s 3 GEORGE WASHINGTON ANB HISTORICAL SCENES. BARNES'S ONE-TERM ^ISTORY. BRIEF HISTORY UNITED STATES FOR SC H O OLS. " We have heard -with our ears, O God, our fathers have told us, what work Hunt didst in their days, in the times of old. * * * * For they got not the land in possession by their own sword, neither did their own arm save them ; but thy right hand, and thine arm, and the light of thy countenance, because thou hadst a favor unto them." Psalm xliv. i, 3. A. S. BARNES & COMPANY, NEW YORK AND CHICAGO. 1873. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, by A. S. BARNES & CO., In the Office of the Librarian of Congr-ss at Washington. SBAS- PREFACE. experience of all teachers witnesses to the lamentable deficiency in historical knowl- fp^ edge among their pupils ; not that children disrelish the incidents and events of history, for, indeed, they prefer them to the improbable tales which now form the bulk of their reading, but because the books are " dry." Those which are interesting are apt to be lengthy, and the mind con- sequently becomes confused by the multitude of detail ; while the brief ones often contain merely the dry bones of fact, uninviting and unreal. An attrac- tive book which can be mastered in a single term is the necessity of our schools. The present work is an attempt to meet this want in American histories. In its preparation there has been an endeavor to develop the following principles : i. To precede each Epoch by questions and a map, so that the pupil may become familiar with the loca- tion of all the places named in the history he is about to study. 710715 j v P It E I? A C E . 2. To select only the most important events for the body of the text, and then, by foot-notes, to give explanations, illustrations, minor events, anecdotes, &c. 3. To classify the events under general topics, which are given in distinct type at the beginning of each paragraph ; thus impressing the leading idea on the mind of the pupil, enabling him to see at a glance the prominent points of the lesson, and especially adapting the book to that large and constantly in- creasing class of teachers, who require topical recita- tions. 4. To select, in the description of each battle, some characteristic in which it differs from all other battles its key-note, by which it can be recollected ; thus not only preventing a sameness, but giving to the pupil a point around which he may group information obtained from fuller descriptions and larger histories. 5. To give only leading dates, and, as far as pos- sible, to associate them with each other, and thus assist the memory in their permanent retention ; ex- perience having proved the committing of many dates to be the most barren and profitless of all school attainments. 6. To give 5ach campaign as a whole, rather than to mingle several by presenting the events in chrono- logical order. Whenever, by the operations of one army being dependent on those of another, this plan might fail to show the inter-relation of events, to pre- vent such a result by so arranging the campaigns that the supporting event shall precede the supported one. PREFACE. V 7. To give something of the philosophy of history, the causes and effects of events, and, in the case of great battles, the objects sought to be attained ; thus leading pupils to a thoughtful study of history, and to an appreciation of the fact that events hinge upon each other. 8. To insert, in foot-notes, sketches of the more im- portant personages, especially the presidents, and thus to enable the student to form some estimate of their character. 9. To use language, a clause or sentence of which cannot be selected or committed as an answer to a question, but such as, giving the idea vividly, will yet compel the pupil to express it in his own words. 10. To assign to each Epoch its fair proportion of space ; not expanding the earlier ones at the expense of the later ; but giving due prominence to the events nearer our own time, especially to the Civil War. 11. To write a National history by carefully avoid- ing all sectional or partisan views. 12. To give the new States the attention due to their importance by devoting space to each one as it is admitted into the Union, and becomes a feature in the grand national development. 13. To lead to a more independent use of the book, and the adoption of the topical mode of recitation and study, as far as possible, by placing the questions at the close of the work, rather than at the bottom of each page. 14. To furnish, under the title of Historical Recrea- tions, a set of review questions which may serve to vi PREFACE. awaken an interest in class and induce a more com- prehensive study of the book. Finally this work is offered to American youth in the confident belief that as they study the wonderful history of their native land, they will learn to prize their birthright more highly, and treasure it more carefully. Their patriotism must be kindled when they come to see how slowly, yet how gloriously, this tree of liberty has grown, what storms have wrenched its boughs, what sweat of toil and blood has moistened its roots, what eager eyes have watched every out-springing bud, what brave hearts have de- fended it, loving it even unto death. A heritage thus sanctified by the heroism and devotion of the fathers can but elicit the choicest care and tenderest love of the sons. The following authorities, among many others, have been used in the preparation of this work : Hildreth's, Bancroft's, Tucker's, Sears's, Goodrich's, and Spencer's Histories of the United States ; Barber's and Palfrey's Histories of New England ; Parkman's works ; Moore's Diary ; Lossing's Field-Books ; Sparks's Biographies ; Irving's Lives of Columbus and Washington ; Lives of the Presidents ; Histories of the States ; Draper, Greeley, Abbott, Headley, Pollard, and Swinton on the Civil War ; Haydn's Dictionary of Dates, etc. The publishers will be very grateful for the criticisms of teachers upon the early editions of this work, that the public may benefit, at the earliest moment, by any correction or improvement of which it may be susceptible. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PACK INTRODUCTION, 9 FIRST EPOCH. EARLY DISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENTS, 19 SECOND EPOCH. DEVELOPMENT OF THE COLONIES 45 THIRD EPOCH. THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 101 FOURTH EPOCH. DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATES, 147 FIFTH EPOCH. THE CIVIL WAR, 215 SIXTH EPOCH. RECONSTRUCTION AND PASSING EVENTS, 281 APPENDIX. QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE t HISTORICAL RECREATIONS, . . . xix DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, xxv CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, xxviii TABLES, xxxix INDEX, xl A SUGGESTION T TEACHERS. THE following method of using this work has been devised by O. R. SMITH, A.M., Principal of High School, Sparta, Wis., and has been successfully employed by many teachers. At the commence- ment of the study let each pupil be required to draw an outline map of North America, at least 18 x 24 inches in size. This should contain only physical features, viz., coast-line, mountains, lakes, and rivers. If desired, they may be marked very faintly at first, and shaded and darkened when discovered in the progress of the history. As the pupils advance in the text let them mark on their maps, day by day, the places discovered, the settlements, battles, political divisions, etc., with their dates. They will thus see the country growing afresh under their hand and eye, and the geography and the history will be indis- solubly linked. At the close of the term their maps will show what they have done, and each name, with its dates, will recall the history which clusters around it. Recitations and examinations may be conducted by having a map drawn upon the blackboard with colored crayons, and requiring the class to fill in the names and dates, describing the historical facts as they proceed. Entered according to Act of Congress, A. D. 1872, by A. S. BARNES & Co., in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. HO first settled America? It was probably first peopled from Asia, the birth-place of man. In what way ^/'^ this happened, we do not know. Chi- nese vessels, coasting along the shore according to the cus- tom of early voyagers, may have been driven by a storm across the Pacific ocean, while the crews were thankful to escape a watery grave by settling an unknown country: or, parties straggling across Behring Strait in search of adven- ture, and finding here a pleasant land, may have resolved to make it their home. American Antiquities. In various parts of the con- tinent remains are found of the nations which inhabited the country in those early days. Through the Mississippi valley, from the lakes to the Gulf, extends a succession of d.e- 10 UNITED STATES HISTOKY. fensive earthworks.* Similar ruins are found in various other sections of the United States. The largest forest trees are growing upon them, and the Indians have no tradition as to their origin. They consist of embankments, ditches, &c., and indicate considerable acquaintance with military science. They generally crown steep hills, and are laid out with great pre- cision. At Newark, Ohio, a fortification exists which covers an area of more than two miles square, and has over two miles of embankment from two to twenty feet high. Mounds, seemingly constructed as great altars for religious purposes or as monuments, are also numerous. One, oppo- site St. Louis, covers eight acres of ground, and is ninety feet high. " There are said to be 10,000 of these mounds in Ohio alone. A very peculiar kind of earth- work has the outline of gigantic men or animals. An embank- ment in Adams Co., Ohio, repre- sents very accurately a serpent 1000 feet long. Its body winds with graceful curves, and in its wide extended jaws lies a figure which the animal seems about to swallow. In Mexico and Peru, still more wonderful remains have been THE SERPENT MOUND. discovered. They consist not alone of defensive works, altars, and monuments, but of idols, ruined temples, aqueducts, bridges, and paved roads. The Mound Builders is the name given to the peo- ple who erected the moimds of North America. They seem * It is a singular fact that banks of earth grassed over, are more enduring than any er work of man. The grassy mounds near Nineveh and Babylon have remained unchanged for centuries. Meantime massive buildings of stone have been erected served long generations, and crumbled to utter rain INTEODUCTIOK. 11 to have emigrated to Central America, and there to have developed a high civilization. They built cities, wove cotton, worked in gold, silver, and copper, labored in the fields, and had regular governments. The Indians who were found on this continent east of the Mississippi, by the first European settlers, did not exceed 200,000 in number. However, in Mexico, Peru, and the In- dies, there was an immense population. The Indians were the successors of the Mound Builders, and were by far their infe- riors in civilization. We know not why the ancient race left, nor whence the Indians came. The former may have been driven southward by these savage tribes from the north. Indian Characteristics.* Arts and Inventions. The Indian has been well termed the "Bed Man of the Forest." He built no cities, no ships, no churches, no school-houses. He constructed only temporary bark wigwams and canoes. He made neither roads nor bridges, but followed foot-paths through the forest, and swam the streams. His highest art was expended in a simple bow and arrow. Progress and Education. He made no advancement, but each son emulated the prowess of his father in the hunt and the fight. The hunting-ground and the battle-field em- braced everything of real honor, or value. So the son was educated to throw the tomahawk, shoot the arrow, and catch fish with the spear. He knew nothing of books, paper, writ- ing, or history, f Domestic Life. The Indian had no domestic animals, no beast of burden. He regarded all labor as degrading, and fit only for women. His squaw, therefore, built his wigwam, cut his wood, and carried his burdens when he journeyed. While * This description applies to the Indians inhabiting the present limits of the United States. t Some tribes and families seem to have been further advanced than others, and to have instructed their children, especially those young niea who hoped to become chiefs, in the history and customs of their nation. la UNITED STATES HISTORY. he hunted or fished, she cleared the land for his corn by bum- in s T A T B 8 11 1 s T o u Y. 114T4. Marco Polo and other adventurers returning from the East, had told wonderful stories of the wealth of Asiatic cities. Genoa, Florence, Venice, and other cities on the shore of the Mediterranean, had become enriched by trade with the East. The costly shawls, spices, and silks of Persia and India were borne by caravans to the Red Sea, thence on camels across the desert to the Nile, and lastly by ship over the Mediterranean to Europe. The great problem of the age was how to reach the East Indies by sea, and thus give a cheaper route to these rich products. Columbus* conceived that ly sailing west lie could reach the East Indies. He believed the earth to be round, which was then a novel idea. He, however, thought it much smaller than it really is, and that Asia extended much fur- ther round the world to the east than it does. Hence, he argued that by going a few COLUMBUS. hundred leagues west he would * Christopher Columbus was horn in Genoa, Italy, 1435. He was trained for the eea from his childhood. Being the eldest of four children, and his father a poor wool-comber, much care devolved upon him. It is said that at thirty, his hair was white from trouble and anxiety. His kind and loving disposition is proved by the fact that in his poorest days he saved part of his pittance to educate his young broth- ers, and support his aged father. Columbus was determined, shrewd, and intensely religious. He believed and an- nounced himself to be divinely called to li carry the true faith into the uttermost parts of the earth." Inspired by this thought, no discouragement or contumely could drive him to utterly despair. It was eighteen years from the conception to the accomplishment of his plan. During all this time his life was a marvel of patience, and of brave devotion to his one purpose. His sojrows were many ; his triumph was brief. Evil men maligned him to Fer- dinand and Isabella. Disregarding their promise that he should be governor-gen- eral over all the lands he might discover, the king and queen sent out another gov- ernor, and by his order Columbus was sent home in chains ! No wonder that the ' 1482.] EPOCH I. 21 touch the coast of Eastern Asia,* He was determined to try this new route, but was too poor to pay for the necessary ships, men, and provisions. Columbus at the Court of Portugal. He accordingly laid his plan before King John of Portugal, who, being pleased with the idea, referred it to the geographers of his court. They pronounced it a visionary scheme. With a lurking feel- ing, however, that there might be truth in it, the king had the meanness to secretly despatch a vessel to test the matter. The pilot had the charts of Columbus, but lacked his heroic courage. After sailing westward from Cape de Verde islands for a few days, and seeing nothing but a wide waste of wildly tossing waves, he returned, ridiculing the idea^ Columbus at the Court of Spain. Columbus, dis- heartened by this treachery, betook himself to Spain. During seven long years he importuned King Ferdinand for a reply. All this while he was regarded as a visionary fellow, and when he passed along the streets, even the children pointed to their foreheads and smiled. At last, the learned council declared the plan too foolish for further attention.f Turning away sadly, Columbus determined to go to France. whole nation was shocked at such an indignity to such a man. It is sad to know that although Ferdinand and Isabella endeavored to soothe his wounded spirit by many attentions, they never restored to him his lawful rights. From fluent prom- ises they passed at last to total neglect, and Columbus died a grieved and disappoint- ed old man. At his request, his chains were buried with him, a touching memorial of Spanish ingratitude. * Several facts served to strengthen the faith of Columbus in the correctness of his theory. The Azores and the Cape de Verde islands were the most westerly lands then known. There had been washed on their shores by westerly winds, pieces of wood curiously carved, trees, and seeds of unknown species, and especially the bodies of two men of strange color and visage. t " It is absurd," said those wise men. " Who is so foolish as to believe that there are people on the other side of the world, walking with their heels upward, and their heads hanging down f And then, how can a ship get there ? The torrid zone, through which they must pass, is a region of fire, where the very waves boil. And even if a ship could perchance get around there safely, how could it ever get back ? Can a ship sail up hill ?" All of which sounds very strange to us now, when hun- dreds of travelers make every year the entire circuit of the globe. '22 UNITED STATES HISTOET. [1493. Columbus successful. His friends at the Spanish court, at this juncture, laid the matter before Queen Isabella, and she was finally won to his cause. The king remained indifferent, and pleaded the want of funds. The queen in her earnestness exclaimed, " I pledge my jewels to raise the money." But her sacrifice was not required. St. Angel, the court treasurer, ad- vanced most of the money, and the friends of Columbus the balance, in all about $20,000, equal to six times that amount at the present day. Columbus had succeeded at last. Columbus's Equipment. Though armed with the king's authority, Columbus obtained vessels and sailors with the greatest difficulty. The boldest seamen shrank from such a desperate undertaking. At last, three small vessels were manned; the Pinta, (peen'-tah), Santa Maria, (ma-re-ah), and Nina, (ne-nah). Incidents of the Voyage. When the ships struck out boldly westward on the untried sea, and the sailors saw the last trace of land fade from their sight, many, even of the bravest, burst into tears. As they proceeded, their hearts were wrung by superstitious fears. To their dismay, the com- pass no longer pointed directly north, and they believed them- selves coming into a region where the very laws of nature were changed. They came into the track of the trade-wind, which wafted them steadily westward. This, they were sure, was carrying them to destruction, for how could they ever re- turn against it ? Signs of land, such as flocks of birds, flying fish, and floating plants, were often seen, and the clouds near the horizon assumed the look of land, but they disappeared, and only the broad ocean spread out before them as they advanced. The sailors, so often deceived, lost heart, and in- sisted upon returning home. Columbus, with wonderful tact and patience, explained all these appearances. But the more he argued, the louder became their murmurs. At last they 1492.] EPOCH I. 23 secretly determined to throw him overboard. Although he knew their feelings, he did not waver, but declared that he would proceed till the enterprise was accomplished. Fortunately, on the next day a branch of thorn with berries on it, a board, and a staff artificially carved floated near. All was now eager expectation. In the evening, Columbus beheld a light rising and falling in the distance, as of a torch borne by one walking. Later at night, the joyful cry of Land! rang out from the Pinta. In the morning the shore, green with tropical verdure, lay smiling before them. The Landing. Columbus, dressed in a splendid military suit of scarlet embroidered with gold, and followed by a reti- nue of his officers and men bearing banners, stepped upon the new world, Friday, Oct. 12, 1492. He threw himself upon his knees, kissed the earth, arid with tears of joy gave thanks to God. He then formally planted the cross, and took posses- sion of the country in the name of Ferdinand and Isabella. The wondering natives, who crowded the shore, gazed on them with awe. They supposed the ships to be huge white winged birds, and the Spaniards to have come from heaven. How sadly, and how soon these simple people were undeceived! Further Discoveries. Columbus found the land to be an island, which he named St. Salvador. He supposed that he had reached the island's lying off the eastern coast of India. He therefore called the country the West Indies, and the natives, Indians. He also made careful inquiries after the rich products of the east, such as spices, precious stones, and espe- cially gold. The simple people had only a few golden orna- ments. These they readily bartered for hawk's bells. Cuba, Hayti, and other islands were discovered and visited in the vain hope of securing oriental treasures. He even sent a dep- utation into the interior of Cuba to a famous chief, supposing him to be the great king of Tartaiy ! 24 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1493. At last, urged by his crew, he relinquished the search, and turned his vessels homeward. His Reception, on his return, was flattering in the ex- treme. The whole nation took a holiday. His appearance was hailed with shouts and the ringing of bells. The king and queen were dazzled by their new and sudden acquisition. As Columbus told them of the beautiful land he had discov- ered, its brilliant birds, its tropical forests, its delicious climate, and above all, its natives waiting to be converted to the Chris- tian faith, they sank upon their knees, and gave God thanks for such a signal triumph. Subsequent Voyages. Columbus afterward made three voyages. In 1498 he discovered the mainland, near the Orinoco Eiver. He, how- ever, never lost the delusion that it was the eastern coast of Asia, and died ignorant of the grandeur of his discovery. How the Continent was named. Americus Vesputi- us (a-mer-i-cus ves-pu-she-us), a friend of Columbus, accom- TOMB OF COLUMDVS AT HAVANA.* P anied a subsequent expedition * The body of Columbus was deposited in the Convent of San Francisco, Valla- dolid, Spain. It was thence transported, in 1513, to the Carthusian Monastery of Seville, where a handsome monument was erected, by command of Ferdinand and Isabella, with the simple inscription" To Castile and Leon, Colon gave a new world." In 1536, his body, and that of his son Diego, were removed to the city of Saint Domingo, Hayti, and interred in the principal chapel. But they were not per- mitted to rest even there, for in 1796 they were brought to Havana with imposing ceremonies. His final resting-place in the Cathedral is marked by a slab elaborately carved, on which is inscribed in Spanish - " Oh, rest thon, image of the great Colon, Thousand centuries remain, guarded in the urn, And in the remembrance of our nation." 1199.] L P O C II 1 . 25 to the new world. A German named Waldsee Miiller pub- lished an interesting account of his adventures, in which he suggested that the country should be called America. The work, being the first description of the new world, was very popular, and soon the name was adopted by geographers. John Cab'-ot, a navigator of Bristol, England, by studying his charts and globes, decided that since the degrees of longi- tude diminish as they approach the pole, the shortest route to India was by sailing northwest, instead of directly west, as Columbus had done. He easily obtained royal authority, and equipped a fleet at his own expense. After a prosperous voy- age, he came in sight of the sterile region of Labrador,* and sailed along the coast for many leagues. This was fourteen months before Columbus discovered the continent. He sup- posed it to be the territory of the " Great Cham," king of Tar- tary. Nevertheless, he landed, planted a banner, and took possession in the name of the king of England. On his return home he was received with much honor, was dressed in silk, and styled the " Great Admiral." The booty which he brought back consisted only of two turkeys, and three savages. Sebastian Cabot continued his father's discoveries. In the same summer during which Columbus reached the shore of South America, Sebastian, then a youth of only twenty- one, discovered Newfoundland, and coasted as far south as Chesapeake Bay. As he did not find the way to India, or any gold, precious stones, or spices, his expedition was considered a failure. Yet, by his discoveries, England ac- quired a title to a vast territory in the new world. Though * It is said that a map of Cabot's has lately been discovered on which the land he first saw, and named Prima Vista, corresponds with Cape Breton. On it is the date 1494. If this be authentic, it will give the priority of the discovery of the American continent to Cabot by four years, and decide that Cape Breton, and not Labrador 01 the Orinoco River, was first seen by European eyes. 26 uxiTED STATES HISTORY. he gave to England a continent, no one knows his burial- place. We shall now follow the principal explorations made in North America, within the limits of the future United States, by the SPANIARDS, FRENCH, ENGLISH, and DUTCH. The Spaniards explored mainly the southern portion of the con- tinent, the French the northern, and the English the middle portion along the coast. SPANISH EXPLORATIONS. Feeling in Spain. America, at this time, was to the Spaniard a land of vague, but magnificent promise, where the simple natives wore unconsciously the costliest gems, and the sands of the rivers sparkled with gold. Every returning ship brought fresh news to quicken the pulse of Spanish enthu- siasm. Now, Cortez had taken Mexico, and reveled in the wealth of the Montezumas ; now, Pizarro had conquered Peru, and captured the riches of the Incas; now, Magellan had sailed around the southern point of South America, across the Pacific ocean, and returning to the Cape of Good Hope, had circumnavigated the globe. Men of the highest rank and culture, warriors, adventurers, all flocked to the new world. Soon Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Eico, and Jamaica were settled, and ruled by Spanish governors. Among the Spanish ex- plorers of the sixteenth century we notice the following : Ponce de Leon (pon'-tha-da-la-on') was a gallant soldier, but an old man, and in disgrace. He coveted the glory of conquest to restore his tarnished reputation, and, besides, he had heard of a magical fountain in this fairy land, where one might bathe and be young again. He accordingly equip- 1512.] EPOCH I. 2? ped an expedition, and sailed in search of this fabled treasure. On Easter Sunday (Pascua Florida, in Spanish), 1512,* he came in sight of a land gay with spring flowers. In honor of the day, he called it Florida. He sailed along the coast, and landed here and there, but returned home at last, an old man still, having found neither youth, gold, nor glory. Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Darien the next year, and from the summit of the Andes beheld the wide expanse of the Pacific Ocean. Wading into its waters with his naked sword in one hand, and the banner of Castile (kas-teel) in the other, he solemnly declared that the ocean, and all the shores which it might touch, belonged to the crown of Spain forever. De Narvaez (iiar-vah-eth) received a grant of Florida, and (1528) with 300 men attempted its conquest Striking into the interior they wandered about, allured by the prospect of gold. Wading through swamps, crossing deep rivers by swimming and by rafts, fighting the lurking Indians who in- cessantly harassed their path, and perishing with hunger, they reached at last the Gulf of Mexico. Hastily constructing some crazy boats, they put to sea. After six weeks of peril and suffering, they were shipwrecked. De Xarvaez was lost. Six years afterward, four the only survivors of this ill-fated expedition reached the Spanish settlements on the Pacific coast. Ferdinand de Soto, undismayed by these failures, under- took anew the conquest of Florida. He set out with GOO * About eight years afterward, De Ayllon (Da-ile-yonO made a kidnapping expedi- tion to what is now known as South Carolina. He desired to obtain laborers for the mines and plantations in Hayti. He invited some of the natives on board his ves- sels, and when they were all below, he suddenly closed the hatches and set sail The speculation, however, did not turn out profitably. One vessel sank with all on board, and many, preferring starvation to slavery, died on the voyage. A few years subsequent, when De Ayllon went back with the intention of settling the country, the Indians practised upon him the lesson of cruelty he had taught them. His men were lured into the interior. Their entertainers, falling upon them 'it night, slew the larger part, and De Ayllon was only too glad to escape with his life. 28 U N I T E D S T A T E S H I S T R Y L 1539 - , /Ste ^ ,v ^.-^ -rsl DE SOTO S MARCH. choice men, amid the fluttering of banners, the pealing of trumpets, and the gleaming of helmet and lance. For month after month this procession of cavaliers, priests, soldiers, and Indian captives strolled through the wilderness, wherever they suspected a prospect of gold. They traversed Georgia, Ala- bama, and Mississippi. In the third year of their wanderings (1541) they emerged upon the banks of the Mississippi. Hero De Soto died (1542). At dead of night his followers sank his body in the river, and the sullen waters buried his hopes and his ambition. " He had crossed a large part of the continent," says Bancroft, "and found nothing so remarkable as his burial-place." De Soto had been the soul of the company. When he died, the other adventurers were only anxious to get home in safety. They constructed boats, and descending the river, little over half of this gallant array reached the settle- ments in Mexico. 15G3.] EPOCH I. 2U Melendez, (ma-len-deth) wiser than his predecessors, on landing (1565) forthwith laid the foundations of a colony. In honor of the day, he named it St. Augustine. This is the old- est town in the United States.* Explorations on the Pacific. California, in the six- teenth century, was a general name applied to all the region northwest of Mexico. It is said to have originated in an old Spanish romance very popular in the time of Cortez, in which appeared a character called California, queen of the Amazons. The Mexicans told the Spaniards that most of their gold and precious stones came from a country far to the northwest Cortez, therefore, immediately turned his attention in that direction, and sent out several expeditions to explore the Cali- fornias. All these adventurers returned empty-handed from the very region where, three centuries afterward, the world was startled by the finding of an El Dorado such as would have satisfied the wildest dreams of Cortez and his credulous fol- lowers. Cabrillo (1542) made the first voyage along the Pacific coast, going as far north as the present limits of Oregon. New Mexico was explored and named by Espejo (es-pii/- ho) who (1582) founded Santa Fe, which is the second oldest town in the United States. This was seventeen years after the settlement of St. Augustine. Extent of the Spanish possessions-! Spain, at the close of the sixteenth century, held possession not only of the * "Fort Marion, built by the Spaniards in 1756, of a curious stone composed of tiny shells, still exists and is full of romantic interest." t The conquests of the new world greatly enriched Spain. All booty was sent di- rectly to her cofter?. Spain became the richest and most powerful country in Europe. All the other nations were the more anxious to find the western passage to India. The routes by the Cape of Good Hope and by the Straits of Magellan were long and dangerous. The northwestern route Deemed the shortest. This was the object of the voyages by the Cabots. It now became the great wish of all maritime nations, and it has been anxiously sought down to the present time. 30 UNITED STATES Hi STO BY. [1700.. \\Yst Indies, but of Yucatan, Mexico, and Florida.* The Spanish explorers had traversed a large rortion of the present Southern States, and the Pacific coast All this vast territory they claimed by the rights of discovery and possession. FRENCH EXPLORATIONS. The French were eager to share hi the profits which Spain was acquiring in the new world. Within seven years after the discovery of the continent, the fisheries of Newfoundland were frequented by their mariners.! Ver-ra-za-ni (zah-ne), a Florentine, was the first navigator sent by the French king to find the new way to the Indies. Sailing westward from Madeira (1524), he reached land near the present harbor of Wilmington. He supposed this had never been seen by Europeans, although we know that Cabot had discovered it nearly thirty years before. He coasted along the shores of Carolina and New Jersey, entered the harbors of New York and Newport, and returned with the most glowing description of the new lands he had found. He named the country New France. This term was after- ward confined to Canada. CartierJ (kar-te-a) ascended the River St Lawrence (1535) to the Indian village of Hochelaga (ho-she-lah-ga) the * A writer of that time locates Quebec in FJ rida, and a map of Henry H. gives that name to all North America. t Cape Breton was named by the fishermen in remembrance of their home in Brit- tany, France. t Cartier had discovered and named the Gnlf and River St. Lawrence the previous year. In 1541-2, he and Lord Roberval attempted to plant a colony near Quebec. It was composed largely of convicts. One was hung for theft; several were put in irons. "Divers ones, men as well as women, were whipped." Finally, all gladly hurried home to France. Fifty years afterward, another deputation from the French prisons were settled on the bleak sandy isle of Sable. " The wretched exiles sighed for their dungeons. A short residence in America was considered a sufficient equiv- alent for a long imprisonment in France, and the few survivors were pardoned." 1535.] EPOCH I. 31 present site of Montreal. The town was pleasantly situated at the foot of a lofty hill which Carrier climbed. Stirred by the magnificent prospect, he named it Mont Real (Mong Rfi-al), Regal Mountain. John Ribaut* (re-bo) led the first expedition (1562) under the auspices of Coligny.f The company landed at Port Royal, S. C. So captivated were they, that when volunteers were called for to hold the country for France, so many came forward "with such a good will and joly -corage," wrote Ribaut, " as we had much to do to stay their iinportunitie." They erected a fort, which they named Carolina in honor of Charles IX., king of France. The fleet departed. This little party of thirty were left alone on the continent. From the North Pole to Mexico, they were the only civilized men. Food became scarce. They were homesick. They tired of the eternal solitude of the wilderness. They built a rude ship, and put to sea. A storm shattered their vessel. Famine overtook them. They killed and ate one of their number. A vessel at last hove in sight, and took them on board only to carry them captives to England.^ Thus perished the colony, but the name still survives. Laudonniere, (Lo-don-yiire) two years after, built a fort, also called Carolina, on the River St, John. Soon the colonists * Jean Ribaut, as his name is given in Coligny's Ms. and his own journal published in 1562, was an excellent seaman and a staunch Protestant. t Coligny (kO-le'n-ye') was an admiral of France, and a leader of the Huguenots (Hfl-gS-nots), as the Protestants were then called. He had conceived a plan for founding an empire in America. This would furnish an asylum for his Huguenot friends, and at the same time advance the glory of the French. Thus religion and patriotism combined to induce him to send out colonists to the new world. J It is said that Queen Elizabeth of England, while conversing with these captives, first conceived the idea of colonizing the new world. The history of this colony records an amusing story concerning the long life of the natives. A party visited a chief in the midst of the wilderness who gravely as- sured them that he was the father of five generations, and had lived 250 years ? Op- posite him, in the same hut, sat his father, a mere skeleton, whose " age was BO great that the good man had lost his sight, and could speak one onely word but with exceeding great paine." The credulous Frenchmen gazed with awe on this wonder- ful pair, and congratulated themselves on having come to such a land, a land where certainly there would be no need of Ponce de Leon's fabled fountain. 32 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1564. were reduced to the verge of starvation.* They were on the point of leaving, when they were, reinforced by Ribant: The French seemed now fairly fixed on the coast of Florida. The Spaniards, however, claimed the country. Melendez, about this time, had made a settlement in St. Augustine. He led an expedition northward through the wilderness, and, in the midst of a fearful tempest, attacked Fort Carolina. Almost the entire population were massacred. Champlain (Sham-plane), at the beginning of the seven- teenth century, crossed the Atlantic in two pigmy barks one of tivelve, the other of fifteen tons and ascended the St. Law- rence on an exploring tour. At Hochelaga all was changed. The Indian town had vanished. Not a trace remained of the savage population which Cartier saw there seventy years be- fore.f Champlain was captivated by the charms of the new world, and longed to plant a French empire and the Catholic faith amid its savage wildness. De Monts (Mong) received a grant of all the territory be- tween the fortieth and forty-sixth parallels of latitude.^ This trac j : was termed Acadia, a name since confined to New Brunswick and the adjacent islands. In company with Cham- plain, he established a colony at Port Eoyal, Nova Scotia, in 1605. This was the fir si permanent French settlement in America. It was three years before a cabin was built in Canada, and two before James River was discovered. Champlain returned in 1608, and established a trading * Their sufferings were horrible. Weak ar-1 emaciated, they fed themselves with roots, -sorrel, pounded fish-bones, and even roasted snakes. "Oftentimes," says Laudonniere, " our poor soldiers were constrained to give away the very shii-ts from their backs to get one fish. If at any time they shewed unto the savages the exces- sive price which they tooke, these villaines would answer them roughly : If thou make so great account of thy merchandise, eat it, and we will eat our fish : then fell they out a laughing, and mocked us with open throat." t This fact illustrates the frequent and rapid changes which took place among the aboriginal tribes. J Between the present sites of Philadelphia and Montreal. 1608.] EPOCH I. 33 post at Quebec. This was the first permanent French settle- ment in Canada. The next summer, in his eager desire to explore the country, he joined a war party of the Hurons against the Iroquois, or Five Nations of Central New York.* On this journey he discovered that beautiful lake which bears his name. Amid discouragements which would have over- whelmed a less determined spirit, Champlain firmly estab- lished the authority of France on the banks of the St. Law- rence. " The Father of New France," as he has been termed, reposes in the soil he won to civilization. The Jesuit Missionaries. The explorers of the Missis- sippi valley were mostly Jesuit priests. The French name? which they gave still linger throughout that region. Their hope was to convert the Indians to the Christian faith. They pushed their way through the forest with unflagging energy. They crept along the northern shore of Lake Ontario. They traversed the Great Lakes, In 1668 they founded the mission of St. Mary, the oldest European settlement in Michigan. Many of them, were murdered by the savages ; some were scalped ; some were burned in rosin-fire; some scalded with boiling water. Yet, as soon as one fell out of the ranks, another sprang forward to fill the post. We shall name but two of these patient, indefatigable pioneers of New France. Father Marquette (mar-ket), hearing from some wan- dering Indians of a great river which they termed the " Father of Waters," determined to visit it. He floated in a birch- bark canoe down the Wisconsin to the Mississippi (1673), and thence to the mouth of the Arkansas-! * The interference of Champlain with the Indians secured the inveterate hostility of the Iroquois tribes. Not long after, they seized the missionaries who came among them, tortured and put them to death. This cut off any farther explorations toward the south. The French, therefore, turned their attention toward the west. t Soon after, while on another expedition, he went ashore for the purpose of quiet devotion. After waiting long for his return, his men, seeking him, found that he had died while at prayer. He was buried near the mouth of the Marquette. Years after, 34 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1682. La Salle was educated as a Jesuit, but had established a trading post at the outlet of Lake Ontario. He undertook various expeditions full of romantic adventure. Inflamed with a desire to find the mouth of the Mississippi, he made his way (1682) to the Gulf >f Mexico. He named the country Louisiana, in honor of L( ais XIV., king of France. Results of French Enterprise. Before the close of the seventeenth century, the French had explored the Great Lakes, the Fox, Maumee, Wabash, Wisconsin and Illinois Eivers, and the Mississippi from the Falls of St. Anthony to the Gulf. They had traversed a region including what is now known as Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, the Canadas and Acadia.* In 1688 it had a population of 11,000. ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS. We have seen how the Cabots, sailing under an English flag, discovered the American continent, exploring its coast from Labrador to Albemarle Sound. Though the English claimed the northern part of the continent by right of this dis- covery, yet during the sixteenth century they paid little atten- tion to it. At the close of that period, however, maritime enterprise was awakened. British sailors cruised on every sea. Like the other navigators of the day, they were eager to discover the western passage ti > Asia. Frobisher made the first of these attempts to go north of America to Asia Cabot's plan repeated. He pushed through when the tempest raged, and the Indian was tossing on the angry waves, he would seek to still the storm by invoking the aid of the pious Marquette. * As we shall see hereafter, the English at this time clung to a narrow strip along the Atlantic coast. 1576.J unknown waters, threading his perilous way among ice- bergs, until (1576) he enter- ed Baffin's Bay. Here he heaped a pile of stones, de- clared the country an ap- pendage of the British crown, and returned home.* Sir Francis Drake was a famous sailor. In one of his expeditions on the Isthmus of Panama, he climbed to the top of a lofty tree, whence he saw the Pacific Ocean. Looking out on its broad expanse, he re- solved to " sail an English ship on those seas." Eeturning to England he equipped a squadron. He sailed through the Straits of Magellan, coasting along the Pacific shore to the southern boundary of Oregon. He wintered (1578-9) in San DRAKE BEHOLDS THE PACIFIC. * One of the sailors brought back a stone which was thought to contain gold. A fleet of fifteen vessels was forthwith equipped for this new El Dorado. The north- west passage to Cathay was forgotten. After innumerable perils incident to Arctic regions, the ships were loaded with the precious ore and returned. Unfortunately history neglects to tell us what became of the cargo ! 36 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1579. Francisco harbor, returning home the next season by the Cape of Good Hope.* Sir Humphrey Gilbert, was not a sailor, but he had studied the accounts of American discoveries, and concluded that instead of random expeditions after gold and spices, com- panies should be sent out to form permanent settlements, His attempts to colonize the new world, however, ended fatally. Sailing home in a bark of only ten tons burden, in the midst of a fearful storm the light of his little vessel sud- denly disappeared. Xeither ship nor crew wcro ever seen again. Sir Walter Raleighf was a half-brother of Gilbert, and adopted his views of American colonization. Being a great favorite with Queen Elizabeth, he easily obtained from her a patent of an extensive territory, which was named Virginia, in honor of Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen. Raleigh's first attempt to plant a colony was on Eoan- oke Island. The settlers made no endeavor to cultivate tne soil. They spent their time in hunting for gold and pearls.! At last they were nearly starved, when Drake, hap- * He was thus the first Englishman who explored the Pacific coast, and the second European who circumnavigated the glohe. t Raleigh was not only a man of dauntless courage, but he also added to a hand- some person much learning and many accomplishments. Meeting Queen Elizabeth one day while ehe was walking, he spread his mantle over a wet place in the path for her to tread upon. Sne was so pleased with his gallantry that she admitted him to court, and he continued a favorite during her entire lifetime. Conversing with her one day npon the singular properties of tobacco, the new Indian weed which was coming into use, he assured her that he could tell the exact weight of smoke in any quantity consumed. The incredulous queen dared him to a wager. Accepting it, Raleigh weighed his tobacco, smoked it, and then carefully weighing the ashes, stated the difference. Paying the bet, Elizabeth remarked that she "had before heard of turning gold into smoke, but he was the first who had turned snioke into gold." This incident illustrates the friendly relations between Raleigh and the Queen, After her death, he was accused by James I. of treason, was imprisoned for many years, and at the age of 65 was executed. On the scaffold he asked for the axe, and feeling the erlse. observed, with a smile, "This is a sharp medicine, but a sound cure for all diseases." Then composedly laying his head on the block, and moving bis lips as in prayer, he gave the fatal signal. t 'They believed the Roanoke river had Its head waters in golden rocks. v)y the 1586.] EPOCH I. 37 pening to stop there on oue of his exploring tours, took pity 011 them, and carried them home. They had lived long enough in America to learn the use of tobacco and the potato. These they introduced into Eng- land. The custom of "drinking tobacco," as it was called, soon became the fashion.* Raleigh'' s Second Attempt. Ealeigh, nndiscouraged by this failure, still clung to his colonizing scheme. The next time he sent out families, instead of single men. John White was appointed governor of the city of Raleigh, which they were to found on Chesapeake Bay. A granddaughter of Governor White, born soon after they reached Eoanoke Island, was the first English child born in America. The governor, on returning to England to secure supplies, found the public attention absorbed by the threatened attack of the Spanish Armada. It was three years before he was able to come back. His family, and the colony he had left alone in the wilderness, had perished. How, we do not know. The imagination can only picture what history has failed to record. Ealeigh had now spent about 8200,000, a great sum for that day, on this American colony ; and, disheartened, trans- ferred his patent to other parties. Trading Voyages. Fortunately for American interests, trading ventures were more profitable than colonizing ones. English vessels frequented the Banks of Newfoundland, and probably occasionally visited Virginia. Gosnold,f a master of Pacific Ocean. The walls of a great city near its fountain were affirmed to be thickly studded with pearls. * An amusing story is told of Raleigh while he was learning to smoke. On enter- ing his study one morning to bring his master a cup of ale, his servant saw a cloud of smoke inning from Sir Walter's month. Frantically dashing the liquor in his face, he rushed down stairs imploring help, for his master would soon be burnt to ashes ! t The English ships were at that time accustomed to steer southward along the coast of Spain, Portugal, and Africa, as far as the Canary Islands, then they followed the track of Columbus to the West India islands, and thence along the coast of Florida 3$ UNITED STATES HISTORY a small bark, (1G02), discovered and named Cape Cod, Mar- tha's Vineyard, and other neighboring localities. Loading his vessel with sassafras-root, which was then highly esteemed as a medicine, he returned home to publish the most favorable reports of the region he had visited. Some British merchants accordingly sent out the next year a couple of vessels under Captain Pring. He discovered several harbors in Maine, and brought back his ships loaded with furs and sassafras. As the result of these various explorations, many felt an earnest desire to colonize the new world. James I. accordingly granted the vast territory of Virginia, as it was called, to two companies, the London and the Plymouth. The London Company, whose principal men resided afc London, had the tract between the thirty-fourth and thirty- eighth degrees of latitude. This was called South Virginia. They sent out a -colony in 1607 under Captain Xewport. He made at Jamestown* the first permanent English settle- ment in the United States. The Plymouth Company, whose principal menf resided in Plymouth, had the tract between the forty -first and forty-fifth degrees of latitude. This was called Xorth Virginia. The Charter granted to these companies was the first- under which English colonies were planted in the United States. It is therefore worthy of careful study^ It contained no idea of self-government. The people were not to have the northward to the point they wished to reach. Navigators knew this was a round- about way, but they were all afraid to try the northern route straight across the Atlantic. Gosnold made the voyage direct from England to Massachusetts, thus shortening the route 3.000 miles. This gave a great impulse to colonization, since it was in effect bringing America 3,000 miles nearer England. * The river was called James, and the town Jamestown, in honor of the king of England. The headlands received the names of Cape Henry and Cape Charles from the king's sons ; and the deep water for anchorage " which pnt the emigrants in good comfort,'' gave the name Point Comfort. t They sent out a colony under Captain Popham (Pop-am), in the same year with the London Company. He settled at the mouth of the Kennebec. but the entire party returned home the next spring, discouraged by the severity of the climate. 1606.] EPOCH I. 39 election of an officer. The king was to appoint a council which was to reside in London, and have general control of all the colonies ; and also a council to reside in each colony, and hare control of its local affairs. The Church of England was the established religion. Moreover, for five years, all the in- dustry and commerce of the colonists were to be applied to a common fund, and no one was to have any fruit of his indi- vidual labor. DUTCH EXPLORATIONS. During all this time, the Dutch manifested no interest in the new world. In the beginning of the seventeenth century, however, Captain Henry Hudson, an English navigator in the Dutch service, entered the harbor of 2sew York. This was the first European visit since that of Verrazani. Hudson, hoping to reach the Pacific ocean, afterward ascended the noble river which bears his name (1609). On this discover}', the Dutch based their claim to the region extending from the Delaware Eiver to Cape Cod. They gave to it the name of ISTew Xetherland. EXTENT OF THESE EXPLORATIONS. 1. The Spaniards confined their settlements and explora- tions to the West Indies and he adjacent mainland, and in the United States made settlt nents only in Florida and Xew Mexico. 2. The French claimed the whole of New France, and made their first settlements in Acadia and Canada. 3. The English explored the Atlantic coast at various 40 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1607. points, .arid claimed this vast territory, which they termed Vir- ginia, having made their first settlement at Jamestown.* 1. The Dutch laid claim to Xew Xetheiiand, but made no settlement till 1G13. The Rival Claims. These four claims overlapped! eacn other, and necessarily produced much confusion. When the first few settlements were separated by hundreds of miles of savage forests, this was of little account. But as the settle- ments increased, it became a source of constant strife, and was decided principally by the sword. Two Centuries of Exploration and One of Settle- ment. These explorations had lasted during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and at the close of the sixteenth, the only permanent settlements were those of the Spaniards at St. Augustine and Santa Fe. At the beginning of the seven- teenth century, permanent settlements multiplied. They were made by The FRENCH at Port Royal, JV. S., in 1605; The EXGLISII at Jamestown, in 1601 ; The FREXCH at Quebec, in 1608 ; The DUTCII at Xew York, in 161S ;\ The ENGLISH PURITANS at Plymouth, in 1620. * After this time, the English is the only nation that directly influences the history of the United States. The country was mainly settled by emigrants from Great Britain, and all the colonies in the next epoch became dependencies of that empire. t It is noticeable that the English grants all extended westward to the Pacific ocean, the French southward from the St. Lawrence to the Gulf, and the Spanish northward to the Arctic Ocean. Isone of the European nations had any idea of the immense territory they were donating. J Here lay the shas-rry continent from Florida to the Pole, outstretched in savage plumber. On the banks of James river was a nest of woebegone Englishmen, a handful of fur-traders at the mouth of the Hudson, and a few shivering Frenchmen among the snowdrifts of Acaclia ; while amid still wilder desolation Champlain upheld the banner of France over the icy rock of Quebec. These were the advance guard of civilization, the messengers of promise to a desert continent. Yet, not content with inevitable woes, they were rent by petty jealousies and miserable quarrels, while each little fragment of rival nationalities, just able to keep up its own wretched existence on a few square miles, begrudged to all the rest the smallest share in a domain which all the nations of Europe could not have sufficed to fill. Pnrkman. EPOCH I. 41 Summary of the History of the First JZpoch, arranffed in Chronological Order. PAGE 1492. Columbus discovered the New World, October 12, . 23 1497. The Cabots discovered Labrador, July 3, . . .25 1498. The Cabots explored the Atlantic Coast, ... 25 South America was discovered by Columbus, August 10, 24 Vasco de Gama sailed round the Cape of Good Hope and discovered a passage to India, .... 1512. Ponce de Leon discovered Florida, April 6, . . .27 1513. Balboa saw the Pacific Ocean, September 29, . . 27 1519-21. Cortez conquered Mexico, . . ... 26 1520. Magellan sailed round South America, discovered the southwest passage and circumnavigated the globe, . 26 1524. Verrazani explored the coast of North America, . 80 1528. Narvaez explored part of Florida, 27 1534-35. Cartier discovered Gulf of St. Lawrence and ascended the river to Montreal, 1539-41. De Soto rambled over the southern States and in 1541 discovered Mississippi River 27 1540-42. Cabrillo explored California and sailed along the Pa- cific Coast, ......... 29 1541-42. Roberval attempted to plant a colony on the St. Law- rence, but failed, , 30 1562. Ribaut attempted to plant a Huguenot colony at Port Royal, but failed, 31 1564. Laudonniere attempted to plant another Huguenot col- ony on St. John's River. It was destroyed by the Spaniards, 31 1565. Melendez founded a colony at St. Augustine, Florida ; first permanent settlement in the United States, . 29 1576-7. Frobisher tried to find a northwest passage ; entered Baffin's Bay, and twice attempted to found a colony in Labrador, but failed, ... 34 1578-80. Drake sailed along Pacific Coast to Oregon ; wintered in San Francisco, and circumnavigated the globe, . 35 1582. Espejo founded Santa Fe ; second oldest town in the United States, 29 1583. Gilbert attempted to reach the continent, but was lost at sea, 36 158b-7. Raleigh twice attempted to plant a colony in Virginia, but failed, 36 1602. Gosnold discovered Cape Cod, May 14, .. . 38 !-.i UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1605. PAGE 1605. De Monts established a colony at Port Royal, Xova Scotia ; first permanent French settlement in America, 32 1607. The English settled Jamestown ; first permanent Eng- lish settlement in America, May 23, . . . .38 1608. Cliamplain planted a colony at Quebec ; first permanent French settlement in Canada, ..... 32 1609. Hudson discovered Hudson Eiver, 39 Champlain discovered Lake Cliamplain, ... 33 1613. Settlement of New York by the Dutch, .... 39 1620. Puritans settled at Plymouth ; first English settlement in Xew England, December 21, 40 DEVELOPMENT OF TFjE EN JLISIj COLONIES. Prom 1S07 the Pounding of Jamestown, To 1775 the Breaking out of the Revolution. HIS Epoch traces the early history of the thirteen colonies Virginia, Massa- - chusetts, Delaware, Maryland, New = Jersey, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, North Carolina, New J York, Ehode Island, New Hampshire, [ and Georgia. The Cavaliers land in | Virginia, and the Puritans hi Massa- chusetts. Immigration increases and the settlements multiply along the whole coast. The colonies, however, still have little history in common. Each by itself struggles with the wilderness, con- tends with the Indian, and develops the principles of liberty. Questions on Ike Geoff raphy of the Second Epoch Locate Jamestown. Salem. Charlestown. Boston. Cambridge, t? vanzey. Providence. Bristol. Hadley. Hatfleld. Portsmouth. Dover. Hartfi d. Wethersfleld. New Haven. Windsor. Saybrook. New York. Albany. Schenectady. Elizabethtown. Wilmington. Philadelphia. St. Mary's. Edenton. Charleston. Savannah. Haverhill. Deerfield. St. Augustine. Quebec. Louisburg. Locate Fort Venango. Oswego. Presque Isle. Fort Le Boeuf. Crown Point Fort Ticonderoga. Fort Niagara. Fort duQuesne. Fort William Henry. Fort Edward. Describe the Ohio River. Monongahela River. French Creek. Chowan River. Ashley River. Cooper River. River St. John. Chickahominy River. Potomac River. James River. Hudson River. Connecticut River. Mohawk River. Dela- ware River. Keanebec River. Penobscot River. Mystic River. Miami River. St. Lawrence River. Blackstone River. Locate Manhattan Island. AUeghany Mountains. Cape Breton. Massachusetts Bay. Albemarle Sound. Chesapeake Bay. 4(3 UNITED STATES HISTORY. VIRGINIA. The Character of the colonists was poorly adapted to en- dure the hardships incident to a settlement in a new coun- try. They were mostly gentlemen by birth, unused to labor. They had no families, and came out in search of wealth or adventure, expecting, when rich, to return to England. The climate was unhealthy, and before the first autumn half of their number had perished. John Smith* alone saved the colony from ruin. First as member of the council, and afterward as president, his services were invaluable. He persuaded the settlers to erect a fort and build log huts for the winter. He made long voyages., care- fully exploring Chesapeake Bay, securing the friendship of the Indians, and bringing back boat-loads of supplies. He trained * Captain John Smith was born to adventure. While yet a boy he left his home in Lincolnshire, England, to engage in Holland wars. After four years' service be built him a lodge of boughs in a forest, where for awhile he hunted, rode, and studied military tactics. Nest we hear of him on his way to fight the Turks. Before reach- ing France he is robbed, and only escapes death from want by begging alms. Em- barking for Italy, a fearful storm arises, and he, being a heretic, is deemed the cause, and is thrown overboard. But he is not to die yet. He swims to land. Arrived at his destination, three Turks, to "please the ladies," having dared to combat as many Christians, Smith undertakes the job and kills them all. Taken prisoner in battle, he is sold as a slave. He is stripped, head and beard shaved, and an iron ring put on his neck. Killing his master at an opportune moment, he hides the body, arrays himself in its clothing, and mounting a horse, spurs his way to a Russian camp. Arrived in England, he embarks for the new world. The leaders being jeal- ous of him. be lands with the colony as a prisoner, but soon becomes its president. His spirited fortunes do not desert him. Now a certain fish inflicts a dangerous wound. His grave is dug, but he is not ready. He finds an antidote and lives to eat part of the same fish with great relish. Now he is poisoned, but overcomes the dose and severely beats the poisoner. Then his party of fifteen is attacked by Ope- chancanough (Op-e-kan-ka-no), brother and successor of Powhatan, with seven hundred warriors. Smith drags the old chief by his long hair into the midst of the Indian braves, who, tmazed at such audacity, immediately surrender He is shock ingly burned on a boat by the explosion of a basr of powder at his side : leapine into the water he barely escapes death by drowning. These and many other wonderful exploits he published in a book after returning to England. Many of them are doubtless imaginary. Even that relating to Pocahontas ha? been discredited. How- ever, the value of his service to the Virginian colony is unquestioned. Of his last year* we know little. He died in London, 1031. EPOCH 11. the tender gentlemen till they learned how to swing the axe in the forest. He declared that " he who would not work, might not eat." He taught them that industry and self-reli- ance are the surest guarantees to fortune. Smith's Adventures were of the most romantic character. In one of his expeditions up the Chickahominy* he was taken SMITH SHOWING HIS COMPASS TO THE INDIANS. prisoner by the Indians. With singular coolness he imme- diately attempted to interest his captors by explaining the use of his pocket compass and the motions of the moon and stars. At last they permitted him to write a letter to Jamestown. When they found that this informed his friends of his misfor- * This was undertaken by the express order of the company, to seek a passage to the Pacific Ocean, and thus to India. Captain Newport, before his return to England, made a trip up the James River for the same purpose, but on reaching the falls con- cluded that the way to India did not lie in that direction. These attempts, which seem so preposterous to us now, show what inadequate ideas then prevailed con- cerning the size of this continent. 48 UNITED STATES II I S T O li V . [1607. tune, they were filled with astonishment.* They could not understand by what magical art he could make a few marks on paper express his thoughts. They considered him a being of a superior order, and treated him with the utmost respect, He was carried from one tribe to another, f and at last brought to the great chief, Powhatan, by whom he was condemned to die. His head was laid on a stone, and the huge war club of the Indian executioner was -raised to strike the fatal blow. Suddenly Pocahontas, the young daughter of the chief, who had already become attached to the prisoner, threw herself upon his neck and pleaded for his pardon. The favorite of the tribe was given her desire. Smith was released, and soon sent home with promises of friendship. His little protector was often thereafter to be seen going to Jamestown with bas- kets of corn for the white men. A Second Charter was now obtained by the company (1609). This vested the authority in a governor instead of a local council. The colonists were not consulted with regard to the change, nor did the charter guarantee to them any rights. The "Starving Time." Unfortunately, Smith was dis- abled by a severe wound and compelled to return to England. His influence being removed, the settlers became a prey to disease and famine. Some were killed by the Indians. Some, in their despair, seized a boat and became pirates. The winter of 1G09-10 was long known as the Starving Time. In six months they Avere reduced from 490 to GO. At last they de- termined to flee from the wretched place. " None dropped a tear, for none had enjoyed one day of happiness." The next * As another evidence of the simplicity of the Indians, it is said that having seized a quantity of gunpowder belonging to the colonists they planted it for seed, expect- ing to reap a full harvest of ammunition for the next contest. t His route was over the peninsula, since rendered so famous by MeClellan's campaign. 1G10.J EPOCH II. 49 morning, as they slowly moved down with the tide, to their great joy they met their new governor, Lord Delaware, with abundant supplies and a company of emigrants. All returned to the homes they had just deserted, and Jamestown colony was once more rescued from ruin. The Third Charter. Up to this ti-me the colony had proved a failure and was publicly ridiculed in London. To quiet the outcry the charter was changed (1612). The coun- cil in London was abolished, and the stockholders were given power to regulate the affairs of the company themselves. The Marriage of Pocahontas. The little Indian girl had now (1613) grown to womanhood. John Kolfe, a young English planter, had won her love and wished to marry her. In the little church at Jamestown, rough almost as an Indian's wigwam, she received Christian baptism, and, in broken Eng- lish, stammered the marriage vows according to the service of the Church of England. Three years after, with her husband, she visited London. The childlike simplicity and winning grace of Lady Eebecca, as she was called, attracted universal admiration. She was introduced at court and received every mark of attention. As she was about to return to her native land with her husband and infant son,* she suddenly died. First Colonial Assembly. Governor Yeardley (yard'-le) believed that the colonists should have " a hande in the gov- erning of themselves." He accordingly called at Jamestown, June 28, 1619, the first legislative body that ever assembled in America. It consisted of the governor, council, and deputies, or " burgesses," as they were called, chosen from the various plantations, or " boroughs." Its laws had to be ratified by the * This son became a man of wealth and distinction. Many of the leading families of Virginia have been proud to say that the blood of Pocahontas coursed through their veins. 3 50 UNITED STATES II I S T It Y . [1019. company in England, but, in turn, the orders from London were not binding unless ratified by the colonial assembly. These privileges were afterward (1621) embodied in a written constitution the first of the kind in America. A mea:ure of freedom was thus granted the young colony, and James- town became a nursery of liberty. Prosperity of the Colony. The old famine troubles had now all passed. The attempt to work in common had been given up, and ea?h man tilled his own land and had the avails. Tobacco was an article of export. The colonists raised it so eagerly that at one time even the streets of James- town were planted with it. Gold hunting had ceased,* and many of the former servants of the company owned plantations. Set- tlements lined both banks of the James for 140 miles. Best of all, young women of good character were brought over by the company. These sold readily as wives to the settlers. The price was fixed at t je cost of the passage 100 pounds of tobacco but they were in such demand that it soon went up to 150 pounds. Domestic ties were formed. The colonists, having homes, now became Virginians. All freemen had the right to vote. Religious toleration was enjoyed. Virginia became almost an independent republic. Slavery Introduced. In 1620f the captain of a Dutch trading vessel sold to the colonists twenty negroes.^ They were employed in cultivating tobacco. As their labor was found profitable, larger numbers were afterward imported. Indian. Troubles. After the death of Powhatan, the firm * In the early life of this colony, particles of mica glittering in the brook were mistaken for gold dust. " There was no talk, no hope, hnt dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold." Newport carried to England a shipload of the worthless stuff. Smith remonstrated in vain against this folly. t Some authorities state that this occurred in 1619, or the year before the Pilgrims landed in Massachusetts. (See p. 53.) J From this circumstance, small as it seemed at the time, the most momentous consequences ensued, consequences that, long after, rent the republic with strife, lud moistened it with blood. 