P A 6752 C658 1908 MAIN OC-NRLF B EXCHANGE cu? 8061 '12 WlVd 'A 'M ' THE POETICAL ELEMENTS IN THE DICTION AND SYNTAX OF TACITUS Charles Grenville Cole. G. E. Stechert & Co. New York 1910. THE POETICAL ELEMENTS IN THE DICTION AND SYNTAX OF TACITUS BY Charles Grenville Cole, A. B.. A. M. (Princeton) Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the University Faculty of Language and Literature NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 1908. Contents. Page Preface 6 Bibliography 7 Introduction 9 Certain laws in the composition of Tacitus' writings. Psychic factors. Tacitus' conception of the function of history. Poetical tendency in his works. Life of Tacitus 10 How affected by the time in which he lived. Lack of freedom of speech. His early style. Necessity of deviation from Cicero's style. Roman Education 11 Subjective and objective feeling. No public schools at Eome. Earliest training. Elementary Schools. Grammar Schools. Introduction of Rhetoric. Poetical works as text books. Writing from poetry into prose. Recitatio 14 Nature of the Recitatio. Organization of the poets' guild. Collegium Poetarum may have suggested the recitatio. Archaisms and Graecisms 14 Sallust and Livy Tacitus' chief prose models. The use of Greek words and constructions due in part to the study of poetry and in part to the times. Silver Latinity 15 Age of Silver Latinity. Language the vehicle of thought. Augustus encourages literature. Prose lamentably wanting. Analysis of the elements of Silver Latinity. Irresponsible Emperors. Language unnatural as outgrowth of unnatural thinking. The Dialogus . . 16 Poetical elements. As far as possible measures up to Ciceronian standard. Shows the influence instilled within Tacitus by the study of the poets. 1* 296239 Page Tacitus' Works in General 17 A. Variety mixed with poetical coloring. Tacitus feels the necessity of Euphemism. He displays a fine soul feeling and keen sympathy. B. Tacitus' Real Debt to Vergil 19 Laid Vergil deeply under contribution. Made what he borrowed his own. Eomans of all ages borrowed. No plagiarism. Roman authors not judged on their own merits. I. Poetical words first introduced by him 21 II. Certain words, hitherto, in sense exclusively poetical 21 III. Keminiscences 29 C. Tacitus' probable Debt to Vergil 32 I. Substantival use of adjectives 32 II. Neuter adjectives or participles, used substantively, found in Vergil 33 III. Transitive Accusative 33 IV. Compound verbs used by Tacitus with a simple accusative 34 V. Examples from Vergil 34 VI. Genitive with Adjectives 35 VII. Similar Construction in Vergil 36 VIII. Simple for Compound Verbs 36 IX. Simple for Compound Verbs in Vergil 37 X. Intransitive use of verbs usually transitive .... 38 XI. Cases occuring in Vergil 38 XII. Infinitive of Purpose 38 XIII. Some examples from Vergil 39 XIV. Infinitives with adjectives 40 XV. Cases to be noted in Vergil 41 XVI. Reflexive verbs 41 XVII. Reflexive verbs in Vergil 41 XVIII. Greek Accusative 42 XIX. Vergil uses the Greek Accusative 42 XX. The Accusative towards which motion takes place . 43 XXI. Examples from Vergil 43 XXII. Partitive or Quasi Partitive Genitive 43 a) After neuter singular adjectives 43 b) After neuter plural adjectives 44 XXIII. Partitive or Quasi Partitive in Vergil 45 a) Adjectives in the singular 45 b) Adjectives in the plural ........ 45 XXIV. Dative of Indirect Object with implied local relation where the Ablative with a preposition would be more usual 45 XXV. Parallel construction in Vergil 45 XXVI. Dative instead of the Genitive 45 XXVII. Some Vergilian Passages 46 Page XXVIII. Dative of agent 46 XXIX. In Vergil 46 XXX. Dative after Compound Verbs for the Accusative with a preposition 47 XXXI. Common in Vergil 47 XXXII. Dative of Purpose 47 XXXIII. Dative of Purpose in Vergil 48 XXXIV. Local Ablative 48 XXXV. Similar Construction in Vergil 49 XXXVI. Ablative of Place Whence (without a preposition) . 49 XXXVII. Some examples from Vergil 50 XXXVIII. Anastrophe 50 XXXIX. Anastrophe in Vergil 51 XL. Adjectives for adverbs 52 XLI. Adjectives for adverbs in Vergil 52 XLII. Substantives for adjectives 53 XLIII. From Vergil 53 XLIV. The use of the preposition ex for adjectives and adverbs 53 XLV. Vergil 54 XL VI. Eare prepositions 55 LXVII. Qui Eelative where Quis = Quitws 55 LXVIII. From Vergil 56 XLIX. Quamquam with the Subjunctive 57 L. Metonymy and abstract for concrete terms .... 58 LI. Personification 61 LII. Metaphors 62 Preface. Any work in connection with the writings of Tacitus is hard, for, his style is rather concise and abstract and is filled with sentiment and fire. Then too as Macaulay says: He car- ries his love of effect far beyond the limits of moderation. He tells a story finely, but he cannot tell a plain story plainly. He stimulates, till stimulants lose their power. To accomplish a particular line of research in Tacitus' works one must have first the feeling for his style and then approach it as a prospector with his tools, seeking only the objective precious metal among many precious metals. For the arousing of the necessary sentiment I am deeply indebted to Dr. E. G. Sihler of New York University. In the biblio- graphy I make mention of the prospectors' tools, works which indicate many precious metals. My only task then is, as a prospector seeking an objective metal, the poetical element in Tacitus, to make a judicious selection from all these works in connection with the text itself of Tacitus. This is the apology for the attempt to add something to that which has already been written on Tacitus. Orange, N. J., July 10th, 1908. Bibliography. Grammars. Draeger, A. Ueber Syntax und Stil des Tacitus. Leipzig 1882. Gantrelle. Grammaire et style de Tacite. 2nd Ed. Paris 1882. Sirker, C. Taciteisehe Formenlehre. Berlin 1871. Lexicons. Botticher, Guil. Lexicon Taciteum. Berlin 1830. Gerber, A. et Greef, A. Lexicon Taciteum. Lipsiae 1877. Wolf fl in. Philologus XX1V-XXV1I. Texts of Tacitus. Cornelii Taciti Libri qui supersunt. Eec. Halm. Leipzig 1901. Tacitus. Erklart von Nipperdey. Leipzig 1851. Furneaux, Henry. Annals of Tacitus. 2nd. Ed. 2 Vols. Oxford 1906. Texts of Yergil. Connington revised by Nettleship. London 1881 1883. Kibeck, O. Virgilus Opera. Leipzig 1907. Texts of Horace. Desprez, Ludovicus recog. New York 1820. Wickham,E. C. Ed. 2 Vols. Oxford 1893. Leverett, F. P. Juvenal. Boston 1854. Helvetius, Daniel Crispinus. Ovid. London 1878. Bonn ell. Quintilianus Institutuo Oratia. Leipzig 1903. Works in General. Clemm, Guil. De breviloquentiae Tacitiae qtribusdam generibus. Leipzig 1881. Cooper, F. T. Eoman Bermo Plebeius. New York 1895. Groag, E. Zur Kritik V. Tacitus Quellen id. Historien. Leipzig 1897. Teuffel and Schwabe. History of Eoman Literature. London 1891. The excerpts in the body of the thesis hare been taken for the most part from the Teubner texts. Whenever it has been necessary to consult such writers as Seneca, Pliny, Sallust, Livy, and Cicero, the Teubner texts have again been laid under contribution. Introduction. A careful analysis of the works of Tacitus will show that he followed certain laws in the composition of his writings; and it may be observed further that his conformity to these laws makes possible a statement of his style and syntax under three general heads, Variety, Brevity, and Poetical Coloring. In a study of the poetical elements in the works of Tacitus it is necessary to understand that anyone or all these elements may appear. Close observational reading of Tacitus' several writings will reVeal the psychic factors which called for such a catego- rical division of these elements and for a strict conformity to the laws underlying them. These psychic factors found their generating force and their developing power in the life of Ta- citus, whose life was mightily affected by the ever changing scenes of corruption, vice and murder, and many other repul- sive moral and physical acts. So many times did he have to narrate heinous crimes and flagrant offenses, and so much of the same nature and kind, that he had to have recourse to the most forceful way of presenting them. A study of Tacitus' conception of the function of history will disclose clearly, that his true purpose in writing history was a moral one, for, he himself says: Quod praecipuum munus, annalium reor , ne virtutis sileantur, utque prams dictis factisque ex posteritate et infamia metus sit. 1 ) He wishes to emphasize noble conduct and urge imitation, to show Ann. 3, 65. 10 the evils of base conduct and advise its avoidance, to formulate principles of political conduct: Posse etiam sub malis principi- bus magnos viros esse. 1 ) Therefore, since Tacitus' purpose is a moral one, and is of the heart and not simply of the head, it is necessary to consider briefly the environment in which his life was lived in order to understand fully his style. It is not enough to point out the occurences of poetical elements in his works, but also to know the poetry of his soul. To give ex- pression to his heart's pangs, and the emotion of the sublime moment of moral victory, he resorted to an epigrammatic style, sometimes going to the extreme, almost of poetical license, in his tendency toward vivid contrast and in his lofty appeals for a notice of examples of noble conduct. Hence, many times, like Macaulay, he prostitutes historical exactness before the tendency of satirical exaggeration. Life of Tacitus. Cornelius Tacitus was probably born 55 A. D. and died 120 A. D.; hence he lived at the time of Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, and Trajan. His boyhood falls under Nero; his assumption of the ,,toga virilis" perhaps occurred during the reign of Galba, Otho, and Vitellius; the former part of his manhood was spont under Vespasian and Titus, and the prime of his life under Domitian, while his literary activity reached its height under Trajan. How in his youth he saw, even felt, the inhuman despo- tism of Nero, and what an effect the anarchy and civil war during the year of Galba, Otho, and Vitellius had upon him, and how he regarded the tyrrany of Domitian, he himself tells : Paulatim dehinc ab undecoris ad infesta transgrediebantur **####******* Mamercus antiqua exempla jacens ******* videlicet Scipio et Cato talia ulciscebantur. 9 ) Proprium id Tiberio fuit Scelera nuper reperta priscis verbis obtegere ********* silenti reo, vel si defensionem coeptaret, non occultante cuius ira premeretur. 3 ) The reigns of Vespasian and Titus furnished a striking contrast to what had preceded, but alas of too short duration! But in the reigns of Nerva and Trajan all that pent up feeling of the *) Agr. 42, 5. a ) Ann. 3, 66. 3 ) Ann. 4, 19. 11 reality of crime and horror found its way out in the freedom of thought and speech. To Tacitus, all that had passed was a dramatic horror. The full force of these events and experiences shaped Tacitus' final style of which the poetical element is no small part. He was educated for the bar, and without doubt this had its effect upon his style, at least in the early stage of its development. However, as Teuffel rightly observes. ,,The Dialogus de oratoribus is an attempt to demonstrate and ex- plain the decay of oratory in the Imperial period ****." ,,In point of style this treatise is an interesting record of the period of Tacitus' life when, fresh from the study of Cicero's rheto- rical works, he endeavored to imitate that writer." 1 ) But even here he feels a deviation from that author's style is imperative, since he himself tells us that a pleader of his day can no longer conduct a case as Cicero did: Novis et exquisitis elo- quentiae itineribus opus est, utique apud eos judices qui vi et potestate, non jure et legibus cognoscunt nee accipiunt tempora *********** se( ^ sae p e ultra **** transgredientem revocant *******. Quis nunc peret oratorem de infirmitate valetudinis suae praefantem Roman Education. Granting that the necessity for poetical coloring found its beginning in the soul of Tacitus in consequence of the in- fluence of events and experiences upon that soul, yet there must have been some suggestion of the objective form with which to clothe the subjective feeling. The idea of the parti- cular poetical elements may be thought to have been born of the training which we may believe that a boy of position secured. There were no public schools at Rome: the earliest training which a boy secured was at home under his father and mother. Atque si vitis mediocribus ae mea paueis Mendosa et natura aliqui recta, velut si Egregio inspersos reprehendas corpore naevos Si neque avaritiam neque sordes aut mala lustra Obfieiet vere quisquam mihi, purus et insons Ut me eollandem si et vivo earns amieis; Causa fuit pater his, ********************) Teuffel II, 334. 2 ) Dial. 19, 20. 8 ) Hor. lib. I, Sat. 6, 6571. 