LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 Class' 
 
THE 
 
 OCCURRENCE OF ALUMINIUM 
 
 IN 
 
 VEGETABLE PRODUCTS, ANIMAL PRODUCTS, 
 
 AND 
 
 NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 A CONTRIBUTION TO THE BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 OF THE SUBJECT. 
 
 BY 
 
 C. F. LANGWORTHY, PH.D., 
 
 ^ * 
 
 AND 
 
 PETER T. AUSTEN, PH.D. 
 
 FIRS T ED I TION. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 JOHN WILEY & SONS. 
 
 LONDON : CHAPMAN & HALL, LIMITED. 
 
 1904. 
 
* 
 
 Copyright, 1904, 
 BY 
 
 JOHN WILEY & SONS. 
 
 ROBERT DKUMMOND, PRINTER, NEW YORK. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 THE material included in this contribution to the bibliog- 
 raphy of aluminium deals only with the occurrence of this 
 element in vegetable products, animal products, natural waters, 
 and a few miscellaneous materials, such as edible earths. The 
 general purpose has been to include only reference to such 
 articles as report separate determinations of aluminium or 
 some of its salts, and to omit the very large number in which 
 iron and aluminium are reported together. In a few cases 
 analyses have been cited which report "traces" of aluminium, 
 but the bulk of this material also has been omitted. In older 
 investigations, particularly those dealing with the mineral 
 constituents of plants, data regarding aluminium are more 
 abundant than in later works, and doubtless some of the alu- 
 minium reported came from impure reagents, from dirt con- 
 taminating the sample, or some similar cause. Such a criticism 
 would not be limited to the constituent under consideration, 
 but applies more or less, in principle at least, to many of the 
 determinations included in early analytical work. The greater 
 part of the material included in the compilation does not seem 
 open to that objection, for, as time has progressed, analytical 
 methods and chemical manipulations have improved, and there 
 is no reason why determinations of aluminium made within 
 recent years should not be fairly good. 
 
 No attempt has been made to comment on the value of 
 individual analyses cited, as the object of this bibliography 
 was the collection of data rather than the critical examination 
 of them. 
 
 In collecting the data, a systematic search has been made 
 of the files of the Journal of the London Chemical Society, 
 
IV IN TROD UCTION. 
 
 The American Journal of Pharmacy, The Analyst, Jahres- 
 bericht der Thier-Chemie, Jahresbericht der Agricultur-Chemie, 
 Just's Botanischer Jahresbericht, Chemical News, Zeitschrift 
 fur Untersuchung der Nahrungs- und Genussmittel, Experi- 
 ment Station Record, the later volumes of the Comptes Rendus, 
 de 1' Academic des Sciences, Paris, Zeitschrift fur Physiologische 
 Chemie, the bulletins and other publications of the United 
 States Geological Survey, and the reports of the Geological 
 Survey of Canada, as well as numerous scientific journals, 
 bulletins and reports of the Agricultural Experiment Stations, 
 reports of State Boards of Geology and of Agriculture, and 
 miscellaneous volumes on chemistry, mineral .waters, foods, 
 and other topics, including such works as Wolff's "Aschen- 
 Analysen von Landwirtschaftlichen Producten, Fabrik-Aus- 
 f alien, und Wildwachsenden Pflanzen," Konig's " Chemie der 
 Menschlichen Nahrungs- und Genussmittel," etc. 
 
 In a great many instances the data found in a periodical 
 or work of reference have been verified in the original publication 
 and so cited. All possible precautions have been taken to 
 insure accuracy, but those who have engaged in similar work 
 know how difficult it is to eliminate all error. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 INTRODUCTION iii 
 
 ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS I 
 
 ALUMINIUM IN ANIMAL PRODUCTS 49 
 
 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS 51 
 
 ALUMINIUM IN MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS 131 
 
 INDEX 133 
 
OF THE 
 
 ( UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF 
 
 JFORNl^.* 
 
 ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 
 
 Aderholdt (Ann. Chem. u. Pharm., 82 (1852), p. in) reports 
 6.1 per cent ash in the dry matter of a club moss (Lycopodium 
 chamaecyparissus) gathered in March, of which 51.85 per cent 
 was said to be A1 2 3 , and 57.364 per cent A1 2 O 3 in the ash (4.5 
 per cent total) of a sample gathered in November. A club moss 
 (L. dcwatum) was found to contain in dry matter 4.7 per cent ash, 
 26.65 P er ceirt being alumina. No alumina was found in other 
 plants of the same region (near Bonn), such as oak, fir, and beech. 
 
 Allen, A. H. (Analyst, 13 (1888), p. 41; Jour. Chem. Soc. 
 London, 54 (1888), p. 631), concedes on the statements of 
 analysts that aluminium is present in minute proportions as 
 a normal constituent of wheat, the amount corresponding to 
 about 8 grains of alum in a four-pound loaf of bread. A 
 method for determining the alumina present is proposed. 
 
 Andreasch, R. (Jour. Prakt. Chem., n. ser., 18 (1878), pp. 
 204-207), studied the ash of different parts of the garden pink 
 and rose. The following is quoted: 
 
 ALUMINIUM IN CERTAIN PLANTS. 
 
 
 Total Ash. 
 
 A1 2 3 . 
 
 Garden pink (Dianthus caryophyllus) : 
 Root 
 
 Per Cent. 
 5.64 
 
 Per Cent. 
 2 . ;6 
 
 Stem 
 
 q 26 
 
 trace 
 
 Leaves 
 
 4 44 
 
 
 Flower 
 
 c . en 
 
 
 Garden rose (Rosa remontana) : 
 Root 
 
 2 04. 
 
 trace 
 
 Stem . . . 
 
 2 ^I 
 
 
 Leaves 
 
 0.47 
 
 
 Flowers 
 
 6.27 
 
 
 
 
 
 Apoiger (Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Chem., 6, p. 481; Jahresb. 
 Chem.. 1857, p. 530) found 7.76 per cent ash in the seed of 
 Maesapic'a dried at 100. This contained 0.98 per cent A1 2 O 3 . 
 
2 ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 
 
 Athenstaed, W. (Ber. Deut. Bot. Gesell., 3 (1885), p. 57; 
 Just's Bot. Jahresbericht, 1885, pt. i, p. 81), reports the ash 
 analyses of a mixtiire of leaves, flowers, and fruit of Labrador 
 tea (Ledum palustre) according to the method of Grandeau and 
 Fresenius. The crude ash constituted 3.95 per cent of the 
 total dry matter and of this 1.17 per cent was A1 2 O 3 . The 
 pure ash constituted 2.77 per cent of the total dry matter and 
 of this 1.67 per cent was A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Baer, W. (Arch. Pharm., 2d ser., 66, p. 285; Pharm. Centbl., 
 1851, p. 826; Jahresb. Chem., 1851, p. 710, Tab's C and C, p. 
 708), reports in rape-seed (dry material) 6.98, 5.97, 5.93, and 
 4.58 per cent ash respectively, containing 0.56, 1.02, 0.60, and 
 0.49 per cent alumina respectively. He also reports 4.47 and 
 4.41 per cent total ash in rape-straw (dry material) with respect- 
 ively 0.63 and 0.22 per cent alumina. 
 
 Bailey, E. H. S. (Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., n (1887-8), p. 
 49), found that the ash of corn-cobs contained a " little over 
 one per cent of ash," 2.02 per cent of this being A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Bastin, E. S., and H. Trimble (Amer. Jour. Pharm., 69 (1897), 
 pp. 9097), in an article on North American Coniferae, report 
 that the bark of hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) (air-dry) con- 
 tains 1.42 per cent ash. Alumina was a consituent of this; 
 the amount not reported. 
 
 Baudrimont, E. (Jour. Pharm., 3d ser., 42, p. 388; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1862, p. 512), reports 23.28 per cent ash in eel-grass 
 (Zostera marina}. Of this 0.26 per cent was A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Be*champ, A. (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 73, p. 337; 
 Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 24 (1871), p. 855), notes a trace of 
 alumina in the ash of yeast* the total ash in the dry yeast 
 being 9.730 per cent. 
 
 Bell, J. Carter (Analyst. 4 (1879), pp. 126-133), reports 
 that in four analyses of flour called No. 2 Crown and ground 
 from a mixture of English and California wheat, he found 
 0.021 and 0.017, 0-020 and 0.024 per cent respectively of 
 aluminium phosphate. Five pounds was made into bread, 
 the crumb containing, according to analyses, o.on per cent 
 aluminium phosphate. A Russian and a Ghirka flour, which 
 the author states were "coarse grains flours such as a good 
 baker would not like to use," contained respectively 0.58 and 
 
ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 3 
 
 0.592 per cent ash, with 0.016 per cent aluminium phosphate 
 in each case. Bread was made from 2.75 pounds of the 
 Russian flour. The coarse brown loaf contained o.oio per 
 cent of aluminium phosphate. Other samples of flour were 
 examined as follows (the ash content and aluminium phos- 
 phate content only being quoted) 
 
 ALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE IN FLOUR. 
 
 Kind of Flour. 
 
 Ash. 
 
 Aluminium 
 Phosphate. 
 
 i One Crown flour 
 
 Per Cent. 
 0.628 
 .604 
 
 5 2 
 .448 
 .488 
 .484 
 438 
 .492 
 .380 
 .368 
 .476 
 .488 
 .610 
 .580 
 .700 
 
 59 2 
 .440 
 
 .400 
 .672 
 
 1-44 
 .680 
 
 .500 
 
 .516 
 .480 
 .368 
 
 Per Cent, 
 o .018 
 .0204 
 .009 
 .007 
 .005 
 .004 
 .010 
 .013 
 .007 
 .OO2 
 .OIO 
 
 .012 
 .Oil 
 .Ol62 
 .0059 
 .0163 
 .OO62 
 
 .OOI 
 .0023 
 .0058 
 ,00l8 
 
 .OOI 
 
 .0008 
 .0078 
 .0049 
 
 .0015 
 .009 
 
 .0087 
 .016 
 .0106 
 
 .004 
 
 .004 
 
 .001 
 
 2 Two Crown flour 
 
 3 Three Crown flour . . . 
 
 4 Four Crown flour. 
 
 5 Five Crown flour 
 
 6 White English wheat, 1877 
 
 7 Red English wheat 1877 
 
 8 American spring wheat 
 
 9 American red winter wheat 
 
 to Empress Hungarian 
 
 ii. Residue flour, from 1,2,3 mixture of Crown.. 
 1 2 Bran flour 
 
 1 3 Ijxhaust flour 
 
 14 Russian flour 
 
 i =5 Egyptian flour 
 
 
 
 1 8. Flour, English and foreign wheat, f English, 
 \ foreign principally Californian .... 
 
 19 Straws made in Salford . 
 
 20. Coarse flour, or seconds, containing bran 
 21 White flour made in Salford 
 22. Peerless flour made by Banaman, Sherman 
 & Co Rochester New York 
 
 23. Gilt Edge, made by Chase, Bristol and Bide, 
 Rochester , . . . . 
 
 24 Californian flour 
 
 25. White English 1878 
 
 26 Purchased in Salford . . . 
 
 27 Purchased in Salford .... 
 
 
 28. Two Crown flour, total produce of wheat 
 40 per cent Red English, 30 per cent 
 Californian White 30 per cent Canadian 
 White . 
 
 .260 
 .76 
 .26 
 .300 
 
 .448 
 .520 
 
 29. Bran flour from Two Crown Mixture. 
 30. Two Crown flour, less 5 per cent bran flour.. . 
 31 PA Campbell San Francisco 
 
 32 J F Salem Mills United States 
 
 33 Albany City Mills United States 
 
 
4 ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 
 
 Thirty-two samples of bread purchased from bakers in 
 Salford were analyzed, the crumb being used. The amount 
 of moisture and aluminium phosphate follows : 
 
 ALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE IN BREAD * 
 
 Kind of Bread. 
 
 Moisture. 
 
 Aluminium 
 Phosphate. 
 
 Sample No i 
 
 Per Cent. 
 46 10 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Sample No 2 
 
 4 ^ OO 
 
 
 Sample No 3 
 
 4 ^ ^O 
 
 
 Sample No 4 . . 
 
 40 30 
 
 OO2 2 
 
 Sample No. 5 
 
 
 OO 3O 
 
 Sample No 6 
 
 46 oo 
 
 
 Sample No 7 
 
 44 ^O 
 
 
 Sample No 8 , 
 
 4.6 OO 
 
 
 Sample No 9 
 
 46 oo 
 
 OO4O 
 
 Sample No. 10 
 
 4 ^ ^O 
 
 oo 3 1 
 
 Sample No. 1 1 
 
 46 50 
 
 oo c; 2 
 
 Sample No 1 2 
 
 46 oo 
 
 
 Sample No 13 .... 
 
 46 oo 
 
 
 Sample No 14. . 
 
 46 oo 
 
 0026 
 
 Sample No. 15. . 
 
 4.6 20 
 
 0028 
 
 Sample No. 16 
 
 
 OO4 ^ 
 
 Sample No 17 
 
 46 ^o 
 
 
 Sample No 18 
 
 4.Q ^O 
 
 
 Sample No 19 
 
 4-7 ^O 
 
 
 Sample No 20. . 
 
 46 ^o 
 
 OO ^7 
 
 Sample No. 21. . 
 
 4.7 2O 
 
 OO42 
 
 Sample No. 22 
 
 46 <0 
 
 OO68 
 
 Sample No 23 
 
 AC CQ 
 
 
 Sample No 24 
 
 4.6 OO 
 
 
 Sample No 25 
 
 4 ^ 3O 
 
 
 Sample No. 26 
 
 46 2O 
 
 OO4.A 
 
 Sample No. 27 
 
 44 50 
 
 oo 38 
 
 Sample No 28 
 
 
 
 Sample No 29 
 
 A r eo 
 
 
 Sample No 30 
 
 4.4 ^O 
 
 
 Sample No 31 
 
 44 OO 
 
 
 Sample No. 32 
 
 4.6 OO 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 The amount of aluminium phosphate found in some samples 
 of bread which did not contain alum was as follows: 0.005, 
 0.004, -5> 0.003, o.oio, o.oio, 0.009, o-oio, 0.009, an d 0.008 
 per cent. 
 
 *The inference is that these breads contained no added alum. 
 
ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 
 
 In the following table the amount of total moisture and 
 aluminium phosphate in a number of samples of bread known 
 to contain no added alum is quoted from more complete analyses 
 reported by Bell. 
 
 ALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE IN BREAD. 
 
 Bread made from 
 
 Ash 
 Moisture. 
 
 Aluminium 
 Phosphate. 
 
 One Crown flour 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 4C OO 
 
 Per Cent. 
 O .003 
 
 Two Crown flour 
 
 4C .OO 
 
 .01 1 
 
 Three Crown flour . 
 
 40 . oo 
 
 .ooq 
 
 Four Crown flour 
 
 38 .00 
 
 .004 
 
 Five Crown flour 
 
 16 co 
 
 OO22 
 
 White English wheat 
 
 T.6 QO 
 
 004 
 
 Red English wheat 
 
 ju . yw 
 
 7.Q SO 
 
 .OOC T, 
 
 Russian Flour 
 
 42 . 7O 
 
 .OOC 3 
 
 50 per cent English Red, 50 per cent Canadian 
 White . 
 
 42 . co 
 
 .0082 
 
 Pure ^Vhite Canadian 
 
 42 CO 
 
 oo3C 
 
 Canadian Semolina 
 
 AT. OO 
 
 OOT.2 
 
 50 per cent English Red, 50 per cent Semolina. . . . 
 California flour 
 
 43.00 
 
 47 . co 
 
 .009 
 .0100 
 
 One Crown flour 
 
 46 . co 
 
 .0031 
 
 Four Crown flour 
 
 4C .00 
 
 OOC3 
 
 
 
 
 The author states that in view of these results he thought 
 it would be of interest to trace the aluminium from the wheat 
 through the various milling products. He, therefore, had 
 flour, bran, etc., especially prepared from wheat which he 
 procured. From the analyses reported the ash content and 
 aluminium phosphate are quoted as follows: 
 
 ALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE IN WHEAT AND ITS MILLING 
 
 PRODUCTS. 
 
 Whe at and its Milling Products. 
 
 Ash. 
 
 Aluminium 
 Phosphate. 
 
 English wheat grown upon chalk soil 
 
 Per Cent. 
 I 72O 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 O OI T. 
 
 Bran ( 1 8 c per cent of the wheat) 
 
 c 640 
 
 .016 
 
 Sharps (8 c per cent of the wheat) 
 
 2 OOO 
 
 .017 
 
 One Crown flour (26 per cent of the wheat) 
 Four Crown flour (45 per cent of the wheat) 
 
 5 
 
 .368 
 
 .007 
 .006 
 
 Bell, J. Carter (Analyst, 6 (1881), pp. 197-201), reports 
 analyses of eleven grape-juices and of various samples of un- 
 fermented and other wines. Among other constituents, the 
 aluminium phosphate was determined. The amount of this 
 
ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 
 
 constituent and the total ash found in the different samples 
 follows. 
 
 ALUMINIUM IN GRAPE-JUICE, FERMENTED AND UNFER- 
 MENTED WINES. 
 
 
 Total Ash 
 in 100 cc. 
 
 Aluminium 
 Phosphate. 
 
 Pure Grape-juices. 
 Black English hot-house grapes . . . 
 
 Per Cent, 
 o 3 ?6 
 
 Per Cent. 
 o 084 
 
 White English hot-house grapes 
 
 331 
 
 O s I 
 
 Almeira 1879 
 
 311 
 
 160 
 
 Almeira, 1880 
 
 .258 
 
 2CI 
 
 French cluster, 1878. Chiefly used in the pro- 
 duction of ordinary wine 
 
 273 
 
 C i 2 
 
 Portugese cluster, 1879. Purchased in England; 
 juice expressed 
 
 2 C 2 
 
 4.33 
 
 Bordeaux, 1880. Mixture of Carfoenet Sauvignion, 
 Malbec and Verdat 
 
 208 
 
 2 cro 
 
 Oporto, 1880. "The Bastardo" from the Alta 
 Douro 
 
 26l 
 
 I O2O 
 
 Pineau (Champagne grape). From the Cot d'or... 
 Folly Blanc. (Cognac grape) 
 
 .289 
 .266 
 
 .653 
 I .178 
 
 Blanquette 
 
 284 
 
 760 
 
 Grenach No. i . 
 
 2QI 
 
 / 
 78o 
 
 Grenach No. 2 . . ... 
 
 280 
 
 I 70^ 
 
 Grenachft 
 
 30* 
 
 3 8qo 
 
 Clairette 
 
 .348 
 
 2 .<&2 
 
 Congress (from Vineland, N. J.) 
 
 3Q C > 
 
 . 22O 
 
 Madeira Videilho 
 
 ovo 
 267 
 
 642 
 
 Madeira Tinta 
 
 318 
 
 .431 
 
 Fermented and Unfermented Wines. 
 "Bell's unfermented juice of the vine," pure, 
 uncolored fruit 
 
 O 3 3 
 
 2 085 
 
 Unfermented sherry. . 
 
 O 3O 
 
 2 2 16 
 
 Unfermented port 
 
 O34. 
 
 3Q ^6 
 
 
 
 
 guaranteed fruit 
 
 I OO 
 
 ?i8 
 
 Selected unfermented wine for communion ser- 
 vice 
 
 261 
 
 ;> A0 
 I 002 
 
 " Pure and unfermented fruit of the vine " . . . 
 
 34.2 
 
 I 244. 
 
 Castle Tent, an unfermented sweet wine . . 
 
 ^03 
 
 I 34.1 
 
 Castle Rota Tent. Similar to Castle Tent 
 " Unfermented wine, free from alcohol, and unin- 
 toxicating " 
 
 570 
 2QO 
 
 I .360 
 AO2 
 
 Greek wine from island of Scio, "unfermented ". . 
 White grape wine, fermented, from island of Scio . 
 Deidesbeimer, pale alcoholic wine 
 
 .368 
 
 .158 
 IS? 
 
 .642. 
 
 377 
 
 071 
 
 Deidesheimer Aucolee, a pale alcoholic wine 
 Italian juice, from Palmi, Calabria 
 
 .194 
 
 347 
 
 .684 
 008 
 
 
 
 
 Bergstrand, C. F. ("Ofversicht K. Svenska Vetensk. Akad. 
 Forhandl., 1875, PP- 2 7~37)> studied the effect of Swedish soils, 
 
ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. J 
 
 containing alum, on vegetation. When the soil contained 0.5 
 per cent alum, the common cultivated plants would not grow. 
 Mountain raspberry (Rubus articus), however, grew and pro- 
 duced fine-tasting fruit. The entire plant when thus grown 
 contained 4.68 per cent pure ash with 3.47 to 5.59 per cent A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Berthelot and G. Andr6 (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 120 
 (1895), p. 288, and Ann. Chim. Phys., ;th ser., 5 (1895), 
 p. 429) report, among other data regarding the existence of 
 alumina in plants, the following determinations: Carefully 
 washed alfalfa roots, 0.127 m - or -5 P er cent f P ure alumina, 
 second sample 0.48 per cent; convolvulus roots, 0.0596 gm. or 
 0.4 per cent; Bermuda-grass roots, o.on gm. or 0.12 per cent; 
 lupine leaves, 0.013 gm. or 0.037 per cent; and linden leaves, 
 0.0012 gm. or 0.0025 per cent. 
 
 "These results indicate that alumina is present in con- 
 siderable amounts in plants with extensive root systems, but 
 that it remains largely in the roots and is found in only minute 
 quantities in the leaves." 
 
 Bevan, E. J., and C. F. Cross (Chem. News, 42 (1880), 
 pp. 77, 91; Jahresb. Chem., 1880, p. 1064) report 0.6 to 2.0 
 per cent ash in jute fiber; of this, on an average, 5.51 per cent 
 was A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Bitto, B. von (Landw. Vers. Stat., 42 (1893), 369; Jour. 
 Chem. Soc. London, 64 (1893), II, p. 546), notes 6.71? per cent 
 ash in the whole fruit of red peppers (Capsicum), and 5.66 per 
 cent in the husk of the ripe fruit; these contained respectively 
 a trace and 0.22 per cent A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Bitto, B. von (Landw. Vers. Stat., 46 (1895), p. 327), re- 
 ports traces of A1 2 O 3 in the ash of red-pepper fruit, "paprika." 
 
 Block, H. (Arch. Pharm., 226 (1888), p. 953), reports the 
 ash content of the root, stem, and leaves of English ivy to be 
 6.34, 4.92, and 12.6 per cent, respectively, of the dry matter. 
 Of this 0.371, 0.637, and 0.312 per cent, respectively, was 
 made up of A1 2 O 3 . In this and a majority of similar analyses 
 the other ash constituents are reported also. 
 
 Blythe, A. W. (Foods: Composition and Analysis. London, 
 1888, p. 177), is of the opinion that properly cleaned wheat 
 contains no alumina. He believes, however, that particles 
 of clay and sand from millstones find their way into flour, "and 
 
8 ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 
 
 there is no second-class flour in commerce which does not 
 contain some small percentage of alumina." He is of the 
 opinion that the aluminium is present as silicate. 
 
 Bobierre (Barral. Jour. Agr., 1876, p. 175; Jahresb. Agr. 
 Chem., 1875-76, p. 133) reports 0.35 per cent A1 2 O 3 in the 
 material remaining after breaking hemp. 
 
 Bondurant, C. S. (Amer. Jour. Pharm., 59(1887), pp. 122-124), 
 finds that the hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens) contains 3.41 
 per cent ash, one of the constituents being aluminium (amount 
 not stated). 
 
 Bondurant, C. S. (Amer. Jour. Pharm., 59 (1887), pp. 340-342), 
 states that the leaves of coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara) contain 
 17.10 per cent ash, one of its constituents being aluminium 
 (amount not stated). 
 
 Brandes, R. (Arch. Pharm., 2d ser., 75 (1853), p. 269; Pharm. 
 Centbl., 1853, p. 739; Jahresb. Chem., 1853, p. 581), notes in 
 roots of Russian, Chinese, old Austrian, and new Austrian 
 rhubarb (air-dry) 18.2, 8.82, 5.8, and 5.54 per cent ash, con- 
 taining respectively 0.008, 0.015, 0.060, and 0.015 P er ceirt 
 alumina. The Austrian roots were grown near Bilitz. 
 
 Brandt (Wittstein's Vierteljahressch., 13, p. 322; Jahresber. 
 Agr. Chem., 1865, p. 108) finds that the best Rheinpfalz to- 
 bacco leaves contain 20.24 P er cent ash. Of this 0.216 per 
 cent was found to be A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Bromeis (Ann. Landw., etc., 14, p. 2; Jour. Prakt. Chem. r 
 48, p. 447; Pharm. Centbl., 1849, pp. 753, 769; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1849, p. 667 and Tab. B, p. 656) notes 2.10 per cent ash in peas 
 (dry matter) from Frankenfelde. Of this 0.17 per cent was 
 alumina. 
 
 Brown, L. P. (Amer. Chem. Jour., n (1889), p. 37; Jour. 
 Chem. Soc. London, 56 (1889), p. 543), notes in the ash of 
 tobacco screenings, composed of the small fragments of stems 
 and leaves which, with the dust, are sifted from tobacco during 
 manufacture 43.40 per cent total mineral matter. This con- 
 tained 0.47 per cent A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Browne, C. A., Jr. (Pennsylvania Dept. Agr. Bui., 58; Jour. 
 Amer. Chem. Soc., 23 (1901), p. 869), reports 0.30 per cent 
 ash in the flesh of ripe apple. This contained 0.80 per cent 
 alumina. 
 
ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS, 9 
 
 Bunge, G. von (Ztschr. Biol., 41 (1901), p. 155), gives a 
 detailed analysis of honey. It contains (when fresh) 0.0046 
 per cent A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Clarkson, P. S. (Amer. Jour. Pharm., 59 (1887), pp. 277-278), 
 reports upon an analysis of cocoa shells. The total ash 
 amounted to 9.07 per cent. The author states that in addi- 
 tion to the usual constituents, it contained aluminium. He 
 says: 
 
 "This element has not been reported in some analyses of 
 the ash, but was found by Wanklyn in the ash of cacao." 
 
 Clinch, J. H. M. (Amer. Jour. Pharm., 56 (1884), p. 131), 
 reports an analysis of the leaves of New Jersey tea (Ceanothus 
 americanus). The dry leaves contained 10.9 per cent moisture 
 and 5.31 per cent ash. This was made up, according to the 
 author, of chlorides, sulphates, phosphates, and carbonates of 
 potassium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, etc. with silicates. 
 
 Colby, G. E. (California Station Rpt., 1898-1901, pt. II, 
 p. 25 2), reports analyses of hops grown in California. Ukiah 
 hops contained 5.80 per cent ash and Wheatland hops 8.65 
 per cent. The ash contained respectively 2.15 and 2.16 per 
 cent Al. 2 O 3 .Fe 2 O 3 . The Wheatland hop soil (fine earth) con- 
 tained from 6.24 to 15.42 per cent Fe 2 O 3 and from 2.57 to 
 9.79 per cent A1 2 O 3 according to analyses made by F. J. Snow. 
 
 Coppola, M. (Gaz. Chim. Ital., 10, p. 9; Jour. Chem. Soc. 
 London, 37 (1880), p. 382), found 11.16 per cent ash in Stereo- 
 caulon vesuvianum. Of this 11.13 per cent was A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Chassevent, A., and C. Richet (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 
 Paris, 117 (1893), p. 673; Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 66 (1894), 
 II, p. 63), in a paper on the influences of metallic salts on lactic 
 fermentation, found that the order of toxicity of the metals 
 studied was as follows: Mg, Li, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Mn, Fe, Pb, Zn, 
 Cu, Cd, Pt, Hg, Ni, Au, and Co. 
 
 Chatin, A. (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, no (1890), p. 376, 
 Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 58 (1890), p. 659), states that truffles, 
 contain from 20.84 to 24.26 per cent dry matter with 5.62 
 to 9.88 ash. This contained traces of aluminium. 
 
 Church, A. H. (Chem. News, 30 (1874), p. 137, in a paper on 
 the occurrence of aluminium in certain cryptogams), reports 
 
IO 
 
 ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 
 
 investigations on the aluminium content of a number of varie- 
 ties. A summary follows. 
 
 ALUMINIUM IN CRYPTOGAMS. 
 
 Kind of Cryptogam! 
 
 Ash in 
 Dry Plant. 
 
 A1 2 O 3 
 in Ash. 
 
 Club moss (Lycopodium alpinum 
 
 Per Cent. 
 ^ 68 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 5-5 r o 
 
 Club moss (L clavatum) 
 
 2 80 
 
 I c 24 
 
 Club moss (L selago) 
 
 320 
 
 7 20 
 
 Selaginella martensii . . 
 
 ii 66 
 
 o 26 
 
 5 spinulosa . . 
 
 344- 
 
 none 
 
 Horsetail (Equisetum maximum) 
 
 2O O2 
 
 none 
 
 Adder's tongue (Ophiglossum vulgatum) 
 
 8 2< 
 
 none 
 
 Psilotum tTiquctTum 
 
 f 06 
 
 trace ^ 
 
 
 
 
 Church, A. H. (Jour. Botany, n. ser., 4 (1875), P- 
 reports that the ash of a club moss (Lycopodium billardieri) 
 (5.46 per cent of the dry matter) contained no alumina. This 
 he considered the first instance in which alumina has not been 
 found in lycopodium ash. 
 
 Church, A. H. (Proc. Royal Soc. London, 44 (1888), p. 121), 
 in an article on the occurrence of aluminium in certain vascular 
 cryptogams discusses at length the occurrence of aluminium in 
 plants and reports a number of analyses. The results follow. 
 
 ALUMINIUM IN CRYPTOGAMS. 
 
 Kind of Plant. 
 
 Ash in Dry 
 Plant. 
 
 A1 2 O 3 in 
 Ash. 
 
 Club moss (Lycopodium cernuum) 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 1 6 OQ 
 
 Club moss (Lycopodium phlegm-arid) 
 
 A 08 
 
 O A <? 
 
 Club moss (L, billardiert) 
 
 S 4.6 
 
 trace 
 
 Salvinia natans. . . 
 
 16 82 
 
 i 86 
 
 Marsilea quadrifoliata 
 
 ii 66 
 
 O ^4. 
 
 Tree fern, New Zealand 
 
 
 io 6< 
 
 Moss (Cyathea serra) 
 
 2 7O 
 
 o 20 
 
 Fontinalis antipyretica . . 
 
 476 
 
 2 82 
 
 
 
 
 Quotations from the author's discussion follow. 
 
 "So far as the materials at one's disposal warrant any 
 definite conclusions, it may, perhaps, be permissible to say 
 that aluminium is a characteristic and abundant constituent 
 
ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. II 
 
 of the ash of many, if not of all, the species of terrestrial Lyco- 
 podia; that it is absent from Selaginella and from a number 
 of other allied vascular cryptogams ; that it is present in notable 
 quantity in at least one species of tree-fern though practically 
 absent from others; and that it occurs in insignificant amount 
 (like many other elements) in almost every plant in which its 
 presence has been carefully sought for. As to the state of 
 combination in which alumina exists in those plants in which it 
 occurs in mere traces, we have very little information, but in 
 the cereal grains and pulses it is probably in combination with 
 phosphoric acid. In Lycopodia John states that aluminium 
 acetate occurs, Ritthausen speaks of the malate, Arosenius of 
 the tartrate. Anyhow, it is easy to extract abundance of an 
 organic salt of aluminium by exhausting dried and pulverized 
 Lycopodium alpinum with boiling water. So, in some cases, at 
 least, the alumina present in these plants does not exist, as silica 
 does in Equisetum and other highly silicious vegetable structures, 
 in an insoluble form. As to the physiological function, if any, 
 of this element, it is rash to offer an opinion. It is just possible 
 that it may serve to some extent to neutralize the abundant 
 organic acids of the plants in which it occurs, and thus assist, 
 like the cognate element magnesium, in the metabolic processes 
 of vegetation." 
 
 In a postscript to his paper he notes the occurrence of a 
 very large quantity of alumina in the ash from the caudex of 
 a tree-fern (Alsophila australis) , from Tasmania; also more 
 than mere traces of alumina in the ash of the caudex of Dicksonia 
 squarrosa. 
 
 Councler, C. (Landw. Vers. Stat., 29 (1883), p. 241), com- 
 pared the ash of the leaves of box elder (Acer negundo) grown 
 by water-culture method and in soil. The former contained 
 in dry matter 21.29 P er cent asn 5 the latter, 13.29 per cent, 
 with o.o and 4.00 per cent respectively of A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Councler (Bot. Centralblatt, 40 (1889), p. 97, 129) reported 
 the ash analyses of leaves of broad-leaved maple or sycamore 
 (Acer Pseu doplatanus) , gathered after they had fallen, lilac 
 (Syringa vulgaris), beech-leaves, gentian (Gentiana ciliata), 
 bloody eye (blut-auge) (Adonis aestivalis), club moss (Lyco- 
 podium annotinum], adder's-tongue (Ophioglossum vulgatuni), 
 
12 ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 
 
 carrot peel, winter rye seed, winter wheat seed, potatoes, stems, 
 leaves, and fruit of mistletoe (Vis cum album), twigs of Scotch 
 pine (Pinus sylvestris), and pine twigs affected with mistletoe. 
 In only one of these, namely, Lycopodium annotinum, was 
 any aluminium found. The amount of this in the ash was 
 1 8. i per cent. 
 
 Coupin, H. (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 132 (1901), p. 
 645; Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 80 (1901), II, p. 335), in a study 
 of the sensibility of higher plants to very feeble amounts of a 
 number of mineral salts, notes that 1/50,000 A1 2 (SO 4 ) 3 in distilled 
 water was toxic to wheat roots, the roots being injured by 
 this and the other salts tested but not killed. 
 
 Crawfurd (Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Pharm., 6, p. 361 ; Chem. 
 Centbl., 1857, p. 604; Jahresb. Chem., 1857, p. 530) notes 
 2.6 per cent ash in the seed of corn cockle (Agrostemma githago). 
 Of this 1.17 per cent was A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Cugini (Pharm. Jour. Trans., 3d ser., 7, p. 616; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1878, p. 940) regards alumina as one of the elements 
 accidentally present in plants, and not as necessary for their 
 growth. 
 
 Dafert, F. W. (Relatorio annual. Inst. Agron. Estado Sao 
 Paulo et Campenia [Brazil], 1893; Jahresb. Agr. Chem., 1894, 
 pp. 223-225), reports the ash analyses of a number of grasses. 
 One of the panic grasses (Panicurn monostachyum) , cut just 
 before blooming, contains 20.14 per cent pure ash in dry matter; 
 of this 0.57 per cent was A1 2 O 3 . Tickle-grass (Paniciim capil- 
 lare) cut after blooming contained in the dry matter 8.52 per 
 cent pure ash, with 2.23 per cent A1 2 O 3 in it. The A1 2 O 3 was 
 not reported in the thirteen other varieties analyzed, but was 
 included generally with the Fe 2 O 3 . 
 
 Damarfay, E. (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 130 (1900), 
 p. 91; Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 78 (1900), II, p. 235), states 
 that the ash of Scotch fir, silver fir, vine, oak, poplar, and 
 horn beam, when treated with boiling water, gives a solution 
 from which hydrogen sulphide precipitates a brown material 
 soluble in hydrochloric acid. When examined with a spectro- 
 scope such solutions showed the presence of several metals 
 including a trace of aluminium. 
 
 Dambergis, A. K. (Oesterr. Chem. Ztg., i (1898), p. 479). 
 
ALUMINIUM IN VEGEJ^ABLE PRODUCTS. 
 
 reports the ash analyses of a number of sorts of Greek tobacco. 
 The following is quoted: 
 
 ASH OF GREEK TOBACCO. 
 
 Kind of Tobacco. 
 
 Total Ash. 
 
 A1 2 3 . 
 
 Tobacco from 
 Aghias 
 
 Per Cent. 
 18?^ 
 
 Per Cent. 
 187 
 
 Almyro 
 
 AtJ / o 
 1823 
 
 177 
 
 Arsos 
 
 1 6 02 
 
 132 
 
 Arta 
 
 14 58 
 
 I r i 
 
 Carditza 
 
 1 6 30 
 
 IOO 
 
 Corinth 
 
 12 41 
 
 I O2 
 
 Epidaure-Limira 
 
 1 6 37 
 
 08^ 
 
 Curytanie 
 
 16 03 
 
 I 31 
 
 Kalavrita 
 
 i 3 70 
 
 008 
 
 Larissa 
 
 ic, 70 
 
 114. 
 
 Locrides . . . 
 
 17 if, 
 
 ic;6 
 
 Messi-Corfou 
 
 IT. 33 
 
 148 
 
 Messolonghi 
 
 20 78 
 
 177 
 
 Nauplia 
 
 21 O3 
 
 I r T 
 
 Oros 
 
 1C A -J 
 
 1 4O 
 
 Parnassus . ... . . 
 
 18 s< 
 
 076 
 
 Pharsala 
 
 21 QI 
 
 I 34 
 
 Phthiotis 
 
 10 S^ 
 
 180 
 
 Trikala 
 
 12 65 
 
 IO? 
 
 Trichonia 
 
 2 A 60 
 
 2 C ? 
 
 Tyrnavo 
 
 17 08 
 
 142 
 
 Volto 
 
 16 20 
 
 I IO 
 
 Volos 
 
 IQ 38 
 
 177' 
 
 Vonitza 
 
 20 6 1 
 
 223; 
 
 Xyrochorion 
 
 22 70 
 
 188. 
 
 Tumbek (Nicotina per sic a) from 
 Argos 
 
 18 85 
 
 212 
 
 Messolonghi 
 
 16 02 
 
 I ^4 
 
 Nauplia 
 
 18 34 
 
 1^2 
 
 Phthiodis 
 Trichonia 
 
 13-13 
 
 20.54 
 
 . IOO 
 . 169 
 
 Daubrawa (Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Pharm., 3, p. 337 ; Pharm. 
 Centbl., 1854, p. 731; Jahresb. Chem., 1854, p. 659) found 
 12.12 per cent ash, containing 25.8 per cent carbon in shepherds' 
 purse (Capsella bursa pastoris) (air-dry plant) ; without carbon, 
 the A1 2 O 3 content was 0.14 per cent. 
 
 Dieterich, E. (Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Pharm., 15, p. 196;, 
 Ztschr. Chem., 1866, p. 286; Chem. Centbl., 1867, p. 271; 
 Bui. Soc. Chim., 2d ser., 7, p. 165; Jahresb. Chem. Will, 1866, p. 
 706), reports 3.02 per cent ash in the dry flesh of sweet chestnuts 
 and 1.845 P er cent i n tne shells, dried at 110; of the former 
 0.090 per cent being A1 2 O 3 and of the latter 5.793 per cent. 
 
14 ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 
 
 Doolittle, R. E., and W. H. Hess (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 
 22 (1900), p. 2 1 8) note that the ash of cider vinegar should 
 amount to not less than 0.25 per cent and that it contains a 
 trace of aluminium. 
 
 Dunnington, F. P. (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 2 (1880). p. 24), 
 reports the ash constituents of eleven weeds. The plants were 
 just about to bloom when gathered. They are as follows: 
 
 ALUMINIUM IN WEEDS. 
 
 Kind of Plant. 
 
 Pure Ash. 
 
 A1 2 3 . 
 
 No. i. Broom sedge (A ndropogon scoparius). ... 
 No 2 Wiregrass (Eleusine Indica) 
 
 Per Cent. 
 2.24 
 2 A. ? 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 . 20 
 O 22 
 
 No. 3. Blue thistle (Echium vulgare) 
 No 4 Potato weed (Solanum carolinense) 
 
 4.60 
 2 I'/ 
 
 o . 56 
 
 O II 
 
 No 5. Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) 
 
 i 52 
 
 o 4.0 
 
 No. 6. Sumach (Rhus glabra) 
 No. 7. Sassafras (S. officinale*) 
 No. 8. Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiczfolia) 
 No 9 Mullein (Verbascum thapsus) 
 
 1 .48 
 1 .41 
 
 i-93 
 
 I OI 
 
 1-15 
 
 1.26 
 
 .00 
 
 I I <\ 
 
 No 10 Dock (Rumex obtusifolius}* 
 
 i 60 
 
 O 4. ? 
 
 
 
 
 The Si0 2 , A1 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , and Mn 3 O 4 reported are regarded 
 as due to dust adhering to the plants analyzed. 
 
 Dupre, A. (Analyst, 4 (1879), p. i), in a paper on the detection 
 and estimation of aluminium in wheat flour, reports the exami- 
 nation of twelve samples of flour purchased from reputable 
 bakers, in which alum could not be detected. A four-pound 
 sample of each of these flours contained aluminium as follows: 
 
 No. i, 0.63 grains; No. 2, 1.26 grains; No. 3, 1.80 grains; 
 No. 4, 1.41 grains; No. 5, 2.30 grains; No. 6, 1.07 grains; 
 No. 7, 1.62 grains; No. 8, 2.79 grains; No. 9, 2.79 grains; 
 No. 10, 2.50 grains; No. n, 2.05 grains, and No. 12, 3.72 
 grains. 
 
 Ebert, A. E. (Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Pharm., 17, p. 438; 
 Jahrb. Chem. Will., 1868, p. 815), reports 51.476 per cent ash in 
 
 * An abstract of this investigation (Jahresber. Agr. Chem., 1882, 
 p. 141) gives figures for the ash analysis of stickweed (Verbesina sieges- 
 beckia), 3.53 per cent being the pure ash content and 0.15 per cent the 
 A1 2 O 3 . No analyses of stickweed appear in the original publication. 
 
ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 15 
 
 the air-dry seeds of anatto (Bixa orelland). This contained 
 0.808 per cent alumina. 
 
 England, J. W. (Amer. Jour. Pharm., 55 (1883), p. 246), 
 studied a myrtle (Myrtus cheken) and found 4.84 per cent ash 
 in stems and 8.4 per cent in leaves. Both contained aluminium. 
 The amount was not stated. 
 
 Enz (Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Pharm., 5, p. 196; Chem. 
 Centbl., 1856, p. 393; Jahresb. Chem., 1856, p. 691) notes 
 i per cent ash in the fresh berries of honeysuckle (Lonicera 
 xylosteum). Of this o.i per cent was A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Eylerts, C. (Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Pharm., 9, p. 529 ; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1860, p. 561), found 6.57 percent ash in air-dry "German 
 worm seed" (Semen cince), i.e. the unexpanded flower heads 
 of wormwood (Artemisia maritima var. Stechmanniana) . Of 
 this 2.33 per cent was A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Eylerts, C. (Arch. Pharm., 2d ser., 109, p. 105; Viertel- 
 jahressch. Prakt. Pharm., n, p. 517 ; Chem. Centbl., 1862, p. 154; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1862, p. 512), reports the following in red beets: 
 
 Beets from Munich dried at 110: 
 
 Root, total ash, 13. 4 per cent, A1 2 O 3 in ash, 0.28 per cent; 
 leaves, total ash, 20.86 per cent, A1 2 O 3 in ash, 0.12 per cent. 
 
 Beets from Weyenstephen dried at 110: 
 
 Root, "total ash, 11.27 per cent, A1 2 O 3 in ash, 0.25 per cent; 
 leaves, total ash, 15.57 per cent, A1 2 O 3 in ash, 1.99 per cent. 
 
 Falco, C. (Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Pharm., 15, p. 509; Chem. 
 Centbl., 1867, p. 142; Jahresb. Chem. Will., 1866, p. 709), 
 reports 8.3 per cent ash in the bark of Petalostigma quadrilo- 
 culare, containing 0.047 per cent A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Fraas, H. (Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Pharm., 15, p. 338; 
 Jahresb. Chem. Will., 1866, p. 710), reports 3.149 per cent ash 
 in the dry leaves of Gastrolobium bilobum, a leguminous plant 
 of West Australia reported to be poisonous. Of this 1.145 
 per cent was A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Frankforter, G. B. (Amer. Jour. Pharm., 69 (1897), p. 134), 
 reports that poke-weed (Phytolacca decandra) root contains 
 13.38 per cent ash. Of this 1.62 per cent was A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Fritsch, K. (Arch. Pharm., 3d ser., 27 (1889), p. 193), studied 
 the ash constituents of several plants. A boletus (Boletus 
 edulis} contained 9.20 per cent dry matter, of which 7.32 per 
 
1 6 ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 
 
 cent was pure ash. A1 2 O 3 constituted 0.02 per cent of the 
 latter. The amount of pure ash in the dry matter (the amount 
 not stated) of Polysaccum pisocarpiurn was 5.28 per cent. Of 
 this A1 2 O 3 constituted 1.35 per cent. 
 
 Gabba, L. (Trattato di analysi chimica, Vol. II, p. 514), in 
 discussing the aluminium content of wine, reports that it does 
 not occur in excess of o.oi per cent. Ricciardi notes that he 
 has demonstrated the occurrence of alumina in wine and has 
 found 0.13 gm. in 479 gms. grape seed (equal to 0.0027 P er 
 cent). 
 
 Gasparin, P. v. (Barral. Jour. Agr., 2 (1875), P- 4 10 ; Jahresb. 
 Agr. Chem., 1875-76, p. 139; Centbl. Agr. Chem., 8 (1875), 
 p. 249), reports 1.375 percent Al 2 O 3 in soil and none in alfalfa. 
 
 Gaze, R. (Apoth. Ztg., 5 (1900), p. 9; Just's Bot. Jahres- 
 bericht., 1890, I, No. i, p. 51), reports that the root of golden 
 seal (Hydrastis canadensis) , dried at 100, contains 0.3259 per 
 cent A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Glenk, R. (Amer. Jour. Pharm., 63 (1891), p. 328), reports 
 a study of water-hemlock (Cicuta maculata}. The fruit dried 
 at 1 1 o lost 10 per cent in weight. The ash amounted to 6 per 
 cent and contained 20 per cent A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Gmelin (Anorganische Chemie, 2, i, p. 608) notes that the 
 ash of wild plants often contains alumina, and cites the follow- 
 ing: eel-grass (Foster a marina) 0.27 per cent; alga (Cladophora 
 glomerata) 0.31 per cent; wormwood (Artemisia maritimd) 
 1.5 per cent, chickweed (Arenaria media} 1.03 per cent; chick- 
 weed (Arenana r libra) 1.92 per cent; plantain (Plantago media) 
 0.63 per cent, corydalis (Corydalis bulbosa). 3.88 per cent; 
 heather (Erica vulgaris] 2.3 per cent; "Weigmann" 0.51 to 
 0.84 per cent, morel (Morchella esculcnta) 1.32 per cent; 
 " Birkenschwamm " 3.73 per cent; edible mushroom (Chloran- 
 giuni jussuffii) 11.9 per cent, turf-moss (sphagnum) 3.0 to 8.0 
 per cent, Lyco podium clavatum 26.65 anc ^ Lyco podium chamae- 
 cyparissus 51.85 per cent alumina. 
 
 Other Cryptogams contain alumina, notably Gyrophora, 
 Cladonia, Usnea, and Cetrarid. 
 
 Gobley (Jour. Pharm., 3d ser., 37, p. 19; Jour. Chim. Med., 
 4th ser., 6, p. 129; Rev. Chim. Appliquee, 2, p. 6; Vierteljah- 
 ressch. Prakt. Pharm., 9, p. 567; Chem. Centbl., 1860, p. 587; 
 
ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. \J 
 
 Chem. News, 2, p. 119; Jahresb. Chem., 1860, p. 550) notes 
 the occurrence of alumina in the root of Kava root (Piper 
 mcthysticum) . 
 
 Godeffroy, R. (Arch. Pharm., 3d ser., 10 (1877), p. 297; 
 Jahresb. Agr. Chem., 1877, p. 118), reports a trace of A1 2 O 3 
 in the ash of cockle-burr (Xanthium spinosum). 
 
 Griffiths, A. B. (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 131 (1900), 
 p. 422), reports the percentage composition of a number of 
 medicinal plants. Several contained alumina as follows: Sar- 
 saparilla, o.i per cent; Cardamon, o.i percent; "Chine," 0.13 
 per cent, and Rhatany, o.i per cent. 
 
 Guerrieri, F. (Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 34 (1901), p. 338), in 
 an article on the value of grapevine branches as a feed for 
 farm animals, reports a total of 2.9053 per cent ash. Of this 
 0.0650 was found to be aluminium sesquioxid. The propor- 
 tions in hay are given as total ash, 8.0259, aluminium ses- 
 quioxid, 0.2340; in straw, total ash, 6.0584, aluminium ses- 
 quioxid, 0.2778 per cent. 
 
 Hadelich, W. (Chem. Centbl., 1881, p. 394; Jour. Chem. Soc. 
 London, 42 (1882), p. 121), found in white wine from Erfurt 
 0.281 per cent ash which contained a trace of A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Harms, E. (Arch. Pharm., 2d ser., 88 (1856), p. 165; Chem. 
 Centbl., 1856, p. 944; Jahresb. Chem., 1856, p. 690), notes 
 6.05 per cent ash in air-dry Kousso (Bray era anthelmintica) 
 containing 1.97 per cent A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Harms, E. (Arch. Pharm., 2d ser., 1858, p. 137; Chem. 
 Centbl., 1858, p. 443; Jahresb. Agr. Chem., 1858-59, pp. 64, 
 65), reports the following: 
 
 ALUMINIUM IN CERTAIN PLANTS. 
 
 Kind of Plant. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Ash 
 in Fresh 
 Material. 
 
 Aluminium 
 Phosphate 
 
 in Ash. 
 
 Chickweed (Arenaria media) whole plant in 
 bloom 
 
 Per Cent. 
 83.48 
 79-5 2 
 
 73- '85 
 
 Per Cent. 
 4.60 
 3-9 1 
 5-4 
 2.56 
 
 Per Cent. 
 2 .01 
 1.13 
 o .69 
 
 4-05 
 
 Plantain (Plantago maritima) green portion . 
 Plantain (Plantago maritima) seed 
 
 Chickweed (Arenaria rubra) entire plant. . . . 
 
1 8 ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 
 
 The ash was said to be not quite free from the soil on which 
 the plants were grown. The aluminium content, therefore, is 
 regarded as too large. 
 
 Harper, H. W. (Amer. Jour. Pharm., 53 (1881), p. 209), 
 in a study of fragrant sumach (Rhus aromatica), identified 
 aluminium as one of the constituents of the ash of the bark. 
 The total ash was 13.85 per cent. 
 
 Hebert, A. (Bui. Soc. Chim., 3d ser., 13, p. 927; Jour. Chem. 
 Soc. London, 70 (1896), II, p. 494), notes the occurrence of 
 alumina in the sap of the banana tree, Musa paradisica. 
 
 Heller, C. F. (Amer. Jour. Pharm., 59 (1887), p. 68), reports 
 5.5 per cent ash in Bryony root, containing 7.5 per cent moist- 
 ure. The ash was found to contain aluminium in addition 
 to other mineral constituents, amount not stated. 
 
 Herapath, T. J. (Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, n, pt. i, 
 p. 93; Quart. Jour. Chem. Soc., 3, p. 193; Ann. Chem. Pharm. , 
 7 6 > P- 3 8 3J Jahresb. Chem., 1850, p. 647, 666, 671, Tab. A, B and 
 D, p. 661), notes the occurrence of a trace of alumina in the 
 ash of wheat, the total ash in dry material being 2.30 per cent, 
 and 0.07 per cent alumina in the ash of oats, the total ash in 
 the dry material being 3.06 per cent. He also reports a trace 
 of alumina in the ash of horse bean (Vicia faba) seed, total 
 ash, 4.3 per cent of dry material and traces in ash of eddoes 
 or taro (Arum (Colocasia) esculentum) and yams (sweet potato) 
 (Convolvulus batatas) containing respectively 1.647 P er cent asn 
 and 1.51 per cent ash in the fresh materials. 
 
 Hermann, J. C. (Viertel. Prakt. Pharm., 18, p. 481; Jahresb. 
 Chem. Will., 1869, p. 796), notes 0.5851 per cent alumina in 
 the ash of ergot (Secale cornutum) ; the amount of total ash is 
 not stated. 
 
 Herrmann, J. C. (Viertel. Prakt. Pharm., 1869, p. 481 ; Amer. 
 Jour. Pharm., 42 (1870), p. 143), reports 2.201 per cent ash in 
 ergot. Aluminium phosphate is noted as a constituent of the. ash. 
 
 Hertwig (Chevallier et Baudrimont's Dictionnaire des altera- 
 tions, Paris, 1878, p. 1132) notes the occurrence of 9.04 per 
 cent calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese phosphates and 
 aluminium phosphates in Havana tobacco and 17.95 P er cent 
 of calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, and aluminium phos- 
 phates in the ash of Hanover tobacco. 
 
ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 19 
 
 Herzberg, W. (Dingler's Polytech. Jour., 277, p. 478 (Ausz); 
 Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 9, p. 758 (Ausz); Chem. Centbl., 1890, 
 II, p. 186; Jahresb. Chem., 1890, p. 2877), reports 17.47 per cent 
 ash in the fibers of the baobab tree (Andansonia digitata) used 
 for paper making. Of this 0.14 per cent was alumina. 
 
 Hoeven, J. (Amer. Jour. Pharm., 55 (1888), p. 253), in a 
 study of cheken leaves, reports 9.48 per cent ash. The portion 
 insoluble in H 2 O, but soluble in HC1, amounted to 5.61 per cent. 
 This contained aluminium ; amount not stated. 
 
 Hohn, H. (Arch. Pharm., 2d ser., 139 (1869), p. 213; Jahresb. 
 Chem. Will., 1869, p. 771), reports 3.24 per cent ash in the 
 stem and 6.61 in the leaf of Ophelia chirata; of this 1.47 and 4.35 
 per cent was A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Hollandt, H. (Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Pharm., 10, p. 321! 
 Jahresber. Agr. Chem., 1861-62, p. 60), reports 1.2035 percent 
 A1 2 O 3 in the ash of the bark of Millingtonia hortensis. 
 
 Hooper, D. (Pharm. Jour, and Trans., 1887, Jan. 8; Amer. 
 Jour. Pharm., 59 (1887), p. 86), reports a study of the ash of 
 cinchona bark. As shown by the average of three hundred 
 determinations, such bark (from India), contained 3.42 per 
 cent ash. The ash of C. officinalia and C. succirubra grown on 
 the Nilgiris contained respectively 2.70 and 4.24 per cent A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Huber, L. (Arch. Pharm., 3d ser. 7 (1875), p. 394; Jahresb. 
 Agr. Chem., 1875-76, p. 136), reports 0.250 per cent A1 2 O 3 in 
 the ash of the rind of the root of elder (Sambucus nigra), the 
 ash being equal to 11.717 per cent. 
 
 Irby, J. R. McD., and J. A. Cabell (Chemical News, 1874, 
 p. 117, Centbl. Agr. Chem., 6 (1874), p. 366) note the presence 
 of some A1 2 O 3 with the Fe 2 O 3 in six sorts of Virginia tobacco. 
 
 Jackson, D. D. (Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 21 (1902), p. 681), 
 reports the results of a study of the precipitation of iron, man- 
 ganese and aluminium from natural waters by the action of 
 bacteria, viz., Crenothrix kuhniana, C. manganifera, and C. 
 ochracea, respectively. Dr. Jackson states that each of the 
 three species seems to exercise a selective power in precipitat- 
 ing the special oxid ascribed to it, and that about one-third of 
 the dry organism is composed of the oxid selected, whether 
 iron, manganese, or aluminium. He reports analyses of the 
 precipitate due to the three species in three different waters: 
 
20 
 
 ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 
 
 PRECIPITATE CAUSED BY CRENOTHRIX SP. FROM 
 DIFFERENT WATERS. 
 
 
 Fe 2 O 3 . 
 
 Mn 2 O 3 . 
 
 A1 2 3 . 
 
 Si0 2 . 
 
 Alumin- 
 ium 
 Sili- 
 cate. 
 
 Unde- 
 termin- 
 able 
 Mineral 
 Matter. 
 
 Organic 
 
 Matter. 
 
 Crenothrix kiihniana 
 from filter gallery, 
 Ipswich River, 
 Mass 
 
 Per Ct. 
 *i 6 
 
 Per Ct. 
 
 Per Ct. 
 
 c . 7 
 
 Per Ct. 
 II . I 
 
 Per Ct. 
 10 .4 
 
 Per Ct. 
 4 . 2 
 
 Per Ct. 
 ?7 O 
 
 Crenothrix mangani- 
 fera, filter gallery, 
 Charles River, 
 Newton, Mass 
 Crenothrix ochracea, 
 driven wells at 
 Oconee, Brooklyn, 
 New York 
 
 14.4 
 14. 7 
 
 33-9 
 
 i-5 
 
 2-2 . -2 
 
 12.5 
 
 C . Q 
 
 8.0 
 7.6 
 
 1.8 
 
 2 . T, 
 
 27.9 
 36 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The waters in which the crenothrix species grew were an- 
 alyzed. They contained alumina (parts per million) as follows : 
 Water from filter gallery, shore Ipswich River, Reading, Massa- 
 chusetts, 0.6; water from filter gallery, shore Charles River, 
 Newton, Massachusetts, 0.5, and water from driven wells, 
 Oconee, Brooklyn, N. Y., 2.0. 
 
 Jessler, A. (Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Pharm., 17, p. 266, 
 Jahresber. Chem. Will., 1868, p. 807), reports 13.18 per cent ash 
 in the rhizome of dog-bane (Cynanchum monspeliacum). This 
 is reported to contain alumina; the amount is not stated. 
 
 Hassall, J. (Food Adulteration, p. 617), reports 4.80 per cent 
 ash in anatto. This contained 0.20 per cent alumina (with a 
 trace of iron). 
 
 Kane (Phil. Mag., 3d ser., 31, pp. 36, 105 ; Jour. Prakt. Chim., 
 41, p. 434; 32, p. 354; Jahresb. Chem., 1847-48, p. 1085) 
 reports total ash as follows in flax stems (treated in different 
 ways) from Ireland, Holland, Belgium, etc., 4.237, 5.434, 3.670, 
 5.151, and 5.000 per cent. Of this 0.44, 0.44, 0.72, 1.44, and 
 6.08 per cent respectively was alumina. 
 
 Karmrodt, C. (Ztschr. Landw. Ver. Rheinpreussen, 1864, 
 p. 427; Jahresb. Agr. Chem., 1864, p. 98), determined the 
 constituents of the ash of a number of Coniferae. Larch needles 
 (Pinus larix) contained 0.264 per cent; Scotch pine needles 
 
ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 21 
 
 (P. sylvestris) 0.125 P er cent, and fir needles (Abies excclsa] 
 1.427 per cent A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Kayser, R. (Repert. Analyt. Chem., 1883, p. 289; Jahresb. 
 Agr. Chem., 1883, p. 349), in an article on fruit and fruit juices, 
 reports traces of A1 2 O 3 in the juice of red and white currants 
 (containing respectively 0.38 and 0.5 per cent ash) and of 
 strawberries. 
 
 Kayser, R. (Repert. Analyt. Chem., 1883, p. 182; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1883, p. 1407), analyzed dry blueberries, reporting in 
 them 0.005 per cent alumina. 
 
 Kayser (Repert. Analyt. Chem., 1882, p. 242) finds that 
 the presence of 0.3-0.4 grain of alumina per liter in wine cannot 
 :safely be taken as a proof that alum has been added because 
 it takes into solution during its course of manufacture some 
 alumina. This is especially the case when the wine has been 
 cleared with kaolin (silicate of alumina), as some wines dissolve 
 small amounts of the kaolin, and hence contain alumina in 
 the form of a soluble salt. 
 
 Kebler, L. F. (Amer. Jour. Pharm., 67 (1895), p. 3 9 8), in a 
 study of the determination of morphine in opium, reports that 
 the ash of crude morphine (percentage amount not given) 
 'Contained 0.43 per cent aluminium phosphate. 
 
 Keim, W. (Ztschr. Analyt. Chem., 30 (1891), p. 401), reports 
 the following amounts of pure ash in cherry (Prunus cerasus) 
 fruit at different times: 
 
 May 21, 0.516 per cent; May 28, 0.646 per cent; June 19 
 (ripe), 0.739 per cent. Of these, 2.55, 0.80, and 0.81 per cent 
 respectively was A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Khittel (Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Pharm., 7, p. 348, Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1858, p. 530) found 7.91 per cent ash in leaves of poison- 
 ivy (Rhus toxicodcndron) (dried at 100). Of this 0.49 per 
 cent was A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Knop (Kreislauf des Stories, 1868, p. 263) states that the 
 roots of the Lycopodiae secrete besides carbonic acid strong 
 organic acids, which dissolve the alumina of soils, and this 
 solution enters the root. The lichens also contain in their 
 structures peculiar crystallizable acids which, by the action 
 of reagents, break up into oxalic acid and a new organic acid. 
 The oxalic acid thus formed dissolves the alumina and iron oxid, 
 
22 ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 
 
 and thus the mosses corrode the surfaces on which they grow r 
 the hard rock as well as the dust that clings to it. In this 
 way the dissolved alumina passes into the interior of the moss. 
 It would seem a principle that plants secreting strong organic 
 acids, whicji act on surrounding material, will contain alumina 
 and show it in their ash. 
 
 Knop, W. (Landw. Vers. Stat., 7 (1865), pp. 436-450), 
 reports 31.01 per cent ash (including 15.00 per cent sand) in 
 Chlorangium jussuffii; this included 1.90 per cent A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Other ash analyses of lichens which he reports are quoted 
 in part as follows: 
 
 ALUMINA IN CERTAIN LICHENS. 
 
 Kind of Lichen. 
 
 Pure Ash 
 
 in Dry 
 Matter. 
 
 A1 2 3 . 
 
 Gyrophora pustulata 
 
 Per Cent. 
 I 666 
 
 Per Cent. 
 O 34.4, 
 
 Ramalina jraxinea from quartz porphyry 
 
 2 34.6 
 
 O O 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 Kresling, K. (Arch. Pharm., 3d ser., 229 (1891), p. 389; 
 Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 62 (1892), II, p. 232), in the pollen 
 of Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris), reports 5.51 per cent crude ash, 
 equivalent to 3.0 pure ash. This contained 1.86 per cent 
 A1 2 3 . 
 