1622.] EPOCH II. 51 friend of the English, the Indians formed a plan for the exter- mination of the colony. So secretly was this managed that on the very morning of the massacre (March 22, 1622) they visited the houses and sat at the tables of those whose murder they were plotting. At a preconcerted moment they attacked the colonists at all their widely scattered plantations. Over three hundred men, women and children fell at one stroke. Fortunately, a converted Indian had informed a friend whom he wished to save, and thus Jamestown and the settlements near by were prepared. A merciless war ensued, during which the colony was reduced from 4,000 to 2,500, but the Indians were so severely punished that they remained quiet for twenty years. Then came a fearful massacre of five hundred set- tlers (1644), which ended in the natives being expelled from the region. Virginia a Royal Province. The majority of the stock- holders gladly granted to the infant colony those rights for which they were struggling at home. King James, becoming jealous of the company because of its patriotic sentiments, took away the charter (1624) and made Virginia a royal province. Hence- forth the king appointed the governor and council, though the colony still retained its assembly. A Period of Oppression. The British Parliament en- forced the Navigation Act (1660), which ordered that the com- merce of the colony should be carried on in English vessels, and that their tobacco should be shipped to England. Besides this, their own assembly was composed mainly of royalists, who levied exorbitant taxes, refused to go out of office when their term had expired, fixed their own salary at 250 pounds of tobacco per day, restricted the right of voting to "freeholders and housekeepers," and imposed on Quakers a monthly fine of one hundred dollars for absence from worship in the 52 UXITEDSTATESHISTOKY. [1G60. English Church. Two parties* gradually sprung up in their midst ; one, the aristocratic party, was composed of the rich planters and the officeholders in the colony; the other 'comprised the liberty-loving portion of the people who felt themselves deprived of their political rights. Bacon's Rebellion. These difficulties came to a crisis in 1676, when Governor Berkeley failed to sufficiently provide for the defence of the settlements against the Indians. At this juncture, Nathaniel Bacon, a patriotic young lawyer, rallied a company, defeated the Indians, and then turned to meet the governor, who had denounced him as a traitor. During the contest which followed, Berkeley was driven out of Jamestown and the village itself hurned.f In the midst of this success, Bacon died.J No leader could he found worthy to take his place, and the people dispersed. Berkeley revenged himself with terriHe severity. " The old fool," said Charles II., on * It is a curious feet, iflustrating the sentiments of the authorities in Virginia and Massachusetts at that day, that the royalists who fled from England in Cromwell's time took refuge in ^ 7 irginia, and were there most hospitably entertained, while the " regicides," as they were called, i. e., the judges who had condemned Charles I., fled to Massachusetts and were there concealed from their pursuers. t Going up the James river, just before reaching City Point, one sees on the right- hand bank the ruins of an old church. The crumbling tower, with its arched door- ways, is almost hidden by the profusion of shrubbery which surrounds it. Its moss- covered walls, entwined with ivy planted by hands which, generations since, have crumbled into dust, look desolately out upon the old churchyard at its back. Here, pushing aside the rank vines and tangled bushes which conceal them, one finds a few weather-beaten tombstones. A huge bnttonwood tree, taking root below, has burst apart one of these old slabs, and now, with its many fellows, spreads its lofty branches high over the solitary dead. And this is all that remains of that Jamestown whose struggles we have here recorded. i This happened a century before the Declaration of Independence. It ended a rebellion which seemed to promise the advancement of civil liberty. The governor who succeeded ruled with arbitrary authority and greedy rapacity. Yet these agita- tions served to sunder the ties which bound the colony to the mother country, and to implant the love of liberty. " On the spot where Drnmmond. one of Bacon'? follow- ers, was martyred, Cornwallis surrendered to Washington " In spite of all evil in- fluences, the colony increased rapidly in population and wealth. In 1C88 it num- bered 60,000, and exported 25,000 hogsheads of tobacco, on which the English gov- ernment levied a duty of nearly $700,000. The pioneer settlers had given place to a hardier and better class of men men who loved freedom and sought to establish It on a firm basis. i620.] EPOCH II. 53 hearing of the facts, "has taken more lives in that naked country than I did for the murder of my father." MASSACHUSETTS. The Plymouth Company attempted several times to explore and settle North Virginia, but Captain John Smith, already so famous in Southern Virginia, made the only success- ful voyage. He examined the coast from Penobscot to Cape Cod, drew a map of it, and called the country NEW ENGLAND. The company, stirred to more vigorous action by Smith's glowing accounts, obtained a new patent (1620) under the name of the COUNCIL OF NEW ENGLAND. This authorized them to make settlements and laws, and to carry on a trade over a vast region of territory reaching from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and comprising over a million square miles. New England, however, was destined to be settled with no consent of king or council. PLYMOUTH COLONY. Settlement Landing of the Pilgrims* One stormy day in December, 1620, the Mayflower, with a band of a hun- * They were called Pilgrims because of their wanderings. They belonged to a body of Christians in England who had Buffered severe persecutions for their religious opinions. About seventy years before this time the state religion of England had been changed from Catholic to Protestant ; but a large number of the clergy and people were dissatisfied with what they thought to be a half-way policy on the part of the new church, and called for a more complete purification from old observances and doctrines. For this, they were called Puritans. Instead of complying with their wishes, the government passed laws making it a crime for any clergyman to conduct worship in any other than the prescribed man- ner. Those who would not conform to these requirements were deprived of their salaries and shut out from the churches. Being thus forced to worship elsewhere, the non-conformists met in houses, barns, and other retreats. This brought upon them increased persecution. Many were imprisoned and some executed. Finally 54 UNITED STATE? HISTORY. [1020 dred pilgrims, came to anchor in Cape Cod harbor. The little company, gathering in the cabin, drew up a compact, in which they agreed to enact just and equal laws, which all should obey. One of their exploring parties landed at Ply- mouth,* as it was called on Smith's chart, December 21.f Finding the location suitable for a settlement, they all came ashore, and amid a storm of snow and sleet commenced build- ing their rude huts. The Character of the Puritan settlers was weh 1 suited to the rugged, stormy land which they sought to subdue. They had come into the wilderness with their families in search of a home where they could educate their children and worship God as they pleased. They were earnest, sober- minded men, actuated in all things by deep religious prin- ciple, and never disloyal to their convictions of duty. Their Sufferings during the winter were severe. At one tune there were only seven well persons to take care of the sick. More than half their number died. When spring came there were many graves, yet not one of the company thought of returning to England. they began to form separate churches, each choosing its own pastor. From this, they were called Separatists and Independents. One of these little churches was established in the village of Scrooby. in the east of England. Not being allowed to worship in peace, in 1608 they fled to Holland, where they lived twelve years. But evil influences still surrounded their children, and they lorged for a land where they might worship God in their own way and save their families from worldly follies. America offered such a home. They came, resolved to brave and endure every danger and hardship, trusting to God to shape their destinies. * The little shallop sent from the Mayflower to reconnoitre before Ending, after losing rudder, mast, and sail, brings to in a furious storm of rain and sleet on Satur- day night. Morning dawns. Time is precious. Their companions wait in suspense. The Sabbath, however, must be observed. Cold and wet and weak, with their clothes >ozen stiff with the spray of the sea, they carefully dismiss all earthly thoughts, and spend the time in sacred devotion. We need not wonder that the influence of such a people has been felt throughout the land. The day, December 21, and the rock, " Forefathers' Rock," on which they first stepped, have been held by posterity in grateful remembrance. tThis was December 11, Old Styk. In 1752 the British Parliament retrenched eleven days in September, making the 3d of that month pass for the 14th. This was done in order to correct an error growing out of the imperfect calendar which wa* then used. Historians, when mentioning dates of events prior to that time, give them sometimes Old Style and sometimes New S^yle. 1621J EPOCH II. 55 The Indians, fortunately, did not disturb them. A. pesti- lence had destroyed the tribe inhabiting the place where they landed. They were startled, however, one day in early spring by a voice in their village crying in broken English, " Wel- come, Englishmen." It was the salutation of Sam'-o-set, an Indian whose chief, Mas-sa-soit, soon after visited them. The treaty then made lasted for fifty years. Ca-non'-i-cus, a Nar- raganset chief, once sent a bundle of arrows, wrapped in a rat- tlesnake skin, as a token of defiance. Governor Bradford re- turned the skin filled with powder and shot. This signifi- cant hint was effectual. The Progress of the Colony was slow indeed. The harvest proved a failure. At one time the colonists had only a pint of corn,, which being divided, gave them five kernels 56 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1623 apiece. Oftentimes clams were their only food.* After four years they numbered only 184. The plan of "working in com- mon haying failed here as at Jamestown, land was assigned to each settler. Abundance ensued. The colony was never organized by royal charter ; therefore they elected their own governor, and made their own laws. It was ten years after their coming before they obtained from the Council for New England a grant of the land which they occupied. MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY. Settlement. John Endicott and five associates having obtained a grant of land about Massachusetts Bay, also secured (1629) a royal charter giving authority to make laws and govern the territory. The same year this company transferred all then- rights to the colony. It was a most popular measure, and many prominent Puritan families nocked to this land of liberty. Some gathered around Governor Endicott, who had already started Salem and Charlestown, some established colonies at Dorchester and Watertown, and one thousand un- der Governor Winthrop founded Boston (1630). Religious Disturbances. The people of Massachusetts Bay were Puritans, but not Separatists, in England. Having come to America to establish a Puritan church, they were unwilling to receive persons holding opinions differing from their own, lest their purpose should be defeated. They ac- cordingly sent back to England those who persisted in using the forms of the Established Church, and allowed only mem- bers of their own church to vote in civil affairs. Roger Williams, an eloquent and pious young minister, taught that each person should think for himself in all re- * As an illustration of their pious content, it is said that at a social dinner consist- ing only of clams, the devout host returned thanks to God who " had given them to suck the abundance of the seas, and of the treasures hid in the sands." 1635.J EPOCH II. 57 ligious matters, and be responsible to his own conscience alone. He declared that the magistrates had, therefore, no right to punish blasphemy, perjury, or Sabbath-breaking. The clergy and magistrates were alarmed at what they con- sidered a doctrine dangerous to the peace of the colony, and he was ordered (1635) to be sent to England. It was the depth of winter, yet he fled to the forest and found refuge among the Indians. The next year, Canonicus, the Narra- ganset sachem, gave him land to found a settlement, which he gratefully named Providence. Mrs. Anne Htttchinson, during the same year, aroused most violent and bitter controversy. She claimed to be favored with special revelations of God's will These she expounded to crowded congregations of women, greatly to the scandal of the clergy and people. Finally she also was banished. The Quakers, about twenty years after these summary measures, created fresh trouble by their peculiar views. They were fined, whipped, imprisoned, and sent out of the colony. Yot they constantly returned, glorying in their sufferings. At last four were executed. The people beginning to consider them as martyrs, the persecution gradually relaxed. A Union of the Colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Ply- mouth, New Haven, and Connecticut, was formed (1643) under the title of THE UNITED COLONIES OF NEW EXG- LAND. This was a famous league in colonial times. The object was a common protection against the Indians and the encroachments of the Dutch and French settlers. King Philip's "War. During the life of Massasoit, Plymouth enjoyed peace with the Indians, as did Jamestown during that of Powhatan. After Massasoif s death, his son, Philip, brooded with jealous eye over the encroachments of 58 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1675 the whites.* "With profound sagacity he planned a confed- eration of the Indian tribes against the intruders. The first blow fell on the people of Swanzey as they were quietly going home from church on Sunday (July 14, 1675). The settlers flew to arms, but Philip escaped and soon fell upon the settlements high up the Connecticut valley.f He was every- v.-here present, rousing the Indians by his burning eloquence. The colonists fortified their houses with pali- cades, carried their arms with them into the fields when at work, and stacked them at the door when at church. "Worst- e( ^ ^ a ft" 118 attack on Hatfield, Philip fled A FORTIFIED HOUSE. * back to Ehode Island, where the Narraganset Indians gave him shelter. The sav- ages had here gathered then- winter's provisions, and forti- fied themselves in the midst of an almost inaccessible swamp. Fifteen hundred of the colonists attacked them in this stronghold. The wi'nvams and stores were burned, and one * King Philip lived on Mt. Hope, near Bristol, R. I. t At Hadley the Indians surprised the people on Fast day, June 12, 1676. Seizing their muskets at the sound of the savage war-whoop, the men rushed out of the meeting-house to fall into line. But the foe was on every side. Confused and be- wildered, the settlers seemed about to give way, when suddenly a strange old man with long white beard and ancient garb appeared among them. Ringing out a quick, sharp word of command, he recalled them to their senses. Following their myste- rious leader, they drove the enemy headlong before them. The danger passed, they looked around for their deliverer. But he had disappeared as mysteriously as he had come. The good people believed that God had sent an angel to their rescue. Bpt history reveals the secret. It was the regicide Colonel Goffe, Fleeing from the vengeance of Charles II., with a price set upon his head, he had for years wandered about, living in mills, clefts of rocks, and forest caves. At last he had found an asylum with the Hadley minister. From his window he had seen the stealthy Indians coming down the hill. Fired with desire to do one more good deed for God's people, he rushed from his hiding-place, led them on to victory, and then returned to his retreat, never more to reappear. 1676.] EPOCH II. 59 thousand warriors perished. Philip escaped. In the spring the war broke out anew along a frontier of three hundred miles, and to within twenty miles of Boston. Nowhere fight- ing in the open field, but by ambuscade and skulking, the Indians kept the whole country in terror. Driven to desperation by their ' atrocities, the settlers hunted down the savages like wild beasts. Philip was chased from one hiding- place to another. His family was captured. At last he fled to his old home on Mi Hope, where he was shot by a faithless Indian. New England a Royal Province. The Navigation Act, which we have seen so unpopular in Virginia, was ex- ceedingly oppressive on Massachusetts, which possessed a thriv- ing commerce.* In spite of the decree the colony opened a trade with the West Indies. The royalists in England de- termined that this bold republican spirit should be quelled. An English officer attempting to enforce the Navigation Act was compelled to return home. Charles II. eagerly seized upon the excuse thus offered, and made Massachusetts a royal province. The king died before his plan was com- pleted, but James II. (1686) declared the charters of all the New England colonies forfeited, and sent over Sir Edmund Audros, first royal governor of New England. He carried things with a high hand. The colonies endured his oppres- sion for three years, when, learning that his royal master was dethroned, they rose against their petty tyrant and put him in jail. With true Puritan sobriety they then quietly resumed their old form of .-government. This lasted for three years, when Sir William Phipps came as royal gov- ernor over a province embracing Massachusetts, Maine, and Nova Scotia. From this time till the Eevolution, Massachu- setts remained a royal province. * The Boston colony built a ship the first year after its settlement. 60 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1602; Salem Witchcraft (1092). A strange delusion known as the Salem witchcraft,* produced the most intense excite- ment. The children of Mr. Parris, a minister near Salem, performed pranks which could only be explained by supposing that they were under Satanic influence. Every effort was made to discover who had bewitched them. An Indian ser- vant was flogged until she admitted herself to be guilty. Soon others were affected. The terrible mania spread. Com- mittees of examination were appointed and courts of trial con- vened. The most improbable stories were credited. To ex- press a doubt of witchcraft was to indicate one's own alliance with the evil spirit. Persons of the highest respectability, clergymen, magistrates, and even the governor's wife were im- plicated. At last, after fifty-five persons had been tortured and twenty himg, the people awoke to their folly. MAINE AND NEW HAMPSHIRE. These Colonies were so intimately united with Massa- chusetts that they have almost a common history. Gorges (gor-jez) and Mason, about two years after the landing of the Pilgrims, obtained from the Council for New England the grant of a large tract of land which lay between the Mer- A belief in witchcraft was at that time universal. Sir Matthew Hale, one of the most enlightened judges of England, repeatedly tried and condemned persons accused of witchcraft. Blackstone himself, at a later day, declared that to deny witchcraft was to deny Revelation. Cotton Mather, the most prominent minister of the colony, was active in the rooting out of this supposed crime. He published a book full of the most ridiculous witch stories. One judge, who engaged in this per- secution, was afterward so deeply penitent that he observed a day of fasting in each year, and on the day of general fast rose in his place in the Old South Church at Bostou, and in the presence of the congregation handed to the pulpit a written con- fession acknowledging his error, and praying for forgiveness. 1622.] EPOCH II. 61 rimac and Kennebec Elvers. They established some small fishing stations near Portsmouth and at Dover. This patent being afterward dissolved, Mason took the country lying west of the Piscataqua, and named it New Hampshire ; Gorges took that lying east, and termed it the province of Maine.* Massachusetts, however, claimed this territory, and to secure it paid six thousand dollars to the heirs of Gorges. Maine was not separated from Massachusetts till 1820. The feeble settlements of New Hampshire also placed tnemselves under the protection of Massachusetts, " Three times, either by their own consent or by royal authority, they were joined in one colony, and as often separated," until 1741, when New Hampshire became a royal province, and so remained until the Revolution. CONNECTICUT. Settlement About eleven years after the landing of the Pilgrims, Lord Say-and-Seal, and Lord Brooke, ob- tained from the council for New England a grant of the territory now embraced in Connecticuif The Dutch, how- ever, claimed the valley of the Connecticut, and before the English proprietors could take possession, had built a fort at Hartford, and commenced traffic with the Indians. Some traders from Plymouth sailing up the river were stopped by * To distinguish it from the islands along the coast, this country had heen called the Mayne (main) land, which perhaps gave rise to its present name. New Hamp- shire was so called from Hampshire in England, Mason's home. The settlers of New Hampshire were long vexed with suits brought hy the men in whose hands Mason's grant had fallen. t This State is named from its principal river Connecticut being the Indian word for Long River. 62 UXITED STATES HISTOEY. [1633. the Dutch, who threatened to fire upon them. But they kept on and established a post at Windsor (wiu'-zer). Many people from Boston, allured by the rich meadow lands, settled near. In the autumn of 1635, John Steele, one of the proprie- tors of Cambridge, led a pioneer company " out west," as it was then called, and laid the foundations of Hartford. The next year the main band, with their pastor Thomas Hooker, a most eloquent and estimable man came, driving their flocks before them through the wilderness. In the meantime John Winthrop* established a fort at the mouth of the river, and thus shut out the Dutch. This colony, in honor of the proprietors, was named Saybrook. The Pequod. War. The colonists had no sooner be- come settled in their new home than the Pequod Indians endeavored to persuade the Karragansets to join in a gen- eral attack upon the whites. Eoger Williams hearing of this, and forgetting all the injuries he had received, set out in his canoe on a stormy night for the Indian village. Though the Pequod messengers were present, he prevailed upon the old Narraganset chief to remain at home. So the Pequods lost their ally and were forced to fight alone. They commenced by murdering thirty colonists. Captain Mason, therefore, resolved to attack their stronghold on the Mystic Eiver. His party approached the fort at daybreak (June 4, 1637). Aroused by the barking of a dog, the sleepy sentinel shouted " Owanux ! Owanux ! " (the Englishmen !) but it was too late. The troops were already within the palisades. The Indians, rallying, made a fierce resistance, when Captain Mason, * John Winthrop appear? in history without blemish. Highly educated and accomplished, he was no less upridrt and generous. In the bloom of life, he left all his brilliant prospects in the old world to follow the fortunes of the new. When his father had made himself poor in nurturing the Massachusetts colony, this r.oble son gave up voluntarily his own large inheritance to "further the good work " It was throush his personal influence and popularity at court that the liberal charter \vas procured from Charles II. which guaranteed freedom to Connecticut. 1637.] EPOCH II. 63 seizing a firebrand, hurled it among the wigwams. The flames quickly swept through the encampment The Eng- lish themselves barely escaped. The few Indians who fled to the swamps were hunted down. The tribe perished in a day. The Three Colonies. 1. The New Haven Colony was founded (1638) by a number of wealthy London families. They took the Bible for law, and only church members could vote. 2. The Connecticut Colony, proper, comprising Hart- ford, Wethersfield and Windsor, adopted a written constitu- tion in which it was agreed to give the right to vote to all free- men. This was the first instance in all history of a written constitution framed ly the people. 3. The SaybrooTc Colony was at first governed by the proprietors, but was after- ward sold to the Connecticut colony. This reduced the three colonies to two. A Royal Charter was obtained (1662) which combined both these colonies and guaranteed to all the rights which the Connecticut colonists had agreed upon. This was a most precious document, since it gave them almost independence, and was the most favorable yet granted to any colony. Twenty-four years after, Governor Andros march- ing from Boston Over the THE CHARTER OAK. route where the pious Hooker had led his little flock- fifty 'years before, came "glittering with scarlet arid lace " into the assembly at Hartford, and demanded the charter. A pro- tracted debate ensued. The people crowded around to take a last look at this guarantee of their liberties, when suddenly the lights were extinguished. On being relighted, the charter C4 UNITED STATES HISTOET. [1687, was gone. William Wadsworth had seized it, escaped through the crowd arid hidden it in the hollow of a tree, famous ever after as the Charter Oak. However, Andros pronounced the charter government at an end, and wrote "Finis" at the close of the minutes of their last meeting. "When the gov- ernor was so summarily deposed in Boston the people brought the charter from its hiding-place, the general court reassem- bled, and the " finis " disappeared.* RHODE ISLAND. Settlement. Eoger Williamsf settled Providence Planta- tion hi 1636, the year in which Hooker came to Hartford. Other exiles from Massachusetts followed,J among them the celebrated Mrs. Hutchinson. A party of these purchased the island of Aquiday and established the Khode Island Plan- tation. Koger Williams stamped upon these colonies his * Another attempt to infringe upon charter rights occurred in 1693. Governor Fletcher ordered the militia placed under his own command. Having called them out to listen to his royal commission, he began to read. Immediately Captain Wads- worth ordered the drums to be beaten. Fletcher commanded silence, and began again. "Drum, drum!" cried Wadsworth. " Silence 1" shouted the governor. "Drum, drum, I say!" repeated the captain; and then turning to Fletcher, with a meaning look, he added : " If I am interrupted again I will make the sun shine through you in a moment." The governor concluded not to press the matter. t Williams was not the first European who had lived within the limits of Rhode Island, although he was really the founder of that State. William Blackstone, being as dissatisfied with the yoke of the "lords brethren" in Boston as with that of the " lords bishops" in England, had some time before removed to the banks of what is now caned the Blackstone, near the present site of Providence. However, he had no in- tention of founding a new colony, and acknowledged the jurisdiction of Massa- chusetts. $ Persecuted refugees from all quarters nocked to Providence: and Williams shared ennally with all the lands he had obtained, reserving to himself only two small fields which, on his first arrival, he had planted with his own hands. An island of a reddish appearance was observed lying in the bay. This was known to the Dutch as Roode or Red Island. Hence the name of the island and State of Rhode Island. Brodhead. 1638.] EPOCH II. 65 favorite idea of religious toleration, i. e., that the civil power has no right to interfere with the religious opinions of men. A Charter. The colonists wished to join the New Eng- land Union, but were refused on the ostensible plea that they had no charter.* Williams accordingly visited England and obtained a charter uniting the two plantations. On his return the people met, elected their officers, and (1647) agreed on a set of laws guaranteeing freedom of faith and worship to all, "the first legal declaration of liberty of conscience ever adopted in Europe or America." NEW YORK. Settlement. Soon after the discovery of the Hudson, as previously described (p. 39), Dutch ships began to visit the river to traffic in furs with the Indians. Afterward the West India Company obtained a grant of New Netherland, and under its patronage permanent settlements were made at New Amsterdam! (1613) and Fort Orange (Albany). The company allowed persons who should plant a colony of fifty settlers to select and buy land of the Indians, which it was agreed should descend to their heirs forever. These persons were called " patroons " (patrons) of the manor. J The Four Dutch Governors. The history of New York * We say ostensible because Massachusetts showed her ill-will by refusing to al- low Rhode Island traders on her soil, and threatening to arrest them if they ven- tured across her line. She also compelled Williams, when he went to England, to go to New York, take a Dutch vessel, and sail via Holland, instead of shipping direct from Boston. + The island where New York city now stands was purchased of the Manhattan Indians for about $34. The Dutch called it New Amsterdam. i Some of these manors remain to this day. The famous "anti-rent" difficulties grew out of such titles. UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1G33. for twenty years is only an account of Indian butcheries, varied by difficulties with the Swedes on the Delaware, and the English on the Connecticut* These disturbances are monotonous enough in the recital, but doubtless thrilled the blood of the early Knickerbockers. Peter Stuyvesant was the last and ablest of the four Dutch governors. He agreed with Connecticut upon the boundary line, and taking an armed force THE ENGLISH LANDING AT NEW YORK, 1664. marched upon the Swedes, who at once submitted to him. But the old Governor hated democratic institutions, and was terribly vexed in this wise. There were some English in the colony, and they longed for the rights of self-government which the Connecticut people enjoyed. They kept demand- ing these privileges and talking of them to their Dutch neigh- bors. At this juncture an English fleet came to anchor in the * These disputes arose from the fact that the Dutch claimed the territory lying between the Delaware and the Connecticut. 1664.] EPOCH II. 67 harbor, and demanded the surrender of the town in the name of the Duke of York. Stout-hearted old Peter pleaded with his council to fight. But in vain. They rather liked the idea of English rule. The surrender was signed, and at last the reluctant governor attached his name. In September, 1664, the English flag floated over Manhattan Island. The colony was named New York in honor of the proprietor. The English Governors disappointed the people by not granting their coveted rights. A remonstrance against being taxed without representation was burned by the hangman. So that when, after nine years of English rule, a Dutch fleet appeared in the harbor, the people went back quietly under their old rulers. But the next year peace being restored be- tween England and Holland, New Amsterdam became New York again. Thus ended the Dutch rule in the colonies. Andros, who twelve years after played the tyrant in New Eng- land, was the next governor. He ruled so arbitrarily that he was called home. Under his successor, Dongan, there was a gleam of civil freedom. By permission of the Duke of York, he called an assembly of the representatives of the people. This was but transient, for two years after, when the Duke of York became James H., king of England, he forgot all hia promises, forbade legislative assemblies, prohibited printing- presses, and annexed the colony to New England. When, however, Andros was driven from Boston, Nicholson, his lieuten- ant and apt tool of tyranny in New York, fled at once. Cap- tain Leisler, supported by the democracy but bitterly opposed by the aristocracy, thereupon administered affairs very pru- dently until the arrival of Governor Slaughter (slaw-ter) who arrested him on the absurd charge of treason. Slaughter was unwilling to execute him, but Leister's enemies, at a dinner party, made the governor drunk, obtained his signa- 68 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1691. ture, and before he became sober enough to repent, Leisler was no more.* From this time till the Kevolution, the struggles of the peo- ple with the royal governors for their rights, developed the spirit of liberty and paved the way for that eventful crisis. NEW JERSEY. Settlement. The present State of New Jersey was em- braced in the territory of New Netherland, and the Dutch made settlements at several places near New York. Soon after New Netherland passed into the hands of the Duke of York, he gave the landf between the Hudson and Delaware to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. In 1664, a com- pany from Long Island and New England settled at Eliza- bethtown, which they named after Carteret's wife. This was the first permanent English settlement in the State. East and West Jersey. Lord Berkeley sold his share to some English Quakers. This part was called West Jersey. A company of Quakers soon settled at Burlington. Others followed, and thus West Jersey became a Quaker colony. Sir George Carteref s portion was called East Jersey. After * For many years the Atlantic Ocean was infested by pirates. A little after the events narrated above, William Kidd, a New York shipmaster, was sent out to cruise against these sea-robbers. He turned pirate himself and became the most noted of them all. Returning from his cruise he was at length captured while boldly walk- ing in the streets of Boston. He was carried to England, tried, and hung. His name and deeds have been woven into popular romance, and the song "My name is Cap- tain Kidd, as I sailed, as I sailed," is well known. He is believed to have buried his ill-gotten riches on the coast of Long Island or the banks of the Hudson, and these localities have been oftentimes searched by credulous persons seeking for Kidd's treasure. t This tract was called New Jersey in honor of Carteret, who had been governor of Jersey island in the English channel. 1682.] EPOCH II. 69 his death it was sold to William Penn and eleven other Quakers.* New Jersey United. Constant disputes arose out of the land titles. Among so many proprietors the tenants hardly knew from whom to obtain their titles for land. The proprietors finally (1702) surrendered their rights of govern- ment to the English crown, and the whole of New Jersey was united with New York under one governor, hut with a sepa- rate assembly. Thirty-six years after, at the earnest request of the people, New Jersey was set apart as a distinct royal province. PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE. Settlement. The first settlement in Delaware was made (1638) by the Swedes, on a tract of land which they called New Sweden, lying near Wilmington. They also made the first settlement in Pennsylvania, a few miles below Philadel- phia. The Dutch subsequently conquered these settlements, but they continued to prosper long after the Swedish and Dutch rule had yielded to the constantly growing English power. William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, was a cele- brated English Quaker, f He obtained from Charles II. a grant * It was settled, however, largely by Puritans and Scotch Presbyterians. The latter having refused to accept the English form of religion, had been bitterly perse- cuted. Fleeing their native country they found an asylum in this favored land. t The Quakers, avoiding unmeaning forms, aim to lead purely spiritual lives. Their usual worship is conducted in solemn silence, each soul for itself. They take no oath, make no compliments, remove not the hat to king or ruler, and " thee " and " thou '" both friend and foe. Every day is to them a holy day, and the Sabbath simply a day of rest We can readily see how this must have scandalized the Puritans. William Penn became a Quaker while in college at Oxford. Refusing to wear the 70 UNITED STATES HISTORY. of the land lying west of the Delaware. This tract Penn named Sylvania, but the king insisted upon calling it Penn- sylvania* (Penn's woods). The Duke of York added to this grant the present State of Delaware, which soon came to be termed the " Three lower counties on the Delaware." Penn wished to form a refuge for his Quaker brethren, who were bitterly persecuted in England. He at onca sent over large numbers, as many as two thousand in a single year. The next year he came himself. On his arrival he was received by the settlers with the greatest cordiality and respect Philadelphia Founded! The year following (1683) Penn purchased land of the Swedes and laid out a city which he named Philadelphia, signifying brotherly love. It was in the midst of the forest, and the startled deer bounded past the settler who came to survey his new home. Yet within a year it had one hundred houses ; in two years numbered over two thousand inhabitants; and in three years had gained more than Xew York had in half a century. The Great Law was a code agreed upon by the legisla- tive body .which Penn called from among the settlers soon after his arrival. It made faith in Christ a necessary qualifi- cation for voting and office-holding ; but also provided that no one believing in " Almighty God " should be molested in his religious views. The Quakers, having been persecuted customary student's surplice, he with others violently assaulted some fellow-students and stripped them of their robes. For this he was expelled. His father would not allow him to return home. Afterward relenting, he sent him to Paris, Cork, and other cities, to soften his Quaker peculiarities. After several unhapDy quarrels, his father proposed to overlook all else if he would only consent to doff his hat to the king, the Duke of York, and himself. Penn still refusing, he was again turned out of doors. He was several times imprisoned for his religions extremes. On the death of his father, to whom he had once more been reconciled, he became heir to quite a fortune. He took the territory which forma Pennsylvania in payment of a debt of 16.000 due his father from the crown. * Penn offered the secretary who drew up the charter twenty guineas to leave off the prefix "Penn." This request being denied, the king was appealed to, who com- manded it to be called Pennsylvania in honor of William Penn's father. 1683.] EPOCH II . themselves, did not celebrate their liberty by persecuting others. Penn, himself, surrendered the most of his power to the people. His highest ambition seemed to be to advance their interests. He often declared that if he knew anything more to make them happier, he would freely grant it. Penn's Treaty with the Indians* possesses a romantic interest. He met them un- der a large elm treef near Philadelphia. The savages were touched by his gentle words and kindly bearing. " We will live in love with William Penn and his chil- dren," said they, "as long as the sun and moon shall shine."J Penn's Return. Penn returned to England (1684) leaving the colony fairly established. His benevo- lent spirit shone forth in his parting words, "Dear friends, my love salutes yOU all.' STATUE OF PENN IN PHILADELPHIA. Delaware. The three lower counties on the Delaware * " We meet," said Penn, " on the broad pathway of good faith and good will ; no advantage shall be taken on either side, but all shall be openness and love. The friendship between you and me I will not compare to a chain ; for that the rains might rust or the falling tree might break. We are the same as if one man's body were to be divided into two parts ; we are all one flesh and blood." t This tree was carefully preserved until 1810, when it was blown down. A mon- ument now marks the spot. $ The simple-minded natives kept the history of this treaty by means of strings of wampum, and they would often count over the shells on a clean piece of bark and rehearse its provisions. "Ttwas the only treaty never sworn to, and the only ono never broken." On every band the Indians waged relentless war with the colonies, but they never shed a drop of Quaker blood. 72 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1G90. being greatly offended by the action of the council which Penn had left to govern in his absence, set up for themselves. Penn "sorrowfully" consented to their action, appointed a deputy governor over them, and afterward granted them an assembly. Pennsylvania and Delaware, however, remained under one governor until the Kevolution. Penn's Heirs after his death (1718) became proprietors of the nourishing colony he had established. It was ruled by deputies whom they appointed, until (1779) the State of Pennsylvania bought out their claims by the payment of about half a million of dollars. MARYLAND. Settlement. Lord Baltimore* [Cecil Calvert], a Catholic, was anxious to secure for the friends of his church a refuge from the persecutions which they were then suffering in England^ He accordingly obtained from King Charles a grant of land lying north of the Potomac. The first settle- ment was made (1634) by his brother at an Indian village which he called St. Mary's, near the mouth of the Potomac. The Charter was very different from that granted to Vir- * His father, George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, with this same design had attempted to plant a colony in Newfoundland. Bat failing on account of the sever- ity of the climate, he visited Virginia. Finding that the Catholics were there treated with great harshness, he returned to England, took out a grant of land, and bestowed upon it, in honor of the queen, Henrietta Maria, the name Maryland. Ere the patent had received the great seal of the king, Lord Baltimore died. His son, inherit- ing the father's noble and benevolent views, secured the grant himself, and carried out the philanthropic scheme. t It is curious to observe how largely this country was peopled in its earlier days bv refugees for religious faith. The Huguenots, the Puritans, the Quakers, the Presbyterians, the Catholics, the persecuted of every sect and creed, all flocked to this " home of the free." 1632.] EPOCH II. 73 ginia, since it gave to all freemen a voice in making the lavs. An Assembly, called in accordance with this provision, passed (1649) the celebrated Toleration Act, which secured to all Christians liberty to worship God according to the dictates of their own conscience. Maryland, like Khode Island,* became an asylum for the persecuted. Civil Wars. 1. Claylorruts Rebellion (1635). The Vir- ginia colony claimed that Lord Baltimore's grant covered ter- ritory belonging to them. Clayborne, a member of the Jamestown council, was especially obstinate in the matter. He had already established two trading posts hi Maryland, which he prepared to defend by force of arms. A bloody skirmish ensued, in which his party were beaten. He, him- self, had fled to Virginia, on the eve of battle, but being ac- cused of treason, he was sent to England for trial. He was, however, acquitted of this charge. Ten years afterward he came back, raised a rebellion, and drove Calvert, then governor of Maryland, out of the colony. The governor returned at last with a strong force, and Clayborne fled. This ended the contest 2. The Protestants and the Catholics. The Protestants, having obtained a majority hi the Assembly, made a most un- grateful use of their power. Quarreling with the proprietor and his hereditary rights, they assailed his religion, excluded Catholics from the Assembly, and even declared them outside the protection of the law. Civil war ensued. For years the victory alternated. At one time two governments, one Protes- tant, the other Catholic, were sustained. In 1691, Lord Balti- more was entirely deprived of his rights as proprietor, and Maryland became a royal province. The Church of England * Two years before, Rhode Island had passed an act protecting all kinds of re- I'rfons faith and worship. Maryland extended protection to all forms of Christianity alone. 74 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1691. was established, and the Catholics were again disfranchised in the very province they had planted. In 1715, the fourth Lord Baltimore recovered the government Religious toler- ation was again restored. Maryland remained under this administration until the Revolution. THE CAROLJNAS. Settlement. Lord Clarendon and several other noblemen obtained (1663) from Charles II.* a grant of a vast tract south, of Virginia, which was termed in honor of the king, Caro- lina, Two permanent settlements were soon made. 1. The Albemaiie\ Colony. This was a name given to a plantation which was already settled by people who had pushed through the wilderness from Virginia, A governor from their own number was appointed over them. They were then left in quiet to enjoy their liberties and forget the world. \ 2. The Carteret Colony was established (1670) by English emigrants. They first sailed into the well-known waters where Ribaut anchored and the fort of Carolina was erected so long before. Landing, they began a settlement on the banks of the Ashley, but afterward removed to the " ancient groves covered with yellow jessamine," which marked the site of the present city of Charleston. The growth of this colony was rapid from the first Thither came shiploads of Dutch from New York, dissatisfied with the English rule and attracted by the * This in Latin is Carolus IL t Both colonies were named after prominent proprietors of the grant. J Except when rent day came. Then they were called upon to pay a half-penny per acre to the English proprietors. 1682.] EPOCH II. 75 genial climate. The Huguenots (French Protestants), hunted from their homes, here found a southern welcome.* The Grand Model was a form of government for the colonies prepared by Lord Shaftesbury and the celebrated philosopher, John Locke. It was a magnificent scheme. It divided the wilderness into baronies and manors, with various orders of nobility. But the model was aristocratic, while the people were democratic. It granted no rights of self-govern- ment, while the settlers came into the wilderness for the love of liberty. This was not the soil on which vain titles and empty pomp could nourish. To make the Grand Model a success, it would have been necessary to transform the log-cabin into a baronial castle, and the independent settlers 'into armed retainers. The attempt to introduce it arousing the most violent opposition, it was at length abandoned. North and South Carolina Separated. The two colonies, the northern, or Albemarle, and the southern, or Carteret, being so remote from each other, had from the beginning separate governors, though they remained one province. There was constant friction between the settlers and the proprietors. The people were jealous. The pro- prietors were arbitrary. Eents, taxes, and rights were plenti- ful sources of irritation. Things kept on in this unsettled way until (1729) the discouraged proprietors ceded to the crown their right of government and seven-eighths of the soil. The two colonies were separated and remained royal provinces until the Revolution. * In Charleston alone there were at one time as many as 16,000 Huguenots. They added whole streets to the city. Their severe morality, marked charity, elegant manners and thrifty habits, made them a most desirable acquisition. They brought the mulberry and olive, and established magnificent plantations on the banks of the Cooper. They also introduced many choice varieties of pears, which still bear illus- trious Huguenot names. Their descendants are eminently honorable, and have borne a proud part in the establishment of our Republic. Of seven presidents who were at the head of the Congress of Philadelphia during the Revolution, three were of Huguenot parentage. 76 UNITED STATES HISTORY. GEORGIA. Settlement. In the same year in which Washington was born (1732), this last colony of the famous thirteen which were to fight for independence under him was planned. James Oglethorpe, a warm-hearted English officer, had con- ceived the idea of founding a refuge for debtors burdened by the severe laws of that time. He naturally turned to America, which was even then the home of the oppressed. George II. granted him " in trust for the poor " a tract of land which, in honor of the king, was called Georgia. Oglethorpe settled at Savannah in 1733.* A general interest was excited in England, and many charitable people gave liberally to pro- mote the enterprise. More emigrants followed,"including, as in the other colonies, many who sought religious or civil liberty.f The trustees limited the size of a man's farm, did not allow women to inherit land, and forbade the importation of rum,| or of slaves. These restrictions were irksome, and great discontent prevailed. At last the trustees, * He made peace with the Indians, conciliating them by presents and by his kindly disposition. One of the chiefs gave him in return a buffalo's skin with the head and feathers of an eagle painted on the inside of it. " The eagle," said the chief, " signifies swiftness ; and the buffalo strength. The English are swift as a bird to fly over the vast seas, and as strong as a beast before their enemies. The eagle's feathers are soft and signify love ; the buffalo's skin is warm and means pro- tection ; therefore love and protect our families." t The gentle Moravians and sturdy Scotch Highlanders were among the number, and proved a valuable acquisition to the colony. The former had fled hither from Austria, for " conscience' sake." Having founded a little colony among the pine forests of Georgia, they named it Ebenezer, taking as their motto " Hitherto hath the Lord helped us." When John Wesley, the founder of Methodism, came to America as a missionary with his brother Charles, they were greatly charmed with the fervent piety of this simple people. The celebrated George Whitfleld afterward founded an orphan asylum at Savannah, which he supported by contributions from the immense audiences which his wonderful eloquence attracted. On one occasion sixty thousand were gathered to hear him, and his open-air meetings were often attended by from twenty thousand to forty thousand people. t Rum was obtained In exchange for lumber In the West Indies. Hence this law prevented the trade and cut off a valuable source of profit. 1752.] EPOCHII. 77 wearied by the complaints of the colonists, surrendered their charter to the crown. Georgia remained a royal province till the Revolution. INTER-COLONIAL WARS. 1. KING WILLIAM'S WAR. )-1697.) Cause. War having broken out in Europe between Eng- land and France, their colonies in America took up the quarrel. The Indians of Canada and Maine aided the French, and the Iroquois (Five Nations of New York) assisted the English. Attacks upon the Colonists. War parties of the French and Indians coming down on their snow-shoes from Canada through the forest in the depth of winter, fell upon the exposed settlements of New York and New England. The most horrible barbarities were committed. Schenectady, unsuspecting and defenceless, was attacked at midnight. Men, women, and children were dragged from their beds and tomahawked. The few who escaped, half-naked, made their way through the snow of that fearful night to Albany.* * The histories of the time abomnd in thrilling stories of Indian adventure. One day in March, 1697, Haverhill, Mass., was attacked. Mr. Dustin was at work in the field. Hurrying to his house he brought out his seven children and bidding tnem " run ahead," he slowly retreated, keeping the Indians back with his gnn. He thus broaght off his little flock in safety. His wife, who was unable to escape with him, was dragged into captivity. The party who had captured Mrs. Dustin marched many days through the forest, and at length reached an island in the Merrimac. Here she resolved to escape. A white boy, who had been taken prisoner before, found out from his master, at Mrs. Dnstin's request, how to strike a blow that would produce instant death, and how to take off a scalp. Having learned these fact*, in the night 78 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1690. THE INDIAN ATTACK ON SCHENECTADY. Attacks by the Colonists. Aroused by these scenes of savage ferocity the colonists organized two expeditions, one under Governor Phipps of Massachusetts, against Port Royal, Acadia, and the other a combined land and naval attack on Canada, The former was successful, and secured, it is said, plunder enough to pay the expenses of the expedition. The latter was a disastrous failure. Peace. .The war lasted eight years. It was ended by the treaty of Ryswick (riz'-wik). Each party held the territory it liad at the beginning of the war. ehe awoke the boy and her nurse, and arranged their parts. The task was soon done. Seizing each a tomahawk they killed ten of the sleeping Indians ; only one escaped. Scalping the dead bodies in order to prove her story when she reached home, she hastened to the hank, where, finding a canoe, they descended the river and soon rejoined her family. 1702.] EPOCH II. 79 II. QUEEN ANNE'S WAR. (1702-1713.) Cause.' England declaring war against France and Spain, hostilities soon broke out between their colonies. The Five Nations had made a treaty with the French, and so took no part in the contest Their neutrality protected New York from invasion. The brunt of the war, therefore, fell on New England. Attacks upon the Colouists. The New England fron- tier was again desolated.* Eemote settlements were aban- doned. The people betook themselves to palisaded houses, and worked their farms with their guns always at hand. Attacks by the Colonistst 1. At the South. South Carolina made a fruitless expedition against her old enemies at Si Augustine (1702).f 2. At the North. Port Eoyal was again wrested from the French by a combined force of English and colonial * On the last night of February, 1704, while the enow was four feet deep, a" party of ahout three hundred and fifty French and Indians reached a pine forest near Deerfield, Mass. Skulking a bout till the unfaithful sentinels deserted the mom- ing watch, they rushed upon the defenceless slumberers, who awoke from their dreams to death or captivity. Leaving behind the blazing village with forty-seven dead bodies to be consumed amid the wreck, they started back with their train of one hundred and twelve captives. The horrors of that march through the wilderness can never be told. The groan of helpless exhaustion, or the wail of suffering childhood, was instantly stilled by the pitiless tomahawk. Mrs. Williams, the feeble wife of the minister, had remembered her Bible in the midst of surprise, and comforted herself with its promises, till, her strength failing, she commended her five captive children to God and bent to the savage blow of the war-axe. One of her daughter*! UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1775. Attack upon Quebec. Their united force rras less than one thousand effective men. Having besieged the city for three weeks it was at last decided to hazard ah assault. In the midst of a terrible snow-storm they led their forces to the attack. Montgomery advancing along the river, lifting with his own hands at the huge blocks of ice, and struggling through the drifts, cheered on his men. As they rushed forward a rude blockhouse appeared through the blinding snow. Charging upon it he fell at the first fire. His fol- lowers, disheartened, fled. Arnold, in the meantime, ap- proached the opposite side of the city. While bravely fighting he was severely wounded and borne to the rear. Morgan, his successor, pressed on the attack, but at last, unable to retreat or advance against the tremendous odds, was forced to surrender. The remnant of the army, crouch- rag behind mounds of snow and ice, maintained a blockade of the city until spring. At the approach of British reinforce- ments the Americans were glad to escape, leaving all Canada in the hands of England. 1776. Evacuation of Boston (March 17). "Washington, in order to force the British to fight or run, sent a force to fortify Dorchester Heights by night. In the morning the English were once more astonished by seeing entrenchments which overlooked the city. A storm prevented an immediate attack ; a delay which was well improved by the provincials. General disheartened, they still pressed forward. The last ox was killed and eaten ; the last dog was taken for food, and their only resource against starvation was roots and moose skin moccasins. For two days they ate nothing. Morgan, Greene, Melgs and Aaron Burr, were of this brave band. 1776.] EPOCH III. 113 Howe, who was then in command, remembering the lesson of Bunker Hill, decided to leave, and accordingly set sail with his army, fleet, and many loyalists. The next day Washington entered amid great rejoicing. For eleven months the inhabi- tants had endured the horrors of a siege and the insolence of the enemy.* Their houses had been pillaged, their shops rifled, and their churches profaned. Attack on Fort Moultrie (June 28). Early in the summer a fleet appeared off Charleston Harbor, and opened fire on Fort Moultrie.f So fearful was the response from Moultrie's guns, that at one time every man but Admiral Parker was swept from the deck of his vessel. General Clinton, who commanded the British land troops, tried to attack the fort in the rear, but the fire of the southern rifle- men was too severe. The fleet was at last so badly shattered that it withdrew and sailed for New York. This victory gave the colonists great delight, as it was their first encounter with the boasted " Mistress of the Seas," * The boys of Boston were wont to amuse themselves in winter by building snow- houses and by skating on a pond in the Common. The soldiers having disturbed them in their sports, complaints were made to the inferior officers, who only ridi- culed their petition. At last a number of the largest boys waited on General Gage. " What 1" said Gage, " have your fathers sent you here to exhibit the rebellion they have been teaching you?" "Nobody sent us," answered the leader with flashing eye, " we have never injured your troops, but they have trampled down our snow- hills and broken the ice of our skating-pond. We complained, and they called us young rebels, and told us to help ourselves if we could. We told the captain, and he laughed at us. Yesterday our works were destroyed for the third time, and we will bea'r it no longer." The British commander could not restrain his admiration. ' The very children," said he, "draw in a love of liberty with the air they breathe. Go, my brave boys, and be assured, if my troops trouble yon again, they shall be punished." t This fort was built of palmetto logs, which are BO soft that balls sink into them without splitting the wood. Here floated the first republican flag in the South. In the early part of the action the staff was struck by a ball, and the flag fell outside the fort. Sergeant Jasper leaped over the breastwork, caught up the flag, and springing back tied it to a sponge staff (an instrument for cleaning cannon after a discharge), and hoisted it again to its place. The next day Governor Rutledge offered him a sword and a lieutenant's commission. He refused, saying, " I am not fit for the com- pany of officers ; I am only a sergeant." Ill UNITED STATES HISTOKT. [ITTd Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776). During the session of Congress this summer, Eichard Henry Lee, of Virginia, moved that "Tlie United Colonies are, and ought to le, free and independent states" This was passed by a majority of one colony. A committee was appointed to draw up a DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.* At two o'clock on the fourth of July, their report was adopted.f Campaign near New York. General Howe, after evacuating Boston, went to Halifax, and soon after set sail for New York. Thither also came Admiral Howe,J his brother, with reinforcements, from England, and also Clinton from the defeat at Fort Moultrie. The British army was thirty thousand strong. Washington, divining Howe's plans, now gathered all his forces at New York to protect that city. He had, however, only about seven thousand men fit for duty. Battle of Long Island (Aug. 27). The British army landed on the southwest shore of Long Island. General Put- * Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston, composed this committee. t During the day the streets of Philadelphia were crowded with people anxious to learn the decision. In the steeple of the old State House was a bell which, by a happy coincidence, was inscribed " Proclaim liberty throughout all the land nnto all the inhabitants thereof." In the morning, when Congress assembled, the bell-ringer went to his post, placing his boy below to announce when the Declaration was adopted, that his bell might be the first to peal forth the glad udiugs. Long he waited, while the deliberations went on. Impatiently the 'old mau shook his head and repeated, " They will never do it 1 They will never do it !" Suddenly he heard his boy clapping his hands and shouting, "Ring I Ring!" Grasping the iron tongue he swung it to and fro, proclaiming the glad news of liberty to all the land. The crowded streets caught up the sound. Every steeple re-echoed it. All that night, by shouts, and illuminations, and booming of cannon, the people declared their joy. t Parliament authorized the Howes to treat with the irsureents. By proclamation they offered pardon to all who would return to their allegiance. This'document v.-as published by direction of Congress, that the people might see what England demanded. An officer was then pent to the American camp with a letter addressed to " George Washington, Esq." Washington refused to receive it. The address was afterward changed to "George Washington, &c., Ac." The messenger endeavored to show that this bore any meaning which might be desired. But Washington understood the sophistry and utterly refused any communication which did not distinctly recog- nize his position as commander of the American army. 1776.] EPOCH III. 115 nam, with about nine thousand men, held a fort at Brooklyn and defences on a range of hills south of the city. The Eng- lish advanced in three divisions. Two of these attacked the Americans in front, while General Clinton, by a circuitous route, gained the rear. The patriots were fighting gallantly, when, to then- dismay, they heard firing behind them. They attempted to escape, but it was too late. Out of five thousand men engaged, two thousand were lost* Had Howe attacked the fort at Brooklyn immediately, the Americans would have been utterly destroyed. Fortunately he delayed for the fleet to arrive. For two days the patriots lay helpless, awaiting the assault. On the second night after the battle, there was a dense fog on the Brooklyn side, while in New York the weather was clear. At midnight the Amer- icans moved silently down to the shore and crossed the river.f In the morning, when the sun scattered the fog, Howe was chagrined to find that his prey had escaped. Washington's Retreat. The British, crossing to New York,J moved to attack Washington, who had taken post on * Those who were taken captive were confined in crowded prisons. Nothing could exceed the sufferings of these poor victims. Many died in the Sugar House, but by far the saddest scenes occurred on the prison ships. These were old hulks anchored in the waters around New York. The Jersey was especially noted for the cruelty of its officers. From these loathsome places of confinement almost eleven thousand bodies were carried out during the war and buried in the sand of the beach. In 1808 their remains were re-interred. They now rest in a vault on Hudson avenue, Brooklyn. t The Americans embarked at a place near the present Pulton Ferry. A woman sent her negro servant to the British to inform them of the movements of the Ameri- cans. He was captured by the Hessians, who were Germans from Hesse Cassel, hired to fight by the British government. The*e, not being able to understand a word of English, detained him until the morning. His message was then too late. t Washington desiring to gain some knowledge of Howe's movements, Captain Nathan Hale visited the camps on Long Island for this purpose. He passed the lines safely, but on his way back was recognized by a tory relative, who arrested him. He was taken to Howe's headquarters, tried, and executed as a spy. No clergyman was allowed to visit him. A Bible even was denied. His farewell letters to his mother and sister were destroyed. The brutality of his enemies did not, however, crush his noble spirit, for his last words were, "I only regret that I have but one life to give to my country." 116 UNITED STATES HIS TO BY. [1776. Harlem Heights. Finding the American position too strong, Howe moved up the Sound in order to gain the rear. Wash- ington then withdrew to White Plains. Here Howe came up and defeated a part of his army. Washington then with- drew into a fortified camp at North Castle. Howe, not daring to attack him here, returned to New York and sent the Hessians to take Fort Washington, which they captured after a fierce resistance. The Americans now retreated into New Jersey, to prevent a march on Philadelphia. Thereupon Cornwallis, with six thousand men, hurried after Washington. For three weeks he pursued the flying Amp.rica.Tis, now reduced to three thousand. Many had no shoes, and left their blood- stained foot-prints on the frozen ground. Oftentimes the van of the pursuing army was in sight of the American rear- guard. At last Washington reached the Delaware, and the boats having all been secured, crossed into Pennsylvania.* Howe resolved to wait until the river should freeze over, and then capture Philadelphia, In the meantime he quartered his troops along the river in the neighboring villages. > Condition of the Country. It was a time of deep despondency. The patriot army was a mere handful of ragged, disheartened fugitives. Many people of wealth and influence went over to the eneijiy. New York and Newport the second city in size in New England were already in the hands of the British, and they were likely to soon seize Phila- delphia. Battle of Trenton. Washington thought it time to strike a daring blow. On Christmas night, in a driving * Daring this retreat Washington repeatedly sent orders to General Lee, who was then at North Castle, to join him. Lee hesitated, and at last moved very slowly. Five days after this, while quartered in a small tavern at Baskinsrridge, remote from his troops, he was taken prisoner by English cavalry. His capture was a great mis- fortune to the Americans, who considered him the best officer in the army. The British were greatly rejoiced, aud declared they had taken the "American Pal- ladium." 1776.] EPOCH III. 117 storm of sleet, amid drifting ice, that threatened every moment to crush the boats, he crossed the Delaware with twenty-four hundred picked men, fell upon the Hessians at NG THE DELAWARE. Trenton, in the midst of their festivities,* captured one thousand prisoners, slew their leader,! an( ^ safely escaped back * Hunt, a trader with friends and foes, a neutral, had invited Rail, the Hessian commander, to a Christmas supper. Card-playing and wine-drinking were kept up all night long. A messenger came in haste, at early dawn, with a note to the colonel. It was sent by a tory to give warning of the approach of the American forces. The negro servant refused admittance to the bearer. Knowing its importance, he bade tlic negro to take the note directly to the officer. The servant obeyed, but the colonel, excited by wine and the play, thrust it unopened into his pocket. Soon the roll of drums was heard, and before the pleasure-loving officer could reach his quar- ters the Americans were in pursuit of his fleeing soldiers. t Before leaving Trenton, Washington and Greene visited the dying Hessian. It had been a time of splendid triumph to the American commander, but as he stood by that bedside the soldier was lost in the Christian. The victorious general showed himself in that hour only a sympathizing friend. 118 UXITED STATES HISTOBY. [177d to camp, with the loss of only four men two killed and two frozen to death. T/ie effect of this brilliant feat was electrical It kindled anew the fires of patriotism. Troops whose time of enlist- ment was expiring, agreed to remain. New recruits were received. Howe was alarmed, and ordered Cornwallis, who was just setting sail for England, to return and prepare for a winter's campaign. 1777. Battle of Princeton (Jan. 3). Washington soon crossed the Delaware again, and took post at Trenton. Just be- fore sunset Cornwallis came up. His first onset being re- pulsed, he decided to wait till morning. "Washington's situ- ation was now most critical. Before him was a powerful army, and behind, an impassable river. That night,* leaving his camp-fires burning to deceive the enemy, he swept by country roads around the British, fell upon the troops near Princeton, routed them, took three hundred prisoners, and by rapid marches reached Morristown Heights in safety. Corn- wallis heard the firing and hurried to the rescue, but he was too late. The victory was gained, and the victors werj3 beyond pursuit * Washington had forty cannon. At night-fan the ground was so soft that he could not move them ; hut, while the council was in session, the wind changed, and in two hours the roads were hard as pavement. Erekine urged Cornwallis to attack the Americans that night, hut he said lie could " catch the fox in the morn- ing." On the morrow the fires were still burning, but the army was gone. None kr.ew whither the patriots had fled. But at sunrise the sound of firing was heard iii the direction of Princeton. The report of the cannon through the keen frosty air could he distinctly heard, but Cornwallis believed it to be distant thunder. Erskine however, exclaimed, "To arms, general! Washington has outgeneraled us. Let us fly to the rescue at Princeton !" 1777.] EPOCH III. 119 These exploits won for Washington universal praise,* and he was declared to be the saver of his country. During the winter, by scouting parties, he managed to drive the British nearly out of New Jersey. Battle of Brandywine (Sept 11). Howe maneuvered for a time to force Washing- ton to a general fight, but the ''American Fabius" was too wary. So Howe suddenly em- barked eighteen thousand men on his brother's fleet, and set sail. Washington hurried south to meet him. The patriot army numbered only eleven ^ thousand, but wjien Washington 18 learned that the British had ^ arrived in the Chesapeake, he resolved to hazard a battle for the defence of Philadelphia. The Americans accordingly took position at Chad's Ford, on the Brandywine. Here they were attacked hi front while Cornwallis stole around in the rear, as Clinton did in the bat- tle of Long Island. Sullivan, Sterling, La Fayette,f Wayne, * Frederick the Great of Prussia is eaid to have declared that the achievements of Washington and his little band, during the six weeks following Christmas, were the most brilliant recorded on the pages of military history. t La Fayette's full name was Marie Jean Paul Roch Yves Gilbert Metier Marquis de La Fayette. At a banquet in honor of the brother of the English king, he first heard the Declaration of Independence. He was won by its arguments, and from that time joined his hopes and sympathies to the American cause. Yet, how was ho to aid it? The French nobility, though disliking England, did not endorse the action of her colonies'. He was not yet twenty years of age, he had just married a woman whom he tenderly loved, his prospects at home for honor and happiness were bright ; to join the patriot army would take him from his native land, his wife, and ali his coveted ambitions, and would lead him into a struggle that seemed as hopeless as its cause was jnst. Yet his zeal for America overcame all this. Other difficulties now came up. His family objected ; the British minister protested ; the French king withheld his permission. Still undaunted, he purchased a vessel, fitted it out at his own expense, and, escaping the officers sent to detain him, crossed the ocean. Land- MARQUIS DE LA FAYETTE. 120 UNITED STATES II13TO11Y. [1777. and Count PulasM, in vain performed prodigies of valor. The patriots were routed. Philadelphia was taken, and the Brit- ish army went into quarters there and at German town.* Battle of Germantown (Oct. 4). Washington would not let the enemies of his country rest in peace. A few weeks after they had settled down for the winter, he made a night march,f and at sunrise fell upon their troops at Germantown. At first the attack was successful, but a few companies of British desperately defending a stone house caused delay. The co-operation of the different divisions was prevented by a dense fog, which also hid the confusion of the enemy, so that the Americans retreated just at the moment of victory. Conclusion of the Campaign in Pennsylvania. After these battles Howe turned his attention to the forts on the Delaware, which prevented his bringing supplies up to Philadelphia. The gallant defenders were soon forced by a severe bombardment to evacuate. Washington now retired to Valley Forge for winter quarters. Campaign at the North. While the British had been thus successful in Pennsylvania, their victories were more than counterbalanced by defeats at the North. An attempt to cut off* New England from New York by an expedition along the old traveled French and Indian war route, up Lake Champlain, ended in disaster.]; ing at Charleston, he hastened to Philadelphia, and offering himself to Congress asked permission to serve as a volunteer without pay. A few days after, his acquaint- ance with Washington hegan, and it soon ripened into a tender and intimate friend- ship. His valor won for him a commission as major general before he was twenty-one. * The British army was sadly demoralized by the festivities of their winter quar- ters. Franklin wittily said. " Howe has not taken Philadelphia so much as Phila- delphia has taken Howe." t One thousand of his men were barefoot at this time. $ Besides the capture of Burgoyne's army, of which we shall now speak, several minor events occurred during the year, which, though of little importance in them- selves, served to encourage the people. Howe had sent General Tryon with two thousand men to destroy the American stores at Danbury, Conn. H? accomplished his- work, and then set flre to the town. The next day he began his retreat, plunder- ing the people and devastating the country on his way. But the militiamen under 1777.] EPOCH III. 121 Burgoyne's Invasion. In June, Burgoyne marched south from Canada with an army of ten thousand British and Indians. Forts Crown Point, Ticonderoga, and Edward, and the supplies at Whitehall, successively fell into his hands. General Schuyler, with the small force at his command, could only obstruct his path through the wilderness by felling trees across the road, and breaking down bridges. The loss of so many strongholds caused general alarm. Lincoln with the Massachusetts troops, Arnold noted for his headlong valor, and Morgan with his famous riflemen, were sent to check Burgoyne's advance. Militiamen gathered from the neighbor- ing States.* An army was rapidly collected and drilled. So much dissatisfaction, however, arose with Schuyler that he was Wooster, Arnold, and Sullivan, handled his forces so roughly that they were glad to reach their boats. General Wooster, who was killed in the pursuit, was seventy years of age, but fought with the vigor of youth. Two horses were shot from under Arnold, and he received the fire of a whole platoon at a distance of thirty yards, yet he escaped uninjured. Colonel Meigs avenged the burning of Danbury. With one hundred and twenty State militiamen he crossed in whale-boats to Long Island, destroyed a great quantity of stores, including twelve ships at Sag Harbor, and took ninety prisoners without losing a man. The Americans were extremely anxious to offset the capture of General Lee, especially as they had no prisoner of equal rank to exchange for him. At this time, Gen- eral Prescott, who held command in Rhode Island, finding himself surrounded by ships and a superior British force, became very negligent. Accordingly Colonel Barton formed a plan to capture him. Dexterously avoiding the enemy's vessels, he rowed ten miles in whale-boats and with about forty militia landed near Prescott' 8 quarters. Seizing the astonished oentinel who guarded his door, they hurried off the half-dressed general. A soldier escaping from the house gave the alarm, but the laughing guard assured him he had seen a ghost. They soon, however, found it to be no jesting matter, and vainly pursued the exultant Barton. This capture was very annoying to Prescott, as he had just offered a price for Arnold's head, and his tyrannical conduct had made him obnoxious to the people. General Howe readily parted with Lee in exchange for Prescott. * The outrages of the Indians along the route led many to join the army. ' None of their bloody acts caused more general execration than the murder of Jane McCrea. This young lady was the betrothed of a Captain Jones of the British army. She lived near Fort Edward in the family of her brother, who, being a whig, started for Albany on Burgoyne's approach. But she, hoping to meet her lover, lingered at the house of a Mrs. McNeil, a staunch loyalist, and a cousin of the British General Frazer. Early one morning the house was surprised by Indians, who dragged forth the inmates and hurried them away toward Burgoyne's camp. Mrs. McNeil arrived there in safety. A short time after another party came in with fresh scalps, among which she recognized the long glossy hair of her friend. The savages, on being charged with her murder, declared that she had been killed by a chance shot from a 6 IH I* X IT ED STATES HISTORY. [1777. superseded by Gates just as lie was ready to reap the results of his well-laid schemes. With noble-minded patriotism ^he made known to Gates aU his plans, and generously assisted him in their execution. The army was now stationed at Bemis's Heights, where fortifications were thrown up under the direction of Kosciusko* (kos-se-us'-ko). Burgoyne's Difficulties. In the meantime, before Gates took command, two events occurred which materially deranged the plans of Burgoyne. 