LIBRARY 
 
 OF THK 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 GIRT OK 
 
 Received , 190 
 
 Accession No. #2548 . class No. 
 
MANUAL OF INSTRUCTION 
 
 IN 
 
 ORDNANCE AND GUNNERY 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 U. S. NAVAL TRAINING SERVICE. 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 CALIFO* 
 
 WASHINGTON : 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 1900. 
 
DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, 
 
 BUREAU OF NAVIGATION, 
 WASHINGTON, D. C. , October 30, 1900. 
 
 This text-book, arranged for publication under the direction 
 of Commander J. J. Hunker, Commandant of the U. S. 
 Naval Training Station, Newport, R. L, by Lieutenant C. L. 
 Hussey, U. S. Navy, and Lieutenant R. H. Osborn, U. S. 
 Navy, is approved, and its use at U. S. Naval Training Sta- 
 tions, on board U. S. Training Ships, and on board such other 
 United States vessels as it maybe found useful, is authorized. 
 
 A. S. CROWNINSHIELD, 
 
 Chief of Bureau. 
 
 (3) 
 
 82548 
 

 DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, 
 
 BUREAU OF NAVIGATION, 
 WASHINGTON, D. C. , October 30, 1900. 
 
 This text-book, arranged for publication under the direction 
 of Commander J. J. Hunker, Commandant of the U. S. 
 Naval Training Station, Newport, R. L, by Lieutenant C. L. 
 Hussey, U. S. Navy, and Lieutenant R. H. Osborn, U. S. 
 Navy, is approved, and its use at U. S. Naval Training Sta- 
 tions, on board U. S. Training Ships, and on board such other 
 United States vessels as it may be found useful, is authorized. 
 
 A. S. CROWNINSHIELD, 
 
 Chief of Bureau. 
 
 (3) 
 
 82548 
 
TTWIVERSITT 
 
 MANUAL 
 
 INSTRUCTION IN ORDNANCE AND GUNNERY. 
 
 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. 
 
 Gunnery Instructors must carefully familiarize themselves 
 with the following details, which have been prepared with 
 the view of obtaining uniformity and thoroughness in the 
 course of instruction of apprentices in gunnery. These details 
 must be carried out in every particular as laid down, and, 
 when this is impracticable, or there is doubt as to the mean 
 ing of any part of them, the officer in charge of the gunnery 
 branch should be consulted immediately. During drill 
 periods, when not detailed for other duty, it is expected that 
 the instructors will take advantage of the opportunity for 
 perfecting themselves in the various drills and exercises. 
 
 The Number of Apprentices assigned to one instructor must 
 be as small as practicable, and, if possible, should not exceed 
 twenty-five. When general instruction is given to a whole 
 class all the instructors must be present to assist as may be 
 necessary, unless excused from this duty by the officer in 
 charge of the gunnery department. 
 
 Preparation. Before the drill call is sounded instructors 
 should see that such material as may be needed for the in- 
 struction or drill is provided or ready for use. 
 
 Arms and Ammunition. Apprentices should not be per 
 mitted to use any part of the ordnance outfit until they have 
 been instructed in the care and handling of the same, 
 
 (6) 
 
especially as to such parts as are easily broken, or the manipu- 
 lation or use of which is attended with danger. Apprentices 
 must not be allowed to handle arms and ammunition except 
 in the presence of an instructor or a gunner's mate. At the 
 end of a period, all ammunition is to be returned to the 
 armory together with an account of the amount expended. 
 It is to be impressed upon the apprentices that the breaking 
 or loss of parts of ordnance, especially in the case of small 
 arms, occurs even when the greatest care is taken, and that 
 they must report the fact as soon as it comes to their notice. 
 At the end of the period the instructor will inspect such parts 
 of the ordnance outfit as have been used and see that they are 
 returned to their proper places before he dismisses the appren- 
 tices under his charge. 
 
 The Arrangement of a Class for instruction should be such 
 that all may see and hear what is being explained. The 
 various divisions of a class should be separated sufficiently so 
 as not to interfere with one another. The crowding around 
 the instructor by a few to the disadvantage of the remainder 
 of a class should not be permitted. 
 
 Periods. It is expected that only about one half of the time 
 in a period will be required for the instruction as laid down. 
 An opportunity should then be given apprentices to ask ques- 
 tions relating to the instruction just given. The remainder 
 of the period is to be devoted to asking the apprentices in 
 turn such questions at will bring out and impress upon their 
 minds the more important points of the day's instruction. 
 Apprentices are to be encouraged to ask questions both during 
 and outside of periods. 
 
 Blackboards are to be used whenever practicable, to illus 
 trate the instruction. 
 
 Instructors should preserve order and report all cases of 
 inaptitude, inattention, or misconduct during their periods 
 of instruction. Apprentices creating a serious disturbance 
 should be sent at once to the office of the officer of the day, and 
 a report of the details of the case should be made at the end 
 of the period. Apprentices showing special aptitude or zeal 
 in gunnery should be so reported for favorable consideration 
 when promotions are about to be made. 
 
When practicable, make use of the apprentices showing 
 special aptitude by having them assist in the instruction of 
 the more backward in the same class. 
 
 This book of instructions should be kept at hand where 
 reference to it can easily be made. 
 
 Instructors must bear in mind that the interest and zeal 
 which they themselves show at drills and instruction has the 
 greatest influence in arousing and maintaining interest among 
 the apprentices. While the health and contentment of the 
 apprentices are the first consideration, it is necessary to have 
 them become interested before the results of the instruction 
 given will be of much value. 
 
No. 1. 
 
 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ORDNANCE. 
 
 Preparation. Provide a blackboard, a breechblock of 
 1-pounder Hotchkiss R. F. G., a cartridge for 4-inch R. F. G., 
 a blue print of a B. L. R., and a field gun. Refer to these in 
 the way of explanation whenever practicable during instruc- 
 tion. Read pages 27 and 37, " Ingersoll's Gunnery," 1894. 
 
 Instruction. The whole object of a navy is to shoot guns 
 if occasion demands it. Naval Gunnery deals with the 
 proper care and handling of such guns as are found on board 
 men-of-war, so that when it becomes necessary to use them in 
 battle the greatest number of well-aimed shots may be fired 
 in the least possible time. In order to learn gunnery it is 
 necessary to know something about ordnance, which is the 
 general term applied to all the fighting material. A study of 
 ordnance would include the designing and construction of 
 guns, with their mounts, ammunition, and tools for working 
 them. For the present it is intended to teach such parts of 
 ordnance as will make gunnery easier to learn. First of all 
 it becomes necessary to learn the correct names of the princi- 
 pal parts of the ordnance outfit, so that the instruction which 
 follows may be understood. 
 
 A Gun is a machine intended to throw projectiles long dis- 
 tances with great accuracy. Various means have been used 
 to obtain the great force required to do this, such as compressed 
 air in the pneumatic guns on board the Vesuvius, but unless 
 mention is made of something else, a gun is considered to use 
 charges of powder. Piece has the same meaning as gun. 
 Point out or explain the following terms: Breech, muzzle, 
 bore, chase, trunnions, smoothbore, and rifling. 
 
10 
 
 The Caliber of a gun is the diameter of the bore. With 
 ordinary rifling the diameter is measured across the lands; 
 with rib rifling, from the bottom of the grooves. 
 
 The Length of guns is usually expressed in calibers. Thus 
 a 6-inch gun of 40 calibers, would mean that the length of the 
 gun is 40 times the caliber of the bore 6 inches which is 20 
 feet. 
 
 The Main Battery on board ship consists of all guns of 
 4-inch and greater caliber. The secondary battery consists 
 of all R. F. G. smaller than the 4-inch, and all automatic and 
 machine guns. 
 
 Steel B. L. It's. All modern guns are steel B. L. R's, so 
 called because the loading is done from the breech, and the 
 bore is rifled to cause the projectile to rotate. Cast-iron, 
 wrought-iron, and bronze guns were much used in the past, 
 but steel, as now made, is the best material for gun construc- 
 tion. With the B. L. R. it is necessary to have some efficient 
 means of securely closing the breech to prevent the escape of 
 gas from the burning powder to the rear. Many different 
 breech mechanisms have been invented for this purpose. The 
 interrupted-screw breech plug, fitted with De Bange gas check 
 is used in all B. L. R's of 6-inch caliber and above. In loading 
 B. L. R's the projectile, powder charge, and primer are in- 
 serted separately. 
 
 In Fixed Ammunition the projectile, powder charge, and 
 primer or cap are combined, by means of a brass case, so that 
 only one operation is required in loading. 
 
 A Rapid-fire Gun is a gun having but one barrel and having 
 the powder charge put up in a copper case. The smallest 
 R. F. G. is the 1- pounder, the largest used on board United 
 States ships is of 6-inch caliber. There are various kinds of 
 R. F. G. breech mechanisms, known by the name of their 
 inventors. The ones in use in the U. S. Navy are the Hotch- 
 kiss, Driggs-Schroeder, Fletcher, Dashiell, Maxim -Nordenfelt, 
 and Vickers. All of these breech mechanisms are such as to 
 permit of quicker loading and more rapid firing than is possi- 
 ble with the ordinary B. L. R. 
 
 Machine Guns are guns which have one or more barrels, 
 which use fixed ammunition, and in which the loading of 
 the gun, the firing, and the ejection of the empty cartridge 
 
11 
 
 cases are done by machinery. The 37 -millimeter Hotchkiss 
 revolving cannon is a type of machine gun in which the mech- 
 anism is operated by means of a crank. All the latest ma- 
 chine guns are automatic that is, the force derived from the 
 recoil of the gun or from the powder gases is made use of to 
 operate the mechanism. The Colt and the Maxim-Norden- 
 felt 1 -pounder are types of automatic machine guns. 
 
 Field Guns are R. F. G's of special design, mounted on 
 field carriages for use on shore. On board every man-of-war 
 there are one or more guns of this type for use with landing 
 parties. Machine guns are also used for this purpose. 
 
 Boat Guns. The short 1 -pounder R. F. G., and light ma- 
 chine guns, are mounted temporarily on a pedestal in the 
 bows of steam launches and the larger pulling boats carried 
 by naval vessels. When so mounted they are termed boat 
 guns. 
 
 Small Arms. The shoulder rifle and revolver are known 
 as small arms ; the ammunition they use is called small-arm 
 ammunition ; and the firing is termed small-arm target prac- 
 tice. 
 
 Guns are classed according to the mechanism and caliber 
 or weight of projectile. Thus there are 6-inch B. L. R. , 6-inch 
 R. F. G., and 6-millimeter rifle, and 1 -pounder Maxiin-Nord- 
 enf elt automatic machine gun. 
 
 The mechanism of any gun will seem more simple and 
 be easier to learn if one first looks for the four essential 
 parts which correspond to the trigger, sear, main spring, and 
 hammer of the 1 -pounder Hotchkiss R. F. G. The instructor 
 will show the function of each of these four parts, using the 
 breechblock and the blackboard for the purpose. 
 
 Gun mounts, ammunition, torpedoes, submarine mines, and 
 armor also come under the head of ordnance. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. Define ordnance, gunnery, gun, piece. 
 
 2. Point out the breech, muzzle, bore, chase, and trunnions. 
 
 3. Define caliber. What is rifling? 
 
 4. How is the length of guns usually expressed? 
 
 5. What guns constitute the main battery? The secondary 
 
 battery? 
 
12 
 
 6. What are all modem guns? Why so called? 
 
 7. What are the three parts of the ammunition used in 
 
 B. L. R.? 
 
 8. What is fixed ammunition? 
 
 9. What is a R. F. G. ? The smallest R. F. G. ? The largest 
 
 R. F. a? 
 
 10. What is a machine gun? An automatic gun? 
 
 11. What are field guns? Boat guns? 
 
 12. What are termed small arms? 
 
 13. Explain the following terms: 6-inch B. L. R., 6-inch R. 
 
 F. G., 6-pounder R. F. G., and 6-millimeter rifle. 
 
No. 3. 
 
 CARE IN HANDLING ARMS AND AMMUNITION CARE OP 
 ORDNANCE OUTFIT. 
 
 Preparation. Read "Navy Regulations" (1896), Articles 
 378, par. 8 and 13; 386, 422, 520, and 774; "Radford's Gun- 
 nery " (1898) , pages 186 to 190 ; and "Gun and Torpedo Drills " 
 (1900). Use a R. F. G., the 4-inch if practicable, to illus- 
 trate the parts of the gun and mount mentioned in the 
 instruction. 
 
 Instruction. Before being issued to the service, the guns 
 and samples of ammunition are thoroughly tested at the 
 proving grounds, and all parts of the ordnance outfit are 
 most carefully inspected. Accidents that result from the use 
 of guns and in the handling of ammunition are generally due 
 to ignorance or carelessness. Without proper care the guns 
 and ammunition deteriorates, the mechanism will work badly, 
 and the efficiency of the battery is impaired. The instruction 
 which follows is to impress upon apprentices the importance 
 of taking every precaution to prevent accidents and to insure 
 the efficiency of the ordnance outfit. Even with the best of 
 care parts of ordnance will get out of order, be broken or 
 lost; this fact should be reported immediately to the divi- 
 sional officer or officer of the deck. 
 
 Care of the Guns and Mounts. The frequency and charac- 
 ter of the cleaning necessary to keep the main and secondary 
 batteries in prime condition depends upon the nature of the 
 climate and the duty the ship is performing. Instructors will 
 give the substance in "Gun and Torpedo Drills'' (1900), 
 adding that, while this is the amount of cleaning that the 
 average ship requires, bad weather and other conditions may 
 make it necessary to do a great deal more. The soft steel 
 of which guns are made is easily scored or burred ; only oil, 
 vaseline, and cotton waste or soft rags should be used in 
 
14 
 
 cleaning the mechanism. All hammering should be done 
 with copper mauls. Emery, brick dust, and gritty sub- 
 stances are not to be used on any part of the mechanism 
 except by trained men to remove rust when ordered to do so. 
 Brass sights are to be kept clean, but should not be polished, as 
 by so doing the marks are made less distinct. In every case 
 of cleaning, fine appearance should be sacrificed to efficiency. 
 In using oil and vaseline light coats should be frequently 
 applied, the previous coats being carefully wiped off. White 
 lead and tallow or a heavy coating of vaseline is used on guns 
 and mounts when preparing for a rough trip at sea, or when 
 circumstances prevent the usual amount of cleaning. No 
 part of the ordnance outfit should be used for other purposes 
 than that for which it was intended. Hanging clothes about 
 the guns, stowing articles away under the gun mounts, and 
 sitting on the guns or gun carriages are not permitted. 
 
 Handling Ammunition. Instructors will explain the pro- 
 visions for the care and handling of ammunition made by the 
 articles of the Navy Regiilations referred to under "Prepara- 
 tion. " Ammunition should not be handled unless orders are 
 given to do so. Stray ammunition should be turned into the 
 armory at once. Tampering with ammunition, and especially 
 attempting to separate the parts of fixed ammunition is very 
 dangerous. At general quarters ammunition that seems 
 faulty should be laid aside and the fact reported when 
 opportunity occurs. Frequently it will be found that the 
 fixed ammunition sticks in loading ; when this happens wipe 
 the cartridge cases, sponge the chamber of the gun, and push 
 the cartridge home smartly. When fixed ammunition or a 
 shell is dropped a considerable distance, the fact must be 
 reported immediately, as the shock may arm the fuze and 
 make the ammunition dangerous to use. Care should be 
 taken not to bruise cartridge cases, as a dent frequently 
 causes a jam in loading. In fixed ammunition the exposed 
 cap is a source of danger ; the greatest care should be taken 
 that the cap of one shell is not struck by the point of another. 
 When using blank cartridges in firing R. F. G. the empty 
 cases should never be returned to a box containing charges ; 
 loose powder in the bottom of the box has sometimes been 
 ignited with disastrous results. 
 