 Krutzsch, H. (Tharander forstl. Jahrb., 6 (1850), p. 88), as 
 cited by Wolf! (Aschen Analysen, Berlin, 1880, pt. 2, pp. 87, 
 130), determined the ash constituents of freshly fallen fir needles, 
 and of dry twigs, dry bark, dry cones, and moss, found in 
 the litter. The pure ash in the several materials was equal 
 to 1.601, 1.043, I - 2 75 -477> an d 2.884 per cent respectively. 
 Of the pure ash 4.20, 8.33, 7.86, 9.20, and 20.5 per cent respec- 
 tively was A1 2 O 3 . The A1 2 O 3 is regarded as due to earth present 
 in the material. Wolff states that on an average (based on 
 fourteen analyses) fir-needle litter contains 1.410 per cent 
 pure ash; from o to 9.98 per cent or on an average 3.58 per 
 cent of this being A1 2 O 3 . In this and all the other analyses 
 cited from Wolff the complete ash analyses are given. 
 
/ or THE \ 
 I UNIVERSITY ) 
 
 V OF /' 
 
 \8ftUE2?^' 
 
 ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 2$ 
 
 Longer, A. (Ueber Bestandtheile der Lycopodiumsporen. 
 Inaug. Diss. Erlangen, 1889; Just's Bot. Jahresb., 1889, I, p. 
 39), reports an analysis of the spores of a club moss 
 (Lycopodium clavatum). These contained on an average 
 1.155 per cent of mineral matter with 24.41 per cent of 
 A1 2 (P0 4 ) 2 . 
 
 Longer, A. (Arch. Pharm., 3d ser., 27 (1889), p. 289; Jah- 
 resb. Agr. Chem., 1889, p. 383), reports 1.15 per cent ash in 
 commercial lycopodium powder (L. clavatum) which was 96.67 
 per cent pure. Of this 15.30 per cent was A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 La Wall, C. H. (Amer. Jour. Pharm., 69 (1897), p. 137), 
 in a study of the ash of various drugs, reports aluminium as 
 a constituent of aconitum root, belladonna leaves, calumba 
 roots, castanea leaves, chimaphila leaves, cinchona, calisaya 
 bark, digitalis leaves, frangula bark, gelsemium root, geranium 
 rhizome, glycyrrhiza root, guarana seed (crushed), hops, hy- 
 drangea root, hydrastis rhizome, hyoscyamus leaves, jalap 
 tuberous root, kola-nut, Piscidia erythrina bark, choke-cherry 
 (Prunus virginiana) bark, cascara (Rhamnus purshiana) bark, 
 ruta herba, sabadilla seed, bloodroot (Sanguinaria) rhizome, 
 dandelion (Taraxicum) root, red clover (Trifolium pratense) 
 flowering tops, elm (Ulmus) bark, hellebore (Veratrum viride) 
 rhizome rootlets, and prickly ash (Xanthoxylum) bark. The 
 amount of this and other constituents was not determined. 
 The total ash was generally determined. 
 
 Lermer, J. (Dingler's Polytech. Jour., 179, p. 71; Bui. 
 Soc. Chim., 2d ser., 6, p. 429; Jahresb. Chem. Will., 1866, p. 882), 
 reports 6.91 per cent ash in Hungarian malt (barley) sprouts 
 and 6.19 per cent in German. The ash contained respectively 
 i. 06 and 0.45 A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Lermer (Wittstein Viertel. Jahressch., 13, p. 182; Jahresb. 
 Agr. Chem., 1865, p. 117) reports 7.135 per cent ash in air-dry 
 hops; 0.763 per cent of this was found to be A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Lewitsky, J. (Arbeiten der dritten Versammlung russischer 
 Naturforscher zu Kiew. Vereinigte Sectionen der Botanik 
 und Chemie; Just's Bot. Jahresber., 2 (1874), II, p. 866), reported 
 a series of studies of the relation of the phosphates of iron, 
 calcium, and aluminium to plant growth. Investigations have 
 shown that the addition of calcium phosphate to the soil results 
 
24 ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 
 
 in the formation of ferric phosphate and aluminium phosphate, 
 so that after a time, even under the most favorable conditions, 
 practically only a trace of calcium phosphate remains. On 
 the basis of this conclusion, the author believes that under 
 normal conditions the roots of plants have access only to 
 iron phosphate and aluminium phospha'te and must derive 
 their phosphates from these salts. To test the theory, culture 
 experiments were made with barley by Hellriegel's method 
 (Ann. Landw., 38, p. 296). Briefly stated, the grain was 
 sown in quartz sand to which nutrient solutions were added. 
 These were made up of KN0 3 (or under certain conditions, 
 Ca(N0 3 ) 2 ), CaCO 3 , NaCl, MgSO 4 , and Fe 2 O 3 , in what were 
 deemed the proper proportions. With such a basal mixture, 
 Fe 2 (PO 4 ) 2 , Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 , and PO 4 KH 2 were added in the first 
 test of the experiments, while in a control experiment, which 
 is described in less detail, A1 2 (PO 4 ) 2 was also used. The plants 
 were watered with water containing CO 2 . Their growth and 
 seed production is described in detail. In the principal test, 
 the best growth was made by the barley grown with a nutrient 
 mixture containing Fe 2 (PO 4 ) 2 . The next best results were 
 obtained with KH 2 PO 4 ; the least satisfactory, with Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 . 
 The remaining test was not regarded as entirely satisfactory 
 and gave results somewhat at variance with those already 
 obtained; but in general it showed, according to the auth6r, 
 that A1 2 (PO 4 ) 2 had practically the same effect as a corresponding 
 iron salt and that the corresponding calcium salt was not as 
 satisfactory for the plants as the iron salt. 
 
 L'Hote (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 104 (1887), p. 853), 
 reported an investigation dealing with the detection and esti- 
 mation of alumina in wine and grapes. Wines from seven 
 localities were found to contain alumina per liter as follows: 
 
 From Bourgogne, 0.02 gm. ; Cher, 0.036 gm. ; Touraine, 
 o.ooo gm. ; Roussillon, 0.032 gm.; Spain, 0.016 gm. ; Sicily, 
 0.012 gm.; and from Aude, 0.016 gm. 
 
 When prepared in the laboratory, wine from grapes from 
 Huesca contained per liter 0.012 gm. 
 
 From 479 gms. of red grapes 0.013 gm. alumina was 
 obtained, while the stalks weighed 6.482 gms. and contained 
 0.003 gm. alumina. 
 
ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 2$ 
 
 Light, W. W. (Amer. Jour. Pharm., 56 (1884), p. 3), reports 
 the analysis of the fruit of prickly pear (Opuntia vulgaris). 
 The ripe fruit contained 68.2 per cent moisture and 1.76 per 
 cent ash, and contained phosphate of aluminium. 
 
 Lindenmeyer, G. (Vierteljahressch. Prak. Pharm., 17, p. 290; 
 Jahrb. Chem. Will., 1868, p. 814), reports 3.5878 per cent ash 
 in China bark (Cinchona) from Puerto Cabello, containing 
 0.488 per cent alumina. 
 
 Huschke, O. (Vierteljahressch. Prak, Pharm., 17, p. 284; 
 Jahresb. Chem. Will., 1868, p. 814), reports 1.21 per cent ash 
 in orange peel. This contained 0.069 P er cent alumina. 
 
 Loew, 0. (The Physiological Role of Mineral Nutrients: 
 U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Vegetable Physiology and Path- 
 ology Bui. 1 8 (1899), p. 9). The possibility of the occurrence 
 of aluminium salts in plants is frequently spoken of by 
 botanical writers. Thus the author cited says regarding mineral 
 compounds found in living organisms :" Occasionally there are 
 present in plants small quantities of titanic and boracic acids, 
 lithia, and alumina, and of the oxids of lead, zinc, and copper. " 
 
 Luca, S. de (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 51 (1860), p. 
 176), reported 6 per cent ash in Spanish moss (Tillandsia dian- 
 thoidea), an aerial parasite. This contained a trace of A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Ludwig, H. (Arch. Pharm., 2d ser., 52 (1847), p. 61; Pharm. 
 Centbl., 1848, p. 669; Jahresb. Chem., 1847-48, p. 1095), found 
 2.36 per cent ash in so-called "Caraccas" Sarsaparilla root, 
 purchased in Honduras. Of this 5.11 per cent was alumina. 
 
 Ludwig, H. (Arch. Pharm., 3d ser., i (1872), p. 482; Jour. 
 Chem. Soc. London, 26 (1873), p. 525), notes A1 2 O 3 in the ash 
 of different parts of the coffee tree as follows: Root of young 
 tree in bearing, 7.85; root of old tree, 1.59; leaves, 9.11; pulp 
 of pericup, trace; parchment-like coating of coffee bean, 4.19; 
 coffee beans grown in gneiss soil, 2.78 per cent, and coffee 
 beans grown on limestone soil, a trace. 
 
 MacDonald, J. W. (Chem. News, 37, p. 127,; Jour. Chem. 
 Soc. London, 1878, II, p. 624), examined the ash of cane and 
 beet sugar accumulated from the analyses made in a year in 
 a large sugar refinery, reporting among other constituents, 
 6.90 per cent ferric oxid and alumina in cane-sugar ash and 
 0.28 per cent in beet-sugar ash. 
 
26 ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 
 
 Maiden, J. H., and H. G. Smith (Jour, and Proc. Roy. Soc. 
 
 New South Wales, 29 (1895), p. 325) report, in a silky oak 
 log (Grevillea robusta), a large amount of a white substance 
 having the appearance of whiting. Some six ounces were 
 secured, but it is stated that a large proportion of the substance 
 must have been lost and that there is no means of knowing 
 the total quantity originally present in the cavity in the log. 
 Analysis showed this material to consist of basic aluminium 
 succinate. The authors regard it probable that the aluminium 
 was originally present in the sap of the tree as a malate. No 
 inorganic acid was detected in the sample analyzed. 
 
 Malaguti, F. J., and J. Durocher (Ann. Chim. et Phys., 
 3d ser., 54 (1858), p. 257, tables i to 4) report detailed studies 
 of the ash of one hundred and fifteen wild plants of different 
 families growing on a variety of soils in France. The oxids of 
 iron, aluminium, and manganese are reported together. This 
 work is of especial interest historically. 
 
 Mariani, G. (Studi chimico-agrari sugli equiseti, Studi e 
 ricerche istituite nel R. Laboratorio di Chim. Agrar. di Pisa, 7 
 (1888), p. 69; Staz. Sper. Agrar. Ital., 14 (1888), p. 355; Just's 
 Bot. Jahresber., 1888, pt. i, p. 58), reports an analysis of a horse 
 tail (Equisetum telmateja) grown in Pisa. This had a water con- 
 tent of 78.033 per cent. The CO 2 free ash (amount not given) 
 contained 0.963 per cent A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Matusow, H. (Amer. Jour. Pharm., 69 (1897), p. 341), reports 
 aluminium as one of the constituents of the ash of broad-leaved 
 laurel (Kalmia latifolia) root; amount not stated. The total 
 ash was 1.24 per cent. 
 
 Mayer, A., (Lehrbuch der Agricultur Chemie 3d Ed., 1886, 
 p. 280) states that aluminium is found in a seriesof plants 
 as a regular constituent, and frequently in not subordinate 
 amounts. In Lycopodiuin complanatum acetate of aluminium 
 occurs in such quantities that a lye made from the plant can be 
 used directly in dyeing as a mordant. This same salt has been 
 found in wine grapes; and it is an assured fact that various 
 parts of the grapevine on incineration leave in the residuum 
 aluminium compounds. Vauquelin states that he found acetate 
 of aluminium in the sap of the birch, which at best must be 
 considered as an anomaly. 
 
ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 2/ 
 
 Minas, M. (Zur Frage uber den Einfluss pasteurisierten 
 Traubensaftes auf den allgemeinen Stickstoffumsatz, das Kor- 
 pergewicht und die Darmfaulniss beim gesunden Menschen 
 bei gemischter Kost. Inaug. Diss. Dorpat, 1900; Ztschr. 
 Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 4 (1901), p. 204), analyzed a 
 pasteurized grape juice (prepared by a Russian firm for medic- 
 inal use) and found that it contained 0.004 per cent of A1 9 O 3 . 
 
 Mitscherlich (Berlin. Acad. Ber., 1847, Nov., p. 430; Jour. 
 Prak. Chem., 43, p. 158; Pharm. Centbl., 1848, p. 337; Inst., 
 1848, p. 186; Jahresb. Chem., 1847-48, p. 832) found in one 
 of the marine Algae (Conferva glomerata) (dried at 130), 12.27 
 per cent ash; of this 0.42 per cent was alumina. 
 
 Moritz, J. (Ann. Oenologie. 4, p. 153; Just's Bot. Jahresber., 
 1874, II, p. 855), studied the draft on soil made by grapes of 
 the variety "Sylvaner. " The fresh wood contained 50 per 
 cent more ash than the fresh fruit. He calculated that the 
 grape plants withdrew 35.343 pounds mineral matter per 
 morgen (0.63 acre) from the soil; of this 0.05 pound was A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Muck (Vierteljahressch. Prak. Pharm., 5, p. 544; Chem 
 Centbl., 1856, p. 848; Jahresb. Chem., 1856, p. 690) notes 
 12.5 per cent ash in the leaves of belladonna (Atropa belladonna) 
 (dried at 100) containing o.oi per cent A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Munroe, W. R. (Amer. Jour. Pharm., 70 (1898), p. 489), 
 in an analysis of the rhizome of an aralia (Aralia calif or nica) , 
 reports 2.22 per cent ash in which aluminium was present in 
 the form of phosphate. 
 
 Nettlefold, P. (Chem. News, 55, p. 191; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1887, p. 2304), reports 0.571 per cent ash in an edible fungus 
 (Bovista gigantaea). Of this 15.66 per cent was alumina. 
 
 Parodi, D. (Pharm. Jour. Trans., 3d ser., 10, p. 667; Jour. 
 Chem. Soc. London, 37 (1880), p. 721), in a cucurbitaceous 
 plant, tayuya (Trianosperma ficifolia), found 1.23 per cent iron 
 and aluminium. 
 
 Payen (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 28, p. 613; Pharm. 
 Centbl., 1849, p. 516; Jahresb. Chem., 1849, P- 4^i) notes 
 0.12 per cent insoluble, and 0.16 per cent soluble ash in sugar 
 cane. One of the ash constituents was alumina. 
 
 Peckolt, T. (Pharm. Jour. Trans., 3d ser., 10, pp. 343, 383; 
 Ztschr. Oesterr. Apoth. Verein, 1879, pp. 361, 373; Jahresb. 
 
28 ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 
 
 Chem., 1879, p. 931), in a study of the fruit of paw-paw (Carica 
 papaya), states that the dry flesh of the fruit of one variety, 
 Mamao femea, contained 8.457 per cent ash. Of this 3.857 
 per cent was alumina. 
 
 Peckolt, T. (Wiener. Akad. Ber. 54 (2. Abt.) p. 462; Jahresb. 
 Chem. Will., 1866, p. 708), reports 10.19 P er ceirt asn m shells of 
 seeds of Guarana (Paulina sorbilis); 1.704 per cent in seeds 
 without shells and 2.6 per cent in Guarana paste; the last 
 two contained respectively 1.06 and 0.82 per cent A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Penney, M. D. (Chem. News, 39, p. 80; Jour. Chem. Soc. 
 London, 36 (1879), II, p. 556), studied the occurrence of alumina 
 in flour and wheat, finding, he states, larger quantities than 
 are generally supposed to be present. Part of this he attributes 
 to careless packing of the wheat. The Egyptian wheat noted 
 below was largely contaminated with clay owing to the manner 
 of packing in Nile boats. 
 
 In six samples of flour, he found alumina as follows, the 
 amount representing grains in four pounds: No. i, 24.30; 
 No. 2, 21.75; No. 3, 21.25; No. 4, 17.00; No. 5, 12.40, and 
 No. 6, 6.34. 
 
 The aluminium phosphate (milligrams per 100 grams) found 
 in twenty-two samples of wheat was as follows: No. i, Cal- 
 cutta, 24.30; No. 2, Calcutta, 21.00; No. 3, Calcutta, 18.50; 
 No. 4, Kourish, 27.20; No. 5, Kourish, 31.00; No. 6, Russian, 
 17.20; No. 7, Russian, 24.45; No. 8, Russian, 13.10; No. 9, 
 Russian, 16.35; No. 10, Chicago, 4.00; No. n, Oregon, 4.00; 
 No. 12, English, 5.12; No. 13, English, 6.40; No. 14, English, 
 7.30; No. 15, English, 3.80; No. 16, Stein, 16.33; No. 17, 
 Stein, 13.24; No. 18, California, 3.00; No. 19, Mixed (eleven 
 varieties), 15.10; No. 20, Egyptian, as imported, 167.00; No. 21, 
 Egyptian, hand-picked, 49.49; No. 22, Egyptian, washed, 14.10. 
 
 Percival, J. (Agricultural Botany, New York, 1900, p. 167), 
 notes the occasional presence of alumina in small amounts in 
 certain plants. In sea-weeds bromine and iodine, he states, are 
 present, and many other elements such as aluminium, zinc, and 
 copper have been occasionally discovered in small quantities 
 in certain species of plants. 
 
 Petter, K. (Vierteljahressch. Prak. Pharm., n, p. 545; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1862, p. 511), found 23.15 per cent ash in one 
 
ALUMINIUM TN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 29 
 
 of the common Algae (Cladophora glomerata) (dried at 110). Of 
 this 0.225 per cent was A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Pfeffer, W. (Pflanzen-Physiologie, 2d ed., 1897, Vol. I, p. 
 43 2), in discussing the nutrients of plants, makes in effect the 
 following statement: Aluminium, although it is so generally 
 distributed, occurs in the ash of most plants only in small 
 amounts. In the case of Lyco podium chamaecyparissus and 
 alpinum, it constitutes 22 to 27 per cent of the ash. It is 
 also abundantly present in Chlorangium jussuffii according to 
 Wolff (Aschen Analysen, 1871, pp. 134, 136), while Church 
 found only traces of it in Lyco podium phlegmaria, in Sclaginella, 
 etc. Whether or not aluminium occurs in Lycopodium, as 
 Arosenius states in the form of tartrate, is not definitely 
 known. 
 
 Pizzi, A. (Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 16 (1888), p. 737; 17 V i889 , 
 p. i; Centbl. Agr. Chem., 19 (1890), p. 353; Jahresb. Agr. 
 Chem., 1890, pp. 287, 288), reports 1.80 per cent ash in white 
 truffle (Tuber magnatum) from the Apennines, of which 6.9 
 per cent was A1 2 O 3 . In black truffle (T. melanosporum), from 
 the same region, he found 2.09 per cent ash of which 5.3 per 
 cent was ALjOg. 
 
 Pizzi, A. (Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 17, p. 167; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1889, p. 2109), reports 1.342 per cent ash in the morel (Morchella 
 esculenta). Of this 3.120 per cent was A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Ramdohr (Arch. Pharm., 2d ser., 91 (1857), p. 129; Ztschr. 
 Pharm., 1857, p. 70; Chem. Centbl., 1857, p. 705; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1857, p. 515) notes 3.62 per cent ash in air-dry ergot 
 (Secale cornutum) from cheat or chess (Bromus secalinus) and 
 2.91 per cent in ergot from rye (Secale cereale). These con- 
 tained respectively 1.09 and 0.33 per cent A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Reichardt, E. (Arch. Pharm., 2d ser., 73 (1853), p. 257; 
 Pharm. Centbl., 1853, p. 267; Jahresb. Chem., 1853, p. 581), 
 examined the leaves, bark, and wood of willow (Salix vitellina) 
 in autumn and spring, reporting (per 1000 parts fresh 
 material) 0.05 A1 2 O 3 in autumn leaves, and 0.03 in autumn 
 bark and wood, 0.03 in spring leaves, and 0.06 in spring bark 
 and wood. He found also (Arch. Pharm., 2d ser., 75 (1853), p. 
 19; Pharm. Centbl., 1853, p. 566; Jahresb. Chem., 1853, p. 584) 
 0.39 and 0.46 A1 2 O 3 .PO 5 per 1000 parts dry matter in thick 
 
3O ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 
 
 (old) and thin (young) bark, from a willow, about five years 
 old, gathered near the end of October, 1852. 
 
 Reichardt, E. (Chem. Bestandtheile der Chinarinden, Braun- 
 schweig, 1855; Pharm. Centbl., 1855, p. 631; Ztschr. Pharm., 
 1856, p. 25; Jahresb. Chem., 1855, p. 720), reports ash in the 
 following drugs: China flava fibrosa (this and all the others 
 dried at 100) 1.6338 per cent; C. rubra, 1.6607 P er cent; 
 C. huanuco, 2.5134 per cent; C. regia sine epid., 1.2236 per 
 cent; C. regia cum epid., 1.6449 per cent. He reports alu- 
 minium phosphate in these as follows: 0.0473, -5 2 8, 0.0467, 
 0.0465, and 0.0403, or re-calculated and expressed in percentage 
 of total ash (according to abstracts for Jahresb. Chem.) 1.203, 
 1.324, 0.771, 1.580, and 1.017 per cent alumina. 
 
 Reithner (Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Pharm., 4, p. 382 ; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1855, p. 723) notes 4.3 per cent ash in the leaves of 
 holly (Ilex aquifolium) dried at 100. Of this 0.66 per cent 
 was A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Reithner (Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Pharm., 4, p. 481 ; Pharm. 
 Chem., 1855, p. 834; Jahresb. Chem., 1855, p. 724) notes 4.05 
 per cent ash in the dry flowers, without anthers, of colchicum or 
 autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale) and 4.15 per cent in 
 the dry anthers. The ash contained respectively 0.27 per cent 
 and a trace of A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Ricciardi, L. (Gaz. Chim. Ital., 19 (1889), p. 150), studied 
 the aluminium content of the ash of different portions of several 
 plants. He found that the ash of grape-vines grown on clay 
 soil contained 0.85 per cent alumina; on soil containing an abun- 
 dance of lime, 0.81 per cent; and on soil with a medium lime 
 content, 1.14 per cent. He also found 0.218 per cent alumina 
 present in the ash of the branches and twigs, 0.093 m the skins 
 and seeds, and 0.022 in the leaves of the mandarin orange. 
 The ash of Indian fig fruit, "prickly pear" from Bari, contained 
 0.063 P er cent; from Catania, 0.092. The ash of the rind of 
 the prickly-pear fruit from Bari contained 0.148 per cent; 
 from Catania, 0.167. The ash from the flesh of St. John's 
 breadfruit (Ceratonia siliqua) from Bari contained 0.503 per 
 cent; from Catania, 0.607; the ash of the seeds from Bari, 
 0.062; from Catania, 0.064. The ash of almond shells grown 
 near Bari contained 0.695 P er cent A1 2 O 3 , the ash of the kernels 
 
ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 31 
 
 0.138. The ash of tobacco leaves contained 2.151 per cent 
 alumina. The seeds and skin of mandarin oranges grown near 
 Cara contained in the ash 0.121 per cent A1 2 O 3 , and white lupine 
 ash 0.042 per cent A1 2 O 3 . Further, wine was found to con- 
 tain 0.022 gm. A1 2 O 3 per liter. The author concludes that the 
 assimilation of alumina does not depend on the percentage 
 in the soil, and that, generally speaking, alumina is most 
 abundant in the trunk and branches, less so in the husks and 
 seeds, and least of all in the leaves. 
 
 Ringer, F. A., and E. Brooke (Amer. Jour. Pharm., 64 (1892), 
 p. 255) report 4.29 and 1.32 per cent ash in roots of true 
 and commercial pareira respectively. Both contained A1 2 O 3 ; the 
 amount not stated. 
 
 Ritthausen, H. (Jour. Prakt. Chem., 53 (1851), p. 413) reports 
 36.250 per cent A1 2 O 3 in the pure ash of a club-moss (Lycopo- 
 dium complanatum) . 
 
 Ritthausen, H. (Jour. Prakt. Pharm., 58, p. 133; Pharm. 
 Centbl., 1853, p. 531; Jahresb. Chem., 1853, p. 586) reports 
 39.07 and 20.69 per cent A1 2 O 3 in ash of club-mosses (Lycopo- 
 dium chamaecyparissns and L. clavatum). The amount of total 
 ash was not stated. 
 
 Rode, C. (Vierteljahres. Prakt. Pharm., 9, p. 530; Jahresb. 
 Agr. Chem., 1861-62, p. 6 1), reports 0.15 per cent A1 2 O 3 in the 
 ash of the leaves of cuckoo-pint (Arum maculatum). The 
 leaves contained a total of 88 per cent water; the water-free 
 material, 10.12 per cent ash. 
 
 Rotondi, E. (Rel. lav. esequiti. lab. Chim. R. Staz. enoL 
 Asti, 1878, p. in; Centbl. Agr. Chem., 8 (1879), p. 530), 
 studied the ash constituents of grape must, branches, and 
 leaves from two vineyards near Asti. In every case the vine 
 and leaves were selected after the grape harvest from vines 
 which had borne fruit. The branches of Pinot grapes from 
 Galletria d'Asti contained 2.91 per cent pure ash in dry matter, 
 of which 0.13 per cent was A1 2 O 3 . Branches of Barbara grapes 
 from Costigliole d'Asti contained 3.37 per cent pure ash in dry 
 matter; of this 0.02 per cent was A1 2 O 3 . Traces of alumina are 
 also reported in branches and leaves of Barbara and Grignolino 
 grapes from Galleria d'Asti and in must of Barbara and must 
 and branches from Fresia grapes from Costigliole d'Asti. 
 
32 ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 
 
 Ruge, G. (Apoth. Ztg., 1891, p. 208; Jahresb. Agr. Chem., 
 1891, p. 244), states that floating buttercup (Ranunculus flui- 
 tans) contains 14.349 per cent ash in the dry matter; 0.33 per 
 cent of this being A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 de Saussure, T. (Recherches Chimiques sur la Vegetation, 
 Paris, 1804) discusses the ash constituents of plants, and in 
 tables at the end of the volume reports the ash constituents 
 of a considerable number. From these tables the following is 
 quoted: In the leaves and other portions of a large number 
 of trees and plants the amount of aluminium in the ash was 
 less than o.oi per cent. The leaves of a rhododendron (Rhodo- 
 dendron ferrugineum) contained 3 per cent ash in the dry matter ; 
 of this 0.12 per cent was alumina. Another sample contained 
 2.5 per cent ash in the dry matter, 0.12 per cent of this also 
 being alumina. The branches of the same plants contained 
 0.8 per cent dry matter; of this 0.12 per cent was alumina. 
 Saussure 's investigation is interesting chiefly from an histori- 
 cal standpoint. 
 
 Sayre, L. E. (Amer. Jour. Pharm., 69 (1897), p. 543), reports 
 a study of the composition of dandelion (Taraxacum) root. 
 A sample dried at 100 contained 11.13 P er ceirt asn - Of this 
 18.07 per cent was A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Schazler, M. (Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Pharm., n, p. 270; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1862, p. 514), found 5.12 per cent ash in the 
 finest Ceylon cinnamon bark (dried at 110). Of this 0.55 
 per cent was A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Schlegel, C. E. (Amer. Jour. Pharm., 57 (1885), p. 426), 
 reports the analysis of the fruit of star anise (Illicium anisatum) . 
 The seed capsules contained 10.36 per cent moisture and 3.5 
 per cent ash. This was made up, according to the author, of 
 potassium, sodium, iron, aluminium, hydrochloric acid, and 
 phosphoric acid. 
 
 Schreiner (Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Pharm., 5, p. 207; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1856, p. 691), reports 0.72 per cent ash in the 
 fresh fruit of sloe or black thorn (Prunus spinosa). Of this 
 0.5 per cent was A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Schriddl, P. (Arch. Pharm., 1873, p. 375; Centbl. Agr. Chem., 
 5 (1874), p. 50) , reports the percentage of A1 2 O 3 in the ash of four 
 samples of tea leaves and two of wood as follows: 0.810, 1.015, 
 
ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 33 
 
 2.226, 2.072, 4.093, and 2.834. They were from Java and in 
 the case of Nos. 3, 4, and 6 were affected with a tea disease. 
 
 Sestini, F. (Gaz. Chim. Ital., 4 (1874), p. 182; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1874, p. 906), notes a trace of alumina in the ash of a 
 seaweed (Posidonia oceanica) which is used as a fertilizer. 
 
 Sestini, F. (Gaz. Chim. Ital., 15 (1885), p. 107; Landw. 
 Vers. Stat., 32 (1886), p. 197; Jahresb. Chem., 1885, p. 1848), 
 studied the relation between the atomic weight and the physio- 
 logical functions of the elements. He says in effect regarding 
 certain elements, "Many elements which are not yet regarded 
 as necessary for plants are found in plant ash, as aluminium, 
 lithium, and fluorine." He believes that no element with an 
 atomic weight over 56 enters directly into the formation of 
 living material. 
 
 Sestini, F. (Stud, e Ricer. Inst. Lab. Chim. Agr. Pisa, 6, 
 p. 87; Chem. Centbl., 1887, p. 939; Jahresb. Chem., 1887, 
 p. 2647), determined the aluminium content of a number of 
 wines. He found per 1000 cc. in ordinary red wine, from 
 Peccioli (1884), 0.017 g m -5 i n ordinary red wine from Ghez- 
 zano (1884), 0.034 gm. ; in red wine from Calci (1884), 0.038 gm.; 
 from Collesalvetti (1883), 0.006 gm. ; from Collesalvetti (1884), 
 0.002 gm. ; from S. Giuliano (1884), 0.005 g m - ' an( ^ from S. 
 Giuhano (1885), 0.009 g m - He concludes, therefore, that a natural 
 wine does not contain more than 0.03 gm. alumina per liter and 
 that alumina will never exceed 0.2 per cent of the pure ash. 
 
 Shepard, C. U. (Trans. N. Y. State Agr. Soc., 1844, p. 343), 
 reports traces of alumina in the ash of rice straw. He also 
 reports traces in the ash of corn (grains) as quoted by J. H. 
 Salisbury (Trans. N. Y. State Agr. Soc., 1848, p. 726). 
 
 Smith, H. G., in an article entitled "Aluminium, the Chief 
 Inorganic Element in a Proteaceous Tree, and the Occurrence of 
 Aluminium Succinate in Trees of this Species" (Chem. News, 
 SB (1903), p. 135), reports the occurrence of a large deposit of 
 basic aluminium succinate of the formula A1 2 (C 4 H 4 O 4 )3A1 2 O 3 in 
 the center of a silky oak tree 3 feet in diameter (Orites eoccelsa) 
 from Queensland. The ash of the wood farthest from the 
 deposit contained 79.61 per cent alumina. The large deposit 
 was regarded as a natural effort to get rid of a surplus of alumina 
 not needed by the tree. 
 
34 ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 
 
 Three other samples of the same kind of tree from northern 
 New South Wales were examined and in the ash of all a large 
 amount of alumina was found, the quantity ranging from 36 to 
 43 per cent. Much of the alumina in the ash was present as 
 a potash salt soluble in water, and as no carbonate of potash 
 was found "it is supposed that the potassium aluminate was 
 originally present in the tree as such." 
 
 As no alumina was found in the ash of Grevillea robusta, 
 G. helliana, and G. striata, the author believes that it is probable 
 that the tree reported to contain it in an earlier article by 
 J. H. Maiden and himself (see page 26) was O. excelsa and not 
 G. robusta, as stated at the time. 
 
 Smith, A. Percy (Chem. News, 28, p. 261, 324; Jahresber. 
 Chem., 1873, p. 851), reports (by difference) 1.459 per cent 
 alumina and lithium carbonate in the ash of Havana tobacco. 
 
 Smith, Watson (Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 37 (1880), II, 
 p. 416), analyzed the ash of two varieties of eucalyptus wood, 
 E. rostrata contained 2.25 per cent ash and E. globuhts 2.01 
 per cent. The former contained 0.78 per cent ferric and 
 aluminic phosphate, the latter 1.07 per cent. In the latter 
 a trace of A1 2 O 3 was also noted. 
 
 Snyder, H. (Chemistry of Plant and Animal Life, 1903, 
 Easton, Pa., p. 168), says: "Aluminium is found in the ash 
 of many plants, as wheat, peas, beans, and rice, although it 
 occurs in very small amounts and, so far as known, is not 
 essential for plant growth. Most soils contain traces of soluble 
 silicates of aluminium, and hence plants cannot well be free 
 from it." 
 
 Solms-Laubach, Graf (Ann. Chem. u. Pharm., 100 (1856), 
 p. 297), reports 2 per cent A1 2 O 3 in the ash of a lycopod (Lyco- 
 podium denticulatum) . 
 
 Speiss, E. (Wittstein's Vierteljahresschrift, 9, p. 392; Jahr- 
 esber. Agr. Chem., 1 860-61, p. 59), analyzed the ash of the 
 bark of the root of the pomegranate and the root-stalks of male 
 fern. The ash of the former contained a trace of A1 2 O 3 and 
 that of the latter 0.071 per cent. 
 
 Staffel, E. (Preisschrift. Arch. Pharm., 2d ser., 64, I, p. 129; 
 Ann. Chem. Pharm., 76, p. 379; Pharm. Centbl., 1850, p. 897, 
 1851, p. 146; Jahresb. Chem., 1850, p. 661 and Table D, p. 66i) r 
 
ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 35 
 
 in a study of the question whether the inorganic constituents 
 of different organs of a green plant varied at different seasons, 
 reports alumina in ash as follows: Horse-chestnut wood 
 (autumn), 0.23 per cent; bark, 0.18 per cent; leaves (spring), 
 0.41 per cent; leaves (autumn), 0.51 per cent. The total ash 
 in the above (dry material) was 3.38, 6.57, 7.69, and 7.52 per 
 cent respectively. He also reports alumina in ash of English 
 walnut bark (autumn), 0.29 per cent; leaves (spring), 0.18 per 
 cent; leaves (autumn), 0.06 per cent. The total ash in the 
 above (dry material) was 6.403, 7.719, and 7.005 per cent 
 respectively. 
 
 Stoklasa, J. (Ann. Agron., 23 (1897), p. 588), in connection 
 with a study of the condition of phosphoric acid in the soil 
 made laboratory experiments with salts of known composition 
 which led to the conclusion that the water-soluble portion 
 of superphosphates never contains acid ferrous phosphate, this 
 salt changing almost immediately upon its formation into 
 di-tri-ferriphosphates of varying composition insoluble in 
 water. The addition of ferrous salts to soluble phosphates 
 results in the formation of di-tri-ferriphosphates unless an 
 excess of free phosphoric acid is present. Acid ferric phos- 
 phate may be found in superphosphates only when there is 
 at least 30 per cent of free phosphoric acid present. If this 
 is not the case, the acid ferric phosphate may be transformed 
 into mono-di-tri-ferriphosphate, Fe 2 O 3 (P 2 O 5 ) 2 .8H 2 O. 
 
 "It is thus seen that the retrogression of phosphoric acid 
 in superphosphate is very largely dependent upon the free 
 phosphoric acid present. Aluminium salts do not behave like 
 iron salts in superphosphate, but like the salts of lime and 
 magnesia. 
 
 "Pot experiments with barley on a fertile soil containing 
 0.63 per cent calcium carbonate and 2 per cent of humus and 
 treated with different phosphates of calcium, aluminium, and 
 iron showed that the effect of the acid phosphates of these 
 elements was almost the same. The tribasic phosphates were 
 about one-half as effective as the acid phosphates. The effect 
 of the normal reverted phosphates was about one-half greater 
 than that of the tribasic phosphates." 
 
 Other conclusions regarding phosphates were drawn. 
 
ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 
 
 Strawinski, J. Frank (Amer. Jour. Pharm., 70 (1898), p. 189), 
 finds that the ash of the rhizome and rootlets of plantain 
 (Plantago major) amounted to 24.70 per cent and contained 
 alumina in addition to other constituents. 
 
 Strohecker, R. (Arch. Pharm., 26. ser., 145, p. 131; Jour. 
 Chem. Soc. London, 24 (1871), p. 428), in an article on chemical 
 substitution in plants discusses analyses by Wittstein of water 
 from the Ohe and Isar rivers and of the ash of Fontinalis anti- 
 pyretica taken from these waters. The river waters contained 
 respectively 0.016 and 0.2250 per cent total solids; in that 
 of the Ohe water 0.108 per cent was A1 2 O 3 . The plants from 
 the two rivers contained 22.60 and 9.88 per cent ash respectively, 
 of which 9.272 and 1.6 1 6 per cent was A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Struckmann (Ann. Chim. Pharm., 97, p. 143; Jour. Prakt. 
 Chem., 68, p. 379; Chem. Centbl., 1856, p. 187; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1856, p. 687) found 9.2 per cent ash in the root (Wedel) of 
 male fern (Aspidium filix mas) (dried at 100), and 8.1 per cent 
 in that of asplenium (A. filix femina), the ash containing 
 respectively 2.40 and 2.20 per cent A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Teller, G. L. (Arkansas Station Bulletin 42, pp. 75, 77), 
 reports complete analyses of whole wheat, wheat flour, and 
 other milling products, the samples being all obtained from 
 the same lot of winter wheat grown in Arkansas. The data 
 regarding alumina follow: 
 
 ALUMINA IN ASH OF WINTER WHEAT AND ITS MILLING 
 
 PRODUCTS. 
 
 
 Patent 
 Flour 
 
 Straight 
 Flour. 
 
 Low 
 Grade 
 
 Dust- 
 room. 
 
 Ship- 
 stuff. 
 
 Bran. 
 
 Wheat. 
 
 Total ash 
 
 PerCt 
 
 O 31 
 
 Per Ct. 
 o 40 
 
 Per Ct. 
 o . 70 
 
 Per Ct. 
 2 . tro 
 
 Per Ct. 
 3.o8 
 
 Per Ct. 
 
 C ,2Z 
 
 Per Ct. 
 1.62 
 
 Aluminium oxid in 
 ash 
 
 .41 
 
 I "> 
 
 . 12 
 
 .04 
 
 .18 
 
 .07 
 
 . II 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The presence of alumina in wheat has been attributed to 
 the wearing down of the millstones. On this point Professor 
 Teller says: 
 
 ' ' This could not have been a source of the material in these 
 mill products, as the wheat was crushed entirely by iron rollers, 
 and an examination of the amounts of alumina found in the 
 
ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. tf 
 
 mill products and in the whole grain indicate that it is no more 
 foreign to the true ash than any of the other constituents 
 named. To bring further proof on this point, 100 gms. of 
 the unground wheat was carefully washed with distilled water 
 and, after drying, was burned without being pulverized. The 
 same amounts of both alumina and zinc were found as in the 
 wheat which had not been washed. It seems a little remarkable 
 that the zinc should have accumulated to the greatest extent 
 in the ash of the bran, while the alumina and silica should have 
 reached their largest proportion in the ash of the finer flours. 
 Alumina is found to be of frequent occurrence in the mineral 
 waters of this State." 
 
 To ascertain whether alumina is present in the ash of wheat 
 grown on a very sandy soil, a sample of wheat was obtained 
 which had grown on a sandy soil in Michigan. This was 
 examined for alumina and none was found 
 
 Thielau (Vierteljahresschr. Prakt. Pharm., 4, p. 537; Pharm. 
 Centbl., 1855, p. 8n; Jahresb. Chem., 1855, p. 728) found 
 3.33 per cent ash in ergot (Secale cornutum) dried at 100. Of 
 this 0.29 per cent was A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Thomas, Mason B. (Proc. Indiana Acad. Science, 1893, 
 p. 239), in a report on the study of the ash of trees makes the 
 following statements: 
 
 "The substances usually found in the ashes of all trees 
 when burned at a low temperature are potash, soda, lime, 
 magnesia, and iron (K 2 O, Na 2 O, CaO, MgO, Fe 2 O 3 ) in com- 
 bination with phosphoric acid (P 2 O 5 ), sulphuric acid (SO 3 ), 
 chlorine (Cl), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and silica (Si0 2 ); iodine 
 (I), aluminium (Al), and manganese (Mn) are often present. 
 One portion of these mineral constituents exists in solution 
 in the sap and the other in the tissue of the plant in the solid 
 form." 
 
 The author reports the ash constituents usually deter- 
 mined, but does not report the amount of aluminium present. 
 His experiments were made with common forest and fruit trees. 
 
 Tod, W. (Arch. Pharm., 2d ser., 78 (1854), p. 136; Jour. 
 Prakt. Chem., 62, p. 503; Pharm. Centbl., 1854, p. 452; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1854, p. 665), found that the flesh of plum (Prunus 
 domestica) made up 93 per cent of the fruit and the pit 7 per 
 
38 ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 
 
 cent. The fresh flesh contained 0.407 per cent ash, 0.003 
 per cent being A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Tollens (Jour. Landw., 50 (1902), p. 231) states that alu- 
 minium is always present in very small quantities in grain. 
 
 Trimble, H., and H. J. Schuchard (Amer. Jour. Pharm., 57 
 (1885), p. 21) report the analysis of the tops and leaves of 
 water pepperwort (Polygonum hydropiper). The ash consti- 
 tuted 7.4 per cent of the total plant and contained aluminium 
 phosphate. 
 
 Tschirch, A. (Gartenzeitung, 1883, p. 34), reports in hyacinth 
 (Hyacinikus orientalis) io.ii per cent dry matter and 8.5787 
 per cent pure ash. The A1 2 O 3 in the ash was 0.8871 per cent. 
 
 Tucker, G. M., and B. Tollens (Ber. Deut. Chem. Gesellsch., 
 32 (1899), p. 2575; Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 78 (1900), II. 
 p. 35) note Al 2 O 3 .Fe 2 O 3 in plane-tree leaves. 
 
 Vielguth (Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Pharm., 5, p. 187; Chem. 
 Centbl., 1856, p. 423; Jahresb. Chem., 1856, p. 690) notes 
 7.6 per cent ash in bed straw (Galium mollugo) (whole plant). 
 This contained 0.3 per cent A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Volcker, A. (Rpt. i9th Meeting British Association; Notes 
 and Abstracts, p. 43, Jahresb. Chem., 1850, p, 672 and Table 
 D, p. 661), notes 1.97 per cent alumina in the ash of Armeria 
 maritima (green plant?). The amount of total ash was not 
 stated. 
 
 Wallace (Analyst, 3 (1878), p. 243) reports that the ash of 
 sugar made from cane growing near the seacoast in Demerara 
 contained, in addition to other constituents enumerated, 
 0.65 per cent aluminium. The amount of total ash is not 
 stated. 
 
 Walz (Jahrb. Prakt. Pharm., 15, p. 65; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1847-48, p. 1083; and Table B, p. 1074) reports ash as follows 
 in grapevine and leaf : Clevner, 6.19 per cent; Riesling, 7.74 per 
 cent; Drollinger, 6.00 per cent. Of this 1.15, 0.91, and i.oo per 
 cent respectively was aluminium phosphate. 
 
 Wanklyn, J. A., and W. J. Cooper (Bread Analysis, London, 
 1886, pp. 22, 24, 25) state that according to their analyses 
 the ash of flour contains 1.3 per cent Fe 2 O 3 and A1 2 O 3 together. 
 In eight samples of flour analyzed, 100 gms. of material yielded 
 from o.oi to 0.02 gm. of phosphate of iron and alumina. In 
 
ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 39 
 
 eight samples of bread, the ash in 100 gins, of material .ranged 
 from 0.890 gm. to 1.742 gms. ; the phosphates of iron and 
 alumina from 0.006 gm. to 0.014 gm. 
 
 Warden, C. J. H. (Chem. News, 38, p. 146; Jahresber. Agr. 
 Chem., 1878, p. 1 06), reports a trace of A1 2 O 3 in the ash of opium 
 from Behar, India. 
 
 Warden, C. J. H. (Chem. News, 39, p. 27; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1879, p. 927), reports 0.9701 per cent A1 2 O 3 in the ash of poppy 
 leaves or petals used to wrap up opium. The total amount 
 of ash is not stated. 
 
 Warden, C. J. H. (Chem. News, 64 (1891), p. 161), reports 
 24.334 per cent ash in the leaves (dried at 100) of prickly 
 chaff flower (Achyranthes aspera), an Indian weed. Of this 
 2.0651 per cent was A1 2 O 3 . The author says that there was 
 considerable soil which it was not possible to separate from 
 the leaves. This would, of course, increase the A1 2 O 3 content. 
 
 Wasowicz, D.v. (Pharm. Jour. Trans., 3dser., io,pp. 301, 341, 
 463; Arch. Pharm., 3d ser., 14 (1879), p. 193; Jahresb. Chem., 
 
 1879, p. 927), notes the presence of aluminium in the ash of 
 the root of an aconite (Aconitum heterophyllum). The total 
 ash was equal to 2.331 per cent. The root of another aconite 
 (Aconitum japonicnm) contains 2.799 percent ash. Aluminium 
 is reported as a constituent of this also. 
 
 Watts, H. (Phil. Mag., 3d ser., 32, p. 54; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1847-48, p. 1077; and Table A, p. 1074), reports 6.5 per cent 
 ash in hop blossoms; of this 1.18 per cent was alumina. 
 
 Way, J. T., and G. H. Ogston (Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc., n, pt. 2, 
 p. 497; Jahresb. Chem., 1850, p. 666, Table A, p. 660) note 
 1.90 per cent ash in rye (dry material). Of this 0.50 per cent 
 was alumina. 
 
 Weber, R., and E. Ebermayer ("Lehre der Waldstreu," 
 Berlin, 1876. Cited by Wolff in "Aschen Analysen," Berlin, 
 
 1880, pt. 2, pp. 87, 130) determined the A1 2 O 3 in fir litter, i.e. 
 needles, etc., under fir trees. The pure ash in eleven analyses 
 ranged from 1.07 to 2.00 per cent. From 1.09 to 9.98 per cent 
 of the total pure ash was found to be A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Weber and Ebermayer ("Lehre der Waldstreu," Berlin, 1876. 
 Cited by Wolff in "Aschen Analysen," Berlin, 1880, pp. 100, 
 131) also give figures showing that the pure ash of white pine 
 
4O ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 
 
 litter ranges from 1.99 to 5.27 per cent. Of this 1.44 to 7.02 
 per cent was found to be A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Wefers-Bettink, H. (Rev. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas, 2, p. 126; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1883, p. 1496), analyzed "Legen," a Japanese 
 drug, which has been said to consist largely of the excrement 
 of an insect, " Dendang." He concluded that it was of vegetable 
 origin and probably prepared from the seed of some strychnin- 
 yielding plant. Legen contained 16.88 per cent ash, of which 
 A1 2 O 3 was one of the constituents. 
 
 Weigelt, C. H. (Jour. Prakt. Chem., 106 (1869), p. 193), 
 reports 10.5 per cent pure ash in one specimen of Parmelia 
 scruposa; of this 28.171 per cent was found to be A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Wellborn, G. (Pharm. Jour. Trans., 3d ser., 9, p. 181; Jour. 
 Chem. Soc/London, 1878, II, p. 1009), in a paper on the detec- 
 tion of alum in flour states that too much allowance has been 
 made for alumina in wheat, as it is not an invariable constituent. 
 
 Wheeler, C. Gilbert (Erdman's Journal, 94, p. 385; Jahresb. 
 Agr. Chem., 1865, p. 114), reports traces of A1 2 O 3 in the ash of 
 nine varieties of Bavarian hops. 
 
 Will and Fresenius (Chevallier et Baudrimont, " Dictionnaire 
 des alterations," Paris, 1878, p. 1131) note the occurrence of 
 alumina in the ash of Hungarian tobacco. 
 
 Winternitz (Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Pharm., 4, p. 542; 
 Pharm. Centbl., 1855, p. 820; Jahresb. Chem., 1855, p. 722) 
 found 8.88 per cent ash in dandelion (Leontodon taraxacum) 
 (whole plant without root, dried at moderate temperature). 
 Of this 0.402 per cent was A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Witting (Keller and Tiedemann's Nord. American Monats- 
 ber. Pharm. Chem., 1851, p. 404; Jahresb. Chem., 1851, p. 712, 
 Table C, p. 708) reports in ash of birch "No. 76 " 1.38 per cent 
 alumina and in "No. 74" 0.42 per cent, and in ash of beech 
 " No. 75 " 0.05 per cent. The amount of total ash is not stated. 
 
 Wittstein (Repert. Pharm., 2d ser., 46, p. 329 ; Pharm. Centbl., 
 1847, p. 739; Jahresb. Chem., 1847-48, p. 1082; and Table A, 
 p. 1074) reports 1.56 per cent ash in green leaves of Virginia 
 creeper (Vitis hederacea) ; of this 0.07 per cent was alumina. 
 
 Wittstein (Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Pharm., 3, p. 10; Pharm. 
 Centbl., 1854, p. 12; Jahresb. Chem., 1853, p. 579) reports 
 1.13, 1.98, and 2.92 per cent ash in the bark of pine trees (Scotch 
 
ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 
 
 pine) (Pinus silvestris), 220, 172, and 135 years old, respectively, 
 which grew on the sandy soil of the "Hauptmoor, " near Bam- 
 berg, the ash containing respectively 10.12, 4.49, and 3.08 
 per cent A1 2 O 3 . The wood from the trunks of these trees 
 contained 0.45, 0.58, and 0.42 per cent ash with respectively 
 0.92, 0.72, and 0.26 per cent A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Wittstein (Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Pharm., 4, p. 525; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1855, p. 722) reports two analyses (the first by Nut- 
 zinger; the second by Thielau) of the ash of heather (Calluna 
 vulgaris) (whole plant, without root, in bloom): sample "a," 
 grown on moorland, contained, air-dry, 2.876 per cent ash with 
 0.844 per cent A1 2 O 3 , and sample "b," grown on sandstone, 
 contained, air-dry, 3.324 per cent ash with 0.513 per cent A1 2 O 8 . 
 
 Wittstein, G. C. (Arch. Pharm., 2d ser., in, p. 14; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1862, p. 509), reports the following: 
 
 ALUMINA IN CERTAIN PLANTS. 
 
 Kind of Plant. 
 
 Reindeer moss (Cladonia rangiferina) dried at 
 
 1 60; from Riefs, near Passau 
 
 Reindeer moss (C. rangiferina) from Frauen- 
 
 berge 
 
 Reindeer moss (C. rangiferina) from neighbor- 
 hood of Sterz 
 
 Lichen (Variolaria dealbatd) from Barenstein- 
 
 leithe, near Grafenau; not well cleaned 
 
 Old man's beard ( Usnea barbatd) from Grafenau . . 
 Lichen (Gyrophora pustulatd) from Veitsberge. . . . 
 Iceland moss (Cetraria islandica) from Bavarian 
 
 forest 
 
 Sphagnum moss (Sphagnum cuspiaatum) Irom 
 
 Upper Bavaria 
 
 White birch (Betula alba) from Bavarian forest; 
 
 wood dried at 1 00 
 
 White birch (Betula alba) from Bavarian forest; 
 
 leaves dried at 100 
 
 Beech (Fagus sylvaticd) from Bavarian forest; 
 
 wood 
 
 Beech (Fagus sylvatica) from Bavarian forest; 
 
 leaves 
 
 Dwarf pine (Pinus pumilid) from Bavarian forest; 
 
 wooa 
 
 Dwarf pine (Pinus pumilid} from Bavarian forest; 
 
 bark. . 
 
 Total Ash. A1 2 O 3 in Ash. 
 
 Per* Cent. 
 I.I8 
 
 1.325 
 0.905 
 
 18.20 
 
 1 .49.6 
 3.00 
 
 o.S 
 
 2 .OI4 
 0.864 
 
 0.74 
 
 4-3 
 0.284 
 
 1-375 
 
 Per Cent. 
 I .805 
 
 1.694 
 1.948 
 
 7-495 
 i-653 
 4.069 
 
 4.348 
 2.834 
 0.663 
 0.287 
 0.508 
 o . 162 
 0.124 
 o .240 
 
 These plants are discussed in relation to the material (rock 
 or soil) on which they grew. 
 
ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 
 
 Wittstein (Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Pharm., 13, p. 364; 
 Jahresb. Agr. Chem., 1865, p. 108) quotes an analysis showing 
 that fresh fig leaves from plants grown on calcareous soil con- 
 tain 0.286 per cent ash, 0.03 per cent of this being A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Wittstein, G. C. (Ann. Chem. u. Pharm., 108, p. 203; Chem. 
 Centbl., 1858; Jahresb. Agr. Chem., 1858-59, p. 121), reports 
 the ash content of the different parts of a primrose (Primula 
 farinosd). The following figures are quoted, being for material 
 dried at 100: 
 
 Root, 1.617; leaves, 0.955; stem, 0.539; flower heads, 1.145; 
 and entire plant, 0.832 per cent A1 2 O 3 respectively; or, dif- 
 ferently stated : 
 
 Of the 0.832 per cent A1 2 O 3 in the entire plant, 0.175 P er 
 cent was in the root, 0.198 per cent was in the leaves, 0.294 
 per cent was in the stem, and 0.165 P er ceirt was i n the flower 
 head. 
 
 Wittstein, G. C. (Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Pharm., 16, p. 81; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1867, p. 769), reports alumina as follows in 
 leaves and flowers of lilac (Syringa vulgaris), all dried at 110. 
 ALUMINA IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF LILAC. 
 
 Part of Plant. 
 
 Ash. 
 
 A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Leaves (variety with white blossoms) 
 
 Per Cent. 
 4 380 
 
 Per Cent. 
 O I Q ? 
 
 Leaves (variety with purple blossoms) 
 
 4 . 022 
 
 188 
 
 Flowers (without calyx, variety with white 
 blossoms) 
 
 * 76 
 
 I ? C 
 
 Flowers (without calyx, variety with purple 
 blossoms) 
 
 4 286 
 
 24O 
 
 
 
 
 Wittstein, G. C. (Arch. Pharm. 3d ser., 8, p. 341; Jahresb. 
 Agr. Chem., 1875-76, p. 139; Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 1877, 
 I, p. 487), reports 5.936 per cent total ash in a spurge (Euphorbia 
 amygdoloides) (whole plant) grown on soil rich in silicate and 
 4.85 per cent in another sample from similar soil. The ash 
 of the first contained 1.057 and of the latter 1.325 per cent A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Wittstein, G. C. (Arch. Pharm., 3d ser., 7 (1875), P- 3945 Jour. 
 Chem. Soc. London, 1876, I, p. 736), finds that the ash of the 
 elder tree (Sambucus nigra) contains 0.250 per cent A1,O 3 . 
 
 Wittstein also reports (Arch. Pharm., 3d ser., 8 (1876), p. 229; 
 Jahresb. Agr. Chem., 1875-76, pp. 132, 138) 94 per cent total dry 
 
ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 43 
 
 matter in sunflower seeds (Helianthus annuus), the ash con- 
 taining 0.23 per cent A1 2 O 3 and 1.9 per cent ash, with 0.28 
 per cent A1 2 O 3 in the whole plant. 
 
 Wittstein, G. C. (Arch. Pharm., 3d ser., 8 (1876), p. 342; 
 Jahresb. Agr. Chem., 1875-76, p. 139), reports 7.132 per cent 
 ash in Herniaria glabra (dry plant) grown in silicious soil and 
 6.622 per cent in plants grown on dolomite soil. The former 
 contained 1.321 and the latter 1.755 P er cent A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Wolff, E. (Aschen Analysen, pt. 2, p. 128), cites figures 
 showing that heather contains 2.08 per cent pure ash. It is 
 stated that on an average 0.33 per cent of the total ash is A1 2 O 3 , 
 the range in eleven analyses being from o to 2.3 per cent. Wolff 
 asfo states (Aschen Analysen, p. 128) that in moss (the variety 
 not given) the pure ash constituent is equal to 2.74 per cent 
 on an average. Of this A1 2 O 3 constitutes 2.35 per cent, the 
 range in eleven analyses being from only o to 7.99 per cent. 
 Wolff also states (Aschen Analysen, p. 128) tnat the pure ash 
 content of lycopodium is 5.10 per cent, 39.17 per cent of this 
 being A1 2 O 3 , the range of this constituent in six analyses being 
 from 22.2 to 57.36 per cent. 
 
 Some of the data cited by Wolff were undoubtedly from 
 early analyses, interesting chiefly from an historical standpoint. 
 
 Wolff, J. (Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Pharm., 3, p. i; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1853, p. 562), found 1.2 per cent ash in air-dry birch 
 fungus (Birken schwamms). Of this 3.14 per cent was A1 2 O 3 . 
 The plant analyzed was without doubt the rough boletus (Bo- 
 Ictus scaber), sometimes called Birken-pilz. 
 
 Wypf el, M. (23 Jahresb. Niederoster. Landes Realgym. Wald- 
 hofen, 1892, p. 22; Just's Jahresb. Bot., 20 (1892), I, i, p. 425), 
 studied the effect of chlorids on plant growth. Seedlings of 
 corn (Zed), bean (Phaseolus), pea (Pisum), cucurbit (Cucur- 
 bita), sunflower (Helianthus), beet (Beta), onions, and Hart- 
 wegia comosa w^ere watered daily with 0.5 to 2.0 per cent solu- 
 tions of different chlorids. Among the conclusions drawn 
 were the following: Chlorids which are widely distributed 
 and which contain important material for plant growth (mag- 
 nesium, calcium, potassium, and aluminium chlorid) at first 
 had a favorable effect. Later, when they became more con- 
 centrated in the soil, they hindered growth and finally killed 
 
44 ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 
 
 the plants. Magnesium chlorid was the least harmful, potas- 
 sium and aluminium chlorids most harmful. 
 
 Yardley, H. B. (Chem. News, 79 (1899), p. 122; Jour. Chem. 
 Soc. London, 76 (1899), II, p. 793), found 4.19 per cent ash in 
 cardamon seeds and husks. Of this 1.53 per cent was A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Yoshida, H. (Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 43 (1883), p. 472), 
 reports a chemical study of lacquer (Uritshi), the milky 
 secretion of lac (Rhus vernicefera) . Gum constitutes from 
 3 to 8 per cent of the original juice. A sample weighing 0.5267 
 gm. gave 0.0267 m - asn - The asn was found to contain in 
 addition to -other constituents 7.85 per cent A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Yoshida (Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 51 (1887), pp. 748-750) 
 takes exception to the idea that alumina is not a normal con- 
 stituent of flowering plants, as stated by Allen (Commercial 
 Organic Analysis, vol.. i, p. 38). In the Japanese lacquer tree 
 (Rhus vernicefera) alumina is present, apparently as an arabate. 
 
 According to the author the soil of the plain of Musashi, 
 on which Tokyo is situated, is of volcanic origin and is remark- 
 able for the large proportion of alumina in it which is soluble 
 in hydrochloric acid. This gave promise that here, if any- 
 where, aluminium should certainly be found in flowering plants. 
 He therefore examined a number of plants and flowers grown 
 on the farm lands of the Imperial College of Agriculture at 
 Komaba, near Tokyo. Each one was carefully picked over 
 and all imperfect and soaked grains rejected. 
 
 Great care was taken to clean the grains and parts so as to 
 remove all dirt. They were ground and incinerated, care 
 being taken to avoid all possible contamination with clay or 
 charcoal. The materials examined included soy bean (Soja 
 hispida) (which the author calls "pea"), whole seed, cotyledons, 
 and hull or skin, red bean (Adzuki) (Phaseolus radiat-us), hill 
 and paddy rice, wheat, barley, two sorts of millet, and buck- 
 wheat. The analytical methods are described in detail. The 
 table beyond reports the results of. the analyses. 
 
 Of this work the author says : "It will be seen that I have 
 found alumina in every case except that of the pea [soja], while 
 in the hull or skin of the pea, one of the largest amounts of 
 alumina occurs. The results here recorded may at least serve 
 to indicate the propriety of reconsidering the accuracy of the 
 
ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 
 
 45 
 
 dictum that aluminium is not a constituent of flowering 
 plants." 
 
 ASH CONSTITUENTS OF A NUMBER OF PLANTS. 
 
 Kind of Plant 
 
 Ash in 
 
 
 In Ash. 
 
 
 
 Sample. 
 
 Alumina. 
 
 Phosph. 
 Acid. 
 
 Silica, 
 etc. 
 
 "Pea" (whole) (Sojahispida) 
 "Pea" (cotyledons) (Sojahispida) 
 " Pea" (hull or skin) (Soja hispida) 
 Red bean (Adzuki) (Phaseolus ra- 
 diatus) 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 4.22 
 4-31 
 
 2 60 
 
 Per Cent. 
 0.053 
 
 .000 
 
 .268 
 
 006 
 
 Per Cent. 
 33-48 
 
 5-66 
 
 -20 80 
 
 Per Cent, 
 
 o .50 
 3.60 
 
 Rice (hill) 
 
 o 87 
 
 161 
 
 6^ v 
 
 
 Rice (paddy) 
 
 o tc6 
 
 180 
 
 D x 6 6 
 
 JV 
 
 Wheat 
 
 2 62 
 
 
 j-* 7v 
 
 10.99 
 
 Barley 
 
 I OO 
 
 140 
 
 U J OO 
 
 1 -3 1 
 
 Millet (Awd) (Panicum italicum). . 
 Millet (Hiye) (P. cruscorvi) 
 Buckwheat 
 
 1.68 
 0.94 
 i 72 
 
 .272 
 
 .185 
 
 112 
 
 66 x y 
 40.43 
 39.87 
 I OA 
 
 i .19 
 8.91 
 8.62 
 o 81 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Young, W. C. (Analyst, 2 (1878), p. 13), in an article on 
 the estimation of alum in bread, reported that from bread 
 containing no added alum he obtained 0.07 grain A1.PO 4 
 per 1000 grains. 
 
 Young, W. C., also reports (Analyst, 12 (1887), p. 29), in an 
 article on "Sour Bread and the Logwood Test," that he found 
 aluminium phosphate equivalent to 7.8 grains of alum in 4 
 pounds of bread which he subsequently learned contained no 
 added alum. A second sample of the same bread yielded alu- 
 minium phosphate equivalent to 8 grains of alum in 4 pounds of 
 bread. In his investigation he found that the logwood test as 
 applied by him indicated the presence of aluminium in the sam- 
 ples of flour or bread examined which were known to contain no 
 added alum, provided the sample underwent acid fermentation 
 or was acidulated with acetic acid. In a discussion of his 
 paper, W. Blythe states that all bread contains more or less 
 alumina. 
 
