist. Class-Book;" " Historical Causes and Effects," 1837. To an enlarged edition of " The Public Men of the Revol.," Phila. 1847, his Life was prefixed by his son, John Turner Sargeant, b. Bos- ton, 1813, d. there 30 Dec. 1848. He was educated in Germany ; practised law in Phila. and St. Louis ; and was the author of many well-known songs and translations from the German. His social and convivial qualities were extraordinary. Sully, Alfred, brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. Pa. ab. 1820. West Point, 1841. Entering the 2d Inf., he served in Florida war 1841-2 ; at the siege of Vera Cruz, Mex., Mar. 1847 ; capt. 2d Inf. 23 Feb. 1852; col. Ist Minn. Vols. 22 Feb. 1862 ; maj. 8th Inf 15 Mar. 1862 ; brig.- gen. vols. 26 Sept. 1862 ; lieut.-col. 3d Inf 28 July, 1866 ; assigned to 19th Inf 15 Dec. 1870. He com. a brigade in the Peninsular campaign ; and was brev. lieut.-col. 1 June, 1862, for Fair Oaks; col. 1 July, 1862, for Malvern Hill; was engaged at South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Chancellorsville ; com. a brigade in Dakotah in 1863-6; and 13 Mar. 1865 was brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. for gallant and merit, services in campaign against the In- dians in the North-west, and at the battle of White-stone Hill, Dak. Terr., 3 Sept. 1863.— Cull urn. Sully, Thomas, painter, b. Hornoastle, Lincoinshh-e, Eng., June, 1783. He came to the U.S. with his parents, who were players, in 1792, and began to paint in 1798 at Charleston, S.C. He established himself as a port.-painter in Richmond, Va., in 1803, and a few years after in N. Y., where he had a lucrative practice. In 1809 he went to Phila., where he has since resided, specially excelling in delineating female SUM 884 stjm: loveliness. Among his large works are full- iengths of George Frederic Cooke as " Richard the Third," Dr. Renjamin Rush, Commodore Decatur, Jefferson, and Lafayette. His well- known picture of " Washington crossing the Delaware" is in possession of the Boston Mu- seum. During a visit to Eng. in 1837-8, he painted a full-length of Queen Victoria, es- teemed a very faitJiful likeness. His portraits of Cooke, Mrs. Wood the singer, and Fanny Kemble, are among the most successful of his eflForts. Summerfleld, Johx, an eloquent preach- er, b. Preston, Eng., Jan. 31, 1798; d. N.Y. June 13, 1825. A.M. of N.J. Coll. 1822. He was educated at a Moravian scliool ; was des- tined by his father for the Mcth. ministry, and exhibited great precocity of intellect, but, fall- ing into bad habits, was at one time in prison in Liverpool. His father removed to Dublin in 1813, where, at the age of 1 9, the son joined the Wesleyan society. Becoming a preacher in the Irish conf. in 1819, he in 1821 came with his father to Amer., and was received as a preacher in the N.Y. conf. In 1822 he visited Phila., Baltimore, and Washington ; but his constitution, naturally feeble,gave way ; and, to restore his health, he sailed in December for France. After visiting Eng., he returned to N.Y. in April, 1824, with little improvement of health, but continued to travel, and to preacli with great success, and aided in founding the Amer. Tract Society. His " Sermons, and Sketches of Sermons," were pub. in N. Y., one vol. 8vo, and a Biography, by John Holland, 8vo, N.Y. 1829. Summers, Thomas Osmond, D.D., clergyman, b. near Corfe Castle, Dorsetshire, Eng., Oct. 11, 1812. He came to the U.S. in his 18th year. Became a Meth. in 1832; began to preach in 1 834 ; adm. to the Baltimore conf. in 183.5 ; and app. on the Augusta cir- cuit, Va., where he had to travel 250 miles, and preach 30 sermons, a month. In Dec. 1840 he was one of the 9 preachers who con- stituted the first Texas conf. ; in 1844 he was a member of that