1. St Leger had been sent to take Fort Stanwix (now Eome), and thence to ravage the Mohawk valley and join Bur- goyne's army at Albany. General Arnold was dispatched by General Schuyler to relieve Fort Stanwix. Arnold accom- plished his mission by a stratagem. A half-witted tory boy who had been taken prisoner, was promised his freedom, if he would spread the report among St Leger's troops that a large body of Americans was close at hand. The boy, having cut holes in his clothes, ran breathless into the camp of the be- siegers, showing the bullet holes and describing his narrow escape from the enemy. When asked their number, he mys- teriously pointed upward to the leaves on the trees. The Indians and British were so frightened that they fled precipi- tately, leaving their tents and artillery behind them. pursuing party ; whereupon they had scalped her to secure the bounty. The precise truth has never been known. Captain Jones possessed himself of the sad memento of his betrothed, and resigned. The government refusing his resignation, he deserted, and for more than fifty years lived remote from society, a heart-broken man. * This general was a Pole of noble birth. While in France he formed the acquaint- ance of Franklin, who recommended him to Washington. He came to America and offered himself " to fight as a volunteer for American independence. 1 ' "What can you do ?" asked the commander. "Try me," was Kosciusko's laconic reply. Wash- ington was greatly pleased with him, and made him his aid. He became a colonel in the engineer corps, and superintended the construction of the works at West Point. After the war he returned home and led the Poles in their struggles for independence. He died an exile. At Cracow is a mound of earth. 150 feet high, raised in his mem- ory. It is composed of earth brought from the battle-fields on which the Poles fought for liberty. In the new world his name is perpetuated by a monument at West Point, erected by the cadets. 1777.J EPOCH III. 123 2. Burgoyne sent a detachment under Colonel Baum to seize the supplies the Americans had collected at Bennington, Vt. General Stark with the militia met him there. As Stark saw the British lines forming for the attack, he exclaimed, "There are the red-coats; we must heat them to-day, or Molly Stark is a widow." His patriotism and bravery so inspired his raw troops that they defeated the British regulars and took about six hundred prisoners.* The two Battles of Saratoga (Sept. 19 and Oct. 7). > Disappointed of the supplies and reinforcements he had ex- pected in both these directions, Burgoyne now moved south * One old man had five sons in the patriot army at Benninsrton. A neighbor, jnst from the field, told him that one had heen unfortunate. "Has he proved a coward or a traitor?" asked the father. "Worse than that," was the answer, "he has fallen but while bravely fighting." " Ah." Fai:l the father. " then I am satisfied." 124 UNITED STATES HISTOEY. [1777 ward and attacked Gates's army at Bemis's Heights near Sara- toga. The armies surged to and fro through the day, like th( ibbing and flowing of the tide. The strife did not cease until darkness closed over the battle-field. For two weeks after- ward, the armies lay in their camps fortifying themselves, and each watching for an opportunity to take the other at a disad- vantage.* Burgoyne, finding that his provisions were low and that he must either fight or fly, again moved out to attack the Americans. Arnold, who had been unjustly deprived of his command since the last battle, maddened by the sight of the conflict, rushed into the thickest of the fight, f Gates, fearing that he might win fresh laurels, ordered Major Armstrong to recall him, but he was already out of reach. He had no authority to fight, much less to direct; but, dashing to the head of his old command, where he was received with cheers, he ordered a charge on the British line. Urging on the fight, leading every onset, delivering his orders in person where the bullets flew thickest, he forced the British J to their camp. Here the Hessians, dismayed by these terrific attacks, fired one volley and fled. Arnold, having forced an entrance, was wounded in the same leg as at Quebec, and borne from the * The British camp was kept in constant alarm. Officers and soldiers were con- etantly dressed and ready for action. One night, twenty young farmers residing near the camp, resolved to capture the enemy's advance picket guard. Armed with fowl ing-pieces they marched silently through the woods until they were within a few yards of the picket. They then rushed out from the bushes, the captain blowing an old horse-trumpet and the men yelling. There was no time for the sentinel's hail. " Ground your arms, or you are all dead men !" cried Ihe patriot captain. Thinking that a large force had fallen upon them, the picket obeyed. The young farmers led 1o the American camp, with all the parade of regulars, over thirty British soldiers. t So fierce was the battle, that a single cannon was taken and retaken five limes. Finally, Colonel Cilly leaped upon it, waved his sword, and " dedicating the gun to the American cause," opened it upon the enemy with their own ammunition. t General Fraser was the mind and soul of the British army. Morgan soon eaw that this brave man alone stood between the Americans and victory. Calling to him some of his best men he said, " That gallant officer ie General Fraser. I admire and honor him ; but he must die. Stand among those bushes and do your duty." In five minutes Fraser fell, mortally wounded. 1777.] EPOCH ill. 125 field, but not until he had won a victory while Gates stayed in his tent Effects of these Battles. Burgoyne now fell back to Sara- toga. Hemmed in on all sides, there was no hope of escape. Indians and tories were constantly deserting. Provisions were low and water was scarce, as no one, except the women, dared to go to the river for it. The American batteries com- manded the British camp. While a council of war, held in 3urgoyne's tent, was considering the question of surrender, an 18 Ib. cannon-ball passed over the table around which the officers sat. Under these circumstances the decision was quickly made. The entire army, nearly six thousand strong, laid down their arms, and were marched past the American lines to the tune of Yankee Doodle. General Burgoyne handed his sword to General Gates, who promptly returned it. A shout of joy went up all over the land at the news of this victory. From the despair caused by the defeats of Brandy- wine and Germantown, the nation bounded to the highest pitch of joy and confidence. 1778. "Winter in Valley Forge. The winter passed in Valley Forge was the gloomiest period of the war. The continental paper money was so depreciated in value that an cfncei-'s pay would not keep him in clothes. Many, having spent their entire fortune in the war, were now compelled to resign, in order to get a living. The men were encamped in cold, com- fortless huts, with little food or clothing. Barefooted, they left on the frozen ground their tracks in blood. Few had blankets. Straw could not be obtained. Soldiers, who were enfeebled by hunger and benumbed by cold, slept on the bare 120 UNITED STATES H I S T 11 Y . [1778. earth. Sickness followed. With no change of clothing, no suitable' food, and no medicines, death was the only relief. Amid this terrible suffering the fires of patriotism burned brightly. Washington felt that his cause was just, and inspired all around him with his sublime faith.* We cannot estimate too highly the en- durance of our Revolutionary sires. To die on the field of battle is heroic, but a far greater patriotism is required to freeze or starve for one's native land. Aid from France. In the spring the hearts of all were gladdened by news that, through the efforts of Frank- lin, f France had acknowledged the Independence of the * During this winter Washington was quartered at the honse of Isaac Potts. One day, while Potts was on his way up the creek he heard a voice of prayer. Softly fol- lowing its direction, he soon discovered the General upon his knees, his cheeks wet with tears. Narrating the incident to hia wife, he added with much emotion, "If there is any one to whom the Lord will listen, it is George Washington, and under such a commander, our independence is certain." Besides all the perils of want and famine which he shared with his soldiers, Washington wag called upon to suffer from envy and calumny. General Conway, a cunning, restless intriguer, formed a cabal of officers against Washington. Their plan was to so wound his feelings that he would resign. In that event Gates, whose reputation was very high, would succeed to the command. Pennsylvania Bent to Congress a remonstrance censuring Wash- ington. The --ame was done by members from Massachusetts. Fortunately, the army and the best citizens knew the inspiration of the whole movement to be jeal- ousy. Their indignation was unbounded. Neither Conway nor Adams dared show himself among the soldiers, and eoon the attack recoiled on the heads of its in- stigators. t Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston, 1706, N. S. ; died in Philadelphia 1790. His father was a poor soap and candle maker, and Benjamin, being the young- est of seventeen children, had little opportunity to gratify his desire for knowledge. By abstaining from meat for two years, he managed to buy a few books, which he diligently studied. At seventeen years of age he landed in Philadelphia with a silver dollar and a shilling in copper. As, with his extra shirts and stockings stuffed in his pockets, he walked along the streets, eating the roll of bread which served for his breakfast, his future wife stood at her father's door and watched his awkward ap. 1778.] EPOCH III 1^7 United States, and that a fleet was on its way to help them* Battle of Monmouth (June 28). Howe having re- turned to England, Clinton succeeded him. Alarmed by the approach of the French fleet, he resolved to concentrate his forces at New York. "Washington followed him across New Jersey. The two armies met at Monmouth. General Lee,f pearance, little dreaming of his brilliant future, or of its interest to her. He soon obtained employment as a printer. Being induced by false representations to go to England, he found himself almost penniless in a strange land. With his usual in- dustry he went to work, and soon made friends and a good living. Returning to Philadelphia he established a newspaper, and in 1732 commenced to publish "Poor Richard's Almanac," which for twenty years was greatly popular in Europe as well as America. Its common-sense proverbs and useful hints are household words to this day. Retiring from business with a fine fortune, he devoted himself chiefly to science. His discoveries in electricity are world-renowned. (See Fourteen Weeks in Philosophy, pp. 281-3.) Franklin was an unflinching patriot. While in England he defended the cause of liberty with great zeal and ability. He helped to draft the Declaration of Independence, and was one of its signers. Having been appointed ambassador to France, he first invested all his ready money, $15.000, in the conti- nental loan, a practical proof of his patriotism, since its repayment was extremely improbable. His influence at the French court was unbounded. He was revered for his dignity, his genius, his wit, and his charming conversation. He became to the American cause in the old world what Washington was to it in the new. On his return he was elected president of Pennsylvania for three successive years. He gave the whole of his salary, $30,000, to benevolent objects. In his eighty-second year he was a member of the Constitutional Convention. At his death twenty thousand persons assembled to do honor to his memory. * At this juncture England sent commissioners with lib ral proposals, which, be- fore the war commenced, would have been accepted; but that day was now past. Next bribery was tried. Among those approached was General Reed of Pennsyl- vania. He was offered ten thousand guineas and distinguished honors if he would exert his influence to effect a reconciliation. " I am not worth purchasing," said the honest patriot, " but such as I am, the king of Great Britain is not rich enough to buy me." t Charles Lee was born in Cheshire, England, 1731, and died In Philadelphia, 1782. When only eleven years of age he is said to have held a commission in the English army. He belonged to Braddock's command, and thus received his first lesson in American warfare. In the attack on Ticonderoga (1758) he was wounded. He be- came a lieutenant-colonel and distinguished himself by his valor in Spain. His pro- motion, however, was eo slow that he became disgusted, ' resigned his commission, and (1773) came to the new world to seek his fortune. As a general of renown, and an intense writer in behalf of liberty, he was kindly received by Washington and other patriots. At the breaking out of the war he was assigned the rank of major- general, and was honored by Washington's confidence in all military affairs. His bitter spirit, irascible temper, and ambitious designs, often led him into trouble. For his conduct at Monmouth, and his disrespectful letters to Washington, and afterward to Congress, he was dismissed from the army. He retired to his estate in Virginia, where he lived in a rude house whose only partitions were chalk marks on the floor 1;>8 UNITED STATES H I S T 11 Y . who conducted the attack, ordered a retreat The men, en- tangled in a. swamp, were becoming demoralized as they re- iired from the field, when Washington, riding up, bitterly rebuked Lee, by his personal presence rallied the men, and sent him back against the enemy. The fight lasted all that long sultry day.* In the darkness of night Clinton stole away with his men to New York. Campaign in Rhode Island. A combined attack on Newport was arranged to be made by the French fleet under D'Estaing (des-tang), and the American army under General Sullivan. Soon after the French entered Narraganset Bay, Howe arrived off the harbor with the English fleet. D'Estaing went out to meet him. A terrible storm came on, which so shattered both fleets that they were compelled to put back for repairs. General Sullivan, being thus deserted, retreated just in time to escape Clinton, who came up from New York with reinforcements. The French gave no further aid during this year. The Wyoming Massacre. In July, a band of tories and Indians under Butler, entered the beautiful valley of the Wyoming. Most of the able-bodied men had gone to tLe war. The old men and the boys armed for the defence. The women and children fled for refuge to a fort near the present site of Wilkesbarre. Taking counsel of their courage, and their defenceless mothers, wives, and children, a handful of men sallied out to meet the invaders. They were soon de- an improvement upon walla on which he prided himself-surronnded by his dogs, which were his only intimate companions. He continued to most virulently assail Washington. While on a visit to Philadelphia he was fatally attacked by fever. His dying words were, " Stand by now, my brave grenadiers 1 " * During the day an artilleryman was shot at his post. His wife, Mary Pitcher, while bringing water to her husband from a spring, saw him fall and heard the com- mander order the piece to be removed from the field. Instantly dropping the pail, she hastened to the cannon, seized the rammer, and with great skill and courage performed her husband's duty. The soldiers gave her the nickname of Major Molly. On the day after the battle she was presented to Washington, and received a ser- geant's commission with half-pay throti"h life. 1778. J EPOCH III. 129 feated. All that night the Indians tortured their prisoners in every way that savage cruelty could devise. The fort having been surrendered on promise of safety, Butler did his best to restrain his savage allies, but in vain. By night the whole valley was ablaze with burning dwellings, while the people fled for their lives through the wilderness. 1779. Campaign at the South. At the close of the preceding autumn the scene of conflict was transferred to Georgia.* Savannah and Augusta were captured, and soon the entire State was conquered. The British governor being restored, England could once more boast of a royal province among the colonies. Prevost now led the British against Charleston, S. C. He had scarcely summoned the city when he heard that Lincoln, his dreaded foe, was after him with the militia. Prevost escaped, however, and returned to Savannah. In September, D'Estaing joined Lincoln in an attack upon that city. After a severe bombardment an unsuccessful assault was made. A thousand lives were lost. Count Pulaskif was mortally wounded. The simple-hearted Sergeant Jasper died grasping the banner presented to his regiment at Fort Moul- trie. D'Estaing refused to give further aid ; thus again de- serting the Americans when help was most needed. * The British, discouraged by their failure to subdue the eastern and middle States, during the remainder of the war put forth their principal strength at the South. t Count Pulaski was a Polish patriot who, having lost his father and brothers in the hopeless defence of his country, and being himself outlawed, had eome to fight for the freedom of America. At first he served as a volunteer. He fought valiantly at the battle of Brandywine. During the second year he commanded an independent corps of cavalry, lancers, and light infantry, called " Pulaski's Legion," with which he did effectual service. He was buried in the Savannah River. The corner-stone o! a monument raised to his memory in Savannah, was laid by La Fayette while visiting that city during his triumphal progress through the United States. 130 UXITED STATES HIST GET. [1779. Campaign at the North. Clinton did little except to send out predatory parties. Norwalk, Fairfield, and New Haven, Conn., were burned or plundered. Tryon, who com- manded the Connecticut expedition,* boasted of his clemency in leaving a single house standing on the New England coast. The Capture of Stony Point by General Wayne, with only eight hundred men, was one of the most brilliant exploits of the war. The countersign, which, curiously enough, was " The fort is ours," was obtained of a negro who was in the habit of selling strawberries at the fort. He guided them in the darkness to the causeway leading over the flooded marsh around the foot of the hill, on which the fort was situated. The unsuspicious sentinel, having received the countersign, was chatting with the negro, when he was suddenly seized and gagged. Wayne's men passed over the causeway and reached the base of the hill undiscovered. Just before midnight, with unloaded muskets and fixed bayonets, they commenced tfie ascent of the steep and narrow path which led to the top. They had nearly reached the picket before they were dis- covered. Fire was at once opened upon them. Wayne was wounded, but commanded his aids to carry him that he might die at the head of the column. The rush of his men was irresistible. An instant more, and a deafening shout told that the fort was won. The British lost in killed, wounded, and prisoners, six hundred men. General Sullivan's Expedition. The atrocities of the Indians had kept the inhabitants of the Wyoming and Mohawk valleys in continued terror. In the summer, General * General Putnam was at Horse Neck when Tryon was in the vicinity. Hastily gathering a few militia, he annoyed the British as long as possible, and then, com- pelled to flee before the enemy's overwhelming force, his men hid themselves in the adjacent swamp, while he, spurring his spirited horse over a precipice, descended i zigzag path, where the British dragoons did not dare to follow. 1779.] E'POCH III. 131 Sullivan led an expedition into the Genesee country. Near Elmira, N. Y., a fierce battle was fought with the Indians and their tory allies. Being defeated, they fled in dismay, while Sullivan marched to and fro through that beautiful region, laying waste their corn-fields, felling their orchards, and burn- ing their houses.* Naval Exploits. No American successes caused more annoyance to the British than those of the navy. In 1775, Washington fitted out several vessels to cruise along the New England coast as privateers. In the same year Congress established a naval department. Swift sailing vessels, manned * The Indians, in the fertile country of the Cayugas and Senecas, had towns and villages regularly laid out. They had framed houses, some of them well finished, painted, and having chimney?. Thejt also had broad and productive fields, and orchards of apple, pear, and peach trees. 132 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1779. by bold seamen, infested every avenue of commerce. Within three years they captured five hundred ships. They even cruised among the British isles, and, entering harbors, seized and burned ships lying at English wharves. Among naval heroes no name is more celebrated than that of Paul Jones. Off the coast of England, occurred his memorable action in the Bon Homme Richard* against the Serapis. As the enemy carried heavier guns, he lashed the two vessels together.! The muzzles of the guns touched, and the gunners in working their pieces often thrust their ramrods into the port-holes of the other ship. For two hours they fought hand to hand with musket, pike, and cutlass. The Bon Homme was old and rotten, and soon became almost unmanageable. Water poured into the hold. Only three of the guns could be worked. Grenades were thrown on the Serapis, and flames burst out in a dozen places. Three times both vessels were on fire. At last, Pearson, the captain of the Serapis, struck his colors. The Bon Homme was already sinking. Jones trans- ferred his men to the captured frigate, and sailed off with hia prize. 178O. Campaign at the South. Georgia having been sub- dued, the war was now renewed in South Carolina. Charles- ton was attacked by land and sea. General Lincoln, after * Jones had given this name (Goodman Richard) to his ship in honor of Dr. Franklin, whose sayings as " Poor Richard," he warmly admired. t At this point the contest had been raging an hour, and the ships had twice fallen fonl of each other. The first time, the Serapis hailed the Richard, asking if she had " struck her colors." " I have not yet begun to fight," was the reply of Jones. The second time, " Jones with his own hands assisted in lashing the jib-stay of the Serapis to the mizzen-mast of the Richard. 1 ' The Serapis now let go an anchoi hoping to drift clear, but in vain, for the ships were fastened, head and stern. 1780. J EPOCH III. 133 enduring a siege of forty days and a terrible bombardment, was forced to surrender. Cormvallis at once sent out expe- ditions* in every direction, and the whole State was soon overrun. Battle of Camden (Aug. 16). General Gates, "the con- queror of Burgoyne," now taking command of the troops at the South,f marched to meet the enemy under Cornwallis near Camden, Singularly, both generals had appointed the same time to make a night attack. While marching for this purpose, the advance guards of the two armies unexpectedly encountered each other in the woods. After some sharp skirmishing the armies waited for day. At dawn Cornwallis ordered a charge. The militia, demoralized by the fighting in the night, fled at the first fire. De Kalb, with the conti- nental regulars, stood firm. At last he fell, pierced with eleven wounds. His brave comrades for a time fought desper- ately over his body, but were overwhelmed by numbers. The army was so scattered that it could not be collected. A few of the officers met Gates eighty miles in the rear with no soldiers. All organized resistance to British rule now ceased in the South. Partisan Corps. The Carolinas were full of tories. Many of them joined the British army; others organized com- panies which mercilessly robbed and murdered their whig neighbors. On the other hand there were patriot bands which rendezvoused (ron-da-vood) in swamps, and sallied out as occasion offered. These partisan corps kept the country in * One of these, under the command of the brutal Tarleton, at Waxhaw Creek, overtook a body of four hundred Continental troops and a small party of cavalry under Colonel Buford. The British gave no quarter, and after the Americans sur- rendered, mercilessly maimed and butchered the larger portion of them. t Lee met Gates on his way to join the southern army. His well-worded caution, ''Beware your northern laurels do not turn to southern willows," seems almost prophetic of the Camden disaster. U2TITED STATES HISTORY. [1780. continued terror. Marion,* Sumpter,f Pickens, and Lee, were noted patriot leaders. Their bands were strong enough to cut off British detachments, and even successfuDy attack small garrisons. The cruel treatment . which the whigs received from the British^ drove many to this partisan warfare. The issue of the contest at the south was largely decided by these bold citizen soldiers. Continental Money had iiow been issued by Congress to the amount of $200.000,- 000. At this time it was so much depreciated that 840 in bills were worth only 81 in specie. A pair of boots cost 8600 in continental currency. A soldier's pay for a month would hardly * A British officer sent to negotiate concerning an exchange of prisoners, dined with Marion. The dinner consisted of roasted potatoes. Surprised at this meagre diet, he made some inquiries, when he found that this was their customary fare, and also that the patriot general served without pay. This devotion to the cause of lib- erty BO affected the officer that he resigned his commission. He thought it folly to fight such men. t At Hanyiny Hock (Aug. 6) Sumpter gained a victory over a strong body of Brit- ish andtories. He begun the action with only two rounds of ammunition, but soon supplied himself from the fleeing tories. Frequently, in these contests, a portion of the bands would go into a battle without guns, arming themselves with the muskets of their comrades as they fell. At King's Mountain (Oct. 7) a large body of Independent riflemen, each company under its own leader, attacked Ferguson, who had been sent out to rally the tories of the neighborhood. Ferguson and one hun- dred and fifty of his men were killed, and the rest taken prisoners. t An event which occurred in Charleston aroused the bitterest resentment. When that city was captured by the British, Colonel Isaac Hayne, with others, was paroled, 'but was afterwards ordered into the British ranks. At this time his wife and several of his children lay at the point of death with small-pox. The choice was given him to become a British subject or to be placed in close confine- ment. Agonized by thoughts of his dying family, he signed a pledge of allegiance to England, with the assurance that he should never be required to fight asrainst his countrymen. Being afterward summoned by Lord Rawdon to join the British army, he considered the pledge annulled, and raised a partisan band. lie was captured, and without being allowed a trial, was condemned to death. The citizens of Charleston vainly implored pardon for him. Lord Eawdon allowed him forty-eight hours in which to take leave of his orphan children, at the end of which time he was hanged, 1780.] EPOCH III. 135 the matter worse, the British had flooded the country with counterfeits, which could not be told from the genuine. Many persons refused to take continental money. The sufferings of the soldiers and the difficulty of procuring supplies may be readily imagined.* The Pennsylvania regiments' in camp at Morristown, claiming that their time had expired, de- manded their discharge. At last, 1,300 strong, they set out for Washington to secure redress at the point of the bayonet.f A committee of Congress succeeded in satisfying them. 'Arnold's Treason. The English did little at the North, and the condition of Washington's army prevented his making any movement. Meanwhile the cause of liberty suffered a terrible blow from one who had been its gallant defender. General Arnold, whose bravery at Quebec and Saratoga had awakened universal admiration, was stationed at Philadelphia while his wound was healing. He there married a tory lady and lived in great extravagance. By various acts of oppression, he rendered himself so odious that on one occasion he was publicly mobbed. Charges being preferred against him, he was convicted and sentenced to be repri- manded by the commander-in-chief. Washington performed the duty very gently and considerately ; but Arnold, stung by the disgrace, and desperate in fortune, resolved to gratify both his revenge and lose of money by betraying his country. He accordingly secured from Washington the command of West Point, at that time the most important post in America. He then proposed to Clinton, with whom he had previously cor- responded, to surrender it to the British. The idea was ac- * In this crisis, Robert Morris, a wealthy citizen of Philadelphia, Bent three mil- lion rations to the army. Soldiers' relief associations were also organized by the women of that city. Those who had money gave it, and the poor contributed their work. Twenty-two hundred shirts were thus made, on each of which was inscribed the name of the lady who sewed it. t Clinton's agents went among the discontented troops offering large rewards for desertion. The emissaries mistook their men, for the soldiers seized them and gave them up as spies. 136 U X I T E D STATES HISTORY. [1780. cepted, and Major Andre appointed to confer with him. Andre ascended the Hudson in the Vulture, an English sloop- of-war, landed near West Point, and at midnight met the traitor. Morning dawned before they had completed their plans. In the mean time, fire having heen opened on the Vulture, she had dropped down the river. Andre, now left within the American lines, was obliged to make his way back to New York by land. He had reached Tarrytown in safety, when, at a sudden turn, his horse's reins were seized, and three men* sprang into the road before him. His manner awakening suspicion, they searched him, and finding papers which seemed to prove him a spy, they carried him to the nearest American postf Arnold was at breakfast, when he received a note announcing Andre's capture. Calling aside his wife, he told her of his peril. Terrified by his words, she fainted. Kissing his boy, who lay asleep in the cradle, Arnold darted out of the house, mounted a horse, by an unfrequented path readied the river, jumped into his boat, and was rowed to the Vulture, which lay a few miks below.J Andre was tried and hung as a spy. Every effort was made to save him, and his fate awakened universal sympathy. Arnold received, as the reward of his treachery, 6,315, a colonelcy in the English army, and the contempt of every- body. The very name, "Arnold the Traitor," will always declare his infamy . * The names of these men were Paulding, Van Wart, and Williams. Andre 1 offered them his horse, watch, purse, and any sum they might name, if they would release him. The incorruptible patriots declared that they would not let him go for ten thousand guineas. Congress voted to each of them a silver medal and a pension for life. t Jameson, the officer to whom they conveyed Andr6, with inconceivable stupidity, wrote a note to .^mold detailing the capture, and that the dangerous papers (in which he recognized Arnold's handwriting) had been sent to General Washington. t The meanness of Arnold's nature was clearly illustrated in the betrayal of his boatmen, whom he gave up as prisoners. When they arrived at New York, Clinton, more honorable, set them free. Arnold was thoroughly despised by the British officers, and often insulted. Many 1781.] EPOCH III. 137 1781. The War at the South. General Greene, who was appointed to succeed General Gates, found the army to consist of only two thousand half-clothed, half-starved men. A part of his force, under Morgan, was attacked (January 17) at Coivpens* by Tarleton. The militia fleeing, the continentals fell back to secure a better position. The British, mistaking this for a retreat, were rushing on in confusion, when the con- tinentals suddenly faced about, poured in a deadly fire at only thirty yards distance, and drove them in utter rout. Tarleton fled to Cornwallis, who set out in hot haste, eager to punish the victors and recapture the prisoners. Morgan started for Virginia, and crossed the Catawba just before Cornwallis came in sight. Night came on, and with it rain, which raised the river so high as to keep the impatient Cornwallis waiting for three days. Greene's Retreat. General Greene now joined Morgan, and conducted the retreat. At the Yadkin, just as the Amer- icans had reached the other side, it began to rain. "When Cornwallis came up, the river was so swollen that he could not cross. He, however, marched up the stream, effected a stories are told illustrative of English sentiment toward him. A memher of Parlia- ment, ahout to address the House of Commons, happening, as he rose, to sec Arnold in the gallery, said, pointing to the traitor, "Mr. Speaker, I will not speak while that man is in the House." George the Third introduced Arnold to Earl Barcarras, one of Burgoyne's officers atBemis's Heights. " Sire," said the proud old earl as he turned from Arnold, refusing his hand, "I know General Arnold, and abominate traitors." When Talleyrand was ahout to come to America, he sought letters of introduction from Arnold, hut received the reply, " I was horn in America ; I lived there to the prime of my life ; but, alas ! I can call no man in America my friend." * Colonel William A. Washington, in a personal combat in this battle, wounded Tarleton. Months afterward, the British officer while conversing with Mrs. Jones, a witty American lady, sneeringly said, "That Colonel Washington is very illiterate. I am told he cannot write his name." " Ah, Colonel," replied she, "you bear evi- dence that he can make his mark." Tarleton expressing, at another time, his desire to see Colonel Washington, the lady replied, "Had you looked behind you at Cowpens, you might have had that pleasure." 138 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1781. passage, and was soon in full pursuit again. Now came a race, on parallel roads, thirty miles per day, for the fords of the Dan. Greene reached them first, and Cornwallis gave up the chase. This signal deliverance of Greene's exhausted army awoke every pious feeling of the American heart, and was a cause for general thanksgiving.* Campaign Closed. Having rested his men, Greene again took the field, harassing the enemy by a fierce partisan war- fare. At Guilford Court-House (March 15) he hazarded a battle. The militia fled again at the first fire, but the con- tinental regulars fought as in the time of De Kalb. The Americans at last retired, but the British had bought their victory so dearly that Cornwallis also retreated. Greene again pursuing, Cornwallis shut himself up in Wilmington. There- upon Greene turned his course to South Carolina, and with the aid of Marion, Sumpter, Lee, and Pickens, nearly deliv- ered this State and Georgia from the English.f In the battle of Eutaw Springs (Sept. 8) the forces of the enemy were so crippled that they retired toward Charleston. Cornwallis, re- fusing to follow Greene into South Carolina, had before this gone north into Virginia, and though a fierce partisan warfare * During this retreat, General Greene, after a hard day's ride in the rain, alighted at the door of Mrs. Elizabeth Steele, in Salisbury, N. C., announcing himself as " fatigued, hungry, cold, and penniless." Quickly providing the honored guest "with a warm supper before a cheerful fire, this patriotic woman brought forth two small bags of specie, her earnings for years. " Take these," she said ; " you will want them, and I can do without them." "Never," says his biographer, "did relief come at a more needy moment ; the hero resumed his dangerous journey that night with a lightened heart." Another story illustrative of the patriotism of the Southern women is told of Mrs. Motte. The British had taken possession of her house, fortified and garrisoned it. On Colonel Lee's advance this patriotic woman furnished him a bow and arrows, by means of which fire was thrown upon the shingled roof. Her mansion was soon in flames. The occupants, to save their lives, surrendered. t Congress voted the highest honors to General Greene, who, by his prudence, wisdom, and valor, had, with such insignificant forces and miserable equipments, achieved so much for the cause of liberty. He never gained a decided victory, yet his defeats had all the effects of successes, and his very retreats strengthened tha confidence of his men and weakened that of the enemy. 1781.] EPOCH III. 139 still distracted the country, this engagement closed the long and fiercely fought contest at the South.* The War at the North. The traitor Arnold, burning with hatred, led an expedition into Virginia. He conducted the war with great brutality, burning private as well as public property. La Fayette was sent to check him, but with his small force f could accomplish little. Cornwallis, arriving from the South, now took Arnold's place, and continued this marauding tour through the country. Clinton, however, fear- ing Washington, who seemed to threaten New York, directed Cornwallis to keep near the sea-coast so as to be ready to help him. Cornwallis, accordingly, after having destroyed ten million dollars worth of property, fortified himself at York- town. Siege of Yorktown. It was arranged to attack Corn- wallis at this place by the combined American^ and French forces. Washington, by a feint on New York, kept Clinton in the dark regarding his plans until he was far on his way * At the battle of Eutaw, Manning, a noted soldier of Lee's legion, was in hot pursuit of the flying British, when he suddenly found himself surrounded by the enemy and not an American within forty rods. He did not hesitate, but seizing an officer by the collar, and wresting his sword from him by main force, he kept his body as a shield while he rapidly backed off under a heavy fire from the perilous neighborhood. The frightened British officer when thus summarily captured, began immediately to enumerate his titles : " I am Sir Henry Barry, deputy adjutant-gen- eral, captain in 52d regiment," &c., &c. "Enough," interrupted his captor, "you are just the mau I was looking for." t Many of La Fayette's men having deserted, he set forth the baseness of such con- duct, and then offered to all who desired it, a permit to go home. Not one man accepted, nor was there after this a single case of desertion. One man, not being able to walk, hired a cart that he might be able to keep up with his comrades. Shoes, linen, and many other necessaries were provided at La Fayette's expense. The gen- erosity of this general and the devotion of his soldiery seemed to vie with each other. * During the preceding winter Robert Morris sent to the starving army several thousand barrels of flour. He now furnished nearly everything required for this ex- pedition, issuing his own notes to the amount of $1,400,000. It is sad to know that this patriot, so often the resource of Washington, lost his fortune in his old age, and was confined in prison for debt. Washington, at this time, visited his home. He had not seen it before since he left it to attend the Continental Congress in 1775. Six years and a half had nearly elapsed, yet he remained only long enough to fulfil a military engagement. 140 I' XIX ED STATES HISTORY. [1781. South with the continental army * On the 28th of Septem- ber, the joint forces, twelve thousand strong, took up their position before Yorktown. Batteries were openedf upon the city. The vessels in the harbor were fired by red-hot shells. Two redoubts were carried; one by the Americans, the other by the French. The most hearty good-will prevailed. The patriots slept in the open air that their allies might use their tents. Breaches had been made in the walls, Cornwallis, seeing no hope of escape, capitulated (Oct. 19). The Scene of the Surrender was most imposing. The army was drawn up in two lines, extending over a mile the Americans on one side, with General Washington at the head, and the French on the other, with Count Eochambeau (ro- sham-bo). The captive army, about seven thousand in num- ber, with slow step, shouldered arms, and cased colors, marched between them. A prodigious crowd, anxious to see Cornwallis, had assembled, but the haughty general, vexed and mortified at his defeat, feigned illness, and sent his sword J by General O'Hara. The Effect. Both parties felt that this surrender virtu- ally ended the war. Joy pervaded even* patriot heart All the hardships of the past were forgotten in the thought that * Clinton sent Arnold on a pillaging tour into Connecticut in order to force Wash- ington to return. He, however, was not to be diverted from his great enterprise, and left New England to take care of herself. New London was pillaged and burned. Arnold watched the fire from a church .steeple. The commander and half the garri- son of Fort Griswold were butchered. After the fort had been taken, a British officer entering asked, "Who commands here?" "I did," said Colonel Ledyard, as he ad- vanced surrendering his sword, "but you do now." With fiendish malignity, he seized the sword and thrust it into the bosom of the brave colonel. t Governor Nelson commanded the battery that fired first upon the British. Cornwallis and his staff were at that time occupying the governor's fine stone man- sion. The patriot pointed one of his heaviest guns directly toward his house, and ordered the gunner to fire upon it with vigor. The British could not make even the home of the noble Nelson a shield against his patriotic efforts. The house still bears the scars of the bombardment. t With a fine delicacy of feeling, Washington directed it to be delivered to Gensral Lincoln, who, eighteen months before, had surrendered at Charleston. 1781.] EPOCH III. 141 America was free. The news reached Philadelphia at two o'clock A. M. The people were awakened by the watchman's cry, "Past two o'clock and Cornwallis is taken." Lights flashed through the houses, and soon the streets were thronged with crowds eager to learn the glad news. Some were speechless with delight. Many wept, and the old door-keeper of Congress died of joy. Congress met at an early hour, and that afternoon marched in solemn procession to the Lutheran church to return thanks to Almighty God. All hope of subduing America was now abandoned by the people of England, and they loudly demanded the removal of the ministers who still counselled war.* The House of Com- mons voted that whoever advised the king to continue hostili- ties should be considered a public enemy. * The British Cabinet received intelligence of the defeat on Sunday noon, Novera- H3 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [178L Difficulties of the Country and Army. The situa- tion of the United States at this time was perilous. Com- merce had been destroyed hy the war. The currency waa worthless. Trade, manufactures, and agriculture, had been neglected. War had been the main business of the country for eight years. Many persons had lost their entire fortunes. Villages had been burned, ships lost, and crops destroyed. The British still held New York. George IIL seemed obsti- nate. War might be resumed at any time. Yet the army was in almost open rebellion. The soldiers were afraid they should be disbanded and sent home without pay. They petitioned Congress, but received no satisfaction. The treas- ury was empty. At this crisis Washington was invited to become king. The noble patriot was shocked at the pro- posal, and indignantly spurned it. A paper having been circu- lated advising violent measures, Washington addressedf a meeting of the officers, and besought them not to mar their fair record of patriotic service by any rash proceedings. His influence prevailed, both with the army and with Congress, and the difficulties were amicably settled. Peace Declared. A treaty was signed at Paris (Sep- tember 3, 1783) acknowledging the independence of the United States. Soon after, the army was disbanded. Wash- ington bade his officers an affecting farewell, and retired to Mount Vernon, followed by the thanksgiving of a grateful people. Weakness of the Government During the war the thirteen States had agreed upon Articles of Confederation, her 25. Lord North, the prime minister, was greatly excited. He received the news as he would have taken a cannon ball in his breast. With looks and actions indicaticg the deepest distress, he again and again exclaimed, "O God! it is all over." t As he rose he took off his spectacles to wipe them, eaying, " My eyes have grown dim in the service of my country, but I have never doubted her justice." 1783.] EPOCH III. 143 but they conferred little power on Congress. It could recom- mend, but not enforce ; it could only advise action, leaving the States to do as they might please. Bitter jealousy existed between the several States, both with regard to each other and to a general government. The popular desire was to let each State remain independent, and have no national authority. A heavy debt had been incurred by the war. Congress had no money and could not levy taxes. It advised the States to pay, but they were too jealous of Congress to heed its requests. " We are," said "Washington, " one nation to-day, and thirteen to-morrow." In Xew England, large bodies of men assembled, refusing to pay their taxes and openly threatening to over- turn the government. This insurrection, known as Shays's Rebellion, from the name of its leader, was put down by the militia under General Lincoln. Constitution Adopted. Under these circumstances many of the best men of the land felt the need of a stronger national government. A convention was called in Philadel- phia to revise the Articles of Confederation. Washington was chosen president. After much deliberation* they adopted an entirely new constitution (September 17, 1787). During the ensuing year the government was organized under it, and in 1789 went into full operation. During the next Epoch we shall notice the growth of the country under the wise provisions of this constitution. * The new constitution met with the most violent opposition. The people were divided into two parties the Federalists and the anti-Federalists. The former favored the constitution and sought to increase the powers of the national govern- ment, and thus strengthen the Union at home and abroad. The latter wished the authority to rest with the States, opposed the constitution, were jealous of Congress, and feared too much national power lest a monarchy might be established. The nation was agitated by the most earnest and thoughtful as well as the most virulent speeches on both sides. Within the year, however, nine States had ratified the con- stitution. This was the number necessary to make it binding. Rhode Island was not represented in the convention, and did not accept the constitution until 1790. UNITED STATES HISTOHY. [1705. Summary of the History of the Third Epoch, arranged in Chronological Order. FAGS 1765. The Stamp Act passed, March 8, 102 1766. The Stamp Act repealed by Parliament, March 18, . . 103 1767. A tax imposed on tea, &c., June 29, 103 1768. British troops arrived at Boston, September 27, . .104 1770. Boston Massacre, March 5, 104 All duties except on tea repealed, April 12, . . 105 1773. The tea thrown overboard in Boston Harbor, Dec. 16, . 105 1774. "Boston Port Bill "passed, March 31, . . . .105 First Continental Congress met at Philadelphia, Sept. 5, 106 1775. Battle of Lexington, April 19, 106 Ticonderoga taken by Allen and Arnold, May 10, . . 110 Crown Point taken, May 12, . Ill Washington elected commander-in-chief, June 15, . .Ill Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 108 Washington took command of troops before Boston, JulyS, Ill Montreal surrendered to Montgomery, November 13, . Ill Battle of Quebec Montgomery killed, December 31, . 113 1776. Boston evacuated by British troops under Lord Howe, March 17, ' . .112 Attack on Port Moultrie, June 28, 113 Declaration of Independence, July 4, .... 114 Battle of Long Island, August 27, 114 Battle of White Plains, October 28, .... 116 Fort Washington taken, November 16, . . . . 116 Washington's retreat through New Jersey, November and December, 116 Battle of Trenton, December 26, 116 1777. Battle of Princeton, January 3, . , . . .118 Murder of Miss McCrea, July 27, 121 Battle of Bennington, August 16, 123 Battle of Brandywine, September 11, ...... 119 First battle of Saratoga, September 19, . . . . 124 Philadelphia captured by the British, September 25, . 120 Battle of Germantown, October 4, 120 Second battle of Saratoga, October 7, .... 124 Surrender of Burgoyne, October 17, .... 125 1778.] EPOCH in. . 14o PAOB 1778. Battle of Monmoutli, June 28, 127 American Independence acknowledged by France, Feb. .,6, 126 Massacre of Wyoming, July 3, 128 French fleet arrived in Narraganset Bay, July 29, . . 128 British captured Savannah, Ga., December 29, . . . 129 1779. Stony Point captured by General Wayne, July 15, . 139 Sullivan defeated tories and Indians near Elmira, N. Y., August 29, 131 Paul, Jones's victory, September 23, 132 Savannah besieged by Americans and French, September and October, 129 D'Estaing and Lincoln repulsed at Savannah, October 9, 129 1780. Charleston surrendered to British, May 10, ... 133 Battle of Hanging Rock, S. C., August 6, ... 134 Battle of Camden, August 16, 133 Andre executed, October 2, 136 Battle of King's Mountain, October 7, . . .134 1781. Richmond burned by Arnold, January 5, ... Battle of the Cowpens, January^. 7, .... 137 Greene's celebrated retreat, January and February, . 137 Battle of Guilford Court House, March 15, . . . . 138 Battle of Eutaw Springs, September 8, . . . .138 Surrender of Cornwallis, October 19, .... 140 1783. Savannah evacuated by British, July 11, Treaty of Peace signed at Paris, September 3, . .142 New York evacuated by British, November 25, Washington resigned his commission, December 23, .142 1787. Shays's Rebellion in Massachusetts, 143 Constitution of United States adopted in Convention, September 17, 143 DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATES. From 1787 the Adoption of the Constitution, To 1861 the Breaking out of the Civil War. WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. (FIRST PRESIDENT-TWO TERMS : 1789-1797.) ASKING-TON'S Inaugu- ration (April 30, 1789). In the choice of the first Presi- dent of the United States all hearts turned instinctively to Washington. With deep re- gret, he left his quiet home at Mount Vernon for the tu- mults of political life. His journey to New York* was a continual ovation. Crowds of gaily-dressed people bearing baskets and garlands of flowers, and hailing his appearance with shouts of joy, met him at every village.! On the balcony * New York was only temporarily the capital. At the second session of Congress the seat of government was transferred to Philadelphia, where it was to remain for ten years, and then (1800) he removed to the District of Columbia, a tract of land ten miles square ceded for this purpose by Maryland and Virginia. Here a city was laid out in the midst of a wilderness, containing only here and there a small cottage. In 1800 it had eight thousand inhabitants. The "Father of his country" laid the corner-stone of the capitol (1793.) The part of this District on the Virginia side of the Potomac was (1846) ceded back to that State. t George Washington was born February 22, 1732 ; died December 14, 1799. Left fatherless at eleven years of age. bis education was directed by his mother, a woman f f strong character, who kindly, but firmly, exacted the most implicit obedience. Of her, Washington learned hi? first lessons in self-command. Although bashful and 148 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1789. of old Federal Hall he took the oath to support the Constitu- tion of the United States. hesitating in his speech, his language was clear and manly. Having compiled a code of morals and good manners for his own use, he rigidly observed all its quaint and formal rules. Before his thirteenth year he had copied forms for ill kinds of legal and mercantile papers. His manuscript school-books, which stih exist, are models of neatness and accuracy. His favorite amusements were of a military char- acter ; he made soldiers of his playmates, and officered all the mock parades. Grave, diffident, thoughtful, methodical, and strictly honorable, such was Washington in his youth. His inherited wealth was great, and the antiquity of his family gave him high social rank. On his Potomac farms he had hundreds of slaves, and at his Mount Vernon home, he was like the prince of a wide domain, free from dependence or restraint. He was fond of equipage and the appurtenances of high life. Although he always rode on horseback, his family had a "chariot and four," with "black postilions in scarlet and white livery." This generous style of living, added" perhaps to his native reserve, exposed him to the charge of aristocratic feeling. While at his home, he spent much of his time in riding and hunting. He rose early, ate his breakfast of corn-cake, honey, and tea, and then rode about his estates. He spent his evenings with his family around the blazing hearth, retiring between nine and ten. He loved to linger at the table, cracking nuts and relating his adventures. In personal appearance, Washington was over six feet in height, robust, graceful, and perfectly erect. His manner was formal and dignified. He was more solid than brilliant, and had more judgment than genius. He had great dread of pu'-lic life, cared little for books, and had no library. Washington was a consistent Christian, and a regular attendant of the Episcopal church, of which he was a communicant. He was a firm advocate of free institutions, but believed in a strong government and strictly enforced laws. As a President he carefully weighed his decisions, but, his policy once settled, he pur- sued it with steadiness and dignity, however great might be the opposition. As an officer he was brave, enterprising, and cautious. His campaigns were rarely startling, but they were always judicious. He was capable of great endurance. Calm in defeat, sober in victory, commanding at all times, but irresistible when aroused, he exercised equal authority over himself and his army. His last illness was very brief, and his clos- ing hours were marked by his usual calmness and dignity. " I die hard," said he, "but I am not afraid to go." Europe and America vied in tributes to his memory. Said Lord Brougham, " TTntil time shall be no more, a test of the progress which our race has made in wisdom and virtue will be derived from the veneration paid to the im- mortal name of Washington." Washington left no children. It has been beauti- fully said, " Providence left him childless that his country might call him Father." Qiiestiont on the Geoff raphy of the Fourth Ejjoch .Locate New York. Philadelphia. Baltimore. Boston. Washington. Detroit. York. St. John's. Montreal. Plattsburg. Schlosser. Sackett's Harbor. Frenchtown. Chippcwa. Stonington. Hartford. New Orleans. Charleston. Sacramento. San Francisco. Harper's Ferry. Palmyra. Santa Fe\ Nauvoo. Mount Vernon. Queenstown Heights. Chrysler's Field. Horseshoe Bend. Lnndy's Lane. Locate Fort Maiden. Fort Erie. Foit Meigs. Fort Stephenson. Fort Mima. Fort McHenry. Fort King. Fort Brown. Describe the Maumee River. Hudson River. Tippecanoe River. Niasrara River. St. Lawrence River. Raisin River. Thames River. Columbia River. Rio Grande River. Nneces River. Locate Sandusky Bay. Lake Champlain. Tampa Bay. Locate Palo Alto. Point Isabel. Resaca de la Palma. Matamoras. Monterey. Buena Vista. Vera Cruz. Puebla. Cerro Gordo. The Cordilleras. Contreras. Mexico. Cuba. Havana. 1789.] EPOCH IV. 151 Difficulties beset the new government on every hand. The treasury was empty, and the United States had no credit. The Indians were hostile. Pirates from the Barbary States attacked our ships, and American citizens were languishing in Algerine dungeons. Spain refused us the navigation of the Mississippi. England had not yet condescended to send a minister to our government, and had made no treaty of com- merce with us. We shall see how wisely Washington and his cabinet met these difficulties. Randolph. Hamiltu. . WASHINGTON'S CABINET.* Domestic Affairs. Finances. By the advice of Alex- ander Hamilton, secretary of the treasury, Congress agreed to assume the debts contracted by the States during the Eevolu- * Three executive departments were now established the Department cf Foreign Affairs (now the Department of State), the Department of War, and the Department of the Treasury. The heads of these departments were called Secretaries, and, with the Attorney-General, formed the President's cabinet. IjO UXITEU STATES HISTORY. [1790. fcion, and to pay the national debt in full. To provide funds, taxes were levied on imported goods and the distillation of spirits. A mint and a national bank* were established at Philadelphia, By these measures the credit of the United States was put upon a firm basis, f Whisky Rebellion (1794). Great opposition was made to raising money by taxation. In western Pennsylvania it was agreed that no tax should be paid on whisky. The rioters were so numerous and so thoroughly organized that fifteen thousand of the militia were ordered out to subdue them. Finding the government in earnest, the malcontents laid down their arms. Indian Wars. Two armies sent against the Indians of the northwest were defeated. At last General Wayne " Mad Anthony" was put in command. Little Turtle, the Indian chief, now advised peace, declaring that the Americans had " a leader who never slept." His counsel was rejected. On the Maumee a desperate battle was fought (Aug. 20, 1794). TVayne routed the Indians, chased them for a great distance, laid waste their towns for fifty miles, and at last made a treaty]; whereby they gave up all of what is now Ohio and part of Indiana. Foreign Affairs. England. Hardly had the war closed when complaints were made in England that debts could not be collected in America. On the other hand the Americans charged that the British armies had earned oif their negroes, * At that time there were only four banks in the country, i. e., at Philadelphia, Xew York, Boston, and Baltimore; and the circulation of "their bills was merely local. t The credit of these plans belongs to Hamilton. Daniel Webster has eloquently said of him, "He smote Iherock of the national resources, and abundant streams of revenue burst forth. He touched the dead corpse of public credit, and it sprang upon its feet/' i He told them, it is said, that if they ever violated this agreement he would rise from his grave to fight them. He was long remembered by the western Indians. 1794.] EPOCH IT. 153 that posts were still held on the frontier, and that our seamen were impressed. Chief Justice Jay was sent as envoy extra- ordinary to England. He negotiated a treaty, which was rati- fied by the Senate (1795), after the most violent opposition.* Spain and Algiers. The same year a treaty was made with Spain, securing to the United States the free navigation of the Mississippi, and fixing the boundary of Florida, still held by that nation. Just before this, a treaty had been concluded with Algiers, by which our captives were released, and the commerce of the Mediterranean opened to American vessels. France. The Americans warmly sympathized with France, and when war broke out between that country and England, Washington had great difficulty in preserving neutrality. He saw that the true American policy was to keep free from all European alliances. Genet (je-na), the French minister, relying on the popular feeling, went so far as to fit out priva- teers in the United States ports to prey on British commerce. He also tried to arouse the people against the government. At length, at Washington's request, Genet was recalled. But, as we shall see, the difficulty did not end. Political Parties. During the discussion of these various questions two parties had arisen. Jefferson, Madison, and Ean- dolphf became leaders of the republican party, which opposed the United States Bank, the English treaty, and the assump- tion of the State debts. Hamilton and Adams were the leaders This treaty enforced the payment of the English dehts, but did not in turn forbid the impressment of American seamen. Its advocates were threatened by angry mobs with personal violence. Hamilton was stoned at a public meeting. Insults were offered to the British minister, and Jay was burned in effigy. The more quiet people expressed- their indignation by passing resolutions condemning the action of the Senate. t John Randolph of Roanoke was not prominent in the republican party until a later administration, being elected representative in 1799. He was a descendant of Pocahontas, of which fact he often boasted. He was noted for his keen retorts, reckless wit, and skill in debate. He was tall, slender, and cadaverous. His voice, shrill and piping, and his fingers, long and skinny, generally pointed toward the ob- ject of his invective, made him a conspicuous speaker. For thirty years, says Ben- ton, he was the " political meteor " of Congress. 154 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1700. of the federalist party, which supported the administration.* Washington having declined to serve a third term, now issued his famous farewell address. So close was the contest between the rival parties that Adams, the federalist candidate, was elected President by a majority of only two electoral votes over Jefferson, the republican nominee. ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION^ (SECOND PRESIDENT: 1797-1801.) Domestic Affairs. Alien and Sedition Laws. Owing to the violent denunciations of the -government by the friends and emissaries of Erance, the alien and sedition laws were passed. Under the former, the President could expel from the country any foreigner whom he deemed injurious to the United' States; under the latter, any one libelling Congress, * The federalists favored the granting of power to the general government, which they thought should be made strong. The republicans, fearing lest the republic should become a monarchy and the President a king, opposed this idea and advo- cated State rights. In this election the republicans were accused of being friends of France, and the federalists of being attached to Great Britain and its institutions. The republicans declared themselves to be the only true friends of the people, and stigmatized all others as aristocrats and monarchists. * John Adams was born 1735 ; died 1826. He was a member of the first and second Congress, and nominated Washington as commander-in-chief. Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, but Adams secured its adoption in a three-days debate. He was a tireless worker, and had the reputation of having the clearest head and firmest heart of any man in Congress. In his position as President he lost the repu- lation he had gained as Congressman. His enemies accused him of being a bad judge of men, of clinging to old unpopular notions, and of having little control over his temper. They also ridiculed his egotism, which they declared to be inordinate. He lived, however, to see the prejudice against his administration give place to a juster estimate of his great worth and exalted integrity. As a delegate to the Con- stitutional Convention he was honored as one of the fathers of the republic. Adams and Jefferson were firm friends during the Revolution, but political strife alienated them. On their return to private life they became reconciled. They died on the same day the fiftieth anniversary of American independence. Adams's last words were, "Thomas Jefferson still survives." Jefferson was, however, already lying dead in his Virginia home. Thus, by the passing away of these two remarkable men, was made memorable the 4th of July, 1826. 1798.] EPOCH IT. 155 the President, or the government, could be fined or impris- oned. This was a most unpopular measure, and excited the bitterest feeling. Foreign Affairs. France. French affairs early assumed a serious aspect. Our flag was insulted, our vessels were cap- tured, and our envoys were refused audience by the French Directory unless a bribe should be paid.* The news of this insult aroused the nation. The friends of France were silenced. An army was ordered to be raised, and Washington was appointed commander-in-chief. Hostilities had com- menced on the sea, but when Napoleon became the First Consul of France the war was happily arrested. Political Parties. An intense party feeling prevailed during the entire administration. The unpopularity of the alien and sedition laws, especially, reduced the vote for Adams, the federal candidate fcr re-election, and the republi* can nominee, Jefferson, became the next President JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION.! (THIRD PRESIDENT TWO TERMS : 1801-1809.) Domestic Affairs. Purchase of Louisiana (1803). The most important event of Jefferson's administration was * William Pinckney our envoy to France indignantly replied, "Millions for defence, but not one cent for tribute." t Thomas Jefferson was born 1743 : died 1826. " Of all the public men who have figured in the United States," says Parton, "he was incomparably the best scholar and the most variously accomplished man." He was a bold horseman, a skilful hunter, an elegant penman, a fine violinist, a brilliant talker, a superior classical scholar, and a proficient in the modern languages. On account of his talents he was styled "The Sage of Monticello." That immortal document, the Declaration of In- dependence, was, with the exception of a few words, entirely his work. He was an ardent supporter of the doctrine of State rights, and led the opposition to the feder- alists. After he became President, however, he found the difficulty of administering the government upon that theory. " The executive authority had to be stretched 156 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1808. the purchase of Louisiana from Napoleon.* Over one million square miles of laud and the full possession of the Mississippi were obtained for $15,000,000. f Aaron Burr, the Vice-President, was Alexander Hamilton's bitter rival, both in law and in politics, and at last challenged him to a duel. Hamilton accepted. The affair took place at Weehawken (July 11, 1804). Hamilton fell at the first fire, on the very spot where his eldest son had been killed shortly before, in the same manner. His death produced the most profound sensation. Burr afterward went west and organized an expedition with the avowed object of forming a settlement in northern Mexico. Being suspected, however, of a design to break up the Union and found a separate confederacy beyond the Alleghanies, he was arrested and tried (1807) on a charge of treason.^ Although acquitted for want of proof, he yet remained an outcast. until it cracked, to cover the purchase of Louisiana ; " and he became convinced on other occasions that the federal government, to use his own expression, must "show its teeth." Like Washington, he was of aristocratic birth, but his prin- ciples were intensely democratic. He hated ceremonies and titles; even "Mr." was distasteful to him. These traits were the more remarkable in one of his supe- rior birth and education, and peculiarly endeared him to the common people. Coming iuto power on a wave of popularity, he studiously sought to retain this favor. There were no more brilliant levees or courtly ceremonies as in the days of Wash- ington and Adams. On his inauguration day he rode down to Congress unattended, and, leaping from his horse, hitched it, and went into the chamber dressed in plain clothes to read his fifteen-minutes inaugural. Some of the sentences of that short but memorable address have passed into proverbs. The unostentatious example thus set by the nation's President was wise in its effects. Soon the public debt v;as diminished, the army and navy reduced, and the treasury replenished. A man of such marked character necessarily made bitter enemies, but Jefferson commanded the respect of even his opponents, while the admiration of his friends was un- bounded. The last seventeen years of his life were passed at Monticello, near the place of his birth. By his profuse hospitality, he had, long before his death, spent his vast estates. He died poor in money, but rich in honor. His last words were, " This is the fourth day ol July." * It had just been ceded Dy Spain to France. t " This accession of territory," said Napoleon, "strengthens forever the power of the United States, and I have just given to England a maritime rival that will sooner or later humble her pride." Out of this magnificent domain we have since cut five States, four Territories, and parts of three States and three Territories. $ While awaiting his trial, Burr was committed to the common jail. There, among THE FIRST STEAMBOAT. 1807.] EPOCH IV. 157 Fulton's Steamboat. This year (1807) was rendered mem- orable by the voyage from New York to Al- bany of Eobert Ful- ton's steamboat, the Clermont, For years the Hudson boasted the only steamboat in the world. Foreign Affairs. War with Tripoli. The Barbary States, of which Tripoli is one, for many years sent out cruisers which captured vessels of all Christian nations, and held their crews as slaves until ransomed. The United States, like the European nations, was accustomed to pay annual tribute to these pirates to secure exemption from their attacks. The Bashaw of Tripoli at last became so haughty that he declared war (1801) against the United States. Jefferson sent a fleet which block- aded* the port and repeatedly bombarded the city of Tripoli. The frightened Bashaw was at last glad to make peace.f England and France. During this time England and France were engaged in a desperate struggle*. England tried to prevent trade with France, and, in turn, Napoleon forbade its wretched inmates, stripped of all his honors, lay the man who once lacked but a single vote to make him President of the United States. * During this blockade a valiant exploit was performed hy Lieutenant Decatur. The frigate Philadelphia had unfortunately grounded and fallen into the enemy's hands. Concealing his men helow, he entered the harhor with a small vessel, which he warped alongside the Philadelphia, in the character of a ship in distress. As the two vessels struck, the pirates first suspected his design. Instantly he leaped aboard with his men, swept, the affrighted crew into the sea, set the ship on fire, and amid a tremendous cannonade from the batteries, escaped without the loss of a man. t In addition to the alarm created by the bombardment, the Bashaw was threatened on land. He had usurped the throne and driven his brother Hamet into exile. Wil- liam Eaton, the American consul at Tunis, concerted a plan for Hamet's restoration. Recruiting a motley army, of whom only nine were Americans, he marched across the desert, and suddenly appearing before Derne, captured it by assault. 