15 
 
 When ammunition is being taken on board or discharged 
 from a ship, all unauthorized lights and fires are extinguished, 
 and a red flag is hoisted at the fore as a warning to other 
 vessels. The ammunition must be handled so as not to dent 
 the powder tanks or injure the charges; the soft copper 
 rotating bands on the projectiles are easily bruised ; for this 
 reason mats and swabs should be used to prevent the am- 
 munition striking the deck or hatch coamings. In case the 
 ammunition becomes dirty it must be cleaned before being 
 stowed below. 
 
 Detonators and dry primers are especially dangerous. 
 They are stowed above decks or in large compartments as 
 far as practicable from the magazines. 
 
 Handling Small Arms. Whenever taking a rifle or 
 revolver inspect it immediately to see whether it is loaded 
 or not. Even though they are unloaded, always treat small 
 arms as if they were loaded, so that careful handling may 
 become a habit. Never lay down a loaded rifle or revolver ; 
 either unload it or keep it in hand. The sights of the Navy 
 rifle are easily broken, and the rifle should not be leaned 
 against a wall, bulkhead, or rail ; in case no racks are at hand 
 lay the rifle flat on floor, deck, ground, or across thwarts of a 
 boat. The bolt stop must be kept in its top position to pre- 
 vent the bolt from coming out Never carry the rifle loaded, 
 except in times of great danger ; load just before firing. 
 
 QUESTION^. 
 
 1. What are done with guns before they are placed on board 
 
 ship? 
 
 2. How often should the breech mechanism of B. L. R. and 
 
 R. F. G. be cleaned ? 
 
 3. How often should the gun mounts receive a general over- 
 
 hauling ? 
 
 4. What attention should be given daily to recoil cylinders ? 
 
 What before every firing ? 
 
 5. After firing what cleaning of the gun is necessary ? 
 
 6. How often should tompions be withdrawn from guns ? 
 
 7. What materials should be used in cleaning breech mechan- 
 
 isms V 
 
16 
 
 8. When and by whom, should emory, brick dust, and gritty 
 
 substances be used ? 
 
 9. When is a mixture of white lead and tallow used in coat- 
 
 ing a gun ? 
 
 10. At General Quarters what should be done with ammu- 
 
 nition found to be faulty ? 
 
 11. What steps should be taken when fixed ammunition sticks 
 
 in loading ? 
 
 12. What should be done in case fuzed shell or fixed ammu- 
 
 nition is dropped 5 feet or more ? 
 
 13. What does the red flag hoisted at the fore signify ? 
 
 14. What should be used on deck and about hatch-coamings 
 
 to prevent injuring the ammunition ? 
 
 15. Where are detonators and dry primers stowed ? 
 
 16. What should be done immediately upon taking a rifle or 
 
 revolver ? 
 
 17. How should small arms always be treated ? (as if loaded). 
 
 18. If no racks are at hand, how dispose of rifle ? 
 
No. 3. 
 
 NAVY RIFLE-MECHANISM. 
 
 Preparation. Read "Description and Nomenclature of the 
 U. S. Navy Rifle," pages 1 to 10, and the description of the 
 manipulation of the rifle, pages 13 to 16. 
 
 Instructor to provide himself with a rifle, all its attach- 
 ments, viz: bayonet, belt, sling; two clips of dummy cart 
 ridges, and cleaning cord, with a piece of serge H inches 
 square for cleaner, in recess in butt ; also a rifle with stock 
 removed. If practicable, apprentices will provide themselves 
 with rifles. 
 
 Name, Caliber, and Weight. The rifle, now in general use 
 in the U. S. Navy, is known as the "Lee Straight Pull" 
 so called from the name of its inventor and the action of the 
 breech mechanism, which is opened by drawing the bolt 
 straight to the rear. The caliber (diameter of the bore) is 
 6 millimeters (0.236 of an inch). Its weight is 8 pounds with 
 bayonet unfixed and without sling. The sling weighs pound 
 and the bayonet f pound. 
 
 Krag-Jorgensen. On account of having a uniform caliber 
 rifle for both the Army and Navy, the Krag-Jorgensen, which 
 was adopted by the Army a few years ago is now being intro- 
 duced into the Navy, and no more Lee Straight Pull will be 
 made. The Krag-Jorgensen rifle has an entirely different 
 mechanism from the Lee Straight Pull, and its caliber is 0.30 
 of an inch instead of 6 millimeters. 
 
 Nine Principal Parts of the Lee Straight Pull. The prin- 
 cipal parts of the Navy rifle are : 
 
 (1) Stock, (2) barrel, (3) receiver, (4) breech mechanism, 
 (5) trigger mechanism, (6) magazine mechanism, (7) rear 
 sight, (8) bayonet, (9) sling. Point to each as named, requir- 
 ing apprentices to name them in like manner, using the pieces 
 they may have. 
 
 89722 ( 17 ) 
 
18 
 
 Nomenclature. In learning the mechanism of a rifle it is 
 necessary to know the names of the parts so as to call them 
 by their proper names. Instructors will take each principal 
 part, name what it consists of as in the preceding paragraph, 
 then explain the function of each part marked with *. 
 
 1. Stock. 
 
 1. Stock proper.* 
 
 2. Barrel cover.* 
 
 3. Upper band and bayonet lug. 
 
 4. Lower band. 
 
 5. Stacking swivel. 
 
 6. Sling swivel. 
 
 7. Stock swivel-base. 
 
 8. Butt-plate slide, button and cavity for cleaning 
 
 gear (Cleaning gear in cavity). 
 
 2. Barrel. 
 
 1. Barrel.* 
 
 (a) Chamber.* 
 (&) Rifling.* 
 
 2. Front sight base. 
 
 3. Front sight tip and pin. 
 
 4. Front sight tip guard. 
 
 3. Receiver. 
 
 1. Receiver, (a) recoil shoulder. 
 
 2. Bolt stop.* 
 
 (a) Thumb piece. 
 
 3. Bolt release.* 
 
 4. Firing pin lock.* 
 
 5. Lock pin. 
 
 4. Breech Mechanism. 
 
 1. Bolt.* 
 
 2. Firing pin and collar.* 
 
 3. Main spring.* 
 
 4. Cam lever.* 
 
 5. Cam lever handle.* 
 
 6. Extractor and spring.* 
 
 5. Trigger Mechanism. 
 
 1. Trigger* and spring. :: 
 
 2. Sear and spring. 
 
 3. Sear fly. 
 
19 
 
 6. Magazine Mechanism. 
 
 1. Trigger guard. 
 
 2. Magazine. 
 
 3. Release ways. * 
 
 4. Elevator arm.* 
 
 5. Elevator spring. 
 
 6. Elevator spring shaft. 
 
 7. Follower (stop pin). 
 
 8. Follower guides. 
 
 9. Clip guide. 
 
 7. Bear Sight. 
 
 1. Rear sight base. 
 
 2. Rear sight leaf (notches). 
 3 Leaf spring. 
 
 4. Slide (catch). 
 
 8. Bayonet. 
 
 1. Blade. 
 
 2. Tang. 
 
 3. Guard. 
 
 4. Pommel. 
 
 5. Grasp scales. 
 
 6. Bayonet scabbard.* 
 
 (a) Body. 
 
 (b) Frog. 
 
 (c) Tip. 
 
 (d) Mouth casings. 
 
 (e) Jaws. 
 
 9. Sling. 
 
 1. Sling.* 
 
 2. Securing hook (sleeve). 
 
 3. Slide (sleeve). 
 
 4. Snap swivel (plunger; latch). 
 
 5. Sling strap button. 
 
 In explaining the various parts of the mechanism to a class 
 for the first time, avoid going into minute details or giving 
 dimensions. During this period the attention of apprentices 
 should be drawn to the more important parts, a knowledge of 
 which is necessary in the practical use of the rifle. 
 
After completing the nomenclature, as stated, and the 
 description of the more important parts, explain the manipu- 
 lation of the mechanism exactly as given in ' ' Description and 
 Nomenclature, U. S. Navy Rifle," pages 13 to 16. 
 
 Answer any questions that the apprentices may have to ask 
 concerning the parts of the mechanism just explained; then 
 ask the following questions of the apprentices in turn : 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What is the name of this rifle ? Why so named ? 
 
 2. What is its caliber in millimeters ? What part of an inch 
 
 is that ? 
 
 3 What is the weight of the rifle without sling and bayonet ? 
 With sling and bayonet fixed ? 
 
 4. Name the rifle now being introduced into the Navy. Its 
 
 caliber ? 
 
 5. Name the nine principal parts of the Lee Straight Pull 
 
 rifle, pointing to each as they are named. 
 
 6. Of what material are the following parts made: Stock, 
 
 barrel, bolt, and stock fittings ? 
 
 7. What takes the place of a ramrod ? Where is it kept ? 
 
 8. What system of rifling is used ? 
 
 9. Point out bolt stop. What is its purpose ? 
 
 10. Point out bolt release. What is its purpose ? 
 
 11. Point out firing pin lock. What is its purpose ? 
 
 12. Take out bolt and name its principal parts. 
 
 13. Point out release ways and tell what their function is. 
 
 14. Point out elevator arm. What is its use '? 
 
 15. When the bayonet is unfixed, where is it placed ? 
 
 16. Point out sling strap, its securing hook, and its snap swivel. 
 
 17. Using a clip of dummy cartridges, load and show how the 
 
 piece should be carried with regard to being loaded 
 when in situation of great danger. How should it be 
 carried at all other times ? 
 
 18. Before firing, what should you make sure of ? (Bolt home, 
 
 bolt stop up). 
 
:NO. 4. 
 NAVY RIFLE DISMOUNTING AND ASSEMBLING, 
 
 Preparation. In the "Description and Nomenclature of 
 the U. S. Navy Rifle' read "Dismounting and Assembling," 
 page 16 as far as to "dismount trigger, etc.," and page 18 
 commencing at "Reassemble bolt" to "Care and Preserva- 
 tion," also sections 4, 8, and 9; pages 6, 7, 8, 11. and 12, de- 
 scribing, respectively, the breech mechanism, bayonet, and 
 sling. Read articles 133, 134, 148, and 149, "Drill Regula- 
 tions for Infantry and Artillery." Instructor and each 
 apprentice to provide himself with a rifle, with belt, bayonet, 
 and sling. 
 
 Instruction, Remove bolt and dismount breech mechan 
 ism. Review the nomenclature of the eight parts of the 
 breech mechanism (bolt, firing pin, mainspring, collar, cam 
 lever, cam -lever handle, extractor, and spring). Explain in 
 detail the various parts of the breech mechanism as given on 
 page 6, as far as the second line of the last paragraph ; the 
 description of mainspring and cam lever and last paragraph 
 on page 7, and first two lines of paragraph describing ex- 
 tractor, page 3. Then assemble the breech mechanism and 
 replace bolt in gun. Conform strictly to the instructions laid 
 down for dismounting and assembling, explaining each step. 
 Caution the apprentices not to use undue force in the assem- 
 bling of the parts. Then each apprentice, sitting on floor, will 
 dismount and assemble the breech mechanism of his piece, 
 following the movements of the instructor. Have the class 
 repeat this until each apprentice thoroughly understands how 
 it is done. 
 
 Sling. Following the instructions on page 18, show how 
 to (!) remove the sling, (2) attach the sling, and (3) prepare 
 strap for slinging the gun. As far as it may be necessary in 
 
 (21) 
 
22 
 
 preparing strap for slinging, conform to positions given in 
 articles 148 and 149, "Drill Regulations for Infantry and 
 Artillery." Then the class, formed in single rank, will 
 remove the sling, attach the sling, and prepare strap for 
 slinging the gun, following the movements of the instructor. 
 Repeat until each apprentice thoroughly understands how to 
 do them. 
 
 Bayonet. Name the parts of the bayonet and bayonet 
 scabbard, explaining the function of the catch. Fix and unfix 
 bayonets, conforming to the positions required by articles 133 
 and 134, "Drill Regulations for Infantry and Artillery." On 
 board cruising ships the gunner's mates, acting as armorers, 
 attend to all dismounting and assembling of the mechanism, 
 except the bolt and other moving parts, which in the nomen- 
 clature are designated as the "breech mechanism.'' No 
 attempt is made to have every apprentice dismount and as- 
 semble the entire gun ; first classmen showing special aptitude 
 in gunnery will be taught how to do this. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 Answer such questions as the apprentices may have to ask 
 regarding instruction just given, then ask them the following 
 questions : 
 
 1. Remove the bolt, stating each step taken. 
 
 2. Dismount the breech mechanism and name each of the 
 
 eight parts. 
 
 3. Assemble the breech mechanism. 
 
 4. Assemble extractor and spring and replace bolt in receiver. 
 
 5. Remove sling from gun. 
 
 6. Attach sling to gun. 
 
 7. When gun is carried unslung, how is the sling arranged? 
 
 8. Prepare for slinging the gun. 
 
 9. Sling arms. 
 
 10. Name the parts of the bayonet. 
 
 11. Fix bayonets ; unfix bayonets. 
 
 12. What is the function of the bayonet catch? 
 
OF T 
 
 i "UNIVERSITY 
 
 
 No. 5. 
 
 NAVY RIFLE CARE AND PRESERVATION. 
 
 Preparation. Read "Care and Preservation" pages IS to 
 20, and description of cleaning cord, page 12, of "Descrip- 
 tion and Nomenclature of the Navy Rifle. " Instructors pro- 
 vide themselves with rifles, having cleaning cords, and clean- 
 ing cloths l inches square in cavity in stock, also with a 
 ramrod such as used in armories. 
 
 Instruction. Name the parts of the cleaning cord. The 
 cleaning cloth should be of serge and not larger than 1$ inches 
 square, on account of the small caliber of the rifle. Show 
 how to use cleaning cord, with bolt in gun and with bolt 
 removed ; also how to use ramrod, which must never be thrust 
 into the muzzle of the gun. All cleaning must be done from 
 the breech to prevent scoring of rifling near the muzzle. 
 
 The cleaning required to keep a rifle in good condition 
 consists of (1) a careful cleaning of the bore with the cord 
 and oily cloths, carried in butt, immeditely upon the com- 
 pletion of the day's firing. This cleaning to be done at the 
 rifle range. (2) A thorough cleaning of the bore, chamber, 
 and mechanism with oily cloths, waste and brushes upon 
 being returned to the armory. The residue left by the 
 smokeless powder should be entirely removed, using fresh 
 water and a solution of soda if necessary. The bore, after 
 being cleaned, should be dried, and then lightly oiled. The 
 chamber must be only very lightly oiled, and should be 
 wiped out before firing. The bolt should be removed for the 
 cleaning in the armory ; in case a primer is pierced it will be 
 necessary to dismount the bolt mechanism and clean and oil 
 the main spring, firing pin, and the cavity. Such other 
 cleaning and oiling as may be needed can be done without 
 any further dismounting of the mechanism. Further dis- 
 mounting will only be required in case of broken parts. 
 
 (83) 
 
24 
 
 (3) A" general cleaning and oiling whenever there are indica- 
 tions of rust. Rifles seldom used for firing should be inspected 
 frequently for signs of rust, which forms quickly wherever 
 the oil is rubbed off, or the guns are exposed to salt air. 
 With the rifle, as with other parts of ordnance, the coating 
 of oil should be very light, as it catches dust and dirt, which 
 clogs the mechanism, causing it to work stiffly. If in clean- 
 ing, cloth or waste becomes jammed in the bore so that it 
 can not be removed with a ramrod, it will be necessary to 
 drill it out. Attempting to fire it out will probably ruin the 
 barrel. For the same reason small wads of waste or other 
 material used to keep dust or dampness out of bore should 
 be removed before firing. 
 
