yC-NRLF ^B ?Mb TS2 GIFT v:r.. A. !.:orris 1875-194 o iu^a, Mw^ <^.e^: Digitized by tine Internet Arcliive in 2008 witli funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation littp://www.archive.org/details/advancedliistoryoOOtoutricli AN ADVANCED HISTORY OF GEEAT BEITAIN An Elementary History of England With 88 1 1 bt sir at km s, Tables, Maps, and Plans. BY T. F. TOUT, M.A., Professor of Mediaeval and Modern History in the University of Manchester, AND JAMES SULLIVAN, Ph.D., Principal of the Boys' High School, Brooklyn, Now York. Crown 8vo, §0.78 An Atlas of English History EDITED BY SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER, D.C.L., LL.D. With 66 Maps and 22 J'laiis of Battles, etc. Small 4to, $1.50 LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.. NEW YORK. AN ADVANCED HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE DEATH OF EDWARD VII. WITH 63 MAPS AND PLANS By T. F. tout, M.A. \> PROFESSOB OF MEDIJBVAL AKD MODERN HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER NEW IMPRESSION LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. FOURTH AVENUE AND 30TH STKEET, NEW YORK LONDON, BOMDAY, AND CALCl'TTA 1912 All rights rttervM / S'y^ -' ^^^ ^C CONTENTS List of Bibliographies List of Maps and Plans List of Genealogical Tables Table of Kings and Queens . List of the Chief Ministries since 1689 Index ..... BOOK I DATK Up to 1066. BRITAIN BEFORE THE NORMAN CONQUEST . . . . Up to 55 B.C. Chapter I. Britain Prehistoric and Celtic t 330 B.C. The Palseolithio Age The Neolithic Ago . The Iberians The Celts . The Bronze and Iron Ages The Voyage of Pythoas 55 B.C. -449 A.D. Chapter II. Roman Britain 65-54 B.C. Julius Cccsar's Invasions of Britain 43-86 A.D. The lionian Conquest of Britain 85-410. Roman Rule in Britain 78-85. Julius Agricola The Two Roman Walls Roman divisions of Britain . The garrison and the roads Roman Civilisation . The Romano-British Church Decay of the Roman Power The Barbarian Invasions . 410. End of the Roman Power in Britain 410-449. The Picts, Scots, and Saxons Permanent reaults of Roman Rule in Britain PACK XXXVT xxTvii xxxix xl 740 743 I-81 1-5 I I 2 2-3 3 4-S 6-15 6-7 7-9 9-14 9 9-10 10 II II 12 12 M 14 >S IS' ivi^78419 Vlll CONTENTS 449-607. Chapter III. The English Conquest of Southern Britain . The Jutos, the Saxons, and the Angles The beginnings of England The Jutish Settlements The Saxon Settlements The Anglian Settlements The fate of the Britons The Welsh . The beginnings of Scotland Conversion of the Plots and Scots Why England became the strongest 597-821. 597. 627. 627-685. 626-655. 664. 668-690. V16-821. Chapter IV. The Early Overlordships and the Conversion of the English to Christianity . The first stops toward English Unity The Heptarchy The first English Overlords The Celtic Church . Popo Gregory the Great The Landing of Augustine . The Conversion of Kent and Essex The Conversion of Edwin . The Northumbrian Overlordship . Aidan and the Scottish Mission Penda of Mcrcia Conversion of the rest of England . Dispute between the Roman and the Celtic Churches .... Synod of Whitby . The work of Theodore of Tarsus The Overlordship of Mercia 802-899. Chapter V. The West Saxon Overlord ship and the Danish Invasions . 802-839. 839-858. 858-899. 878. 886. The rise of Wessex . The Koign of Egbert Beginnings of the Danish Invasions The Kcign of Ethelwulf The Norse Migrations The Sons of Ethelwulf Settlements in England and the continent Wessex saved by Alfred Alfred and Guthrum's Peace The Dane law . . West Saxon Supremacy under Alfred Alfred's lleforms CONTENTS IX 899-978. Chapter VI. The Successors of Alfred and the Beginnings of the English Monarchy ..... 899-924. Edward the Elder, the first King of the English The sons of Edward the Elder 924-940. Athelstan 937. The Battle of Brunanburh . 940-946. Edmund the Magnificent , 946-956. Keign of Edred 955-976. The Reigns of Edwy and Edgar Archbishop Dtmstan 976-978. The Reign of Edward the Martyr 50-56 978-1042. 978-1016. lOOS. 1013. 1016. 1017-1C36. 1036-1042. Chapter VII. The Decline of the English Kingdom and the Danish Conquest Reign of Ethelred, the Unready Renewal of Danish Invasions The Massacre of St. Brice's Day The Invasion of Swegen The Struggle of Cnut and Edmund Ironside Cnut, King of Denmark, Norway, and England The Great Earldoms Reigns of the Sons of Cnut . 1042-1066. Chapter VIII. The Reigns of Edward the Confessor and Harold 1042. Accession of Edward the Confessor Normandy and the Normans The House of Godwin Harold, Earl of the West Saxons . 1066. The Death of Edward the Confessor Harold made King . . Harold defeats Harold Hardrada . Landing of William of Normandy . Battle of Hastings . 449-1066. Chapter IX. English Life before the Norman Conquest . Agriculture and land tenure Thegns, Ceorls, and Theows Towns Houses Food and Drink Arcbitecturo . Laws . The ^hjreq , CONTENTS PAGI Hundreds and Townships . . . Law Courts ..... 77 77 The King's Officers .... Frithborh and Tithing The King ..... The Witenagemot .... The Church ..... 7S 7S 7S 7S 7S Language and Literature . Books recommended for the further study of the 8c Period ..... 80-81 BOOK II 1066-1215. THE NORMAN AND ANGEVIN KINGS 82-158 1066-1087. Chapter I. William I. the Conqueror 1066-1071. 1071. 1076. 1079. 1086. 1086. The Norman Conquest Hereward subdued . The Establishment of Feudalism William and the Norman Barons The Palatine Earldoms The Forests . The Baronial Eevolt Revolt of Robert suppressed William and the English . The Domesday Book The Oath at Salisbury The Normans and the Church William as overlord of Britain Foreign Policy of William . 8292 8^ 84 8: 86 87 85 8? 8i 88-8c 8c 9C 90-92 91-92 93 1087-1100. Chapter II. William II. Rufus 1088. 1095. 1093. 1092. 1095. 1100. The Sons of William the Conqueror Baronial Revolt Revolt of Robert Mowbray . Ranulf Flambard Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury William 11. and Anselm William 11., Scotland and Wales Conquest of Cumberland William 11. and Normandy The First Crusade . Death of Rufus 94-101 94-9i 9f 9i 9( 9; 97 -9< 9« 9< lOO-IOl IOC roi 1100-1135. Chapter III. Henry I. Early Measures of Henry i. Henry i. and the Normans 1101, Robert-'g revolt I02-U( 102-10; 103-iOi 10: CONTENTS XI PATE 1102. 1106. 1103-1107. 1120. 1136. Fall of Robert of BeU6me . Battle of Tinchebray Quarrel of Henry and Anselm , . Henry i. Scotland and Wales Henry and Louis vi. . . . Roger of Salisbury and the Administrative System The Loss of the White Ship Normandy and Anjou Death of Henry i. . PAOK 104 104-105 106 107 107 108 108 109 1135-1154. Chapter IV. Stephen of Blois 1135. 1138. 1141. 1153. 1154. Accession of Stephen Battle of the Standard Beginnings of Civil War The Rivalry of Stephen and Matilda Desolation of England Geoffrey of Mandeville The Battle of Lincoln The Treaty of Wallingford . The Death of Stephen iii-iiS III 112 "2-1 13 "3 "3 114 114 "5 "5 1154-1189. Chapter V. Henry II. of Anjou . Character of Henry 11. . The Restoration of Order . Thomas Becket .... 1164. The Constitutions of Clarendon and the quarrel of Henry and Becket 1170. Murder of Becket .... Period of Amalgamation between Normans and English ..... 1166. Henry's Reforms. The Assize of Clarendon 1176. The Assize of Northampton The Grand Assize .... 1181. The Assize of Arms .... 1184. The Assize of Woodstock . Henry ir., Wales and Scotland The Norman Conquest of Ireland . The Angevin Empire Henry 11. and his family 1169. The War of Toulouse The Wars of 1178 and 1174 Henry's Foreign Alliances Itf'bollions of his Sons 1189. Henry's Death .... 116-130 116 I16-117 117-118 I19-120 120-121 122 123 >23 123 124 124 124-123 125 126 127 127 127-129 129 129 130 1189-1199. Chapter VI. Richard I. Coeur de Lion 131-136 Character of Richard i. 1189. Richard and the Third Crusade Richard's Captivity in Germany >3i Xll CONTENTS DATE 1189-1194. England dxiring Richard's Absence 1194-1199. England from 1194-1199 . 1199. Richard's last Wars and Death 1199-1216. Chapter VII. John Lackland . Accession and Character of John . Arthur of Brittany .... The Loss of Normandy and Anjou 1214. Battles of La Roche au Moine and Bouvines 1206. The Disputed Election at Canterbury 1207. Appointment of Langton Quarrel of John and Innocent iii. . 1208. The Interdict .... 1209. The Excommunication 1213. John becomes the Pope's Vassal 1213-1215. Quarrel between John and his Barons 1215. The Great Charter . Renewal of the War of King and Barons . 1216. Death of John .... 1066-1216. Chapter VIII. Feudal Britain . The Importance of the Norman Conquest Britain and the Continent . The King and the Great Council . Local Government .... Earls, Barons, and Knights The Manorial System Towns and Trade Fashions of Living Food and Dress Norman Castles Norman Churches The Beginnings of Gothic Architecture New Monastic Movements . Twelfth-Century Renaissance Latin Literature English and French Literature Books recommended for the further study of the Period PAGE 134 134-135 135 137-145 137 138 »39 139.140 140 141 141 142 142 143 143-144 144 145 145 146-156 146 147 147 148 148 149 150 151 »5i 152 153 153 154 155 155 156 158 BOOK III 1216-1399. THE BEGINNINGS OF THE ENG- LISH NATION .... 1216-1272. Chapter! Henry III. 1216, Accession of Henry iii. . . . . 1216-1217. Conflict between William Marshall and Louis of Prance ...... 159-253 159-177 . »59 159-160 CONTENTS Xlil OATK 1217. 1216-1219. 1219-1232. 1232-1234. 1234-1258. 1248-1252. 1258. 1259. 1259-1263. 1264. 1264. 1264-1266. 1265. 1265. 1265. 1265-1267. 1267. 1267-1272. The Battle of Lincoln and the Treaty of Lambeth The Rule of William Marshall The Rule of Hubert de Burgh The Rule of Peter des Roches The Personal Rule of Henry The Alien Livasion — Provenfals, Savoyards and Romans ..... Edmund Rich and Robert Grosseteste Henry's Foreign Failures . The Poitevins in England . Rise of the Principality of North Wales . Simon of Montfort in Gascony Edmund, King of Sicily; and Richard, King of the Romans .... Political Retrogression and National Progress The Mad Parliament The Provisions of Oxford . The Treaty of Paris .... The Beginning of the Barons' War The Mise of Amiens The Battle of Lewes The Rule of Earl Simon . ... The Parliament of 1265 The Revolt of the Marchers The Battle of Evesham The Royalist Restoration . The Treaty of Shrewsbury . The End of the Reign 1272-1307. Chapter II. Edward I. 1272-1274. 1277. 1282-1283. 1284. 1274-1290. 1289-1290. 1286-1290. 1290-1292. 1292. 1259-1293. 1293-1295. 1295. 1296. 1297. 1297. 1297. 1298. Character and Policy of Edward i. . The Government during Edward's Absence The First Welsh War The Conquest of the Principality . Settlement of the Principality Edward's Legislation Trials of the Judges and Expulsion of the Jews Scotland under Alexander iii. The Maid of Norway The Scottish Claimants Accession of John Balliol . . . , England and France The French and Scottish Wars The Model Parliament Tho Conquest of Scotland . Clerical Opposition under Wincbelsea Baronial Opposition under Norfolk and Hereford Confirmatio Cartarum Scottish Rising under Wallace Battle of Falkirk .... Edward's Reconciliation with France aud the Church ...... i6o i6o i6o-i6i i6i 162 162-164 164 165 165 166 166 167 167 168 168 169 169 171 172 172 173 174 175 176 176-177 178-197 178 179 »79 181 182 182-185 185 185-186 188 188 189-191 190-191 191 192 192 »93 »93 ^93-194 194 194 XIV CONTENTS Reconciliation •with the Barons 1303-1305. The Second Conquest of Scotland 1306. Rising of Robert Bruce 1307. Death of Edward i. . PAGE 195 196 196 196-197 1307-1327. Chapter III. Edwaxd II. of Carnarvon . 