 Young, W. C. (Analyst, 12 (1887), p. 145), reports later a con- 
 tinuation of his investigation. He found that the aluminium 
 normally present in the flours he examined was contained in 
 the gluten of the wheat and not in the starch, and was present 
 
46 ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 
 
 in the form of aluminium phosphate. The following quotation 
 is of interest in this connection: 
 
 " Another conclusion which may be fairly drawn from my 
 results is that the alumina naturally present in flour is com- 
 bined with the gluten. This being so, I thought it would be 
 interesting to see if gluten would absorb alumina from a solu- 
 tion of alum. With this object I prepared some gluten, 
 thoroughly dried it, and found the ash equal to 1.28 per cent. 
 A portion of this gluten finely powdered was placed in a 2 per 
 cent solution of alum and kept for some hours at a temperature 
 of about 1 80 F. ; it was then thrown on to a filter, thoroughly 
 washed, and dried. The ash then amounted to 1.32 per cent. 
 Taking into consideration the great difficulty of washing the 
 gluten free from excess of alum, I do not think this slight in- 
 crease of ash is due to absorption of alumina. Although the 
 gluten does not appear to have the property of absorbing 
 alumina from a solution of alum, yet its properties are affected 
 in a marked degree by contact with such a solution, as it may 
 then be kept moist in a warm place without giving any indica- 
 tion of decomposition, whilst ordinary gluten, as is well known, 
 darkens in color, swells, and rapidly decomposes under similar 
 circumstances." 
 
 Young, W. C. (Analyst, 13 (1888), p. 5), reports the deter- 
 mination of alumina in the best quality of Vienna flour, con- 
 taining 0.7 per cent ash and about 8 per cent gluten. From 
 100 gms. of flour he obtained 0.0075 g m - f phosphate of alumina. 
 
 Of his experiment he says: 
 
 "The gluten was separated by washing in a muslin bag in 
 the usual way, and when dried contained 1.26 per cent ash; 
 20 gms. of this dried gluten, finely powdered, was then treated 
 with about 250 cc. of a mixture of equal volumes of acetic 
 acid and water and heated in the water -bath for about twenty- 
 eight hours. By this time the mass had become quite liquid, 
 the gluten having lost its firmness in the same way that gelatin 
 does under similar circumstances. After standing a short 
 time the liquid was poured off and the sediment further treated 
 with weak acetic acid twice, and the three portions of liquid 
 evaporated to dryness, the sediment being rejected. In this 
 way I think that any extraneous earthy matter present in the 
 
ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 47 
 
 gluten was separated, and, therefore, only the natural alumina 
 retained. 
 
 "The dried residue was* then burnt to a perfect ash, the ash 
 dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid and filtered, the insoluble 
 matter being well washed and weighed. The insoluble matter 
 thus obtained weighed only 0.009 g m -> an d of this .0075 was 
 silica. 
 
 "The insoluble matter was then fused with about twice its 
 bulk of mixed alkaline carbonates, dissolved in dilute hydro- 
 chloric acid, and filtered. This filtrate was added to the acid 
 solution of the ash, evaporated to dryness, redissolved in a 
 small quantity of dilute hydrochloric acid, and filtered. The 
 filtrate was then boiled and cautiously added to 25 cc. of a 
 saturated solution of pure caustic soda, also boiling, and the 
 whole kept boiling for a few minutes. It was then filtered, 
 and the precipitate washed, the filtrate made slightly acid 
 with hydrochloric acid, about 5 cc. of a saturated solution of 
 sodium phosphate added, and finally a slight excess of ammonia. 
 After boiling for about ten minutes, the precipitate of phos- 
 phate of alumina was collected and weighed. . . . 
 
 "In this way I obtained .0185 gm. of phosphate of alumina 
 from 20 gms. of gluten. Now, as the flour contained 8 per 
 cent of gluten, and gave originally .0075 per cent of phos- 
 phate of alumina, 20 gms. of gluten would be equivalent to 
 250 of the flour, which would yield .01875 f phosphate of 
 alumina. So that practically I obtained the whole of the 
 alumina of the flour in the gluten. As in the process of wash- 
 ing the starch from the gluten a large proportion of any foreign 
 earthy matter that may have been present must have been 
 separated, and any remaining eliminated by dissolving the 
 gluten in acetic acid, there can be no doubt that the alumina 
 obtained in this experiment was present as a natural constituent 
 of the flour, and I think further that the interesting fact is 
 established that the bulk of it is associated with the gluten." 
 
 Young, W. C. (Analyst, 15 (1890), p. 83), in a report of an 
 investigation of the solubility of phosphate of alumina in acetic 
 acid undertaken with special reference to the estimation of 
 alumina in flour, bread, etc., makes the following statement: 
 "I may mention that rye bread, of which I frequently have 
 
48 ALUMINIUM IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 
 
 samples for analysis from the east end of London, invariably 
 gives a strong reaction with a logwood test, although I have 
 never found more than .008 gm. phosphate of alumina in 100 
 gms." 
 
 Yvon, M. (Jour. Pharm. et Chim., 4th ser., 25 (1877), p. 588), 
 reports the ash analyses of Thapsia garganica from Hegeria 
 and T. sylphium * from Asia, the former with 7.52 per cent and 
 the latter with 5.746 per cent in the fresh plant. Of this 0.3 
 and 0.433 P er cen t respectively was said to be A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Zeyer, N. (Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Pharm., 10, p. 504; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1861, p. 769), found 4.05 per cent ash in the 
 bark of Atherosperma moschatum dried at 100. Of this 0.191 
 per cent was A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 * There is an evident error in the names of the plants in the original 
 tables as published. The names as quoted above have been corrected. 
 
ALUMINIUM IN ANIMAL PRODUCTS. 
 
 Dieterich, E. (Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Pharm., 16, p. 56; 
 Chem. Centbl., 1867, p. 287; Jahresb. Chem., 1867, P- 822), 
 reports 3.2 per cent ash in cochineal (silver-gray Honduras 
 variety); of this 1.390 was A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Harrison and Kinnicutt, according to Rotch (Pediatrics, 
 Philadelphia, 1896, p. 175), found 0.40 per cent iron oxid 
 and alumina in the ash of woman's milk, the total ash ranging 
 from o.i to 0.2 per cent. From the data at hand, the propor- 
 tion of the ash constituents was recalculated, the value for 
 iron oxid and alumina being given as 0.37 per cent. Silica 
 was also found, and it is stated that this and alumina have 
 not been noted in any previous analysis. 
 
 Data are also quoted by Rotch (loc. cit., p. 218) regarding 
 the ash of cow's milk which it is said were reported by Konig, 
 Forster, and others. The value given for total ash is 0.70 per 
 cent, of which 0.44 per cent was iron oxid and alumina. 
 
 Heyl (Ann. Chem. Pharm., 62, p. 87, Repert. Pharm., 2d 
 ser., 47, p. 231; Pharm. Centbl., 1847, p. 591: Jahresb. Chem., 
 184748, p. 938) notes 29.18 per cent aluminium silicate in 
 a sample of officinal burned sponge (Schwammkohle). 
 
 Liebermann, C. (Ber. Deut. Chem. Gesellsch., 1885, p. 1969; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1885, p. 1847), estimates that cochineal yields 
 9 to 10 per cent pure coloring matter. In good cochineal 
 carmine, he found 7 per cent ash. This contained a trace 
 of A1 2 O 3 . Carmine is regarded as an aluminium-calcium- 
 protein compound of the coloring matter present. 
 
 Mayrhofer, J. (Chem. Centbl., 1891, I, p. 175; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1891, p. 2820), notes a trace of alumina in the ash of 
 that portion of an abnormal leather which was soluble in cold 
 water. 
 
 49 
 
$0 ALUMINIUM IN ANIMAL PRODUCTS. 
 
 McMurtrie, W. (American Chemist, 4, p. 339; Watts' 
 Dictionary, 1879, vol. 8, pt. i, p. 765), finds in the excrements 
 of the common bat 19.88 per cent of alumina. 
 
 Miintz, A. (Ann. Chim., 4th ser., 20, p. 309; Compt. Rend. 
 Acad. Sci., Paris, 69, p. 1309; Bui. Soc. Chim., 2d ser., p. 379; 
 Dingler's Polytech. Jour., 195, p. 466; Jahresb. Chem., 1869, 
 p. 1149), in a study of the chemical changes in tanning, 
 reports 0.6693 an d 0.4670 per cent ash respectively in fresh, 
 rather thin hide from a young cow, and very thick ox hide. 
 The ash contained respectively 0.0930 and 0.0704 per cent 
 Al 2 3 .Fe 2 O 3 . 
 
 Schutze, R. (Chem. Centbl., 1889, II, p. 588; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1889, p. 2156), found in the ash of the mantle of Phal- 
 lusia mammillaris (after extraction with ether) 9.52 per cent 
 A1 2 O 3 . The amount of ash is not stated. 
 
 Staffel (Arch. Pharm., 2d ser., 64 (1850), p. 148; Pharm. 
 Centbl., 1851, p: 162; Jahresb. Chem., 1850, p. 573) found in 
 veal (breast) free from fat and skin 77.64 per cent water, and 
 in the dry material 3.1 per cent ash. This contained according to 
 his analysis a trace of alumina. He also found a trace in the 
 ash of beef. The fresh material contained 72.63 per cent 
 water; the dry 2.2 per cent ash. 
 
 Theile, R. (Jenaische. Ztschr. Med., 3, p. 147; Ztschr. Chem. y 
 1868, p. 125; Chem. Centbl., 1867, p. 296, 305; Vierteljahressch. 
 Prakt. Pharm., 17, p. 197; Bui. Soc. Chim., 2d ser., 10, p. 153; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1867, p. 772), reports 2.3 per cent ash in egg 
 albumen, 15.04 per cent of this being A1 2 O 3 .PO 5 . 
 
 Thezard (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci.. Paris, 120 (1895), p. 1126; 
 Jour. Chem. Soc., London, 68 (1895), H P- 45*5) analyzed a 
 very white, porous, and very brittle tibia from an adult human 
 mummy from an Egyptian tomb of unknown age. In addition 
 to other constituents, he reports 0.534 per cent A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Walter, G. (Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 13, p. 464; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1889, p. 2156), reports 28.165 P er cerrt asn m the shell- 
 like, outer covering of Protopterus annectens (air-dry). This 
 contained 5.491 per cent A1 2 O S . 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 Abb6ne (Jour. Pharm., 3d ser., 12, p. 412; Pharm. Centbl., 
 1848, p. 47; Jahresb. Chem., 1847-48, p. 1009) notes traces 
 of alumina in the water of the Pre Saint Didier upper and 
 lower mineral springs at Courmayeur. 
 
 Adams, F. D. (Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, Canada, 1885. 
 Chemical Contributions, p. 15, M), reports 0.0005 parts alumina 
 per 1000 in water from a spring at Halowell Grant, near 
 Antigonish, Nova Scotia. This water is used for medicinal 
 purposes. 
 
 Adams, F. D. (Geol. and Nat. Hist. Canada, 1888-9. Chem- 
 ical Contributions, p. 17, R.), in an analysis of water from a 
 boring in the west half of Lot 26, in the fourth range of 
 Otanabee, Peterborough County, Ontario, reports 0.0008 part 
 alumina per 1000. 
 
 Agrestini, A. (Gaz. Chem. Ital. ; Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 
 64 (1893), II, p. 175), found in the hepatic mineral spring water 
 of the Valle del Gallo, near Urbino, 0.0005 A1PO 4 per 1000 gms. 
 
 Aillaud (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, 95, p. 104; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1882, p. 1627) reports 0.007 g m - A1 2 S 3 O 12 per 1000 cc. 
 in high water from the Rio Grande which was used for the 
 water supply of Panama. 
 
 Aillaud (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 95, p. 104; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1882, p. 1637) reports 0.020 gm. A1 2 O 3 per 1000 cc. in 
 well-water from Emperador, Panama, and o.on gm. A1 2 O 3 
 in water from a second well in the same locality. 
 
 51 
 
$2 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 Allemann, H. (Wiener Akad. Ber., 56 (2. Abt.), p. 47 ; Wiener 
 Akad. Anz., 1867, p. 135; Jour. Prakt. Chem., 101, p. 317; 
 Chem. Centbl., 1867, p. 423; Inst. 1867, p. 341; Jahresb. Chem. 
 1867, p. 1039), in an analysis of the Sauerbrunn at Ebriach in 
 Karnthen, reports 0.034 part A1 2 O 3 and 0.015 parts aluminium 
 phosphate per 10,000. 
 
 Andouard (Jour. Chim. Med., 3d ser., 5, p. 466; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1849, p. 617) found 0.003 gm. aluminium phosphate 
 and 0.006 gm. alumina per 1000 cc. in mineral water from 
 Villecelle, near Lamalou (Herault). 
 
 Andouard, A. (Jour. Pharm., 4th ser., 9, p. 336; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1869, p. 1291), reports two analyses of Beaupreau 
 spring-water from Dep. Maine-et-Loire. It contained 0.022 
 and o.oio gm. A1 2 O 3 per 10,000 gms. The second analysis 
 was made with a sample taken after heavy rain. 
 
 Ashley, J. M., E. T. Bennett, and T. J. Herapath are quoted 
 (Jahresber. Chem., 1849, p. 620) as reporting traces of alu- 
 minium in Thames water near London Bridge, Thames water 
 at Greenwich, and mineral water from Kingswood, near Bristol, 
 respectively. 
 
 Avequin (Jour. Pharm., 3d ser., 32, p. 288; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1857, p. 729) notes 1.753 grains alumina per gallon (=58,372 
 grains) in Mississippi River water taken at Carrollton, a few 
 miles above New Orleans, Louisiana. 
 
 Bailey, E. H. S., in an extended treatise entitled "Special 
 Report on Mineral Waters" (University Geol. Survey of Kansas, 
 vol. 7), gives analytical data regarding the composition of a 
 large number of waters in Kansas. The following table sum- 
 marizes the data concerning alumina in these waters. 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. $3 
 
 ALUMINA IN KANSAS MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 
 Analyst. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Alumina 
 per 
 Liter. 
 
 The Chlorid Group. 
 Arkansas City Well 
 
 E H S Bailey 
 
 I3T 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Eureka Mineral Well . . . . 
 
 E H S Bailey 
 
 I 37 
 
 
 Geuda Spring No 4 . . . . 
 
 Bailey and Franklin 
 
 1 4.7 
 
 01 c8 
 
 Bromo-magnesium Well 
 
 E. H. S. Bailey 
 
 I ^O 
 
 trace 
 
 Geyser Mineral Well 
 
 The Sulphate Group. 
 Burr Oak \ 
 
 E. H. S. Bailey 
 G. H. Failyer and 
 
 157 
 
 I T 6o 
 
 .0178 
 
 'Capioma Mineral Well 
 
 C. M. Breese 
 E. H. S. Bailey 
 
 r iuy 
 I 7O 
 
 ZI 75 
 
 Carbondale Spring 
 
 E. H. S. Bailey 
 
 172 
 
 
 Centralia Gypsum Well 
 Conway 
 
 E. B. Knerr 
 Failyer and Breese 
 
 J 73 
 
 .OOyO 
 
 Chlor-Sulphate Group. 
 Merrill Spring 
 
 A. Merrill 
 
 A to 
 I 06 
 
 
 Great Bend Mineral Well 
 Great Spirit Spring, No. 2 
 Lincoln Springs No i . . 
 
 E. H. S. Bailey 
 Bailey and Rice 
 Bailey and Franklin 
 
 197 
 
 205 
 
 2O7 
 
 trace 
 .0166 
 
 Lincoln Springs No 2 
 
 Bailey and Franklin 
 
 208 
 
 
 Lincoln Springs, No. 3 
 
 Bailey and Franklin 
 
 2OQ 
 
 
 Carbonate Group. 
 Dixon Spring . ... 
 
 E. B Knerr 
 
 2 I O 
 
 
 Kickapoo Springs 
 
 E. H. S. Bailey 
 
 237 
 
 
 Sulfid Group. 
 Cherokee City Well 
 
 Bailey and Hull 
 
 260 
 
 
 Columbus Well 
 
 Failyer and Willard 
 
 262 
 
 trace 
 
 Fort Scott Sulfo-magnesian Well . 
 Moss Springs Well 
 
 E. H. S. Bailey 
 G. H. Failyer 
 
 266 
 
 268 
 
 .0144 
 
 O24.I 
 
 Wakefield Sulfur Well 
 
 Bailey and Porter 
 
 271 
 
 O ^ 3O 
 
 Chalybeate (Iron) Group. 
 Atchison Electric Light Well 
 McDuff's Spring 
 
 E. B. Knerr 
 E. B. Knerr 
 
 280 
 28l 
 
 .0567 
 OI2O 
 
 Special Group. 
 Lithium Sprino" Omio 
 
 Failyer and Willard 
 
 307 
 
 IO4O 
 
 Providence Mineral Well 
 
 Soft-water Group. 
 Atchison Parker's Spring 
 
 J. H. Banks 
 E. B. Knerr 
 
 308 
 311 
 
 trace 
 0032 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bailey quotes analyses of a number of waters for purposes 
 of comparison, but does not cite the original place of publication. 
 The following table shows data regarding the occurrence of 
 alumina in such as have not been noted from other sources. 
 
54 
 
 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 ALUMINA IN A NUMBER OF WATERS. 
 
 
 Analyst. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Alu- 
 minium 
 Chlorid 
 per 
 Gallon. 
 
 Alu- 
 minium 
 Phos- 
 phate 
 per 
 Gallon. 
 
 Alumina 
 per 
 Gallon. 
 
 Alu- 
 minium 
 Sul- 
 phate 
 per 
 Gallon. 
 
 Oranien Quelle, 
 Kreuznach, Rhen- 
 ish Prussia 
 
 Liebig 
 
 160 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Grains. 
 760 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Dead Sea 
 
 
 161 
 
 2J 37 
 
 
 
 
 Carabana, Spain 
 
 A. Proust 
 
 192 
 
 
 
 .020 
 
 
 Friedrichshall, Saxe- 
 Meiningen, Germany 
 Apollinaris Germany 
 
 Bauer 
 Bischoff 
 
 2I 5 
 246 
 
 .56 
 
 
 I . 2O 
 
 
 Sulphur Spring, Aix- 
 les-Bains France . . 
 
 Bonjeau 
 
 273 
 
 
 
 
 T. . 2OO 
 
 Excelsior Sp'gs Mo \ 
 
 Woodward 
 
 r 3OI 
 
 
 
 207 
 
 
 Sparta Artesian Well, 
 
 \Visconsin 
 
 andRob'tson 
 J M Hirsch 
 
 ) 6 
 
 7QI 
 
 
 048 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bailey, E. H. S., and Mary A. Rice (Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 
 14 (1896), p. 40; Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 72 (1897), II, p. 
 109) report 1.66 parts A1 2 O 3 per 100,000 in water from a mineral 
 spring in Mitchell County, Kansas, near Cawker City. 
 
 Baker, W*. H. (Dingler's Polytech. Jour., 218, p. 267; Jour. 
 Chem. Soc. London, 1876, I, p. 890), notes 55.128 grains 
 A1 2 (SO 4 ) 3 per gallon in the water of a swallet in the Empire 
 mine of the Luzerne Company. 
 
 Ballo, M. (Ber. Deut. Chem. Gesellsch., 1878, p. 1900; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1878, p. 1306), notes 0.0017 A1 2 O 3 (with a trace of P 2 O 5 ) 
 per 1000 in a thermal spring at the foot of the Blocksberg. 
 
 Ballo, M. (Ber. Deut. Chem. Gesellsch., 1878, p. 1902 ; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1878, p. 1305), in two samples of Ofener Bitter Wasser 
 reports 0.229 and 0.089 parts A1 2 O 3 (with P 2 O 5 ) per 10,000, 
 respectively. 
 
 Ballo, M. (Russ. Ztschr. Pharm., 22, p. 68; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1883, p. 1945), notes 0.0229 part A1 2 O 3 per 1000 parts in the 
 bitter water of the Victoria well at Of en, Hungary. 
 
 Ballo, M. (Ber. Deut. Chem. Gesellsch., 1884, p. 673; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1884, p. 2035), reports 0.00952 gm. A1 2 O 3 per 1000 cc. 
 in Borhegyer Sauerwasser from Bibarczfalva, Austria-Hungary. 
 
 Barth, L. v., and R. Wegscheider (Wiener. Klin. Wochensch., 
 1891, No. 8; Jahresb. Chem., 1891, p. 2620) report 0.3575 gm. 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 55 
 
 A1 2 O 3 per 10,000 gms. in mineral spring water from Mitterbad, 
 Ultenthale, Tirol. 
 
 Barzilowski, J. (Ber. Deut. Chem. Gesellsch., 1884, p. 183; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1884, p. 2037), notes 0.0055 P art A1 2 O 3 per 
 1000 parts in Tokiew mineral water; and 0.103 P art A1 2 O 3 per 
 1000 parts in Alexandro-Jermolowski mineral water, both from 
 the Caucasus. 
 
 Bauck, G. (Analyse der Salzsoolen von Colberg, Inaug. 
 Diss. Gottingen, 1860; Jahresb. Chem., 1860, p. 830), reports 
 alumina (parts per 10,000) in Colberg, Germany, saline mineral 
 water as follows: Salinensoole, o.on; Zillenbergsoole, 0.008, 
 and Marktsoole, 0.006. 
 
 Bechamp, A. (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 62, p. 1088; 
 Jour. Pharm., 4th ser., 3, p. 448; Jour. Prakt. Chem., 98, p. 
 189; Chem. Centbl., 1866, p. 864; Jahresb. Chem., 1866, 
 p. 998), found 0.0052 gm. alumina per 1000 cc. in Therese 
 sulphur spring at Fumades (Arrondissement d'Alais), and 
 (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 62, p. 1034; Bui. Soc. Chim., 
 2d ser., 6, p. 9; Inst. 1866, p. 173; Jour. Pharm., 4th ser., 3, p. 
 444; Jour. Prakt. Chem., 98, p. 190; Chem. Centbl., 1866, 
 p. 864; and Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 63, p. 559; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1866, p. 998) also reports 0.00106, 0.0008, 
 and o.oon gm. alumina per liter respectively in Dulimbert, 
 Bouillants, and Grander mineral springs at Vergeze, Dep. 
 du Gard. 
 
 Becker, G. F. (U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 13, p. 265), quotes 
 an analysis of water from Borax Lake, Cal., by Melville (Geol. 
 Survey Cal., i, p. 98) which showed 0.0029 g m - A1 2 O 3 per liter. 
 Becker (pp. 347 and 349) also gives an analysis of the water 
 of Steamboat Springs, Nevada. The A1 2 O 3 present was 0.0025 
 gm. per 10 liters. 
 
 Bell (Chem. News, 21, p. 83, from Amer. Jour. Pharm.; 
 Jahresb. Chem. Naumann, 1870, p. 1392) notes traces of A1 2 O 3 
 in a mineral spring in New York in the Adirondack region. 
 
 Bender, R. (Arch. Pharm., 3d ser., n (1877), p. 50; Jour. 
 Chem.- Soc. London, 1878, II, p. 18), notes that Fresenius 
 found 0.00013 parts A1PO 4 per 1000 in Heilbrunnen mineral 
 spring water, a spring situated near Lake Taach, and in the 
 water of the Stahlbrunnen at Wassenach, 0.00045 A1PO 4 . 
 
56 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 Bender, R. (Arch. Pharm., 26. ser., 185 (1868), p. 5; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1868, p. 1035), reports 0.005, 0-182, and 0.045 A1 2 O 3 
 per 10,000 parts respectively in the Victoria, Angustus, and 
 Cold Spring III. These waters are all from the thermal 
 springs of Neuenahr. 
 
 He also reports per 10,000 parts 0.176 A1 2 O 3 in the old 
 or small Sprudel spring No. I and 0.19 Al 2 O 3 +Fe 2 O 3 in the 
 new or large Sprudel No. II. The Marien Sprudel contained 
 0.06 Al 2 O 3 + Fe 2 O 3 . 
 
 Bensemann, R. (Chem. Centbl. Ausz., 1882, p. 186; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1882, p. 1629), reports 0.0026 A1 2 3 per 100 in a Sool- 
 quelle at Kammin, Germany. 
 
 Berlin, N. J. (Oefversigt. K. Vetenskops. Akad. Forhl., 
 1863, p. 221; Jahresb. Chem., 1865, p. 939), notes 0.00794 
 part alumina per 10,000 in Torpasaltkalle at Lilla Edet in 
 Sweden. 
 
 Bertoni, G. (Gaz. Chem. Ital., 14 (1884), p. 232; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1884, p. 2035), i n an analysis of the Acquarossa Spring 
 at Biasca, Italy, notes 0.0485 gm. A1 2 O 3 per 1000 cc. 
 
 Billot, E. (Jour. Chim. Med., 3d ser., p. 569; Jahresb. Chem., 
 J 853, P- y 1 ^), reports alumina (gm. per 1000 cc.) in water 
 from Besancon, France, as follows: Doubs, 0.002; spring-water 
 from the Grand Rue, 0.0094. 
 
 Bizio (Wiener. Acad. Ber., 41, p. 335, Rep. Chim. Pure. 2, 
 p. 390; Jahresb. Chem., 1860, p. 837) reports (parts per 10,000) 
 0.0371 A1 2 O 3 in the St. Gothard Spring water from Ceneda, 
 Italy. 
 
 Bizio, G. (Atti. Imp. Reg. Inst. Venato Sci. Let. ed Arti., 
 3d ser., n; Jahresb. Chem., 1865, p. 940), notes 7.7507 
 alumina per 10,000 in mineral water from Civillina. 
 
 Bizio, G. (Gaz. Chim. Ital., 10 (1880), p. 43; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1880, p. 1529), reports new analyses of the springs of Civillina, 
 Italy. The old basin contained 1.28414 gms. aluminium 
 sulphate; the new basin, 1.50764 gms. aluminium sulphaV 
 per 1000 gms. 
 
 Blondeau (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 30, p. 481: 
 Pharm. Centbl., 1850, p. 910; Jahrb. Chem., 1850, p. 621) notes 
 the occurrence of aluminium salts as among the ordinary 
 constituents of water of brooks, rivers, and springs. Water 
 
ALUMINIUM IN N A 7^ URAL WATERS. $? 
 
 containing 0.4 to 0.5 gm. total mineral matter per liter is re- 
 garded as satisfactory for household purposes. 
 
 Blondeau (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 35, p. 147; 
 Inst. 1852, p. 238; Jour. Prakt. Chem., 57, p. 244; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1852, p. 756) reports 0.0016 gm. alumina (per 1000 
 gms.?) in water from Salles-la-Source, Aveyron. 
 
 Bobierre and Moride (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 32, 
 p. 376; Inst. 1851, p. 90; Jour. Pharm., 3d ser., 20, p. 244; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1851, p. 666) note 0.401 gm. total solids per 
 1000 cc. in mineral water from Kirouars, France; this contained 
 a trace of alumina. The same authors (Compt. Rend. Acad. 
 Sci. Paris, 33, p. 322; Inst. 1851, p. 306; Pharm. Centbl., 
 1851, p. 748; Jahresb. Chem., 1851, p. 666) noted 0.350 gm. 
 total solids per 1000 cc. in mineral water from La Bernerie, 
 France. This contained 0.6 per cent alumina. 
 
 Bolley, P., and F. Schweizer (Ann. Chem. Pharm., 106, 
 p. 237; Chem. Centbl., 1858, p. 600; Jahresb. Chem., 1858, 
 p. 800) found 0.0103 fe 01 -) alumina per 1000 cc. in the sulphur 
 water from Schinznach, Switzerland. 
 
 Bolley, P., and Brigel (Schweiz. Polytech. Ztschr., 1865, 
 p. 47; Ztschr. Chem., 1865, p. 639; Jahresb. Chem. 1865, 
 p. 936) report 0.0130 alumina per 1000 parts in the sulphur 
 spring A at Lostorf in the Jura. 
 
 Bosshard, E. (Chem. Centbl., 1892, II, p. 1039; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1892, p. 2689), reports 0.00057 m - A1 2 O 3 per 10,000 
 gms. in the Old Spring water at St. Moritz in the Engadine 
 and 0.00040 gm. A1 2 O 3 per 10,000 gms. in Paracelsus spring 
 water from the same locality. 
 
 Boussingault (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 78, pp. 453, 
 526, 593, Ann. Chim. Phys., 5th ser., 2, p. 76; Arch. Pharm., 
 3d ser., 5, p. 354; Jahresb. Chem., 1874, p. 1337) reports 0.4028 
 gm. A1 2 O 3 per liter in the water of the Rio Vinagre, near the 
 falls of San Antonio, Colombia, a volcanic region, and 0.500 
 gm. per liter in a hot spring at the foot of the Ruiz volcano. 
 
 Boutel, G. F., examined the mineral waters of Saint Nectaire 
 (Ann. Chim. Phys., 6th ser., 7, p. 536; Jour. Chem. Soc., London, 
 50 (1886), II, p. 858) and reported per liter 0.0330 gm. A1 2 O 3 
 in Source Rouge and 0.0239 g m - i n Source du Mont Cornador. 
 
 Braconnot (Jour. Chim. Med., 3d ser., 7, p. 737; Jahresb, 
 
$8 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 Chem., 1851, p. 665) notes 0.0080 gm. silica and alumina per 
 1000 cc. in the Luxeuil Spring. 
 
 Brignone, G. (Gaz. Chem. Ital., 14 (1884), p. 42; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1884, p. 2036), found in water from the island of Pan- 
 telleria (Italy), 0.00245 gm. A1 2 O 3 .P 2 O 5 per 1000 cc. 
 
 Buchner, A. (Jour. Prak. Chem., 102, p. 209; Neue Repert. 
 Pharm., 16, p. 481; Neue Jahrb. Pharm., 28, p. 292; Jahrb. 
 Chem. Will., 1867, p. 1036), found 0.00104 gm. alumina per 
 liter in potable water from the spring at Neumarkt, Ober- 
 pfalz, Bavaria. 
 
 Buchner, L. A. (Neue Rep. Pharm., 17, p. 357; Jour. 
 Chem., 104, p. 360; Jahresb. Chem. Will., 1868, p. 1037), 
 reports traces of alumina in the sulphur spring at Oberdorf 
 in Allgau. 
 
 Buchner, M. (Wiener. Akad. Ber., 2. Abt., 71, p. 309; Jahr- 
 esb. Chem., 1875, p. 1296), notes 0.0274 parts aluminium 
 phosphate per 10,000 in Moriz spring- water from Sauerbrunn, 
 near Rohitsch, Austria. 
 
 Buchner, M. (Chem. Centbl., 1876, p. 789; Jour. Chem. Soc. 
 London (1877), II, p. 176), in the water of the Tempelbrunnen 
 at Rohitsch, notes 0.0095 parts ( = A1PO 4 ) per 100,000. 
 
 Buchner, M. (Chem. Centbl., 1881, p. 567; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1882, p. 1631), found 0.0249 parts A1 2 O 3 .P 2 O 5 per 10,000 in 
 the Lindenbrunnen at Zlatten, Austria-Hungary. 
 
 Bull (Silliman's Amer. Jour., 2d ser., 4, p. 385; Pharm. 
 Centbl., 1848, p. 319; Jahresb. Chem., 1847-48, p. 999) reports 
 0.14 gm. alumina per 10,000 gm. in spring- water from Hart- 
 ford, Connecticut. 
 
 Bunsen (Neue Jahresb. Pharm., 2, pp. 190, 194; Pharm. 
 Centbl., 1854, p. 931; Jahresb. Chem., 1854, p. 758) examined 
 a number of mineral waters, reporting aluminium phosphate 
 (parts per 1000) as follows: Sophienquelle, 0.0033; Peters- 
 quelle, 0.0071, and Salzquelle, 0.0035. a ^ a ^ Petersthal. 
 
 Bunsen, according to Riegel (Neue Jahresb. Pharm., 9, 
 p. 301 ; Jahresb. Chem., 1858, p. 794), found 0.007 P art alumina 
 per 10,000 parts in water from the Elizabethenquelle at Rothen- 
 fels, Baden. 
 
 Bunsen (Beitrage zur Statistik der inneren Verwaltung des 
 Grossherzthums Baden, n, Nos. 30, 43, and 56; Jahresb. 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. S9 
 
 Chem., 1 86 1, p. 1090) in Baden mineral springs notes alumina 
 as follows (parts per 10,000): Ursprung, o.on; Judenquelle, 
 o.on; Bruhquelle, 0.009; Murquelle, trace, and Rothenfelser 
 Mineralquelle, 0.007. 
 
 Bunsen and Kirchoff (Poggendorf's Ann., 113, p. 358; Phil. 
 Mag., 4th ser., 22, p. 344; Jahresb. Chem., 1861, p. 1092) note 
 o.ooi alumina (parts per 10,000) in the Umgemach thermal 
 spring (Baden-Baden) and note. 0.00020 in saline water from 
 Durkheim. 
 
 Burrell, B. A. (Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 69 (1896), p. 536), 
 in an analysis of the water of the dropping well at Knaresborough 
 in Yorkshire, notes a trace of alumina. 
 
 Carius, L. (Ann. Chem. Pharm., 137, p. 106; Jahresb. 
 Chem. Will., 1866, p. 987), notes in the Ottilienquelle, 
 Badequelle, and Marienquelle from the Inselbad near Pader- 
 born, 0.009, 0-009, an d 0.004 grams alumina per 10,000 
 respectively. 
 
 Carnelley, T. (Chem. News, 31, p. 27; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1875, p. 1298), reports in a spring (iron) near Trefriw, Wales, 
 233.3 parts aluminium per million. An earlier analysis by 
 Hassal (Chem. News, 31, p. 27; Jahresb. Chem., 1875, P- 1298) 
 gives 112.4. These values correspond to 1358.9 aluminium 
 sulphate and 3.2 aluminium phosphate, and 707.7 aluminium 
 sulphate, and o.o aluminium phosphate per million respectively. 
 
 Carnot, A. (Ann. Mines, 9th ser., 6 (1894), p. 355), reports 
 a series of analyses of French mineral waters made at the 
 6cole du Mines, containing data for the period from January, 
 1885, to June, 1894. The following contained alumina (grams 
 per liter): "Sources de Fraysse, No. i," Commune de Cransac, 
 De'partement 1'Aveyron, 0.0016; "Sources de Fraysse, No. 2," 
 0.0840, which were calculated to be equal to 0.0087 an d 0.2790 
 gm. A1 2 (SO 4 ) 3 respectively. The "Sources Roques" and "Rou- 
 quette," Cransac, Departement 1'Aveyron, contained respec- 
 tively 0.0093 an d 0.0071 A1 2 O 3 equal to 0.0300 and 0.0230 
 aluminium sulphate. The "Sources No. 2," Cransac, con- 
 tained 0.1340 Al 2 O 3 = o.4462 aluminium sulphate. Water from 
 the Briscous salt-wells, Commune Briscous, De'partement Basses- 
 Pyrenees, 0.0050 A1 2 O 3 (with traces of Fe 2 O 3 ). (See also 
 Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, in, p. 192.) 
 
6O ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 Carnot, A. (Ann. Mines, gth ser., 16 (1899), p. 33), reports a 
 later series of analyses of mineral waters made at the laboratory 
 of the ficole Nationale superieure des Mines, July, 1 894-5 une, 
 1899. In. the following, alumina was reported (grams per 
 liter): "Source Saint-Louis," Departement de la Drome, 0.1650 
 ( = 0.5505 aluminium sulphate); spring, Canton et Arrond. de 
 Bagneres-de-Bigorre, Departement Hautes-Pyrenees, 0.00060. 
 
 Casali, A. (Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 19, p. 509; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1890, p. 2658), notes traces of aluminium in potable water 
 from Bologna, Riggio-Emilia, Ferrara, and Ancona. 
 
 Casselmann, W. (Jahrb. Ver. Naturk. Herzogthum Nassau, 
 No. 15, p. 139; Jour. Prak. Chem., 83, p. 385; Chem. Centbl., 
 1861, p. 874; Jahresb. Chem., 1861, p. 1094), reports alumina 
 (per cent by weight) as follows in Nassau mineral water : Sool- 
 sprudel, 0.00062; Soolsprudel (sample taken in 1859), 0.00012; 
 No. IV (1857), 0.00054; No. VII (1858), 0.00005; No- I (1^59), 
 0.00016; No. X (1859), 0.000023; No. Ill (1859), 0.00016; 
 and Neuenhainerquelle (1860), trace. 
 
 Cassels, J. L. (Amer. Chem., 4 (1873), p. 169; Jahresb. 
 Chem., Naumann, 1873, p. 1246), reports 0.333 m - A1 2 3 
 per 10,000 cc. in spring- water from Castalia, Ohio. 
 
 Chandler, C. F., F. A. Cairns, and S. P. Sharpless (Ann. 
 Chem., 2d ser., 3, pp. 93, 164, and 202; Jahresb. Chem., Nau- 
 mann, 1872, p. 1189) found in the Saratoga waters "Glacier 
 Spouting," "Empire," and "Triton," 0.08 gm., 0.07 gm., and a 
 trace of alumina per 10 liters. 
 
 Chandler, C. F., and F. A. Cairns (Amer. Chem., 4 (1873), 
 p. 86; Jahresb. Chem., Naumann, 1873, p. 1246) note 0.055 
 gm. A1 2 O 3 per 10 liters in Saratoga union spring-water (0.324 
 grains per gallon). 
 
 Chandler, C. F., and F. A. Cairns (Amer. Chem., 6, p. 241; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1876, p. 1309) report 0.1002 gm. A1 2 O, per 
 10,000 cc. in St. Leon water from Canada, and (Amer. Chem., 
 6, p- 37; Jahresb. Chem., 1876, p. 1309) 0.0220 gm. A1 2 O 3 
 per 10,000 cc. in artesian water from Sheboygan, Wisconsin. 
 
 Chatard, T. M. (U. S. Geol. Survey, Bui. 9, p. 23), found in 
 water from Humboldt River, Nevada, 0.3615 gm. total solids 
 per liter, of which 0.0013 IT 01 - or -37 P er cent was A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Chatard, T. M. (U. S. Geol. Survey, Bui. 9, p. 24), in water 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 6 1 
 
 from Hot Springs, Hot Springs Station, Nevada, found 2.4924 
 gms. total solids per liter, o.ooio gm. or 0.04 per cent being 
 aluminium. 
 
 Chatard, T. M. (U. S. Geological Survey, Bui. 9, p. 27), found 
 in warm spring-water, Mono Basin, California, 2.0850 gms. total 
 solids, containing 0.0018 gm. or 0.09 per cent A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Chatard, T. M. (U. S. Geological Survey, Bui. 9, p. 29), found 
 in water from City Creek, Utah (collected above reservoir which 
 supplied Salt Lake City), 0.2400 gm. total solids per liter, 
 o.ooio gm. or 0.041 per cent being A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Chatard, T. M. (U. S. Geol. Survey, Bui. 55, p. 93), found 
 in water from Owens Lake, California, 0.023 g m - A1 2 O 3 per kilo. 
 
 Chatard, T. M. (U. S. Geological Survey, Bui. 64, pp. 59, 60), 
 notes 0.0005 and 0.0012 gm. A1 2 O 3 per liter respectively in 
 artesian wells A and B, St. Augustine, Florida; also 0.0077 
 gm. A1 2 O 3 per liter in water from a well four miles northwest 
 of Clinton, Miss. 
 
 Chevallier, A. (Jour. Chem. Med., 3d ser., 7, p. 193; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1851, p. 666), found 0.125 g m - alumina and silica per 
 liter in mineral water from Wattweiler. 
 
 Clark (Chem. Soc. Quar. Jour., i, p. 155; Pharm. Centbl., 
 1848, p. 650; Jahresb. Chem., 1847-48, p. 998) notes a trace 
 of alumina in the Thames water at Twickenham. 
 
 Clark, F. W. (U. S. Geol. Survey, Bui. 55, p. 92; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1891, p. 2622), reports 0.0020 gm. A1 2 O 3 per 1000 cc. in 
 Potash Sulphur Spring water from Garland County, eight 
 miles southeast from Hot Springs. 
 
 Cloez, C. (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 98, p. 1282; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1884, p. 2036), found 0.0710 gm. Al 2 O 3 ,SiO 2 
 per 1000 c.c. in a mineral spring near Brucourt, in the 
 neighborhood of Dives, France. 
 
 Crawfurd (Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Pharm., 6, p. 161; Chem. 
 Centbl., 1875, p. 267; Jahresb. Chem., 1857, p. 722) notes 
 0.023421 Al 2 O 3 .SiO 3 per 1000 parts in mineral water from 
 Kellberg near Passau, Germany. 
 
 Crook, J. K. (Mineral Waters of the United States and 
 their Therapeutic Uses, Philadelphia, 1899), made an exten- 
 sive compilation of analyses of mineral waters of the United 
 States which was based, the author says, on treatises on 
 
62 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 mineral waters, issued by the various States, National Geological 
 reports, railroad guides, etc., as well as information received 
 in reply to inquiries addressed to all spring resorts and com- 
 mercial springs of the United States which could be reached. 
 Personal visits were also paid to many of the more important 
 localities. In quoting analytical data he has expressed the 
 results in grains per United States gallon. The whole subject 
 is discussed with special reference to the use of mineral waters 
 in the treatment of disease. It has been the author's purpose 
 to include all the springs of the United States whose waters 
 are actually used at the present time. The following state- 
 ments are made regarding aluminium in discussing the value 
 of the different constituents of mineral waters: 
 
 "This substance is found in springs in the form of the oxide, 
 or alumina, and of the sulphate. It occurs in variable quan- 
 tities, ranging from a mere trace to sixty or eighty grains per 
 gallon, as seen in some of the Virginia alum springs. The 
 sulphate is almost always present in the sulphureted chalyb- 
 eate waters, and, as stated above, in the acid springs. The 
 internal use of alum waters is generally governed by these 
 associated ingredients. Some of the alum springs have acquired 
 a considerable reputation in scrofulous diseases and in chronic 
 diarrhoea and dysentery. The iron-alum waters are beneficial 
 in passive hemorrhages and in exhausting night -sweats. Locally 
 their astringent action calls them into service in much the 
 same class of cases as are benefited by the acid waters. They 
 have produced valuable results in conjunctivitis, stomatitis, 
 chronic vaginitis, and other relaxed or inflammatory states 
 of those portions of the mucous surfaces accessible to local 
 treatment. They have also been found to act as a useful 
 auxiliary in the treatment of ulcerated surfaces, abrasions, etc. 
 In large quantities the alum waters have a laxative influence, 
 but they are seldom used in virtue of this action." 
 
 The following table summarizes the data quoted from Dr. 
 Crook's report: 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 63 
 
 ALUMINIUM IN SPRING-WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Spring. 
 
 Analyst. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Aluminium 
 Sulphate 
 per U. S. 
 Gallon. 
 
 Alumina 
 
 iTs. 
 
 Gallon. 
 
 Alabama. 
 Matchless Mineral Wells. . . 
 
 f E. A. Smith, 
 
 oi 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Grains. 
 > 6C 
 
 Arkansas. 
 Arkansas Lithia Springs. . . 
 
 \ J. B. Little 
 Muehler 
 
 08 
 
 
 3 U 3 
 O O2 
 
 California. 
 Agua de Vida Lower Spring 
 
 Anderson 
 
 I IO 
 
 
 37 
 
 Agua de Vida Upper Spring 
 
 Anderson 
 
 I IO 
 
 
 4.O 
 
 Alum Rock Alkaline Saline 
 Spring 
 Alum Rock Chalybeate Sp'g 
 
 Anderson 
 Hatch 
 
 112 
 112 
 
 
 
 6-45 
 
 Anderson Iron Spring 
 
 G E. Colby 
 
 I 14 
 
 
 X J 
 O3 
 
 Anderson Sour Spring 
 
 G. E. Colby 
 
 lie 
 
 1 II 
 
 
 Blodgett's Springs 
 
 Anderson 
 
 I2O 
 
 
 41 3 
 
 Calistoga Springs 
 
 Anderson 
 
 126 
 
 
 
 Calistoga Swimming Pool. . . 
 El Paso de Robles, Main 
 Sulphur Spring 
 
 Anderson 
 Anderson 
 
 126 
 
 I 70 
 
 
 
 4/ 
 .27 
 
 2 ? 
 
 El Paso de Robles, Soda 
 Spring 
 
 Anderson 
 
 I 31 
 
 
 ^0 
 
 8c 
 
 Eureka Springs 
 
 W. D. Johnson 
 
 I 31 
 
 
 ^j 
 i 30 
 
 Felt's Mineral Springs 
 
 
 1^2 
 
 
 d 
 
 California Geysers, Lemon- 
 ade Spring 
 
 T. Price 
 
 I^S 
 
 32 02 
 
 
 California Geysers, Witches' 
 Caldron 
 
 T. Price 
 
 178 
 
 2 04 
 
 2 7 
 
 California Geysers, Acid Sp'g 
 CaliforniaGeysers,Alum Sp'g 
 California Geysers, Iron Gey- 
 ser Creek .... 
 
 T. Price 
 T. Price 
 
 T. Price 
 
 N> Go Oo C 
 X 00 00 
 
 20 .62 
 63.82 
 
 80 
 
 California Geysers, Spring 
 on hill 
 
 T. Price 
 
 138 
 
 . 2O 
 
 
 California Geysers Iron Sp'g 
 
 T Price 
 
 138 
 
 
 I 7 
 
 California Geysers, Indian 
 Spring 
 California Geysers, Mud In- 
 dian Spring 
 
 T. Price 
 T. Price 
 
 138 
 138 
 
 22.78 
 
 .18 
 
 California Geysers, Spring 
 little above Indian Spring 
 California Geysers, hot sul- 
 phur-water, above bath- 
 house 
 
 T. Price 
 T. Price 
 
 138 
 138 
 
 118.78 
 2 . 3O 
 
 
 California Geysers, Devil's 
 Teakettle 
 
 T Price 
 
 138 
 
 3i 16 
 
 
 Glen Alpine Springs 
 
 Anderson 
 
 142 
 
 
 I 43 
 
 Gordon Springs 
 
 Anderson 
 
 142 
 
 
 7 C IT 
 
 Harbin Hot Sulphur Spring 
 
 
 144 
 
 
 I 6O 
 
 Harbin Chalybeate Spring. . 
 
 
 144 
 
 
 7 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a. Amount not stated. Qualitative analysis. 
 
64 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 ALUMINIUM IN SPRING-WATERS. Continued. 
 
 Spring. 
 
 Analyst. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Aluminium 
 Sulphate 
 per U. S. 
 Gallon. 
 
 Alumina 
 
 
 
 Gallon. 
 
 Highland Seltzer 
 
 W Anderson 
 
 146 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Grains. 
 17^ 
 
 Highland Dutch or Ems 
 
 "W^ Anderson 
 
 146 
 
 
 I 2 
 
 Hot Borate 
 
 
 147 
 
 
 2 Od. 
 
 Howard Springs, Excelsior, 
 No i 
 
 W T Wenzell 
 
 148 
 
 
 O O ^ 
 
 Howard Springs, The Twins, 
 No 2 
 
 W T Wenzell 
 
 148 
 
 
 O I 5 
 
 Howard Springs, Eureka, 
 No 7 
 
 W T Wenzell 
 
 148 
 
 
 O IO 
 
 Howard Springs, Neptune, 
 No 4 
 
 W T Wenzell 
 
 148 
 
 
 O IO 
 
 Howard Springs Soda No. ^ 
 
 W T Wenzell 
 
 148 
 
 
 O I 7. 
 
 Lane Mineral Springs \ 
 
 San Francisco Re- 
 finin " and Analyti- 
 
 I. i en 
 
 
 2 OI 
 
 
 cal Association 
 
 
 
 
 Litton Seltzer Springs 
 
 W Anderson 
 
 I CI 
 
 
 6 81 
 
 Mark West Springs 
 
 
 1^2 
 
 
 a 
 
 Mono Lake 
 
 "W Anderson 
 
 I C. 7 
 
 
 26 67. 
 
 Pagoda Spring (Napa Soda) 
 
 "^T Anderson 
 
 ICC 
 
 
 c 7 
 
 Newsom's Arroyo Grande 
 Springs . . 
 
 "W Anderson 
 
 1^,6 
 
 
 7 7 
 
 Pacific Conress Springs 
 
 "W^ Anderson 
 
 *.3~' 
 
 1*8 
 
 
 4CQ 
 
 Great Paraiso Hot Soda 
 Springs . . . 
 
 
 160 
 
 
 c,6 
 
 Piedmont White Sulphur 
 "Iron Springs " 
 
 "W^ Anderson 
 
 161 
 
 
 A 
 
 Santa Barbara Hot Springs. . 
 Santa Rosa White Sulphur 
 Springs 
 
 W. Anderson 
 "W Anderson 
 
 162 
 161 
 
 2 .90 
 
 *+J 
 Ql 
 
 Santa Ysabel Sulphur 
 Springs " Main "W^arm " 
 
 TV" Anderson 
 
 164. 
 
 
 7 
 
 Santa Ysabel Sulphur 
 Springs Cold Sulphur No I 
 
 "W Anderson 
 
 l6A 
 
 
 to 
 
 8* 
 
 Santa Ysabel Sulphur 
 Springs Cold Sulphur No 2 
 
 "W^ Anderson 
 
 l64. 
 
 
 84. 
 
 Santa Ysabel Warm Sulphur 
 Mud 
 
 W Anderson 
 
 i6<; 
 
 
 6? 
 
 Summit Soda Springs 
 
 "W \nderson 
 
 168 
 
 
 I 17 
 
 Thermal Acid (Caso Range) 
 
 
 160 
 
 7404 .41 ? 
 
 A " o 
 
 Tolenas Springs . . 
 
 W Anderson 
 
 170 
 
 
 I IO 
 
 Tuscan (or Lick) Springs 
 
 F W Hatch 
 
 170 
 
 
 & 
 
 TVilbur Springs 
 
 W Anderson 
 
 m' 
 
 
 3Q7 
 
 \\ 7 itter's Mineral Springs 
 
 
 174 
 
 
 i 6? 
 
 Young's Natural-gas Well 
 and Mineral Springs 
 
 W Anderson 
 
 I7 1 ? 
 
 
 c !8 
 
 Colorado . 
 Manitou Soda Springs, 
 Manitou 
 
 E. Waller 
 
 187 
 
 
 .07 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a. Qualitative analyses. Amount not reported. 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 65 
 
 ALUMINIUM IN SPRING-WATERS. Continued. 
 
 Spring. 
 
 Analyst. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Aluminium 
 Sulphate 
 per U. S. 
 Gallon. 
 
 Alumina 
 per 
 U.S. 
 
 Gallon. 
 
 Manitou Soda Springs, 
 Na.va.jo 
 
 E Waller 
 
 187 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Grains. 
 I O 
 
 Poncho Hot Springs 
 
 
 I QO 
 
 
 5 20 
 
 Connecticut, 
 Stafford. Spring 
 
 L Norton 
 
 IQ7 
 
 
 ^ w 
 J J 
 
 Georgia. 
 Bowden Lithia Upper Spring 
 Bowden Lithia Lower Spring 
 Bowden Lithia Lower Spring 
 Franklin Spring 
 
 Pratt 
 Pratt 
 Doremus 
 
 206 
 206 
 206 
 212 
 
 i-33 
 2.61 
 
 -53 
 a 
 
 
 Hughes' Mineral Well 
 Trentham Spring 
 
 H. C. White 
 
 214 
 
 218 
 
 I .02 
 
 a 
 
 Meriweather County Warm 
 Sorin ' 
 
 H C White 
 
 210 
 
 
 A.6 
 
 Idaho. 
 Indan-Ha Spring 
 
 C F Chandler 
 
 222 
 
 
 o ? 
 
 Illinois. 
 Kane County Magnesia 
 Sorin^ 
 
 W S Hains 
 
 226 
 
 
 oo 
 
 Indiana. 
 Indian Alkaline Saline 
 Sprin " 
 
 E. T. Cox 
 
 2"?I 
 
 .82 
 
 
 Magnetic Mineral Spring. . . . 
 Iowa. 
 Fry's Mineral Spring 
 
 W. A.Noyes 
 W S Hains 
 
 234 
 2 3Q 
 
 
 - J 7 
 
 066 
 
 Lineville Mineral Springs 
 
 A E Woodward 
 
 2 T.Q 
 
 
 28 
 
 Kansas. 
 Geuda Spring No i 
 
 Bailey 
 
 244 
 
 
 06 
 
 Geuda Spring No. 2 
 
 Bailey 
 
 244 
 
 
 .01 
 
 Geuda Sprin" No 4 
 
 Bailey 
 
 24. 4 
 
 
 OI 
 
 Geuda Spring No. 5 
 Geuda Spring No 7 
 
 Bailey 
 Bailey 
 
 244 
 244 
 
 
 
 .01 
 OI 
 
 Topeka Mineral ^Vells 
 
 Barnes and Sims 
 
 2 47 
 
 
 4.O 
 
 Kentucky. 
 ~Q\cr Bone Springs 
 
 
 2 Co 
 
 a 
 
 
 Maine. 
 Keystone Spring 
 
 R. C. Stanley 
 
 261; 
 
 
 8c.c 
 
 Maryland. 
 Mardela Spring 
 
 P. B. Wilson 
 
 272 
 
 
 3A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a. Qualitative analyses. Amount not given. 
 
 b. Heinrichs, in an analysis of this water, reports .29 grains "Silica Alumina" per 
 U. S. gallon. 
 
 c. With silica. 
 
66 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 ALUMINIUM IN SPRING-WATERS. Continued. 
 
 Spring. 
 
 Analyst. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Aluminium 
 Sulphate 
 per U. S. 
 Gallon. 
 
 Alumina 
 Gallon. 
 
 Michigan. 
 Clark's Riverside Mineral 
 Springs 
 
 S P Duffield 
 
 286 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Grains. 
 13 41 
 
 Eastman's Springs, King 
 David 
 
 
 286 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 Eastman's Springs, Bimini . . 
 
 
 287 
 
 
 O 3 
 
 Eastman's Springs, Golden 
 Fountain 
 
 
 288 
 
 
 OI 
 
 Owosso Mineral Water 
 
 
 
 
 
 St. Clair Mineral Spring 
 
 S. P. Duffield 
 
 206 
 
 
 830 oo 
 
 Minesota. 
 Indian Medical Spring 
 
 C. W. Drew 
 
 200 
 
 
 03 
 
 White Mineral Spring 
 
 W. A. Noyes 
 
 2QO 
 
 
 
 Mississippi. 
 Brown's Wells, Spring No. i. 
 Brown's Wells, Spring No. 2. 
 Castilian Mineral Spring, 
 No i 
 
 J .R. Chilton 
 G. Little 
 
 E W Hilgard 
 
 302 
 
 302 
 
 8. ii 
 b 
 
 b 
 
 Missouri. 
 B B. Mineral Water 
 
 P Schweitzer 
 
 
 18 31 
 
 
 Blue Lick Springs 
 
 P Schweitzer 
 
 3 IO 
 
 
 b 
 
 Blue Lick Springs 
 
 
 311 
 
 
 IO 2 ? 
 0.23 
 
 Excelsior Springs 
 
 
 312 
 
 
 
 Nevada. 
 Walley's Hot Springs 
 
 J. W. Phillips 
 
 32 "? 
 
 
 .02 
 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 j Jackson, also ) 
 
 327 
 
 
 b 
 
 Londonderry Lithia Spring. . 
 New Mexico. 
 Las Vegas Hot Spring, 
 No. 6 
 
 "j Richards J 
 H. Halvorson 
 
 W. S. Hains 
 
 328 
 
 5-05 
 
 .IO 
 
 New York. 
 Geneva Lithia Water 
 Deer Lick Spring 
 
 A. A. Cunningham 
 C F Chandler 
 
 350 
 
 3 ^4. 
 
 8-75 
 
 
 North Carolina. 
 Thompson's Bromine- ar- 
 senic Spring 
 
 H Froehling 
 
 374. 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a With silica. 
 
 b. Amount not given. Qualitative analyses. 
 
 c. Contains .12 grain aluminium phosphate per U. S. gallon. 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 6 7 
 
 ALUMINIUM IN SPRING-WATERS. Continued. 
 
 Spring. 
 
 Analyst. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Aluminium 
 Sulphate 
 per U. S. 
 Gallon. 
 
 Alumina 
 
 ifs. 
 
 Gallon. 
 
 North Carolina Hot Springs . 
 Park's Springs . . . 
 
 j Chandler and 
 1 Pellew 
 A. R. Ledoux 
 
 V. G. Bloede 
 V. G. Bloede 
 
 F. A. Genth 
 C. M. Cresson 
 W. A. Middleton? 
 
 C. B. Gibson? 
 C. B. Gibson? 
 
 J. W. Slocum 
 /. T. Anderson 
 . M. Safford and 
 } J. C. Wharton 
 
 W. H. Johnson 
 E. Everhart 
 E. Everhart 
 
 A. Meacham 
 S. F. Baird 
 
 E. T. Fristoe 
 H. Froehling 
 
 376 
 378 
 
 400 
 400 
 
 406 
 409 
 416 
 
 430 
 43 1 
 
 435 
 444 
 
 446 
 
 449 
 45 2 
 45 2 
 
 460 
 461 
 
 476 
 
 480 
 482 
 
 485 
 489 
 
 497 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Grains. 
 .04 
 
 3-5 
 
 . II 
 .09 
 
 . I2& 
 C 
 
 .27 
 
 .02 
 
 30 
 . 12 
 
 be 
 
 25 
 
 .166 
 d 
 
 e 
 f 
 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 Bedford Magnesia Spring. . . 
 Bedford Bowling Alley 
 Spring 
 
 
 
 Gaylord & Gulick Mineral 
 Springs . . 
 
 6.580 
 
 Minnequa Springs 
 
 Tuscarora Lithia Spring. . . . 
 South Dakota. 
 South Dakota Hot Springs, 
 Mammoth Mineral Spring . 
 Lakatah Springs 
 
 
 
 Tennessee. 
 Dixie Mineral Water 
 
 
 Red Boiling Springs, No. 2 . . 
 Upper Red Boiling Spring . . 
 Texas. 
 Burdett Mineral Wells 
 Overall Mineral Well No. i. . 
 Overall Mineral Well No. 2 . 
 
 Utah. 
 Midway Warm Springs 
 Utah Hot Springs 
 
 
 IS 
 
 81.71 
 4.99 
 
 .56 
 
 Virginia. 
 Harris An ti dyspeptic and 
 Tonic Springs No i 
 
 
 Blue Ridge Springs . . 
 
 
 Cold Sulphur Springs 
 
 2 .46 
 
 Crocket's Arsenic - Lithia 
 Springs 
 
 H. Froehling 
 M. B. Hardin 
 
 W. H. Taylor 
 
 Glenola (Wayland) Spring . . 
 Hunter's Pulaski Alum 
 Springs 
 
 
 1 6 .40 
 
 
 a. Practically the same analyses as quoted by Peale (U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin 
 32, page 49) for Blassburg (Pa.) springs. 
 
 b. The value given refers to aluminium. 
 
 c. Qualitative analyses. Amount not reported. 
 
 d. Contains .02 grain aluminium phosphate and .15 grain aluminium silicate per U. S. 
 gallon. 
 
 e. Contains trace of aluminium phosphate and .12 grains aluminium silicate per U. S. 
 gallon. 
 
 f. Contains .04 grain aluminium phosphate and .20 grain aluminium silicate per U. S. 
 gallon. 
 
68 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 ALUMINIUM IN SPRING-WATERS. Continued. 
 
 Spring. 
 
 Analyst. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Aluminium 
 Sulphate 
 per U. S. 
 Gallon. 
 
 Alumina 
 per 
 US. 
 Gallon. 
 
 Iron Lithia Springs 
 
 H Froehling 
 
 4-07 
 
 Grains. 
 8 CK 
 
 Grains. 
 
 a 
 
 Massanetta Springs 
 
 J W Mallet 
 
 4-00 
 
 
 O I "\ 
 
 Milboro Sulphur Spring 
 Roanoke Red Sulphur Cha- 
 lybeate Spring 
 
 G. B. M. Zerr 
 H Froehling 
 
 500 
 r 06 
 
 b 
 
 o ? 
 
 .26 
 
 c 
 
 West Virginia. 
 Hart Well 
 
 S C Wells 
 
 r ? i 
 
 W 
 
 d 
 
 Wisconsin. 
 Allouez Mineral Water 
 
 W. W. Daniels 
 
 cor 
 
 
 17 
 
 Fort Crawford Mineral 
 Water 
 
 G Bode 
 
 r -2 7 
 
 
 66 
 
 Wyoming. 
 
 Fountain Geyser, Yellow- 
 stone National Park 
 
 
 r c 2 
 
 
 06^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a. With . 1 1 grain aluminium phosphate per U. S. gallon in addition. 
 
 b. With trace of aluminium phosphate in addition. 
 
 c. With .02 grain aluminium phosphate per U. S. gallon in addition. 
 
 d. Contains .03 grain aluminium phosphate and .09 grain aluminium and iron car- 
 "bonate per J. S. gallon. See also analyses quoted by Peale, U. S. Geological Survey 
 Bulletin 32, page 73. 
 
 e. Chemical combinations calculated by E. E. Smith from analytical data. 
 
 Dambergis, A. K. (Ber. Dent. Chem. Gesellsch., 20, p. 3328; 
 in Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 54 (1888), II, p. 238), in the 
 water of one of the sulphur springs of the peninsula of Methana 
 on the east side of the Chelona range near the village of 
 Wromolimni, reports 0.019 parts A1 2 O 3 per 10,000. 
 
 Dambergis (Ber. Deut. Chem. Gesellsch., 19, p. 2538; Jour. 
 Chem. Soc. London, 52 (1887), II, p. 23) reports 0.0200 alumina 
 in water from ^Egina Springs and 0.06000 in water from Andros, 
 grams per 10,000 cc. in both cases. 
 