 Care in Handling. The sights are easily broken and every 
 precaution should be taken that they are not injured. If 
 no rack is at hand, nor arm curtains provided, the gun 
 should be laid flat on the floor, deck, ground, or thwarts of a 
 boat. Leaning the rifle against a wall, rail or bulkhead is 
 not permitted. In the manual of arms when coming to the 
 "order" the butt should be eased down to the ground or 
 deck as the hollow stock is easily broken. During the 
 Spanish war many bolts were lost out of the rifles by failure 
 to have the bolt stop drawn entirely up. When rifles are 
 taken from a rack they should be inspected to see that the 
 stop bolt is in its top position ; this should always be done 
 before firing. Otherwise the extractor and possibly the bolt 
 may be lost. At all times, upon taking a rifle, it must be 
 inspected immediately to be sure it is not loaded. Even 
 after the inspection the rifle must, as far as practicable, 
 be treated as though it were loaded. When through firing 
 or drill, snap the piece by pulling the trigger in order to 
 relieve the main spring; this should always be done before 
 returning rifles to the armory or to the racks. Every pre- 
 caution should be taken to keep sand, grit, and salt water out 
 of bore and mechanism. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. Name the four parts of the cord cleaner. 
 
 2. Show how it is used to clean the bore ; how to clean the 
 
 chamber. 
 
25 
 
 3. From which end of barrel should a rainrod be used ? 
 
 4. Why should all cleaning of the bore be done from the 
 
 breech ? 
 
 5. What cleaning of rifle is required during the course of a 
 
 day's firing ? 
 
 6. What cleaning of rifle is required as soon as possible after 
 
 a day's firing 1 
 
 7. What cleaning of rifle is 'required when rifle is returned 
 
 to armory after firing ? 
 
 8. What cleaning is required in case a primer is pierced ? 
 
 9. How should a rifle be disposed of in case there are no 
 
 racks at hand ? Why ? 
 
 10. Upon taking a rifle, what two parts should be inspected ? 
 
 11. Why should rifle be eased down in coming to an "order"? 
 
 12. In case cleaning gear becomes jammed in bore, how 
 
 remove it ? 
 
 13. How should a rifle be handled at all times? (As though 
 
 it were loaded. ) 
 
 If time permits, review the questions on ' ' Rifle Mechan- 
 ism" and "Dismounting and Assembling." 
 
Xo. 0. 
 
 INSTRUCTION IN THE USE OF SIGHTS. 
 
 Preparation. Read pages 33 to 39 and 141 to 153, "Rad- 
 f ord's Gunnery " (1898) ; pages 10 and 11, " Description of Navy 
 Rifle" (1895); pages 184 to 187, " Firing Regulations for Small 
 Arms, U. S. Army" (1898); and pages 235 to 240, "Ingersoll's 
 Gunnery " (1894). Provide blackboard and a Navy rifle. Be 
 prepared to make sketches of sights and of trajectory to illus- 
 trate the instruction. 
 
 Instruction. The ship or fleet that fires the greatest num- 
 ber of well-aimed shots will generally win the battle, as did 
 the "Kearsarge " in her fight with the "Alabama." It is evi- 
 dent that quick and accurate aiming of guns is of the greatest 
 importance ; gunnery ships are employed at great expense to 
 drill men at sighting guns, and the men qualifying as gun 
 pointers receive much better pay than they would otherwise. 
 At the Training Station and on board ship, prizes are given 
 to those who qualify as marksmen at target practice with 
 small arms. To become a good gun pointer it is necessary to 
 know something of the principles governing the motion of 
 projectiles. When a gun is fired the quick-burning powder 
 is transformed into gases of much greater volume than the 
 chamber of the gun; the enormous pressure produced by 
 these expanding gases drives the projectile out of the bore 
 with great force (illustrate by sketch) . If the projectile were 
 acted upon by no other force except that due to the expanding 
 gases of the burning powder, it would, after leaving the gun, 
 continue to move in a straight line, at a uniform velocity, 
 until it struck some solid substance (illustrate). The direc- 
 tion in which a projectile is moving when it leaves the gun is 
 called the line of fire. The velocity with which a projectile 
 is moving when it leaves the gun is called the muzzle velocity, 
 and is expressed in feet per second. The principal forces that 
 
 (27) 
 
28 
 
 affect the motion of a projectile after it leaves the gun are (1) 
 the resistance of the air, which reduces the velocity; (2) the 
 force of gravity, which draws the projectile toward the 
 earth; (3) the rifling gives the projectile a rotating motion, 
 which causes the projectile to deviate to the right or left of 
 the line of fire according as the rifling is of right handed or 
 left-handed twist. This deviation of the projectile due to 
 rifling is called drift. For example, suppose a shell fired with 
 a muzzle velocity of 2,500 foot-seconds from a 6-inch B. L. R. 
 mounted on shore, during the first second of its flight the 
 shell does not travel in the line of fire a distance of 2,500 
 feet, for the resistance of air reduces the distance to about 
 2,300 feet; the force of gravity causes the shell to fall about 
 16 feet below the line of fire ; and the drift, due to the right- 
 handed twist of the rifling, is a few feet to right of the line 
 of fire (illustrate). The shell is so shaped that when fired it 
 will offer the least resistance to the air. The action of the 
 force of gravity upon projectiles requires guns to be pointed 
 higher than would otherwise be the case. 
 
 Sights are fitted to guns to make the aiming easier and 
 quicker. The ordinary sights consist of a fixed front sight 
 and a movable rear-sight bar graduated to 100 yards. ( Use 
 R. F. G. sights to illustrate instruction. ) To aim a gun, set 
 the sight bar for the proper range, then train and elevate the 
 gun until the target, the tip of the front sight, and the notch 
 of the rear sight are brought in line. To accustom the eye to 
 see distinctly these three points at the same time requires 
 considerable practice, and it is the principal thing to be 
 learned in aiming guns mounted on shore. For this reason 
 always select some clearly defined object about 2,000 yards 
 distant, sight set at the approximate range ; clamp the gun 
 and have the apprentices, in turn, look over the sights and 
 then through the bore, calling their attention to the difference 
 between the line of sight and the line of fire, which is the 
 allowance made for the effect of the action of gravity and the 
 drift due to rifling. 
 
 Wind blowing across the line of fire must be allowed for. 
 This allowance is made either by moving the traversing head 
 of the rear sight to windward or by aiming at a point a little 
 to windward of the target. 
 
29 
 
 Jump. There is a slight deflection of the projectile due 
 to slackness in the gun mount which permits the gun to 
 "jump " as the projectile is leaving the bore. This deflection 
 is allowed for in the marking of the sight bar. 
 
 At sea quick and accurate aiming is far more difficult 
 than on shore as (1) the rolling and pitching of the ship, (2) 
 the speed of the ship, and (3) the speed of the target have to 
 be considered ; and the firing, especially the continuous firing 
 of the guns in the secondary battery is of the nature of snap 
 shooting. Guns of the main battery should be fired at the 
 end of the roll, preferably at the end of the roll toward the 
 enemy or target, as for an instant the ship is then steady. 
 The rule for moving the traversing head is against the wind, 
 against the direction the ship is moving, and with the moving 
 target. Nearly all the new guns are fitted with telescopic 
 sights, or other sights which have no arrangement corre- 
 sponding to the traversing head ; with these sights the gun 
 pointer, "at commence firing, "must rely upon previous ex- 
 perience in making allowance in aiming, watch the fall of his 
 shots if possible, and correct his aim accordingly. , 
 
 Show by sketches what is meant by a medium sight, a fine 
 sight, and a full sight. The medium sight should always be 
 used until considerable experience at target practice has been 
 gained. A fine sight causes the piece to fire lower than when 
 a medium sight is used ; a full sight causes it to fire higher. 
 Experience will teach you when fine and full sighting can be 
 used to advantage, as at certain ranges in revolver practice. 
 
 Care should be taken to protect the sights from injury 
 and to keep them clean, especially the notch of the rear sight. 
 Inspect them before using the piece to see that they are in 
 proper condition ; and before firing make sure that the sights 
 are set at designated range. In the case of prolonged firing 
 at the same range see that they do not slip or jump, as this 
 frequently occurs with sight bars of R. F. G. 
 
 Instructors will explain the following terms: Aiming; 
 sighting; pointing; range; point blank; trajectory; projectile; 
 bullet; velocity; muzzle or initial velocity ; tumble (shell); 
 rifling; right-handed twist ; left-handed twist. 
 
 Small-arm Rifle. Name the parts of the front sight: 
 -, tip, and sight guard; and of the rear sight: base, leaf, 
 
30 
 
 leaf spring, slide, and catch. Up to 300 yards the piece is 
 fired point blank, that is, leaf down and slide in rear position. 
 For 500 and 600 yards leaf is down, slide at forward end of 
 leaf. Note the marks 3 and 6 on left side of rear-sight base. 
 For 800 yards and upward the leaf is raised and the slide is 
 pushed up until its upper edge comes to the line, just above 
 which a figure marks the number of hundred yards. Explain 
 thoroughly the marking of the leaf, using sketch. The 
 notches on the side of the leaf permit adjustment for inter- 
 mediate ranges. The sight is adjusted for medium sighting 
 at all ranges. 
 
 Telescopic sights and peep sights will be explained in con- 
 nection with the instruction of the 4-inch R. F. G. and Driggs- 
 Schroeder 6-pounder R. F. G. , respectively. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What is the object of having sights on a gun ? 
 
 2. What four forces have to be considered in fitting sights 
 
 to a gun ? The effect of each ? 
 
 3. What is the line of sight ? The line of fire ? 
 
 4. Define initial and muzzle velocity ? How expressed ? 
 
 5. Define drift ; right-handed twist. When is a shell said to 
 
 tumble ? 
 
 6. Define projectile ; bullet; aiming; range; point blank. 
 
 7. What do the ordinary sights of a gun consist of ? 
 
 8. Explain how to aim a R. F. G. 
 
 9. What four things have to be considered in aiming guns ? 
 
 How do you allow for the effect of wind ? Speed of 
 ship ? Speed of target ? 
 
 10. With ship rolling, at what time is it best to fire ? 
 
 11. What is meant by a medium sight ? A fine sight ? A full 
 
 sight ? 
 
 12. Compared with the medium sight what is the effect of 
 
 using a fine sight ? A full sight ? 
 
 13. Name the parts of front sight of small-arm rifle. The 
 
 parts of the rear sight. 
 
 14. Show how to set the sights of rifle for 300, 500, 600, 800, 
 
 900, and 1,200. yards. 
 
No. 7. 
 
 SIGHTING POSITION AND AIMING DRILLS. 
 
 Preparation. -Read "Description of Navy Rifle," pages 10 
 and 11 on sights; "Firing Regulations for Small Arms, U. S. 
 Army" (1898) paragraphs 1, 17 to 19, 21 to 43, and 48 to 120; 
 " Infantry Drill Regulations,- U. S. Navy" (1898), paragraphs 
 153, 155, 157, 161, 163 to 165. 
 
 For sighting drill provide sighting tripod, with rifle 
 mounted upon it; a sheet of paper about 15 inches square; a 
 small staff carrying a tin disk 2^ inches in diameter, painted 
 white, with a black bull's-eye ^ inch in diameter, center of 
 bull's-eye pierced so that pencil point may be inserted ; also 
 a list of apprentices, so that record of this drill may be kept. 
 Not over six apprentices should be selected at one time for 
 the sighting drill, which should be completed for this num- 
 ber in about thirty minutes. Set up tripod in target gallery, 
 or some other well lighted place, at a distance of 30 feet from 
 the paper target. 
 
 For position and aiming drills the instructor and appren- 
 tices will provide themselves with rifles. Refer to photo- 
 graphs, and sketches in " Firing Regulations, U. S. Army" 
 for proper positions in firing standing, kneeling, sitting down, 
 and lying down. An instructor should not attempt to give 
 this drill to more than 25 apprentices at one time. 
 
 Instruction. The sighting, position, and aiming drills, with 
 the instruction already given, are intended to prepare appren- 
 tices for target practice so that neither time nor ammunition 
 will be wasted in the target gallery or rifle range. The exer- 
 cises as given in the "Firing Regulations " will be strictly 
 followed except as may be noted below. The positions must 
 conform to the Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Navy. In 
 order to complete the exercises in the allotted time the medium 
 
sight only will be used unless the fine and full sighting are 
 expressly provided for in these instructions. Use the term 
 medium sight instead of ' ' half " sight employed in the ' 'Firing 
 Regulations." 
 
 Sighting Drill. Review the nomenclature of the sights of 
 the rifle. Explain what determines the line of sight. Show 
 by sketches on paper medium, fine, and full sighting. The 
 leaf is graduated for medium sighting. Explain the necessity 
 of learning the correct amount of full sight that should be 
 seen through the notch of the rear sight, and of always hav- 
 ing the sights present a uniform appearance when aiming. 
 Then with rifle mounted on tripod carry out following 
 exercises : 
 
 First Exercise. Stick a black paster near one corner of sheet 
 of paper. Explain how to bring an object in the line of sight. 
 With the slide adjusted for 300, 600, and 1,200 yard ranges, 
 using first a medium sight, then fine and full sights, aim at 
 the lower edge of the paster. Explain in each case what 
 sight is used, and then direct the apprentices, in succession, 
 to close their left eye, and looking through the notch with 
 their right to carefully notice the relative positions of the 
 bottom edge of the paster, the tip of the front sight and the 
 notch of the rear sight. Explain that a fine sight causes a 
 higher point to be hit, and a full sight a lower point to be hit 
 than if a medium sight was used. 
 
 Second Exercise. Adjust slide for range of 1,000 yards ; aim 
 at lower edge of paster, using each variety of sight. Have 
 each apprentice in turn inform instructor in a low voice what 
 kind of sight is taken. Try those who fail to give correct 
 answers until they understand the nature of medium, fine, 
 and full sighting. Call attention that only medium sighting 
 will be used during the remaining exercises. Aim at a point 
 about 2 inches distant from lower edge of paster and have 
 the apprentices, in succession, examine sights and inform 
 instructor how he should move the muzzle of the rifle, up or 
 down and to right or left, in order to bring it on lower edge 
 of paster. Caution the apprentices to place their eye so that 
 the tip of the front sight stands out distinct in the middle of 
 the notch, but the eye should be fixed on the target, not on 
 the front sight. 
 
33 
 
 Third Exercise. With sight set for 1,000 yards range, have 
 each apprentice find his triangle of error as laid down in para- 
 graphs 36 to 39, ' ' Firing Regulations. " Find if he has a con- 
 stant error, paragraph 40 ; and if possible determine the cause 
 of this error, paragraph 41. After explaining to each appren- 
 tice the cause of his error, have him go through with the 
 exercise again. Paragraph 41 is important, and should be 
 thoroughly studied and carefully applied in determining the 
 causes of errors in sighting. This exercise will only be given 
 with the sight set at one range. Instead of the fourth exercise 
 of the sighting drill in the "Firing Regulations," explain that 
 the barrel should not be inclined either to the right or left 
 when aiming. Raise the leaf and run the slide up to 1,500 
 yard mark. The rear notch is raised that distance vertically to 
 allow for the fall of the bullet, due to force of gravity. Turn 
 the barrel to the right 90 so that the leaf is horizontal. 
 Explain that in aiming with the barrel thus inclined the posi- 
 tion of the notch is such that it makes an allowance in the 
 horizontal plane instead of the vertical, and the point seen over 
 the sights is to the left of the line of fire, while no allowance 
 is made for the effect of gravity. The result is that the bullet 
 strikes lower and to the right of the point aimed at when the 
 barrel is inclined to the right, and lower and to the left when 
 the barrel is inclined to the left. 
 