12 At about the age of seven the boys came under the care of regular teachers ; the teachers were generally competent slaves, perhaps captured in war and ,,were often much better educated than their Koman Masters". Because there was not always a competent slave in every family, an owner of such a slave would allow other boys than his own to be taught with his at his own home. Finally a more convenient place was secured and hence arose elementary schools. In these schools the sub- jects taught were reading, writing, and arithmetic. Horace refers to a school of this kind, in a touching way. '***, qui macro pauper agello Noluit in flavi ludum me miltere, magni Quo pueri magnis e centurionibus orti Laevo suspensi loeulos tabulamque lacerto, Ibant octonis referentes idibus aera. 1 ) After the Punic wars Koman Education was extended because in their contact with other peoples the Komans came to learn Greek and hence to know Greek methods of education. Then there arose grammar schools, the teachers of which were Grammatici, who used as text books poetical works. But we may see that these text books were Latin translations of Greek poets, so that from the earliest times the Roman youth was acquainted with poetry. In the works of Tacitus we find a few words used by Ennius in his writings, which might indicate that Tacitus had studied the works of that teacher of Latin and Greek. 2 ) On the introduction of Rhetoric and Grammar into the education at Rome Suetonius remarks: Rhetorica quoque apud nos perinde atque grammatica fere recepta est, paulo etiam difficilius, quippe quam constet nonnumquam etiam prohibitam exerceri ****** paulatim et ipsa (Rhetorica) utilis honestaque apparuit, multique earn et praesidii causa et gloriae appetiverant. ******* Quare magno studio hominibus iniecto, magna etiam professorum ac doctorum profluxit copia } adeoque floruit, ut non nulli ex infima fortuna in ordinem senatorium atque ad summos honor es processerint. 3 ) 1) Hor. lib. I, Sat. 6, 65-71. 2 ) I have not been able to conclude whether Tacitus was acqua- inted with such words thru a study of Ennius or of some other author who had used them. *) De Rhet. Cap. I. The custom of using poetical works as text-books never lapsed and coming down to Tacitus' time we find their use still prevalent. Juvenal mentions the use of Horace and Vergil as text-books. Quot stabant pueri, quum totus decolor esset Flacetis, et haereret nigro fuligo Maroni. 1 ) Teuffel observes, Vergil obtained from the first the highest reputation; his poems were at an early time admitted into schools, imitated, translated, commented on." 2 ) Apud Vergilium, quern propteria parvuli legunt ut vide- licet poeta magnus omniumque praeclarissimus atque optimus teneris ebibitus animis non facile oblivione posset aboleri. 3 ) Fertur in scholis saepissime cantasse inter puerulos 'Arma Amens Capio' (Aen. II, 314-J. 4 ) Vergilianos versus qualiter eos pueri magistris praelegentibus canebamus. 5 ) This practice, in school, of writing passages from Vergil, in prose, undoubtedly had a great influence upon the style of those who followed this exercise. Augustinus refers to this school custom as follows : Sine me, deus meus, dicere aliquid et de ingenio meo , munere tuo, in quibus a me delirementis ad terebatur. Proponebatur enim mihi negotium animae meae satis inquietem praemis laudis et dedecoris, vel plagorum metu, ut dicerem verba Junonis 6 ) irascentis et dolentis, quod non potest Italia Teucrorum avertere regem, quae numquam Junonem dixisse audierim. Sed figmentorum poeticorum vestigia er- rantes sequi cogebamur, et tale aliquid dicere solutis verbis, quale poeta dixisset versibus. Et ille dicebat laudabilius, in- quo pro dignitate adumbratrae personae , irae ac doloris similior adfectus eminebat verbis sententias congruentur vesti- entibus. 7 ) In the schools of Khetoric Vergil was also used as a basis of exercises for the students. - - Solebat fuscus ex Virgilio multa trahere. 8 ) Titianus et Calvus qui themata omnia de Virgilio elicuerunt et deformaverunt ad dicendi usurn. 9 ) *) Sat. VII, 226227. 2 ) Teuffel I, 231. 8 ) Augustin, Civ. del 1, 3. 4 ) Jul. Capitol. Clod. Albin. 5, 2. 5 ) Mac. Sat. 1, 24, 5. 6 ) Aeneid I, 3675. ') Augustin Confess. 1, 17, 27. 8 ) Sen. Suas. 3, 5. 9 ) Serv. Aen. 10, 18. 14 Recitatio. Since multiplying books was an expensive process, and because a writer wished, perhaps, to gain a recognition for his works when finally put in written form for the public (Reci- tantes et benigne et patienter audiit (Pollio Asinus), nee tan- turn carmina et historias sed et orationesj, *) oftentimes a reading or recitatio was given before a number of a writer's own friends (T. Labienus ******* declamavit non quidem po- pulo sed egreyie. Non admittebat populum et quia non dum haec consuetudo erat Industra et quia portabat turpe ac frivolae jactationis),*) or publicly in the temple of Apollo, or in the house of some rich and noted man. This undoubtadly led to the need of an emphasis upon striking ways of saying things such an emphasis as would sometimes be given by poetical structure and archaic forms. As early as the time of Livius Andronicus the temple of Minerva in the Plebeian quarter of the Aventine was assigned to the poets' guild and called the collegium poetarum. The recitatio may have been an outgrowth of this poets' guild, i. e. while the ,,scribae histrionesque" were ranked with the other collegia opiftcum and artificium, yet these may have been suggested by the collegium poetarum. It is wise to conclude that those who conducted recitationes, as litterateurs, not only frequented the collegium poetarum, but also carried away from there some of the poetical spirit; and from the frequency of their visits be- came well acquainted with the power of attraction found in poetry for commanding attention, and fully realized the value of this power in narrating platitudinous subjects in prose. Archaisms and Graeeisms, Tacitus' chief prose models are Sallust and Livy, and while from the latter he might have imbibed the idea of some of the value of the poetical element in prose, he certainly in the former discovered the element of the striking by way of Archaisms, a thing which is in itself poetical. So, we find him using old words and thereby indulging his poetical feeling *) Suet Aug. 89. 3 ) Sen. Controv. praef. 4. 15 which was engendered by his study of the poets and at the same time yielding to the necessity of Variety. The use of Greek words and constructions was due in part to the study of poetry and in part to the prevailing and increasing taste ,,for what was Greek as such". Although Tacitus was loath to introduce more of the Greek than was already current, yet he had to yield to the exegencies of the times. Juvenal remarks thus upon the Graecizing of Rome: Non possum, ferre Quirites, Oraeeam ubem: Quamvis quota portis faecis Achaei? Jam pridem Syrus in Tiberim defluxit orontes, Et linguam, et mores, et cum Tibieine Ckordas Obliquas, nee non Gentilia Tympana seeum Vexit, et ad cireum jussas prostare puettas. lie, quibus grata est picta lupa barbara mitra. ******************************************************** Orammatieus, Rhetor, Oeometres, Pietor, Aliptes, Augur, Sehoenobates, Medicus, Magis; omnia novit Graeculus esuriens in coelum, jusseris, ibit. ********************************************************* Qui sumpsit pennas, Mediis sed Natus Athenis. 1 ) Silver Latinity. The age of Silver Latinity begins A. D. 14 or with the reign of Tiberius. Why the end of one Emperor's reign should conclude one style of writing and that of another give rise to another style might to the average student appear strange. But when it is considered that language is but the vehicle of thought, and that thought is largely the offspring of environ- ment or the desire for a certain set of conditions, then the matter clears itself. Under Augustus, certain kinds of literature could exist and were encouraged. The government had been shaken for a long time by civil wars, and the feeling that there was to be security and peace under Augustus gave rise to a literature which was indicative of the hopes of those who wrote. Augustus himself regarding such literature as the most powerful agency for bringing this hope of peace before the minds of men who ') Sat. Ill, 60 et seq. 16 had now lost their political freedom, encouraged it. It is true, however, that prose was lamentably wanung in quantity during his reign, but if so, it was more so, relative to the number of years, during the century next following his reign. An analysis of Silver Latinity shows the following to be true. Change of periodic style to short conversational style. Greek constructions introduced. Many new words adopted. Old words changed or given new meaning. Khetorical figures replace natural and proper methods. Brilliant figurative style. Cultivated antithesis. Artificial rhetorical methods. During the years 14 117, for the most part, tyranny, despotism, and irresponsible emperors were the order. Men could not talk, much less write. Under such conditions they thought, and those who did not think simply looked on at the passing scene and became ,,sour and morbid". What had been the rule became the exception, and the rule came to be that men in their silence became unnatural in their thoughts or ways of thinking and hence their language unnatural when the time came for expression. But if these thoughts determined the kind of expression, they did not determine the quality. As has been remarked above (Page 9), some vehicle of language had to be found to reiterate crime after crime in a striking way; and this all the more so on account of the recitatio. Vide Page 14. Hence the elements in the above analysis, and of which Tacitus stands as the example and exponent. The Dialogus. 1 ) It is interesting to note, and worthy of more than passing thought, how much of the poetical there is in the Dialogus, 2 ) a ) This remark on the Dialogus is made here simply to emphasize the fact that the smouldering scintilla of the poetical is present and that it burns more and more thru his successive works, until it bursts out in full blaze in the Annals. a ) It is assumed that Tacitus wrote the Dialogus. Beatus Ehenanus (14851547) questioned the Tacitean Authorship, also Justus Lipsius (1547 to 1606). The work has been assigned severally, to Quintillian and Pliny. 17 since in it Tacitus seeks to measure up to the Ciceronian standard as far as possible; V. page 11, for it shows that Ta- citus was unable to get away altogether from the poetical in- fluence instilled within him by the study of the poets. Genitive of Specification. 1 ) incertus futuri 13. patientissimus veri 8. Ablative of Place. Statuar tumulo 13. Exsurgit toris 21. Simple for Compound Verbs, pellere = depellere 17. flexisse = deflexisse 19. Quamquam with Subjunctive. quamquam disputes 15. quamquam .... natus sit 21. Infinitive depending upon an adjective, obnoxium offendere 10. manifestus est accingi 16. probasse contentus 18. significasse contentus 23. detrectasse contentus 26. Anastrophe. ipso quin immo 6. inde quin immo 33. impsam quin immo 39. Variety mixed with Poetical Coloring, fatalis et meus dies 18. Tacitus' Works in General. A. Variety mixed with Poetical Coloring. Nowhere does Tacitus feel the necessity of euphemism more than in mentioning death, and in this he shows a great variety tinctured with the poetical element. In this variety found in his works, Tacitus displays that finer soul feeling and keener sympathy which is alone characteristic of those who have seen and felt, and possibly been compelled to aid in condemning some unfortunate creature, the object of a tyrant's hatred. *) These references will 'be found in duplicate elsewhere in the body of the thesis for facility in comparison of occurence. reliquendae vitae certus an 4, 34. finis sponte sumptus ann> 6, 25. quaesita mors ann. 3, 16. suo ictu mortem invenire ann. 1, 61, finem vitae sibi ponere ann. 6, 40. sumere exitium ann. 3, 7. voluntario exitu cadere ann. 6, 40. sua manu cadere an* 6, 39. mortem sponte sumere ann. 2, 66. se vita privare ann. 4, 30. se ipsum interficere H. 2, 18. Voluntate exstingui ann. 6, 25. vim vitae suae adferre ann. 6, 38; 12, 59. Vitam abstinentia finire 4, 35. egestate cibi perimi ann. 6, 25. (Venenum) haurire ann. 15, 64; 16, 14. gladio in- cumbere ann. 5, 7. Senile manu ferrum tentare ann. 6, 9. fuso per venas sanguine extinguitur H. 11, 16. per abruptas venas sanguinem effudit ann. 6, 29. incisas venas aperire rursum ann. 16, 19. brachia exsolvere ann. 15, 63. levem ictum venis inferre ann. 5, 89. Morte fato propere auferri ann. 1, 3. Mortem obire ann. 2, 83; 16, 6. Mortali- tatem explere ann. 14, 4. finem vitae [implere ann. 2, 42. Supremum diem explere ann. 1, 6. concedere vita ann. 1, 3; 3, 30; 6, 39; 12, 39; 14 ; 51. Vitam finire ann. 1, 9. fatalis et meus dies D. 18, 13; H. 1, 18. Venas resolvit ann. 6, 48; 6, 9. abruptis brachiorum venis obiit an. 15, 59. suadente venas abrumpere an. 16, 9. brachiorum venas Torquatus inter scidit an. 15, 35. abscinditur venae an. 15, 16. eodem ferre abscindunt venas an. 16, 11. Venae quamquam interruptae parum sanguinis effundebant ann. 16, 5. defunctis regibus ann. 12, 23; 2, 42; H. 5, 9. defuncto rege an. 6, 3; 1, 3; 1, 7; 2, 66. Marcello defuncto an. 6, 27. defuncto Augusto an. 6, 27. quo defuncto an. 2, 64; 3, 56. etiam defuncto necdum sepulto curiam ingressus est ann. 4, 85. quartum intra mensem defuncto infante