158 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1807. all commerce with England. As the United States were neutral, they did most of the carrying trade of Europe. Our vessels thus became the prey of both the hostile nations. Be- sides, England claimed the right of stopping American vessels on the high seas, searching for seamen of English birth,* and pressing them into the British navy.f The feeling, already deep, was intensified when the British frigate Leopard fired into the American frigate Chesapeake, off the coast of Virginia. The American vessel, being wholly unprepared for battle, soon struck her colors. Four of the crew, three being Americans by birth, were taken, on the pretence that they were deserters. Jefferson immediately ordered all British vessels of war to quit the waters of the United States. Though England dis- avowed the act, no reparation was made. An embargo was then laid by Congress on American vessels, forbidding them to leave port. This was so injurious to our commerce that it was removed, but all intercourse with England or France was forbidden. Political Parties. While the country was in this fever- ish state, Jefferson's second term expired. James Madison, the republican candidate, who was closely in sympathy with his views, was elected as his successor by a large majority. The republicans were generally in favor of a war with England. The federalists, however, were a strong minority, and through- out this administration warmly opposed the war policy of the republicans. * The American doctrine was that a foreigner could be naturalized and thus become an American citizen, enjoying all the privileges of American citizenship. The British doctrine was, "Once an Englishman, always an Englishman." t At one time there were more than six thousand names on the books of the State Department, registered as having been thus forced into the British navy, and it was thought that there were probably as many more not reported. Through the indifler- ence of the officers many native Americans were in this way cruelly driven into th English service. 1809 .] EPOCH IV. 159 MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION.* (FOURTH PRESIDENT-TWO TERMS: 1809-1817.) Domestic Affairs. Battle of Tippecanoe (November 7, 1811). British emissaries had been busy arousing the Indians to war. Tecumseh, a famous chief, seized the opportunity to form a confederacy of the northwestern tribes. General Har- rison having been sent against them with a strong force, was treacherously attacked by night near the Tippecanoe. The Indians, however, were routed with great slaughter. Foreign Affairs. England. This war greatly aroused the people of the west against England. The impressment of our seamen and the capture of our ships continued. The British government went so far as to send war vessels into our waters to seize our ships as prizes. The American frigate President having hailed the British sloop-of-war Little Belt, received a cannon shot in reply. The fire was returned, and the sloop soon disabled ; a civi? answer was then returned. The British government refusing to relinquish its offensive * James Madison was born in Virginia in 1 1 ; died ia36. Entering Congress in 1789, he became one of the strongest advocate f the Constitution, and did much to secure its adoption. From his political prin.iples he was obliged, though reluc- tantly, to oppose Washington's administration, which he did in a courteous and temperate manner. He led his party in Congress, where he remained till 1797. The next year he drafted the famous " 1798-99 Kesolutions," enunciating the doctrine of State rights, v.'hich, with the accompanying "Report" in their defence, have been the great text-book of the democratic party. He was Secretary of State to Jefferson. After his Presidential services, he retired from public station. Madison's success was not so much the result of a great natural ability as of intense application and severe accuracy. His mind was strong, clear, and well balanced, and his memory was wonderful. Like John Quincy Adams, he had laid up great store of learning, which he used in the most skilful manner. He always exhausted the subject upon which he spoke. "When he had finished, nothing remained to be said." His private character was spotless. His manner was simple, modest, and uniformly courteous to his opponents. He enjoyed wit and humor, and told a story admirably. His sunny temper remained with him to the last. Some friends coming to visit him during his final illness, he sank smilingly back on his couch, saying, " I always talk better when I lie." It has been said of him, " It was his rare good fortune to have a whole nation for his friends." 100 UNITED STATES HISTOEY. [1812. course, all hope of peace was abandoned.* Finally (June 19th, 1812), Avar was formally declared against Great Britain. SECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 1812-14. Surrender of Detroit (August 16). As in the previous wars, it was determined to invade Canada. General William Hull accordingly crossed over from Detroit and encamped on Canadian soil. Here he issued^ a proclamation offering the benefits of liberty to the oppressed inhabitants. While he was preparing to attack Fort Maiden (maul-den), he learned that the British and Indians were gathering to attack him. He, therefore, ignominiously retreated to Detroit. Here he was pursued by a force of British under General Brock, and Indians under Tecumseh. As they marched to attack the fort, and the Americans, drawn up, expected every instant the order to fire, Hull seemed to lose all presence of mind. In an agony of fear, while his men, it is said, wept at the disgrace, he raised the white flag. Without even stipulating for the honors of war, he surrendered not only Detroit, with its gam- sons and stores, but the whole of Michigan. Battle of Queenstown Heights (October 13). Late in summer, another attempt was made to invade Canada. General Van Eensselaer (ren'-se-ler) finding that his men were eager for a fight, sent a small body across the Niagara River to attack the British at Queenstown Heights. The English were driven from their position, and General Brock killed. General Van Eensselaer now returned to the Ameri- can shore to bring over the rest of the army ; but the militia * Madison, whose disposition was very pacific, hesitated so long, that one of the federalists declared in Congress that "he conld not be kicked into a fight." This expression passed into a proverb. 1812.J EPOCH IV. 161 had lost their courage, and denying the constitutional right of their commander to take them out of the State, refused to embark. Meantime their comrades on the Canadian shore, thus basely abandoned, after a desperate struggle, were com- pelled to surrender. Naval Victories. These signal disgraces by land were in striking contrast to the successes on the sea.* Constitution and Guerriere (August 9). The fight off the coast of Massachusetts, between the American frigate Con- stitution (popularly called Old Ironsides) and the Guerriere (gare-e-are) is memorable.! The latter vessel opened fire first. Captain Isaac Hull J refused to answer until he had brought his ship into the exact position he desired, when he poured broadside after broadside into his antagonist, sweeping her deck, shattering her hull, and cutting her masts and rigging to pieces. The entire action lasted two hours, when the Guer- riere surrendered. She was so badly injured that she could * It is a noticeable fact that the administration never favored the idea of a navy, and did nothing to foster it. It was a neglected child from the first. Jefferson advo- cated the construction of small gunboats only for harbor use. One hundred and fifty of these useless things were ordered. The navy was so small that in 1S14 it had almost disappeared, and at one time not a national vessel floated the United States flag. But, small as it was, during 1812-13, it humbled the pride of the " Mistress of the Seas." t The Guerriere was in search of an American frigate, having given a formal chal- lenge to any vessel of that description. At her mast-head was a flag with "Not the Little Belt " upon it, alluding to the vessel of that name so easily defeated by the President the year before. J Nephew of General Hull. His bravery retrieved the name from its disgrace. " Captain Hull sent an ofBcer to take possession of the Guerriere. When he arrived alongside, he demanded of the commander of the English frigate if he had struck. Dacres was extremely reluctant to make this concession in plain terms, but, with a shrewdness which would have done honor to a Yankee, endeavored to evade the question. ' I do not know that it would be prudent to continue the en- gagement any longer,' said he. ' Do I understand you to say that yon have struck ?' inquired the American lieutenant. ' Not precisely,' returned Dacres ; ' but I don't know that it will be worth while to fight any longer.' ' If you cannot decide, I will return aboard,' replied the Yankee, 'and we will resume the engagement.' 'Why, I am pretty much hors de combat already,' said Dacres ; ' I have hardly men enough left to work a gun. and my ship is in a sinking condition.' 'I wish to know, sir,' peremptorily demanded the American officer. ' whether I am to consider you ae a 162 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1812. not be brought into port ; while the Old Ironsides, in a few hours, was ready for another fight. Frolic and Wasj) (October 13). The next noted achieve- ment was the defeat of the English brig Frolic by the sloop- of-war Wasp, off the coast of North Carolina, When the CAPTURE OF THE FROLIC. former was boarded by her captors, her colors were still flying, there being no one to haul them down. The man at the |ielm was the only sailor left on deck unharmed. Other victories followed. Privateers scoured every sea, in- flicting untold injury on the British commerce. During the year over three hundred prizes were captured. prisoner of war or an enemy. I have no time for further parley.' ' I believe there Is now no alternative. If I could flght longer, I womld with pleasure ; but I must- surrender myself prisoner of war f " 1812.] EPOCH IV, 163 Effect of these Naval Victories. Enthusiasm was aroused, and confidence -inspired. Volunteer corps were -formed. Madison was re-elected, thus stamping his war policy with popular approval. 1813. Plan of the Campaign. Three armies were raised : (1) the Army of the Centre, under General Dearborn, 011 the Niagara River; (2) the Army of the North, under General Hampton, along Lake Champlain ; and (3) the Army of the West, under General Harrison, of Tippecanoe fame. All three were ultimately to invade Canada. Proctor was the British general, and Tecumseh had command of his Indian allies. The Armies of the Centre and the North did little. General Dearborn* attacked York, General Pike gallantly lead- ing the assault. Unfortunately in the moment of success the magazine blew up, killing Pike and making sad havoc among his men. Dearborn did nothing, and soon after resigned. General "Wilkinson, his successor, was directed to descend the St. Lawrence in boats, and join General Hampton in an at- tack on Montreal. At Chrysler's Field he repulsed the Brit- ish, but owing to a disagreement with General Hampton he returned. General Hampton went north as far as St. John's, where he was defeated by the British. He then made the best of his way back to Plattsburg, where, in the winter, he was joined by General Winchester's men. Thus ingloriously ended the campaign of these two armies. Army of the West. A detachment of General Harri- son's men was captured f at French town, on the River Raisin, * The British, hearing that Dearborn had Bailed away from Sackett's Harbor with the fleet, immediately made an attack on that place. They were bravely repulsed by General Brown and a few regulars. t This party was stationed on the Maiimee, under General Winchester. Having learned that the people of Frcnchtown feared an attack from the Indians, he allowed 164 UK IT ED STATES HIS-TOEY. [1813. by Proctor, who then besieged Harrison himself at Fort Meigs (megz). Repulsed here, Proctor stormed Fort Stephen- son, garrisoned only by one hundred and fifty men under Major Croghan, a young man of twenty-one. Beaten again, he returned to Maiden. As yet, however, the British held Michigan and threatened Ohio, and the land forces had been as unsuccessful this year as they were the preceding, when a glorious triumph on Lake Erie gave a new aspect to the campaign. Perry's Victory (September 10). When Captain Perry, then only twenty-seven years old, was assigned the command of the flotilla on Lake Erie, the British were undisputed masters of the lake, while his fleet was to be, in part, made out of the trees in the forest. By indefatigable exertion he got nine vessels carrying fifty-four guns ready for action, when the British fleet of six vessels and sixty-three guns bore down upon his little squadron.* Perry's flag-ship, the Lawrence,f engaged two of the heaviest vessels of the enemy, and fought them till but eight of his men were left. He helped these to fire the last gun, and then leaping into a boat bore his flag to his military judgment to yield to his humanity, and marched to their relief. He defeated the enemy, but was soon attacked by a body of fifteen hundred British and Indians under Proctor. Winchester, being captured in the course of the battle, agreed to the surrender of his men under the solemn promise that their lives and property should be safe. Proctor, however, immediately returned to Maiden with the British, leaving no guard over the American wounded. Thereupon the Indians, maddened by liquor and the desire of revenge, mercilessly tomahawked many, set. fire to the houses where others lay, and carried the survivors to Detroit, where they were dragged through the streets and offered for sale at the doors of the inhabitants. Many of the women of that place gave for their ransom every article of value which they possessed. The troops were Kentuckians, and the war-cry of their sons was henceforth " Eemember the Eaisin." The great object of the Indians in battle was to get scalps, Proctor paying a regular bounty for every one brought in. They were therefore loth to take prisoners. Proctor, brutal and haughty, was a fit leader under a government that would employ savages in a civilized warfare. * Perry had never seen a naval battle, while Captain Barclay, the British com- mander, was one of Nelson's veterans, and had lost an arm in the service. t From its mast-head floated a blue pennant, bearing the words of the dying Law- rence, " Don't give up the ship." (See p. 166.) 1813.] EPOCH IV. 165 the Niagara. He had to pass within pistol-shot of the British, who turned their guns directly upon him; and though he was a fair mark for every shot, he escaped without injury. Breaking through the enemy's line and firing right and left, within fifteen minutes after he mounted the deck of the Niagara the victory was won. Perry at once wrote General Harrison, " We have met the enemy, and they are ours." This laconic despatch produced intense excitement throughout the country. Upon the result of this battle depended, as we shall see, important issues. Battle of the Thames. Proctor and Tecumseh were at Maiden with their motley array 'of British and Indians, two thousand strong, waiting to lay waste the frontier. Harrison, at Sandusky Bay, was nearly ready to invade Canada, and at the news of this victory pushed across the lake. Landing at Maiden, which he found deserted, Harrison hotly pursued the flying enemy. He overtook them on the Eiver Thames (temz). Drawing up his troops, he ordered Colonel Johnson, with his Kentucky horsemen, to charge the English in front Dashing through the forest, they broke the enemy's line, and forming in their rear prepared to pour in a deadly fire. The British surrendered. Proctor escaped by the swiftness of his horse. Johnson pushed forward to attack the Indians. In the heat of the action, a bullet, said to have been fired by Johnson himself, struck Tecumseh. With his death the savages lost all hope, and fled in confusion. Effect. This victory, with Perry's, relieved Michigan, gave control of Lake Erie, and virtually decided the war. Gen- eral Harrison returned amid the plaudits of the nation. Naval Battles. The American navy achieved some bril- liant successes during the year, but was not uniformly vic- torious. Chesapeake and Shannon. Captain Lawrence, of the 166 UNIT E'D STATES HIS TORY. [18ia Hornet, having captured the British brig Peacock, on hia return was placed in command of the Chesapeake, the ill- starred frigate which struck her flag to the Leopard ofi" the coast of Virginia, While refitting his vessel at Boston, a challenge was sent in for him to fight the Shannon, then lying off the harbor. Lawrence, although part of his crew were discharged, and the unpaid remainder were almost mutinous, consulted only his own heroic spirit, and at once put to sea. The action was brief. A hand grenade bursting in the Chesa- peake's arm-chest, the enemy took advantage of the confusion, and boarded her. A scene of carnage ensued. Lawrence, mortally wounded, was carried below. As he left the deck he exclaimed, "Don't give up the ship." But the feeble crew were soon overpowered, and the colors hauled down. War with the Creeks. Tecumseh had been (1811) among the Alabama Indians, and aroused them to take up arms against the Americans. They accordingly formed a league (1813), and fell upon Fort Mims, massacring the garrison and the , defenceless women and children. Volun- teers flocked in from ah 1 sides to avenge this horrid deed. Under General Jackson they drove the Indians from one place to another, until they took refuge on the Horseshoe Bend, where they fortified themselves for the last battle* (March 27, 1814). The soldiers, with fixed bayonets, scaled their breast- work. The Creeks fought with the energy of despair. Six hundred were killed. Those who escaped were glad to make peace on any terms. Ravages on the Atlantic Coast. Early in the spring * An event occurred on Jackson's march which illustrates his iron will. For a long time his soldiers suffered extremely from famine. At last they mutinied. Gen- eral Jackson rode before the ranks. His left arm, shattered by a ball, was disabled, but in his right he held a musket. Sternly ordering the men back to their place, he declared he would shoot the first who advanced. No one stirred, and at last all returned to duty. 1813.] EPOCH IV. 107 the British commenced devastating the southern coast* Ad- miral Cockburn, especially, disgraced the British navy by con- duct worse than that of Cornwallis in the Eevolution. Along the Virginia and Carolina coast he burned bridges, farm- houses, and villages ; robbed the inhabitants of their crops, stock, and slaves; plundered churches of their communion services, and murdered the sick in their beds. MILLER AT LUNDY's LANE. 1814. Battle of Lundy's Lane (July 25). The American army, under General Brown, crossing the Niagara Eiver, once more, and for the last time, invaded Canada. Fort Erie having been taken, General Winfield Scott, leading the * New England was spared from a general belief that the northern States were nnfriendly to the war, and would yet return to their allegiance to Great Britain. 168 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1814. advance, attacked the British at Ghippewa (July 5), and gained a brilliant victory. A second engagement was fought at Lundy's Lane, opposite Niagara Falls. Here, within sound of that mighty cataract, occurred one of the bloodiest battles of the war. General Scott had only one thousand men, but he maintained the unequal contest until dark. A battery, located on a height, was the key to the British position. Calling Colonel Miller to his side, the commander asked him if he could take it. "I'll try, sir," was the fearless reply. Heading his regiment, he steadily marched up the height and secured the coveted position. Three times the British rallied for its re-capture, but as many times were hurled back. At midnight they retired from the field. This victory, though glorious to the American army, was barren of direct results. Battle of Lake Champlain (September. 11). All but fifteen hundred of the troops at Plattsburg had gone to rein- force General Brown. Prevost, the commander of the British army in Canada, learning this fact, took twelve thousand veteran soldiers, who had served under Wellington, and marched against that place. As he advanced to the attack, the British fleet on Lake Champlain assailed the American squadron under Commodore McDonough.* The attacking squadron was nearly annihilated. The little army in Platts- burg, by their vigorous defence, prevented Prevost from cross- ing the Saranac River. When he found that his ships were lost, he fled precipitately, leaving his sick and wounded, and large quantities of military stores. Ravages on the Atlantic Coast. The British block- ade extended this year to the north. Commerce was so com- pletely destroyed that the lamps in the light-houses were * One of his vessels he had built in twenty days, from trees growing on the hank of the lake. 1814.] EPOCH IV. 169 extinguished as being of use only to the English. Several towns in Maine were captured. Stonington, Conn., was bombarded. Cockburn continued his depredations along the Chesapeake. General Eoss marched to Washington, burned the capitol (August 24) and other public buildings, libraries and records, together with private dwellings and storehouses. He then sailed around by sea to attack Baltimore. The troops disembarking (September 12) below, were to move upon the city by land,* while the fleet should bombard Fort McHenry from the river. Meeting, however, with a severe resistance, and the fleet having made no impression on the fort,f the army retired to their ships. The greatest excitement was produced by these events. Every seaport was fortified. Militia were organized. Citizens of all ranks labored with their own hands in throwing up defences. Bitter reproaches were cast upon the administra- tion because of its mode of conducting the war. Delegates from New England States met at Hartford (December 15) to discuss this subject The meeting was branded with odium by the friends of the administration. To be called a Hart- ford Convention Federalist, was a term of reproach. Peace, as afterward appeared, was made even before the convention adjourned. The treaty was signed at Ghent, December 24. Before, however, the news had reached this country, a terrible, and, as it proved, unnecessary battle had been fought in the south. Battle of New Orleans (January 8, 1815). A power- ful fleet and a force of twelve thousand men, under General * While the British troops were marching toward Baltimore, General Ross rode forward with a part of his staff, to reconnoitre. Two mechanics, who were in a tree watching their advance, fired upon them, and Ross fell mortally wounded. The two patriots were instantly shot. t During the bombardment of Port McHenry, Francis S. Key, an American de- tained on board of an English vessel, wrote the national song "The Star Spangled Banner." ft no UNITED STATES HISTORY, [1815, Pakenliam undertook the capture of New Orleans. General Jackson, anticipating this advance, had thrown up intrench- ments* several miles below the city. The British advanced BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS. steadily,! in solid columns, heedless of the artillery fire which swept their ranks, until they came within range of the Ken- tucky and Tennessee riflemen, when they wavered. Their officers rallied them again and again. General Pakenliam fell in the arms of the same officer who had caught General * Jackson at first made his intrenchments In part of cotton bales, but a red-hot cannon ball having fired the cotton and scattered the burning fragments among the barrels of gunpowder, it was found necessary to remove the cotton entirely. The only defence of the Amencans in this battle was a bank of earth, five feet high, and a ditch in front. t The British were tried and disciplined troops, while very few of the Americans had ever seen fighting. Besides, the British were nearly double their number. But our men were accustomed to the use of the rifle, and were the best marksmen In the world. 1815.] EPOCH IV. 171 Koss as he fell at Baltimore. Neither discipline nor bravery could prevail. General Lambert, who succeeded to the com- mand, drew off his men in the night, hopelessly defeated, after a loss of over two thousand; while the American loss was but seven killed and six wounded. Results of the War. The treaty left the question of im- pressment unsettled, yet it was tacitly understood, and waa never revived. The national debt was $127,000,000, but within twenty years it was paid from the ordinary revenue. The United States had gained the respect of European na- tions, and the superiority of the American navy was fully established.* American militia had beaten Wellington's vet- erans. The impossibility of any foreign power gaining per- manent foothold on our territory was proved. The fruitless invasion of Canada by the militia, compared with the brave defence of their own territory by the same men, proved that the strength of the United States consisted in defensive war- fare. Extensive manufactories were established to supply the place of the English goods cut off by the blockade. This branch of industry continued to thrive after peace, though for a time depressed by the quantity of English goods thrown on the market. The immediate evils of the war were apparent : trade ruined, commerce gone, no specie to be seen, and a general depression. Yet the wonderful resources of the coun- try were shown by the rapidity with which it entered upon a new career of prosperity. Political Parties. When Madison's term of office ex- pired, the federalist party had been broken up by its opposi- tion to the war. James Monroe, the Presidential candidate * The Algerines had taken advantage of the war with England to renew their depredations on American commerce. Decatur, in May, 1815, was gent with a squad- ron to right matters in that quarter. Proceeding to Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, he obtained the liberation of American prisoners, and full indemnity for all losses, with pledges for the future. The United States was the first nation to effectually resist the demands of the Barbary pirates for tribute. 17;> UNITED .STATES HISTORY. [1816. of the republican party, was almost unanimously elected. He was generally beloved, and all parties united in his support. MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION.* (FIFTH PRESIDENT TWO TERMS: 1817-1823.) Monroe's administration was one of general prosperity. After the ravages of war, the attention of all was turned to the building up of the country, and to the development of its internal resources. Domestic Affairs. The Missouri Compromise. When the admission of Missouri as a State was proposed, a violent discussion arose as to whether it should be free or slave.f * James Monroe was born 1758 ; died 1831. As a soldier under General Washing- ton, he bore a brave record, and especially distinguished himself in the battles of Biandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. Afterward, he studied law, and entered political life. Having been sent by Washington as Minister to France, he showed such marked sympathy with that country as to displease the President and his cabinet, who were just concluding a treaty with England, and wished to preserve a strictly neutral policy. He was therefore recalled. Under Jefferson, who was his warm friend, he was again sent to France in 1803, when he secured the pur- chase of Louisiana. He is said to have always taken particular pride in this trans- action, regarding his part in it as among the most important of his public services. Soon after his inauguration as President, he visited all the military posts in the north and ?.st, with a view to thorough acquaintance with the capabilities of the country in the event of future hostilities. This tour was a great success. He wore a blue military coat of homespun, light-colored breeches, and a cocked hat, being the undress uniform of a Revolutionary officer. Thus was the nation reminded of his former military services. This, with his plain and unassuming manners, completely won the hearts of the people, and brought an overwhelming majority to the support of the administration. Monroe was a man more prudent than brilliant, who acted with a single eye to the welfare of his country. Jefferson said of him : " If his soul were turned inside out, not a spot would be found on it." Like that loved friend, he died "poor in money, but rich in honor;" and like him also, he passed away oil the anniversary of the independence of the country he had served so faithfully. t The question of slavery was already one of vast importance. At first slaves were owned in the northern as well as the southern States. But at the North, slave labor was unprofitable, and it had gradually died out ; while at the South it was a success, and hence had steadily increased. In 1793, Eli Whitney, of Connecticut, in- vented the cotton-gin, a machine for cleaning cotton from the seed, an operation before performed by hand, and very expensive. (See Appleton's Cyclopaedia.) This gave a new impulse to cotton raising. Sugar and tobacco also, great staples of the South, were cultivated exclusively by slave labor. 1821.] EPOCH IV. 173 Finally it was admitted as a slave State (1821), with the com- promise advocated by Henry Clay, that slavery should be pro- hibited in all other territories west of the Mississippi and north of parallel 36 30', the southern boundary of Missouri. La Fayette's Visit to this country (1824) as " the nation's guest" was a joyous event. He traveled through each of the twenty-four States, and was everywhere welcomed with de- light. His visit to the tomb of "Washington was full of affec- tionate remembrance. He was carried home in a national vessel, the Brandywine, named in honor of the battle in which La Fayette first drew his sword in behalf of the colonies. Foreign Affairs. Florida. A treaty was made with Spam (1819) by which Florida was ceded to the United States. Monroe Doctrine. In one of President Monroe's messages he advocated a principle since famous as the Monroe Doctrine. He declared that any attempt by a European nation to gain dominion in America would be considered by the United States as an unfriendly act. Political Parties. Divisions now became apparent in the great party which had twice so triumphantly elected Monroe as President. The whig party, as it came to be called in Jack- son's time, was forming in opposition to the republican thenceforth known as the democratic party.* The whigs were in favor of a protective tariff, and a general system of internal improvements ; f the democrats opposed these. No one of the four candidates obtaining a majority of votes, the election went to the House of Representatives, where John Quincy Adams, sou of John Adams, was chosen. * John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay were the champions of the whigs ; Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun of the democrats. In 1834, the democrats began to be called Locofocos, because, at a meeting in Tammany Hall, the lights having been extinguished, were relit with locofoco matches, which several, expecting such an event, had carried in their pockets. t A protective tariff is a duty imposed on imported goods for the purpose of en- couraging their manufacture at home. By internal improvements are meant the improving of the navigation of rivers, the building of bridges and railroads, the dredging of harbor?, etc. 174 UNITED STATES HISTOEY. [1825, J. Q. ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION.* (SIXTH PRESIDENT: 1825-1829.) This was a period of great national prosperity. During this term the first railroad in the United States was completed, THE FIRST RAILROAD TRAIN. and the Erie Canal opened. The debt was fast diminishing, and there was a surplus of $5,000,000 in the treasury. A pro- tective tariff, known as the " American System," reached its height. It was popular at the east, but distasteful to the south. f Adams was a candidate for re-election, but Andrew Jackson, the hero of New Orleans, and the democratic nomi- nee, was chosen. The principle of a protective tariff was thus rejected by the people. * John Qnincy Adams was born in Massachusetts 1767; died 1848. He was a man of learning, of blameless reputation and unquestioned patriotism, yet as a President he was hardly more successful than his father. This was, doubtless, owing greatly to the fierce opposition which assailed him. from the friends of dis. appointed candidates, who at once combined to weaken his measures and prevent his re-election. Their candidate was Andrew Jackson, a man whose dashing bold- ness, energy, and decision attracted the popular masses, and hid the more quiet virtues of Adams. To add to his perplexities, a majority of the House, and nearly one-half of the Senate, favored the new party, and his own Yice-President, John C. Calhoun, was also the candidate of the opposition, and of course committed to it. To stem such a tide was a hopeless effort. In two years Adams was returned to Congress, where he remained until his death, over sixteen years afterward. Ten years of public service were thus rendered after he had passed his " three-score years and ten," and so great was his ability in debate at this extreme age, that he was called " the old man eloquent." Like his father, he was a wonderful worker, and his mind was a complete store-hoiise of facts. He lived economically, and left a large estate. He was the congressional advocate of anti-slavery, and a bitter opponent of secret societies. His fame increased with his age, and he died a trusted and revered champion of popular rights. He was seized with paralysis while oc- cupying his seat in Congress, after which he lingered two days in partial unccn- bciousness. Hi&last words were" This is the last of earth ; I am content." t The southern States, devoted to agricultural pursuits, desired to have foreign goods brought to them as cheaply as possible ; while the eastern States, engaged in manufacture*, wished to have foreign competition shut off by heavy duties. 1829.] EPOCH IV. 175 JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION.* (SEVENTH PBESIDOT TWO TERMS : 1829-1837.) President Jackson commenced his administration with an inflexible honesty that delighted all, but with a sturdiness of purpose that amazed alike friends and foes. He surrounded himself at once by his political friends, thus establishing the now popular principle of " rotation in office." f Domestic Affairs. Nullification. South Carolina (1832) passed a Nullification ordinance declaring the tariff laws " null and void," and that the State would secede from the Union if force should be employed to collect any revenue * Andrew Jackson was born 1767 ; died 1845. He was of Scotch-Irish descent. His father died before he was born, and his mother was very poor. As a boy, Andrew was brave and impetuous, passionately fond of athletic sports, but not at all addicted to books. His life was crowded with excitement and adventure. At fourteen, being captured by the British, he was ordered to clean the commander's boots. Showing the true American spirit in his refusal, he was sent to prison with a wound on head and arm. Here he had the smallpox, which kept him ill for several months. Soon after his mother had effected his exchange, she died of ship-fever while caring for the imprisoned Americans at Charleston. Left entirely destitute, young Jackson tried various employments, but finally settled down to the law, and in 1796 was elected to Congress. His imperious temper and inflexible will supplied him with constant quarrels. Often they were passionate word-contests, sometimes they be- came hand-to-hand encounters, and on one occasion a formal duel was fought, in which he killed his adversary, himself being severely wounded. The scars he bore upon his person were of wounds received in private battles, some of which left a mark for life. Jackson first distinguished himself as a military officer in the war against the Creek Indians, which he made a signal victory. His dashing suc- cesses in the war of 1812 completed his reputation, and ultimately won him the Presidency. His nomination was at first received in many States with ridicule, as, whatever might be his military prowess, neither his temper nor his ability seemed to recommend him as a statesman. However, his re-election proved his popular success as a President. His chief intellectual gifts were energy and in- tuitive judgment. He was thoroughly honest, intensely warm-hearted, and had an instinctive horror of debt. His moral courage was as great as his physical, and his patriotism was undoubted. He died at the "Hermitage," his home near Nashville, Tennessee. Jackson and Adams were born the same year, yet how different was their childhood ! One born to luxury and travel, a student from his earliest years, and brilliantly educated ; the other poor, hating books, and seeking any kind of work to escape from want. Yet they were destined twice to compete for the highest place in the nation. Adams, the first time barely successful, was unfortunate in his ad- ministration : Jackson, triumphing the second, was brilliant in his Presidential career. t "During the first year of his administration, there were nearly seven hundred removals from office, not including subordinate clerks. During the forty years pre- ceding, there had been but sixty-four." 170 UNITED STATES HISTORY. at Charleston.* President Jackson acted with his accustomed promptness. He issued a proclamation announcing his de- termination to execute the laws, and ordered troops, under General Scott, to Charleston, In the mean time Henry Clay's celebrated "Compromise Bill" was adopted by the Senate. This offering a gradual reduction of the tariff, was accepted by both sides, and quiet restored, f Bank of the United States. During his 1 fit term, Jackson vetoed a bill renewing the charter of the United States Bank After his re-election by an overwhelming majority, considering his policy sustained by the people, he ordered (1833) the public money to be re- moved from its vaults. The bank thereupon contracted its loans. Money became scarce. People were unable to pay their debts. Commercial distress ensued. This measure ex- cited the most violent clamor. Jackson was, however, sus- * John C. Calhoun and Robert Y. Hayne were the prominent advocates of this doc- trine of " State rights," which declared that a State could set aside an act of Con- gress. During this struggle occurred the memorable debate between Webster and Hayne, in which the former, opposing secession, pronounced those words familiar to every school-boy, " Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable." Calhonn's public life extended over forty years. He was one of the most cele- brated statesmen of his time. As a speaker he was noted for forcible logic, clear demonstration, and earnest manner. He rejected ornament, and rarely used illustra- tion. Webster, his political antagonist, said of him, " He had the indisputable basis of all high character, unspotted integrity, and honor unimpeached. Nothing grovel- ling, low, or meanly selfish came near his head or his heart." t Alexander H. Stephens says : " To do this. Clay had to break with his old politi- cal friends, while he was offering up the darling system of his heart on the altar of his country. Xo one can deny that he was a patriot every inch of him. When he was importuned not to take the course he did, and assured that it would lessen his chances for the Presidency, he nobly replied, ' I would rather be right than Presi- dent' a sentiment worthy to be the motto of every young patriot in our land." * This building is now occupied as a Custom House. 1834.] EPOCH IV.- 177 tained by the democratic majority in the House of Bepre- sentatives. Speculations. When the public money, withdrawn from the Bank of the United States, was deposited in the local banks, it became easy for any one to borrow money. Specu- lation extended to every branch of trade, but especially to western lands. New cities were laid out in the wilderness. Fabulous prices were charged for building lots, which existed only on paper. Scarcely a man could be found who had not his pet project for realizing a fortune. The bitter fruits of these hot-house schemes were gathered in Van Buren's tune. Indian Troubles. I. The Black Hawk War* broke out in the Northwest Territory (1832). The Sacs and Foxes had some tune before sold their lands to the United States, but when the settlers came to take possession, the Indians refused to leave. After some skirmishes they were driven off, and their leader, the famous Black Hawk, was captured. 2. The Florida War (1835) with the Seminoles grew out of an attempt to remove them, in accordance with a treaty, to lands west of the Mississippi. Osceola, the chief of the Seminoles, was so defiant, that General Thompson, the government agent, put him in irons. Dissembling his wrath, Osceola consented to the treaty. But no sooner was he released than, burning with indignation, he plotted a general massacre of the whites. General Thompson was shot and scalped while sitting at dinner, under the very guns of Fort King. The same day Major Bade, with over one hundred men, was 'waylaid near the "Wahoo Swamp. All but four were killed, and these after- ward died of then- wounds, f After several battles the Indians * In this war, Abraham Lincoln was captain of a company of minds volunteers ; Jefferson Davis was a lieutenant of United States regulars. + Osceola, in October, 1837, visited the camp of General Jessup, imJer a flag of truce. He was there seized and sent to Fort Moultrie, where he died the following year. 178 UNITEDSTATES HISTORY. [1837. retreated to the everglades of southern Florida, in whose tangled swamps they hoped to find a safe retreat. They were, however, pursued into their hiding-places by Colonel Taylor, and beaten in a hard-fought battle (Okechobee, Dec. 25, 1837). They were not fully subdued until 1842. Foreign Affairs. France. The French government had promised to pay $5,000,000 for damages to our commerce during Napoleon's wars. This agreement not being kept, Jackson, with his usual decision, urged Congress to make reprisals on French ships. The mediation of England secured the payment of the debt by France, and thus averted the threatened war. Political Parties. The democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren, was chosen President.* The people thus sup- ported the policy of Jackson no United States Bank and no Protective Tariff. General Harrison was the whig candidate. VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION.! (EIGHTH PRESIDENT: 1887-1841.) Domestic Affairs. Crisis of 1837. The financial storm which had been gathering through the preceding administra- tion, now burst with terrible fury. The banks contracted * No Vice-President being chosen by the people, Colonel E. M. Johnson was selected by the Senate. t Martin Van Buren was born 1782 ; died 1862. He early took an interest in politics, and in 1818 started a new organization of the democratic party in New York, his native State, which had the power for over twenty years. In 1831 he was appointed minister to England, whither he went in September, but when the nomi- nation came before the Senate in December, it was rejected, on the ground that he had sided with England against the United States, on certain matters, and had carried party contests and their results into foreign negotiations. His pa r ty regarded this as extreme political persecution, and the next year elected him to the Vice-Presidency. He thus became head of the Senate which a few months before had condemned him, and where 1 e now performed his duties with " dignity, courtesy, and impartiality." As a President, Van Buren was the subject of much partisan censure. The conn- 1837.] EPOCH IV. 179 their circulation.* Business men could not pay their debts Failures were every-day occurrences. Those, in New York city alone, during March and April, exceeded $100,000,000. Property of all kinds declined in value. Eight of the States in part or wholly failed. Even the United States government could not pay its debts.f Consternation seized upon all classes. Confidence was destroyed, and trade stood still. Foreign Affairs. The "Patriot War" (1837-8). The Canadian rebellion, at this time, against England, stirred the sympathies of the American people. Meetings were held, volunteers offered, and arms contributed. The President issued a proclamation refusing the protection of the United States government to any who should aid the Canadians, and sent General Scott to the frontier to preserve the peace. J try was pissing through a peculiar crisis, and his was a difficult position to fill with satisfaction to all. That he pleased his own party is proved from the fact of his re-nomination in 1840 against Harrison. In 1844 he was once more urged by his friends, but failed to get a two-thirds vote in the convention, on account of his oppo- sition to the annexation of Texas. In 1848 he became the candidate of the " free democracy," a new party advocating anti-slavery principles. After this he retired to his estate in Kinderhook, N. Y., where he died. * The direct causes of this were (1) the specie circular, which was issued by Jack- eon in 1836, just at the close of his last term, directing that payments for public lands should be made in gold and silver. The gold and silver was soon gathered into the United States treasury. (2) The surplus public money, amounting to about $28,000,000, which was ordered by Congress to be withdrawn from the local banks and dis- tributed among the States. The banks could not meet the demand. (3) During the season of high prices and speculation, when fortunes were easily made, there had been heavy importations of European goods, which had to be paid for in gold and silver. Thus the country was drained of its specie. C4) A terrible fire in the city of New York on the night of Dec. 16, 1835, which had burned 600 valuable stores, and property to the amount of $18,000,000. t At the present time the public money is kept in the United States treasury at Washington, and in sub-treasuries. This was Van Bnren's favorite idea, and only adopted by Congress at the close of his term. It was called the Sub-Treasury Bill, and was used as a great argument against Van Buren's re-election. It was repealed during Tyler's administration, but re-enacted under Polk. J A body of American sympathizers having taken possession of Navy Island in Niagara River, had hired a steamer, called the Caroline, to convey their provisions and war materials. On the night of December 29. 1837. a party of British troops attempted to seize this vessel at her moorings at Schlosser. A desperate fight ensued. But they, at last, set her on fire and let her drift over the Falls. This event caused great excitement at the time. Many thought that the passengers and crew of a peaceable, 180 UNITED STATES HISTOEY. [183S The Northeast Boundary between Maine and New Brans- wick had never been settled. The people of that region threatened to take up arms to support their respective claims. For some tune there was great peril of a war with England. During Tyler's administration (1842) a treaty (known as the Ashburton treaty) was negotiated between the United States and Great Britain, through the statesmanship of Daniel Webster, which established the boundary. Political Parties. The financial difficulties caused a change in political feeling, and for the time weakened the confidence of the people in the wisdom of the democratic policy. Van Buren failed of a re-election, and General Ham- son, the hero of Tippecanoe, the whig nominee, was chosen President. HARRISON AND TYLER'S ADMINISTRATION.* (NINTH AND TENTH PRESIDENTS : 1841-1845.) General Harrison had scarcely entered upon the duties of his office and selected his cabinet, when he died. John Tyler, the Vice-President, in accordance with the Constitution of the unarmed Bteamer, had been cruelly butchered. The real character of the vessel, how- ever, came out, and justified the attack. A cannonading was carried on between the band on Navy Island and the British troops on the Canadian shore. A sufficient force to dislodge the " patriots " having collected, they forthwith decamped. Con- flicts took -place between the so-called patriots and the British troops at various points along the line. At first, doubtless, many joined the cause from a love of liberty, but soon the enterprise degenerated into a scheme of bold outlaws longing for plunder and violence. * William Henry Harrison was born in 1773 ; died 1841. He distinguished himself during the war of 1812, especially in the battle of the Thames. His military reputa- tion made him available as a Presidential candidate. His character was unimpeach- able, and the chief slur cast upon him by his opponents was that he had lived in a " log 1841.] EPOCH IV. 181 United States, became President. He was elected as a whig, but did not carry out the favorite measures of his party. Domestic Affairs. United States Bank. The whigs, immediately upon coming into power, passed a bill to estab- lish a United States Bank, but it was vetoed by Tyler, to the great disgust of the men who had elected him. The Dorr Rebellion (1842) in Ehode Island grew out of efforts to secure a more liberal State constitution.* The peo- ple were divided into two parties, each of which elected State officers. Thomas W. Dorr, who was chosen by the suffrage party, made an attack upon the State arsenal, f but was driven cabin" with nothing to drink but "hard cider." His friends turned this to good account. The campaign was noted for immense mass-meetings, long processions, song-singing, and great enthusiasm. " Hard cider " became a party watch-word, and " log cabins " a regular feature in the popular parades. He was elected by a very large majority, and great hopes were entertained of his administration. Though advanced In years, he gave promise of endurance. But "he was beset by office-seekers; he was anxious to gratify the numerous friends and supporters who flocked about him ; he gave himself incessantly to public business ; and at the close of the month he was on a sick bed." His illness was of eight days duration. His last words were, " The principles of the government; I wish them carried out. I ask nothing more." John Tyler was born 1790 ; died 1862. He was in early life a great admirer of Henry Clay, and is said to have wept with sorrow when the whigs in convention rejected his favorite candidate for the Presidency, and selected Harrison. He was nominated Vice-President by a unanimous vote, and was a great favorite with his party. In the popular refrain " Tippecanoe and Tyler too," the people sung praises to him as heartily as to Harrison himself. The death of Harrison and the succession of Tyler, was the first instance of the kind in our history. Tyler's administration was not successful. He opposed the measures of his party, and made free use of the veto power. His former political friends denounced him as a renegade, to which he replied that he had never professed to endorse the measures which he opposed. The feeling increased in bitterness. All his cabinet, except Webster, resigned. He was, however, nominated by a convention composed chiefly of office-holders, for the next Presidency ; he accepted, but finding no popular sup- port, soon withdrew from the canvass. In 1861 he became the presiding officer of the peace convention in Washington. All efforts at reconciliation proving futile, he renounced his allegiance to the United States and followed the Confederate fortunes. He died in Kichmond, where he was in attendance as a member of the Confederate Congress. * The old charter granted to the Rhode Island colony by Charles II. (page 65), was still in force. It limited the right of suffrage to those holding property. t Tradition says that Governor Dorr drew up his little army on a hill, and, point- ing to the advance of the State troops, urged his men to fight till they could fight no longer, and, if compelled to retreat, to go back in good order, and with their faces to the foe adding, in a low voice, as he saw the troops approaching, "As I am a little lame, I guess I will go now." 183 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1843. off by United States troops. He was at last arrested, tried for treason, and sentenced to imprisonment for life.* Anti-Rent Difficulties (1844). The tenants on some of the old "patroon" estates in New York had refused to pay the rent. It was very light, f but it was considered illegal. The anti-renters, as they were called, assumed the disguise of Indians, tarred and feathered those tenants who paid their rents, and even' killed officers who served warrants upon them. The disturbances -were suppressed (1846) only by a military force. VIEW OF NAUVOO. The Mormons. A religious sect called Mormons had settled at Nauvoo, 111. (1840). Here they had built a city of * In 1845 he was pardoned. In the mean time "the law and order party" had yielded to the demand of the times, and adopted a new and liberal constitution. t It consisted of only "a few bushels of wheat, three or four fat fowls, and a day's work with horses and wagon, per year." 1840.] EPOCH IV. 183 several thousand inhabitants, and laid the foundations of a costly temple. Having incurred the enmity of the people about them, their leader, Joseph Smith,* was taken from the custody of the authorities, to whom he had entrusted himself, and killed. A mob bombarded the city for three days, and finally (September, 1845) drove out the inhabitants, who fled to Iowa. Foreign Affairs. Annexation of Texas. The Texans, under General Sam. Houston, having won then- independ- ence from Mexico, applied (April, 1844) for admission into the Union. Their petition was at first rejected by Congress, f but being endorsed by the people in the fall elections, it was accepted before the close of Tyler's administration. Northwest Boundary. The northeast boundary question had scarcely been settled, than the northwest boundary came into dispute. It was settled during Folk's administration, by * Joseph Smith, while living at Palmyra, N.Y., claimed to have had a supernatural revelation, by which he was directed to a spot where he found buried a series of golden plates covered with inscriptions, which he translated by means of two trans- parent stones (Urim and Thummim) found with them. The result was the Book of Mormon, said to be the history of a race favored by God, who occupied this con- tinent at a remote period of antiquity. The Mormons accept the Holy Bible as re- ceived by all Christian people, but believe the Book of Mormon to be an additional revelation, and also that their chief or prophet receives direct inspiration from God. They practice plural marriage, or polygamy, claiming that the Scriptures justify, %vhile one of their revelations directly commands it. After tire death of Smith and the expulsion at Nauvoo, a company under the leadership of Brigham Young crossed the Rocky Mountains, and settled near Great Salt Lake, in Utah. They were followed by others of their sect, and, after great sufferings, succeeded in subduing the barren soil, and establishing a prosperous colony. They founded Salt Lake City, where a new temple of their faith is now building. Their prophet, Brigham Young, is regarded with great reverence by his followers, and his slightest will is law. t There were two reasons why this measure was warmly discussed (1) Mexico claimed Texas, although that country had maintained its independence for nine years, and had been recognized by several European nations as well as by the United States. Besides, Texas claimed the Rio Grande (reo-grand5), while Mexico insisted upon the Nueces (nwS-ses) River as the boundary line between Texas and Mexico. The spare region between these rivers was therefore disputed territory. Thus the annexation of Texas would bring on a war with Mexico. (2) Texas held slaves. Thus, while the South urged its admission, the North as strongly op- posed it. 184 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1846. compromise, fixing the boundary line at 49 instead of 54 40' as claimed by the United States. Political Parties. The question of the annexation of Texas went before the people for their decision. The demo- crats, who favored its admission, nominated James K. Polk,* who, after a close contest, was elected President The whigs, who opposed its admission, had nominated Henry Clay.f * The announcement of Folk's nomination was the first news ever sent by mag- netic telegraph. It was transmitted from Baltimore to Washington, May 29, 1844, over a line built with $30,000 appropriated by Congress to test Professor Morse's in- vention. This was the grandest event of this administration, and has largely influ- enced the civilization and prosperity of the country. Thus the steamboat and the magnetic telegraph were the first fruits of American liberty and industry. t Henry Clay was a man whom the nation loved, but signally failed to honor. Yet his fame and reputation remain far above any distinction which mere office can give, and unite with them an affection which stands the test of time. Respected by his opponents, he was almost idolized by his friends. In this he somewhat resem- bled Jefferson, but, unlike him, he had not in his early years the advantages of a liberal education. His father, a Baptist minister of very limited means, died when Henry was five years old, and at fifteen he was left to support himself. Meantime he had received what little tuition he had, in a log-cabin school-house from very in- different teachers. With a rare tact for making friends, ready talent waiting to be instructed, and a strong determination seeking opportunities, he soon began to show the dawnings of the power which afterward distinguished him. He has said : " I owe my success in life to one single fact, namely, that at an early age I com- menced, and continued for some years, the practice of daily reading and speaking the contents of some historical or scientific book. These off-hand efforts were sometimes made in a corn-field ; at others, in the forest ; and not unfrequently in some distant barn, with the horse and ox for my only auditors. It is to this that I am indebted for the impulses that have shaped and moulded my entire destiny." Rising rapidly by the force of his genius, he soon made himself felt in State and nation. He was peculiarly winning in his manners. An eminent and stern political antagonist once refused an introduction to him expressly on the ground of a deter- mination not to be magnetized by personal contact, as he "had known other good haters " of Clay to be. United with this suavity was a wonderful will and an in- flexible honor. His political adversary, but personal admirer, John C. Breckinridge, in an oration pronounced at his death, uttered these words" If I were to write his epitaph, I would inscribe as the highest eulogy on the stone which shall mark his resting-place : ' Here lies a man who was in the public service for fifty years, and never attempted to deceive his countrymen.' " Clay, Calhoun, and Webster were turee statesmen who made American history brilliant during the first half of the 19th century. Calhoun and Webster were born in the same year (1782). Clay and Webstei died in the same year (1852). They were all unsuccessful candidates for the Presi dency. They were, however, repeatedly appointed to positions in the Cabinet, and Calhonn twice became Vice-President. 1845.] E PO C H I V . 185 JAMES K. FOLK'S ADMINISTRATION. (ELEVENTH PRESIDENT : 1845-1849.) WAR WITH MEXICO. 1846-7. I. OENERAL TAYLOR'S ARMY. Campaign on the Rio Grande. General Taylor having been ordered Avith his troops into the disputed territory, ad- vanced to the Rio Grande and built Fort Brown. Returning from Point Isabel, whither he had gone for supplies, on the plains of Palo Alto (pah-lo ahl'-to) he met six thousand Mexi- cans, under General Arista (ah-rees-tah), drawn up across the road. Though they outnumbered his little army three to one, he routed them with a loss of but nine men killed. The next afternoon he met them again at Resaca de la Palma (ra-sah-kah da lah pahl'-mah), posted in a deep ravine through which the road ran, flanked by thickets. Their artillery held Taylor's men in check for a time, when Captain May, charging with his cavalry in the face of a murderous fire, captured the guns, and with them their commander, General La Vega (lah-va'-gah), just in the act of firing a gun. The infantry now rushed forward and drove the enemy, who fled across the Rio Grande in utter rout. * James K. Polk was born 1795 ; died 1849. He was one of the most conspicuous opposers of the administration of J. Q. Adams, and a warm supporter of Jackson. In 1839, having served fourteen years in Congress, he declined a re-election and was chosen governor of Tennessee. His Presidential nomination, in connection with that of George M. Dallas of Pennsylvania, as Vice-President, had the effect of uniting the democratic party, which had been disturbed by dissensions between the friends and opponents of Martin Van Buren. However, the Mexican war, which in many States was strongly opposed, the enactment of a tariff based on a revenue principle instead of a protective one, and the agitation caused by the " Wilmot Proviso " (see p. 190), all conspired to affect his popularity before the end of his term. He had, however, previously pledged himself not to be a candidate for re- election. He died about three months after his retirement from office. UNITED STATES HISTOEY. [184GL Invasion of Mexico. Capture of Monterey (Sept. 24). General Taylor, with about six thousand men, advanced upon Monterey (mon-ta-nV). This city, surrounded by mountains and almost impassable ravines, was strongly fortified, its streets barricaded and defended by a garrison of ten thousand men. A grand assault was made on the city. To avoid the deadly fire poured upon them from the windows, roofs, and barri- cades, the troops entered the buildings and dug their way through the stone walls from house to house, or passed from roof to roof. They came at last within one square of the Grand Plaza, when the city was surrendered. The garrison was allowed to march out with the honors of war. Battle of Buena Vista (bwa-nah vees'-tah) (February 23, 1847). Santa Anna, the Mexican general, learning that the 1847.] EPOCH IV. 18? flower of Taylor's command had been withdrawn to aid General Scott, determined to crush the remainder. The little American army took post at Buena Vista, a narrow mountain pass with hills on one side and a ravine on the other.* Here they were attacked by Santa Anna with twenty thousand of the best troops of Mexico. The battle lasted from sunrise till dark. In the last desperate encounter our infantry were overwhelmed by numbers. Bragg's artillery was ordered to their rescue. Without any infantiy support he dashed up to within a few yards of the crowded masses of the enemy. A single discharge made them waver. "A little more grape, Captain Bragg," shouted Taylor. A second and a third dis- charge folloAved, when the Mexicans broke and fled in disorder. During the night, Santa Anna drew off his defeated army. General Taylor's work was now done. His army was intended only to hold the country already gained, while General Scott penetrated to the capital from Vera Cruz (va- rah krooss). II. GENERAL KEARNEY'S ARMY. Conquest of New Mexico and Calif brnia. General Kearney (kar-ne) was directed to take the Spanish provinces of New Mexico and California. Starting from Fort Leaven- * Several anecdotes are told of General Taylor in connection with this battle. The day before the principal attack, the Mexicans fired heavily on our line. A Mexican officer, coming with a message from Santa Anna, found Taylor sitting on his white horse with one leg over the pommel of his saddle. The officer asked him "what he was waiting for ?" He answered, " For Santa Anna to surrender." After the officer's return a battery opened on Taylor's position, but he remained coolly surveying the enemy with his spy-glass. Some one suggesting that " Whitey " was too conspicu- ous a horse for the battle, he replied that " the old fellow had missed the fun at Monterey, and he should have his share this time." Mr. Crittenden having gone to Santa Anna's headquarters was told if General Taylor would surrender, he should be protected. Mr. Crittenden replied, "General Taylor never surrenders." This became a favorite motto during the election of 1848. The anecdote told in the text concerning Capt. Bragg is disputed, but has become historical. 188 UXITED STATES HISTOBY. [1846. worth (June, 1846), a journey of about a thousand miles brought him to Santa Fe.* Unfurling here the United States flag he continued his march toward California, On his way, however, he learned from Kit Carson, the noted hunter, that he was too late. The winter before, Captain John C. Fremont, with a company of sixty men, had been engaged in surveying a new route to Oregon. Learning that the Mexican com- mandant intended to expel the American settlers, he went to their rescue, although he was not aware that war had broken out between the United States and Mexico. With greatly inferior numbers, he was victor over the Mexicans in every conflict By the help of Commodores Sloat and Stockton, and also General Kearney, who came in time to aid in the last battle, the entire country was conquered. III. GENERAL SCOTT'S ARMY. Capture of Vera Cruz (March 29, 1847). General Winfield Scott landed an army, twelve thousand strong, with- out opposition, and forthwith drew his siege-lines among the shifting sand-hills and chaparral thickets about Vera Cruz. After a fierce bombardment of four days, the city and the strong castle of San Juan de Ulloa (sahn hoo-ahn'da ool- yo'-ah) were surrendered. March to Mexico. Battle of Cerro Gordo (April 18). A week afterward the army took up its march for the capital. At the mountain pass of Cerro Gordo, the enemy were strongly fortified. A road was cut around the base of the * Colonel Doniphan, with one thousand men, the main body of General Kearney'a command, marched over one thousand miles through a hostile country, from Santa Fe to Saltillo, having fought two battles and conquered the province and city of Chihuahua (che-wah-wah). His men's term of service having expired, he marched them back to New Orleans and discharged them. The men had been enlisted, marched three thousand miles, and disbanded, all in a year. 1847.] EPOCH IV. 189 mountain through the forest, and cannon dragged up the precipice by ropes, to the rear of their position. Thence a plunging fire was opened upon them simultaneously with an assault in front. The Mexicans fled in such haste that Santa Anna only escaped on his wheel-mule, leaving behind his wooden leg. The city of Puebla (pweb-lah), second only to Mexico in importance, surrendered without resistance. Here Scott waited three months for reinforcements. Battles before Mexico. With eleven thousand men the march was resumed (August 7), and in three days the army reached the crest of the Cordilleras, where the magnificent valley of Mexico lay stretched before them. In the midst was the city, surrounded by fertile plains and cloud-capped moun- tains. But the way thither was guarded by thirty thousand men and strong fortifications. Turning to the south to avoid the strongest points, by a route considered impassable, the army came before the entrenched camp of Confreras, within fourteen miles of Mexico. The next morning at daylight this was taken, the troops having moved to their positions in dark- ness so intense that, to avoid being separated, they had to touch each other as they marched. The same day the height of Ghurubusco was stormed, numerous batteries were cap- tured, and the defences laid bare to the causeways leading to the very gates of the city. An armistice and fruitless nego- tiations for peace delayed the advance until General Scott found that the Mexicans were only improving the time in strengthening their works. Once more (September 8) our army moved to the assault The attack was irresistible. The formidable outworks were taken one by one. At last the castle of Chapultepec (cha-pool-te-pek), situated on a high rock commanding the city, was stormed. The next day (September 14) the army entered the city, and the stars and 190 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [184a stripes waved in triumph over the palace of the Monte- zumas.* Peace. The fall of the capital virtually closed the war. A treaty was concluded February 2, 1848. The United States gained the vast territory reaching south to the Gila (ghee-lah), and west to the Pacific. Domestic Affairs. Tlie Wilmot Proviso. Texas, the prize of the war, became at once the bone of contention. David Wilmot offered in Congress (August, 1846) a bill for- bidding slavery in any territory which should be acquired. This measure, though lost, excited violent debate in and out of Congress, and became the great feature of the fall election. Discovery of Gold in California. A workman in digging a mill-race in the Sacramento valley (February, 1848) dis- covered shining particles of gold. A further search proved that the soil for miles around was full of the precious metal. The news flew in every direction. Emigration began from all parts of America, and even from Europe and Asia, In eighteen months one hundred thousand had gone from the United States alone to this El Dorado, where a fortune was to be picked up in a few days. Thousands made their way across the desert, amid privations which strewed the route with skeletons. The bay of San Francisco was soon sur- rounded by an extemporized city of shanties and booths. All ordinary employments were laid aside. Ships were deserted by their crews, who ran to the mines sometimes, it is said, headed by their officers. Soon streets were laid out, houses erected, and from this Babel, as if by magic, grew up * In this series of battles, brevets for gallantry were won by officers whose names have since become to us as household words. Among these we notice Lee, Beauregard, Hill, Jackson, McClellan, Lyon, Grant, Hooker, Longstreet, Buell, Johnston, and Anderson. 1848.] EPOCH IV. 191 a beautiful city. For a time, lawlessness reigned supreme. But, driven by the necessity of events, the most respectable citizens took the law into their own hands, organized vigilance committees, and administered a rude but prompt justice which soon effected order. Political Parties. Three parties now divided the suf- frages of the people. The whigs nominated General Taylor for President; the democrats, Lewis Cass; and the free- soilers, who were opposed to the extension of slavery, Martin Van Buren. The personal popularity of General Taylor, on account of his many sterling qualities, and his brilliant victo- ries in the Mexican war, made him the favorite candidate, and he was elected. TAYLOR AND FILLMORE'S ADMINISTRATION* (TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH PRESIDENTS : 1849-1853.) General Taylor, like General Harrison, died soon after his elevation to the Presidency. Millard Fillmore, Vice-President, succeeded him. Domestic Affairs. Slavery questions were the great political topic of this administration. When California * Zachary Taylor was born in Virginia in 1784. Soon after his birth his parents removed to Kentucky. His means of education were of the scantiest kind, and until he was twenty-four years of age he worked ou his father's plantation. Madison, who was a reiative, and at that time Secretary of State, then secured for him an appointment in the army as lieutenant. From this he rose by regular and rapid degrees to a major-generalship. His triumphant battles at Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palrna, Monterey, and Bnena Vista, won him great applause. He was the popular hero of a successful war. The soldiers admiringly called him " Old Rough and Ready." Having been offered the nomination for President, he published several letters denning his position as "a whig, but not an ultra-whig," and declaring that he would not be a party candidate or the exponent of party doctrines. Many of the whig leaders violently opposed his nomination. Daniel Webster called him " an 192 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1850. applied for admission to the Union as a free State, all these questions were brought to a focus. A hot debate ensued. For awhile it seemed as if the Union would be rent asunder. Henry Clay, the " Great Pacificator," came forward at this Daniel Webster. Henry Clay. CLAY ADDRESSING CONGRESS. John C. Calhoon. terrible crisis, and, with his wonderful eloquence, urged the necessity of mutual compromise and forbearance. Daniel Webster* warmly seconded this effort at conciliation. ignorant frontier colonel." The feet that he was a slaveholder was warmly urged against him. He knew nothing of civil affairs, and had taken so little interest in politics that he had not voted in forty years. But he was nominated and elected. His nomination caused a secession from the whigs, resulting in the formation of the free-soil party. He felt his want of qualifications for the position, and sometimes expressed his regret that he had accepted it. Yet he maintained as President the popularity which had led to his election, and was personally one of the most esteemed who have filled that office. He died July 9, 1850, at the Presidential man- sion, after an illness of five days. * When Daniel Webster, the great American statesman and jurist, was fourteen years old, he first enjoyed the privilege of a few months schooling at an academy. The man whose eloquence was afterward to stir the nation, was then so shy that he 1850.] EPOCH iv. 193 The Compromise of 1850. The Omnibus Bill, Clay's measure, was adopted as the best solution of the problem. It proposed (1) that California should come in as a free State ; (2) that the Territories of Utah and New Mexico should be formed without any provision concerning slavery ; (3) that Texas should be paid $10,000,000 to give up its claims on the Territory of New Mexico ; (4) that the slave trade should be prohibited in the District of Columbia, and (5) that a Fugitive Slave Law should be enacted providing for the return to their owners of slaves escaping to a free State. Foreign Affairs. Invasion of Cuba. About six hundred adventurers, " filibusters," undertook to effect the annexation of Cuba to the United States. The attempt ended in utter defeat, and the execution, at Havana, of Lopez, the leader. Political Parties. The democratic and whig parties both declared that they stood by the provisions of the Om- nibus Bill. The free-soil party was outspoken against it. Franklin Pierce, the Presidential nominee of the democratic party, was elected by a large majority of votes over General Scott, the whig candidate. could not muster courage to speak before the school. He says, "Many a piece did I commit and rehearse in my own room, over and over again ; yet when the day came, when my name was called, and I saw all eyea turned toward me, I could not raise myself from my seat." In other respects, however, he gave decided promise of his future eminence. One year after, his father resolved to send him to college a dream he had never dared to cherish. "I remember the very hill we were ascending through deep snow, in a New England sleigh, when my father made known this pur- pose to me. I could not speak. How could he, I thought, with so large a family, and in such narrow circumstances, think of incurring so great an expense forme? A warm glow ran all over me, and I laid my head on my father's shoulder and wept." Having finished his collegiate education and entered his profession, he at once rose to eminence. Elected to Congress, in his maiden speech he " took the House and country by surprise." By rapid strides he placed himself at the head of American orators. His speeches are masterpieces, and may well be the study of every aspirant for distinction. It was a disappointment to many of Webster's friends, as it is said to have been to himself, that he was never called to the Presidential chair. But, like Clay, although he might have honored that position, he needed it not to enhance his renown. His death, which occurred in 1852, called out, it is said, more orations, discourses, and sermons, than had any other since that of Washington. 