 Aiming and Position Drills. Form the squad in single 
 rank ; open chamber and inspect to see that all pieces are not 
 loaded. Extend intervals to one pace. Form three sides of a 
 hollow square in case the squad numbers more than fifteen. 
 Explain the object of the drill, paragraphs 50 and 51, "Firing 
 Regulations." Have the squad take the position of "load," 
 "Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Navy," paragraph 161 (1). 
 Set sight for 800 yards. 
 
 First Exercise Position. The instructor will go through 
 the exercise laid down in paragraphs 56, 57, and 58, "Firing 
 Regulations," explaining each step in it. Then have the 
 squad go through the exercise by the numbers several times, 
 following the motions of the instructor. Correct the positions 
 and explain each step again if it is necessary. Then have 
 them go through the exercise ten times without the numbers. 
 
34 
 
 Watch the motions and positions of each apprentice carefully, 
 correcting every detail if required. (See paragraphs 59, 60, 
 and 61.) 
 
 Second Exercise Aiming. If not practicable to provide 
 targets according to paragraph 63, select some well-defined 
 distant object for squad to aim at. With squad formed in 
 single rank, one pace intervals, conduct the exercise explained 
 in paragraphs 65 and 66 in the same manner as laid down above 
 for the first exercise. Caution the squad to use a medium sight, 
 and to fix the eye upon the object aimed at, not on the front 
 sight. In correcting the positions, follow out suggestions in 
 paragraphs 68 and 70 to 73. 
 
 Third Exercise Pulling Trigger. When the squad has 
 acquired the details of the second exercise' laid down in para- 
 graphs 75 and 76, giving due consideration to the suggestions 
 in paragraphs 77 to 83. 
 
 After having gone through each exercise ' ' by the numbers, " 
 give the apprentices a little relaxation by having the odd 
 numbers assist in correcting the positions of the even numbers 
 next to them, and vica versa. 
 
 In aiming, the following points should be carefully observed : 
 
 1. Right heel 3 inches to right and 6 inches to rear of left 
 heel. 
 
 2. Left toe pointing nearly to front ; feet forming nearly a 
 square, toes and knees turned in slightly. 
 
 3. Knees pressed back, but without stiffness. 
 
 4. Body in easy and natural position. Avoid drawing in 
 stomach, raising chest, or bending small of back. 
 
 5. Raise the piece slowly with muzzle slightly depressed. 
 
 6. Press whole surface of butt firmly against hollow of 
 shoulder. 
 
 7. Barrel inclining neither to right nor left. 
 
 8. Right elbow at height of shoulder. 
 
 9. Left elbow well under rifle and against body. 
 
 10. Use right hand to hold piece firmly, the left to bring 
 sights on target. 
 
 11. Raise right shoulder slightly. 
 
 12. Rest cheek against the stock. 
 
 13. Aim with the right eye ; the left eye closed. 
 
 14. Fix eye on object aimed at, not on front sight. 
 
35 
 
 15. Always use a medium sight. 
 
 16. Hold breath at instant of firing, but not too long. 
 
 17 Steady the piece on target before pulling trigger. If 
 very unsteady, come down to "load" and try again. 
 
 18. Pull trigger with fore finger by gradually increasing 
 the pressure, not with a jerk. 
 
 19. Keep right eye open, and continue to aim a moment 
 after the place is discharged. 
 
 Instructors will keep a record of apprentices who show pro- 
 ficiency at the sighting, and aiming and position drills. 
 
 The aiming and position drills, kneeling, lying down, and 
 sitting down (paragraphs 84 to 120, "Firing Regulations"), 
 will be given at the second period scheduled for this instruc- 
 tion, or at the same time as part of a class is having gallery 
 target practice. 
 
Xo. 8. 
 
 NAVY REVOLVER MECHANISM. 
 
 Preparation. Read "Gun and Torpedo Drills" (1900) on 
 the dismounting and assembling, the manipulation, and the 
 care and preservation of the revolver. Refer to "Notes on 
 Navy Revolver, Models of 1889 and 1895," for nomenclature 
 of the parts. Provide a revolver, its tool box, and a table 
 for use in dismounting and assembling. 
 
 Instruction. This revolver, supplied to all United States 
 ships, is the Colt's double-action navy revolver, of 0.38 caliber, 
 made of steel, except the hard-rubber stock scales ; its weight 
 is 2 pounds. It was specially designed for use in the Navy, 
 and is manufactured by the Colt Arms Company, of Hartford, 
 Conn. It is said to have double action, as one pull of the trig- 
 ger performs the double duty of cocking and firing. It can 
 also be used as a single-action revolver, by drawing the ham- 
 mer back with the thumb before pulling the trigger. The 
 double action makes it possible to fire more rapidly, but it is 
 less accurate than the single action on account of the heavier 
 trigger pull required for self -cocking The single pull is about 
 7 pounds, and the double pull about 10 pounds. 
 
 The tool box contains a wrench, two screw-drivers, set, large 
 and small drifts, and cleaning rod. The wrench can be used 
 as a hammer for the drifts, if necessary. Where a mallet is 
 needed in dismounting and assembling, use the screw-driver 
 handle, grasping it by the neck and delivering the blow with 
 the butt end. The set is used to set out the end of the ejector 
 rod after the ejector has been screwed on. Call attention to 
 the brief instruction for dismounting the revolver printed in 
 box cover. 
 
 Dismounting. Follow the instructions in "Gun and Tor- 
 pedo Drills" (1900), dismounting the following parts of the 
 
 TYiA/Vtcinia-m -rnm rkiri T> o- fhorn "in fhfi rvrflAr -nfl.TnPfl Vflf>W 
 
explain each step, and name each part as it is dismounted. 
 After removing the frame plate point out the three 
 essential parts of the mechanism, viz, trigger, mainspring, 
 and hammer. 
 
 1. Stock screw. 
 
 2. Stock scales.* 
 
 3. Frame-cap screws. 
 
 4. Frame cap. * 
 
 5. Hand and spring. 
 
 6. Mainspring strain screw.* 
 
 7. Mainspring* (after disengaging stirrup). 
 
 8. Hammer (strut and stirrup). 
 
 9. Rebound lever. 
 
 10. Cylinder stop bolt. 
 
 11. Trigger.* 
 
 12. Trigger-locking lever screw. 
 
 13. Trigger-locking lever. 
 
 14. Crane lock and screw. 
 
 15. Cylinder* and crane.* 
 
 16. Latch spring pin. 
 
 17. Latch* and spring. 
 
 Explain that this is the only dismounting required except 
 to replace broken parts. The barrel should not be unscrewed 
 from the frame ; pins should not be driven out, nor ejector 
 unscrewed from ejector rod; but show how drifts are used, 
 and how the wrench is used to turn off injector and turn out 
 crane nut, the threads in both cases being left-handed. This 
 leaves the following parts assembled or only partially dis- 
 mounted, viz : 
 
 1. Barrel* and sight.* 
 
 2. Frame (trigger guard).* 
 
 3. Rebound lever spring. 
 
 4. Hammer.* 
 
 5. Hammer stirrups. 
 
 6. Hammer strut and spring. 
 
 7. Crane (nut). 
 
 8. Ejector* and ratchet. 
 
 9. Ejector rod (head).* 
 
 10. Ejector spring. 
 
39 
 
 Explain the function of each of these parts, directing atten- 
 tion particularly to the parts marked with *, the names of 
 which must be remembered by apprentices. 
 
 Assembling. The parts should be assembled in the reverse 
 order, except that rebound lever and spring should be engaged 
 before cylinder stop bolt is entered; the cylinder stop bolt 
 spring is easily broken or given a set and must be handled 
 carefully. (See correction in "Gun and Torpedo Drills," 
 1900.) 
 
 Action of Mechanism. Before putting on frame cap ex- 
 plain the working of the mechanism, calling special attention 
 to the following points : 
 
 1. Increasing tension of mainspring by means of strain 
 screw. 
 
 2. When hammer is rebounded, piece can be fired only by 
 pulling trigger, or breaking the mechanism. 
 
 3. Locking of cylinder by cylinder stop bolt after firing, 
 and by safety nib of trigger just before firing. 
 
 4. Cylinder can only be revolved by operation of the mech- 
 anism or by holding hammer in a position corresponding to 
 halfcock. 
 
 5. Trigger-locking lever locks mechanism when cylinder is 
 out, so that piece can not be cocked either by pulling trigger 
 or directly by hand without injuring the mechanism. 
 
 6. Action of trigger upon hammer strut, using double action. 
 
 7. Action of trigger upon hammer in single action (remove 
 hand to show 6 and 7). Complete the assembling of the re- 
 volver. Then explain that cylinder must be latched, and the 
 latching tested, after loading, by pressing on cylinder with 
 fingers of left hand ; if securely latched, the cylinder will be 
 found immovable. A heavy double pull indicates that the 
 cylinder is not latched. Select apprentices in turn to dis- 
 mount and assemble such parts of the mechanism as the in- 
 structor may direct, having all the apprentices take some 
 part in doing this. Limit the dismounting to the parts noted 
 above. Require the rest of the class to give strict attention 
 to this part of the instruction. 
 
 Care and Preservation. Instruct the apprentices in the 
 "Hints to Armorers," page 96, "Gunnery Drill Book," ex- 
 plaining that all general cleaning of revolvers is done by 
 
40 
 
 gunner's mates detailed for the purpose. But during long- 
 continued firing the fouling should be wiped from the face 
 of the cylinder to prevent clogging of the joint between 
 cylinder and barrel. A cloth cleaner should be run through 
 bore after each string of shots at target practice, as a dirty 
 bore materially affects the accuracy of the piece. The snap- 
 ping of rovolvers, except when ordered at drill, is forbidden. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. Give name, caliber, and weight of Navy revolver. 
 
 2. What is meant by double action ? Single action ? 
 
 3. What advantage is gained by using the double pull ? 
 
 4. What is the advantage of using the single pull ? 
 
 5. Name tools used in dismounting and assembling. 
 
 6. Dismount stock scales and frame cap. 
 
 7. Explain use of mainspring strain screw. 
 
 8. Remove hand. Point out the three principal parts of the 
 
 mechanism. 
 
 9. Remove mainspring, hammer, and rebound lever. 
 
 10. Remove cylinder stop bolt, trigger, and cylinder and crane. 
 
 11. In assembling, what part is most liable to be broken ? 
 
 12. Assembled parts dismounted. 
 
 13. What does heavy double pull indicate ? 
 
 14. How test latching of cylinder ? 
 
 15. Name parts pointed at. ( Point to parts.) 
 
 16. What cleaning is required during target practice ? 
 
 17. Show how to test working of hammer and strength of 
 
 mainspring. 
 
 18. Show how to test working of trigger, hand and rebound 
 
 lever. 
 
Jfo. 9. 
 
 NAVY REVOLVER USE AND DRILL. 
 
 Preparation. Read "Gun and Torpedo Drills" (1900) on 
 the manual for Colt's double-action navy revolver. Provide 
 a revolver and belt for each apprentice. 
 
 Instruction. Form the class in single rank and have all 
 the revolvers examined to be sure there are no stray cartridges 
 in the cylinders, then return the revolvers to the holsters. 
 
 Give the first order "Draw" and explain accurately and 
 clearly the proper motions. 
 
 The orders to be used are as follows : 
 
 Commands. 
 
 Draw. 
 
 Load. 
 
 Pack load. 
 
 (Designating object) Aim; fire. 
 
 (Designating object) ( shots) Commence firing. 
 
 Cease firing. 
 
 Unload. 
 
 Return. 
 
 No orders other than those given in "Gun and Torpedo 
 Drills " (1900) will be used. 
 
 Each of the above orders are to be explained carefully first, 
 and, after each explanation, the boys will be drilled until 
 each one is perfectly familiar with all the motions and orders. 
 
 (41) 
 
No. 1C. 
 
 SMALL-ARM AMMUNITION, FUSES, PRIMERS, AND 
 DETONATORS. 
 
 Preparation. The instructor will provide several clips of 
 6-mm. ammunition; of ball, blank, and dummy cartridges, 
 several cartridge cases and bullets, also specimen boxes of 
 fuses and primers. 
 
 Read carefully pages 12, 13, and 20 of the Navy Depart- 
 ment's pamphlet, " The U. S. Navy Rifle, 6-mm. Model, 1895," 
 also pages 26, 27, and 28 of the Navy Department's pamphlet, 
 ' ' Description of Ammunition. " 
 
 Instruction. Exhibit a ball cartridge and point out the 
 cartridge case, primer, bullet, and cannelure. The cartridge 
 case is made of drawn brass, and has no rim, but is provided 
 with a cannelure in which the nib of the extractor engages. 
 
 The primer is similar to those used in 0.45 caliber cartridges. 
 Exhibit a section of a primer and explain its action. 
 
 The bullet is of hardened lead with a jacket of cupro- 
 nickeled steel. The weight of the bullet is 135 grains. 
 
 The ammunition at present issued to the service is loaded 
 with 33.2 grains of Troisdorf smokeless powder, giving an 
 average velocity of 2,460 feet per second at 60 feet from the 
 muzzle. 
 
 The ammunition is furnished to the service in steel clips ; 
 five cartridges in a clip, and packed four clips in a box, and 
 fifty boxes in a case. 
 
 The clip consists of the clip body and the locking wire. 
 Exhibit a clip and explain its action. 
 
 The clips are intended to be used only once, and can not be 
 depended on to work satisfactorily after the first time, conse- 
 quently the packs must not be tampered with nor the loops 
 turned oxcept in the gun. 
 
 (43) 
 
44 
 
 Fuses. Two general classes of fuses are used with modern 
 projectiles, viz., combination time and percussion, and 
 percussion. 
 
 Explain the different parts of the time fuse, pointing out 
 each part from a section of the fuse. 
 
 Exhibit each kind of fuse and name and explain the action 
 of all the parts. 
 
 Fuses for the larger caliber shells have, in addition to the 
 fulminate cap, a small charge of black powder to insure the 
 ignition of the bursting charge contained in the projectile. 
 
 It has been found that a drop of 30 feet upon half -inch steel 
 plating does not arm a Navy base percussion fuse, but a 
 drop of 12 feet upon an armor plate will arm the fuse. Con- 
 sequently, while under usual conditions, dropping fused 
 shells from a considerable height will not cause their explo- 
 sion, still it is advisable to take the greatest precaution against 
 dropping them, for they might strike a solid piece of steel 
 with sufficient force to explode them. 
 
 While ramming a shell home in a gun there is no danger 
 whatever of the shock of a shell bringing up on the compres- 
 sion slope causing the fuse to be armed, for the greatest 
 velocity with which a shell could be rammed home does not 
 equal that due to even a small drop. 
 
 Primers. The primers now in use in the service are either 
 percussion or electric. Percussion primers are issued for all 
 guns. Those used in tixed ammunition are purchased from 
 private manufacturers, while those for the ordinary B. L. 
 guns are made at the torpedo station. 
 
 Exhibit the various types of percussion primers and then 
 explain the action. 
 
 Electric primers are made for all guns of 4-inch caliber and 
 above. 
 
 Exhibit an electric primer and explain how the contact is 
 made and the action of the primer. 
 
 Friction primers are only used now with the torpedo - 
 launching tubes. 
 
 Give a description of detonators, the purpose for which 
 they are used, and where they are stowed. 
 
QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. Name the different parts of a rifle cartridge. 
 