ann. 15, 23. ibi defunctis fatale praesagium implevit ann. 11, 21. vitam defuncti homi- nis A. 1, 13. cito extinguuntur A. 3. Extinguuntur magnae animae A. 46. Alterum exstinguendo an. 4, 15. fuso per venas sanguine exstinguitur H. 4, 11. ferro veneno .... exstinctas ann. 3, 19. Morte fortuita an per vene- num exstinctus esset an. 12, 52. quo damnati exstin- gueretur an. 15, 64. intra annum exstinctus est Agr. 14. Druso pridem exstincto an. 1, 3. Neque multo post extincto Maximo an. 1, 5. Neque multo poet extinguitur an. 2, 72. Si extinctus foret an. 3, 49. Drusus deinde extinguitur an. 6, 23. Seniores extinguuntur an. 16, 11. Nee ilium sponte extinctum an. 3, 16. quam voluntate 19 extinetam an. 6, 25. Athienses tot cladibus extinctos an. 2, 55. Multo obisse an. 3, 63. obiere eo anno vivi inlustres an. 3, 75. obiere eo anno viri nobiles an. 4, 44. obiit et An- tonius an. 4, 44. obiit eodem anno et Lepidus an. 6, 27. fato obiit an. 6, 10. Mortis imaginem obisse an. 15, 70. Burrus concessit vita ann. 14, 51. eodem mori oppeteret nan. 2, 24. eodem modo oppeterent an. 4, 50. vitam pessima morte finierim an. 2, 71. vitamque .... finivit an. 4, 35. Boudicca vitam veneno finivit ann. 14, 37. finita Juliorum Claudiorumque domo H. 1, 16. In the following examples Tacitus shows his poetical in- stinct. Poetry is music expressed in words and music is one of the soul's best possessions when truly possessed by it. So poetry is a soul possession and all outside effort does not give it being, but only embellishes what already is. The poetical element in Tacitus is not artificial, the product simply of materials in a master's hand, they are rather the articles of embellishment, the articles of expression and agents of his soul. The Elegy is no less poetic because it may be doleful, no less beautiful because of the subject matter which it may contain. So then Poetic elements are no more out of place m the writings of Tacitus because they tell of direful portents and awful deeds. propinqua vespera ann. 15, 60. flexo in vesperam die ann. 1, 16. Vesperante die H. 4, 9; ann. 1, 65; 16, 34. inum- brante vespera H. 3, 19. praecipiti in occasum die H. 3, 86. extreme die H. 3, 10. sero diei ann. 2, 21. obscuro diei an. 2, 39. Vergente autumno an. 11, 4. Nocturnae quietas species ann. 11, 4. oculorum tabe H. 4, 81. oculorum orbes = oculos H. 4, 81. Vergente jam die an. 13, 38. inclinabat dies an. 12, 39. Ubi defecisset dies an. 15, 44. B. Tacitus' Real Debt to Vergil. It is possible to see that Tacitus is indebted to Vergil in at least three ways, Viz: I. Poetical words first introduced by Tacitus into Prose. II. Certain words hitherto, in senses exclusively poetical. III. Reminiscences. 2* 20 His debt means that he laid Vergil deeply under contribution: he has borrowed. The same might be , 1 in regard to Sallust and Livy: i. e. they appropriated whatever they needed. This was not plagiarism - - such a term was not in the Roman vocabulary; and with us that is not the term to be applied. In the main Tacitus borrowed simply expressions and ways of saying things things which were far different from those which were said by the ones from whom he borrowed. What- ever he borrowed was made his own by the process of going through his own mind and the process was justified by the end. The Eomans were a military and government making people and were so engaged in these pursuits that their imagi- nations could not operate, if they had any at all. History such as Tacitus produced could not have been written at all, in Latin, in 250 B. C., to say nothing of the elements which we find in his works. Greek influence shows itself from be- ginning to end in Roman history. The first teacher of Latin and Greek at Rome was Livius Andronicus, 284 204 B. C., who in order to furnish his pupils with a Latin text, translated the Odyssey in verse, the old Saturnian measure. Already in Greece we find well finished and completed Hexameters and Iambics, and it is only plausible that a Greek teacher should borrow from a language so mature in its structure and style. Cn. Nevius, dr. 235 B. C., like Livius drew largely from Greek sources, while Ennius, 239169 B. C., succeeded not only in interesting his patrons and the nobles in Greek literature, but also made vigorous use of the cultural elements in the Greek masters in his own works. Caesar and Cicero had Greek masters and borrowed from them; Vergil is deeply indebted to the Greeks for constructions, words, and Mythology for which he has been severely criticised. In the Bucolics Theo- critus was his pattern; in the Georgics Hesiod; in the Aeneid Homer. Horace followed Archilochus; Plautus borrowed from Menander, and Propertius has been called the "Roman Calli- machus". Roman authors were judged not on their own merit, but rather on how near they came to the Greek pattern. After centuries of such feeling it became a Roman writer's virtue to borrow in order to attain the desired end in literature. Tacitus was a Roman in this respect and he could get away from this 21 order of things no more than from the poetical instinct within his soul. I. Poetical words first introduced by Tacitus into Prose. advectare = advehere an. 6, 13. Val Mac. ambedere = circumrodere an. 15, 5. Verg. Aen. 3, 257. brevia = syrtes an. 1, 70; 6, 33. Verg. Aen. 1, 111. celerare = accelerare an. 2, 5 et al. Verg. Aen. 1, 357 et al. densere = densare an. 2, 14. Verg. Aen. 12, 264; 11, 650; 7, 794. didere = dare an. 11, 1. Verg. Aen. 8, 132. eburnus eburneus an. 2, 83; 4, 26. Verg. Aen. 6, 647; 11, 11. evincere = subigere an. 6, 42 et al. Verg. Aen. 2, 630. exspes = desperatus an. 6, 24. Horace, honorus = honorificus an. 1, 10 et al. Val. Flac. Stat. inclementia = severitas an. 4, 42. Verg. Aen. 2, 602. incustoditus = sine custodibns an. 2, 12. Ov, Mart, indefessus = non defessus an. 1, 64 et al. Verg. Aen. 11, 651. insatiabiliter = sine satietate an. 4, 38. Lucr. 3, 907. intemeratus = integer an. 1, 42. Verg. Aen. 2, 143; 3, 178. inviolabilis = inviolatus an. 3, 62 et al. Verg. Aen. 11, 363. lapsare = labere an. 1, 65. Verg. Aen. 2, 551. livere = invidere an. 13, 42. Verg. Aen. 7, 687. Mersare = Mergere an. 15, 69. Verg. Geo. 1, 272. Notescere = enotescere, fierie cognitus, an. 1,73 et al Cat. Prop, penetrabilis = penetrari posse an. 2, 61. Verg. Aen. 10, 481. Georg. 1, 93. praescius = praesciscens an. 6, 21. Verg. 6, 66. prolicere = illicere an. 3, 73. Plaut. Ovid, properus = alacer, velox, citus, an. 1, 65 et al. Verg. Aen. 12, 85. Solum in Tacitus with Genitive or Infinitive, provisor = qui praesensionem habet an. 12, 14. Hor. reclinis = reflectus an. 13, 16 et al. Ovid, secundare = facere prosperus an. 2, 24. Verg. Aen. 3, 36. son or = fremitus an. 1, 65. Verg. Aen. 9, 651. transmovere = transferre an. 13, 35. Ter. Mart, trudis = pertica acuta an. 3, 46. Verg. Aen. 5, 208. Valescere = esse validus an. 2, 39 et al. Lucr. II. Words hitherto exclusively poetical. abitus = exitus an. 14, 37. Verg. Aen. 9, 380. circumfluus = circumventus aqua an. 6, 37. Ov. 99 uft cura = opus scriptorum an. 3, 24. Ov. demissus = natus an. 12, 58. Verg. Geo. 3, 35. educere = exstruere an. 2, 61 et al. Verg. Aen. 2, 186. evictus = exoratus an. 4, 57 et al. Verg. Aen. 4, 548 et al. intentatus = inexpertus an. 1, 50 et al. Verg. Aen. 10, 39. sistere = aedificare an. 4, 37 et al. Sil. ampliare = augere H. 2, 78. componere = seppelire an. 1, 47. Verg. Aen. 1, 249. exercere = colere Ag. 31. an. 13, 54; 12, 43. Ger. 29. Verg. Aen. 4, 110. exigere = degere H. 1, 47. A. 38. H. 3, 33. an. 3, 16. Verg. Aen. 1, 75. proveuire = fortunare H. 2, 20. scriptura = liber an. 4, 32; 3, 31. ferratus = ferro armatus H. 4, 29. flagitium = efflagitis an 4, 51. flagitium = verba flagitiosa an. 1, 27. flagitium = dedecus an. 3, 17. amovere = relegare an. 1, 53; 2, 58; 4, 21. Verg. Aen. 6, 524. cohibere = regere H. 1, 11. Verg. Aen. 12, 405. gravare augere an. 14, 12. auraria = fodina an. 6, 19. adolere = cremare an. 6, 28; 14, 30. H. 2, 3. Verg. Aen. 7, 71. aegrescere = dolere an. 15, 25. Verg. Aen. 12, 46. ardescere = fulgere an. 15, 54. Verg. Aen. 1, 713. contenninus = finitimus G. 36. an. 1, 60; 11, 16; 15, 1; 3, 45. H. 4, 67. contiguus = finitimus an. 2, 60; 6, 45; 15, 38. Verg. Aen. 10, 457. convectare = conferre H. 3, 27. Verg. Aen. 4, 405. crebrescere = crescere H. 3, 34; 4, 12; 2, 67. an. 3, 60; 2, 39. Verg. Aen. 12, 407. deserta = regiones vastas an. 3, 21. Verg. Aen. 1, 384. desolatus = solus relictus an. 1, 30; 12, 26; 16, 30; Verg. Aen. 11, 870. despectare = despicere H. 2, 30. an. 2, 43. Verg. Aen. 1, 396. evalescere = posse G. 28. H. 1, 80. Verg. Aen. 7, 757. evincere = supero H. 4, 53. an. 6, 42; 15. 2; 11, 4. Verg. Aen. 2, 630. exspes = desperatus an. 6, 24. exuberare abundare D. 30. an. 15, 53. Verg. Aen. 7, 465. 23 fatiscere = deficere an. 3, 38; 6, 7; 14, 24; 16, 5. Verg. Geo. 1, 180. feralis = adj. = ad inferos, funus pertinet G. 43. H. 1, 37. an. 2, 31; 2, 75; 3, 1; 14, 30; Subst. mortem fereno, funestus an. 1, 62. H. 5, 25. an. 4, 64. Verg. Aen. 6, 216; 4, 462. flammare = incendere H. 2, 74; 4, 24. an. 15, 44. Verg. Aen. 1, 50. gestamen = vehiculum = carpentum an. 11, 33; 2, 2; 14, 4; 15, 57. grandaevus = senes H. 3, 33. Verg. Aen. 5, 287 et al. gravescere = augeri an. 1, 5; 6, 46; 14, 51. Verg. Geo. 2, 429. illuvies = inundatis, eluvies, an. 12, 51. H. 4, 46. an. 4, 28; 6, 43; 1, 24. Verg. Aen. 3, 593. immotus = stabilis, imperturbatus H. 1, 10. an. 15, 36; 1, 47; 15, 59; 15, 23. G. 40. an. 4, 32; 15, 27; 15, 46; 1, 51; 4, 50; 14, 37. G. 45. H. 1, 86. an. 16,15; 2, 29. Verg. Aen. 3, 77; 1, 257. impervius = invius, impenetrabilis an. 3, 31; 15, 43. inausus = intentatus an. 1, 42. Verg. Aen. 7, 308. indecoris = non speciosus; id quod dedecet H. 1, 74. inhonestus H. 1, 33; 2, 91. an. 3, 52; 3, 66. contemptus A. 16. Verg. Aen. 7, 231; 11, 423; 11, 845. indigus = egens H. 1, 24; 3, 22; 3, 48; 5, 2. Verg. Geo. 2, 428. indistinctus = sine dignitate an. 6, 8. inemptus = non emptus largitione H. 2, 60. Verg. Geo. 4, 133. iniectus = induere an. 6, 50. Verg. Eel. 6, 19. innectare =- jungere, implicare H. 4, 46; 4, 53; 4, 68. an. 6, 37; 16, 14; 3, 10. Verg. Aen. 4, 51. insenescere = fit grandior an. 4, 6. insurgere = surgere se attolere G. 39. A. 35. an. 2, 16; 1, 2; 11, 16. Verg. Aen. 5, 443. junctissimus = valde junctus H. 4, 52. lentescere = fieri lentus G. 45. Verg. Geo. 2, 250. ligere = vincere G. 39. H. 4, 53. Verg. Aen. 2, 217. magniloquus = gloriosus, jactans, vaniloquus A. 27. marcere = esse iners H. 3, 36. G. 36. marcidus = somno gravis an. 6, 4. meatus = cursus, iter volatu H. 1, 62. an. 6, 28. G. 1. an. 14, 51. Verg. Aen. 6, 849. 24 monstrator = demonstrator, inventor G. 21. Verg. Geo. 1, 19. obliquare = reflectere, revertere G. 38. Verg. Aen. 5, 16. obumbrare = obscurare H. 2, 32. Verg. Aen. 12, 578. occursus = congressus H. 3, 84; 2, 88. an. 4, 60; 15, 58. 14, 5; 16, 24. pervigil = valde vigil an. 1, 65. placitus = jucundus an. 2, 66; 4, 37. Verg. Aen. 4, 38. placitus = Subst. an. 1, 80; 3, 69; 14, 22. D. 19. Verg. Eel. 7, 27. refusus = redundans H. 1, 86. Verg. Geo. 2, 163. Aen. 7, 225. praesagus = vaticanus H. 2^ 1 ; 3, 9. an. 9, 27. Verg. Aen. 10, 177. praesumere = praevenire, praecipere an. 14, 3; 1, 48. H. 1, 62. Verg. Aen. 11, 18. proculcare = conculcare, perequitare H. 3, 81; 1, 40. Verg, Aen. 12, 534. prolicere = excitare an. 13, 48; 3, 73. propitiare = conciliare an. 15, 44. D. 9. provisor = qui praesensionem habet an. 12, 4. Hor. puellaris = juvenilis an. 14, 2. ramale = ramus arefactus an. 13, 58. rebellis = seditiosus H. 4, 15, 72. an-. 3, 15; 14, 39. Verg. Aen. 6, 858. receptare = recipere an. 4, 41. Verg. Aen. 10, 383. recludere = aperire an 4, 70; 14, 44. Verg. Aen. 1, 358. recursare = reverti H. 2, 78. Verg. Aen. 1, 662. refugus = regressus H. 2, 24; 3, 61. regnator = rex G. 39. Verg. Aen. 2, 779 et al. resumere = renovare H. 2, 41. an. 12, 15; 13, 51. iterare H. 5, 8. an. 3, 40; 14, 31. revelare = aperire G. 31. , rigor = severitas G. 16. an. 2, 23. Verg. Geo. 1, 143. sinistre = non propitium H. 1, 7; 3, 52. Verg. Eel. 9, 15. shmare = flectere, curvare an. 6, 37. H. 5, 2. G. 35. Verg. Aen. 2, 208. solidare = munire H. 2, 19. Verg. Geo. 1, 179. subvectare = subvehere an. 15, 43. Verg. Aen. 11, 131. suffugium = perfugium an. 4, 47; 3, 74. G. 16, 46. an. 4, 66; 14, 58. suspectare = instare H. 4, 23, 30; 3, 82. 25 tabum = sanies, sanguis H. 2, 70; 3, 35. an. 2, 69, Verg. Aen. 3, 29; 11, 737. temnere = contemnere H. 3, 47. Verg. Aen. 1, 665. tenuare = extenuare an. 15, 63. Verg, Geo. 3, 129. tremor = motus an. 14, 27. Verg. Geo. 2, 479. undare = abundare H. 5, 6. an. 6, 39. Verg. Aen. 2, 609. velamen = vestitus G. 17. Verg. Aen. 6, 221. experientia = usus an. 13, 8. H. 2, 76. an. 1, 46; 13, 6 et al. Verg. Georg. 