 Davis, R. H. (Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 39, p. 19; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1881, p. 1449), notes 12.78 gms. A1 2 O 3 per 10,000 cc. 
 in the Harrowgate, England, "Old Alum Well." 
 
 Darton, N. H. (U. S. Geological Survey Bui. 138), in his 
 report on artesian well prospects on the Atlantic coastal plain 
 region, quotes a number of analyses of water in which iron 
 and alumina are reported together. 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 69 
 
 De Luca (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 67, p. 909; Inst. 
 1868, p. 354; Jahresb. Chem. Will., 1868, p. 1040) reports 
 traces of alumina in the "Solfatare" of Puzzuoli. 
 
 De Luca, S. (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 70, p. 408; Jour. 
 Pharm., 4thser., 12, p. 33; Inst. 1870, p. 49; Chem. Centbl., 1870, 
 p. 1 80; Chem. News, 21, p. 119; Jahresb. Chem., Naumann, 
 1870, p. 1389), reports 0.335 gm. A1 2 O 3 per 1000 cc. in the 
 "Solfatare" water from Pozzuoli. 
 
 De Negri, A. and E. (Gaz. Chim. Ital., 8 (1878), p. 120; 
 Jour. Chem. Soc. London (1878), II, p. 715), note 0.000417 
 gm. aluminium phosphate per liter in mineral water from 
 Casteggio, Italy. 
 
 Devarda, A. (Chem. Centbl., 1891, II, p. 365; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1891, p. 2619), in mineral water from Costalta (Southern 
 Tyrol), notes 0.01614 gm. Al 2 O 3 .3SiO 2 per 1000 cc. 
 
 Deville (Ann. Chim. Pharm., 3d ser., 23, p. 32 ; Arch. Pharm., 
 2d ser., 55, p. 301; Jahresb. Chem., 1847-48, p. 996) analyzed 
 a number of waters, finding alumina as follows (grams per 
 100,000 cc.): Seine River at Bercy, 0.0005; Rhine at Stras- 
 burg, 0.0025; Loire at Orleans, 0.0071; Rhone at Geneva, 
 0.0039; Doubs at Rivotte, 0.0021; Mouillere spring- water, 
 0.0043; Billecul Spring, 0.0043 ; Arcier Spring, 0.0090; Bregille 
 Spring at Besan9on, 0.0065; Suzon Spring at Dijon, o.ooio; 
 Arcueil at Paris, 0.0053; well in the Grand Rue, 0.0094; well 
 Rue de la Prefecture, 0.0062; and at the Facultd des Sciences 
 at BesanQon, 0.0039. 
 
 Dewar, J. (Chem. News, 24, p. 171; Jour. Chem. Soc. 
 London, 25 (1872), p. 60), found 1.8 grains A1 2 O 3 per gallon 
 in the acidulous chalybeate water from Melrose. 
 
 Dietrich, H. (Min. Petr. Mitth., 2d ser., 3, p. 439; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1880, p. 1527), reports 0.005, 0.006, and 0.005 m - A1 2 O 3 
 per 10,000 gms., respectively, in three mineral springs at Krynica, 
 Austria-Hungary. 
 
 Dietrich, H. (Jahrb. K. K. Geol. Reichsanst., 43 (1893), 
 p. 275; Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 70 (1896), II, p. 435), found 
 0.00335 A1,O 3 per 1000 parts in the water of the Klebelsberg 
 Spring, Ischl, Austria. 
 
 Dormoy (Ann. Min., 6th ser., 12, p. 461 ; Jahrb. Chem. Will.. 
 1867, p. 1040) reports alumina with iron oxid or iron and 
 
70 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 manganese oxid in fourteen waters from Luxeuil, the amount 
 ranging from 0.00157 to 0.01486 gm. per liter. 
 
 Drown, T. M. (State Board Health Mass. Rpt., 24 (1892), 
 p. 345), reported analyses of a number of waters from Massa- 
 chusetts. The data regarding alumina follow: 
 
 ALUMINIUM IN MASSACHUSETTS WATERS. 
 
 Kind of Water. 
 
 Alumina. 
 Parts per 
 100,000. 
 
 Mansfield, well 0.0173 
 
 Framingham, Spring northeast of sewage fields 0444 
 
 Stoughton, well 047 5 
 
 Everett, Spring 0325 
 
 Maiden, tubular wells -0125 
 
 Framingham, Spring northwest of sewage field .0250 
 
 Hyde Park, Neponset River .0062 
 
 Hyde Park, tubular wells near river . 0440 
 
 Hyde Park, starch-factory well near river 0175 
 
 Woburn, Horn Pond 0409 
 
 Woburn, filter-gallery 0143 
 
 Wayland, reservoir .0360 
 
 Wayland, filter-gallery -475 
 
 Westborough, Insane Hospital tubular wells - 02 5o 
 
 Reading, filter-gallery .0493 
 
 Bradford, Well No. 7 0250 
 
 Bradford, Well No. 12 oioo 
 
 Marblehead Water Co., Swampscott, large wells and tubular 
 
 wells 0125 
 
 Marblehead, town supply, large well and tubular wells .0110 
 
 Lawrence, sewage filtered through filter-paper -385 
 
 Lawrence, effluent from intermittent filtration of sewage. 
 
 Tank No. 4 0266 
 
 Lawrence, effluent from intermittent filtration of sewage. 
 
 Tank No. 9 0457 
 
 Du Menil (Arch. Pharm., 2d ser., 69 (1852), p. i; Pharrru 
 Centbl., 1852, p. 229; Jahresb. Chem., 1852, p. 754) found 
 0.500 grain alumina (with silica) per 3 pounds in sulphur- water 
 from Seebruch near Vlotho. 
 
 Du Ponteil (Ann. Chem. Pharm., 96, p. 193: Jour. Prakt, 
 Chem., 67, p. 249; Chem. 'Centbl., 1856, p. 4: Ann. Chim. 
 Phys., 3d ser., 46, p. 233; Jahresb. Chem., 1855, p. 831) found 
 0.3546 A1 2 O 3 -3SO 3 per 100 parts in the clear yellow very acid 
 water of a hot lake on the volcanic White Island, Plenty Bay, 
 New Zealand. 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 71 
 
 Eakins, L. G. (U. S. Geol. Survey Bui. 60, p. 172), found 
 in water from a zooo-foot well in Lebanon, Missouri, 0.0032 
 gm. A1 2 O 3 per liter. 
 
 Effenberger, A. (Wiener Akad. Ber. 51, 2. Abt., p. 252; 
 Chem. CentbL, 1865, p. 848; Jahresber. Chem. Will... 1865, 
 p. 934), notes per 10,000 parts, 0.006 part alumina in the 
 medicinal springs at Mullaken in Upper Austria. 
 
 Egger, E. (Chem. CentbL, 1881, p. 664; Jahresb. Chem., 
 
 1 88 1, p. 1443), reports an analysis of the Adelheidquelle at 
 Heilbrunn, Germany. This water contained o.ooio gm. A1 2 O 3 
 per 1000 cc. 
 
 Egger, E. (Chem. CentbL, 1882, p. 187; Jahresb. Chem., 
 
 1882, p. 1629), in a sulphur spring at Seon, Germany, reports 
 0.0018 gm. aluminium phosphate per 1000 cc. 
 
 Emerson, B. K. (U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 29, p. 750), quotes 
 an analysis made by S. D. Hayes of the water of Mount Mineral 
 Spring, Shutesbury, Massachusetts. A trace of alumina is 
 reported. 
 
 Emerson, B. K. (U. S. Geol. Survey Bui. 159, p. 91), reports 
 12.80 A1 2 O 3 parts per 1,000,000 in water from an artesian well 
 in Dalton, Massachusetts. 
 
 Emmons, S. F. (U. S. Geol. Survey Rpt., 17 (1895-96), 
 pt. II, p. 411), in an article on the mines of Custer 
 County, Colorado, reports a number of analyses by Hillebrant. 
 Vadose water from the Geyser mine, 5oo-foot level, contained 
 0.8 A1 2 O 3 -P 2 O 5 parts per 1,000,000 (p. 461); deep water from 
 the Geyser mine, 20oo-foot level, 1.06 A1 2 O 3 parts per 1,000,000 
 (p. 462). These values refer to the theoretical composition of 
 the water before sediment was deposited. 
 
 Essner, J. C. (Bui. Soc. Chim., 3d ser., 6, p. 148; Jahresb. 
 Chem.. 1891, p. 2615), reports 0.240 gm. aluminium sulphate 
 ( + i8H 2 O) per 1000 cc. in a subterranean water from the neigh- 
 borhood of Port Vendres. 
 
 Essner, J. C. (Bui. Soc. Chim., 3d ser., 7, p. 480; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1892, p. 2688). reports 0.0240 gm. (?) A1 ? O 3 per 1000 cc. 
 in water from the iron sulphur spring at Roufaque. 
 
 Fehling (Wiirttemberg. Naturwissensch. Jahreshefte, 13, 
 p. 113, Jahresb. Chem., 1857, p. 720) found traces of alumina 
 
?2 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 in the following artesian mineral water from the Stuttgart 
 bath near Berg: Haupt-Trinkquelle and Westliche Quelle. 
 
 Fehling (Wurttemberg. Naturw. Jahreshefte, 16, pp. 106, 
 129; Neues Jahrb. Pharm., 14, pp. 286, 295; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1860, pp. 833, 834) reports alumina as follows (grams per 
 100,000) in Wurttemberg mineral waters: Wildbad Warm 
 Springs; Trinkquelle No. 10, Trinkhalle, 0.055; Quelle No. 19, 
 Katherienbad, 0.059; mixture of water from ten springs, 0.070; 
 Teinach mineral springs, Hirschquelle, 0.126; Bachquelle, trace ; 
 and Dintenquelle, 0.071. 
 
 Fehling, H. (Wurttemb. Naturw. Jahresb., 22, pp. 129, 147, 
 159; Jahresb. Chem. Will., 1867, p. 1035), notes an average of 
 0.055 parts of alumina per 100,000 in waters from Wildbad; 
 0.038 in water from Liebenzell; traces in Bachquelle from 
 Teinach, and 0.126 in Hirschquelle from Teinach. 
 
 Feliciani, G. (Gaz. Chim. Ital., 26 (1896), I, p. 281; Jour. 
 Chem. Soc. London, 70 (1896), II, p. 615), notes a trace of 
 alumina in the water of the acid spring at Ponte Molle near 
 Rome. 
 
 Fellenberg reports (Untersuchung d. Schwefelwasser d. 
 Gurnigelbades, Bern, 1849; Jahresber. Chem. Will., 1850, p. 623) 
 0.0051 part aluminium silicate per 10,000 gms. in one water 
 analyzed, designated No. A. Further, 0.08 alumina and iron 
 oxid in another, designated No. B. The author also analyzed 
 the water from two other sulphur springs from the same 
 neighborhood. No aluminium was reported in either. In the 
 sediment of the Stockquelle (1. c., p. 624) he found 14.47 P er 
 cent alumina (with calcium phosphate). The Stockquelle 
 water was one of those mentioned which contained no alumina. 
 
 Ferstl (Jahrb. K. K. Geol. Reichsanstalt, 1853, No. 4, p. 
 683; Jahresb. Chem., 1853, p. 712) reports in the Luhatschowitz 
 (Austria) mineral water, Vincenzbrunnen, Amandbrunnen, 
 Johannisbrunnen, and Luisenquelle, aluminium phosphate 
 (parts per 1000) as follows: 0.0047, 0.0048, 0.0041, and 
 0.0086, respectively. 
 
 Figuier and Mialhe (Jour. Pharm., 3d ser., 13, p. 401; Jour. 
 Chim. Med., 3d ser., 4, p. 635; Pharm. Centbl., 1848, p. 662; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1847-48, p. 1005) note a trace of alumina 
 in Niederbronn (Alsace) and alumina (grams per 1000 cc.) 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 73 
 
 as follows in mineral water from Bourbonne: Source de la 
 Place, 0.030; Source de 1'inte'rieur de 1'etablissement, 0.029. 
 They also note (Jour. Pharm., 3d ser., n, p. 338; Jour. Prakt. 
 Chem., 42, p. 465; Pharm. Centbl., 1847, p. 431; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1847-48, p. 1006) a trace of aluminium in mineral 
 water from Rieumajou near Salvetat, Dept. de I'Hdrault. 
 
 Filhol (Jour. Pharm., 3d ser., 20, p. 81; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1851, p. 664) reports aluminium silicate (gms. per 1000 cc.) 
 in Bagtteres-de-Luchon springs as follows: Bayen, a trace; 
 Azemar, 0.0237; Richard (upper spring), 0.0292; Grotte supe- 
 rieure, 0.0109; Blanche, o.oioi ; Ferras (upper spring No. 2), 
 trace; Pre No. i and Bordeu No. 4, each 0.0073; Grotte infe- 
 rieure, 0.0141, and La Reine, 0.0274. Ferras also contained 
 0.0022 gm. alumina per 1000 cc., and La Reine a trace. 
 
 Filippuzzi (Wiener. Acad. Ber. 21, p. 561; Chem. Centbl., 
 1856, p. 937; Jahresb. Chem., 1856, p. 773) reports 0.01927 
 aluminium phosphate and 0.36004 aluminium sulphate per 
 10,000 parts in mineral water from Valdagno, Italy. 
 
 Finckh, C. (Neue. Jahrb. Pharm., 34, p. 13; Chem. Centbl., 
 1870, p. 615; Jahresb. Chem. Naumann, 1870, p. 1382), notes 
 traces of aluminium in Ochsenhausen mineral water from 
 Bieberach, Germany. 
 
 Fluckiger, F. A. (Mittheil. Naturf. Gesellsch. Bern, 1862, 
 p. 17; Arch. Pharm., 2d ser., in (1862), p. in ; Vierteljahressch. 
 Prakt. Pharm., n, p. 342; Jahresb. Chem., 1862, p. 820), 
 analyzed a sample of acid water taken by Stohr and Zollinger 
 in 1858 at the first waterfall of the brook Sungi Pa'it flowing 
 from the lake in the crater of Idjen volcano in Java. It con- 
 tained per 100 gms. 0.150 A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Folberth (Verhandl. und Mittheil. Siebenburg. Vereins 
 Naturwissensch., 1855, No. 7; Jahresb. Chem., 1855, p. 844) 
 reports 0.0222 basic aluminium phosphate per 1000 parts in 
 the saline water from the Felsenquelle near Bassen, Hungary. 
 
 Folberth, F. (Verhandl. u. Mittheil. Siebenburg. Vereins 
 Naturw. Hermannstadt, n, p. 78; Jahresb. Chem., "1861, p. 
 1102), notes A1 2 O 3 (grams per 10,000) as follows in mineral 
 water: Pokolsdr, 0.142, and Czifra-viz, 0.402. 
 
 Fresenius (Untersuchungen d. Mineralwasser d. Herzog- 
 thums Nassau, I, Wiesbaden, 1850; Jahresb. Chem., 1850, 
 
 OF THE 
 
74 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 p. 622) notes 0.0051 gm. aluminium silicate per 10,000 gms. 
 in the Wiesbaden Kochbrunnen water. 
 
 Fresenius (Jahrb. Vereins. Naturk. Herzogthum Nassau, 
 7, pt. p. 145; Untersuchungen der Mineralwasser des Herzog- 
 thums Nassau, II, Wiesbaden, 1851; see also Ann. Chem. 
 Pharm., 82, p. 249; Jahresb. Chem., 1851, p. 652) examined the 
 mineral waters of Ems, reporting per 1000 parts aluminium 
 phosphate as follows : Kesselbrunnen, 0.00125 part; Krahnchen, 
 0.00042 part; Ftirstenbrunnen, 0.00044 part; Neue Quelle, 
 0.00142 part. 
 
 Fresenius (Chem. Unters. Mineralwasser. Herzogth. Nassau, 
 III, Ann. Chem. Pharm., 83, p. 252; Pharm. Centbl., 1853, 
 p. 45; Jahresb. Chem., 1852, p. 753) notes a trace of alumina 
 in the warmest Schlangenbad mineral water. 
 
 Fresenius (Jour. Prakt. Chem., 58, p. 156; Arch. Pharm., 
 2d ser., 75, p. 301; Pharm. Centbl., 1853, p. 405; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1853, p. 709) in the Bernhard spring and the Johann- 
 Georgen spring at Krankenheil-Tolz, Bavaria, found 0.002034 
 and 0.002782 gm. aluminium silicate per 1000 gms. respect- 
 ively. 
 
 Fresenius (Jahrb. Ver. Naturk. Herzogthums Nassau, 
 No. ii ; Jour. Prakt. Chem., 70, p. i; Neue. Jahrb. Pharm., 
 7, p. 7; Chem. Centbl., 1857, p. 49; Jahresb. Chem., 1856, 
 p. 770) found 0.000133 gm. aluminium phosphate per 1000 
 gms. in water from the sulphur spring at Weilbach, Nassau, 
 Germany. 
 
 Fresenius (Jour. Prakt. Chem., 72, p. i; Chem. Centbl., 
 1857, p. 913; Jahresb. Chem., 1857, p. 720) notes a trace of 
 alumina in the mineral spring at Geilnau in Nassau, Germany. 
 
 Fresenius, R. (Jour. Prakt. Chem., 98, p. 321; Jahresb. 
 Chem. Will., 1866, p. 989), reports 0.000254 aluminium phos- 
 phate per 1000 parts in the potable spring-water (Trinkquelle) 
 of Driburg and 0.000335 aluminium phosphate in the Herster 
 mineral spring near the same place. 
 
 Fresenius, R. (Jour. Prakt. Chem., 95, p. 151 ; Chem. Centbl., 
 1865, p. 728; Vierteljahresschr. Prakt. Pharm., 15, p. 208; 
 Jariresber. Chem. Will., 1865, p. 929), notes aluminium phos- 
 phate per 1000 parts in three springs at Pyrmont as follows: 
 Stahlbrunnen, 0.000084; Brodelbrunnen, 0.000295; and Klos- 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 7$ 
 
 teralleequelle, 0.000091. The water of the first is used for 
 drinking, the second for bathing. 
 
 Fresenius, R. (Jour. Prakt. Chem., 97, p. i; Chem. Centbl., 
 1866, p. 335; Jahresb. Chem. Will., 1866, p. 990), reports 
 0.000102 part aluminium phosphate per 1000 in Felsenquelle 
 No. 2 at Ems (Bad Ems). 
 
 Fresenius, R. (Jahrb. nassau. Verein Naturkunde, pt. 19, 20 
 (1864), pp. 453. 488; Jour. Prakt. Chem., 103, pp. 321, 425; 
 Chem. Centbl, 1868, pp. 703, 800; Jahrb. Min., 1868, p. 629; 
 Jahrb. Chem. Will., 1867, p. 1034), reports 0.000430 aluminium 
 phosphate per 1000 parts in a mineral water from Niederselters. 
 
 Fresenius, R. (Jour. Prakt. Chem., 106, pp. 193, 206; Chem. 
 News, 20, p. 213; Jahresb. Chem. Will., 1869, p. 1281), found 
 in Tonnisteiner Heilbrunnen, Tonnisteiner Stahlbrunnen, and 
 Lamscheider Mineralbrunnen, 0.00013, 0.00045, and 0.000460 
 part A1 2 O 3 P 2 (X per 1000 respectively. In the latter 0.000034 
 part alumina united with silica is also reported. 
 
 Fresenius, R. (Jahrbiicher nassau. Ver. Naturkunde, 25 
 and 26, pp. 347, 361; Jahresb. Chem., 1871, p. 1226), notes 
 0.000134 part aluminium phosphate per 1000 in Victoria and 
 0.000120 part in Romerquelle water from Ems. 
 
 Fresenius, R. (Jour. Prakt. Chem., 2d ser., 9, p. 368; Jour. 
 Chem. Soc. London, 27 (1874), p. 968), notes 0.000193 part 
 aluminium phosphate per 1000 in water from the warm mineral 
 spring in the bath-house of the Royal William Medical Estab- 
 lishment at Wiesbaden. 
 
 Fresenius, R. (Jour. Prakt. Chem., 2d ser., 6, p. 53; 
 Jahresb. Chem. Naumann, 1872, p. 1181), reports new analyses 
 of the mineral springs at Ems. These were Kranchen, Ftirsten- 
 brunnen, Kesselbrunnen, and Neue Badequelle. They con- 
 tained respectively, per 1000 parts, o. 000116, 0.000117,0.000200, 
 and 0.000209 part aluminium phosphate. 
 
 Fresenius, R. (Jour. Prakt. Chem., 2d ser., 7, p. 191 ; Jahresb. 
 Chem. Naumann, 1873, p. 1238), notes 0.000021 part aluminium 
 phosphate per i ooo parts in Carlsquelle water from Bad Helmstedt . 
 
 Fresenius, R. (Jour. Prakt. Chem., 2d ser., 9, p. 368; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1874, p. 1325), reports 0.000193 part aluminium phos- 
 phate per 1000 parts in the mineral water of Wilhelmsheilanstalt, 
 Wiesbaden. 
 
76 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 Fresenius, R. (Jour. Prakt. Chem., 2dser., 25, p. 310; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1882, p. 1628; Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 40 (1882), 
 p. 1178), notes traces of aluminium in the Oberbrunnen at 
 Salzbrunn, Germany. In this same water Valentiner in 1866 
 noted 0.0005 g m - alumina and phosphoric acid per 1000. 
 
 Fresenius, R. (Jour. Prakt. Chem., 2d ser., 45, p. 287; Jah- 
 resb. Chem., 1892, p. 2684; Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 62 (1892), 
 p. 796), reports per 1000 gms. in Julianenbrunnen and Georgen- 
 brunnen water from Bad Eilsen 0.000126 and 0.000136 alumina 
 respectively, in addition to 0.000155 an d 0.000060 aluminium 
 phosphate. 
 
 Fresenius, C. R. (Jahrb. nassau. Ver., 46 (1893), p. i; 
 Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 70 (1896), II, p. 315), notes a trace 
 of alumina in the water of the Victoria Spring at Oberlahnstein. 
 
 Fresenius, H. (Jour. Prakt. Chem., 2d ser., 35, p. 237; Jah- 
 resb. Chem., 1887, p. 2532), found 0.000334 gm. aluminium 
 phosphate and 0.000401 gm. aluminium silicate per 1000 gms. 
 Schutzenhofquelle water, Wiesbaden, Germany. 
 
 Fresenius, H. (Jahrb. nassau. Ver. Naturk., 51 (1898), p. i; 
 abs. Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 76 (1899), II, p. 114), finds in 
 water from a new boring at Selters near Weilburg on the Lahn 
 a trace of alumina. 
 
 Garrigau (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 84, p. 963; Jah- 
 resb. Chem., 1877, p. 1387) notes 0.0096 part A1 2 O 3 per 1000 
 in the Cliff Spring at Saint- Nectaire le Haut, France. 
 
 Genth (Keller and Tiedemann's Nord. Amer. Monats- 
 ber., 1852, June, p. 246; Pharm. Centbl., 1852, p. 588; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1852, p. 758) notes a trace of alumina in mineral water 
 from Bristol near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Giles (Pharm. Jour. Trans., 7, p. 75; Jahresb. Chem., 1847 
 48, p. 998) notes 0.260 gm. alumina per 10,000 gms. in spring- 
 water from Wolverton. 
 
 Gintl, W. F. (Jour. Prakt. Pharm., 2d ser., 20, p. 356; Jah- 
 resb. Chem., 1879, p. 1264), in Ferdinand Spring, Marienbad, 
 Bohemia, reports 0.06334 gm. basic aluminium phosphate 
 per 10,000 gms. 
 
 Gintl, W. F. (Jour. Prakt. Chem., 2d ser., 24, p. 25; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1881, p. 1445), notes 0.05256 A1 2 P 2 O 8 per 10,000 parts 
 in Ambrosius water from Marienbad, Bohemia. 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 77 
 
 Gintl, W. F. (Separate; abstracted in Jahresb. Chem., 1882, 
 p. 1632), notes 0.0744 part basic aluminium phosphate in the 
 West spring and 0.1019 part in the East spring at Langen- 
 bruck near Franzensbad, Austria-Hungary. 
 
 Girardin (Jour. Chim. Med., 3d ser., 4, p. 643; Jour. Pharm., 
 3d ser., 15, p. 113; Jahresb. Chem., 1847-48, p. 1006) found 
 a trace of aluminium sulphate in St. Paul spring-water from 
 Rouen. 
 
 Glasel, E. (Jahrb. Geol. Reichsanst., 19, p. 295; Chem. News, 
 20, p. 190; Jahresb. Chem. Will., 1869, p. 1290), reports 0.0028 
 gm. aluminium per 1000 in mineral water from Rajec-Toplitz. 
 
 Glaser, M., and W. Kalmann (Ber. Deutsch. Chem. Gesellsch., 
 21 (1637); Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 54 (1888), p. 796), in the 
 Roncegno (South Tyrol) water, report 0.4343 gm. A1 2 O 3 per 
 liter. 
 
 Godeffroy, R. (Sep. from Ztschr. Allgm. Oesterr. Apothe- 
 kervereins; Jahresb. Chem., 1882, p. 1623), found in water 
 from the middle of Gmunden Lake o.ioo part A1 2 O 3 per 
 100,000. 
 
 Gooch, F. A., and J. E. Whitfield (U. S. Geol. Survey Bui. 
 47 1 PP- 36-81, and table facing page 82) report, in analyses of 
 waters of the Yellowstone National Park, the following, the 
 quantities in every case being grams per kilogram of water. 
 In every case the author gives the calculated amount of the 
 aluminium compound present, as well as the amount of alumina 
 determined : 
 
 Cleopatra Spring, 0.0049 Fe.Al calculated = 0.0093 A1 2 O 3 ; 
 Hot River, 0.0051 Fe.Al = 0.009 7 A1 2 O 3 ; Gardiner River, 
 sample taken Oct. 12, 1883, above Hot River, 0.0042 Fe.Al = 
 0.0079 A1 2 O 3 ; Gardiner River, sample taken Sept. 26, 1884, at 
 Mammoth Hot Springs, o.ooio Fe.Al = 0.0019 A1 2 O 3 ; Water- 
 supply at Mammoth Hot Springs, o.oon Fe.Al =0.0021 A1 2 O 3 ; 
 Soda Spring, 0.0004 Al = 0.0008 A1 2 O 3 ; Fearless Geyser, 0.0002 
 Al=* 0.0004 A1 2 O 3 ; Pearl Geyser, 0.0031 Al= 0.0059 A1 2 O 3 ; 
 Constant Geyser, 0.0048=0.0304 A1 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ; Coral Spring, 
 sample taken Aug. 20, 1884, 0.0029 Al = 0.0143 A1 2 C1 6 ; Coral 
 Spring, sample taken Oct. n, 1886, 0.0077 Al = o.oi39 A1 2 O 3 ; 
 Echinus Spring, 0.0027 Al = 0.0171 A1 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ; Schlammkessel, 
 0.0081 Fe.Al = o.o5i3 Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ".Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ; Fountain Geyser, 
 
?8 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 0.0057 Al = o.oio8 A1 2 O 3 ; Great Fountain Geyser, 0.0021 
 Al = 0.0040 A1 2 O 3 ; Hygeia Spring, 0.0036 Al = 0.0068 A1 3 O 3 ; 
 Firehole River, 0.0031 Al = 0.0059 A1 2 O 3 ; Excelsior Geyser, 
 0.0012 Al = 0.0023 Al^Ogj Old Faithful Geyser, 0.0009 Al = 
 0.0017 A1 2 O 3 ; Splendid Geyser, sample taken Sept. 10, 1885, 
 0.0027 Al =0.0051 A1 2 O 3 ; Splendid Geyser, sample taken 
 Aug. 28, 1884, 0.0034 Al = 0.0064 A1 2 O 3 ; Giantess Geyser, 0.0049 
 Al = 0.0093 A1 2 O 3 ; Beehive Geyser, 0.0029 ^1 = 0.0055 A1 2 O 3 ; 
 Grotto Geyser, 0.0036 Al = o.oo68 A1 2 O 3 ; Turban and Grand 
 Geysers, 0.0032 Al = 0.0061 A1 2 O 3 ; Artemisia Geyser, 0.0079 
 Al = 0.0150 A1 2 O 3 ; Taurus Geyser, 0.0040 Al = 0.0075 A1 2 O 3 ; 
 Asta Spring, 0.0059 Fe.Al = 0.0112 A1 2 O 3 ; Bench Spring, 
 0.0145 Fe.Al = 0.0066 A1 2 (SO 4 ) 3 + 0.0263 A1 2 O 3 ; Firehole River, 
 0.0029 Al = o.oo55 A1 2 O 3 ; Yellowstone Lake, 0.0021 Al = 0.0040 
 A1 2 O 3 ; Alum Creek, 0.0025 Al = o.oi58 A1 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ; Chrome 
 Spring, 0.0043 Fe.Al=o.oo82 A1 2 O 3 ; Mush Pot Spring, 0.0045 
 Al= 0.0285 A1 2 (S0 4 ) 3 ; Devil's Ink Pot, 0.0037 Al = 0.0234 
 A1 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ; Soda Butte Spring, 0.0069 Fe.Al = o.oi3i A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Gorup-Besanez (Ann. Chem. Pharm., 79, p. 50; Pharm. 
 Centbl., 1851, p. 718; Jahresb. Chem., 1851, p. 653) found 
 alumina (unweighable amount) in mineral water from Stebin, 
 Bavaria. 
 
 Gossart (Jour. Pharm., 4th ser., u, p. 292; Chem. News, 21, 
 p. 214; Jahresb. Chem. Naumann, 1870, p. 1389) notes traces of 
 A1 2 O 3 in a sulphur spring near Meurchin, Pas-de-Calais. 
 
 Gottl (Oester. Ztschr. Pharm., 1853, pp. 253, 266; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1853, p. 711) found 0.0040 gm. alumina per 1000 gms. 
 in the Karlsbad Schlossbrunnen. 
 
 Gb'ttl (Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Pharm., 4, p. 192; Arch. 
 Pharm., 2d ser., 84, p. 179; Pharm. Centbl., 1855, p. 286; Jah- 
 resb. Chem., 1855, p. 841) notes 0.022 alumina per 10,000 parts 
 in Giesshubler water from the Rodisfort (Germany) acid spring. 
 Gottl (Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Pharm., 5, p. 161; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1856, p. 772) notes 0.028 alumina per 1000 parts in the 
 Karlsbad Sprudel water. 
 
 Gottlieb (Wiener. Acad. Ber., 30, p. 191; Chem. Centbl.. 
 1858, p. 612; Jahresb. Chem., 1858, p. 796) notes 0.019 basic 
 aluminium phosphate per 10,000 parts in Marienbrunnen 
 water from Gabernegg, Austria-Hungary. 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 79 
 
 Gotfieb (Wiener. Akad. Ber., 56, 2. Abt., p. 836; Jour. 
 Prakt. Chem., 102, p. 472; Jahresb. Chem. Will., 1867, p. 1038) 
 reports 0.0147 aluminium phosphate per 10,000 parts in water 
 from Emmaquelle at Gliechenberg in Steiermark. 
 
 Gottlieb, J. (Wiener. Akad. Ber., 60, 2. Abt., pp. 349, 357; 
 Jahresb. Chem. Will., 1869, p. 1287), found in "old" and "new" 
 Johannes water, and Hauptquelle from Neuhaus (all in Steier- 
 mark), 0.0233, 0.0481, and 0.0026 part aluminium phosphate 
 per 10,000 respectively. 
 
 Gottlieb, J. (Wiener Akad. Ber., 62 2. Abt., p. 780; Jahresb. 
 Chem. Naumann, 1870, p. 1386), notes in the Konigsbrunnen 
 from Kostreinitz in Steiermark 0.0213 P art aluminium phos- 
 phate per 10,000. 
 
 Graham, T., W. A. Miller, and A. W. Hofmann (Rpt. Govt. 
 Commission on the Chemical Quality of the Supply of Water 
 to the Metropolis, London, 1851; Quart Jour. Chem. Soc., 4, 
 P- 375 J Jahresb. Chem., 1851, p. 656) note traces of alumina 
 in water supplied by New River Water Co., East London 
 Water Co., Kent Water Co., and Hampstead Water Co. 
 In the second the alumina reported equals 0.47 grains per gallon 
 with iron and phosphoric acid salts. The waters were not from 
 the Thames. Thames water and five spring-waters from the 
 Hindhead (Surrey) district, Farnham and Gravesend, were also 
 found to contain alumina with iron and phosphate. 
 
 Grandeau, L. (Ann. Chim. Phys., 3d ser., 60, p. 479; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1860, p. 839), reports 0.0408 alumina per 1000 cc. in 
 mineral water from Pont-a-Mousson, Dept. Meurthe, France. 
 
 Grange (Ann. Chim. Phys., 3d ser., 24, p. 496; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1847-48, p. 996) reports in the Isere water at Grenoble 
 0.0035 gm. alumina per 100,000 cc. 
 
 Grange (Jahresber. Chem., 1850, p. 622) studied the water 
 of the Iserethal. He regarded the earthy taste of some spring- 
 water as due to alumina held in solution by CO 2 . 
 
 Griffin, M. L. (unpublished data), found 0.718 gm. aluminium 
 sulphate per liter in water from a spring running through the 
 new engine-pit of the Boston and Maine Car-shops in Mechanics- 
 ville, New York. 
 
 von Gumbel, C. W. (Chem. Centbl., 1891, II. p. 566. Jahresb, 
 
80 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 Chem., 1891, p. 2618), notes analyses by A. Schwagerof Plinius- 
 quelle and Ostgothenquelle thermal water from Bormio and 
 the Ortler region. The former contained 0.0137 gm. A1 2 O 3 
 per 1000 cc. ; the latter 0.0042 gm. 
 
 Giinsberg, R. (Wiener. Acad. Ber., 43, 2. Abt., p. 197; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1861, p. 1103), reports 0.0012 gm. aluminium 
 phosphate per 1000 gms. in Siegwasser from the Bronislaw 
 spring at Truskawice, Galicia. 
 
 Guyot, P. (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 77, p. 1384; 
 Jahresb. Chem. Naumann, 1873, p. 1242), notes o.oio gm. 
 SiO 2 .Al 2 O 3 per liter in Saint-Thiebaut water from Nancy. 
 
 Hamberg, N. P. (Jour. Prakt. Chem., 80, p. 385: Chem. 
 Centbl., 1860, p. 955; Ztschr. Ges. Naturw., 17, p. 71; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1860, p. 842), reports aluminium sulphate (parts per 
 10,000) in the water of medicinal springs at Ronneby, Swe- 
 den, as follows: Eckholzquelle, 15.038230, and Alte Quelle, 
 3.834603. 
 
 Hardin, M. B. (Amer. Chemist, 4, p. 247, Arch. Pharm., 3dser., 
 5 (1874), p. 180; Jahresb. Chem. ; 1874, p. 1336), made analyses 
 of four alum springs in Rockbndge County, Virginia, and 
 reports 5-359 6l 7-3 8 5 6 > 7-53946, 12.41395. and 3.25892 gms. 
 alumina per 1000 cc. The water was collected under different 
 conditions as regards rainfall. The residue obtained by evap- 
 orating the water contained 9.490 per cent alumina. 
 
 von Hauer (Jahrb. K. K. Geol. Reichsanstalt, 1853, p. 154; 
 Jahrsb. Chem., 1853, p. 712) found in mineral water from Rog- 
 gendorff, Hungary, 0.033 parts aluminium sulphate per 1000 
 parts. 
 
 von Hauer (Jahrb. K. K. Geol. Reichsanstalt, 1858, p. 165; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1858, p. 798) notes 0.0013 alumina per 1000 
 parts in the thermal sulphur- water from Warasdin-Toplitz, 
 Croatia. 
 
 von Hauer (Jahrb. K, K. Geol. Reichsanstalt, 1861, p. 57: 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1861, p. TIOO) notes 0.023 grains alumina P er 
 pound ( = 7680 grains) in acid water from Suliguli near Visco 
 in Marmarosch. 
 
 Hehner, O. (Chem. News, 38, p. 249; Jahresb. Chem., 1878. 
 p 1 3 T 4) , in brown water from a spring 3 2 kilometers from Cape 
 Town notes 525.19 parts A1 2 S 3 O 12 per 100,000. 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 8 1 
 
 Heller, F. (Wiener. Acad. Ber., 19, p. 363; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1856, p. 772), notes 0.030 alumina per 10,000 parts in water 
 from the Franz Joseph Quelle at Fured on the Plattensee. 
 
 Henry (Jour. Pharm., 3d ser., 13, p. 5; Pharm. Centbl., 1848, 
 p. 264; Jahresb. Chem., 1847-48, p. 1007) reports aluminium 
 silicate (grams per 1000 cc.) as follows: in Source Grande Grille, 
 0.230; Source nouvelle, 0.233; Source Pre Sale, 0.070 (Vichy); 
 Source de 1'Hopital, 0.120, and Source du Puits at Cusset, 0.080. 
 
 Henry, O. (Jour. Chim. Med., 3d ser., 6, p. 314; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1850, p. 628), notes 0.368 parts alumina per 1000 parts 
 in the Fraysse mineral water from Cransac, Dept. Aveyron. 
 Poumerede (Jahresb. Chem., 1850, p. 628) found in the same 
 water 0.369 part alumina per 1000 parts. Henry (Jour. 
 Pharm., 3d ser., 17, p. 161; Jahresb. Chem., 1850, p. 628) also 
 notes aluminium sulphate and aluminium ammonium sulphate 
 in Source-haute (Richard) and Source-basse (Richard) mineral 
 water from Cransac. 
 
 Henry, O. (Jour. Pharm., 3d ser., 19, p. 104; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1851, p. 663), notes aluminium silicate and lithium silicate in 
 mineral water from Sail-les Chateaumorand as follows: Hamel 
 or Saule, d'Urfe, Roman, Sulphur and Iron Sulphur springs: 
 also alumina with calcium sulphate and silica in the Bellety 
 (steel) spring from the same place. 
 
 Henry, 0. (Jour. Pharm., 3d ser., 20, p. 161 ; Pharm. Centbl., 
 
 1851, p. 748; Jahresb. Chem., 1851, p. 664), reports alumina and 
 silica (parts per 1000) as follows: in spring-water from Saint- 
 Denis near Blois, Dept. Loire and Cher, Medicis, 0.007; 
 Renaulme, 0.007; and Saint-Denis, 0.044. 
 
 Henry, 0. (Jour. Pharm., 3d ser., 21, p. 401; Jahresb. Chem., 
 
 1852, p. 757), in mineral water from Saint-Honord, Dept. 
 Nievre, notes 0.023 part aluminium silicate per 1000 parts. 
 
 Henry, O. (Jour. Pharm., 3d ser., 30, pp. 172, 246; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1856, p. 774), reports 0.050 gm. alumina and silica 
 per 1000 cc. in mineral water from Saxon, Canton Wallis, 
 Switzerland. 
 
 Henry, 0., Sr. according to Grasset (Compt. Rend. Acad, 
 Sci. Paris, 46, p. 182; Inst., 1858, p. 37; Jahresb. Chem., 1858. 
 p. 802), found 0.128 gm. alumina and silica per 1000 cc. in 
 water from Bondonneau, Dept. Drome, France. 
 
82 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 Henry, O., and L'He*ritier (Jour. Pharm., 3d ser., 28, pp. 333, 
 408; Jahresb. Chem., 1855, p. 834) found alumina (grams per 
 1000 cc.) in mineral water from Plombieres as follows: Source 
 du Crucifix, 0.0120; Sources des Dames, o.oioo; Source de 
 Sainte-Catherine, o.ono; Bain Romain, 0.0130; Bain tempere, 
 o.ono; Source du Savonneuse, 0.01400; and Source ferru- 
 gineuse de Bourdeille, 0.00750. 
 
 Hessert, J. (Ann. Chem., 176, p. 241; Neue. Repert. Pharm., 
 24, p. 541 (see under J. Volhard) : Jahresb. Chem., 1875, p. 
 1302), reports 0.0024 part alumina per 1000 parts in sulphur- 
 water from Spring Bir Keraui, after removal of the sediment 
 which separated on standing. Including sediment there was 
 0.0236 alumina. 
 
 Hidegh, C. (Wiener Akad. Ber., 53 (2. Abt.), p. 395; Jahresb. 
 Chem. Will., 1866, p. 993), reports in the spring at Johannisbad 
 near Vienna 0.008 part alumina (and P 2 O 5 ) per 10,000 parts. 
 
 Hillebrand, W. F. (U. S. Geol. Survey Bui. 113, p. 50), 
 found 2.5 parts A1 2 (SO 4 ) 3 per 1,000,000 in East Spring, and 
 3.2 in West Spring at Joplin, Missouri, both zinc-bearing springs. 
 
 Hillebrand, W. F. (U. S. Geol. Survey Bui. 113, p. 114), 
 found in water from Ojo Calient e, a thermal spring near Taos, 
 N. M., 0.5 part A1 2 O 3 per million parts. 
 
 Hoffmann, J. (Analysen der beiden Bohrquellen zu Hom- 
 burg, Homburg, 1856; Neue Jahrb. Pharm., 7, p. 52; Chem. 
 Centbl., 1856, p. 821; Jahresb. Chem., 1856, p. 770), notes 
 traces of alumina in the water from two bored wells at Hom- 
 burg, Germany. 
 
 Hruschauer (Ann. Chem. Pharm., 63, p. 229; Jour. Prakt. 
 Pharm., 42, p. 466; Pharm. Centbl., 1847, p. 829; Jour. Pharm., 
 3d ser., 13, p. 49; Jahresb. Chem., 1847-48, p. 1002) reports 
 0.163 ^ rn - basic aluminium phosphate per 10,000 gms. in Ko- 
 streiniz (Steiermark) mineral water. 
 
 Hiibener (Chem. Ztg., 14, p. 1410; Chem. Centbl., 1890. II, 
 p. 846) notes 0.002500 gm. alumina (with a trace of phosphoric 
 acid per liter in water from a bored well in Westerland. 
 
 The well from which this water was obtained had been 
 recently bored. The water contained a much larger propor- 
 tion of iron than many of the longer-known steel-wells. 
 Westerland is on the Island of Sylt, Prussia. 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 83 
 
 Huppert (Chem. Centbl., 1877, p. 137; Jour. Chem. Soc. 
 London, 1878, II, p. 209) reported analyses of the water of 
 the new spring and Josefsquelle at Bilin; they contained 
 respectively 0.0056, and 0.0057 A1 2 O 3 .P 2 O 5 , presumably parts 
 per 10,000. He quotes an analysis of the Josefsquelle water 
 made in 1845 by Redtenbacher, reporting 0.084 A1 2 O 3 .P 2 O 5 . 
 
 Hunt, T. S. (Silliman's Amer. Jour., 26. ser., 8, p. 364; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1849, p. 621), reports 0.4681 part alumina per 1000 parts 
 in Tuscarora Sour spring-water from the neighborhood of 
 Brantford, Canada. 
 
 Hunt, T. S. (Silliman's Amer. Jour., 2d ser., n, p. 174; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1851, p. 669), reports a trace of alumina and 
 phosphate in water from the "outer spring" at Varennes; 
 a trace of alumina in the "inner spring" water from Varennes; 
 0.014500 part alumina per 1000 parts in St. Leon and 0.00500 
 in Caxton water; all mineral springs in Canada. 
 
 Hunt, T. S. (Phil. Mag., 4th ser., 13, p. 239; Chem. Centbl., 
 1857, p. 683; Jahresb. Chem., 1857, p. 728), found a trace 
 of alumina in Ottawa River water taken at St. Anne Lock, near 
 Montreal, and St. Lawrence River water, taken on the south 
 side of the Pointe-des-Cascades near Vaudreuil. 
 
 Husemann, A. (Neue Jahrb. Pharm., 33, p. 197; Chem. 
 Centbl., 1870, p. 392; Amer. Chemist, 2dser., i, p. 119; Jahresb. 
 Chem., Naumann, 1870, p. 1383), notes traces of aluminium in 
 the Belvedra Spring near Chur. 
 
 Husemann, A. (Neue Jahrb. Pharm., 38, p. 257; Jahresb. 
 Chem., Naumann, 1872, p. 1184), reports 0.0022, 0.0021, 
 0.0018, and 0.0018 part alumina per 10,000 parts in four 
 samples of mineral water from Tarasp. 
 
 Husemann, A. (Jahrb. Pharm., 39, p. 200, 315; Jahresb. 
 Chem., Naumann, 1873, p. 1240), reports o.oon part alumina 
 per 10,000 parts in Neue Belvedraquelle, and traces in three 
 other springs, all near Chur, Switzerland. 
 
 Husemann, A. (Arch. Pharm., 3d ser., 6, pp. 97, 395; 7, p. 
 204; Jahresb. Chem., 1875, p. 1291), reports respectively in the 
 "old" and "new" St. Moritz (Switzerland) Eisen Sauerling, 
 0.00050 and 0.00030 part alumina per 10,000 parts. Three 
 Tarasp (Lower Engadine) mineral springs contained per 10,000 
 parts respectively 0.0025, 0.0019, and 0.0021 part alumina. 
 
84 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 Two Val Sinestra springs (Lower Engadine) contained per 
 10,000 parts respectively 0.0020 and 0.0021 part alumina. 
 
 Jackson, D. D., says in unpublished data regarding the 
 natural occurrence of aluminium sulphate in waters: "Many 
 of our driven wells along the southern shore of Long Island 
 contain aluminium sulphate, but in no case does an entire well- 
 plant contain it. 
 
 "Alum is noticeable in amount in individual wells at Oconee, 
 Clear Stream, Wantagh, Merrick, and Matowa. One of the 
 wells recently analyzed at Merrick contained 268 parts per 
 million of aluminium sulphate. This is equivalent to 15.6 
 grains per gallon. In other words, the water would remove 
 the color and impurities from fifteen to twenty times its volume 
 of impure water. 
 
 "This analysis was made after the water had been actively 
 drawn upon for two weeks, and at this time the taste was strong 
 of alum. During periods of rest the alum is considerably 
 greater in amount. 
 
 "At the same time the examination of the entire Merrick 
 plant revealed the fact that no alum was present, but that 
 the water was milky with aluminium hydrate which had been 
 precipitated by the carbonate in the adjoining wells. The 
 alkalinity of the entire supply from the plant was only 3 parts 
 per million. This shows that the carbonate had been used 
 up in the precipitation of the alum. 
 
 "The driven wells at Oconee gave 2.0 parts per million of 
 A1 2 O 3 , and those at Clear Stream gave 1.6 parts per million. 
 This refers to the entire plant during active operation in each 
 case." 
 
 Janecek, G. (Chem. Centbl., 1887, p. 172; (Ausz.) Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1887, p. 2535), reports 0.00272 gm. A1 2 O 3 per 1000 gms. 
 in the Jamnicer-alkalisch-muriatischen Sauerlings water. 
 
 John, C. v. (Verhandl. Geol. Reichsanst., 1876, p. 114; Jah- 
 resb. Chem., 1876, p. 1302), notes 0.1490 part A1 2 O 3 per 10,000 
 parts in well-water from Locendol, Steiermark. 
 
 John, C. v. (Jahrb. Geol. Reichsanst., 31, p. 509; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1881, p. 1447), reports in spring-water from Locendol, 
 Austria-Hungary, 0.1490 part A1 2 O 3 per 10,000 parts. 
 
 John, C. v. (Chem. Centbl., 1891, II, p. 881; Jahresb. 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. &5 
 
 Chem., 1891, p. 2621), found 0.0139 gm. alumina per 10,000 
 gms. in Friedrichsquelle water from Zeidelweid, Bohemia. 
 
 John, C. v. (Jahrb. Geol. Reichsanst. Wien, 48, 375; 
 Chem. Centbl., 70 (1899), II, p. 1047), reported analyses of 
 mineral waters from a number of localities in Eastern Bohemia. 
 The data regarding A1 2 O 3 follow: 
 
 ALUMINIUM IN SOME MINERAL WATERS FROM EASTERN 
 
 BOHEMIA. 
 
 Kind of Water. 
 
 Dry Matter 
 per Liter at 
 i 80 C. 
 
 A1 2 O 3 
 in Dry 
 
 Matter. 
 
 Lukorna 
 
 Grams.* 
 62 .4400 
 
 Grams, 
 o .0040 
 
 Micknovka 
 
 60 6400 
 
 OOQ3 
 
 Tavurka . . . 
 
 6 64^0 
 
 002 ^ 
 
 Enema. 
 
 3 1002 
 
 .0040 
 
 Straschov 
 
 ^ 0840 
 
 .0400 
 
 Bohdanec Kapelle 
 
 i .8080 
 
 .0020 
 
 Bohdanec, St. George 
 
 3 .4720 
 
 .0050 
 
 
 
 
 * Probably grams per liter not stated in the abstract cited. 
 
 John, C. v., and H. B. v. Foullon (Chem. Centbl., 1890, II, 
 p. 772; Jahresb. Chem., 1890, p. 2657) report analyses of four 
 potable springs at Luhatschowitz, namely, Vincenzbrunnen, 
 Amandbrunnen, Johannbrunnen, and Louisenquelle. These 
 contained respectively, 0.004, 0.005, 0.004, and o.ooi alumina 
 (probably parts per 1000). 
 
 John, C., and C. v. Hauer (Verh. Geol. Reichsanst., 1876, 
 P- 35 5 i Jahresb. Chem., 1876, p. 1302) report 0.0415 part A1 2 O 3 
 per 10,000 parts in Ranigsdorf Sauerling. 
 
 Johnstone, W. (Chem. News, 31, p. 15; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1875, p. 1300), reports 0.1970 gm. A1 2 S 3 O 12 per 1000 cc. in 
 Hertfell Spring near Moffat, Scotland. 
 
 Johnstone, W. (Chem. News, 39, p. 259; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1879, p. 1269), reports in St. Dunstan's Well, Melrose, Scotland, 
 0.019503 gm. aluminium phosphate per 1000 cc. 
 
 Johnstone, J. W. (Analyst, 12, p. 90; Jour. Chem. Soc. Lon- 
 don, 52 (1887), II, p. 1087), notes in Flitwick water, rising 
 through a ferruginous peat-bed in Flitwick Moor, per 1000 
 parts, 0.0044 part alumina. 
 
86 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 Jolles, A. (Ztschr. Nahrungsmittel u. Hyg., 1892, p. 373; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1892, p. 2684), found 0.064 gm. alumina per 
 10,000 gms. in water from the Kartner Romerquelle in Prevail 
 near Gutenstein. 
 
 Jones, W. Black (British Med. Jour., 1903, p. 1055), quotes 
 from the Lancet, 1894, an analysis of Llangammarch mineral 
 water, reporting 3.340 grain alumina and silica per gallon. 
 
 Kachler, J. (Wiener. Akad. Ber. (2. Abt.), 70, p. 654; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1875, P- I2 96)> reports respectively 0.0743 and 0.0042 
 part alumina per 10,000 parts in two sour springs near Poschitz, 
 Bohemia. 
 
 Kalecsinszky, A. (Ungar. Naturw. Ber., i, p. 370; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1886, p. 2321), reports 0.0052 part H 6 A1 2 O 6 per 10,000 
 parts in iron-water from Rosenau, Comitat Gomor, Hungary. 
 
 Kemper (Arch. Pharm., 2d ser., 108, p. 163; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1 86 1, p. 1096) found a trace of alumina in artesian 
 water from Gosling's Garden at Osnabruck. 
 
 Kenrick, E. B. (Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, Canada, 
 Chemical Contributions, 1886, p. 13 T), reports "a very small 
 quantity" of alumina in a qualitative analysis of water from 
 Dougherty's so-called carbonic acid spring located in the 
 mountains between Clinton and Carguiles, British Columbia. 
 The total solid matter per 1000 parts in the filtered water 
 was 1.442 parts. 
 
 In the same publication (p. 14 T) the author reports a 
 similar analysis of water from a spring at the foot-hills of Western 
 Butte, Sweet Grass Hills, District of Alberta, Northwest Ter- 
 ritory. The total solids in the filtered water amounted to 0.857 
 part per 1000 parts. According to a qualitative analysis it 
 contained a "very small quantity" of alumina. 
 
 Kersting (Ann. Chem. Pharm., 90, p. 158; Jour. Prakt. 
 Chem., 63, p. 125; Pharm. Centbl., 1854, p. 589; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1854, p. 771), in a sulphur-spring water from Schoneck near 
 Segewold, Russia, notes 0.0017 part alumina per 1000 parts. 
 
 Knerr, E. B. (Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 15 (1895-96), 
 p. 88), notes a trace of alumina in a spring- water from Atchison, 
 reputed to possess medicinal virtues. In the water from a 
 well two and a half miles north of Centralia he notes 3.7 parts 
 alumina per 1,000,000. 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 8/ 
 
 Kofler, L. (Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Pharm., 15, p. 161; 
 Jahresb. Chem. Will., 1866, p. 992), reports in the Voralberg 
 springs, Rothenbrunnen, Eisenquelle von Uebersaxen, Eisen- 
 wasser des Bad Reuthe, Eisenwasser Bad Andelsbtich, 
 Schwefelwasser Bades Hopfreben, and Quelle zu Raggal, 
 0.0322, 0.031, 0.0081, 0.0476, 0.0514, and 0.0107 grain 
 A1 2 O 3 per pound respectively. 
 
 Konya, S. (Wiener Akad. Ber., 61, 2. Abt., p. 7; Viertel- 
 jahresb. Prakt. Pharm., 19, p. 373; Chem. Centbl., 1870, 
 p. 132; Inst., 1870, p. 88; Jahresb. Chem., Naumann, 1870, 
 p. 1387), notes 0.008 part alumina per 10,000 parts in the 
 Bitterwasser from Weilutza near Jassy. 
 
 Kosmann (Jour. Pharm., 3d ser., 17, p. 43; Jour. Prakt. 
 Chem., 50, p. 49; Pharm. Centbl., 1850, p. 141; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1850, p. 627) notes a trace of alumina in mineral water from 
 Niederbronn, Germany. 
 
 Kyle, J. J. J. (Chem. News, 38, p. 28; Jahresb. Chem., 1878, 
 p. 1295), reports in Rio de la Plata water taken 8 kilometers 
 above Buenos Ayres 0.0060 part A1 2 O 3 per 1000 ccm., and 
 in the Parana water 8 kilometers above its union with the 
 La Plata 0.0030 part A1 2 O 3 per 1000 parts. 
 
 Lahache, E. (Jour. Pharm. et. Chim., 6th ser., 9 (1899), 
 p. 477), reports "alumina, silica, etc.," as follows, in a number 
 of potable waters from new wells, and old wells recently cleaned, 
 in the region of Tougourt-Ouargla in the Sahara: Tougourt, 
 0.080; Bled et Amax, 0.088; El Fetir, 0.043; H. Mes- 
 saoud, 0.035; El-Hadjira, 0.068; H. Dahane, 0.058; H. Debiche 
 et Strifigi, 0.034; Donionidi, 0.049; N'Gonca, 0.005; an d 
 Ouargla, 0.008 gm. per liter. 
 
 Lane, A. C. (U. S. Geol. Survey, Water-supply and Irriga- 
 tion Papers, 31, pp. 18-93), * n a study of the mineral water 
 of Lower Michigan, cites a number of analyses. The data 
 relating to aluminium are quoted below.* In every case the 
 values are parts per 1000 unless otherwise stated. 
 
 In Detroit River water (p. 18) S. H. Douglas (Biennial Rpt. 
 Mich. State Geologist, 1861, p. 204) reports 0.0105 A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 The Dearborn Drug and Chemical Works, Chicago (p. 18), 
 
 * Some of the analyses given were cited by Peale (U. S. Geol. Survey 
 Bulletin 32, see p. 103); all such are omitted. 
 
88 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 analyzed water from Muskegon Lake, Manistee Lake, Traverse 
 Bay, and Detroit River, finding in the first o.ooi (FeAl) 2 O 3 , and 
 in the others traces of (FeAl) 2 O 3 . 
 
 In Lake Superior water (p. c6) W. F. Jackman (Proc. 
 Mich. Pharm. Assoc., 5th year, p. no) found 0.90 part A1 2 O ? 
 per 1,000,000 parts. 
 
 In Shiawassee River water at Owasso, the Dearborn Drug 
 and Chemical Works (p. 27) found o.ooi (AlFe) 2 O 3 and traces 
 in Battle Creek city water, usually taken from Lake Goguac, 
 Grand River water at Jackson, and water from the creek at 
 Ann Arbor (Huron River?). 
 
 G. A. Kirchmaier (p. 27) (An. Rpt. Saginaw Board Water 
 Com., 1892, Sup., pp. 31-33) reports (AlFe) 2 O 3 as follows: 
 Shiawassee River, 0.0061; Cass River, 0.0070; West Side 
 Pumping Station, Saginaw, 0.007 \ East Side Pumping Station, 
 0.0611; and Tittabawassee River, 0.0843. J- E. Graves (p. 27) 
 notes in Chippewa River water (Midland Water Supply) 
 0.0094 (AlFe) 2 O 3 . 
 
 A number of waters from wells and springs in the uncon- 
 solidated deposit (Pleistocene) follow (pp. 31-33). Welcome 
 Island lithia water taken three miles north of Pontiac in the 
 center of Lake Angelus, analyzed by J. E. Clark, 0.0014 A1 2 O 3 ; 
 King David Spring, Benton Harbor, analyzed by W. S. 
 Haines, 0.0020 A1 2 O 3 ; Nochemo Spring, Reed City, analyzed 
 by R. Fischer and A. B. Prescott, o.ooi A1 2 O 3 ; and well, 18 
 feet deep, Ypsilanti, analyzed by Dearborn Drugand Chemical 
 Co., trace A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 In the wells included under the group "Miscellaneous 
 Analyses" (p. 57) are the following: Owasso City supply- 
 wells, analyzed by Dearborn Drug and Chemical Works, trace 
 of A1 2 O 3 , and Hudson Zauberwasser, analyzed by A. B. 
 Prescott, 0.00043 A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 In water of the Midland Mineral Spring (p. 60), said to be 
 400 feet deep, 0.0247 A1 2 (P 2 O 5 ) 3 is reported by S. P. Duffield. 
 The analysis is probably the same as that quoted by Peale 
 (U. S. Geol. Survey Bui. 32, see p. 103). 
 
 S. P. Duffield (p. 65) reports an analysis of Butterworth's 
 Grand Rapids Magnetic Spring, 261-274 feet deep, with 0.007 
 A1 2 3 . 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 89 
 
 Chilton (p. 66) (Biennial Rpt. State Geologist, Michigan, 
 1860, pp. 171, 1 86) notes 0.245 Al 2 O 3 +SiO 2 in an East Saginaw 
 well 649 feet deep. 
 
 In the group entitled ' ' Water from Devonian or Silurian 
 Limestones" (pp. 72-85) are the following: S. P. Duffield 
 found in wells at Clark's Riverside Bath-house, Detroit, 
 0.230 A1 2 O 3 . J. H. Long noted 0.005 A1 2 O 3 in water from 
 Excelsior Well, 1400 feet deep, Benton Harbor. In water 
 from Coldwater Prescdtt notes 0.643 aluminium sulphates. 
 In water from the St. Clair Spring, Oakland House Well, 1250 
 feet deep, S. P. Duffield reports 12.00 A1 2 O 3 , and also reports 
 0.421 A1 2 O 3 in the Mount Clemens Original Well, which has 
 also been known as the Avery and Soolbad. T. Tonnele 
 found 0.044 A1 2 O 3 in the water of the Mount Clemens Clemen- 
 tine Well, 1060 feet deep. S. P. Duffield reports 0.601 A1 2 O 3 
 in the Mount Clemens Media Well. C. F. Chandler and 
 C. E. Pellew (Geol. Survey Michigan, 5, pt. 2, p. 46) in Alma 
 wells Nos. i, 2, and 3, report 5.0325, 3.905, and 4.0823 grains 
 A1 2 O 3 per gallon (?), respectively. 
 
 A number of miscellaneous analyses are included in the 
 appendix (pp. 91, 93). H. F. Northrup and G. W. Rafter 
 (Special Water-supply Committee of the City Council, Travers 
 City, Rpt., p. 20), note a trace of A1 2 O 3 in Lake Michigan 
 water at Chicago. C. G. Wheeler notes a trace of A1 2 O 3 
 in water of the Mount Clemens Pagoda Spring. In water 
 from the Ypsilanti Sanitarium J. E. Clark found 0.15 
 A1 2 3 . 
 
 Lang, E. E. (Verhandl. Ver. Naturkunde Presburg, 2, 
 1857, pt. 2, p. i; Jahresb. Chem., 1858, p. 798), reports alumina 
 (parts per 1000) in water from Trentschin Toplitzer Bad, Hun- 
 gary, as follows: Briinnlein (Urquelle), 0.009 an d Spiegelbad, 
 No. i, 0.017. 
 
 Langer, T. (Arch. Pharm., 3d ser., 2, p. 304; Jahresb. Chem., 
 Naumann, 1872, p. 1186), notes traces of alumina in a mineral 
 spring at Mattigbad, Austria. 
 
 Lambert, E. G. (Ann. Chim. et Phys., 4th ser., 12, p. 309; 
 Jahrb. Chem. Will., 1867, p. 1043), notes in the sulphur spring 
 of Monterey (Mexico) 0.027 g m - aluminium silicate per liter. 
 The water is used internally and for baths. The occurrence 
 
9O ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 of aluminium is also noted in potable water, sulphur- water, 
 etc., of Maria Island. 
 
 Laminne (Jour. Pharm., 3d ser., 13, p. 354; Jour. Chim.Med., 
 3d ser., 4, p. 461 ; Pharm. CentbL, 1848, p. 512; Jahresb. Chem., 
 
 1847, 1848, p. 1009) found 0.0020 part alumina per 1000 parts 
 in mineral water from Tongern, Belgium. 
 
 De Launay (Ann. Mines, gth ser., 5 (1894), p. 139) 
 quotes an analysis of the mineral waters of Pfaefers-Ragatz, 
 Canton St. Gall, Switzerland, made by Planta-Reichenau. 
 In this water 0.00091 gm. aluminium phosphate per liter is 
 reported, which was calculated to be equivalent to 0.00038 
 
 A1 2 3 . 
 
