z 56 A56c \ 1846 THE COMPLETE OGBAPHIC CLASS-BOOK, OOHTAINIMG A LICTLY INDUCTIVE EXPOSITION PITMAN'S PHONOGRAPHY, STSTEM OP PHONETIC 8H0ET HAND, TO THE EKGLISH IiANGDAGB ; ILLT ISTENDED AS A SCHOOI. BOOK, AND TO AFFORD THE FULLiiST INSTKUCTION TO T)60SE WHO HAVE NOT THB ASSISTANCE OF THE LITUjG TEACHES. 8. F. Am^liEWS, AUGUSTUS F. BOYLE. BOSTON: iGRAPmC INSTITUTION, 339 WASHINGTON ST. [Fkics 37J CT8. IN Boards, 50 cts. in Cloth. 18 4 6. '' p- THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES M^ • • - \^f^' • .;'■ 'V* ,i/. ■ ''.,-■','.•"'•. . • • •■ •*•• >!'■:. ■•*". .>-•<••'• . - • .. , • • , • • ^I^'»•■•y.■..-'^■ .■'•f ■■ • ■ -. ■'• C^7 ^^^iiff^^t^^ 'N- ^v;^>3r^^^;\ , •■*«*,. 'V ..*' -M.' ■>.•■(" • -. '- •-. V . Digitized by tine Internet Arcliive ■ in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation littp://www.arcliive.org/details/completeplionograOOandriala THE COMPLETE PHONOGRAPHIC CLASS-BOOK, OOSTAIKIKO A STRICTLY INDUCTIVE EXPOSITION PITMAN'S PHONOGRAPHY, ADAPTED A8 A SYSTEM OP PHOKETIC SHORT HAJTD, TO THE ItNGLISH LANGCAaE | ESFECIALLT INTENDED AS A SCHOOL BOOK, AND TO AFFORD THE rULLEST 1N9TBICTION TO THOSE WHO HAVE NOT THE ASSISTANCE OF THE UTING TEACHES. S. p. ANDREWS, AND AUGUSTUS F. BOYLE. Seconal nottton. BOSTON: PHONOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION, 339 WASHINGTON ST. PsiCE 37J CTS. IN Boards, 50 cts. in Cloth. 1 846. Entered according to Act of Congreu, in the jm 1845, Bt S. p. Andrews, & Acgcstcb F. Boixx, In the Clerk'i Office of the District Court of the District of Mamchiuettf. STKBXOTTFXD ASV rBnTEO BT 8. M. DICKISSOH & 0O....BO8TOX. *- ^ Simple Vowel-Signs, 82 ze. 2° Mode of Placing the Vowel Signs, 83, 36 Mode of Numbering Vowel-Signs, 37 ^ Classification of the Vowels, 38 The Breathing, or Aspirate, 44, 72, 79 Proper Diphthongs, 46 Combination of the Consonant and Vowel-Signs, 48 Of the Prefixes and AflJxes, 54, 114 Word-Signs, 55, 66, 80, 82, 87, 90, 95, 99, 101 The Circles s and z, (and sis, siz, &c.) 61 Peculiar Modes of Writing, and Gteneral Directions, 69 Improper Diphthongs, 76, 81 Double Consonants, ^hook series, 84 Da do. r-hook series, 88 • 452150 i7 CONTENTS. Triple Consonants, gj Peculiar Compound Consonant-Signs, 94 The n-hook series, , gg The shn and z/m-hook series, jOQ Half-length-Signs, • • - 102 Placing Vowel-Signs to Consonant-Signs, with final addition, 107 Of the Loops St and str, , . . hq Special Scheme of the Vowel-Signs, 112 Observations on Different Modes of Writing, 116 Alphabetical List of Word-Signs, 122 Phraseography, 126 Stops, &c., 129 Names and Order of the Letters of the Alphabet, 180 Appendix — Phonotypic Alphabet, 182 PEE FACE. The Writing and Printing Reformation naturally divides itself into several branches, of which Phonography is, per- haps, the most obviously important. The invention of a system of writing, combining more than the rapidity of steno- graphy, with more than the legibility of long hand, while it is, at the same time, extremely simple and easy of acquisition, is at once admitted to be an immense benefit conferred upon the world. Phonography needs only to be known, to captivate the lover of truth and harmony, as exhibited in nature, and the admirer of human ingenuity, while it interests equally the mere prac- tical economist. Combining both a science and an art, it en- chants the philosophic mind by the beauty and simplicity of its principles, while the luxury of being able, after a moderate amount of practice, to drop one's thoughts upon paper with the rapidity of speech, and with the clearness of unerring cer- tainty to the eye, excites a degree of enthusiasm among all those who become familiar with Phonography, which has rarely, if ever, attached to any mere matter of science, and which may even seem like folly to the uninitiated. The incidental advantages of Phonography, are, likewise, hardly capable of being over-estimated, especially as it relates to music, elocution, and the correct pronunciation of our own and of foreign languages. It seems inevitably destined to a most 6 PREFACE. rapid and successful career, until it shall, at no distant day, entirely supersede our present method of writing, in the gen- eral business of life. Desirous of aiding its progress, and especially of inducing its speedy introduction into all our schools and academies, as a regular branch of instruction, we have bestowed great care npon the preparation of ' The Complete Phonographic Class- Book,' which, it is hoped, will be found at least free from any serious defect as a school-book, while it will, at the same time, •enable adults of ordinary capacity to acquire the art, even without the aid of oral instruction. The works of Mr. Pitman exhibit great carefulness of detail, and the most admirable skill and indefatigable perseverance in perfecting the art, while we think them susceptible of mar terial improvement, as School Boohs, in respect to method And arrangement, upon which he has, doubtless, not been able to bestow an equal amount of time and reflection. While, therefore, we have carefully avoided attempting changes which should affect a system that seems so perfect as lardly to admit the possibility of improvement, the plan of the present work is entirely new, and it will, we venture to hope, 'be found more inductive, lucid, and complete, than any pre- Tious publication upon the subject. Phonography, on account of its precise representation of the sounds of words, has been aptly denominated * doing the trtith.' "With an ardent wish for the prevalence of this habit, in writing, as in all other things, and for the speedy triumph of phonography over our present false and barbarous ortho- graphy and cumbersome hand-writing, we submit this work to the public, remarking, in conclusion, that phonography, and its sister art, phonotypy, (4) are eminently <^e arts for the people, and that they are acquired even more readily by the cmlearned than by the highly educated, inasmuch as they have iess of false teaching to unlearn. INTRODUCTION. 1. Speech is the principal means by which we convey a knowledge of our own thoughts and feelings to the minds of others. It is understood through the medium of the ear, and had its origin, doubtless, in the infancy of the human race. The use of written signs, or letters, is an invention of more recent times for accomplishing the same purpose through the medium of the eye. There are two methods of employing written signs. In the first place, they may be used directly as the representa- tives of ideas, just as we make the picture of a horse to signify a horse. In this manner, each character stands for an idea, such as is represented by a word when we speak ; but with the diiFei*ence above stated, that the representation is made to the eye, and not to the ear. In this method of writing, therefore, the picture or sign used, does not, in any manner, denote the sounds which are made with the mouth, in speaking the word. The sign may be imderstood even by people of another nation who do not understand the spoken word at all. StiU there are numerous difficulties in this method of communicating thought. We can easily represent a horse or a house, but how shall we represent good, had, sweet, sour ? The people that write by pictures in 8 INTRODUCTION. this manner are obliged to make a representation of some thing that is good, had, sweet, or sour, instead of making a picture of the quality — which cannot be done. But there are so many things which have these qualities, that this method of writing is altogether indefinite ; besides which, the object that they may choose to paint for good, will have, at the same time, other qualities which may be mistaken for the one intended. Hence, writing of this kind becomes quite arbitrary, and, from the great number of characters which must be employed, it is extremely burdensome, either to be learned or practised. 2. These difficulties have led most of the nations of the earth to adopt a different mode of communicating their ideas by signs. Instead of using a picture as a direct representa- tive of an idea, they have analysed the spoken word, by which the same idea is represented, into its component parts or sounds, and have given to ea4:h of these parts, or elementary sounds, a separate sign. These signs combined, make what we call a written word; which is properly a sign of the spoken word, or utterance of voice, and, in a secondary man- ner only, the representative of an idea. This latter method of writing, though not so simple and natural as the former, is nevertheless much more convenient, because, although our ideas are so very numerous, the sounds of the voice which are heard in all the words we speak, are found, when analysed into their simple elements, to be very few ; so that a very small number of signs enable us to write all the words of a language, however numerous they may be. The former methotl of writing was used by the Egyptians, and other ancient people, and is used at the present day by the Chinese. It is called hieroglyphic or symbolic, and sometimes ideologic, because it represents ideas directly ; and the latter method, which is used by most other nations of the IKTnODUCTION. 9 world, is called phonetic, — from the Greek word jphon-e, the voice, because it represents the sounds of the voice. 3. The old method of spelling and writing words, is, there- fore, based u}X)n the phonetic principle, and should represent the sounds of the voice in speaking. But this is far from being the case ; from various causes, such as the foreign origin of our alphabet, changes which have occurred in the course of time in the pronunciation of many words, and the adoption of new words from other languages, without adapting them to any standard of orthography, it has deviated very much from the true representation of sounds, until it has become at length quite as difficult to be learned as the hieroglyphic system. Thus, for example, we now write the word though with six letters, each of which should represent a sound, or else not be written. Yet there are, in fact, only two sounds heard in the word. The first is made by placing the tip of the tongue just between the teeth, and breathing outward. This sound is represented by two letters, a t and an h, for the want of any single letter in the alphabet to denote the sound. The second is the sound which ought to be represented by the letter o alone, but a u,9.g, and an A, are added to it, without any necessity, so far as the sound of the word is concerned. So in the word sleigh, which we write with six letters, although there are but three sounds in the word, the first of which is the hissing sound represented by s, the second the liquid sound represented by I, and the third the vowel sound of a in mate, for which no less than four letters e, i, g, and h are written, no one of them having the slightest resemblance in sound to that of the letter a. 4. Phonography, from the Greek phone, sound, or voice, and GRAPHEiN, to write, signifies merely the writing of sounds, or writing according to sound. It follows that the term phonography is properly applicable to any system of writing - •which correctly represents the sounds of words, whether it be 10 INTRODUCTION. long band or short Land. Short hand phonography is, however generally understood by the term when used alone ; but there is likewise a system of long hand phonography, which, when it is spoken of, should be distinguished from the other by the addition of the word longhand. Printing, in a correct orthography, corresponding with that used in phonography, is denominated phonotypy from phone, •jihe voice, and typos, a type. Any written letter, or mark. Standing for a certain sound, is called a phonograph. A printed letter, or sign, used for the same purpose, is called a phonotype. The letters of our old alphabet are frequently not phonographs and phonotypes, as they represent no sound at all in those situations in which they are called silent letters ; and they are not at any time accurate phonographs and phonotypes, as they are equally used to represent several different sounds : as c, a, o, &c., each of which shifts its sound four or five times in the different words in which it occurs. The old irregular method of writing and printing words, as they have hitherto been spelled, is denominated, for the sake of distinction, heterography, and heterotypy, from heteros, other, as differing from the phonetic mode; and to denote their falsity. The science of sound, upon which phonography is based, is called phonetics. 5. A system of writing, to be perfect, should have one uniform method of representing every sound of the voice that is uttered in speaking, and which is obviously distinct. In the next place, it is desirable for practical purposes to obtain the greatest possible brevity, and, therefore, the characters or letters by which these sounds are represented, should be the simplest in their forms that can be found, and, in the third place, in order to f$,cilitate the learning and use of them, they ought to be selected and arranged in strict correspondence "with the nature and order of the sounds which they represent ; INTRODUCTION. 1 1 thus, sounds which are related to each other bj a similitude of organic formation, should be represented by signs having in their forms a corresponding resemblance. In other words, the best system of writing will be I. true, II. brief, and III. analogical. These properties are admirably combined in the system of phonetic short-hand — the production of the genius and labors of Mr. Pitman. 6. The elements of speecli, or the elementary sounds of the voice are properly divided into vowels and consonants. The sounds represented by these terms must be carefully distinguished, in the first place, from the written signs by which they are represented (which may be called vowel-signs, and consonant-signs, characters, or letters), and, in the second place, from the names that have been given to these signs. For example, in heterography, the vowel which is heard in fate has the sound of the word aye ; the written sign, or vowel-sign, has the figure or shape a, and the name of the letter is the same as the sound. But in the word ^ar we see the same vowel-sign, and we call it by the same name as before, but we now hear the sound of the word aJi, which is entirely different from the name. In the word many, the same sign represents the abrupt sound of the interjection eh ! and in mortar it represents a sound very similar to that of the word err when it is imperfectly pronounced. In call, the same sign, with the same name, gives to the e^' the sound of the word awe. So, again, in this word call, we have the consonant-sign, having the form c, which we name hke the word see or sea, but which sounds like k in kill ; that is, it represents the short, hard, cracking sound which we make nearly back to the throat when we begin to say kill, and which may be heard by itself, if we stop suddenly before pronouncing the vowel. But this same letter, with the same name, is used in other words, as in cellar, where the sound which we hear is a simple hiss made between the tongue and the teeth, and very similar to 12 INTKOULCTION. thai .;.;aie ^>y a SLTi»ent oi a goose; and this hissing sound vA again icjireseiited L\ anoilitr leller, as in the word seat, with the lorm s, uad a i^ame like tin- first syllable of the word essence. This teirible ^;)Ilt■1]^ion runs through our whole language in the old ijrtliograjiliy. It presents the most serious difficulties in acquiring the arts of reading and writing, wasting one entire tliiid of the lime devoted to education, unlits us for leaniing the pronunciation of foreign languages, and, in various ways, exei-ts the most deleterious influence upon our habits of thought through life. 7. It is, therefore, of the utmost importance that a pupil should break up the habit of regarding a sound as identical with the name of a letter, and that he should understand that, when we speak of vowels and consonants, we mean sounds of the voice, as heard by the ear, without any reference to the characters by which they may be represented, or the names that may be given to such characters. No progress can be made in phonography until this is done. 8. A vowel may then be defined, to be the smooth or harmonious emission of sounding breath ; as e, a, ah, modu- lated but not obstruci^:d bi/ the organs of speech. (44.) 