198-204 1307-1309. Edward ii. and Gaveston . 1310-1311. The Ordinances and the Lords Ordainers 1312. The Murder of Gaveston 1307-1314. Robert Bruce conquers Scotland 1314. The Battle of Bannockburn Thomas of Lancaster 1322. The Battle of Boroughbridge and the Parliament of York . 1322-1326. The Rule of the Despensers Isabella and Mortimer 1326-1327. The Fall of Edward ii. 198-199 199 199 200 200-201 201-202 202 202 203 203 1327-1377. Chapter IV. Edward III. 1327-1330. 1328. 1328. 1333. 1839-1340. 1340. 1346. 1346. 1346-1347. 1348-1349. 1365-1356. ISSO. 1367. 1369. 1369-1377. 1351. 1351-1353. The Rule of Isabella and Mortimer Treaty of Northampton Accession of Philip vi. in France , Character and Policy of Edward iii. David Bruce and Edward Balliol . Battle of Halidon Hill David finally established in Scotland Causes of the Hundred Years' War Chief Features of the Struggle The Netherlandish Campaigns The Battle of Sluys . War of the Breton Succession The Invasion of Normandy The Battle of Cr6cy . Calais, Auberoche, Neville's Cross, and La Roche Derien .... The Black Death . The Black Prince in Aquitaine The Battle of Poitiers The Treaties of Br6tigni and Calais The Civil War in Castile . The Battle of Ndjera The Revolt of Aquitaine Fall of the English Power in France The Statute of Labourers . Anti-Papal Legislation Edward iii. and his Parliaments . Edward's Family Settlement The Court and Constitutional Parties 205-227 205-208 205 206 208 208-209 209 209 210-211 212 212 212 213 214 214-215 216 216 217 217-218 218-219 219 221 221 222 223 223 224 225 226 CONTENTS XV DATE 1376. The Good Parliament 1376-1877. John of Gaunt and John Wyclifie 1377. Death of Edward m. PAOB 226 227 227 1377-1399. Chapter V. Richard 11. of Bordeaux . 228-237 1377-1381. 1378. 1881. 1386-1388. 1388. 1396. 1397. 1398. 1399. The Rule of John of Gaunt The Papal Schism .... The Teaching of Wycliffe . Causes of the Peasants' Revolt The Peasants' Revolt and its Suppression The Baronial Opposition and Thomas of Gloucester .... The Attack on and Defeat of the Courtiers The Merciless Parliament and the Lords Appellant The Great Truce and the French Marriage The Royalist Reaction The Banishment of Norfolk and Hereford The Lancastrian Revolution The Deposition of Richard 11. 228 229 229 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 235 236 236-237 237 1216-1399. Chapter VI. Britain in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries . . 238-253- Mediaeval Civilization The King ..... The Parliament of the Three Estates Convocation ..... The House of Lords The House of Commons The King's Council and the Law Courts . The Church and the Papacy St. Francis and the Mendicant Friars The Franciscans and Dominicans in England The Universities .... Gothic Architecture The Concentric Castle Anna and Armour .... Chivalry and the Orders of Knighthood . Cosmopolitan and National Ideas . Latin Literature. Matthew Paris French Literature. John Froissart English Literature. Geoffrey Chaucer . William Langland .... John Wycliffe and the Beginning of Modern English Prose .... Books recommended for the further study of. the Period ..... 238r 238 239 239 239 240 241 242 242-243 244 244 245 245-247 247 248 249 249 250 25» 251-252 252 252-253 253 XVI CONTENTS BOOK IV PATE 1399-1485. LANCASTER AND YORK 1399-1413. Chapter I. Henry IV. 1399. The Constitutional Revolution The Ecclesiastical Reaction Henry iv.'s Character and Difficulties Richard ii.'s Death . Owen Glendower 1403. Revolt of the Percies Gradual Collapse of the Risiqgs Henry iv. and France The Beauforts and the Prince of Wales PAGE 255-307 255-260 255 256 257 257 257 258 259 259 260 1413-1422. Chapter II. Henry V. Early Measures of Henry V. 1414. Oldcastle and the Lollard Rising . Renewal of the Claim to the French Throne 1415. First Expedition — Harfleur, Agincourt 1416. The Council of Constance . 1417-1419. The Conquest of Normandy 1420. The Treaty of Troyes 1421. Battle of Beaug6 .... 1422. Third Expedition. Death of Henry 262-268 262 262-263 263 264-266 266 267 267 268 268 1422-1461. Chapter III. Henry VI. 1422. 1422-1428. 1422-1429. 1428. 1429. 1431. 1436. 1444-1445. 1447. 1449-1451 ! 1453. 1450. 1460. 1450-1455. Regency of Bedford Established Bedford's Work in France . Gloucester as Protector of England The Siege of Orleans The Mission of Joan of Arc Battle of Patay. Coronation of Charles vi. Martyrdom of Joan of Arc . Coronation of Henry vi. at Paris . Congress of Arras and Death of Bedford . The Peace and War Parties in England . The Truce of Tours and the French Marriage Deaths of Gloucester and Beaufort The Loss of Normandy and Gascony The Battle of Castillon and the End of the Hundred Years' War Murder of Suffolk .... Revolt of Jack Cade The Position of Richard Duke of York Beginning of the Wars of the Roses Characteristics of the Wars of the Roses . The House of Neville 270-283 270 270-271 272 272-273 273 273 275 275 276 276 277 277 278 278 278 279 279 280 281 281 CONTENTS XVll DATE 1466-1459. 1460. 1460-1461. 1460-1461. 1461. Reconciliation and the Renewal of the Strife York claims the Throne .... The Fall of Henry vi. . . . • Battles of Wakefield, Second St. 'Albans, and Mortimer's Cross ..... Edward of York chosen King PAOE 282 282 283 283 283 1461-1483. Chapter IV. Edward IV. 1461. 1469. Edward nr. and the Yorkist Party The Battle of Towton Triumph of Edward iv. The Nevilles and the Woodville Marriage Robert Welles and Robin of Redesdsde Alliance of Warwick and Margaret The Restoration of Henry vi. The Battle of Tewkesbury . Edward iv., Burgundy, and France Home Policy of Edward iv. 1478 and 1483. Death of Clarence and Edward iv. • 1470-1471. 1471, 285-293 285 285 288 288 288 289 289 291 292 292 293 1483-1485. Chapter V. Edward V. and Richard III. 295-299 1483. Accession of Edward v. The Deposition of Edward v. Richard iii. and Buckingham 1483-1486. Richard in.'s Policy The Beauforts and the Tudors 1486. The Battle of Bosworth and Richard ni. the Death of 295 296 297 297 298 298-299 1399-1485. Chapter VI. Britain in the Fifteenth Century ..... 300-307 The Constitution in the Fifteenth Century The Church. The Universities and Learning Prosperity of the Fifteenth Century The Towns and Trade Late Perpendicular Architecture . Armours and Weapons Literature — Poetry — Prose The Invention of Printing. William Caxton Scotland in the Fifteenth Century The End of the Middle Ages Books recommended for the further study of the Period ...... 300 300-301 301 302 302-303 303 303-305 305 306 307 307 xvin CONTENTS BOOK V 1485-1603. the'tudors 1485-1509. Chapter I. Henry VII. . Character of Henry vii. Continuance of the old Party Struggles . 1486. Lord Lovel's Eising 1487. Lambert Sinmel's Imposture 1492. The , Breton Succession, and the Treaty of Etaples ..... 1492. Perkin Warbeck's Imposture 1497-1499. The Cornish Eising, and the Execution of Warbeck and Warwick 1496 and 1606. The Magnus Intercursus, and the Malus Intercursus The European Political System 1601. The Spanish Alliance 1603. The Scottish Marriage Henry's Domestic Policy. His Ministers Eeduction of the Power of the Nobles Welsh and Irish Policy 1494. Poynings' Law .... PASF, » 308-419 308-316 308 309 309 309 310 311-312 312 312 313 313 314 314 315 315 316 1509-1529. Chapter II. Henry VIII. and Wolsey 1510. 1512-1513. 1513. 1514. 1520. 1521-1525. 1621. 1617-1529. Character of Henry vin. Execution of Empson and Dudley The King's Ministers. Eise of Wolsey Foreign Politics .... Henry joins the Holy League War all over Europe Battles of the Spurs and Flodden . Peace with France and Scotland . The Young Princes .... Eivalry of Charles v. and Francis i. Wolsey' s Foreign Policy. The Balance of Power The Field of the Cloth of Gold War with France .... The Triumph of Charles, and the French Alliance The Fall of Buckingham . The King and the Commons The Eenascence .... State of the Church .... The Oxford Eeformers Erasmus and More .... Wolsey and the Church The Beginnings of the Eeformation Luther, Zwingle, and Calvin Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn 317-336 317 318 318-319 319-320 320 320 321-322 323 323-325 325 326 J26 327 327 328 328 329 329 330 330 331 332 332-333 335 CONTENTS XIX 1629. The Origin of the Divorce Question The Decretal Commission . The Fall of Wolsey . 1529-1547. Chapter III. Henry VIII. and the Be- ginning of the Reformation Progress of the Divorce Question . Henry vin. and his Subjects 1629-1636. The Reformation Parliament Henry Supreme Head of the Church 1632-1634. The Separation from Rome Cranmer and the Divorce . Henrj' viii. and Protestantism The Resistance to the Supremacy . The Charterhouse Monks and Reginald Pole 1686. More and Fisher Executed . Cromwell Vicar-General State of the Monasteries 1686. The Suppression of the Smaller Monasteries 1636. The Pilgrimage of Grace 1536-1639. The Suppression ot the Greater Monasteries The English Bible and the Growth of Reforming Opinions .... The King and his Wives 1638-1547. Conspiracies .... 1639. The Six Articles .... 1540. Anne of Cleves and the Fall of Cromwell . 1640-1547. The Reactionary Period 1642-1645. War with Scotland .... 1544. War with France .... 1646-1647. The New Wave of Reformation Catharine Howard and Catharine Parr The Fall of the Howards . Henry viii. and Ireland . 1636. Union of England and Wales 337-351 337 338 338 338 339 339 340 340 341 341 341 342-343 343 343 344 345 345 346 346 347 348 348 349 349 349 349 350 3SO 1547-1553. Chapter IV. Edward VI. . 1647. Somerset becomes Protector 1647. Invasion of Scotland. Battle of Pinkie . Postponement of the Scottish Reformation 1648. Loss of Boulogne .... 1649. Progress o! the Reformation. First Prayer-Book 1649. The Devonshire Rebellion . 1649. Ket's Rebellion .... 1649. Fall of Somerset .... 1649-1553. The Ascendancy of Warwick Influence of the Foreigner Reformers 1662. The Second Prayer-Book of Edward vi. . 1668. The Forty-two Articles 352-360 352 353 354 354 355 356 356 357 357 357 35S 358 XX CONTENTS 1553. Failure of the King's Health Edward's Device for the Succession Queen Jane and Queen Mary 358 360 360 1553-1558. Chapter V. Mary 1553. 1554. 1554. 1555-1558. 1552-1559. 1557-1559. 1558. Accession of Mary . The Work of Edward's Beign Undone The Spanish Marriage Restoration of the Papal Supremacy The Marian Persecution Martyrdom of Ridley, Latimer and Cranmer Want of Toleration in the Sixteenth Century Isolation of Mary .... War between France and the Empire England at War with France Death of Mary .... 361-367 361 361 362 3^3 363 364-365 365 366 366 367 367 1558-1587. Chapter VI. Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scots ..... 368-389 1559. 1563. 1659-1575. 