 Leber (Pharm. Centbl., 1849, p. 791; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1849, p. 614) found 0.1157 alumina per 1000 parts in the "new" 
 mineral spring-water from Salzschlirf near Fulda. 
 
 Lefort (Jour. Pharm., 3d ser., 16, p. 14; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1849, p. 617) notes 0.017 g m - aluminium silicate per 1000 cc. 
 in Enclos des Celestins mineral water from Vichy. 
 
 Lefort, J. (Jour. Pharm., 3d ser, 21, p. 340; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1852, p. 757), notes 0.009, 0.008, and 0.005 S m - alumina per 
 1000 gms. in the "right," "left," and "middle" mineral springs, 
 respectively, at Jenzat, Dept. Allier. 
 
 Lefort, J. (Jour. Pharm., 3d ser., 31, p. 84; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1857, p. 725), found traces of alumina in the following mineral 
 waters from Royat and Chamalieres, Dept. Puy-de-D6me, 
 France; Royat Spring, Casarbad, Saint-Mart, and Roches 
 (Beaurepaire) Spring. 
 
 Lefort, J. (Jour. Pharm., 3d ser., 32, p. 264; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1857, p. 726), notes a trace of alumina in mineral water from 
 Neyrac, Dept. d'Ardeche, France. 
 
 Legrip (Jour. Chim. Med., 3d ser., 4, p. 83; Pharm. Centbl., 
 
 1848, p. 431; Jahresb. Chem., 1847-48, p. 1006) found 0.0074 
 gm. alumina per 1000 cc. in mineral water from Doulaux, 
 Dept. Creuse. 
 
 Le Grip (Jour. Chim. Med., 3d ser., 5, p. 514; Jahresb. Chem., 
 
 1849, p. 6 1 8) notes 1.75 per cent alumina in total solids of 
 mineral water from Chaumaix, Dept. Creuse, the total solids 
 being equal to 5.80 gms. per 10,000 cc. 
 
 Leverett, F. (U. S. Geol. Survey Rpt., 17 (1895-96), pt. II, 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 pp. 701-828), in an article on the water resources of Illinois, 
 gives a number of analyses of water from springs, shallow wells, 
 artesian wells, etc., a number of which, it is stated, were quoted 
 from D. W. Mead's "Hydrography of Illinois." Some of 
 these have been noted from Peale's compilation (U. S. Geol. 
 Survey Bui. 32); others follow. G. H. Ellis (p. 824) reported 
 0.13 gm. A1 2 O 3 per U. S. gallon in Bushnell Railroad Well; 
 W. S. Haines (p. 824) notes 0.08 grains per U. S. gallon in Wood- 
 stock "drift" well. 
 
 In "St. Peter's" water from Macomb, 111., G. Steiger (p. 826) 
 reports 0.0013 gm. A1 2 O 3 per 1000 cc. 
 
 The alumina (grains per U. S. gallon) found in a number of 
 artesian-well waters by different analysts (pp. 827, 828) follows: 
 
 ALUMINA IN CERTAIN ARTESIAN WATERS. 
 
 Artesian Wells. 
 
 Analyst. 
 
 A1 2 O 3 per 
 U.S. Gal. 
 
 Auditorium Chicago, 111 
 
 E. G. Smith 
 
 Grams. 
 O7 
 
 Munger's laundrv, Chicago, 111 
 
 E. G. Smith 
 
 O 3 
 
 Davenport Iowa glucose factory 
 
 E Guteman 
 
 l6 
 
 Dekalb 111 water-works 
 
 G M Davidson 
 
 6^ 
 60 
 
 Dixon 111 water-works 
 
 E G Smith 
 
 I 2 
 
 Galena 111 water-works 
 
 W. Simpson 
 
 06 
 
 Geneseo 111 water-works 
 
 D M Stanner 
 
 8 cc 
 
 lerseyville 111 water-works 
 
 E G Smith 
 
 oo 
 06 
 
 La or ran or e Mo Wyaconda well 
 
 ? 
 
 OQ 
 
 Macomb 111 water-works 
 
 G Steiger 
 
 O7 C 
 
 Monmouth 111 , water-works 
 
 E. G. Smith 
 
 IO 
 
 Montezuma Ind 
 
 W A Noyes 
 
 O7 
 
 Peru 111 water-works . . 
 
 E G Smith 
 
 w / 
 Od. 
 
 Rockford 111 ... 
 
 E G Smith 
 
 I 3 
 
 Rockford 111 water- works 
 
 E G Smith 
 
 06 
 
 Sterling 111 
 
 E G Smith 
 
 O C 
 
 
 
 W J 
 
 In several others a trace of alumina is noted. 
 
 Lengyel, B. v. (Foldtani Kozlony, 23 (1893), p. 293; Jahrb. 
 Min., 1895, I, Ref. 66; Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 68 (1895), II, 
 p. 1 1 8), finds that the Kolop Sulphur Spring, situated near 
 Tisza Silly in the great Hungarian plain, contains o.oioi gm. 
 A1 2 3 per kilogram. 
 
 Lepsius, B. (Ber. Deut. Chem. Gesellsch., 21, p. 552; Jour. 
 Chem. Soc. London, 54 (1888), p. 435), notes 0.00017 gm. 
 A1 2 (P0 4 ) 3 per liter in the water of the Tonnissteiner medicinal 
 
92 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 spring and quotes an earlier analysis by Fresenius, reporting 
 0.00013 gm. 
 
 Lewy (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 24, p. 449; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1847-48, p. ion) reports 1.66 aluminium sulphate 
 per 1000 parts in thermal-spring water from Paramo de Ruiz, 
 New Granada. See also Boussingault (Compt. Rend. Acad. 
 Sci. Paris, 24, p. 397; Ann. Chim. Phys., 3. ser., 20, p. 109; 
 lour. Pharm., 3. ser., n, p. 487; Jour. Prakt. Chem., 40, p. 438; 
 Ann. Chem. Pharm., 64, p. 292; Poggendorf's Ann., 71, p. 444; 
 Pharm. Centbl., 1847, p. 414). 
 
 L'Hote, L. (Chem. Centbl., 1891, I, p. 207; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1891, p. 2620), found 0.0012 gm. alumina in the 2.216 gms. 
 total solids obtained from 1000 cc. of mineral water from Penon 
 de los Banos, Mexico. 
 
 Liebig (Ann. Chem. Pharm., 63, p. 127; Jour. Prakt. Chem., 
 42, p. 463; Pharm. Centbl., 1847, p. 828; Jour. Pharm., 3d ser., 
 13, p. 65; Jahresb. Chem., 1847-48, p. 1002) notes a trace of 
 aluminium oxid in bitter water from Friedrichshall at Hild- 
 burghausen. 
 
 Liebig (Ann. Chem. Pharm., 79, p. 94; Pharm. Centbl., 
 1851, p. 916; Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Pharm., i, p. 218; Jour. 
 Pharm., 3d ser., 20, p. 315; Jahresb. Chem., 1851, p. 650) 
 examined the sulphur waters of Aachen, reporting traces of 
 aluminium phosphate in Kaiserquelle, Corneliusquelle, Rosen- 
 quelle, and Quirinusquelle. 
 
 Liebig (Ann. Chem. Pharm., 98, p. 145; Vierteljahressch. 
 Prakt. Pharm., 5, p. 547; Jour. Prakt. Chem., 69, p. 28; Chem. 
 Centbl., 1856, p. 390; Jahresb. Chem., 1856, p. 765) notes the 
 occurrences of traces of aluminium phosphate in the follow- 
 ing Kissingen mineral waters: Racoczy, Pandur, and Max- 
 brunnen. 
 
 Liebig (Ann. Chem. Pharm., 98, p. 350; Jour. Prakt. Chem., 
 69, p. 331; Chem. Centbl., 1856, p. 350; Jahresb. Chem., 1856, 
 p. 766) notes the occurrence of traces of aluminium phosphate 
 in the following mineral waters : Bitter water from Mergentheim, 
 Bonifaciusquelle, Marienquelle, Elizabethenquelle, and Her- 
 mannsquelle, the last four at Neuhaus near Neustadt, Germany. 
 
 Limouzm-Lamothe (Jour. Chim. Med., 3d ser., 9, pp. 716, 
 763; Jahresb. Chem., 1853, p. 716) in mineral water from the 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 93 
 
 Dept. Aveyron, viz., from Prugnes and from Cayla (Princess 
 Spring, Magdalen Spring, and Rose Spring), found alumina 
 as follows: 0.035, 0.050, 0.055, an d 0.050 gm. per 1000 cc. 
 respectively. 
 
 Liversidge, A. (Chem. News, 42, p. 324; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1880, p. 1536; Jour. Chem. Soc., London, 40 (1881), p. 564), 
 notes 12.86 parts aluminium chlorid per 100,000 in addition 
 to 4.17 alumina with a trace of ferric oxid in a spring on Kan- 
 tavu, one of the Fiji Islands. 
 
 Liversidge, A. (Chem. News, 62, p. 264; Jour. Chem. Soc. 
 London, 60 (1891), p. 280), in water from a hot spring in Savo 
 Island, notes the occurrence of aluminium. 
 
 Liversidge, A. W. Skey, and G. Gray (Rpt. Assoc. Adv. 
 Sci. Australasia, 7 (1898), p. 87) have collected analyses of the 
 mineral waters of Australasia. The data regarding aluminium 
 are given on page 94. 
 
 In addition to the above traces of alumina are reported 
 by W. Skey (p. 105) in eighteen Te Aroha mineral waters, 
 Queensland. Aluminium and iron are reported together in 
 a number of other waters. 
 
 Lord (Geol. Survey Ohio, 6(1888); U. S. Geol. Survey Rpt. 
 8, pt. II, p. 621) analyzed a brine from a well drilled at Lorain, 
 Lorain County, Ohio, which contained 0.040 part alumina per 
 1000 parts. 
 
 Losanitsch, S. M. (Ber. Deutsch. Chem. Gesellsch. 20, p. 
 1114; Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 52 (1887), p. 648), re- 
 ports in mineral waters from Servia A1 2 O 3 (parts per 1000) 
 as follows: Wrnjacka banja, 0.00105; Bukowik, 0.00271; 
 Palanka, 0.00199; Alexinacka banja, 0.00279; Ribarska banja, 
 o.ooio; Wranjska banja, 0.0005, an< i Brestowacka banja, 
 0.00140. 
 
 Lowe, J. (Jahresb. Phys. Ver. Frankfurt a. M., 1853-54, 
 p. 55; Jahresb. Chem., 1854, p. 759), notes in the Kronthal, 
 Germany, Salzquelle, 0.000550 part aluminium silicate per 
 1000 parts. 
 
 Lowe, J. (Jahresb. Phys. Ver. Frankfurt a. M., 1854-55, 
 p. 58; Jahresb. Chem., 1856, p. 770), notes 0.001269 m - alu- 
 minium silicate per 1000 gms. in the Kronthal, Nassau, Ger- 
 many, Stahlquelle water. 
 
94 
 
 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 ALUMINIUM IN AUSTRALASIAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 
 Analyst. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Alu- 
 minium 
 Sul- 
 phate 
 per 
 Gallon. 
 
 Alu- 
 mina 
 per 
 Gallon. 
 
 Alu- 
 minium 
 Phos- 
 phate 
 per 
 Gallon. 
 
 Alu- 
 
 minium 
 Chlo- 
 ride 
 per 
 Gallon. 
 
 Alu- 
 minium 
 Silicate 
 per 
 Gallon. 
 
 New Zealand. 
 Alkaline water, Auck- 
 land 
 
 W Skey 
 
 88 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Grains. 
 30 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Springs Hanmer, 
 
 J v Haast 
 
 89 
 
 
 
 trace 
 
 
 
 Chlorinated water, 
 
 W Skey 
 
 89 
 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 
 Chlorinated water, 
 
 W Skey 
 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 1 6 42 
 
 
 Acid alum water, Mo- 
 tuhora (Whale Isl- 
 and, Bay of Plenty . 
 Acid aluminous water, 
 Ohaeawai, Auckland 
 Alum water Onetapu, 
 Desert Auckland. . . 
 Otira Gorge, sulphur- 
 etted and siliceous 
 
 J. A. Pond 
 J. Hector 
 W. Skey 
 
 G. Gray 
 
 90 
 92 
 92 
 
 48.48 
 a 
 b 
 
 . 21 
 
 
 
 
 P a h u a Wairarapa, 
 chlorinated water. . 
 Chlorinated water, 
 Tologo Bay 
 
 W. Skey 
 W. Skey 
 
 93 
 
 
 2. I5C 
 
 .64 
 
 
 
 Chlorinated water, No. 
 i , Waimate Block. . 
 Chlorinated water, No. 
 2, Waimate Block. . 
 Chlorinated water, No. 
 3, Waimate Block. . 
 Weak chalybeate Wai- 
 rongoa, North Taiera 
 Otoga 
 
 W. Skey 
 W. Skey 
 W. Skey 
 
 A G Kidson- 
 
 95 
 95 
 95 
 
 
 trace 
 2.86 
 trace 
 
 2 5 
 
 
 
 
 Alkaline saline water, 
 Waiwera, Auckland. 
 Chlorinated water, A, 
 
 Hunter 
 W. Skey 
 W Skey 
 
 96 
 06 
 
 
 trace 
 
 
 . 91 
 
 
 Chlorinated water, B 
 
 W Skey 
 
 O6 
 
 
 
 
 I . 22 
 
 
 Chlorinated water, C 
 
 W Skey 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 
 . 21 
 
 
 Carbonated alkaline 
 water Whangarei 
 
 J A Pond 
 
 
 
 
 traces 
 
 
 
 Acid water, Lake 
 White Island or 
 Whakaari 
 
 J Hector 
 
 
 go 5 
 
 
 
 1703 . id 
 
 
 New South Wales. 
 
 Alkaline water, Balli- 
 more 
 Water Milparinka 
 
 Queensland. 
 Te Pupunitanga 
 Priets's Bath, Ro- 
 turua District. . . . 
 
 J. C. H. Mingaye 
 A. H. Jackson 
 
 W. Skey 
 
 98 
 98 
 
 IOO 
 
 21 . 67 
 
 trace 
 little 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a. Temperature 6o-ii6 F. Deposits alum and sulphur (amount not stated) on 
 cooling. Total solids, 134.4 grains per gallon. 
 
 b. Total solids, 456 grains per gallon, mainly potash, alum and magnesia, and ferrous 
 chlorides. 
 
 c. With trace of iron. 
 
 d. Sesquichloride. 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 95 
 
 ALUMINIUM IN AUSTRALASIAN MINERAL WATERS. Continued. 
 
 
 Analyst. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Alu- 
 minium 
 Sul- 
 phate 
 per 
 Gallon. 
 
 Alu- 
 mina 
 per 
 Gallon. 
 
 Alu- 
 minium 
 Phos- 
 phate 
 per 
 Gallon. 
 
 Alu- 
 minium 
 Chlo- 
 ride 
 per 
 Gallon. 
 
 Alu- 
 minium 
 Silicate 
 per 
 Gallon. 
 
 Waikupapapa Saddler's 
 Bath, Roturua Dis- 
 trict 
 
 W. Skey 
 
 TOO 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Waikirihou V a u x ' s 
 Bath, Roturua Dis- 
 trict 
 Toko Postmasters' 
 Bath, Roturua Dis- 
 trict 
 Arikikapakapa, Ro- 
 turua District 
 Te Mimi Okakahi, Ro- 
 turua District 
 Ti Kute Great Spring, 
 Roturua District. . . 
 Sulphur Bay Spring, 
 Rotorua District. . . 
 Perekari, Rotorua 
 District 
 
 South Australia. 
 Wyly's Well Farina 
 
 W. Skey 
 
 W. Skey 
 W. Skey 
 W. Skey 
 W. Skey 
 W. Skey 
 W. Skey 
 
 G A Goyder 
 
 100 
 100 
 
 too 
 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 
 too 
 
 33-22 
 
 1-34 
 .68 
 trace 
 
 11.22 
 
 trace 
 trace 
 
 
 
 
 
 Spring The Peake 
 
 G A Goyder 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 G A Goyder 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Spring, Andrawilla, 
 
 G A Goyder 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 2 
 
 Healy Springs, Indul- 
 
 G A. Goyder 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . I O 
 
 Oolarinna Soak age 
 Well 
 Billa-kalina Springs, 
 
 G. A! Goyder 
 G A Goyder 
 
 107 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 45 
 
 Sulphur Spring.Strang- 
 
 G A Goyder 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 75 
 
 
 G A. Goyder 
 
 107 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 Weedina Spring 
 
 G. A. Goyder 
 G A Goyder 
 
 107 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 3 
 
 Spring Alton Downs, 
 Herbert River, North 
 
 G A Goyder 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 68 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ludwig, E. (Wiener Akad. Ber., 52, 2. Abt., p. 264; Jah- 
 resber. Chem. Will., 1865, p. 934), notes 0.005 aluminium 
 phosphate per 10,000 parts in the thermal spring at Tobelbad, 
 near Gratz, in Steiermark. 
 
 Ludwig, E. (Wiener. Akad. Ber., 50, 2. Abt., p. 247; Chem. 
 Centbl., 1865, p. 702; Jahresber. Chem. Will., 1865, p. 935), 
 notes traces of aluminium phosphate in three mineral springs 
 at Mahren, viz., Johannisbrunnen, Neue Quelle, and Paula- 
 quelle. 
 
 Ludwig, E. (Min. Petr. Mittheil., 2d ser., 4, p. 519; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1881, p. 1447), found 0.0053 A1 2 O 3 per 10,000 parts in 
 the Sauerquelle from Apatovac, Austria-Hungary. 
 
96 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 Ludwig, E. (Min. Petr. Mittheil. 6. p. 150; Jahrseb. Chem., 
 1884, p. 2035), notes o.ooio A1 2 O 3 per 10,000 parts in Maria 
 Theresia Quelle at Andersdorf, Austria-Hungary. 
 
 Ludwig, E. (Die Mineralquellen Bosniens, abs. Chem. 
 Centbl., 1889, II, p. 264; Jahresb. Chem., 1889, p. 2633), 
 reports in the following mineral waters from Bosnia: (i) Ther- 
 mal spring at Ilidze near Sarajewo; (2) Sauerling from Kisel- 
 jack; (30) Sauerling from Bistrica; (30) Sauerling from Ljes- 
 kovica (Giftquelle) ; (4) Rjecicaquelle at Maglaj ; (6) Sauerling 
 at Dragunje; (7) Sauerling at Kiseljack near D. Tuzla; and 
 (8) iodine spring at Navioci near Han Sibosica; A1 2 O 3 as 
 follows: 0.012, 0.002, 0.006, 0.004, 0.0017, -5> o.ooi, and 
 0.021 (probably parts per 10,000). 
 
 Ludwig, E. (Tschermak's Mineral. Mittheil. 1890, Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1890, p. 2662), reports 1.319 aluminium sulphate in 
 Cervena-Rjeka-Quelle and 0.146 aluminium sulphate in the 
 Quelle an der Strasse (presumably parts per 10,000 cc.). 
 Both these "vitriol" springs are at Srebrenica, Bosnia. He 
 also reports (Tschermak's Mineral. Mittheil., 1890; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1890, p. 2663) 13.468 gms. aluminium sulphate per 
 10,000 cc. in a mineral spring at Biidos (Balvanyos) in Sieben- 
 biirgen, 0.007 gm. alumina per 10,000 cc. in Karlsquelle; 
 0.0025 gm. aluminium per 10,000 cc. in Fidelisquelle ; and 
 0.961 part aluminium sulphate per 10,000 parts in the alum 
 spring, all on the Biidos (Stinkberg). 
 
 Ludwig, E. (Die Mineralquellen Bosniens, abs. Chem. 
 Centbl., 1890, II, pp. 468. 846; Jahresb. Chem., 1890, p. 2666), 
 reports analyses of mineral-spring waters from Bosnia. The 
 following waters contained alumina (grams per 10,000 in 
 every case): No. ia, saline, Dolnj-Tuzla, 0.005; No. 16, saline, 
 Dolnj-Tuzla, 0.009; No. 2, thermal spring at Gradacac, 0.007; 
 No. 5, sulphur spring, Raso, o.ooi ; No. 6, Sauerling at Jasenica, 
 0.006; No. 7, Sauerling at Dubnica, 0.002; No. 8, Sauerling at 
 Tesanj, 0.019; No. 9, thermal spring, Vrucica, 0.008; No. 10, 
 thermal spring, Kulasi, 0.007 ' No. n, sulphur spring, Smodelac, 
 0.003; No. 12, thermal spring, Gorni Sehar, o.ooi; No. 13, 
 thermal spring, Slatina Ilidze, 0.003; No. 14, Sauerling spring, 
 Slatina Ilidze, 0.005; No. 15, thermal spring at Gata, 0.002; 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 9/ 
 
 No. 16, thermal spring at Fojnica, o.ooi; and No. 17, thermal 
 spring at Banja Visegrad, o.ooi. 
 
 Other springs contained aluminium sulphate as follows 
 (grams per 10,000) : Waters from Srebrenica (Haldenwasser), No. 
 4a, arsenic vitriol Crni Guber, 2.227; No. 46, arsenic vitriol 
 Mala Kiselica, 1.482; and No. 4C, arsenic vitriol Velika 
 Kiselica, 0.384. 
 
 Ludwig, E. (Tsch. Min. Mittheil., 16 (1896), p. 133; Jour. 
 Chem. Soc. London, 72 (1897), II, p. no), notes in a car- 
 bonated water from a spring at Seifersdorf , Austrian Silesia, o.ooi 
 parts A1 2 O 3 per 10,000, and also notes (Tsch. Min. Mittheil., 
 16 (1896), p. 140; Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 72 (1897), II, 
 p. no) 0.002 part A1 2 O 3 per 10,000 parts in water from the 
 Constantine Spring in Gleichenberg, Styria. 
 
 Ludwig, E. (Wien. Klin. Wochensch., 10 (1897), P- 56; 
 Chem. Centbl., 1897, I, p. 718; Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 
 74 (1898), II, p. 392), reports 0.004 A1 2 O 3 parts per 10,000 in 
 water from the iodine spring at Wels, Upper Austria. 
 
 Ludwig, E., and V. Ludwig (Wien. Klin. Wochensch., n 
 (1898), 207) studied the composition of the acid iron springs 
 at Johannisbrunn in Silicia, reporting per 10,000 parts by weight 
 o.ooi part alumina in Marienquelle and 0.002 part in Paula- 
 quelle. 
 
 Ludwig, E., and J. Mauthner (Min. Petr. Mittheil., 2d ser., 
 2, p. 269; Jahresb. Chem., 1880, p. 1524) report analyses of 
 the Carlsbad thermal springs. These contained A1 2 O 3 per 
 10,000 cc. as follows: Sprudel, 0.004 g m - i Marktbrunnen, 
 0.007 gm.; Schlossbrunnen, 0.005 g m - 1 Miihlbrunnen, 0.005 gni- ' 
 Neubrunnen, 0.006 gm. ; Theresienbrunnen, 0.005 g m - 1 Eliz- 
 abethquelle, 0.006 gm. ; Felsenquelle, 0.003 g m - 1 Kaiser- 
 brunnen, 0.005 gm. The article (loc. cit., p. 1526) contains a 
 reference to Lerch's analyses made in 1847. He reported 
 0.005 gm. A1 2 O 3 per 10,000 cc. in Orchesterquelle, and 0.006 
 gm. in Elizabethquelle. 
 
 Ludwig, E., and T. Panzer (Wiener Klin. Wochensch., 
 13 (1900), p. 617) note a trace of alumina in the water of 
 the Gastein, Austria, Hauptquelle or Elizabethquelle. They 
 also quote data obtained by earlier analysts. Thus Hiine- 
 feld reported 0.016 A1 2 O 3 in 1828; Saltmann, 0.027 i n 
 
98 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 Wolff, 0.022 in 1845; an d Ullik, 0.003 in 1845, parts per 10,000 
 in every case. 
 
 Ludwig, H. (Arch. Pharm., 26. ser., 93 (1858), pp. 129, 257; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1858, p. 795), notes 0.0054 Al 2 O 3 .SiO 3 per 
 1000 parts in the cold sulphur-water from Tennstadt, Thu- 
 ringia. 
 
 Ludwig, H. (Arch. Pharm., 2. ser., 133 (1868), p. i; Jahresb. 
 Chem. Will., 1868, p. 1037), reports per 1000 cc. 0.0033 
 Al 2 O 3 ,2SiO 2 in Friedensquelle from Rostenberg in Sachsen- 
 Weimer-Eisenach. 
 
 Lunge, G., and L. Landolt (Sep. from Corresp. Schweizer- 
 Aerzt.; Jahresber. Chem., 1885, p. 2317) report 0.0259 gm. 
 A1 2 C1 6 per 1000 gms. in the Schweizerhalle saline spring at 
 Basel. 
 
 Lunge, G., and R. E. Schmidt (Zeit. Analyt. Chem., 25, p. 
 309; Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 50 (1886), p, 996), in water of 
 the St. Lorenz hot spring at Leuk, note per kilogram 0.00051 
 gm. alumina. 
 
 Magerstein, V. T. (Verhandl. Geol. Reichsanst., 1879, p. 191; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1879, p. 1265), reports a trace of A1 2 O 3 in two 
 mineral waters from Zuckmantel and Einsiedel, Austria. 
 
 Maier, P. J. (Naturk. Tijdschrift. Nederland Indie, 21, p. i; 
 22, p. 44; 23, pp. 46, 378; Jahresb. Chem , 1861, p. 1113), 
 found A1 2 O 3 (grams per 100) in mineral water from Dutch 
 East India as follows: Spring at Koeningan near the river 
 Tjisangarong, 0.01730; Sissipan Spring, near the river Tjisan- 
 garong, 0.01050; spring northeast from the Palimang mountain, 
 0.00039; Prajan Spring at Res. Madioen, trace; hot spring at 
 the foot of Kaba mountain, 0.00059; and thermal spring on 
 Pengalengen plateau, 0.00038. 
 
 Mangini, F. (Gaz. Chim. Ital., 17 (1887). p. 517; Jour. 
 Chem. Soc. London, 54 (1888), p. 1261), in an analysis of the 
 chalybeate water of Raffanelo in the commune of Canale Mon- 
 terano, reports 0.1350 gm. A1 2 O 3 per liter. 
 
 Marchand, E., and E. Leudet (Jour. Pharm., 37, p. 328; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1860, p. 838) report aluminium salts as 
 follows (grams per 1000 gm.) in mineral water from Bleville, 
 France: 0.0031 A1 2 O 3 3SO 3 ; 0.0151 A1 2 O 3 .NH 4 O.4SO 3 -. 0.0145 
 A1 2 O 3 .KO.4SO 3 ; 0.0022 A1 2 O 3 PO 5 ; and 0.0493 CaO.Al 2 O 3 .4SiO 3 . 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 99 
 
 Mason, W. P. (Chem. News, 61, p. 123; Jour. Chem. Soc., 
 London, 58 (1890), p. 854), reports an analysis of the water 
 of Excelsior Springs near Kansas City, Missouri, which showed 
 2.10 parts A1 2 O 3 per 1,000,000. 
 
 Maumene* (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, 31, p. 270; Pharm. 
 Centbl., 1850, p. 754; Jahresb. Chem., 1850, p. 626) notes 
 0.00112, 0.00119, 0.00140, and 0.00197 g m - alumina per 1000 
 cc., respectively, in water from the Vesle taken on January 
 23, 1849, at Chateau-d'Eau; Vesle water taken at the same 
 place June 18, 1849; Vesle water taken June 18, 1849, at 
 Saint-Brice, and water from the Suippe. 
 
 Meyer, R. (Ber. Deut. Chem. Gesell., n (1878), p. 1521; 
 Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 36 (1879), H> P- 33), in water from 
 the mineral spring at Tenninger Bad, Somvirex Tobel, Ori- 
 sons, notes 0.0008 part A1 2 O 3 and H 3 PO 4 per 10,000. 
 
 Mingaye, J. C. H. (Jour. Proc. Roy. Soc. New South Wales, 
 26 (1892), p. 73), reports a number of analyses in a study of 
 some of the well, spring, mineral, and artesian waters of New 
 South Wales and their probable value for irrigation. A potable 
 water from Yarrangobilly caves and one from Jenolan caves 
 each contained a trace of alumina. Other waters contained 
 alumina (parts per 1000) as follows: Water from Jenkins's 
 quarry, 0.0082; from Kidwell's quarry, 0.0104; from Marden's 
 quarry, 0.0126; from Walsh's quarry, 0.0096; water from 
 brewery, Broken Hill, 0.0044; Silverthorne's well, Broken Hill, 
 0.0030; water from Portion 86, taken from a bore in a lime- 
 stone quarry, Broken Hill, 0.0004; Wilcannia, water from 
 Tarella, 0.0064; water from Barragan, near Mudgee, trace; 
 Belabula River, Clifden Run, trace; artesian water from Cutta- 
 bura, Bourke private bore, and Bourke Corrella Station, 
 trace; and mineral water from Jarvisville, near Picton, Ballinore, 
 Tarbragar River, near Dubbo (artesian), and Rock-Flat Spring, 
 near Cooma, Monara District, each a trace. In one or two 
 other cases alumina with iron is noted. 
 
 Mingaye, J. C. (Rpt. Australian Assoc. Adv. Science, 6 
 (1895), P- 2 65)' i n a second paper, which deals with analyses of 
 the artesian waters of New South Wales and their value for 
 irrigation and other purposes, reports alumina as follows (parts 
 per thousand) : Kelly's Camp bore, 0.0028 (with a trace of 
 
IOO ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 Fe 2 O 3 ), water from Barringun bore, 0.0036 (with a trace of 
 Fe 2 3 ); Corella bore No. i (private), trace; Waroo Springs 
 bore, 0.0036 (with a trace of Fe 2 O 3 ); Cuttaburra bore and 
 Dungle Ridge bore, each a trace. In several other waters 
 alumina and ferric oxid are reported together. 
 
 Miteregger, J. (Jahrb. Naturhist. Landesmuseums Karnthen, 
 1861, No. 5, p. i; Jahresb. Chem., 1861, p. 1099), notes alu- 
 minium (parts per 10,000 cc.) as follows, in water from 
 Radlbad, near Gmiind, 0.820; Sauerling Bades Vellach in Vella- 
 thale Hauptquelle No. IV, 0.130; Sauerling Bades Vellach 
 in Vellathale Quelle No. II, 0.189; Sauerling Bades Vellach 
 in Vellathale Quelle No. Ill, 0.080; Sauerling, Bades Vellach 
 in Vellathale Quelle No. V, o.ioo, and Sauerling from Ebriach, 
 near Eisenkappel, 0.130. 
 
 Mitteregger, J. (Jahrb. Naturhist. Landesmuseums Karn- 
 then, 1862, p. 109; Jahresb. Chem., 1862, p. 813), notes 
 alumina per 10,000 gms. in Karnthen medicinal waters as 
 follows: Katharien-Bad at Klein-Kirchheim, 0.050; Preblauer 
 Sauerbrunnen, 0.040; Sauerbrunnen at Weissenbach in the 
 Lavantthale, 0.140; and Kleininger Sauerbrunnen in the 
 Lavantthale, 0.240. 
 
 Moissenet (Ann. Min., 5th ser., 17, p. 7; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1860, p. 839) reports A1 2 O 3 (grams per 1000 cc.) in French mineral 
 waters as follows: Water from Sylvanes, Dept. Aveyron, Source 
 des Moines, 0.0300; Source des Petites Baignoires, 0.0750; 
 Source des Petites-Eaux, 0.0200; Source des Bains Nouveaux, 
 0.0200; water from Plombieres, Sources des Dames, 0.0075, 
 and Source ferrugineuse, 0.1433; an d a trace of A1 2 O 3 in water 
 from Vittel, near Contrexeville, Dept. Vosges, Source Marie, 
 Source des Demoiselles, and Grand Source. 
 
 Moitessier, A. (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 51. p. 636; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1860, p. 839), notes 0.0030 gm. alumina per 
 1000 in the water of the warm spring about 2 km. north 
 of Montpellier, France. 
 
 Morelli (Chem. Ztg., 1881, p. 815; Jahresb. Chem., 1881, 
 p. 1448) found 0.0299 part aluminium sulphate per 1000 in 
 one spring and 0.0326 part aluminium sulphate in another 
 at Ceresole Reale, Italy. 
 
 Morin, P. (Jour. Pharm., 3d ser., 21, p. 5; Arch. Phil. Nat., 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. IOI 
 
 18, p. 224; Jahresb. Chem., 1851, p. 667), found 0.0162 gm. 
 aluminium silicate per 1000 gms. in mineral water from Coese 
 (Savoy). 
 
 Morin, P. (Jour. Pharm., 3d ser., 40, p. 183; Jahresb. 
 'Chem., 1861, p. 1106), found 0.0027 g m - alumina per 1000 
 gms. in mineral water from the Guillot spring at Evian, 
 Savoy. 
 
 Muck, F. (Jour. Prakt. Chem., 96, p. 459; Chem. Centbl., 
 1866, p. 384; Jahresb. Chem., 1865, p. 931), reports 
 in 1000 parts Natronsauerling from Nassau 0.00060 gram 
 alumina. 
 
 Miigge, 0. (Jahrb. Min., Beilageband. 4, p. 576. Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1886, p. 2324), reports an analysis by C. Pieper of a 
 hot spring south of Naiwaschasee, Massailand, East Africa. 
 This contained 0.779 g m - A1 2 S 3 O 12 per 1000 cc. 
 
 Miiller, E. (Arch. Pharm., 2dser., 186 (1868), p. 16; Jahresb. 
 Chem,, 1868, p. 1038), reports per 500 gms. 0.0027 A1 2 O 3 PO 5 
 and 0.0150 A1 2 O 3 .3HO in the water of the sulphur spring 
 at Seebruch. 
 
 Miiller, G. (Neue. Jahrb. Pharm., 3, p. 205; Pharm. Centbl., 
 1855, p. 526; Jahresb. Chem., 1855, p. 840), reports 0.0340 
 alumina per 1000 gms. in the Bergstrasse Stahlquelle water 
 from Weinheim. 
 
 Mtiller, G. (Wiener. Akad. Ber., 2. Abt., 58, p. 101 ; Inst., 
 1868, p. 384; Jahresb. Chem., 1868, p. 1035), reports traces 
 of A1 2 O 3 in the Ida spring at Biloves in Bohemia. 
 
 Muspratt, J. S. (Pharm. Jour. Trans., n, p. 151; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1851, p. 653), notes traces of alumina in the water of 
 the principal spring at Baden-Baden. 
 
 Nasini, R., and F. Anderlini (Gaz. Chim. Ital., 24 (1894), I, 
 p. 327; Jour. Chem. Soc., London, 66 (1894), II, p. 422) report 
 0.0015 A1 2 O 3 part per 10,000 by weight in the water of Hot 
 Springs at Monte Irone, Albane. 
 
 Netwald (Unters. des Mineralwasser zu Hall bei Krems- 
 miinster, Linz, 1853; Jahresb. Chem., 1853, p. 711) notes in 
 mineral water from Hall near Kremsmunster, Austria, 0.0038 
 gm. aluminium silicate per 1000 gms. 
 
 Northcote, A. B. (Phil. Mag., 4th ser., 14, p. 457; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1857, p. 727), notes a trace of alumina in the following 
 
IO2 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 saline waters from Cheshire, England: Anderton, Marston, 
 Winsford, and Wheelock. 
 
 Nuricsan, J. (Foldtani Kozlony, 23 (1893), p. 296; Jahrtx 
 Min., 1891, I, Ref. 67; Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 68 (1895), H 
 p. 118), notes 0.0017 ? m - A1 2 O 3 per kilogram in the water of 
 the Roman brine spring and 0.0064 in the Shaft spring at 
 Torda, Hungary. 
 
 Nuricsany and Spangler (Wiener Acad. Ber., 14, p. 121; 
 Pharm. Centbl., 1855, p. 78; Jahresb. Chem., 1854, p. 771) 
 note in mineral water from Roggendorff (Hungary) 0.019 
 gm. alumina per 1000 gms. 
 
 Ochsenius, C. (Ztschr. Geol. Ges., 34, p. 357; Jahresb, 
 Chem., 1882, p. 1626), notes traces of A1 2 O 3 in water from the 
 Great Salt Lake, Utah. 
 
 Oppermann (Mem. Mus. Strassburg, 4, 1853, p. 21; Jahrb. 
 Min., 1854, p. 184; Jahresb. Chem., 1853, p. 717) notes 0.006250 
 gm. alumina per 1000 cc. in mineral water from Sulzbach, 
 Alsace. 
 
 Orlow, N. A. (Farmaz. Jour., 40, 1901, pp. 2, 26; Ztschr. 
 Untersuch. Nahr. u. GenussmtL, 5 (1902), p. 133), reports 
 0.0022 gm. A1 2 O 3 per 1000 cc. in the Director spring water 
 from Staraja-Russa. 
 
 Orlowsky, A. (Ber. Deut. Chem. Gesell., 1883, p. 978 (cor- 
 resp.); Jahresb. Chem., 1883, p. 1947), notes 0.001904 part 
 A1 2 O 3 per 1000 parts in Bolschoi water (used for baths) and 
 0.001784 part A1 2 O 3 per 1000 parts in Kasimer water (used for 
 drinking), both springs in Slawinsk, Poland. 
 
 Orosi (Gaz. Toscana, 1847, P- 99 I Pharm. Centbl., 1847, 
 p. 413; Jour. Prakt. Chem., 42, p. 468; Jahresb. Chem., 1847 
 48, p. 1009) found 0.0049 part alumina per 1000 in Mofetta di S. 
 Quirico, water from Tuscany. 
 
 Osnaghi (Wien. Acad. Ber., 17, p. 443; Chem. Centbl., 
 1856, p. 40; Jahresb. Chem., 1855, p. 842) notes o.oio part 
 alumina per 1000 parts in mineral water from Galdhof, near 
 Seelowitz, Austria. 
 
 Otto, R., and H. Beckurts (Arch. Pharm., 3d ser., 18, p. 115; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1881, p. 1444) report 0.0030000 part A1 2 O 3 
 per 1000 parts in Hroswitha water and 0.0035000 part A1 2 O 3 in 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 103 
 
 Wilhelmsquelle ; both waters from Herzogludolfsbad, near Gan- 
 dersheim, Germany. 
 
 Parmentier, F. (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 115, p. 125; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1892, p. 2687), writing of the occurrence of 
 alumina in mineral water, reports the following in springs at 
 Vichy, Saint-Yorre (Allier) Frobert, 0.008; Saint-Louis No. i, 
 0.007; Precieuse, 0.006; Jeanne d'Arc, 0.004; Sevigne, 0.003. 
 In Vichy (Allier) springs: Dubois, 0.015; Vincent, o.oio. In 
 springs at Hauterive (Allier): Bayard, 0.006; Amelie d'Haute- 
 reve, o.ooi. In Pougues-les-Eaux (Nievre) springs: Grande 
 Source, 0.014; Jeanne d'Arc, 0.006; Saint-Leon, 0.002; and 
 in the Chatelguyon (Puy-de-D6me) spring, Yvonne, 0.009 g m - 
 per 1000 cc. 
 
 Parmentier, F. (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 132, 1901, 
 p. 1332; Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 5 (1902), 
 p. 138), states that aluminium occurs in most of the spring- 
 waters previously analyzed by him (for instance, Vichy), al- 
 though it was not reported. 
 
 In Puits Chomel he reports 0.0117 gm. per 1000 cc., and 
 in Grande Grille he reports 0.0075 g m - P er I00 cc - 
 These waters contained flocculent particles of aluminium 
 hydrate. 
 
 Parmentier, F. (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 121 (1895), 
 p. 644; Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 70 (1896), II, p. 195), in a 
 bituminous water from the Grassion spring at Clermont, France, 
 found 0.004 gm. A1 2 O 3 per liter. 
 
 Passy, A. (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 68, p. 171; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1869, p. 1290), notes 0.002 and o.oio gm. 
 A1 2 O 3 per liter, respectively, in spring-water and Aube water 
 from Etufs, France. The analyses were made by H. Magnon. 
 
 Paterno, E., and G. Mazzara (Gaz. Chim. Ital., 9 (1879), 
 p. 71; Jahresb. Chem., 1879, p. 1266) note a trace of A1 2 O 3 
 in Termini-Imerese water from Palermo, Sicily. 
 
 Paterno, E, (Gaz. Chim. Ital., 21 (1891), II, p. 40; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1891, p. 2619), notes traces of aluminium phosphate 
 in thermal-spring water from Sclafani. 
 
 Peale, A. C., of the United States Geological Survey (U. S. 
 Geol. Survey Bulletin No. 32, p. 235), published some years 
 ago a very extended compilation of analyses of waters of 
 
IO4 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 mineral springs in the United States. The author states that 
 the information was derived primarily from various State Geo- 
 logical Reports, State guide-books and handbooks, government 
 geological reports, etc., and various other scientific publications. 
 Much additional material was obtained from members of the 
 Geological Survey, and in answer to a special set of inquiries 
 sent throughout the United States. Efforts were made by 
 the compiler to verify in each instance the matter presented 
 in regard to the various localities by direct correspondence. 
 Some eight thousand springs are included in the list, of which 
 about eight hundred had been analyzed. The tables, with 
 a few exceptions, do not include brine springs and wells which 
 are used in the production and manufacture of salt, since such 
 waters are not applied to the ordinary uses of mineral springs. 
 The results are arranged by States and Territories, and the 
 analytical data are in the main incorporated in the tables as 
 given in the sources from which they were taken, except that 
 where originally expressed in grains per fraction of a gallon 
 they were recalculated to grains per gallon. Unless otherwise 
 stated the gallon mentioned is the standard United States 
 gallon or wine gallon of 231 cubic inches. In a number of 
 cases the iron and aluminium were reported together. Such 
 figures have been omitted in preparing the data here given, nor 
 is reference made to those spring-waters in which a trace of 
 alumina was reported. The pages of Dr. Peale's report on 
 which the analyses occur, from which the data regarding alu- 
 minium are quoted, are given, as well as the name of the analyst 
 when it was stated. References to the original place of publi- 
 cation are not given, as they were not quoted by Dr. Peale. 
 The following table records the data regarding the occurrence 
 of alumina (A1X3 3 ): 
 
A L U MINIUM IN NA T URA L WA TERS. 
 
 10$ 
 
 AMOUNT OF ALUMINA IN THE WATER OF A NUMBER OF 
 MINERAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Name of Spring. 
 
 Analyst. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Alumina 
 per Gallon. 
 
 Maine. 
 Poland Star Spring 
 
 F L Bartlett 
 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Roscicrucian Spring 
 
 S Dana Hayes 
 
 16 
 
 6 Z u 
 
 Hartford Cold Springs 
 
 
 16 
 
 u o 
 
 New Hampshire. 
 Iron Spring Milford 
 
 G E Sewell 
 
 I 7 
 
 
 Birchdale Springs, Concord 
 Sprino'S . . 
 
 C F Chandler 
 
 18 
 
 
 Unity Springs, Iron Spring 
 Vermont. 
 Middletown Springs No i . . . . 
 
 S. Dana Hayes 
 Peter Collier 
 
 18 
 
 .04 
 fi*r r 
 
 New York. 
 Artesian Lithia Spring, Ball- 
 Eton Spa 
 
 C F Chandler 
 
 
 .07 C 
 O o 
 
 Franklin Artesian Well, Balls- 
 ton Spa 
 
 C F Chandler 
 
 66 
 
 o/S 
 
 Washington Lithia Well (old 
 Conde Dentonian), Ballston, 
 Spa 
 
 C F Chandler 
 
 66 
 
 3 -7 
 
 
 White Sulphur, Chittenango 
 Springs 
 
 C F Chandler 
 
 
 n o 
 
 Cave Spring, Chittenango 
 Springs 
 
 C F Chandler 
 
 66 
 
 
 Cherry Valley Phosphate Spring. . 
 Lebanon Thermal Spring. 
 Richfield Sulphur Spring .... . . 
 Saratoga Champion Spouting 
 Spring 
 
 C. F. Chandler 
 H. Dussance 
 T. Deecke 
 
 C F Chandler 
 
 66 
 34 
 35 
 37 
 
 ?s 
 
 .14 
 
 45 
 
 . 10 
 A6 
 
 Saratoga Crystal Springs 
 Saratoga Congress Spring 
 Saratoga Empire Spring 
 Saratoga Eureka Spring . . . 
 
 C. F. Chandler 
 T. R. Chilton 
 C. F. Chandler 
 Allen 
 
 o Co Co Co C 
 
 D CO 00 00 C 
 
 31 
 32 
 .42 
 
 Saratoga Flat Rock Spring. . . . 
 
 C F Chandler 
 
 oy 
 
 7Q 
 
 -*6 
 
 Saratoga Hathorn Spring 
 
 C F Chandler 
 
 7Q 
 
 
 Saratoga High Rock Springs 
 Saratoga Pavilion Spring 
 
 C. F. Chandler 
 C F Chandler 
 
 39 
 
 AQ 
 
 L 6 
 I .22 
 
 3 -2 
 
 Saratoga Pavilion Spring 
 
 J R Chilton 
 
 
 
 Saratoga Putnam Spring 
 
 J R Chilton 
 
 
 c6 
 
 Saratoga New Putnam Spring. . . . 
 Saratoga A or Alum Spring 
 Saratoga Seltzer Spring 
 
 C. F. Chandler 
 J. G. Pohle 
 C F Chandler 
 
 40 
 40 
 
 A.O 
 
 i) u 
 
 .22 
 
 .38 
 
 ? 7 
 
 Saratoga Union Spring 
 Saratoga United States Spring. . . 
 Saratoga Vichy Spring 
 
 New Jersey. 
 Schooley's Mountain Spring 
 Warwick Spring 
 
 C. F. Chandler 
 C. F. Chandler 
 C. F. Chandler 
 
 C. Mclntyre, Jr. 
 C F Chandler 
 
 4i 
 41 
 4i 
 
 43 
 
 A -1 
 
 32 
 .09 
 .48 
 
 14 
 
 7O 
 
 
 
 
 / u 
 
 a. With iron. 
 
 b. With soda. 
 
 c. Grains per cubic foot. 
 
106 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 ALUMINA IN MINERAL SPRINGS Continued, 
 
 Name of Spring. 
 
 Analyst. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Alumina 
 per Gallon. 
 
 Pennsylvania . 
 Cresson Magnesia Spring 
 
 F. A Genth 
 
 47 
 
 Grains. 
 
 O I 
 
 Gettysburg Lithia Spring 
 
 F. A. Genth 
 
 4.8 
 
 O2 
 
 Mineral Springs Hanover 
 
 Hollenbush 
 
 48 
 
 
 Kane Sulphur Spring 
 Maryland. 
 Strontia Mineral Spring 
 
 F. A. Genth 
 W Simon 
 
 49 
 
 p ? 
 
 03 
 
 i 86 a 
 
 Virginia. 
 Bath Alum Spring No i 
 
 Hayes 
 
 DO 
 
 c8 
 
 
 Bath Alum Spring No 3 
 
 Haves 
 
 5 
 eg 
 
 12 20 b 
 
 Clifton Spring No i 
 
 J L Ca'mpbell 
 
 e,8 
 
 O7 C 
 
 Blue Ridge Spring 
 
 F A Genth 
 
 CQ 
 
 14 
 
 Farmville Lithia Springs, No. 2. . 
 Mineral Springs, near Farmwell 
 Station No i 
 
 E. T. Fristoe 
 R B Riees 
 
 60 
 6O 
 
 2.52 
 
 Mineral Springs, near Farmwell 
 Station No 3 
 
 R B Riggs 
 
 60 
 
 
 Boiler Bath (Old Ladies' Boiler 
 Bath Hot Spring) 
 
 F W Clarke 
 
 61 
 
 
 Hot Spout Bath 
 
 F W Clarke 
 
 61 
 
 
 Octagon Bath 
 
 F W Clarke 
 
 61 
 
 
 New Hot Spring 
 
 F W Clarke 
 
 61 
 
 
 Sulphur Bath or Ladies' Sulphur 
 Bath 
 
 F W Clarke 
 
 61 
 
 
 Jordan Alum Chalybeate Spring. . 
 Jordan White Sulphur Springs. . . 
 Massanetta Mineral Springs. ..... 
 Rawley Springs, Main Fountain . . 
 Rockbridge Alum Springs, Chaly- 
 beate Spring 
 Rockbridge Alum Spring, No. i . . 
 Rockbridge Alum Spring, No. 2. . 
 Rockbridge Alum Spring, No. 3. . 
 Rockbridge Alum Spring, No. 4. . 
 Rock Enon Springs 
 
 J. W. Mallet 
 T. Antisell 
 J. W. Mallet 
 J. W. Mallet 
 
 J. W. Mallet 
 A. A. Hayes 
 A. A. Hayes 
 M. B. Hardin 
 A. A. Hayes 
 Gale and Mew 
 
 62 
 63 
 63 
 63 
 
 64 
 64 
 65 
 65 
 
 65 
 67 
 
 5 
 .OI 
 .16 
 
 .05 c 
 
 .06 
 14.76 
 17.91 
 
 43-95 
 24.09 
 80 
 
 Roanoke Red Sulphur Springs . . . 
 Shenandoafr Alum Springs 
 
 M. B. Hardin 
 J. W. Mallet 
 
 67 
 67 
 
 .01 
 
 12 3Q C 
 
 West Virginia. 
 Capon Main Spring 
 
 J. W. Mallet 
 
 71 
 
 02 c 
 
 Capon Beauty Spring 
 
 J. W. Mallet 
 
 71 
 
 02 c 
 
 Greenbrier White Sulphur Sour 
 Spring 
 
 W B Rogers 
 
 72 
 
 1 6 20 f 
 
 Salt Sulphur Iodine Spring 
 
 D. Stewart 
 
 73 
 
 .18 
 
 a. Parts per 100,000. 
 
 6. Also aluminium phosphate. See p. 113. 
 
 c. Grains per imperial gallon. 
 
 d. Grams per liter. 
 
 e. Grains in 100 cubic inches. 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 ALUMINA IN MINERAL SPRINGS. Continued. 
 
 ID/ 
 
 Name of Spring. 
 
 Analyst. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Alumina 
 per Gallon. 
 
 North Carolina. 
 Greensborough Spring 
 Panacea Spring, near Littleton. . . 
 Park's Alkaline Mineral Spring 
 
 Georgia. 
 Helicon Springs 
 
 W. C. Kerr, a 
 W. C. Kerr, a 
 A. R. Ledoux 
 
 H. C. White 
 
 W. C. Stubbs 
 W. C. Stubbs 
 
 L. Harper 
 
 A. Dove 
 J. M. Safford 
 W. A. Noyes 
 J. M. Safford 
 J. B. Mitchell 
 J. M. Safford 
 Troost 
 
 R. Peter 
 R. Peter 
 R. Peter 
 J. P. Barnum 
 
 E. H. Larkin 
 Wright and 
 Merrill 
 
 A. Merrill 
 C. F. Chandler 
 W. M. Mew 
 W. M. Mew 
 
 O. N. Stoddard 
 E. S. Wayne 
 
 A. Fennel 
 E. T. Cox 
 
 77 
 78 
 
 78 
 85 
 
 93 
 93 
 
 97 
 
 103 
 103 
 
 104 
 104 
 
 106 
 
 in 
 116 
 116 
 118 
 
 122 
 122 
 
 127 
 128 
 128 
 128 
 
 133 
 134 
 
 134 
 
 138 
 
 Grains. 
 .18 
 32 
 3-5 
 
 .05 b 
 
 12.41 
 i. 45 
 
 .00005 G 
 
 2 .OO 
 .06 
 .04 
 .29 
 
 5 
 .06 
 
 .08 
 
 .02 d. e 
 .0006 / 
 
 .0021 /,g 
 I .20 / 
 
 45 
 49 
 
 i . 54 
 
 I . 22 
 3-46 
 
 .98 
 . 12 
 
 .22 
 
 .19 b 
 
 Alabama. 
 Johnson's Wells 
 
 Talladega Spring 
 
 Mississippi. 
 Lauderdale Springs . 
 
 Tennessee. 
 Austin's Springs 
 
 Crisp Springs 
 
 Galbraith's Springs 
 
 Hurricane Springs 
 
 Montvale Springs 
 
 Tilford's Mineral Well 
 
 White Cliff Springs 
 
 Kentucky. 
 Estill Springs, White Sulphur 
 Spring 
 Olympian Salt Sulphur Spring. . . 
 Olympian White Sulphur Spring . 
 Kuttawa Mineral Springs 
 
 Arkansas. 
 Hot Springs 
 
 Warm Springs . . . 
 
 Texas. 
 Palo Pinto Well 
 
 Wootan Well No i 
 
 Wootan Well No 2 
 
 Wootan Well, No. 4: 
 
 Ohio. 
 Green Mineral Spring 
 
 Ohio Magnetic Spring 
 
 Cedar Springs, Washington 
 Sprin CT 
 
 Indiana. 
 Greencastle, North or Daggy 
 Spring \ 
 
 a. Reported in Geol. North Carolina, i (1875). 
 
 b. Grains per imperial gallon. 
 
 c. Parts per 100. 
 
 d. Grains per 1000. 
 
 e. With trace of phosphates. 
 
 f. Parts per 1000. 
 
 g. With iron and manganese carbonates. 
 
108 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 ALUMINA IN MINERAL SPRINGS. Continued. 
 
 Name of Spring. 
 
 Analyst. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Alumina 
 per Gallon. 
 
 Indiana. 
 Greencastle, Middle or Dewdrop 
 Spring 
 Marion Artesian Well 
 
 E. T. Cox 
 
 138 
 I 3Q 
 
 Grains. 
 
 .09 a 
 
 3C a 
 
 West Saratoga Spring, No. i 
 West Saratoga Spring, No. 2 
 
 Illinois. 
 Alcyone Mineral Springs 
 
 Glen Flora Springs 
 
 E. T. Cox 
 E. T. Cox 
 
 Wheeler and 
 Blaney 
 J V Z Blaney 
 
 140 
 140 
 
 144 
 
 1 4-4. 
 
 . 22 a 
 43 a 
 
 1.99 a 
 
 I r 
 
 Versailles Mineral Spring, No. i. . 
 Rockford Artesian Well, No. i. . . 
 
 Michigan. 
 Riverside Magnetic Spring No 2 
 
 J. V. Z. Blaney 
 E. G. Smith 
 
 144 
 
 144 
 
 14-7 
 
 730, b 
 
 . 0009 c 
 
 ci d 
 
 Butterworth's Magnetic Spring, 
 Grand Haven Mineral Spring. . . . 
 Mount Clemens Mineral Well. . . . 
 Mount Clemens Media Spring. . . . 
 Mount Clemens Soolbad Spring. . 
 "W^arner's Spring 
 
 S. P. Duffield 
 C. G. Wheeler 
 S. P. Duffield 
 S. P. Duffield 
 S. P. Duffield 
 
 147 
 148 
 148 
 148 
 148 
 I ">O 
 
 49 a 
 
 30 
 29.47 
 29 .00 
 
 II . 21 
 
 2 ? 
 
 Wisconsin. 
 Arctic Spring 
 
 W. W. Daniels 
 
 I C 7 
 
 I ~ 
 
 Bethesda Springs, Waukesha .... 
 Black Earth Mineral Springs 
 
 C. F. Chandler 
 A C Barry 
 
 153 
 
 1C? 
 
 . 12 
 I OO 
 
 Buckhert's Fountain 
 
 G. Bode 
 
 I C T. 
 
 16 
 
 Eureka Springs 
 
 G. Bode 
 
 I CA 
 
 . 19 c 
 
 Fountain Springs 
 
 J. V. Z. Blaney 
 
 154 
 
 9 
 
 Gibson Springs 
 
 G. Bode 
 
 i CA 
 
 I 3 c 
 
 Glen Springs 
 
 F C Chandler 
 
 i C4 
 
 o=c 
 
 Gomber's Well 
 
 
 i C4 
 
 i T. 
 
 Hacket's Spring . . . 
 
 G. Bode 
 
 i 54 
 
 . 1 1 
 
 Horeb Springs 
 
 G. Bode 
 
 i =54 
 
 2 T, 
 
 Hy^eia Springs 
 
 A. Thiel 
 
 i <A 
 
 7 2 
 
 lodo-Magnesian Springs 
 
 F. C. Chandler 
 
 154 
 
 .06 
 
 Jacob's Artesian Well 
 
 G. Bode 
 
 154 
 
 T 9 
 
 Jordan's Mineral Well 
 
 G. Bode 
 
 154 
 
 .68 
 
 'Palmyra Springs, Zenobia's Foun- 
 tain . . 
 
 G. Bode 
 
 ICC 
 
 .22 
 
 Palmyra Springs, Eye Springs. . . 
 St Croix Mineral Spring 
 
 G. Bode 
 J. V. Z. Blaney 
 
 155 
 
 155 
 
 .19 
 
 49 
 
 Shealtiel Mineral Springs 
 Sheboygan Mineral Spring 
 Sheboygan Mineral Spring 
 Sheridan Springs ... 
 
 G. Bode 
 G. Bode 
 C. F. Chandler 
 G. Bode 
 
 156 
 156 
 156 
 156 
 
 .09 
 
 I . 10 
 
 13 
 
 .05 
 
 Silurian Spring .... 
 
 W. S. Haines 
 
 156 
 
 59 
 
 Vesta Spring 
 
 G. Bode 
 
 156 
 
 T 3 
 
 a. Grains per imperial gallon. 
 
 b. With trace of iron. 
 
 c. Parts per 1000. 
 
 d. With calcium phosphates. 
 
 e. Apparently parts per 100 of total ash. 
 
 f. With iron. 
 
ALUMINIUM IN N A 7" URAL WATERS. 
 ALUMINA IN MINERAL SPRINGS. Continued. 
 
 109 
 
 Name of Spring. 
 
 Analyst. j Page. 
 
 Alumina 
 per Gallon. 
 
 Wisconsin. 
 White Rock Spring 
 
 j I. Campbell Browne 
 C. D. Marsh 
 
 G. Bode 
 Daniels 
 
 Enno Sander 
 
 157 
 
 i57 
 
 J 57 
 J 57 
 
 J 59 
 
 X 59 
 J 59 
 
 161 
 161 
 
 162 
 
 163 
 163 
 
 168 
 168 
 168 
 169 
 
 169 
 
 169 
 169 
 
 175 
 !75 
 175 
 
 180 
 187 
 192 
 
 Grains. 
 
 -75 
 .00041 i o 
 
 .0610 
 .0467 
 
 . 10 
 
 .28 
 2.38 
 
 .0816 
 
 .01 
 
 226 .41 
 
 .29 
 
 .1170 
 
 .6484 
 
 79 
 5.08 c 
 .67 
 
 *7 
 
 .09 
 
 .22 
 
 .21 
 I . 12 
 I .4083 
 
 .I2d,f 
 
 .0040 e 
 .65 d 
 
 Utley Mineral Spring 
 Artesian Mineral Well, Prairie du 
 Chien 
 Park Spring . . 
 
 Minnesota. 
 Owatonna Vichy Spring 
 Owatonna Mineral Spring (name 
 unknown) 
 
 Humboldt's Salt Well 
 
 J. A. Dodge 
 
 Erastus G. Smith 
 G A Mariner 
 
 Dakota. 
 Artesian Well at Aberdeen 
 Mineral Well at foot of bluff at 
 Pierre . 
 
 Iowa. 
 Iowa Acid Spring 
 Cherokee Magnetic Mineral 
 Spring's 
 
 J. H. Siebel 
 
 J. W. Draper 
 G. Bode 
 
 P. Schweitzer 
 P. Schweitzer 
 H. W. Wiley 
 P. Schweitzer 
 
 C. P. Williams 
 
 C. P. Williams 
 P. Schweitzer 
 
 Barnes and Sim 
 Barnes and Sim 
 E. H. Failyer 
 
 W. A. Noyes 
 F. W. Clarke 
 G. E. Patrick 
 
 OM Jr 7? 
 oiloam Springs 
 
 Missouri. 
 Bowsher Mineral Spring 
 Columbia Chalybeate Springs .... 
 Climax Springs 
 
 Landreth's Mineral Well 
 Sweet Springs near Brown ville, 
 Akesion Spring . . 
 
 Sweet Springs near Brown ville, 
 Sweet Sprino" 
 
 New Baden Springs 
 
 Kansas. 
 Flowing Spring 
 Pfister's Spring 
 Haddon Mineral Well 
 
 Montana. 
 Hunter's Hot Spring 
 Utah. 
 Utah or Bear River Hot Springs. x . 
 Colorado. 
 Hartsel Hot Mineral Springs 
 
 a. Grains per imperial gallon. 
 
 b. Parts per 100. 
 
 c. With iron oxid. 
 
 d. Parts per 100,000. 
 
 e. Parts per 1000. 
 f. Aluminium. 
 
HO ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 ALUMINA IN MINERAL SPRINGS Continued. 
 
 Name of Spring. 
 
 Analyst. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Alumina, 
 per Gallon 
 
 California. 
 El Paso de Robles Hot Sulphur 
 Spring 
 
 Price and Hewston 
 
 2 I O 
 
 Grains. 
 
 2 2 a 
 
 Skagg's Hot Springs 
 
 E W Hilgard 
 
 211 
 
 
 Highland Seltzer Spring 
 Highland Dutch Spring 
 Highland Magic Spring 
 
 Rising 
 Rising 
 Rising 
 
 212 
 212 
 212 
 
 i-56 
 . n 
 i 7 
 
 Mono Basin Warm Springs 
 
 T. M Chatard 
 
 212 
 
 oo 1 8 b 
 
 Summit Soda Spring 
 
 J F Rudolph 
 
 2 I A 
 
 
 Tolenas Springs 
 
 J Hewson Jr 
 
 21 A 
 
 * 1 3 
 
 06 
 
 Washington. 
 Medical Lake 
 
 G. A. Mariner 
 
 218 
 
 .yu 
 17 e 
 
 
 
 
 
 Grains per imperial gallon. 
 
 b. Grams per liter. 
 
 The following table reports data on the occurrence of alu- 
 minium sulphate in mineral waters of the United States: 
 
 AMOUNT OF ALUMINIUM SULPHATE IN THE WATER OF A 
 NUMBER OF MINERAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Name of Spring. 
 