 2. Of what materials are the following parts made : Case, 
 
 bullet, and jacket? 
 
 3. What kind of powder is used? 
 
 4. What is its muzzle velocity? 
 
 5. How are the cartridges put up?" 
 
 6. Name the parts of the clip. 
 
 7. What kinds of fuzes are used in the service? 
 
 8. Explain the action of the Navy time fuse. 
 
 9. Name the parts of the Schenkle percussion fuse. 
 
 10. What kinds of primers are in use in the service? 
 
 11. Describe a percussion primer. 
 
 12. Describe an electric primer. 
 
 13. Name the guns in which electric primers can be used. 
 
 14. For what purpose are friction primers used? 
 
 15. For what purpose are detonators used? 
 
 16. Where are they stowed? 
 
No. 11. 
 1-POUNDER HOTCHKISS R. F. G. MECHANISM AND DRILL. 
 
 Preparation. Read " Description of Modern Ordnance in 
 the United States Navy," pages 37 to 43. 
 
 The instructor will have one of the 1 -pounder Hotchkiss 
 R. F. G. brought to the place of instruction, and will see that 
 the breechblock, sights, all the spare parts, and the accessory 
 box are provided. 
 
 Instruction. The 1-pounder Hotchkiss gun has been made 
 in two designs. The first one, known as Mark I, is designated 
 as light 1 -pounders, and the gun proper was made in one 
 piece ; but the issue of these guns has been stopped. 
 
 The other design, known as Mark II, or heavy 1-pounder, 
 is the one in use throughout the service, and is made in three 
 pieces ; the tube, extending from the face of the muzzle to 
 the face of the breechblock, comprising the whole length of 
 the bore ; the jacket, which is shrunk over the rear part of 
 the tube and which carries both the trunnions and breech- 
 block; and, the locking ring, which is a screw collar con- 
 necting the tube and jacket, and which carries the fore- 
 sight mass. 
 
 The bore is rifled with a uniform right-handed twist in the 
 American guns, and with a left-handed twist in the French 
 guns (the two 1 -pounders at this station are French guns and 
 are similar to the Mark I guns). 
 
 The breechblock is a square, hollowed, steel block, with 
 rounded corners, moving vertically in guides in a mortise cut 
 completely through the jacket. The front face of the block 
 is perpendicular to the axis of the bore, while the rear face 
 is slightly inclined. 
 
 The parts of the mechanism showing on the outside of the 
 breech are the crank handles, rocking shaft, cocking toe, 
 cocking cam, and the stop bolt. 
 
 (47) 
 
48 
 
 Point out and explain the use of each of these parts. 
 
 The firing mechanism within the breechblock consists of 
 the hammer, firing pin, main spring, stirrup, sear, and sear 
 spring. 
 
 The only other movable part is the extractor, but this is not 
 connected with the firing mechanism. 
 
 Point out and explain the working of each part, and have 
 the boys dismount and assemble the mechanism. 
 
 Explain how the stock is secured to the gun. 
 
 Explain the markings on the rear sight bar. 
 
 The mount ordinarily used for these guns is a cage stand in 
 which the pivot sets. The same stand is used for Colt auto- 
 matic 6-mm. guns and Gatling guns, an adapter being used 
 on account of the difference in the size of the pivots. 
 
 Show the proper position to be taken while loading the 
 gun, and what care should be taken in pointing the cartridge 
 fair. 
 
 Explain the probable cause of cartridges and cases jam- 
 ming, and what means should be taken to prevent and to 
 remedy the same. 
 
 Point out and explain the use of each of the accessories in 
 the box. 
 
 At subsequent periods of instruction station gun crews and 
 exercise them with the guns, and especially in replacing sup- 
 posed broken parts. 
 
 (See table under period No. 12.) 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. How are the different types of 1 -pounders marked? 
 
 2. By what other terms are they distinguished? (Light and 
 
 heavy. ) 
 
 3 In the heavy 1 -pounders, how many pieces are used in 
 constructing the gun proper? 
 
 4. What are the names of the various parts, and how are 
 
 they arranged? 
 
 5. In what part of the gun is the breechblock secured? 
 
 6. Are the front and rear faces of the breechblock parallel? 
 
 7. Name the parts of the mechanism which are seen on the 
 
 outside of the gun. 
 
49 
 
 8. Name the parts of the firing mechanism. 
 
 9. Explain the action of the extractor. 
 
 10. How is the stock secured to the gun? 
 
 11. How is the rear sight bar marked? 
 
 12. Remove the mainspring and put in a spare one. 
 
 13. What kind of mount is generally used. 
 
 14. What should be done when the empty cartridge case is 
 
 jammed and can not be extracted? 
 
 89724 
 
No. 18. 
 
 6-POUNDER HOTCHKISS R. F. G. MECHANISM AND DRILL. 
 
 Preparation. Read "Description of Modern Ordnance in 
 the United States Navy," pages 43 to 45; also, Radford's 
 "Hand-Book on Naval Gunnery," pages 61 to 73. 
 
 The instructor will have the breechblocks placed in the 
 guns, the sights on, and the accessory and spare-part boxes at 
 hand. 
 
 Instruction. The last period having been upon the 
 1 -pounder Hotchkiss, the instructor will call the attention of 
 the apprentices to the similarity of the construction of the 
 two guns and of the mechanism. 
 
 The breech mechanism of the Mark II 6-pounders is exactly 
 similar to that of the Mark II 1 -pounder. 
 
 The following table gives some of the characteristics of the 
 Hotchkiss 1 -pounder and 6-pounder R. F. guns in the U. S. 
 naval service : 
 
 
 1-pounder, 
 light. 
 
 1-pounder, 
 heavy. 
 
 6-pounder, 
 40-caliber. 
 
 6-pounder, 
 45-caliber. 
 
 Caliber inches- 
 Weight pounds 
 
 1.457 
 71 
 
 33.15 
 29.13 
 Uniform tv 
 12 
 .0155 
 2.8 
 1.45 
 1319 
 
 .73 
 .37 
 
 1.457 
 
 120 
 
 62 
 57.98 
 ist of 6, or 
 12 
 .0155 
 4.9 
 1.65 
 1800 
 
 .93 
 .43 
 
 2.244 
 /810 I 
 1785*} 
 97.83 
 89.76 
 one turn in 
 24 
 .012 
 30 
 9.9 
 1818 
 
 2.76 
 1.56 
 
 2.244 
 795 
 
 108. 86 
 100.98 
 29.9cal.f 
 24 
 .012 
 30 
 9.9 
 1870 
 
 2.86 
 1.59 
 
 Length inches 
 
 Length of boro_ do 
 
 Twist of rifling 
 
 Number of grooves. __ . 
 
 Depth of grooves inches 
 
 Weight of charge ouuces__ 
 Weight of complete round _pounds_- 
 Muzzle velocity foot-8econds__ 
 Steel perforated by steel shell at 500 
 yards inches 
 
 2, 000 yards do 
 
 
 * Truunionless gun. 
 fThe Mark II 6-pounders have a uniform twist of one turn in 25 calibers. 
 
 (51) 
 
52 
 
 The recoil mount used with 6-pounder guns consists of a 
 single hydraulic and spring recoil cylinder, which, together 
 with the carriage proper, is rigidly secured to the gun, the 
 free end of the piston being attached to the "slide." The 
 slide, resting on trunnions, gives the vertical motion to the 
 gun. 
 
 The instructor will illustrate on a blackboard the interior 
 of the recoil cylinder, and, if practicable, will have a recoil 
 cylinder dismounted. 
 
 The liquid used in the recoil cylinders is composed of 80 per 
 cent glycerin and 20 per cent fresh water. 
 
 Explain the use of the counter-recoil spring ; how the sights 
 are marked and put on. 
 
 At subsequent periods of instruction, station guns' crews 
 and exercise the class in replacing supposed broken parts. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. How many parts are used in the construction of the 
 
 6-pounder Hotchkiss R. F. G. V 
 
 2. What are the names of the various parts and how are they 
 
 arranged ? 
 
 3. How is the rear sight bar marked V 
 
 4. What kind of a mount is used for 6-pounders '! 
 
 5. What is the caliber in inches of this gun ? 
 
 6. What is the weight of this gun ? 
 
 7. How many grooves are there in the rifling '.' 
 
 8. What is the twist of the rifling ? 
 
 9. What is the weight of the charge ? 
 
 10. What is the weight of the complete round ? 
 
 11. What is the muzzle velocity ? 
 
 12. What is the object of having the recoil cylinder ? 
 
 13. What is the counter-recoil spring ? 
 
 14. What liquid is used in the recoil cylinder 1 
 
No. 13. 
 
 4-INCH R. F. G. MECHANISM, 
 
 Preparation. The class will be taken to the Vicksburg, or 
 wherever there are 4-inch R. F. guns, and the instructor will 
 see that all the appurtenances of the guns are in place. 
 
 Read "Description of Modern Ordnance in the United 
 States Navy," pages 3 to 10, also "Radford's Handbook on 
 Naval Gunnery," pages 23 to 29 and 49 to 53. 
 
 Instruction. There are four marks of 4 inch guns, but all 
 are of the same construction, differing only in the form of 
 chamber or of breech mechanism. 
 
 The Mark I has the ordinary slotted screw-breech mechan- 
 ism with De Bange gas check. There are but four guns of 
 this type, Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 6. 
 
 The Mark II is a rapid-fire gun, using fixed ammunition and 
 fitted with breech mechanism of the Driggs-Schroeder type. 
 There are only two guns of this type, Nos. 4 and 5. 
 
 The Mark III uses the same fixed ammunition as the Mark 
 II gun, and differs from it only in having a slotted-screw 
 mechanism of the Dashiell type. All 4-inch guns from No. 7 
 upward are of this mark. 
 
 Mark IV differs from Mark III in that the gun recoils 
 through the sleeve, and the sleeve and two recoil cylinders 
 are in one piece. 
 
 Each gun is composed of five principal parts: Tube, jacket, 
 A hoop, B hoop, and breech plug. 
 
 The A hoop is put over the front end of the jacket with a 
 reverse cone, and thus locks the tube into the jacket. The 
 4-inch guns are trunnionless, being held in the mount by the 
 projecting sides of a bronze sleeve or band that screws on to 
 the gun. The hydraulic recoil cylinder forms a part of this 
 
 (53) 
 
54 
 
 sleeve, and, when in place, is directly beneath the gun. This 
 bronze sleeve is not removed in mounting but goes with the 
 gun. 
 
 The following is the nomenclature of the Dashiell breech 
 mechanism : 
 
 Plug, Extractor keeper screw, 
 
 Face plate, Extractor lug, 
 
 Combined collar and tray, Trigger, 
 
 Hand lever, Trigger bracket, 
 
 Rotating rack, Trigger spring, 
 
 Rotating-rack stud, Releaser, 
 
 Hand grasp, Releaser spring, 
 
 Translating arm, Firing pin, 
 
 Translating-arm pin, Firing-pin spring, 
 
 Fulcrum pin, Sleeve for firing pin, 
 
 Hinge pin, Firing-pin guard, 
 
 Tray latch, Cocking lever, 
 
 Tray catch, Cocking-lever bracket. 
 
 Extractor, 
 
 The instructor will point out each of the above parts and 
 will carefully explain its object and how it acts. 
 
 If a cartridge case sticks and the extractor will not bring 
 it out, close the plug, pull the extractor as far to the rear as 
 possible, and then (using a screw-driver as a lever) pry the 
 rear end of the extractor toward the center of the breech plug 
 until its forward hook is sprung clear of the rim of the car- 
 tridge case. The breech can then be opened and a powerful 
 hand extractor used to bring out the empty case. 
 
 These guns are fitted either with bar sights or telescopic 
 sights. The rear bar sight is marked on the left side with 
 ranges up to 7,600 yards, on the front side with degrees of 
 elevation to 15, and on the right side with times of flight to 
 20 seconds. 
 
 The permanent inclination of the 4-inch sight bar is 2 45' 
 to the left, and the rear sight head when at level is 0. 1 inch 
 to the left of the front sight ; this corrects for drift. 
 
 The muzzle velocity given by a full charge of brown pow- 
 der in the 4-inch gun is 2,000 foot-seconds, and the sights are 
 marked for this velocity. 
 
55 
 
 4-INCH R. F. G., MARK III. 
 
 Weight _ . pounds . . 3, 400 
 
 Length . inches. . 164 
 
 Travel of projectile ...do.. 132.12 
 
 Weight of charge (brown powder) .pounds. . 13.5 
 
 Weight of projectile do_ . 33 
 
 Chamber pressure tons.- 15 
 
 Velocity at 
 
 Muzzle foot-seconds- . 2,000 
 
 1,000 yards do.. 1,657 
 
 2,000 yards do.. 1,364 
 
 2,500yards ....do._ 1,246 
 
 Steel which shell will perforate at 
 
 Muzzle inches.. 7.2 
 
 1,000 yards ... do.. 5.5 
 
 2,000 yards _ do.. 4.2 
 
 2,500 yards --- do.. 3.7 
 
 Weight of fixed ammunition . _ .pounds. . 58 
 
 Number of grooves 30 
 
 Twist of rifling zero to 1 in 25 calibers. 
 
 The following parts of the gun mount are to be pointed out 
 and carefully explained : 
 
 Pivot stand, top carriage, oscillating slide, and the com- 
 bined sleeve and recoil cylinder. 
 
 After the class has been thoroughly instructed in the 
 mechanism, etc., of the 4-inch R. F. G., the other periods 
 will be devoted to drill in accordance with the ' ' Gunnery 
 Drill Book," and whenever possible subcaliber practice will 
 be held. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What type of 4-inch is used at this station? 
 
 2. What kind of breech mechanism is used? 
 
 3. Of how many pieces is a 4-inch R. F. G. built up? 
 
 4. Point out and name the various parts? 
 
 5. Point out and name the principal parts of the breech 
 
 mechanism. 
 
 6. Suppose a cartridge case sticks and the extractor will not 
 
 bring it out, what should be done? 
 
 7. What kind of sights are used? 
 
56 
 
 8. How are the bar sights marked? 
 
 9. How are the telescopic sights marked? 
 
 10. What is the muzzle velocity? 
 
 11. For what velocity are the sights marked? 
 
 12. What is the weight of the projectile? 
 
 13. How many grooves are there? 
 14 What is the twist of the rifling? 
 
 15. What are the principal parts of the gun mount? 
 
 16. How many men compose a gun crew? 
 
 17. What are the duties of No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 at the order 
 
 load? 
 
 18. What are the duties of No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 at the order 
 
 point? 
 
No. 14. 
 
 SUB-CALIBER TARGET PRACTICE 
 
 WITH 
 
 HOTCHKISS 6-POUNDER R. F. G., MOUNTED ON SHORE. 
 
 Preparation. Lay out two small floating targets, of differ- 
 ent color, one anchored at 400 yards, the other at 600 yards 
 range, and about 400 yards apart. See that the 6-pounders 
 are ready for use. Provide a box of drill cartridges for each 
 gun, and six boxes of 0.45-caliber ammunition. Provide a 
 bench well in rear of each gun for apprentices not in crew. 
 Prepare list of apprentices, to be used in keeping record of 
 firing. Refresh memory by reading "Gun and Torpedo 
 Drills" (1900), and pages 235-250 "Ingersoll's Ordnance and 
 Gunnery" (1894). 
 
 Selection of Crews. This subcaliber practice is to be car- 
 ried on in connection with the gallery target practice, and, 
 from the division and class having a period at that instruction, 
 select not over twenty apprentices. Divide them equally 
 between the two guns. Station crews at each gun and a 
 " No. 5 " to prepare drill cartridges. 
 