9. A consonant is a sound made either by a complete or partial contact of the organs of speech obstructing the sounding breath, in some degree varying from an entire break or STOPPAGE of it, «xs p in rap, b in rob, S^c, to a simple ROUGHNESS OT ASPIRATION impressed upon a vowel sound, as h in heat, hate. (31.) 10. The consonant differs, therefore, from a vowel, much in the same manner as a crack, a crash, a hiss, or other rough Bound diifers from a musical one. The consonants being thus the harsher elements of hmguage, form, like the bones of the human body, the substantial frame work of speech. The vowels then fill up the outlines, and make the perfect and harmonious development of language. INTKODUCTIOX. 13 11. The first thing to be done bj the student of phono- graphy, after fully appreciating what is meant by an element of speech, or a spoken sound, which is the same thing, is to analyse the words which are to be written into the elements which compose them, distinguishing the consonants and vowels from each other. It is rather difficult to utter some of the consonants without joining a vowel with them, as their sound is instantaneous and cannot be prolonged. The name wliich they bear (from the Latin con and sonans, soitnduir/ along with) was originally bestowed from tlie idc-a that it is im- possible to pronounce a consonant without a vowel either preceding or following it. This impression is, however, erroneous. Most of the consonants are even capable of being prolonged like the vowels. This is the case, for example, with the hissing sound (s) above mentioned, Avhich may be lengthened out to any extent without at all loosing its own consonant quality. The most difficult to utter by themselves are those in which the contact of the organs is the most per- fect and complete. The sounds which come particularly under this description are those represented by p, t, and k ; the first made at the lips, the second at the teeth, and the third at the root of the tongue, near the throat. There is likewise a cor- responding series, b, d, and g (hard, as in give), which are mere modifications of the former, as will be more fully shown in Chapter 1st, in treating upon the Alphabet, Both of these series of sounds are denominated mutes, as if it were intended to intimate that they are entirely destitute of sound. But it is manifestly absurd to speak of a species of sounds which are destitute of sound, and they are more properly distinguished by the term abrupts, which we, therefore, prefer. 12. The particular names which have been heretofore given to the first three of those letters, for example, in the old alphabet, are, pe, te, and kay ; but in pronouncing these names we pronounce a vowel sound, which is of course no part 2 14 INTRODUCTION. of the consonant. In the first two, the vowel is e, and in the third it is a or ay. If we then endeavor to pronounce so much of this name as is not the voioel, we shall hear a mere sudden crack or explosion of the organs, {at the commencement of the syllable, or a corresponding concussion at the end,) which is the true consonant. The effect will be different according to the seat of the sound, or part of the mouth at which it is made. A little practice will enable a person to explode these abrupt consonants without the aid of any appreciable amount of vowel sound. 13. The learner, who is unused to the analysis of sounds, will also experience some difficulty, doubtless, in separating a portion of the vowels from their connection with consonant sounds. The short and explosive vowels heard in sin, men, man, &c., are never named, in the old method of spelling, ly their own sounds. They are called, on the contrary', by names which are tlie same a§ the vowel sounds which are heard in the words sign, mean, main ; or, which is the same thing, like the entire words eye, ee, (Scotch word for eye,) and aye ; and this and similar habits so confuse the appreciation of sound by the ear, that many persons seem to think that they actually hear the sound eye in the word sin, because they give that name to the letter i, which they use in writing it. To dis- cover the true vowel sound, which is heard in tliis word, let the reader first pronounce the whole word distinctly, sin ; then, dropping tlie final n, pronounce the remainder of the word just as he did before, and just as if he were going to pronounce the whole word, but suddenly stop before the last consonant is uttered. Let him then reject the s sound from the beginning of the w^ord, preserving still precisely the sound which he had previously given to what then remains of the word, and he will have a short, jerked sound, which cannot be written by the old alphabet, for the want of any distinct character to represent it. This sound is the true vowel heard in sin; it IXTRODUCTIOX. 15 has no resemblance to the sound of the wonl eije, but is, uu the contrary, a short, explosive, and suddenly stopped sound, rcsembhng e. 14. In the same manner, the vo^vel sound heard in the word men is not e, as it is called, but a sound nuieh more nearly resembling aye. As in the lormer case, howevei-, it is jerked in the utterance, sounding like the interjection eh! sometimes used to denote inquiry. There are six of these stopped vowels in the language. A few hours practice will enable a person to pronounce them by themselves with nearly as much ease as he pronounces the full vowels. 15. When the student is able to analyse words into their component sounds, he is in a condition to begin to learn to write them; but he must always bear in mind that he is in no case to have the slightest regard to the old method of spell- ing. All the spelling which he will be required to do, will be merely to pronounce slowly, one element after the other, as distinct parts of the whole sound or word ; which parts must be so small that they cannot be divided into any- thing less than themselves. These parts will then be the elements of sound, for which phonography will furnish the signs. For the sake of brevity, two or more sounds are sometimes written by one sign, but the means always exist of writing them separately when it is desirable. 16. It must be observed that it is not the province or business of phonography to teach the pronunciation of words, but merely to furnish the means of writing them in whatever manner the writer may choose to pronoinice them. In this manner we shall be able to show how different writers actually do pronounce, which cannot be ascertained by the old method of writing ; and thus phonography will doubtless be the means of finally settling pronunciation by one uniform standard among all who speak the language. Note. — The learner of Phonography is recommended, in studying the following pages, to omit the study of those portions which are printed in small types, and which relate more to the science of Phonetics, until he has become somewhat fami- liar with the practical business of writing, in acquiring which, his motto should be / "Practise and Persevere." PHONOGrwVPIIY. CHAPTER I OF THE ALPHABET, AND THE SEVERAL DmSIOXS OF THE CONSONANT SOUNDS. 17. The term aljDltahet is derived fioni the first two letters of the Greek alphabet, — alpha and beta. Hence, in strictness, it is only apph- cable to an arrangement of letters beginning in the same manner. By usage, however, it is now apphed to any an'angement of the letters by which a language is written. Thus, Ave speak of the Sanscrit alphabet, though the first letter in that, and other languages derived from it, is K. Li the Arabic language, and in tlie Masoretic writing of the Hebrew, the term alphabet is not understood as includ- ing the vowels, ^vhich are written by small points placed as a Idnd of appendage to the consonant characters. The vowels are w^ritten in the same manner in Phonography; and it will be found of great advantage, in treating of it, to make the terms alphabet and alphabetical refer, in a similar manner, to the consonants alone. 9* 18 PHONOGRAPHY. THE ALPHABET. \ I / - ^\ 1 / . y- { ) J <. ( ) J r -\ Ambigues. SIGNIFICATION OF THE ALPHABETICAL SIGNS. 18. Before proceeding to the study of the alphabet, the learner must observe that part of the signs are light lines and curves, and part of them Iwavy. The reason of tliis arrangement is explained in the latter part of this chapter, and it will be found to be of the utmost impor- tance, practically, and of great philosophical beauty, with reference to a true representation of sounds. (33.) PHONOGRAPHY. 19 19. The foUowing signs represent the con- sonant sounds belonging to the single letters of the old alphabet, Avhicli are placed imme- diately after them, but without any vowel addition, such as is heard in the names pe, ef, &c. (12.) ; thus, \ p ; \ h ; \^ f; ^ v ; ^ m; I t; \ d; ) s; ) z; r I; ^ r; v_> w ; / y, or g soft, as in gem ; — k ; — g hard, as in give. 20. The foUowing signs represent simple consonant sounds for which there are no single letters in the old alphabet, and for wliich com- binations of two or m^ore letters must, therefore, be used ; thus / represents the sound of ch in much, or tch in witch. The sign ( represents the sound of th in thigh; and ( the corres- ponding heavy sign, that of th in thy. The difference between these tAvo sounds, consti- tutes the only difference between the words thigh and thy when spoken. This difference is not noticed at all, in the old method of writing, though it is equally as great, and of the same kind, as the difi'erence wliich exists betw^een the sounds of t and d, as in the words tie, die. (33.) The sign ^ represents the sound sh^ heard in pressure ; _-/ that of zh in pleasure ; and N.^ that of ng in ring, sing, hv-ing. 20 PHONOGRAPHY. 21. The three small signs attached to tlie alphabet, under the name of ambigues, represent the sounds of w, y, and h (9). They are written in a pecuUar manner, similar to that in which the vowels are written, and wiU receive a par- ticular explanation hereafter (91, 97, 52). They are barely introduced here to complete the view of the consonant-signs ; but they approach the nature of vowels, and, as tlieir forms are quite different from those of the other consonant- signs, they are not generally included when we speak of tlie cdplwbeticcd characters. (17.) Note. — C, 5, and t, in the old alphabet, have no sounds of their own. C sounds like k, in can., like s in cellar, like z in suffice, and like sh in commercial. Q always has the sound of k ; and X sounds like ks in exercise, or like gz in exert. (77.) These letters, of course, have nothing corresponding to them in phono- graphy, in which the sounds only that are actually heard are written. (15.) OF THE MOVEMENT OF THE HAND IN MAKING THE ALPHABETICAL SIGNS. 22. The perpendicular and inclined signs are made by commencing at tlie top of the sign, and carrying the hand downwards. There are tw^o or three exceptions to this rule, for the sake of greater convenience and elegance in writing, which will be noticed in another place. (81.) PHONOGRAFHi". 21 23. The five following signs, — k ; — g, hard; ^-^ m, ^-^ n, and ^^ ng are called liorizon- teds, and are made from left to riglit. The point where the pen begins to trace a sign, is called the beguining of the sign, and the point at which it stops is called the end. It is important, as w^ill be seen in the next chapter, that tliese directions for making the sign should always be observed. (36.) OF THE FORMS AND SIZE OF THE ALPHABETICAL SIGNS, AND OF THE BEST METHOD OF HOLDING AND USING THE PEN. 24. The simplest signs which it is possible to obtain for written characters, are I. the dot or point, II. the straight line, and III. the curve. The dots are used as vowel-signs. (34.) The consonant-signs are, therefore, either straight lines or curves. The curves are quarter circles, or arcs of 90 degrees ; thus, they are just enough curved to show distinctly that they are devia- tions from a straight line. The straight line , cannot be placed in more than four positions, with a sufficient difference to be distiuguished readily, and to prevent mistaking one sign for another. These positions of the straight line, as it is employed in phonography, are the follow- 22 PHONOGRAPHY. mg, viz, : a perpendicular, a horizontal, and an inclination of 45 de^ perpendicular, thus: incUnation of 45 degrees on each side of the But by making use of hght and heavy lines the number of these signs is doubled. Again, by dividing the circle into quarters, in two different ways, eight distinct curves are obtained, thus : — Then, by making these curves hght and heavy, the number is doubled, giving sixteen curve- signs, which added to the eight straight-line signs, make twenty-four — the greatest num- ber of hnes and curves wliich can be used without danger of confusion. But the number of single consonants being only twenty-one (includmg ch and j), this still leaves us a sur- plus of three signs, which are subsequently brought into use. 25. A hne from pomt to point of any curved- sign, should be equal in length to the straight- line signs. PHONOGRAPHY. 23 26. Different persons avlU make their con- sonant-signs somewhat different in length ; but the greatest beauty of the hand-writmg seems to be obtained when they are made about one- sixth of an inch long, thus : \ ^ — /^ In the tables, at the heads of the chapters in this book, they are enlarged, so as to strike the eye more readily, and so to aid the memory in retaining them ; and the learner Avill do well to make them large at first. 27. The curved hea\y consonant-signs should be made tliick in the middle only, and taper off towards each extremit}^, otherwise they will present a clumsy appearance. 