 Analyst. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Aluminium 
 Sulphate 
 per Gallon. 
 
 New York. 
 Oak Orchard Acid Springs, No. i 
 
 Oak Orchard Acid Springs, No. i 
 Oak Orchard acid water 
 
 Silliman and 
 Norton 
 J. R. Clinton 
 Porter 
 H. Erni 
 W. J. Craw 
 
 F. A. Genth 
 F. A. Genth 
 F. A. Genth 
 F. A. Genth 
 S. A. Lattimore 
 
 W. H. Taylor 
 W. H. Taylor 
 M. B. Hardin 
 W. Gilham 
 W. P. Tonry 
 W. P. Tonry 
 W. P. Tonry 
 
 37 
 
 37 
 37 
 37 
 37 
 
 47 
 
 47 
 48 
 
 49 
 49 
 
 53 
 58 
 59 
 59 
 59 
 59 
 59 
 
 Grains. 
 21 .69 
 
 9.68 
 6 .41 
 
 37 
 .32 a 
 
 i .60 
 
 21 . 2O 
 
 i-SS 
 6.58 
 
 55 
 29.99 
 
 .02 
 24.18 
 7.24 
 
 8.18 b 
 9.07 b 
 3-4 o 
 
 i << 
 Pennsylvania. 
 Cresson Iron Spring 
 
 Cresson Alum Spring 
 Kittannin^ Mineral Spring 
 
 Blossfourg Spring 
 
 Guylyck and Gaylord's Spring. . . 
 Virginia. 
 Bath Alum No 2 
 
 Cave Springs 
 
 Bedford Iron and Alum Springs . . 
 Bedford Iron and Alum Springs . . 
 Buffalo Lithia No i 
 
 Buffalo Lithia, No. 2 
 Buffalo Lithia No 4 
 
 
 a. Parts per 1000. 
 
 b. Grains per imperial gallon. 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 Ill 
 
 ALUMINIUM SULPHATE IN MINERAL SPRINGS Continued. 
 
 Name of Spring. 
 
 Analyst. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Aluminium 
 Sulphate 
 per Gallon. 
 
 Cold Sulphur Springs .... 
 
 
 59 
 60 
 
 62 
 62 
 62 
 62 
 62 
 62 
 
 63 
 64 
 64 
 64 
 64 
 
 65 
 65 
 65 
 65 
 65 
 65 
 65 
 65 
 
 66 
 66 
 66 
 
 66 
 67 
 67 
 68 
 68 
 68 
 
 72 
 73 
 
 83 
 
 83 
 83 
 
 83 
 
 Grains. 
 
 25 
 72.93 a 
 
 25-38 
 
 II . 20 
 
 6.88 
 81.05 
 26 . ii 
 27-85 
 21-59 
 03 
 .02 
 .06 
 
 31-25 
 42 .61 
 
 72.37 
 19 .00 
 II . 20 
 6.88 
 81 .05 
 26 . ii 
 27-85 
 
 16.68 a 
 16 .69 
 *7-95 
 
 38-41 
 15.22 b 
 
 34-43 
 72 . 10 
 137.889 c 
 *3-i8 
 
 .02 
 n-34 
 
 2.47 
 
 2.38 
 50 
 
 .66 
 
 Church Hill Alum Springs 
 Jordan Alum Springs alum 
 spring 
 
 J. C. Booth 
 
 W. E. K. Aiken 
 T. W. Mallet 
 J. W. Mallet 
 J. W. Mallet 
 J. W. Mallet 
 J. W. Mallet 
 J. L. Campbell 
 T. W. Mallet 
 T. W. Mallet 
 ). W. Mallet 
 M. B. Hardin 
 M. B. Hardin 
 M. B. Hardin 
 M. B. Hardin 
 J. W. Mallet 
 I. W. Mallet 
 J. W. Mallet 
 J. W. Mallet 
 J. W. Mallet 
 
 J. L. Campbell 
 D. K. Little 
 D. K. Little 
 
 D. K. Little 
 J. W. Mallet 
 W. Gilham 
 J. L. Campbell 
 C. F. Chandler 
 W. Gilham 
 
 W. B. Rogers 
 Breneman 
 
 W. J. Land 
 
 W. J. Land 
 W. J.Land 
 
 W. J. Land 
 
 Jordan Alum Springs No. 2 
 
 Tordari Alum Springs No 3 
 
 Jordan Alum Springs, No. 4 
 Jordan Alum Springs, No. 5 
 Jordan Alum Springs, No. 6 
 Pulaski Alum Spring 
 Orkney Healing Spring 
 Orkney Powder Sprin" 
 
 Orkney Bear Wallow Sprin^ . . 
 
 Rockbridge Alum Spring, No. i. . 
 Rockbridge Alum Spring, No. 2. . 
 Rockbridge Alum Spring, No. 4. . 
 Rockbridge Alum Spring, No. 4. . 
 Rockbridge Alum Spring, No. 5. . 
 Rockbridge Alum Spring, No. 6. . 
 Rockbrigde Alum Spring, No. 7. . 
 Rockbridge Alum Spring, No. 8. . 
 Rockbridge Alum Spring, No. 9. . 
 Stribling or Augusta Alum 
 Spring 
 
 Stribling or Augusta Alum 
 Sprin r No 4 
 
 Stribling or Augusta Alum 
 Spring No 5 . . 
 
 Stribling or Augusta Alum 
 Spring No 6 .... 
 
 Seven Springs, Abingdon 
 Variety Springs, Alum Spring. . . . 
 Wallawhatoola Alum Springs. . . . 
 Wallawhatoola Alum Springs. . . . 
 Yellow Sulphur Springs 
 
 West Virginia. 
 
 Greenbrier White Sulphur Springs 
 (name unknown) 
 Irondale Springs 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 Catoosa Spring, No. 9, "White 
 Sulphur \ . 
 Catoosa Spring, No. 10, "Buf- 
 falo" 
 
 Catoosa Spring, No. i, "All-heal- 
 ing" 
 
 Catoosa Spring, No. 2, "Red 
 Sweet" 
 
 a. Bisulphate. b. Parts per 100. 
 c. Also 4.201 grains potassium and aluminium sulphate and 3.867 grains sodium and 
 aluminium sulphate. 
 
112 
 
 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 ALUMINIUM SULPHATE IN MINERAL SPRINGS Continued. 
 
 Name of Spring. 
 
 Analyst. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Aluminium 
 Sulphate 
 per Gallon. 
 
 Catoosa Spring, No. 4, "Chaly- 
 beate" 
 
 W. J. Land 
 
 84 
 
 Grains. 
 .67 
 
 Catoosa Spring, No. 3, "Cos- 
 metic " 
 
 W. J Land 
 
 84 
 
 2 36 
 
 Catoosa Spring, No. 5, "Mag- 
 nesia " 
 
 W. J. Land 
 
 84 
 
 60 
 
 Catoosa Spring, No. 6, "Con- 
 ress " ... 
 
 W. J. Land 
 
 84 
 
 C2 
 
 Catoosa Spring, No. 7, "Alum". . 
 Catoosa Spring, No. 8, "Black 
 Sulphur" 
 Chalybeate Springs 
 
 Mississippi, 
 Cooper's Well 
 
 W. J. Land 
 
 W. J. Land 
 W. J. Land 
 
 84 
 
 84 
 
 84 
 
 I . 10 
 1.42 
 
 43 
 
 fi TO 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Raleigh's Mineral Springs, Box 
 Spring 
 Raleigh's Mineral Springs, Marble 
 Sorin cr 
 
 Enno Sander 
 
 97 
 I0 5 
 
 IOC 
 
 153 <* 
 
 .086 a 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Estill Springs, Black Sulphur 
 Spring 
 Kentucky Alum Springs 
 Hickman's Springs, No. i, Alum 
 Hickman's Springs, No. 2, Alum 
 Hickman's Springs, No. 6, 
 Sweet 
 
 R. Peter 
 L. D. Kastenbine 
 R. Peter 
 R. Peter 
 
 R Peter 
 
 in 
 114 
 114 
 114 
 
 .02 b 
 40.26 
 1 2 5 k 
 33 & 
 
 1C b 
 
 Louisville Artesian Well 
 Paroquet Springs . . 
 
 J. Lawrence Smith 
 
 IX 5 
 
 o5 " 
 I .80 C 
 
 Davis Mineral Well .... 
 
 E S Wavne 
 
 118 
 
 4y 
 Si 16 
 
 Arkansas. 
 Ravenden Sprin^ 
 
 Wright and 
 
 122 
 
 2.36 
 
 Texas. 
 
 Merrill 
 
 127 
 
 5.40^ 
 
 Sour Lake Mineral Spring, No. 7 
 Sour Lake Mineral Spring, No. 9 
 Weaver Well 
 
 F. W. Mallet 
 F. W. Mallet 
 J. K. Wright 
 
 128 
 128 
 128 
 
 45-52 
 31.28 
 23.24 
 
 Sour Springs, Caldwell County . . 
 Ohio. 
 
 Cuyahoga Lithia and Magnesia 
 Springs Bitter Water 
 
 H. H. Dinwiddie 
 
 128 
 17? 
 
 100.08 e 
 ci C . ci 
 
 Indiana. 
 French Lick Springs, Pluto's Well 
 
 E. T. Cox 
 
 138 
 
 5-9/ 
 
 a. Grams per 10,000. 
 
 b. Grains per 1000. 
 
 C. Also i. 2 1 grains aluminium chloride. 
 
 d. Including alumina. 
 
 e. Including potassium sulphate. 
 
 f. Grains per imperial gallon. 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 1 13 
 
 ALUMINIUM SULPHATE IN MINERAL SPRINGS Continued. 
 
 Name of Spring. 
 
 Analyst. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Aluminium 
 Sulphate 
 per Gallon. 
 
 Indian Spring 
 
 E T Cox 
 
 I 3O 
 
 Grains. 
 QO 
 
 Hosea Saline Sulphur Spring 
 West Baden Spring, No. i 
 
 Missouri. 
 Bratton Spring 
 
 E. T. Cox 
 E. T. Cox 
 
 P Schweitzer 
 
 J 39 
 141 
 
 168 
 
 11.67 a 
 
 5.41 a 
 
 r 2 AC b 
 
 Moresville Mineral Springs 
 Nevada. 
 Hot Springs at Hot Springs Sta- 
 tion 
 
 Wright and Merrill 
 T M Chatard 
 
 169 
 
 202 
 
 5.20 
 
 0063 c 
 
 California. 
 Thermal Acid Spring 
 
 O. Loew 
 
 210 
 
 127 .00 d 
 
 a. Grains per imperial gallon. 
 
 b. Tersulphate. 
 
 c. Grams per liter. 
 
 d. Persulphate, parts per 100,000. 
 
 The table following reports the occurrence of aluminium 
 phosphate in the mineral waters of the United States: 
 
 AMOUNT OF ALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE IN MINERAL WATERS 
 OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Name of Spring. 
 
 Analyst. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Aluminium 
 Phosphate 
 per Gallon. 
 
 Virginia. 
 Alleghany Springs 
 
 F. A. Genth 
 
 58 
 
 Grains. 
 .CK a 
 
 Bath Alum No 3 
 
 Hayes 
 
 58 
 
 3 , 
 3.156 
 
 Wolf Trap Lithia Springs 
 
 M. B. Hardin 
 
 68 
 
 .04 
 
 West Virginia. 
 Borland Mineral Well 
 
 T. G. Wormley 
 
 71 
 
 2 3 
 
 Hart Well 
 
 S. C. Wells 
 
 73 
 
 2 3 
 
 Michigan. 
 Midland Magnetic Well 
 
 S. P. Duffield 
 
 148 
 
 i .73 c 
 
 Wisconsin. 
 Sparta Mineral Magnetic Well. . . . 
 
 J. M. Hirsh 
 
 156 
 
 .06 c 
 
 a. Also aluminium silicate. Seep. 114. b. Also alumina. See p. 106. 
 
 c. Grains per imperial gallon. 
 
 Several authors report the occurrence of aluminium silicate. 
 Such data are summarized in the following table: 
 
U4 
 
 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 AMOUNT OF ALUMINIUM SILICATE IN MINERAL WATERS OF 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Name of Spring. 
 
 Analyst. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Aluminium 
 Silicates 
 per Gallon. 
 
 Virginia. 
 Allegheny Springs 
 
 F A Genth 
 
 s8 
 
 Grains. 
 2 1 a 
 
 Alabama. 
 Cullum's Ferruginous Spring. . . . 
 
 Abequin 
 
 3 
 02 
 
 3-2 2O 
 
 Illinois. 
 Perry Spring, No. 3, Lower 
 Sulphur .... 
 
 H. Engelman 
 
 144- 
 
 2 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 Also aluminium phosphate. Seep. 113. 
 
 In addition to the above it should be noted that an analysis 
 quoted by Dr. Peale (p. 133) reports in Cuyahoga Lithia and 
 Magnesia Springs, Lithia Well, Ohio, 17.67 aluminium chloride 
 (grains per gallon) . 
 
 Pettenkofer (Ann. Chem. Pharm., 77, p. 183; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1851, p. 653) in the Adelheid spring at Heilbrunn r 
 Bavaria, reports 0.1424 grain alumina per pound (7680 grains). 
 
 Philippi (Jahrb. Vereins Naturk. Nassau, Pt. 8, 1852, 
 p. 90; Pharm. Centbl., 1853, p. 12; Jahresb. Chem., 1852, 
 p. 753) notes a trace of alumina in Wiesbaden Faulbrunnen. 
 
 Phillips, J. A. (Chem. News, 27, p. 62; Proc. Roy. Soc. 
 London, 21, p. 132; Phil. Mag., 4th ser., 46, p. 26; Jahresb. 
 Chem., Naumann, 1873, p. 1243), reports in two analyses of a 
 saline spring at Camborne, Cornwall, 0.3456 and 0.3460 gram 
 alumina per liter. 
 
 Pistor, C. (Ber. Deut. Chem. Gesell., 17 (1884), p. 2894; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1884, p. 2033), reports 0.0450 gm. A1 2 O 3 per 
 1000 cc. in Romerbrunnen from Echzell in Wetterau. 
 
 Planta (Ann. Chem. Pharm., 115, p. 330; Chem. Centbl., 
 1860, p. 1010; Jahresb. Chem., 1860, p. 837) notes 0.00004 g^n. 
 aluminium phosphate per 1000 gms. in the medicinal spring 
 at Bormio, Italy. 
 
 Planta and Kekul6 (Ann. Chem. Pharm., 87, p. 364; Pharm. 
 Centbl., 1854, p- 59; Jahresb. Chem., 1853, p. 713) found in 
 sulphur- water from Serneus, Switzerland, Canton Graubiinden, 
 0.0012 part alumina per 1000 parts. 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 Planta and Kekule* (Ann. Chem. Pharm., 90, p. 316; Pharm. 
 Centbl., 1854, p. 642; Jour. Prakt. Chem., 63, p. 61; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1854, p. 763) examined the mineral waters of St. Moritz, 
 Canton Graubiinden, Switzerland, finding alumina as follows: 
 Large (old) spring 0.0003 an d Small (new) spring 0.0004 (pans 
 per 1000). 
 
 Planta-Reichenau, A. v. (Die Heilquellen von Alveneu, 
 Tiefenkasten, Solis in Graubiinden, etc., 1865; Ann. Chem. 
 Pharm., 136, p. 145; Jahresber. Chem. 1865, p. 935), notes 
 0.0047 part aluminium phosphate per 1000 parts in the sul- 
 phur spring at Alveneu and 0.0068 part in the Donatusquelle 
 in Albulathale. A trace of alumina is noted also in St. Peters- 
 quelle at Tiefenkasten. 
 
 Planta-Reichenau, A. v. (Ann. Chem. Pharm., 155, p. 161; 
 Chem. Centbl., 1870, p. 581; Amer. Chemist, 2d ser., i, p. 228; 
 Jahresb. Chem., Naumann, 1870, p. 1383), reports 0.0091 part 
 aluminium phosphate per 10,000 parts in the Ragaz-Pfaffers 
 thermal spring. 
 
 Planta-Reichenau, A. v. (Ber. Deut. Chem. Gesell. (1878), 
 p. 1793; Jahresb. Chem., 1 878, p. 1306; Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 
 1879, II, p. 126), reports 0.074, 0.068, and 0.013 part aluminium 
 phosphate per 10,000 parts in Natural Soda-water from Passug, 
 Iodine Donatus from Solis, and in St. Petersquelle from 
 Tiefenkasten, respectively. 
 
 Plumert, A. (Chem. Centbl., 1884, p. 423 (Ausz.); Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1884, p. 2037), reports 0.206 part aluminium sulphate 
 per 10,000 parts in the thermal sulphur-spring water from Tsche- 
 hirghe, and 0.918 part aluminium sulphate per 10,000 parts in 
 similar water from Bad Jeni-Kaplidja, both in Anatolia. 
 
 Poggiale and Lambert (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 
 54, p. 1062; Jour. Pharm., 41, p. 337; Instit., 1862, p. 172; 
 Rp. Chim. Applique'e, 4, p. 214; Jahresb. Chem., 1862, p. 817) 
 report o.ooi gm. A1 2 O 3 per 1000 gms. in warm water from an 
 artesian well at Passy, France. 
 
 Pohl, J. J. (Wien. Acad. Ber., 15, p. 303; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1855, p. 842), found traces of alumina in a spring- water from 
 Vienna (Josef stadt). 
 
 Poleck, T. (Jour. Prakt. Chem., 52, p. 353; Pharm. Centbl., 
 .1851, p. 540; Jahresb. Chem., 1851, p. 654), notes 0.00960 grain 
 
1 1 6 A L V 'MINIUM IN NA T URA L WA TERS. 
 
 aluminium phosphate per pound (7680 grains) in mineral water 
 from Nieder-Langenau, and also reports an analysis by Duflos 
 of the same water in which the occurrence of a trace of alu- 
 minium phosphate is noted. 
 
 Poleck, T. (Ber. Deut. Chem. Gesellsch., 1879, P- 1902; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1879, p. 1263), reports 0.0087 m - A1 2 P 2 O 8 per 
 10,000 cc. in the Oberbrunnen at Flinsberg, Silesia. 
 
 Poleck, T. (Kronenquelle zu Salzbrunn, Breslau, 1882; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1884, p. 2034), notes 0.00047 A1 2 O 3 and 0.00036 
 part A1 2 P 2 O 8 per 1000 parts in the Kronenquelle at Salzbrunn. 
 
 Poumarede (Rev. Sci. Ind., 38, p. 21; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1850, p. 627) reports 0.028 gm. alumina per 1000 cc. in mineral 
 water from Vilaine-Saint-Aubin, Dept. Loiret. 
 
 Power, F. B. (Jour. Prakt. Chem., 2d ser., 19, p. 223; Jour. 
 Chem. Soc. London, 36 (1879), II, p. 698), notes 0.0019 A1 2 3 
 part per 10,000 parts in mineral water of Rosheim, Alsace. 
 
 Pozziale (Jour. Pharm., 3d ser., 24, p, 277; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1853, p. 716) notes 0.006 gm. alumina per 1000 gm. in mineral 
 water from Orezza in Corsica. 
 
 Pozziale (Jour. Chim. Med., 3d ser., 9, p. 81; Jour. Pharm., 
 3d ser., 23, p. 114; Jahresb. Chem., 1853, p. 718) found 0.0150 
 and o.o 1 8 part alumina per 1000 parts in Bullicame sulphur- 
 water and the iron-water, respectively, from Viterbo. 
 
 Pribram, R. (Chem. Untersuchung der Arsenquelle zu 
 Dorna-Sara Czernowitz; Jahresb. Chem., 1885, p. 2318), notes 
 0.00112 part A1 2 O 3 per 1000 in the Roumanian arsenic spring 
 at Dorna-Sara. 
 
 v. Radziszewski (Arch. Pharm., 3d ser., 13 (1878), p. 459; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1879, p. 1265) notes a trace of aluminium in 
 Carlsquelle and Ameliaquelle water from Iwoniez, Austria- 
 Hungary. 
 
 Rasenack, P. (Arbt. K. Gsndhtsamt., 5, p. 370; Chem. 
 Centbl., 1889, II, p. 166; Jahresb. Chem., 1889, p. 2632), 
 notes a trace of aluminium in mineral water from the neighbor- 
 hood of Bimbia, Africa. 
 
 Reade, T. M. (Silliman's Amer. Jour., 3d ser., 29, p. 290; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1885, p. 2315), reports analysis of river-water. 
 Mississippi water contained 3.13 parts A1 2 O 3 per 100,000 (1.753 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 1 17 
 
 grains per gallon) ; Amazon River water, 0.38 part A1 2 O 3 
 (with Fe 2 O 3 ) per 100,000. 
 
 Reibenschuh, A. F. (Wiener. Akad. Ber., 62, 2. Abt., 
 p. 786; Jahresb. Chem., Naumann, 1870, p. 1385), notes 
 in water from the Johannis spring which is near Stainz in 
 Steiermark 0.0269 P art aluminium phosphate per 10,000 
 parts. 
 
 Reibenschuh, A. F. (Mitt. Ver. Steiermark, 30 (1894), p. 
 358; Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 70 (1896), II, p. 435), in 
 water from the Radein (Styria) Sauerbrunnen found 0.0092 
 part A1 2 O 3 per 10,000 parts. 
 
 Reibenschuh, A. F. (Mitt. Ver. Steiermark, 29 (1893), p. 262; 
 Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 70 (1896), II, p. 435), notes 0.05371 
 part A1 2 O 3 per 10,000 parts in water from the Semlitsch spring 
 at Radein. 
 
 Reibenschuh, A. F. (Mitt. Ver. Steiermark, 34 (1898), p. 
 177; Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 76 (1899), II, p. 308), notes 
 in water from the Neubrunnen at Radein, Styria, 0.10191 gm. 
 A1 2 O 3 per 10,000 gms. 
 
 Reichardt, E. (Arch. Pharm., 3d ser., 2 (1873), p. 124; 
 Jahresb. Chem., Naumann, 1873, p. 1237), reports in Neue 
 Stahlquelle from Lobenstein, Agnesquelle from Lobenstein, and 
 spring-water from Steben, respectively, 0.00397, 0.00122, and 
 0.00386 part alumina per 1000 parts. 
 
 Reichardt, E. (Arch. Pharm., 3d ser., 16 (1880), p. 208; 
 Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 40 (1881), p. 29), in the water of 
 the Grossliider mineral spring at Salzschlirf reports 0.0045 S 111 - 
 A1 2 O 3 per 1000 gms. 
 
 Reiner, M. (Wien. Akad. Ber., 56, 2. Abt., p. 456; Wiener 
 Akad. Anz., 1867, p. 178; Jour. Prakt. Chem., 102, p. 58; 
 Chem. Centbl., 1868, p. 384; Inst., 1868, p. 30; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1867, p. 1038), reports 0.088 part aluminium phosphate per 
 10,000 parts in the Wiener-Neustadt Sauerbrunn. 
 
 Reinsch (Jahrb. Prakt. Pharm., 21, pt. 3; Arch. Pharm., 
 2d ser., 67 (1851), p. 47; Jahresb. Chem., 1851, p. 666) notes 
 0.009457 gm. aluminium chloride per 1000 cc. in mineral water 
 from Sulz (Alsace). 
 
 Riggs, R. B. (U. S. Geol. Survey Bui. 42, p. 147), reports 
 analysis of two springs one mile from Farm well Station, Lou- 
 
1 1 8 AL U MINIUM IN NA TURAL IV A TERS. 
 
 doun County, Virginia. Spring A contained 0.0070 and 
 Spring B, 0.0105 g m - A1 2 O 3 per liter. 
 
 Riggs, R. B. (U. S. Geol. Survey Bui. 42, p. 148), in water 
 from Beck's Hot Springs, near Salt Lake City, Utah, reports 
 0.0090 gm. A1 2 O 3 per liter. 
 
 Riggs, R. B. (U. S. Geol. Survey Bui. 55, p. 91), in artesian- 
 well water from Albany, Georgia, and Fitzpatrick, Alabama, 
 reports 181.0 and 271.0 parts total solids per million, i.o and 2.4 
 being A1 2 O 3 . In similar wells at Smithville, Americus, and 
 Montezuma, Ga., he reports traces of A1 2 O 3 . 
 
 Rivier and Fellenberg (Arch. Phil. Natur., 21, p. 59; Jah- 
 resb. Chem., 1853, p. 714) note a trace of alumina in mineral 
 water from Saxon (Canton Wallis), Switzerland. It is stated 
 that Morin (Arch. Phil. Nat., 22, p. 52; Jour. Pharm., 3d ser., 
 23, p. 188; Jour. Prakt. Chem., 58, p. 483; Pharm. Centbl., 
 l8 53> P- 3 2 55 Jahresb. Chem., 1853, p. 714) found 0.0005 P art 
 alumina per 1000 parts in the same water. Heidepriem and 
 Poselger (Jour. Prakt. Chem., 58, p. 473; Pharm. Centbl., 1853, 
 p. 324; Jahresb. Chem., 1853, p. 714) also note a trace of 
 alumina in this water, as did Braun in two analyses reported by 
 Rivier and Fellenberg (Jour. Prakt. Chem., 59, p. 303; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1853, p. 715). 
 
 Robinson, A. E., and C. F. Mabery (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc. 
 18 (1896), p. 915; Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 72 (1897), II, p. 
 510), report in bittern water from a boring 2667 feet deep at 
 Conneautsville, Crawford County, Pennsylvania, 31.1 parts 
 A1C1 3 per 100,000. 
 
 Roux (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 73, p. 910; Jour. 
 Chem. Soc. London, 24 (1871), p. n8i) 2 reports 0.00720 gm. 
 aluminium silicate per liter in the water of an artesian well 
 at Rochefort. 
 
 Rupp, G. (Ztschr. Ang. Chem., 1891, p. 448; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1891, p. 2618), in a steel spring at Bad Griesbach found 0.003 
 gm. alumina per 1000 cc. 
 
 Russell, I. C. (U. S. Geol. Survey Bui. 108, p. 93,, notes 
 that T. M. Chatard found in Owens Lake (California) 0.023 
 part A1 2 O 3 per 1000 parts. 
 
 Russell, I. C. (U. S. Geol. Survey Bui. 52, p. 38), quotes an 
 analysis of James River, Va., water reported by W. H. Taylor 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. IIQ 
 
 (An. Rpt., Richmond (Va.) Board of Health, 1876). The 
 .account of AL,O 3 noted is 0.00041 part per 1000 parts. 
 
 Russell, I. C. (U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. n, Tables, p. 176), 
 quotes a number of analyses of American rivers, inclosed lakes 
 and springs. Some of these have been noted already from 
 other publications. Others follow, the values given in every 
 case representing parts per 1000. Hydrant (river) water 
 from Los Angeles, California, according to W. J. Jones (Rpt. 
 Cal. State Board Health, 1878) contains 0.00171 part A1 2 O 3 and 
 hydrant (river) water from Sacramento, California, 0.00120 part 
 A1 2 O 3 . E. R. Horsford (Geol. of New Jersey, 1868, p. 703) notes 
 0.01342 part A1 2 O 3 in Pasaic River water taken four miles above 
 Newark. T. M. Chatard reports 0.0013 A1 2 O 3 in Humboldt 
 River water taken at Battle Mountain, Nevada (see also Mon. 
 n, p. 41). 
 
 Of the analyses of American springs,, two, which should be 
 noted, contained alumina. These are the following: artesian 
 well, "Glacier Spouting Spring," Saratoga, N. Y., analyzed 
 by F. A. Cairns and C. F. Chandler (Amer. Chemist, 1872, 
 Nov., p. 164), containing 0.00770 part A1 2 O 3 , and artesian 
 well, Sheboygan, Wis., analyzed by C. F. Chandler (Amer. 
 Chemist, 1876, p. 370), containing 0.0022 part per 1000 parts 
 in both cases. 
 
 Russell states also that O. Loew (Ann. Rpt. Chief En- 
 gineers, 1876, Appendix JJ, p. 410) reports an analysis of 
 the water of Owens Lake, California, noting a trace of alu- 
 minium. 
 
 According to data quoted by Russell (loc. cit.) Terreil 
 (Larted, Geological Explorations of Dead Sea, p. 278) found 
 that the Dead Sea water contains traces of alumina. 
 
 Say, M. (Wien. Acad. Ber., 13, pp. 298 and 457; Pharm. 
 Centbl., 1854, p. 923; Jahresb. Chem , 1854, p. 771), reports 
 (grams per 1000 gms.) in Hildegarde spring-water from Of en 
 0.047, and in mineral water from Lippa 0.0157, both towns 
 in Hungary. 
 
 Scherer (Ann. Chem. Pharm., 99, p. 257; Vierteljahressch. 
 Prakt. Pharm., 6, p. 81; Jour. Prakt. Chem., 70, p. 151; Chem. 
 Centbl., 1856, p. 810; Jahresb. Chem., 1856, p. 767) found 
 c.0002 gm. alumina per 1000 cc. in Wernarzer mineral water, 
 
120 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 and a trace in the sweet potable water near the Sinnberger- 
 quelle, both waters from Bruckenau, Germany. 
 
 Scherer (Neue. Jahrb. Pharm., 7, p. 309; Tahresb. Chem. 
 1857, p. 721) notes a trace of alumina in the saline water from 
 Philippsquelle at Orb, Germany. 
 
 Scherfel, A. (Ungar. Naturw. Ber., i, p. 195; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1886, p. 2321), notes 0.002349 part A1P0 4 and 0.019317 
 part A1 2 O 3 per 1000 parts in water from a spring at Kirchdrauf 
 in der Zips, Szepesvaralja, Hungary. 
 
 Scherfel, A. (Ungar. Naturw. Ber., i, p. 230; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1886, p. 2322), notes 0.014722 part A1PO 4 and 0.017778 
 part Al 2 O 3 per 10,000 parts in mineral water from Czemete near 
 Eperies, Hungary. 
 
 Schmidt, C. (Arch. Naturk. Liv. Esth. Kurlands., ist ser., 
 i, p. 293; Jahresb. Chem., 1854, p. 771), notes a trace of alumina 
 in the bored saline-spring water from Staraja-Russa, Russia. 
 
 Schmidt, C. (Melanges Phys. et. Chim. tirees Bui. Akad. 
 Imp. Sci. St. Petersburg 7, p. 427; Petersburg Acad. Bui. 12, 
 p. i; Jahresb. Chem., 1867, p. 1042), notes 0.021 part alu- 
 mina per 10,000 parts in iron water from Stolypin, Russia. 
 Alumina was not noted in the deposit from the water. 
 
 Schneider, F. C. (Wiener. Akad. Ber., 2. Abt., 69, p. 55; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1874, p. 1330), reports o.oio, 0.006, 0.015, 
 and o.on part alumina per 10,000 parts, respectively, in four 
 St. Helena thermal springs at Battaglia, Italy. 
 
 Schrockinger (Verhandl. Geol. Reichsans., 1878, p. 89; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1878, p. 1301), reports 0.0044 part aluminium 
 phosphate per 10,000 parts in water from a bored well 127 
 meters deep, near Briix, Bohemia. The analysis was made by 
 Gintl. 
 
 Schoeller, R. (Ber. Deut. Chem. Gesellsch., 20 (1887), p. 
 1784; Jahresb. Chem., 1887, p. 2537), reports analyses of 
 streams affecting the Rio de la Plata water. That designated 
 Uruguay water contained 0.0018 gm. alumina per 1000 gm. 
 
 Schwarz, E. (Wiener Akad. Ber., 55, 2. Abt., p. 35; Wiener 
 Akad. Anz., 1867, p. 7; Chem. Centbl., 1867, p. 558, Inst., 
 1867, p. 151; Jahresb. Chem., 1867, p. 1037), notes 0.007 part 
 aluminium phosphate per 10,000 parts in mineral water from 
 Modling near Vienna. 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 121 
 
 Schweissinger (Chem. Centbl., 1890, I, p. 875; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1890, p. 2662) notes a trace of alumina in the Bad 
 Marienborn iron-sulphur water. 
 
 Shepard, C. U. (Silliman's Amer Jour., 26. ser., 47, p. 357; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1869, p. 1293), reports 0.0000093 P ar t calcium, 
 iron, and aluminium phosphate per 100 parts in artesian water 
 from Charleston, South Carolina. 
 
 Siegmund, H., and P. Juhasz (Wiener Akad. Ber., 54, 
 2. Abt., p. 216; Wiener Akad. Anz., 1866, p. 162; Inst., 1866, 
 p. 400; Jahresb. Chem., 1866, p. 996) found 0.002 part alumi- 
 nium phosphate per 10,000 parts in the Voslau mineral 
 water. 
 
 Simmler, T. (Jour. Prakt. Chem., 71, p. i; Chem. Centbl., 
 1857, p. 498; Jahresb. Chem., 1857, p. 723), found 0.0046 gm. 
 alumina with phosphoric acid per 1000 gm. in sulphur-water 
 from Stachelberg, Canton Glarus, Switzerland. 
 
 Smith (Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 15 (1862), p. 57; Jour. 
 Prakt. Chem., 89, p. 186; Chem. News, 5, p. 96; Rep. Chim. 
 Appliquee, 4, p. 216; Jahresb. Chem., 1862, p. 822) found in 
 the water of the Te Tarata hot spring on the coast of 
 Rotomahana, north New Zealand, 0.32 grain alumina per 
 gallon. 
 
 Smith (Jour. Prakt. Chem., 89 (1863), p. 186; U. S. Geol. 
 Survey Rpt. 9, p. 655) notes 0.005 m - alumina per kilogram 
 in White Terrace Geyser water from New Zealand. 
 
 Smith, L. (Silliman's Amer. Jour., 2d ser., 12, p. 10; Jah- 
 resb. Chem., 1851, p. 668), reports aluminium sulphate in 
 mineral water from Brusa (Asia Minor) as follows: Kukurtlu 
 0.0043 and Bademli Baghtsche 0.0020 gm. per 1000 cc., and 
 Gueuzayasma a trace. He reports further (Silliman's Amer. 
 Jour., 2d ser., 12, p. 366; Jour. Prakt. Chem., 55, p. no; Jah- 
 resb. Chem., 1851, p. 668) a trace of aluminium sulphate in the 
 Yalova hot spring, and 0.0221 gm. aluminium sulphate per 
 1000 cc. in the Touzla Spring water. 
 
 Smoot, L. E. (Amer. Chem. Jour., 19 (1897), p. 234; 
 Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 72 (1897), II, p. 329), notes 0.891 
 gm. A1 2 O 3 per liter in an alum-water from Lee County, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Soubeiran, E. (Jour. Pharm., 3d ser., 32, p. 19; Jahresb. 
 
122 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 Chem., 1857, p. 726), found 0.054 gm. alumina and silica per 
 1000 cc. in Vic-sur-Cere mineral water, Cantal, France. 
 
 Spath, E. (Chem. Centbl., 1889, II, p. 896; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1889, p. 2636), notes traces of A1/) 3 ,P 2 O 5 in Temple and Wiesen 
 Spring water from Bad Steben at Oberfranken. 
 
 Spengler quotes F. Mohr's analysis of the Felsenquelle of 
 Ems (Arch. Balneologie, 3 (1864), p. 136; Viertelj. Prakt. 
 Pharm., 14, p. 234; Chem. Centbl., 1865, p. 608; Jahresber. 
 Chem., 1865, p. 931). A pound (7680 grains) contained 0.0960 
 grain alumina. 
 
 Spica, P. (Gaz. Chim. Ital., 12 (1882), p. 555; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1882, p. 1623), noted traces of A1 2 O 3 in two samples 
 of water from Lake Derkol near Constantinople. 
 
 Spica, P. (Gaz. Chim. Ital., 22 (1892), I, p. 354; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1892, p. 2686), notes 0.001999 gm. aluminium phosphate 
 per 1000 cc. in mineral water from Burge Malo. 
 
 Spurr, J. E. (U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 31, p. 212), quotes 
 an analysis by C. F. Chandler of water from Yampa Spring, 
 Glenwood Springs, Colorado. This contained a trace of alumina. 
 
 Stackmann, A. (Russ. Ztschr. Pharm., 24, pp. 129, 145, 161, 
 209, 225, 273, 289, 321, 337; Jahresb. Chem., 1885, p. 2319), 
 reports analyses of mineral water from Psekoup or Gorjatschy 
 Kljutsch. Data are quoted for (i) Alexanderquelle, (2) Olga- 
 quelle, (3) Marienquelle, (4) Karmalinquelle, (5) Michail- 
 quelle, (6) Kamenewquelle, (7) Sudliche Drainagequelle, (8) 
 spring without particular name, and (9) mixture of above 
 eight waters. These contained respectively o.ooio, 0.0005 
 0.0005, 0.0005, 0.0007, 0.0009, o.ooio, 0.0005, an d 0.0012 
 A1 2 O 3 (presumably grams per 1000 cc.). The author also 
 reports 0.0050 gm. A1 2 O 3 per 1000 cc. in a sulphur spring 
 and 0.0390 gm. A1 2 O 3 per 1000 cc. in a saline spring analyzed 
 by him. 
 
 Steiger, G. (U. S. Geol. Survey Bui. 113, p. 113), in water 
 from American Carlsbad Spring, Nashville, Illinois, found 3.60 
 parts A1 2 O 3 per 1,000,000. 
 
 Stein, W. (Schmidt's Jahrb Ges. Med.. 70. p 142; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1851, p. 654), notes traces of alumina in the medicinal 
 waters of Elster. Saxony, as follows: Gasquelle, Salzquelle or 
 Augenquelle, and Trinkquelle or Stahlbrunnen. 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 123 
 
 Steinbrtick (Arch. Pharm., 2d ser., 145 (1871), p. 97; Jah- 
 resb. Chem., 1871, p. 1228) reports 0.0212 and 0.0134 gm. A1 2 O 3 
 per liter in two springs at Neuragoczi near Halle. 
 
 Stieren, E. (Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Pharm., 10, p. 365; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1861, p. 1112), notes 0.040830 part alumina 
 per 1000 parts in artesian water from Peterson's saline water, 
 Tarentum, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Strecker, A. and H. (Chem. Lab. Univ. Christiana, 1854, 
 p. 67, Ann. Chem. Pharm., 95, p. 177; Jahresb. Chem., 1854, 
 p. 770), in the sulphur-water of Sandefjord found 0.0068 part 
 alumina per 1000 parts, and 0.0033 parts in near-by sea- 
 water. 
 
 Streit, S., and W. Holecek (Wiener Akad. Ber:, 53, 2. Abt., 
 p. 371; Jahresb. Chem., 1866, p. 995) note 0.021 and 0.0067 
 part aluminium phosphate per 10,000 parts, respectively, in 
 Toplitz and Someraubad mineral water from Mahren. 
 
 Thresh, j. C. (Chem. News, 46, p. 226; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1882, p. 1635), found 10.416 gms. A1 2 S 3 O 12 and 0.065 g m - 
 A1PO 4 per 10,000 cc. in the Orchard Alum Spring water, 
 England. 
 
 Thresh, J. C. (Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 41 (1882), p. 117), 
 in Buxton thermal water reports 0.000683 Al 2 O 3 .Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 
 per 10,000 gms. He notes that in 1852 Playfair reported 
 0.034 part Al 2 O 3 .Fe 2 O 3 per 10,000 parts in the same water. 
 
 Thorner, W. (Repert. Analyt. Chem., 3, p. 22; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1883, p. 1944), reports in a bored well (Soolquelle) at 
 Melle, Germany, 0.000102 part A1 2 O 3 per 1000 parts. 
 
 Thorner, W. (Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 1889, p. 309; Jahresb. 
 Chem.. 1889, p. 2631), reports 0.0020 gm. alumina per 1000 
 cc. in water from the Germania Spring at Schwalheim, 
 Germany. 
 
 Thorner, W. (Chem. Ztg., 17, p. 1411; Jour. Chem. Soc. 
 London, 66 (1894), II, p. 195), reports A1 2 O 3 as follows in 
 some German mineral-spring waters: Stahl 0.0132, Angelika 
 at Tonnisstein 0.0056, Wilhelms 0.0679, New Spring at 
 Melle 0.0045, an d Sulphur Spring at Levern 0.0020 gm. per 
 liter. 
 
 Thorpe, T. E. (Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 65 (1894), p. 772), 
 reported analyses of a number of mineral waters from Chelten- 
 
124 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 ham, England. The Chadnor Villa well contained 0.00015 
 part aluminium phosphate per 1000 parts, and the Lansdowne 
 well and the Pittville wells, Nos. i, 2, and 3, each traces. 
 
 Tissandier, G. (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 80, p. 58; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1875, P- I28 4), reports a trace of A1 2 O 3 in 
 melted snow collected in Paris and in the country. 
 
 Tournaire (Ann. Minn., 5th ser., 17, p. 65; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1860, p. 841), reported 0.165 m - Al 2 O 3 .SiO 2 in mineral water 
 from Roddes (France), near Ambert. 
 
 Tournaire (Ann. Minn., 5th ser., 17, p. 66; Jahresb. Chem., 
 1860, p. 841) found 0.055 g m - Al 2 O 3 .Si0 3 per 1000 cc. in a 
 mineral water from Ceyssat, Dept. Puy-de-D6me, France. 
 
 Treadwell, F. P. (Arch. Pharm., 231 (1893), p. 579; Jour. 
 Chem. Soc. London, 66 (1894), II, p. 323), in the upper spring of 
 Gyrenbad, Canton Zurich, found 0.000200 part A1PO 4 per 10,000 
 parts. 
 
 Trillion, H. (Chem. Ztg. II. Rept., p. 211; Chem. Centbl., 
 1887, p. 1239; Jahresb. Chem., 1887, p. 2534), notes 0.00109 
 gm. aluminium phosphate per 1000 gms. in the sulphur-water 
 of Bad Wemding at Ries. 
 
 Trillich, H. (Chemische Analyse des Hauptbrunnens zu 
 Munster a. Stein, Munich; Chem. Centbl., 1889, II, p. 896; 
 Ausz.; Jahresb. Chem., 1889, p. 2631), notes 0.00168 part A1 2 O 3 
 per 1000 parts in water from the Hauptbrunnen at Munster, 
 Germany. 
 
 Tschermak (Jahrb. K. K. Geol. Reichsanstalt, 1858, p. 297; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1858, p. 796) found 0.0092 part aluminium 
 phosphate per 1000 parts in mineral water from Kondran near 
 Regensburg, Germany. 
 
 Tschermak, T. (Min. Petr. Mitth., 2d ser., 3, p. 315; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1880, p. 1528), quotes analyses made by 
 P. Schnell and Stenner in 1855 of water from an iron spring 
 at Slanik, Roumania. This contained o.o^ gm. A1 2 O 3 per 
 10,000 gms. 
 
 Turner, T. (Chem. News, 49, p. 186; Jahresb. Chem., 1884, 
 p. 2036), reports 0.0740 gm. A1 2 O 3 (with some Fe 2 O 3 ) per 1000 
 cc. in water from the salt wells of Dudley, England. 
 
 Valentiner, W. (Jour. Prakt. Chem., 99, p. 91; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1866, p. 994), in Oberbrunnen and Miihlbrunnen 
 
ALUMINIUM IN N 'A 7 'URAL WATERS. 12$ 
 
 mineral waters from Ober-Salzbrunn reports per 1000 parts, 
 0.005 an d 0.0003 P ar t aluminium with phosphoric acid, 
 respectively. 
 
 Vierthaler, A. (Wiener Akad. Ber., 56, 2. Abt., p. 463; 
 Wiener Akad. Anz., 1867, p. 220; Jour. Pharm. Chem., 102, 
 p. 381; Jahrb. Chem., 1867, p. 1040), reports traces of alu- 
 mina in the Cattani No. 2 and San Francesco springs of 
 Spalato. 
 
 Vohl, H. (Dingler's Polytech. Jour., 199, p. 311; Chem. 
 Centbl., 1871, p. 269; Arch. Pharm., 2d ser., 146 (1871), 
 p. 199; Jahresber. Chem., 1871, p. 1223), reports 0.0008 gm. 
 Al 2 O 3 per 10,000 cc. in one sample and o.oio gm. in five samples 
 of Rhine water taken under different circumstances near 
 Cologne. 
 
 Vohl, H. (Ber. Deut. Chem. Gesellsch., 1875, P- 611; Arch. 
 Pharm., 3d ser., 7, p. 134 (see under R. Bender); Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1875, p. 1290), notes 0.0556 gm. alumina per 10,000 
 cc. in Birresborn mineral water. 
 
 Vohl, H. (Ber. Deut. Chem. Gesellsch., 1876, p. 20; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1876, p. 1298), reports 0.3925 gm. alumina per 10,000 
 cc. in Birresborn mineral water taken after the spring had 
 been cleaned. 
 
 Vohl, H. (Ber. Deut. Chem. Gesellsch., n (1878), pp. 605, 
 877: Jahresb. Chem., 1878, p. 1299; Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 
 34 (1878), II, p. 714), notes in Gerolsteiner Schlossbrunnen, 
 located near Pelm, Germany, 0.0002 part A1 2 O 3 per 1000 parts, 
 and in Birresborn spring-water from the same locality traces 
 of alumina. 
 
 Vohl, H. (Ber. Deut. Chem. Gesell., n (1878), p. 1678; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1878, p. 1304), reports 0.3067 part A1 2 O 3 per 
 10,000 parts in Ofener Rakoczy Bitterwasser. He quotes C. R. C. 
 Tichborn's analysis, which gave 0.27 part A1 2 O 3 per 10,000 
 parts, and J. Molnar's, which gave 0.4840 part A1 2 O 3 per 
 10,000 parts. The water varies in composition at different 
 seasons, etc. 
 
 von der Marck, W. (Arch. Pharm., 2d ser., 102 (1860), p. i; 
 Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Pharm., 9, p. 161; Chem. Centbl., 
 1860, p 485; Ztschr. Chem. Pharm., 1860, p. 170; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1860, p. 831), reports 0.00676 gm. alumina per 1000 
 
126 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS 
 
 in the Stahlbrunnen, one of the Hermannsborn mineral springs 
 near Pombsen, Germany. 
 
 Wait, F. G. (Rpt. Section of Chem. and Mineral., Geol. 
 Survey Canada, 1898, p. 48 R), reports 0.345 part alumina 
 per 1000 in the filtered water from Lake Goodenough, a soda 
 lake in British Columbia. It was calculated that this repre- 
 sented 0.825 part aluminium phosphate or 64.016 grains per 
 imperial gallon. 
 
 Wait (Geol. Survey Canada, Chem. Contributions, 1892-93, 
 p. 78 R) notes 0.0002 part alumina with a little ferrous oxide 
 per 1000 parts in water from a bored well 1943 feet deep near 
 Deloraine, Manitoba. 
 
 Wallace (Analyst, 1880, p. 79; Jahresb. Chem., 1880, 
 p. 1535) notes 8.0 parts A1 2 O 3 per 1,000,000 in an English 
 artesian water. 
 
 Wallace (Rept. British Assoc., 1862, Notices and Abstracts, 
 p. 94; Jahresb. Chem., 1862, p. 818) found alumina and phos- 
 phate as follows: Loch Katrine water (thirty-five miles from 
 Glasgow) o.io, and the same water at Glasgow 0.16 grain per 
 gallon. 
 
 Walton, G. E., in his volume on mineral waters of this 
 country and Canada (The Mineral Springs of the United 
 States and Canada, New York, 1883) quotes a number of 
 analyses in which alumina was reported. Such data (unless 
 noted from other sources) are included in the table on the 
 next page. 
 
 Walz, G. F. (Neue. Jahrb. Pharm., 6, p. 265; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1856, p. 769), found o.ooio gm. alumina per 1000 gm. 
 in sulphur-spring water from Weisloch, Baden, the sample 
 being taken at the spring-house. In a sample taken after 
 flowing one-eighth mile through a pipe the water contained 
 0.0009 gm. alumina per 1000 gms. 
 
 Wandesleben (Neue Jahrb. Pharm., 3, p. 123; Pharm. 
 Centbl., 18^5, p. 361; Jahresb. Chem., 1855, p. 840) notes 
 0.0013 gm. alumina per 1000 gms. in Oestringer sulphur-water 
 from Langenbriicken, Baden. 
 
 Weed, W. H., and L. V. Pirsson (U. S. Geol. Survey Bui. 
 139, p. 150) quote an analysis of White Sulphur Springs, 
 Montana, which records a trace of alumina. 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 12/ 
 
 MINERAL WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA. 
 
 Spring. 
 
 Analyst. 
 
 Page. 
 
 A1 2 O 3 
 per Pint. 
 
 Aluminium 
 Sulphate 
 per Pint. 
 
 California Seltzers Spring 
 Versailles, 111., Curry Spring. . . 
 Caledonia, Ontario, Gas Spring 
 Caledonia, Ontario, Saline 
 Sorinsf 
 
 H. G. Hanks 
 J. V. Z. Blaney 
 T. Sterry Hunt 
 
 T Sterry Hunt 
 
 I 4 8 
 149 
 164 
 
 164 
 
 Grains. 
 
 75 
 .091 a 
 .032 
 
 trace 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Caledonia, Ontario, Inter- 
 mittent Spring 
 
 T. Sterry Hunt 
 
 164 
 
 trace 
 
 
 Caledonia, Ontario, sulphur- 
 water 
 
 T. Sterry Hunt 
 
 183 
 
 019 
 
 
 Big Bone Kentucky springs . . . 
 Berkshire, Mass., Soda spring. 
 Caxton, Quebec, spring 
 Slaters ville, N. Y., spring 
 Excelsior Mo springs 
 
 T.' Sterry 'Hunt 
 B. Hitchcock 
 
 193 
 
 335 
 3 8 9 
 399 
 418 
 
 " b" 
 .036 
 
 h> 
 b 
 
 b 
 
 South Park, Col., spring 
 
 G. E. Patrick 
 
 450 
 
 .047 
 
 
 a. With trace of iron. 
 
 b. Qualitative analysis amount not stated. 
 
 Weidel, H., and G. Goldschmiedt (Wiener Acad. Ber., 2. 
 Abt., 74, p. 391; Jahresb. Chem., 1877, p. 1386) report 0.0063 
 part A1 2 O 3 per 10,000 parts in O Tura Sauerling water from 
 Hungary. 
 
 Wertheim, T. (Wiener Acad. Ber., 42, p. 479; Rep. Chim. 
 pure, 3, p. 131; Jahresb. Chem., 1860, p. 836) notes 0.02899 
 part alumina per 10,000 parts in Franz- Joseph-Bad water 
 from Tiiffer, Austria. 
 
 Weselsky, P., and A. Bauer (Wiener Acad. Ber., 29, p. 585; 
 Chem. Centbl., 1858, p. 652; Jahresb. Chem., 1858, p. 797) 
 note 0.00227 part alumina (with phosphoric acid?) per 1000 
 parts in water from the Konig Ferdinand Eisenbad, Weidritz- 
 thal near Presburg, Hungary. 
 
 Wiggers (Bal. Ztg. i, p. 4; Pharm. Centbl., 1854, p. 934; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1854, p. 762) notes that a potable water from 
 a spring at Hofgeismar, Hesse-Nassau, Germany, contained a 
 trace of alumina too small to weigh. 
 
 Wiggers (Arch. Pharm., 2d ser., 102, p. 215; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1860, p. 832) found 0.001920 grain alumina per 
 pound ( = 7680 grains) in the Driburg, Germany, mineral 
 water. 
 
128 ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 Wildenstein, R. (Jour. Prakt. Chem., 85, p. 100; Chem. 
 CentbL, 1862, p. 200; Jahresb. Chem., 1862, p. 810), notes 
 0.00180 part aluminium phosphate per 10,000 parts in water 
 from a hot mineral spring a Burtscheid, Germany. 
 
 Will (Ann. Chem. Pharm., 61, p. 181; Pharm. CentbL, 
 1847, p. 507; Jahresb. Chem., 1847-48, p. 1002) eports in 
 water from Rippoldsau as follows: Josephsquelle 0.0953, 
 Wenzelsquelle 0.0840, and Leopoldsquelle 0.0822 gm. alu- 
 mina per 10,000 gms. 
 
 Will (Ann. Chem. Pharm., 81, p. 73; Pharm. CentbL, 
 1852, p. 237; Jahresb. Chem., 1851, p. 650) found 0.00119 
 part aluminium phosphate per 1000 parts in sulphur-water 
 from Weilbach. 
 
 Willm, E. (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 86, p. 543; 
 Bui. Soc. Chim., 2d ser., 29, p. 291; Jahresb. Chem., 1878, 
 p. 1309), notes in Aix-les-Bains (Savoy) sulphur spring 0.001,3 
 gm. aluminium per liter, and in the alum-spring water o 0003 
 gm. A1 2 S 3 O 12 per liter. 
 
 Willm, E. (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 86, p. 613; 
 Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 34 (1878), II, p. 560), analyzed mineral 
 water from Challes, Savoy, reporting 1.21851 and 0.3306 gm. 
 per liter soluble matter in Source principale and Petite Source, 
 the former containing 0.0059 gm. alumina and the latter 
 0.0232 gm. alumina and sand together. 
 
 Willm, E. (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 90, p. 547; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1880, p. 1534), reports an analysis of the 
 Richard spring at Cransac, France. April 15, 1879, the water 
 contained 0.02800 gm. A1 2 S 3 O 12 , and July 14, 1879, 0.1760 gm. 
 per 1000 cc. 
 
 Willm, E. (Bui. Soc. Chem., 2d ser., 31, p. 3; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1879, p. 1266), reports 0.0027, 0.0024, and 0.0012 gm. 
 alumina per 10,000 cc., respectively, in three Auvergne mineral 
 waters, and traces in three others. 
 
 Willm, E. (Compt. Rend. Aead. Sci. Paris, 90, p, 630; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1880, p. 1533), analyzed the Bussang springs 
 in the Vosges. Salmade contained 0.0012, Ober Quelle 
 o.on, and Quelle Marie o.ooio gm. A1 2 O 3 , respectively, per 
 1000 cc. 
 
 Willm, E. (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 103, p. 416, 
 
ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 1 29 
 
 Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 50 (1886), p. 997, notes 0.0003 g m - 
 alumina per liter in the Bosquet water of Bagneres de Luchon, 
 Haute Garonne. 
 
 Willm, E. (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 1 13, p. 87 ; Jahresb. 
 Chem., 1891, p. 2617), notes per 1000 cc. in Madeleine water 
 No. i 0.0644, i n Madeleine water No. 2 0.0248, in Cercle 
 water 0.0154, in Damont water 0.0963, and in Des demoiselles 
 spring 0.0399 aluminium sulphate. These springs are at 
 Rennes-les-Bains (Aude). The first three belong to a com- 
 pany; the last two to the town. 
 
 Wittstein (Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Pharm., 10, p. 342; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1861, p. 1097) reports A1 2 O 3 in water as follows: 
 Ohe River 0.00017, Hohenbrunnerfilz 0.00076, Schliessheimer 
 moor water 0.00029, I sar River 0.00030, and Brunnthaler 
 water 0.00013 gm. per 1000 gms. 
 
 Wolff, J. (Wiener Akad. Ber., 56, 2. Abt., p. 55; Wiener 
 Akad. Anz., 1867, p. 137; Jour. Prakt. Chem., 101, p. 318; 
 Chem. Centbl., 1867, p. 424; Inst., 1867, p. 391; Jahrb. Chem., 
 1867, p. 1039), reports 0.0064 part alumina and phosphoric 
 acid per 10,000 parts in water from the mineral spring at 
 Siebenbiirg. 
 
 Wreden, F., and A. Fuchs (Ber. Deut. Chem. Gesellsch., 
 1874, p. 1147; Jahresb. Chem., 1874, p. 1335) note in "5 per 
 cent Soljanka" mineral water and water from an artesian 
 well, both at Ciechocinek, Poland, 0.0035 an( ^ o.oioi part 
 A1 2 (HO) 6 per 1000 parts, respectively. A salt obtained from 
 the " 5 per cent Soljanka" water was analyzed and found to 
 contain 0.0314 per cent A1 2 O 3 . Dried at 110 the salt 
 contained 1.005 per cent material which was not soluble in 
 water. 
 
 Wroblewsky, E. (Bui. Soc. Chim., 2d ser., 30, p. 436; Ber. 
 Deut. Chem. Gesell., 1878, p. 1848 (corresp.); Jahresb. Chem., 
 1878, p. 1314), reports 0.02119 part A1 2 O 3 per 1000 parts 
 in a spring near Ekaterinodar in the Caucasus. 
 
 Wurtz, H. (Silliman's Amer. Jour., 2d ser., 22, pp. 124, 
 301; Jahresb. Chem., 1857, p. 729), notes a trace of alu- 
 mina in Delaware River water taken near Trenton, New 
 Jersey. 
 
 Zaleski, S. S. (Chem. Ztg., 1892, p. 594; Jahresb. Chem., 
 
ISO ALUMINIUM IN NATURAL WATERS. 
 
 1892, p. 2683), notes 0.0018 part A1 2 O 3 per 1000 parts in Ingol 
 Lake water, Gouv. Jenissejsk. 
 
 Zaugerle, M. (Neue. Repter. Pharm., 14, p. 9; Chem. Centbl., 
 1865, p. 798; Jahresber. Chem., 1865, p. 933), reports traces 
 of alumina in the Schillingsforst spring, Bavaria. 
 
ALUMINIUM IN MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS. 
 
 Corney, B. G., D. Guthrie, and F. B. Guthrie (Jour, and 
 Proc. Roy. Soc. New South Wales, 33 (1900), p. 224; Jour. 
 Chem. Soc. London, 78X1900), II, p. 569) note the presence of 
 41.53 per cent A1 2 O 3 in an edible earth from Fiji. The earth 
 is regarded as a silicate with the formula Al 2 O 3 (SiO 2 ) 2 (H 2 O) 2 , 
 with Fe 2 O 3 present as an impurity. 
 
 Hebberling, M. (Vierteljahressch. Prakt. Pharm., 18, p. 558; 
 Dingler's Poly. Jour., 194, p. 88; Chem. News, 20, p. 249; 
 Jahresb. Chem., 1869, p. 1119), analyzed earth from Berbek, 
 Java, which is eaten by the natives. He found 25.939 per 
 cent alumina. 
 
 Love, E. G. (Chem. News, 41, p. 187; Jahresber. Chem., 
 1880, p. 1118), reports the analysis of a Japanese edible earth. 
 This contained 13.61 per cent alumina. 
 
 Muir, M. M. P. (Chem. News, 36, p. 202; Jour. Chem. Soc., 
 London, 34 (1878), II, p. 120), notes 17.97 P er cent A1 2 O 3 in an 
 edible clay from Mackenzie County (South Island), New Zea- 
 land. He states that this clay is largely eaten by sheep. 
 
 Schmidt, C. (Ann. Chim. Phys., 4th ser., 26, p. 535; Jour. 
 Chem. Soc. London, 26 (1873), p. 151), in an article on Eat- 
 able Earths of Lapland and Southern Persia, notes 40.797 per 
 cent alumina in earth eaten in Lapland. The specimen came 
 from the village of Ponoi. Alumina was not reported in the 
 earth from Kirman (called G'hel i G'iveh) in Southern Persia. 
 
 Stark, J. F. (Chem. News, 23, p. 199; Jour. Chem. Soc. Lon- 
 don, 24 (1871), p. 425), reports 4.17 per cent A1 2 O 3 in an earth- 
 ball from a horse. The ball weighed over two pounds. 
 
 131 
 
132 ALUMINIUM IN MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS. 
 
 The principal constituent of the earth-ball was ammonium- 
 magnesium phosphate, which amounted to 83.2 per cent. 
 
 Thompson, W. Oilman (Practical Dietetics, New York, 1902, 
 p. 281), notes the occasional use of alum and aluminium chloride 
 as preservatives. This use of aluminium compounds has also 
 been noted by other writers. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Abies ex eels a, 21. 
 
 Acer negundo, 1 1. 
 
 Achyranthus aspera, 39. 
 
 Aconite roots, 23, 39. 
 
 Aconitum heterophyllum, 39. 
 
 Aconitumjaponicum, 39. 
 
 Acquarossa Spring, Biasca, Italy, 56. 
 
 Adder's tongue, 10. 
 
 Adelheidquelle. Heilbrunn, Germany. 71, 114. 
 
 Adirondacks, New York, spring, 55. 
 
 ^Egina Springs, Greece, 68. 
 
 Agnesquelle, Lobenstein, Germany, 117. 
 
 Agrostemma githago, 12. 
 
 Agua de Vida Lower Spring, Cal., 63. 
 
 Agua de Vida Upper Spring, Cal., 63. 
 
 Aix-les-Bains, France, alum spring, 128. 
 
 Aix-les-Bains, France, sulphur spring, 54, 128. 
 
 Albany, Ga., artesian well. 118. 
 
 Alcyone Mineral Springs, Illinois, 108. 
 
 Alexanderquelle, Psekoup, 122. 
 
 Alexandro-Jermolowski, Caucasus, spring, 55. 
 
 Alexinaka banja, Servia, spring, 93. 
 
 Alfalfa soil, 1 6. 
 
 Alfalfa roots, 7. 
 
 Alga, 1 6. 
 
 Alleghany Springs, Virginia, 113, 114. 
 
 Allouez Mineral Spring, Wisconsin, 68. 
 
 Alma, Mich., wells, 89. 
 
 Almond shells, 30. 
 
 Almonds, 30. 
 
 Alsophila australis, n. 
 
 Alte Quelle, Ronneby, Sweden, 80. 
 
 Alum Creek, Yellowstone National Park, 78. 
 
 Alum Rock Alkaline Saline Spring, California, 63. 
 
 Alum Rock Chalybeate Spring, California, 63. 
 
 133 
 
134 INDEX. 
 
 Alum Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., 105. 
 
 Alveneu Sulphur Spring, 115. 
 
 Amandbrunnen, Luhatschowitz, Austria-Hungary, 72, 85. 
 
 Amazon River, 117. 
 
 Ambrosia artemisiafolia, 14. 
 
 Ambrosius Spring, Marienbad. Austria-Hungary, 76. 
 
 Ameliaquelle, Iwoniez, Austria-Hungary, 116. 
 
