/3C COPYRIGHT APPLIED FOR A, A. A. S. HAND-BOOK OF MINNEAPOLIS, PREPARED FOR THE THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING .OF THE American Association for the Advancement of Science, HELD IN Minneapolis. Minn., August 15-22, 1883. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Pnqf Part I.— The History OF Minnesota FROM Wto to 1883. . ■^ Chapter 1— Pre-Territorial History » '• 2 Territorial History 8 3— State History 11 Part II.— Physical Features, Geology and Mineralooy of Minnesota 15 Chapter 4— Physical Features 15 " 5— Stratigraphic Geology i(i " 6— Mineralogy "27 Part III.— Statistics of Population, Agriculture, and Railway Extension in the State of Minnesota :u Chapter 7— Population ^ 3J *• 8— Agriculture 32 " 9 — Railway Extension 35 Part IV.— History of the City of Minneapolis and its Surroundings 39 Chapter 10— The Discovery of the Falls of St. Anthony 39 11— The Physical Features, Geology, etc., of the City of Minneapolis. . 42 12 — The ."settlement and Growth of the City of Minneapolis .53 13— The Population of Minneapolis .57 14_The Wheat Market of Minneapolis .59 15— The Manufacture of Flour 61 16— The Lum'^er Mills 62 •' 17 — General Manufactures 63 '■ 18— Wholesale and Retail Trade 67 19-Real Estate 69 " 20 — Building in Minneapolis 7(t " 21— Banking Business 72 " 2 —The Chamber of Commerce and The Board of Trade 73 " 23— Railway Systems Centering in Minneapolis 74 Part v.— The Principal Features of Minneapolis 81 Chapter 24— Minneapolis Street System . 82 25— Bridges 84 *' 26— City Sewer System - 85 " 27— City Water-Supply »» '• 28— Public Buildings 88 29-Parks and Public Grounds 89 " 30— Minneapolis Fire Department 91 " 31— Police Service 91 " 32— Sanitary System 92 " 33-Ho8pitalsof the City 93 '• 34— Benevolent Institutions 95 " 35— Churches 96 " 36 — Educational Institutions 97 (a) The State University 97 (b) The Public Schools 100 (c) Private Schools and Seminaries 102 " 37— Newspapers and Periodicals 103 38— Libraries 105 39— Science 105 40— Music and Musical SocietieB — 106 Part VI. — Watering Places and Summer Resorts near Minneapolis 107 Chapter 41 — Lakes Calhoun. Harriet and Minnetonka K'7 42— White Bear Lake and Minnehaha 114 '' 43— Boating, Fishing, Hunting, etc 115 Part VII.— The Thirty-second Annual MEETiN(i of the American Associa- tion FOR THE Advancement of Science 117 Chapter 44— Special Information for the Use of Members 117 " 45— Time Table of Trains between Minneapolis and Lakes Minnetonka and Calhoun 120 " 46— Arrival and Departure of General Trains 122 '* 47— OHicerH and Members of the Local Committee and of the Sub- Committees 125 PREFACE. Previous to the inception of this volume uo concise history, cither of the City of Minneapolis or of the State of Minnesota, had ever been attempted. The materials at hand for its pre])aration were, therefore, of a very fragmentary nature, and have with diflficiilty been fitted together, in the cHbrt to hastily frame a continuous record. Judging that the history of a large city is inseparable, particularly in its early years, from that of the commonwealth of which it forms so important a part, its designers have intended that the first thirty pages of the volume should serve as an appropriate introduction to the prineij)al and more specific ])ortiou of the work. The one is simply the natural background on which the separate features of the other may be more distinctly traced. The Author, in concluding his work, desires to record his obligations to Prof, N. H. WiNC^HELL, t'f t/ir State Gf'olof/ifiit Suroe//, for his invaluable assistance in the collection and arrangement of geological and physical facts. To the different writers whose works he has consulted, and from whose stores of information he has freely drawn, he would acknowledge his indebtedness, ni mos-se. Miiiiii'iijx'lis. Minncxotii. Auijiist 7. 1883. '^^^r' Tribune ./oft De/i't. Print.. THE Histoiy of Minnesota, FROM 1640 TO 1883 PRE-TERRITORIAL HISTORY. A. D. 1640-1849. &^ Jif,^^ LTHOUGH nearly two centuries and a half have elapsed since a i£!M^ white man's foot first trod "The Land of the Dakotahs," Minne- "^y^^^yj^ sota has but thirty-four years of state and territorial history, and for only twenty years have the settlers held undisputed })ossession of the soil. The recognition of its natural advantages was long delayed and the tides of immigration long held in check by the dreaded presence of uncivilized Indian tribes, whose constant irrui:)tions threatened the peace and safety of every homestead planted upon the border. Very slowly the attractions of the country overcame the settlers' fear of the savages, as step by step the latter relinquished their hold upon their old-time posses- sions, until, at last, in 1862— by the massacre of hundreds of human beings —they forfeited their last title to the land. TRAVEL AND EXPLOKATIOX. The pre-teeritorial history of Minnesota, a record, for the most part, of travel and exploration, begins with the year 1640. At this period, the south and southwest portions of the present state ■were occupied by bands of loways, Ottoes, Cheyennes and Omahaws; the whole central region west and northwest of Mille Lacs by the Dakotahs or Sioux; and the northeast by the Assiniboines, a separated family of the Dakotahs. FRENCH EXPLORERS. The neighboring territory being in the hands of France, French explorers were naturally the first to be tempted to the discovery of the New West. Accordingly, we learn that in 1640 a man named Xicolet visited the 4 llaml-Book of Minneapolis, Dakotabs aud Assiniboines, and that in 1659 Groselliers and Radisson, two commercial agents, crossed Lake Superior and wintered with a band of Dakotahs in the vicinity of Mille Lacs. In 1661, Rene Menard, traveling by way of the Wisconsin river, was doubtless the first to discover the upper Mississippi, but his loss, or death bv violence, in the forests of the Black river, obscured the evidence of the fact. Claude Allouez, a Jesuit Father, visited the Minnesota shores of Lake Superior in 1665, and first reported the native name of the great river as ■'Messipi." Daniel Greysolon Du Luth was the actual discoverer of Minnesota, in the year 1679. He entered the St. Louis river from Lake Superior with a party of eight men, and journeyed to a "great village of the Sioux," named Kathio, near Red Lake or Lake of the Woods, where he formally set up the arms of the King of France. He established the first trading posts in Minnesota, and traveling down the St. Croix river reached the Mississippi, where he met Hennepin ascending the river with a band of Dakotah Indians. Louis Hennepin, who first made the ascent of the Mississippi ,was a Fran- ciscan ijriest of the Recollect order, a native of the Netherlands. Having accomjaanied La Salle's expedition to the Illinois river, he left the latter, in company with two men, for the jDurpose of exploring the Upper Missis- sippi. He ascended the river by boat to within a short distance of the great falls, whence he journeyed with the Dakotah Indians to Mille Lacs. Later he discovered and named the falls after St. Anthony of Padua. In 1683 Nicholas Perrot started a