1, 4. regnatrix = regina an. 1, 4. festinavisse = transitive an. 1, 6. Verg. Aen. 4, 575. diversus = separatus an. 13, 48; 14, 57. Verg. Aen. 9, 623. remotus an. 1, 17. Verg. Aen. 3, 4. piaculo = piamento an. 1, 30. Verg. Aen. 6, 569. species = acies occulorum an. 11, 31. Verg. Aen. 2, 407. triste = substantive an. 15, 31. Verg. Eel. 3, 80. annus = proventus anni A. 31. G, 14. transigere = transfigere an. 2, 68; 14, 37; 9, 9. transmittere = transire silentia H. 4, 31. medicamen = medicamentum an. 12, 51; 14, 6; 4, 57; 12, 67; 14, 51. fragmen = fragmentum H. 5, 6. an. 1, 61. Verg. Aen. 9, 569. tegumen = tegumentum H. 1, 79. an. 2, 21. G. 17. Verg. Aen. 1, 275; 3, 594; 9, 577; 11, 77. pueperium = partus an. 12, 6; 15, 23. sinister == malus A. 5. H. 1, 51. an. 6, 32; 11, 19; 1, 74. Verg. Geo. 1, 444. lymphati = turibundi H. 1, 82. an. 1, 32. Verg. Aen. 7, 377. indiscretis = individuus H. 4, 52. promiscuus an. 15, 32. confusus an. 1, 35. Verg. Aen. 10, 392. inausum = intentatus an. 1, 42. Verg. Aen. 7, 308; 2, 143. intemeratum = immodicum an. 1, 42. Verg. Aen. 7, 308. causatus = agens an. 1, 47; 13, 44. egenam = inopem an. 1, 53. Verg. Aen. 1, 599. inofensum = non interruptus an. 1, 56. resulto = resono an. 1, 65. oberro = pervagor an. 1, 65. lapsantes = labentes an. 1, 65. fretum = mare an. 1, 70. 26 stagnaverat = inundare an. 1, 76. Ov. Met. 15, 269. dedignor = contemnere an. 2, 2. ^xplorare = tentare an. 2, 12. adsultibus = impetum an. 2, 21. Verg. Aen. 5, 442. regimen = gubernaculum or clavis an. 2, 23. Ov. Met. 11, 552. recluderent = aperirent an. 2, 25. Verg. Geo. 2, 423. stirps = poster! an. 2, 37. Ov. Trist. 3, 14, 14. Verg. Aen. 6, 864. vanescere = evanescere an. 2, 40; 2, 82; 4, 37; 5, 9. despectare = despicere an. 2, 43. H. 2, 30. religit = oram legere an. 2, 54. eductae = instructae an. 2, 61. Verg. Aen. 2, 186. defectum = debilitatum an. 2, 70. participle chiefly poetical cf. Ovid Met. 10, 194. lib. 2, 5, 75. gratantis = gratulantis an. 2, 75; 6, 21; 12, 7; 14, 8. derupto = abrupto an. 2, 80; 6, 21; 4, 45. Lucr. fidissimum tutissimum an. 3, 1. Verg. Aen. 2, 23, 400. adrecta = excitata videre an. 3, 11. meditans = exercitans an. 3, 31. Verg. Eel. 1, 2 et al. expediam exponam an. 4, 1. Verg. Aen. 3, 379, 460. demutare = mutare an. 4, 16. demissum = ortum an. 12, 58. Verg. Geo. 3, 35. Aen. 1, 288. Hor. Sat. 2, 5, 63. rapi = diripi an. 13, 6. Verg. Aen. 2, 374. inducit == adducit an. 13, 39. Verg. Aen. 11, 620. fluvialibus = fluviis an. 13, 57. fetus = surculus an. 13, 58. Verg. Geo. 2, 69 et al. vocans = invocans an. 13, 55. Verg. Aen. 3, 264. involvunt = implicunt an. 14, 30. Verg. Geo. 2, 308. involvuntur = implicuntur an. 1, 70. Verg. Aen. 6, 336. fibris = extis an. 14, 30. H. 2, 3. Verg. Geo. 1, 484. exsultabant = subsaltabant an. 14, 34. Verg. Aen. 11, 663. sonores = sonitus an. 14, 36. intorquenda = jacienda an. 14, 36. Verg. Aen. 2, 231. expedire = exponere an. 14, 35; 4, 1. Verg. Aen. 3, 379, 460. evalesceret = fieret validus an. 14, 58. Verg. Aen. 7, 757. volens = habens in animo an, 15, 1. Verg. Geo. 4, 501. evinxit = circumvinxit an. 15, 2; 6, 42. H. 4, 53. Verg. Aen. 5, 269. 27 aegresceret = fieret pejor an. 15, 25. Verg. Aen. 12, 46. Lucr. 5, 350. ingruente = irruente an. 15, 3. Verg. Aen. 12, 628. tractu = regione an. 15, 37. Verg. Geo. 3, 183. Val Mac. 6, 359. solidarentur = facere solidum an. 15, 43. Verg. Geo. 1, 179. propitiata = facere propitium an. 15, 44. D. 9. tenuatum = facere tenuem an. 15, 63. Hor. Sat. 2, 2, 84 et al. obolitum = deletum an. 16, 6. Verg. Aen. 4, 497. G. 3, 560. adsimilatis = fictis an. 16, 17. Verg. Aen. 10, 639. indefessum = non defessum an. 16, 22. Verg. Aen. 11, 651. spargens = adspergens an. 16, 35. Lucr. 2, 195. Hor. Epod. 5, 25. adscire = adsciscere an. 1, 3. H. 4, 24, 80. Verg. Aen. 12, 38. celerare = contendere an. 2, 5. Verg. de nomine = poetical phrase an. 1, 15; 6, 34. Lucr. 6, 908. Verg. Aen. 1, 277. causatus = agens an. 1, 47; 13, 44. fida an. 1, 52. applied to inanimate objects is poetical, temeravit = contaminare an. 1, 53. Verg. Aen. 6, 840. properavit an. 1, 56. when transitive is particularly poetical, explorandos = tentandos an. 2, 12. claudae = infirmae an. 2, 24. Lucr. 4, 436. Verg. Aen. 5, 271. secreti = refugii an. 2, 39 ; 4, 54, 57 ; 14, 53. Verg. Geo. 4, 403. crebrescit = fama auget an. 2, 39. H. 2, 67. Verg. Aen. 12, 222. properantius = comparative is poetical, an. 2, 55. accitu =. used only in ablative singular, an. 2, 80. Aen. 1, 677. silentia = plural confined to poets, an. 2, 82. Verg. Aen. 2, 255. exalto = in mare aperto an. 3, 1. Verg. Geo. 3, 288. quatenus = quoniam an. 3, 16. D. 5. Lucr. Hor. Ov. visis (passive use chiefly poetical) an. 3, 42; 2, 31. H. 3, 62. Aen. 1, 326. restantibus = resistantibus. ausis = in the passive chiefly poetical, an. 3, 69. Aen. 9, 320. 28 tumidos = iratos an. 4, 12. raptabat = populabat an. 4, 23; 12, 54; 13, 6. Verg. Aen. 2, 374. contusis = superatis A. 4, 46; 12, 31. H. 4, 28. Verg. Aen. 1, 264. persultabant = insiliebant an. 4, 47; 11, 9. H. 5, 15. Lucr. 1, 14. adsimulabat = simulabat an. 4, 59. Verg. Aen. 10, 639. terga = pelles an. 4, 72; 15, 44. H. 2, 88. Verg. Aen. 1, 368. corpora = a periphrasis an. 4, 72. Verg. Aen. 9, 273. Cf. liberis corporibus Aen. 12, 17, 1. verbere = rare and poetical in the singular, an. 6, 4; 6, 24. G. 19. populatores = raptores an. 12, 27. vapore = calore an. 11, 3; 3, 44; 14, 6; 15, 55. discors = inimicus an. 11, 14. clarescere = fieri inclitus an. 11, 16. Lucr. 5, 833. desolatus = deprivatus an. 12, 26; 1, 30. Stat. Theb. 9, 672. Apul. Met. 4, 24, 290. aspectat = aspicit an. 12, 32. Verg. Aen. 1, 420. pignora = liberi an. 12, 2 et al. Prop. 4 (5), 11, 72. Ov. Met. 11, 543. regnari = personal use poetical, an. 13, 54. H. 1, 16. G. 25, 44. triumphari = personal use poetical, an. 12, 19. dubitari = personal use poetical, an. 14, 7. ministrari = personal use poetical. G. 44. fetus = surculus an. 13, 58. Verg. Geo. 2, 69 et al. praegredientem = praeter gredientem an. 14, 23. obnoxios == obligates, serviles H. 1, 1. Verg. Geo. 1, 396. mucronibus = gladiis H. 1, 27. fatigabat = moliebatur deos precibus H. 1, 29. Lucr. 2, 1237. hausisse = animo fingere H. 1, 51. Verg. Aen. 10, 648. derimitur = dividitur H. 1, 76. Verg. Aen. 8, 226, communus = suis ipsis manibus H. 2, 35. Verg. Gen. 1, 104. die == sole H. 3, 86. sors = responsum H. 4, 83. obiectu = prominentia H. 5, 14; 3, 9. Verg. Aen. 1, 59. 29 III. Reminiscences. Exigitur enim jam ab oratore et jam poeticus decor, non Accii aut Pacuvii veterano inquinatus, sed ex Horatii et Vir- gilii et Lucani Sacrario Prolatus. D. 20. Immotum fixumque an. 1, 47. fixum immotumque Aen. 4, 15. armorum facies an. 1, 49. Laborum facies Aen. 6, 108. exercitum rapit an. 1, 56. rapit . . . aciem Aen. 10, 308. vulnus adactum an. 1, 61. vulnus adactum Aen. 10, 850. excindit .... hostem an. 2, 25. Exscindere gentem Aen. 9, 137. manus .... voces .... tendens an. 2, 29. tendoque cum voce manus Aen. 3, 17. conlustrans cuncta an. 2, 45. omnia conlustrans Aen. 3, 651. instar montium an. 2, 61. instar mentis Aen. 2, 15. hastas .... ingerere an. 2, 81. ingerit hastas Aen. 9, 763. quae fiducia reo an. 3, 11. quae sit fiducia capto Aen. 2, 75. argenti et auri pondus an. 3, 53. Argenti pontus et auri. Aen. 1, 359. Si incubuissent an. 4, 24. turn vero incumbunt Aen. 9, 73. contusis . . . gentibus an. 4, 46. populusque . . . contundet Aen. 1, 264. vivoque in saxo an. 4, 55. vivo . . . saxo Aen. 1, 167. sermonem abrumpere an. 4, 60. sermonem abrumpit Aen. 4, 388. gravis exitus an. 4, 74. Manet . . . gravis exitus Aen. 10, 630. rupta voce an. 6, 20. rumpit vocem Aen. 2, 129. fusam humi an. 11, 37. fusus humi Aen. 6, 423. poenas .... expenderet an. 12, 19. expendere poenas Aen. 10, 669. locorum fraude an. 12, 33. fraude loci Aen. 9, 397. rapiunt deripiunt an. 13, 6. Aen. 2, 374. pieces fundentes an. 14, 30. funditque preces Aen. 6, 55. belli commercium an. 14, 33. belli commerci Aen. 10, 532. pacem .... abrumpunt an. 15, 2. fas omne abrumpit Aen. 3, 55. fessis rebus succurreret an. 15, 50. rebus succurite fessis Aen. 11, 335. mortis imaginem an. 15, 70. mortis imago Aen. 2, 369. abrumperet vitam an. 16, 28. abrumpere vitam Aen. 8, 579. 30 arma rapuerunt an. 1, 49.1 ' \ arma rapiatque Aen. 7, 340; 8, 220. arma rapmnt an. 2, 19. J vulnus adegit an. 6. 35. 1 .. vulnera derigebant H. 2, 35.1 7olnera dengere Aen " 10 ' 140 ' abruptis vinculis an. 1, 66. abruptis vinculis Aen. 11, 492. patriis omnibus an. 1, 80. 1 insignibus patriis an. 15, 29. j abletlbus patms Aen " 9 ' 692 ' auro solida an. 2, 33. 1 anro solidas an. 13, 10. 1 auro sohdl Aen " 2 ' 765 ' spolia derepta an. 2, 45. { s P olia ' ' ' d <*P ta Aen " "' 193 ' I arma derepta Hor. Od. 3, 5, 19. litorum oram an. 2, 78. litoris oram Geo. 2, 44. quantum liceret an. 3, 15. tantum . . . licuit Aen. 6, 502. plura revolvo an. 3, 18. ingrata revolvo Aen. 2, 101. spargit bellum an. 3, 21. 1 spai beUum Agr. 38. ] spargam arma per agros Aen " 7 ' 55L secundo rumore an. 3, 29. secundo rumore Aen. 8, 90. somno et vino procumbere an. 4, 48. somno vinoque soluti Aen. 4, 474. precibus evictus an. 4, 57. evicta dolore Aen. 4, 474. fidentem animi an. 4, 59. fidens animi Aen. 2, 61. sibi ignoscit an. 6, 6. ignotum dare nobis Hor. Sat. 1, 3, 23. praestantissimus sapientiae an. 6, 7. praestans animi Aen. 12, 19. tota mole regni an. 6, 36. 1 tota mole belli H. 1, 61. / toto ' ' ' cor P ore re ^ m Aen ' U ' 3 dedita . . . fama an. 11, 1. tua terris dedita fama Aen. 8, 132. laeta in praesens an. 11, 15. laetus in praesens animus Hor. Od. 2, 16, 25. pellibus accinctae an. 11, 31. incinctae pellibus hastas Aen. 7, 396. fluxa arma H. 2, 99. fluxos .... astrinxit amictus Lucr. 2, 362. lacrimae et questos inriti ducebantur an. 11, 37. ducere voces Aen. 4, 463. hostes ingruit an. 12, 12. ingruit Aeneas Aen. 12, 628. f in amicitiam coeant Aen. 7, 546. in societatem coeant an, 12, 15. J coeant in foedera dextrae Aen. I 11, 292. subtrahere oculis an. 13, 17. teque aspectune subtrahe nostro Aen. 6, 465. rerum mortalium an. 13, 19. mentem mortalia tangunt Aen. 1, 462. saltusque indogine cingunt Aen. 4, 121. velut indagine an. 13, 42. concession Caveae an. 13, 54. Lucr. 4, 78. Caveae concession Aen. 5, 340. ira cladis an. 13, 57. ereptae virginis ira Aen. 2, 413. in longum an. 14, 4. in longum ducis amores Verg. Eel. 9, 56. adolere aras an. 14, 30. 1 T } Lucr. 4, 1237. Aen. 7, 71. altana adolentur H. 2, 3. J saxa ac faces an. 14, 45. faces et saxa volant Aen. 1, 150. pabulo attrito an. 15, 16. I attritis opibus H. 1, 10. / attritus vomer Verg. Geo. 1, 146. attritis rebus H. 2, 56. j sui muneris an. 15, 52. totum muneris hoc tui est Hor. Od. 4, 3, 21. rapit = raptim ducit an. 15, 8. mille rapit populos Aen. 7, 725. pars .... erit an. 15, 72. quorum pars magna fui Aen. 2, 6. miscuerunt manus an. 2, 15. Prop. 2, 27, 8. miser e ictus Agr. 36. Miscent proelia Verg. Geo. 2, 282. quae regnantur H. 1, 16. in quantum Germani regnatur an. 13, 54. regnate per arva Aen. 6, 793. reliquias .... sectionum H. 1, 90. an. 5, 20. reliquiae Da- naum Aen. 1, 30. speculatorum lecta corpora H. 2, 11. lectissima matrum cor- pora Aen. 9, 272. barbarum tegimen H. 2, 20. barbara tegmina Aen. 11, 777. seditionibus pot ens H. 2, 86. seditione potens Aen. 11, 340. ingentibus telis horrentes H. 2, 88. horridus in jaculis et pelle Aen. 5, 37. recens caede vestigia H. 3, 19. 1 i TT * nn ( recentem caede locum Aen. 9, 4, 55, recens victoria miles H. 3, 77. J omne imagine mortium H. 3, 18. plurima mortis imago Aen. 2, 369. nova laborum facies H. 3, 30. laborum facies Aen. 6, 103. gravia auro . . . dona H. 3, 32. dona dehinc auro gravia Aen. in ignem considerent H. 3, 32. considere in ignis Aen. 2, 624; 9, 145. terret solitude H. 3, 84. ipsa silentia terrent Aen. 2, 755. altius expediam H. 4, 12. Altus omnem expediam Verg. Geor. 4, 286. 32 G. Tacitus' Probable Debt i jrgil. I. Substantival use of adjectives. In Tacitus we find that the substantival use of adjectives, particularly in the neuter singular and plural, is more frequent than in the classics. This use is closely paralleled in Vergil. populi Eomani prospera an. 1, 1. H. 3, 13. A. 27. an. 14, 38; 1, 64. . vel adversa an. 1, 1; 3, 15. A. 27. H. 4, 52. per conciliabula et coetus seditiosa an. 3, 40. quin et femina inlustres informia meditari an. 14, 15. diverse terrarum destineri an. 3, 59; 1, 47; 6, 33; 13, 15. adire municipia obscuro diei an. 2, 39. H. 2, 14; 1, 22. an. 4, 58. incerta belli metueris an. 4, 23; 2, 39; 3, 54. H. 1, 26: 2, 77. ambigua sonitus an. 4, 50. ambigua culti an. 11, 15. H. 2, 86. inter dubia G. 30. H. 3, 73 ; 2, 33. an. 12, 5. fortuita H. 2, 1 ; 2, 60; 4, 5. an. 15, 36. in tuta H. 3, 76; 1, 33. an. 1, 38; 12, 36. certa H. 4, 81. G. 30. avia an. 12, 20; 15, 11; 13, 87; 14, 23. H. 2, 85. inacessa H. 4, 50. angusta H. 3, 82; 4, 35. ardua H. 4, 70. an. 11, 9. lubrica H. 3, 82. edita an. 15, 27; 15, 38; 12, 56. obstantia H. 4, 81; an. 1, 50. opportuna an. 4, 24. amoena H. 3, 76. an. 3, 7. plana an. 2, 20; 15, 27; 4, 65. H. 3, 42. A. 12. subjecta an. 1, 64; 1, 65. aperta G. 16. an. 1, 56; 2, 17; 2, 23; 1, 51; 2, 47. ^ profunda A. 25. an. 1, 70; 2, 24. secreta an. 4, 7; 3, 30; 4, 67; 15, 55. G. 19. saeva an. 1, 6; 3, 23; 15, 10; 11, 8; 4, 67. J subita an. 14, 55. A. 37. H. 5, 13. occulta an. 2, 88. operta H. 3, 65. idonea an. 4, 5. vana an. 4, 59; 3, 50; 4, 9; 1, 9. 33 inania H. 3, 1\? o*. 31; 3, 13. A. 6. H. 2, 69. falsa an. 2, 8? 