1565. Character and Policy of Elizabeth The Queen's Ministers Leicester and the Courtiers The Elizabethan Settlement of the Church The Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity The Thirty-nine Articles Archbishop Parker . Elizabeth and the Roman Catholics Geneva and the Calvinists . The Puritans and the Elizabethan Settlement Parker's Advertisements The Separatists 1576 and 1683. Archbishops Grindal and Whitgift 1593. Hooker's " Ecclesiastical Polity " . John Knox on the Scottish Reformation Mary Queen of Scots The Counter Reformation . The Treaty of Le Cateau-Cambr^sis Philip II. and the Counter Reformation Francis 11. and his Queen . Rivalry of Mary and Elizabeth The Loss of Le Havre Mary Queen of Scots in Scotland . The Darnley Marriage Murder of Riccio Murder of Darnley . Deposition of the Queen of Scots . Mary's Flight to England . Mary's Imprisonment The Revolt of the Northern Earls . The Bull of Excommunication . 1569. 1563. 1661. 1565. 1566. 1567. 1567. 1568. 1569. 1670. 368 369-370 370 370 371 371 371 372 372 373 373 374 374 374 375-376 376-377 377 378 378 379 379 379 380 380 381 381 383 384 384 385 CONTENTS XXI PATE 1671. 1580. 1686. 1687. The Ridolfi Plot .... Philip II. and the Revolt of the Netherlands The Seminary Priests The Jesuit Invasion The Bond of Association The Babington Conspiracy . Execution of Mary Queen of Scots 386 386 386 388 388 388-389 389 1587-1603. Chapter VII. The Latter Years of the Reign of Elizabeth The Relations between England and Spain Anglo-French Interference in the Netherlands The Anjou Marriage Scheme Leicester in the Netherlands Spain and the Indies . . . _ The Beginnings of English Maritime Enterprise Chancellor's Voyage Protestantism and Maritime Adventure Hawkins and the Slave Trade Drake's Voyage round the World . The Breach l^tween England and Spain . Philip's Plans for Invading England The Spanish Armada The Battle off Gravelines . Results of the Protestant Victory . Henry iv., king of France . . . The War with Spain The Capture of Cadiz The First Attempts at English Colonies . Ireland under Mary Tudor Shane O'Neill and Elizabeth Ireland and the Counter-Reformation The Desmond Rebellion and the Plantation of Munster . . . . . . The Irish Revolt under Hugh O'Neill Essex in Ireland .... Mount joy suppresses the Rebellion Steps towards British Unity The Cecils, Essex, and Raleigh Continued Persecution of Puritans and Catholics Elizabeth and her Parliaments 1697 and 1601. The Monopolies Contest 1603. Death of Elizabeth 1581. 1586. 1663. 1662-1667. 1677-1680. 1584. 1588. 1589 1689-1603 1696 1679. 1598. 1699. 1600-1603. 390407 390 391 391 392 392 393 393 394 394 396 396 397 397-399 399 399 399 400 400 401 401 402 402 402 404 404 404 404 405 406 406 406-407 407 1485-1603. Chapter VIII. England under the Tudors 408-418 The Beginnings of Modem Times . The Tudor Monarchy Parliament under the Tudors Harmony between Crown and Parliament The King and his Ministers 408 408 408-409 409 409 xxn CONTENTS The Council The Star Chamber and its Victims Local Government . Military Weakness of the Crown . Social and Economic Changes The Poor Laws Increase of Refinement and Luxury Education and Travel Renascence Architecture . Other Arts .... Early Tudor Literature The Beginnings of Elizabethan Literature Spenser and the Poets The First Public Theatres . Marlowe and the Early Dramatists ^ Shakespeare and his School Elizabethan Prose . Books recommended for the further study of the Period ...... PAGR 410 410 411 411 411 412 413 413 414 414 415 415 416 416-417 417 417 418 418 BOOK Vi 1603-1714. THE STEWARTS . 1603-1625. Chapter I. James I. The Union of the English and Scottish Crowns Failure of James' Projects for more complete Union ..... Completion of the Conquest of Ireland 1610. The Plantation of Ulster . 1607 and 1632. Beginnings of English Colonies — Virginia and Maryland .... 1620-1629. The Plantation of New England . 1600. The Beginnings of the East India Company 1623. The Amboyna Massacre The Stewarts and Parliament Character of James i. . . . Robert Cecil and his Enemies 1604. The Hampton Court Conference Archbishop=! Bancroft and Abbot . 1605. The Gunpowder Plot James and his Parliaments . 1610. The New Impositions and the Great Contract 1614. The Addled Parliament James's Family and Favourites Robert Ker. George Villiers James's Foreign Policy 1617-1618. Raleigh's Last Voyage and Execution 1618. The Beginning of the Thirty Years' War . 1622-1623. James's efiorts to restore the Elector Palatine 420-533 420-434 420 421 422 422 423 423 424 424 425 425 426 426 427 427 428 428 429 429 429-430 430 431 431 432 CONTENTS xxin DATE 1623. 1621. 1621. 1624-1625. Failure of the Spanish Marriage . James's Third Parliament . The Fail of Bacon . James's Fourth Parliament and Death 1625-1649. Chapter II. Charles I. 1626. 1626-1627. 1628. 1628. 1629. 1629-1640. 1687. 1837. 1638. 1639. 1640. 1640. 1640. 1641. 1640-1641. 1641. 1641. 1S41. 1641. 1642. 1642. 1643. 1644. 1646. 1646. 1646. and Charles's First Character of Charles i. The War with Spain Parliament Home and Foreign Policy The French War and Charles's Second Parliament The Forced Loan and Darnell's Case Charles's Third Parliament and the Petition of Right ..... Murder of Buckingham Dissolution of Charles's Third Parliament Charles's Arbitrary Rule . Charles's Expedients for raising Money . Ship Money. Hampden's Case Charles's Ecclesiastical Policy Archbishop Laud and the Piuritans The Victims of Charles's Policy . Thomas Wentworth The Scottish Prayer-book . The National Covenant The First Bishops' War The Short Parliament The Second Bishops' War . The Great Council at York Meeting of the Long Parliament . Attainder of Strafford Remedial Measures of the Long Parliament The Root and Branch Bill . The Incident .... The Irish Rebellion .... The Grand Remonstrance . The Division of Parliament into Two Parties The Attack on the Five Members . The Rupture between King and Parliament The Royalist and Parliamentarian Parties The Campaign of Edgehill and Brentford . Royalist Successes .... First Battle of Newbury Cromwell and the Eastern Association The Cessation, and the Solemn League Covenant ..... Renewed Fighting. Battle of Marston Moor The Destruction of Essex's Army and the Rising of Montrose The New Model and the Self-Denying Ordinance The Battle of Naseby The Battle of Philiphaugh . and FAGK 43* 433 433 434 435.461 435 436 436 436 437 438 438 439 439 440 440-441 441 441 442 442-443 443 444 444 445 445 445 446 446 446 447 447 447 448 448 448-449 449 449 450-451 450 45'-452 452 45| 453-456 457 457 45S 459 XXIV CONTENTS DATE 1646. 1648. 1648-1649. Charles svirrenders to the Soots Preshyterians and Independents . Parliament and the Army ... Charles intrigues with the Army and the Presby terians ..... The Second Civil War The Triumph of the Independents and the Execu- tion of Charles i. . PAGE 459 459 460 460-461 461 461 1649-1660. Chapter III. The Commonwealth and the Protectorate .... 462-472 1649. Establishment of the Commonwealth . . 462 Difficulties of the New Government . , 463 1649-1650. Cromwell's Conquest of Ireland . . . 463 1649-1651. Charles 11., King of Scots .... 464 1650-1651. Battles of Dunbar and Worcester . . . 464 1652-1653. The Dutch War ..... 465 1653. The Expulsion of the Rump ... 465 The Little Parliament .... 466 The Instrument of Government . . . 466 1653-1658. Cromwell as Protector .... 467 1865. The Major-Generals .... 467 Cromwell's Puritan State Church . . . 468 Cromwell's Foreign Policy .... 469 1656. The French Alliance .... 469 1666, 1658. Jamaica, and the Battle of the Dunes . . 469 1657. The Humble Petition and Advice . . . 470 1668-1659. The Protectorate of Richard Cromwell . . 470 The Rump Restored . . . . 471 1659. A Presbyterian Revolt Suppressed . . . 471 1660. Monk declares for a Free Parliament . . 471 1660. The Declaration of Breda and the Restoration of Charles 11. . . . . • 422 1660-1685. Chapter IV. Charles II. 1660-1661. Work of the Convention 473 1661. The Restoration Settlement of the Church 474 1661-1665. The Clarendon Code 475 The Reaction against Puritanism . 476 The Restoration in Scotland 476 The Restoration in Ireland . 477 The Restoration and Foreign Policy 477 The Rivalry of England and Holland 478 1665-1667. The Dutch War .... 47S Growth of the American Colonies . 479 1663. Carolina ..... 479 1667. New York and New Jersey . 479 1681. Pennsylvania .... 479 1667. The Fall of Clarendon 481 1667-1673. The Cabal ..... 481-482 473-488 CONTENTS XXV DATE 1668. The Triple Alliance .... 1670. The Treaty of Dover 1672-1673. The Dutch War .... 1678. The Declaration of Indulgence, the Test Act, and the Fall of the Cabal 1673-1678. The Ministry of Danby 1678. The Treaty of Nijmegen 1678-1679. The Popish Plot .... 1679. The Habeas Corpus Act, and the Exclusion Bill 1679. Whigs and Tories. High Church and Low Church 1679. Battle of Bothwell Bridge . 1680. The Lords reject the Exclusion Bill 1681. The Oxford Parliament 1688. The Rye House Plot ... 1682-1686. The Tory Reaction, and the Death of Charles u, 482 482 483 484 484 485 485 486 486-487 487 487 487 488 488 1685-1688. Chapter V. James II. 1686. 1686. 1686. 1686. 1688. 1688-1689. 1688. Character of James 11. . The First Parliament of James n. Argyll's Rebellion .... Monmouth's Rebellion Breach between James and the Tories The Dispensing and the Suspending Powers The Court of High Commission The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes Tyrconnell in Ireland The Declaration of Indulgence The Invitation to William of Orange The Fall of James 11. . . . The Convention and the Declaration of Right 489-495 489 489 490 490 492 492 493 493 493 494 494 495 495 1689-1702. Chapter VI. William III. and Mary . 496-510 1689. 1689. 1689. 1689. 1690. 1691. 1689. 1692. 1689-1697. 1690-1692. 1697. 1694. The Accession of William and Mary and the Bill of Rights ..... The Mutiny Act and the Revenue . The Toleration Act .... The Low Church Triumph and the Schism of the Non-Jurors .... James's Power upheld in Ireland . Siege of Derry and the Battle of Newtown Butler Battle of the Boyne The Protestant Conquest of Ireland The Revolution in Scotland Battle of Killiecrankie The Massacre of Olencoe . The War acraunst France Battles of Beachy Head and La Hougue . Peace of Ryswick .... Financial Policy .... Death of Queen Mary . , • 496 497 497 498 498 499 499 500 500 501 501 502 503 503 503 504 XXVI CONTENTS DATE 1696. 1696. 1695-1699. 1698-1699. 1700. 1698-1700. 1701. 1702. The Bond of -Association The First United Whig Ministry . Beginnings of Cabinet Government The Darien Scheme The Spanish Partition Treaties The Failure of the Partition Treaties The Tory Reaction . The Act of Settlement The Constitutional Limitations in the Act of Settlement The Grand Alliance and the Death of William iii 505 505 505 506 507 508 509 509 509 510 1702-1714. Chapter VII. Queen Anne 1702-1708. 1702-1713. 1702-1703. 1703. 1704. 1704-1706. 1707. 1708-1709. 1710. 1702-1708. 1708-1710. 1709. 1710-1713. 1713. 1714. 1699-1702. 1703-1704. 1704-1707. 