trading post in the neighborhood of Lake Pepin, which he revisited in 1688, when he officially laid claim to the country in the name of the French King. In 1695 Le Sueur arrived at Lake Pepin, above which he established another trading post. Five years later he passed the Minnesota river in search of copper, and built Fort L'Huillier on the Blue Earth river. During the early part of the eighteenth century, the constant warfare between the Indian tribes was repeatedly aggravated, and the traders suirered much in consequence. In 1755, the war between Great Britain and France engaged the tribes in its conflicting interests, and added the horrors of savage warfai'e to the strife of civilized nations. BKITISH POSSESSIONS IN MINNESOTA. At its close France ceded all that part of Minnesota east of a line drawn from the international boundary to the head of the Mississippi, aud thence along the course of that river, to Great Britain; retaining the territory Pre-Ti'vritoriid UiHt-n-ij. 5 west of this line in her own possession, under tlie title of the ]irovii ce of Ltjuisiane, which extended to the 49th parallel. In 1766 Jonathan Carver, an Englishman, visited Lake Pepin and St. Anthony's Falls. Thirty miles 1)elo\v the latter he discovered a large cave which took his name hut has since become Qoncealed or destroyed. He went up the Minnesota River as far as the Cottonwood, where he stayed several months. THK kp:vulutionaky war. "The War of the Revolution," says Professor Winchell,* "which left the east bank of the Mississippi in the possession of the United States and the west bank in the possession of the French, operated fiot only to terminate English and French exploration, but to retard that of the United States. It was not till after the cession of Louisiana by France that the Government instituted measures for the exploration of the unknown coun- try west of the MississipjDi." The year 1783 witnessed the formation of the Northwest Fur Co., which proved a formidable rival for many years to the Hudson Bay Company- Its geographer, Mr. David Thomj^son, crossed the limits of the present State in 1798 from the Red river of the North to Lake Superior. THE CESSION OF LOUISIANA. In 1804 the cession of Louisiana by France took place and included the whole of Minnesota west of the Mississippi. During the following year. Lieutenant Z. M. Pike, with a company of soldiers, was despatched to the upper Mississippi country by the United States government to enforce the recognition of United States' authority upon the traders, to make treaties with the tribes, and to determine the location of military posts. He visited several trading establishments, and made a report of a large part of the country previously unknown save to the couriers des- hois of the fur companies. Returning he eucamj^ed on the island at the junction of the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers, and while there obtained from the Dakotahs a grant of land extending nine miles on either side of the Mis- sissippi from below the junction of the rivers to the Falls of St. Anthony. At the outbreak of the War of 1812 many American trading posts in Miunepota were surprised and taken by the British soldiers and traders in alliance with the Indians. At its conclusion, the United States made a treaty of peace with the Dakotahs, and American traders soon after apjieared in Minnesota in larger numbers. The year 1818 was marked by a fiercer outbreak than usual between the Ojibways and Dakotahs. ♦Historical sketch of Explorations ami Surveys of Minnesota, by Prof. N. II. Winchell. 6 Haiid-Book of Minneapolis. A colony of English and Swiss, founded by the Earl of Selkirk about 1812, near Pembina, in the northwest corner of the State, which had strug- gled through a precarious existence, imperilled by Indian treachery, by flood and famine, and by the iealousies of the rival fur companies, was found to be encroaching upon the United States territory and was restrained by order of the government. THE ERECTION OF FORT SNELLING. In 1819 the authorities ordered the erection of a military post at the mouth of the Minnesota, and Lieut. Col. Leavenworth, with ninety-eight officers and men, w'as despatched to that point. On September '20th, 1820, the corner-stone of Fort Suelling was laid, and pending its completion the force encamped, opposite Mendota, near to an old post known as the Baker trading house. Lieut. Col. Leavenworth was relieved by Colonel Snelling before the fort was ready for occupation, Mrs. Snelling accompanied her husband, and a few days alter her arrival gave birth to the first white child born in Minnesota. She and other officers' wives were the first ladies to winter in the State. In 1823 the first steamboat, the "Virginia,"' navigated the Upper Mis- sissippi, passing up to Mendota. During the year, by order of the Gov- ernment, Major S. H. Long with a scientific corps, including Prof. William Keating, of Pennsylvania University, who made a report of the expedition, explored the Minnesota river and fixed the United States north boundary line. J. C. Beltrami, an Italian political exile who had accomiDanied the expedition, having some difficulty with Major Long, severed himself from the force at Pembina, and moving southeastward discovered the Julian sources of the MississijJi^i. THE FIRST SETTLERS. About this time a number of Swiss settlers, driven southeast from the Sel- kirk settlement by flood and famine, settled near the subsequent sites of St. Anthony and St. Paul. They were practically the first settlers of Minnesota. In 1827 a brief but bloody strife aggravated the jjerpetual warfare of the Ojibway and Dakotah tribes. Several mission stations, notably at Lake Harriet and Lac qui Parle, were established by Presbyterian and inde- pendent missionaries in the years following 1829, but considering the means and labor expended upon the work they made but a slight impress- ion upon the native tribes. lu 1832 Minnesota shared to some extent in the excitement occasioned by the Black Hawk war. During this year Mr. H. R. Schoolcraft traced the Mississippi river to its source in Lake Itasca, of which Mr. School- craft claimed to be the discoverer, notwithstanding the fact that a letter from Mr. Wm. Morrison to "The Historical Society of Minnesota" gives an account of a visit made there in 1804. Prc-Terri(orinl Histori/. 