 Instruction Preliminary to Firing. Lay the gun on the 
 target so that the line of sight will bear on the lower edge of 
 the bull's-eye or some other distinctive part of the target, 
 using a medium sight. Clamp the gun in that position ; and 
 have each of the apprentices look over the sights in order 
 that they may understand their proper use. Before, and, if 
 necessary, during the firing, explain how to make allowance 
 for the effect of wind. Show how to find the range by the 
 establishment of a fork. (See Ingersoll, page 242.) 
 
 Important Points. Particular attention should be given 
 to the following points : Accessory box should be on right of 
 
 (57) 
 
58 
 
 gun within easy reach of No. 2. No. 1 should brace himself 
 firmly with the feet well spread, as though the gun were on 
 board ship; he should keep the gun trained on the target 
 with the trigger lanyard in hand all the time ; he should see 
 that the loading is done properly and sight set correctly, but 
 he should not, under any circumstances, assist in loading or 
 touch the sights. He should fire the gun by a steady pull of 
 trigger lanyard not with a jerk. He should continue to 
 keep his shoulder to the stock until he is relieved or the gun 
 is clamped. 
 
 No. 2 should stand close to breech ready to grasp the 
 crank handles the moment the gun is fired. He should close 
 the breech with a snap after the cartridge is pushed in. (See 
 " Gun and Torpedo Drills," 1900.) 
 
 No. 3 should always have a cartridge ready to load as soon 
 as breech is opened; he should point the cartridge fairly, 
 being careful not to strike the point against face of chamber, 
 then push it in smartly until the rim brings up against the 
 extractor. 
 
 No. 4, in addition to the duties assigned to him by the drill 
 book, will catch the empty drill cartridge as it is extracted, 
 being careful not to let it fall, as the rim is easily burred. 
 
 Firing. Each apprentice, as No. 1, will fire a string of five 
 carefully aimed shots at one of the targets. The probable 
 cause of errors of each shot will be explained. After the 
 fifth shot, order ' ' Cease firing, " when the gun will be clamped 
 in position for "secure," and the sight bar lowered. Then 
 order "Change stations:" No. 1 takes his seat at left end of 
 bench, the apprentice at the right end becomes No. 5, the 
 other numbers at the gun advance to the next higher station. 
 Then give range and target to be fired at. Continue until all 
 have in turn fired five shots. 
 
 Then a second string of five shots will be fired by each 
 apprentice, shifting from one target to the other frequently 
 as ordered, adjusting the sight for the new range at each 
 change of target. If time permits, a third string of five shots 
 will be fired, under similar conditions as the second string, 
 but with increased rapidity of fire. 
 
59 
 
 The principal object of this subcaliber practice is to 
 accustom the apprentices to the use of the sights, but the 
 instructors must require all movements in working the guns 
 and handling the ammunition to conform to the regular drill 
 as laid down in the "Gunnery Drill Book." 
 
 Record. The instructors will keep a careful record of the 
 proficiency shown by each apprentice as gun pointers, assign- 
 ing marks ranging from to 5. 
 
Xo. 15. 
 
 6-POUNDER DRIGGS-SCHROEDER R. F. G. 
 
 Preparation. Read "Description of Modern Ordnance in 
 the United States Navy," pages 45 to 50; also, Eadford's 
 "Handbook on Naval Gunnery," pages 73 to 82. 
 
 The instructor will see that the breech blocks are placed in 
 the guns, the sights on, and the accessory and spare part boxes 
 at hand. 
 
 Instruction, The class having already had the instruction 
 on Hotchkiss 6-pounder and 1 -pounder guns, it will only be 
 necessary to call attention to the difference in the mechanism 
 of the two types of guns. 
 
 These guns use the same ammunition as the corresponding 
 Hotchkiss guns, are of the same general form and construc- 
 tion, and fit the same mounts. 
 
 The guns are all built up, consisting of a tube, jacket and 
 hoop, with a breechblock engaging in the jacket. 
 
 The breech mechanism, consisting of the breechblock, firing 
 mechanism, and extractors, is fitted in the rear end of the 
 jacket, which forms a housing and protection for it. 
 
 The breechblock is a steel block recessed on its underside, 
 and fitted on its upper surface with locking bands and on either 
 side with grooves and guide ways. 
 
 The block is held in place by the cam, by a stud and guide 
 pins taking in the side grooves, and, when up, by the upper 
 bands taking in corresponding grooves on the interior of the 
 jacket. 
 
 The cam is fitted in the recess in the center of the block, 
 and is mounted on the crank bolt, which, extending through 
 the block and both jaws of the jacket, has attached to its left 
 end the crank handle. 
 
 The crank or main bolt does not fit snugly in the block, but 
 works through an elongated opening, which permits the block 
 
 (01) 
 
to descend and disengage the bands from the corresponding 
 grooves in the breech. 
 
 The instructor will point out and explain the action of the 
 cam, main bolt, firing pin, sear, sear spring, and extractors. 
 
 The gun can not be fired before the breech is closed, as the 
 trigger is not in place and the firing pin is not in line. 
 
 One of the advantages of this mechanism is, that the piece 
 can be brought to a half or full cock without opening and 
 closing the breech. 
 
 The lands and grooves of the rifling of the Driggs-Schroeder 
 guns are the same in number and dimensions as in the Hotch- 
 kiss gun, but the twist, instead of being uniform, is increasing, 
 beginning at zero and ending at one turn in 26 calibers. The 
 rifling is right-handed in these guns. 
 
 QUESTIONS, 
 
 1. In what respect does the Driggs-Schroeder R. F. G. differ 
 
 from the Hotchkiss R. F. G. ? 
 
 2. Name the various parts of the breech mechanism. 
 
 3. Explain the action of the cam. 
 
 4. How many grooves are there in the riflings ? 
 
 5. What kind of twist is used ? 
 
 6. Explain the action of the extractors. 
 
 7. How many extractors are there ? 
 
 8. When the breech is closed, how is the block held in place ? 
 
 9. Why can not the gun be fired until the breechblock is 
 
 completely closed ? 
 
 10. How does opening the breech affect the extractor ? 
 
 11. How is the firing pin fitted ? 
 
No. 16 % 
 
 B. L. R'S OF THE MAIN BATTERY. 
 
 Preparation. Bead "Description of Modern Ordnance in 
 the United States Navy," pages 3 and 4, also pages 13 to 31; 
 also, Ingersoll's "Text-book of Ordnance and Gunnery" 
 (1899), pages 34 to 85. 
 
 Instruction. The calibers of B. L. R. guns made are 4-inch, 
 5-inch, 6-inch, 8-inch, 10-inch, 12-inch, and 13-inch. The 
 system of construction and the methods of manufacture are 
 the same for all these guns. Each gun is built up of a number 
 of forged-steel parts; the 4-inch and 5-inch being composed of 
 a tube, jacket, and two chase hoops, and the larger guns have 
 a third layer of jacket hoops and other chase hoops, in some 
 cases extending to the muzzle. These parts are assembled by 
 shrinkage. 
 
 The slotted-screw breech mechanism is used in all these 
 guns, the plug engaging in the jacket of the gun, and the gas 
 check being on the De Bange principle. 
 
 The f orgings used for these guns are made from open-hearth 
 steel ingots, cast solid, and weighing about twice as much as 
 the finished piece requires. For hoops, and sometimes for 
 jackets and tubes, the ingot is bored and then forged on a 
 mandrel, otherwise it is forged solid. 
 
 After boring the piece is rough bored and turned nearly to 
 finished dimensions. The forging is then annealed. After 
 this specimens are cut from the ends and broken in the testing 
 machines, to ascertain if the metal is equal to the required 
 strength. 
 
 The finishing and assembling of the f orgings is done at the 
 Washington Navy Yard, at the gun factory. 
 
 The forgings having all been made, the tube is turned to the 
 finished dimensions ; the jacket is turned on the inside 
 
 (63) 
 
64 
 
 slightly smaller diameter than the outside diameter of the 
 tube, then the tube is set up vertically in the shrinking pit, 
 and the jacket, having been expanded by heat, is lowered 
 down over it and then allowed to cool, when the jacket shrinks 
 fast into its place. Then the jacket hoops and chase hoops 
 are shrunk on in the same manner. The gun is then finish - 
 bored, the chamber is bored out, and the compression slope 
 and gas check slope are reamed out, and the screw box is then 
 threaded, and the exterior is finish-turned. 
 
 Whenever, in machining, it is necessary to cut away the 
 marks on a forging (placed there by the inspector who tested 
 and accepted the forging), they are transferred to another 
 part of the piece, so that in the finished gun each part can 
 be identified. 
 
 Finally the gun is rifled, the screw-box blanks are cut out, 
 the breech mechanism is fitted, the gun is sighted, and, after 
 proof firing at the proving grounds, is ready for issue to the 
 service. 
 
 The number of grooves is always four times the caliber, 
 except for the 4-inch and 5-inch R. F. guns, which have thirty 
 grooves. 
 
 The 10-inch, 12-inch, and 13-inch guns have no trunnions; 
 this is also the case with 4-inch, 5-inch, and 6-inch rapid-firing 
 guns, and of the latest model of 8-inch gun. 
 
 In place of trunnions the heavy guns are provided with 
 deep, wide scores cut in the forward jacket hoop, allowing 
 heavy gun straps to be used to hold the gun to the saddle of 
 the gun mount. In addition, two rings are shrunk on over 
 the gun cylinder, further to the rear, for two straps, to secure 
 the gun to the rear end of the saddle. 
 
 Sights. The sights of all B. L. R. guns are placed on one 
 side of the gun. In many of the guns now in the service the 
 bar sights are used. The instructor will illustrate on the 
 blackboard how these sights are arranged and show their 
 general shape. But telescopic sights are now being fitted to 
 all guns of 4-inch caliber and up, whether mounted in broad- 
 side or in turrets. The sights for all guns are similar to those 
 in use on the 4-inch guns at this station. 
 
 For finding the target a set of ordinary sights is fitted to 
 the top of the telescope. 
 
65 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. Where are B. L. R.'s for the Navy made ? 
 
 2. Of what material are they made ? 
 
 3. How are the various parts put together ? 
 
 4. What system of gas check is used ? 
 
 5. How many grooves are there in the 8-inch gun ? 
 
 6. What is the general rule for finding the number of grooves ? 
 
 7. What guns have no trunnions ? 
 
 8. How are these guns secured to the saddle of the gun 
 
 mount ? 
 
 9. Where are the sights placed ? 
 
 10. What kinds of sights are used ? 
 
 11. Describe briefly a telescopic sight. 
 
 12. How is a bar sight marked ? 
 
 13. What marks can be found on all guns ? 
 
 89725 
 
No. 17. 
 
 GUNPOWDER, GUN COTTON, AND OTHER EXPLOSIVES. 
 
 Preparation. Read Ingersoll's "Text-book of Ordnance 
 and Gunnery" (1899), pages 209 to 237 and Radford's " Hand- 
 book on Naval Gunnery," pages 118 to 124. The instructor 
 will have the box of sample powders at hand to illustrate the 
 instruction. 
 
 Instruction. The explosives now used for all guns and for 
 the bursting charges of shells for ordinary work is gunpowder. 
 The ideal powder is that which would, on ignition of the 
 charge, burn in such a manner that the pressure would rise 
 rather quickly to the maximum allowed, and thereafter main- 
 tain that pressure throughout the bore while the projectile 
 is traveling from its seat to the muzzle. Such a powder is 
 called progressive. 
 
 The kinds of gunpowder in use to-day are black powder, 
 brown powder, and smokeless powder. 
 
 Black Powder. Is a mixture of charcoal, sulphur, and 
 saltpeter. The use of black powder in the naval service is 
 confined to its employment as secondary or ignition charges, 
 for igniting the main charges. 
 
 Brown Powder, also styled from its color, cocoa powder, 
 differs from black powder in the proportions of its ingredients, 
 and has superior ballistic properties. It is a mixture of 15 
 parts of imperfectly charred wood with 80 parts of saltpeter ; 
 a trace, or very small amount of sulphur being added. This 
 mixture is thoroughly ground under edge runners and the 
 dust thus made is formed into regular grains by strong 
 hydraulic pressure. 
 
 More saltpeter is employed in the powder for the large 
 calibers than in those for the small. A small amount of 
 sugar (not over 4 per cent) is added, which, in connection 
 
 (G7) 
 
68 
 
 with the water employed for moistening the mixed ingredients, 
 acts as a cementing agent, binding the particles together and 
 making the grain dense. 
 
 Like black powder, brown powder has the disadvantage of 
 producing a large amount of smoke upon discharge and of 
 depositing considerable amounts of residue in the bore, there- 
 by necessitating frequent and careful sponging, which delays 
 the firing. 
 
 Smokeless powders derive their name from the fact that 
 they produce little or no smoke on the discharge of the gun. 
 The chief advantage to be derived from their use, however, 
 is that they develop greatly improved ballistic qualities, giv- 
 ing velocities about 25 per cent greater than with brown 
 powder. 
 
 Upon firing, the ingredients of black and brown powders 
 are only partly converted into gases, and they leave an un- 
 consumed solid residue in the form of smoke and bore deposit ; 
 while in the case of smokeless powder, all the ingredients are 
 transformed into gases, leaving no residue. 
 
 Smokeless powder requires careful watching at all times, 
 as, if there are any impurities present, they are liable to show 
 decomposition, which might result in spontaneous combus- 
 tion, or excessive bore pressures when used in the guns. 
 
 The temperature at which smokeless powder ignites (400 F. ) 
 is much lower that of black or brown powders, which is about 
 600 F. The former, however, is much less susceptible to 
 ignition by friction than the latter. 
 
 Some of the more important advantages of smokeless pow- 
 der are : Absence of smoke ; leaves no residue ; the reduced 
 weight of the charge makes it easier to handle and promotes 
 rapidity of fire ; higher velocities, leading to increased range, 
 accuracy, rapidity of flight of projectile, and penetration. 
 
 Naval smokeless powder has the same composition for all 
 calibers, from the 13-inch gun to the 6-rnm. rifle. The size of 
 the grain varies, however, with the caliber. 
 
 It is translucent and of a yellow color. The form of grain 
 for the 6 -mm. small arm is the flat rectangular ; for all other 
 calibers the multi-perforated cylinder is at present employed. 
 
 Explain the manufacture as given on pages 284, 235, and 
 236 of "Ingersoll's Text-book." 
 
69 
 
 The only other explosives used in the service are gun cotton 
 and fulminate of mercury. 
 
 Gun cotton is used in the warheads of torpedoes and for the 
 explosive charges of mines, and is being tried as a bursting 
 charge for special shells with B. L. K. guns. 
 
 Gun cotton is produced by the action of sulphuric and 
 nitric acids on cellulose. In the Navy it is made up in square 
 disks and is stored in the gun-cotton rooms in a wet condi- 
 tion. 
 
 A certain number of disks are dried for use as primers, 
 and are stored, a small number in separate places, on the upper 
 deck, and are subject to weekly inspection. 
 
 Fulminate of mercury is prepared by dissolving 1 part of 
 mercury in 12 of nitric acid. When the mercury is dissolved, 
 11 parts of alcohol are added. A brisk action takes place and 
 crystals of fulminate are formed. After a while the vessel is 
 filled with water and the crystals allowed to settle, when it 
 is collected and dried. 
 
 When dry it must be handled with the greatest of care, as 
 it will explode by friction or percussion. 
 
 When wet it will not explode. Its force is not much greater 
 than that of gunpowder, but it is much more sudden in its 
 action. 
 
 QUESTIONS . 
 