1707. Character of Queen Anne . The Rule of Marlborough and Godolphin The War of the Spanish Succession The Early Campaigns of the War . The Methuen Treaty The Battle of Blenheim Victories of the Allies The Battle of Almanza Battles of Oudenarde and Malplaquet Battle of Brihuega .... Party Contests .... Marlborough's Whig Ministry The Impeachment of Dr. Sacheverell The Tory Ministry .... The Treaty of Utrecht End of the Age of Louis xiv. The Tory Ministry and the Protestant Succession The Fall of Oxford and the Death of Queen Anne Strained Relation between England and Scotland The Act of Security . , . . . The Flying Squadron and the Negotiations for the Union ...... The Parliamentary Union of England and Scotland ...... 1603-1714. Chapter VIII. Stewarts Grreat Britain under the Colonial and Commercial Development Results of the Growth of Trade on England Manufactures The Poor and the Poor Law London and the Towns Amusements Communications Dress Education Natural Science 511-523 5" » 512 512 512 513 513 515 515 51S 516 516 517 517 5x8 518 520 520 521 521 522 522 523 524-533- 524 524 525 525 526 526 527 527 528 528 CONTENTS xxvii Architecture , . . . . Painting, Sculpture, and Music The Drama ..... Milton and the Poets Dryden and the Poetry of the Restoration Establishment of Modem Prose Style Books recommended for the further study of the Period ...... 529 529 530 531 532 533 533 BOOK VII 1714-1820. THE HOUSE OF HANOVER AND THE RULE OF THE ARISTOC RACY 1714-1727. Chapter I. George I. 1714. 1714-1761. 1716. 1716, 1716. 1715. 1716. 1714-1717. 1717. 1719. 1717-1720. 1718. 1720. 1721. 1727. The Accession of George i. . The Long Whig Rule The Law and Custom of the Constitution The Cabinet System The Supremacy of the Commons . The Whig Aristocracy The Jacobites The Riot Act ... The Highlands of Scotland . The Jacobite Rising . Battle of Sheriffmuir and Collapse of the Rebellion The Septennial Act . The Whig Ministry . The Whig Schism . The Peerage Bill Foreign Policy and Alberoni Battle of Cape Passaro The South Sea Bubble The Bursting of the Bubble Walpole Prime Minister Death of George i. . 1727-1760. Chapter II. George II. 1721-1742. 1738. 1737. George 11. and Caroline of Anspach Character and Policy of Walpole Parliamentary Management Walpole the First Prime Minister The Opposition to Walpole . The " Patriot Whigs " The " Boys " and William Pitt Bolingbroke and the New Tories The Failure of Walpole's Excise Scheme The Porteous Riots in Edinburgh 536-641 536-545 536 537 537 537 537 538 539 539 539 540 541 541 542 542 542 543 543 544 545 545 546-569 546 547 547 548 548 549 549 549 550 55» XXVIU CONTENTS ■DATK 1725 and 1731. The Two Treaties of Vienna . 1738. The Third Treaty of Vienna Outbreak of War with Spain The War of the Austrian Successloa The Pall of Walpole The Carteret Ministry The Pelham Ministry Battle of Dettingen . Battle of Fontenoy . Jacobite Revolt and the Young Pretender The March to Derby Battles of Falkirk and GuUoden The Subjugation of the Highlands The Treaty of Aachen Pelham's Domestic Reforms The Newcastle Ministry and the Whig Schism William Pitt and the Whig Opposition The Duke of Devonshire's Ministry The Pitt-Newcastle Ministry Origin of the Seven Years' War Commercial and Colonial Rivalry of France and England . European Traders in India under the Mogul Empire ..... Dupleix's Plans .... England and France in India Clive and the Siege of Arcot 1767 and 1760. The Battles of Plassey and Wandewash France and England in North America . Fort Duquesne .... The European Coalition against Prussia and England . British Disasters Pitt as the Inspirer of Victory The Conquest of Canada Death of George ii. 1739. 1740-1748. 1742. 1742-1744. 1744-1754. 1743. 1745. 1745. 1745. 1746. 1748. 1748-1754. 1764-1766. 1766-1767. 1767-1761. 1740-1755. 1761. 1756. 1756-1757. 1767-1760. 1768-1760. 1760. 551 552 552 553-554 553 553 553 554 555 555 55f 5S» 558 559 559 ♦ 560 560 561 S6i 561 562 562 56J 563 56s 564 564 56s 565 566 566 56» 569 1760-1789. 1761. 1761-1763. 1763-1770. 1763. 1768-1765. 1766. 1766-1766. 1766-1768. Chapter III. George III. and the War of American Independence Character and Policy of George in. George in. and Pitt Pitt driven from Office The Bute Ministrj' and the Peace of Paris George in. and Foreign Politics The Resignation of Bute The Grenville Ministry Wilkes and the " North Briton " . The Stamp Act and the Fall of Grenville The Rockingham Ministry . The Chatham Ministry The Renewal of the Wilkes Troubles 570-592 570 571 572 572 573 573 574 574 575 575 576 576 CONTENTS XXIX Burke and Junius .... 1768-1770. The Grafton Ministry 1770-1782. The North Ministry Origin of tho American Eevolution 1768-1770. Townahend's Customs Duties and the American Resistance .... 1773. Lord North and the Tea Duty Failure of Conciliation 1776. Beginning of the War. Lexington and Bunker's Hill . • . . . 1776. The Declaration of Independence . Characteristics of the American War 1777. The Capitulation of Saratoga 1778-1780. The European Attack on Britain . Chatham and Anaerican Independence 1778. Death of Chatham .... 1781. Yorktown and tho End of the American War 1782. Rodney restores British Naval Supremacy Warron Hastings restores British Supremacy in India ..... 1780. The Gordon Riots .... Ireland imitates America . 1782. The Legislative Independence of Ireland . 1782. The Second Rockingham Ministry . Burke and Economical Reform 1782-1783. The Shelburne Ministry 1783. The Treaty of Versailles 1788. The Coalition of Fox and North . 1783. The Coalition Ministry Fox's India Bill .... 1783-1801. William Pitt's Ministry Character and Policy of the Younger Pitt 1784. Pitt's India Bill and Warren Hastings Pitt's Foreign Policy 1788. The Regency Question 576 576 577 577-!- 578 580 580 S8i 581 582 582 582 583 583 584 584 5f5 585 585 586 586 587 587 % 58& 58^ 590 591 591 592 1789-1802. 1789. 1788-1792. 1798-1795. 1792. 1798-1797. 1798. 1798. Chapter IV. George III. The French Revolution and the Irish Union Franco before the Revolution Voltaire and Rousseau The Meeting of the States General The New Constitution and its Failure The Reign of Terror Europe at War with the Revolution Pjugland and tho French Revolution The Reaction and Pitt England joins the War against the Revolutioa The Suspension of Cash Pa>aueuts . The Revolutionary War at Sea Buonaparte in Egypt . . The Battle of tho Nile 593-606 593 594- 594 595 595 597 597-598 598 599 599 600 XXX CONTENTS DATE 1799. The Mysore War ..... 1799-1801. The War of the Second Coalition . 1800-1801. The Battle of Marengo, and the Treaty of Lun6ville ...... The Armed Neutrality and the Battle of Copenhagen ..... 1801-1802. The Addington Ministry and the Treaty of Amiens The Pilot that weathered the Storm 1782-1800. Ireland under Grattan's Parliament The United Irishmen and the French Revolution 1793-1794. The Relief Act, and the Government of Lord Fitzwilliani ..... 1798. Irish Rebellion ..... Pitt's Irish Policy ..... 1800. The Union . 1801. Failure of Catholic Resignation of Pitt Emancipation and the PAGE 6oo 6oo 6oi 6oi 6oi 6o2 6o2 603 603 604 604-605 605 605-606 1802-1820. Chapter V. George III. and Napoleon . 607-625 1803. 1803-1814. 1803. 1796-1806. 1804-1806. 1804-1805. ^ 1805. 1805-1806. 1806. 1806-1807. 1806. 1807. 1807-1830. 1807. 1808. 1808. -^808-1809. 1809. 1809 1809. 1810. 1811. 1812-1813. 1814. .1812-1814. 1815. 1816. The Rupture of the Treaty of Amiens The Napoleonic War Emmet's Rebellion Wellesley establishes British Supremacy in India Pitt's Second Ministry The Volunteer Movement . The Army of England, and the Supremacy of the Seas .... Battle of Trafalgar . The Third Coalition and its Failure Death of Pitt Ministry of All the Talents Death of Fox The Resignation of Grenville The Long Tory Rule The Conduct of the War . The Treaty of Tilsit . The Continental System The Spanish Rising against Napoleon Arthtu: WeUesley's Conquest of Portugal The Failure of Sir John Moore The War between France and Austria Walcheren and Wagram The Battle of Talavera Torres Vedras and Busaco . Fuentes de Onoro and Albuera The Russian, German, and Spanish National Revolts .... The Pall of Napoleon The War with the United States . The Hundred Days . Battle of Waterloo . 607 608 609 609 610 610 610 611 612 612 612 613 613 613 614 614 614-615 615 616 617 617 618 618 620 620 620 621 621 622 622-623 CONTENTS XXXI DATE 1816. The Congress of Vienna 1315-1820. England after the Peace 1820. Death of George iii. 623 625 625 1714-1820. Chapter VI. Great Britain during the Eighteenth Century: The Industrial Revolution .... Commercial Ascendency of Great Britain . The Age of Inventions Roads, Turnpikes, and Tramways . Navigable Rivers and Canals The Factory System and the Industrial Revolution The Agrarian Revolution . Pauperism and the Com Laws The " Age of Reason "... The Methodist Movement . The Evangelical Movement Religion in Scotland Humanitarianism and Philanthropy Social Life ..... Art . Poetry and the Drama Prose . . . . The Romantic Revival Books recommended for the further study of the Period ...... 626-639 626 626-627 627-628 628 628-630 630-631 631 632 632-633 633-634 634 634-635 635 636 637 637-638 638-639 639 BOOK VIII 1820-1901. NATIONALITY AND DEMOCRACY . 642-727 1820-1830. Chapter I. George IV. 1820. 1820. 1820. 1822. 1827. 1827. 1827-1828. 1828-1830. Accession of George iv. The Trial of Queen Caroline The Cato Street Conspiracy The Old and the New Tories The Canningites admitted to Office Canning's Foreign Policy . The Holy Alliance . The Revolt of the Spanish Colonies and the Monroe Doctrine .... Canning and the Greek Insurrection Battle of Navarino .... Peel's Reforms as Home Secretary Huskisson's Commercial and Financial Reforms Canning's Ministry and Death The Goderich Ministry The Wellington Ministry , The Catholic Associatiou and the Clare Election . 642-649 642 643 643 643 644 644 644 645 645 646 646 647 647 647 647 648 xxxu CONTENTS SATE . 1829. Catholic Emancipation Wellington's Foreign Policy 1880. Death of George iv. . 1830-1837. Chapter 11. William IV. . 1830. 1830. 1831-1832. 1832. 1832-1835. 1834. 1837. Democracy and Nationality Revolutions on the Continent The Agitation for Parliamentary Beform William rv. and the Grey Ministry The Need for Parliamentary Reform The Reform Movement under George iv. The Struggle for Reform The First Reform Act passed Irish Repeal and the Tithe War Other Reforms Palmerston's Foreign Policy The Melbourne Ministry Peel and the Conservative Party Death of William iv. 648-649 649 649 650^56 650 650 651 651 652 652 653 653 654 654 6S5 655 . 656 1837-1865. Chapter III. ston . Victoria — Peel and Palmer- Separation of England and Hanover Queen Victoria and Prince Albert . The Changed Conception of the Work of the Monarchy and House of Lords . SociaUsm and Chartism Melbourne's Ministry Conservative Reaction Foreign Pohcy of the Peel Ministry Young Ireland. Peel's Irish Policy The Corn Laws and Popiilar Unrest The Anti-Corn Law League Peel and Free Trade The Failure of the Irish Potato Crop The Repeal of the Corn Laws Fall of Peel ..... Peelites, Protectionists, Liberals, and Radicals The Russell Ministry The Irish Famine and its Consequences . The Year of Revolutions Chartism and Young Ireland Palmerston's Foreign Policy 1851 and 1852. Dismissal of Palmerston and Russell . 