28. The learner should ahvays write upon hnes, and he may use either a quill or a steel pen, or a pencil with wliich a hght or heavy mark may easily be made. He should be care- ful not to hold the pen as for common writing, for this position of the hand is adapted for the formation of letters constructed upon a totally different principle from the signs used in pho- nography. The pen should be held loosely in the hand, like a pencil for drawing ; with the nib turned in such a manner that the sign \ can be struck with ease. It is then in a proper position for striking any sign, except / and / which are of comparatively rare occurrence, 24 PHONOGRAPHY. and, for these signs, the pen can be turned in the hand, as may be easily done when it is held in the manner described. Reporters generally write with a pencil, and upon ruled paper. Letters, and all documents for future reference, should be written with a pen. The beginner generally experiences some difficulty, unless he has been accustomed to back-handed writing, in making the strokes from left to right ; and is apt to imagine that he shall never be able to strike \ with the same ease with which he can execute / This difficulty is, however, entirely the result of habit in writing otherwise; and after a very short practice he will find that the muscles acquire complete faciUty in this and all the other move- ments required in Phonography, — proving that the hand is an instrument admirably adapted to the execution of all geometrical forms. 29. No effort should be made by the learner, at first, to write rapidly ; accuracy alone should be aimed at, and rapidity will be the necessary result of practice. Ruled paper is preferable, especially for beginners, though not absolutely necessary. When plain umnled paper is used, a line is always presumed to pass tlirough the bottom of the consonants, as they occur singly, thus: V^ | "^ &c. PHONOGRAPHY. 25 CLASSIFICATION OF THE CONSONANTS. TABLE. O m "3 3 k 4 Whispered, "^ ( \ P 1 * / ch — >• Abrupts< 4 Spoken. ) (\ b I d /j — „ 4 mispered,^ g^^^._ jV f (th ) s .^sh 4 Spoken. ) ^^^''^ (. ^ V ( »/ are made by stopping the voice at the lips, teeth, and throat, and are classed accordingly as Labial, Lingno-dcntal, and Guttural ; but. at the same time that the voice is stopped at these points, it is thrown into the nose, or sounding board of the head, and made to ring there ; hence they are called t-esonants, from the Latin, resonare, to ring, wlien we wish to speak of the quality of the sound ; and nasals, when we speak of the seat of sound, at which the peculiar quality of their sound is imparted. They are generally known by this last name. PHONOGRAPHY. 29 From this (lesorii)tion. it is obvious tliat they are also a species of cnibtifues, connecting two classes of consonant-sounds, -while the ambigucs, so called, connect the vowels and consonants willi each other. A strict attention to the place in the month where the different sounds arc formed, will do a great deal to help tiie memory in retaining the signs. OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE WIIISPEUED AND THE SPOKEN CONSONANTS REPRESENTED BY TIIE LIGHT AND HEAVY LINES IN TIIE ALPHABET. 83. It will be seen by tlie student that the abrupts and semi- vowels are arranged in pairs, one of each pair being represented by a t/tin or liffht line, and the other by a corresponding thick or heavy line. 3iy attending to any two of the soiuids thus classed together, it will be found that one is, in fact, but a very slight modification of the other ; thus the sounds of \ p, and \ bj for example, are almost identical. We often hear per- sons saying babtist for baptist, and, on the other hand, Jacup for Jacob, without their being aware that they pronounce dif- ferently from others. To follow nature, tlierefore, and preserve a correspondence between signs and sounds, the signs should be so formed as to show the resemblance of different sounds, as well as their dif- i'erence ; hence, there should be an analogy between the form of the sign and the sound represented by it. Upon this prin- cijral the Phonographic alphabet is made. The sound of p being a liglit whispered sound, is represented by a thin or light stroke \ and the corresponding sound of b being a heavy inton- ation of the voice, is represented by a heavy stroke, \ being in the same position as \ Thus, both the difference between the sounds p and b, and their resemblance, are at once repre- sented. The same law of correspondence in sounds is found to prevail in the alphabet of nature, dividing them into pairs ; and the same rule of representation, by light and heavy corres- 3* 30 PHONOGRAPHY. ponding signs, has, therefore, been adopted, both aa respects vowels and consonants. It is natural to represent a light sound by a light stroke, and, in writing, it is perfectly easy to make it. The same may be said in reference to a heavy sound. After a short practice in writing, every pupil finds that the heavy strokes are made without any additional effort ; they flow from the pen with as much facility as their corresponding heavy sounds do from the lips. If we observe more clearly the nature of the difference between the light and the heavy inton- ations of these consonant sounds, we find that it depends on the time at which the speaking or loud voice is joined to or with- drawn from the utterance of the elements. When we utter the mere elementary sound of />, for example, not following it by a vowel or joining it to anything which precedes or follows it, it is heard as a whisper only ; and, if, then, a vowel is made to follow, so as to form a word, as pay, the speaking, or loud voice, begins to be heai'd just at the instant when the lips are opened. But when we utter the sound of h, as a mere element, we hear the loud voice a moment before the lips are parted. This difference will become still more obvious, if a person endeavors to make these two sounds without opening the lips at all. In the first case no sound will be heard ; and, in the other, a heavy rumbling of the voice, forcing its way, as it were, outward, will be distinctly audible. At the end of a syllable the case is reversed. In making the sound of />, the speaking voice is withdrawn just at the instant at which the lips close ; as in top, fop, and in making that of h, it con- tinues to be heard a moment after, as in roh, fob. The first series of abrupts and semi-vowels, gre hence called whispered consonants, and the second spoken consonants. The similarity of these two classes of consonant-sounds is so great, that, if at any time the difference in the weight of the lines is not clearly made, this circumstance does not seriously PHONOGRAPHY. 31 affect the legibility of the writing to the experienced Phono- grapher. Thus, for example, if the word Massachusetts were written so as to be pronounced Mazajuzedz^ it could hardly be mistaken, and the intention of the writer would be quite obvious. It is by availing ourselves of this natural analogy of the sounds, and denoting it by characters having a corresponding analogy, that we .are enabled to represent all the consonant sounds by signs which are simple geometrical figures — the straight-line and the curve, — which cannot be done other- wise, and which has never before been accomplished in any system of writing. 32 PHONOGRAPHY. CHAPTER IL OF THE SniPLE YOWEL-SIGNS, AND OF THE ASPIRATE. TABLE. First Group. Second Group. EXPLANATION OF THE SIMPLE VOWEL-SIGNS. 34. There are thirteen simple vowels in our language, tlie signs for which are diAdded into two groups; and hence they will be distin- guished as ihejirst and second group of vowel- signs. The vowel-signs of each group are so arranged, as to show the different positions in which they are placed to the consonant-signs. They have three positions, and are called 1st place, 2d place, and 3d place vowel-signs, accorduig to their position. When the vowel-signs are placed at the beginning of a consonant-sign, they are called Jirst-pkice ; at the middle, second-place ; and at PHONOGRAPHY. 33 the end, thirdrplace vowel-signs ; and they have a local value ; that is, they represent different vowel sounds, according to their position. The signs of the 1st group are dots or points; the signs of tlie 2d group are short dashes. The dots and dashes are made both lieaAy and hght. The heavy dots and dashes repre- sent fuU vow^els, and the light dots and dashes represent the corresponding stopped vowels. The difference between these two kinds of vowels will be subsequently explained. (47.) OF THE MODE OF PLACING THE VOWEL-SIGNS TO THE PERPENDICULAR AND INCLINED CONSONANT SIGNS. 35. In writing, the consonarit-sign is made first, and the vowel-sign is afterwards placed to it. If the vowel occurs before the consonant, the vowel-sign is placed on the left-hand side of the consonant sign, provided the consonant- sign is perpendicular or inclined, whether a straight line or a curve. But, if the vowel occurs after the consonant, the sign for it is placed on the right-hand side of the consonant- sign. 34 PHONOGRAPHY. OF THE SIMPLE VOWEL-SIGNS. 36. The heavy dot, when placed m the first position, opposite the beginning of the conso- nant-sign, represents the fall sound of e in feet; thus, ] eat, and |' tea. When it is placed in the second position, opposite the middle of the consonant-sign, it represents the full sound of a in mate; thus, \ ape; \ paij. WTien placed in the third position, opposite the end of the consonant-sign, it represents the fiill sound of a in psahn; thus, \, pa; \. bah. The heavy dots are called the full vowel- signs of the FIRST GROUP. 37. The light dot, placed at ihe first position, that is, opposite the beginning of the consonant- sign, represents the stopped sound of i in fit ; tlius, ^ it ; \^if. At the second, opposite the middle, Mke e in met ; thus, f ell; \ ebb. At tlie third, opposite the end, like a in Sam; thus, J at; 3 ^5- The hght dots are called the stopped vowel- signs of the first group. The heavi/ dash, placed at the first position, represents the sound of au in caught ; thus, "] ought; I" daw. At the second, that of u in cur; thus, ~>\ err. At the third, or end, that of 00 in fool; thus, |_ two; J ooze. PHONOGRAPHY. 35 38. The heavy dash, which, in the table, is placed in a perpendicular position, is made parallel to the consonant-sign, and represents the sound of o in hone ; it is placed in the Second position, opposite the middle of the con- sonant-sign; thus, \ how; ^ show; i| ode; (i dough.* The heavy dashes are called the full vowel- Mgns of the second group. 39. The light dash, placed at the first position, "represents the sound of o in hot ; thus, "j odd; \,of. At the second, that of u in cut, curry ; "thus, \ vp. At the third, that of «/ in full; thus, V..^ or V / foot. The light dashes are called the stopped vowel-signs of the second group. The dashes should be written at risht ansles to the consonant-signs, or, when more con- venient, they may be a httle mclined; thus, ought may be written either "| or **[ or \, but the sign for o must always be made parallel to the consonant-sign, as above. (38.) * The full vowel o has no corresponding stopped sound in the English language, and, therefore, there is no parallel Towel-sign in the table of vowel-signs. The stopped sound of o, though not re- ■feognised, is sometimes heard in the American pronunciation of the words stone home, whole, &c. 36 PHONOGRAPHY. OF THE MODE OF PLACING THE VOWEL-SIGNS TO THE HORIZONTAL CONSONANT-SIGNS. 40. The metliod of placing the vowel-signs to tlie horizontals, ^-^ ^-^ — — ^w' necessarily differs from that which we have explained wdth reference to the perpendicular and inclined consonant-signs. They are placed above and below, in this manner ; viz., if the vowel occurs before the consonant, the vowel-sign is written above the horizontal consonant-sign ; if it occurs after the consonant, it is written below. The Jirst- place vowel-sign occupies a position at the be- ginning ; the second-place at the middle ; and the third-place at the end of the consonant- sign ; (23.) the order of the vowel-signs being, in this case, from left to right ; thus, • — eke ; v»^ own ; -^ egg ; ^-v- am, in which words the vowel occurs before the consonant; and, s — key; -B^ knon' ; .-^ may; ^-> ma; in which the vowel occurs after the consonant With respect to the horizontals, therefore, it must be remembered that Ave ^ead from above, downwards, instead of from lej to right, as we read with the perpendicular and inclined con- sonant-signs. PHONOGRAPHY. 37 OF THE METHOD OF NUMBERING THE VOWEL-SIGNS. 41. As before stated, the vowel-sig-ns are called 1st, 2nd, and 3rd place vowel-signs, according- as they occupy the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd position against the consonant-sign to which they are written, that is, at the beginning, middle, or end. It is of the highest importance to the student of Phonograi^hy that he should con- stantly associate each vowel wdth the position which its sign must occupy. The following table w^ill give an exact y'iqw of the simple vowel-signs with reference to their position : — TABLE OF THE PLACES OP THE VOWEL-SIGXS. 1 St place. e I e I au | ati j eat it aught odd ind place. a •[ a /^ o "J uh ^ uli X eight ell ode ei-r up hrd place. ah ~^ ah J <^o j_ 6o ;_ are at do (omitted) Note. — The stopped-vowels are designated in the table, when printed in the letters of the old alphabet, by the small half circle over the same letter which represents the corres- ponding full vowel ; thus, e is stopped e in jit, (not short i,) a is stopped a in met, «fec. The phonographic vowel-signs are placed to different consonant-signs so as to form words. By committing these words to memory, as they occur in each of the lines in the preceding table, the positions of the signs will be easily retained. 4 452150 88 PHONOGRAPHY. OF THE MODE OP CLASSIFYING AND NUMBERING THB VOWELS, CONSIDERED AS SOUNDS, WITHOUT REFERENCE TO THEIR SIGNS. 42. The simple vowels form one series, which are divided into two corresponding classes — the full and the stopped vowels. They are numbered from one to seven in each class, as follows : — Frdl No. 1. e as ; in feet. u 2. a (( mate. u 3. ah « psalm. u 4. au « naughL (( 5. uh (( CUT. (( 6. f( note. u 7. 00 (C fool. Stopped. No. 1. e as 1 in fit. (( 2. a « met. (( 3. ah (( Sam. (( 4. au ii cot. (( 5. uh (I cwrry. (( 6. has no corrcapondinj; atopped Bound in English. (C 7. 6o u foot. 43. The vowels in the first column above, are called, the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh, /«/? vowels ; and those in the second column, the stopped \ovfeh. The stopped vowels are short sounds which correspond to the full vowels, and are numbered accordingly. Both the full and stopped vowels should be learned, so that the pupil will know each one separately by the number wliich it holds in the series^ PHONOGRAPHY. 39 44. The vowels are ranged in both clashes, in their na- tural order, somewhat like the musical notes in the gamut. At No. 1 the mouth is least opened, and the corners of the lips most drawn back ; hence it is called the slenderest and the sharpest of the vowels. No. 2 opens the mouth a little ^ore ; No. 3 still more ; and No. 4 most of all ; hence this is called the broadest vowel. At No. 5 the mouth is less opened. In pronouncing the full vowel of this number, the organs of speech are relaxed into their natural or unconstrained position, and vocal breath is uttered through them in that shape ; hence this is called the natural votoel. (50.) At No. 6, the mouth being nearly in the same position, the lips are rounded nearly into a circle ; and at No. 7 they are protruded into a tube. Hence, this last may be called the roundest of the vowels. If we place these vowels, therefore, to a triangular diagram, the numbers, one, four, and seven, wiU occupy the angles ; the others are intermediate, thus — 4 au 3 ah ^^^-"''^ ^~^~-^iih 5 (natural vowel.) 