 1. What kinds of gunpowder are used? 
 
 2. What are the ingredients of black powder? 
 
 3. For what purposes is black powder used? 
 
 4. What are the ingredients of brown powder? 
 
 5. For what purposes is brown powder used? 
 
 6. How is brown powder issued for use? 
 
 7. What great disadvantages has brown powder? 
 
 8. What advantages has smokeless powder? 
 
 9. Why must smokeless powder be inspected frequently? 
 
 10. At what temperature does smokeless powder ignite? 
 
 11. At what temperature does brown powder ignite? 
 
 12. What shape are the grains of smokeless powder made? 
 
 13. What other explosives are used? 
 
 14. What is gun cotton? 
 
 15. What is fulminate of mercury? 
 
 16. For what is fulminate of mercury used? 
 
Xo. 18. 
 
 PROJECTILES FOR B. L. R's. 
 
 Preparation. Read Ingersoll's "Text-book of Ordnance 
 and Gunnery " (1899), pages 238 to 246 to 248; also Radford's 
 "Handbook of Naval Gunnery," pages 105 to 112 and 116 
 and 117. Have all the various kinds of projectiles at hand 
 ready for use in illustrating the instruction. 
 
 Instruction. There are three kinds of projectiles, viz: 
 Common shell, armor -piercing shell, and shrapnel. 
 
 Common shell is used for all calibers of guns, and are now 
 made of forged or cast steel. They have base plugs of steel, 
 and base fuses are now used exclusively. 
 
 A new feature for the 6-inch and heavier calibers is the 
 extractor score near the base of the shell, to allow the shell 
 extractor to take hold in case the gun is to be unloaded. 
 
 The bursting charges now supplied are of a fine-grained 
 black powder, called rifle powder ; they are no longer placed 
 in burster bags, but are poured into the shell cavity, and well 
 shaken down to get as much powder into the shell as possible. 
 
 Armor-piercing shells are used in all guns except the 47- 
 mm. R. C., and do not have bursting charges, except in the 
 case of the 1, 3, and 6 pounder R. F. guns, whose armor- 
 piercing shells are loaded and fused in the same manner as 
 common shell. The weights of armor-piercing shell are the 
 same as the common shell for all calibers. 
 
 Armor-piercing shells are made of forged, oil-tempered 
 steel by special process, to make great hardiness of point and 
 toughness of body. It is expected that armor-piercing shell, 
 not loaded, will penetrate into steel armor, not specially hard- 
 ened, without being broken. There are no sharp angles in 
 the cavity to form lines of weakness. 
 
 In order to assist the shell in its attack on hard-faced 
 armor, and to .assist in biting into an armor plate, all armor- 
 piercing shells are now fitted with a soft-steel cap. This pro- 
 tects the sharp point of the shell and supports the head on its 
 first impact with face-hardened armor. 
 
 (71) 
 
72 
 
 Shrapnel. Both cast iron and steel shrapnel have been 
 issued for guns from 4 to 8 inches in caliber ; but in future 
 only steel shrapnel will be issued. 
 
 They are made with comparatively thin walls and with a 
 solid base ; the head is nearly hemispherical in shape, is made 
 of cast iron, and is fitted with screw-threads to attach to steel 
 body. A time fuse is screwed into the nose. The central portion 
 consists of a tin case, with a cast-iron base, and the case is 
 filled with iron balls around a central tube of gas pipe. The 
 number of balls in the 4-inch shrapnel is about 270. 
 
 The bursting charges are very small, simply enough to 
 crack the wall of the shrapnel. 
 
 The rotating band for all projectiles is of copper, and is 
 forced into an undercut score on the surface of the projectile, 
 near the base, by hydraulic pressure, after which it is 
 machined to the proper size. 
 
 The practice of painting projectiles has been discontinued 
 and hereafter all projectiles will be oiled instead. 
 
 Projectiles are marked as follows : 
 
 On the base, with the place and year of manufacture, and 
 the material and weight of projectile ; on the rotating band, 
 with the initials and stamp of the inspector; material is 
 indicated by the letters C. I. (cast iron), C. S. (cast steel), and 
 F. S. (forged steel) ; all referring to common shell. 
 
 Armor-piercing shells are designated by the letters A. P. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What projectiles are used in B. L. R's? 
 
 2. Of what material is common shell made? 
 
 3. What kind of fuses are now used? 
 
 4. What is the extractor score? 
 
 5. What kind of powder is used for the bursting charge? 
 
 6. What calibers of A. P. shell are made? 
 
 7. Do they have bursting charges? 
 
 8. For what purpose is the cap put on A. P. shells? 
 
 9. Of what material is the cap made? 
 
 10. What calibers use shrapnel? 
 
 11. Describe a shrapnel. 
 
 12. What is the purpose of rotating band? 
 
 13. How is it put on the shell? 
 
 14. What marks are placed on shells? 
 
No. 1. 
 
 MAXIM AUTOMATIC 1-POUNDER. 
 
 Preparation. Read Radford's "Handbook of Naval Gun- 
 nery," pages 249 to 255, also the Department pamphlet on the 
 gun. 
 
 The instructor will see that the gun is ready for use, and 
 the spare article and accessory boxes are at hand. 
 
 Instruction. This gun consists of two parts, viz, the recoil- 
 ing and the nonrecoiling. The recoiling portion is the barrel, 
 the recoil plates, the lock and crank, and the crank handle. 
 
 The barrel is provided with trunnions, to which the recoil 
 plates are attached. At the rear end of the recoil plates is the 
 crank with connecting rod, to which the mechanism is secured 
 by means of a bayonet lock. 
 
 The shaft of the crank passes through the outside plates ; to 
 this shaft are fixed the volute side spring inclosed in a gun- 
 metal box on the left-hand side, and on the right-hand side 
 the roller handle, which, when the lock is closed, rests against 
 the roller attached to the outside plate. 
 
 The nonrecoiling part of the gun consists of the casing or 
 frame, the water jacket, and the rear block. The casing is 
 secured to the water jacket and rear block by dovetails. 
 
 A hydraulic buffer is fitted to the outer part of the rear 
 block for controlling the recoil. 
 
 On the right-hand side of the rear block is the pistol grip 
 holding the trigger, and also a socket for the rear sight. 
 
 On the left-hand side of the gun case is the volute spring 
 connected with the crank shaft. 
 
 The gun-metal water jacket surrounding the barrel is fitted 
 with three openings one for receiving the water, one for 
 drawing it off, and the third for letting out the steam. The 
 first two are closed by screw r>lugs, but the other is always 
 open, and is connected to a system of tubes (one sliding and 
 
 (73) 
 
74 
 
 one stationary) which permits the steam to escape, but not 
 the water. The barrel is surrounded by a strong spiral spring 
 which rests between the barrel nut and a seat in the middle 
 of the water jacket. 
 
 The gun is supplied with cartridges from a belt which 
 passes through the feed block on the top of the gun from right 
 to left. On the right-hand side of the pistol grip is a safety 
 catch, which prevents the trigger being pulled when the indi- 
 cator is in its highest position. This catch has two other 
 positions, in one of which the piece can be used only as a 
 single action R. F. G., while the third position is for the 
 automatic action. 
 
 Upon firing, the barrel, with the recoil plates and mechan- 
 ism, and the spiral spring surrounding the barrel is com- 
 pressed. During the recoil, the crank handle is in contact 
 with the roller, and the curve of the crank handle is so con- 
 structed that it is thrown over far enough to bring the 
 mechanism back sufficiently far to extract the empty case 
 from the barrel and a fresh cartridge from the belt. After 
 this the volute spring, which has been compressed by the 
 recoil, closes the mechanism. 
 
 To insure the breech being closed before the firing pin is 
 released, there is a safety sear, which, as the firing pin is drawn 
 back by the action of the tumbler, engages with a projection 
 on the upper part of the firing pin, so that the latter can not 
 move forward until the sear is raised. 
 
 Weight of gun complete . 610 pounds. 
 
 Weight of gun, water jacket filled 640 pounds. 
 
 Weight of recoil portion 280 pounds. 
 
 Weight of nonrecoil portion 330 pounds. 
 
 Diameter of bore r 1.457 inches (37 mm.). 
 
 Diameter of chamber, front end 1.5 inches. 
 
 Diameter of chamber, rear end 1.61 inches. 
 
 Number of grooves 12. 
 
 Width of grooves 0.322. 
 
 Width of lands _. 0.06. 
 
 Depth of grooves _ 0.0155. 
 
 Angle of sight bar 2 20'. 
 
 Bate of fire 200 per minute. 
 
 Recoil.. 2 inches. 
 
"UNIVERSITY 
 
 75 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. Of what two general parts does the gun consist ? 
 
 2. What parts compose the recoiling portion ? 
 
 3. What parts compose the nonrecoiling portion ? 
 
 4. Where is the barrel spring, and what is its purpose ? 
 
 5. Where is the volute spring, and what is its purpose ? 
 
 6. Show the three openings in the water jacket. What are 
 
 they for ? 
 
 7. How many cartridges are held in a belt ? 
 
 8. In what positions can the safety catch be placed ? 
 
 9. Describe the action of the mechanism. 
 
 10. Can a cartridge be fired before the lock is closed ? 
 
 11. How many grooves are there ? 
 
 12. What is the rate of fire ? 
 
 13. How far does the gun recoil ? 
 
No. 30. 
 
 MAGAZINES AND SHELL ROOMS. 
 
 Preparation. Read Ingersoll's ' ' Text-book of Ordnance and 
 Gunnery " (1899), pages 248 to 254. Take the class on board 
 the station ship, so that they can be shown where the maga- 
 zines are located. 
 
 Instruction. All ammunition is stowed in specially con- 
 structed rooms, set apart for that purpose alone, and distin- 
 guished generally in name by the kind of ammunition stowed 
 in each. Powder charges in cases, and shell charges for un- 
 loaded shell, are stowed in magazines. The heavier kinds of 
 fixed ammunition are also stowed in magazines separate from 
 powder in cases. 
 
 All loaded shells are stowed in shell rooms, ammunition 
 for minor caliber rapid-fire guns, and for small arms and 
 machine guns in fixed ammunition rooms, and wet gun 
 cotton in the gun-cotton room. 
 
 These rooms are placed below the protective deck and well 
 below the water line, and are connected by water-tight doors 
 with a handling room from which the charges and shell are 
 hoisted to the guns. 
 
 All ammunition rooms are water-tight and are floored with 
 wooden gratings. 
 
 In the magazines wooden racks or bins are constructed, 
 separated by alleys, in which the powder cases and fixed " 
 ammunition boxes are stowed. 
 
 Flooding and Draining. Magazines, shell rooms, and am- 
 munition rooms are provided with flood cocks, usually one to 
 each room, and with overflow pipes to carry off surplus water, 
 and with drainage cocks at the bottom of the magazines to 
 empty them of water after having been flooded. 
 
 Both flood and drainage cocks are fitted to be turned on the 
 berth deck, each having a lever fitted to its spindle for the 
 purpose, distinctly marked, and kept secured by a lock, the 
 key of which is kept among those of the magazines. 
 
 (77) 
 
78 
 
 Lighting. Magazines and other rooms for ammunition are 
 lighted by regulation lamps or electric lights in light boxes, 
 so placed that light will be thrown in each alley of the rooms. 
 Light boxes are separate compartments from these rooms and 
 are opened from the deck or flat above the rooms. They are 
 lined internally with soldered sheets of copper, and have a 
 few inches of water in the bottom whenever the light is 
 lighted. The glazing on the sides toward the magazines is 
 double, the thick plates of glass being somewhat separated 
 from each other, one of which is fixed and the other move- 
 able, to facilitate cleaning. 
 
 The powder tanks are made of copper and the 6-inch and 
 8-inch tanks have rubber gaskets under the lids, the lid being 
 sealed by setting up the handle. 
 
 Fixed ammunition is put up in wooden boxes. These boxes 
 are painted as follows, in order to distinguish the different 
 kinds of projectiles : 
 
 Armor piercing All black. 
 
 Steel, common All lead color. 
 
 Cast iron, common All red. 
 
 Shrapnel . _ All white. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What is the use of magazines ? 
 
 2. What is the use of shell rooms ? 
 
 3. What is the use of fixed ammunition rooms ? 
 
 4. What is the use of gun-cotton rooms ? 
 
 5. Where are the rooms located ? 
 
 6. Is the ammunition passed directly from the magazines to 
 
 the guns ? 
 
 7. How are the magazines flooded v 
 
 8. How are powder charges stowed ? 
 
 9. What arrangements are provided for flooding and draining 
 
 the magazines ? 
 
 10. Where are the flood-cock keys kept ? 
 
 11. How are magazines lighted ? 
 
 12. Are the light boxes placed in the magazines ? 
 
 13. How are light boxes lined ? 
 
 14. Of what material are powder tanks made ? 
 
 15. How is fixed ammunition stowed ? 
 
 16. How are the boxes marked V 
 
Xo. 31. 
 
 COLT AUTOMATIC 6-MM. GUN. 
 
 Preparation. Read Radford's "Handbook on Naval Gun- 
 nery," pages 257 to 259, also the Department pamphlet on the 
 gun. Have the Colt gun with skeleton frame ready for use, 
 and the spare article and accessory boxes at hand. 
 
 Instruction. This gun is of 6-mm. caliber and is self -oper- 
 ating after the first shot is fired. The gas generated by the 
 explosion of the powder, after being used to force the bullet 
 nearly through the bore of the gun, passes through a small 
 vent, and automatically operates the mechanism, which 
 extracts, loads, fires, and ejects the empty case. 
 
 The gun consists of a single barrel, screwed into a receiver. 
 The receiver holds the mechanism, and is cased by sides and 
 bottom plates. The first shot having been fired, the gas 
 passing through the vent, strikes a small piston which is in a 
 gas cylinder that embraces the barrel. The piston and gas lever, 
 to which it is secured, are thrown downward, and describe an 
 arc until stopped by coming in contact with the bottom plate. 
 Retracting springs in tubes return into position the gas 
 lever and piston. By means of connections the motion of the 
 gas lever is transmitted to the slide in the receiver and causes 
 the slide to have a fore-and-aft motion, and this gives the 
 necessary motion to the mechanism, which can be seen 
 through the skeleton frame. A safety device allows of 
 restraining the hammer and keeping the mechanism locked. 
 The spring dog which controls the direction in which the feed 
 wheel rotates can be thrown out of action by means of a 
 knurled button on the side of the receiver, which permits of 
 reversing the feed wheel and withdrawing the feed belt when 
 necessary. 
 
 The front sight is a plain leaf similar to that on the small 
 arm. The rear sight is a folding leaf, marked up to an 
 
 (79) 
 
80 
 
 extreme range of 2,000 yards. The gun should be sighte* 
 with a medium sight. The life of a barrel is about 9,00 
 rounds. 
 
 The gun, as furnished to the service, is seated in a saddle 
 which may be mounted on a tripod or on a 1 -pounder cagt 
 stand, with adapter. The ammunition is carried in belt* 1 ; 
 containing 250 cartridges. 
 
 The rate of fire is fixed at a medium of 400 shots per minute. 
 
 The instructor will explain what is to be done in case of 
 "hang fires" and "miss fires." 
 
 With each gun is issued a spare barrel, which has been 
 carefully fitted to the receiver and given the same number as 
 the gun to which it belongs. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What is the caliber of this gun ? 
 
 2. What force is used to operate the mechanism ? 
 
 3. What are the two principal parts of the piece ? 
 
 4. What does the receiver contain ? 
 
 5. Explain the safety device. 
 
 6. How can the belt be withdrawn '! 
 
 7. What kind of sights are used ? 
 
 8. How is the gun mounted ? 
 
 9. What is the rate of fire ? 
 
 10. How many cartridges are contained in each belt ? 
 
 11. What should be done in case a cartridge hangs fire i 
 
No. 22. 
 