16, 8; 2, 57. H. 2, 70; 4, 4. tacita an. 4, 41. longinqua A. 37. an. 15, 11 ; 6, 36; 3, 34. prima an. 2, 16; 6, 32; 4, 12. A. 18. H. 2, 11. extrema an. 1, 1. A. 28. H. 2, 47. summa A, 37. D. 10. H. 3, 29; 2, 75. an. 1, 68; 2, 17. praecipua an. 13, 13; 4, 40; 4, 41. reliqua an. 13, 50; 15, 16; 3, 54; 4, 51. cetera an. 1, 7; 3, 24; 6, 12; 14, 32. H. 3, 20. alia H. 3, 51; 2, 94. D. 38. an. 2, 72; 2, 30. H. 1, 86. pauca an. 1, 9; 3, 34. G. 43. H. 2, 4. D. 28. multa an. 1, 9; 12, 33; 5, 7; 3, 28. H. 5, 20. vera an. 4, 58; 3, 10; 16, 2; 1, 6. H. 4, 50. properantia = properatione an. 12, 20. II. Neuter adjectives or participles used substantively, found in Vergil. in convexo nemorum Aen. 1, 310. strata viarum 1, 422. sata laeta (segitis) 2, 306. Angusta viarum 2, 332. opaca lucorum 2, 725. Namque avia cursu 2, 736. Caerula verrunt 3, 208. aulai medio libabant 3, 354. Si venis implet Apollo 3, 434. brevia 1, 111. inculta 1, 308. deserta 1, 384. extrema 1, 577. prima 5, 194; 5, 388. lubrica 5, 335. ardua 5, 695. laeva 5, 825. secreta 6, 10. obscuris vera 6, 100. convexa 6, 241; 6, 750. opaca 6, 633. avia 9, 58. mediis 10, 407. Strato surgit 3, 513. caeli medio 4, 184. rapto potitur 4, 217. stratisque reponunt 4, 392. caeli convexa 4, 451. coeptis immanibus 4, 642. tranquillo 5, 127. summa 5, 180. sereni 5, 851. operta 6, 140. ad convexa 6, 241. opaca 6, 633. convexa 6, 750. alta 6, /787. medio tecti 7, 59. deserta 7, 404. medio Italiae 7, 563. rapto 7, 749; 9, 613. coeptis 8, 15. pinguia 8, 63. medium caeli 8, 63. ardua 8, 221. parto 8, 317. extrema 8, 333. alta 9, 81. ima 9, 120. medio 9, 230. ausis 9, 281. audacibus adnue coeptis 9, 625. Aevomque 10, 235. convexa 10, 251. III. Transitive Accusative, recentissimum quodque vulnus pavens H. 3, 56. dum irnminentium oblitus incerta pavet an. 5, 4. qui eadem pavebant an. 15, 11. 34 quid ita Marcellus judicium magistratuum pavesceret H. 4, 7. ne seditiosum exercitum pavescerent an. 1, 59. ne muliebre et fanaticum agmen pavescerent an. 14, 30. nee speciem adulantis expaveris H. 2, 76. caeli regem pavere sub antro Verg. Greo. 4, 152. IV. Compound verbs used by Tacitus with a simple accusative where a repitition of the preposition or a dative would be regular. ut ripam Euphratis accederet an. 2, 58. quia societatem nostram volentes accesserant an. 12, 31. ut quamque nationem accesserat an. 14, 35. ut quosque accesserat H. 3, 24. adcurrerent .... primas . . . pugionem an. 15, 53. ut quosque advectus erat an. 2, 45. pugnam aut vincula elapsi an. 1, 61. Pontum erumpens an. 12, 63. donee . minor . . . filius lubricum juventae exiret an. 6, 49. qui cognitionem intervenerant an. 3, 23. inrepere paulatim militares animos adeundo an. 4, 2. Liviam uxorem Drusi praecellebat an. 2, 43. qui castra praejacet 12, 36. ludos circenses eburna effigies praeiret an. 2, 83. aliqua cetera imperia praemineret an. 3, 56. et saepe urbis adsidens extremam senectam an. 4, 58. adsidendo castellum an. 6, 43. quos inciderat H. 3, 29. adeoque improvisi castra involavere H. 4, 33. turn animos cupido involat an. 1, 49. qui nunc patientiam senis et segnitiam . . . insultet an. 4, 59. dum histrio cubiculum principis insultaverit an. 11, 28. id Tiberii animum altius penetravit an. 1, 69. Tiberium .... penetravit an. 3, 4. Mox iter L. Lucullo quondam penetratum an. 15, 27. V. Verbs which in Vergil become transitive in process of composition, as the examples above in Tacitus, accestis scopulos Aen. 1, 201. evasisse viam Aen. 2, 731. juvat evasisse tot urbes Aen. 3, 282. sic fata gradus evaserat altos Aen. 4, 685. 35 evaditque celer ripam Aen. 6, 425. tela . . . exit Aen. 5, 438. vim .... exit Aen. 11, 750. innare lacus Aen. 6, 134. insistere limen Aen. 6, 563. magnum .... circumvolvitur annum Aen. 3, 284. erumpere nubem Aen. 1, 580. cum muros adsidet hostis Aen. 11, 304. VI. Genitive with adjectives. This construction in Tacitus is worth attention on account of the boldness and frequency with which he uses it on the analogy of the Vergilian style. ne femina expertae fecunditatis an. 12, 2. sed veterem exper- tumque belli H. 4, 76. ingens animi an. 1, 69. ingens rerum H. 4, 66. diversus animi H. 4, 84. fallax amicitiae an. 16, 32. vetus operis ac laboris an. 1, 20. anxius potentiae an. 4, 12. morum non spernendus an. 14, 40. virtutem sterilis H. 1, 3. praecipiens circumveniendi an. 6, 4. insolens obse- quii H. 1, 87; 2, 88. an. 6, 34. manifestus delecti an. 2, 85; 13, 26; 4, 53; 13, 23; 12, 51. ferox linguae H. I, 35. atrox odii an. 12, 22. ferox animi an. 1, 32 ; 1, 69. furandi melior an. 3, 74. modicum voluptatum an. 2, 73. pecuniae modicus an. 3, 72. modicus dignationis an. 4, 52. modicus originis an. 6, 39. occultus odii an. 4, 7. occultus consilii an. 6, 36. recti pervicax H. 4, 5. pervicax irae an. 4, 53. eloquentiae ac fidei praeclarus an. 4, 34. Ceterum animorum provinciae \J prudens A. 19. Celsus doli prudens repressit siios H. 2 25. atque ille prudens moderandi an. 3, 69. rerum vestrarum providum an. 4, 38. Providus futurorum an. 6, 46. futuri improvidus H. 1, 88. improvidus consilii H. 3, 56. praestan- tissimus sapientiae an. 6, 6. procax otii an. 13, 46. segnis laborum an. 14, 33. occasionum . . . segnis an. 16, 14. vi- rium et opium validam H. 2, 19. orandi validus an. 4, 21. animi validus an. 15, 53. Vetus loci H. 2, 14. Veteres mili- tiae H. 4, 20. Vetus operis an. 1, 20. vetus regnandi H. 5, 14. exitii certus an. 1, 27. incerta ultionis an. 2, 75. po- tentiae securus an. 3, 28. ambiguus imperandi an. 1, 7. im- piger militiae an. 3, 48. sui auxius an. 4, 59. incertus animi an. 6, 46. H. 3, 55. operum ignavis an. 11, 18. irae pro- perum an. 11, 26. maeroris immodicus an. 15, 23. incertus 3* 36 futuri D. 13. patientissimus veri D. 8. pauca campestrum G. 43. secretiora Germaniae G. 41. Extrema Galliarum H. 4, 28. praescium periculorum an. 6, 21. occultus odii an. 4, 7; 6, 36. contumeliarum insolentes an. 6, 31. audiendi .... insolens an. 13, 67. bellorum insolens H. 1, 87. arborum inpatiens G. 5. spei inpatiens H. 2, 40. inpatiens soils pul- veris H. 2, 99. societatis inpatiens an. 2, 64. inpatiens aemuli an. 4, 3. obsequi inpatientes an. 4, 72. aequi inpa- tiens an. 6, 25. obsidionis impatientes an. 12, 30. VII. The following similar construction in Vergil is to be noted. dives opum Aen. 1, 4; 2, 22. fessi rerum 1, 178. ditissimus agri 1, 343; 10, 563. laetissimus umbrae 1, 441. integer aevi 2, 638. aevi maturus 5, 73. omnium egenos 1, 599. inops animi 4, 300. veri effeta 7, 440. veni vana 10, 630. fortunatus laborum 11, 416. indigenus avorum 12, 649. seri studiorum expertos belli 10, 173. laevique patens 11, 40. tui fidissima 12, 659. fidens animi 2, 61. fidus animi servantissimus aequi 2, 427. patiens pericli 10, 610. nimbo- rum tempestatum potentatem 10, 225. The above usage is in part a Graecism, and in part an extension of a similar construction in prose, used by Vergil, the extension being particularly that of the objective genitive. VIII. Simple for Compound Verbs. The use of simple for compound verbs is purely a poetical one. Not only is it an archaism, but it is also a means of arriving at variety and an avoidance of the stiffness of prosaic expression. vocare = provocare G. 14. ponunt = deponunt G. 27. pellere = depellere D. 17. flexisse = deflexisse D. 19. cluditur = includitur D. 30. finiebatur = definiebatur D. 38. colunt = incolunt G. 16. vocare = provocare G. 14. H. 4, 80. vocent = provocent H. 5, 25. posuere = deposuere A. 20. pensavit = compensavit D. 40. trahuntur = detrahuntur A. 12. pensare = compensare A. 22. firmerant = confirmerant H. 2, 10. rapere = deripere H. 2, 12. sistere = consistere H. 3, 21. ciebat = exciebat H. 3, 24. pensabantur = compensabantur H. 3, 26. judicatur = dejudicatur H. 3, 70. sperso = adsperso H. 5, 6. 37 vocent = provocent H. 5, 25. premi = oppremi an. 16, 9. haurentium = exhaurentium an. 16, 18. egerat = coegerat an. 16, 34. cernerent = decernerent an. 15, 15. premunt = reprimunt an. 15, 64; 3, 6; 11, 2; 14, 5. premi = oppremi an. 16, 9. pressus = oppressus an. 14, 5. vocans = invocans an. 13, 55. raperentur = eriperentur an. 13, 16. quaesivisset = acquaesivisset an. 13, 15. quaesitam = conquisitam an. 13, 7. rapi = deripi an. 13, 6. noscebantur = cognoscebantur. advertare = animadvertere an. 12, 51; 2, 32; 4, 54. ferre = proferre an. 12, 4; 6, 49. vectum = advectum an. 11, 14. juta = adjuta an. 14, 4. noscuntur = adnoscuntur an. 4, 35. firmare = adfirmare an. 6, 6. noscerent = adnoscerent an. 2, 28. solarentur = insolescerentur an. 1, 14. ardescunt = exardescunt an. 16, 29. situm = positum an. 1, 39. firmare = adfirmare an. 6, 6. noscerent = adnoscerent H. 4, 40. vexisse = provexisse an. 14, 54. movetur = removetur an. 14, 60. motus = remotus an. 14, 32. pressus = repressus an. 14, 64. cernerent= decernerent an. 15, 15. premunt =repremunt an. 15, 64. premi = opprimi an. 16, 9. rapere = deripere H. 2, 12. posuit = proposuit an. 1, 7; 4, 27. ardescunt = exardescunt an. 1, 32. firmare = adfirmare an. 1, 81. versa = eversa an. 2, 42. IX. Simple for Compound Verbs in Vergil. The following cases of simple for compound verbs may be noted in Vergil. duco = produco Aen. 2, 641; 4, 560. eo = exeo 1, 246; 2, 27. eo = abeo 5, 269. fero = aufero 10, 652; 12, 285. fero = adfero 6, 503. fero = profero 9, 338. fero = infero 10, 797. figo = transfigo 5, 544. fundo = effundo 6, 440. lustro = inlustro 4, 6 ; 4, 607. mitto = dimitto 1, 203. mitto = inmitto 12, 629. nego = abnego 4, 428. pono = depono 1, 173; 1, 291; 1, 302; 11, 830; 12, 209. pono = impono 1, 706; 4, 602. pono = compono 8, 639. premo = opprimo 3, 47. primo = comprimo 6, 155. quaero = inquaero 6, 868. rumpo = abrumpo 3, 580; 12, 669. ruo = proruo 1, 83. ruo = eruo 1, 35; 1, 85. sisto = consisto 3, 7. 38 temno = contemno 1, 542. teneo = retineo 10, 802; 12, 819. voco = revoco 5, 471. volvo = evolvo 1, 9; 1, 22; 1, 262. It may be observed that the poetical use of simple for compound verbs is rare in the minor works of Tacitus, not common in the Histories, but abundant in the Annals. X. Intransitive use of verbs usually transitive. This use is due to the elipsis of an accusative and hence transitive verbs are treated as intransitive, circumfundit eques fortemque pedites invasere an. 3, 46. praefectum apud Siluras . . . relictas circumfundit an. 12, 38. Tune a veneratione Augusti orsus flexit ad victorias an. 1, 34. dein redditas absentiae causis . . . vagis flexit ad graviora an. 6, 15. ad providentiam sapientiamque flexit an. 13, 3. arguebatur in ambition em flexisse an. 4, 37. hue flexit an. 4, 41. a Formiis movere an. 15, 46. postquam mutabat aestus .... quo ventus ferebat an. 2, 23. si ita ferret an. 3, 15. H. 2, 44. ilia rupturas an. 2, 17. Si una alterave civitas turbet an. 3, 47. Cum repente turbare fortuna coepit an. 4, 1. alio vertunt atque una tres aquilas locant an. 1, 18. XI. The following cases occur in Vergil, incumbuere mari Aen. 1, 84. incumbens arae 2, 514. urgenti incumbere vellet 2, 653. turn vero Teucri incumbunt 4, 397. turn prora avertit et undis 1, 104. et avertus rosea ... 1, 402. et jam nox . . . praecipitat 2, 9. praecipitant senis 4, 251. dum praecipitare potestas? 4, 565. fors siqua tulisset 2, 94. cunctis insinuat pavor 2, 229. accingunt omnes open 2, 235. non .... abstinuit 2, 534. transmittunt cursu 4, 154. quo proripis? 5, 741. XII. Infinitive of purpose, donee uotro ambiretur . . . consulatum accipere an. 2, 43. ire in aciem flagrabant H. 2, 46. Aemulabantur inlicere H. 2, 62. inquietare .... morari .... foedari ampiectabantur H. 3, 84. 39 componunt . . . concire an. 3, 40. inducunt sententiam expromere an. 12, 9. inlectus ducere uxorem an. 2, 37. inliciebantur spiritus perstimulare an. 4, 12. ergo nuntiat patri obicere spem an. 16, 11. scribitur .... obsequi an. 15, 25. scripsitque .... componere an. 12, 29. impulerat . . . inlicere an. 6, 45; 13, 19; 14, 60. H. 3, 43. hortatur capessere an. 11, 16. pepigere ulcisci an. 11, 9; 14,31. adegit mittere an. 11, 10. oravit . . . adire an. 11, 32; 6, 2. inducunt .... expromere an. 12, 9. deduci impetrat an. 12, 27. monet celerare an. 12, 46. sumere cohortatur an. 12, 49. repetere dehortatus est an. 3, 16. hortatur capessere an. 11, 16. orabant cavere an. 13, 13. impulit ire an. 13, 19. suadit . . . agredi an. 13, 37. suasurus .... omittere an. 16, 9; 13, 37; 15, 63; 3, 53. perpulit .... suscipere an. 13, 55; 6, 33. promittere subegit an. 14, 14; 14, 26; 1, 39. amittere subegit an. 14, 26. resumere . . . pepigerant an. 14, 31. scribitur .... obsequi an. 15, 25. scripsit componere an. 12, 29. operire imperavit an. 15, 28. ire ... imperavit an. 2, 25. hortarentur . . . pergere an. 15, 59. suadet abscidere an. 15, 63. amari meruisti an. 15, 67. pati mereretur an. 14, 48. suadenti abrumpere an. 16, 9. mutare quaerebant G. 2. nee deerat elicere H. 3, 58. persuaseris arare G. 14. dabaturque diserere an. 4, 6. apto insumere D. 9. impulerat resumere et miscere H. 3, 4. praescriptum fuisse an. 6, 23. datum deducere 12, 11. visere dabatur 6, 19. negotio dato . . . discernere an. 6, 12; 2, 55. refellere dabatur 3, 67. admonuit dicere Agr. 25. gaudebant iterare H. 3, 11. dabatur eludere 3, 67. defendere daretur 4, 60. orabat deligere 6,2; 11, 32; 12, 9: 13, 13. XIII. Some examples from Vergil, funemque manu contingere gaudent Aen. 2, 239. non nos aut . . . . populare venimus aut . . . vertere 1, 527. dederatque comam diffundere ventis 1, 319. avidi conjungere dextras ardebant 1, 514. ardemus scitari et quaerere causas 2, 105. nee revocare situs aut jungere carmina curat 3, 451. 