9 194 UNITED STATES HISTORY. PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION.* (FOURTEENTH PRESIDENT: 1853-1857.) Domestic Affairs. Kansas -Nebraska Bill. The Com- promise Bill of 1850 produced only a lull in the slavery ex- citement. It burst out anew when Stephen A. Douglas brought forward (1853) his famous bill organizing the Territories of Kansas and Nebraska, and advocating the doctrine of " squat- ter sovereignty ;" i. e., the right of the inhabitants of each Ter- ritory to decide for themselves whether the State should come into the Union free or slave.f This bill being a virtual repu- * Franklin Pierce was born 1804 ; died 1869. He had barely attained the requisite legal age when he was elected to the Senate. He there found such men as Clay, Webster, Calhoon, Thomas H. Benton, and Silas Wright. Nathaniel Hawthorne says in his biography of Mr. Pierce: "With his usual tact and exquisite sense of propriety, he saw that it was not the time for him to step forward prominently on this highest theatre in the land. He beheld these great colnbatants doing battle before the eyes of the nation, and engrossing its whole regards. There was hardly an avenue to reputation save what was occupied by one or another of those gigantic figures." During Tyler's administration, he resigned. When the Mexican war broke out, he enlisted as a volunteer, but soon rose to the office of brigadier-general. He distinguished himself under General Scott, against whom he afterwards success- fully ran for the Presidency, and upon whom, during his administration, he conferred the title of lieutenant-general. On the question of slavery, Mr. Pierce always sided with the South, and opposed anti-slavery measures in every shape. In a message to Congress in 1856, he characterized the formation of a free State government in Kansas as an act of rebellion, and justified the principles of the Kansas and Nebraska Act (see above). He, however, espoused the national cause at the opening of the civil war. and urged a cordial support of the administration at Washington. t The public lands have often threatened the peace of the nation. (1.) The ques- tion of their ownership was one of the greatest obstacles to the Union of the States. In 1781, New York was the first to present her western territory to the general government. Virginia followed her example in 1784, donating the great North- western Territory a princely domain, which, if retained, would have made her the richest of the States ; she reserved only 3.700,000 acres in Ohio, which she subse- quently sold in small tracts to settlers. Massachusetts, in 1785, relinquished her claim, retaining a proprietary right over large tracts in New York. Connecticut, in 1786, did the same, and from the sale of her lands in Ohio laid the foundation of her school fund of $2,000.000. Georgia and the Carolinas gave up their right to territory from which has since been carved the States of Tennessee. Mississippi, and Alabama. (2.) Since these lands became the property of the general government, a most per- plexing question has been, Shall they be free ? Upon it has hinged largely the poli- tics of the country. The admission of Missouri, Texas, California, and Kansas have each been the signal for the reopening of this vexed question. Though the 1854.] EPOCH IV. 195 diation of the Missouri Compromise, excited the most intense feeling.* It, however, became a law (May, 1854). "Border Warfare" The struggle was now taken from Congress to Kansas. A bitter contest arose between the pro- slavery and anti-slavery men the former anxious to secure the State for slavery ; the latter, for freedom. Each party sent bodies of armed emigrants to the Territory. Civil war ensued. Bands of "armed men" crossed over -from Missouri, took possession of the polls, and controlled elections. Houses were attacked and pillaged. Men were murdered in cold blood. For several years Kansas was a scene of lawless violence. Foreign Affairs. Mexico. Owing to the inaccuracy of the map used in the treaty between the United States and Mexico, a dispute arose with regard to the boundary line. General Gadsden negotiated a settlement whereby $10,000,000 were paid to Mexico, and additional territory, known as the " Gadsden purchase," secured to the United States. Japan. Commodore Perry's expedition to Japan (1854) excited great attention. He negotiated a treaty securing great commercial advantages to the United States over any other country. Political Parties. The compromises of 1820 and 1850 being now abolished, the slave question became the turning point of the election. New party lines were drawn to meet public lands have been the cause of intestine strife, they have been a great source of national wealth. Their sale has brought large sums into the treasury. They have been given to settlers as a stimulus to emigration. They have been granted to en- dow colleges and schools, to build railroads, to reward the soldiers, and support their widows and orphans. In every township to be incorporated hereafter in the great west, one-eighteenth of the land must be reserved for school purposes. By the Homestead Act of 1862, any citizen may secure a farm of one hundred and sixty acres. In consequence of the facility with which land may be acquired, the United States has over 6,000,000 landowners, while England has but 30,000. During the discussion. Mr. Sumner, of Massachusetts, made some reflections upon South Carolina and her representatives. For this he was assailed by Preston 8. Brooks, one of the South Carolina representatives, and so severely injured that ioi ,hree years he could not resume his seat 190 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1856. this issue.* The whig party ceased to exist. The repub- lican party, absorbing all who opposed the extension of slavery, nominated John C. Fremont, who received the vote of eleven States. The democratic party, retaining its organization, nominated James Buchanan, who was elected President. BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION.! (FIFTEENTH PRESIDENT : 1857-1861.) Domestic Affairs. Dred Scott I Decision. The Supreme Court of the United States (1857), through Chief-Justice Taney, declared that slave-owners might take their slaves into any State in the Union without forfeiting authority over them. At the North, this was considered as removing the last barrier * A third party, called the Know-Nothing or American party, was organized to re- sist the influence of foreigners. It carried the vote of only one State, Maryland. Its motto was, "Americrf for Americans." The party aroused bitter feelings while it lasted, but it had a transient existence. t James Buchanan was born 1791; died 1868. The "bachelor-President" was sixty-six years old when he was called to the executive chair. He had just returned to his native country, after an absence of four years as minister to England. Pre- viously to that he had been well known in public life as Congressman, Senator, and as Secretary of State under President Polk. As Senator in Jackson's time, he heartily supported his administration. With Van Buren, he warmly advocated the idea of an independent treasury (see p. 179) against the opposition of Clay, Webster, and others. Under Tyler, he was urgently in favor of the annexation of Texas, thus again coming into conflict with Clay and Webster. However, he cordially agreed with them in the compromise of 1850 (see p. 193), and urged its favor upon the people. Much was hoped from his election, as he avowejl the object of his administration to be " to destroy any sectional party, whether North or South, and to restore, if possible, that national fraternal feeling between the different States that had existed during the early days of the Republic." But popular passion and sectional jealousy were too strong to yield to pleasant persuasion. We shall see in the text how the heated nation was drawn into the horrors of civil war. When Mr. Buchanan's administra- tion closed, the fearful conflict was close at hand. He retired to his estate in Penn- sylvania, where he died. $ Scott and his wife were slaves, belonging to a surgeon in the United States army. They were taken into and resided in Illinois and at Fort Snelling, in territory where, by the ordinance of 1787, slavery was forever prohibited. Afterward they were car- ried into Missouri, where they and their children were held as slaves. They claimed freedom on the ground that, by the act of their master, they had been taken into free territory. The decision of the court against their claims created an intense excite- ment throughout the country. 1857.] EPOCH IV. 197 to the extension of slavery, and as changing it from a local to a national institution ; at the South, only as a right guaranteed them by the Constitution, Avhereby they should be protected in the possession of their property in every State. The Fugitive Slave Law had intensified the already heated controversy. The subject of slavery absorbed all others. The provision which commanded all good citizens to aid in the arrest of fugitives was especially obnoxious to the North. Dis- turbances arose whenever attempts were made to restore run- aways to their masters. Several of the northern States passed "Personal Liberty" bills, securing to fugitive slaves, when arrested, the right of trial by jury. John Brown, a man who had brooded over the exciting scenes through which he had passed in Kansas until he thought himself called upon to take the law into his own hands, seized upon the United States Arsenal at Harper's Ferry (1859), und proclaimed freedom to all slaves in the vicinity. His feeble band was soon overpowered by United States troops, and Brown himself hung as a traitor. Though it was soon known that his wild design had never asked counsel of any one, yet at the time the Southern feeling was aroused to frenzy, his act being looked upon as significant of the sentiments of the North. Political Parties. The fall elections again turned on the question of slavery. The democratic party divided, and made two nominations for President : Stephen A. Douglas, who favored squatter sovereignty, and John C. Breckinridge, who claimed that slavery could be carried into any territory. The republican party nominated Abraham Lincoln, who held that while slavery must be protected where it was, it ought not to be carried into any free territory.* Lincoln was elected. * The " Union " party put up John Bell, of Tennessee. Their motto was, " The Union, the Constitution, and the Enforcement of the Laws." 198 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1860 ABRAHAM LINCOLN. The South Secedes. Throughout the fall campaign the Southern leaders had threatened to secede if Mr. Lin- coln were elected.* They now declared that it was time to leave a government which had fallen into the hands of their avowed en- emies. Since the time of Calhoun, they had been firm believers in the doc- trine of State rights, which taught that a State could leave the Union whenever it pleased. In December (1860) South Carolina led off, and soon Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas had joined in passing ordinances of * This was not a sudden increment on their part. The sectional difference be- tween the North and the South had its source in the difference of climate, whici. greatly modified the character and habits of the people ; also, while the agricultural pursuits and staple products of the South made slave labor profitable, the mechan- ical pursuits and the more varied products of the North made it unprofitable. These antagoniMns, settled first by the Missouri Compromise of 1820, reopened by the tariff of 1828, bursting forth in the nullification of 1832, pacified by Clay's com- promise tariff, increased through the annexation of Texas and the consequent war with Mexico, irritated by the Wilmot Proviso, lulled for a time by the compromise of 1850, awakened anew by the " squatter sovereignty " policy of 1853, roused to fury by the agitation in Kansas, spread broadcast by the Dred Scott decision, the attempted execution of the Fugitive Slave Law and the John Brown raid, had now reached a point where war was the only remedy. The election of Lincoln was the pivot on which the result turned. The cause ran back through thirty years of con- troversy to the difference in climate, in occupation, and in habit of life and thought. Strange to say, both sections misunderstood each other. The Southern people be- lieved the North to be so engrossed in money-making and so enfeebled by luxury that it could only send to the field mercenary soldiers, who would easily be beaten by the patriotic Southerners. They said, " Cotton is King ;" and believed that Eng- land and France were so dependent upon them for that staple, that their republic would be recognized and defended by those European powers. On the other hand, the Northern people did not believe that the South would dare to fight for slavery when it had 4,000,000 slaves exposed to the chances of war. They thought it to be all bluster, and hence paid little heed to the threat of secession or of war. Both sides sadly learned their mistake, only too late. 1861.] EPOCH IV. 199 JEFFERSON DAVIS. secession. In February (1861) delegates met at Montgomery, Ala., and formed a government called the " Confederate States of America." Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, was chosen for President, and Alexan- der H. Stephens, of Geor- gia, Vice-President United States forts, arsenals, mints, custom-houses, and ships were seized by the States in which they were situ- ated. President Buchanan did nothing to prevent the catastrophe. General Scott urged action. But the regu- lar army was small, and the troops widely scattered. The navy had been sent to distant ports. The Cabinet largely sympathized with the secessionists. Numerous unsuccessful efforts were made to effect compromise. It was the gen- __ = _ = ^ eral expectation that there would be no war. The cry, "No coer- cion," was general.* Yet affairs steadily drifted on toward war. Fort Sumter. All eyes were now turned on Fort Sum- ^ Here Major An- derson kept the United States flag flying in Charleston harbor. * Even the New York Tribune declared " Whenever any considerable section of our Union shall deliberately resolve to go out, we shall resist all coercive measures to keep them in." 200 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1861. He had been stationed in Fort Moultrie, but fearing an attack, he had crossed over (December 26) to Fort Sumter, a much stronger position. The South Carolinians, looking upon this as a hostile act, took possession of the remaining forts, com- menced erecting batteries, and prepared to reduce Fort Sum- ter. Major Anderson was compelled by his instructions to remain a quiet spectator of these preparations. The Star of the West, an unarmed steamer, bearing troops and supplies to the fort, was fired upon and driven back. The Southern leaders declared that any attempt to relieve Fort Sumter would be a declaration of war. The government seemed par- alyzed with fear. All now waited for the new President. STATES ADMITTED DURING THE FOURTH EPOCH, The number of States increased during this epoch from, thirteen to thirty-four. The following is the order in which they were received : Vermont, the fourteenth State, and the first under the Constitution, was admitted to the Union March 4, 1791. It was so called from its principal range of mountains (verd, green, and mont, mountain). Champlain discovered and ex- plored much of it in 1609. The first settlement was made in 1724, in the present town of Brattleborough, where Fort Dummer was erected. The region was claimed by both New Hampshire and New York (see p. 110). In 1777, the inhabit- ants declared the "New Hampshire grants" an independent State, under the title " New Connecticut, alias Vermont." In 1791, however, New York consented to relinquish her claim on the payment of $30,000, and Vermont was accordingly ad- mitted into the Union. Kentucky, the fifteenth State, was admitted to the Union June 1, 1792. The name, "dark and bloody ground," 1792.] EPOCH IT. 201 had its origin in the fierce conflicts which took place between the white and red men. Daniel Boone, a famous hunter, for two years rambled through the forests of this region, delighted with its scenery and the abundance of game. After many thrilling adventures and narrow escapes from the Indians, he established a fort at Boonesborough, and removed his family thither in June, 1775. This was the first permanent settle- ment in the State, then a part of Virginia, from which it was not separated till 1790. Tennessee, the sixteenth State, was admitted to the Union June 1, 1796. It was named from the river Tennessee, the " river with the great bend." It is thought that De Soto, in his wanderings, visited the spot where Memphis now stands. The first permanent settlement in the State* was at Fort London, thirty miles from the present site of Knoxville, in 1756. In 1780, James Eobertson crossed the mountains with a party, and located where Nashville now stands, but which was then a wilderness. In 1789, North Carolina gave up her claim on the region, and the next year it was joined with Kentucky to form an independent territory. It received a distinct terri- torial government two years before it became a State. Ohio, the seventeenth State, was admitted to the Union November 29, 1802. It was so called from the river of that name, signifying the " beautiful river." The first explorations were made by the French, under La Salle, about 1680. The first permanent settlement was at Marietta, in 1788. It was the first State carved out of the great Northwest Territory, f Louisiana, the eighteenth State, was admitted to the * This was the first permanent English settlement south of Pennsylvania and west of the Alleghanies. t This territory was created in 1787, and included all the public land north of the Ohio. It embraced the present States of Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wiscon- sin, and part of Minnesota. It was a part of New France before the French authority ceased in 1763. The British held possession for twenty years, when the country was ceded to the United States. 203 UNITED STATES HISTORY. tlnion April 8, 1812. The territory was named in honor of Louis XIV, king of France. The French explored the river Mississippi to the sea in 1682 (see p. 34), but their first settle- ment was made by Iberville at Biloxi, near its mouth, in 1699. New Orleans was founded in 1718.* The territory was ceded to Spain in 1762, but in 1800 was receded to France. When the "United States purchased it (see p. 155), Louisiana included all the region north and west between the Mississippi and the Pacific, except such portions then occupied by Spam (see California), and north to the British possessions. In 1804, this region was divided into two portions the territory of Orleans, which included the present State of Louisiana, and the district of Louisiana, which comprised the remainder. The former was admitted to the Union as Louisiana, and the name of the latter changed to Missouri. Indiana, the nineteenth State, was admitted to the Union December 11, 1816. The name is derived from the word In- dian. The exact date of its first settlement is undetermined. When Ohio was taken from the Northwest Territory, the re- mainder was called Indiana, It was reduced to its present limits in 1809, and was the second State admitted from the Northwest Territory. After the Indian difficulties which hindered its early development had subsided, its growth was very rapid. Between 1810 and 1820, its population increased five hundred per cent Mississippi, the twentieth State, was admitted to the Union December 10, 1817. It is named from the Mississippi Kiver, the " Great Father of Waters." De Soto was the first European who traversed this region. In 1700, Chevalier de Tonty, with a party of Canadian French, ascended the river * The colony was granted to the great Mississippi Company, organized by John Law, at Paris, for the purpose of settling and deriving profit from the French posses- sions in North America, When this bubble burst, the French crown resumed the eountry. 1817.] POCH IV- #03 to the Natchez country, where they selected a site for a fort and called it Rosalie. A settlement called St. Peters was made in 1703, on the Yazoo. In 1728, the Indians swept every vestige of civilization from the present limits of the State. Under the French governors who followed, fierce and bloody wars were waged with the Natchez, Chickasaw, and Choctaw Indians. In 1763, Louisiana east of the Mississippi, including a part of what is now Mississippi and Alabama, was ceded to the British, and became a part of Georgia. The Mississippi Territory was created in 1798, and lands were after- ward added until it embraced the present States of Mississippi and Alabama. The latter became a separate Territory in March, 1817. Illinois, the twenty-first State, was admitted to the "Union December 3, 1818. Its name is derived from its principal river, signifying " River of men." Its first settlements were made by La Salle.* After the States of Ohio and Indiana, and the Territory of Michigan had been taken from the Northwest Territory, the remainder was styled the Illinois Territory, and comprised the present States of Illinois, "Wis- consin, and a part of Minnesota. The settlement of this Ter- ritory was greatly impeded hy Indian hostilities. The massacre at Fort Chicago, August 15, 1812, and the Black Hawk war, are instances of the dangers and trials which beset the pioneer. The great prosperity of the State dates from the year 1850, when munificent grants of land were made to the Central Railroad. The prairie wilderness was rapidly settled, and towns and cities sprang up as by magic. Alabama, the twenty-second State, was admitted to the * That enterprising traveller, after exploring the Illinois River, omit a small fort which he called CreVecceur (krave-kur), and left it in command of the Chevalier de Tonty. Three years afterward he returned with some Canadians and founded Kas- kaskia, Cahokia, and other towns, which early became flourishing, though the set- tlers, in manners and hahits, were assimilated to the Indians. 204 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1819. Union December 14, 1819. Its name is of Indian origin, and signifies " Here we rest." It was originally a part of Georgia. (See Mississippi.) The fierce contests with the Creek Indians, ended by Jackson, gave to the State a yast and fertile region. The first settlement was made by Bienville on Mobile Bay, in 1702. Nine years afterward, the present site of Mobile was occupied. Mobile was the original seat of the French colo- nization in Louisiana, and for many years the capital. Having been ceded to Great Britain and then to Spain, in 1813 it was surrendered to General Wilkinson, and has since remained in the possession of the United States. Maine, the twenty-third State, was admitted to the Union March 15, 1820. (See p. 60.) Missouri, the twenty-fourth State, was admitted to the Union August 10, 1821. Its name is derived from its prin- cipal river, and means " Muddy water." Its oldest town, St. Genevieve, was founded in 1755. The district of Louisiana (see Louisiana) was organized as Louisiana Territory in 1805, and St. Louis made its capital. "When Louisiana became a State, the name of the Territory was changed to Missouri. On the admission of the State of Missouri into the Union, its boundaries were restricted to their present limits. Arkansas, the twenty-fifth State, was admitted to the Union June 15, 1836. It took its name from a now extinct tribe of Indians. It was discovered and settled by the French under Chevalier de Tonty, as early as 1685. It followed the fate of the other portions of Louisiana. On the admission of the State of Missouri, Arkansas was organized as a Territory, including the present State and a part of Indian Territory. Michigan, the twenty-sixth State, was admitted to the Union January 26, 1837. The name is of Indian origin, sig- nifying " Great Lake." It was early visited by missionaries (see p. 33) and fur traders. Detroit was founded in 1701 by 1837.] EPOCH IV. 205 . Cadillac. The region, first a part of the Northwest Territory, then of Indiana Territory, was organized as a separate Terri- tory in 1805. All the country north of the present States of Indiana and Ulinois, was annexed to Michigan in 1818. The act of admission gave the State its present boundaries. Florida, the twenty-seventh State, was admitted to the Union March 3, 1845. The Spanish word florida, means blooming. (See also p. 27.) Its early visitors, Ponce de Leon, De Narvaez, and De Soto, its first settlement at St Augustine, its history under the Spaniards, and the Seminole war, have been incidentally described. It was organized as a Territory March 3, 1819. Texas, the twenty -eighth State, was admitted to the Union December 27, 1845. It was explored by De Leon and La Salle. The latter, intending to found a French settlement at the mouth of the Mississippi, sailed by it unawares, and, land- ing at Matagorda Bay, built Fort St Louis on the Lavaca. The Spaniards afterward explored and partially settled the country, establishing missions at various points. These did not prosper, however, and the region was populated mainly by roving bands of Indians. Civil war had impoverished the few settlers who were unable to flee the country, and Galveston was nearly deserted, when, in 1820, Moses Austin, a native of Connecticut, obtained from the Spanish authorities in Mexico a grant of land. Emigration from the United States was encouraged, and in 1830 there were twenty thousand Ameri- cans in Texas. The jealousy of Mexico being excited, acts of oppression followed, and in 1835 the Texans were driven to declare their independence. After a year of severe fighting* * Santa Anna, with four thousand men, having attacked the Alamo, a fort garri- soned by only one hundred and seventy-two men, every man of that gallant few died at his post except seven, who were killed while asking for quarter. Here David Crockett, the famous hunter, who had volunteered to fight with the Texans for their liberty, fell, pierced with wounds, but surrounded by the corpses of those whom ha 206 UNITED STATES HISTORY- [184& and alternating victories, Santa Anna was conquered. The next year (1837) Texas sought admission into the Union. In 1844 the question was revived. The last act of Tyler's ad- ministration was to sign a bill for its admission. This bill was ratified by a convention of the State, July 5th of the same year. Iowa, the twenty-ninth State, was admitted to the Union December 28, 1846. Its name is of Indian origin, signifying "Drowsy ones." Julien Dubuque, a Canadian Frenchman, ob- tained in 1788 a large tract of land, including the present site of Dubuque. He there built a fort and traded with the Indians till 1810. The first permanent settlement was made at Bur- lington in 1833, by emigrants from Illinois. The same year, Dubuque was founded. This Territory belonged to the Louis- iana tract and partook of its fortunes. It was successively a part of Missouri, Michigan, and Wisconsin Territories, but was organized separately in 1838. It then included all of Minnesota west of the Mississippi Eiver, but when admitted as a State was reduced to its present limits. Wisconsin, the thirtieth State, was admitted to the Union May 29, 1848. Its name is derived from its principal river, and signifies " The gathering of the waters." It was ex- plored by French missionaries and traders as early as 1639. Green Bay was founded in 1745. This region was also a part of the Louisiana purchase. It was comprised in the Territory of Illinois, then of Michigan, and in 1836 became a separate Territory. California, the thirty-first State, was admitted to the Union September 9, 1850 (see p. 190). Sip Francis Drake, in 1578-9, sailed along its coast, named it New Albion, and wintered in San Francisco harbor (see p. 35). In 1769, had cut down ere he was overpowered. In the battle of San Jacinto, Santa Anna with fifteen hundred men, was defeated by eight hundred, under General Sam Houston. 1S50.J EPOCH IV. 20? San Francisco Bay The Golden Gate. OF SAN FRANCISCO. the Spaniards established the mission of San Diego (de-a'-go), and in 1776 (year of the Declaration of Independence), one at San Francisco.* In 1803, they had eighteen missions with over fifteen thousand converts, and the entire government of the country was in the hands of the Franciscan monks. The Mexican revolution, in 1822, overthrew the Spanish power in * In ia35, a shanty owned by one Richardson was the only human habitation, and the vast bay was a solitude. The first survey of streets and town lots was in 1839. The principal trade was in exporting hides, and that was small. In 1846, an Ameri- can man-of-war entered the harbor, and took possession in the name of the United States. The town was known as Yerba Buena (good herb) until 1847, when it was changed to its present name. About that time it had a population of four hundred and fifty-nine. The discovery of gold in 1848 (see p. 190) gave the city its first start toward its present distinction. Within eighteen months following December, 1849, the city lost by fire $16.000,000 of property, though its population did not exceed thirty thousand. Such, however, was the enterprise of its citizens, that these tre- mendous losses scarcely interrupted its growth or prosperity. Its magnificent harbor and its railroad communications give it a very extensive commerce on the Pacific Coast. 208 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1858. California, and in a few years the Franciscans were stripped of their wealth and influence. In 1831, the white population did not exceed five thousand. From 1843 to 1846, many emi- grants from the United States settled in California, and, under the leadership of Fremont and others, wrested the country from Mexico (see p. 188). By the treaty at the close of the Mexican war, Upper California was ceded to the United States. It embraced about 450,000 square miles, comprising what is now known as California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, and parts of Colorado and New Mexico. Minnesota, the thirty-second State, was admitted to the Union May 11, 1858. It was so called from the river of that name, and signifies " Cloudy water." In 1680, La Salle and Hennepin penetrated this region. Other travellers followed, and within the present century the whole country has been thoroughly explored. Fort Snelling was established in 1819. St. Paul was settled in 1846 by emigrants from the East. The Territory of Minnesota was organized in 1849, with the Mis- souri and White rivers for its western boundary, thus embrac- ing nearly twice the area of the present State. At this time its population was less than five thousand, consisting of whites and half-breeds settled about the various missions and trading- posts. In 1851, the Sioux ceded a large tract of land to the United States. After this the population increased so rapidly that in six years Minnesota applied for admission into the Union. Oregon, the thirty-third State, was admitted to the Union February 14, 1859. It is said to derive its name from the Spanish oregano, wild marjoram, abundant on its coast. It constituted a part of the Louisiana purchase, though for a long time little was known of this portion of that vast terri- tory. In 1792, Captain Gray, of Boston, entered the Colum- bia, giving the river the name of his ship. On his return, he 1859.] EPOCH IV. 209 gave such a flattering report of the country that there was a general desire to know more of it. In 1804, the year after the Louisiana purchase, Jefferson sent an exploring party, under the command of Captain Lewis and Lieutenant Clark, which followed the Missouri to its source and descended the Colum- bia to the Pacific. The history of their adventures is one of the most romantic of the century. An extensive fur-trade soon began. Fort Astoria was built in 1811 by the American Fur Company, of which John Jacob Astor was a prominent member. Hunters and trappers in the employ of American and British companies roamed over the whole region. Fort Vancouver was occupied by the Hudson's Bay Company, a British organization, till 1860. In 1839, the first American emigration set toward this region. The danger of war which had seriously threatened its dawning prosperity was averted when the northwest boundary was settled by the treaty of 1846. In 1848, it was organized as a Territory, and included all the possessions of the United States west of the Rocky Mountains. In 1850, Congress granted three hundred and sixty acres to every man, and the same to his wife, on condition of residence on the land for four years. Eight thousand claims were made for farms. In 1853, Washington Territory was organized north of Columbia River. When Oregon was admitted as a State, it was reduced to its present limits. Kansas, the thirty-fourth State, was admitted to the Union January 29, 1861. The name is of Indian origin, and is said to mean " Smoky water." This region was also a part of the Louisiana purchase. After the States of Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, and Minnesota had been carved from it, there was left a vast, unoccupied tract at the west, which was or- ganized by the Kansas and Nebraska Act of 1854. The his- tory of the strife which ensued as to whether it should be slave or free has been narrated. (See p. 195.) 210 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1789. 'Summary of the History of the fourth Epoch, arranged in Chronological Order. PAGE 1789. Washington inaugurated, April 30, 147 1791. Vermont admitted to the Union, March 4, . . .200 1793. Kentucky admitted to the Union, June 1, ... 200 Discovery of Columbia River by Captain Gray, May 11, . 208 1793. Difficulties with Genet, 153 1794. Indians defeated by Wayne, August 20, . . , . 152 Whisky insurrection, 152 1795. Jay's treaty ratified, June 24, . . . . . .153 1796. Tennessee admitted to the Union, June 1, ... 201 1797. John Adams inaugurated, March 4, 154 1799. Washington died at Mount Vernon, December 14, . . 148 1800. Capitol removed to Washington, 147 Treaty with France, September 30, 155 1801. Thomas Jefferson inaugurated, March 4, . . . . 1-55 War declared by United States against Tripoli, June 10, 157 1802. Ohio admitted to the Union, November 29, ... 201 1803. Louisiana purchased from France, April 30, . . . 156 Fleet sent against Tripoli, 157 1804. Lieut. Decatur destroyed frigate Philadelphia, Feb. 15, . 157 Hamilton killed by Burr, July 11, 156 1805. Treaty of peace with Tripoli, June 3, . . . .157 1807. Chesapeake fired into by Leopard, June 22, . . 158 Embargo on American ships, December 22, . . . 158 Fulton first ascended the Hudson, September 14, . . 157 1809. James Madison inaugurated, March 4, .... 159 1811. Action between the President and the Little Belt, May 16, 159 Battle of Tippecanoe, November 7, 159 1812. Louisiana admitted to the Union, April 8, ... 201 War declared against England, June 19, . . . . 160 Hull invaded Canada, July 12, 160 Mackinaw surrendered, July 17, Detroit surrendered, August 16, 160 Constitution captured Guerriere, August 19, . . . 161 Battle of Queenstown, October 13, 160 Wasp captured Frolic, October 13, 162 1813. Battle of Frenchtown, January 22, 163 Capture of York, April 27, 163 Siege of Fort Meigs, May 1, . . . . . .164 Sackett's Harbor attacked, May 29, 163 American frigate Chesapeake captured by the Shannon, Junel, . . 166 1813.1 EPOCH I-V. 211 PAGE 1813. Battle of Fort Stephenson, Ohio, August 2, ... .164 Massacre of Fort Mims, August 30, 166 Perry's victory on Lake Erie, September 10, . . . 164 Battle of the Thames, October 5, 165 Battle of Chrysler's Field, November 11, . . . .163 1814. Battle of Horse-shoe Bend (Tohopeka), March 27, . . 166 Battle of Chippewa, July 5, 167 Battle of Lundy's Lane, July 25, 167 Washington captured by the British, August 24, . ^ . 169 Battle of Plattsburg and Lake Champlain, September 11, 168 Bombardment of Fort McHenry, September 13, . .169 Hartford Convention, December 15, 169 Treaty of Peace, December 24, 169 1815. Battle of New Orleans, January 8, 169 War with Algiers, 171 1816. Indiana admitted to the Union, December 11, . . . 262 1817. James Monroe inaugurated, March 4, . . . .172 Mississippi admitted to the Union, December 10, . . 202 1818. Illinois admitted to the Union, December 3, ... 203 1819. Alabama admitted to the Union, December 14, . . 203 Florida purchased of Spain, February 22, ... 173 1820. Missouri Compromise passed, March 3, . . . .172 Maine admitted to the Union, March 15, . . . 60, 204 1821. Missouri admitted to the Union, August 10, . . . 204 1824. Visit of La Fayette, August 15, 173 1825. John Quincy Adams inaugurated, March 4, ... 174 1826. Adams and Jefferson died, July 4, 154 1829. Jackson inaugurated, March 4, 175 1832. Black Hawk War, 177 Nullification in South Carolina, 175 1835. Dade's massacre by Seininoles, December 8, . . . 177 1836. Arkansas admitted to the Union, June 15, ... 204 1837. Michigan admitted to the Union, January 26, . . . 204 Martin Van Buren inaugurated, March 4, ... 178 Battle of Okechobee, Seminoles routed by Taylor, Dec. 25, 178 1837-8. "Patriot War" Canada, 179 1841. Wm. H. Harrison inaugurated, March 4,^ . . . .180 President Harrison died, April 4, . *. . . .180 John Tyler inaugurated, April 6, 180 1842. Dorr Rebellion, 181 1845. Florida admitted to the Union, March 3, . . . .205 James K. Polk inaugurated, March 4, . . . .185 Texas admitted to the Union, December 27, . . .205 212 UNITED SPATES HISTORY. 1846. Battle of Palo Alto, May 8, 185 Battle of Resaca de la Palma, May 9, . . . .185 Congress declared war against Mexico, May 11,' . . 186 Monterey captured, September 24, 186 Iowa admitted to the Union, December 28, . . -, 206 1847. Battle of Buena Vista, February 23, 186 Vera Cruz captured, March 29, 188 Battle of Cerro Gordo, April 18, 188 Battle of Contreras, August 20, 189 Capture of Chapultepec, September 13, . . 189 Mexico surrendered, September 14, 189 1848. Treaty of peace with Mexico, February 2, ... 190 Gold discovered in California, February, .... 190 Wisconsin admitted to the Union, May 29, . . .206 1849. General Taylor inaugurated, March 5, . . . .191 1850. General Taylor died, July 9, 191 Millard Fillmore inaugurated, July 16, . . . . 191 California admitted to the Union, September 9, . . 206 1853. Franklin Pierce inaugurated, March 4, . . . .194 1854. Commodore Perry's treaty with Japan, March, . . 195 Kansas-Nebraska Bill passed, May, 195 1857. James Buchanan inaugurated, March 4, . . . . 196 1858. Minnesota admitted to the Union, May 11, ... 208 1859. Oregon admitted to the Union, February 14, . . . 208 1860. South Carolina seceded from the Union, December 20, . 198 1861. Steamer Star of the West fired upon, January 9, . . 200 Kansas admitted into the Union as a State, January 29, . 209 Southern Confederacy formed at Montgomery, Feb. 4, . 199 Y- TrJE CIVIL WAR. From 1861 Lincoln's Inauguration, To 1865 Surrender of Lee's Army. LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION* (SIXTEENTH PRESIDENT : 1861-1865.) NAUGURATION. Kumor of a plan to assassinate Lincoln impelled him to come to Washington in dis- guise. He was inaugurated March 4, 1861, surrounded by troops under the command of General Scott. Condition of the Country. All was now uncertainty. Officers of the army and navy of the United States were daily resigning, and linking their fortunes with the Confederate cause. There was still, how- Questions on the Geography of the Fifth Epoch. Locate the following places noted as battle-fields. (For battles before Richmond, see pp. 236 and 261.) Philippi. Big Bethel. Booneville. Carthage. Eich Mountain. Bull Run. Wilson's Creek. Hatteras Inlet. Lexington, Mo. Ball's Bluff. Belmont. Port Royal. Mill Spring. Fort Henry. Roanoke Island. Fort Donelson. Pea Ridge. Newbern. Winchester. Pittsburg Landing. Island No. 10. Fort Pulaski. Fort Jackson. Fort Macon. Beaufort. Torktown. Williamsburg. Corinth. Fair Oaks. Me- chanicsviUe. Gaines's Mill. Malvern Hill. Cedar Mountain. South Mountain. Antietam. Corinth. Fredericksburg. Holly Springs. Mnrfreesboro. Galveston. Fort Sumter. Chancellorsville. Vicksburg. Gettysburg. Port Hudson. Chicka- mauga. Chattanooga. Knoxville. Fort de Russy. Sabine Cross Roads. Fort Pillow. Wilderness. Bermuda Hundred. Spottsylvania Court House. Resaca. Dallas. Cold Harbor. Lost Mountain. Petersburg. Atlanta. Mobile. Fort Gaines. Fort Morgan. Cedar Creek. Fort McAllister. Nashville. Savannah. Fort Fisher. Columbia. Goldsboro. Fort Steadman. Five Forks. Appomattoz Court House. (The battles above are named in chronological order.) * Abraham Lincoln was born in Kentucky, February 12, 1809 ; died in Washington, 216 UNITED STATES HISTORY. ever, a strong Union sentiment at the South. Many promi- nent men in both sections hoped that war might be averted. The Federal authorities feared to act, lest they should precipi- tate civil strife. In striking contrast to this indecision was the marked energy of the new Confederate government. It was gathering troops, voting money and supplies, and rapidly pre- paring for the issue. Capture of Fort Sumter. Finding that supplies were to be sent to Fort Sumter, General Pierre G. T. Beauregard (bo-re-gard), who had command of the Confederate troops at Charleston, called upon Major Anderson to surrender. Upon his refusal, fire was opened from all the Confederate forts and batteries.* This " strange contest between seventy men and seven thousand," lasted for thirty-four hours, no one being hurt on either side. The barracks having been set on fire by April 15, 1865. His father was unable to read or write. Abraham's education consisted of one year's schooling. When he was eight years old his father moved to Indiana, the family floating down the Ohio on a raft. When nineteen years of age the future President hired out as a hand on a flat-boat at $10 per month, and made a trip to New Orleans. On his return he accompanied the family to Illinois, driving the cattle on the journey, and on reaching their destination helped them to build a cabin, and to split rails to enclose the farm. He was now in succession a flat-boat hand, clerk, captain of a company of volunteers in the Black Hawk War, country store-keeper, postmaster, and surveyor, yet he managed to get a knowledge of law by borrowing books at an office, before it closed at night, and returning them at its opening in the morning. On oeing admitted to the bar, he rapidly rose to distinction. At twenty-five he was sent to the Legislature, and was thrice re-elected. Turning his attention to politics, he soon became a leader. He was sent to C ongrcss ; he can- vassed the State, haranguing the people daily on great national questions ; and, in 1858, he was candidate for Senator, a second time, against Stephen A. Douglas. The two rivals stumped the State together. The debate, unrivalled for its statesmanship, logic, and wit, won for Lincoln a national reputation. He lost the election in the Legislature, as his party was in the minority. After his accession to the Presidency, his history, like Washington's, is identified with that of his country. He was a tall, un- gainly man, little versed in the refinements of society, but gifted by nature with great common sense, and everywhere known as "Honest Abe." Kind, earnest, sympathetic, faithful, democratic, he was only anxious to serve his country. His wan, fatigued face, and his bent form, told of the cares he bore, and the grief he felt. His only relief was when tossing aside for a moment the heavy load of responsibil- ity, his face would light up with a hnmorsome smile, while he narrated some incident whose aptness to the subject at hand, and irresistible wit, convulsed his hearers, and rendered " Lincoln's stories " household words throughout the nation, * The first gun of the war was fired at half-past four o'clock Friday morning, April 18, 1861. 1861.] EPOCH V. 217 the shells, the garrison worn out, suffocated, and half-blinded, were forced to capitulate. They were allowed to retire with the honors of war, saluting their flag before hauling it down. The Effect of this event was electrical. It unified the North and also the South. The war spirit swept over the country like wild-fire. Party lines vanished. The Union men ^t the South were borne into secession. The republicans and democrats at the North combined for the support of the government. Lincoln issued a requisition for seventy-five thousand troops. It was responded to by three hundred thou- sand volunteers. The American flag, the symbol of Eevolu- tionary glory and of national unity, was everywhere unfurled. The best men of the nation were eager to enlist. The military enthusiasm at the South was equally ardent. Virginia, Ar- kansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee, which had before hesitated, joined the Confederacy. Virginia troops seized the United States armory at Harper's Ferry, and the Navy Yard at Norfolk.* Eichmond, Va,, was made the Confederate capi- tal. Troops from the extreme South were rapidly pushed into Virginia, and threatened Washington. A regiment of Massa- chusetts militia hurrying to the defence of the national capital, was attacked in the streets of Baltimore, and several men were killed, f Thus the first blood shed in the civil war was on April 19, the anniversary of Lexington and Concord. THE WAR IN VIRGINIA. Arlington Heights and Alexandria^ were seized (May 24) * Here were foundries, ship-yards, machine shops, two thousand cannon, two hundred and fifty thousand pounds of gunpowder, great quantities of shot and shell, and twelve ships of war. The ships were scuttled or fired, but vast stores, which were of inestimable value at the beginning of the war, fell into the Confederate hands. t A Union soldier who was shot in this affray, turned about, saluted the flag, and exclaiming, " All hail the stars and stripes 1" fell lifeless. $ Alexandria was occupied by Colonel Elmer E. Ellsworth and his Zouavee. 218 UNITED STATES HISTOBT. [1861. by the national troops. This protected Washington from any immediate danger of attack.* Fortress Monroef was now garrisoned by a heavy force under General B. F. Butler.J An expedition made soon after against Big Bethel was singularly mismanaged. The troops fired into each other by mistake on the route. After a gallant attack upon the Confederate defences, they were repulsed with loss. Western Virginia adhered to the Union, and was ulti- mately formed into a separate State. The Confederates, how- ever, occupied it in force. The Federals, under General George B. McClellan, afterward commander of the Potomac army, -defeated them at PJiilippi, Rich Mountain, and Car- ride's Ford, thus wresting the entire State from their con- trol Shortly afterward, Governor Wise and General Floyd (President Buchanan's Secretary of War) led a Confederate force into that region ; but Floyd was suddenly attacked by General Kosecrans at Carnifex Ferry, and Wise failing to sup- port him, he was compelled to retreat General Eobert E. Lee, McClellan's future antagonist on the Potomac, having been repulsed at Cheat Mountain (September 14), now came to the rescue. Nothing decisive being effected, the Confed- erate government recalled their forces. The only Union vic- tories of this year were achieved in this region. After the capture, seeing the Confederate flag etill flying from the roof of a hotel, he went up and tore it down. As he descended, he was shot at the foot of the stairs, by the landlord, Jackson, who in turn fell at the hands of private Brownell. * Alexandria is on the southern side of the Potomac, eight miles below Washing- ton. Arlington Heights are directly opposite the capital t This is located at the entrance of the Chesapeake, and is the most formidable fortification in the United States. It covers sixty acres of ground, and is nearly a mile in circuit. Its walls are of granite, thirty-five feet high. Its garrison, at this time, consisted of a small body of artillerists, under General Dimick. $ At Hampton, from whence the Confederates under General Magruder were driven, some negroes were captured who said they had been employed by the Con- federates in building fortifications. Butler declared them "contraband of war." This gave rise to the popular term, "Contrabands." In this attack, young Major Theodore Winthrop, who had already achieved some literary reputation, waa killed. 1861.] EPOCH V. 219 Battle of Bull Run (July 21). The Northern people, seeing so many regiments pushed forward to Washington, were impatient for an advance. The cry, " On to Eichmond !" became too strong to be resisted. General Irvin McDowell, in command of the Army of the Potomac, moved to attack the main body of the Confederates at Bull Eun.* Each army was about thirty thousand strong. After a sharp conflict the Confederates were driven from the field. They were rallied, STONEWALL JACKSON AT BULL RUN. however, by General T. J. Jacksonf and others on a plateau in the rear. While the Federal troops were struggling to drive them from this new position, at the crisis of the battle, seventeen hundred men, under Kirby Smith, rushing across * This is near Manassas Junction, about twenty-seven miles from Alexandria. t General Bee, as he rallied his men, shouted, " There's Jackson standing like a stone wall." " From that time," says Draper, " the name he had received in a bap- tism of fire displaced that he had received in a baptism of water, and he was known as ' Stonewall Jackson.' " 220 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [186L the fields from Manassas Station,* struck the Union flank and poured in a cross fire. The effect was irresistible. McDowell's men fled. As the fugitives converged toward the bridge in the rear, a shell burst among the teamsters' wagons, a caisson was overturned, and the passage choked. The retreat now became a panic-stricken rout. Traces were cut, cannon aban- doned, mounted men went plunging through the struggling mass, and soldiers threw away their guns and ran streaming over the country, many never stopping till they were safe over the Long Bridge at Washington. The Effect of this defeat was momentous. At first the Northern people were chagrined and disheartened. Then came a renewed determination. They saw the real character of the war. They no longer dreamed that the South could be subdued by a mere display of military force. They were to fight a brave people Americans who were only to be con- quered by a desperate struggle. Congress voted $500,000,000 and five hundred thousand men. General McClellan,f upon whom all eyes were turned, on account of his brilliant cam- paign in Western Virginia, was appointed to the command of the Army of the Potomac. Ball's Bluff (October 21). A reconnoitering party of about two thousand Federals having crossed the Potomac at Ball's Bluff, they were overwhelmed by superior numbers, and forced down the slippery, clayey bluff, fifty to one hundred and fifty feet high, to the river below. The two old scows in which they came were soon sunk, and, in trying to escape, many were drowned, some were shot, and scarcely half their * These troops composed a part of General Johnston's command at Winchester. General Patterson, with twenty thousand men, had been left to watch him, and pre- vent his joining Beauregard. Johnston was too shrewd for his antagonist, and, slipping out of his hands, reached Bull Run in time to decide the battle. t Soon after, General Scott, weighed down by age, retired from aetive service, and General McClellan became General-in-Chief of all the armies of the United States. 1861.] EPOCH V. 221 number reached the other bank. Colonel Baker, United States Senator from Oregon, was among the killed.* THE WAR IN MISSOURI. This State was largely Union. The Convention had de- clined to pass an ordinance of secession; yet there was a strong effort made by Governor Jackson to preserve, at least, an armed neutrality. Captain Lyon foiled this attempt. He broke up Camp Jackson, saved the United States arsenal at St. Louis, and defeated Colonel Marmaduke at Booneville (June 17). General Sigel (se-gel), however, having been de- feated by the Confederates in an engagement at Carthage (July 5), Lyon, now General, found that he must either fight the superior forces of Generals McCulloch and Price, or else abandon that part of the State. He chose the former course. At the head of about five thousand he attacked more than twice that number at Wilson's Creek (August 10). He fell, gallantly leading a bayonet charge. His men were defeated, Colonel Mulligan was forced to surrender Lexington\ after a brave defence. General John C. Fremont now assumed charge, and drove Price as far south as Springfield. Just as he was preparing for battle, he was replaced by General Hun- ter, who took the Union army back to St. Louis. Hunter was soon superseded by General Halleck, who crowded Price south to Arkansas. Later in the fall, General Grant made an un- successful attack upon a Confederate force which had crossed over from Kentucky^ and taken post at Belmont. 'December 20, General E.O.C.Ord, having gone out on a foraging excursion to Dranesville, in a severe skirmish, routed the Confederates. This little victory greatly encouraged the people at the North, who had been disheartened by the disastrous affair of Ball's Bluff. t The Confederates, in their final assault, fought behind a movable breastwork, composed of hemp bales, which they rolled toward the fort as they advanced. t Kentucky, like Missouri, had tried to remain neutral, but was unsuccessful. Soon both Confederate and Union troops were encamped on her soil, and the State 222 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [186L THE WAR ON THE SEA AND COAST. Early in the war, Davis issued a proclamation offering to commission privateers.* In reply, Lincoln declared a block- ade of the Southern ports. At that time there was but one efficient vessel on the Northern coast, and but forty-two ships in the United States navy ; but at the close of the year there were two hundred and sixty-four. Two joint naval and military expeditions were made dur- ing the year. The first captured the forts at Hatteras Inlet, N". 0. The second, under Commodore Dupont and General Thomas W. Sherman, took the forts at Port Koyalf En- trance, S. C., and Tybee island, at the mouth of the Savan- nah. Port Koyal became the great depot for the Union fleet. The Trent Affair. England and France had acknowl- edged the Confederate States as belligerents, thus placing them on the same footing with the United States. The Southern people having, therefore, great hopes of foreign aid, appointed Messrs. Mason and Slidell commissioners to those countries. Escaping through the blockading squadron, they took passage at Havana on the British steamer Trent. Captain Wilkes, of the United States steamer San Jacinto, was ravaged by hostile armies. In all the horder States, affairs were in a most lamentable condition. The people were divided in opinion, and enlisted in both armies. As the tide of war surged to and fro, armed bands swept through the coun- try, plundering and murdering those who favored the opposite party. * The Savannah was the first privateer which got to sea, but she was captured after having taken her first prize. The Petrel, also from Charleston, bore down upon the United States frigate St. Lawrence, mistaking her for a merchant ship. When too late, she discovered her error. She received a single broadside and sank. The Sumter, Captain Semmes, captured and burned a large number of American ships, but the next year was blockaded in the Bay of Gibraltar, and had to be sold to prevent her falling into the Union hands. t During this engagement the ships described a circle between the forts, each vessel delivering its fire as it slowly sailed by, then passing on, and another taking its place. The line of this circle was constantly changed to prevent the enemy from getting the range of the vessels. 1861.;) EPOCH v. 223 followed the Trent, took off the Confederate envoys, and brought them back to the United States. This produced intense excitement in England. The United States govern- ment, however, promptly disavowed the act and returned the prisoners. General Review of the First Year of the War. The Confederates had captured the large arsenals at Har- per's Ferry and Norfolk. They had been successful in the two great battles of the year Bull Eun and Wilson's Creek ; also in the minor engagements at Big Bethel, Carthage, Lex- ington, Belmont, and Ball's Bluff. The Federals had saved Fort Pickens* and Fortress Monroe, and had captured the forts at Hatteras Inlet and Port Eoyal. They had gained the victories of Philippi, Eich Mountain, Booneville, Car- rick's Ford, Cheat Mountain, Carnifex Ferry, and Dranes- ville. They had saved to the Union Missouri, Maryland, and West Virginia. Principally, however, they had thrown the whole South in a state of siege the armies on the north and west by land, and the navy in the east by sea, maintain- ing a vigilant blockade. 1862. The Situation. The national army now numbered 500,000 ; the Confederate, about 350,000. During the first year there had been random fighting; the war henceforth assumed a general plan. The year's campaign on the part of the North had three main objects : (1) the opening of the Mississippi ; (2) the blockade of the Southern ports ; and (3) the capture of Eichmond. * This fort was situated near Pensacola. Lieutenant Slemmer, seeing that an attack was about to be made upon him, transferred his men from Fort McRae, an untenable position, to Fort Pickens, an almost impregnable fortification, which ha held until reinforcements arrived. 224 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1883 YIEW OF RICHMOND, VA. THE WAR IN THE WEST. The Confederates held a line of defence with strongly fortified posts at Columbus, Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Bowling Green, Mill Spring, and Cumberland Gap. It was determined to pierce this line near the centre, along the Tennessee Eiver. This would compel the evacuation of Columbus, which was deemed impregnable, and open the way to Nashville. Capture of Forts Henry and Donelson. Accord- ingly, General Grant, with his army, and Commodore Foote, with his gunboats, moved from Cairo (ka'-ro) upon Fort Henry.* A bombardment (Feb. 6) from the gunboats re- * As a part of the general movement, in January General Thomas had advanced against Mill Spring, and on the 19th driven out the Confederate force at that place with the loss of General Zollicoffer (tsol'-le-ko-fer), one of their favorite leaders. 1862.J EPOCH V. JJ25 duced the place in about an hour. The land troops were to cut off the retreat ; but not arriving in time, the garrison escaped to Fort Donelson. The fleet now went back to the Ohio, and ascended the Cumberland, while Grant crossed to co-operate in an attack on Fort Donelson. The fight lasted three days.* The fleet was repulsed by the fire from the fort, and Commodore Foote seriously wounded. Grant, hav- ing been reinforced till he had nearly thirty thousand men, defeated the Confederates in an attempt to cut their way out, and captured a part of their intrenchments. As lie was about to make the final assault, the fort was surrendered f (Feb. 16), with about fifteen thousand men. Effect of these Victories. As was expected, Columbus and Bowling Green were evacuated, while General Buell at once occupied Nashville. The Confederates fell back to Corinth, the great railroad centre for Mississippi and Tennessee, where their forces were gradually collected under the command of Generals Albert Sydney Johnston and Beauregard. The Union army ascended the Tennessee to Pittsburg Landing. Grant was placed in command, and General Buell ordered to reinforce him. The next movement was to secure the Memphis and Charleston railroad, thus cutting off Memphis and securing another section of the Mississippi River. Battle of Shiloh (April 6, 7). The Confederates deter- mined to rout Grant's army before the arrival of Buell. Sunday morning, at daylight, moving out of the woods in * For four nights of most inclement winter weather, amid soow and sleet, with no tents, shelter, fire, and many with no blankets, these hardy western troops main- tained their position. The piteous wail of the wounded resounded through the bleak nights, but death came to many of them, who froze- as they lay on the icy ground. t When General Buckner, commander of the tort, wrote to General Grant, offering- capitulation, Grant replied that no terms would be accepted except an " unconditional surrender," and that he " proposed to- move immediately upon their works." These expressions have been much quoted, and. U. S. Grajjt bag beea ofteu said to signify " Unconditional Surrender Gr,an.t.."' 226 UNITED STATES HISTOKY. [1862, line of battle, they suddenly fell on the Union camps.* Johnston had forty thousand and Grant thirty-three thous- and men. On the one side were the Southern dash, daring and vigor ; on the other, the Northern firmness and determi- nation. Surprised, but not panic-stricken, the Federals, fighting where they happened to stand, slowly yielded, and for twelve hours obstinately disputed every inch of the way. At last, pushed to the very brink of the river, Grant massed his artillery, and gathered about it the fragments of regi- ments for the final stand. The Confederates, to meet them, had to cross a deep ravine, where, struggling through the mud and water, they melted away under the fire of cannon and musketry from above, and the shells from the gunboats below. Few reached the slippery bank beyond. At the same time Buell's advance came shouting on the field. The tide of battle was stayed. The Confederates fell back. They possessed, however, all the substantial fruits of victory. They had taken the Union camps, three thousand prisoners, thirty flags, and immense stores ; but they had lost their commander, General Johnston, who fell in the heat of the action. The next morning the tide turned. Buell's army had come. Fresh troops were poured on the wearied Confed- erates. Beauregard, obstinately resisting, was driven from the field. He retreated, however, in good order, and, unmo- lested, returned to Corinth, f * The Federals were thoroughly surprised. On the very heels of the pickets. who rushed in to give the alarm, came the shells, and then, pouring at double-quick from the woods, the magnificent lines of battle. Many, especially officers, had not yet risen ; some were dressing, some washing or cooking, and a few at breakfast. Be- wildered, half dressed, unformed, they were ill prepared for battle. t Their route led through a narrow and almost impassable road, with the mud and water so deep that at times the water came into the wagons wherein were crowded the wounded and dying soldiers. To add to their distress, a pitiless gleet set in, turning to furious hail and raging violently for three hours. Before Corinth was reached, three hundred men had died. 1862.] EPOCH V. 227 General Halleck now assumed command, and by slow stages followed the Confederates. Beauregard, finding him- self outnumbered, evacuated Corinth, and Halleck took pos- session (May 30). Island No. 10. The Confederates, on retreating from Columbus, fell back to Island No. 10.* Here they were bombarded by Commodore Foote for three weeks, with little effect. General Pope, crossing the Mississippi f in the midst of a fearful storm, took the batteries on the opposite bank, and prepared to attack the fortifications in the rear. The garrison, seven thousand strong, surrendered (April 7) the very day of the conflict at Shiloh. The Effects of the desperate battle at Shiloh were now fully apparent. J The Union gunboats moved down the river and (May 10) defeated the Confederate iron-clad fleet. On the evacuation of Corinth, Fort Pillow was abandoned. The gunboats, proceeding, destroyed the Confederate flotilla in front of Memphis, took possession of that city, and secured the Memphis and Charleston railroad. The great State of Kentucky and all Western Tennessee had been wrenched from the Confederacy. The Union army now held a line * The islands in the Mississippi are numbered in order from the mouth of the Ohio to New Orleans. t Pope, with his army, was on the Missouri side of the river. He could not cross, as the Confederate batteries were planted on the opposite shore. A canal was therefore cut across Donald- son's Point. It was twelve miles long and fifty feet wide. Part of the distance was through heavy timber, where the trees had to be cut off four feet below the surface of the water. Yet the vork was accomplished in nineteen days. Through this canal steamboats and barges were safely transferred below the newly- made island, while the two largest gunboats ran the batteries. DONALDSON'S POINT Under their protection Pope crossed the liver. AND ISLAND NO. 10. $ Besides the results here named, the concentration of troops at Corinth had ab- sorbed the troops from the South. Thus New Orleans, as we shall see hereafter, fell an easy prey to Farragut. General Halleck having been called to Washington as General-in-Chief of the armies of the United States, General Grant was appointed to the command of this army. >-. } S UXITED STATES HISTORY. [18C2. running from Memphis, through Corinth, nearly to Chatta- nooga, toward which point General Buell was steadily push- ing his troops. We shall next consider the efforts made by the Confederates to break through this line of investment. At this time they were concentrated under Bragg at Chatta- nooga, Price at luka, and Van Dorn at Holly Springs. Bragg's Expedition. The first movement was made by General Bragg. With fifty thousand men he started for Louisville. General Buell fell back to Nashville. Here he found out his enemy's plan. Now commenced a race between them of three hundred miles. Buell came out one day ahead. He was heavily reinforced to the number of one hundred thousand men. Bragg* then fell back, Buell slowly following. At Perryville (October 8), Bragg fiercely turned upon Buell, and a desperate battle was fought. In the darkness, however, Bragg retreated, and finally escaped with his plunder, which filled a wagon train forty miles long. At this juncture (Octo- ber 31), General BueU was superseded by General Eosecrans. Battles of luka and Corinth (September 19, October 4). Every one of Grant's veterans who could possibly be spared had been sent north to help Buell. Price and Van Dorn, taking advantage of the opportunity, were manoeuvring to get possession of Corinth. Grant, thinking that he could capture Price and then get back to Corinth before Van Dorn could reach it from Holly Springs, ordered Eosecrans to move upon luka. After a severe conflict (September 19), Price escaped. Thereupon the two Confederate generals joined their forces, and, forty thousand strong, attacked Eosecrans with twenty thousand in his entrenchments at Corinth. They exhibited * At Frankfort, Bragg was joined by the part of his army under Kirby Smith, who had marched from Knoxville, routed a Union force under General Manson at Rich- mond. Ky., inflicting a loss of six thousand, and then had moved north as far as Cynthiana, where he threatened to attack Cincinnati, but was repelled by the ex- teneive preparation made by General Lew Wallace, 18G2.] EPOCH V. 229 the most brilliant courage,* but, the Union army being re-en- forced, were defeated, and pursued forty miles, with heavy loss. Battle of Murfreesboro (December 31, January 2). Rosecrans, on assuming command of Buell's army, concen- trated his forces at Nashville. Thence he marched to meet Bragg, who, with sixty thousand moving north on a second grand expedition, had already reached Murfreesboro. Both generals had formed the same planf for the approaching con- test As the Union left was crossing Stone Eiver to attack the Confederate right, the strong Confederate left fell heavily on the weak Union right. At first the onset was irresistible. But Gen. Sheridan was there, and by his consummate valor held his ground until Eosecrans could recall the left, replant his batteries, and establish a new line. Upon this fresh front the Confederates charged four times, but were driven back with very great loss. Two days after, Bragg renewed the at- tack, but being unsuccessful, retreated. This was one of the bloodiest contests of the war. The loss was one-fourth of the number engaged. The Effect of this Battle. The attempt of the Confederates to recover Kentucky was now abandoned. The way was open for another Union advance on Chattanooga. Bragg's force was reduced from an offensive to a defensive attitude. * The Texas and Mississippi troops made a most heroic charge upon Fort Robi- nette. They advanced to within fifty yards of the intrenchments, received a shower of grape and canister without flinching, and were only driven back when the Ohio brigade poured a full volley of musketry into their ranks. They were then rallied by Colonel Rogers, of the Second Texas, who, at their head, led them to a fresh charge up through the abattis, when, with the colors in his hand, he sprang upon the embankment and cheered on his men. An instant more and he fell, with five brave fellows who had dared to leap to his side in this desperate assault. The Union troops admiringly buried his remains, and neatly rounded off the little mound where they laid the hero to rest. t This coincidence reminds one of the battle of Camden (see p. 133). The plan was to mass the strength on the left, and with that to fall upon and crush the enemy's right. The advantage clearly lay with the army which struck first. Bragg secured the initiative, and Rosecrans's only course was to give up all thought of an attack and to save his right and centre from a rout. 230 UNITED STATES HISTOBY. First Vicksburg Expedition. While Rosecrans was busy repelling this advance of Bragg, an expedition against Vicksburg had been planned by Grant. He was to move along tha Mississippi Central Railroad, while Sherman was to descend the river from Memphis with the gunboats under Porter. In the mean time, however, by a brilliant cavalry dash, Van Dorn destroyed Grant's depot of supplies at Holly Springs. This spoiled the whole plan. Sherman, ignorant of what had happened, pushed on, landed on the Yazoo River, and made an attack at Chickasaw Bayou (bi-o), north of Vicksburg. After suffering a bloody repulse, and learning of Grant's misfortune, he fell back. On his return, he captured Arkansas Post (January 11, 1863). This closed the campaign of 1862 on the Mississippi River. The War in Missouri. In February, General Curtis pushed General Price out of Missouri into Arkansas. The Confederates, by great exertion, increased their army to twenty thousand General Van Dorn now taking command. Gen- eral Curtis, in a desperate battle, totally defeated him at Pea Ridge* (March 7, 8). During the rest of the war no import- ant battles were fought in this State, f THE WAR ON THE SEA AND THE COAST. Capture of New Orleans (April 25). The effort to open the Mississippi was not confined to the north. Early in * Some four or five thousand Indians had joined the Confederate army, and took part in this battle. They were difficult to manage, says Pollard, in the deafening roar of the artillery, which drowned their loudest war-whoops. They were amazed at the sight of guns which ran around on wheels. They were annoyed by the falling of the trees behind which they took shelter. In a word, their main service was in consuming rations. t The next year, Quantrell, a noted guerrilla, with three hundred men, entered Lawrence, Kansas, plundered the bank, burned houses, and murdered one hundred and forty persons. Before a sufficient force could be gathered, he escaped. EPOCH V. 231 the spring, Captain Farragut, with a fleet of forty-four vessels, carrying eight thousand troops under General Butler, at- tempted the capture of New Orleans, which commands the mouth of the river. The mortar-boats,* anchored along the bank under the shelter of the woods, threw thirteen-inch shells into Forts Jackson and St. Philip for six days and nights, with little effect. Farragut then boldly resolved to carry the fleet past the defences to New Orleans. A chain supported on hulks and stretched across the river closed the channel. An opening broad enough to admit the passage of the gunboats f having been cut through this obstruction, at three o'clock in the morning (April 24) they advanced, and poured grape and canister into the forts at short range, receiving in return heavy volleys from the forts and batteries on shore. After running a fearful gauntlet of shot, shell, and the flames of fire-rafts, they next encountered the Confederate fleet of thir- teen armed steamers, including the steam-battery Louisiana and the iron-plated ram Manassas. After a desperate struggle twelve of the Confederate flotilla were destroyed. The fleet then steamed up to New Orleans,! which lay helpless under * To conceal the vessels, they were dressed out with leafy branches, which, except by close observation, rendered them undistinguishable from the green woods. The direction had been accurately calculated, so that the gunners did not need to see the points toward which they were to aim. So severe was the bombardment that ' win- dows at the Balize, thirty miles distant, were broken. Fish, stunned by the explo- sion, lay floating on the surface of the water." t The vessels were made partly iron-clad by looping two layers of chain cables over their sides, and their engines were protected by bags of sand, coal, etc. t Vast quantities of cotton, steamers, ships, etc., were burned by the order of the governor of Louisiana, and the military commander of the Confederate States, to prevent their falling into Federal hands. Pollard says : " No sooner had the Federal fleet turned the point and come within sight of the city, than the work of destruction commenced. Vast columns of smoke darkened the face of heaven and obscured the noonday sun ; for five miles along the levee fierce flames darted through the lurid atmosphere. Great ships and steamers wrapped in fire floated down the river, threatening the Federal vessels with destruction. Fifteen thousand baTes of cotton, worth one million and a half of dollars, were consumed. About a dozen large river steamboats, twelve or fifteen ships, a great floating battery, several unfinished gun- boats, the immense ram Mississippi, and the docks on the other side of the river, were all embraced in the fiery sacrifice. 