1 e ^■'"'^^ _^:r:^oo 7 45. The 1st and 4th sounds maybe regarded as the oppo- sites of each other, in the qualities signified by the terms slender and broad, and the 1st and 7th as the extremes in those qualities which are called sharp and round. Analogies of this kind have always been perceived, and have given rise to the different designations of sounds, as long, aq4 short, broad, flat, &c. 46. The whole series of seven sounds, forms a harmonious and graduated succession, only slightly interrupted by the fifth or natural vowel, among the fuU vowels. 40 PHONOGRAPHY. DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE TERMS STOPPED AND FULL, AND LONG AND SHORT. 47. It will be seen, in the preceding table, that there are two classes of simple vowels, which have a perceptible corres- pondence with each other, while they do not represent pre- cisely the same quahty of sound. The first class are called full, and the second stopped. These terms must not be confounded with long and short, which relate, not to the quality or the nature of the sounds, but merely to the quantity of the sound uttered, or rather to the length of time during which the sound is continued. The stopped vowels are, in fact, always short, but the full vowels are not uniformly long. They are generally long in accented syllables, and short in those that are not accented ; thus, in the words mate. Saviour, afrotid, the rowel a is full and long, and in Sunday, aeriel, gateway, it is, at the same time, both fuU and short. The full vowels, whether long or short, are written in the same manner, by the full vowel-signs, that is, by the heavy dots and dashes. The distinction, not being essential and uniform, but varying with the emphasis and other inci- dental circumstances of speech, belongs as much to expression as to correct pronunciation. The stopped vowels in the English language are always followed by a consonant sound in the same syllable. A vowel, not so followed, though it may be short, is alwAja ftdl, and must be written with a large dot or dash ; for example, in the 1 1 S 4 5 S 7 word indivisibility, the second, fourth, sixth, and seventh, syllables have the short quantity of the first full vowel, which is accordingly represented in each, when written, by the first- place heavy dot, though the beginner would be very likely to use the small dot for every syllable. PHONOGRAPHY. 41 A full vowel is, therefore, merely a vowel which expires naturally after either a long or a short duration, and a stopped vowel is one which is abruptly broken off in the utterance.* PABTICTTLAK OBSERVATIOKS UPON SOME OF THE VOWELS. 48. There is one other vowel sound, coming between the second and third vowels, and heard in the words air, there, care, pair, hare, &c. This sound only occurs in English when followed by the consonant r in the same syllable, and is pro- duced by the corrupting influence of this consonant, which, not being a perfect contact, but a mere trill or jar of the tongue, has a constant tendency to lose its consonant character, and, by combining with the preceding vowel, to change its pure sound. This vowel may be described, when necessary, as No. 2\. * It is regarded by Mr. Pitman, and Mr. Ellis, as the essential pecu- liarity of the stopped vowels, that they cannot be pronounced, except when followed by a consonant in the same syllable. "We are not quite satisfied with this description of the stopped vowels. Any vowel is, it seems to us, stopped, in the same sense in which we speak of a stopped vowel, when it is, as it were, snapped off by a sudden and abrupt suspension of the voice, whether a consonant sound be heard after it or not. The fourth tone of the Chinese, called Yap shing, is nothing else but the stopped utterance of the vowels, and, what is veiy much in point, in the Canton dialect it is always followed by p, t, or k, the three most perfect and abrupt consonant sounds, while in the Mandarin, a more effeminate dialect, the consonants are entirely left off, the vowels still retaining the same tone, which is des- cribed by the Chinese scholars, as ' short, snatched, abrupt, and quickly -treasured up.' In the Seneca, one of the North American Indian lan- ■guages, there is likewise an entire series of stopped vowels, which end syllables and words. This pronunciation is marked by afhxiug the cha^ racter hi which is not sounded, but merely shows that the voice is sud- denly suspended. We have an instance of the same kind in the English interjection, cA / abruptly, and, as we think, ordinarily pronounced. (6.) If so, this forms an exception to the rule in the text 4* 42 PHONOGRAPHY. It occurs in foreign languages and provincialisms, not followed by r, and the proper vowel-sign for it is, two heavy dots placed opposite to the middle of the consonant-sign and parallel with it ; thus, \ and -n^ express a local pronun- ciation of \, Pa, and ^-j Ma, the contracted forms of the words Papa and Mamma. In ordinary writing, however, one of the dots is omitted, leaving the second vowel-sign, which will then be read with this peculiar sound, when followed by the consonant r, so that xio ambiguity results from this omission. The woi-d air is, therefore, written thus, "^ and other words of this kind in the same manner. 49. The 3d vowel ah, {a in ^athev,) is named and sounded, as we frequently hear the name of the consonant r imperfectly uttered in naming the letters of the old alphabet. Some be- ginners are troubled by this circumstance to distinguish when the vowel or when the consonant is meant The difficulty ■will be removed by considering the nature of the consonant r, which is, in most languages, a strong triU or sudden vibration of the tongue, and is so pronounced by the Irish and Scotch in speaking English. The English and Americans, however, seldom pronounce the r as an actual trill, but merely turn up the point of the tongue, and very slightly obstruct the vocal breath — a modification of the sound which is termed the half- Irill. At the end of a syllable this obstruction is hardly per- ceived by many persons, and, by incorrect speakers, is fre- quently not even made, so that, in pronouncing the word '^y err, for example, nothing is really heard but the natural or full vowel tih. In the same manner, inasmuch as the old name of this consonant is made by prefixing a, sounded like the third full vowel (ah) to the letter r, thus ar, and as the trill, ■which the r should represent, is then sometimes suppressed, this vowel comes to be, in fact, all of the name that is heard, when the consonant is spoken of. This difficulty is obviated PHONOGRAPHY. 43 by calling the consonant re, instead of ar ; but the phono- grapher has but little occasion for the name, as he should accustom himself to give the sound instead, which it will be best for him to practise as Sifull trill. This consonant, there- fore, must be written, in phonography, at the end of syllables, or following a vowel in the same syllable, as it is slightly heard in the pronunciation of the best speakers, though the general usage seems to tend to the complete obliteration of this sound in these positions. 50. The fifth full vowel u7i is called the natural voivel, because it is made while the organs rest in the most easy and unrestrained position ; thus, by merely opening the mouth, we breathe out the voice without any effort to modulate it, and the vowel is formed. This sound, the most frequent one in the language, occurs very often in most of the languages of Europe, none of which have any letter in tlieir existing alphabets to represent it. It is repre- sented, in English, in the old orthography, or heterograpliy, by all the vowels in turn, and by numerous combinations of these vowels besides. When the vowels of the old alphabet have this sound, they are designated, in some of the more recent dictionaries, as obscure. It is heard in the following words, where the vowel is printed in italics, or where a hyphen is inserted : — along, China, impox'tant, practical, shopman, lover, confident, dozen, nadt'r, orator, error, anger, honor, partic-le, fab-le, bott-le, schis-m, rheumatis-m, ryth-m ; sir, fir, firm, her, cwr, bwrr. In all these, and similar cases, this vowel sound is repre- sented in phonography, by the heavy dash at the second or middle place, at right angles with, or inclined to the consonant character ; as in the words ^ Anna, -4- ago. 51. The learner must not forget that a full vowel is not always long. (47.) This vowel is, in fact, never long in English, except when followed by an r in the same syllable, 44 PHONOGRAPHY. as in sir, her, burr, &c. ; in which case some other vowel has been converted into this sound by the corrupting influence of the r. Indeed, this vowel is heard in almost every degree of length or quantity, from its long sound, in this position before r, to the shortest possible quantity which a vowel can have, as when it is heard in the words partic-le, fah-le, schis-m, «&c. The existence of a vowel sound, in these latter cases, may be questioned by some, but it is believed that a comparison with the French pronunciation of similar words, in which the vowel is actually excluded, or else pronounced slightly at the end of the words, will convince the reader that we always insert a vowel- sound, however slight, before the final consonants in this class of words. As phonography, however, does not pretend to dictate in matters of pronunciation, questions of this sort will be finally settled by the authority of the best writers. OF THE BREATHING. 52. The tliird or last of the three sounds called ambigues, in the alphabetical table, and represented in the old alphabet by the letter k^ is distinguished as the breathing or the aspirate. It never occurs except immediately before a vowel, and it is written in phonography by a small dot placed before the vowel-sign; thus, 1 heat, V hope, | hat (9.) The dot should be made hght, because, if heavy, it might be mistaken for a full vowel- sign, and create some confusion in words with wliich the reader is not famihar; thus, "| PHONOGRAPHY. 45 might be read ee-eat ; but a stopped-vowel never occurs before another vowel, so that the small dot, although the sign used for a stopped-vowel, can only be read for the breathing, when in this situation. There is, however, another sign for the breathing, the form and use of which will be explained hereafter. (87.) 4^ PHONOGRAPHY. CHAPTER m. OF THE PROPER DIPHTHONGS. TABLE. First place, v a Second place, Third place, a EXPLANATION OF THE PROPER DIPHTHONGS, OR COM- POUND VOWEL-SIGNS, AND THE MODE OF PLACING THEM TO THE CONSONANT-SIGNS. 53. The small angular figure in the table, with the point downwards, represents the sound of i in high. It is a first-place sign, and is written thus, \ buy ; ^-> my ; ^ ire. 54. The same shaped figure, with the point upwards, represents the two proper diphthongs oi, in boi/, and ow, in how. When it occupies \he first position, this sign represents the sound oi ; tlius, S^ boy ; p toy ; and w^hen it is in the third place, it represents the sound ow ; thus, Vy^ hough ; — 7j cow ; ">, hour. 55. In placing these signs to the consonant- signs, care must be taken not to inchne them according to the position of the consonant-signs ; they must always retain the positions which thev K wfi '^ +T^<» table, pointing upw^ards or PHONOGRAPHY. 47 downwards, in whatever position the consonant- sign may stand or Ue, as in the examples. It will be observed that the second and third f^Jaces in the table, for the sign opening up- wards, are vacant, and also the second place, for the sign pointing downwards. The reason ■of this is, that there are other diphthong-sounds in the Alphabet of Nature, not used in the Enghsh language, the signs for which might occupy those places. OF THE NATUBE OF THE DIPHTHONGS. 56. Dipljthongs are of two kinds — proper and improper. The proper diphthong is a compound or transition vowel-sound, the organs of speech being in the position to utter one simple vowel-sound at the beginning of it, and in a position to utter a different simple vowel-sound at the conclusion of it, so that the two simple sounds are both heard in full, or in part, but often fio blended together as to seem to the ear but one sound. Thus, jn uttering i in high, the organs, at the commencement of the spiind, are in the position to pronounce the third or the fifth simple vowel ah or uh, and, at the end, they are in a position to produce the sound of the first vowel e, but the simple sounds are too much blended to be distinctly heard. The second proper diphthong {pi) in hoy is composed of the fourth and first full simple vowel-sounds ; thus, au-e, which are distinctly heard. The third proper diphthong {pw in hoio) is composed of the third and seventh full simple vowel-sounds, aJi-oo, somewhat more blended. The improper diphthongs are defined and explained in a subsequent chapter. (91.) 48 PHONOGRAPHY. CHAPTER IV. OP THE COMBINATION OF THE CONSONANT ^ND VOWEL-SIGNS. -u GENERAL DIRECTIONS FOR WRITING AND READING CONSONANT AND VOWEL-SIGNS IN COMBINATION. 57. In beginning to write, the first thing for the learner to do, is, to analyse the word he wishes to write into its elementary sounds, as directed in the Introduction, page 13. Having done this, the consonant-signs are then to be written before any attention is paid to the vowels. The consonant-signs for a word, must all be laritten witlioyt taking off the pen ; the second consonant-sign, commencing where the first one ends, and the third at the end of the second, and so on. This will give the sheleton ox frame of the word, to which the vowel-signs sue afterwards to be affixed. For example, there is one consonant in the word eat, | t, which is made first The sign for the first-place full vowel, of the first group, which is the vowel in the word eat, is then put to it, thus, ] eat. In the word act, there are two consonants, which are first written toge- ther, thus, \k-t, and the skeleton, thus formed, PHONOGRAPHY. 49 is afterwards vocalized, as adding the TOAvel-siijns to the consonant-signs of a word is called ; thu§, i act. In the word family there are rtihree consonants, which are written one after the otlier ; thus, V^^ f- ^^^ " ^j ^^^ the Avord com- pleted, thus, ^K,^;-^ family. The learner may find a httle dLfTiculty in the beginning, in analysing words in this manner, but tliis is soon overcome, and the process be- comes a simultaneous operation with the move- ment of the pen, so that the writer is no more conscious of effort than in the old method of writing. He would do w^ell to utter aloud the consonant-sounds as he writes their signs. (12.) 58. The consonant-signs must be made as directed in the first chapter, viz : the perpendi- cular and inclined signs from the top, down- "wards, and the horizontals from left to right. (22, 23.) They must be joined in the manner described above, without lifting the pen until llie skeleton is finished. 