40 instaurati animi .... succurere tectis 2, 451. hoc regnum . . . esse . . . jam turn tendit 1, 17. tendit divellere nodos 2, 220. convellere insequor et . . . temptare 3, 31. necque vincere certo 5, 194. instant ducere moliri subvolere optare con- cludere 1, 4235. instant eruere 2, 6278. temptat praevertere 1, 721. temptant .... foedare 3, 240 1. certabantque inludere 2, 64. fatale adgressi sacrato avellere templo 2, 165. convellere .... insequor 3, 31 2. ne trepidate meas defenders navis 9, 114. celerare fugam patriaque excedere suadet 1, 357. duci intra muros hortatur et arce locari 2, 33. reddi sibi poscit honorem 5, 342. tot volvere casus .... tot adire labores . . . impulerit 1, 9. festinare fugam tortosque incidere funis . . . stimulat 4, 575. metus acer agit quocumque rudentis excutere 3, 682. impulerat foedare latebras 2, 55. cernere letum fecisti 2, 5389. XIV. Infinitives with adjectives. In prose Paratus is the only adjective used freely with the infinitive. Further extension of this usage is found in the poets, due to Greek influence. Such a construction is confined to participles of verbs or adjectives derived from such verbs, and with other adjectives expressing volition or fitness etc. Muta ista et inanima intercidere ac reparari H. 1, 84. sed certus procul urbe degere an. 4, 57. et quoque facinore properus clarescere an. 4, 52. atrox ac dissentire manifestus an. 2, 57. satis manifestus est . . . . accingi D. 19. non falso suspectus bellum malle H. 4, 34. peritus obsequi eritusque miscere Agr. 8. facilis corrumpi H. 4, 39. terris oriri sueta patiens frugum Agr. 12. factus natura .... velare odium an. 14, 56. offendere obnoxium D. 10. constantus probasse D. 18. significasse contentus D. 23. detracasse contentus D. 26. 41 XV, Vergil has the following cases. certa . . . mori Aen. 4, 564. certari .... parati 5, 108, maior .... videri 6, 49. praevertere 7, 806 7. felicior unguere .... armare 9, 772 3. avidus confundere 12, 290. nescia vinci pectora 12, 527. praeustantior .... ciere 6, 164. XVI. Reflexive Verbs. in questus lacrimas vota effundi an. 1, 11. lit effusi in lacrimas saeva et . . . . clamitarent an. 3, 23^ et effusmn in lacrimas senatum .... erexit an. 4, 8. pares validaeque miscentur Germ. 20. Statim e somno lavantur Germ. 22. ac jam pridem probatis adgregantur Germ. 13. per human evolvuntur Germ. 39. Fennosque silvarum ac montium eregitur Ger. 46. Tiberii genua advolveretur an. 1, 13. et hostes ad occasionem verterentur Agr. 18. maiorem ad spem adcingi an. 11, 28. quasi per virtutem dari honoratique agere an. 14, 15. nee quidquam prius imbuuentur H. 5, 5. falsa exterritus an. 4, 28. Arguitur .... revincebatur an. 6, 5. bracas indutus H. 2, 20. Aram posuit expressam an, 3, 74. XVII. Reflexive Verbs in Vergil. The conception of the use of the passive forms in a middle sense is found in the poets and is a suggestion from the Greek middle voice. et Libyae vertuntur ad oras Aen. 1, 158. implentur veteris bacchi pinguisque ferinae 1, 215. ipse urbem repeto et cingor fulgentibus armis 2, 749. ruuntque effusi carcere currus 5, 145. circumfundimur 2, 383. expedior 2, 633. Aperitur 3, 275. inferar 4, 545. reddar 6, 545. eripiare 12, 948. imponere 2, 707. proruptus 1, 246; 7, 459. circumfusu 2, 64. protecti 2, 444. effusus 5, 145; 10, 803. converse 9, 724. - 42 - XVIH. Greek Accusative. This, as the terminology indicates, is a Greek construction, borrowed by the poets. The prose construction would be the ablative, since this accusative denotes a specified quality in connection with a verb or adjective, contectus humeros an. 2, 13. clari genus an. 6, 9. adlevatur animum an. 6, 43. cetera degenerem 6, 42. frontem .... tergum .... latera .... munitus an. 1, 50. nudus brachia ac lacertos G. 17. cetera egregius an. 14, 49. diversa excusantibus 3, 11. magnitudinem negotiorum an. 5, 2. falsum remdens vultu an. 4, 60. quae vicerant an. 12, 60. neutraque perveniret an. 14, 14. cetera intecta G. 17. bracas indutus H. 2, 20. manum aeger H. 4, 81. animum vultumque conversis H. 1, 85. frontem tergaque ac latus tuti H. 4, 20. oblitus faciem suo cruore an. 2, 17. praeriguisse manus an. 13, 35. frigidus jam artus an. 15, 64. XIX. Vergil uses the Greek Accusative. Nuda genu 1, 320. nudus membra 8, 425. os umerosque similis 1, 589. sacra comam 7, 60. capita . . . corusci 9, 678. saucius . . . pectus 12, 5. saucius ora 12, 652. colla tumentum 2, 381. Nigrantis terga 5, 97. flaventem .... malas 10, 324. animum arrecti 1, 579. mentem . . . pressus 3, 47. membra victus 9, 337. comam . . . nutat 2, 629. vultum .... movetur 6, 470. oculos suffusa 1, 228. sinus collecta 1, 320. tunsae pectora palmis 1, 481. vultum demissa 1, 561. faciem mutatus et ora 1, 658. oculos suffecti 2, 210. circum terga dati 2, 218 9. perfusus vittas 2, 221. exuvias indutus 2, 275. crinem .... solutae 3, 65. redimitus tempora 3, 81. caudas .... commissa 3, 428. Chlamydem circumdata 4, 137. mentum crinem .... subnexus 4, 2167. crinis effusa 4, 509. exuta pedem 4, 518, 589, 590. interfusa genas 4, 644. os impressa toro 4, 659. defixus lumnia 6, 156. picti scuta 7, 796. adsueta manus 7, 806. protecti corpora 8, 662. fusus barbam 10, 838. thoraca indutus 11, 487. 43 oculos fixus 11, 507. pictus .... tunicas 11, 777. conversi lumina 12, 172. per pedes trajectus lora 2, 273. manus . . . revinctum 2, 57. innexa pedem 5, 511. XX. The Accusative towards which motion takes place. This use, ordinarily confined to the names of cities, towns and small islands, and to domus and rus, is given a wider latitude by Tacitus after the manner of the poets. evadere angustias an. 5, 10; 3, 14. A. 33, 44. Hiberos pervadit an. 12, 51. incedere locum an. 16. 1; 14, 15. Campos propinquabant an. 12, 13. eniti agerem an. 2, 20. proximus quisque regem vi etc. 15, 15. egredi tentoria an. 1, 61; 4, 64. H. 3, 59. ductus uiide Caugos 12, 32. Aventium defertur H. 3, 84. exire lubricum an. 6, 49. non ibo infitias an. 15, 2. elabi pugnam an. 1, 61. accedere lentoria H. 2, 27. ripam accedere H. 1, 82. an. 14, 11. oppidum irrumperere A. 36. H, 3, 18. incursare Germaniam H. 4, 33. an. 1, 49. involare castra H. 4, 81. an 13, 6. advolvi genua. XXT. Examples from Vergil. Italiam litora 1, 2. locos 1, 365. alias . . . oras 1, 512; 3, 601. limina 6, 696. tumulum . . . sedem 2, 742. finis Italos 3, 440. XXII. Partitive or Quasi Partitive Genitive. The number of such genitives is characteristic of Tacitus, "as also the frequency with which the partitive idea is almost altogether lost sight of, and the genitive equivalent to a simple adjective as in poetry.' ? a) After neuter singular adjectives, innudo paludum an. 1, 61. lubrico paludum 1, 65. in prominenti litoris 1, 53. post multum vulnerum 12, 56. eo loci an. 4, 4. id solitudinis an. 11, 32. extremum inopiae Agr. 38. extreme paludis H. 5, 18. extremo Anni an. 6, 27. lubrico itinerum H. 1, 79. lubricum juventae an. 6, 49. lubricum adulescentulae an. 14, 56. Sero diei an. 2, 21. Medium diei an. 11, 21; 12, 69; 14, 2. H. 1, 62; 3, 11. 44 medio temporis H. 2, 53. an. 14, 53. medio montium an. 1, 64. obscurum noctis H. 2, 14. certo anni H. 5, 6. multo jam noctis H. 3, 79. reliquo noctis an. 14, 10. minimo temporis H. 3, 83. obscuro diei an. 2, 39. obscuro lucis H. 4, 50. asperrimo hiemis an. 3, 5. secretum Asiae H. 1, 10. Agr. 25. H. 2, 100. secreto loci an. 4, 41; 4, 57. celeberrimo fori an. 4, 67. in extreme ponticae orae H. 3, 47. diverse terrarum an. 3, 59. in proximo Campaniae an. 4, 74. b) After neuter plural adjectives, media campi Agri. 35. subita belli Agri. 37. orientis secreta Agr. 44. secretiora Germaniae G. 41 . pauca campestrium G. 43. laeva maris H. 2, 2. novissima Libyae H. 5, 2. alia honorum an. 1, 9. extrema Asiae an. 2, 54. imperil extrema an. 4, 74. cuncta camporum H. 5, 10. cuncta curarum an. 3, 35. reliqua locus an. 12, 56. praecipua rerum an. 4, 40. tacita suspicionum an. 4, 41. simulationum falsa an. 6, 45. summa imperil an, 11, 8. ad summa militiae H. 2, 75. per avia Moesiae H. 2, 85. avia Armeniae an. 13, 37. vana rumoris an. 4, 59. inania belli H. 2, 69. silvarum ac montium profunda Ag. 25. fluctuum adversa A. 25. domum adversa an. 3, 24. in aperta Oceani an. 2, 23. offensorum operta H. 3, 65. inculta montium an. 1, 17. occulta saltuum an. 1, 61. prima silvarum an. 2, 16. prima consiliorum H. 2, 11. prima rerum H. 2, 46. prominentia montium an. 2, 16. amoena Asiae an. 3, 7. amoena litorum H. 3, 76. longinqua imperil an. 3, 34. in longinqua et contermina Scythiae an. 6, 36. dubiis proeliorum H. 2, 33. incerta respondentium 14, 8. fortuita fraudi suae H. 2, 60. fortuita belli H. 4, 23. angusta et lubrica viarum H. 3, 82. viarum angusta H. 4, 35. derepta et avia sequentis an. 4, 45. montium editis an. 4, 46. montium edita an 12, 56. altiora murorum H. 2, 22. obstantia silvarum an. 1, 50. proxima municipiorum an. 15, 58. proxima litorum H. 3, 42. 45 XXIII. Partitive or Quasi Partitive in Vergil a) Adjectives in the singular. quod cumque hoc regni Aen. 1, 78. Aulai medio 3, 354. tecti medio 7, 59. b) Adjectives in the plural. Strata viarum 1, 422. opaca lucorum 2, 725. angusta viarum 6, 633. ardua terrarum 5, 695. Libyae deserta 1, 384. XXIV. Dative of Indirect Object with implied local relation, where the Ablative with a preposition would be more usual, is adopted chiefly from the poets and Livy. legionibus abstraheret an. 2, 5. cui . . . . excursari an. 1, 2. morti eximant an. 1, 48. extractum custodiae an. 6, 23. proripuit . . . custodibns an. 4, 45. livere iis an. 13, 42. illaborare domibus G. 46. imgemere agris G. 46. nihil libidini exceptum A. 15. eximere morti an. 1, 48. respondenti reticens an. 14, 49. sublatum capiti diadema an. 15, 29. XXV. Parallel Construction in Vergil. Excipiam sorti Aen. 9, 271. Memori . . . eximet Aen. 9, 448. silici scintillam excudit Aen. 1, 174. mihi . . . eripuit 2, 735. siculo latus abscidit Aen. 3, 418. cui lumen ademptum 3, 658. oculos furare labori Aen. 5, 845. desistere pugnae Aen. 10, 441. XXVI. The dative of a noun so closely connected with another that a genitive would be expected is frequent in the poets. rector juveni an. 1, 24. paci firmator an. 2, 46. suffugium hiemi et receptaculum frugibus G. 16. subsidia dominationi an. 1, 3. subsidium rei familiari an. 15, 33. plures seditioni duces an. 1, 22. virtuti pretium an. 3, 40. resumendae libertati an. 3, 40. finem hello an. 2, 21. initium bello H. 1, 67. liberis tutor an. 2, 67. Serano fautores an. 4, 60. Tiberio auxiliator an. 6, 43. praedam victoribus an. 4, 76. id genti caput an. 1, 56. Genti Caput H. 5, 8. id rex Hiberis an. 11, 8. Druso proavus an. 2, 43. 46 causas bello an. 2, 64. causam sedition! H. 4, 19. custos saluti an. 3, 14. corpori custodes an. 6, 36. Ministri sceleribus an. 6, 36. ministros bello H. 1, 88. bello ministra an. 4, 22. pignus societati an. 4, 61. dona templis an. 2, 60. Othoni .... comes H. 1, 22. Antonio Comes an. 3, 6. Avo Comes an. 3, 6. Materiam sceleri an. 12, 22. plebi tribunus an. 16, 26. initia causasque imperio H. 2, 1. XXVII. Some Vergilian Passages. Scaenis futuris Aen. 1, 429. aerea cui gradibus surgebant limina Aen. 1, 448. huic cervixque comaeque trahuntur per terram Aen. 1, 477. populis . . . regnatorem Aen. 2, 556 7. XXVHI. Dative of Agent. Tacitus like the poets couples this dative freely with any passive form without restriction to the gerundive or passive participles or adjectives in bilis, and without any notion of the interest of the agent. Sibi adspici an. 1, 17. propinquis remover entur an. 2, 50. Claris scriptoribus memorata sunt an. 1, 1. Aelia Paetino Narcisso fovebantur an. 12, 1. verum audita scriptaque senioribus tradam an. 11, 27. pluribus curabatur an. 14, 58. Missi .... Paeto nuntii an. 15, 14. Ulixi consecratam G. 3. Aedesque .... Komulo an. 15, 41. Null as Germanorum populis urbes habitari G. 16. Gallis in meridiem inspicitur Ag. 10. Tiberio implicabantur an. 1, 11. mihi suadatum est D. 4. oculis spectanda D. 8. Herennio Senecioni . . . laudati essent Agr. 2. XXIX. In Vergil. Vetor fatis Aen. 1, 39. cunctis . . . inprovisus Aen. 1, 594. lectis . . . comitatus Aen. 9, 48. miserae dilectus Aen. 1, 44. dilecta sorori Aen. 4, 31. dilectus Julo 5, 569. neque cernitur ulli Aen. 1, 440. videri caelicolis Aen. 2, 591. nulli visa 5, 610. Danais .... refixum Aen. 5, 560. 