 Amelie d'Hautereve, Hautereve, France, spring, 103. 
 
 American Carlsbad Spring, Nashville, 111., 122. 
 
 Americus, Ga., artesian well, 118. 
 
 Anatto, 20. 
 
 Anatto seeds, 15. 
 
 Ancona, Italy, spring, 60. 
 
 Andansonia digitata, 19. 
 
 Anderson Iron Spring, California, 63. 
 
 Anderson Sour Spring, California, 63. 
 
 Anderton, England, spring, 102. 
 
 Andropogon scoparius, 14. 
 
 Angelika, TOnnisstein, Germany, spring, 124. 
 
 Angustus Spring, Neuenahr, 56. 
 
 Ann Arbor (Huron River ?), creek, 88. 
 
 Apollinaris Spring, Germany, 54. 
 
 Apples, ripe, 8. 
 
 Araliarhizomes, 27. 
 
 Aralia californica, 27. 
 
 Arcier Spring, Besancon, France, 69. 
 
 Arctic Spring, Wisconsin, 108. 
 
 Arcueil Spring, Paris, France, 69. 
 
 Arenaria media, 16, 17. 
 
 Arenaria r libra, 16. 
 
 Arkansas City Well, Kans., 53. 
 
 Arkansas Lithia Springs, 63. 
 
 Armeria maritima, 38. 
 
 Artemisia Geyser, Yellowstone National Park, 78. 
 
 Artemisia maritima, 16. 
 
 Artesian Lithia Spring, Ballston Spa, New York, 105. 
 
 Artesian Mineral Well, Prairie du Chien, Wis., 109. 
 
 Artesian Well, Aberdeen, S. D., 109. 
 
 Artesian Well, England, 126. 
 
 Artesian Well, Louisville, Ky., 112. 
 
 Artesian Well, No. I, Rockford, 111., 108. 
 
 Arum (Colocasia) esculentum, 18. 
 
 Arum maculatum, 31. 
 
 Aspidium filix femina, 36. 
 
 Aspidium filix mas, 36. 
 
 Asta Spring, Yellowstone National Park, 78. 
 
 Atchison Electric Light Well, Kans., 53. 
 
INDEX. 135 
 
 Atchison, Kans., spring, 86. 
 
 Atchison Parker's Spring, Kansas, 53. 
 
 Atherosperma moschatum, 48. 
 
 Atlantic coastal plain, United States, artesian wells, 68. 
 
 Atropa belladonna, 27. 
 
 Aube River, Etufs, France, 103. 
 
 Auditorium, Chicago, 111., artesian well, 91. 
 
 Augenquelle, Elster, Germany, 122. 
 
 Austin's Springs, Tennessee, 107. 
 
 Australasian mineral waters, 94, 95. 
 
 Auvergne, France, springs, 128. 
 
 Azemar Spring, Bagneres-de-Luchon, France, 73. 
 
 Bachquelle, Teinach, Germany, 72. 
 
 Bad Griesbach, Germany, spring, 118. 
 
 Bad Jeni-Kaplidja, Anatolia, Asia Minor, spring, 118. 
 
 Bad Marienborn, spring, 12 1. 
 
 Bad Wendig, Ries, spring, 124. 
 
 Bademli Baghtsche, Brusa, Asia Minor, spring, 121. 
 
 Baden-Baden, Germany, spring, 101. 
 
 Badequelle, Paderborn, Germany, 59. 
 
 B. B. Mineral Spring, Mo., 66. 
 
 Bagneres-de-Bigorre, spring, France, 60. 
 
 Bain Romain, Plombieres, France, 82. 
 
 Bain tempere, Plombieres, France, 82. 
 
 Banana-tree sap, 18. 
 
 Banja Visegrad, Bosnia, 97. 
 
 Baobab fibers, 19. 
 
 Barley, 45. 
 
 Barley sprouts, 23. 
 
 Barragan, New South Wales, spring, 99. 
 
 Barringun, New South Wales, artesian well, IOO. 
 
 Bat manure, 50. 
 
 Bath Alum Spring, No. i, Virginia, 106. 
 
 Bath Alum Spring, No. 2, Virginia, 106, no. 
 
 Bath Alum Spring, No. 3, Virginia, 113. 
 
 Bayard, Hauterive (Allier), France, spring, 103. 
 
 Bayen Spring, Bagneres-de-Luchon, France, 73. 
 
 Beans, 34. 
 
 Bear River Hot Springs, Utah, 109. 
 
 Beaupreau Spring, France, 52. 
 
 Beck's Hot Spring, Salt Lake City, Utah, iiS. 
 
 Bed straw, 38. 
 
 Bedford Bowling Alley Spring. Pennsylvania, 67. 
 
 Bedford Iron and Alum Springs, Virginia, HO. 
 
 Bedford Magnesia Spring, Pennsylvania, 67. 
 
 Beech, 40, 41. 
 
UNIVERSITY I 
 
 OF J 
 
 ^&SS0S 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Beef. 50. 
 
 Beehive Geyser, Yellowstone National Park, 78. 
 
 Beet sugar, 25. 
 
 Beets, 14. 
 
 Belabula River, New South Wales, 99. 
 
 Belladonna leaves, 23, 27. 
 
 Bellety Steel Spring, Sail-les Chateaumorand, France, 81. 
 
 Belvedra Spring, Chur, Switzerland, 83. 
 
 Bench Spring, Yellowstone National Park, 78. 
 
 Bergstrasse Stahlquelle, Weinheim, Germany, 101. 
 
 Bermuda-grass roots, 7. 
 
 Bernhard Spring, Krankenheil-Tolz, Germany, 74. 
 
 Bethesda Springs, Waukesha, Wis., 108. 
 
 Betula alba, 41. 
 
 Big Bone Springs, Kentucky, 65, 127. 
 
 Billecul Spring, Besan9on, France, 69. 
 
 Bimbia, Africa, spring, 116. 
 
 Birch, 40. 
 
 Birch fungus, 43. 
 
 Birch sap, 26. 
 
 Birchdale Spring (Concord Spring), New Hampshire, 105. 
 
 Birken schwamms, 1 6, 43. 
 
 Birresborn. Pelm, Germany, spring, 125. 
 
 Bitter Wasser, Ofen, Germany, 54. 
 
 Bitterwasser, Weilutza, Roumania, 87. 
 
 Bixa orellana, 15. 
 
 Black Earth Mineral Springs, Wisconsin, 108. 
 
 Black thorn, 32, 
 
 Black truffle, 29. 
 
 Blanche, Bagneres-de-Luchon, France, spring, 73. 
 
 Bled et Amax, Sahara, Africa, well, 87. 
 
 Bleville, France, spring, 98. 
 
 Blocksberg Mountains, Germany, spring, 54. 
 
 Blodgett's Springs, California, 63. 
 
 Bloodroot rhizome, 23. 
 
 Blossburg Spring, Pennsylvania, no. 
 
 Blueberries, dried, 21. 
 
 Blue Lick Springs, Mo., 66. 
 
 Blue Ridge Springs, Virginia, 67, 106. 
 
 Blue thistle, 14. 
 
 Boiler Bath (Old Ladies' Boiler Bath Hot Spring), Virginia, 106. 
 
 Boletus edulis, 15. 
 
 Bologna, Italy, spring, 60. 
 
 Bolschoi, Slawinsk, Poland, spring, 102. 
 
 Bondonneau, France, spring, 81. 
 
 Bonifaciusquelle, Neuhaus, Germany, 92. 
 
 Bouillants Spring, Vergeze, France, 58. 
 
INDEX. 137 
 
 Borax Lake, California, 55. 
 
 Bordeu No. 4 Spring, Bagnereres-de-Luchon, France, 73. 
 
 " Borhegyer Sauervvasser," Austria-Hungary, 54. 
 
 Borland Mineral Well, West Virginia, 113. 
 
 Bormio, Italy, spring, 114. 
 
 Bosquet, Bagneres-de-Luchon, France, spring, 129. 
 
 Bourke Corrella Station, New South Wales, artesian well, 99. 
 
 Botirke, New South Wales, artesian well, 99. 
 
 Bovista gigantiza, 27. 
 
 Bowden Lithia Springs, Georgia, 65. 
 
 Bowsher Mineral Spring, Missouri, 109. 
 
 Box elder leaves, n. 
 
 Bradford Mineral Spring, New Hampshire, 66. 
 
 Bradford, Mass., wells, 70. 
 
 Bratton Spring, Missouri, 113. 
 
 Bray era anthelmintica, 17- 
 
 Bread, 3, 4, 5, 39, 45- 
 
 Bregille Spring, Besancon, France, 69. 
 
 Brestowacka banja, Servia, 93. 
 
 Briscous Salt Wells, France, 59. 
 
 Bristol, Pa., spring, 76. 
 
 Bromus seca/inus, 29. 
 
 Broom sedge, 14. 
 
 Brucourt, France, spring, 61. 
 
 Bryony root, 18. 
 
 Brodelbrunnen, Pyrmont, Germany, 74. 
 
 Broken Hill Brewery, New South Wales, well, 99. 
 
 Broken Hill Quarry, New South Wales, artesian well, 99. 
 
 Bromo-magnesium Well, Kansas, 53. 
 
 Bronislaw Spring, Truskawice, Galicia, 80. 
 
 Brown's Wells, Springs, Mississippi, 66. 
 
 Briihquelle, Baden. Germany, 59. 
 
 Briinnlein (Urquelle), Trentschin Toplitzer Bad. Austria-Hungary, 89. 
 
 Brunthaler, 129. 
 
 Briix. Austria-Hungary, artesian well, 120. 
 
 Buckhert's Fountain, Wisconsin, 108. 
 
 Buckwheat, 45. 
 
 Budos (Balvanyos). Siebenbiirgen, spring, 96. 
 
 Biidos (Stinkberg), Bosnia, spring, 96. 
 
 Buffalo Lithia Springs, Virginia, no. 
 
 Bukowik, Servia, spring, 93. 
 
 Bullicame, Viterbo, Italy, springs, 116. 
 
 Burdett Mineral Wells, Texas, 67. 
 
 Burge Malo, spring, 122. 
 
 Burr Oak Spring, Kansas, 53. 
 
 Burtscheid, Germany, spring, 128. 
 
 Bushnell Railroad Well, Illinois, 91. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Butterworth's Magnetic Spring, Grand Rapids, Mich., 88, 108. 
 Buxton, England, spring, 123. 
 
 Cacao. 9. 
 
 Caledonia Springs, Ontario, 127. 
 
 California Geysers, Acid Spring, 63. 
 
 California Geysers, Alum Spring, 63. 
 
 California Geysers, Devil's Teakettle, 63. 
 
 California Geysers, Hot Sulphur Springs, 63. 
 
 California Geysers, Indian Spring, 63. 
 
 California Geysers, Iron Spring, 63. 
 
 California Geysers, Iron Spring, Geyser Creek, 63. 
 
 California Geysers, Lemonade Spring, 63. 
 
 California Geysers, near Indian Spring, 63. 
 
 California Geysers, Mud Indian Spring, 63. 
 
 California Geyser Spring, near river, 63. 
 
 California Geysers, Witches' Caldron, 63. 
 
 California Geysers, Seltzer Spring, 127. 
 
 Calisaya bark, 23. 
 
 Calistoga Springs, California, 63. 
 
 Calistoga Swimming Pool, California, 63. 
 
 Calluna vulgar is, 41. 
 
 Calumba roots, 23. 
 
 Camborne, Cornwall, England, spring, 114. 
 
 Cane sugar, 25, 38. 
 
 Cape Town, Africa, spring, 80. 
 
 Capon Beauty Spring. West Virginia, 106. 
 
 Capon Main Spring, West Virginia, 106. 
 
 Capioma Mineral Well, Kansas, 53. 
 
 Capsella burs a past or is. 13. 
 
 Capsicum, 7. 
 
 Carabana, Spain, spring, 54. 
 
 Carbondale Spring, Kansas, 53. 
 
 Cardamon, 17. 
 
 Cardamon seeds and husks, 44. 
 
 Carica papaya, 28. 
 
 Carlsquelle, Bad Helmstedt. Germany, 75. 
 
 Carlsquelle, Iwoniez, Austria-Hungary, 116. 
 
 Casarbad, France, spring, 90. 
 
 Cascara bark, 23. 
 
 Cass River, Michigan, 88. 
 
 Castalia, Ohio, spring, 60. 
 
 Castanea leaves, 23. 
 
 Casteggio, Italy, spring, 69. 
 
 Castilian Mineral Spring, Mississippi, 66. 
 
 Catoosa Springs, Georgia, in, 112. 
 
 Cave Springs, Virginia, no. 
 
INDEX. 139 
 
 Cawker City, Kans., spring, 54. 
 
 Caxton, Canada, springs, 83, 127. 
 
 Ceanothus americanus, 9. 
 
 Cedar Springs, Washington Spring, Ohio, 107. 
 
 Centralia Gypsum Well, Kansas, 53. 
 
 Centralia, Kans., well, 86. 
 
 Ceratonia siliqtia, 30. 
 
 Cercle, Rennes-les-Bains, France, spring, 129. 
 
 Ceresole Reale, Italy, spring, 100. 
 
 Cervena-Rjeka-Quelle, Srebrenica, Bosnia, 96. 
 
 Cetraria islandica, 41. 
 
 Cetrarid, 16. 
 
 Ceyssat, France, spring, 124. 
 
 Chadnor Villa, Cheltenham, England, well, 124. 
 
 Chalybeate Springs, Georgia, 112. 
 
 Champion Spouting Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., 105. 
 
 Charleston, S. C., artesian well, 121. 
 
 Chatelguyon, Puy-de-D6me, France, spring, 103. 
 
 Chaumaix, France, spring, 90. 
 
 Cheken leaves, 19. 
 
 Cherokee City Well, Kans., 53. 
 
 Cherokee Magnetic Mineral Spring, Iowa, 109. 
 
 Cherries, 21. 
 
 Cherry Valley Phosphate Spring, New York, 105. 
 
 Cheshire, England, springs, 102. 
 
 Chestnuts, 13. 
 
 Chickweed, 16, 17. 
 
 Chimaphila leaves, 23. 
 
 China flava fibrosa, 30. 
 
 China huanuco, 30. 
 
 China regia cum epid., 30. 
 
 China regia sine epid. , 30. 
 
 China rubra, 30. 
 
 "Chine," 17. 
 
 Chippewa River, Michigan, 88. 
 
 Chittenango Cave Spring, New York, 105. 
 
 Chittenango White Sulphur Springs, New York, 105. 
 
 Chlorangium jussuffii, 16, 22, 29. 
 
 Choke-cherry bark, 23. 
 
 Chrome Spring, Yellowstone National Park, 78. 
 
 Chur, Switzerland, springs, 83. 
 
 Church Hill Alum Springs, Virginia, in. 
 
 Cicuta maculata, 1 6. 
 
 Cider vinegar, 14. 
 
 Ciechpcinek, Poland, artesian well, 129. 
 
 Cinchona, 19, 23. 
 
 Cinchona bark, 25. 
 
140 INDEX. 
 
 Cinchona offidnali, 19. 
 
 Cinchona succirubra, 19. 
 
 Cinnamon bark, 32. 
 
 City Creek, Utah, 61. 
 
 Civillina, Italy, spring, 56. 
 
 Cladonia, 16. 
 
 Cladonia rangiferina, 41. 
 
 Cladophora glomerata, 1 6, 29. 
 
 Clark's Riverside Mineral Springs, Detroit, Mich., 66, 89. 
 
 Clay, edible, from New Zealand, 131. 
 
 Cleopatra Spring, Yellowstone National Park, 77. 
 
 Cliff Spring, Saint-Nectaire le Haut, France, 76. 
 
 Clifton Spring, No. I. Virginia, 106. 
 
 Climax Springs, Missouri, 109. 
 
 Clinton, Miss., well, 61. 
 
 Club moss, i, 10, 12, 23, 31. 
 
 Cochineal, 49. 
 
 Cockle-burr, 17. 
 
 Cocoa shells, 9. 
 
 Coe'se, France, spring, 101. 
 
 Coffee beans, 25. 
 
 Coffee tree, 25. 
 
 Colchicum, 30. 
 
 Cohhicum autumnale, 30. 
 
 Cold Spring III, Neuenahr, 56. 
 
 Cold Sulphur Springs, Virginia, 67, in. 
 
 Coldwater, Mich., well, 89. 
 
 Columbus Well, Kansas, 53. 
 
 Coltsfoot, leaves, 8. 
 
 Columbia Chalybeate Spring, Missouri, 109. 
 
 Conferva glomerata, 27. 
 
 Congress Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., 105. 
 
 Conneautville, Pa., artesian well, 118. 
 
 Constant Geyser, Yellowstone National Park, 77. 
 
 Constantine Spring, Gleichenberg, Austria-Hungary, 97. 
 
 Convolvulus batatas, 1 8. 
 
 Convolvulus roots, 7. 
 
 Conway Springs, Kans., 53. 
 
 Cooper's Well, Mississippi, 112. 
 
 Coral Spring, Yellowstone National Park, 77. 
 
 Corella, New South Wales, artesian well, 100. 
 
 Corncobs, 2. 
 
 Corn cockle, 12. 
 
 Corn kernels, 33. 
 
 Corneliusquelle, Aachen, Germany, 92. 
 
 Corydalis, 16. 
 
 Corydalis bulbosa, 16 
 
INDEX. 141 
 
 Costalta, Southern Tyrol, spring, 69. 
 
 Cattani Spring, No. 2, Spolato, 125. 
 
 Cow's milk, 49. 
 
 Crenothrix manganifera, 20. 
 
 Crenothrix kuJmiana, 2O. 
 
 Crenothrix ochracea, 20. 
 
 Cresson Alum Spring, Pennsylvania, no. 
 
 Cresson Iron Spring, Pennsylvania, no. 
 
 Cresson Magnesia Spring, Pennsylvania, 106. 
 
 Crisp Springs, Tennessee, 107. 
 
 Crni Guber, Srebrenica, Bosnia, spring, 97. 
 
 Crocket's Arsenic-Lithia Springs, Virginia, 67. 
 
 Crocus, autumn. (See Colchicum.) 
 
 Crystal Springs, Saratoga, N. Y., 105. 
 
 Cuckoo-pint leaves, 31. 
 
 Cullum's Ferruginous Spring, Alabama, 114. 
 
 Curry Spring, Versailles, 111., 127. 
 
 Cuttaburra, New South Wales, artesian well, 99, 100. 
 
 Cuyahoga Lithia and Magnesium Springs, Ohio, 112, 114. 
 
 Cyathea serra, 10. 
 
 Cynanchum monspehacum, 20. 
 
 Czemete, Austria-Hungary, spring, 120. 
 
 Czifra-viz, spring, 73. 
 
 Dalton, Mass., artesian well, 71. 
 
 Damont, Rennes-les-Bains, France, spring, 129. 
 
 Dandelion, 32, 33, 40. 
 
 Davenport, la., glucose factory, artesian well, 91. 
 
 Davis Mineral Well, Kentucky, 112. 
 
 Dead Sea, 54, 119. 
 
 Deer Lick Spring, New York, 66. 
 
 Dekalb, 111., water-works, artesian well, 91. 
 
 Delaware River, New Jersey, 129. 
 
 Deloraine, Manitoba, artesian well, 126. 
 
 Des demoiselles, Rennes-les-Bains, France, spring, 129. 
 
 Detroit River, Michigan, 87, 88. 
 
 Devil's Ink Pot, Yellowstone National Park, 78. 
 
 Dianthns caryophyllus, I. 
 
 Dicksonia squarrosa, 1 1. 
 
 Digitalis leaves, 23. 
 
 Dintenquelle, Teinach, Germany, 72. 
 
 Director Spring, Starja-Russa, 102. 
 
 Dixie Mineral Spring, Tennessee, 67. 
 
 Dixon, 111., water- works, artesian well, 91. 
 
 Dixon Spring, Kansas, 53. 
 
 Dock, 14. 
 
 Dog-bane, 20. 
 
M 2 INDEX. 
 
 Dolnj-Tuzla, Bosnia, springs, 96. 
 
 Donatusquelle, Albulathale, 115. 
 
 Donionidi, Sahara, Africa, well, 87. 
 
 Dorna-Sara Arsenic Spring, Roumania, 116. 
 
 Doubs River, France, 56. 69. 
 
 Doulaux, France, spring, 90. 
 
 Dougherty's Carbonic Acid Spring, British Columbia, 86. 
 
 Driburg, Germany, spring, 127. 
 
 Dropping Well, Knaresborough, England, 59. 
 
 Dubois (Allier), Vichy, France, spring, 103. 
 
 Dudley, England, wells, 124. 
 
 Dulimbert Spring, Vergeze, France, 55. 
 
 Diingle Ridge, New South Wales, artesian well, 100, 
 
 Durkheim, Germany, spring, 59. 
 
 Dwarf pine, 41. 
 
 Earth ball from a horse, 131. 
 
 Earth, edible, from Berbek. Java, 131. . 
 
 Earth, edible, from Fiji, 131. 
 
 Earth, edible, from Japan, 131. 
 
 Earth, edible, from Ponoi, Lapland, 131. 
 
 Eastern Bohemia, mineral waters, 85. 
 
 Eastman's Springs, Michigan, 66. 
 
 East Saginaw, Mich., well, 89. 
 
 East Spring, Joplin, Mo., 82. 
 
 East Spring, Langenbruck, Austria-Hungary, 77. 
 
 Echium vulgar e, 14. 
 
 Echinus Spring, Yellowstone National Park, 77. 
 
 Eckholzquelle, Ronneby, Sweden, 80. 
 
 Eddoes. (See Taro.) 
 
 Eel grass, 2, 16. 
 
 Egg albumen, 50. 
 
 Einsiedel, Austria-Hungary, spring, 98. 
 
 Eisenquelle von Uebersaxen, Voralberg, Austria-Hungary, 8 C ; 
 
 Eisenwasser Bad Andelsbuch, Voralberg, Austria-Hungary, 87. 
 
 Eisenwasser des Bad Reuthe, Voralberg, Austria-Hungary, 87. 
 
 Ekaterinoder, in the Caucasus, spring, 129. 
 
 Elder, 19, 42. 
 
 Eleusine indica, 14. 
 
 El Feter, Sahara, Africa, well, 87. 
 
 El-Hadjira, Sahara, Africa, well, 87. 
 
 Elizabethquelle, Carlsbad, Austria-Hungary, 97. 
 
 Elizabethenquelle, Neuhaus, Germany, 92. 
 
 Elizabethenquelle, Rothenfels, Germany, 58. 
 
 Elm bark, 23. 
 
 El Paso de Robles Hot Sulphur Spring. California, no. 
 
 El Paso de Robles Main Sulphur Spring, California, 63. 
 
INDEX. 143 
 
 El Paso de Robles Soda Spring, California, 63. 
 
 Emmaquelle, Gliechenberg, Austria-Hungary, 79. 
 
 Emperador, Panama, well, 51. 
 
 Empire Mine, swallet, 54. 
 
 Empire Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., 60, 105. 
 
 Enclos des Celestins, Vichy, France, spring, 90. 
 
 English ivy, 7. 
 
 English walnut bark, 35. 
 
 Equisetum maximum, IO. 
 
 Equisetum telmateja, 26. 
 
 Ergot, 18, 29, 37. 
 
 Erica vulgar is, 1 6. 
 
 Estill Springs, Black Sulphur Spring, Kentucky, 112. 
 
 Estill Springs, White Sulphur Springs, Kentucky, 107. 
 
 Etufs, France, spring, 103. 
 
 Eucalyptus, 34. 
 
 Eiicalyptus globulus, 34. 
 
 Eucalyptus ro strata, 34. 
 
 Euphorbia amygdoloides, 42. 
 
 Eureka Mineral Well, Kansas, 53. 
 
 Eureka Springs, California, 63. 
 
 Eureka Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., 105. 
 
 Eureka Springs, Wisconsin, 108. 
 
 Everett Spring. Massachusetts, 70. 
 
 Excelsior Geyser, Yellowstone National Park, 78. 
 
 Excelsior Springs, Missouri, 54, 66, 99, 127. 
 
 Excelsior Well, Benton Harbor, Mich., 89. 
 
 Faculte des Sciences, Besan9on, France, well, 69. 
 
 Fagus sylvatica, \\. 
 
 Fairview Springs, Texas, 112. 
 
 Farmville Lithia Springs, No. 2, Virginia, 106. 
 
 Farmwell Station, Va., springs, 118. 
 
 Farnham, England, spring, 79. 
 
 Fearless Geyser, Yellowstone National Park, 77. 
 
 Felsenquelle, Bad Ems. Germany, 75, 122. 
 
 Felsenquelle, Carlsbad, Austria-Hungary, 97. 
 
 Felsenquelle, near Bassen, Austria-Hungary, 73. 
 
 Felt's Mineral Springs, California, 63. 
 
 Ferdinand Spring, Marienbad, Austria- Hungary, 76. 
 
 Fern root-stalks, 34. 
 
 Fern roots, 36. 
 
 Ferrara, Italy, spring, 60. 
 
 Ferras Spring, Bagneres-de-Luchon, France, 73. 
 
 Fidelisquelle, Bosnia, 96. 
 
 Fig leaves. 42. 
 
 Fir bark, dry, 22. 
 
144 INDEX. . 
 
 Fir cones, dry, 22. 
 
 Fir moss, 22. 
 
 Fir needle litter, 22, 39. 
 
 Fir needles, 21, 22. 
 
 Fir twigs, 22. 
 
 Firehole River, Yellowstone National Park, 78. 
 
 Fitzpatrick, Ala., artesian well, 118. 
 
 Flat Rock Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., 105. 
 
 Flax stems, 20. 
 
 Flit wick Moor, spring, 85. 
 
 Floating buttercup, 32. 
 
 Flour, 2, 3, 14, 28. 38, 46. 
 
 Flowing Spring, Kansas, 109. 
 
 Fojnica. Bosnia, spring, 97. 
 
 Fontinalis antipyretica, 10, 36. 
 
 Fort Crawford Mineral Spring, Wisconsin, 68. 
 
 Fort Scott Sulpho-magnesian Well, Kansas, 53. 
 
 Fountain Geyser, Yellowstone National Park. 68, 78. 
 
 Fountain Springs, Wisconsin, 108. 
 
 Framingham, Massachusetts, springs, 70. 
 
 Frangula bark, 23. 
 
 Franklin Artesian Well, Ballston Spa, N. Y., 105. 
 
 Franklin Spring, Georgia, 65. 
 
 Franz-Joseph-Bad, Tiiffer, Austria-Hungary, 127. 
 
 Franz Joseph Quelle, Fiired, Austria-Hungary, 81. 
 
 Fraysse, Cransac, France, spring, 81. 
 
 French Lick Springs. Pluto's Well, Indiana, 112. 
 
 Friedensquelle, Rostenberg, Germany, 98. 
 
 Friedrichshall, Germany, spring, 54. 
 
 Friedrichshall, Germany, spring. 92. 
 
 Friedrichsquelle, Zeidelweid, Austria-Hungary, 85. 
 
 Fry's Mineral Spring, Iowa, 65. 
 
 Fulbrunnen, Wiesbaden, Germany, spring, 114. 
 
 Fungus, edible, 27. 
 
 Furstenbrunnen, Ems, Germany, 74, 75. 
 
 Galbraith's Spring, Tennessee, 107. 
 
 Galdhof, Seelowitz, Austria-Hungary, spring, 102. 
 
 Galena, 111., water- works, artesian well, 91. 
 
 Galium mollugo, 38. 
 
 Garden pink, I. 
 
 Garden rose, I. 
 
 Gardiner River, Yellowstone National Park, 77. 
 
 Gasquelle, Elster, Germany, 122. 
 
 Gastrolobium bilobwn. 15. 
 
 Gata, Bosnia, spring, 96. 
 
 Gaylord and Gulick's Mineral Spring. Pennsylvania, 67, no. 
 
 Geilnau, Nassau, Germany, spring, 74. 
 
INDEX. H5 
 
 Gelsemium root, 23. 
 
 Geneseo, 111., water-works, artesian well, 91. 
 
 Geneva Lithia Spring, New York, 66. 
 
 Georgenbrunnen, Bad Eilsen. Germany, 76. 
 
 Geranium rhizome, 23. 
 
 Gerlosteiner Schlossbrunnen, Pelm, Germany, 125. 
 
 Germania Spring, Schwalheim, Germany, 123. 
 
 Gettysburg Lithia Spring, Pennsylvania, 106. 
 
 Geuda Springs, Kansas, 53, 65. 
 
 Geyser Mine, Custer County, Colorado, 71. 
 
 Geyser Mineral Well, Kansas, 53. 
 
 Giantess Geyser. Yellowstone National Park, 78. 
 
 Gibson Springs, Wisconsin, 108. 
 
 Giesshiibler, Rodisfort, Germany, spring, 78. 
 
 Glacier Spouting Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., 60, 119. 
 
 Glen Alpine Springs, California, 63. 
 
 Glen Flora Springs, Illinois, 108. 
 
 Glen Springs, Wisconsin, 108. 
 
 Glenola (Wayland) Spring, Virginia, 67. 
 
 Glycyrrhiza root, 23. 
 
 Gmunden Lake, Austria-Hungary, 77. 
 
 Golden seal root, 16. 
 
 Gombert's Well, Wisconsin, 108. 
 
 Gordon Springs, California, 63. 
 
 Gorni Sehar, Bosnia, spring, 96. 
 
 Gosling's Garden, Osnabriick, artesian well, 86. 
 
 Gradacac, Bosnia, spring, 96. 
 
 Grand Haven Mineral Spring, Michigan, 108. 
 
 Grand River, Jackson, Mich., 88. 
 
 Grand Rue Spring, Besangon, France, 56, 69. 
 
 Grande Grille, Vichy, France, spring, 103. 
 
 Grande Source, Pougues-les-Eaux, Nievre, France, 103. 
 
 Grande Source, Vittel, France, 100. 
 
 Granier Spring, Vergeze, France, 55. 
 
 Grape branches, 31. 
 
 Grape juice, 6, 27. 
 
 Grape leaves, 31, 38. 
 
 Grape must, 31. 
 
 Grape seeds, 16. 
 
 Grape wood, 27. 
 
 Grapes, 24, 26. 
 
 Grapevines, 17, 30, 38. 
 
 Grassion Spring, Clermont, France, 103. 
 
 Gravesend, England, spring, 79. 
 
 Great Bend Mineral Well, Kansas, 53. 
 
 Great Fountain Geyser, Yellowstone National Park, 78. 
 
 Great Paraiso Hot Soda Springs, California, 64. 
 
146 INDEX. 
 
 Great Salt Lake, Utah, 102. 
 
 Great Spirit Spring, No. 2, Kansas, 53. 
 
 Greenbrier White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, 106, in, 
 
 Green Mineral Spring, Ohio, 107. 
 
 Greensborough Spring, North Carolina, 107. 
 
 Greuillea robust a, 26. 
 
 Grossluder Spring, Salzschlirf, Germany, 117. 
 
 Grotte inferieure, Bagneres-de-Luchon, France, spring, 73. 
 
 Grotte superieure, Bagneres-de-Luchon, France, spring, 73. 
 
 Grotts Geyser, Yellowstone National Park, 78. 
 
 Guarana paste, 28. 
 
 Guarana seed, 23, 28. 
 
 Guarana shells, 28. 
 
 Gueuzayasma, Brusa, Asia Minor, spring, 121. 
 
 Guillot Spring, Evian, France, 101. 
 
 Gyrenbad, Switzerland, spring, 124. 
 
 Gyrophora, 16 
 
 Gyrophora pustulata, 22, 41. 
 
 Racket's Spring, Wisconsin, 108. 
 
 Haddon Mineral Well, Kansas, 109. 
 
 Hall, Austria-Hungary, spring, 101. 
 
 Halowell Grant Spring, Nova Scotia, 51. 
 
 Harbin Chalybeate Spring, California, 63. 
 
 Harbin Hot Sulphur Spring, California, 63. 
 
 Hart Well, West Virginia, 68, 113. 
 
 Hartford Cold Springs, Maine, 105. 
 
 Hartford, Conn., spring, 58. 
 
 Harris Antidyspeptic and Tonic Springs, Virginia, 67. 
 
 Hartsel Hot Mineral Springs, Colorado, 109. 
 
 Hartivegia comosa, 43. 
 
 Hathorn Spring. Saratoga, N. Y., 105. 
 
 Hauptbrunnen, Miinster, Germany, 124. 
 
 Hauptquelle, Gastein, Austria-Hungary, 97. 
 
 Hauptquelle, Neuhaus, Austria-Hungary, 79. 
 
 Haupt-Trinkquelle, Stuttgart, Germany, 72. 
 
 H. Dahne, Sahara, Africa, well, 87. 
 
 H. Debiche et Strifigi, Sahara, Africa, well, 87. 
 
 Heather, 16, 41, 43. 
 
 Heilbrunnen, near Lake Taach, 55. 
 
 Helianthus annuus, 43. 
 
 Helicon Springs, Georgia, 107. 
 
 Hellibore rhizome rootlets, 23. 
 
 Hemlock bark, 2. 
 
 Hemp, refuse, 8. 
 
 Hermannsquelle, Neuhaus, Germany, 92. 
 
 Herniaria glabra, 43. 
 
INDEX. 147 
 
 Herster, Driburg, Germany, spring, 74. 
 
 Hertfell Spring, Scotland, 85. 
 
 Hickman's Springs, Kentucky, 112. 
 
 Hides, 50. 
 
 High Rock Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., 105. 
 
 Highland Dutch or Ems Spring, California, 64, no, 
 
 Highland Magic Spring, California, no. 
 
 Highland Seltzer Spring, California, 64, no. 
 
 Hildegarde Spring, Ofen, Austria-Hungary, 119. 
 
 Hindhead, England, springs, 79. 
 
 Hirschquelle, Teinach, Germany, 72. 
 
 H. Messaoud, Sahara, Africa, well, 87. 
 
 Hohenbrunnerfilz. 129. 
 
 Holly leaves, 30. 
 
 Homburg, Germany, artesian well, 82. 
 
 Honey, 9. 
 
 Honeysuckle berries, 15. 
 
 Hop blossoms, 39. 
 
 Hops, 9, 23, 40. 
 
 Horeb Springs, Wisconsin, 108. 
 
 Horse bean, 18. 
 
 Horse chestnut, 35. 
 
 Horsetail, 10, 26. 
 
 Hosea Saline Sulphur Spring, Indiana, 113. 
 
 Hot Borate Spring, California, 64. 
 
 Hot River. Yellowstone National Park, 77. 
 
 Hot Spout Bath, Virginia, 106. 
 
 Hot Spring, Savo Island, 93. 
 
 Hot Springs, Arkansas, 107. 
 
 Hot Springs, Hot Springs Station, Nevada, 61, 113. 
 
 Hot Springs, Monte Irone, Albane, Italy, 101. 
 
 Howard Springs, California, 64. 
 
 Hroswithaj Herzogludolfsbad, Germany, spring, IO2. 
 
 Hughes' Mineral Well, Georgia, 65. 
 
 Human milk, 49. 
 
 Humboldt River, Nevada, 60, 119. 
 
 Humboldt's Salt Well, Minnesota, 109. 
 
 Hunter's Hot Spring, Montana, 109. 
 
 Hunter's (Pulaski) Alum Springs, Virginia, 67. 
 
 Hurricane Springs, Tennessee, 107. 
 
 Hyacinth, 38. 
 
 Plyacinthus orientalis, 38. 
 
 Hyde Park, Mass., artesian wells, 70. 
 
 Hyde Park, Mass., wells, 70. 
 
 Hydrangea. 8, 23. 
 
 Hydrangea arborescens, 8. 
 
 Hydras Us canadensis, 1 6. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Hydrastis rhizome, 23. 
 
 Hygeia Springs, Wisconsin, 108. 
 
 Hygeia Spring, Yellowstone National Park, 78. 
 
 Hyoscyamus leaves, 23. 
 
 Iceland moss, 41. 
 
 Ida Spring, Biloves, Austria- Hungary, 101. 
 
 Idjen volcano, Java, lake, 73. 
 
 Ilex aquifolium, 30. 
 
 Ilidze, Bosnia, spring, 96. 
 
 Illicium anisatum, 32. 
 
 Indian fig. (See Prickly pear.) 
 
 Indan-Ha Spring, Idaho, 65. 
 
 Indian Medical Spring, Minnesota, 66. 
 
 Indian Spring, Indiana, 65, 113. 
 
 Ingol, Lake, Russia, 130. 
 
 Iodine Donatus, Solis, 115. 
 
 lodo-Magnesian Springs, Wisconsin, 108. 
 
 Iowa Acid Spring, 109. 
 
 Irondale Springs, West Virginia, in. 
 
 Iron Lithia Springs, Virginia, 68. 
 
 Iron Spring, Milford, N. H., 105. 
 
 Iron-Sulphur Spring, Sail-les-Chateaumorand, France, 81. 
 
 Isar River, Germany, 36. 
 
 Isere River, France, 79. 
 
 Jacob's Artesian Well, Wisconsin, 108. 
 
 Jalap, 23. 
 
 James River, Richmond, Va., 118. 
 
 Jamnicer-alkalisch-muriatischen Sauerlings, 84. 
 
 Jarvisville, New South Wales, spring, 99. 
 
 Jeanne d'Arc, Pougues-les-Eaux, Nievre, France, spring, 103. 
 
 Jeanne d'Arc (Allier), Vichy, France, spring, 103. 
 
 Jenkins's Quarry, New South Wales, spring, 99. 
 
 Jenolan Caves, New South Wales, spring, 99. 
 
 Jenzat, France, springs, 90. 
 
 Jerseyville, 111., waterworks, artesian well, 91. 
 
 Johann-Georgen Spring, Krankenheil-Tolz, Germany, 74. 
 
 Johannis Spring, Stainz, Austria-Hungary, 117. 
 
 Johannes Springs, Steiermark, Austria-Hungary. 79. 
 
 Johannesbad, Vienna, Austria-Hungary, spring, 82. 
 
 Johannbrunnen, Luhatschowitz, Austria- Hungary, 72, 85. 
 
 Johannisbrunnen, Mahren, Germany, 95. 
 
 Johnson's Wells, Alabama, 107. 
 
 Jordan Alum Springs, Virginia, 106, in. 
 
 Jordan White Sulphur Springs, Virginia, 106. 
 
 Jordan's Mineral Well, Wisconsin, 108. 
 
INDEX. 149 
 
 Josefsquelle, Bilin, Austria-Hungary, 83. 
 Josephsquelle, Rippoldsau, 128. 
 Judenquelle, Baden. Germany, 59. 
 Julianenbrunnen, Bad Eilsen, Germany, 76. 
 Jute fiber, 7. 
 
 Kaba Mountain, East India, spring, 98. 
 
 Kaiserbrunnen, Carlsbad, Austria-Hungary, 97. 
 
 Kaiserquelle, Aachen, Germany, 92. 
 
 Kalmia latifolia, 26. 
 
 Kamenewquelle, Psekoup, 122. 
 
 Kane County Magnesia Spring, Illinois, 65. 
 
 Kane Sulphur Spring, Pennsylvania, 106. 
 
 Kantavu, Fiji Islands, spring, 93. 
 
 Karlsbad Sprudel, Austria-Hungary, 78. 
 
 Karlsquelle, Bosnia, 96. 
 
 Karmalinquelle. Psekoup, 122. 
 
 KaTtner Romerquelle, Prevail, Austria-Hungary, 86. 
 
 Kasimer Slawinsk, Poland, spring, 102. 
 
 Katharien-Bad, Karnthen, Austria-Hungary, 100. 
 
 Kava root, 17. 
 
 Kellberg, Germany, spring, 61. 
 
 Kelly's Camp, New South Wales, artesian well, 99. 
 
 Kentucky Alum Springs, 112. 
 
 Kesselbrunnen, Ems, Germany, 74, 75. 
 
 Keystone Spring, Maine, 65. 
 
 Kickapoo Springs, Kansas, 53. 
 
 Kidwell's Quarry, New South Wales, spring, 99. 
 
 King David Spring, Ben ton Harbor, Mich., 88. 
 
 Kingswood, England, spring, 52. 
 
 Kirchdrauf in der Zips, Austria-Hungary, spring, 120. 
 
 Kirouars, France, spring, 57. 
 
 Kittanning Mineral Spring, Pennsylvania, no. 
 
 Klebelsberg Spring, Ischl, Austria- Hungary, 69. 
 
 Kleininger Sauerbrunnen, Karnthen, Austria Hungary, 100. 
 
 Klosteralleequelle, Pyrmont, Germany, 75. 
 
 Kochbrunnen, Wiesbaden, Germany, 74. 
 
 Koeningan, East India, spring, 98. 
 
 Kola-nut, 23. 
 
 Kolop Sulphur Spring, Austria-Hungary, 91. 
 
 Kondran, Germany, spring, 124. 
 
 Konig Ferdinand Eisenbad, Weidritzthal, Austria-Hungary, 127. 
 
 Konigsbrunnen, Krostreinitz. Austria-Hungary, 79. 
 
 Kostreiniz, Steiermark, Austria-Hungary, spring, 82. 
 
 Kousso, 17. 
 
 Krahnchen, Ems, Germany, 74. 75. 
 
 Kronenquelle, Salzbrunn, Germany, 116. 
 
* 50 INDEX. 
 
 Krynica, Austria-Hungary, spring, 69. 
 Kukurtlu, Brusa, Asia Minor, spring, 121. 
 Kulasi, Bosnia, spring, 96. 
 Kuttawa Mineral Springs, kentucky, 107. 
 
 La Bernerie, France, spring, 57. 
 
 La Reine Spring, Bagneres-de-Luchon, France, 73. 
 
 Labrador tea, 2. 
 
 Lacquer (Uruski), 44. 
 
 Lagrange, Mo., Wyaconda, artesian well, 91. 
 
 Lakatah Springs, South Dakota, 67. 
 
 Lake Derkol, Turkey, 122. 
 
 Lake Goguac, Michigan, 88. 
 
 Lake Goodenough, British Columbia, 126. 
 
 Lake Michigan, Chicago, 111., 89. 
 
 Lake Superior, Michigan, 88. 
 
 Lamscheider, Mineralbrunnen, Germany, 75. 
 
 Landreth's Mineral Well, Missouri, 109. 
 
 Lane Mineral Springs, California, 64. 
 
 Lansdowne Well, Cheltenham, England, 124. 
 
 Larch needles, 20. 
 
 Las Vegas Hot Spring, New Mexico, 66. 
 
 Lauderdale Springs, Mississippi, 107. 
 
 Laurel root, 26. 
 
 Lawrence, Mass., sewage, 70. 
 
 Leather, 49. 
 
 Lebanon, Mo., artesian well, 71. 
 
 Lebanon Thermal Spring, New York, 105. 
 
 Ledum palustre, 2. 
 
 Lee County, Virginia, spring, 121. 
 
 <( Legen," 40. 
 
 Leontodon taraxacum, 40. 
 
 Leopoldsquelle, Rippoldsau, 128. 
 
 Lichen, 41. 
 
 Liebenzell, Wilrttemberg, Germany, 72. 
 
 Lilac flowers and leaves, 42. 
 
 Linden leaves, 7. 
 
 Lindenbrunnen, Zlatten, Austria-Hungary, 58. 
 
 Lincoln Springs, Kansas, 53. 
 
 Lineville Mineral. Springs, Iowa, 65. 
 
 Lippa, Austria -Hungary, spring, 119. 
 
 Lithium Spring, Omio, Kans., 53. 
 
 Litton Seltzer Springs, California, 64. 
 
 Llangammarch. spring, 86. 
 
 Loc'endol, Austria-Hungary, well and spring, 84. 
 
 Loch Katrine, Scotland, 126. 
 
 Loire River, Orleans, France, 69. 
 
INDEX. 1 5 I 
 
 London, England, water supply, 79. 
 
 Londonderry Lithia Spring, New Hampshire, 66. 
 
 Long Island, southern shore, wells, 84. 
 
 Lonicera xylosteum, 15. 
 
 Lorain, Ohio, artesian well, 93. 
 
 Los Angeles, Cal., river, 119. 
 
 Louisenquelle, Luhatschowitz, Austria-Hungary, 72, 85. 
 
 Lupine leaves, 7. 
 
 Luxeuil Springs, France, 58, 70. 
 
 Lycopodium, 43. 
 
 Lycopodium powder, 23. 
 
 Lycopodium alpinum, 10, 29. 
 
 Lycopodium annotinum, 12. 
 
 Lycopodium billardieri, 10. 
 
 Lycopodium cernuum, 10. 
 
 Lycopodium c^hamaecyparissus, I, 16, 29, 31. 
 
 Lycopodium clavatum, I, 10, 16, 23, 31. 
 
 Lycopodium complanatum, 26, 31. 
 
 Lycopodium denticulatum, 34. 
 
 Lye opodinm phlegmaria, 10, 29. 
 
 Lycopodium selago, 10. 
 
 Macomb, 111., water-works, artesian well, 91. 
 
 Madeleine Spring, No. I, Rennes-les-Bains, France, 129. 
 
 Madeleine Spring, No. 2, Rennes-les-Bains, France, 129. 
 
 Maes a picta, I. 
 
 Magdalen Spring, Cayla, France, 93. 
 
 Magnetic Mineral Spring, Indiana, 65. 
 
 Magnetic Spring No. 2, Riverside, Mich . , 108. 
 
 Mala Kiselica, Srebrenica, Bosnia, spring, 97. 
 
 Maiden, Mass., tubular wells, 70. 
 
 Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, 77. 
 
 Mandarin orange, 30, 31. 
 
 Manistee Lake, Michigan, 88. 
 
 Manitou Soda Springs, Colorado, 64, 65. 
 
 Mansfield, Mass., well, 70. 
 
 Marblehead, Mass., wells, 70. 
 
 Marblehead, Water Company, Swampscott, Mass., wells, 
 
 Mardela Spring, Maryland, 65. 
 
 Marden's quarry, New South Wales, spring, 99. 
 
 Maria Island, spring, 90. 
 
 Maria Theresia Quelle, Andersdorf, Austria-Hungary, 96. 
 
 Marien Sprudel Spring, 56. 
 
 Marienbrunnen, Gabernegg, Austria-Hungary, 78. 
 
 Marienquelle, Johannisbrunn, Austria-Hungary, 97. 
 
 Marienquelle, Neuhaus, Germany, 92. 
 
 Marienquelle, Paderborn, Germany, 59. 
 
IS 2 INDEX. 
 
 Marienquelle, Psekoup, 122. 
 
 Marine Algae, 27, 29. 
 
 Marion Artesian Well, Indiana, 108. 
 
 Mark West Springs, California, 64. 
 
 Marktbrunnen, Carlsbad, Austria- Hungary, 97. 
 
 Marktsoole, Colberg, Germany, 55. 
 
 Marsilea quadrifoliata, IO. 
 
 Marston, England, spring, 102. 
 
 Massanetta Mineral Springs, Virginia, 68, 106. 
 
 Matchless Mineral Wells, Alabama, 63. 
 
 Mattigbad, Austria-Hungary, spring, 89. 
 
 Maxbrunnen, Kissengen, Germany, 92. 
 
 McDuff 's Spring, Kansas, 53. 
 
 Mechanicsville, N. Y., spring, 79. 
 
 Medical Lake, Washington, no. 
 
 Medicis Spring. Saint-Denis, France, 81. 
 
 Melle, Germany, artesian well, 123. 
 
 Melle, Germany, spring, 123, 
 
 Melrose, Scotland, spring, 69. 
 
 Mergentheim, Germany, spring, 92. 
 
 Meriweather County Warm Springs, Georgia, 65. 
 
 Merrill Spring, Kansas, 53. 
 
 Meurchin, Pas-de-Calais, France, spring, 78. 
 
 Michailquelle, Psekoup, 122. 
 
 Midland Magnetic Well, Michigan, 113. 
 
 Midland Mineral Spring, Michigan, 88. 
 
 Middle or Dewdrop Spring, Greencastle, Ind., 108. 
 
 Middletown Springs, No. I, Vermont, 105. 
 
 Midway Warm Springs, Utah, 67. 
 
 Milboro Sulphur Spring, Virginia, 68. 
 
 Millet, 45. 
 
 Millingtonia hortensis, 19. 
 
 Mineral Spring, No. I, Versailles, III., 108. 
 
 Mineral Springs, Farmwell Station, Va., 106. 
 
 Mineral Springs, Hanover, Pa., 106. 
 
 Mineral Well, Pierre, S. Dak., 109. 
 
 Minnequa Springs, Pennsylvania, 67. 
 
 Mississippi River water, 52, 116. 
 
 Mitterbad, Tirol, spring, 55. 
 
 Modling, Austria-Hungary, spring, 120. 
 
 Mofetta di S. Quirico, Tuscany, Italy, spring, 102. 
 
 Monmouth, 111., water-works, artesian well, 91. 
 
 Mono Basin, California, spring, 61. 
 
 Mono Basin Warm Springs, California, no. 
 
 Mono Lake Spring, California, 64. 
 
 Monterey, Mexico, spring, 89. 
 
 Montezuma, Ga., artesian well, 118- 
 
 Montezuma, Ind., artesian well, 91. 
 
INDEX. 153 
 
 Montpellier, France, spring, 100. 
 
 Montvale Springs, Tennessee, 107. 
 
 Morchella esculent a, 1 6, 29. 
 
 Morel, 16, 29. 
 
 Moresville Mineral Springs, Missouri, 113. 
 
 Moriz Spring, Rohitsch, Austria-Hungary, 58. 
 
 Morphine, 21. 
 
 Moss, 10, 43. 
 
 Moss Springs Well, Kansas, 53. 
 
 Mouillere, Besan9on, France, spring, 69. 
 
 Mountain raspberry, 7. 
 
 Mount Clemens Clementine Well, Michigan, 89. 
 
 Mount Clemens Media Spring, Michigan, 108. 
 
 Mount Clemens Media Well, Michigan, 89 . 
 
 Mount Clemens Mineral Well, Michigan, 108. 
 
 Mount Clemens Original Well, Michigan, 89. 
 
 Mount Clemens Soolbad Spring, Michigan, 108. 
 
 Mount Mineral Spring, Shutesbury, Mass., 71. 
 
 Miihlbrunnen, Carlsbad, Austria-Hungary, 97. 
 
 Miihlbrunnen, Ober-Salzbrunn, Austria-Hungary, 125. 
 
 Miillaken, Upper Austria, springs, 71. 
 
 Mullein, 14. 
 
 Munger's laundry, Chicago, 111., artesian well, 91. 
 
 Murquelle, Baden, Germany, 59. 
 
 Musa paradisica, 18. 
 
 Mushroom, edible, 15. 
 
 Muskegon Lake, Michigan, 88. 
 
 Mush Pot Spring, Yellowstone National Park, 78. 
 
 Myrtle leaves and stems, 15. 
 
 Myrtus cheken, 15- 
 
 N'Gon9a, Sahara, Africa, well, 87. 
 
 Naiwaschasee, Massailand, East Africa, spring, IOI. 
 
 NatronsSuerling, Nassau, Germany, 101. 
 
 Natural soda-water, Passug, 115. 
 
 Navioci, Bosnia, spring, 96. 
 
 Neponset River, Hyde Park, Mass., 70. 
 
 Neubrunnen, Carlsbad, Austria-Hungary, 97. 
 
 Neubrunnen, Radein, Austria-Hungary, 117. 
 
 Neue Badequelle, Ems, Germany, 75 . 
 
 Neue Belvedraquelle, Switzerland, 83. 
 
 Neuenhainerquelle, Nassau, Germany, 60. 
 
 Neue Quelle, Ems, Germany, 74. 
 
 Neue Quelle, Mahren, Germany, 95. 
 
 Neue Stahlquelle, Lobenstein, Germany, 117. 
 
 Neumarkt, Germany, spring, 58. 
 
 Neuragozi, Germany, spring, 123. 
 
154 INDEX. 
 
 New Baden Spring, Missouri, 109. 
 
 New Hot Spring, Virginia, 106. 
 
 New Jersey tea, 9. 
 
 New Johannes Spring, Neuhaus, Austria-Hungary, 79. 
 
 New Putnam Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., 105. 
 
 New Spring, St. Moritz, Switzerland, 83. 
 
 Newsonis Arroyo Grande Springs, California, 64. 
 
 Neyrac, France, spring, 90. 
 
 Niederbronn, Germany, 72, 87. 
 
 Nieder Langenau, spring, 1 16. 
 
 Niederselters, Germany, spring, 75. 
 
 Nochemo Spring, Reed City, Mich., 88. 
 
 North Carolina Hot Springs, 67. 
 
 North or Daggy Spring, Greencastle. Ind., 107. 
 
 O Tura Sauerling, Austria-Hungary, 127. 
 
 Oak Orchard Acid Springs, New York, no. 
 
 Oak Orchard Acid Water, New York, no. 
 
 Oats, 18. 
 
 Oberbrunnen, Ober-Salzbrunn, Germany, 76, 125. 
 
 Oberbrunnen, Flinsberg, Silesia, 116. 
 
 Oberquelle, Bussang, France, 128. 
 
 Ochsenhausen, Bieberach, Germany, spring, 73. 
 
 Octagon Bath, Virginia, 106. 
 
 Oestringer, Langenbrllcken, Germany, spring, 127. 
 
 Ofener Rakoczy Bitterwasser, 125. 
 
 Ohe River, 36, 129. 
 
 Ohio Magnetic Spring, 107. 
 
 Ojo Caliente, N. M., spring, 82. 
 
 Old Alum Well, Harrowgate, England, 68. 
 
 Old Faithful Geyser, Yellowstone National Park, 78. 
 
 Old Johannes Spring, Neuhaus, Austria-Hungary, 79. 
 
 Old man's beard, 41. 
 
 Old Spring, St. Moritz, Switzerland, 57, 83. 
 
 Olgaquelle, Psekoup, 122. 
 
 Olympian Salt Sulphur Spring, Kentucky, 107. 
 
 Olympian White Sulphur Spring, Kentucky, 107. 
 
 Ophelia chirata, 19. 
 
 Ophiglossum vulgatum, 10. 
 
 Opium, 39. 
 
 Opuntia vulgaris, 25. 
 
 Orange peel, 25. 
 
 Oranien Quelle, Kreuznach, Germany, 54. 
 
 Orchard Alum Spring, England, 123. 
 
 Orchesterquelle, Carlsbad, Austria-Hungary, 97. 
 
 Orezza, Island of Corsica, spring, 116. 
 
 Orites excelsa, 33. 
 
INDEX. 155 
 
 Orkney Bear Wallow Spring, Virginia, in. 
 Orkney Healing Spring, Virginia, in. 
 Orkney Powder Spring, Virginia, in. 
 Ostgothenquelle, Bormio, Italy, 80. 
 Ottawa River, Montreal, Canada, 83. 
 Ottilienquelle, Paderborn, Germany, 59. 
 Ouargla, Sahara, Africa, well, 87. 
 Overall Mineral Wells, Texas, 67. 
 Owasso City, Mich., well, 88. 
 Owasso Mineral Spring, Michigan, 66. 
 Owatonna Mineral Spring, Minnesota, 109. 
 Owatonna Vichy Spring, Minnesota, 109. 
 Owens Lake, California, 61, 118, 119. 
 
 Pacific Congress Springs, California, 64. 
 
 Pagoda Spring, Mount Clemens, Mich., 89. 
 
 Pagoda (Napa-Soda) Spring, California, 64. 
 
 Palanka, Servia, spring, 93. 
 
 Palmyra Springs, Eye Springs, Wisconsin, 108. 
 
 Palmyra Springs, Zenobia's Fountain, Wisconsin, 108. 
 
 Palo Pinto Well, Texas, 107. 
 
 Panacea Spring, Littleton, N. C., 107. 
 
 Pandur, Kissingen, Germany, spring, 92. 
 
 Panic grass, 12. 
 
 Panicum capillare, 12. 
 
 Panicum cruscorvi, 45. 
 
 Panicum italicum, 45. 
 
 Panicum tnonostachyum, 12. 
 
 Pantelleria Island, Italy, 58. 
 
 "Paprika," 7. 
 
 Paracelsus Spring, St. Moritz, Switzerland, 57. 
 
 Paramo de Ruiz, New Granada, spring, 92. 
 
 Parana River, above union with Rio de la Plata, 87. 
 
 Pareira, 31. 
 
 Paris, France, melted snow, 124. 
 
 Park Spring, Wisconsin, 109. 
 
 Park's Springs, North Carolina, 67, 107. 
 
 Parmelia scruposa, 40. 
 
 Paroquet Springs, Kentucky, 1 12. 
 
 Passaic River, New Jersey, 119. 
 
 Passy, France, artesian well, 115. 
 
 Paulaquelle, Mahren, Germany, 95. 
 
 Paulaquelle, Johannisbrunn, Austria-Hungary, 97. 
 
 Paullina sorbilis, 28. 
 
 Pavilion Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., 105. 
 
 Paw-paw, 28. 
 
 Pearl Geyser, Yellowstone National Park, 77. 
 
156 INDEX. 
 
 Peas, 8, 34, 45- 
 
 Pengalengen Plateau, East India, spring, 98. 
 
 Peninsula of Methana, spring, 68. 
 
 Penon de los Banos, Mexico, spring, 92. 
 
 Pepperwort, 38. 
 
 Perry Spring, No. 3, Lower Sulphur, Illinois, 114. 
 
 Peru, 111., water- works, artesian well, 91. 
 
 Petalostigma quadriloculare, 15* 
 
 Peterborough County, Ontario, artesian well, 51. 
 
 Petersquelle, Petersthal, Germany, 58. 
 
 Petite Source, Challes, France, 128. 
 
 Pfaefers-Ragatz, Switzerland, spring, 90. 
 
 Pfister's Spring, Kansas, 109. 
 
 Phallusia mammilaris, 50. 
 
 Phaseolus radiatus, 44, 45. 
 
 Philippsquelle, Orb, Germany, 120. 
 
 Phytolacca decandra, 15. 
 
 Piedmont White Sulphur Iron Springs, California, 64. 
 
 Pinus larix, 20. 
 
 Pinus pumilio, 41. 
 
 Pinus sylvestris, 21, 22, 41. 
 
 Piper methysticum, 17. 
 
 Piscidia erythrina, bark, 23. 
 
 Pittsville Wells, Cheltenham, England, 124. 
 
 Plane tree leaves, 38. 
 
 Plant ago major. 36. 
 
 Plantago maritima, 17. 
 
 Plant ago media, 16. 
 
 Plantain, 16, 36. 
 
 Plantain seed, 17. 
 
 Pliniusquelle, Bormio, Italy, 80. 
 
 Plums, 37. 
 
 Poison ivy, 21. 
 
 Poke weed root, 15. 
 
 Pokolsar, spring, 73. 
 
 Poland Star Spring, Maine, 105. 
 
 Polygonum hydropiper, 38. 
 
 Polysaccum pisocarpium, 16. 
 
 Pomegranate root bark, 34. 
 
 Poncho Hot Springs, Colorado, 65. 
 
 Pont-a-Mousson, France, spring, 79. 
 
 Ponte Molle, Italy, spring, 72. 
 
 Poppy petals, 39. 
 
 Portion, New South Wales, spring, 99. 
 
 Portulaca oleracea, 14. 
 
 Port Vendres, France, subterranean, 71. 
 
INDEX. 157 
 
 Poschitz, Austria. Hungary, spring, 86. 
 
 Posidonia oceanica, 33. 
 
 Potash Sulphur Spring, Arkansas, 61. 
 
 Potato weed, 14. 
 
 Prajan Spring. Res. Madioen, East India, 98. 
 
 Pre No. I Spring, Bagneres-de-Luchon, France, 73. 
 
 Pre Saint Didier Springs, Courmayeur, Italy, 51. 
 
 Precieuse (Allier), Vichy, France, spring, 103. 
 
 Preblauer Sauerbrunnen, Karnthen, Austria- Hungary, 100. 
 
 Preservatives, 132. 
 
 Prickly ash bark, 23. 
 
 Prickly chaff flower, 39. 
 
 Prickly pear, 25, 30. 
 
 Primrose, 42. 
 
 Primula farinosa, 42 . 
 
 Princess Spring, Caylus, France, 93. 
 
 Protopterus annectus, 50. 
 
 Providence Mineral Well, Kansas, 53. 
 
 Prugnes, France, spring, 93. 
 
 Prunus cerasus, 21. 
 
 Prunus domestica, 37. 
 
 Prunus spinosa, 32. 
 
 Psekoup Springs, 122. 
 
 Psilotum triquetrum, 10. 
 
 Puits Chomel, Vichy, France, spring, 103. 
 
 Pulaski Alum Spring, Virginia, in. 
 
 Purslane, 14. 
 
 Putnam Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., 105. 
 
 Quelle an der Strasse, Srebrenica, Bosnia, 96. 
 
 Quelle Marie, Bussang, France, 128. 
 
 Quelle, No. 19, Katherienbad, Wiirttemberg, Germany, 72. 
 
 Quelle zu Raggel, Voralberg, Austria- Hungary, 87. 
 
 Quirinusquelle, Aachen, Germany, 92. 
 
 Racoczy, Kissingen, Germany, spring, 92. 
 
 Rafifanelo, Italy, spring, 98. 
 
 Ragaz-Pfaffers, spring, 115. 
 
 Ragweed, 14. 
 
 Rajecz-Toplitz, Austria-Hungary, spring, 77. 
 
 Raleigh's Mineral Spring, Box Springs, Tennessee, 112. 
 
 Raleigh's Mineral Spring, Marble Springs, Tennessee, 112. 
 
 Ramalina fraxinea, 22. 
 
 Ranigsdorf Sauerling, 85. 
 
 Ranunculus fluitans, 32. 
 
 Rape seed, 2. 
 
158 INDEX. 
 
 Rape straw, 2. 
 
 Raso, Bosnia, spring, 96. 
 
 Ravenden Spring, Arkansas, 112. 
 
 Rawley Springs, Main Fountain, Virginia, 106. 
 
 Reading, Mass., filter gallery, 70. 
 
 Red bean, 45. 
 
 Red Boiling Springs, Tennessee, 67. 
 
 Red clover tops, 23. 
 