7 Two years later the inhabitants presented a petition to Congress pray- ing that Minnesota be organized as a territory or attached to that tf Michigan, and the latter alternative was temporarily chosen. The year 1836 is memorable for the arrival at Fort Suelling of Jean M- Nicollet, who made the most cora^ileto exploration of tiie Mississipjii, finally determined its sources, and subsequently explored the whole interior of the present State. Treaties were made by Governor Dodge, in 1837, with the Ojibways and Dakotahs, by which the pine forests of the St. Croix and its tributaries and all lands east of the Mississippi were ceded to the United States. A portion of these lands between St. Paul and Ft. Snelling was^ chosen for a military reservation from which certain, settlers, who had estabished themselves in the meantime uiDon them, were necessarily removed. THE 15IRTH OF CITIES. Upon a portion of the present site of the city of Stillwater a claim was made in 1840, and lumber was rafted down the St. Croix; three years later a more extended settlement was formed and a saw-mill built at the same point, ultimately determining the future of the place. The first mill built in Miuue.sota, outside of the government military reservation, was erected five miles northeast of St. Paul, in 1844. The city of St. Paul bad its beginnings in the years between 1840 and 1847. Liquor-selling was its earliest traific, to the misfortune alike of whites and savages. A rum-shop was first opened, upon the site of the present principal steamboat landing, by a Frenchman called Paraut, whose peculiar appearance gave to the jilace the euphonious name of "Pig-Eye." A little later a Maukato merchant settled near the same spot and erected the first store, which was quickly followed by other small trading shops. As much as four years afterward (1844), it is said tiiat "the site of St. Paul was chieliy occupied by a few shanties," principally for the sale of rum to the soldiers and Indians. Not until 1 847 was the first common school in Minnesota, established at St. Paul, under care of Miss H. E. Bishop. In the next year the Wiuuebagoes very unwillingly fulfilled a treaty made with the government for their removal from Iowa to the region lying between the Sauk, Long Prairie and Crow Wing rivers in Minnesota. THE ORGAXIZATIOX OF THE TERRITORY. The principal inhabitant!^ brought to bear, at this time, all the influence they possessed, at Washington, to secure a territorial organization, and on March 3, 1849, shortly after the admission of Wisconsin to the Union, the Territory of Minnesota was organized by act of Congress, and the city of St. Paul was named as the capital. Hand-Book of Minneapolis. TERRITORIAL HISTORY.— A. D., 1849—1858. V-V (jx/- A?VT the time of the organization of Minnesota Territory the whole ^')U of the country west of the Mississippi, from Lake Itasca to the southern boundary, was still in possession of the Indians, and, with the exception of a few trading posts, isolated settlements, and mission stations, was practically unsettled by the whites. The whole jJopulation of the Territory, as determined by the. first territorial census of 1849, num- bered only 4,680. THE INDIAN TKIBES within its borders, little influenced by missionary effort, and depraved by drink, had been and still were constantly engaged in petty warfare with each other, and in occasional robbery and murder of the white settlers. Undeterred either by treaties or military severity, these barbarities af)peared to increase yearly in number, a fact not unnat- urally accounted for, perhaps, by the Indian's growing jealousy of the white man's encroachment upon his ancient domain. An attemjjt, made at this time, to obtain from them a cession of the lands west of the Mississippi, proved inconclusive, having no other result than the purchase of Lake Pepin. , Hardly had the territory been organized when renewed hostilities were opened between tlie Ojibways and Dakotahs. THE PKINCIPAL CITIES of Minnesota were still in embryo: Minneapolis, as yet, was not; St. Anthony held hardly the germ of its future; Stillwater was in its early, formative stages; and even St. Paul was yet little more than a group of small frame tenements, whiskey shoj^s and log cabins. The appoint- ment of the latter city as the Capital of the Territory quickly brought people to the place, and within a year it held 250 to 300 inhabitants. The first Minnesota newsj^aper was started at once, under title of " The Pioneer," by James M. Goodhue. Alexander Ramsey, the first Governor of the Territory, H. H. Sibley, its first delegate to Congress, and H. M. Rice, first United States soiiator after the admission of Minnesota to the Union, were among the men most instrumental in shai)ing the interests of the new Territory. • • TerritorHil JTist,,,-;/. TEKRITOKIAL (ioVKKXMEXT. By its permanent organization it was divided into seven council districts, and an election for one delegate to Congress, nine councillors and eighteen representatives was ordered. The first courts were convened at Stillwatei, St. Anthony and Mendota, and the first Legislative Assembly created nine counties. During this year the site of a new military post was selected near Pembina. Steam navigation of the Minnesota river was commenced. The historical society was duly incor))orated and opened its first session at St. Paul in January, 1850. In 1851 tlie penitentiary was placed at Still- water, and an act passed the Legislature for the creation of the University of Minnesota, to be situated in the neighborhood of the Falls of St. Anthony. A treaty was made with the Dakotahs by which the Territory upon the west side of the Mississi^jpi, and in the valley of the Minnesota river, was opened to immigration. During tliis winter tlieOjibways suffered severeh' from famine and disease. In 1852 Hennepin county was created, and in the year following eleven counties were formed in the Territory west of the Mississippi. At this legislative session a liquor liill, similar to that known as the "Maine Law," passed the Legislature and was approved by the voice of the people, but was declared iiucoustitutioual by the courts at its first application. At the l)eginning of President Pierce's administration, W. A. Gorman succeeded Alexander Ramsey as Governor of Minnesota Territory. A sup- posed fraud charged upon the late Governor and others, in the transfer of funds to the Dakotahs, was successfully disproved before a United States commission a})poiuted to investigate the same. During this year the Dakotahs commenced their northward march to the region of the upper Minnesota, and a treaty was made by Governor Gorman Avith the Winne- bagoes providing tor their removal to another reservation. In 1854 the Legislative Assembly passed an act for the incorporation of the Minnesota \' Northwestern railroad. In the same year Congress voted a laud grant to the Territory of Minnesota for purposes of railway con- struction. A month later Mr. Washburne, of Illinois, stated in Congress that certain clauses in this land-grant bill had been altered subsequent to its engrossment, and, acting upon this plea, the House repealed the bill. The Minnesota & Northwestern railroad, previously chartered, claimed that •Congress had no power to repeal the act. A complaint was brought against the company in the United States district court, charging that it had cut and removed certain trees from United States propertvin Goodhue ■county. Judge Welch, presiding, gave a decision for the railroad company; the supreme court of Minnesota confirmed his decision; and the supreme court of the United States, to which it was carried, discontinued the case, 10 Hifud-Book t'f MiniiCdpolis. in 1856, ou motion of the attorney-general. Tiie discussion concerning the charter of the Minnesota & Northwestern railroad was renewed in 1855. The United States Senate rejected the House bill annulling the charter, and