47 XXX. The dative after compound verbs where the accusative with a preposition would be the usual construction is also poetical and is found frequently in Tacitus. Appulsas litori naves H. 4, 84. provolvi genibus an. 11, 30; 12, 18; 14, 6L properantibus Blaesus advenit an. 1, 18. jamque pectori usque adcreverat an. 1, 19. centurionem morti deposcit an. 1, 23. inecessit itineri et proelio an. 1, 51. qui tributo aderant an. 4, 72. excubiis adest an. 12, 69. Nee quemquam exemplo adsumo an. 6, 8. urbium excidiis reperta H. 3, 84. retinebatur adhuc terrori H. 2, 10. inducere penatibus an. 5, 1. rupibus inductus an. 6, 21. imperatoris fastigio an. 14, 61. factum est senatus consultum ultioni juxta et securitate an. 13, 21. viae pariter et pugnae an. 13, 40. alii matrimonio se obstruxisse an. 15, 53. honori an. 2, 7. verboribus an. 13, 26* XXXI. The above construction is found only in verse in Classical times and is verry common in Vergil, inferret .... Latio Aen. 1, 6. appulit oris Aen. 1, 377; 3, 338. adnavimus oris Aen. 1, 538. includunt lateri Aen. 2, 19. demisere neci Aen. 2, 85. demittimus Oreo Aen. 2, 398. Miserit Oreo Aen. 9, 785. Lateri abdidit Aen. 2, 553. Caelo .... tendit Aen. 2, 288. it clamor caelo Aen. 5, 451. libo .... focis Aen. 3, 177. venit medio Aen. 3, 417 ; 4, 392 ; 4, 613. decensus Averno Aen. 6, 126. Caelo .... educere Aen. 6, 178; 2, 186; 6, 297. terrae dejecerat Aen. 10, 546. deturbet terrae Aen. 10, 555. Alto prospiciens Aen. 1, 126. prospectum .... pelago Aen. 1, 181; 1, 226. effusi lacrimis Aen. 2, 651. XXXII. Dative of Purpose. The dative of purpose is probably a psychological suggestion of the dative of limit: while the latter indicates the end of physical activity, the former would seem to indicate the limit of man's purpose. The dative of purpose is found in prose in Military Expressions and in the double dative construction. But in Tacitus, as in poetry, it is much more freely used. 48 custodiae adposito an. 1, 6. qui tribute aderant an. 4, 72. opprimendo bello an. 11, 1. quibus abluendis an. 11, 2. rei publicae obtentui sumpta an. 1, 10. alii copora abiecta ostentui an. 1, 29. equos venatui adornatos sistrant an. 12, 13. ostentui dehonestamento an. 12, 14. subsidio . . . victores an. 12, 29* quod adquaerendis vulgi studiis edebatur 12, 41. quae more militiae excubiis adest an. 12, 69. Ultioni securitate an. 13,32. viae pariter et pugnae an. 13,40. incessit itineri et proelio an. 1, 51. firmando praesidio an. 13, 41. capessendo bello an. 13, 41. trans montem Tauram reciperandis an. 15, 8. expediri tamen itineri an. 15, 10* obtenendae .... Armeniae an. 15, 14. Augendis .... bonis an. 16, 1. morti deposcit an. 1, 23. inrisui H. 1, 7. an. 14, 39. derisui Agr. 39. deridiculo an. 3, 57. despectu H. 4, 57. metui an. 4, 69. obtentui H. 1, 49. H. 2, 14. H. 3, 35. ostentui an* 12, 14; 15, 29; 15, 64. Usui H. 1, 79. an. 11, 14. potui Gr. 23. victui vestitui G-. 46. veno dare an. 4, 1. veno posita an. 14, 15. indutui gerere an. 16, 4. cum visui . . . praeberetur an. 12, 21. cum ille equum placendo animi adornasset an. 6, 37. amici accedendis offensionibus callidi an. 2, 57. repertus est -- nudus exercitando corpori an. 14, 59. XXXIII. Dative of Purpose in Vergil. optare locum tecto Aen. 1, 425. Collectam exilio Aen. 2, 798. optavit .... locum regno Aen. 3, 109. bello armantur equi Aen. 3, 540. rimaturque epulis Aen. 6, 599. excidio Libyae Aen. 1, 22. hospitio Teucris Aen. 1, 299. auxilio Aen. 5, 686. multis exitio Aen. 9, 315. An cordi Aen. 7, 325; 9, 615. XXXIV. Local Ablative. The use of the ablative without a preposition to denote place is a poetical construction and used freely by Tacitus not only with proper names but also with verbs signifying separation. The poets use the ablative very freely to denote the source or starting point of motion as well as separation in general. 49 Tumulo D. 13. an. 14, 10. piano H. 3, 19. toris D. 21. vicino H. 3, 38. loco H. 4, 84. Delo an. 3, 61. Eodem latere H. 3, 48. Saxo Seripho an. 4, 21. piano H. 3, 19. Crepitudinibus an. 15, 37. sumo montium jugis H. 3, 77. lateribus aut fronte an. 15, 38. caelo terraque H. 1, 3. balneis an. 2, 16. suggestu H. 1, 55. an. 6, 37. colonia piano sita H. 3, 19. Italia an. 13, 25. vicino sita H. 3, 38. Armenia an. 13, 7. solido an. 5, 6. pontico mari an. 13, 39. Aequo Agr. 35. cubiculo an. 13, 44. artissimo . . . devortis an. 12, 63. an. 1, 64; 2, 52 ; 13, 38; 15, 29. medio H. 3, 16. H. 1, 68. an. 1, 61. an. 2, 52. Ag. 24. isdem hibernis H. 1, 55. theatre an. 14, 20. isdem tentoris H. 2, 45. novis hibernaculis an. 14, 38. finibus Frisiarum an. 1, 60. surburbano rare an. 15, 60. porta triumphal! an. 1, 8. litore oceani an. 1, 63. structis moUibus an. 2, 60. toro an. 3, 5. saxis et acre an. 4, 43. campo aut litore an. 4, 74. XXXV. Similar Construction in Vergil. terris et alto Aen. 1, 3. vasto . . . antro Aen. 1, 52. celsa . . . arce Aen. 1, 56. Iliacis campis Aen. 1, 97. foribus Aen. 1, 505. media testudine Aen. 1, 505. umbris Aen. 1, 547. montibus Aen. 1, 607. templis 1, 632. Asylo Aen. 2, 761. humo Aen. 3, 3. imo .... gurgite Aen. 3, 42L jugo Aen. 3, 542. Erymantho Aen. 5, 448. alta mente Aen. 1, 26. flammato . . . corde Aen. 1, 50. talis jactantem pectore curas Aen. 1, 227. Animis Aen. 1, 149. promissis maneas Aen. 2, 160. dictis . . . manacres Aen. 8, 643. ponto Aen. 1, 40. antro Aen. 1, 52. speluncis Aen. 1, 60. XXXVI. Ablative of Place Whence (without prep.). Armenia an. 1, 3. Etruria Lucania et Omni Italia an. 11, 24. Suria an. 13, 35. fuga impediverat an. 1, 39. progrediuntur contuberniis an. 1, 41. abire sedibus an. 12, 19. abhorrere talibus an. 1, 54; 14, 21. H. 5, 24. Italia deportarentur an. 14, 45. curia depromptum an. 6, 40. globo effusa an. 2, 23. paludibus emersum an. 1, 65. 4 50 solo ac parietibus eruptae an. 2, 69. extractum cubile an. 1, 39; 15, 13. recens dolore et ira an. 1, 41. Aegypto an. 2, 69. testudine labi H. 3, 29. sublatum capite diadema an. 15, 29, profugus altaribus taurus H. 2, 56. prorumptus vagina an. 15, 54. cubiculoque prommpit an. 13, 44; 15, 40. H. 4, 34. occursu prohibitus an. 16, 24. fuga empedire an. 1, 39. eradendum fastis an. 3, 17. albo senatoris erasit an. 4, 42. stipendiis recentes an. 15, 59* recentia caede vestigia an. 3, 19. recens praetura an. 4, 52. collibus an. 2, 17. XXXVII. Some Examples from Vergil. progredior portu Aen. 3, 300. toto proruptus Aen. 7, 459. Latio Aen. 1,31. Italia Aen. 1,38. finibus extoris Aen. 4,616. montibus Aen. 6, 182. raptas . . . concessu Aen. 8, 635. cassum lumine Aen. 2, 85. carcere dolis Aen. 2, 44. morte resignat Aen. 4, 244. exspirantem . . . *pectore Aen. 1, 44. imis stagna refusa vadis Aen. 1, 126. aethere summo 1, 223. umeris . . . suspenderat Aen. 1, 318. complexu . . . colloque pependit Aen. 1, 715. collo intendunt Aen. 2, 236. intenta . . . remis Aen, 5, 136. conjuncta crepidine 10, 6, 53. Maia genitum Aen. 1, 297. Nate dea Aen. 1, 582; 1, 615. satum quo Aen. 2, 540. Hammone satus Aen. 4,198. satusAnchisa Aen. 5,244; 5,424. XXXV1H. Anastrophe. Aram quin etiam Ger. 3. Ultro quin etiam Agr. 26. paucos quippe an. 16, 17. rebus turbidus pro tempore ut an. 12, 49. hortorum magnificentia quasi an. 14, 52. compendiis . . . cum an. 1, 63. Classem quippe an. 2, 15. Loadicenis ac magnetibus simul an. 4, 55. sed inter epulas principis si an. 14, 3. erat quippe an. 2, 33. ^ Subit quippe Agr. 3. acribus namque an. 1, 56. divisa namque an. 2, 43. vanescante quamquam an. 5, 9. mira quamquam an. 6, 30. redditi quamquam an. 14, 21. frueretur immo an. 11, 30. statueretur an. 12, 6. quaedam immo an. 15, 21. impudentia dum an. 14, 5. hortos quin etiam an. 15, 39. litora contra an. 3, 1. judice ab immo an. 3, 10. ornatum ad urbis Ger. 3, 72. inito ab an. 4, 5. patriam coram obtestor an. 4, 8. 51 hostem propter an. 4, 48. viam miseni propter an. 14, 9. viam propter an. 15, 47. ripam an. 6, 37; 12, 11; 12, 51. paucos inter an. 11, 10. rostra juxta an. 12, 21. Tiberio abusque an. 13, 47. misenum inter an. 14, 4. seque coram an. 1, 19. urbem extra an. 13, 47. humum infra an. 11, 20. Scythias inter an. 6, 41. praeturam intra an. 3, 75. Tiberim juxta an. 2, 41. lucem intra an. 4, 48. hostem propter an. 4, 48. humum super an. 16, 35. Caesaris juxta an. 13, 15. Torsam inter an. 4, 50. Amunclanum inter an. 4, 59. tectum inter an. 4, 69. partem in aliam an. 11, 3. lacu in ipso an. 12, 56. Noctemque intra unum an. 11, 36. inito ab Suriae an. 4, 5. ripam apud Euphratis an. 6, 31. oppido a Canopo an. 2, 60. Montem apud Erycum an. 4, 43. sedes inter vestalium an. 4, 16. Ferentino in oppido an. 15, 53. Lupiam amnes inter an. 1, 60. disque et patria Coram an. 4, 8. XXXIX. Anastrophe in Vergil. "The preposition, especially if dissyllabic, frequently follows its noun in poetry; in prose this use is confined to certain prepositions and certain combinations. A preposition having two or more objects is sometimes set between them." Maria omnia circum Aen. 1, 32. Pergama circum Aen. 1, 466. litus harenosum ad Aen. 4, 257. spemque metumque inter Aen. 1, 218. Quos inter medios Aen. 1, 348. Scyllam atque Charybdim inter Aen. 3, 685. et sedibus haeret in isdem Aen. 2, 654. volat aequora juxta Aen. 4, 255. Altaria juxta Aen. 4, 517. hos juxta falso Aen. 6, 430. quern juxta Aen. 6, 815. Conjunctions: longius et volens Aen. 1, 262. cernere ne quis posset Aen. 1, 413. vina bonus quae deinde Aen. 1, 195. quae deinde Aen. 3, 609. qui deinde Aen. 5, 258. patriae nee Aen. 2, 159. aemula necdum Aen. 5, 415. fecissentque utinam Aen. 2, 110. mansissetque utinam Aen. 3, 615. cuperem cum Aen. 5, 810. cervam licet Aen. 6, 802. non me impia namque Aen. 5, 733. quantus Aen. 12, 702. quando Aen. 6, 50; 10, 366. quia 8, 650. sed Aen. 1, 353. Ceu Aen. 2, 355. 52 XL. Adjectives for Adverbs. Adjectives are used very often by Tacitus, as well as by the poets, after the manner of the Greeks, for ad- verbs, when greater power is thereby given to the dis- course. domum Germanici revivescere occulti lactabantur an. 4, 12. Si citi advenisset an. 12, 12. Aufert marito .... adeo properus an. 5, 1. a se suisque orsus primam domum suam coercuit Ag. 19. adversum luxum, qui immensum proruperat an. 3, 52. Tiberius torvus aut falsum renidens vultu an. 4, 60. innocentem Cornutum et falsa exterritum an. 4, 28. quod ni frequens modo Agr. 37. quam frequens contionibus H. 4, 69. frequens secretus an. 4, 3. adesse frequens an. 4, 55. in laboribus frequens adesse an. 13, 35. rari gladiis utuntur G. 6. rarus in tribunal! an. 2, 57. rarus obtrectator an. 4, 33. rarus per urbem an. 14, 56. non jam obscuri suadentes Agr. 42. Multus in agmine Agr. 20. subitus irrupit H. 3, 47. progressi et repentinis hostibus an. 15, 4. Avidus intercepit Agr. 22. diversi interpretabantur an. 2, 73. Sis Dacus Gennanusque diversi inrupissent H. 3, 46. pergit properus an. 6, 44. properique et singulis inferentur an. 16, 11. dum adversam fortunam aequus tolerat an. 5, 8. ut vulgus inprovidum inriti stabimus H. 3, 20. inritusque discesserit ille an. 1, 59. ne inriti dissuaderent an. 14, 7. cupido gloriae novissima exuitur H. 4, 6. adeoque improvisi castra involvere H. 4, 33. mox alios ac praecipuum an. 11, 14. intrepidi transiere an. 2, 8. XLI. Adjectives for Adverbs in Vergil. Adversus Aen. 1, 103; 2, 416; 6, 684. Alpini 4, 442. Alter 6, 713. alternus 3, 423; 5, 584; 11, 426. altus 1, 209; 6, 9. Anticus 1, 12. Castus 3, 409; 6, 402. Certus 5, 2; 9, 96. dexter 2, 388; 5, 162; 6, 541. dispersus 10, 406. diversus 2, 298; 5, 166; 9, 416. 53 extremus 4, 179. ferus 4, 466. gratissima 2, 269. gravis 5, 178; 5, 387; 5, 447. imus 10, 785. inanis 4, 449. infensus 2, 72. ingens 3, 62. largior 6, 640. medius 1, 348; 4, 61; 4, 204. multus 2, 397. nocturnus 4, 303; 4, 490; 6, 252. nullus 4, 232. oblicus 5, 274. omnis 1, 180. par 5, 580. plurimus 1, 419; 12, 690. praepes 5, 254. primus 1, 613; 1, 737; 5, 66. rapidus 1, 644. secretus 4, 494; 8, 610. serus 5, 524. splendidus 1, 637. subitus 3, 225. sublimis 1, 415; 6, 720; 1, 259. tertius 3, 645. turbidus 9, 57. vanus 1, 392. verus 2, 78. violentus 6, 356. volatile 8, 694. XLII. Substantives for Adjectives. Spectator populus H. 3, 83. domus regnatrix an. 1, 4. corruptor animus an. 3, 54. bellator equus G. 14. regnator deus G-. 39, 10. imperator populus an. 3, 6. mare Hadria an. 15, 34. H. 3, 42. mare oceanus an. 4, 12. Sidus cometes an 14, 22; 15, 47. promenturium Misenum an. 14, 4. vetus oppidum Puteoli an. 14, 27. Jovi liberator! an. 15, 64. victor rex an. 11, 17. victor equitatus H. 3, 18. victores exercitus H. 4, 57. quern (exercitum) incruentum et victorem an. 12, 17. XLIII. The following are from Vergil. Anus sacerdos Aen. 7, 419. regina sacerdos Aen. 1, 273. lupi .... raptores Aen. 2, 355. bellator equus G. 2, 145. XLIV. The use of the preposition ex for adjectives and adverbs. A mode of expression which has been used by the poets, generally after the manner of the Greeks. ex honesto an. 3, 55, 53. ex integro H. 3, 59. ex facile Agric. 15. H. 3, 49. ex adfluente H. 1, 57. ex aequo Agr. 20. G. 36. H. 4, 64; 2, 77, 97. an. 13, 2; 15, 13, On like principle, in arto an. 4, 32; 3, 13. 