of Ala. ; sec. of the conv. at Louisville, Ky., at which the M.E. Church south was organized ; and in 1846 was app. assist, editor of the Southern Christian Advocate, and chairman of the com. to compile the new hymn-book ; in 1 850 he was elected by the Gen. Conf. its editor of books and tracts, of theh treaty, and performed with unqualified applause the office of a leader in the Repub. party. He was a friend of religious freedom, and as a State politician approved the abolition of primogeniture and entails, and the separation of the Church from the State. He was remarkably prepossessing in his personal appcMirance. — Grigsby. TazeweU, Littleton Walker, gov. of Va. in 1834-6 ; b. Williamsburg, Va., 17 Dec. 1 774 ; d. Norfolk, Va., May 6, 1860. Wm. and Mary Coll. 1791. Son of the preceding. He studied law under John Wickham of Richmond, and began practice at Williamsburg in 1796. lie was in the State legisl. in 1798. He moved to Norfolk in 1801, and acquired a large and lucrative practice; M.C. 1800-1 ; U.S. senator 1824-33. In 1820 he was one of the commiss. under the Fla. treaty ; in the senate he was a strong sympathizer with the nullification movements, and a zealous advocate of all Southern political measures ; in 1829 he de- clined the mission to London. Author of a " Review of the Negotiations between the U.S. and Great Britain respecting the Commerce of the Two Countries," &c., Lond. 8vo, 1829; contrib. under the signature Senex to the Nor- folk Herald in 1827. — See Discourse on his Life by Hugh B. Grigsby, LL.D., 8vo, 1860. Tecumseh., chief of the Shawnees, b. near Springfield, O., ab. 1770; killed in the battle of the Thames, C.W., Oct. 5, 1813. He first appears in a fight with Ky. troops on the Mad River when he was ab. 20, and was said to have run at the first fire ; yet, in the war end- ing at the treaty of Grcenvifle in 1795, he was noted as one of the boldest and most active of the Indian warriors. Ab. 1804 he projected with his bro. Elskwatawa, the "Prophet," the union of all the Western Indians for the ex- tirpation of the whites. He visited all the tribes on the W. bank of the Mpi., on Lakes Superior, Huron, and Michigan ; the Prophet assuming to be commiss. to the Indians from the Great Spirit, and preaching against the influence of the white men. They had in 181 1 gathered at Tippecanoe, on the Wabash, a force of several hundred warriors, which Gov. Harri- son, in the battle of Tippecanoe, Nov. 7, 1811, completely defeated. Tecumseh's plan was not yet matured, and this battle ruined it. He next sought the alliance of the English, and, with the rank of brig.-gen., com. all the Indians who co-operated with the English in the cam- paigns of 1812-13 ; was present in every impor- tant engagement previous to that of the Thames ; and was conspicuous in the skirmishes preced- ing Hull's surrender at Detroit. ' In the bat- tle on the Thames, near the Moravian towns, he com. the right wing, the only part of the forces engaged. The Indians were driven back ; 67 but Tecumseh rushed forward where the fire was hottest, and fell The statement that he was killed by Col. R. M. Johnson is not now credited. A Life of Tecumseh, and his bro. the Prophet, was written by Benjamin Drake of Cincinnati in 1841. Tefft, Benjamin Franklin, D.D. (of Wesl. U. of Ohio, 1846), LL.D. (of Madison U. of N. Y. 1852), clergyman, b. Floyd, Oneida Co., N.Y., Aug. 20, 1813. Wesl. U. 1835. After leaving college, he devoted 4 years to legal, metaphysical, and historical studies. He was in 1839-41 pastor of a M. E. church at Bangor, Me.; in 1841 pres. of a classical sem. at Providence, R.I. ; and after one year's residence in Boston he was for 3 years prof, of Greek and Hebrew in the Indiana Asbury U. ; in 1846 he became general