1852. The First Derby-Disraeli Ministry . The Aberdeen Coalition Ministry . Nicholas i. and the Eastern Question Origin of the Crimean War The Crimean War .... Palmerston's First Ministry 1835-1841. 1841. 1841-1846. 1839. 1845. 1846. 1846. 1846-1852. 1846-1847. 1848. 1848. 1862-1855. 1864-1856. 1855-1858. 657-673 657 657 658 659 659 660 660 661 662 662 663 663 663 664 664 665 665 666 666 666 667 667 668 668 669 669 671 CONTENTS xxx:n DATE 1858-1859. 1859-1865. 1861-1865. 1865. The Second Derby-Disraeli Ministry , The Second Palmerston Ministry . Italian and German Unity The American Civil War Palmorston's Foreign Policy The Death of Palmerston and its Results 671 672 672 672 673 673 1865-1886. Cliapter IV. Disraeli Victoria — Gladstone and 1865. 1865-1866. 1866-1868. 1867. 1868-1874. 1869. 1870. 1870. 1870-1871. 1874. 1874-1880. 1877-1878. 187S. 1879. 1880. 1880-1885. 1885. 1884-1885. 1885-1886. 1886. 1886. Banning of the Transition to Democracy The Bussell Ministry and the Beform Bill The Third Derby-Disraeli Ministry The Second B«form Act The Fenians The First Gladstone Ministry Disestablishment of the Irish Church Irish Land System . The First Irish Land Act . The Education Act and Other Reforms The Franco-German War and its Results Gladstone's Foreign Policy Fall of Gladstone ... The Disraeli Ministry The Home Rule Movement The Russo-Turkish War The Treaties of San Stefano and Berlin The Dual Contest in Egypt Fall of Beaconsfield The Second Gladstone Ministry Its Irish Policy Egypt and the Sudan The Death of Gordon The Third Reform Act The First Salisbury Ministry The Third Gladstone Ministry Home Rule and the Break-up of the Old Parties 674-685 674 674 67s 675 676 676 676 676-677 677 677 678 678 679' 679^^ 679 ^ 680 68 1 681 682 682 682 683 683 684 684 684 685 1886-1901. Chapter V. Victoria- the Empire . -Home Rule and 1886-1892. The Salisbury Unionist Ministry . The Plan of Campaign 1888- 1889. The Pamell Commission . 1890-1891. Pamellitee and Anti-Pamellites . 1886-1892. Foreign Policy. The Triple and the Dual Alliances .... 1887. The Queen's Jubilee 1892-1894. The Fourth Gladstone Ministry . 1893. The Lords Reject the Home Rule Bill Filling up the Cup • 686-694 686 686 687 687 688 68S 689 689 689 XXXIV CONTENTS SATE 1894-1896. The Rosebery Ministry 1895-1901. The Third SaHsbury Ministry Armenia and Crete. Other Foreign Troubles 1896-1899. The Conquest of the Sudan 1898. Fashoda ..... Troubles in the Far East . 1897 and 1901. The Diamond Jubilee and the Death of Queen Victoria ...... FACE 690 690 691 692 693 693 694 1820-1901. Chapter VI. The United Kingdom in the Nineteenth Century . . . 695-708 Increase of the Functions of the State Central Government Local Government .... The Army and the Navy , The Church ..... The Tractarian Movement and its Results The Protestant Nonconformists The Roman Catholics The Established Church and the Free Church in Scotland ..... Material Wealth .... Steamboats ..... Steam Railways and other Inventions Social and Industrial Progress Architecture ..... Painting, Music, and Sculpture Natural Science .... Poetry and Prose .... Education ..... 6^5 695 696 697-698 698 698-699 699 700 700 701 701 702-703 703 704 705 705 706-707 707-708 1820-1901. Chapter VII. British India in the Nine- teenth Century .... 709-718 1820. 1820. 1828-1835. 1839-1842. 1843 and 1845. 1849 and 1852. 1857. 1858. 1878-1880. The Indian and Colonial Empires . The Condition of British India The Condition of the Indian Vassal States The Governorship of Lord William Bentinck The Afghdn War .... The Conquest of Sind and the First Sikh War Annexations of the Punjab and of Lower Burma . . . . . Dalhousie's Doctrine of Lapse Lord Canning and the Indian Mutiny End of the East India Company . . . Second Afgh4n War . . ' . . • , India at the End of Victoria's Reign . , 709 710 710 711 712 712 713 713 714 715. 716 716 CONTENTS XXXV DATE PACE 1783-1901. Chapter VIII. The British Colonies in the Nineteenth Century . .719-727 British Colonies in the Latter Part of the Eighteenth Century . . . . 719 Colonial Expansion during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars .... 720 Decay of the West Indies .... 720-721 The Emigration Movement . . . 721 Phases of Colonial Policy . . . . 721 Growth of Colonial Independence . . . 722 Colonial Federation .... 722 The North American Colonies . . . 723 The Dominion of Canada .... 723 The Commonwealth of Australia . , . 723-724 South Africa ..... 724 The Boer Republics .... 724 The Rand Miiies and the Struggle of Boer and Outlander . . . . . 725 The Boer War ..... 726-727 The Establishment of British Supremacy . . 727 Books recommended for the further study of the Period ...... 727-728 BOOK IX 1901-1910. Chapter I. The Reign of Edward VII. 728-739 1840-1856. 1867, 1901. 1889. 1901-1902. 1902-1910. 1910. 1902-1905. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1903. 1904-1905. 1905. 1903. 1905. 1906. 1908. 1906-1907. 1909. 1910. The House of Saxony and the Coburg-Gotha sue cession .... Character of Edward vii. End of the Boer War South African Settlement . The Federation of South Africa The Balfour Ministry Balfour's Education Act Irish Land Act Licensing Act The Isolation of England The Convention with France Russo-Japanese War Tbe North Sea incident Edward the Peace Maker Tariff Reform Resignation of Chamberlain Resignation of Balfour Liberal victory at Elections and Campbell- Banner man Ministry The Asquith Ministry Liberal Education billa — The Liberal programme and the Lords House of Lords throw out the Budget General Election Death of Edward yii. 72S 729 729 730 730 730 730 73» 731 732 732 732 733 733 734 734 735 735 736 736-738 738 738 739 LIST OF BIBLIOGRAPHIES Books recommended to 1066 . Books recomm,ended 1066-1215 Books recommended 1215-1399 Books recommended 1399-1485 Books recommended 1485-1603 Books recommended 1603-1714 Books recommended 1714-1820 Books recommended 1820-1901 for the further study of the Period, up for the further s for the further for the further for the further for the further fcudy of the study of the study of the study of the study of the for the further study of the Period, Period Period Period Period Period for the further study of the Period PAGE 80-81 158 253 307 418 533 639 727-728 LIST OF MAPS AND PLANS Boman Britain ..... South Britain after the English Conquest (about 607) Map showing position of Nectansmere The Welsh and English Lands in Offa's Time The Voyages and States of the Norsemen up to the Tenth Century 42 England after Alfred and Guthnim's Peace, 886 . . .46 England at the Death of Edward the Confessor . . .67 The Battle of Hastings . . . . . -7^ The New Forest . . . . . .101 England and Wales during the Norman Period . . 109 Plan of Christ Church, Canterbury . . . . .121 Prance in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries, showing the Continental Dominions of the Norman and Angevin Kings . 128 The Crusade of Richard i. . . . . . .132 Plan of Ch&teau Gaillard . . . . -135 The Battle of Lewes . . . . . . 1 72 The Battle of Evesham . . . . . • ' 75 Wskles and the March, showing the growth of the power of Llewelyn (1246-1267) 176 Wales and the March between the Conquest under Edward i. and the Union under Henry vni. ..... 181 English King's Dominion in France in the Thirteenth Century . 190 The Battle of Bannockbum ...... 200 Northern England and Southern Scotland in the Fourteenth Century ........ 210 The Ordcy Campaign, 1346 . . , . - .213 The Battle of Cre'cy . . . . . .214 The Battle of Poitiers . . . . • . .218 The English Dominions in France after the Treaties of Br^tigni and Calais (1360) . . . . . . .220 Some forms of Mediaeval Architecture .... 246 The Agincourt Campaign ...... 264 The Battle of Agincourt . . . .266 France in 1429 ........ 274 xxxvii 13 23 36 37 XXXVlll LIST OF MAPS AND PLANS The Battle of Towton . . . . • England, 1377-1509, illustrating the Wars of the Roses The French and Netherlandish Borders in the Sixteenth Century The Battle of Flodden Europe at the Time of Charles v. English Bishoprics under Henry viii. The Battle of Pinkie .... Scotland in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries The Netherlands in the Beginning of the Seventeenth Century Voyages and Settlements of the Sixteenth Century The Course of the Spanish Armada , Ireland tmder the Tudors Ireland in the Seventeenth Century England and Wales during the Great Civil War — 1. May, 1643 2. November, 1644 . The Battle of Marston Moor . The Battle of Naseby .... The English Colonies in North America imder Charles n. The South of England, 1685-1689 . The Battle of Blenheim Europe in 1713 .... Scotland and the North of England, illustrating the Jacobite Risings of 1689, 1715, and 1745-1746 New England and New France, 1755-1783 . The Thirteen Colonies in 1765 The Battle of Trafalgar Europe in 1810 .... The Battle of Waterloo Europe after the Congress of Vienna (1815) . Map to illustrate the Industrial Revolution . The Neighbourhood of Sebastopol Egypt and the Sudan .... India in 1906 ..... South Africa in 1899 .... The British Empire in the Eady Twentieth Century LIST OF GENEALOGICAL TABLES The Chief Northumbrian Kings The Danish Kings .... The House of Godwin .... The House of Leofric .... The Old English Kings of the House of Cerdic The Norman and Early Angevin Kings The Proven- iv., 1399-1413 Henry v., 1413-1422 Henry vi., 1422-1461 and 1470-1471 255-260 262-268 270-283 289-291 THE HOUSE OF YOKE Edward iv., 1461-1470 and 1471-1483 Edward v., 1483 . Richard ni., 1483-1485 . 285-289 291-293 295-296 296-299 THE HOUSE OF TUDOB Henrv vn., 1485-1609 Heniy viii., 1609-1647 Edward vi., 1547-1553 Marv, 1553-1558 . Elizabeth, 1558-1603 308-316 3i7-3S« 352-360 361-367 368-407 THE HOUSE OF STEWABT James i., 1603-1625 Charles i., 1625-1649 The Commonwealth, 1649-1663 . and 1669-1660 . Oliver Cromwell, Protector, 1663-1668 Richard Cromwell, Protector, 1668-1669 Charles 11., 1660-1685 James 11., 1685-1688 William III., and Mary n., 1689-1694 \ William in., 1689-1702 . . / Aune, 1702-1714 . 420-434 435-461 462-467 470-472 467-470 470 473-488 489-495 496-504 504.510 511-523 xlii TABLE OF KINGS AND QUEENS THE HOUSE OF HANOVER George I., 1714-1727 George n., 1727-1760 George m., 1760-1820 George iv., 1820-1830 William IV., 1830-1837 . 536-545 546-569 570-625 642-649 650656 Victoria, 1837-1901 . . .. • 657-694 Edward vn., 1901-1910 . 728-739 BOOK I BRITAIN BEFORE THE NORMAN CONQUEST {UP TO 1066) CHAPTER I PREHISTORIC AND CELTIC BRITAIN Chief Dates ; ? 330 B.C. The voyage of Pytheas^ 1. There are few surviving written records of the doiaps of man in the British Islands which are much earlier than the Christian era. Yet the modem sciences of geology, archaeology, and phUology prove that these islands had been the dwelling-place of human beings for many centuries previous to that period. The earliest certain evidence of the existence of man in Britain is derived from the discovery of large numbers of rudely slvaped flint iithic Aae* implements. Some of these have been found in the gi-avels of river drifts, and others in the caves where early man made his dwelling. A few skulls, discovered along ^nXix such primi- tive tools, show that the dwellers in this remote age were of a low intellectual type. Yet the survival of a rude but sjnrited drawing of a horse on a flat piece of bone indicates that these savages had the rudiments of an artistic sense. Tlie age in which they lived is called the palieolithic, or old stone age. There is little proof that the men of this age had any connection with the later races which successively inhabited Britain. 