it was subsequently amended twice by the Minnesota Assembly. In 1857 considerable popular excitement was created by an abortive attempt to remove the seat of government from St. Paul to St. Peter. During this year the community was shocked and disturbed by the news of an outrage committed by a baud of outlawed Indians in the southwest corner of the Territory, resulting in the murder of eighteen persons and the kidnapping of four women, two of whom were afterwards killed and two rescued. A general feeling of insecurity naturally followed every fresh evidence of lawlessness on the part of the Indians; a feeling which the terrible sequel of 1862 amply justified. ADMISSION TO THE UNION. The United States Senate, on February 23, 1857, passed an act author- izing the people of the Territory to frame a constitution with a view to the immediate admission of Minnesota to the Union. At the same session of Congress it was voted to 5, rant to Minnesota certain lands, in alternate sections, for purjjoses of railroad construction. The Governor called an extra session of the Legislative Assembly to adopt measures necessary in the premises. The land-grant was disposed of and an election ordered for the choice of delegates to a convention charged with drafting the consti- tution. The election was held, and after a rupture continued for several weeks between the two political parties, each claiming a rightful majority, a form of constitution Avas jointly agreed upon. At the following October election this constitution was almost unanimously adopted by the people. On January 29, 1858, an act providing for the admission of Minnesota into the Union was introduced in the United States Senate by Mr. Douglas. On April 7th, following, the bill passed the Senate, soon obtained the con- currence of the Lower House, and receiving the signature of the President on May 11, 1858, Minnesota was henceforth one of the United States of America. Stnte lliHUinj. 11 STATE HTSTOh'V, 1858—1883. ". tPJ/^HE early years of Miuuesota's State History were times of great "^^^7 financial embarrassment to the new commonwealth ia common ^r^^ with the country at large, and this embarrassment was greatly deepened by anforfcunate legislation in aid of railroad construction. THK STATE KAILKOAD BONDS. The land grant of 4,500,000 acres made by Congress for the construc- tion of a system of railroads was distrilnited to several chartered railway corjjorations, who proved unable to prosecute the required work. To meet the emergency, an act passed the Legislature in 1858 submitting an amendment to the people providing for the issue of §5,000,000 of State Eailroad Bonds to these chartered roads as a public loan, conditioned ujjou partial construction to a stated extent. Despite the active exertions of an intelligent opposing party the amendment was carried by a large majority. The railroads again failed to perform the required work, and .*2,000,000 worth of bonds were issued before a rail was laid. The Hon. H. H. Sibley, first Governor of the State, found his term of office, as did many of his successors, much embarrassed by these State loans. To anticipate, briefly, the history of this unfortunate question: — The people, in 1860, had so far realized tlieir mistake, that they voted an amendment to the constitution expunging the foregoing, and prohibiting the further issuance of the State Railroad Bonds. Provision for the payment of those already issued was continually delayed and their non- redemption remained for twenty-tliree years a perpetual stumbling-block in the way of State legislators and e.xecutive, and a standing injury to the credit of the commonwealth. In 1881, after much abortive legislation* and largely through the persistent influence of Governor John S. Pillsbury and others, the State Legislature passed an act providing for the acceptance of terms of settlement proposed by the bondholders and the cancellation of outstanding bonds. Thereby the State was relieved of an impending 12 Hinid-Bixik of Minneiipolis. accusation of repiidiatory tendencies, and freed from the onus of a too long threatened disgrace. EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS. To return to the regular course of events, — in 1858 the Legislature voted the establishment of three State Normal Schools, to be situated at Winona, St. Cloud and Mankato. In 1859 Alexander Ramsey was elected Governor to succeed the Hon. H. H. Sibley. During his first term of office the Legislature passed a bill regulating the State University, and another uniting the two offices of Chancellor of the University and Superintendent of Public Instruction, which, at a subsequent session, were again separated. Following the recommendations of Governor Eamsey's annual message, the Legislature of 1861 initiated a series of legislative acts favorably affecting the educational interests of the State, and inaugurated a school land policy, which has been amply justified by its results. THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. At the outbreak of the Civil War Governor Ramsey was in Washington, and after the fall of Sumter was the first governor to offer to the President the military services of his State. The citizens of Minnesota quickly responded to the call for volunteers, and the first regiment was promptly enrolled and forwarded to Washington. During the entire war the State furnished eleven infantry regiments, four regiments of cavalry, one of heavy artillery, three batteries, and two companies of sharpshooters, which served efficiently in the different divisions of the army during the greater period of the war. The first Minnesota regiment was attached to the Army of the Potomac and was actively engaged in twenty-one battles. It mus- tered throughout 1,440 men, of which number less than one-third returned ■"to tell the story." THE SlOrX MASSACRE. Whilst the interests of the whole country were most painfully centered in the south, there occurred in the valley of the Minnesota an event which, for the time, eclipsed even the horrors of the Civil war, — The Sioux Massacre OF 1862. Many and remote are the causes which have been assigned to this fearful outbreak of the Sioux Indians, but it is probable that no one cause will sufficiently account for the irruption, still less for the violence and suddenness of its character. A growing spirit of discontent had doubtless been fostered for a long period among the tribes, manifesting itself ])y occasional isolated atrocity. The delay ex])erienced in the receipt of government annuities, the poor (piality and deficient ((uantity of their food, their misunderstandings with the traders, the gradual advance of the Stilt, ' Illxtin-fl. 13 whites upon the bi)nlers of the reservatiou, their dislike of the missionaries amoug them, and the recognized absence from the State of large numbers of men engaged in the war, have all been cited as caiisative influences, and each may have helped to aggravate the natural propensity for outrage. Tiie immediate occasion for executing their fearful ])urpose appears to have been the determination of the tribe to protect a small number of young warriors