59. In reading, precisely the same order must be observed, that is, they must be taken up or uttered in the order in which they are made in writing them, which order is de- termined by the above rules. Thus, for ex- ^a\ple, in reading | it is certain that the — 5 60 PHONOGRAPHY. was made first, because the writer could not have begun at the angle without violating the rule which requires that the frame of a word shall be written without taking off the pen, and he could not have begun at the bottom of the | without Adolating the rule, that perpendicular and inclined consonant-signs must be made doiimwards ; the — must, therefore, be read be- fore tlie I In this word, however, the vowel-sign being placed above the first consonant-sign, which is a horizontal, must be read before it, according to the rule in that case. (36.) It will sometimes happen that a consonant- • sign which seems to be further along than an- other, in the line of writing, must be read first ; thus, / is read cli - 1, and wiU make the words, /• and / cheat and chat. Here, also, since both X and ] must be made downward, and as, by the other rule, the signs must be joined without taking ofi" the pen, it is obvious that the / was made first, and the ] afterwards. 60. Witli reference to the manner of reading vowel-signs, placed to the consonant-signs, it must be strictly observed that each particular consonant-sign, and the vowel-sign or signs placed to it, must be read precisely as they PHONOGRAPHY. 51 would be read if they stood entirely by them- selves, unconnected with any other consonant- signs; thus, / one of the examples given above, is read chat ; which w^ill be clear to the apprehension of the learner, if he adheres strictly to this rule, reading the y (ch.) first, and then taking up J (?,) just as he would do if these last tw^o had no connection with anything else ; he will, on the contrary, be liable to great con- fusion if he looks at the position of the vowel- sign relatively to the whole skeleton of the word which it seems to precede, instead of regarding it with sole reference to the particular con- sonant-sign to which it belongs. By then re- taining in mind the rules in chapter IL, direct- ing io read from left to right, as respects per- pendicular and inclined consonant signs (35), and from above downwards as respects the horizontals (40), the difficult}'- wiU entirely disappear. Care must be taken to distinguish the case of an inclined consonant-sign from that of a horizontal; thus, ^ is have, the vowel-sign being read first ; and .n^ is gnaw, the vowel- sign being read last, though the learner is quite apt to regard the vowel-sign, in each case, as hehw the consonant-sign, and, therefore, similar in position ; he must, however, remember that, 52 PHONOGRAPHY. as respects inclined characters, like the V. the position of the vowel-signs are not distinguished as above and below, but according as they stand, at tlie left hand, or at the right hand of the con- sonant-sign, considered as a whole. PARTICULAR DIRECTIONS FOR PLACING THE VOWEL- SIGNS TO THE SKELETONS OF WORDS. 61. The rule for placing the vowel-signs to single consonant-signs has been given in the second chapter. (35, 36.) For vocaUzing words, which contain two or more consonants, some further explanation is necessary. When the vowel comes between two con- sonants it is easily seen that it may be placed to either consonant-sign, and still be read in the same manner ; thus, the word pat may be writ- ten \ or N- both which forms would be read alike.' It is desirable to keep the vowel-signs away from the angles or places where the consonant-signs join, especially if they would come inside of the angle, because otherwise it is difficult to tell to wliich consonant-sign they belong; thus, it cannot be told whether Nf-> is the word balm or bea7n. The first and third-place vowel-signs only are hable to this ambiguity. To avoid errors, on this account, PHONOGRAPHY. 53 and to secure some other advantages, the fol- lowing rule and exceptions are established. 62. Rule. — When a vowel, or diphthong, conies between two consonants, the sign for it should be written against the first consonant- sign ; thus, \._^ beam ; \.^_^ bane ; j^ time. 1st Exception. — The tliird-place vowel-signs must all be written against the second conson- ant-sign ; thus, \.-^ balm ; [ ^ tack ; [_a town. 2nd. Exception. — The second-place stopped vowel-signs are also generally written against the second consonant-sign, merely because we have an opportunity, in this case, to distinguish it from the full-place sign, by position, as well as by the size of the dot or dash ; thus, ^ is 7nate ; and '^ is met. 3rd. Exception. — The parallel vowel-sign for o may be w^ritten to either, as is most con- venient ; tlius, "~\_^ or "V^v roam. Some deviations from these rules occur in the use of contracted forms of writing, which win be explained hereafter. (76.) So, in words of more tlian one syllable, it is better to write the vowel-sign to the sign for the consonant to which it seems to belong, in dividing the word into syllables. The fuU vowel is generally uttered v^dtli the first, and the stopped with tht second consonant Thus, Vs.^ is preferable to 5* i 54 PHONOGRAPHY. \. booty. This mode of writing must not be employed, however, if it would bring the vowel- sign into an acute angle, and tlius charm must be written / and not ^ 63. If two vowels come between two con- sonants, give one vowel-sign to each consonant- sign; thus, X-^ poem. 64. When two vowels begin a word, the first, and when they end a word, the last, is written a Uttle off from the consonant-sign ; thus, ^\-iota; ^\-idea. OF THE PREFIXES COM, CON, AND THE AFFIXES ING, AND INGS. 65. The prefix com or con, the most fre- quent in the language, is written by a Hght dot at the commencement of a word ; thus, | com- mit ; \_^ contain. 66. The participial termination, or affix, ING (the most frequent in the language except tion), is expressed by a final hght dot; thus, \ payirtg. The plural, ixgs, may be ^\Titten by two small dots ; thus, \ beings, or it may be -written out in full. The method of writing other prefixes and affixes, will be explained hereafter. (152.) PHONOGRAPHY. 55 CHAPTEIl Y. OF THE ALPHABETICAL AND YOAVEL WORD-SIGNS. CONSONANT WORD-SIGNS. \ up I it / which . — come \ be I do / advantage IT | , ^'""'T ' " ( together V. for ( think ) so ^ shall v.. have ( them } was -> usual C will \ are ^_^ ( me ^^ ( in -^.^ J thing ^— ^ ( may ^~^ ( no ^""^ ( language explanation of the consonant word-signs (or logograms). 6 6. By a word-sign is meant a single sign, used to represent an entire word. Each of the con- sonant-signs of the alphabet ( see table ), beside its use in spelling words, represents, hkewise, tlie whole of the word which is placed opposite to it in the above table, whenever the sign is written by itself; that is, when it stands uncon- nected with any other sign. For example, V^ is used, along with other signs, in writing vail^ vine, value, evil, and every other word in which the sound of v occurs, but, standing alone, it is 56 PHONOGRAPHY. read have, and is then called a word-sign. The ■words wliich are thus represented may at all times be written in f'uU, when it is desirable to exhibit their precise pronunciation, and in that case only is the writing strictly phonetic. The use of word-signs is the first step towards contracted phonetic short hand; which, though it is not strict phonography, is still equally legible, since the word-signs are so arranged that they can never be mistaken for anything else, or for each other. 67. A word-sign is used for some word of very frequent occurrence, or one which, from its length, is an inconvenient word to write in faU, and in which the most prominent sound is that represented by the sign. Note. — When in any list of word-signs a word is printed with a hyphen, as give-n, the sign will represent either the whole word, or only so much as precedes the hyphen, which is, by itself, another word ; thus, "~ is either given or give. Such words being nearly alike in sound, and yet different parts of speech, or otherwise incapable of being taken one for the other, cause no difficulty to the reader. 68. The horizontals (except — ), inasmuch as tliey do not fill the space which a line of writing occupies, are made to represent two words, one Avhen placed at the top of the line, thus, ~~' give, "^ me, "^ in, "^^ thing ; and an- other at the bottom of the line, thus, — together, ^— may, ^-^ no, -^^ language. The word-signs. PHONOGRAPHY. 57 for the words printed in italics in the last table, are, therefore, to be placed at the top ot the line, or space occupied by the ^vriting. (88). 69. The vowels and compound-signs are also used to some extent as word-signs. The simple vowel and proper diphthong-signs used as such, are exhibited in the following table in this cliapter. The use of the compound consonant and vowel-signs, as word-signs, will be ex- plained in the respective chapters in wliich they are treated of Note. — Whenever a word-sign is written above the line, (as in the case of the horizontals just explained) the voicel contained in the word so represented, or if the word has more than one syllable, then the vowel in the accented syllable is a. Jirst-place voicel ; thus, in ffive, me, in, and thing, the vowel is the first-place vowel, and in given, the vowel of the first syllable which is accented, is so. The same word-sign, if written on the line, stands for a word which has either a second or third-place vowel in the same situation ; thus, may, no, and come, have second-place vowels, and together has a second, and language a third-place vowel in the accented syllable. If any other word has the same pronunciation as that for which the word-sign is used, the word-sign wiU represent both, thus, ^^ signifying no wiU also represent knoto. (71.) 68 PHONOGRAPHY. TABLE, SIMPLE-VOWEL WORD-SIGNS. FuU. 1st place, * the ^ all 'or 2nd place, 2rd place, .a % to ^ who Stopped. 1st place, ' him "^ of ''on 2nd place, Srdphce, . and, an s, but / should Proper Diphthong Word- Signs. 1st place, " I 2nd place, 2rd place, a how EXPLANATION OF THE SIMPLE-VOWEL AND PROPER DIPHTHONG WORD-SIGNS. 70. It will be remembered that the vowel- signs ordinarily have three places ; but when used as word-signs, they have but two, as it is difficult to distinguish three positions when they stand alone. Hence, when the second-place PHONOGRAPHY. 59 vowel-sign is used for a word-sign, it is brought down to the hne, and takes the tliird-place, as ^ hvt, in the table above. When the second-place vowel-sign is thus employed, the third-place vowel-sign is not used as a word-sign, and when the third is used, the second is not When a second-place vowel-sign is written on the line, and it is necessary to write a word consisting of a third-place vowel, the vowel-sign for it is placed below the Une. The only in- stance of this kind, in the EngUsh language, is the interjection, ah ! which must be v^itten as a lai^e dot below the line ; thus, ^ The inter- jection, eh ! which is now sometimes met with in hght Uterature, requires some mode of repre- sentation, and may be written in the same manner, by a light dot below the line, though it is only a second-place vowel. 71. When, also, as sometimes happens, the whole word has the same sound as a vowel or diphthong, it is Avritten by the corresponding vowel or diphthong-sign, whether that sign is used as a word-sign for some other word or not ; thus, • (brought down to the hne in the table above, accordmg to the preceding rule,) is WTit- ten for tlie article o, and the word aye, and ^ for the words / and eye only, while '^ is wTitten 6^ PHONOGRAPHY. for awe, though it is at the same time a word- sign for all So, when a vowel or diphthong- sign is a word-sign for a word sounded differ- ently from itself, it will be written for aU the words having the same sound. In this manner \ is written for to, too, and two. The vowel-signs for the vowels, au, uh, and 00, it will be seen, lean to the left, as word- signs for one word, and to the right as word- signs for another word. Several other word-signs are made by simply placing the breathiug to the vowel and diph- thong word-signs; these are •• he; ,, hai/; ^ haw; -I ho! hoe; .. hand; "^ high; '^ hoy. PHONOGRAPHY. 61 CHAPTER VI OF THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF THE COXSOXAXT- SIGNS FOR S AND Z, AND OF THE MODE OF WRITING THEM. TABLE. O * O ^ O sis, or ses. Q I SIX or 2(5 stz or zez EXPLANATION OF THE FORMS FOR S AND Z. 73. The s and z are consonant elements of very frequent recurrence, and it has been found convenient to adopt different methods of repre- senting them under different circumstances. The first or full forms are given in the alpha- bet, and the duplicates in the table above ; the second forms are made by a small circle o one side of which is thickened a little for z ^ o as shown in the table above. The circle is extremely useful because it helps very much to compress the writing into a small space, and because it offers the greatest facihty for joining the other consonant-signs. 6 62 PHONOGRAPHY. ON THE MODE OF JOINING THE CIRCLE TO THE CONSONANT-SIGNS OF THE ALPHABET. 73. The sound s or z, for which the cmjle is used, may come, of course, either before or after that of the alphabetical-sign to which the circle is joined, as sp or ps, sm or ms, &c. In the first case the circle is made first and joined at the beginning, the hand turning the circle and then tracing the straight line or the curved alpha- betical-sign, without any break or interruption between them ; thus, \ s-p ; ^ s-f ; /° s-ch ; Q_ s-lx, ; in the second case, the circle is made last and joined at the end, by continuing the movement of the pen, after the alphabetical sign is completed; thus, \op-s; —o k-s. 74. With respect to tlie side of the sign upon which the circle is made, three difibrent cases must be distinguished. I. That of the perpendicular and inclined straight-hne-signs, when the circle is placed on tlie right hand side; they are the following; \ s-p; \ s-h ; \ s-t ; f s-d; /' s-ch; /" s-j ; and so with the s ox z following ; thus, \, p-s ; (or p-z); \>b-s; (, t-s ; ^d-s ; / ch-s ; and / j'-s. II. That of the horizontal straight-hne-signs : here the circle is placed upon the upper side ; PHONOGRAPHY. G3 thus, Q_ s-k ; Q— s-g ; and with the s or :: follow- ing, —a h-s ; and _i> g-s^ (or z.) in. That of the curved-signs: with these the circle is always placed on the inner or con- cave side of the sign; thus, ^ s-f ; ^ s-v ; c^ s-m ; f s-th ; f s-th ; ) or J s-s ; °) s-z ; C ^-l,' ^ s-r ; - s-n ; _^ s-sh ; ^ s-zh ; o,^ s-ng ; and with the 5 or 2; following ; thus, Vo f-s ; V^ v-s, &C. 75. When the circle comes between two consonant-signs it should be tui'ned in the short- est way ; thus, \> b-st ; ^ ^^^"^^ / ~T ^'^^ >' ^^^ \ /^~^ which require the hand to move round a considerably greater distance ; but if one of the other consonant characters is a curve, the circle must always be carried round upon the inner side of it ; thus, ^ m-st ; ~^ r-st ; and (^ l-st ; not 'Hf ~~\>/^ which would be awkw^ard and difficult figures to make. Coming bet^veen other signs, the circle need not be formed with great accuracy. METHODS OF WHITING THE VOWEL-SIGNS WITH THE DIFFERENT CONSONANT-SIGNS FOR S AND Z. 76. Six cases may be distinguished in w^hich the two different methods of wiiting s and z, make it necessary to give particular directions 64 PHONOGRAPHY. for placing the vowel-signs ; three of them, in wliich the s or z is heard before the otlier con- £ona, it, and three in which the other consonant is heard first, as follows : — I. The first case is when a vowel comes before an s or z, which is ilnejirst consonant in the word ; thus, *) ease ; ') east ; ■) haste. Here the long sign must be written for the s or z^ because we are compelled to place the vow^el- sign to it, and the circle w^ould not furnish the three positions necessary for distinguishing the local value of the dot and dash. n. The second case is, when the vowel precedes two consonants, as before, the last of which is s OT z; thus, 'Nj heaps; ~\^ odds; ^ aims ; here the circle is used, the vowel-sign being placed before the other sign. m The third case is that of a vowel com- ing between two consonants, the Jirst of which is 5 or £;; thus, *f seat; L— seek; J 5^* / and _J zh, are made vpwards or downwards at convenience, without any change of form, and the direction in which they were made will be known, in reading, as in the other case, by the connection with other consonant-signs ; thus, (^ is l-ng, the (^ being made downwards ; and /"^^ is l-ng, the /^ being made upwards. So ^ and y\ sh-p ; ~\ and "\^ r-zh (in the word rouge). It is never necessary to make the heavy stroke upwards, and it will be found inconvenient, except when writing with a pencil. 