2. Many ages x>assed away, and more abundant evidence is found of the existence of man in Britain. We pass from the palRH)lithio to the neolithic, or new stone age, where the roughly fashioned tools of the primitive race were replaced by m^ic Age. more carefully constructed implements of smooth polLshed stope. Such neolithic tools include arrow-heads, sharp enough to transfix an enemy, axe^heads called cdtg, scrapers, knives, B 2 PREHISTORIC AND CELTIC BRITAIN dress-fasteners, and saws. The care of the men of this period for their dead is indicated by the solidly built harrows of long oval shape, wherein hiige stones, piled up to form a sepulchral chamber for a whole clan, were then covered in with great mounds of earth. Numerous remains of the dead found in these resting- places suggest that the men of the new stone age were short in stature, swarthy in complexion, and had long narrow skulls of the type called dolichocephalic. To these people has been Iberians sometimes given the name of Iberians, because they have been thought akin to the Basques, the original inhabi- tants of Iberia or Spain, and some philologists have believed that a few words of their tongue still lurk in some of our most ancient ^ Ijlace-names. However these things may be, there is good reason to believe that the blood of this ancient race still flows in the veins of many of those now dwelling in our land. 3. The Iberian inhabitants of Britain were ultimately attacked by a stronger and more ingenious race called the Celis. This . people belonged to the great Aryan family, whose language was the origin of nearly all the civilized tongues of Europe, and of those of a considerable part of western Asia. Their physical characteristics were very different from those of their short and swarthy predecessors. They were tall, fair- skinned, with red or yellow hair, and their skulls were broader, shorter, and more highly developed, belonging to the type called brachycephalic. They came to Britain in two great waves of migi*a- tion. The earlier Celtic wave deposited in our islands the races called Goidelic, or Gaelic, which are now represented Cofdels ^y ^^^ Irish, the Scottish Highlanders, and the Manx- men. The second migration was that of the Brythonic peoples, who were the ancestors of the Britons, afterwards celled the Welsh, as well as of the Bretons of Brittany and Brythons. *^® Cornishmen. In each case the incoming race took possession of the richer and more fertile southern and eastern parts of our island, and drove the previous inhabitants into the mountains of the west and north. The Goidels forced the Iberians back into these regions, and were then in their tiirn pushed westwards and northwards by the incoming Britons. By the time that our real knowledge begins, the Britons had occupied the whole of the south and east, and the mass of the Goidels had been driven over sea to Ireland, and to the barren mountains of the north be- yond the Forth and the Clyde. There was still, however, a strong Goidelic element along the western coasts of southern Britain, PREHISTORIC AND CELTIC BRITAIN 3 especially in the south-west peninsula, which now makes Cornwall and Devonshire, in south Wales, and in the lands round the Solway. 4. It is to these western and northern lands that we must look if we would study the older populations of the British islands. The Goidels, when driven into the west, seem to have become amalgamated with the Iberians whom they had earlier i)Tished into those reg-ions. The result of this was the development _. nrnn\. there of two physical types which have survived to our g:amation of own days. The incoming Celt is still represented Ibwlans in Ireland, Wales, and the Scottish Highlands by occasional tall, fair men ; but the most usual type in those districts is that of a short, dark-haired, dark-complexioned race, which is probably largely derived from the blood of the pre-Celtic iuhabi- tants of our land. But for both types alike, the Celtic language and the Celtic institutions became universal. There was, and is, however, a great difference between the Goidelic speech of the earlier Celtic migration, still spoken by some of the Irish, Manx, and Scottish Highlanders, and the Brythonic tongue of the later immigrants, stiU surviving in Welsh and Breton, and, till the nine- teenth century, in Cornish. 5. Civilization now steadily progressed, though it is almost im- iwssible to say for certain whether the next great steps forward were the work of the earlier or of the later race. The people's increasing care for the dead led them to erect huge circles of great stones, each resembling the stone chamber of the barrow, stripped of its mound of earth, and piled up in magnificent order in mighty inegalithic montunents. Of these, Avebury in northern mo^ments. Wiltshire, and Stonehenge on Salisbury plain, are the most famous examples. After the coming of the Celts the fashion of burial changed. Instead of the long barrow, destined to receive the remains of many warriors, short round barrows, each the grave of a particular chieftain or of his kin, became so usual as to be ex- tremely numerous. In these were deposited the bodies, or some- times the bumt ashes, of the dead, and along with them were put implements cif stone and bronze, ornaments of gold, jet. amber, and glass, and i)ottery. made by hand, and unglazed, but rudely ornamented, and polished by hard rubbing. 6. When this stage had been attained, the stone The Bronz* age was over, and the period was reached when the »"<*J'^" use of metals was known. This marked an enor- ' mous advance of civilization. First came the brome age, which 4 PREHISTORIC AND CELTIC BRITAIN was ultimately succeeded by the iron age, whicli lias been going on ever since. The Goidel came to Britain in the age of bronze, and at the beginning of the iron age the Britons of the newer Celtic migration had become the masters of the southern part of our island, to which they had given the name of Britain. 7. The Celts were the first inhabitants of our island to attain a respectable level of civilization. They wore clothes, used metal weapons, and delighted in gold and glass ornaments. civilizatf ^''^ They tilled the ground, opened up tin and lead mines, and began to trade with their neighbours. They were brave, liigh-spirited, and enterprising ; had a real love of beautiful things, and delighted in war and battle. They were split up into different tribes, each of which had its own king, though occasionally several tribes would join together under a common king, especially in times of danger. The Celts were fickle and quai-relsome, and seldom remained permanently under any other ruler than the chief of their c"vn tribe or clan. The gentry went to battle in war- chariots, drawn by horses, which tliey managed with extraordinary skill. They protected themselves by bronze helmets and body armour, often beautifully enriched by ornament. Their weapons were the sword, the buckler, the dart, and the axe. The Celts wor- shipped many gods, and sought to propitiate them by human sacri- fices. They held in great honour their priests, who were called Druids, and who also were the poets, prophets, and judges of the people. The chief wealth of the nation lay in their flocks and herds, and the population lived for the most j)art in scattered home- steads. They erected, however, as refuges in times of war, great earthworks called duns. Favourite sites for these fortresses were the summits of high hiUs, from which they could overlook the countryside. The majority of the Britons lived upon the uplands, as the river valleys were swampy, \mliealthy, and hard to ctiltivate ; but some of them were fishermen or watermen, like tlie dwellers in the lake villages discovered near Glastonbiuy. There was enough intercourse between tribe and tribe for rough trackways to be marked out over the downs and hiUs from one settlement to another. 8. Though the Druids composed verses, wherein they com- memorated the deeds of great men, and set foi-th the laws and The voyage wisdom of their ancestors, the Britons had no books, of Pytheas, so that no account of them from their own point ? 330 B.C. q£ YJg^ j^^g \iQ&a. handed down to us. Tlie earliest information that we have of the Britons comes from the travellers' PREHISTORIC AND CELTIC BRITAIN 5 tales of Greek explorers from the Mediterranean. Somewhere about 3J30 b.c, some merchants of the Greek colony of Massilia (now called Marseilles), in the south of Gaul, sent a mathematician named Pytheas to explore the lands on the Atlantic coast of Europe in the hope of opening- up a trading connection with them. Among other countries Pytheas visited Britain, sailing through the Channel and all up the eastern coast, and setting down his observa- tions of the country and its people in writings of which, unluckily, only fragments have come down to us. From the voyage of Pytheas a trading connection between Britain and the commercial cities of the Mediterranean was opened up, which soon became important. There were also close dealings between the Britons and their Celtic kinsmen the Gauls, their nearest continental neigh- bours. Many Gauls settled in southern Britain, and stUl further raised its standard of refinement. The tin, lead, amber, and pearls of the Britons found a ready market in cities like Massilia, and by this means some vague knowledge of the existence of Britain became spread among civilized people. So active did commerce become that the Britons struck coins of gold and tin, which were rudely fashioned after the models of the Greek monies of the period. So intercourse increased and civilization grew untU, nearly three hundred years after the voyage of Pytheas, the advance of the Boman Empire brought Britain into the fuller light of history. CHAPTER II ROMAN BRITAIN (55 B.C.-449 A.D.) Chief Dates : SS-54 B.C. Julius Caesar's expeditions to Britain. 43 A.D. Claudius begins the Roman conquest of Britain. 78-85. Government of Agricola. 122. Hadrian's Wall built. 297. Diocletian reorganizes the British provinces. 410. Withdrawal of the Roman legions. 