11 233 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [18621 EW ORLEANS. the Union guns. The forts being now threatened in the rear by the army, soon surrendered. Captain Farragut afterward ascended the river, taking possession of Baton Eouge and Natchez, and, running the batteries at Vicksburg, joined the Union fleet above. Burnside's Expedition against Roanoke Island* was an important step toward the enforcement of the blockade. The Confederate forts were captured, and the fleet destroyed. Newbern an important seaport Elizabeth City, and, finally, Fort Macon, at the entrance to Beaufort harbor, were taken. Thus all the coast of North Carolina, with its intricate net- work of water communication, fell into the Union hands. * Roanoke Island, the scene of Raleigh's colonization scheme, was the key to all the rear defences of Norfolk. " It unlocked two sounds, eight rivers, four canals, and two railroads." It controlled largely the transmission of supplies to that region, afforded an excellent harbor and a convenient rendezvous for ships, and exposed a large country to attack. EPOCH v. 233 Florida and Georgia Expeditions. After its cap- ture in the autumn of 1861, Port Eoyal became the base of operations against Florida and Georgia. Fernandina, Fort Clinch, Jacksonville, Darien, and St. Augustine, were taken. Fort Pulaski, also, was reduced after a severe bombardment, and thus the port of Savannah was closed. At the end of the year every city of the Atlantic sea-coast, except Savannah, Charleston, and Mobile, was held by the Federal armies. The Merrimac and the Monitor. About noon, March 8, the long-looked-for ir,on-clad Merrimac,* convoyed by a fleet of small vessels, steamed into Hampton Koads. Steering directly for the sloop-of-war Cumberland, whose terrific broad- sides glanced harmlessly " like so many peas " from the Merri- mac's iron roof, she struck her squarely with her iron beak, mak- ing a hole large enough for a man to enter. The Cumber- land, with all on board, went down.f Warned by the fate of his companion, the captain of the frigate Congress ran his ves- sel ashore, but the Merrimac, taking a position astern, deliber- ately fired shells into her till the helpless crew were forced to surrender. At sunset, the Merrimac returned to Norfolk, awaiting, the next day, an easy victory over the rest of the Union fleet All was delight and anticipation among the Confederates ; all was dismay and dismal foreboding among the Federals. That night the Monitor]; arrived in harbor. Though * When the navy-yard at Norfolk was piven up, the steam-frigate Merrimac, the finest in the service, was scuttled. The Confederates afterward raised her, razeSd her deck, and fitted her with an iron prow, and a sloping iron roof. Thus prepared, she looked not unlike a great house sunk in the water to the eaves. It was known that she was preparing, and her coming was eagerly expected. + As the Cumberland sank, her crew continued to work their guns until the ves sel plunged heneath the sea. Her flag was never struck, hut floated above the water from her mast-head after she had gone down. J This "Yankee cheese-box," as it was nicknamed at the time, was the invention of Captain Ericsson. It was a hull, with the deck a few inches above the water, and in the centre a curious round tower made to slowly revolve by steam-power, thus turn- ing the two guns it contained in every direction. The upper part of the hull, which was exposed to the enemy's fire, projected several feet beyond the lower part, and 234 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1882. of but nine hundred tons burden, she prepared to meet her ad- versary of five thousand. Early in the morning the Merrimac appeared, moving toward the steam-frigate Minnesota. Sud- denly, from under her lee, the little Monitor darted out, and hurled at the monster two one hundred and sixty-eight pound balls. Startled by the ~ = _ appearance of this un- expected and queer- : looking antagonistic Merrimac poured in a broadside, such as the night before had de- stroyed the Congress, but the balls rattled harmlessly off the Monitor's turret, or broke and fell in pieces on the deck. Then began the battle of the iron ships. It was the first of the kind in the world. Close against each other, iron rasping on iron, they exchanged their heaviest vol- leys. Five times the Merrimac tried to run down the Mon- itor, but her huge beak only grated over the iron deck, while the Monitor glided out unharmed. Despairing of doing any- thing with her doughty little antagonist, the Merrimac now steamed back to Norfolk.* TJie Effect of this contest can hardly be overestimated. Had the Merrimac triumphed, aided by other iron vessels then being prepared by the Confederacy, she might have destroyed the rest of the Union fleet in Hampton Eoads, reduced Fortress Monroe, prevented the Peninsular campaign was made of thick white oak, covered with iron plating six inches thick on the sides and two inches on deck. * As she drew off she hurled a last shot, which, striking the Monitor's pilot-house, broke a bar of iron nine by twelve inches, seriously injuring the eyes of the gallant commander, Lieutenant Worden, who was at that moment looking out through a narrow slit and directing the fire of his guns. 1862.] EPOCH V 235 (see below), steamed up the Potomac and terrified the capital, sailed along the coast and broke up the blockade, swept through the shipping at New York, opened the way for foreign supplies, made an egress for cotton, and perhaps secured tho acknowledgment of the Confederacy by European nations On this battle hinged the fate of the war.* THE WAR IN THE EAST. The Peninsular Campaign. Richmond was here the objective point. It being decided to make the advance by way of the Peninsula, the Army of the Potomac was carried downf the river from Washington in transports. Landing at Fortress Monroe about one hundred thousand strong (April 4), they marched toward Yorktown. Siege of Yorktown. At this place, General Magruder, with only about five thousand men, by his masterly skill maintained so bold a front along a line thirteen miles in length, that McClellan was brought to a stop. Heavy guns were ordered from Washington, and a regular siege begun. As McClellan was ready to open fire, Magruder, having de- layed the Union army a month, quietly retired.^ When the * The story of this conflict spread over the globe. Tt seemed to give the death- stroke to wooden war vessels. The monitor system not only presented the Union with a vessel which could cope with all the other Confederate iron-clads, render the blockade more efficient, bombard forts, and protect the coast against all fear of for- eign invasion, but it rendered the United States the most formidable naval power in the world. t Previous to this (March 10), McClellan made an advance toward Manassas, where the Confederates had remained intrenched since McDowell's defeat. The fortifica- tions, which were evacuated on his approach, were found to be quite insignificant, and to be mounted partly with "Quaker guns," i. e., logs shaped and painted to imi- tate artillery. This incident excited much ridicule through the country. J On the evacuation of Yorktown the Confederate forces being concentrated for the defence of Richmond Norfolk was abandoned, the Navy Yard burned, and the Merrimac, the pride of the South, blown tip. United States troops from Fortress Monroe took possession of the city, and gunboats sailed up James River as far aa Fort Darling. Here a plunging fire from the bluff forbade further advance. 236 UNITED STATES HISTOEY. [1862. MAP OF THE PENINSULA. movement was discovered, a vigorous pursuit was com- menced. Battle of Williamslurg (May 5). The Confederate rear- guard, now reinforced from Johnston's* army at Richmond, stopped in the forts at Williamsburg to gain time for the baggage train, and a fierce battle at once ensued. General Hooker, "Fighting Joe," with his divi- sion, maintain- ed the contest for nine hours. Other troops at 2^3 last arrived on the bloody field, the works were carried by assault, and the pursuit continued to within seven miles of Richmond. Richmond Threatened. There was a great panic in the city, and the Confederate Congress hastily adjourned. Every- thing looked like an immediate attack, when McClellan dis- covered that a Confederate force was at Hanover Court House. This threatened his communications by rail with White House Landing, and also with General McDowell, who, with thirty thousand men, was marching from Fredericksburg to join him. General Fitz John Porter, after a sharp skirmish, captured Hanover Court House. The army looked now hourly for McDowell's aid in the approaching great contest. " McClel- lan's last orders at night were that McDowell's signals were to be watched for, and without delay reported to him." But * This was General Joseph E. Johnston, who so unexpectedly brought his men to take part in the battle of Bull Run (p. 220). He was -wounded in the battle of Seven Pines, but appeared again in two campaigns against Sherman (pp. 257, 272). General Albert Sydney Johnston was killed in the battle of Shiloh (p. 226). EPOCH v. 237 General Johnston was too shrewd to permit this conjunction. He accordingly ordered General Jackson to move up the Shenandoah Valley and threaten Washington. Jackson in the Shenandoah. Stonewall Jackson being re- inforced by General Swell's division of ten thousand men, hurried down the valley after Banks at Strasburg. The Union troops fell back, and by the most tremendous exertions " marching thirty-five miles in a single day " succeeded in escaping across the Potomac. Great was the consternation in Washington. The President took military possession of all the railroads. The governors of the Northern States were called upon to send militia to the defence of the capital. Fremont at Franklin, Banks at Harper's Ferry, and McDowell at Fredericksburg, were ordered to capture Jackson. It was high tune for this dashing leader to be alarmed. He rapidly retreated, burning the bridges as he passed. Fremont brought him to bay at Cross Keys* (June 8), but was hurled off. Shields struck at him at Port Republic, the next day, but was driven back five miles, while Jackson made good his escape from the Shenandoah valley, having burned the bridges behind him.f The effect of this adroit movement was evident. With fifteen thousand men, Jackson had occupied the attention of three major-generals and sixty thousand men, prevented * In the skirmishing preceding this action, General Ashby, a Confederate cavalry officer, was killed. He was an accomplished and dashing leader. He is said to have At one time cut his way through three hundred men and returned, having seized their flag with his own hand and captured many prisoners. "His life," says Pollard, " was a beautiful poem, a legacy to his countrymen." t When the Federal forces took possession of the bridge over the Shenandoah, Jackson and his staff were on the south side, his army being on the north side. It is said that "he rode toward the bridge, and rising in his stirrups, called sternly to the Federal officer commanding the artillery placed to sweep it : ' Who ordered you to post that gun there, sir ? Bring it over here !' The bewildered officer bowed, limbered up his piece, and actually prepared to move. Jackson and his staff seized ' the lucky moment and dashed across the bridge before the gun could be brought to bear with any effect upon them." 238 UXITED STATES HISTORY. McDowell's junction, alarmed Washington, and saved Rich- mond. Battle of Fair Oaks (May 31, June 1). While these stir- ring events had been going on in the Shenandoah Valley, McClellan had pushed his left wing across the Chickahominy. A terrible storm had flooded the swamps, turned the roads to mud, and converted the Chickahominy Creek into a broad river. Johnston seized the opportunity to fall with tremen- dous force upon the exposed wing. At first, the Confederates swept all before them, but General Sumner 'throwing his men across the tottering bridges over the Chickahominy, checked the column which was trying to seize the bridges and thus separate the two portions of the army. General Johnston was severely wounded. Xight put an end to the contest. In the morning, the Confederates renewed the at- tack, but the loss of their general was fatal, and they were repulsed in great disorder. The Union Army Checked. General Lee,* who now took command of the Confederate army, was anxious to as- sume the offensive. General Stuart led off (June 12) with a bold cavalry raid, in which he seized and burned supplies along the railroad leading to White House, made the entire circuit of the Union army, and returned to Richmond in safety. McClellan also meditated ah advance, and Hooker had pushed his pickets within sight of the Richmond steeples. At this moment, there came news of the " same apparition which had frightened Banks" in the Shenandoah. Stonewall Jackson had appeared near Hanover Court House, and threat- ened the Union communications with White House. There * Robert Edward Lee was born in Statford, Virginia, Jan. 19, 1807 ; died in Lexing- ton, Oct. 12, 1870. His father, General Henry Lee. was the celebrated " Light-horse Harry'' of Revolutionary feme. Robert early evinced a love for a military life, and during his West Point course became noted for his devotion to his studies. In the Mexican war he was General Scott's chief engineer, and was thrice breveted for his services. When Virginia seceded, he threw in his fortunes with his native State, although General Scott had already intimated his intention of nominating him as his 1862.] EPOCH V. 239 was no longer any thought of moving on Eichmond. Hooker was recalled. McClellan resolved to "change his base" of supply from the York Kiver to the James. The Seven Days' Battles. The very morning McClel- lan came to this decision, and ere the flank movement had commenced, Lee, massing his strength on his left, fell upon the Union right at Mechanicsvitte (June 26). Having re- pulsed this attack, at dawn the troops retired to Gaines's Mitt, where by the most desperate exertions Porter held the bridges across the Chick- ahominy until night, and .then, burning them, with- drew to the south bank. That night (June 28) Lee detected McClellan's move- ment, and instantly started columns along the roads that intersected the line of retreat. Magruder struck the Federal flank (June 29) at Savage's Station. The Union troops maintained their position till night, and then continued the movement Longstreet and Hill en- countered the line of march as it was passing Frazier's Farm (June 30), but could not break it. During the dark- ness, the Union troops, worn out by the constant marching or fighting and the terrible heat and dust, collected at Malvern. GENERAL ROBERT E. LEI successor. Lee was immediately appointed major-general of the Virginia forces, and was soon after designated to fortify Richmond. The magnificent strategy he displayed in the Seven Days' fight made " Uncle Robert," as he was familiarly called, the most trusted of the Confederate leaders. For three years he baffled every attempt to take Richmond, which fell only with the government of which it was the capital, and the army and general which were Us defence. General Lee was handsome in face and figure, a graceful rider, grave and silent in deportment just the bearing to captivate a soldier ; while his deep piety, truth, sincerity, and honesty won the hearts of all 240 ' UNITED STATES HISTOKY. [1862 On an elevated plateau rising in the form of an amphitheatre, on whose sloping sides were arranged tier upon tier of batteries, with gunboats protecting the left, the broken frag- ments of the splendid Army of the Potomac made then* last stand (July 1). Here Lee received so bloody a check that he pressed the pursuit no further. The Union troops retired un- disturbed to Harrison's Landing. The Effect of this campaign was triumphant for the Con- federate cause. The Union retreat had been conducted with skill, the troops had shown great bravery and steadiness, the repulse at Malvern was decided, and Lee had lost probably twenty thousand men ; yet the siege of Richmond had been raised, ten thousand prisoners captured, immense stores taken or destroyed, and the Union army cooped up on James Eiver, under the protection of the gunboats. The discourage- ment at the North was as great as after the battle of Bull Run. Lincoln called for a levy of three hundred thousand troops. Campaign against Pope. Richmond being relieved from present peril, Lee threatened to march his victorious army against Washington. General Pope, who commanded the troops for the defence of that city, was stationed at the Rapidan. General McClellan was directed to transfer his army to Acquia Creek (see map, p. 261), and put it under the command of General Pope. Lee, now relieved from all fear for Richmond, immediately massed his troops against Pope to crush him before the Army of the Potomac could arrive.* Pope being held in check by the main army in front, Gen- eral Jackson was sent around. Pope's right wing to flank him. Passing through Thoroughfare Gap he reached the railroad at * In the mean time Jackson attacked Banks at Cedar Mountain (August 9) and defeated him after a bloody battle, but, unable to maintain his position, fell back on Lee's advancing army. Pope, seeing the fearful odds against which he was to con- tend, took post behind the Rappahannock. 1862.] EPOCH v. 241 Bristoe's Station, in the rear of Pope's army (August 26). General Pope, seeing an opportunity while Lee's army was thus divided to cut it up in detail, turned upon Jackson. But the Army of the Potomac not promptly reinforcing him, his plans failed, and instead of "bagging" Jackson's division, he was compelled, with only forty thousand men, to fight the entire Confederate army on the old battle-field of Bull Run. Ex- hausted, cut off from supplies, and overwhelmed by numbers, the shattered remains of the Army of the Potomac were glad to take refuge within the fortifications of Washington.* The Effect of this brief campaign was signal. The Union army had lost thirty thousand men and vast supplies, while the way to Washington was open to the Confederates. The Capital had not been in such peril since the war began. Without, was a victorious army ; within, only broken battalions and no general. Invasion of Maryland. Flushed with success, Lee now crossed the Potomac and entered Maryland,! hoping to secure volunteers and incite an insurrection. McClellan being re- stored to the command of the Army of the Potomac, reorgan- ized the shapeless mass and set out in pursuit. On the way he found a copy of Lee's order of march. Learning from this that Lee had divided his forces,! an( l that DU ^ a portion re- mained in his front, he hastened in pursuit. Overtaking the Confederate rear at South Mountain, and forcing the passes, the Union army poured into the valley beyond. * During the pursuit by Lee's forces, an engagement took place at Chantilly (Sep. tember 1). It cost the Union army two able officers Generals Stevens and Kearney. The latter, especially, was devotedly loved by his soldiers. On the battle-field, bran- dishing his sword in his only hand, and taking the reins in his teeth, he had often led them in the most desperate and irresistible charges. t This was September 5, the very day that Bragg entered Kentucky on his great raid. } Lee had sent Jackson with twenty-five thousand men against Harper's Ferry. That redoubtable leader quickly carried the heights which overlook the village, forced Colonel Miles, with eleven thousand men, to surrender, and then, hastened back to take part in the approaching contest. 11 242 UNITED STATES HISTORY. Battle of Antietam (September 17). Lee, perceiving his mistake, fell back across Antietam (An-te'-tam) Creek and hur- ried off couriers to hasten the return of his scattered corps. For- tunately for him, McClellan delayed his attack a day, and in the meantime Jackson had returned. At early dawn, Hooker fell upon the Confederate left, while Burnside, as soon as affairs looked favorable there, was to carry the bridge and attack their right. The Union army was over eighty thousand strong, and the Confederate but half that number. The Union advance was impetuous, but the Confederate defence was no less obstinate. Hooker was wounded, and his corps swept from the field. Both sides were reinforced. Burnside advanced, but too late to relieve the pressure on the Union right. Night ended this bloody fight. The morning found neither commander ready to assail his opponent. That night, Lee retired unmolested across the Potomac.* Six weeks after, the Union army crossed into Virginia. The Effect of this indecisive battle was that of a Union vic- tory. The North was saved from invasion, and Washington from any danger of attack. Lincoln now determined to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, declaring freedom to all the Battle of Fredericksburg. General dissatisfaction be- * During this invasion the Confederate soldiers had endured every privation ; one- half were in rags, and thousands barefooted had marked their path with crimson. Yet shoeless, hatless, and ragged, they had marched and fought with a heroism like that of the Revolutionary times. But they met their equals at Antietam. Jackson's and Hooker's men fought until both sides were nearly exterminated, and when the broken fragments fell back the windrows of dead showed where their ranks had stood. t Lincoln prepared the original draft in the July preceding, when the Union forces were in the midsf of reverses. Carpenter repeats President Lincoln's words thus : " I put the draft of the proclamation aside, waiting for a victory. Well, the next news we had was of Pope's disaster at Bull Run. Things looked darker than ever. Finally came the week of the battle of Antietam. I determined to wait no longer. The news came, I think, on Wednesday, that the advantage was on our side. I was then staying at the Soldier's Home. Here I finished writing the second draft of the proclamation ; came up on Saturday ; called the Cabinet together to hear it, and it was published the following Monday. / made a solemn vow before God, that if General Lee was driven back from Maryland I would crown the result by the declaration of freedom to the slaves ? " 1862.] EPOCH V. 243 ing expressed at the slowness with which McClellan pursued the retreating army, General Burnside was appointed his suc- cessor. Crossing the Kappahannock on pontoon bridges at Fredericksburg, he attempted (December 13) to storm the works in the rear of the town. The Confederates, intrenched behind a long stone wall, and on heights crowned with artil- lery, easily repulsed the repeated assaults of the Union troops. Night mercifully put an end to the fruitless massacre. The Federal loss was over twelve thousand, nearly half of whom fell before the fatal stone wall.* The survivors drew back into the city, and the next night crept quietly across the bridges to their old camping ground. General Review of the Second Tear of the War. The Confederates had gained the victories of Jackson in the Shenandoah ; of Lee in the Peninsular campaign and those against Pope ; Bragg's great raid in Kentucky ; and the battles of Cedar Mountain, Chickasaw Bluff, and Fred- ericksburg. The Federals had taken Forts Henry, Donelson, Pulaski, Macon, Jackson, St. Philip, and Island No. 10 ; had opened the Mississippi to Vicksburg, occupied New Orleans, Roanoke Island, Newbern, Yorktown, Norfolk and Memphis; had gained the battles of Pea Eidge, Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, South Mountain, Antietam, luka, Corinth and Murfreesboro, * This solid stone wall, four feet high, completely sheltered the troops, while they poured a murderous flre upon the attacking party. In the assault. Meagher's Irish troops especially distinguished themselves, leaving two-thirds of their numher on the field of their heroic action. The London Times' correspondent, who watched the battle from the heights, speaking of their desperate valor, says : " Never at Fonte- noy, Albnera, nor at Waterloo was more undoubted courage displayed by the sons of Erin than during those six frantic dashes which they directed against the almost impregnable position of their foe. That any mortal man could have carried the posi- tion, defended as it was, it seems idle for a moment to believe. But the bodies which lie in dense masses within forty-eight yards of the muzzles of Colonel Walton's guns are the best evidence what manner of men they were who pressed on to death with the dauntlessness of a race which has gained glory on a thousand battle-fields, and never more richly deserved it than at the foot of Marye's Heights, on the 13tb day of December, 1862." 244 UNITED STATES HISTOEY. [186& and had put to flight the Merrimac. The marked successes were mainly at the West and along the coast ; while in Vir- ginia, as yet, defeats had followed victories so soon as to hide their memory. THE SIOUX WAR. In the midst of this civil strife, the Sioux (soo) Indians became dissatisfied with the Indian traders, and the non- payment of the money due them. Bands of warriors under Little Crow and other chiefs perpetrated the most horrible massacres in Minnesota, Iowa, and Dacotah. Over seven hundred whites were slain, and many thousands driven from their homes. Colonel Sibley, after a month's pursuit of the savages, routed them, and took five hundred prisoners. Thirty-nine were hung on one scaffold, at Mankato, Minn., December 26. 1863. The Situation. The plan of the war was the same as in the preceding year, but included also the occupation of Tennessee. The Federal army was about seven hundred thousand strong ; the Confederate, not more than half that number. The Emancipation Proclamation was issued at the opening of the year. THE WAR IN THE WEST. The Second Expedition Against Vicksburg. Grant continued his great task of opening the Mississippi. Aftei several weeks of fruitless effort against Vicksburg upon the north, he marched down the west side cf the river, while the gunboats, running the batteries,* passed below the * The running of the batteries with transports was considered so hazardous that the officers would not order their crewa to take the fearful risk, but called for volun- teers. So many privates offered themselves, that they were compelled to draw lots. 1863.] EPOCH V . 245 VICINITY OF VICKSBURG. city and ferried the army across. Hastening forward, he de- feated the Confederate advance under Pemberton, at Port Gib' son (May 1). Learning that General Jos. E. Johnston was coming to Pemberton's assistance, he rapidly pushed between them to Jackson, that, while holding back Johnston with his right hand, with his left he might drive Pemberton into Vicksburg, and thus capture his whole army. Pursuing this design, he defeated Johnston at Jackson (May 14), and then, turning to the west, drove Pemberton from his position at Champion Hills (May 16) ; next at Big Black River (May 17) ; and in seventeen days from the time he landed, Pemberton's army was shut up within the iii- trenchments at Vicksburg. Here two desperate assaults failed. The Union troops then threw up intrenchments*. Mines and counter-mines were dug. Not one of the garri- son could show his head above the works without being picked off by the watchful riflemen. A hat, held above a port-hole, was pierced in two minutes with fifteen balls. Shells reached all parts of the city. The inhabitants bur- rowed in caves to escape the iron storm which rained upon them. The garrison, worn out by forty-seven days in the trenches, surrendered on the 4th of July. The Effect. This campaign cost the Confederates five battles, the cities of Vicksburg and Jackson, thirty-seven One boy, drawing a lucky number, was offered $100 for his chance, but refused it, and lived to tell the story. The gauntlet of batteries extended eight mile?. Tha first gunboat crept silently down in the shadow of the trees which lined the bank. The Confederates at Vicksburg discovering the movement, kindled a bonfire which lighted up the whole scene, and made the other vessels a fair target for their gunners. 246 UXITED STATES HISTORY. [1863. thousand prisoners, ten thousand killed and wounded, and immense stores. On the fall of Yicksburg, Port Hudson, which had been besieged by General Banks for many weeks, surrendered.* The Mississippi was now open to the Gulf, and the Confederacy was cut in twain. One great object of the Xorth was accomplished. THE WAR IN TENNESSEE AND GEORGIA. Eosecrans, after the battle of Murfreesboro, made no for- mal movement until June.f With sixty thousand men, he then marched against Bragg. By threatening his commu- nications, he compelled Bragg to evacuate Chattanooga \ (Sept. 8). Eosecrans pushed on in pursuit of Bragg, whom he supposed to be in full retreat. Bragg, however, having received powerful reinforcements, turned upon his pursuers so suddenly, that they narrowly escaped being cut up in detail while scattered along a line forty miles in length. The Union forces rapidly concentrated, and the two armies met on the Chickamauga. * To escape the fiery tempest which constantly swept over Port Hudson, and to provide for the safety of their magazines, the garrison dug deep recesses in the bluffs, approached by steps cut out of the earth. An eye-witness says : " As we rode along the earthworks inside, after the siege, it was curious to mark the ingenious ways in which they had burrowed holes to shelter themselves from shell and from the intolerable rays of the sun ; while at work, they must have looked like so many rabbits popping in and out of their warrens." t One objection which Rosecrans opposed to a forward movement was his inferi- ority in cavalry. This was removed in July, when General John H. Morgan, with about four thousand Confederate cavalry, crossed the Ohio at Brandenburg, swept around Cincinnati, and struck the river again near Pafkersburg. During his entire route, he had been harassed by militia. At this point he was overtaken by his pur- suers, while gunboats in the river prevented his crossing. Nearly the entire force was captured. Morgan escaped, but was finally taken and confined in the peniten- tiary at Columbus. Four months afterward, he broke jail and reached Richmond to safety. % General Bragg had here an opportunity to be shut up in Chattanooga, as Pember- ton had been in Vicksburg: but, a more acute strategist, he knew the value of an army in the field to be greater than that of any fortified city. In the Indian language, the " River of Death "an ominous name ! 1863.] EPOCH V. 247 Battle of Chickamauga (September 19, 20). The first day's fight was indecisive. About noon of the second day, the Federal line became broken from the movement of troops to help the left wing, then hard pressed. Longstreet caught the opportunity, pushed a brigade into the gap, and swept the Federal right and centre from the field. The rushing crowd of fugitives bore Eosecrans himself away. In this crisis of the battle all depended on the left, under Thomas. If that yielded, the army would be utterly routed. All through the long afternoon the entire Confederate army surged against it But Thomas held fast.* At night he "deliberately with- drew to Chattanooga, picking up fiv-e hundred prisoners on the way. The Union army, how- ever, defeated in the field, was now shut up in its intrenchments. Bragg occupied the hills com- manding the city, and cut off its communications. The garrison was threatened with starvation.! Battle cf Chattanooga}; (Nov. 24, 25). Grant having been ap- pointed successor to Eosecrans, im- mediately hastened to Chattanooga. Affairs soon wore a different look. Hooker came with two corps from the Army of the Potomac ; || * He was thenceforth styled the " Rock of Chickamanga." He was in command of men as hrave as himself. Col. George, of the Second Minnesota, being asked " How long can you hold this pass ?" replied, '' Until the regiment is mustered out of service." t " Starvation had so destroyed the animals that there were not artillery horses enough to take a battery into action. The number of mules that perished was graphically indicated by one of the soldiers of the Army of the Tennessee : ' The mud was so deep that we could not travel by the road, but we got along pretty well by stepping from mule to mule as they lay dead by the way.' " Draper. t In the Cherokee language, " The Hawk's Nest." Thomas held command after Rosecrans left, and Grant was afraid he might sur- render before reinforcements could reach him, and therefore telegraphed him to hold fast. The characteristic reply was, " I will stay till I starve." II Twenty-three thousand strong, they were carried by rail from the Rapidan, in VICINITY OF CHATTANOOGA. 2S CXITED STATES HISTORY. [1863. and Sherman hastened by forced marches from luka, two hun- dred miles away. Communications were re-established. Thomas made a dash* and seized Orchard Knob (November 23). The folio whig day Hooker charged the fortifications on Lookout Mountain.f His troops had been ordered to stop on the high ground, but, carried away by the ardor of the attack, they swept over the crest, driving the enemy before them. Through the mist that filled the valley, the anxious watchers below caught only glimpses of this far-famed "battle above the clouds.'"' The next morning Hooker advanced on the south of Missionary Eidge. Sherman during the whole time had been pounding away on the northern flank. Grant, from his position on Orchard Knob, perceiving that the Confederate line in front of him. was being weakened to repel these attacks on the flanks, saw that the critical moment had come,J and launched Thomas's corps on its centre. The orders were to take the rifle-pits at the foot of Missionary Ridge, then halt and re-form ; but the men forgot it all, carried the works at Virginia, to Stevenson, in Alabama, eleven hundred and ninety-two miles, in seven days. They ate their rations as they rode. Not a moment was lost. The enemy did not know of their change of base until Hooker appeared in front. * It was a beautiful day. The men had on their best uniforms, and the bands dis- coursed the liveliest music. The hills were crowded with spectators. The Con- federates on Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge could see every movement. Bragg's pickets stood leaning on their muskets watching Thomas's columns drawn up as if on parade. Suddenly the Union line broke into a double quick, and the review was turned into a battle. t The first day the Confederate left rested on Lookout Mountain, there two thou- sand four hundred feet high ; the right, along Missionary Ridge so called because upon it, many years ago, Catholic missionaries had Indian scnools ; and the centre, in the valley between. The second day their army simply occupied Missionary Ridge, in the centre of their former line, in front of Grant at Orchard Knob. * Grant had been waiting for this. The signals for the attack had been arranged: six cannon-shots, fired at intervals of two seconds. The moment arrived. " Strong and steady the order rang out : ' Number one. fire ! Number two, fire ! Number three, fire ! ' " " It seemed to me." says an eye-witness, " like the tolling of the clock of destiny. And when at 'Number six. fire !' the roar throbbed out with the flash, yon should have seen the dead line, that had been lying behind the works all day, come to resurrection in the twinkling of an eye, and leap like a blade from its scabbard." 1863.] F PO CH V. 249 the base, and then swept on up the ascent. Grant caught the inspiration, and ordered a grand charge along the whole- front. Up they went, over rocks and chasms, all lines broken, the flags far ahead, each surrounded by a group of the bravest. Without firing a shot, and heedless of the tempest hurled CHARGING UP MISSIONARY RIDGE. upon them, they surmounted the crest, captured the guns, and turned them on the retreating foe. That night the Union camp-fires, glistening along the heights about Chattanooga, proclaimed the success of this, the most brilliant of Grant's achievements and the most picturesque of all the battles of the war. The Effects of this campaign were the utter rout of Bragg'a army, the resignation of that general, and the possession of Chattanooga by the Union forces. This post gave con- 250 UNITED STATES HISTOBY. [1863. trol of East Tennessee, and opened the way to the heart of the Confederacy. It became the doorway by which the Union army gained easy access to Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. THE WAR IN EAST TENNESSEE. "While Rosecrans was moving on Chattanooga, Burnside, being relieved of the command of the Army of the Potomac, was sent into East Tennessee, where he met with great suc- cess. In the mean time the Confederate President Davis, having visited Bragg, and thinking Chattanooga sure to be captured, sent Longstreet with his corps to the defence of Tennessee. His men were in a deplorable state hungry, ragged, and tentless ; but under this indefatigable leader, they shut up Burnside's force in Knoxville (September 17). Mean- while, Grant, in the moment of his splendid triumph at Chat- tanooga, ordered Sherman's torn, bleeding, barefoot troops over terrible roads one hundred miles to Burnside's relief. Longstreet, in order to anticipate the arrival of these rein- forcements, made a desperate assault upon Burnside (Novem- ber 29), but it was as heroically repulsed. As Sherman's advance guard reached Knoxville (December 4), Longstreet's troops filed out of their works in retreat. THE WAR IN THE EAST. Battle of Chancellorsville (May 2, 3). Burnside, after the defeat at Fredericksburg, was succeeded by General Hooker (January 26). The departure of Longstreet to help Bragg, leaving Lee only sixty thousand to oppose to the Potomac army of over one hundred thousand, offered a favorable opportunity for an attack. Accordingly, Sedg- wick was left to carry the intrenchments at Fredericksburg, while the main body crossed the Rappahannock some miles 1363.J EPOCH V. 251 above, and took position in the wilderness near Chancel- lorsville. Lee, relying on the dense woods to conceal his movements, risked the perilous chance of dividing his army in the presence of a superior enemy. While he kept up a show of fight in front, Jackson, by a detour of fifteen miles, got to the rear with twenty thousand men, and, bursting out of the dense woods like a tempest, routed the Union right. During the night, Hooker took a new position; but by constant attacks through the day, Lee gradually forced the Union line from the field of battle, and captured Chancellor House.* As he was preparing for a final grand charge, word was re- ceived that Sedgwick had crossed the Rappahannock, taken Fredericksburg, and had fallen on his rear. Drawing back, he turned against this new antagonist and, by severe fighting that night and the next day, compelled him to recross the river. Lee then went to look after Hooker, but found him gone. The Army of the Potomac was soon back on its old camping ground opposite Fredericksburg. f Lee's Second Invasion of the North. Lee, encour- aged by his success, now determined to carry the war into the Northern States, and dictate terms of peace in Philadel- phia or New York.J With the finest army the South had * A pillar on the veranda of this house, against which Hooker was leaning, being struck by a cannon-ball, that general was stunned, and for an hour, in the heat of the fight, the army was deprived of its commander. t In this battle the South was called to mourn the death of Stonewall Jackson, whose magical name was worth to their cause more than an army. In the evening after his successful onslaught upon the flank of the Union line, while riding back to camp from a reconnoissance at the front, he was fired upon by his own men, who mistook his escort for Federal cavalry. $ The Union disasters which had happened since the beginning of the year encour- aged this hope. Galveston, Texas, had been retaken by General Magrnder, whereby not only valuable stores had been acquired, but a sea-port had been opened, and the Union cause in that State depressed. Burnside had been checked in his victorious career in Tennessee (p. 230). The naval attack on Charleston had proved a failure (p. 254). An attempt to capture Fort McAllister had met with no success. Rose- crans had made no progress against Bragg. Banks had not then taken Port Hudson. Vicksburg still kept Grant at bay. The Army of the Potomac had been checked at Fredericksburg and Chancellors ville, and at one time two hundred soldiers 252 UNITED STATES HISTOET. ever sent forth, the flower of her troops, carefully equipped and confident of success, he rapidly moved down the Shenan- doah, crossed the Potomac, and advanced to Chambersburg. The Union army followed along the east side of the Blue Eidge and South Mountains. Lee, fearing that Meade, who now commanded the Federals, would strike through some of the passes and cut off his communications with Kichmond, turned east to threaten Baltimore, and thus draw off Meade for its defence. Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3). first Day. The Confeder- ate advance unexpectedly met the Union cavalry just westward from Gettysburg, on the Chambersburg road,* Eeinforcements came up on both sides, but the Federal troops were finally forced back, and, be- coming entangled in the streets of the village, lost many prisoners. All that night the troops kept arriving and taking their positions by moon- light, to be ready for the contest which they saw was now at hand.f The armies were each about eighty thousand strong. per day were deserting its ranks. The term of service of forty thousand men had expired, and the total Union strength was now only eighty thousand. The cost of the war was enormous, and a strong peace party had arisen at the North. The draft was very unpopular. Indeed, during Lee's invasion, a riot broke out in New York to resist it ; houses were burned, negroes were pursued in the streets and, when cap- tured, were beaten, and even hung ; for three days the city was a scene of outrage and violence. * Neither general had planned to have the fight at this place ; Lee had intended not to fight at all, except a defensive battle, and Meade proposed to make the contest at Pipe Creek, about fifteen miles southeast from Gettysburg. The movement ol cavalry which brought on this great battle was only a screen to conceal the Union army marching towards Meade's desired battle-field. Draper. t The Union line was upon a fish-hook-shaped ridge about six miles long, with Gulp's Hill at the barb. Cemetery Ridge along the side, and Little Round Top and Round Top, two eminences, at the eye. The Confederate line was on Seminary Ridge, at a distance of about a mile and a half. The Union troops lay behind rock VICINITY OF GETTYSBURG. EPOCH v. 253 Second Day. In the afternoon, Longstreet led the first grand charge against the Union left, in order to secure Little Bound Top. General Sickles, by mistake, had here taken a position in front of Meade's intended line of battle. The Con- federates, far out-flanking, swung around him, but as they reached the top of the hill they met a brigade which Warren had sent just in time to defeat this attempt. Sickles was, however, driven back to Cemetery Ridge, where he stood firm. Ewell, in an attack on the Federal right, succeeded in getting a position on Gulp's Hill.* Third Day. At one o'clock p. M., Lee suddenly opened on Cemetery Ridge with one hundred and fifty guns. For two hours the air was alive with shells, f Then the cannonade lulled, and out of the woods swept the Confederate double battle-line, over a mile long, and preceded by a cloud of skirmishers. A thrill of admiration ran along the Union ranks, as, silently and with disciplined steadiness, that magnificent column of eighteen thousand men moved up the slope of Cemetery Ridge. A hundred guns tore great gaps in their front. Infantry volleys smote their ranks. Their line was broken, yet they pushed forward. They planted their battle-flags on the breastworks. They bayoneted the cannoneers at their guns. They fought, hand to hand, so close that the exploding powder scorched their clothes. Upon this seething mass the Federals converged from every side. No human endurance could stand the storm. Out /edges and stone walls. The Confederates were largely hidden in the woods. In the valley between, were fields of grain and pastures where cattle were feeding all un- conscious of the gathering storm. * Lee, encouraged by these successes, resolved to continue the flght. The Confed- erate victories, however, were only apparent. Sickles had been forced into a better position than at first, and the one which Meade had intended he should occupy; and Ewell was driven out of the Union works early the next morning. t It is customary in battle to demoralize the enemy before a grand infantry charge, by concentrating upon the desired point a tremendous artillery fire. 254 UXITEJ) STATES HISTOBY. [1863. of that terrible fire whole companies rushed as prisoners into the Union lines, while the wreck fled panic-stricken from the field.* Th.e Federal loss in the three days' fight was twenty-three thousand, and the Confederate, thirty-six thousand. Meade slowly followed Lee, who re-crossed the Potomac, and took position back of the Kapidan. The Effect of this battle was to put an end to the idea of Northern invasion. Lee's magnificent army was reduced to forty thousand. The veterans who went down in the awful charges of Gettysburg could never be replaced. THE WAR ON THE SEA AND THE COAST. Attack on Charleston (April 7). Such was the confi- dence felt in the ability of the iron-clads to resist cannon- balls, that Admiral Dupont determined to run the fortifications at the entrance to Charleston, and force his way up to the city. The attempt was a disastrous failure.f General Gil- more now took charge of the Union troops, and, landing on Morris Island,| by regular siege approaches and a terrible bombardment captured Fort "Wagner and reduced Fort * At the very moment when the last charge was being repulsed, Pemberton was negotiating for the surrender of Vicksburg to Grant. This was the turning-point of the war. From that time the Confederacy began to wane. t The Keoknk was sunk and nearly all the vessels were seriously injured. The officers declared that the strokes of the ehots against the iron sides of their ships were as rapid as the ticks of a watch. $ In a marsh west of Morris Island, piles were driven in the mud twenty feet deep, and a platform made on which was placed an eight-inch rifled Parrot gnn. which was nicknamed the " Swamp Angel." It threw shells five miles into Charleston, but burst on the thirty-sixth round. The bombardment of the city was afterward con- tinued from the other batteries. Two unsuccessful charges were made on this fort. In one. the 54th regiment, Colonel Shaw, bore a prominent part. It was the first colored regiment organized in the free States. In order to be in season for the assault it ha ! marched two days through heavy sands and drenching storms. With only five minutes rest it took its place at the front of the attacking column. The men fought with unflinching gal- lantry, and planted their flag on the works ; but their colonel, and so many of the oflt 1863.] EPOCH V. 255 Sumter to a shapeless mass of rubbish. A short time after, a party of sailors from the Union fleet essayed to capture it by night, but its garrison, upstarting from the ruins, drove them back with great loss. General Review of the Third Year of the War. The Confederates had gained the great battles of Chicka- mauga and Chancellorsville, seized Galveston, and success- fully resisted every attack on Charleston. The Federals had gained the battles before Vicksburg, and at Chattanooga and Gettysburg. They had captured the garrisons of Vicksburg and Port Hudson. The Mississippi was patrolled by gunboats, and the supplies from the West were entirely cut off from the Confederate army. Arkansas, East Tennessee, large portions of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas, as far as the Bio Grande, had been won for the Union. 1864. The Situation. In' March, General Grant was made Lieutenant-General in command of all the forces of the United States. Heretofore the different armies had acted in- dependently. They were now to move in concert and thus prevent the Confederate forces from aiding each other. The strength of the South lay in the armies of Lee in Virginia, and Jos. E. Johnston in Georgia. Grant was to attack the former, Sherman the latter, and both were to keep at work cers were shot, that what was left of the regiment was led offby a boy Lt. Higginson. No measure of the war was more bitterly opposed than the project of arming the slaves. It was denounced at the North, and the Confederate Congress passed a law which threatened with death any white officer captured while in command of negro troops, leaving the men to be dealt with according to the laws of the State in which they were taken. Yet, so willing were the negroes to enlist, and so faithful did they prove themselves in service, that in December, 1863, over fifty thousand had been en rolled, and before the close of the war that number was quadrupled- 256 UXITED STATES HISTORY. [1864. regardless of season or weather. While the army of the Potomac was crossing the Eapidan (May 4), Grant, seated on a log by the road-side, penciled a telegram to Sherman to start. CROSSING THE RAPIDAN GRANT'S TELEGRAM. THE WAR IN TENNESSEE AND GEORGIA. Advance upon Atlanta. Sherman, with one hundrecj thousand men, accordingly moved upon Johnston, who, with fifty thousand, was stationed at Dalton, Ga. The Confeder- ate commander, foreseeing this advance, had selected a series of almost impregnable positions, one behind the other, all the way to Atlanta. For one hundred miles there was continued skirmishing among mountains and woods, which presented every opportunity for such a warfare. Both armies were led 1864] EPOCH v. 257 by profound strategists. Sherman would drive Johnston into a stronghold, and then with consummate skill outflank him, when Johnston with equal skill would retreat to a new post and prepare to meet his opponent again.* At Dalton, Kesaca, Dallas, and Lost and Kenesaw Mountains bloody battles were fought Finally, Johnston retired to the intrenchments of Atlanta (July 10). Capture of Atlanta. Davis, dissatisfied with this Fabian policy, now put Hood in command. He attacked the Union army three times with tremendous energy, but was repulsed with great slaughter. Sherman, thereupon re-enacting his fa- vorite flank movement, filled his wagons with fifteen days' ra- tions, dexterously shifted his whole army on Hood's line of supplies, and thus compelled the evacuation of the city.f The Uffect. This campaign during four months of fighting and marching, day and night, in its ten pitched battles and scores of lesser engagements, cost the Union army thirty thou- sand men, and the Confederate, about forty thousand. Geor- gia was the workshop, storehouse, granary and arsenal of the Confederacy. At Atlanta, Rome, and neighboring towns were manufactories, foundries, and mills, where clothing, wagons, harnesses, powder, balls, and cannon were furnished to all its armies. The South was henceforth cut off from these supplies. Hood's Invasion of Tennessee. Sherman now longed to sweep through the Atlantic States. But this was impossible * When either party stopped for a day or two, it fortified its front with an abattis of felled trees and a ditch with a head-log placed on the embankment. The head- log was a tree twelve or fifteen inches in diameter resting on small cross-sticks, thus leaving a space of four or five inches between the log and the dirt, through which the guns could be pointed. t Daring this campaign, Sherman's supplies had all been brought up by a single line of railroad from Nashville, a distance of three hundred miles, and expose! throughout to the attacks of the enemy. Yet so carefully was it garrisoned and so rapidly were bridges built and breaks repaired, that the damages were often mended before the news of the accident had reached camp. Sherman paid that the whistle of the locomotive was frequently heard on the camp-ground befora the echoes of the skirmish fire had died away. 258 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1864. as long as Hood, with an army of forty thousand, was in front, While the cavalry under Forrest was raiding along his railroad communications toward Chattanooga and Nashville. With unconcealed joy, therefore, Sherman learned that Hood was to invade Tennessee.* Believed of this anxiety, he at once prepared his army for its celebrated " March to the Sea." Battle of Nashville (December 15, 16). Hood crossed the Tennessee, and after severe fighting, driving Schofield's army before him, shut up General Thomas within the fortifi- cations at Nashville. For two weeks little was done.f When Thomas was fully ready, he suddenly sallied out on Hood, and in a terrible two days' battle drove the Confederate forces out of their intrenchments into headlong flight The Union cavalry thundered upon their heels with remorseless energy. The infantry followed closely behind. The entire Confederate army, except the rear-guard, which fought bravely to the last, was dissolved into a rabble of demoralized fugitives, which at last escaped across the Tennessee. J The Effect. For the first time in the war an army was de- stroyed. The object which Sherman hoped to obtain when he moved on Atlanta was accomplished by Thomas, three hun- dred miles away. Sherman could now go where he pleas 3d with little danger of meeting a foe. The war at the West, so far as any great movements were concerned, was finished. * Hood's expectation was that Sherman would follow him into Tennessee, and thus Georgia be saved from invasion . Sherman had no such idea. " If Hood will go there," said he, "I will give him rations to go with." Now was presented the sin- gular spectacle of these two armies, which had been so lately engaged in deadly com- bat, marching from each other as fast as they could go. t Great disappointment was felt at the North over the retreat to Nashville, and still more at Thomas's delay in that city. Grant ordered him to move, and had actually started to take charge of his troops in person, when he learned of the splendid vic- tory his slow but sure general had achieved. $ The weather was cold and rainy, the roads were trampled into almost bottomless mud, the creeks swollen to torrents, and the Confederates had burned the bridges in their retreat 1864.] EPOCH V. 259 Sherman's March to the Sea Breaking loose from hi3 communications with Nashville, and burning the city of At- lanta, Sherman started (November 16) with sixty thousand men. The army moved in four columns, with a cloud of cav- alry under Kilpatrick,* and skirmishers in front to disguise its route, f The wings . destroyed the Georgia Central and Augusta Railroads, and the troops foraged on the country as they passed. In five weeks they had marched three hundred miles, reached the sea, J stormed Fort McAllister, and captured Savannah. The Effect of this march can hardly be over-estimated. A fertile region, sixty miles wide and three hundred long, was desolated ; three hundred miles of railroad were destroyed ; the eastern portion of the already sundered Confederacy was again cut in twain ; immense supplies of provisions were cap- tured, and the hardships of war brought home to those who had heretofore been exempt from its actual contact. * The ubiquity of the cavalry movements of the war is remarkable. In the Feb- ruary preceding, Kilpatrick, who now opened up the way for Sherman's march through Georgia, made a dash with the cavalry of the Army of the Potomac to rescue the Union prisoners at Richmond. He got within the defences of the city, but not fully appreciating his success, withdrew, while Colonel Ulric Dahlgren, who headed a co-operating force, through the ignorance or treachery of his guide, lost his route, was surrounded by the enemy, and fell in an attempt to cut his way out. Great damage was done to railroads and canals near Richmond. These various raids had little effect, however, upon the issue of the contest, though they served to pro voke the bitter enmity of both sides. t A feint which Sherman made toward Augusta led to a concentration at that city of all the cavalry and militia called out to dispute his progress. The real direction of his march was not discovered until he had entered the peninsula between the Sa- vannah and Ogeechee rivers. $ The first news received at the North from Sherman was brought by three scouts, who left the Union army just as it was closing in on Savannah. They hid in the rice swamps by day and paddled down the river by night. Creeping past Fort McAllister undiscovered, they were picked up by the Federal gunboats. Sherman sent the news of its capture with twenty-five thousand bales of cotton and one hundred and fifty cannon, to President Lincoln, as a Christmas present to the nation. 260 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1864. THE WAR IN VIRGINIA. Battle of the Wilderness (May 5, 6). On crossing the Rapidan, the Union army plunged into the Wilderness. While their columns were toiling along the narrow roads, they were suddenly attacked by the Confederate army.* The dense forest forbade all strategy. There was none of the pomp or glory of war, only its horrible butchery. The ranks simply dashed into the woods. Soon came the patter of shots, the heavy rattle of musketry, and then there streamed back the wreck of the battle bleeding, mangled forms, borne on stretchers. In those gloomy shades, dense with smoke, this strangest of battles, which no eye could follow, marked only by the shouts and volleys, now advancing, now receding, as either side gained or lost, surged to and fro. The third day, both armies, worn out by this desperate struggle, re- mained in their intrenchments. Neither side had been con- quered. Grant had lost twenty thousand men, and Lee ten thousand. It was generally supposed that the Federals would retire back of the Eapidan. Grant thought differently. He quietly gathered up his army and pushed it by the Con- federate right flank toward Spottsylvania Court House. Battle of Spottsylvania (May 8-12). Lee detected the movement, and hurried a division to head off the Union advance. When Grant reached the spot, he found the Con- federate army planted right across the road, barring his prog- ress. Five days of continuous manoeuvring! and fighting^ * This was near the old batUe-grotrad of Chancellors ville, and just a year and two days after that fierce fight. t During this time the sharpshooters on both sides, hidden in the trees, were busy picking off officers. On the 9th. General Sedgwick was superintending the placing of a battery in the front. Seeing a man dodging a ball, he rebuked him, saying, " Pooh ! they can't hit an elephant at this distance." At that moment he was himself struck, and fell dead. $ On the morning of the 12th, Hancock's corps, hidden by a dense fog. charged upon the Confederate line, broke the abattis, surrounded a division, and took three 1864.] EPOCH V. 261 having given little advantage, Grant concluded to try the fa- vorite movement of the year, and turn Lee's right flank again * Battle of Cold Harbor (June 3). Lee, however, moving on the inner and shorter line, reached the North Anna first Here some severe fighting oc- curred, when, Grant mov- ing to flank again, Lee slipped into the intrench- ments of Cold Harbor. At daybreak a general assault was made. " Twenty minutes after the first shot was fired, fully ten thousand Union men were stretched writhing on the sod or still and calm in death, while the enemy's loss was little* over one thousand." The army, weary of this useless slaugh- ter, refused to continue the attackf GRANT'S CAMPAIGN AROUND RICHMOND. thousand prisoners, including two generals. So complete was the surprise, that the officers were captured at breakfast. Lee, however, rallied, and the fighting was so fierce to regain this lost position, that it is said "a tree eighteen inches in diame- ter was cut in two by the bullets which struck it." Ten thousand men fell on each side. " Men in hundreds, killed and wounded together, were piled in hideous heaps some bodies, which had lain for hours under the concentric fire of the battle, being perforated with wounds. The writhing of wounded beneath the dead moved thece masses at times ; while often a lifted arm or a quivering limb told of an agony not quenched by the Lethe of death around." * It was during this terrible battle that Grant, determined to accomplish bis plan at whatever cost, sent his famous despatch, " I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer." It took all summer, and winter too. t Grant had arranged, in the general plan of the campaign, for three co-operative 262 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1864 Attack on Petersburg. Grant now rapidly pushed his army over the James, and fell upon Petersburg ; but here again Lee was ahead, and the works could not be forced. Grant was therefore compelled to throw up intrenchments and sit down in front of the Confederate lines. The cam- paign now resolved itself into a siege of Eichmond, with Petersburg as its advanced post. The Effect. The campaign had cost the Union army at least seventy thousand men, and the Confederate about forty thousand. The weakened capabilities of the South were now fairly pitted against the almost exhaustless resources of the North. Grant's plan was to keep constantly hammering Lee's army, conscious that it was the last hope of the Con- federacy. The idea of thus annihilating an army was ter- rible, yet it seemed the only way of closing the awful struggle. The Siege of Richmond continued until the spring campaign of 1865. It was marked by two important events: 1. Mine Explosion (July 30). From a hidden ravine in front of Petersburg, a mine had been dug underneath movements to attract the attention and divide the strength of the Confederate army before Richmond : 1. General Sigel, with ten thousand men, was to advance up the Shenandoah Valley and threaten- the railroad communication with Richmond. He was, however, totally routed at New Market (May 15). General Hunter, who super- seded him, defeated the Confederates at Piedmont (June 5), but pushing on to Lyncb- burg with about twenty thousand men, he found it too strong, and prudently retired into quiet repose in West Virginia. 2. On the night that the Army of the Potomac crossed the Rapidan, General Butler, with thirty thousand men, ascended the James River, under the protection of gunboats, and landed at Bermuda Hundred. After some trifling successes, he was surprised in a dense fog by Beauregard, who had come up from the Carolinas with reinforcements, and was driven hack into his defences with very considerable loss. Beauregard drew intrenchments across the narrow strip which connected Bermuda Hundred with the main land, and, as Grant tersely said, " hermetically sealed up" the Union force from any further ad- vance. Thus ended both these movements from which much was expected. Butler's force was partly withdrawn, and reached Grant just before the Cold Harbor fight. 8. General Sheridan, while the army was at Spottsylvania, passed in the rear of the Confederate position ; destroyed miles of railroad ; recaptured four hundred prisoners en route ; defeated a cavalry force with the loss of their leader, General J. E. B. Stuart, the best cavalry officer in the South ; captured the outer defences of Richmond, and then returned to the Union army in time to take part in the battle at Cold Harbor. 1864.] EPOCH V. 263 a strong Confederate fort. Just at dawn, the blast of eight thousand pounds of powder was fired. Huge masses of earth, cannon, and the garrison of three hundred men, rose into the air, and then fell a promiscuous ruin. The artillery opened along the line, and an assaulting col- umn rushed forward. But it stopped in the crater produced by the explosion. The Confederates, rallying from the con- fusion, began to rain shell and ball upon the seething mass within the demolished fort. To retreat was only less dan- gerous than to stay; yet thousands jumped out of this slaughter-pen and ran headlong back to the Union line. About four thousand were lost in this ill-starred affair. 2. Attack upon the Weldon Railroad (August 18). By threatening Eichmond upon the north, Grant induced Lee to move troops to that city from Petersburg. The opportu- nity was at once seized, and the Weldon Railroad captured. Lee, aware of the great importance of that means of commu- nication with the South, for several days made most desperate attempts for its recovery. They were, however, unsuccessful, and the Union lines were permanently advanced to this point.* Early's Raid. Hunter's retreat (p. 262) having laid open the Shenandoah Valley, Lee took advantage of it to threaten "Washington, hoping thus to draw off Grant from the siege of Richmond. General Early, with twenty thousand men, accordingly hurried along this oft-traveled route. Defeating General "Wallace at Monocacy River, he appeared before Fort Stevens, one of the defences of Washington (July 10). Had he rushed by forced marches, he might have captured the * .An attempt was made by Grant when he first swung south of Richmond, but it was signally repulsed, with a loss of nearly four thousand men. That this event was not mentioned in the military report, and has not received a specific name, shows the enormous proportions the war had now assumed, and how changed it was from the time when Big Bethel and Ball's Bluff were esteemed great battles. 264 UKITED STATES HISTORY. [1864 city ; but he stopped a day. Reinforcements having now ar- rived, he was forced to retreat, and, laden with booty, he rap- idly recrossed the Potomac. Not being pursued, he returned, and sent a party of cavalry into Pennsylvania. They entered Chambersburg, and, on failing to obtain a ransom of $500,000 in gold, burned the village, and escaped safely back into the Shenandoah. Sheridan's Campaign. Sheridan was now put in com- mand of all the troops in this region. He defeated Early at Winchester and Fisher's Hill, and in a week destroyed half SHERIDAN'S ARRIVAL AT CEDAR CREEK. his army, and sent the rest " whirling up the valley of the Shenandoah." * Early was quickly reinforced, and return- ing during Sheridan's absence, surprised his army at Cedar Creek (October 19), and drove it in confusion. Sheridan arrived at this critical moment,f ordered an immediate ad- * In order to prevent any further raids upon Washington from this direction, he devastated the valley so thoroughly that it was said that, "If a crow wants to fly down the Shenandoah, he must carry his provisions with him." t Early's attack was made under cover of a dense fog and the darkness of the early morning. The troops were driven four miles. General Wright, the Union com- 1864.] EPOCH V. 265 vance, and attacking the Confederates, now busy plundering the captured camp, routed them with tremendous slaughter. The Effect. This campaign, of only a month, was one of the most brilliant of the war. Sheridan lost seventeen thousand men, but he had virtually destroyed Early's army. This was the last attempt to threaten "Washington. Red River Expedition.* A joint naval and land expe- dition, under the command of General Banks, was sent up the Red Eiver in the hope of destroying the Confederate authority in that region and in Texas. Fort de Eussy was taken (March 14), whence Banks moved on toward Shreve- port. The line of march became extended a distance of nearly thirty miles along a single road. At Sabine Cross Roads (April 8) the Confederate forces, under General Dick Taylor, attacked the advance, and a miniature Bull Run retreat ensued. The Union troops, however, rallied at Pleas- ant Hill, and the next day, reinforcements coming up from the rear, they were able to repulse the Confederates. The army thereupon returned to New Orleans, f and Banks was relieved of the command. mander, though wounded, still remained on the field, and managed to get his troops into a new position in the rear. Sheridan heard the cannonading thirteen miles away, at Winchester, Knowing the importance of his presence, he put spurs to his coal-black steed, and never drew rein until, his horse covered with foam, he dashed upon the battle-field. Riding down the lines, he shouted, " Turn, boys, turn ; we're going back." Under the magnetism of his presence, the fugitives rallied, and fol- lowed him to the fight and victory. * Troops having been sent from Vicksburg to join the Red River expedition, West Tennessee and Kentucky were left exposed to attack from the Confederates. Forrest, with five thousand men, captured Union City, Tenn., with its garrison of about five hundred troops, occupied Hickman, and advanced rapidly upon Paducah, Ky. This, protected by the gunboats, maintained so stout a defence, that For- rest retired. Moving south, he next fell upon Fort Pillow (April 12). His men crept along under shelter of a ravine until very near, and then cha'rged upon the intrenchments. Rushing into the fort, they raised the cry "No quarter!" "The Confederate officers," says Pollard, " lost control of their men, who were maddened by the sight of negro troops opposing them." An indiscriminate slaughter followed. Neither age, sex, nor color was spared. Confederate and Union accounts of this event agree In the narration of these events. t Porter, who commanded the gunboats In the Red River, hearing of Banks'B 12 266 UNITED STATES HI STORY. [1864 The Effect This campaign was a great Confederate tri- umph.