84. When standing alone, or with the circle PHONOGRAPHY. 71 s only, the /^ / must always be struck upwards, and the y sh, and ^ zh, always downwards. The necessity of establishing a rule in these cases, will be shown by the followmg obser- vations on placing the vowel-signs. DIRECTIONS FOR PLACING THE VOWEL-SIGNS TO THE CONSONANT-SIGNS DESCRIBED ABOVE. 85. The places of the vowel-signs are rec- koned from the point at which we commence to write the consonant-sign. Tliis is the gene- ral rule applicable to aU the signs. It follows, therefore, as respects those consonant-signs which are struck upwards, that the first-place vowel-signs are WTitten at the bottom (which is tlie beguming) of the sign, the second-place at the middle, and the third-place at the top of the consonant-sign. Li other words, the vowel- points proceed in the dii'ection in which the hand moves in making the consonant-signs ; thus /\ is right ; \/ is poor ; Vy' is/«r, &c. , This method of placing the vowel-sign requires particular attention, as the same vowel-sign may appear at the opposite extremities of the con- sonant-sign, according as it is struck upwards or downwards, thus, C""^ and (^ are two diffe- rent methods of writing the word, long. 72 PHONOGRAPHY. 86. Wlien the /" stands alone, or with the circle only joined to it, as it is understood in that case to be made upwards (84), the vowel-signs are numbered from the bottom, upwards; while with J and ^ under the same circum- stances, they are numbered downwards (84) ; thus, C is law ; x^ is Saul ; /C^ is loss; and f^t IS loose; while J' is she; -^^is shj ; ,J is shoe^ &c. With the alphabetic form of the r, the vowels are of course numbered downwards; thus, "S^ is raw ; ^ is rise ; v°^ is sire^ &c. OF THE SECOND FORM OF THE SIGN FOR THE BREATHING. 87. The breathing, /t, is represented, as be- fore explained, by a small dot placed before a vowel sign, (52) ; but, when more conve- nient, which is the case especially when there is no other consonant in the word, it may be written by the sign ( ; thus, f hay ; [^ Hugh ; £ aha ; \[\ Ohio. This sign for the breathing is seldom required. It is made according to the general rule for perpendicular signs, from the top downwards, and the vowel-signs are numbered accordingly. PHONOGRAPHY. 73 RULES FOR ADJUSTING THE POSITION OF THE CON- SONANT-SIGNS TO THE LINE OF WRITING. 88. The line of writing is supposed to oc- cupy, upon the paper, a space equal to the length of the signs ; for example, :sxzr:E but by joining tlie different consonant-signs toge- ther, some of them will run below or above the space occupied by the Ime of writing to some extent, and the following directions should be ob- served to keep the writing in its proper place and contribute to the elegance of its appearance. The first perpendicular or inclined conso- nant-sign, which occurs in a word, should have its lower end upon the lower hne of the space, and the position of the folloAving signs wiU be determined by it. The rule is the same w^hether the sign is struck downwards or upwards ; thus, r top ; L_ deck ; "^ cut ; "\ peach ; y^\ rope, &c. The perpendicular signs will then reach from the upper to the lower line of the space, but the incUned signs being of the same length as the perpendicular ones, will, of course, not reach to the upper line. One exception, hoAV- 7 74 PHONOGRAPHY. ever, must be made to this last rule. A\Tien one of the upstroke-signs X ^ or ^ is followed by a perpendicular sign, the eye is better pleased by lengthening the up-stroke so as to strike the upper line of tlie space, preserving, however, the same angle or curve ; thus, /\ ^ are better than /\ C\ for the words right and light. 89. It should be observed that when the up- stroke r or the / struck upwards, is followed by the sign for c\ j, sh, or zh, the signs thus brought together would properly have the same inchnation. To avoid an interference between the signs which would result from this circum- stance, the up-strokes must be a Uttle more than usually inclined ; thus, ^^ reach ; y/ ridge ; /^lash. 90." It will be observed that the horizontals do not at all fill the space of the writing. Ad- vantage may be taken of this circumstance when they are joined to no other consonant- sign, or merely to the circle, 5 or z, or to another horizontal, to determine by their position the nature of the vowel which belongs to the word ; thus, if it is a first-place vow^el, tlie horizontal- sign should be WTitten at the top of the space, and, if it is a second or third-place vowel, at the bottom ; thus * hey ; -^ ache ; r-^ mass ; ^~^ nine^ &c. It would be difficult to distinguish PHONOGRAPHY. 75 three positions with the horizontals, and, there- fore, the sign with a second-place vowel is also brought down to the hne. By this means, if at any time the writer should omit the vowel- sign, the reader would be aided by the position of the consonant-sign. This method of placing the horizontals is regarded as pertaining rather to the elegance of writing, than as essential to correctness, but, for the advantage wliich it offers, as well as to preserve uniformity, it is better that the learner should at once form the habit of observing it 76 PHONOGRAPHY. CHAPTER VIIL OF THE FIRST SERIES OF BiPROPER DIPHTHONGS; AND OF THE TRIPHTHONGS. TABLE. FIRST GROUP. SECOND GROUP. Full. Stopped. Full. Stopped. 1st place, 1st place, 2nd place, 2rd place, c c c c < c 3 -i 2nd place, > 5 5 2rd place. 3 3 IMPROPER TRIPHTHONGS. 1st place, L 2nd place, Srd place, i EXPLANATION OF THE IMPROPER DIPHTHONGS AND DIPHTHONG-SIGNS OF THE FIRST SERIES. 91. There are tAvo series of improper diphthongs. Those of the first series are pre- cisely those combinations of sounds which are commonly represented by prefixing the letter w to the simple vowels. The fall diphthongs of this series are, therefore, we, wa, wah, wau, iDuk, wo, woo ; as in the words, ivc, wny, waft. PHONOGRAPHY. 77 waU, iDorh, wolce, wooed; and the stopped, are we, wa, wah, wait, with, woo; as in the words wit, wet, wag, was, one, icood. 92. The signs by which the improper diph- thongs are represented, are small half circles, occupying the first, second, and tliird places, opposite the consonant-signs, like the simple vowel-signs. For the first series, tlie half circles are made by dividing the circle perpendicularly. The first, or left-hand half of the circle, (correspond- ing to the mark made at the beginning of a parenthesis) is then used in the three positions, for the first group of this series of compound rowels, heavy for the fuU; thus, '\ weep; c| wait ; \, waft ; and the same figure made with a fighter or thinner line for the con*espond- ing stopped sounds; thus, ^^ *^«^/ 'j wed; ^j. wag. The second half of the circle, (corresponding to the fine which is made at the end of a paren- thesis) is used for the second group of the same series of compound vowels, heavy for the full; thus, ,/^ wall ; -^ work; ^j wooed; and fighter for the stopped vowels corresponding; tlius, ^) was ; ^^ one ; \ wood. This sign is doubled and written at the second place for wo ; thus, -i- woke ; 3) woes. 1* 78 PHONOGRAPHY. These figures should always be made as small as tliey can be formed conveniently with a pen or pencil, and so much curved as to be half circles, instead of quarter circles like the consonant-signs. They, as well as the proper diphthong-signs, must always retain their own position, without regard to the inclination of the consonant-signs ; tlius, we write ^ weep ; s_ week ; 5/ wage ; and not ^ n— ^ The signs for the second series will be de- scribed in the following chapter. 93. It will be observed that the signs placed in tlie alphabet, for these ambiguous consonants have a local value, and are not merely equivalent to w and y, but represent we, wa, wak, ye, ya, yah, &c., according to the position which they occupy. EXPLANATION OF THE IMPROPER TRIPHTHONGS AND TRIPHTHONG-SIGNS. 94. There are two triphthongs in our lan- guage, both of which are improper triphthongs. They are tlie combinations of sounds which may be represented by placing the w before the proper diphthongs i and ou. (53.) 95. The signs employed in phonography for these compound sounds, are formed by divid- PHONOGRAPHY. 79 ing a small square, by a diagonal line inclined from left to right ; thus, ^ The first half of the square so divided, is then used for the first of the compound sounds, and placed in the first position opposite the consonant-sign ; thus, ^=-^wind; and the second half is used for the second of the two sounds, and placed at the third position ; thus, -^ wound. OF THE BREATHING BEFORE THE FIRST SERIES OF IMPROPER DIPHTHONGS AND THE TRIPHTHONGS. 96. There is a large class of words in our language which commence by a combination of sounds, represented in the old orthography by wli^ as when^ wliere, which, why, while, &c. This mode of writing is a complete inversion of the order in which the sounds iire heard, the breathing (A) being first uttered, and the w aflerw^ards; thus, hoo-ere, hoo-en, hoo-ich, hoo-i, hoo-ile. These sounds are therefore represented in phonography, by placing the small dot be- fore the diphthong or triphthong-sign; thus, k\ where ; -^^ yam. The upper half of the circle is used for the second gi'oup, doubling it for yo ; thus, fuU, fi^yawn; '^\.^_^ yearn ; j^yoke; J^youth; stopped, CL-' yon; si^ young. The stopped sounds cor- responding to yo and yoo do not occur in the Enghsh language. The last of the full series, {yoo) is the long sound of u heard in youth, your^ union, and also mfew, tune, community, &c. The sign for it is a word-sign for the word your, and is the only word-sign of this series. OF THE IMPROPER DIPHTHONGS AND TRIPHTHONGS. 99. Improper diphthongs, like proper diphthongs, are like- wise a species of transition sounds, beginning with one vowel and ending with another ; but witli this peculiarity, that, while the organs are passing from one position to the other, they come so near a contact as to give rise to a weak consonant-sound which differs from any otlier of the consonant elements. In this manner two new consonants are generated, which are represented in the printing alphabet by the W and Y. They are the weakest of the consonant-sounds, except the breathing, and are classed along with it under the name of ambigues (see alphabet, p. 18). There are two classes of these improper diphthongs. They are produced by pre- PHONOGRAPHY. 83 fixing the seventh simple vowel (po), and the first simple vowel (e) to any of the simple vowels ; thus, if one attempts to say oo-a, oo-ah, &c., and pronounces them with some rapi- dity for several times in succession, he will say wa, wah, «fec. In the same manner e-a, e-ah, will produce ya, yah. There are three methods by which we might represent the improper diphthongs ; I. By writing both the vowels thus, oo-a, oo-ah, &c. ; 11. By representing the first simple vowel by the sign for the consonant ( JFor JT), into which it is partially converted; this we do in printing ; III. By employing a single sign for the entire diphthong. This last method is adopted in Phono- graphy, on account of its conciseness. 100. The learner must guard against supposing that there are two new sets of vowels, distinct from the simple vowels, to be learned. By merely prefixing the seventh vowel oo to the whole of the first and second order of the simple vowels /zi/^ and stopped, he will have the first series of improper diph- thongs, full and stopped, and by prefixing the first vowel e in the same manner, he will have the second series. The first series of improper diphthongs may be analysed as follows : — First Group. FvU. Stopped, ■oo-e equivaJ^tit to we. oo-e equivalent to we. (91.) oo-a " tea. oo-d " ^cd. oo-ah " wah. oo-ah " wdh. Second Group. ^uE. Stopped, oo-au equivalent to wau. oo-au equivalent to wau. oo-uh " wuh. oo-uh " with. MHO "" wo. OO-0O " W0O. oo-oo. *' woo. The second series may be analysed in the same manner into e-e, e-a, e-ah, &c., equivalent to ye, ya, yah, &c. 101. The triphthongs are composed of the seventh vowel 00, followed by i and ou, which are proper diphthongs ; tfane, 00-4, oo-ou, are equivalent to wi, wou. 84 PHONOGRAPHY. CHAPTER X. OF THE Z-HOOK SEKIES OF SIGNS. TABLE. V c EXPLANATION OF THE DOUBLE CONSONANTS AND OF THE jL-HOOK. 102. The two liquids, / and r, are found to unite A''ery intimately with the other consonants in a great number of words, forming a kind of double sound, pronounced by a single effort of the voice ; thus, in the words play and pray, the two sounds, represented by p and /, and by p and r, seem to become actually one. PHONOGRAPHY. 85 The first liquid, /, uttered in this compound manner, immediately after, and in coniijination with another consonant element, ivitk no voiuel coming betiveen them, is represented by merely adding a small hook at the beginning oi" the consonant-sign, by which the other element is WTitten. The hook is made j^r^f in writing the compound sign, and, in all cases, is joined to the stroke at the begmning, on the same side as the circle s (73) ; thus, \ pi; ^_ Id ; ct-n ml; <:l^ 7ll, &C. 103. The l-hoo7c, though made at the begin- ning of the alphabetical sign, is not read before it, like the circle s, made at the same place, but after it, that is to say, the consonant-sign to wliich it is affixed is always read first, as pi, hi, ml, &c. Hence the combinations ij), Ik, Im, in, &c., must be written in full ; thus, /^^\ ^ ^ (^ as in the words, /^X help ; ^ like; ^ limb; (2, line. This pecuharity should be well fixed in the mind of the learner. 