1. Ix the generations preceding the Christian era the Romans established their dominion over the whole of the lands surrounding the Mediterranean, the centre of the civilization of Cffisar's First ^^® ancient world. The last step of this conquest Expedition was the subjugation of Graul by Gains Julius Cassar, to^^'jt*'"' between 58 and 50 B.C. Brought by his triumphant progress to the shores of the Channel, Caesar learnt that the Britons had afforded refuge to the fugitives from his arms in Gaul, and believed that their sympathy with their continental brethren would make it harder for the Romans to keep Gaul qmet. Accordingly he resolved to teach the Britons the might of the Roman power, and in 55 B.C. he led a small expedition over the straits of Dover, and successfully landed it in Kent, despite the vigorous resistance which the Britons offered to his disembarkation. Caesar found, however, that the Britons were stronger than he thought, and that he had not brought enough troops to accomplish anything great against them. For the few weeks that he remained in Britain, he did not venture far from the coast. Before long he returned to Gaul, convinced that he must wipe out his failure by conducting a stronger army to England as soon as he could. 2. Next year, 54 B.C., Caesar landed in Britain for the second time. He then took with him more than twice as many soldiers as on the previous occasion. Having established a camp on the coast, 6 55 B.C.] ROMAN BRITAIN 7 lie inarched boldly into the interior. He was opposed by Cassivel- lauuus, king* of the tribes dwelling" on the north bank of the Thames. The lig-ht-armed Britons shrunk from a pitched battle with the Romans, and failed to prevent J"Hus them from forcing- their passag-e over the Thames, second Ex- But their swift war-chariots hnng upon the Roman pedltlon to line of march, threatened to destroy Caesar's camp on ^ ^^' the coast, and prevented him from winning" any very sti-iking- trimnphs. However, some of the British ti-ibes were jealous of Cassivellaunus. Conspicuous among these were the Trinovantes, his eastern neig"hbours, dwelling in what is now Essex. This tribe sent envoys to Caesar, and submitted to him. Alanned at this defection, Cassivellaunus also made his peace with the Roman general, and agreed not to disturb the Trinovantes. Some of the tril>es promised to yield up hostages and to i)ay tribute to the Romans. Thereupon Caesar went back to the continent. He had not even attempted to conquer Britain, but he had taught the Britons a lesson, and had prevented them from harming the Roman power in Gaul. The most enduring result of Csesar's visits is to be found in the description of Britain and the Britons which he wrote in his famous Commentaries. This is the first full written accoiint of our island that has come down to us. With it the continuous history of our land begins. 3. For ninety years after Caesar's landing no Roman troops were seen in Britain. Increased commerce followed upon the greater knowledge which Romans and Britons now had of each other. The Trinovantes, who remained true to Britain, tlie Roman connection, profited by it to make them- 64 B.C.— selves masters of most of south-eastern Britain. Their ' ' power came to a head under their king Cunobelinus, the Cymbelino of Shakespeare and romance. He struck coins which closely imitated those of the contemporary Romans, made Camulodunum (Colchester) his capital, and felt himself strong enough to throw ofE Roman control. One of his brothers, disgusted at being supplanted, api)ealed to the Romans for help, but his valiant son Caractacus continued his policy after his death. Thus strainml relations en- sued between the Romans and the Trinovantes. The jjromised tribute was not paid ; Gaulish rebels were encouraged, and Gaulish fugitives from Roman rule received once more a welcome. 4. The renewed hostility of the Britons to Rome conduced the Emperor Claudius that the only way of making Gaul secure was by conquering Britain. Accordingly, in 43 a'.d., Claudius sent 8 ROMAN BRITAIN. [43- a strong army to the island, under Anlus Plautius. With his The Roman landing' ^^^ systematic Roman conquest of Britain conquest of began. Plautius soon made such progress that Claudius Britain. himself visited the country, and witnessed his soldiers taking by storm Caractacus' stronghold of Camulodunum. which Aulus ^o(m. became a Roman colony — the first in Britain. Plautius, When Plautius returned to Rome in 47, he had made 43-47 A.D. himself master of the south and midlands as far as the Humber and the Severn. The next governor, Ostorius Scapula Ostorius (47-52), strove to subdue the SUures and Ordovices, Scapula, the fierce tribes that dwelt in the hills of southern and 47-52. central Wales, among whom Caractacus found a refuge after the conqiiest of his own district. The Roman general defeated Caractacus in a pitched battle, and forced him to flee northwards to the Brigantes of the modern Yorkshire. Surrendered by these to the Romans, the British king was led in triumph through Rome. His brave and frank bearing won the favour of Claudius, who per- mitted him to end his days in honourable retirement. But the conquest of the Welsh hills was not lasting, and aU the Romans could do was to establish a ring of border garrisons at Deva (Chester), Viroconium (Wroxeter), and Isca Silurum (Caerleon-on- Usk), whereby the wUd mountaineers were restrained. 5. The Roman conquest of Britain was further advanced by the governor, Suetonius PaulHnus (59-62), who in 61 completed Suetonius ^^® subjugation of the hiU-tribes of the west by the PaulHnus, reduction of Mona or Anglesey, the last refuge of 59-62. ^j^g Druids. A sanguinary insurrection of the Iceni, the clan inhabiting what is now Norfolk and Suffolk, recalled Paullinus. The Icenian King, Prasutagos, who had ruled under Roman over-lordship, made the Emperor his co-heir, jointly with his two daughters. On his death the Romans took possession of his lands, brutally iU-treated his daughters, and cruelly scourged his widow, Boudicca (Boadicea), who strove to maintain their rights. The indignant tribesmen took advantage of the governor's absence to rise in revolt. Camiilodunum was stormed, and aU the Romans within it put to the sword. A like fate befell Verulamium (St. Albans), the seat of Roman government, andLondinium (London), the chief commercial centre of Britain. The legion that held the northern frontier hurried southwards, but was cut to pieces by the Iceni in the open field. At last Paullinus, fresh from his triumph at Mona, marched eastward at the head of the strong force which had held down the disturbed western frontier. Defeated in a -122.] ROMAN' BRITAIN 9 pitched battle, Boudicca avoided captivity and shame by drinking off a bowl of poison. The suppression of the rebellion completed the reduction of aU Britain south of the Humber and east of the Dee and Usk. But the mountaineers of what is now called Wales took advantage of Paullinus' withdrawal to renew their freedom, and for many years the Koman advance northwards and westwards was staj'ed. 6. The next forward movement was under Julius Ag^ricola, a famous statesman and general, who was governor of Britain from 78 to 85. Agricola's son-yi-law, the famous historian, juuuj Tacitus, wrote a Ufe of his father-in-law in such detail Agrrlcola, that we learn more of his doings in Britain than of those of any commander since Julius Caesar. Agricola's first military erploit was to complete the subjugation of the hill-tribes of the west. Thereupon he turned his arms northwards and sub- dued the fierce Brigantes, establishing a new camp at Eburacum (York), which soon became the chief centre of the Koman power. Within the next few years he seems to have advanced still further northwards, until he found a natural barrier in the narrow isthmus wlxich separates the Firth of Forth and Clyde, where he erected a line of forts. Not contented with this, Agricola advanced beyond this line into the mountains of northern Scotland, whose wild in- habitants, called then the Caledonians, opposed him -s-igorously under their chieftain Galgacus. At last, in 84, Agricola won a victory over Galgacus at an unknown place called Mons Graupius. After this he circumnavigated the north coast of Scotland with a fleet, and even talked of conquering Ireland. Next year, however, he was recalled, and his successors took up a less enterprising policy. Even more important than Agricola's victories were the efforts he made to civilize the Britons and spread Roman fashions among them. The sons of the chieftains learned to speak Latin, adopted the Roman dress, and followed their conquerors' habits of life. 7. South Britain remained hard to hold. A revolt annihilated the legion stationed at York, and about 122 the ■wise Emperor Hadrian, abandoning the northern regions, which j^^ ^^^ Agricola had claimed as part of the province, erected Roman a solid wall of stone, fortified by frequent forts, to walls, form a scientific frontier for the region solidly held by the Romans. The line chosen for this purpose ran from the month of the Solway to the mouth of the Tyne — roughly speaking, from Carlisle to Newcastle — a distance of more than seventy miles. If lO ROMAN BRITAIN [143- tlie still narrower frontier-line from Clyde to Forth were too remote to be held with safety, the limits thus chosen were the best that could be found. After nearly seventeen centuries the sub- stantial remains of this great work, stretching across the high hills that separate the valleys of the Tyne and the Solway, still con- stitute by far the most majestic memorial of the Roman power in Britain. In 143, Lollius Urbicus, the governor of Britain under the Emperor Antoninus Pius, went back to the limits once conquered by Agricola, and erected a new boundary wall between the Forth and the Clyde. Built of sods laid on a basement of stone, the northern wall of Antoninus was a much less solid structure than the wall of Hadrian. It soon became unimportant, as the Romans made few attempts to occupy the barren moorlands that take nj) most of the region between the two walls. Occasionally the old aggressive spirit revived, and notably between 208 and 211, when the able Emperor Septimius Severus spent four years in Britain, and. like Agricola, waged fresh campaigns against the Caledonians. On his death, at Eburacum, the Roman energies relapsed, and thus the wall of Hadrian became the permanent frontier of Roman Britain. 8. Roman rule, thus established by Agricola and Hadrian, lasted in Britaiu for more than three hundred years. At first Roman Roman Britain consisted of a single province, ruled, divisions of like all the frontier districts, by a legate of the Britain. Emperor. Severus divided the country into two provinces, called Upper and Lower Britain {Britannia Superior and Britannia Inferior), whose boundaries are not at all clear. At last, the famous emjieror, Diocletian, the second founder of the Roman Empire, included Britain, about 297, in his general scheme for the reorganization of the provinces. The number of British provinces was increased to four, Britannia Prima, Britannia Se- cunda, Flavia Caesariensis, and Mamma Ciesariensis. To these a fifth, Valentia, was afterwards added. We are almost entirely in the dark as to the situation of these provinces. A special novelty of Diocletian's reforms was the bringing together of neighbouring provinces into larger administrative divisions, called Dioceses and Pnetorian Fnefectures. All British provinces were joined together in the diocese of Britain, ruled by a vicar, while the diocese of Britain was but a part of the great praetorian prfefecture of the Gauls which extended over the whole of the west. This system lasted as long as the Roman power. 