* Banks lost five thousand men, eighteen guns, and large supplies. THE WAR ON THE SEA AND ON THE COAST. The Expedition against Mobile (August 5) was under the command of Admiral Farragut. That he might oversee the battle more distinctly, he took his position in the main- top of his flag-ship the Hartford. The vessels, lashed to- gether in pairs for mutual assistance, in an hour fought their way past the Confederate, forts, and engaged the iron-clad fleet beyond. After a desperate resistance, the great iron ram Tennessee was taken, and the other vessels either captured or put to flight. The forts were soon after reduced, and the harbor closed against blockade runners, f The Expedition against Fort Fisher, which defended the harbor of Wilmington, N. C., was commanded by Commo- retreat, attempted to return with his fleet, but the river fell so rapidly that this be- came impossible. It was feared that it would be necessary to blow up the vessels to prevent their falling into the enemy's hands, when, by the happy suggestion of Colonel Bailey, formerly a Wisconsin lumberman, they were saved. He constructed a series of wing-dams below the rapids, and when the water rose, the boats were safely floated over. This skilful expedient was almost the only relieving feature of the campaign, which was believed by some to have been undertaken simply as a gigantic cotton speculation, in behalf of certain parties, who seemed to be more intent on gathering that staple than on conserving the interests of the Union cause. The failure was, therefore, at the North a source of great mortification and reproach. * General Steele, who commanded in Arkansas, had moved from Little Rock to co- operate in this advance, but on nearing Shreveport, learned of Banks's retreat. He immediately turned around, arfd with great difficulty and severe fighting, managed to escape back to Little Eock. This disaster enabled the Confederates to recover half of the State. t The City of Mobile was not captured until the next year, when Generals Gran- ger's, Steele's and A. J. Smith's commands, making a force of about forty-five thous- and men, were collected by General Canby for this purpose. The forts were gallantly defended by General Maury, but were taken within less than two weeks. The city Itself was evacuated April 11. The Union troops entered the next day, ignorant that Lee had surrendered three days before, and that the Confederacy was dead. 1864.] EPOCH V. 267 dore Porter. It consisted of seventy vessels and a land force under General Butler.* After a fierce bombardment (Decem- ber 24, 25) Butler decided that the fort could not be taken by assault, and the army returned to Fortress Monroe. Commo- dore Porter, dissatisfied with the result, lay oif the place, and asked for a second trial. The same troops, with fifteen hun- dred additional men, were sent back under General Terry. Protected by a terrible fire from the fleet, a column of sailors, and one of soldiers, worked their way, by a series of trenches, within two hundred yards of the fort. At the word, the former leaped forward on one side and the latter on another. The sailors were repulsed, but the soldiers burst into the fort. The hand-to-hand fight within lasted for hours. Late at night, the garrison, hemmed in on all sides, surrendered (Jan- uary 15, 1865). One knows not which to admire the more, the gallantry of the attack or the heroism of the defence, In such a victory is glory, and in such a defeat, no disgrace. The Blockade was now so effectual that the prices of all imported goods in the Confederate States were fabulous. Led by the enormous profitsf of a successful voyage, foreign mer- chants were constantly seeking to run the gauntlet. Their swift steamers, making no smoke, long, narrow, low, and of a * " It was intended by General Grant that General Weitzel should command them. But General Butler, through whom, as the superior officer, the instructions to Weitzel were given, put the instructions in his pocket, and went himself. General Grant did not dream that Butler would take command, and thought that he went merely to see the explosion of a boat laden with powder, which he had prepared at great expense and delay, as if fancying that the mud walls of Fort Fisher would fall at the noise, as the walls of Jericho did at the sound of Gideon's trumpets. On the morning of the 24th the powder-boat was exploded with so little effect, that the Con- federates did not know the object of it until they were informed by the Northern newspapers." Mrs. WUlard. t The prices obtained in Confederate currency were extravagant. Coffee was sold at $50 and salt at $1 per pound ; ordinary calico brought from $30 to $35 per yard ; Balmoral boots for ladies were $250 a pair, and French gloves from $125 to $175; Irish linen ranged from $50 to $100 per yard, etc. Dried sage, willow, and currant leaves were substituted for tea. A writer from there as early as November, 1862, eaid : " Pins are now so rare that we pick them up with avidity in the streets." 268 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1864 mud color, occasionally escaped the vigilance of the Federal squadron. During the war, it is said, over fifteen hundred blockade runners were taken or destroyed. With the capture of Fort Fisher, the last Confederate port of entry was sealed. Confederate Cruisers had now practically driven the American commerce from the ocean. They were not privateers, like those named on p. 222, for they were built in England and manned by British sailors, and were only officered and commis- sioned by the Con- f -^ federate government. 5- They sailed to and fro upon the track of y American ships, plun- dering and burning, . or else bonding them for heavy sums. The X THE ALABAMA. ^ Idbamci was the most noted of these British steamers. Against the urgent remon- strances of the United States Minister at the Court of England, she was allowed to sail although her mission was well known. An English captain took her to the Azores, where other English vessels brought her arms, ammunition, and the Confederate Captain Semmes with additional crew. Putting out to sea, he read his commission and announced his purpose. After capturing over sixty vessels, he sailed to Cherbourg, France. While there, he sent out a challenge to the national ship-of-war Kearsarge (keer'-sarj). This was ac- cepted, and a battle took place off that harbor. Captain Win- slow, of the Kearsarge, so manceuvered that the Alabama was compelled to move round in a circular track, while he trained his guns upon her with fearful effect On the seventh rota- tion, the Confederate vessel ran up the white flag and soon after sank. Captain Winslow rescued a part of the sinking 1864.] EPOCH V. 269 crew, and, at his request, the rest were picked up by the Deer- hound, an English yacht. The latter, however, steamed off to the British coast with those she had saved, among whom was Captain Semmes. The Sanitary and Christian Commissions were "splendid examples of organized mercy," furnished by the people of the North. They devised and provided every possi- ble comfort for the sick and wounded, besides distributing re- ligious reading to every soldier in the field. Ambulances, stretchers, hot coffee, postage-stamps, paper and envelopes, prayer-meetings, medicines, Christian burial no want of body or soul was overlooked. "Homes" and "Lodges" for men on sick leave ; for those not yet under or just out of the care of the government, or who had been left by their regiments, were instituted. "Feeding Stations" for the tired and hungry were established, and even "Homes for the Wives, Mothers, and Children of Soldiers" who had come to visit their sick or wounded. On every flag-of-truce boat were placed clothing, medicines, and cordials to meet prisoners who had been ex- changed. With boundless mercy they cared for all while liv- ing, and gave Christian burial and marked graves to the dead. Over seventeen millions of dollars in money and supplies were expended by these two Commissions. ' Political Affairs. At the North, there was much dissatis- faction with the conduct of the war. The debt had become about $2,000,000,000. In July of this year, paper money reached its greatest depreciation, and it required two dollars and ninety cents in greenbacks to buy one dollar in gold. It was at the time of Grant's repulse from Cold Harbor and of Ear- ly*s raid. Yet, in the midst of these discouragements, Abraham Lincoln was renominated by the republican party. George B. McClellan was the democratic candidate. He stood firmly for the prosecution of the war, and the maintenance of the 270 UNITED STATES HISTOET. [1864. Union, but was not in full sympathy with the policy of the administration. He carried only three States. Lincoln had a popular majority of over four hundred thousand. General Review of the Fourth Year of the "War. The Confederates had gained the battles of Olustee,* Sabine Cross Eoads, the Wilderness, Bermuda Hundred, Spottsylva- nia, New Market, Cold Harbor, and Monocacy ; had defeated the expeditions into Florida and the Red Eiver country, the two attacks upon Petersburg, and one against Fort Fisher, and yet held Grant at bay before Richmond. They had, however, lost ground on every side. Of the States east of the Mississippi, only North and South Carolina were fully retained. Missis- sippi, Alabama, Tennessee, Virginia, Georgia and Florida were overrun by the Union armies. The Federals had gained the battles of Pleasant Hill, Kesaca, Dallas, Kenesaw, At- lanta, Winchester, Fisher's Hill, Cedar Creek and Nashville. They had captured Fort de Hussy, the forts in Mobile harbor, and Fort McAllister, and had taken Atlanta and Savannah. Sherman had swept across Georgia ; Sheridan had devastated the Shenandoah, driving its defenders before him ; Thomas had annihilated Hood's army ; Grant held Lee firmly grasped at Richmond, and the navy swept the entire coast 1865. The Situation. The plan of the campaign was very sim- ple. The end of the war was clearly at hand. Sherman was to move north from Savannah against Johnston, and then join * This battle ended an expedition fitted out by General Gillmore, at Hilton Head S. C., to recover Florida. After some success his troops, under General Seymour, advanced to Olustee, where (February 20) they met a disastrous defeat and were forced to relinquish much they had gained. The men were afterward taken to Vir- ginia to engage in more important work. EPOCH V. 271 Grant in the final attack upon Lee. Sheridan, with ten thou- sand troopers, had swept down from the Shenandoah, cut the railroads north of Eichmond, and taken his place in the Union lines before Petersburg. "Wilson, with thirteen thousand horse- men, rode at large through Alabama and Georgia, and at Ma- con held a line of retreat from Virginia westward. Stoneman, with five thousand cavalry from Tennessee, poured through the passes of the Alleghanies and waited in .North Carolina for the issue in Virginia. SHERMAN S MARCH. Sherman's March through the Carolinas. In the meantime Sherman had given his troops only a month's rest in Savannah. Early in February, they were put in motion northward. There was no waiting for roads to dry nor for bridges to be built, but the troops swept on like a tornado. 272 UNITED STATES HISTOKY. [1865. Rivers were waded, and one battle was fought while the water was up to the shoulders of the men. The army, sixty thousand strong, moved in four columns, \y,ith a front of more than fifty miles. Cavalry and foragers swarmed on the flanks. Before them was terror ; behind them were ashes. Columbia* was captured (February 17), and Charleston,! thus threatened in the rear, was evacuated the next day. In this emergency, Johnston was again called to the command of the Confederate forces. He gathered their scattered armies and vigorously opposed Sherman's advance. After fierce en- gagements at Averysboro and Bentonville (March 15, 18), he was driven back, and Raleigh was captured (April 13). Siege of Richmond. Lee's position was fast becoming desperate. His only hope lay in getting out of Richmond and joining with Johnston. Their united armies might prolong the struggle. Grant was determined to prevent this, and com- pel Lee to surrender, as Pemberton had done. Attack on Fort Steadman (March 25). Lee determined to attack Grant's right, in order to hide his plan of retreat, and especially in the hope that Grant would send troops from the left to succor the threatened point In that case, he would slip out, with the main body of his army, by the nearest road * The cotton stored in the city was scattered throughout the streets and destroyed by fire. The flames quickly spread to the houses adjoining. All efforts to subdue the conflagration were unsuccessful. A large portion of the city was destroyed. t General Hardee, on leaving, inflicted a terrible injury. He set fire to every shed and warehouse where cotton was stored. The flames spread to a quantity of powder in the depot, which exploded with fearful destruction. Two hundred lives were lost. In spite of the efforts of the Union troops, a vast amount of private property was involved in the general devastation. The ravages which the war had made were well illustrated by the appearance of this city after its evacuation. An eye-witness says: "No pen, no pencil, no tongue can do justice to the scene; no imagination can conceive the utter wreck, the universal ruin, the stupendous desolation. Ruin, ruin, ruin, above and below, on the right hand and on the left ruin, ruin, ruin, everywhere and always, staring at us from every paneless window, looking out at ua from every shell-torn wall, glaring at us from every battered door, pillar, and ve- randa, crouching beneath our feet on every sidewalk. Not Pompeii, nor Hercula- neum, nor Tadmor, nor the Nile has ruins so saddening, so plaintively eloquent." 1806.1 EPOCH v. 273 southward, which ran close by the Union left. The assault was made on Fort Steadman. It was a signal failure. Three thousand out of five thousand engaged in the attempt were lost. To make matters worse, a Union assault followed directly afterward, and a portion of the Confederate outer de- fences were captured. Thus Grant's grip was only tightened. Grant had made no change in the position of his troops, and this sortie had neither hastened nor delayed the grand, final attack. Battle of Five Forks (April 1). This movement began Wednesday morning, March 29. Sheridan with his cavalry nine thousand sabres and heavy columns of infantry, pushed out from Grant's left wing to get around in Lee's rear. Cloaking his plan by a thick screen of cavalry, to conceal the move- ments of his infantry, he threw a heavy force behind the Con- federate position at Five Forks.* Assailed in front and rear, the garrison was overwhelmed, and five thousand were taken prisoners. The Effect of this brilliant affair was at once to render Lee's position untenable. His right was turned, and his rear threatened. Capture of Petersburg and Richmond (April 2, 3). The next morning, at four o'clock, the Union army advanced in an overwhelming assault along the whole front. By noon, the Confederate line of intrenchments before which the Army of the Potomac had lain so long was broken, and thou- sands of prisoners were captured, f That night Petersburg and Eichmond were evacuated. The next morning the Union * Five Forks is situated twelve miles southwest from Petersburg. t Generals Lee and A. P. Hill were at the former's headquarters, within the city, discussing the prospects of the day. Suddenly General Lee, listening, said to Hill, ''General, your men are giving way." Instantly Hill was mounted and dashing down the road. As he was spurring his steed, he caught a glimpse of two or three blue coats, with rifles levelled at him. " Throw down your arms 1" he authoritatively cried. For an instant the men hesitated, but the next moment the clang of their pieces was heard, and General Hill fell dead. 274 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1865. troops took possession of the Confederate capital,* the coveted goal of the Army of the Potomac for four long bloody years. A Lee's Surrender. Lee, with forty thousand men, the wreck of that proud array with which he had dealt the Union army so many crushing blows, hurried west, seeking some avenue of escape. Grant urged the pursuit with untiring .energy. Sheridan, "with a terrible daring which knew no pause, no rest," hung on his flanks. The Confederates had only the young shoots of trees to eat Men were deserting by hun- dreds. If they sought a moment's repose, they were awakened by the clatter of pursuing cavalry. Lee, like a hunted fox, turned hither and thither ; but at last Sheridan planted him- self squarely across the front Lee ordered a charge. The half -starved troops, with a rallying of their old courage, obeyed. But the cavalry moving aside, as a curtain is drawn, revealed dense bodies of infantry in battle line. The Civil War was about to end in one of its bloodiest tragedies, when the Confederate advance was stopped. General Grant had already sent in a note demanding the surrender of the army. * Sunday, the day before, the Confederate President, Davis, was at chnrch, when a note was handed him by a messenger. It was from Lee, informing him that the Con- federate army was about to leave Richmond. His pallid face and unsteady footsteps, as he passed out, betrayed the news. Pollard says: "Men, women, and children rushed from the churches, passing from lip to lip news of the impending fall of Rich- mond. ... It was late in the afternoon when the signs of evacuation became apparent to the incredulous. Suddenly, as if by magic, the streets became filled with men, walking as though for a wager, and behind them excited negroes with trunks, bundles, and luggage of every description. All over the city, it was the same- wagons, trunks, bandboxes, and their owners, a mass of hurrying fugitives filling the streets. Night came, and with it confusion worse confounded. There was no sleep for human eyes in Richmond that night. About the hour of midnight, hundreds of barrels of liquor were rolled into the street, and the heads knocked in, by order of the City Council, to prevent a worse disorder. As the work progressed, some straggling soldiers' managed to get hold of a quantity of the liquor. From that moment law and order ceased to exist." By order of General Ewell, the four principal tobacco ware- houses, in different parts of the city, were fired, and soon the flames became unman- ageable. " Morning broke upon a scene such -as those who witnessed it can never forget. The roar of an immense conflagration sounded in their ears ; tongues of flame leaped from street to street; and in this baleful glare were to be seen, as of demons, the figures of busy plunderers, moving, pushing, rioting through the black emobe, bearing away every conceivable sort of plunder." 1865.] EPOCH V. 275 Lee now accepted the generous terms* proposed. Near Appo- mattox Court House, April 9, the remains of the Army of Virginia laid down their arms and turned homeward, no longer Confederate soldiers, but American citizens. The U/ect.This closed the war. The other Confederate armies Johnston's, Dick Taylor's, and Kirby Smith's promptly surrendered. Jefferson Dayis fled southward, hoping to escape, but was overtaken near Irwinsville, Georgia (May 11), and sent a prisoner to Fortress Monroe, Cost of the War. In the Union armies probably three hundred thousand men were killed in battle or died of wounds or disease, while doubtless two hundred thousand more were crippled for life. If the Confederate armies suf- fered as heavily, the country thus lost one million able- bodied men. The Union debt, Jan. 1, 1866, was nearly $2,750,000,000. At one time, the daily expenses reached the sum of $3,500,000. During the last year of the war, the ex- penses were greater than the entire expenditures of the gov- ernment from Washington to Buchanan. The Confederate war debts were never paid, as that government was over- thrown. Assassination of Lincoln. In the midst of the uni- versal rejoicings over the advent of peace, on the evening of April 14 the intelligence was flashed over the country that * The officers and men were allowed to go home on their paroles not to take up arms against the United States until exchanged, and the former to retain their pri- vate haggage and horses. After the surrender had heen concluded, General Lea said that he had forgotten to mention that many of his soldiers rode their own horses. Grant at once replied that such should keep their horses to aid them in their future work at home. That the two armies so fiercely opposed for four years could have parted with no words hut those of sympathy and respect was an assured presage of a day when all the wounds of the restored Union should he faQy healed. Within six months General Lee accepted the presidency of the State college at Lexington, where he spent the remainder of his days in simple, earnest endeavor to make those under his charge worthy of the Union against which he had fought so long and bitterly. To a woman, widowed in the war, who, on hringing her sons to school, hurst into in- vective against the North, he said: " Madam, do not train up your children in hos- tility to the Government of the United States. Rememher, we are one country now. Pray, dismiss all iectional feeling, and hring them up, above all, to h Americans." 276 UNITED STATES HISTORY. Lincoln had been assassinated.* He was shot while seated, in company with his wife and friends, in his bo at Ford's Theatre, by John Wilkes Booth, f who insanely imagined he ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN. was ridding his country of a tyrant. About the unconscious body of the President gathered the most prominent men of the nation, who mourned and watched, waiting in vain for * A nearly fatal attempt was also made at the same time upon William H. Seward, Secretary of State, who was lying sick in his bed at home. t Booth stealthily entered the box, fastened the door, that he might not be fol- lowed, shot the President, then waving his pistol, shouted, " Sic Semper Tyrannis " (so be it to tyrants), and leaped to the stage in front. As he jumped, the American Cag draped before the box mute avenger of the nation's chief caught his spur, and, throwing him heavily, broke his leg. The assassin, however, escaped from the house in the confusion, mounted a horse which was waiting for him, and fled into Maryland. He was at length overtaken in a barn, where he stood at bay. The build- ing was fired to drive him out, but, still determined to defend himself against arrest, he was, at last, shot by one of the soldiers. The accomplices of Booth were arrested, tried and convicted, Harrold, Payne, Atzerott and Mrs. Surratt were hung ; Arnold, Mudd and McLaughlifl imprisoned tor life, and Spanglerwas sentenced for six years. 1865.] EPOCH V. 277 some sign, until the next morning, when he died. The funeral was held on the 19th. It was a day of mourning throughout the land. In all the cities and in most of the smaller towns funeral orations were pronounced. The body was borne to Springfield over the same route along which he had come as President elect to Washington. The procession maybe said to have extended the entire distance. The churches, principal buildings, and even the engines and cars were draped in black. Almost every citizen wore the badge of mourning. States Added during this Epoch. West Virginia, the thirty-fifth State, was admitted to the Union June 20, 1863. During the Civil War, this portion of Virginia re- maining loyal, it was incorporated as a separate State. Nevada, the thirty -sixth State, was admitted to the Union October 31, 1864. Its name was derived from the range of mountains on the east, the Sierra Nevada, a Spanish title, signifying " Snow-covered mountains." It was the third State carved out of the territory acquired by the Mexican war, Texas being the first, and California the second. Its first settlement was at Carson City. It is one of the richest mineral States in the Union. Summary of the History of the Fifth JZpoch, arranged in Chronological Order. PAGE 1861. Abraham Lincoln inaugurated President of United States, March 4, "... .215 Fort Sumter fired upon, April 12, . Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers, April 15, . Confederates seized Harper's Ferry, April 18, . Massachusetts troops fired upon in Baltimore, April Confederates seized Norfolk Navy Yard. April 20, Battle of Philippi, Va., June 3, . " Big Bethel, Va., June 10, . 216 . 217 . 217 19, . 217 . 217 . 218 . 218 Booneville, Mo., June 17 221 Carthage, Mo., July 5, 221 278 UNITED STATES HISTORY. FAGH 1861. Battle of Rich Mountain, Va., July 11, .... 218 " Carrick's Ford, Va., July 14, . . . .218 Confederate Congress assembled at Richmond, Va., July 20, 217 Battle of Bull Run, Va., July 21, 219 Wilson's Creek, Mo., August 10, . . .221 Forts at Hatteras Inlet, N. C., captured, August 29, . 222 Battle of Carnifex Ferry, Va., September 10, . . . 218 Lexington, Mo., September 20, . . . .221 BaU's Bluff, Va., October 21, . . . .220 Port Royal, S. C., taken, November 7, . . .222 Battle of Belmont, Mo., November 7, .... 221 Seizure of Mason and Slidell, November 8, ... 222 Skirmish of Dranesville, Va., December 20, . . . 221 1862. Battle of Mill -Spring, Ky., January 19, . . . .224 Fort Henry, Tenn., taken, February 6, . . . .224 Roanoke Island, N. C., taken, February 8, ... 232 Fort Donelson, Tenn., taken, February 16, ... 225 Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., March 7, 8, . . . .230 " of the Monitor and the Merrimac, March 9, . .234 Newbern, N. C., taken, March 14, 232 Battle of Shiloh (Pittsburg Landing), Tenn., April 6, 7, . 225 Island No. 10 captured, April 7, 227 Fort Pulaski, Ga., captured, April 11, .... 233 New Orleans captured, April 25, 230 Beaufort, S. C., captured, April 25, 232 Torktown, Va., taken, May 4, 235 Battle of Williamsburg, Va., May 5, 236 Norfolk, Va., surrendered, May 10, 235 Corinth, Miss., taken, May 30, 227 Battle of Fair Oaks or Seven Pines, Va., May 31, June 1, 238 Lee assumed command of Confederate armies, June 3, . 238 Memphis, Tenn., surrendered, June 6, .... 227 Seven Days' battles, June 25-July 1, .... 239 Battle of Cedar Mountain, Va., August 9, . . .240 Second Battle of Bull Run, Va., August 29, . . .241 Battle of Richmond, Ky., August 30, .... 228 Chantilly, Va., September 1, . . . .241 South Mountain, Md., September 14, . . . 241 Harper's Ferry surrendered, September 15, ... 241 Battle of Antietam, Md., September 17, . . .242 luka, Miss., September 19, 228 " Corinth, Miss., October 4, 228 Perryville, Ky., October 8, ... .228 EPOCH v. 279 PAGE 1862. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 13, . . .243 First attack on Vicksburg, Miss., December 29, ... 230 Battle of Murfreesboro, Term., December 31, and January 2,1863, 229 1863. Emancipation Proclamation, January 1,. . . . 242, 244 Arkansas Post taken, January 11, . . . , . . 230 Fort Sumter, S. C., bombarded by fleet, April 7, . . 254 Grant's campaign before Vicksburg, May 1-17, . . 244 Battle of Chancellorsville, Va., May 2, 3, ... 250 West Virginia admitted to Union, June 20, . . 218,277 Battle of Gettysburg, Penn., July 1-3, . . . .252 Vicksburg, Miss., surrendered, July 4, .... 245 Port Hudson surrendered, July 8, . ... . . .246 Draft Riot in New York City, July 13-16,. . . .252 Fort Wagner, S. C., taken, September 7, . . . .254 Battle of Cliickamauga, Ga., September 19, 20, . . 247 " Chattanooga, Tenn., November 24, 25, . . 247 Siege of Knoxville, Tenn., raised, December 3, . . . 250 1864. Battle of Olustee, Fla., February 20, 270 Grant made Lieutenant-General, March 3, ... 255 Fort de Russy captured, March 14, 265 Fort Pillow, Tenn., captured, April 12, .... 265 Butler landed at Bermuda Hundred, May 5, . . .262 Battle of Wilderness, Va., May 5, 6, 260 Spottsylvania, Va., May 8-12, . . . .260 Resaca, Ga., May 14, 15 257 New Market, Va., May 15, 262 Dallas, May 25-28, . ." . . . .257 Cold Harbor, Va., June 3, 261 Lost Mountain, Ga., June 15-17, . . .257 Battle between Kearsarge and Alabama, June 19, . . 268 Battle of Kenesaw Mt., Ga., June 27, .... 257 Monocacy, Md., July 9, 263 Battles before Atlanta, Ga., July 20, 22, 28, ... 257 Chambersburg, Pa., burned, July 30, .... 264 Mine explosion, Petersburg, Va., July 30, ... 262 Farragut entered Mobile Bay, Ala., August 5, . . . 266 Weldon Railroad seized, August 18, 263 Atlanta, Ga., taken, September 2, 257 Battle of Winchester, Va., September 19, .. . 264 Fisher's Hill, Va., September 22, ... 264 Cedar Creek, Va., October 19, . . . . 264 Nevada admitted to Union, October 31, . . . . 277 Fort McAllister, Ga., taken, December 13. . . . . 259 UNITED STATES HISTOKY. PAGB 1864. Battle of Nashville, Tenn., December 15, 16, . . . 258 1865. Fort Fisher, N. C., taken, January 15, .... 267 Columbia, S. C., taken, February 17, 272 Charleston, S. C., taken, February 18, .... 272 Battles of Averysboro and Bentonsville, N. C., March 15,18, 272 Attack on Fort Steadman, Va., March 25, . . . . 272 Battle of Five Forks, Va., April 1, 273 Petersburg and Richmond taken, April 2, 3, . 273 Lee's army surrendered, April 9, 275 President Lincoln assassinated, April 14, . . . . 276 Johnston's army surrendered, April 26, . . . . 275 Jefferson Davis captured, May 11, . . , . . 275 RECONSTRUCTION AND PASSING EVENTS, Prom 1865 Close of the Civil War, To 1871 The Present Date. JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION* (SEVENTEENTH PRESIDENT : 1865-1869.) HE death of Lincoln produced no dis- order, but the Vice-President, Andrew Johnson, quietly, and within three hours thereafter, assumed the duties of the Presidency. Disbanding of the Army. At the close of the war the two armies numbered a million and a half of sol- diers. Within six months they had nearly all returned home. Thus the mightiest hosts ever called to the field by a republic went back without disturbance to the tranquil pursuits of civil * Andrew Johnson was born in Raleigh, N. C., December 29, 1808. When only ten years of age, he was bound apprentice to a tailor of that city. Never having been at school a day in his life, he yet determined to secure an education. Prom a fellow- workman he learned the alphabet, and from a friend something of spelling. Thence- forth, after working ten to twelve hours per day at his trade, he spent two or three every night in study. In 1826, he went West to seek his fortune, with true filial af- fection carrying with him his mother, who was dependent on his labor for support. After his marriage at Greenville, Tenn., he continued his studies under the instruc- tion of his wife, pursuing his trade as before by day. His political life commenced with his election as alderman.' He was successively chosen mayor, member of legis- lature, Presidential elector, State senator, twice governor, and for fifteen years U. S. senator. Remaining true to the Union when his State seceded, his loyalty attracted general attention. A life-time democrat, he was elected on the republican ticket as Vice-President, In reward for his faithfulness. Coming into office with a republican Congress, it is not strange that his way was hedged with difficulties, and his Presi- dential career a most unhappy one. 282 UNITED STATES HISTOBY. [1865. life. In a few months there was nothing to distinguish the soldier from the citizen, except the recollection of his bravery. Other nations prophesied that such a yast army could not be disbanded peaceably. The republic, by this final triumph of law and order, proved itself the most stable government in the world.* Domestic Affairs. Reconstruction Policy of the Presi- dent. Johnson recognized the State governments that had been formed in Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana during the war, under the protection of the Union army. In the other States, he appointed provisional governors, and au- thorized the calling of conventions to form loyal governments. These conventions accordingly met, repealed the ordinances of secession, repudiated the Confederate war debt, and ratified the amendment which Congress had offered abolishing slavery. On these conditions, Johnson claimed that the States, having never been legally out of the Union, should be restored to all their rights hi the Union. All restrictions on commerce with the South had been previously removed (April 29, 1865). A month later Johnson issued a proclamation of amnesty and pardon to all engaged in secession, except certain classes, f on condition of taking the oath of allegiance to the United States. In 1868 (July 4) full pardon was granted to all not under in- dictment for treason, and afterward this was extended to all without exception. The Thirteenth Amendment, abolishing slavery, having been ratified by the States, was declared (December 18, 1865) duly adopted as a part of the Constitution of the United States. * A grand review of the armies of Grant and Sherman, two hundred thousand ftrong, took place in the presence of the President and his Cabinet. For twelve hours this triumphal procession, thirty miles long, massed in solid column twenty men deep, rolled through the broad avenues of the Capital. t Many of the persons thus excluded obtained pardons from the President by per- sonal application. One complaint against him was the readiness with which he granted such pardons. 1865.] EPOCH VI. 283 Public Debt. The annual interest on the war debt was now over one hundred and thirty millions of dollars. The revenue from duties on imported goods, taxes on manufactures, in- comes, etc., and from the sale of revenue stamps, was over three hundred millions of dollars. This provided not alone for the current expenses of the government and the payment of interest, but also for the gradual extinguishment of the debt. It is a striking evidence of the abundant resources of the country that, in 1866, "before all the extra troops called out by the war had been discharged, the debt had been di- minished more than thirty-one millions of dollars." Reconstruction Policy of Congress. On the assembling of Congress, decided grounds were taken against the policy of the President It was claimed that Congress alone had power to prescribe the conditions for the re-admission of the seceded States. His proclamation and orders were treated as of no value. The Freedmen's Bureau, the Civil Rights, and the Tenure-of-Office bills* were passed over the President's veto. The Seceded States Admitted. Tennessee promptly ratified the Fourteenth Amendment and was restored to her former position in the Union. The other provisional governments refusing to do so, a bill was passed (March 2, 1867) placing those States under military rule. The generals in command caused a registry of voters to be made, and elections to be held for conventions to remodel the State constitutions. After a bitter and protracted struggle, governments were established in Arkansas, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North and South Carolina, and their representativesf admitted (June 24, * The first provided for the establishment of a department of the national govern- ment for the care and protection of the freedmen, i. e., the emancipated slaves, and also of the destitute whites at the South. The second bill guaranteed to the negroes the rights of citizenship. The third made the consent of the Senate necessary to the removal by the President of any person from a civil office. t As a requisite demanded by Congress for holding office, every candidate was 284 UXITEB STATES HISTORY. [1868- 1868) over the President's veto, to Congress, after an unrepre- sented period of seven years. Impeachment of the President. The constantly-increasing hostility between the President and Congress came to an issue when the former attempted to remove Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War. This was considered a violation of the Tenure-of-Office bilL The impeachment of the President was at last ordered (February 24, 1868). After a long and tedious trial, he was acquitted, the two-thirds majority necessary for conviction lacking one vote. TJie Fourteenth Amendment proposed by Congress, guaran- teeing equal civil rights to all, regardless of race or color, and basing representation in each State on the number of voters, was adopted July 28, 1868. The Indian War along the Southwest having increased to such dimensions in 1865 and 1866 as to demand active meas- ures for its suppression, General Sheridan was ordered thither. Black Kettle and a large body of his warriors being surprised and slain by a charge of Ouster's cavalry (1868) hi the battle of the Wacheta (wah-che'-tah), hostilities ceased. TJie French in Mexico. While the United States were ab- sorbed in the civil war, Napoleon III., emperor of France, took advantage of the opportunity to secure a foothold in America. By the assistance of the French army the imperial- ists of Mexico defeated the liberals, and Maximilian, arch- duke of Austria, was chosen emperor. The United States gov- ernment protested against the measure, but was unable to en- force the "Monroe doctrine." When the American people were relieved from the pressure of civil strife, they turned their attention to the Mexicans hopelessly struggling for lib- obliged to swear that he had not participated in the secession movement. As few Southerners could take this " iron-clad oath," as it was termed, most of the repre- sentatives were Northern men who had gone South after the war, and were, thare. fore, called " carpet-baggers." 1867.] EPOCH VI. 285 erty, and the United States government demanded of Napo- leon the recall of the French troops. Maximilian, deprived of foreign aid, was defeated, and, falling into the hands of the Mexican liberals, was shot June 19, 1867. This ended the dream of French dominion on this continent. Laying of the Atlantic Cable. While these great political events were happening, science had achieved a peaceful tri- umph whose importance far transcended the victories of diplo- THE GREAT EASTERN LAYING THE ATLANTIC CABLB. matic or military skill. A telegraphic cable eighteen hundred and sixty-four miles in length had been laid from Valentia Bay, Ireland, to Heart's Content, Newfoundland .* The two * The success of this enterprise was due to the energy of Cyrus W. Field. In 1856, the line was finished from New York to St. John's, Newfoundland, a distance of over one thousand miles. A company was then formed with a capital of about $1,750,000. A cable was made, hut in an attempt to lay it (August, 1857), the cable parted. A second attempt, in June, 1858, failed after repeated trials. A third effort, in July, was successful. A message was sent from the Queen of England to the President, 286 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1866. continents were thus brought into almost instant communi- cation. Foreign Affairs. Purchase of Alaska (October, 1867). Through the diplomacy of William H. Seward, Secretary of State, Alaska was purchased of Kussia for $7,200,000 in gold. It contains about 500,000 square miles, but it is principally valuable for its harbors, furs, and fisheries. Fenian Excitement. The Fenians, a secret society organ- ized for the purpose of delivering Ireland from British rule, crossed the Canadian frontier at Buffalo, N. Y., and St. Albans, Vt, in large numbers. President Johnson issued a proclama- tion declaring the movement a violation of our neutrality, and sent thither General Meade to execute the laws. After some skirmishing with British troops, the expedition returned. Treaty with China (1868). An embassy from the Celestial Empire, under charge of Anson Burlingame,* visited the United States. It was an event of much importance, and the first of its kind in the history of that exclusive nation. A treaty was perfected guaranteeing liberty of conscience to Americans in China, and certain commercial privileges of great value. and a reply transmitted. A celebration was held in New York in honor of the event, but on that very day (September 1) the cable ceased to work. The time and money spent seemed a total loss. Mr. Field alone was undismayed. The company was re- vived, $3,000,000 were subscribed, and a new cable was manufactured. In July, 1865, the Great Eastern commenced laying this cable, but in mid-ocean it parted and sank to the bottom. Again Mr. Field went to work, raised a new company with a capital of $3,000,000, and made a third cable. The Great Eastern sailed with this June, 1866, and successfully accomplished the feat. To make the triumph more complete, the vessel sailed back to the very spot where the cable of 1865 had parted, and, drop- ping grappling-irons, caught the lost cable, brought it to the surface, and. splicing it, laid the remaining portion. The two cables were found to work admirably. A despatch has been sent across the ocean by a battery made in a gun-cap. * Burlingame had been the United States minister to the Chinese government for six years. During this time he had rendered himself so popular, that at the end of his term of service Prince Kung, the Chinese Regent, requested him to go on this special mission to foreign courts. After visiting the United State*, he went to Eng- land, France, and Russia. He died at St. Petersburg within a month after his arrival there. 1868.] EPOCH vi. 287 Political Parties. The republican party nominated Gen- eral Ulysses S. Grant, of Illinois, for President, and Schuyler Colfax, of Indiana, for Vice-President The democratic party nominated Horatio Seymour, of New York, and General Frank P. Blair, of Missouri. Virginia, Mississippi, and Texas were not allowed to vote. As the other Southern States had been " reconstructed," had granted negro suffrage, and enforced a strict registry law, they were permitted to participate in the election. Grant and Colfax were elected. GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION.* (EIGHTEENTH PRESIDENT-TWO TEEMS: 1869-1877.) Domestic Affairs. Pacific Railroad. The year 1869 was made memorable by the opening of this road. It is eighteen hundred miles long, and completes the union be- tween the Atlantic and the Pacific. The traveler can pass from Boston to San Francisco in one week. This great highway has * Hiram Ulysses Grant was born at Mount Pleasant. Ohio, April 27, 1822. He was very unwilling to follow his father's trade, which was that of a tanner, and, at seven- teen, an appointment was secured for him at West Point. His name having been wrongly registered, Grant vainly attempted to set the matter right, but finally ac- cepted his ''manifest destiny," assumed the change thus forced upon him, and thenceforth signed himself " Ulysses Simpson," the latter being his mothers family name. Two years after completing his four years' course as cadet, the Mexican War broke out, in which Grant conducted himself with great gallantry, receiving especial mention and promotion. After this, he retired to civil life, where he remained until the opening of the war in 1861, when he immediately offered his services in behalf of the Union. His modesty and diffidence delayed their acceptance, and Governor Yates, of Illinois, was the first to avail himself of them. Grant finally took the field as colonel of the Twenty-first Regiment Illinois Volunteers. His subsequent mili- tary history has been already narrated in the text. t Already this road is coming to be known as the Central Pacific, to distinguish it from other contemplated roads across the continent. The Northern Pacific, with its eastern terminus on Lake Superior, and its western on Puget Sound, is being pushed rapidly forward, and ere the snow of 1871-72 falls, will have reached the Red River of the North, or spanned one-eighth of the distance. Though far to the north, yet the climate is so mild that nowhere is it colder than in Minnesota, while further west ULYSSES S. GRANT. 288 UNITED STATES HISTORY. linked the West to the East by iron bands, has carried thousands of pioneers into the hitherto wild country along its route, developed fresh sources of industry and mines of wealth, and opened up the United States to the silks, teas, and spices of Asia, American ingenu- ity has solved the problem which foiled Columbus and the olden navigators. It has made for itself a route to India. The Fifteenth Amend- ment, which guarantees to all the right of suffrage, irrespec- tive of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude," having been ratified by the requisite number of States, was formally announced as a part of the Constitution, by Hamil- ton Fish, Secretary of State, March 30, 1870. Prosperity of the Country. The nation rapidly recovered from the effects of war. The price of gold fell to 110. The national debt was reduced $204,000,000 during the first two years of this administration. A general amnesty to all con- nected with the Civil War was proclaimed, and the bitter feelings engendered by fraternal strife fast melted away. The South, devastated and scourged by the march of contending it steadily modifies until, in Oregon and Washington Territory, there is no -whiter weather at all, hut only a rainy season, as in California. In portions of Dakota, Idaho, and Montana cattle range out on the natural grass pastures during the winter season ; while in Washington Territory roses hlossom the year round. For the con- struction of this road, puhlic lands have heen given to the amount of over 80,000,000 acres" a farm larger hy one-fourth than all the six New England States. It will run through a fertile belt of Territories which would make eighteen such Statei as Ohio, and ninety such as Massachusetts." These comparisons give some idea of the vast extent of our landed possessions. 1870.] EPOCH VI. 289 armies, accustomed herself to the novel conditions of free labor, rebuilt her railroads, cultivated her fields, and re- paired the ravages of Far. The census of 1870 showed that the population of the United States was over thirty-eight millions, an increase of about seven millions, while the man- ufacturing establishments of the country had nearly, if not quite, doubled in number and value during the preceding decado. Foreign Affairs. Difficulty with England, The refusal of the English government to pay the damages to American commerce caused by the Alabama and other Confederate cruisers (p. 268) produced much bitter feeling, and even threatened war. A high commission, composed of distin- guished statesmen and jurists from both countries, met in Washington, and arranged the basis of a treaty between the United States and Great Britain, settling this and other sources of dispute. According to its provisions, the claim for losses was submitted to a board of arbitrators, who convened at Geneva, Switzerland. The damages awarded to the United States were $16,250,000. The 'difficulty with regard to the Northwestern boundary between the United States and Brit- ish America was submitted to the Emperor of Germany, and was decided in favor of the former. Thus happily all danger of war was averted, and the great principle of the settlement of disputes by peaceful arbitration rather than the sword was finally established. Proposed Annexation of Santo Domingo.* This republic, * The island of Santo Domingo is the " New World's classic land." Here Colum- bus founded the first white colony on this side of the Atlantic, and transporting hither animals, trees, shrubs, vines, and grains, so to speak, grafted the old world upon the new. Hither, also, flocked the bold, adventurous, ambitious Spanish mul- titude (see p. 26). Great cities sprang up, rivaling the majestic proportions of Moor- ish capitals. Magnificent enterprises were set on foot and prospered. Here Ponce de Leon renewed his ambition, and set forth afresh on an expedition to Porto Rico, and thence to Florida, in search of the Fountain of Youth (see p. 98X " A century before Henry Hudson sailed np the noble river that perpetuates his name more than 13 290 UNITED STATES HISTOEY. [1871. comprising a large part of the island of Hayti, applied for ad- mission to the United States. The question was hotly de- bated in Congress. A commission of eminent men, appointed by the President to visit the island and examine its condition, reported favorably. The measure, however, met with strong opposition, and was at last rejected by Congress. Fires. 1. A great fire broke out in Chicago August 8, 1871. For two days it raged with tremendous violence, devastating 3,200 acres. 25,000 buildings were burned, $300,000,000 worth of property were destroyed, and 100,000 persons rendered homeless. 2. About the same time with this disaster, extensive conflagrations raged in the forests of Wis- consin, Minnesota, and Michigan. Entire villages were de- stroyed. 1,500 people perished in Wisconsin alone. 3. An extensive fire occurred in Boston November 9, 1872. It swept over sixty acres in the center of the wholesale trade of that city, and consumed $100,000,000 worth of property. Political Parties. The liberal republican party, consist- ing of republicans opposed to the administration, nominated a century before the Puritans landed at Plymouth Rock the city of Santo Domingo was a rich and populous center of industry and trade. Some of its palaces and churches still remain, massive and splendid ; among them, the great cathedral begun in 1514 and finished in 1540." But the Spanish policy of greed and oppression gradu- ally undermined itself. In 1795, when Santo Domingo was ceded to France, it was " abandoned to such a degree that it was a mere wilderness, devoted to the grazing of cattle." Yet, in spite of past tyranny, of neglect, and the knowledge that they had been " sold like a herd of cattle " to a foreign master, the Dominicans were loyal to Spain, and when Napoleon I. took possession of Madrid in 1808, they indignantly rose in arms, overpowered the French garrisons, and made themselves masters of their own country. They then rehoisted the Spanish flag, and in 1814, by the Treaty of Paris, Santo Domingo was formally restored to that country. Meanwhile, the few years of interval had taught them some of the pleasures of liberty, and the seed then implanted grew rapidly. In 1821, they severed their connection with the mother country, but only to be absorbed by the more thriving and populous Hayti. In 1844, the Dominican Republic declared itself free and independent. Great Britain, France, Spain, Denmark, Holland, and Sardinia formally recognized it, and sent representa- tives to its capital. After seventeen years of struggle against European intrigue and Haytien aggression, it again lapsed into a Spanish dependency. Its story for the next four years is successively one of oppression, of revolt, of bloody wars, and of final success. The Spanish fleet took final leave in 1865, and left the brave Domini- cans to their well-earned freedom. 1872.] EPOCH VI. 291 Horace Greeley,* of New York, for the presidential term com- mencing 1873. The democratic party endorsed this nomina- tion. The republicans renominated President Grant, who was elected. States Admitted during this Epoch. Nebraska, the thirty-seventh State, was admitted to the Union March 1, 1867. (See Kansas,) The name signifies "water valley/" * Horace Greeley, "Founder of the New York Tribune," was born at Amherst, N. H., February 3, 1811. As a child, he was precociously fond of books. At two years of age, he began to study the newspapers given him for amusement ; and at four, could read anything placed before him. At six, he was able to spell any word in the English language, had read the entire Bible, and was somewhat versed in geography and arithmetic. His passion for books increased with his years, and at a very early age determined him to be a printer. At fifteen, he entered the office of the Northern Spectator, at East Poultney, Vt., where he soon became an expert work- man, mastering the details of the art almost by intuition. His wages were forty dollars a year, the greater part of which was saved and sent to his father, then strug- gling in poverty upon a farm in Pennsylvania. The Spectator having failed, in 1831 Greeley went to New York. He landed with ten dollars and a scanty outfit tied in a handkerchief. Franklin-like, he traversed the streets in search of work a long, stooping, stockingless figure, in linen roundabout, short trousers, and drooping hat, with his out-grown cotton wristbands only made to meet with twine. No wonder that the passers-by failed to see the beauty of the brow concealed under its uncouth covering, or the still greater grandeur of the soul hidden beneath such a cos- tume. Diligence, integrity, and ability won him a ready rise when, after days of seeking, work was at last secured. We find him here successively editor of the Morning Post, a short-lived penny paper; the New Yorker, which met with marked success ; the Log Cabin, an extremely popalar sheet, advocating the election of Pres- ident Harrison ; and lastly, of the New York Tribune, which was started April 10, 1841. Since that time, the name and fame of Horace Greeley have been identified with the Tribune. He served in Congress in 1848-'49, where he was known for his opposition to the abuses of the mileage system. When civil war seemed imminent, he at first advocated a peaceable division ; but after hostilities were opened, he urged a vigorous prosecution. At the close of the war, he pleaded for immediate concilia- tion, and was a signer of the bail-bond which restored Jefferson Davis to liberty after his two years' imprisonment in Fortress Monroe. This act made him many bitter enemies in the North and cost him much patronage. Horace Greeley was pure, simple, and conscientious in character. He had a pecu- liar disregard for dress, and neglected many of the courtesies of society ; but was a true gentleman at heart, and possessed rare gifts in conversation. He was greatly fond of agriculture, and spent his leisure days on his farm at Chappaqua. He ac- cepted the nomination for President, believing that his election would conduce to the establishment of peaceful relations between the North and South. Just before the close of the canvass his wife died, and this sad event, together with the desertion of friends and the excitement of the contest, unsettled his mind. He was carried to a private asylum, where he died November 29, 1872. Hia last words were, "I know that my Redeemer liveth." 292 UNITED STATES HISTORY. [1871. It is the seventh State in the great basin of the Mississippi formed from the Louisiana purchase. It was organized as a Territory in 1854. Having escaped the slavery agitation which convulsed its sister Territory, Kansas, it has steadily, though quietly, increased in population and wealth. These questions are placed at the close of the work rather than at the foot of each page, in order to compel a more independent use of the book. As far as possible, topical recitations should be encouraged. On naming the subject of a paragraph, the pupil should be expected to tell all he knows about it. A little patience and practice in this method will achieve wonderful results. The following pages often present topical questions in the hope of gradually leading the pupil to this system of study. The figures refer to the pages of the book. INTRODUCTION. 9. From what continent did the first inhabitants of America probably come? How did they get here? (At that time it is probable that Behring Strait was not cut through, and the two continents were connected.) What remains of these people are found? Where do they occur ? 10. What proof of their antiquity ? Describe the ruins at Newark, Ohio. The mound at St. Louis. The embankment in Adams County, Ohio. Are earth- works permanent ? Describe the ruins in South America. Who were the mound-builders ? 11. What became of them ? Who succeeded them ? How did the Indians compare with them ? What do you say of the number of the Indians ? Where most numerous ? Were there any blacksmiths, carpenters, etc., among them ? Were they a progressive people ? In what were they skilled ? How did they regard labor ? 12. Describe the life of their women. The Indian disposition. His power of endurance. 13. His religion in New England. In New York. In Centra] America. How did his religion and his civilization compare ? What will be his fate ? Who were the Northmen ? What traditions about their having discovered and settled America ? \ 4-16. Are these stories credible ? Are there any remains of this people now existing ? Were their discoveries of any value ? At what date does the history of this country begin ? Name the subjects and limits of the six epochs into which this history is divided. UNITED STATES H I 8 T 11 Y FIRST EPOCIJ, 19. What -was the state of geographical knowledge in Europe in the fifteenth century? Why could not sailors have crossed the ocean before as well as then ? Why were books of travel more abundant then ? Why so eagerly read ? 20. By what route were the goods from the East obtained? What was the problem of that day? Columbus's idea? What facts strengthened his view ? (See p. 21.) TeU something of his life. 21. Why did he seek assistance ? Before whom did he lay his plan ? How was it received? Did the king treat him fairly? To whom did Columbus apply next? How was he regarded? What reply was made him ? 22. What did Columbus's friends do for him ? What offer did Queen Isabella make ? Were her jewels sold ? What new trouble assailed Columbus ? What vessels composed his fleet ? Give some of the inci- dents of the voyage. 28. Did Columbus waver? (There seems to be no truth in the common statement that he promised to turn back, if he did not discover land in three days.) Describe the discovery of land. The landing. When and where was this ? What region did Columbus think he had reached? What was the result? For what did he search? What other islands did he discover ? 24. Describe his reception on his return. How many subsequent voy- ages did Columbus make ? What settlement did he make ? (p. 289). Did he discover the main-land ? Did he know that he had found a new con- tinent ? Where is Columbus's tomb ? How was the continent named ? 25. What was the plan of John Cabot ? What discoveries did he make ? Did his discoveries antedate those of Columbus ? Where and when is it probable the American continent was discovered? What discoveries did Sebastian Cabot make ? Did England improve them ? Of what value were they ? 26. What four nations explored the territory of the future United States ? What portion of the continent did each explore ? What was the feeling in Spain ? What effect was produced ? Why did Ponce de Leon come to the new world ? 27. What land did he discover ? Why did he so name it ? What success did he meet? What discovery did Balboa make? Describe the expedition of De Narvaez. Its fate. Of De Soto. Of De Ayllon. 28. What region did De Soto traverse ? Did he make any valuable discoveries? What river was his burial place? When? What became of his companions ? 29. When, where, and by whom was the first town in the United States founded? Meaning of the word California in the sixteenth QUESTIONS FOB CLASS USE. ill century? Why did Cortez explore that region? Who made the first voyage along the Pacific coast ? Which is the second oldest town in the United States? When and by whom founded? What was the great wish of maritime nations ? 30. What was the extent of the Spanish possessions in the new world? Who was the first French navigator to reach the continent? When? What name did he give it? Who discovered the River St. Lawrence ? Why did he so name it ? Ans. From the name of the day on which it was discovered. Why was Montreal so named ? Describe the attempt to plant a colony of convicts. Why did this fail ? 31. Who were the Huguenots? What was Coligny's plan? Who led the first expedition ? Fate of the colony ? The second expedition ? Amusing story of the longevity of the Indians ? 32. Fate of the colony? What French navigator was the next to ascend the St. Lawrence? How did he find things at Hochelaga? When, where, and by whom was the first permanent French settlement made in America ? How much land was granted ? 33. When, where, and by whom was the first permanent French settlement made in Canada? What journey did Champlain make? What discoveries ? The consequence of his trip ? Who explored the Mississippi valley? What relics of them remain? Tell something of their heroism. Of Father Marquette. Of his death. 34. Of La Salle. What were the results of French enterprise ? How did it compare with English enterprise ? When did the English awake to the importance of American discovery ? Who made the first attempt to carry out Cabot's plan ? 35. What success did he have ? Was the discovery of gold profitable ? What discovery did Sir Francis Drake make ? 36. What was the view of Sir Humphrey Gilbert ? His fate ? Who adopted his plan ? Give some account of Sir Walter Raleigh. Why was Virginia so named? Where did Raleigh plant his first colony? Give its history. 37. What did the colonists introduce into England on their return ? Story told of Raleigh's smoking ? Give the history of the second colony. What kept the interest in America alive ? How did Gosnold shorten the voyage across the Atlantic ? 38. What discoveries did Gosnold make? Captain Pring? Results of these explorations? What was South Virginia ? North Virginia? Where, when, and by whom was the first English settlement made in the United States? What became of the colony sent out the same year by the Plymouth company ? Tell some of the provisions of the charter granted to these companies. What is a charter? 'Ans. A document which confers the title to certain land, and, not unlike a constitution, defines the form of government, and secures to the people certain rights and privileges. 1Y UNITED STATES HISTORY. 39. Who entered New York harbor next after Verrazani? Was Hudson a Dutchman ? (His given name was Henry, not Heindrich, as often stated.) What river did he discover ? What claim did the Dutch found on this discovery ? What name did they give to the region ? State the claims of these four nations, and the settlements they had made. 40. Why were these claims conflicting? Had these nations any idea of the extent of the country ? Which nation ultimately secured the whole region? Which centuries were characterized by explora- tions, and which century by settlements ? Name the permanent set- tlements which were made at the beginning of the seventeenth century. SECOND EPOCIj. 45. Name the thirteen colonies. Were they united during this epoch ? 46. What was the character of the Virginia colonists? What was their success ? Describe the services of John Smith. Give some of the incidents of his life. 47. What was his theory of founding a colony ? Tell the story of his capture by the Indians. 48. What change in the government of the colony was made by the second charter? Was it based on the principle of self-government? Why did Smith leave ? What was its effect on the colony ? TeU some- thing of the " Starving Time." 49. How did relief come? What change was made by the third charter ? Describe the marriage of Pocahontas. Her visit to England. Where was the first legislative body held? 50. When was the first constitution given '? Of what value were these? Give some particulars of the prosperity of the colony. Of the culture of tobacco. Of the purchase of wives. When and how was slavery introduced ? Why ? 51. Why did the Indians now become hostile? Give some account of the massacre. Its result. What new change was made in the government? Cause? What was the Navigation Act ? Why was it oppressive ? What was the conduct of the assembly ? 52. What division arose among the people? Give the history of Bacon's rebellion. Was Bacon a patriot or a rebel? What was the conduct of Berkeley ? WTiat curious fact illustrates the ruling senti- ment of Massachusetts and of Virginia at that time. What coincidence between this event and the Revolution ? 53. Describe John Smith's explorations at the north. What authority was gmnted to the Council of New England ? What became of the Plymouth Company? Give some account of the landing of the QUESTIONS FOR GLASS USE. T Pilgrims. Who were the Puritans? Why did they come to this country ? When ? 54. What was their character? What story is told to illustrate their piety ? Describe their sufferings. What is " Plymouth Rock " ? What do you mean by Dec. 11, O. S. and Dec. 21, N. S. ? 55. Why did not the Indians disturb them ? What Indians visited them in the spring ? How did Governor Bradford reply to Canonicus's threat ? How did the colony progress ? Tell about the scarcity of food ? 56. How did the plan of working in common succeed? Did they have any more privileges than the Jamestown colonists ? Who settled about Massachusetts Bay? Why was this colony popular? Who founded Salem? Boston ? Did the Puritans tolerate other Churches ? Why not ? 57. Give an account of the difficulty with Roger Williams. Where did he go ? What settlement did he found ? Why did Mrs. Hutchinson become obnoxious? State their treatment of the Quakers. What union of the colonies was now formed? What was its object? What Indian chiefs befriended Massachusetts and Virginia in their early history ? 58. Give an account of King Philip's war. Of the " swamp fight." Of the attack on Hadley. How did the colonists protect themselves ? 59. How was the war finally ended ? How did the Navigation Act affect Massachusetts? Did the Puritans obey it? What change now took place in the government ? Give some account of Andres's rule. What action did the colonists take ? What form of government was finally imposed upon them ? 60. Give an account of the Salem witchcraft. What is a " witch" ? Was this delusion common at that time? What two colonies were intimately united to Massachusetts? What was Laconia? 61. Give an account of the early settlement of New Hampshire? Of Maine ? What is said of the claims made upon the land by the heirs of these proprietors ? Why are these States so named ? Who obtained a grant of the territory now embraced in Connecticut ? Who claimed this region ? 62. Give an account of the early settlement at Windsor. Hartford. Saybrook. How were the Xarraganset Indians kept from joining the Pequods against the whites ? Describe the attack upon the Pequod fort. 63. What three colonies were formed in Connecticut? What pecu- liarities in the government of each ? How were they combined into one colony? Why was the charter so highly prized? What story is told of Andros's visit ? 64. What became of the charter ? What colony was established the same year that Hooker went to Hartford. What exiles settled Rhode Island? Why was the island BO called? What fact illustrates Williams's generosity ? Vl UNITED STATES HISTORY. 65. What was his favorite idea? Why was not the colony allowed to join the New England Union ? How was a charter secured ? What was its character ? Give an account of the settlement of New York by the Dutch. Who were the " patroons " ? 66. What was the character of the history of New York under its four Dutch governors? Who was the ablest of them? How much territory did he claim ? How did he settle the boundary lines ? Tell something of the growth of liberty among the people. 67. Describe old Peter's reluctance to surrender to the English. Why was the colony named New York ? Were the people pleased with the English rule ? Was the English occupation permanent ? Was civil liberty secured under Andros? Dougan? What course did the Duke of York take when he became King of England ? Tell how Captain Leisler came to assume the government. Of his trial and execution. 68. In what colony was New Jersey formerly embraced? Who first settled it ? When, to whom, and by whom was the land granted ? Where and by whom was the first English settlement made ? Why so called ? How divided ? Who settled the different parts ? 69. How did New Jersey come to be united to New York ? To be made a separate royal province ? Where and by whom was the first settlement in Delaware made? In Pennsylvania? Who was the founder of Pennsylvania? Give some account of William Penn. Of the Quakers. 70. How did Penn come to obtain a grant of this region ? Why was it so named? What was Delaware styled ? How did Penn settle , the territory ? What city did he found ? Meaning of the name ? Rapidity of its growth ? What was the " Great Code" ? Was religious tolera- tion granted ? 71. Give an account of Penn's treaty with the Indians. In what spirit did Penn treat the colony ? 72. How came Delaware to be separated from Pennsylvania ? Wag this separation total ? How did Pennsylvania secure the title to its soil ? With what intent did Lord Baltimore secure a grant of land in America ? When was the first settlement made ? Why was Maryland BO named ? What class of people generally settled this country ? 73. What advantage did the Maryland charter confer? What was the " Toleration Act" ? How did religious toleration vary in the colo- nies ? Give an account of Claiborne's rebellion. Of the difficulties be- tween the Catholics and the Protestants. 74. What territory was granted to Lord Clarendon ? By whom was the Albemarle colony settled? What course did the proprietors take ? By whom was the Carteret colony settled ? What location did they select ? What do you say of the rapidity of its growth ? 75. Of the Huguenots ? Who were they ? What influence did they QUESTIONS FOE CLASS USB. VU have on the colony ? What was the " Grand Model" ? How was it un- fitted for a new country ? How was it received ? What were the rela- tions between the proprietors and settlers ? How were the difficulties ended ? How came Carolina to be divided ? 76. By what coincidence is Georgia linked with Washington ? With what intention was this colony planned ? Character of the settlers ? Restrictions of the trustees ? Eesult ? 77. How many inter-colonial wars were there ? If you include the Spanish war? (See p. 80, note.) Duration of King William's war? Cause ? Describe the Indian attacks upon the colonists. Tell the story of Mrs. Dustin. 78. What attacks were made by the colonists in return ? Were they successful ? What was the result of the war ? 79. Length of Queen Anne's war? Cause? Where was the war mainly fought ? Effect upon New England ? What attack by the col- onists at the south ? At the north ? Tell the story of Mrs. Williams. 80. Result of the war? Length of King George's war? Cause? Principal event ? Give an account of the capture of Louisburg. Of the Spanish war. 81. Result of the war? Length of the French and Indian war? Cause ? Occasions of quarrel ? ' 82. Give an account of Washington's journey to Lake Erie. His re- turn. Result of his journey. 83. What did the French do in the spring ? The Virginia troops un- der Washington ? Fate of Jumonville ? Give an account of the cap- ture of Fort Necessity by the French. Who fired the first gun of this war? Name the five objective points of this war. 84. Why were they so obstinately attacked and defended ? Give an account of the defeat of General Braddock? Where? Character of Braddock ? Conduct of Washington ? 85. Give an account of the second expedition ? Who finally captured the fort? What city now occupies its site ? What was the principal cause of the easy capture of the fort ? (See p. 87, note.) What suc- cess did the English meet in Acadia ? What cruel act disgraced their victory ? What attempt was made on Louisburg ? Who finally cap- tured it? 86. Describe the battle of Lake George. Who earned the glory of this victory and who got it ? Tell the story of Dieskau's death. The fate of Fort William Henry. Describe the attack on Fort Ticonderoga by Abercrombie. 87. When were both forts captured ? Describe the two attempts to capture Niagara. Who forced it to surrender ? In what year did these successes occur ? Describe the difficulties which General Wolfe met in his attack on Quebec. 88. 89. How did he overcome them ? Describe the battle on the Viii UNITED STATES HISTORY. Plains of Abraham. What was the result of the battle? The condi tions of peace ? 90. Cause of Pontiac's war? Result? Fate of Pontiac? What stratagems did the Indians use? Effects of the French and Indian war? 91. How did the British officers treat the colonial officers ? Condition of the colonies '! How many kinds of government ? Name and define each. How many colleges ? Did the English government support edu- cational interests ? 92. Condition of agriculture? Manufactures? Commerce? Were there many books or papers ? How did the people travel ? Tell some- thing about the first public conveyances. Was money plenty ? 93. Condition of morals in New England ? Name some peculiar cus- toms. Some rigid laws. Who was entitled to the prefix Mr. ? What were common people called ? Laws with regard to drinking ? Using tobacco ? 94. Tell something of the habits of the people in New York. What customs f amiliar to us are of Dutch origin ? How did the style of li v- ing at the south differ from that at the north ? Describe a southern plantation. What is said of Mount Vernon flour ? Of the luxurious living ? State of education in New England ? 95. Tell something of the support given to schools. Of the founding of Yale College. Of their town meetings. Of the state of education in the middle colonies. How were the ministers' salaries met ? 96. What was the state of education in the southern colonies ? Pro- vision made for public worship ? Give some idea of the early Virginia laws concerning worship. THIRD EPOCIJ, 101. How did England treat the colonies ? Give some illustrations. 102. What was the tendency of this course of conduct ? What were Writs of Assistance ? The Stamp Act ? How did the colonists receive the latter? Tell the story of Patrick Henry. 