from the consequences of the murder of a certain white family, com- mitted whilst the savages were under the influence of alcohol. However tliis may be. it is known that on the morning of August 18, 18()2, a large body of Indiana attacked the Lower Agency and promiscuously slaughtered the inmates, with the exception of one man, George H. Spencer, and a few women and children; that, proceeding to the Upper Agency, they killed a large number of men, allowing the missionaries, however, with their families and a few others, to escape; and, that then scattering themselves along the frontier for nearly two hundred miles, they indiscriminately slew every white settler ^i^ithin reach of their weapons. Young women and children were alone spared, only to become prisoners and in many cases to suffer brutal outrage at the liauds of their captors. It is estimated that, in all, some eight hundred persons were massacred. Forts Kidgley and Abercrombie and the town of New Ulm were attacked, but successfully defended with some loss of life. The alarm quickly spread and thousands of frightened settlers flocked the roads to the larger towns. Immediate steps were taken by the governor and others to stay the massacre and punish its authors. Col. H. H. Sibley was put at the head of a force of four hundred men, who, owing to the previous drain upon the State for men, arms and ammunition, were difficult to gather and scantily equijij^ed. These hastily prepared troojis advanced to the Lower Agency as rapidly as possible, where a party of them, whilst engaged in burying the victims of the massacre, were attacked by the Dakotahs. The latter were beaten back after a brief fight, and three days later were defeated with consideralile loss. They delivered up the captives in their hands, surrendered them- selves prisoners, and were duly tried. Over three hundred were found guilty of participation in the massacre and condemned to be hung, but the sentence was suspended by order of the President, aud only thirty- eight were eventually executed. The remainder were imprisoned at Daven- port, Iowa, for over a year, where many died from disease ; the survivors were ultimately conveyed to a re.servation on the upper Missouri river. In the following year the Government organized aud desjjatched an efficient force to capture aud punish those who had escaped from the hands of Colonel Sibley and his men. 14 Hand- Book of MinnedpAu. DOMESTIC AFFAIRS. Immigration to Minnesota was materially checked liy the massacre of 1862, and some time elapsed before it recovered from its effects. In 1862 Governor Ramsey was re-elected, but the year following he was chosen United States senator and I'esigned the governorship to take his seat in the Senate. Lieutenant Governor Swift filled the office until the succession of Stephen Miller, in 1864. He was followed by Wm. R. Marshall, in 1866, who served for two terms". In 1870 Horace Austin succeeded to the office and was re-elected in 1872. In 1874 C. K. Davis was inaugurated Governor. During his term an important tesj case, concerning the power of the state to determine railway rates, was carried to the su^jreme court of the United States, which rendered the note-worthy decision that the state power to regulate rates was not limited by the charter of the railway company. In 1875 the people voted amendments to the constitution relating to terms of office, judicial districts, investment of funds from the sale of school lands, and the permission of women to vote for school officers. During this year and the preceding the farming communities suffered from the depre- dations of the locust or grasshopper. In 1876 John S. Pillsbury was chosen Governor of the State and was re-elected in 1877 and 1879. At the former of these elections the people aj^proved amendments to the constitution concerning the canvassing of election returns, the election and term of senators and representatives, biennial sessions of the Legislature, and thej^rohibition of the use of State funds for sectarian schools. In 1881 the first biennial .session of the Legis- lature was held. In January,~1882, Lucius F. Hubbard succeeded John S. Pillsbury as Governor of the State. With the exception of the first State Governor, Gen. H. H. Sibley, all the Governors of the State have been republican in politics. The later years of Minnesota's State history have been an era of unbroken and almost unexampled prosperity, marked by a rapid increase of pojDula- tion, a corresponding growth in trade, manufacture and the development of natural products, and a wide extension of the railway service. For a comparative estimate, showing the j^rogress of the State in each of "these directions, the reader is referred to the tables on pages 32-38. Pliils(i;il FiiitiiriK. Gi'iiliifin 11)1(1 .]fini rle quarries of St. Cloud, Haven, Sauk Rapids and Watab, consists of syenite, and exhibits no laminated or gneissic structure. It has great variety in texture as to its coarseness of grain and readiness to be quarried PInjxifiil FriitiDcs, Geoliif/)/ nniJ Minerdlodji. 21 aud wrought to any re(iiiired form. Its color is mostly light gray, but upon some extensive tracts it has a red tint, similar to tliat of the celebrated granite of Aberdeen in Scotland. In other jiortions of the Eozoic district granite, gneiss and mica schist are the common rocks, sometimes associated with syenite. Their strike is usually to the northeast or east northeast. At Little Falls and Pike Itapids, and for several miles to the south, west and north, as also in northern Todd coitnty, and along the falls of the St. Louis river above Fond du Lac, and thence northeastward, is a group of rocks (]uite dillereut from the foregohig, its range of variation being fi'om a highly cleavable clay slate, and from a mic.i schist, enclosing many crystals of staurolite. and sometimes garnets and iron pyrites, to a very compact, tough and massive diorite. Comparing these rocks in Minnesota with ths divisions recognized by geologists in the metamorphic rocks of Canada and elsewhere, the syenites, granites and gneisses appear to represent the Laurentian system; while the slate, staurolitic schist and diorite are probably Huronian. The great depth of the drift upon the region occupied by these crystalline rocks in Minnesota makes it im})ossible to draw their boundaries definitely. West- ward, they probably extend to a line running a little west of south from the Lake of the Woods, to the mouth of Big Stone lake, then curving south, southeast and east to New Ulm. No exjiosure of the rocks under- lying the drift has been found in the part of Minnesota drained by the Red river of the North, west of this line. Eastward, this boundary, sepa- rating the metamori^hic area and that of the Silurian rocks of the Potsdam, lower Maguesiau and Trenton periods, reaches from New Ulm north north- easterly to northern Kanabec county, and thence northeast to near Fond du Lac. Onward, along the northwestern shore of Lake Superior, the interstratificatiou and mingling of sedimentary and eruptive rocks, the former exhibiting various degrees of metamorphism, present difficult ques- tions