9. The Roman occupation of Britain was mainly military. The -297-] ROMAN BRITAIN 1 1 land was strongly held by a garrison of three legions, each con- sisting of about 5000 regular troops, all Roman citizens. Oue legion, the Sixth, had its headquarters at JJrr'Jfo'nf" Eburacum, while the Second was quartered at Isca Silurum, and the Twentieth at Deva, in positions which they had lield from the first century onwards. Besides these regular troops, a large number of irregular auxiliaries garrisoned the wall of Hadrian and the detached forts of the north. Both legions and auxiliaries were largely recruited on the continent, and most Britons who wished to serve the emperor were drafted to fight upon the Rhine or the Danube. Well- constructed roads, paved with stone, ran straight from garrison to gai-rison, and also served as avenues of commerce. The most famous of the Roman roads of Britain was the Walling Street, which p^^g" ran from the coast at Dubrse (Dover) to Londinium. and thence by Verulamium to Viroconium. from which point a branch went south to Isca, while thfe main road proceeded to Deva, where it sent a branch to Segontium (Carnarvon). From Deva, Watling Street was continued eastwards to York, and thence to tlie frontier. The Ermine Street, the central part of the road that connected Eburacum with Lindum (Lincoln), Camulodunum, and Londinium, was only less famous ; while the Watling Street was cr<)s.sed diagonally by a third great artery, called the Fosse Way, which went from Lindum to Isca DuiAnoriorum (Exeter). A fc)Ui-th road, named Akeman Street, connected Camulodunum and Verulamium with the watering-place of Aquas Sulis (Bath). 10. Along the chief routes grew up walled towns, which, at least in the south and east, were not wholly military in character. Under the strong Roman peace, marshes were di-ained. Ron,an forests cleareendants of the conquerors, gradually lost their ancient tongue and institutions, and became one with the invaders. It shows how thorough the oomqoest was that the Christian religion, professed by all the Britons, was entirely rooted out in all the districts where the English established themselves. Luckily for the English, the Britons seldom acted together for any long time. The wiser Britons held fast to the Boman tradition of unity, and set up war- leaders who might take the place of the sometime Boman governors. The most famous of these was the great Celtic hero. King Arthur, Arthur and ^h^s*? mighty victories stayed for a time the advance Mount of the English, and perhaps saved the Britons of tlie ^»*^°' ^*^- west from the fate of their brethren of the east. The best known of Arthur*8 battles was fought at a place called JTons Au2(mtcu« or Mount Badon, in about 516. Its situation is quite nneeztain, but it is most probably to be found somewhere in the south-west, possibly at Badbury in Dorsetshire. It seems that Arthur's triumph was over the West Saxons, whose advance was stayed for nearly sixty years. But the Britons only united when compelled to do so to meet the English attacks. They split up into little tribal states, and. if the English had not themselves also been disunited, the invaders could have probably driven their foes into the sea. As it was, many of the more strenuous Britons scorned to live any longer in the land which -607.1 ENGLISH CONQUEST OF SOUTHERN BRITAIN 2 1 they shared with their Saxon enemies. There was so large an emigration of Britons to the Graulish peninsula of Armorica, that that land obtained the new name of Brittany or xheeml- Britain, and to this day a large part of the inhabitants firration to of this little Britain beyond the sea continue to ^''^^^ny* speak a Celtic tongue, very similar to the Welsh or Cornish, which their forefathers took with them to Gaul when they fled from the Saxon conquerors. Their withdrawal made easier the work of the English, and it speaks well for the toughness of the British resistance that so much of the island remained in their hands. 10. For about a century fresh swarms of English came to Britain from beyond sea. After that the migration ceased, but the stronger of the English kingdoms continued to j},g Br^ons advance westwards at the expense of the Britons. The become the English did not call the Britons by that name, but de- Welsh, scribed them as the Welsh — that is, as tlie foreigners, or the speakers of a strange tongue. GraduaUy the Britons, who in the sixth century were still proud to call themselves Romans, took the name of the Cymry, or the Comrades, by which the Welsh are still known in their own language. A Welsh monk named Gildas, who lived in the sixth century, has written a gloomy picture of the state of Britain during the period of the English conquest. The heathen English were cruel and bloodthirsty ; but the Welsh were quarrel- some and divided, and Gildas regarded their defeat as the just punishment of their sins. 11. The warfare between Welsh and English still went on, and at last the Welsh received a rude shock from two English victories, which cut the British territories into three i)arts. and -v .> « destroyed any hopes of future Celtic unity. The the period West Saxons gradually made their way westward from °^ Bngllsh tlieir original settlement in Hampshire, and in 577 Ceawlin, the West Saxon king, won a great battle over the Welsh it Deorliam (Dyrham). in Gloucestershire, which led to their nnquest of the lower Severn valley. Thirty years after this (<><>7) tlie Bemician king, ^thelfrith. won a corresponding victory at Chester, which pushed forward the northern Anglian settlements to the Irish Channel, and transferrwl the lauds Iwtween Ribble and Mersey from British to Englisli hands. Up to these days the Welsh had ruled over the whole west from the Clyde to the English Channel. Henceforth they were cut up into three groupa, • )f these the northernmost was calle. He was in turn succeeded by Ethelred. king of Wessex from sua to 871. On Ethelred's death, Alfred obtained possession 44 THE WEST SAXONS AND THE DANES [871- of the throne, and ruled until 899. During the first three of these reigns the Danes perpetually troubled Wessex ; but it was not until the last year of Ethelred's reign that they began the systematic conquest of that kingdom. Etheh'ed, a strenuous and mighty warrior, withstood the invaders with rare spirit and with partial success, and was ably supported by his younger brother, Alfred's ^'^ ^theHng Alfred. In one memorable year, 871, the year of West Saxons fought nine pitched battles against the battles, 871. Danes. The most famous of these was the battle of Ashdown on the Berkshire downs, where the invaders were so rudely repulsed that they withdrew for a time to their camp at Reading. Within a fortnight, however, they resiuned the attack, and, after another fierce fight, Ethelred died, worn out with the strain and exposure involved in the resistance to them. Alfred, his fellow- worker, then a young man of twenty-three, at once assumed the monarchy of the West Saxons. He assailed the Danes so fiercely that they were glad to make peace and withdraw over the Thames. For the next few years they left Wessex to itself. During this period they completed the conquest of Mercia by dividing its lands amongst their leaders. When this process was once accomplished, Wessex was once more to feel the weight of their power. 10. In January, 878, the Danes again invaded Wessex. They were led by a famous chieftain, Guthrum, and fought under a Alfred saves fcann^r bearing the sign of a raven. It was unusual Wessex, in those days to fight in winter, and Alfred was un- * prepared for their sudden onslaught. He was driven from Chippenham, where he was residing, and forced to withdraw, while the enemy overran his kingdom. But even in this crisis he kept up his courage. With a little band he made his way by wood and swamp to Athelney, an island amidst the marches of Mid Somerset, at the confluence of the Tone and Parret. There he buUt a fort, from which he kept fighting against the foe. Before long he was able to abandon his refuge and gather an army round him. In May he defeated Guthrum in a pitched battle at Edington in Wiltshire. The Danes fled in confusion to Chippenham, where they had entrenched a camp, and were pursued and besieged by Alfred. After a fortnight's siege, Guthrum was willing to make peace with his enemy. The Danes " swore mighty oaths that they would quit Alfred's realm, and that their king should receive baptism." Alfred stood godfather to Guthrum, and entertained him at Wedmore, in Somerset, for twelve days. For this reason -886.] THE WEST SAXONS AND THE DANES 45 the treaty between Alfred and the Danes is often called the treaty of Wedmore. By it the Danes not only agreed to withdraw from Wessex ; they left southern and western Mercia in the hands of Alfred, and contented themselves with the northern and eastern districts of Mercia, where they had already made an efEective settlement. But they kept their hold over Essex and London, and besides this, were rulers over eastern Mercia, East Anglia, and Northumbria. Thus Alfred saved Wessex from the Danes, and in saving- his own king-dom, he preserved all England from becoming a merely Danish land. 11. For a season there was peace between Alfred and the Danes. Seven years later more fighting broke out, and Alfred once more proved victorious. In 886 Guthrum was once Alfred and more forced to make a disadvantageous peace, by Guthrum's which he yielded up London and its neighbourhood to P®*ce, 886. the West Saxons. By the second treaty, called Alfred and fiuihrurns Peace, the boundary between Alfred's kingdom and the lands of the Danes was fixed as follows : It went up the Thames as far as the river Lea, then up the Lea to its source, and thence tb Bedford, from which town it continued up the Ouse to Watling Street. Beyond that it is not known for certain where the dividing- line ran, but it is often thought that it followed the old Koman road as far as Chester, which thus became the northern outpost of Alfred's kingdom. Thus West Saxon Mercia formed a great triangle, whose base was the Thames, whose other sides were the Watling Street and the Welsh frontier, and whose apex was the old Roman city of Chester. Within these limits Alfred ruled as he pleased. But the tradition of independence was still strong in Mercia, and Alfred thought it wise to set up a separate government for that part of the midland kingdom which now belonged to him. H^ made Ethelred, a Mercian nobleman, alderman of the Mercians, and ensured his fidelity by marrying him to his own daughter, Ethelflaed. Before long the many princes of Wales submitted to his overlordship, and promised to be as obedient to him as were Ethelred and his Mercians. Alfred thus ensured West Saxon supremacy over all southern Britain that was not governed by the Danes. 12. North of the boundary line tlie Danes still remained masters. Tliey ruled the country after the Danish fasliion. divided the lands among themselves, and forced the English xhe Dane- to work for them. The Danish districts were calle