 3-INCH RAPID-FIRE FIELD GUN. 
 
 Preparation. Read Department's pamphlet "Description 
 of Fletcher Rapid-Fire Breech Mechanism." See that the 
 3-inch guns are ready for use and that the accessory and spare 
 part boxes are at hand. 
 
 Instruction. The 3-inch gun constructed for landing pur- 
 poses is a rapid-fire gun with Fletcher breech mechanism, and 
 using fixed ammunition. 
 
 The breech mechanism differs from that fitted to larger guns 
 in having a special percussion firing attachment which holds 
 the lever fast to the breech when the plug is closed, so as to 
 prevent the pull on the firing lanyard from starting the plug 
 open. The type of firing attachment in which the firing-pin is 
 pulled back by the lanyard and snaps off automatically when 
 it reaches the full-cock position, is, of course, only applicable 
 to guns used on shore, where there is no movement of the gun 
 platform, and where it is not important to minimize the inter- 
 val from the pull of the lanyard to the explosion of the charge. 
 
 The ammunition of the 3-inch field gun consists of a short 
 brass case, primed with the same primers as are used in the 
 1, 3, and 6 pounder cases, and of a shrapnel with combination 
 time and percussion fuse. The charge is about 400 grains of 
 smokeless powder, giving a muzzle velocity of about l,2oO 
 foot-seconds. The shrapnel weighs 13 pounds when loaded 
 and fused. Shrapnel is the only projectile supplied for the 
 field gun. On shore the percussion action gives fairly good 
 results. When shrapnel is used for battering purposes, the 
 fuses should either not be cut or should be set at the safety 
 mark. 
 
 The 3-inch ammunition is stowed on board ship in boxes 
 containing 17 rounds each. Thirty-two rounds are carried on 
 the field carriage, in four boxes, two on a side. 
 
 The weight of the 3-inch gun, including the field-recoil 
 cylinder which surrounds it, is 530 pounds. 
 
 8972 r, ( 81 ) 
 
82 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What breech mechanism has the 3-inch field gun? 
 
 2. How does it differ from the mechanism of the larger 
 
 calibers ? 
 
 3. Describe the action of the firing attachment. 
 
 4. Can this gun be used on board ship ? 
 
 5. Describe the ammunition used. 
 
 6. What kind of projectile is used ? 
 
 7. What is the muzzle velocity. 
 
 8. What does the projectile weigh ? 
 
 9. How is the ammunition stowed on board ship ? 
 
 10. How many rounds are carried on the field carriage ? 
 
 11. What is the weight of the gun ? 
 
Xo. 23. 
 
 HEMORRHAGE AND THE APPLICATION OF THE TOURNIQUET, 
 
 (Bleeding and the control thereof.) 
 
 The term "hemorrhage" is applied to a flow of blood from 
 any part of the vascular system, with or without rupture of 
 the vessels, but here we have to deal expressly with bleeding 
 from ruptured wounds, generally incident to rifle ball or cut 
 by bayonet thrust. 
 
 The most serious bleeding which we have to consider comes 
 from the rupture or division of one of the large trunk blood 
 vessels like one of the large arteries or veins, and to stop this 
 dangerous loss of blood the vessel should be compressed in 
 its course ; in trying to find the course of an artery we will 
 remember that all large vessels lie on the inner side of the 
 extremities, that is, the main artery of the arm will be found 
 on the inner surface of the arm from the armpit to the elbow, 
 and the main artery for the lower extremities on the inner 
 side of the thigh, and that it is always best to make the pres- 
 sure over the main trunk of the vessel. 
 
 The principal hemorrhages are divided into two classes, 
 known as arterial and venous. Arterial hemorrhage is often 
 attended with serious consequences and is readily recognized ; 
 the blood is of bright scarlet color, and is forced out in suc- 
 cessive spurts, each spurt regular with the movements of the 
 heart. This characteristic spurting is caused by the inter- 
 mittent force-pump action of the heart driving out the blood 
 into the vessels. Venous hemorrhage is distinguished from 
 arterial by the dark-blue color of its blood, which never 
 comes in intermittent spurts, but oozes from the wounded 
 surface. Venous blood is travelling toward the heart, and 
 there is consequently no force behind to cause a more rapid 
 flow. This form of hemorrhage is comparatively harmless, 
 unless occurring from very large veins. 
 
 (83) 
 
Of all the methods for the control of hemorrhage there is 
 none more efficient or available than pressure, and the easiest 
 way of securing this is generally by means of what is called 
 a field tourniquet which is applied in the following manner : 
 A handkerchief is passed loosely around the limb above the 
 wound, and its ends fastened together; a small block of 
 wood, a folded towel, or any substance from which a firm 
 pad may be extemporized, is placed over the artery and under 
 the handkerchief encircling the limb ; a stick measuring five 
 or six inches in length is then passed under the handkerchief 
 at right angles, and twisted around until the pad compresses 
 the artery firmly ; turning the stick draws the handkerchief 
 very tightly around the limb and over the artery, so that it 
 is thoroughly secured. 
 
 Bleeding from the upper extremity at any point below the 
 armpit may be temporarily suppressed by placing a piece of 
 wood an inch and a half to two inches long and the same 
 thickness under the arm well up into the armpit, at right 
 angles to the body, and then pressing the arm firmly against 
 the chest wall, or by pressing the artery firmly with the 
 fingers against the long bone running from the shoulder to 
 the elbow. When the wound is situated below the kneejoint 
 the bleeding may be diminished by raising the limb and 
 placing it on the back of a chair so that the pressure will be 
 made in the space back of the knee ; the weight of the limb 
 is generally sufficient to close the artery in this locality but 
 in some cases it may be necessary to fold a towel and place it 
 behind the knee between the chair and the limb. In wounds 
 of the palm of the hand it will be expedient to pad or com- 
 press it in the opening, filling up the entire hollow of the 
 palm, and bandage firmly. 
 
No. 24. 
 
 PROTECTION OF SHIPS. 
 
 Preparation. Read Ingersoll's "Text-book of Ordnance 
 and Gunnery," (1899), pages 255 to 274; also Radford's "Hand- 
 book on Naval Gunnery," pages 207 to 213. 
 
 Instruction. This period is not intended as a detailed 
 description of all kinds of armor, but simply to give the 
 apprentices a general idea of what is meant by the various 
 terms armor plates, belts of water excluding material, gun 
 shields, armored conning towers and coal protection. 
 
 All vessels of the United States Navy which carry armor 
 use steel armor with the exception of the Miantonomah, 
 which has compound armor. 
 
 Nickel-steel armor is an alloy of steel with about 5 per cent 
 of nickel. This produces a metal of great ductility and tough- 
 ness with extraordinary resistance to cracking. 
 
 Most of the armor now in use has been treated with a Har- 
 vey process, which hardens the face of the plate. The latest 
 process is called the Krupp process, and is a secret. The rights 
 of this process have been purchased by the Bethlehem Iron 
 Company and the Carnegie Steel Company. The Krupp armor 
 is guaranteed to have 25 per cent greater efficiency than the 
 Harvey plates. 
 
 Corn-pith cellulose is used for water-excluding belts near 
 the water line, but this is not fitted to all vessels. 
 
 Good protection against the fire of medium caliber guns has 
 been obtained for the engines and boilers by placing loose coal 
 in bunkers outboard and above the protective deck. Two 
 feet of coal is equivalent to about 1 inch of iron. 
 
 Splinter bulkheads are fitted between the guns of the broad- 
 side battery of some battle ships. 
 
 All ships are divided into numerous water-tight compart- 
 ments, which would limit the area flooded in case the vessel's 
 side is penetrated. 
 
 (85) 
 
The periods allotted to this department during each week 
 are as follows : 
 
 
 First period. 
 
 Second period. 
 
 Third period. 
 
 Fourth period. 
 
 Monday 
 
 
 Third class 
 
 First cla^s 
 
 Second cla-^ 
 
 Tuesday 
 
 Third class 
 
 
 First class 
 
 
 Wednesday __ 
 
 Second class 
 
 
 First class 
 
 Third class. 
 
 Thursday 
 
 First class 
 
 
 Second class 
 
 
 Friday __ . 
 
 
 
 Third class 
 
 First class. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The following is the schedule of instruction, the numbers 
 referring to the various periods : 
 
 Schedule of Instruction, 
 
 First division 1 
 
 Second division 1 
 
 Third division 1 
 
 Fourth division ._ 1 
 
 5 6 
 5 6 
 5 6 
 
 8 9 10 11 12 
 
 8 9 10 11 12 
 
 8 9 10 11 12 
 
 8 9 10 11 12 
 
 First division 12 13 14 15 16 37 18 14 19 19 20 21 
 
 Second division 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 14 19 19 20 21 
 
 Third division 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 14 19 19 20 21 
 
 Fourth division 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 14 19 19 20 21 
 
 First division 21 22 14 13 23 24" 10 12 13 14 16 20 
 
 Second division 21 22 14 13 23 24 10 12 13 14 1C, 20 
 
 Third division 21 22 14 13 23 24 10 12 13 14 1C 20 
 
 Fourth division 21 22 14 13 23 24 10 12 13 14 16 20 
 
 An accurate record, showing each period which each divi- 
 sion has finished, shall be kept, and the instruction must pro- 
 ceed according to the schedule. If for any reason a division 
 is absent from gunnery instruction on the day they should 
 have have had, say period 18, they must have that period at 
 the next instruction, and not period 19 until No. 18 has been 
 finished. 
 
 The instruction for the second three months will be a repe- 
 tition of the above schedule, with such advanced details as 
 the head of the department may direct. 
 
TARGET PRACTICE. 
 
 Preliminary. As soon as apprentices have been thoroughly 
 instructed in the mechanism of the service rifle, its care and 
 preservation, they will be instructed in the use of the sights 
 and given the sighting and position drills. 
 
 These drills must be thorough in every detail, and the ap- 
 prentices must understand what is required at target prac- 
 tices, so that the rifle and revolver practice with cartridges 
 may be carried on without any delay or unnecessary expendi- 
 ture of ammunition. 
 
 GALLERY TARGET PRACTICE. 
 
 This follows the preliminary instruction, and is intended to 
 give the apprentices an idea of target practice and to over- 
 come the tendency to flinch when pulling the trigger before 
 going to the rifle range. There is no allowance of ammuni- 
 tion for gallery practice, and the boys will fire in turn until 
 they score 12 out of 25. Apprentices making low scores will 
 be carefully questioned to ascertain if they understand the 
 use of the sights. 
 
 RIFLE TARGET PRACTICE. 
 
 Practice at the rifle range will begin as soon as the boys 
 "qualify" at the gallery practice. The preliminary rifle 
 practice will consist of five shots at each range (100, 200, and 
 300 yards) in one day, if practicable. Each shot will be; marked 
 as soon as fired, and the probable cause of errors explained. 
 
 As soon as a class has finished the preliminary firing the 
 record practice will begin. The record rifle practice will con- 
 sist of a string of five shots at each range, fired within a period 
 of two minutes, for each boy. At the 100 and 200 yard ranges, 
 no artificial rest will be allowed ; at 300 yards an artificial 
 rest may be used. 
 
 (87) 
 
88 
 
 Revolver target practice will be held by classes in connec- 
 tion with the rifle practice. The preliminary revolver prac- 
 tice will consist of six shots at each range (20, 30, and 40 
 yards) , each shot being marked as soon as fired, and the prob- 
 able cause of errors explained. 
 
 When a class has finished with the preliminary revolver 
 firing, the record practice will begin. The record revolver 
 practice will consist of a string of six shots each quarter at 
 30 yards' range, without artificial rest, to be fired within one 
 and one-half minutes. 
 
 The targets used at all the firings, both with rifle and 
 revolver, will be the "Army A Target." For gallery practice 
 a target one-sixth the size of the "A" target will be used. 
 
 Prizes for record target practice. 
 
 Mark on the enlist- 
 ment record. 
 
 Qualifies as marks- 
 man. 
 
 Combined score, rifle 
 and revolver. 
 
 Prixe. 
 
 5 
 
 -First class 
 
 80 
 
 ?1 5C 
 
 4 5 
 
 Second class 
 
 65 
 
 1.00 
 
 4 
 
 Third class 
 
 50 
 
 . :.i i 
 
 3 5 
 
 Fourth class 
 
 35 
 
 None. 
 
 
 Not qualified 
 
 Below 35 
 
 None. 
 
 
 
 
 
 The apprentice having the highest score each quarter will 
 be paid $1 additional in prize money, if he has qualified as a 
 first-class marksman. 
 
 Each quarter the five apprentices having the highest scores 
 for record firing will compete at one time for the marksman- 
 ship medal. But the original record firing scores will be the 
 ones used in paying the regular prize money and for entering 
 the marks on these apprentices' enlistment records. 
 
 No boy shall receive more than one marksmanship medal 
 while at the station. 
 
 Boys who have qualified as first and second marksmen will 
 be given an opportunity to practice at trap shooting, when 
 practicable. 
 
 TARGET RANGE REGULATIONS, 180JJ. 
 
 The master-at-arnis of the range is to have charge of the 
 firing party and keep the score. 
 
89 
 
 He is to detail two of the party at a time to go inside the 
 shelter as markers. 
 
 A bugler is to accompany the firing party. 
 
 The call "Commence firing" is the notice to those posted 
 inside the shelter that the firing is about to begin. 
 
 The call "Cease firing" is the notice to those posted inside 
 the shelter that all danger is over and that they can with 
 safety come out. 
 
 If at any time during target practice "Cease firing" is 
 sounded, the danger signal is to be at once shown above the 
 the shelter, and kept up until the markers are again inside 
 the shelter and have assured themselves that the doors to the 
 shelter are properly closed and fastened. 
 
 "Commence firing" must never be sounded while the 
 danger signal is in sight. 
 
 At any time when the danger signal is shown from inside 
 the shelter the firing is to be stopped, and when stopped the 
 bugle will sound "Cease firing." The markers inside the 
 shelter are on no account to open the doors until this call has 
 has been sounded. 
 
 SCORE. 
 
 As each shot is fired a marker will signal (being careful to 
 place the center of the disk over the shot hole) the result of 
 the shot to the firing party, as follows: 
 
 If a bull's-eye, with a white disk, which scores 5. 
 
 If a center, with a red disk, which scores 4. 
 
 If an inner, with a black and white disk, which scores 3. 
 
 If an outer, with a black disk, which scores 2. 
 
 If a ricochet, by waving a disk up and down over the face 
 of the target, and it will be scored "R," but will be consid- 
 ered a zero in adding up the score. 
 
 If a miss, by waving a disk over the top of the shelter, 
 which scores 0. 
 
 Shots striking the rings and ovals marking the divisions on 
 target shall be credited to the higher score. 
 
 When the designated number of shots have been fired at 
 one target, the other target will be shown, and the first will 
 be repaired by placing the pasters over the shot holes. 
 
90 
 
 The record of the boys' target practice is kept on the fol- 
 lowing forms : 
 
 m 
 
 H 2 8 
 
 H a 5 
 
 S 
 <3 e> 
 
 H * * 
 
 . 
 
 pjooei no Jijujq; 
 
 OLVER TARGET PRA 
 
 PRELIMINARY. 
 
 04 
 
 eo I 
 
 
THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE 
 STAMPED BELOW 
 
 AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS 
 
 WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN 
 THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY 
 WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THEjFOURTH 
 DAY AND TO $1.OO ON THE SEVENTH 
 OVERDUE. 
 
 DAY 
 
 SEH 21 1940 
 
 ?52$t 
 
 use 
 
 APR 519B? 
 
 nA T 'OO 1 Af\<>K\