104. The consonant-signs, ) ) y ^ and <^ never take the /-hook, either because there is no occasion for such combinations of sounds, or else, because there are already provided other methods of representing them sufficiently con- tracted. SI and zl are written thus, ^ ^as in ^ seal ; 8 86 PHONOGRAPHY. j^ zeal (84), or in combination, they may be writ- ten thus /^ as in Y^ excels (83) that is, instead of putting an l-hook to the long ) 5 or ) 2^, the circle is placed to the full sign for / ; U and ngl^ are not required ; li is written in full ; thus ~V^ or else by special forms which are explained in a following chapter. Slil and zlil have also pecu- har forms which are not yet introduced. (115.) OF THE MODE OF PLACING THE VOWEL-SIGNS TO THE i-HOOK SERIES OF SIGNS. 105. The alphabetic-sign, with the hook added to it, should be regarded as one sign, and the two consonants represented by it, should, in analysing words, be named as one ; that is, the sounds represented by the signs of the /-hook series should be pronounced as the final sylla- bles of the words, app/l? (pi), bi6Zp (bl), ^tle (tl), med^^^ (dl), whiffle (fl), evil (vl), &c. In writing, therefore, if a vowel precedes this double consonant-sound, the vowel-sign must be placed before the double consonant-sign; thus, \ apple ; X ^^*^^/ ^— ^cigl^, &c., and if the vowel follows, the vowel-sign must be placed after ; thus, \ play ; C^ flying; c_. c%, &c., or a vowel-sign may be placed on both sides ; thus, c-^ only, the two consonants stiU being uttered together. PHONOGRAPHY. 87 But if a vowel has to be inserted hctwcen two consonants, the last of which is /, each conson- ant must be written by its own proper alpha- betic sign; thus, \/^ peal;\j^ fail ; \^:i^ rnail ; and, in analysing, each element must then be named separately. Even when the two consonant sounds are uttered as one, they nevertheless form a sijllable at the end of a word, and we hear between them a vei}^ shght quantity of the natural vowel. No. 5, the sign for which is omitted when the hook is used. (50.) But if great accuracy is desired, in denoting the elements of the word, both consonants may be represented by their own signs, and the fifth full- vowel-sign inserted ; thus, X/^ apple ; *VC/" m/, &c. SIGNS OF THE i-HOOK SERIES USED AS WORD- SIGNS. The signs of this series, used as word-signs, are S^ for public ; '^~^ above the line, for hnouh ledse and aclxnowled^e ; and «^^ on the line for only ; ^ fox follow ; and /^ for indiddual. PHONOGRAPHY. CHAPTER XL OF THE R HOOK SERIES OF SIGNS. TABLE N 1 / _ \ 1 / _ ^ ) J -> ) J EXPLANATION OF THE i2-H00K. 106. The second liquid, r, when it follows anotlier consonant, is likewise represented by a small hook at the beginning of the alphabetical sign, by wliich the other consonant is signified, but upon the side opposite that upoli which the Irkook is placed; thus, '\. pr ; \ tr ; / chr ; /\ describe ; -"-^yi^ explain. SIGNS OF THE JZ-HOOK SERIES USED AS WORD-SIGNS. 109. The signs of this series used as word- signs, are % for principle and principal; \ for memher and remember ; ^ for from ; ^ for very ; ^^ above the Une for remark ; and <-^ on the Une for more; \ for truth; ) for there and tlieir ; and '^ above the line for nor; and ^ for pleasure. PHONOGRAPHY. 91 CHAPTER XII. OF THE L AND 72-HOOK SERIES OF SIGNS PRE- CEDED BY S. TABLE. \- Ti r \ f /" V ^ N c / ■N c / ^ ^ ) EXPLANATION OF THE COMBINATIONS. 110. The circle is prefixed to the double con- sonant-signs, as well as to the single. It is joined to the /-hook series by nialdng it rather smaller than usual, and including it Avilhin the hook ; thus, \ spl; e— sM; ^ scl; in this case the circle is made first, and the hand, in turning it, is carried round so as to form the hook before making the long sign, which is struck last , 92 PHONOGRAPHY. 111. The 5 or ^ is prefixed to the r-hook series of consonants in rather a different manner. The circle for s or z, and the /-hook, occupy the same side of the alphabetical sign ; thus \ sp ; \ pi; and hence, when both the hook and circle are needed, pains must be taken, as in the first part of the above table, to make them both obvious; but as the circle for the simple 5 or z is never placed upon the side of an r-hook, advantage is taken of this circumstance to represent both the circle and hook by writing the circle alone, the position which it occupies indicating the double oflftce which it performs ; thus °\ is spr ; °\ is str ; as contract- ed forms for \ *] &c. But, with the curves, the contraction cannot take place; thus, we must write ®Nj for suffer, &c. RULES FOR PLACING THE VOWEL-SIGNS TO THE L AND iZ-HOOK SIGNS PRECEDED BY THE CIRCLE. 112. The learner will notice that in these combinations the s sound is heard first, and the Hquid / or r last of the thi'ee consonant-sounds which are thus united. Inasmuch as the s sound is first heard, it follows that no vowel- sound can be so written as to read before one of these signs (because a vowel cannot be writ- PHONOGIIAPHY. 93 ten to the circle) ; hence, if a word begins with a vowel, followed by one of these conibhiations of sounds, the long s must be used, thus, '^) oysters ; 1 hisi'ry. If a vowel comes after the s, and before the pl,pr, &c.,»the circle is tlien used as directed above, and the vowel written he/ore, that is, on the left hand of the perpendicular and inchned consonant-signs, and above the horizontals ; thus, "p is read sidle, and "^ cider ; just as "f is read side. In the same manner we may com- pare I" saddle, '\ sadder, and f sad ; e_ sickle, h— sicker, aiid q— sick ; ^O^ similar, ^^ simmer, and Simm^ ; '^ civil ^ suffer, and .^ safe, &c. 113. If the vowel comes after all the three consonant-sounds, it must be written after ; that is, to the right hand, or below the sign ; thus, "^ splice, ^ ^y, just as '^^ is spice, and '^ is spy ; compare in the same manner, ^^ stream, ^!^ steam; ^—""^ skream, 9—^-^ scheme; and the like. When no vowel comes between the conson- ants, s-pl, s-pr, s-tl, s-tr, &c., these combina- are read as one, in analysmg words, like the pi, pr, &c. 94 PHONOGRAPHY. CHAPTEii XIIL PECULIAR COMPOUXD CONSONANT-SIGNS. 114. The up-stroke r takes an /-hook upon the left side ; thus, ^ clever ./^ river ; instead of ^ "^"^ /^ &c. THE PECULIAR COMPOUND CONSONANT-SIGNS USED AS V/ORD-SIGNS. 119. Tlie f Ir is used as a word-sign for already. The ^ mp above the line, is used as a word- sign for important and importance, and ^^ on the line, for improve, and improvement. The ^ vr is a word-sign for every. 96 PHONOGRAPHY. CHAPTER XIV. OF TERMINATIONAL CHANGES AND PARTICULARLY OF THE iV^-HOOK. TABLE. \ J y \ \ y V. i ) jy ^ ( ) Jj r ^ y OF THE ADDITIONS AND CHANGES WHICH OCCUR AT THE END OF THE CONSONANT-SIGNS. 120. The method has been explained in the preceding chapters of joming the simple circle for s and z to the alphabetic-signs ; that of using the hooks for the Uquids / and r ; and, finally, that of joining the circle to the double signs, formed by the addition of the hooks. All of these additions -are made at the begin- ning of the consonant-signs. Other additions PHONOGRilPHY. 97 and changes are made, for other purposes, at the end, which will be explained in this and the following chapters. The consonant-sounds, which are signified by hooks or changes made at the end of the alphabetic- sign, are, like the s or z, signified by the circle, (72) distinct and single consonants ; that is, they do not blend in the utterance, like the hquids / and ?•, with the preceding consonant, so as to form a double consonant. (102.) These may, therefore, just as properly be written by their own separate signs. When represented in the conti-acted methods which are about to be explained, it is merely for the sake of brevity and compactness in writ- ing. Hence, they separate, in reading, like the circle, as will be shown, whenever the vowel comes between them and the preceduig single or double consonant. The rules for placing and reading the vowel-signs, along with con- sonant-signs thus modified, will be more fully stated after the several kinds of final changes have been specifically described. (141.) OF THE J\r-H00K. 121. This hook is placed at the end of the alphabetic-signs upon the side which the r-hook occupies at the beginning, as respects the straight- 9 98 PHONOGRAPHY. line-signs ; but always upon the inner or concave side of the curves ; thus, N, p-n, J t-n, -^ k-n, and Vi f-n, ^ r-n, (T l-n, -^ m-n, ^^ n-n, &c. An 5 or z is then added at the end of words onlj/, (for the phiral of nouns, &c.), by merely carrying the hook round, so as to complete a circle upon the straight signs ; thus, \ p-ns, as in the word pence ; \ p-nz, as in pains ; J d-ns, as in dense; J d-nz, as in dens, and turning or folding it within the circle, upon tlie curves, thus, ^-^ m-nz, as in man's. The circle may be made a httle heavy for z. 122. The combinations, sh-n and z-hn, have each two forms ; thus, J^ Jf ox J J according as the sign is struck up or down. The first forms are the same as those for sh-l, and zh-l, (115) ; and the second the same as those for sh-r, and zh-r. (106.) They are easily distin- guished, however, as the sh-l form is joined to the preceding sign hy the hooh, and then struck upwards ; and the sh-r is also joined hy the hook, and then struck downwards; while the sh-n form, whether struck upwards or downwards is always joined by the body of the sign, and the hook made last ; thus, compare, J_^ essential, '^ censure, with -]^^ or "i^ ascension. The sh-n and zh-n forms can only be struck upwards when preceded by a long consonant- PHONOGRAPHY. 99 sign, as they could not otherwise be distin- guished from sh-r and zh-r. Struck downwards, they may stand alone, thus, J'^ shine; ^ shown, &c., because the sh-l and zh-l forms are never used, except when preceded by a long conson- ant-sign. 123. The (T Ifi, and /" rn, can only be used when in conjunction with other long signs, as they would be taken for Ir, chl. The other forms must be used in such words as /^^ line ; ^ rain, &c. 124. The combinations of the ?z-hook series partake of the double consonant character, when no vowel intervenes, and they may then be named hke the last syllables of the words iympan (pn), Xuxhan (bn), mar^m (tn), sudiden (dn), &c. The final as circle may, as a convenient name, be called ence or enz. The double circle, sis or siz, is then called ensis, and is read thus, ^- tenses^ "^^ expenses. SIGNS OF THE i\'-HOOK SEPiIES USED AS WORD-SIGNS. 125. The sign \ is used for Kpon; \ for been; V^ for phonography and phonographic; *^ above the line, for opinion; y for general; (J for occasion ; J for done ; f^ for alone ; and — ^ on the line for can. 100 PHONOGRAPHY. CHAPTER XV. OF THE SHN-IIOOK. TABLE. \ / \ I / v^ L ^ cJj) V. (^ d JJ r ^ / -^^ -^ v^ EXPLANATION OF THE SHN-UOOK, 126. There still remains one position only in which the hook may be placed to the alpha- betical-signs which has not yet been employ- ed. This is at the end of tlie straight-line-signs, upon the side which the l-hook occupies at the beginning. It is found convenient to use the hook in this position for the combination of sounds, shn, or zhn, which are heard in those very frequent terminations of the English Ian- PHONOGRAPHY. 101 guage, tion, sion, dan; thus, \ p-slin ; [ d-shn; —3 k-skn, &c. A final 5 or z is then added by turning the circle within the hook ; thus, \ p-shns ; [p d-shns ; _s k-shns. 128. Inasmuch as the hook can only be placed on the inner or concave side of the curves, and as this position is aheady occupied by the n-hook, the termination shn or zhn is added to the curved-signs, by merely making the hook twice the usual size, and a small circle is added at the end of it for a final s oi z; thus, V^ f-shn, ,3 s-shn, ^s> n-shn, Vs f-shns, ^ s-slitw, ■^ n-shns. The hook may be thickened a httle for zhn ; thus, \o y-zhn, [^ d-r-zhn. It is fre- quently more convenient to write these termin- ations, when they follow curve-signs, by the full forms, ^ cJ ox J) J 129. The sign ~^ above the line, is used as a word-sign for objection, and is the only skn hook-sign used as a word-sign in ordinary writ- ing. 9* 102 PHONOGRAPHY. CHAPTER XVI. OF THE ADDITION OF T AND D BY HALVING THE LENGTH OF THE SIGNS. \^ v^ \^ \^ v^ \^ ^N ^"^ \^ \^ v.^ \.^ \ I v.^ \ ^ \^ ^'^ EXPLANATION OF THE HALF-LENGTH SIGNS. 130. The t and d are sounds of very fre- quent occurrence, and are often added to other consonant-sounds, with or without the inter- vention of a vowel, particularly in tlie forma- tion of the past tenses and perfect participles of the regular verbs. These two sounds are written in phonography by the perpendicular PHONOGRAPHY. 103 straight liiie, which, when added to another sign, or repeated, would sometimes cany the writing below the line, so as to mar the beauty of its appearance. It is desirable, therefore, both for the sake of brevity and elegance, to have a contracted method of representing these two sounds. But every position at wliich the hook or tlie circle can be joined to the alpha- betical signs, is already occupied. How, then, can the t and d be represented, without the necessity of writing them in fuU ? This appa- rent difficulty is beautifully provided for in phonography, by recognising a difference be- tween the full length signs of the alphabet, and the same signs written half their usual length. 131. By making the signs of the alphabet half length, we add, therefore, either t or d to their value ; that is, the half length sign reads just as the full length sign, with B.t oy d added to it would read ; thus, ~ half length, is the same as I By this means it often happens that a word of several syllables occupies less space in writing, than a monosyllable written in full length signs. 132. In order to determine ^vhether it is the sound of t or d, which is added by the half length, the foUowmg rules must be observed : L The sound of t is added to the Avhispered 104 PHONOGRAPHY. consonants, and that of d to the spoken conson- ants ; in other words, t, if the sign is made by a hght hne, and d, if it is made by a heavy one ; thus, '^p-t, \ h-d, ^f-d, ^ v-d. This apphesto all of the consonant alphabet, except the Uquids, / and r, and the nasals, m n and ng, ^vhich are not distinguished into whispered and spoken. II. With respect to the four signs, /, r, m, and n, the sound of d is added, if the half length sign is made heavy ; thus, r l-d, "> r-d, ^ 7n-d, w n-d ; and that of t, if the half length sign re- mains light ; thus, ^ l-t, "^ r-t, ^ m-t, ^ n-t III. There is no contracted form for ng-t, or ng-d, the sign -^ half length and heavy, being used for n-d. 133. >S' or 2: is added to the half-signs by the circle, in the same manner as it is to the full length signs; thus, ^3 p-ts, n> b-dz, ^ m-ts, •^ m-dz, &c. 134. The same principle of adding the value of t or d, by halving the length, is extended likewise to the compound signs, whether they have a hook at one or both ends ; thus, "^ pl-t, % bl-d, c- kr-t, r- gr-d ; ^ pr-t, \ pl-nt, % pr-nty \> p-shnt. 135. If there is a final hook, it may be thickened a little when d is added ; thus, \ p-nd^ -3 h-nd, % pl-nd. rHONOGiiArnr. 