103. What efforts were made to resist the law ? What effect did they have on the English government ? Was this permanent ? What was the Mutiny Act ? Why was it passed ? 104 How was it received by the colonists ? Tell about the Boston Massacre. When ? The Boston Tea Party. Why was the tea thrown overboard ? For what is Faneuil Hall noted ? What did the English now do ? 106, 107. What parties were formed ? What action did the colonists take ? When and where was the " First Continental Congress" held ? QUESTIONS FOE CLASS USE. ix What action did it take ? When and where was the first blood spilled 1 Describe how the battle of Lexington occurred. 108, 109. Effects of this battle ? Tell how the battle of Bunker Hill occurred. Describe it. Tell something of " Old Put." 110. Effect of the battle ? Death of General Warren. Give some account of Ethan Allen. Why were the New Hampshire Grants so called ? Describe the capture of Ticonderoga. 111. Meeting of Second Continental Congress. Its action. What was the condition of the army? What expedition was undertaken against Canada? 112. Describe the attack upon Quebec. Its end. How were the Brit- ish forced to leave Boston ? 113. How had they treated the Boston people? The Boston boys? Describe the attack on Fort Moultrie. Its effect Tell the story of Sergeant Jasper. 114. When was the Declaration of Independence adopted? How many colonies voted for it ? Tell the story of the old " liberty bell." How did the campaign near New York occur ? Describe the battle of Long Island. What decided it in favor of the English ? 115. By what providential circumstance did the Americans escape ? What were the prison ships ? Who were the Hessians ? Tell the story of Nathan Hale. 116, 117. What battles occurred while Washington was falling back ? Describe his retreat through New Jersey. How did he escape ? What general was captured by the enemy ? What was the condition of the country? Describe the battle of Trenton. Tell the story of Rail. 118. The effect of this battle. Name the battles of 1776 in order. Describe the battle of Princeton. What providential circumstance favored the attack ? 119. How did the battle of Brandywine occur? Describe it. What decided it in favor of the English ? What previous battle did it resem- ble ? Give some account of La Fayette. 120, 121. Describe the battle of Germantown. Why did the Ameri- cans fail ? How did the campaign in Pennsylvania close ? What dis- astrous attempt was made by the British at the north ? Describe the burning of Danbury, the capture of General Prescott, and the murder of Jane McCrea. What events attended General Burgoyne's march south ? What measures were taken to check his advance ? 122. Who succeeded General Schuyler ? What was Schuyler's con- duct ? What events deranged Burgoyne's plans ? How was the siege of Fort Stanwix raised ? Tell something of Kosciusko. 123. Of the battle of Bennington. For what incident is it noted? 124. Describe the first battle of Saratoga. The second battle. Who was the hero of the fight? How did General Fraser die ? Tell some incidents of the campaign. X UNITED STATES niSTOEY. 135. Effect of these fights ? Name the battles of 1777 in order. De- scribe the sufferings at Valley Forge. 126. How could the soldiers endure such misery ? What news came in the spring? Story told of Washington by Mr. Potts? Tell some- thing of the Conway cabal. Histoiy of Benjamin Franklin. 127. What caused tho battle of Monmouth to happen ? Describe its prominent incident. Give history of General Lee. What before this have we heard of him ? What story is told of General Reed ? 128. Of Mary Pitcher ? What campaign was now planned by the aid of the French ? How did it turn out ? Describe the Wyoming massa- cre. What poem has been written upon this event ? Ans. Campbell's Gertrude of Wyoming. Name the battles of 1778 in order. 129. Why was the war now transferred to the south ? How did the campaign open ? Describe the attack on Savannah. Who were killed? Tell something of Count Pulaski. Was the French aid of great value? 130. What characterized the campaign at the north ? Tell story of General Putnam. Describe the capture of Stony Point. 131. General Sullivan's expedition. What do you say of the naval successes ? 132. Describe the contest between the Bon Homme Richard and the Serapis. What colony was conquered by the British during this year ? Name the principal battles of 1779 in order. 133. What city was now captured? What followed? How did the battle of Camden occur? Describe it. What was its result? Tell something of the famous partisan warfare of those times. 134. Name some leaders. Story of Marion. Some partisan victories. Death of Colonel Hayne. Effect of this independent warfare? Tell something of the depreciation of the continental money. 135. What mutiny occurred ? Tell the story of Arnold's treason. 136. Of Andre's capture and fate. Of Arnold's escape and reward. In what estimation was he held ? Name the principal events of 1780. 137. Condition of the army at the south ? Who now took command ? Describe the battle of the Cowpens. Describe Greene's celebrated re- treat ? How many times did the rain save him ? 138. By what two battles was the contest at the south closed ? Were the English or Americans victorious ? Give anecdotes illustrative of the patriotism of the women ? Character of General Greene ? 139. Where did Cornwallis go after the failure of his southern cam- paign? What kind of a war did he wage in Virginia? Why did he retire to Torktown ? What plan did Washington now adopt ? 140. Describe the siege. Its result. The surrender. The effect. On what plundering tours did Arnold go ? Story told of Governor Nelson? Name the principal battles of 1781 in order. 141. How was the news of Chrnwallis's surrender received ? 142. Was all peril to our liberties over ? What was the condition of QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE. XI the country ? What base offer was made to Washington ? How did he pacify the army ? When was peace signed ? What was the re- sult ? What course did Washington take? 143. Tell something of the weakness of the government. What held the colonies together ? Cause of Shay's rebellion ? What need was felt ? How was it met ? When was the Constitution adopted ? What parties arose ? How soon was the Constitution ratified '! How many (states were necessary ? When did the new government go into opera- tion? FOURTH EPOCIj, 147,148. Limits of this epoch? Its characteristic idea? Who was the first President of the United States ? When and where was he in- augurated? Where was the capital? Name its changes. What was the popular feeling toward Washington ? Give some account of Wash- ington's life and character. 151. What difficulties beset the government? What departments were established? Name the members of the first Cabinet. What financial measures were adopted ? 152. By whose advice ? What did Webster say of Hamilton? Give an account of the whisky rebellion. Of the Indian war at the north- west. What difficulty arose with England ? 153. How was it settled ? How was the treaty received in this coun- try ? What treaty was made with Spam ? Algiers ? What was the popular feeling toward France? Why was Genet recalled? What parties now arose ? Who were the leaders of each ? Their views ? Tell something of Randolph. 154. Who was elected second President ? Tell something of Adams's life. What were the alien and sedition laws ? Why were they passed ? 155. How were they received? How did the French difficulty look during this administration ? How was it terminated ? What reply did Pinckney make to the base offer of the French Directory. State of party feeling ? Who was elected third President ? Why was not Adams re-elected ? What was the important event of Jefferson's administration ? Why? 156. Tell something of Jefferson's life and character. Tell how Hamilton was killed. What became of Burr ? 157. Tell something of Fulton's invention. Of the war with Tripoli. Of Lieutenant Decatur's exploit. 158. What difficulty now arose with England and France ? What is the American doctrine? Was the impressment of seamen general? What was the issue of the next political campaign ? Who was elected fourth President ? Views of the federalists ? 159. Give an account of Madison's life and character. Of the battle yii UK IT ED STATES HISTORY. of Tippecanoe. Effect of this Indian war ? State how the breach with England widened. Difficulty between the President and Little Belt. 160. When was war declared ? How long did the war last ? What was the opening event of the war of 1812 ? Describe the surrender of Detroit. The battle of Queenstown Heights. 161. How did the naval and the land warfare compare? Describe the fight between the Constitution and Guerriere. 162. Between the Frolic and Wasp. How many prizes were captured by privateers ? What are privateers ? 163. Effect of these victories ? Name the battles of 1812 in order. Plan of the campaign of 1813. What did the armies of the centre and north do ? What did the British do ? What reverse happened to a part of General Harrison's command? Describe this rout. Tell eomething of Proctor's brutality. 164. Describe the three attacks made by Proctor. In which was he successful ? Describe Perry's victory on Lake Erie. 165. What gallant exploit was performed by Perry ? What issues depended on this fight ? Describe the battle of the Thames. What celebrated Indian was killed? Effect of these victories ? Who gained great credit ? 166. Describe the battle between the Chesapeake and the Shannon. What were Lawrence's dying words? Who used them in battle? What Indian difficulties ? How did General Jackson avenge the massacre of Fort Minis ? Story told of Jackson ? 167. What ravages were committed by Admiral Cockburn? Why was New England spared ? Name the principal battles of 1813 in order. 168. What movement was made by General Brown ? What general led the advance? What battles ensued? Describe the battle of Lundy's Lane. What story is told of Colonel Miller? What battle took place in New York ? How did that happen ? Describe it. 169. Describe the ravages made by the British on the Atlantic coast. Attack on Washington. On Baltimore. Result of these events. The Hartford Convention. What put an end to these fears ? Why was the battle of New Orleans unnecessary ? 170. Describe this battle. How did it happen that raw militia defeated English veterans ? 171. Results of this war? Effect upon the federalist party? Who was elected fifth President ? Was Monroe a popular man ? Give some account of his life and character. What was the characteristic of his administration ? 173. What was the Missouri Compromise ? Cause of it ? Give an account of La Fayette's visit. What territory was gained by treaty ? Ans. The treaty with Spain which secured Florida, also relinquished all Spanish authority over the region west of the Rocky Mountains, churned by the United States as belonging to the Louisiana purchase, QUESTION'S FOB CLASS USE. xiii but not previously acknowledged by Spain. In the beginning of the war of 1812, a strip of coast about fifty miles wide, lying between Florida and Louisiana, considered by Spain as a part of Florida, had been taken by the United States under the claim that it belonged to the Louisiana purchase. What famous doctrine advanced by Monroe ? What political changes now took place ? What party was arising ? Its prin- ciples ? Principles of the democratic party ? Champions of each party ? Which party absorbed most of the old federalists ? Why ? Who was elected sixth President ? How ? 174. Give some account of the life and character of John Quincy Adams. Of his administration. Was it popular ? How was the pro- tective tariff received ? Who was elected seventh President ? 175. Account of the life and character of Jackson. Contrast him with John Quincy Adams. What principle did he introduce ? What was the nullification ordinance ? 176. How did Jackson act? Clay pacify? What celebrated debate took place ? What is said of Calhoun ? Of Clay's patriotism ? What action did Jackson take concerning the United States Bank ? Its effect ? 177. How did speculation become rife?- Give an account of the Black Hawk war. The Seminole war. What is said of Osceola? His fate ? 178. Difficulty with France? How was it settled? Who were the Presidential candidates? What were their principles? Who was elected eighth President ? Give an account of the life and character of Van Buren. Of the crisis of 1837. 179. Its effect on trade. Of the patriot war. Of Van Buren's Sub- Treasury Bill. Story of the steamer Caroline. 180. What was the northeast boundary question? How was it settled ? What was the Ashburton treaty ? Who was elected ninth President ? Who was his opponent ? Give an account of the life and character of Harrison. What was the cause of his sudden death? Who succeeded him ? 181. Was Tyler's administration successful? Did he remain true to his party ? What course did he take with regard to the United States Bank ? Give an account of the Dorr rebellion. 182,183. Of the anti- rent difficulties. Of the Mormons. Of the origin and early history of this sect. Of the annexation of Texas. Why was this measure warmly opposed ? How was the northwestern boundary question settled ? 184. Who were the Presidential candidates? Give an account of Clay. Who was elected eleventh President? 185. Give an account of the life of Polk. What war now broke out ? Give an account of Taylor's campaign on the Rio Grande. 186. Describe the capture of Monterey. The battle of Buena Vista. 187. What battles had Taylor fought ? By what incident or peculiarity XIV UNITED STATES HISTORY. can you recollect each one? Stories told of Taylor? Account of Kearney's expedition. 188. Describe the conquest of California. Who was the hero of this exploit ? Give an account of Colonel Doniphan's expedition. Capture of Vera Cruz. Battle of Cerro Gordo. 189. What city now surrendered? Describe the battles before Mexico. The result. 190. When was peace concluded ? What did the United States gain by the war ? What was the W T ilmot proviso ? Give an account of the discovery of gold in California. 191. Of the vigilance committees. Of the political parties. Who was elected twelfth President? Give an account of the life and character of Taylor. How long was he President ? Who succeeded him ? What questions agitated the people ? 192. Why were these now awakened? Effect? What course did Clay take ? Webster ? Give some account of Webster. 193. What was the Compromise of 1850 ? What did it propose ? By what name is it commonly known ? Give an account of the fillibusters. Of the political parties. Who was elected fourteenth President ? 194. Give an account of the life of Pierce. Of the Kansas-Nebraska bill. What is squatter sovereignty ? Tell how the public lands have threatened the peace of the country. How they have enhanced its prosperity. 195. How did the contest arise in Kansas? Its result? Cause of Brook's assault on Sumner ? What was the Gadsden purchase ? Give an account of the treaty with Japan. What political parties now arose ? 196. Who was elected fifteenth President ? Give some account of Bu- chanan's life. Of the Know-Nothing party. Of the Dred Scott decision. 197. How was this regarded at the North and at the South ? Why was the Fugitive Slave law obnoxious ? What were Personal Liberty bills ? Give an account of the John Brown affair. What was the ques- tion of the elections ? Who were nominated for the Presidency ? Who was elected sixteenth President ? 198. Give an account of the secession of the South on the election of Lincoln. Give a history of the gradual growth of this movement. 199. When and where was the Confederate government formed? Who were elected President and Vice-President ? What action was taken ? Condition of the country ? Give an account of the condition of affairs at Fort Sumter. 200. Was any attempt made by the United States authorities to re- lieve it ? For what did the nation wait ? No questions are given upon the new States admitted to the Union during this epoch, as each class will naturally commit only that which concerns its own State, and will wish to add to the facts given here those obtained from other sources. QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE. XV FIFTIJ EPOCH. 215. Give an account of Lincoln's inauguration. Of his early history. Of the condition of the country. 216. Was war a necessity ? What precipitated this issue ? When was the first gun of the Civil War fired ? Give an account of the cap- ture of Fort Sumter. 217. Effect of this event ? What action did the North take ? The South? When and where was the first blood shed? What valuable stores were seized ? How* did the war in Virginia open ? 218. How was Fortress Monroe protected from capture ? Give an ac- count of the Big Bethel affair. Of the war in Western Virginia. Ori- gin of the term " Contrabands." 219. How did the battle of Bull Eun take place ? Describe it. By what peculiarity can you recollect it ? Its date ? How did Jackson re- ceive the name " Stonewall " ? 220. Give an account of the retreat. Its effect. Of the battle at Ball's Bluff. Who now took command of the Union troops ? 221. Give an account of the war in Missouri. What battles were fought ? What leaders on each side ? What Union general who after- ward became celebrated ? Condition of affairs in the border States ? 222. What step did Davis take 1 Number of vessels in the Union navy ? What naval expeditions were made ? What places captured ? What was the peculiarity of the attack on the Port Koyal forts ? De- scribe the Trent affair. 223. Give a general review of the first year of the war. Describe the preservation of Fort Pickens. Situation at the opening of 1862. What was the plan of the campaign ? 224. What was the Confederate line of defence at the West ? Union plan of attack ? Where was the first attack ? Describe the capture o.f Fort Henry. 225. Fort Donelson. Story told of General Grant. Effect of these victories. What was the next movement ? Describe the battle of Shiloh or Pittsburg Landing. 226. By what peculiarity can you recollect it ? How did the battle turn on the second day ? 227. How was Corinth captured ? Describe the taking of Island No. 10. What were the effects of the Shiloh battle ? 228. What line was now held by the Union army ? Where were the Confederates located? What movements did they make to break through the Union lines ? Describe Bragg's expedition. Was it suc- cessful ? Cause of the battles of luka and Corinth ? Result? 229. How was Bragg's second expedition stopped? Describe the bat- tle of Murfreesboro. What was its effect? What coincidence ? XVI UNITED STATES HISTORY. 230. What was Grant's plan for an expedition against Vicksburg ? Was it successful? What event closed the Mississippi campaign? What battle was fought in Missouri ? Condition of the State ? What massacre occurred in Kansas ? 231, 232. Describe the capture of New Orleans by Farragut. Burn- side's expedition against Roanoke Island. What was the importance of Roanoke Island ? 233, 234. What places in Florida were captured? Describe the battle between the Monitor and the Merrimac. Its results. 235. Object of the war in the East ? What campaign was under- taken? Who was the commanding general? Describe the siege of Yorktown. 336. The battle of Williamsburg. What checked McClellan's ad- vance ? What battle ensued ? Its result ? What was now the expec- tation of the Union army ? 237. How did General Joseph E. Johnston thwart General McClellan's plan ? Give an account of Jackson in the Shenandoah. Effect of this movement ? Story told of Jackson. 238. Describe the battle of Fair Oaks. How was the Union advance on Richmond checked ? Who now took command of the Confederate army ? What plan did McClellan form ? 239. Describe the seven days' battles. In what way was the retreat conducted ? With what battle did it close ? 240. Effect of this campaign ? Feeling at the North ? Why did Lee now march North ? Who took command of the Union army before Wasliington ? Describe Lee's campaign against Pope. 241. Its effect. What plan did Lee now adopt? Who assumed command of the Army of the Potomac ? Describe McClellan's move- ments in pursuit. On what expedition was Jackson sent? 242. Describe the battle of Antietam. Its effect. 243. The battle of Fredericksburg. Give a review of the second year of the war. 244. What Indian conflict at the West ? What was the situation at the beginning of the year 1863 ? What movement did Grant make against Vicksburg? 245. Describe this campaign. Its result. The effect. 246. The movements of Rosecrans in Tennessee and Georgia. Gen eral Morgan's raid. 247-249. The battle of Chickamauga. By what event can you recol- lect it ? Describe the situation at Chattanooga. The battle of Look- out Mountain. Attack on Missionary Ridge. Its effect. 250. The siege of Knoxville. The battle of Chancellorsville. 251. Lee's second invasion of the North. 252-254. The battle of Gettysburg first day, second day, third day. Its effect. The attack on Charleston. What two contemporaneous QUESTIONS FOB CLASS USE. XV11 events ? What was the " swamp angel " ? What do you say of the negro troops ? Of their charge on Fort Wagner ? 255. Give a general review of the third year of the war. State the situation at the beginning of the year 1864. Grant's plan. 256. Describe Johnston's plan of defence. How did Sherman drive him from these positions ? Name the battles. Who succeeded John- ston in command? What followed? How did Sherman capture Atlanta ? The effect ? 258. What prevented Sherman's advance into Georgia ? How was he relieved of this difficulty ? Where did Hood go ? What befell him in Tennessee ? Describe the battle of Nashville. Its effect. 259. Describe Sherman's march to the sea. Its effect. Kilpatrick's raid to Richmond. 260. Describe the battle of the Wilderness. By what peculiarity was It distinguished? Its result? Describe the battle of Spottsylvania Court House. 261. Its result. Describe the battle of Cold Harbor. What famous despatch did Grant send ? 262. The attack on Petersburg. The effect of this campaign. The three co-operative expeditions. The mine explosion. 263. The attack on the Weldon Railroad. Why did Lee send Early into the Shenandoah Valley ? Describe Early's raid. 264. What Union general was now sent to this region? Describe Sheridan's campaign. His ride from Winchester. His devastation of the country. 265. The effect of his campaign. Describe the Red River expedi- tion. The rescue of Porter's fleet. The massacre at Fort Pillow. 266. The attack on Mobile by Farragut. First expedition against Fort Fisher. 267. The second expedition. Capture of the fort. Effectiveness of the blockade. Blockade runners. 268. Give an account of the Confederate cruisers. Of the battle between the Alabama and the Kearsarge. 2ti9. Of the Sanitary and Christian Commissions. Of political affairs. 270. Who was elected President? Give a general review of the fourth year of the war. 271. Describe the situation at the opening of the year 1865. Sher- man's march through the Carolinas. 272. Its result. What was the situation at Richmond? Describe the attack on Fort Steadman. Why was it made ? 273. Its effect. Describe the battle of Five Forks. Its effect. The capture of Petersburg and Richmond. 274. The pursuit of Lee. His surrender. 275. 276. The terms. Its effect. Fate of Darvis. The cost of the war. The assassination of Lincoln. 27?. What State was added during this epoch? XY111 UNITED STATES HISTOET. SIXTH EPOCIJ, 281. Who became President on the death of Lincoln ? Give an ac- count of the life of Johnson. What was the size of the two armies at the close of the war ? What did their peaceful discharge prove ? 282. What do you mean by " reconstruction " ? What was the recon- struction policy of Johnson ? What is the Thirteenth Amendment ? 283. What was the condition of the public finances ? What was the reconstruction policy of Congress? Result of this clashing between Congress and the President? On what conditions were the seceded States finally readmitted to their former position in the Union ? 284. Why was Johnson impeached ? Its result ? What is the Four- teenth Amendment ? What Indian war now arose ? How was it termi- nated ? Give an account of the French interference in Mexico. How did it end ? 285. Of the laying of the Atlantic Cable. 286. What territory was added to the United States? Of what value ? Give an account of the Fenian excitement in 1866. 287. Of the treaty with China. What State was admitted soon after the close of the Civil War? Who were the Presidential candidates? Who was elected eighteenth President ? 288. Give an account of the Pacific Railroad, and its value to the country. What new railroad is building ? What is the climate in the far north along the Mississippi Valley and the Pacific coast ? Extent of the public lands ? 289. What is the Fifteenth Amendment ? What difficulty arose with England ? What was the High Commission ? Give some account of Shnto Domingo, and its application to be annexed to the United States T 1. In what battle was Molly Stark the watchword? 2. What battle occurred when both armies were marching to make a night attack upon each other ? 3. What battles have resulted in the destruction or surrender of an entire army ? 4. What general rushed into battle without orders and won it ? 5. What trees are celebrated in our history ? 6. In what battle did Washington bitterly rebuke the commanding general, and himself rally the troops to battle ? 7. What three ex-Presidents died on the 4th of July? 8. What cities have undergone a siege ? 9. Contrast the characters of Washington and Jefferson. 10. By whom and on what occasion were the words used, " Millions for defence, but not one cent for tribute ? " 11. Give the coincidences in the lives of the three great statesmen Webster, Clay, and Calhoun. 12. After whom ought this continent to have been named? 13. What celebrated philosopher, when a boy, went without meat to buy books ? 14. How did a half-witted boy once save a fort from capture ? 15. Name the retreats famous in our history. 16. When did a fog save our army ? A rain ? 17. When did a stone house largely decide a battle ? A stone wall? 18. What general was captured through his carelessness, and exchanged for another taken in a similar way ? 19. What battles have been decided by an attack in the rear? 20. Who said, " I would rather be right than be President" ? 21. When has an unnecessary delay cost a general a victory ? 22. Name the events in our history which seem to you providential 23. What general died at the moment of victory ? 24. Name some defeats which had all the effect of victoriea 2o. Of what general was this said to be always true ? 26. When was the Mississippi River the western boundary of the United States? The Eocky Mountains? 27. What territory has the United States acquired by purchase ? By conquest ? By annexation ? 28. What Vice-Presidents were afterward elected Presidents? 29. What navigator shortened the voyage across the Atlantic ? XX UXITED STATES HISTORY. 30. "What tea party is celebrated in our history ? 31. Who was President from 1787 (the adoption of the constitution) to 1789? 32. How many attacks have been made on Quebec ? 33. Who said, " I am not worth purchasing, but such as I am the king of England is not rich enough to buy me " ? 34. Which is the longer, the Atlantic Cable or the Pacific Railroad? 35. Why were the River St. Lawrence, Florida, St. Augustine, etc., so named ? 36. What naval commander captured his antagonist as his own vessel was sinking? 37. How many expeditions have been made into Canada? 38. What battle was preceded by prayer? 39. What do the French names in the Mississippi valley indicate ? 40. What do the names New York, New- England, New Hampshire. Georgia, Carolina, etc., indicate ? 41. When has the question of the public lands threatened the Union? 42. Who, in a frail canoe, on a stormy night, visited an Indian wigwam to save the lives of his enemies ? 43. In what battle did the Continentals gain the victory by falling back and then suddenly facing about upon the enemy ? 44. How many times has Fort Ticonderoga been captured ? 45. Why were Davis's Strait, Baffin's Bay, Hudson River, Frobisher's Strait, etc., so named ? 46. What do the names San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Vera Cruz, La Trinidad, etc., indicate ? 47. In what battles had the opposing generals formed the same plan ? 48. What Presidents died La office ? 49. What father and son were Presidents ? 50. What administrations have been most popular? 51. Who fired the first gun in the French and Indian war ? 52. What battle was fought and gained without a commanding officer? 53. How many rebellions have occurred in our history ? 54 Who was called the " Great Pacificator" ? Why ? 55. What was the " Nullification Act" ? 56. How many of our Presidents have been military men? 57. Why did not Webster and Clay become Presidents? 58. Who was " Rough and Ready" ? 59. Who was the " Sage of Monticello" ? 60. What noted events occurred on April 19th i 61. In whose administration was the largest number of States admitted to the Union ? 62. In which administrations were none ? 63. By whom and under what circumstances was the expression used, " Give me liberty or give me death " ? HISTOKICAL RECREATIONS. XXI 64. What general arose from a sick bed to lead his troops into a battle in which he was killed? 65. What five ex-Presidents died in the decade between 1860 and 1870 ? 66. Where is the " Cradle of Liberty" ? 67. What historical memories cluster around Santo Domingo ? 68. How long did each of our five great wars last (1) the French and Indian war; (2) the Revolutionary war; (3) the war of 1812; (4) the Mexican war ; and (5) the Civil war ? 69. State the cause of each of these wars. 70. Name the prominent generals who acquired celebrity in each. 71. Name the principal battles of each. 72. Name the results of each. 73. What fort was carried by a midnight assault ? 74. What general escaped by riding down a steep precipice ? 75. Who drafted the Declaration of Independence? 76. Who secured its adoption in the Convention ? 77. Name the Presidents in chronological order. 78. How many of our Presidents were Virginians ? 79. Who was the " bachelor President" ? 80. State to what party each President belonged. 81. How many of our Presidents were poor boys ? 82. What were the principles of the whigs ? The democrats ? 83. What party adopted the views of the old federalists on the United States Bank, etc. ? 84. How many Presidents have served two terms ? 85. What battle was fought after peace was declared ? 86. On what issue was Polk elected President ? 87. Contrast John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. 88. On what mountains have battles been fought ? 89. Who used the expression, " We have met the enemy, and they are ours " ? 90. Whose dying words were, " Don't give up the ship " ? 91. When was a general blown up by a magazine, in the moment of victory ? 92. What Indian chiefs formed leagues against the whites ? 93. What celebrated statesman was killed in a duel ? 94. What States were named from mountain ranges ? 95. What important contemporaneous events can you name ? 96. Was Washington ever wounded in battle ? 97. What was meant by saying that " Clay was in the succession " ? 98. In what battle did Washington show the most brilliant generalship? 99. What officer lost his life because he neglected to open a note ? 100. What army retreated at the moment of victory because the fog was so dense that it did not see how successful it was ? 101. How many States were named from their principal rivers? XX11 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 102. Name some celebrated foreigners who have fought for us. 103. What rendered Valley Forge memorable ? 104. How did Harrison gain his popularity ? Taylor ? 105. Give some account of the United States Bank. 106. In what war was Lincoln a captain and Davis a lieutenant ? 107. What colonel, when asked if he could take a battery, replied, "I'll try, sir"? 108. Of what President was it said that " if his soul were turned inside out, not a spot could be found upon it " ? 109. What town and army were surrendered without firing a shot ? 110. For how many years was the Revolutionary War carried on mainly at the North ? At the South ? 111. Who was " Poor Richard" ? 112. Who were the " Green Mountain Boys" ? 113. What colony was founded as a home for the poor ? 114. What persecuted people settled the different colonies ? 115. What colonies are named after a king or a queen ? 116. What religious toleration was granted in the different colonies ? 117. Which colonies early enjoyed the greatest liberty ? 118. Which colony took the Bible as its guide ? 119. In what battle was the left wing, when separated from the main body by a river, attacked by an overwhelming force of the enemy? The right wing? 120. In what battle did both generals mass their strength on the left wing, expecting to crush the enemy's right ? 121. How many invasions of the North did Lee make ? 122. What victories induced him to attempt each of these invasions ? 123. By what battle was each invasion checked ? 124. How many invasions of Kentucky did Bragg make ? 125. How was each stopped ? 126. For how many years have the United States been involved in war ? 127. What object did Penn, Lord Baltimore, and Oglethorpe each have in founding a colony in the new world ? 128. What President was impeached ? 129. What ex- Vice-President was tried for treason ? 130. Name the four prominent battles fought by General Taylor. 181. What noted expressions of General Taylor became favorite mottoes ? Of General Grant ? 132. What President vetoed the measures of the party which elected him to office ? 133. Of what statesman was it said that " he was in the public service fifty years, and never attempted to deceive his countrymen " ? 134. Who is said to have used the words, " A little more grape, Captain Bragg"? HISTORICAL RECREATIONS. XX1U 135. From what States have Presidents been elected ? 136. Give the number and names from each State. 137. What battle did General Gates win? What battle did he lose? 138. What battles did Washington win ? What battles did he lose t 139. What President elect came to Washington in disguise ? 140. Give a brief history of the slavery question. 141. When were slaves introduced into this country ? 142. Name the generals who commanded the Army of the Potomac. 143. Name the principal battles fought by McClellan Rosecrans Bragg Lee Hooker Sheridan Grant Sherman Beauregard Meade Pope Buell Taylor Scott Thomas Johnston. 144. Describe the " March to the Sea." 145. What two battles were fought in the " Wilderness " ? 146. What was the " Missouri Compromise " 1 The " Compromise of 1850 " ? 147. What is " squatter sovereignty " ? Who was its author ? 148. Of whom was it said that " he touched the dead corpse of public credit, and it sprang upon its feet " ? 149. What were the " alien and sedition laws ? " 150. Who was " the old man eloquent " ? 151. When was the first railroad? The first steamboat? The first magnetic telegraph ? 152. When was the Erie Canal opened? The Pacific Railroad? 153. What President introduced " rotation in office " ? 154. Why, in the Missouri Compromise, was 36 30' taken as the boun- dary between the slave and the free States ? 155. What is the " Monroe Doctrine " ? 156. Who was the inventor of the cotton-gin ? 157. What is a " protective tariff" ? 158. What is meant by " Reconstruction " ? 159. What Presidents were not elected to that office by the people? 160. To what party did Henry Clay belong ? J.Q.Adams? Thomas Jefferson ? John C. Calhoun ? Andrew Jackson ? Daniel Web- ster? Stephen A. Douglas? Alexander Hamilton? George Washington ? 161. What President had not voted for forty years? 162. What two distinguished generals of the same name served in the Confederate army ? Name the battles fought by each. 163. What was the " Dred Scott decision " ? 164. What was the " Kansas-Nebraska Bill"? 165. Give an account of the principal parties which have arisen since the Constitutional Convention of 1787. 166. Who were the " Silver Greys " ? The " Hunkers " ? The " Barn- burners " ? The " Woolly-Heads " ? The " Free-Soilers " ? The " Know-Nothings " ? The " Anti-Renters " ? The " Unionists " ? UNITED STATES HISTOKY. 167. Give an account of the different attempts to lay the Atlantic cable 168. Give a history of the difficulty between President Johnson and Congress. 169. What nations settled the different States ? 170. How many amendments have been made to the Constitution 1 171. What was the "Hartford Convention"? 172. What are " State rights ? " 173. What was the Secretary of State formerly called? 174. Tell some stories illustrating the patriotism of the women of the Revolution. 175. Give an account of the Public Lands. 176. What State was admitted to the Union first after the original thirteen ? 177. Who are the " Mormons "? 178. For what is Ethan Allen noted? 179. What battles have been fought in Virginia? South Carolina? Louisiana? New York? Massachusetts? New Jersey? Mary- land? Pennsylvania? Georgia? Michigan? 180. What was the " Fugitive Slave Law" ? 181. Name some unsuccessful candidates for the Presidency. 182. For what is John Brown noted? 183. Who were the " Filibusters " ? 184. Give an account of Farragut's most celebrated exploits. 185. Why was " Stonewall " Jackson so called ? 186. Give an account of Butler's military career. 187. What was the most prominent event of Jefferson's administration 1 Jackson's ? Monroe's ? 188. What treaties are celebrated in our history? 189. What President was once a tailor's apprentice ? 190. What was the object of the " American party " ? 191. What was the " Gadsden purchase " ? 192. Name the various difficulties which have arisen with England. 193. What was the " Wilmot Proviso " ? 194. What President followed Washington Taylor Jefferson Lin- coln J. Q. Adams Pierce? 195. Who was President in 18121832184618501861 ? 196. Describe the operations of the Confederate cruisers during the Civil War. Of the " blockade runners." 197. What distinguished generals have been unsuccessful candidates for the Presidency ? 198. Why did the French in Canada extend their explorations west- ward to the Mississippi rather than southward into New York? 199. What was the " Trent affair" ? 200. Name and describe some important naval engagements. of following preamble and specifications, known as the Declaration ol Independence, accompanied the resolution of Richard Henry Lee, which was adopted by Congress on the 3d day of July, 1776. This declaration as agreed to on the 4th, and the transaction is thus recorded in the Journal for that day : " Agreeably to the order of the day, the Congress resolved itself into a committee of the whole, to take into their further consideration the Declaration ; and, after some time, the president resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported that the committee have agreed to a declaration, which they desired him to report. The Declaration being read, was agreed to as follows :" A DECLARATION BY TUT! REPRESENTATIVES OP THE UNITED STATES OP AMERICA, IN CONGEESS ASSEMBLED. When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dis- solve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights ; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the gov- erned ; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundations on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, in- deed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abol- ishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. 1. He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. 2. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing im- portance, unless suspended in their operations till his assent should be obtained ; and. when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. 3. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of -3 people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the Legis- laturea right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. XXVI UNITED STATES HISTORY. 4. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the repository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 5. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with maniy firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 6. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected, whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; the State remaining, in the mean time, ex- posed to all the dangers of invasions from without, and convulsions within. 7. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States ; for that purpose obstructing the laws for the naturalization of foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of Jands. 8. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 9. He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 10. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people and eat out their substance. 11. He has kept among us in times of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our Legislatures. 12. He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power. 13. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our con- stitutions, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pre- tended legislation : 14. For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us ; 15. For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States ; 16. For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world ; 17. For imposing taxes on us without our consent ; 18. For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury ; 19. For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pretended offences ; 20. For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, es- tablishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies ; 21. For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the forms of our governments ; 22. For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 23. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, and waging war against us. 24. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and de- stroyed the lives of our people. 25. He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally un- worthy the head of a civilized nation. 26. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrection among us, and has endeavored to bring [ie inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule i is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. XXV11 In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress In the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have we been wanting in our attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to extend an un- warrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to dis- avow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and cor- respondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them as we hold the rest of mankind enemies in war ; in peace, friends. We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in general Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved, and that, as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and do all other acts and things which independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. ADAMS, JOHN, ADAMS, SAMUEL, BARTLETT, JOSIAH, BRAXTON, CABTEB, CARROLL, CHARLES, of Carrollton, CHASE, SAMUEL, CLARK, ABRAHAM, CLTMEB, GEORGE, ELLERT, WILLIAM, FLOYD, WILLIAM, FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN, GERRY, ELBBIDGE, GWINNET, BUTTON, HALL, LYMAN, HANCOCK, JOHN, HARBISON, BENJAMIN, HART, JOHN, HEYWABD, THOMAS, Jr., HEWES, JOSEPH, HOOPER, WILLIAM, HOPKINS, STEPHEN, HOPKINSON, FRANCIS, HUNTINGTON, SAMUEL, JEFFERSON, THOMAS, LEE, FRANCIS LIQHTPOOT, LEE, RICHABD HENRY, LEWIS, FRANCIS, LIVINGSTON, PHILIP, LYNCH, THOMAS, Jr., M'KBAN, THOMAS, MIDDLETON, ARTHUR, MORRIS, LEWIS, MOBBIS, ROBEBT, MORTON, JOHN, NELSON, THOMAS, Jr., PACA, WILLIAM, PAINE, ROBERT TREAT, PENN, JOHN, READ, GEORGE, RODNEY, C^SAB, Ross, GEORGE, RUSH, BENJAMIN, M.D., RUTLEDGE, EDWABD, SHERMAN, ROGER, SMITH, JAMES, STOCKTON, RICHARD, STONE, THOMAS, TAYLOR, GEORGE, THORNTON, MATTHEW, WALTON, GEORGE, WHIPPLE, WILLIAM, WILLIAMS, WILLIAM, WILSON, JAMES, WITHERSPOON, JOHN, WOLCOTT, OLIVER, WYTHE, GEORGE. Of THE E, the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the bbssings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this CONSTITUTION for the United States of America. ARTICLE I. SECTION 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. SECTION 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three- fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States., and within every subse- quent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one representative : and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three ; Massachusetts, eight ; Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, one ; Connecticut, five ; New York, six ; , New Jersey, four ; Pennsylvania, eight ; Delaware, one ; Maryland, six ; Virginia, ten ; North Carolina, five ; South Carolina, five ; and Georgia, three. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the executive au- thority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers ; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. SECTION 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall have one vote. Immediately after they shall be assembled in censequer.ee of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year ; of the second CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. XXIX class, at the expiration of the fourth year ; and of the third class, at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may he chosen every second year ; and if vacancies happen hy resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meet- ing of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. The Vice-President of the United States shall be president of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments : When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief-Justice shall preside : and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States ; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law. SECTION 4. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for senators and representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall bo on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. SECTION 5. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifica- tions of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be autho- rized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties, as each house may provide. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secresy, and the yeas and nays of tue members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. SECTION 6. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach -of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, during euch time ; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. SXX UNITED STATES HISTOKY. SECTION 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representa lives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States ; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objec- tions, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respec- tively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sunday excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent itB return, in which case it shall not be a law. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States ; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. SECTION 8. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, im- posts, and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes ; To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States ; To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures ; To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States ; To establish post-offices and post-roads ; To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing, for limited times, to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and dis- coveries ; To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations ; To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water ; To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; To provide and maintain a nary; To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces ; X To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions ; To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the officers, and the authority of train- ing the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. XXXI To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over such district (not ex. ceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings ; And To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the govern- ment of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. SECTION 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. The. privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. No bill of attainder or ex-post-facto law shall be passed. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another ; nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. SECTION 10. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of credit ; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex-post- facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any impost or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its in- spection laws ; and the net produce of all duties and impost, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States ; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships-of-war, in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. ARTICLE II. SECTION 1, The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected, as follows : Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators and representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress : but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be ap- pointed an elector. UNITED STATES HISTORY. [The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two per. sons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with them- selves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Beat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate. The president of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Repre- sentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shah 1 then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President ; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said house shall, in like manner, choose the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice-President. Bu if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice- President.] The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes ; which day shall be the same throughout the United States. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years resident within the United States. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President ; and such officer shall act accordingly until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation : " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." SECTION 2. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual service of the United States ; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices ; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present concur ; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls', judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law : but the Congress may by law vest the CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. The President shall have power to nil up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. SECTION 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the stale of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on extraoidinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. SECTION 4. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. ARTICLE III. SECTION 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. SECTION 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising tinder this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other pub- lic ministers, and consuls ; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more States ; between a State and citizens of another State ; between citi- zens of different States ; between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with euch exceptions and under such regula- tions as the Congress shall make. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. SECTION 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. ARTICLE IV. SECTION 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by UNITED STATES HISTORY. general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings ehall be proved, and the effect thereof, SECTION 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immu- nities of citizens in the several States. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive au- thority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom euch service or labor may be due. SECTION 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State ; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regu- lations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution ehall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State. SECTION 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a repub- lican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion, and on application of the Legislature, or of the executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic violence. ARTICLE V. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Con- stitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress ; provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. ARTICLE VI. An debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the confederation. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pur- suance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, nnder the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of the seve- ral State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial oflicers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or aflinnation to support CONSTITUTION" OF THE UNITED STATES. XXXV this Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required i any office or public trust under the United States. a qualification to ARTICLE VII. The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufilcient for the estab- lishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same. Done in convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names. GEOEGE WASHINGTON, President, and Deputy from Virginia. NEW HAMPSHIRE. JOHN LANGDON, NICHOLAS GILMAH. MASSACHUSETTS. NATHANIEL GOBHAM, Rurus KING. CONNECTICUT. WILLIAM SAMUEL JOHNSON, ROGER SHEKMAN. NEW YORK. ALEXANDER HAMILTON. NEW JERSEY. WILLIAM LIVINGSTON, DAVID BREARLEY, WILLIAM PATERSON, JONATHAN DAYTON. PENNSYLVANIA. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, THOMAS MIFFLIN, ROBERT MORRIS, GEORGE CLTMEB, THOMAS FITZSIMONS, JARED INGERSOLL, JAMES WILSON, GOUVKBNEUH MOBBIS. DELAWARE. GEORGE REED, GUNNING BEDFORD, Jr., JOHN DICKINSON, RICHARD BASSETT, JACOB BROOM. MARYLAND. JAMES M'HENRT, DANIEL OF ST. THOMJES JENIFER, DANIEL CAEBOLL. VIRGINIA. JOHN BLAIR, JAMES MADISON, Jr. NORTH CAROLINA. WILLIAM BLOUNT, RICHARD DOBBS SPAIGHT, HUGH WILLIAMSON. SOUTH CAROLINA. JOHN RUTLEDGE, CHARLES C. PINCKNEY, CHARLES PINCKNEY, GEORGIA. WILLIAM FEW, ABRAHAM BALDWIN. Attest: WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. XXXVI UNITED STATES HISTORY. TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, RATIFIED ACCORD. ING TO THE PROVISIONS OF THE FIFTH ARTICLE OF THE FORB GOING CONSTITUTION. AETICLE THE FIRST. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for redress of grievances. ABTICLE THE SECOND. A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. ARTICLE THE THIRD. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. ARTICLE THE FOURTH. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. ARTICLE THE FIFTH. No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or other- wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war and public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor to be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. ABTICLE THE SIXTH. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been pre- viously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusa- tion ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for hid defence. ABTICLE THE SEVENTH. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States than according to the rules of common law. ABTICLE THE EIGHTH. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. ARTICLE THE NINTH. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. ARTICLE THE TENTH. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Con- stitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. ABTICLE THE ELEVENTH. The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. ARTICLE THE TWELFTH. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President ; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as Presi- dent, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate ; the presi- dent of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; the person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice ehall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitu- tional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be .he Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors a; - inted ; and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on tL ; ist, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall c- . sist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to thb office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice- President of the United States. ARTICLE THE THIRTEENTH. Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legis- lation. ARTICLE THE FOURTEENTH. Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protec- tion of the laws. Section 2. Representatives shall be appointed among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, XXXV111 UNITED STATES HISTOET. excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, representa- tives in Congress, the executive or judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one- years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall le reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. Section 3. No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legisla- ture, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two- thirds of each house, remove such disability. Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in sup- pressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. Section 5. Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. ARTICLE THE FIFTEENTH. Section I. The rights of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Section 3. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legis- lation. TABLE OF THE PEESIDE^TS. I I s* 2 2 i i \ ! 1 1 f R| | J> J> is, I | & o< _r~ P KM .3 9*3*389 3 /S 5w /S ^te- 5- SS " " M W -< P &!> P P g? 2? ffS a e - ? 5 5 ? B 3 g 3 a ^ g^a g sj g ^^^1 III H >S'3 "^ ^^ kJ^S-S a^od ^Srt> ^ g & ^ -S W fe m III I III IJill III xl UNITED STATES HISTOEY. it ll og fc I fc fc a | e g . ~2 f. b ?: A, * ftfill I -i S Il'll I Pfilll I I ^ g F S S 8 I I ii 1 llll ii | || I | i 5 3 S I S i r 1 llll ll I ^ II nil i I Is K?|! ^ 5 1 I n M bl &lg l^ l*j I 1 f ^llp^l 1 i MiPi 1 s S^-o^-^sS'f^-f I^-TJ ziH-'g ga-=B-2c-r a ".".- c r c, ! ;||j ll = f II J.jj.J ;; I fill ii I i Ii I 1 I i TH 0* CO -*OCOt- s s ss s TABLE OF STATES. Xli I s I I fj I I a 2 s si I I 8 I I" S CO T-T-*t ^ Q ^ O GO OO Q~ I 8.S I ft I 5 | I i -1 1 s r 1 1 III! pq > K M I ! 02 I 1:1 o S g i 111 1 I : : g o | : >, g *>S ill N a - S s 3 ^ m -be '""'*' 'MtSbO 60 "3 -o ~ tp t : J3 !. .5 iJgg^'S'aCoSajg * I bl I f I I i I fe 2 iilJi-i llllll II" | a : II III 5 3 I -1 i? O M ?fc S S g INDEX. Thit Index refer* io the notet at the bottom of the page at well at the text of the book. Acadia, 85. Adams, John, 154. Adams, J. Q., 174. Alabama, admission of, 203. secession of, 198. Alabama and Kearsarge, 268. Alaska, purchase of, 286. Alexandria, seizure of, 217. Algiers, 153, 171. Alien and sedition laws, 154. Allen. Ethan, 110. Andre, execution of. 136. Andros, Governor, 59. 63, 67. Antietam, battle of, 242. Antiquities. 9. Anti-rent difficulties, 183. Arkansas, admission of, 204. " secession of, 217. Arlington Heights, seizure of, 217. Arnoid, Benedict, 110, 111, 112, 122, 124, 135-137, 139, 140. Ashby, General, 237. Atlanta, advance on, 256, 257. Atlantic cable, 285. Averysboro, battle of, 272. Ayllon, De, 27. Bacon's ^Rebellion, 52. Balboa. 27. Ball's Bluff, battle of, 220. Baltimore, Lord, 72. Baltimore, Massachusetts troops at, 217. Bank of United States, 152, 176, 181. Beaufort, capture of, 232. Belmont, battle of, 221. Bennington. battle of, 123. Bentonville, battle of, 272. Bermuda Hundred, General Butler at. 262. Big Bethel, battle of, 218. Big Black River, 245. Black Hawk war. 177. Blockade, effects of, 267. Booneville, battle of, 221. Boston massacre. 104. Boston Port Bill. 105. Boston, evacuation of, 112. Boundary. N. E.,180. N. W.. 183. Braddock, General. 64. Brandywine. battle of, 119. Buchanan, James, 198. Buell, General. 228. Bnena Vista, battle of, 188. Bull Run, battles of, 219, 241. Bunker Hill, battle of. 108. Burgovne, surrender of, 125. Burnside's expedition, 232. Burr, Aaron, 156. Bragg' s expedition, 228. Brown, John, 197. Cabot, John, 25. Cabot, Sebastian, 25. Cabrillo. 29. Calhoun, John C., 173. 176, 184. I California, admission of, 206-208. gold discovered in, 190. Camden, battle of, 133. i Carnifex Ferry, battle of, 218. Carolinas, the, 74. Carolina, secession of South, 198. " secession of North, 217. Caroline, burning of the, 179. Carrick's Ford, battle of, 218. Carthage, battle of, 221. Carrier, 30. Cedar Mountain, 240. Cerro Gordo. battle of, 188. Chambersburg, burning of, 264. Champion Hifls, 245. Champlain. 32. Chancellorsville. battle of, 250. Chantilly, battle of, 241. Chapultepec, capture of, 189. Charleston, attack on, 129, 254. " surrender of, 133. " capture of, 272. Chattanooga, battle of, 247. INDEX. xliii Cheat Mountain, 2*8. Chesapeake and Leopard, 158. Chesapeake and Shannon, 105. Chickamauga. battle of. 247. Chippewa, battle of, 108. Chrysler's Field, battle of, 163. Clay, Henry, 173, 176, 184, 193. Clayborne's rebellion, 73. Clinton, General, 115, 135. Cold Harbor, battle of, 261. Coligny, 31. Columbia, S. C., capture of, 272. Columbia River, discovery of, 208. Columbus, 20. Commissions, Christian and Sanitary, 269. Compromise, Missouri, 172. of 1850, 193. Confederacy at Montgomery, Sonthern,199. Confederate Capital at Richmond, 217. Congress, First Continental, 106. Connecticut, 61. Constitution, adoption of Federal, 143. Constitution and Guerriere, 161. Continental money. 134. Contreras, battle of, 189. Convention, Hartford, 169. Con way cabal, 126. Corinth, battle of, 228. Cornwall!*, 116, 119, 133, 138, 140. Court-House, battle of Guilford, 138. " battle of Hanover, 238. Cowpens, battle of the, 137. Crisis of '37, 178. Cross Keys, 237. Crown Point, attack on, 86. " taken, 111. Cuba, invasion of, 193. Cumberland, 233. 'Bade's Massacre, 177. Danbury, burning of, 120. Darling, Fort, 235. Davis, Jeff., 177, 275. De Ay lion, 27. De Leon, Ponce, 26. De Monts, 32, De Narvaez, 27. De Soto, 27. Decatur, Lieutenant, 157. Deerfleld, burning of, 79. Delaware, 6a Detroit, surrender of, 160. Donaldson's Point, 227. Donelsoii, Fort, 224. Dorr rebellion, the. 181. Douglas, Stephen A., 197. Draft riot in New York City, 252. Drake, Sir Francis. 35. Dranesville, skirmish at, 221. Dred Scott decision, 196. Du Quesne, Fort, 84. 85. Dustin, capture of Mrs., 77. Early's Raid, General, 263. Edward, Fort, massacre, 86. Ellsworth, Colonelj 217. Embargo on American ships, 158. Emancipation Proclamation, 242. England\ 142, 152, 157, 159, 169, 180. Espejo, 29. Eutaw Springs, battle of, 139. Explorations, Dutch, 39. English, 34. French, 30. on the Pacific, 29. Spanish, 26. Fair Oaks, battle of, 238. Farragut, 231, 232, 266. Federalists, the, 143. Fenians, the, 286. Fillmore, Millard, 191. Fisher, capture of Fort, 267. Five Forks, battle of, 273. Florida, admission of, 205. " discovery of, 27. " purchase of, 173. " secession of, 198. Fortress Monroe, 218. France, 126. 153, 155, 157, 178. Franklin, Benjamin, 126. Eraser, General, 124. Frazier s Farm, encounter at, 239. Fredericksburg, battle of, 242. Fremont, J. C., 188, 196. Frenchtown, Indian atrocities at, 164. Frobisher, 34. Frolic and Wasp, 162. Fugitive Slave Law, 193, 197. Fulton, Robert, 157. Gadsden furchase, 195. Gage, the Boston boys and General, 113. Games's Mill, battle of, 239. Galveston, capture of, 251. Gates, General, 122, 133. Genet, difficulties with, 153. Georgia, 76. " secession of, 198. German town, battle of, 120. Gettysburg, battle of, 252. Gilbert. Sir Humphrey, 36. Goftx-, the regicide, 58. Gosnold, 27. Grand model, the, 75. Grant. Ulysses S., 221, 224, 225, 247, 255. 260, 287. Greene, General, 117, 137, 138. Guilford Court-House, battle of, 138. Hate, Captain Nathan, 115. Hamilton's plans, 151, 152. Hamilton, death of, 156. Hampton.218. Hanging Rock, battle of, 134. Hanover Court-House. battle of, 238. Harper's Ferry. 217, 241. Harrison. William Henry, 165, 180. Hatteras Inlet, 222. Hayne, Colonel, Isaac, 134. Hayne, Robert Y., 176. Henry, Fort, 224. Henry, Patrick, 102, 106. Hessians, the, 115. 117. Hornet and Peacock, 166. Horseshoe Bend, battle of, ICG. Howe, General, 114, 115. Huguenots, the, 75. xliv INDEX. Hull, Captain Isaac, 161. Hull, General William, 160. Hutchinson, Mrs. Anne, 57. Illinois, admission of, 203. Independence, Declaration of, 114. Indiana, admission of, 202. Indians, 11. Inter-colonial wars, 77. Iowa, admission of, 206. Island No. 10, 227. luka, battle of, 228. Jackson, ^ndreff, 166, 170, 174, 175. Jackson. " Stonewall," 219, 237. Jamestown, 38, 46, 52. Japan, treaty with, 195. Jasper, Sergeant, 113, 129. Jay, Chief Justice, 153. Jefferson, Thomas, 155. Jesuits, the missionary, 33. Johnson, Andrew, 281. Johnston, General Albert Sydney, 225, 226. Johnston, General Joseph E., 220, 236, 237, 233, 256. Jones, victory of Paul, 132. Kansas, admission of, 209. Kansas difficulties, 195. Kansas-Nebraska bill, 194. Kearney, General, 241. Kentucky, admission of, 200. Kidd, William, 68. Kilpatrick, General, 259. King's Mountain, battle of, 134. Know-Nothing party, 1%. siege , 122. Kosciusko I,afavette, General, 119, 139, 173. Lake 'George, battle of, 86. Lake Champlain, battle of, 168. La Salle, 34. Laudonniere, 31. Lee, General Charles, 116, 127. Lee, General Robert E., 218, 238, 260. Lee's army, capture of, 274. Leisler, execution of, 67. Lexington, Mass., battle of, 106. Lexington, Mo., battle of, 221. Lincoln, Abraham, 177, 197, 215. " assassination of. 2 To. Long Island, battle of, 114. Lookout Mountain, battle of, 248. Louisburg, 80, 85. Louisiana, admission of, 201. purchase of, 156. secession of, 198. Lundy's Lane, battle of, 167. Mackinaw, surrender of, 160. Madison. James. 159. Magruder, General, 235. Maine, 60, 204. Malvern Hill, battle of, 239. Manassas, battle of, 235. Marion, General, 1:34. 138. Marquette, Father, 33. Maryland. 72. isvasion of, 241. Massachusetts, 53. McAllister, capture of Fort, 259. McClellan, General George B., 218, 235, 269. McCrea, murder of Miss, 121. McHenry, bombardment of Fort, 168. Maximilian, 284. Mechanicsville, battle of, 239. Meigs, seige of Fort, 164. Melendez,29. Memphis, surrender of. 227. Mernmac and Monitor. 233. Mexico, boundary of, 195. " surrender of, 189. " treaty with, 190. " war with, 185. Michigan, admission of, 204. Mill Spring, battle of, 224. Mims, massacre of Fort, 166. Minnesota, admission of, 208. Mi-M-sippi River, discovery of, 28. Mississippi, admission of, 202. " secession of, 198. Missouri Compromise, 172. " admission of, 204. Monmouth, battle of, 127. Monocacy, battle of, 263. Monroe, James, 172. Monroe doctrine, 173. Monroe, Fortress of, 218. Montcalm, General, 87, ?9. Monterey, capture of, 186. Montreal, surrender of, 89. Mormons, the, 182. Morris, Robert, 135, 139. Motte, Mrs.. 138. Monltrie, Fort, 113, 200. Mound builders, 12. Murfreesboro, battle of, 229. Mutiny Act, 103. Nashville, battle of, 258. Navigation Act, 51, 59. Nelson, Governor, 140. Nevada, admission of, 277. Newbern, capture Of, 232. New Hampshire, 60. New York, 65. City, fire at, 179. New Jersey, 68. New Orleans, battle of, 169. capture of, 230. Niagara, capture of Fort, 87. Norfolk Navy Yard, 217, 235. Northmen, 13. Nullification, 175. Offletfiorpe, 76, 80. Ohio, admission of, 201. Okechobee, battle of, 178. Omnibus Bill. 193. Ord, General E. O. C.. 221. Oregon, admission of, 208. Osceola, 177. farific, discovery of the, 35. railroads, 287. INDEX. xlv Palto Alto, battle of, 185. Patriot War, the, 179. Pea Ridge, battle of, 230. Penn, V\ illiain, U'J-72. Pennsylvania, 69. Pequod War, 62. Perry's victory, 164. Perryville, battle of, 228. Petersburg, attack on, 262. " capture of, 271 Philadelphia, 70. Philadelphia destroyed, Frigate, 157. Philippi, battle of, 218. Pickens, Fort, 223. Pierce, Franklin, 194. Pike, 6eueral. 163. Pilgrims, landing of the, 53. Pillow, capture of Fort, 205. Pinckney, William. 155. Pitcher, Major Molly, 128. Plattsburg and Lake Champlain, battle of, 168. Pleasant Hill, battle of, 265. Pocahontas, 48, 49. Polk, James K., 185. Pope, campaign against, 240. Port Gibson, battle of, 245. Port Hudson, surrender of, 246. Port Republic, 237. Port Royal, 222, 223. Powhatan, 48. Prescott, capture of General, 121. President and Little Belt, 159. Price, General, 228. Princeton, battle of, 118. Privateers, Confederate, 222. Public lands, 194. Pulaski, Count, 129. " reduction of Fort, 233. Puritans, the. 53. Putnam, Israel, 108, 130. Qitnkers, the, 57, 69. Quebec, attack on, 87. " surrender of, 89. " battle of, 112. Queenstown, battle of, 160. ftateif/fi, Sir trailer, 36. Rail, death of, 117. Randolph, John, 153. Reconstruction, 282. Red River expedition, 265. Republican party, 153. Resaca, Ga., battle of. 257. Resaca de La Palma, battle of, 185. Rhode Island, 64. Ribaut. 31. Richmond, siege of, 262. " capture of, 273. Rich Mountain, battle of, 218. Roanoke Island, 36, 232. Rolfe, John, 49. Rosecrans, General, 228. Snbine Cross 'Koartf, battle of, 265. Sackett's Harbor, attack on, 163. San Francisco, 207. Santo Domingo, 289. Saratoga, battles of, 123. Savage's Station, 239. Savannah, 129, 233. Schenectady, attack on, 77, Scott, General Winfield, 167, 188, 220. Secession of Southern State*, 198. Seminoles, war with, 177. Seven Days' Battles, 239. Serapis and Bon Homme Richard, 132. Seward, attack on William H., 276. Shaw, colored troops of Colonel, 254. Shays's rebellion, 143. Shenandoah, Jackson in the, 237. Sheridan's campaign, 264. Sherman's march to the sea, 259. Sherman's march through the Carolinas, 271. Shiloh, battle of, 225. Sioux, war with the, 244. Slemmer, Lieutenant, 223. Smith, John, 46. Smith, Kirby, 219, 228. Smith, Joseph, las. South Mountain, 241. Spain, 153, 173. Spotlsylvania.battle of, 260. Squatter sovereignty, 194, 197. Stamp Act. 102, 103. Stanton, Edwin M., 284. Stanwix, Fort, 122. Star of the West. 200. Starving Time, 48. Steadman, attack on Fort, 272. Steele, Mrs., 138. Stephenson, battle of Fort, 164. Stony Point, capture of, 130. Stuart's raid, General, 238. Stuyvesant, Peter, 66. Sub-Treasury bill, 179. Sullivan, General, 119, 130. Summary of First Epoch, 41. Second Epoch, 96. " Third Epoch, 144. Fourth Epoch, 210. Fifth Epoch, 277. Sumner, Charles, 195. Sumpter, General, 134, 138. Sumter, Fort, 199, 216, 254. Taylor, Zachaiy, 186, 187, 191. Tennessee, admission of, 201. " secession of, 217. Texas, annexation of, 183. " admission of, 205. " secession of, 198. Thames, battle of the, 165. Ticonderoga, attack on, 86. " capture of, 110. Tippecanoe, battle of, 159. Trent affair, 222. Trenton, battle of, 116. Tripoli, 157. Tyler, John, 181. ~^altf>v forrre, winter in, 125. Van Buren, Martin, 178. Van Dorn, General, 228. Vera Cruz, capture of, 188. Vermont, admission of, 200. xlvi INDEX. Verrazani, 30. Vesputius, Americus, 24. Vicksburg, 280, 245. Virginia, 40, 217. Virginia, West, 218. Waff net; capture of Port, 854. War, Black Hawk, 177. " Civil, 215. " French and Indian, 81. " in Georgia. 246, 256. " in Missouri, 221, 230. " in Tennessee, 246, 250, 257. " in Virginia, 217, 260. " in the Bast, 235, 250-254. " in the West, 224, 244-246. " King George's, 80. " King Philip's, 57. " King William's, 77. " of 1812, 160. " on sea and coast, 222, 230, 254, 266. " Pontiac's, 90. " Queen Anne's, 79. " Revolutionary, 101. " the Pequod, 62. " with the Creeks, 166. " with Mexico, 185. " with Seminoles, 177. Wars, Intercolonial, 77. Warren, General, 110. Washington, George, 81-85, 111, 112, 115- 118, 126, 128, 139, 142, 147, 148. Washington by British, capture of, 169. Washington taken, Fort, 116. Waxhaw Creek, battle of, 133. Wayne, General, 119, 152. Webster, Daniel, 184. 192. Weldon Railroad, attack on, 263. Whisky insurrection, 152. White Plains, battle of, 116. Whitney, Eli, 172. Wilderness, battle of the, 200. Williams, Roger, 57, 62, 64. Williamsburg, battle of, 236. Wilmot Proviso, 190. Wilson's Creek, battle of, 221 Winchester, battle of, 264. Winthrop, John, 62. Major, 218. Wisconsin, admission of, 206. Witchcraft, Salem, 60. Wolfe, General, 87-89. Wyoming, massacre of, 128. York, capture of, 163. Yorktown, siege of, 235. Zollicoffer, General ', m UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 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