respecting their age, sequence and equivalence. PALEOZOIC SERIES. The red sandstone of Lake Superior, quarried at Fond du Lac, and exposed at many places along the shore of the lake and thence north- eastward to Pigeon point, is considered by Prof. N. H. Winchell, as originally by Foster and Whitney, to be the equivalent of the Potsdam sandstone of New York. It is often changed to quartzyte, and is associated with metamoriihic shales, slates and conglomerate, besides being in many portions cut by dikes and iuterbedded with immense outflows of igneous rock. This is the group called Kewanawan by Professors Chara. berlin and Irving of the Wisconsin geological survey. Some of its igneous and tufaceous beds are exposed on the Kettle river at and above its 22 Htnid-Book of Minneapolis. junction with the St. Croix, on the Snake river for three miles below Chengwatana, and on the St. Croix river at Taylor's Falls. A red quartzyte which seems to be quite certainly the same formation with the red quartzyte, sandstone and shales of Lake Superior, outcrops in the valley of the Minnesota river at Redstone, nearly opposite New Ulm; and again in the northern part of Cottonwood county, extending into the adjoining edges of Watonwan and Brown counties, forming a massive ridge, nearly twenty-five miles long from east to west, mostly covered by glacial drift. The same quartzyte has frequent outcrops at Pipestone City and the Mound, near Luverne, in the . most southwestern counties of Minnesota. The famous red pipestone quarry of the Indians is at Pipe- stone City, where the pipestone, or Cablinite, a very fine and durable red stone, without grit and susceptible of a fine polish, forms a layer about one foot thick, overlaid and underlaid by the very hard and coarse quartzyte. Next in age after the preceding, is a succession of formations of sand- stone and magnesian limestone, which may be called the Lower Maguesian series, shown by their fossils to be the equivalents of the Calciferous sandrock and its associated formations in the eastern states. This series of strata is exhibited in the bluffs of the St. Croix and Mississippi rivers, and reaches thence to the valley of the Minnesota river, where it has many exposures in Blue Earth county and thence northward to Shakopee. The five divisions of this group, in ascending order, are as follows: The Saint Croix sandstone, 400 to 900 feet thick ; the St. Lawrence limestone, about 200 feet thick; the Jordan sandstone, 25 to 50 feet or more in thickness;, the Shakopee limestone, about 100 feet thick; and the St. Peter sandstone^ 75 to 125 feet or more in thickness. These beds are nearly horizontal, or dip only a few degrees. Overlying the St. Peter sandstone, as seen in the bluffs of tbe Mississippi at Minneapolis, Ft. Snelling and St. Paul, is the Trenton limestone, mostly 25 to 35 feet thick. Next above this are beds of shale, about one hundred feet thick, containing thin layers of limestone, believed to belong to the Cincinnati or Hudson river group. Both these formations are plentifully fossiliferous. In the most southeastern counties of Minnesota, the Trenton limestone is overlaid by the Magnesian Galena limestone, of which a thick- ness of about 100 feet is seen in this State. The only exposure of Upper Silurian rocks in Minnesota is in the north edge of Fillmore county, where a small patch of Niagara limestone is found. Strata of Devonian limestone occupy a considerable })art of Fillmore and Mower counties. Tbe Carboniferous series, which contains valuable coal-beds in central Iowa, apparently does not reach into Minnesota. If it enters at all into Phi/sirid. Feufiireit, Geidnfji/ (iikI Minei-nUKjij. 23 this State, it is to the west of these Upper Silurian aud Devonian rocks, where the surface is deeply covered by glacial drift aud shows an outcrop of rock. MESOZOIC SERIES. The western two-thirds of Minnesota appear to have been overspread more or less completely by Cretaceous deposits, continuous with their great area in the region drained by the upper Missouri river. There are frequent exposures of Cretaceous clays, shale and sandstone along tlic Minnesota river from I5ig Stone lake to Mankato; and at several places lignite occurs in thin seams, seldom equaling a foot in thickness. Similar Cretaceous beds are found in Mower and Stearns counties. Frag- ments of lignite occur frequently in the drift of all that part of Minnesota west of a line drawn from the west end of Hunter's Island, it. 31 STATISTICS OF I'OITLATION, AGUKL'LTriJK AND RAILWAY EXTENSION IN THE STATE OF MINNESOTA. f *«&'W.TATTHTICS are of actual value ouly as the ta})nlated atatoments 'r^ r-^ of carefully verified fact.-i, obtained by patient inquiry and obser- ^ (^ vation, repeated at regular intervals and extending over a long period of time, in order that successive results may be subjected to careful comparison. These conditions being obtained, statistics, proper to the (piestion, are rightly acceptable as evidence of the growth and progress of a country or community. As such, the following tables are introduced. Selected from the best available sources of information,* and possessed of these essential qualifi- cations they faithfully present, in a condensed form, the most valuable facts related to the three subjects which, taken together, serve as a good index of the present status and pa«t development of the State, viz. : — population, agriculture and railroad extension. POPULATIOX. The primary causes which determine the increase or decrease of popula- tion within a given area are two in number: (1) the healthfulness of the climate or its reverse, and (2) the possibilities of natural production. The first of these causes operates by effecting the relative number of births and deaths; the second by effecting the relative proportions of immigration and emigration. Thus, a maximum of births and a minimum of deaths in a given locality are ^>/7"/«r;/i''(7e evidence of the healthfulness of its climate; a strong tide of immigration constantly setting in to a country, with no appreciable reflux, is sufficient proof of its agricultural wealth: whilst a reverse of these conditions is proof of the disadvantages of both. That Minnesota is exceptionally well endowed in each of these respects will be readily appreciated by a brief study of the subjoined tables of population, etc. *Uepi)rt of the Commissioner of Statistics of the State of Minnesota for 1882; Joint Annual Report of the Chamber of Commerce and Board of Trade, 18S.'; Compen- dium of the U S. Tenth Census, etc., supplemented by later items under the author's direction. 32 Ilniotl-Book ditti>'n, Af/r/'culturi' (did Ruilirin/ KjIciisIini. 33 OTIIKR AlilUrrLTl'KAI. I'KODUCTS OF JS81. Cultivated liay, tons 227,439 Wild hav, tons" X.'HWSH) Butter, Ib^ I»i,ii,v.',(i20 Cheese. lbs 522.452 Honey, lbs 144,16? Maple su-iar. lbs., ia82 54,512 Maple syrup, gallons, 18«2 12,928 Apples, bushels 158,(156 Grapes, lbs.' 2, lbs 79.631 Wool, lbs.. 1882 933,332 TOTAL YIELD OF ALL CROPS FOR THE LAST SIX YEARS. 1876. Wheat, bushels 17,9li4.632 30,693,989 Oats, bushels 10.5(56,178 13,819,630 Corn, bushels ... 