editor of the books and magazines of the Meth. book concern at Cincinnati ; and in 1 851-4 was pres. of Genesee Coll., N.Y. ; pastor at Bangor, Me., 1858-61 ; U.S. consul and acting minister at Stockholm, 1862; commiss. of emigration for Me. to the north of Europe, 1864 ; since 1866 pastor M. E. Church, Portland, Me. He has pub. " The Shoulder-Knot, or Sketches of the Threefold Life of Man," 1850 ; " Hungarv and Kossuth," 1851; "Methodism Successful/' 1859; "Web- ster and his Masterpieces," 2 vols. 1854; ora- tion on "Life and Character of Webster," 1852; " The Northern Harp," a poem, 1838 ; "Pris- on-Life," and an Analy.sis of Butler's Analogy. TeflPfc, Thomas Alexander, architect and monetarian, b. Richmond, R. I., 3 Aug. 1 826 ; d. Florence, Italy, 12 Dec. 1859. B.U. 1851. After studying architecture in Providence, and furnishing designs for many private and public edifices, he in 1856 visited Europe to perfect himself in the art, and to diffuse his ideas of a unified currency for all nations, upon which subject he read a paper before the Brit. Insti- tute of Social Science. The principal features of his plan were after his d. incorporated into a^plan agreed upon by an international conf. at Paris, at which 19 nations were represented, in 1867. He pub. "Our Deficiency in Art Education," Prov. 1852; "Universal Curren- cy," &c., Lond. and Edinb. 1858 ; papers on architecture in the N. Y. Crayon, and Letters from Europe in the N. Y. Times, 1857-8. — Memoir by E. M. Stone, Prov., 1869. Telfair, Edward, gov. of Ga. 1786 and 1790-3, b. Scotland 1735; d. Savannah 17 Sept. 1807. Educated at Kirkcudbright gram- mar-school. He came to Amer. at 23 as agent of a mere, house, and resided some time in Va. He removed to Halifax, N.C., and in 1766 to Savannah, where he was a merchant. An ac- tive promoter of the Revol., he served on many of the committees of the time, and was one of the party that broke open the magazine at Savannah, and removed the powder ; delegate to the Old Congress in 1778 and 1780-3 ; and in 1783 was one of the commiss. to make a treaty with the Cherokees. Thomas, his son (N.J. Coll. 1805; M.C. 1813-17), d. Savan- nah, Apr. 1818. Tellier, Very Rev. Remigius Joseph, su- perior of the Jesuits in N. Y., Canada, and of the Indians of the Lakes, b. Soissons, France, 1 796 ; d. St. Mary's Coll., Montreal, 7 Jan. 1866. tem: 898 rDEN He entered the society 11 Oct. 1818; was rec- tor of Charaberry Coll., and in 1842 was sent to Canada. He officiated 2 years at La Prai- rie; founded the Cliurch of St._ Patrick, Mon- treal ; was 3 years stationed in U.C. ; was prefect of studies, and prcs. of St. Francis Xavier Coll., and afterward at St. John's Coll., Fordham, N.Y. Made superior of his order in 1850, and returned to Montreal. Temple, Daniel, missionary to Malta, b. Reading, Ms., 1790; d. there Aug. 9, 1851. Dartm. 1817; And. Sem. 1820. He was a shoemaker until 21. Having been an agent for the Amer. Board of Missions a year, he was ord.in 1821 ; went to Malta in 1822; in 1833-44 was at Smyrna; was afterward an agent of the board, preaching in various places ; and was settled in Phelps, N.Y., in 1847-9. He took a printing-press to the East, and pub. books in the modern Greek, Italian, and Armenian lan- guages ; wrote many Scripture histories ; and edited a magazine m Greek. His Life and Letters by his son. Rev. D. H. Temple, with introd. by R. S. Storrs, D.D., was pub., Bost. 1855, 12mo. Temple, Sir John, 8th bart., b. Boston, 1731 ; d. New York, Nov. 17, 1798. He sue-, ceeded Sir Richard (commiss. of the royal navy in 1761,, afterward commiss. of the revenue at New York), who d. Nov. 15, 1786, without issue. Sir John m. a dau. of Gov. Bowdoin, and was agent and constil-gen. of Great Britain to the U.S. — Betham ; Alden. Temple, AVilliam, gov. Delaware 1846, b. Q.AnneCo.,Md.,Feb.28, 1815; d. Smyrna, DeL, 28 May, 1863. A merchant at Smyrna. A member and speaker of the legisl. in 1844; member of the State senate 1845-54 ; and mem- ber elect of the 38th Congress when he died. Ten Broeck, Gen. Abraham, b. AWnmj, May 13, 1734; d. there Jan. 19, 1810. His father Dirck was many years recorder, and then mayor, of Albany. He began business as a merchant in 1753, and m. Elizabeth, dau. of Gen. Stephen Van Rensselaer; member Col. Assembly 1761-75, and of the Prov. Congress and conv. which organized a State govt, in 1777, and pres. of the conv.; June 25, 1778- 1781, brig.-gen. of Albany militia; com. a brigade at the battle of Bemis Heights, Oct. 1 777 ; State senator 1 780-3 ; mayor of Albany 1779-83, and first judge Albany County 1781- 94. — Hough's Northern Invasion. Ten Eick, Abraham S-, capt. U.S.N., b. N.Y. 1787; d. 28 Mar. 1844; midshipm. 11 Sept. 1811 ; lieut. 27 Ape 1816; com. 9 Feb. 1837; capt. 10 Dec. 1843; in the action be- tween the frigates "U. States"" and "Mace- donian," 25 Oct. 1812. Tennent, Gilbert, an eminent preacher, b. Armagh, Ireland, Feb. 5, 1703 ; d. 23 July, 1 764. Son of William, a Presb. minister, who catne to this country in 1718, and settled near Phila., where he opened an acad. for the edu- cation of students in divinity, and d. ab. 1743. The son assisted in the direction of this estab- lishment, and, after having studied medicine as well as theology, was in 1726 ord. pastor of a cong. at New Brunswick. In 1740 and'*4l tc travelled through N. Eng. at the request ®f "Whitefield, and preached in many places with great success. He was one of the most con- spicuous ministers of his day, ardent in hh zeal, forcible in his reasoning, and bold and passionate in his addresses to the conscience and the heart. He affected eccentricity in his preaching, entering the pulpit on his New-Eng- land tour in an overcoat bound with a leathern girdle, and with long hair. Notwithstanding his zeal and success as a missionary, a party- was formed against him, and he was accused of immorality. To a hostile pamphlet, called " The Examiner," he replied with the " Exam incr Examined." This controversy occasioned the convocation of a s^nod in 1741 ; but no decision on the points in dispute took place, Tennent, with a view to conciliation, pub. a remarkable work under the title of" The Peace of Jerusalem." In 1743 he founded a Presb. church at Phila., and subsequently travelled through some of the States as a missionary. In 1753 he went to Eng. to solicit benefac- tions to the college of Princeton. Among his other pubs, are an account of a revival of re- ligion in 1 744, and on the success of the exped. against Loui.iburg ; discourses on several sub- jects, 12mo, 1745; "On the Lawfulness of Defensive War," 1747; "On the Consistency of Defensive War with True Christianity;" " Defensive War Defended ; " and " Sermons on Important Subjects," 8vo, 1753; xxiii. Ser- mons, Phila., 8vo, 1744. Tennent, William, clergyman, bro. of the preceding, b. Antrim Co., Ireland, Jan. 3, 1705; d. Freehold, N. J., Mar. 8, 1777. N. J. Coll. 1758. He came to America with his father's family in 1718, and studied theology under his bro. at N. Brunswick. He had nearly completed the course when his health failed, and he fell into a catalepsy, or trance, and for several days appeared as if dead, his body being cold and stiff. His physician, who was also his particular friend, perceiving some slight symptoms of vitality, refused to consent to his bunal ; and, although his friends were satisfied he was dead, his funeral was postponed 3 days, and subsequently for several houra, efforts for his resuscitation being finally suc- cessful. His recovery was