54 in aperto an. 3, 56; 4, 4. Agr. 1, 33. in levi an. 3, 54. H. 2, 21. in neutrum H. 3, 32. in mollius an. 3, 12; 3, 44; 4, 23. in detenus an. 2, 82; 13, 43; 14, 43; 12, 64; 13, 14; 1, 62; 3, 10. H. 4, 68; 2, 52; 3, 13; 4, 50. in maius an. 15, 30; 4, 23. in incertum an. 1, 11. in speciem an. 1, 52; 2, 6. in vulgus an. 1, 28. in confesso D. 25, 27. in integro H. 3, 2. in incerto H, 1, 37. an. 3, 84. in ambiguo an. 2, 45. in agmen et numerum an. 15, 71. in spem an. 14, 63. H. 4, 42. in incertum et ambiguum an. 1, 11. in lacrimas an. 1, 57. in saevitiam an. 15, 44. in mortem an. 4, 45. per iram Agr. 38. H. 5, 15; 3, 22. an. 3, 84; 2, 68. per silentium an. 14, 10; 16, 25. H. 2, 74. Agr. 3. an. 2, 38; 4, 53; 11, 37. per licentiam H. 3, 19; 4, 22; 2, 12. an. 3, 13. per acies an. 1, 1. per speciem an. 4, 8; 5, 8; 6, 50; 11, 1; 12, 13; 12, 41; 16, 18; 4, 54; 1, 34. H. 1, 24; 1, 71; 4, 57; 5, 12. per nomen an. 1, 17; 13, 9. per omnem Agr. 4. per honesta an. 1, 75. per otium G. 15. an. 1, 31; 13, 54. H. 3, 78; 5, 10. , magnas per opes an. 6, 22. per nimiam fiduciam Agr. 37. v per intervalla Agr. 44. v per lamenta ac maerorem Agr. 29. acies per cuneos G. 6. per cohortes et manipulos H. 4, 78. per catervas an. 2, 45. per ludibrium an. 1, 20; 2, 17. per ferociam an. 1, 20; 2, 17. per superbiam an. 1, 61. s'per ambitionem Agr, 40. XLV. Vergil. in abrumptum Aen. 3, 422; 12, 687. in praeceps 6, 578. in numerum 8, 453. per lunam 2, 340. per umbram 2, 420. per mutua 7, 66. 55 XLVJ. The following prepositions are rare and in no earlier prose. Adusque an. 15, 58. Ov. Met. 4, 20. Hor. Sat. bk. 1, 97; bk. 1, 596. Verg. Aen. 11, 262. abusque an. 13, 47; 15, 37. Verg. Aen. 7, 289. "The adverbial use of neuter adjectives is extended from the more regular (as multum, nimium, summum etc.) to more distinctly poetical usages." Aeternum an. 3, 26; 12, 28. Verg. Aen. 6, 401; 11, 98. immensum an. 3, 30; 3, 52; 4, 27; 4, 40; 6, 37. Verg. supremum H. 4, 14. Verg. Aen. 3, 68. praeceps an. 4, 62; 6, 17. Verg. Geo. 1, 203. Aen. 6, 578. recens H. 1, 77; 4, 68; 4, 83. an. 2, 21; 4, 5; 4, 62; 4,69; 6, 2; 6, 10; 11, 25; 12, 18; 12, 27; 12, 63; 14, 31; 15, 27; 15, 26, 51. Verg. Geo. 3, 156. XL VII. Qui relative where quis = quibus. dative: quis aliqua pars et cura rei publicae H, 1, 50. quis singula milia inessent H. 2, 93. quis vetus obsequium ergra Romanos .... patientior H. 3, 5. quis nee amor necque odium in partes H. 4, 31. quis flagitii conscientia inerat H. 4, 41. quis fausta nomina H. 4, 53. quis vel ex longe pace .... amor H. 5, 16. quis impugnandus agger an. 2, 20. quis Cotys traderetur an. 2, 66. quis idonea aetas an. 2, 85. quis velocissimos addiderat an. 3, 21. quis etiam reges obtemperarent an. 3, 26. quis ob infantiam tutor erat an. 3, 38. quis praecipium fuit rerum an. 4, 14. quis maxime fidebant an, 4, 56. quis additus miles nuntios an. 4, 67, 20. quis ingentium beluarum feraces saltus an. 4, 72. quis nulla ex honesta spes an. 5, 3. quis neque boni intellectus an. 6, 36. quis ob accusatam an. 12, 9. quis Caelius Pollio praefectus an. 12, 45. a claudio impositus an. 13, 14. 56 ablative: quis multos antierat H. 4, 7. quis legatus lapis H. 4, 53. quis flagrantem retineret H. 4, 68. quis temere antea intutis consederat H. 4, 75. quis solis corrumpantur H. 4, 76. quis caelestis favor H. 4, 8L quis res mortalis reguntur H. 5, 4. quis vel plana satis munerentur H. 5, 11. quis templum ambibatur H. 5, 12. quis viam Appiam .... operiret an. 2, 30. quis creditur animas .... sacrari an. 2, 69. quis amicitiam ei renuntiabat an. 2, 70. quis pace et principe uterentur an. 3, 28. quis domus ilia immensum viguit an. 3, 30. quis pecunia prodigitur an. 3, 52. quis lapidum causa . . . transferuntur an. 3, 53. quis Servias Galba rerum adeptus est an. 3, 55. quis potestatem tribuniciam Druso petebat an. 3, 52. quis multo cum honore modus tamen praescribebatur an. 3, 63. quis abesse taedia agitari an. 4, 41. quis per occultum lacerabatur an. 4, 42. quis commotus incusavit an. 6, 13. quis secundum jussa componerent an. 6, 16. quis primo .... quasi .... fuit an. 6, 24. quis incusabat an. 6, 27. quis permitti .... orabant an. 11, 10. quis subactus miles an. 11, 20. quis fatentibus circumstrepunt an. 11, 31. quis per eos . . . incesserant an. 14, 21. in quis Agr. 37, 26. H. 1, 88, 6. H. 3, 77, 11. H. 4, 71, 27. H. 5, 3, 16. H. 5, 19, 12. H. 5, 21, 3. an. I, 25, 8; 2, 8, 3, 10; 12, 28, 9. a quis H. 4, 25, 11. an. 1, 57, 2. ex quis an. 1, 18, 11; 1, 77, 12; 3, 55, 3; 3, 74, 3; 4, 16, 4; 4, 32, 12; 5, 6, 2; 6, 2, 9; 6, 14, 2; 11, 38, 13;. 12, 14, 5; 12, 56, 10; 14, 5, 4; 14, 42, 9. cum quis 12, 28, 6. XLVm. Vergil. quis ante ora patrum Aen. 1, 95. quis bella gerendo Aen. 7, 444. quis Juppiter Aen. 7, 799. quis fortuna negarat Aen. 10, 435. quis innexa Aen. 5, 51J. _ 57 .-- : . ; ::;;-.:;: :-./ : XLIX. Quamquam with the Subjunctive. quamquam . k . . . depulisset an. 2, 1. quamquam . . . permulsisset an. 2, 34. quamquam esset an. 1, 3. quamquam pervenirent an. 3, 55. quamquam monuisset an. 4, 67. quamquam . . . elaborentur D. 6. quamquam .... disputes D. 15. quamquam natus sit D. 21. quamquam . . . habeat D. 26. quamquam .... sequerentur D. 34. quamquam .... miscuerit Agr. 3. quamquam .... esset Agr. 6. quamquam . . . potitus sit Agr. 13. quamquam metuerint G. 28. quamquam . . consederint G. 29. quamquam incipiat G. 35. quamquam vocentur G. 38. quamquam .... adissent H. 1. quamquam .... veheretur H. 2, 5. quamquam .... tenderet H. 3, 10. quamquam .... tradiderint H. 3, 22. quamquam . . promitterent H. 3, 59. quamquam .... sequeretur H. 3, 82. quamquam evassisset H. 5, 21. quamquam esset an. 1, 3. quamquam . . . legeretur an. 2, 48. quamquam .... abruisset an. 2, 78. quamquam .... abstmerent an. 2, 82. quamquam . . . censuissent an. 3, 11. quamquam . . . censuissent an. 3, 23. quamquam .... foret an. 3, 24. quamquam . . . pervenirent an. 3, 55. quamquam .... sit an. 4, 4. quamquam abruerent an. 4, 17. quamquam .... damnasset an. 4, 42. quamquam .... suaderet an. 4, 59. quamquam .... monuisset an. 4, 67. quamquam cecidissent an. 4, 73. quamquam . . . transient an. 6, 51. quamquam .... offunderentur an. 11, 20. quamquam reciperavissent an. 11, 22. quamquam pollerent an. 11, 24. quamquam .... eximerent an. 11, 32. ^>?G^; i A ' '< 58 quamquam . . . vocaretur an. 12, 14. quamquam . . . praeferret an. 13, 3. quamquam censuissent an. 13, 10. quamquam confideret an. 14, 36. quamquam .... saepsisset an. 15, 57. Quamquam essent Ver. Aen. 6, 494. L. Metonymy and Abstract for Concrete Terms. auxilia = auxiliares copiae A. 18. H. 1, 26; 2, 4. an. 13, 38. Vigiliae = excubiae an. 1, 32. H. 3, 69. an. 13, 55. militia = milites H. 3, 18. matrimonia = conjuges an. 2, 13. conjugium = uxor an. 11, 34; 4, 3; 14, 27; 15, 37. necessitudines = propinqui H. 1, 15; 3, 59. adfinitas = adfines A. 44. an. 11, 24. amicitiae = amici A. 44. H. 1, 10; 2, 87. an. 4, 40; 5, 2. dominationes = regna an. 3, 6; 6, 42. nobilitates = nobilitas an. 12, 20. remigium = remi G. 44. H. 3, 47. an. 2, 6; 12, 56. clientelae = clientes an. 12, 36; 13, 37; 14, 61. servitium = servitus an. 1, 23; 12, 17. exilium = locus exilii H. 4, 44. an. 13, 55. in places, exiles. H. 1, 2. f de rebus et institutis antiquis D. 30. an. 2, 59; antiquitas J 12, 61. I antiqui an. 15, 13; 3, 4. consultationes = consilium G. 10. an. 4, 40. consultationes = postulationes an. 16, 14. H. 2, 4. ingenia = felix cogitatio an. 12, 66; 14, 3; 15, 42. H. 3, 38. delectus = copiae conscriptae H. 4, 71. consilia = consultores an. 4, 40. jura = licentiae an. 3, 60. liberalitas = donum an. 2, 37. origo majores an. 4, 9. originem = auctores G. 2. regna = reges an. 3, 55. vitae usus = decori homines an. 4, 30. verbere = rare singular form (poetical) an. 5, 9. concentus = clamatio G. 3. 59 ;" ;. : ;'/,;';, gloria frontis = cornua G. 5. press! curra = press! jugo G. 10. Venus = concubitus G. 20. pubertas = facultas generandi G. 20. pretia = praemia G. 20. magno corpore = rei publicae magnitudine G. 39. nomen = gens G. 43. superstitionis = religionis G. 43. subbilitatem = calliditatem A. 9. patientia = obsevantia A. 16. numeri = cohortes or manipuli A. 18. annos = annonam A. 31. aegra = aversa A. 32. terra editum = indigena G. 2. satis = segetibus G. 5. mortal! opere = hominum opere G. 10. habitus = vestitus G. 17. aetate = juventa G. 19. puerperium = partus an. 12, 6; 15, 23. atteri = vine! Agr. 9. multus = frequens Agr. 20. secret! = desert! G. 38. maioribus = illustrioribus G. 40. officio = salutatione G. 40. militares viri = duces G. 41. visus = species G. 45. artibus = mores H. 1, 10. dubiis = periculis H, 1, 28. vexillis = manipulis H. 1, 36. sine more = inaudita H. 1, 38. cf. Aen. 7, 377. abruptus = praeceps H. 1, 48. cf. Aen. 2, 460. modestia = disciplina H. 1, 60. intent! = alacres H. 1, 62. cf. Aen. 4, 138. tutulus = leges H. 1, 71. dirimitur = dividitur H. 1, 76. cf. Aen. 7, 226. otium = muneris functo H. 1, 82. consternatis = eruptis H. 1, 83. fugientibus = progredientibus G. 33. exsequi = punire Agr. 19. misceri = contendere H. 1, 38. cf. Verg. Geo. 1, 360. expediam = exponam H. 1, 51. U/:{Yc e n < t - c l 60 magnificas = magniloquas H. 1, 74. latum = copiosum H. 1, 90. adolentur = immolare H. 2, 3. cf. Aen. 7, 71. gliscentem = crescentem H. 2, 8. expositos = objectos H. 2, 30. summa modestia = acri disciplina H. 2, 87. natalibus = genere or origine H. 2, 86. adductus = serverius H. 3, 6. interiectus = obvius H. 3, 8. ciens = appelans H. 3, 10. vernile = servi H. 3, 32. consuleret = paceret H. 3, 82. exhausisset = egisset H. 4, 33. miscendo = communicando H. 4, 41. hiatu = cupiditate H. 4, 42. absurda = aliena H. 4, 48. sublati == elati H. 4, 63. cf. Aen. 10, 502. civitatis = urbis H. 4, 63. occulorum tabe = caecitate H. 4, 81. auctoribus = scriptoribus H. 4, 83. . trahebant = interpretabantur H. 5, 13. pondus = onus D. 1. fabulas = sermones D. 2. oficii = honoris D. 6. vates = poeta D. 9. opinio = fama D. 10. cothurnum = tragoedia D. 10. quatenus qnoniam D. 19. cf. D, 5. intineribus = via D. 19. exprimere = imitare D. 20. eloquentia = stylu D. 23. sensuum = sententiarum D. 23. altitudinem = sublimitatem D. 31. rubore = pudore D. 36. finis = mors an. 6, 25. lubricam = vacillantem or periculosam an. 13, 2. ferociam = superbam an. 13, 2. vanitas = mendaeium an. 13, 23. gravis = obnoxia an. 13, 23. curriculo = currui an. 14, 14. vanitate = supestitione an. 14, 22. 61 '5 ; ''? '% vacuum = apertum an. 14, 28. puella = uxor juvenis an. 14, 64. cf. Her. Od. 3, 22, 2. vapore = calore an. 11, 3; 15, 43. integris = non certis an. 15, 25. miscuere = junxere an. 15, 28. complexu occulo an. 15, 30. vagis = variis an. 15, 54. cf. Aen. 6, 160. vanitatem = credulitatem an. 16, 1. Metonymy is common in all speech, but is used with special force and effectiveness in poetry. It may be con- sidered that Tacitus felt this. His love for variety also led him, we may believe, to a vigorous use of the abstract for the concrete. LI. Personification. The boldness of the figures in implied or expressed per- sonification found in Tacitus is striking; so much so that they are prima facie of poetical spirit and content. intrepida hiems Agr. 22. bellum aperuit G. 1. virtus agnoscit G. 22. sepulcrum caespes erigit G. 27. prava .... agit G. 44. circumsteterat . . . exspectatis H. 1, 17. multa seditionis ora vocesque an. 1, 31. vestigia morientis libertatis an. 1, 74. ipsum . fluere an. 1, 79. eductae . . . hostes an. 12, 16. lacrimas .... revocat an. 15, 62. nox . . . obsequia H. 1, 80. (H. 3, 39. H. 2, 62. strepentibus .... intieribus.) strepere provinciae H. 2, 84. noctem minacem an. 1, 28. nox tulit an. 2, 14. nox . . . conjunxit an. 13, 17. annus aperuit Ag. 22. an. 1, 54; 4, 14; 4, 15; 6, 45. Tiber an. 1, 79. lux an. 1, 70. dies an. 14, 41. consulatus D. 36. eloquentia D. 37. ''. : :'':' '..' T'i : : / "': 62 LII. Metaphors. The following metaphors are worthy of attention on account of the poetical boldness of expression. excindere hostem an. 12, 39. H. 5, 16. cf. Verg. Aen. 9, 137. eruendae civitates H. 4, 72. urbem emit Verg. Aen. 2, 611. quidquid silvarum ac montium erigitur G. 46. er ?" ? n ' ; ' / 4-T7 insnlfi praecipuum montium Libanum erigit H. 5, 6. | I engitur. exercitus flamaverat H. 2, 74. pugionem . . . asperari saxo et in mucronem f 15, 54. Lucan ardescere jussit I 7, 139. acerrimam bello facem praetulit H. 2, 86. abruptis vitae blandimentis H. 2, 53. me abruptis voluptatibus H. 4, 64. < en * i nee somnos pacem abrumpere Geo. 3, 530. fas gentium rupistis an. 1, 42. rupturi imperium H. 3, 19. servitium aliorum rupit an. 14, 49. rupta voce an. 6, 20. miscere coetus an. 1, 16. mixtus consiliis H. 2, 7. miscere ictus Agr. 36. dexteras miscuere an. 15, 28. pericula sua miscere an. 16, 34. futura volvens an. 1, 64. | Volvens fatorum arcana Aen. 1, 262. bellum ... volverat an. 3, 38./Multa volvens Verg. G. 2, 295. bellum . . . volebat H. 1, 64.J fama volat Verg. Aen. 3, 121. asperantem tumentem H. 3, 31. vox .... intumescat G. 3. intumere statim superbia ferociaque H. 4, 19. intumescente motu an. 1, 38. , . K-I f Verg. Aen. 10, 648. animo spem hauserunt ammo an. 1, 51. \ ..... I turbidus hausit in amem. si aliquando obumbrentur H. 2, 32. maesta fama = tristis fama H. 2, 46. I Verg. Aen. 6, 304. cruda ac viridis senectus Agr. 29. J cruda deo vividisque senectus. 63 ubere agri H. 3, 34. Verg. Aen. 1, 531. potens armis atque ubere glaebae. infamibus .... locis H. 2, 93. cf. Hor. Od. 1, 3, 20. nova laborum facies H. 3, 30. J Verg< ^ ^ m ^ facies; facies = species. locorum facies an. 14, 10. in faciem pacis an. 13, 38. locorum fraude an. 12, 33. furtim noctis Agr. 34. Verg. Aen. 9, 397. loci et noctis. annus = annus proventus Agr. 31. G. 14. vulnera derigere H. 2, 35. Verg. Aen. 10, 140. (ictus) derigere. fraude vulnera i ^o .gsaESBsteat o^ Eupel's Hofbuchdruckerei, Sondershausen.