7.6-23 043 9,151,281 Barlev. bushels 1 1,608.463 2,239.650 Ry . bushels ' 75.122 13-.J.041 Buckwiieat, bushels I 66 847 79,448 Total '37,904.280 56,116.019 1877. Beans, bushels I 13.696 Potatoe.s, bushels ' 2,477,384 Cultivated hay, tons I 135,860 Wildhay,t(>ns ! 935.!)61 Cane syrup, gallons 102.489 Flax seed, bushels 1 44,243 Clover seed. Viushels | 5,041 Timothy seed, bushels , 83,379 Tobacco, pounds 39.732 Apples, trees in bearing 153,138 Apples, bushels produced ... 111.538 Maple sujjar, pounds Maple syrup, aallons Bees, number of hives 7.740 Honey, nunilier of pounds. ... 1 101,858 Wool; pounds 640,894 Butter, pounds . . . . ; 12.348,971 Cheese, pounds 1,052,348 14,471 2,426.002 131.647 974,224 140,153 40.838 8.807 42,5.59 38.839 156,189 45,736 52,723 16,588 10.835 213,768 705.116 13.443,195 829,075 1878. 1879. 29,484.503 31,218.634 18,338.356 20.667,933 11,286.5451 12939.91)1 1,493,6681 2,423 932 222,728! 172 887 37.944: 33,163 60,663,044 67,456,4.50 28,037 3,250,181 1,55,295 1,110 241 329.661 1 16,982 7,558 24,228 75,634 2.58.746 89,992 .^.8.462 10,670 15,105 £.53,221 790.482 14,873.740 1,602,551 24,434 3,915.890 194,994 1.2(K),.506 446,946 99,378 18.460 39.376 65,089 299.319 124.261 47.712 12,4 n 16,261 208,018 948,184 15,639,069 586,4481 i88n. 39.399,068 22,867,932 13.125.2.55 2,751,638 170.817 29.736 90,904 3,782,243 17.">..595 1.263,472 66:>,«37 397,190 8,371 6t),940 48,437 2,55.133 147,803 49..577 13.418! 14,020 221,2.55 923. i 70 15.693,2s3 417,9941 1881. 32,947,.570 21.954,126 14 654,646 4.215,715 170.0.53 42,847 78,344,446 73,984,957 22,294 3.997,187 227,432 1,261.089 684.066 433,517 27,715 96,214 79,631 267,431 1.58,058 49.577 13,418 9,287 144.162 1.0.S3.775 16,0.52,020 522,456 AVERAGE BUSHELS PER ACRE OF CROPS FOR THE LAST TWELVE YEARS. 1870. 1871. Wheat 15.071 12.28 Oats I 31.19 31.92 1872. 17.40 33.69 32.99 26.33 16.07 Corn 31.66 35.35 Barley ! 23 . 42 25 . 20 Rye 18. .5s 16.21 Buckwheat... 16. .59 15.05 13.70 Beans 13.52i 13.051 12.92 Potatoes 71. 941100. 49I117. 89 I 1873. 1874. 1875. ,041 14.23 17 ,04 28.61 34 ,87, 28 ,85i 21 ,87; 12 64 24 17 30 15 16 65 12 ,83 9 ,90 120 1876. 1877. ' 1878. 1879. 1880. .611 16 .041 32 ..S4, 23, .701 26 .21 14, .23 11. .481 4, .75 62. 781 12. 19 38. 47 34. 37 26. 38 15, 67, 9. 70 1 12. 01)1 97. 11.30 36.42 33.95 24.87 14.98 9.80 11.33 103.26 13.30 33.49 31.07 23.21 13.89 10.0(5 13.66 98.87 1881. 11.42 30.14 30.91 21.40 12.99 12.02 13.09 95.84 34 Hand-Bool: of Minneapolis. ACREAGE OF THE PRINCIPAL CULTIVATED CROPS FOR THE LAST SIX YEARS. Wheat Oats Corn Barley Rye Buckwheat Potatoes . . . Beans Sugar cane Cultivated hay . Flax Miscellaneous products. Total acres. Increase over preceding year 458 295 70 5 9 32, 1, 1, 121. 8, 13. ,172 ,591) ,(189 ,883 ,285 ,240 ,703 ,!-32 695 463 191 747 2,887,845 1877. 2 894,654 1878. 2,385.775 474,5.i7 324,174 55.423 13,813 3.766 35, wg 2,28!) 3,207 2,183 27.199 3.429,164 96,809 444,510 1879. 2,762, 567. 379. 96, 11, 3. 37, 2, 5, 145. 12, 18, 4,043,074 1880. 2,961,842 682.520 422,461 118,488 12,312 2,9.55 38,254 1,538 6.914 135,72^ 40.0I_)4 24.844 4,417,846 404,772 1881. 2.884,160 728.367 474,030 196,917 13,091 3,.564 41,707 1,703 7,396 171,512 73,649 19,685 4,615,781 167,935 THE CROPS OF 1881. Total cultivated territory of the State 4,615,781 Increase in acreage over preceding year 167,935 Remaining territory possible of cultivation ^about) 33,185,745 acres, acres, acres. SHEEP AND WOOL FOR THE LAST TWELVE TEARS. YEARS. Sheep No. Wool, flJs. 1871 116,493 125,273 141,748 144,901 143,689 154.318 161,797 186.4.56 206,477 223 791 215,453 213,376 355,232 1872 497,045 1873 : 529,859 1874 •. 549,918 1875 .578,948 1876 620.874 1877 577.067 1878 790,203 1879 948,184 1880 925,278 1881 923,170 1882 933,331 STOCK IN 1882. Horses, number 276,690 Cattle, all ages, (including cows,) 594,794 Mulesand Asses 9,664 Sheep 258,415 Hogs .. 279240 COWS AND DAIRY PRODUCTS IN 1881. Number of milch cows 221,213 Pounds of butter i)r<)duced 16,052,020 Pounds of cheese i)roduced 522,456 Number of Milch cows. 1882 '. 231,533 Pdpij/iif/on, Af/n'rii/tiire nml Iliilirnii E.vtennion. 35 SUMMARY OF DAIRY PRODUCTS FOR THE PAST ELEVEN YKARS. 1871 1872 1873 1871 187". 1S7I) 1877 1H7S 1879 18811 1881 C<>Ws, Xo. 106,016 185,691 155,454 lt)9,618 176,278 185.149 2(K).379 223,443 225,513 228,955 221.213 Butter, ^<> 356,768 823,630 140,316 ,916,942 ,029.371 ,348.971 ,443,195 ,873,710 ,639 069 .693,283 ,0.52,020 Gbcise, lt>s. 469,147 772,630 1,031,510 1,090,238 I (H»9,999 lli)52.348 8-i9,075 1,602,.j51 586.448 417,994 522,4.56 RAILWAY EXTENSION IN MINNESOTA. Scarcely twenty-five years have elapsed since a railroad first entered the State of Minnesota, and for several years subsequent to the admission of the State to the Union (1858, )but few miles of rail were laid. The difficulties which attended the birth and infancy of the first rail- way corporations have l)een detailed elsewhere; as also the history of the great financial embarrassment which the State has labored under in the interest of these ventures. Freed from these misfortunes, the commonwealth may now feel a par- donable pride in the past develoi^ment, the present condition and the future prosi^ects of the great roads which intersect her boundaries and centre in her chief cities. The nine railways which have termini in Minnesota are the owners of a grand total of 3,796.30 miles of line completed up to the present date, (August 1, 1883,) within the borders of the State. 542.37 miles of this total extent have been constructed during the past year. These roads place her great cities in immediate connection with the whole country from St. Vincent to the Gulf, and from the Atlantic coast to Puget Sound. They make them the inlet and the outlet for the far north- west, and as such secure their position as the natural centres of trade. The direction, termini, and mileage of each railroad are given in the accompanying statement, to which the reader is referred. 36 ILmd-Buok of Minneiipolis. THE RAILWAYS OF MINNESOTA, TERMINI AND LENGTH WITHIN THE STATE TO AUGUST 1, 1883. Chicago, Milicaukee & St. Paul Rdilway. DIVISION OR FORMER NAME. River division River division River division .••■■. Iowa & Minnesota division Iowa & Minnesota division Iowa & Minnesota division Hastings A: Dakota Hastings & Dakota Wabasha division Southern Minnesota Central R. R. of Minnesota Chicago, Clinton. Dubuque & Minnesota. Caledonia, Miss. & Western Red Wing division ". From. Total. Bridge Junction 8t. Paul St. Croix Junction.. Iowa line. . St. Paul Junction... Iowa line Hastings , Minneapolis Wa'^asha. ..... Grand Crossing Mankato Iowa line (jaledonia Junction. Northfield To. St. Paul St. Paul Stillwater Minneapolis . St. Paul Austin Ortonville. .. Benton Zumbrota Dakota line., Wells La Crescent., Preston Red Wing Miles. 120.47 8.30 24.90 130.54 5.61 11.37 203.59 28.90 .59.00 299.90 40.00 24.90 57.50 32.00 1.055.98 Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & 0)naha Uailway. DIVISION OR FORMER NAME. St. Paul & Sioux City St. Paul, Stillwater & Taylors Falls. Blue Earth branch Minn. & Black Hills Worthington & Sioux Falls. Rock River branch Leased branch Total. From. To. St. Paul Lake St. Croix Stillwater Junction.. Stillwater Lake Crystal Heron Lake. Sioux Falls Junction. Luverne St. Paul Iowa line St. Paul....... Stillwater Hudson bridge Elmore Woodstock Dakota line. .. Iowa line Minneapolis . . Miles. 