3 05 136. The compound-signs;, r Ir, ^^ mp, and ^ i;r, are not halved for these combinations; these signs, half length and llea^y are used for Ird, m-d, and r-d. The l-t and l-d may be struck upwards or downwards, when joined to a long sign ; thus, Vr or ^failed, but otherwise, only downwards. The heavy hne is more easily struck down- wards. Half lenoi;h signs must be struck in the same direction as the full length ones, to which the addition of t or d is made. 137. The upstroke r is halved for r-t ; thus, \/ in the word part ; and halved and made heavy for r-d ; thus, Vv in afford. The down- ward r-d is, how^ever, generally better, as \ in hoard ; ^ in cheered; C is Ir-t. (166.) 138. The treble consonants of the pit (or pM)^ prd, and p/2c?-series, should be named in analysing words like the corresponding double consonants, Avith the addition of t or d, as in peopled (pld), papered (prd), hiirdened (dnd). (105, 107, 124.) Those of the 2>sh?it series are named by adding the last syllable of patient, to the several sounds, p, b, t, d, &c. ; thus, p-shnt, or with the d sound, as ni-shnd, in the word motioned. The contractions, sprt, sprd, strt, puts, dnts, &c., may be called sjna't, spurd, sturt, puhnts, diihnts, &c. 1G6 PHONOGRAPHY. 139. The two consonants, represented by the simple half length signs, p-t, h-d, &c., are named together in analysing words, when no distinct vowel comes between them, by a sin- gle impulse of the voice, and with as little of the natural vowel sounds between them as possible. All the monosyllabic names of the several clusters of consonant-sounds may also be used to denote the contracted signs by which they are written ; thus, in directing a pupil to write * pale,' a teacher w^ould say, ' make p, I \r~ ' and place a after the p ' (giving the sound only, not the names of the consonants) ; and, for ' play,' he w^ould say, ' make pi \ (uttered by one impulse), and place a after it' HALF LENGTH SIGNS USED AS WORD-SIGNS. 140. The half length signs, occupying only half the space of a line, are used for one word above the line, and for another upon it, in the same manner as the horizontals (68), as follows, V. after; ^ immediate-bj (68); ) estabUsh-ment ; ^ word ; "" not ; ^ represent ; w under ; ~ ob- ject ; — subject ; ~ God; — good ; '^particular; ^ faster. 146. The small loop, reduced in size, may be added to the half length signs ; thus, -P stated. PHONOGRAPHY. Ill Both loops may be occasionally used in the middle of a word ; thus, \^ dutinct ; |j\ disturb. 147. When a word begins with a vowel, followed by st or zd, the half length strokes must be used thus, ')/ JEaster ;c^^_^ tcisdotn. The two forms of 5 may be distinguished, as * the stroke 5,' and ' the circle 5 ;' and the two forms of st, as the stroke est, and the loop est, (expeUing tlie vowel entirely when analysing words.) So we may also speak of the stroke star, and the loop stur. The st loop is used as a word-sign for the word first, placed on the line and inchned to the right, tlius, ^ llifc PHONOGRAPHY. =~. CHAPTER XIX. SPECIAL SCHEME OF VOWEL-SIGNS. 148. It was laid down as tlie rule, in treat- ing of the / and r-hook series of signs, that tliose signs cannot be used when a vowel comes between the two consonant sounds which they re- present ; and that the / or r must in that case be represented by its own proper sign, or else the vowel-sign must be omitted. (105.) This rule is without exception when the regular method of writing the vowel-signs is employed. The fol- lowing peculiar mode of representing the vowels, has, however, been provided, by which they may be written so as to read between the sound of the alphabetic-sign and that of the / or r added by the hook.^ 149. The simple vowel-sign of the first group is a small circle (half the size of the s circle) written for the fuU vowels, precisely where the dot or other ordinary vowel-sign would be written to read, after ; and, for the stopped vowels, precisely where the ordinary vov/el-sign would be written to read before the double * This method \» extremely useful in restoring tlic reporting style, in which the vowels arc chiefly omitted, to the fuller style of writing. Be- ginners are recommond.al not to attempt to practise it, until they are en- tirely familiar wiili the common mode of writinjj the vowels. PHONOGRAPHY. 113 consonant; thus, compare, ^ plea, and =\ peal; \ play, and "s^ pail ; _5^ unconcerned ; ^Xi^ uncommon. For circum, write o at the beginning of the next consonant ; as o^-^ czrcww? scribe ; ^ aVcwmstance. For inter, and intro, write ^ in any position near the following letter ; as "^^ inter- view ; ^| i „ «V^ for sensible ; r^^Jsy^ than fN,^ for impos- sible, &c. It is always better for the hand to proceed forward than to go backward; thus, •5-y^ should be preferred to **^*^ for simple ; and ^^\^ to ?^y for several, &c. The most contracted is not always the easiest form. Select those forms which can be readily voca- lized. 154. It results from the rule for combining consonant-signs, (p. 48) that a straight-line-sign PHONOGHAtHY. 117 is repeated by making it twice the length of a single sign; thus, ' kick; but a half length consonant-sign must not be joined to a full one, in this or any other case, where it will not form an angle ; thus, we must write, '^ '"] not "" '" for correct : and V — • not V . for fact. This difficulty does not occur when a curve-sign is repeated ; thus, ,.v>.--^ maim, ^.^^^ maimed. PECULIAR AND EXCEPTIONAL MoDES OF WRITING* 155. After a half-sized consonant or a final hook, circle, or loop, the first full vowel e, when terminating a word, may be written by a full- sized dot at the end, as \ pretty ; ki, funny ; Vs. fancy. The word any should be written above the Une, although its accented vowel is No. 2, in order that, when the vowels are omitted, it may not be mistaken for no, a word of opposite meaning, represented by n on the line. Men and man may be distinguished, thus, "^ ^-^ 156. To express the vowel, No. 2, between «-5, when the large circle is used, a dot must be made in the centre ; thus, ^f The other simple vowels are of Yery rare occurrence between 5-5. A diphthong-sign may occasion- ally be inserted in the lar^e circle ; as "^^ pre* 1 IS PHONOGRAPHY. ctaehj ; '^ persuasive. Here there can be no distinction made between we^ wa, wak, &c. 158. A hook made by continuing the s or the ns circle, and tlie 6^ and sir, or the nst and nstr loops to the other side of the consonant- sign, adds the syllable shn^ as \ position; \c persuasion ; °>^ superstition ; ^:~~^^:^ ininistra- tion ; '^. compensation ; ], transition. In this case the hook, s/z/i, may be vocahsed, for a first or second-place vowel only, by writing the vo- wel at the kft, or aJjove, for a ^rst ; and at the right, or below, for a second-place vowel, as in some of the examples above. 159. The circle 5 may be added to this hook, which must then be made conspicuous; as, ^ positions; ^ physicians; %^ superstitions; ^ illustrations, LICENCES IN WRITING. 160. The vowel-signs may gradually be left out by the learner, in private writing and re- porting, as he acquires facility in reading, until they will hardly be used at all. They may be inserted afterwards, if necessary, to restore the writing to a fuller style. In correspondence, book-keeping, &c., they should be mostly insert- ed, except the fifth or natural vowel, when not PHONOGRAPHY. 119 initial, aqnrated, nor accented, in which case it may be omitted before /, r, m, and /?, without any danger of ambiguity ; thus, .-— ^._j/~~ 'inanual; "] eater ; K^g-~^ blossom ; <^ lesson ; (^ learn ; ^ learned; (the past tense of the verb to learn.) When this vowel is initial, as in At amaze ; or is aspirated, as in >^ her ; or accented, as in *\>A_ preserve ; or followed by any other con- sonant than /, r, m, n, as ~^ capable, learners will find it best to insert it regularly. AVhen z occurs in the middle or at the end of a word, it may be written by a liglit circle, as if it were an s, because it is somewhat trouble- some to make the heavy circle ; thus, ^ instead of ^ for amazed; and \^ instead of ^ for tea^e. Sometimes the thickening of the circle is neces- sary at the end of a word, to prevent ambiguity, as in the phrases, ' /^ ^ , ' ^^Ijl. t^^^ ^W7s of a liingdoni ; and the ' (^ ^ , '' ^"Ix ^^^^ ^^** ^f ^ kingdom ; or the heavy stroke, z, may be written when there is any danger of such confusion. The same o^Dservations may be extended to the loop for zd, which may be made like the light loop, st, or the fuU signs written instead. 161. A final e may be expressed by placing the heavy dot at the end of the word ; thus, k,_^ facukij ; ^ agency. The plural may thei| be made by the small circle instead of the dot ; 120 PHONOGRAPHY. as \^Q faculties, except it is more convenient to use the double circle ; thus, o^ rather than ^ agencies. 162. It is allowable to use a prefix or affix, that is similar in sound, to those given in the list (152), as, n3^ or ^ (71.) PHONOGRAPHY. 125 CHAPTER XXIIL PHRASEOGRAPHY. 171. To promote expedition in writing, the advanced phonographer may join two or more words together, and thus, sometimes, express a phrase without removing the pen. The follow- ing examples will show how other useful com- binations may be formed on the same principle, which is to express the leading consonants of those words which most frequently occur to- gether : — ->^ are not ^v have been done. ? oc far ^-V that is. 5l there are. J there are not Q this is. to be. 1 to do. to have. X S we are. i we were. / with wliich it is. . f with which it t is not ^_^ which it may. / ( wliich it would > ( have been. y you are. /" you will •OBSERVATIONS ON THE PRECEDING PHRASES. 172. [Have been tnade.) The hook of been and done may be omitted, when it is inconven- ient to write it; but, as a general rule, it is bettey to make it, in order to distinguish been from be, and done from do and had. 173. (I.) In attacliing /to any word, write either the first stroke of the Phonograph down- wards, or the second stroke upwards. A dis- iPHONOGRAPHT. 127 tinction will thus be made between I am, and which it may. 174. Now may be contracted to ._^ and ._^ which forms admit of the remaining part of the vowel being added. It is only for the sake of cherishing reporting habits, that this mode of writing the words is recommended, because, in the ordinary style, -_^ ^^ might easily be written ; but in reporting, when the vowels are omitted, v^ would stand for -^_^ >_-. v_^ and it becomes important to have some means of readily dis- thiguishing them ; hence, we write v^ v-_^ «^_^ and, in order to cultivate reporting habits in com.mon Phonography, we admit these forms in the ordinary style, seeing they can be filled up thus, .,_^ >_^ ^_„ Indeed, most of the phrases here given may be vocahsed ; thus, ^^ as well as ; "^ ^_/ do : ''^'VN "^ust not he, &c. 175. In uniting a vowel w^ord-sign to a con- sonant-sign, the consonant-sign must be placed in the situation of the vowel. See I do and shoidd do. I may, and I may not, will therefore have the same outline, and be in the same position as / am, and I am, not. This cannot be avoided, for, if the vowel-sign w^ere brought down to the line, thus, ^_^ for one of these phrases, in order to distinguish it from the other, it would usurp the place of the phrases, hut may, and hut me. I 1S8 PHONOGRAPHY. may, and Immj not, may be written in the same way as I am, and / am, not, and the vowel added in the former case ; the latter being the more useful phrases, may be allowed to be written without the vowel. When two conson- ant word-signs are joined, let the first determine the position ; thus, can he ; "^ cannot he. PHONOGRAPHY. 129 CHAPTER XXIV. STOPS, &c. 176. Stops may be written in the usual way, except the period, for which write a small cross, (x). The following notes of affection will be useful : — S ? Literrogation ; as, ^ How are you? ? Exclamation, (! might be mistaken for doing.) f Laughter. I Grief The notes of interroga- tion and exclamation are placed both at the beginning and end of the phrase — the note of interrogation being reversed at the beginning. The accent is indicated by a short fine line, close to the vowel, and parallel to the con- sonant ; it may be struck through those vowels wliich are written at right angles to the con- sonant; thus, -^'^'nX' experience; N^/^ balloon; ;j_^^^ queenly. Mark emphatic w^ords and phrases as in long hand manuscript, by draw^ ing one, two, or more lines underneath; a single hne under a single word must be made wave-like, to prevent its being mistaken for the consonant h. Write Arabic numerals as usual, or express the words in phonography ; this latter method is ahvays best for one and two. A capital letter is indicated by two short lines under the beginnmg of tho word; as * [^ meaning, The * Times'' Newspaper. 130 PHONOGRAPHY. CHAPTER XXV. OF THE NAMES AND ORDER OF THE SIGNS OR LETTERS IN THE FULL VOWEL AND CONSONANT ALPHABET. 177. The order of the vowels is fully shown in chapter II. (42.) The names of the full Yowel-signs are always the same as the sounds of the fuU vowels. For the stopped vowels, a» they are extremely short, and too abrupt for conversation, it is fouiwi convenient to substitute names, formed by uttering the consonant t after the vowels ; thus it, et, at, ot, ut, obt. These names should not be used in analysing words, but only when these vowels stand unconnected^ as the initials of proper names, &c. The three proper diphthongs, i, oi, ou, and the very common improper diphthong u (in union), are represented, in phonot^^pic piinting, by single letters. (See appendix.) The consonants are so arranged, that it is equally a scientific order, whether we utter them as the signs follow each other, taken in the horizontal or the perpendicular columns of the alphabet table, chapter I. (30.) If we proceed horizontally, we take the fight and heavy signs together; thusp, b; t, d, &c. PHONOGRAPHY. 131 Proceeding perpendicularly, w^e havep, h,f, V, m, &c. The names adopted for the conson- ant-signs, to be used by printers, and in conver- sation, &CC., but not in analysing words, an-anged in this order, are, pe, be, ef, va, am, wa, te, de, ith, the, es, za, el, ra, en, ya, cJia, ja, ish, zhe, ha, ga, ing, ha. As iva, (or way), and ya, (or yay) are the names of these ambigues, the signs c w should be "written on the line, as initials, for W. and Y. These two weak consonants are distinguished by the term coalescents, as the third ambigue (hay) is by the term breathing. In phonotypy these three sounds have each a distinct conson- ant-letter. (See appendix.) 132 ' PHONOGRAPilV. APPENDIX. PHONOTYPIC ALPHABET. CONSONANTS. VOWELS. Type. Name. No Type. Example of Sound. Nun*. PP pay pi 1 li feet i Bb Ff bay few bi ef li fit it Vv view- V£ 2 Se mate e M m sum am Ee met et Ww way we 2 ^^aB mare 8B Tt toe ti 3 Aa psalm ft Dd doe di Ha Sam at rt ad Ss thigh thy seal it Ai es 4 0e Oo caught cot e ot Zz zeal ze 5 Uu ciir u LI bail el Uu curry bt Rr bare re 6 O o bone o Nn sua en 7 ITJui fool m Yy yea y£ Uu fuU ut Qq chew 9^ Jj jew J£ SJ mesh ij COMPOUND VOWELS S3 Cc measure call 3i ce *i high i Gg gall g£ $6 hoy 6 ¥g sung ig 35 how 5 Hh hay he ^ J hew y UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 80m-V70(N847588)— C-120 ITNrVKkSlTY ot CALU-UKNli^ AT LOS ANGELES U3RARY A 000 564 882 9 WJi'l. Ti ^S isiijgi: . ANDREWS & BOYLE Are authors and the sole publishers of Phonographic and works in the United States. 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