slow and painful ; all pi«evious knowledge was forgotten ; and he had to be taught reading, writing, and all things, as a newborn child. At length he felt a sudden shock in his head, and by degrees his recollection was restored. He told his friends, that, at the time of his apparent death, he found himself in heaven in the presence of an inde- scribable glory, and of an innumerable host of happy worshippers, and heard songs of praise which were unutterable. When about to join the throng, a heavenly messenger said to him, "You must return to the earth." At the shock of this news he opened his eyes, and, finding himself in the world, fainted. For 3 years, he said, the recollection of what he had seen and heard was so intense as to make earthly things seem worthless. Oct. 25, 1733, he was ord. at Freehold, Monmouth Co., N. J., as successor of his bro. John, and continued pas- tor 44 years. He pub. a few occasional ser- mons. A Memoir, giving a very full account of his trance, was prepared and pub. by Judge Elias Boudinot, N.Y., 18mo, 1847. TEI^ 899 TER Tenney, John S., LL.D., an able la^vycr, chief justice of Me. 1856-63, b. N.H. 1789 ; d. Norridgevvock, Me., 23 Aug. 1869. Bowd. Coll. 1816. Tenney, Samuel, M.D., physician and physicist, b. Byfield, Ms., Nov. 27, 1748; d. Exeter, Feb. 6, 1816. H.U. 1772. After teach- ing school one 3'car at Andover, he studied medicine with Dr. Kittredge ; went in 1775 to commence practice at Exeter, but, joining the army on the day of the battle of Bunker's Hill, continued in service as a surgeon during the war. After serving one year in the Ms. line, he entered that of R.I. ; was present at Saratoga and Yorktowu ; and was a volunteer at Red Bank, where he dressed the wounds of Donop, the Hessian commander. After the war, he m. and settled at Exeter, but did not resume prac- tice. In 1788 he was a member of the State Const. Conv. ; judge of probate for Rocking- ham Co. in 1793-1800; and M.C. in 1800-7. Member of the Acad, of Arts and Sciences, to whose Memoirs he contrib. an account of the celebrated Saratoga mineral-waters and his " Theory of Prismatic Colors." For the Ms. Hist. Society he furnished an account of Exe- ter, and a notice of the "dark day," May 19, 1780, and for the Ms. Agric. Soc. a much-ap- proved treatise on orcharding. He pub. many political essays in the newspapers, and particu- larly in 1788 in favor of the Federal Constitu- tion. In 1811 he pub. in the N.Y. Med. Re- positon/ "An Explanation of Certain Curious Phenomena in the Heating of Water." Tabi- TiiA his wife, dau. of Samuel Gilman, m. in 1788 (b. Exeter, N.H., 1762; d. there 2 May, 1837), was the author of " Adventures of Dor- casina Sheldon, or Female Quixotism " (2d ed. Ncwburyport, 12mo, 1808), and " The New Pleasing Instructor." Tenney, William Jewett, editor, b. Newport, R.I., 1811. Y. C. 1832. He com- pleted and indexed Benton's Abridgment of the Debates of Congress; has edited Apple- ton's Annual Cyclop. ; was co-editor N. Y. Jour, of Commerce, 1841, and N.Y. Evening Post, i 842-3 and 1847-8, Mining Magazine, N.Y., 1853-60, 8 vols. 8vo ; contrib. to Hunt's Merclits. Mag. Author of the " Milit. and Naval History of the Rebellion," 8vo, 1865; "Grammatical Analysis," 1866. — Allihone. Terhune, Mary Virgin fa (" Marion Harland "), novelist, b. Va. Her father, Sam. P. Hawes of Dorchester, is a merchant of Richmond, and a descendant of the Puritans : her mother is a descendant of the earliest set- tlers of Va. At 14 she began to contrib. to a weekly city journal. A fugitive sketch written at 16, entitled "Marrying through Prudential Motives," was copied from Godeij's Ladxf^ Book into an English paper, thence 'transferred to a Parisian journal, retranslated for another English periodical, and finally