187.52 19.90 3.80 4.39 44.01) 44.00 42.53 10.56 9.90 396.60 Chicago d- Northwestern R((ilway. FORMER NAME OR niVISION. From. To. Miles. Winona & St. Peter Winona, Mankato & New Ulm. Plain view Chatlicld Rochester k, North Minnesota.. Minnesota Valley Chicago & Dakota Total. Winona Mankato Junction.. . Plainview Junction. Chatfield Junction.. Rochester Sleepy Eye Tracy Dakota line. Mankato Plainview ■-. Chattield — Zumbrota. . Redwood F.. Dakota line. 288.. 50 3.75 15.01 11.46 24.48 24.40 46.38 413.98 Po])id(Uion, AfjriruUiirc' ami Rniliraj/ Extenfiion. 37 Miiineapoiis & St. Imvu Itailwai). FOBMER NAME OR DIVISION. Main line Pacific extension. Total. From. Minneapolis . VVinthrop To. Iowa line. Morton Miles. 123.00 92. (X) 215. IKt St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Railway. FOKMEU N.\ME OU DIVISION. From. To. Miles. Main line St. Paul Main line East Minneapolis. Branch Crookston Branch Morris. .• Branch Wayzata. Branch ! Carlisle. Branch Branch . . Br&nch Branch Branch — . Total. Minneapolis St. Cloud.... Sauk Centre. Fergus Falls. Shirley Internation a 1 boundary.. .. Moorhead State line Brown's Val. W. end Lake Minnetonka. Elizabeth St. Cloud Hinckley Browersville.. Pelican Kapids St. Hilaire 394.57 258.15 24.08 47.00 t).0(i 3.70 62.96 66.. 51 25.75 21.37 21. 4<) 931.49 St. Paul & Duluth RdUway. FORMER NAME OR DIVISION. From. To. Miles. St. Paul & Duluth St Vniil Duluth Stillwater Cloquet Taylor's Falls. Minneapolis . . 1.56.00 Stillwater \- St. Paul Knife Falls branch White Bear North Pacific .J unct .. Wyoming White Bear 12.. 5(1 ti.r.d 2(1.30 13.01) Total 208 30 Northern Pacific Railroad Cvinpanti. DIVISION. B'rom. To. Miles. St. Paul Sfc Paul Brainerd Moorhead « N P. Junction Morris • . . Wahpetou 136. Wi Dnlnth 251.50 19. .5(1 87.75 Northern Pacific, Fergus & B H H K.. 77.70 Total .... .572.45 38 Hand-Book of MlnneupoliH. Minneapolis, Lyndale & Minneionha Railway Co. From. Minneapolis , Total... To. Excelsior. Miles. Bniiimjton. Cedar Rapids and Northern Rail/ray. FORMER NAME OR DIVISION. From. To. Burlington, C. R. & Northern. Total Iowa line Albert Lea. Miles. 12..50 12..50 HISTORY City of Minneapolis AND ITS SURROUNDINGS. THE DISCO VJ]RY OF THE FALLS OF ST. ANTHONY. IVILIZATION may be defined, in brief, as the power of adapting natural means to human ends, and upon the more or less perfect adaptation of these means to the highest attainable ends, rests the most appreciable advancement of the race. To recognize and to grasp the opiaortunities which Nature offers— to utilize and to conserve the energy or force which she generates, is the part of genius in the process of human development. Various and many are the occasions for its exercise; yet rarely does Nature afford any opportunity so grand or originate any power so col- sal as that which is borne upon the currents of running water. In all his- tory, the bank of a stream has been the birthplace of a colony, and from the crest of the cateract might almost be said to rise the prophecy of a city. Long years ago far-seeing men read the future of Minneapolis in The Falls of St. AnthonY; and to-day it is impossible to account for her growth and progress without estimating the worth of this main factor in her existence. The' water-fall is the vital element of her greatness. The great manu- factories which cluster in ever increasing numbers around it, are the cor- ner-stones of the city and the secrets of her success. To the industries which they foster might well be applied a eulogy sini- Jar to that of Thomas Carlyle upon cottcu-spiuniug: they are the housing of the homeless, the clothing of the naked and the feeding of the hungry iu their results, — "the triumph of mind over matter in their means." 40 Hand-Buolc of Miain-npofiK. Eigbtly, then, may we look upon the discovery of the Falls of St. Anthony as the first unconscious beginnings of the present metropolis, and upon a brief recital of this important event as a fit introduction to her history. Many of its details are inextricably interwoven with the preceding sketch of the State of Minnesota, but at the risk of some slight repetition, we shall again refer to the earliest records. Louis Hennepin, the Franciscan priest, was iindoubtedly the first white man who visited the great water-fall. In making the ascent of the Missis- sippi he does not appear to have reached this point, but in July, 1680, on returning from a sojourn with the Dakotah Indians in the neighborhood of Mille Lacs, he and his small party came in sight of the cataract. His account of the discovery is so tinctured with the spirit of exagger- ation and self-applause, which pervades all his writings, that it is very difficult to select the plain undisguised facts of the narrative. La Salle, from whose expedition Hennepin and two followers had been detached, has recorded, at second-hand, the details of the discovery. Placing the two report^ side by side it does not seem that Hennepin was greatly impressed by the natural grandeur of the Falls; his description of them is singularly uneuthusiastic, although he considered them worthy to be named after his patron-saint, St. Anthony, of Padua. His facts of measurement and of the physical features and geological appearance of the cataract are probably reliable, according, as they do, with subsequent observations; for these the reader is referred to the chapter ui3on local geology. He tells us that "the curling waters," as they were named by the native tribes in the vicinity, were an object of universal worship to the Indians, who regarded them as the dwelling place of a Great Spirit, to whom, whenever they approached, they were required to bring gifts and offer prayers. This custojn is reported also Ijy later travelers. During the period of the French dominion, the only other published account of the Falls was written by Charleville, who must certainly have borrowed his facts from Hennepin, La Salle or some unknown eoyageur. Nearly a century intervened between this -tud the next substantiated visit to the immediate neighborhood. In 17(56 Jonathan Carver, a British subject, born in Connecticut, arrived at a point just below the Fails of St. Anthony. His sketch of the scene which presented itself to him is the first att^^/inpted, and his written descrip- tion is a witness to his appreciation of its, natural attractions. "The country around them," he aay.s, "is extremely beautiful, * * * * On the whole, when the Falls are included, which may be seen at a dis- Discomrji of tJic Falls of St. Anthtiiij/. 41 tanee of four miles, a more pleasing and picturesque view, I l)elieve, can- not be found throughout the universe." His calculations of height, etc., of the cataract, will be found with those of others, in the reports of the geological survey. Thirty miles below the Falls he discovered a remarkalile cave, which took his name, and was visited by others in later years. It has since Ijeen