 Red currant juice, 21. 
 
 Red grape stalks, 24. 
 
 Red grapes, 24. 
 
 Red peppers, husk, 7. 
 
 Reindeer moss, 41. 
 
 Renaulme Spring, Saint-Denis, France, 81. 
 
 Rhatany, 17. 
 
 Rhine River, Germany, 69, 125. 
 
 Rhododendron, 32. 
 
 Rhododendron ferrugineum, 32. 
 
 Rhone River, Geneva, Switzerland, 69. 
 
 Rhubarb roots, 8. 
 
 Rhus aromatica, 18. 
 
 Rhus glabra, 14. 
 
 Rhus toxicodendron, 21. 
 
 Rhus vernicefera, 44. 
 
 Ribarska banja, Servia, 93. 
 
 Rice, 34, 45- 
 
 Rice straw, 33. 
 
 Richard Spring, Bagneres-de-Luchon, France, 73. 
 
 Richard Spring, Cransac, France, 128. 
 
 Richfield Sulphur ^Spring, New York, 105. 
 
 Rieumajou, France, spring, 73. 
 
 Riggio-Emilia, Italy, spring, 60. 
 
 Rio de la Plata, 87, 120. 
 
 Rio Vinagre, San Antonio, Colombia, 57. 
 
 Rjecicaquelle, Maglaj. Bosnia, 96. 
 
 Roanoke Red Sulphur Springs, Virginia, 68, 106. 
 
 Rochefort, France, artesian well, 118. 
 
 Roches (Beaurepaire), France, spring, 90. 
 
 Rock Enon Springs, Virginia, 106. 
 
 Rock Flat Spring, New South Wales, 99. 
 
 Rockbridge Alum Springs, Virginia, 80, 106, ill. 
 
 Rockford, 111., artesian well, 91. 
 
 Rockford, 111., water- works, artesian well, 91. 
 
 Roddes, France, spring, 124. 
 
 Roggendorff, Austria-Hungary, spring, 80, 102. 
 
 Roman Brine Spring, Torda, Austria- Hungary, 102. 
 
INDEX. 1 59 
 
 Roman Spring, Sail-les-Chateaumorand. France, 81. 
 
 ROmerbrunnen, Echzell, Wetterau, 114. 
 
 Romerquelle, Ems, Germany, 75. 
 
 Roncegno, South Tyrol, spring, 77. 
 
 Rosa renwntana, I. 
 
 Rose Spring, Caylus, France, 93. 
 
 Rosenau, Austria-Hungary, spring, 86. 
 
 Rosenquelle, Aachen, Germany, 92. 
 
 Roscicrucian Spring, Maine, 105. 
 
 Rosheim, France, spring, 116. 
 
 Rothenbrunnen, Voralberg, Austria-Hungary, 87. 
 
 Rothenfelser Mineralquelle, Baden, Germany, 59. 
 
 Roufaque, spring, 71. 
 
 Royal William Medical Establishment, Wiesbaden, Germany, spring, 75. 
 
 Royat Spring, France, 90. 
 
 Rubus articus, 7. 
 
 Rue de la Prefecture, Besan^on, France, well, 69. 
 
 Ruiz Volcano Hot Spring, 57. 
 
 Rumex obtusifolius, 14. 
 
 Rut a herb a, 23. 
 
 Rye, 39. 
 
 Sabadilla seed, 23. 
 
 Sacramento, Cal., river, 119. 
 
 Saginaw, Mich., water-supply, 88. 
 
 Saint-Denis Spring, France, 81. 
 
 Saint-Honore, France, spring, 81. 
 
 Saint-Leon, Pougues-les-Eaux, Nievre, France, 103. 
 
 Saint-Louis No. I (Allier), Vichy, France, spring, 103. 
 
 Saint-Mart, France, spring, 90. 
 
 Saint-Thiebaut, France, spring, 80. 
 
 Saint- Yorre (Allier), Frobert, Vichy, France, spring, 103. 
 
 Salinensoole, Colberg, Germany, 55. 
 
 Salix vitellina, 29- 
 
 Salles-la-Source, Aveyron, France, 57. 
 
 Salmade, Bussang, France, spring, 128. 
 
 Salt Sulphur Iodine Spring, Virginia, 106. 
 
 Salvinia natans, 10. 
 
 Salzquelle, Kronthal, Germany, 93. 
 
 Salzquelle, Petersthal, Germany, 58. 
 
 Salzschlirf, Fulda, Germany, spring, 90. 
 
 Sambucus nigra, root, 19, 42. 
 
 San Francesco Spring, Spolato. 125. 
 
 Sandefjord, Sweden, spring, 123. 
 
 Santa Barbara Hot Springs, California, 64. 
 
 Santa Rosa White Sulphur Springs, California, 64. 
 
l6o INDEX. 
 
 Santa Ysabel Sulphur Springs, California, 64. 
 
 Sarsaparilla, 17, 25. 
 
 Sassafras, 14. 
 
 Sassafras officinale, 14. 
 
 Sauerbrunn, Ebriach, Austria-H angary, 52. 
 
 Sauerbrunnen, Karnthen. Austria-Hungary, IOO. 
 
 Sauerbrunnen, Radein, Austria-Hungary, 117. 
 
 Sauerling Bades Vellach Quelle, No. II. Germany, 100. 
 
 Sauerling Bades Vellach Quelle, No. Ill, Germany, 100. 
 
 Sauerling Bades Vellach Quelle, No. IV, Germany, 100. 
 
 Sauerling Bades Vellach Quelle, No. V, Germany, 100. 
 
 Sauerling, Bistrica, Bosnia, 96. 
 
 Sauerling, Ebriach, Germany, 100. 
 
 Sauerling, Dragunje, Bosnia, 96. 
 
 Sauerling, Dubnica, Bosnia, 96. 
 
 Sauerling, Jasenica, Bosnia, 96. 
 
 Sauerling, Kiseljack, Bosnia, 96. 
 
 Sauerling, Ljeskovica (Giftquelle), Bosnia, 96. 
 
 Sauerling, Slatina Ilidze, Bosnia, 96. 
 
 Sauerling, Tesanj, Bosnia, 96. 
 
 Sauerquelle, Apatovac, Austria-Hungary, 95. 
 
 Saule d'Urfe Spring, Sail-les-Chateaumorand, France, 81. 
 
 Saxon, Switzerland, spring, 81, 118. 
 
 Schillingsforst Spring, Germany, 130. 
 
 Schlammkessel, Yellowstone National Park, 77. 
 
 Schlangenbad, Germany, spring, 74. 
 
 Schliefheiner, moor, 129. 
 
 Schlossbrunnen, Carlsbad, Austria-Hungary, 78, 97. 
 
 Schoneck, Russia, spring, 86. 
 
 Schooley's Mountain Spring, New Jersey, 105. 
 
 Schutzenhofquelle, Wiesbaden, Germany, 76. 
 
 Schwefelwasser Bades Hopfreben, Voralberg, Austria-Hungary, 87. 
 
 Schweizerhalle, Basel, Switzerland, spring, 98. 
 
 Sclafani, Italy, spring, 103. 
 
 Scotch pine, 41. 
 
 Scotch pine needles, 20. 
 
 Scotch pine pollen, 22. 
 
 Sea weed, 28, 33. 
 
 Secale cereale, 29. 
 
 Secale cornutum, 18, 29, 37. 
 
 Seebruch, Austria -Hungary, spring, 70, IOI, 
 
 Seifersdorf, Austria-Hungary, spring, 97. 
 
 Seine River, Bercy, France, 69, 
 
 Selaginella, 29. 
 
 Selaginella martensii, IO. 
 
 Selaginella spinulosa, IO 
 
INDEX. l6l 
 
 Sellers, Germany, artesian well, 76. 
 
 Seltzer Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., 105. 
 
 Semen cina:, 15. 
 
 Semlitsch Spring, Radein, Austria-Hungary, 117. 
 
 Seon, Germany, spring, 71. 
 
 Serneus, Switzerland, spring, 114. 
 
 Seven Springs, Abingdon, Va., in. 
 
 Sevigne (Allier), Vichy, France, spring, 103. 
 
 Shaft Spring, Torda, Austria-Hungary, 102. 
 
 Shealtiel Mineral Springs, Wisconsin, 108. 
 
 Sheboygan Mineral Springs, Wisconsin, 108. 
 
 Sheboygan, Wis., artesian well, 60, 119. 
 
 Shenandoah Alum Spring, Virginia, 106. 
 
 Shepherd's purse, 13. 
 
 Sheridan Springs, Wisconsin, 108. 
 
 Shiawassee River, Owasso, Mich., 88. 
 
 Siebenbiirg, Austria- Hungary, spring, 129. 
 
 Siloam Springs, Iowa, 109. 
 
 Silurian Spring, Wisconsin, 108. 
 
 Silverthorne's Well, Broken Hill, New South Wales, 99 
 
 Sinnbergerquelle, Brtickenau, Germany, 120. 
 
 Sissipan, East India, spring, 98. 
 
 Skagg's Hot Springs, California, no. 
 
 Slanik, Roumania, spring, 124. 
 
 Slatersville, N. Y., spring, 127. 
 
 Slatina Ilidze, spring, 96. 
 
 Sloe. ( See Black thorn. ) 
 
 Smithville, Ga., artesian well, 118. 
 
 Smodelac, Bosnia, spring, 96. 
 
 Soda Butte Spring, Yellowstone National Park, 78. 
 
 Soda Spring, Berkshire, Mass., 127. 
 
 Soda Spring, Yellowstone National Park, 77. 
 
 Soja hispida, 45. 
 
 Solatium carolinense, 14. 
 
 Solfatare, Puzzuoli, Italy, 69. 
 
 Soljanka, Ciechocinek, Poland, spring, 129. 
 
 Someraubad, Mahren, Germany, 123. 
 
 Soolquelle. Kammin, Germany, 56. 
 
 Soolsprudel, Nassau, Germany, 60. 
 
 Soolsprudel I, Nassau, Germany, 60. 
 
 Soolsprudel III, Nassau, Germany, 60. 
 
 Soolsprudel IV, Nassau, Germany, 60. 
 
 Soolsprudel VII, Nassau, Germany, 60. 
 
 Soolsprudel X, Nassau, Germany, 60. 
 
 Sophienquelle, Petersthal, Germany, 58. 
 
 Sour Lake Mineral Springs, Texas, 112. 
 
1 62 INDEX. 
 
 Sour Springs, Texas, 112. 
 
 Source de la Place, Bourbonne, France, 73. 
 
 Source de 1'hdpital, France, 81. 
 
 Source de 1'interieur de 1'etablissement, Bourbonne, France, 73. 
 
 Source de Sainte-Catherine, Plombieres, France, 82. 
 
 Source des Bains Nouveaux, Sylvanes, France, 100. 
 
 Source des Demoiselles, Vittel, France, 100. 
 
 Source des Moines, Sylvanes. France, 100. 
 
 Source des Petites Baignoires, Sylvanes, France, 100. 
 
 Source des Petites-Eaux, Sylvanes, France, 100. 
 
 Source du Crucifix, Plombieres, France, 82. 
 
 Source du ferrugineuse de Bourdeille, Plombieres, France, 82. 
 
 Source du Mont Cornador, Saint Nectaire, 57. 
 
 Source du Puits, Cusset, Fran x ce, 81. 
 
 Source du Savonneuse, Plombieres, France, 82. 
 
 Source ferrugineuse, Plombieres, France, 100. 
 
 Source Grande Grille, France, 81. 
 
 Source Marie, Vittel, France, 100. 
 
 Source nouvelle, France, 81. 
 
 Source Pre Sale, Vichy, France, 81. 
 
 Source principale, Challes, France, 128. 
 
 Source Roques, France, 59. 
 
 Source Roquette, France, 59. 
 
 Source Rouge, Saint Nectaire, 57. 
 
 Source Saint-Louis, France, 60. 
 
 Source-basse Richard, Cransac, France, 81. 
 
 Source-haute Richard, Cransac, France, 81. 
 
 Sources de Fraysse, France, 59. 
 
 Sources des Dames, Plombieres, France, 82, 100. 
 
 South Dakota Hot Springs, Mammoth Mineral Springs, 67. 
 
 South Park, Col., spring, 127. 
 
 Spanish moss, 25. 
 
 Sparta Artesian Well, Wisconsin, 54. 
 
 Sparta Mineral Magnetic Well, Wisconsin, 1 13. 
 
 Sphagnum cuspidatum, 41. 
 
 Sphagnum moss, 41. 
 
 Spiegelbad No. I, Trentschin Toplitzer Bad, Austria- Hungary, 89. 
 
 Splendid Geyser, Yellowstone National Park, 78. 
 
 Sponge, 49. 
 
 Spring Bir Keraui, 82. 
 
 Sprudel, Carlsbad, Austria-Hungary, 97. 
 
 Sprudel Spring I, 56. 
 
 Sprudel Spring II, 56. 
 
 Spurge, 42. 
 
 St. Augustine, Fla., artesian well, 61. 
 
 St. Clair Mineral Spring, Mich., 66. 
 
INDEX. 163 
 
 St. Clair Spring, Oakland House Well, Mich., 89. 
 
 St. Croix Mineral Spring, Wisconsin, 108. 
 
 St. Dunstan's Well, Melrose, Scotland, 85. 
 
 St. Gothard Spring, Ceneda, Italy, 56. 
 
 St. Helena, Battaglia, Italy, springs, 120. 
 
 St. John's breadfruit, 30. 
 
 St. Lawrence River, Pointe-des-Cascades. Canada, 83. 
 
 St. Leon, Canada, spring, 60, 83. 
 
 St. Lorenz Hot Spring, Leuk, Switzerland, 98. 
 
 St. Moritz, Switzerland, springs, 115. 
 
 St. Paul Spring, Rouen, France, 77. 
 
 St. Peter's, Macomb, 111., spring, 91. 
 
 St. Petersquelle, Tiefenkasten, 115. 
 
 Stachelberg. Switzerland, spring, 121. 
 
 Stafford Spring, Connecticut, 65. 
 
 Stahl, Germany, spring, 124. 
 
 Stahlbrunnen (Hermannsborn), Pombsen, Germany, 126. 
 
 Stahlbrunnen, Pyrmont, Germany, 74. 
 
 Stahlbrunnen, Wassenach, 55. 
 
 Stahlquelle, Nassau, Germany, 93. 
 
 Star anise, 32. 
 
 Staraja-Russa, Russia, artesian well, 120. 
 
 Steamboat Springs, Nevada, 55. 
 
 Steben, Germany, spring, 78, 117. 
 
 Stereocaulon vesuvianum, 9. 
 
 Sterling, 111., artesian well, 91. 
 
 Stickweed, 14. 
 
 Stolypin, Russia, spring, 120. 
 
 Stoughton, Mass., well, 70. 
 
 Strawberry juice, 21. 
 
 Stribling or Augusta Alum Springs, Virginia, III. 
 
 Strontia Mineral Spring, Maryland, 106. 
 
 Sudliche Drainagequelle, Psekoup, 122. 
 
 Sugar cane, 27. 
 
 Suippe River, France, 99. 
 
 Suliguli, spring, 80. 
 
 Sulphur Bath or Ladies' Sulphur Bath, Virginia, 106. 
 
 Sulphur Spring A, Lostorf, Switzerland, 57. 
 
 Sulphur Spring, Livern, Germany, 124. 
 
 Sulphur Spring, Oberdorf, Germany, 58. 
 
 Sulphur Spring, Sail-les-Chateaumorand, France, 81. 
 
 Sulphur Spring, Schinznach, Switzerland, 57. 
 
 Sulz. Germany, spring, 117. 
 
 Sulzbach, Germany, spring, 102. 
 
 Sumach, 14, 18. 
 
 Summit Soda Springs, California, 64, no. 
 
1 64 INDEX. 
 
 Sunflower seeds, 43. 
 
 Suzon Spring, Dijon, France, 69. 
 
 Sweet potato, 18. 
 
 Sweet Springs (Akesion), Missouri, 109. 
 
 Sweet Springs (Sweet), Missouri, 109. 
 
 Syringa imlgaris, 42. 
 
 Talladega Spring, Alabama, 107. 
 
 Tarasp, Switzerland, springs, 83. 
 
 Tarbragar River, near Dubbo, New South Wales, artesian well, 99. 
 
 Tarqntum, Pa., artesian well, 123. 
 
 Taro, 1 8. 
 
 Tarrella, New South Wales, spring, 99. 
 
 Taurus Geyser, Yellowstone National Park, 78. 
 
 Tayuya, 27. 
 
 Te Aroha, Queensland, springs, 93. 
 
 Te Tarata Hot Spring, New Zealand, 121. 
 
 Tea, 32. 
 
 Tempelbrunnen, Rohitsch, Germany, 58. 
 
 Temple Spring, Oberfranken, 122. 
 
 Tenninger Bad, Grisons, Switzerland, 99. 
 
 Tennstadt, Thuringia, Germany, spring, 98. 
 
 Termini-Imerese, Palermo, Sicily, 103. 
 
 Thames River, Greenwich, 52. 
 
 Thames River, London, 52, 79. 
 
 Thames River, Twickenham, England, 61. 
 
 7"hapsia garganica, 48. 
 
 Thapsia sylphium, 48. 
 
 Therese Sulphur Spring, Fumades, France, 55. 
 
 Theresienbrunnen, Carlsbad, Austria-Hungary, 97. 
 
 Thermal Acid Spring, California, 64, 113. 
 
 Thompson's Bromine-arsenic Spring, North Carolina, 66. 
 
 Tibia from Egyptian mummy, 50. 
 
 Tickle grass, 12. 
 
 Tilford's Mineral Well, Tennessee, 107. 
 
 Tillandsia dianthoidea, 25. 
 
 Tittabawassee River, Michigan, 88. 
 
 Tobacco, 13, 18, 19, 34, 40. 
 
 Tobacco leaves and screenings, 8, 31. 
 
 Tobelbad, Steiermark, Austria-Hungary, spring, 95. 
 
 Tokiew, Caucasus, spring, 55. 
 
 Tolenas Springs, California, 64, no. 
 
 Tongern, Belgium, spring, 90. 
 
 Tonnissteiner Heilbrunnen, Germany, 75, 91. 
 
 Tonnissteiner Stahlbrunnen, Germany, 75. 
 
 Topeka Mineral Wells, Kansas. 65. 
 
INDEX. 165 
 
 Toplitz, Mahren, Germany, spring, 123. 
 
 Torpasaltkalle, Lilla Edet, Sweden, 56. 
 
 Tougourt, Sahara, Africa, well, 87. 
 
 Touzla Spring, Asia Minor, 121. 
 
 Traverse Bay, Michigan, 88. 
 
 Tree fern, New Zealand, 10, n. 
 
 Trefriw, Wales, spring, 59. 
 
 Trentham Spring, Georgia, 65. 
 
 'J rianosperma ficifolia, 27. 
 
 Trinkquelle, Driburg, Germany, 74. 
 
 Trinkquelle, Elster, Germany, 122. 
 
 Trinkquelle No. 10, Trinkhalle, Wurttemberg, Germany, 72. 
 
 Triton Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., 60. 
 
 Truffles, 9. 
 
 Tschehirghe, Anatolia, Asia Minor, spring, 115. 
 
 Tsuga canadensis, 2. 
 
 Tuber magnatum, 29. 
 
 Tiiber melanosporum, 29. 
 
 Turban and Grand Geysers, Yellowstone National Park, 78. 
 
 Turf moss, 16. 
 
 Tuscan (or Lick) Springs, California, 64. 
 
 Tuscarora Lithia Spring, Pennsylvania, 67. 
 
 Tuscarora Sour Spring, Brantford, Canada, 83. 
 
 Tussilago farfara, 8. 
 
 TJmgemach, Baden-Baden, Germany, spring, 59. 
 
 Union Spring, Saratoga. N. Y., 60, 105. 
 
 United States Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., 105. 
 
 Unity Springs, (Iron Spring), New Hampshire, 105. 
 
 Ursprung, Baden, Germany, 59. 
 
 Usnea, 16. 
 
 Usnea barbata, 41. 
 
 Utah Hot Springs. 67. 
 
 Utley Mineral Spring, Wisconsin, 109. 
 
 Val Sinestra, Switzerland, springs, 84. 
 Valdagno, Italy, spring, 73- 
 Valle del Gallo, near Urbino, spring, 51. 
 Varennes, Canada, springs, 83. 
 Variety Springs, (Alum Spring), Virginia, ill. 
 Variolaria dealbata, 41. 
 Veal breast, 50. 
 
 Velaine-Saint-Aubin, France, spring, 116. 
 Velika Kiselica, Srebrenica, Bosnia, spring, 97. 
 Verbascum lhapsus, 14. 
 Verbesina siegesbeckia, 14. 
 
1 66 INDEX. 
 
 Vesle River, France, 99. 
 
 Vesta Spring, Wisconsin, 108. 
 
 Vichy Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., 105. 
 
 Vicia faba, 18. 
 
 Victoria Spring, Ems, Germany, 75. 
 
 Victoria Spring, Neuenahr, 56. 
 
 Victoria Spring, Oberlahnstein. 76. 
 
 Victoria Well, Ofen, Austria-Hungary, 54. 
 
 Vienna (Josefstadt), Austria-Hungary, spring, 115. 
 
 Villecelle, France, spring, 52. 
 
 Vincenzbrunnen, Luhatschowitz, Austria-Hungary, 72, 85. 
 
 Vincent (Allier), Vichy, France, spring, 103. 
 
 Virginia creeper, 40. 
 
 Vic-sur-Cere, Cantal, France, spring, 122. 
 
 Vitis hederacea, 40. 
 
 Vittel, France, spring, 100. 
 
 Voslau, spring, 121. 
 
 Vrucica, Bosnia, spring, 96. 
 
 Wakefield Sulphur Well, Kansas, 53. 
 
 Wallawhatoola Alum Springs, Virginia, ill. 
 
 Walley's Hot Springs, Nevada, 66. 
 
 Walsh's quarry. New South Wales, spring, 99. 
 
 Warasdin-Toplitz, Austria-Hungary, spring, 80- 
 
 Warm Springs, Arkansas, 107. 
 
 Warner's Spring, Michigan, 108. 
 
 Waroo Springs, New South Wales, artesian well, 100. 
 
 Warwick Spring, New Jersey, 105. 
 
 Washington Lithia Well, Ballston Spa, New York, 105. 
 
 Water hemlock, 16. 
 
 Wattweiler, Alsace, spring, 61. 
 
 Wayland, Mass., filter gallery, 70. 
 
 Way land, Mass., reservoir, 70. 
 
 Weaver Well, Texas, 112. 
 
 " Weigmann," 16. 
 
 Weilbach, Nassau, Germany, spring, 74, 128. 
 
 Weisloch, Baden, Germany, spring, 126. 
 
 Welcome Island Lithia Water, 88. 
 
 Wels, Austria-Hungary, spring, 97. 
 
 Wenzelsquelle, Rippoldsau, spring, 128. 
 
 Wernarzer, Brlickenau, Germany, spring, 119. 
 
 West Baden Spring, No. I, Indiana, 113. 
 
 West Saratoga Springs, Indiana, 108. 
 
 West Spring, Joplin, Mo., 82. 
 
 West Sprins, Langenbruck. Austria-Hungary, 77. 
 
 Westborough Insane Hospital, Mass.. wells, 70. 
 
INDEX. 167 
 
 Westerland, Germany, artesian well, 82. 
 
 Western Butte, Northwest Territory, spring, 86. 
 
 Westliche Quelle, Stuttgart, Germany, 72. 
 
 Wheat, i, 18, 28, 34, 36,45. 
 
 Wheat flour, 8, 14, 36. 
 
 Wheat, milling products, 5, 36. 
 
 Wheelock, England, spring, 102. 
 
 White birch, 41. 
 
 White Cliff Sulphur Spring, Tennessee, 107. 
 
 White currant juice, 21. 
 
 White Island, New Zealand, hot lake, 70. 
 
 White Mineral Spring, Minnesota, 66. 
 
 White pine litter, 40. 
 
 White Rock Springs, Wisconsin, 109. 
 
 White Sulphur Springs, Montana, 126. 
 
 White Terrace Geyser, New Zealand, 121. 
 
 White truffle, 29. 
 
 W T hite wine, 17. 
 
 Wiener-Neustadt Sauerbrunn, Austria-Hungary, 117. 
 
 Wilcannia, Tarella, New South Wales, spring, 99. 
 
 Wiesen Spring, Oberfranken, 122. 
 
 Wilbur Springs, California, 64. 
 
 Wilhelms, Germany, spring, 124. 
 
 Wilhelmsheilanstalt, Wiesbaden, Germany, 75. 
 
 Wilhelmsquelle, Herzogludolfsbad, Germany, 103. 
 
 Willow, 29. 
 
 Wine, 6, 16, 21, 24, 33. 
 
 Winsford, England, spring, 102. 
 
 Wire grass, 14. 
 
 Witter's Mineral Springs, California, 64. 
 
 Woburn, Mass., filter gallery, 70. 
 
 Woburn, Mass., pond. 70. 
 
 Wolf Trap Lithia Springs, Virginia, 113. 
 
 Wolverton, England, spring, 76. 
 
 Woodstock, 111., drift well, 91. 
 
 Wootan Wells, Texas, 107. 
 
 Worm seed, 15. 
 
 Wormwood, 16. 
 
 Wrnjcka banja, Servia, 93. 
 
 Wranjaska banja, Servia, 93. 
 
 Xanthium spinosum, 17. 
 
 Yalova Hot Spring, Asia Minor, 121. 
 
 Yampa Spring, Glenwood Springs, Colorado, 122. 
 
1 68 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Yams. (See Sweet potato.) 
 
 Yarrangobilly caves, New South Wales, spring, 99. 
 
 Yeast, 2. 
 
 Yellow Sulphur Springs, Virginia, in. 
 
 Yellowstone Lake, Yellowstone National Park, 78. 
 
 Young's Natural-gas Well and Mineral Springs, California, 64. 
 
 Ypsilanti, Mich., well, 88. 
 
 Ypsilanti Sanitarium, Mich., spring, 89. 
 
 Yvonne, France, spring, 103. 
 
 Zauberwasser, Hudson, Mich., 88. 
 Zillenbergsoole, Colberg, Germany, 55. 
 Zoster a marina, 2, 1 6. 
 Zuckmantel, Austria- Hungary, spring, 98. 
 
SHORT-TITLE CATALOGUE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 PUBLICATIONS 
 
 OP 
 
 JOHN WILEY & SONS, 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 LONDON: CHAPMAN & HALL, LIMITED. 
 
 ARRANGED UNDER SUBJECTS. 
 
 Descriptive circulars sent on application. Books marked with an asterisk are 
 sold at net prices only, a double asterisk (**) books sold under the rules of the 
 American Publishers' Association at net prices subject to au extra charge for 
 postage. All books are bound in cloth unless otherwise stated. 
 
 AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Armsby's Manual of Cattle-feeding i2mo, $i 75 
 
 Principles of Animal Nutrition .8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Budd and Hansen's American Horticultural Manual: 
 
 Part I. Propagation, Culture, and Improvement i2mo, i 50 
 
 Part II. Systematic Pomology i2ino, i 50 
 
 Downing's Fruits and Fruit-trees of America 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Elliott's Engineering for Land Drainage i2mo, i 50 
 
 Practical Farm Drainage i2mo, i oo 
 
 Green's Principles of American Forestry i2mo, i 50 
 
 Grotenfelt's Principles of Modern Dairy Practice. (Woll.) 12 mo, 2 oo 
 
 Kemp's Landscape Gardening i2mo, 2 50 
 
 Maynard's Landscape Gardening as Applied to Home Decoration i2mo, i 50 
 
 Sanderson's Insects Injurious to Staple Crops i2mo, i 50 
 
 Insects Injurious to Garden Crops. (In preparation.) 
 
 Insects Injuring Fruits. (In preparation.) 
 
 Stockbridge's Rocks and Soils 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Woll's Handbook for Farmers and Dairymen i6mo, i 50 
 
 ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 Baldwin's Steam Heating for Buildings i2mo, 2 50 
 
 Berg's Buildings and Structures of American Railroads 4to, 5 c o ' 
 
 Birkmire's Planning and Construction of American Theatres 8vo, 3 c o 
 
 Architectural Iron and Steel 8vo, 3 [ o 
 
 Compound Riveted Girders as Applied in Buildings 8vo, 2 uo 
 
 Planning and Construction of High Office Buildings 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Skeleton Construction in Buildings 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Briggs's Modern American School Buildings 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Carpenter's Heating and Ventilating of Buildings 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Freitag's Architectural Engineering. 2d Edition, Rewritten 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Fireproofing of Steel Buildings 8vo, 2 50 
 
 French and Ives's Stereotomy 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Gerhard's Guide to Sanitary House-inspection i6mo, i oo 
 
 Theatre Fires and Panics i2mo, i 50 
 
 Holly's Carpenters' and Joiners' Handbook i8mo, o 75 
 
 Johnson's Statics by Algebraic and Graphic Methods 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 1 
 
Kidder's Architect's and Builder's Pocket-book. Rewritten Edition. 
 
 i6mo, morocco, 5 oo 
 
 Merrill's Stones for Building and Decoration 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Monckton's Stair-building 4to, 4 oo 
 
 Patton's Practical Treatise on Foundations 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Peabody's Naval Architecture 8vo, 7 50 
 
 Siebert and Biggin's Modern Stone-cutting and Masonry 8vo, i 50 
 
 Snow's Principal Species of Wood 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Sondericker's Graphic Statics with Applications to Trusses, Beams, and Arches. 
 
 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Wait's Engineering and Architectural Jurisprudence 8vo, 6 oo 
 
 Sheep, 6 50 
 
 Law of Operations Preliminary to Construction in Engineering and Archi- 
 tecture 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Sheep, 5 5O 
 
 Law of Contracts 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Wood's Rustless Coatings: Corrosion and Electrolysis of Iron and Steel . . .8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Woodbury's Fire Protection of Mills 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Worcester and Atkinson's Small Hospitals, Establishment and Maintenance, 
 Suggestions for Hospital Architecture, with Plans for a Small Hospital. 
 
 i2mo, i 25 
 
 The World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 Large 4to, i oo 
 
 ARMY AND NAVY. 
 Bernadou's Smokeless Powder, Nitro-cellulose, and the Theory of the Cellulose 
 
 Molecule 1 2mo, 2 50 
 
 * Bruff's Text-book Ordnance and Gunnery 8vo, 6 oo 
 
 Chase's Screw Propellers and Marine Propulsion 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Craig's Azimuth 4to, 3 50 
 
 Crehore and Squire's Polarizing Photo-chronograph 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Cronkhite's Gunnery for Non-commissioned Officers 24mo. morocco, 2 oo 
 
 * Davis's Elements of Law 8vo, 2 50 
 
 * Treatise on the Military Law of United States 8vo, 7 oo 
 
 Sheep, 7 50 
 
 De Brack's Cavalry Outpost Duties. (Carr.) 241110 morocco, 2 oo 
 
 Dietz's Soldier's First Aid Handbook i6mo, morocco, i 25 
 
 * Dredge's Modern French Artillery 4to, half morocco, 15 oo 
 
 Durand's Resistance and Propulsion of Ships 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 * Dyer's Handbook of Light Artillery I2mo, 3 oo 
 
 Eissler's Modern High Explosives 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 * Fiebeger's Text-book on Field Fortification Small 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Hamilton's The Gunner's Catechism i8mo. i oo 
 
 * Hoff's Elementary Naval Tactics .8vo, i 50 
 
 Ingalls's Handbook of Problems in Direct Fire 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 * Ballistic Tables . 8vo, i 50 
 
 * Lyons's Treatise on Electromagnetic Phenomena. Vols. I. and II . . 8vo each, 6 oo 
 
 * Mahan's Permanent Fortifications. (Mercur.) 8vo, half morocco, 7 50 
 
 Manual for Courts-martial i6mo> morocco, i 50 
 
 * Mercur's Attack of Fortified Places i2mo, 2 oo 
 
 * Elements of the Art of War 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Metcalf 's Cost of Manufactures And the Administration of Workshops, Public 
 
 and Private 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 * Ordnance and Gunnery. 2 vols I2mo, 5 oo 
 
 Murray's Infantry Drill Regulations i8mo. paper, 10 
 
 Peabody's Naval Architecture 8vo, 7 So 
 
 * Phelps's Practical Marine Surveying 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Powell's Army Officer's Examiner i2mo, 4 oo 
 
 Sharpe's Art of Subsisting Armies in War i8mo, morocco, i 50 
 
 2 
 
* Walke's Lectures on Explosives , t 8vo 4 oo 
 
 * Wheeler's Siege Operations and Military Mining 8vo, oo 
 
 Winthrop's Abridgment of Military Law I2mo, 50 
 
 Woodhull's Notes on Military Hygiene i6mo, 50 
 
 Young's Simple Elements of Navigation i6mo morocco, 
 
 Second Edition, Enlarged and Revised i6mo, morocco, 
 
 oo 
 
 ASSAYING. 
 Fletcher's Practical Instructions in Quantitative Assaying with the Blowpipe. 
 
 1 2 mo, morocco, i 50 
 
 Furman's Manual of Practical Assaying 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Miller's Manual of Assaying I2mo, I oo 
 
 O'Driscoll's Notes on the Treatment of Gold Ores 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Ricketts and Miller's Notes on Assaying 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Ulke's Modern Electrolytic Copper Refining 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Wilson's Cyanide Processes lamo, i 50 
 
 Chlorination Process . . 12010, i 50 
 
 ASTRONOMY. 
 
 Comstock's Field Astronomy for Engineers 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Craig's Azimuth 4to, 3 50 
 
 Doolittle's Treatise on Practical Astronomy 8vo. 4 oo 
 
 Gore's Elements of Geodesy 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Hayf ord's Text-book of Geodetic Astronomy 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Merriman's Elements of Precise Surveying and Geodesy 8vo, 2 50 
 
 * Michie and Harlow's Practical Astronomy 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 * White's Elements of Theoretical and Descriptive Astronomy 12 mo, 2 oo 
 
 BOTANY. 
 
 Davenport's Statistical Methods, with Special Reference to Biological Variation. 
 
 i6mo, morocco, i 25 
 
 Thome 1 and Bennett's Structural and Physiological Botany i6mo, 2 25 
 
 Westermaier's Compendium of General Botany. (Schneider.) 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 CHEMISTRY. 
 
 ^driance's Laboratory Calculations and Specific Gravity Tables izmo, i 25 
 
 Allen's Tables for Iron Analysis 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Arnold's Compendium of Chemistry. (Mandel.) Small 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Austen's Notes for Chemical Students i2mo, i 50 
 
 * Austen and Langworthy. The Occurrence of Aluminium in Vegetable 
 
 Products, Animal Products, and Natural Waters 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Bernadou's Smokeless Powder. Nitro-cellulose, and Theory of the Cellulose 
 
 Molecule i2mo, 2 50 
 
 Bolton's Quantitative Analysis 8vo, i 50 
 
 * Browning's Introduction to the Rarer Elements 8vo, i 50 
 
 Brush and Penfield's Manual of Determinative Mineralogy 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Classen's Quantitative Chemical Analysis by Electrolysis. (Boltwood.) . . . .8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Cohn's Indicators and Test-papers i2mo, 2 oo 
 
 Tests and Reagents 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Copeland's Manual of Bacteriology. (In preparation.) 
 
 Craft's Short Course in Qualitative Chemical Analysis. (Schaeffer.) i2mo, i SO 
 
 Dolezalek's Theory of the Lead Accumulator (Storage Battery). (Von 
 
 Ende) i2mo, 2 50 
 
 Drechsel's Chemical Reactions. (Merrill.) i2mo, i 25 
 
 Duhem's Thermodynamics and Chemistry. (Burgess.) 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Eissler's Modern High Explosives 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Bffront's Enzymes and their Applications. (Prescott.) 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Brdmann's Introduction to Chemical Preparations. (Dunlap.) 12010, i 25 
 
Fletcher's Practical Instructions in Quantitative Assaying with the Blowpipe 
 
 i2mo, morocco, i 50 
 
 Fowler's Sewage Works Analyses i2tno, 2 oo 
 
 Fresenius's Manual of Qualitative Chemical Analysis. (Wells.) 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Manual of Qualitative Chemical Analysis. Parti. Descriptive. (Wells.) 
 
 8vo, 3 oo 
 System of Instruction in Quantitative Chemical Analysis. (Cohn.) 
 
 2 vols 8vo, 12 50 
 
 Fuertes's Water and Public Health i2mo, i 50 
 
 Furman's Manual of Practical Assaying 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 *Getman's Exercises in Physical Chemistry 12010, 2 oo 
 
 Gill's Gas and Fuel Analysis for Engineers i2mo, i 25 
 
 Grotenfelt's Principles of Modern Dairy Practice. (Woll.) i2mo, 2 oo 
 
 Hammarsten's Text-book of Physiological Chemistry. (Mandel.} 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Helm's Principles of Mathematical Chemistry. (Morgan.) i2mo, i 50 
 
 Bering's Ready Reference Tables (Conversion Factors) i6mo, morocco, 2 50 
 
 Hinds's Inorganic Chemistry 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 * Laboratory Manual for Students i2mo, 75 
 
 Holleman's Text-book of Inorganic Chemistry. (Cooper.) 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Text-book of Organic Chemistry. (Walker and Mott.) 8vo, 2 50 
 
 * Laboratory Manual of Organic Chemistry. (Walker.) i2mo, i oo 
 
 Hopkins's Oil-chemists' Handbook 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Jackson's Directions for Laboratory Work in Physiological Chemistry. .8vo, i 23 
 
 Keep's Cast Iron 8vo r 2 50 
 
 Ladd's Manual of Quantitative Chemical Analysis i2mo, i oo 
 
 Landauer's Spectrum Analysis. (Tingle.) 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Lassar-Cohn's Practical Urinary Analysis. (Lorenz.) i2mo, i oo 
 
 Leach's The Inspection and Analysis of Food with Special Reference to State 
 
 Control, (In preparation.) 
 
 LSb's Electrolysis and Electrosynthesis of Organic Compounds. (Lorenz.) i2mo, i oo 
 Mandel's Handbook for Bio-chemical Laboratory 12 mo, i 50 
 
 * Martin's Laboratory Guide to Qualitative Analysis with the Blowpipe . . i2mo, 60 
 Mason's Water-supply. (Considered Principally from a Sanitary Standpoint.) 
 
 3d Edition, Rewritten 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Examination of Water. (Chemical and Bacteriological.) i2mo, 
 
 Meyer's Determination of Radicles in Carbon Compounds. (Tingle.). . i2mo, 
 
 Miller's Manual of Assaying i2mo, 
 
 Mixter's Elementary Text-book of Chemistry I2mo, 
 
 Morgan's Outline of Theory of Solution and its Results i2mo, 
 
 Elements of Physical Chemistry i2mo, 
 
 Morse's Calculations used in Cane-sugar Factories i6mo, morocco, 
 
 Mulliken's General Method for the Identification of Pure Organic Compounds. 
 
 Vot I Large 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Nichols's Water-supply. (Considered mainly from a Chemical and Sanitary 
 
 Standpoint, 1883.) 8vo, 2 50 
 
 O'Brine's Laboratory Guide in Chemical Analysis 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 O'DriscolTs Notes on the Treatment of Gold Ores 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Ost and Kolbeck's Text-book of Chemical Technology. (Lorenz Bozart.) 
 
 (In preparation,) 
 Ostwald's School of Chemistry. Part One. (Ramsey.) (In press.) 
 
 * Penfield's Notes on Determinative Mineralogy and Record of Mineral Tests. 
 
 8vo, paper, 50 
 
 Pictet's The Alkaloids and their Chemical Constitution. (Biddle.) 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Pinner's Introduction to Organic Chemistry. (Austen.) i2mo, i 50 
 
 Poole's Calorific Power of Fuels 8vo y 3 oo 
 
 Prescott and Winslow's Elements of Water Bacteriology, with Special Refer- 
 ence to Sanitary Water Analysis i2mo, i 25? 
 
 * Reisig's Guide to Piece-dyeing 8vo, 25 oo 
 
 4 
 
Richards and Woodman's Air .Water, and Food from d Sanitary Standpoint. 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Richards's Cost of Living as Modified by Sanitary Science i2mo, i oo 
 
 Cost of Food a Study in Dietaries. I2mo, i oo 
 
 * Richards and Williams's The Dietary Computer 8vo, i 50 
 
 Ricketts and Russell's Skeleton Notes upon Inorganic Chemistry. (Part I. 
 
 Non-metallic Elements.) 8vo, morocco, 75 
 
 Ricketts and Miller's Notes on Assaying 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Rideal's Sewage and the Bacterial Purification of Sewage 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Disinfection and the Preservation of Food. 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Ruddiman's Incompatibilities in Prescriptions 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Sabin's Industrial and Artistic Technology of faints and Varnish. (In press.") 
 
 Salkowski's Physiological and Pathological Chemistry. (Orndorff.*) . . . .8vo, 2 50 
 
 Schimpf's Text-book of Volumetric Analysis I2tno, 2 50 
 
 Essentials of Volumetric Analysis i2mo, i 25 
 
 Spencer's Handbook for Chemists of Beet-sugar Houses i6mo, morocco, 3 oo 
 
 Handbook for Sugar*Manufacturers and their Chemists. . i6mo, morocco, 2 oo 
 
 Stockbridge's Rocks and Soils 8vo, a 50 
 
 * Tillman's Elementary Lessons in Heat 8vo, x 50 
 
 * Descriptive General Chemistry 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Treadwell's Qualitative Analysis. (HalL) 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Quantitative Analysis. (Hall.) 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Turneaure and Russell's Public 'Water-supplies 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Van Deventer's Physical Chemistry for Beginners. (Boltwood.) 1 2mo, i 50 
 
 * Walke's Lectures on Explosives 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Wassermann's Immune Sera: Haemolysins, Cytotoxins, and Precipitins. (Bol- 
 
 duan.) i2mo, i oo 
 
 Wells's Laboratory Guide in Qualitative Chemical Analysis 8vo, x 30 
 
 Short Course in Inorganic Qualitative Chemical Analysis for Engineering 
 
 Students I2mo, i 50 
 
 Whipple's Microscopy of Drinking-water 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Wiechmann's Sugar Analysis Small 8vo. 2 50 
 
 Wilson's Cyanide Processes i2mo, x 50 
 
 Chlorination Process i2mo, i 50 
 
 Wulling's Elementary Course in Inorganic Pharmaceutical and Medical Chem- 
 istry i2mo, 2 oo 
 
 CIVIL ENGINEERING. 
 
 BRIDGES AND ROOFS. HYDRAULICS. MATERIALS OF ENGINEERING 
 RAILWAY ENGINEERING. 
 
 Baker's Engineers' Surveying Instruments i2mo, 3 oo 
 
 Bixby's Graphical Computing Table Paper 19^X24$ inches. 25 
 
 ** Burr's Ancient and Modern Engineering and the Isthmian Canal. (Postage, 
 
 27 cents additional.) 8vo, net, 3 50 
 
 Comstock's Field Astronomy for Engineers 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Davis's Elevation and Stadia Tables 8vo, I oo 
 
 Elliott's Engineering for Land Drainage i2mo, i 50 
 
 Practical Farm Drainage i2mo, x oo 
 
 FolwelTs Sewerage. (Designing and Maintenance.) 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Freitag's Architectural Engineering. 2d Edition, Rewritten 8vo, 3 90 
 
 French and Ives's Stereotomy 8vo, 2 30 
 
 Goodhue's Municipal Improvements I2mo X 75 
 
 Goodrich's Economic Disposal of Towns' Refuse 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Gore's Elements of Geodesy 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Hayford's Text-book of Geodetic Astronomy 8vo, 3 oc 
 
 Bering's Ready Reference Tables (Conversion Factors) i6mo, morocco, 2 50 
 
 Howe's Retaining Walls for Earth I2mo, i 25 
 
 Johnson's Theory and Practice of Surveying Small 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Statics by Algebraic and Graphic Methods 8vo, * oo 
 
 5 
 
Kiersted's Sewage Disposal i2mo, i 35 
 
 Laplace's Philosophical Essay on Probabilities. (Truscott and Emory.) i2mo, 2 oo 
 
 Mahan's Treatise on Civil Engineering. (1873.) (Wood.) 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 * Descriptive Geometry 8vo, i 50 
 
 Merriman's Elements of Precise Surveying and Geodesy 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Elements of Sanitary Engineering 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Merriman and Brooks's Handbook for Surveyors 1 6mo, morocco, a oo 
 
 Nugent's Plane Surveying 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Ogden's Sewer Design i2mo, 2 oo 
 
 Patton's Treatise on Civil Engineering 8vo half leather, 7 50 
 
 Reed's Topographical Drawing and Sketching 4to, 5 oo 
 
 Rideal's Sewage and the Bacterial Purification of Sewage 8vo, 3 5. 
 
 Siebert and Biggin's Modern Stone-cutting and Masonry 8vo, i 50 
 
 Smith's Manual of Topographical Drawing. (McMillan.) 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Sondericker's Graphic Statics, wim Applications to Trusses. Beams, and 
 
 Arches. 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 * Trantwine's Civil Engineer's Pocket-book i6mo, morocco, 5 oo 
 
 Wait's Engineering and Architectural Jurisprudence 8vo, 6 oo 
 
 Sheep, 6 50 
 
 Law of Operations Preliminary to Construction in Engineering and Archi- 
 tecture. 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Sheep, 5 50 
 
 Law of Contracts 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Warren's Stereotomy Problems in Stone-cutting 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Webb's Problems in the Use and Adjustment of Engineering Instruments. 
 
 i6mo, morocco, i 25 
 
 * Wheeler's Elementary Course of Civil Engineering 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Wilson's Topographic Surveying ,,,,,, ,8vo, 3 50 
 
 BRIDGES AND ROOFS. 
 
 Boiler's Practical Treatise on the Construction of Iron Highway Bridges. . 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 * Thames River Bridge 4to, paper, 5 oo 
 
 Burr's Course on the Stresses in Bridges and Roof Trusses, Arched Ribs, and 
 
 Suspension Bridges 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Du Bois's Mechanics of Engineering. Vol. II Small 4 to, 10 oo 
 
 Foster's Treatise on Wooden Trestle Bridges. 4to, 5 oo 
 
 Fowler's Coffer-dam Process for Piers 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Greene's Roof Trusses 8vo, i 25 
 
 Bridge Trusses 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Arches in Wood, Iron, and Stone 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Howe's Treatise on Arches 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Design of Simple Roof-trusses in Wood and Steel 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Johnson, Bryan, and Turneaure's Theory and Practice in the Designing of 
 
 Modern Framed Structures Small 4to, 10 oo 
 
 Merriman and Jacoby's Text-book on Roofs and Bridges: 
 
 Part I. Stresses in Simple Trusses 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Part IL Graphic Statics 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Part HI. Bridge Design. 4th Edition, Rewritten 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Part TV. Higher Structures 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Morison's Memphis Bridge 4to, io oo 
 
 Waddell's De Pontibus, a Pocket-book for Bridge Engineers. . . i6mo, morocco, 3 oo 
 
 Specifications for Steel Bridges i2mo, s 25 
 
 Wood's Treatise on the Theory of the Construction of Bridges and Roofs.Svo, 2 oo 
 Wright's Designing of Draw-spans: 
 
 Part L Plate-girder Draws 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Part II. Riveted-truss and Pin-connected Long-span Draws 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Two parts in one volume 8vo, 3 50 
 
 6 
 
HYDRAULICS. 
 
 Bazin's Experiments upon the Contraction of the Liquid Vein Issuing from an 
 
 Orifice. (Trautwine.) 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Bovey's Treatise on Hydraulics 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Church's Mechanics of Engineering 8vo, 6 oo 
 
 Diagrams of Mean Velocity of Water in Open Channels paper, i 50 
 
 Coffin's Graphical Solution of Hydraulic Problems i6mo, morocco, 2 50 
 
 Flather's Dynamometers, and the Measurement of Power 12 mo, 3 oo 
 
 Folwell's Water-supply Engineering 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Frizell's Water-power , 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Fuertes's Water and Public Health i2mo, i 50 
 
 Water-filtration Works i2mo, 2 50 
 
 Ganguillet and Kutter's General Formula for the Uniform Flow of Water in 
 
 Rivers and Other Channels. (Hering and Trautwine.) 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Hazen's Filtration of Public Water-supply 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Hazle hurst's Towers and Tanks for Water- works 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Herschel's 115 Experiments on the Carrying Capacity of Large, Riveted, Metal 
 
 Conduits 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Mason's Water-supply. (Considered Principally from a Sanitary Stand- 
 point.) 3d Edition, Rewritten 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Merriman's Treatise on Hydraulics. oth Edition, Rewritten 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 * Michie's Elements of Analytical Mechanics 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Schuyler's Reservoirs for Irrigation, Water-power, and Domestic Water- 
 supply Large 8vo, s oo 
 
 * Thomas and Watt's Improvement of Riyers. (Post., 44 c. additional), 4to, 6 oo 
 
 Turneaure and Russell's Public Water-supplies 8vo t 5 oo 
 
 Wegmann's Desien and Construction of Dams 4to, 5 oo 
 
 Water-supply of the City of New York from 1658 to'iSgs 4to, 10 oo 
 
 Weisbach's Hydraulics and Hydraulic Motors. (Du Bois.) 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Wilson's Manual of Irrigation Engineering Small 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Wolff's Windmill as a Prime Mover 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Wood's Turbines 8vo, a 50 
 
 Elements of Analytical Mechanics 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 MATERIALS OF ENGINEERING. 
 
 Baker's Treatise on Masonry Construction 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Roads and Pavements 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Black's United States Public Works Oblong 4to, 5 oo 
 
 Bovey's Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures 8vo, 7 50 
 
 Burr's Elasticity and Resistance of the Materials of Engineering. 6th Edi- 
 tion, Rewritten 8vo, 7 50 
 
 Byrne's Highway Construction 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Inspection of the Materials and Workmanship Employed in Construction. 
 
 i6mo, 3 oo 
 
 Church's Mechanics of Engineering 8vo, 6 oo 
 
 Du Bois's Mechanics of Engineering. VoL I Small 4to, 7 50 
 
 Johnson's Materials of Construction Large 8vo, 6 oo 
 
 Keep's Cast Iron 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Lanza's Applied Mechanics 8vo, 7 50 
 
 Martens's Handbook on Testing Materials. (Henning.) 2 vols 8vo, 750 
 
 Merrill's Stones for Building and Decoration 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Merriman's Text-book on the Mechanics of Materials 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Strength of Materials i2mo, i oo 
 
 Metcalf's Steel. A Manual for Steel-users lamo, 2 oo 
 
 Patton's Practical Treatise on Foundations 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 7 
 
Rockwell's Roads and Pavements in France i2mo, i 25 
 
 Smith's Materials of Machines i2mo, i oo 
 
 Snow's Principal Species of Wood 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Spalding's Hydraulic Cement 12 mo, 2 oo 
 
 Text-book on Roads and Pavements 1 2mo, 2 oo 
 
 Thurston's Materials of Engineering. 3 Parts 8vo, 8 oo 
 
 Part I. Non-metallic Materials of Engineering and Metallurgy 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Part II. Iron and Steel 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Part III. A Treatise on Brasses, Bronzes, and Other Alloys and their 
 
 Constituents 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Thurston's Text-book of the Materials of Construction 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Tillson's Street Pavements and Paving Materials 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Waddell's De Pontibus. (A Pocket-book for Bridge Engineers.) . . i6mo, mor., 3 oo 
 
 Specifications for Steel Bridges i2mo, i 25 
 
 Wood's Treatise on the Resistance of Materials, and an Appendix on the Pres- 
 ervation of Timber 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Elements of Analytical Mechanics 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Wood's Rustless Coatings: Corrosion and Electrolysis of Iron and Steel. . .8vo, 4 oo 
 
 RAILWAY ENGINEERING. 
 
 Andrews's Handbook for Street Railway Engineers. 3X5 inches, morocco, i 25 
 
 Berg's Buildings and Structures of American Railroads 4to, 5 oo 
 
 Brooks's Handbook of Street Railroad Location i6mo. morocco, I 50 
 
 Butts's Civil Engineer's Field-book i6mo, morocco, 2 50 
 
 Crandall's Transition Curve i6mo, morocco, i 50 
 
 Railway and Other Earthwork Tables 8vo, i 50 
 
 Dawson's "Engineering" and Electric Traction Pocket-book. i6mo, morocco, 5 oo 
 
 Dredge's History of the Pennsylvania Railroad: (1879) Paper, 5 oo 
 
 * Drinker's Tunneling, Explosive Compounds, and Rock Drills, 4to, half mor., 25 oo 
 
 Fisher's Table of Cubic Yards Cardboard, 25 
 
 Godwin's Railroad Engineers' Field-book and Explorers' Guide 1 6mo, mor., 2 50 
 
 Howard's Transition Curve Field-book i6mo, morocco, i so 
 
 Hudson's Tables for Calculating the Cubic Contents of Excavations and Em- 
 bankments 8vo, i oo 
 
 Molitor and Beard's Manual for Resident Engineers i6mo, i oo 
 
 Nagle's Field Manual for Railroad Engineers i6mo, morocco. 3 oo 
 
 Philbrick's Field Manual for Engineers i6mo, morocco, 3 oo 
 
 Searles's Field Engineering i6mo, morocco, 3 oo 
 
 Railroad Spiral. i6mo, morocco, i 50 
 
 Taylor's Prismoidal Formulae and Earthwork 8vo, i 50 
 
 Trautwine's Method of Calculating the Cubic Contents of Excavations and 
 
 Embankments by the Aid of Diagrams 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 The Field Practice of [Laying Out Circular Curves for Railroads. 
 
 1 2 mo, morocco, 2 50 
 
 Cross-section Sheet Paper, 25 
 
 Webb's Railroad Construction. 2d Edition, Rewritten i6mo. morocco, 5 oo 
 
 Wellington's Economic Theory of the Location of Railways Small 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 DRAWING. 
 
 Barr's Kinematics of Machinery 8vo, 2 50 
 
 * Bartlett's Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 ' " Abridged Ed 8vo, i 50 
 
 Coolidge's Manual of Drawing 8vo, paper, i oo 
 
 Coolidge and Freeman's Elements of General Drafting for Mechanical Engi- 
 neers. (In press.) 
 
 Durley's Kinematics of Machines 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 8 
 
Hill's Text-book on Shades and Shadows, and Perspective 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Jamison's Elements of Mechanical Drawing. (In press.) 
 
 Jones's Machine Design: 
 
 Part I. Kinematics of Machinery 8vo, i 50 
 
 Part II. Form, Strength, and Proportions of Parts 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 MacCord's Elements of Descriptive Geometrj , , 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Kinematics; or, Practical Mechanism , 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Mechanical Drawing , , , 4to, 4 oo 
 
 Velocity Diagrams 8vo, i 50 
 
 * Mahan's Descriptive Geometry and Stone-cutting 8vo, i 50 
 
 Industrial Drawing. (Thompson.) 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Reed's Topographical Drawing and Sketching 4to, 5 oo 
 
 Reid's Course in Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Text-book of Mechanical Drawing and Elementary Machine Design . . 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Robinson's Principles of Mechanism 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Smith's Manual of Topographical Drawing. (McMillan.) 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Warren's Elements of Plane and Solid Free-hand Geometrical Drawing. . i2mo, i oo 
 
 Drafting Instruments and Operations I2mo, i 25 
 
 Manual of Elementary Projection Drawing I2mo, i 50 
 
 Manual of Elementary Problems in the Linear Perspective of Form and 
 
 Shadow i2mo, i oo 
 
 Plane Problems in Elementary Geometry I2mo, i 25 
 
 Primary Geometry .- . i2mo, 75 
 
 Elements of Descriptive Geometry, Shadows, and Perspective 8vo, 3 50 
 
 General Problems of Shades and Shadows 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Elements of Machine Construction and Drawing 8vo, 7 50 
 
 Problems. Theorems, and Examples in Descriptive Geometry 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Weisbach's Kinematics and the Power of Transmission. (Hermann and 
 
 Klein.) 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Whelpley's Practical Instruction in the Art of Letter Engraving izmo, 2 oo 
 
 Wilson's Topographic Surveying 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Free-hand Perspective 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Free-hand Lettering 8vo, i oo 
 
 Woolf's Elementary Course in Descriptive Geometry. Large 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 'ELECTRICITY AND PHYSICS. 
 
 Anthony and Brackett's Text-book of Physics. (Magie.). ...... .Small 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Anthony's Lecture-notes on the Theory of Electrical Measurements i2mo, i oo 
 
 Benjamin's History of Electricity 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Voltaic Cell 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Classen's Quantitative Chemical Analysis by Electrolysis. (Boltwood.). .8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Crehore and Squier's Polarizing Photo-chronograph 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Diwson's "Engineering" and Electric Traction Pocket-book. . i6mo, morocco, 5 oo 
 Dolezalek's Theory of the Lead Accumulator (Storage Battery). (Von 
 
 Ende.) i2mo, ~2 50 
 
 Duhem's Thermodynamics and Chemistry. (Burgess.) 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Flather's Dvnamometers, and the Measurement of Power i2mo, 3 oo 
 
 Gilbert's De Magnete. (Mottelay.) 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Hanchett's Alternating Currents Explained i2mo, i oo 
 
 Bering's Ready Reference Tables (Conversion Factors) i6mo, morocco, 2 50 
 
 Holman's Precision of Measurements 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Telescopic Mirror-scale Method, Adjustments, and Tests Large 8vo, 75 
 
 Landauer's Spectrum Analysis. (Tingle.) 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Le Chatelier's High-temperature Measurements. (Boudouard Burgess. )i2mo, 3 oo 
 
 LoVs Electrolysis and Electrosynthesis of Organic Compounds. (Lorenz.) 12 mo, i oo 
 
 * Lyons's Treatise on Electromagnetic Phenomena. Vols. I. and n. 8vo, each, 6 oo 
 
 * Michie. Elements of Wave Motion Relating to Sound and Light 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 9 
 
Niaudef 8 Elementary Treatise on Electric Batteries. (Fishoack. ) i2mo, 50 
 
 Rosenberg's Electrical Engineering. (Haldane Gee Kinzbrunner.). . . .8vo, 50 
 
 Ryan, Norris, and Hoxie's Electrical Machinery. VoL L 8vo, 50 
 
 Thurston's Stationary Steam-engines 8vo, 50 
 
 Tillman's Elementary Lessons in Heat. 8vo, 50 
 
 Tory and Pitcher's Manual of Laboratory Physics Small 8vo, oo 
 
 Hike's Modern Electrolytic Copper Refining 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 LAW. 
 
 * Davis's Elements of Law 8vo, 2 50 
 
 * Treatise on the Military Law of United States 8vo, 7 oo 
 
 * Sheep, 7 50 
 
 Manual for Courts-martial i6mo, morocco, i 50 
 
 Wait's Engineering and Architectural Jurisprudence 8vo, 6 oo 
 
 Sheep, 6 50 
 
 Law of Operations Preliminary to Construction in Engineering and Archi- 
 tecture 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Sheep, 5 50 
 
 Law of Contracts 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Winthrop's Abridgment of Military Law i2mo, 2 50 
 
 MANUFACTURES. 
 
 Bernadou's Smokeless Powder Nitro-cellulose and Theory of the Cellulose 
 
 Molecule i2mo, 2 50 
 
 Holland's Iron Founder i2mo, 2 50 
 
 " The Iron Founder,*' Supplement. i2mo, 2 50 
 
 Encyclopedia of Founding and Dictionary of Foundry Terms Used in the 
 
 Practice of Moulding i2mo, 3 oo 
 
 Eissler's Modern High Explosives 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Eff rent's Enzymes and their Applications. (Prescott.) 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Fitzgerald's Boston Machinist i8mo, i oo 
 
 Ford's Boiler Making for Boiler Makers i8mo, i oo 
 
 Hopkins's Oil-chemists' Handbook 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Keep's Cast Iron. 8vo, a 50 
 
 Leach's The Inspection and Analysis of Food with Special Reference to State 
 
 ControL (In preparation.') 
 
 Metcalf's Steel. A Manual for Steel-users I2mo, a oo 
 
 Metcalfe's Cost of Manufactures And the Administration of Workshops, 
 
 Public and Private 8vo, s oo 
 
 Meyer's Modern Locomotive Construction 4to, 10 oo 
 
 Morse's Calculations used in Cane-sugar Factories i6mo, morocco, i 50 
 
 * Reisig's Guide to Piece-dyeing 8vo, 25 oo 
 
 Smith's Press-working of Metals 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Spalding's Hydraulic Cement I2mo, 2 oo 
 
 Spencer's Handbook for Chemists of Beet-sugar Houses i6mo, morocco, 3 oo 
 
 Handbook tor sugar Manufacturers and their Chemists.. . i6mo, morocco, 2 oo 
 Thurston's Manual of Steam-boilers, their Designs, Construction and Opera- 
 tion 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 * Walke's Lectures on Explosives 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 West's American Foundry Practice i2mo, a -50 
 
 Moulder's Text-book i2mo, 2 50 
 
 Wiechmann's Sugar Analysis Small 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Wolff's Windmill as a Prime Mover 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Woodbury's Fire Protection of Mills 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Wood's Rustless Coatings: Corrosion and Electrolysis of Iron and Steel. . .8vo, 4 oo 
 
 10 
 
MATHEMATICS. 
 
 Baker's Elliptic Functions 8vo, i 50 
 
 * Bass's Elements of Differential Calculus iamo, 4 oo 
 
 Briggs's Elements of Plane Analytic Geometry iamo, 
 
 Compton's Manual of Logarithmic Computations i2mo, 
 
 Davis's Introduction to the Logic of Algebra 8vo, 
 
 * Dickson's College Algebra Large 121 
 
 oo 
 50 
 50 
 50 
 
 Answers to Dickson's College Algebra 8vo, paper, 25 
 
 25 
 
 75 
 50 
 75 
 
 * Introduction to the Theory of Algebraic Equations Large 12 mo, 
 
 Halsted's Elements of Geometry 8vo. 
 
 Elementary Synthetic Geometry 8vo, 
 
 Rational Geometry i2mo, 
 
 Johnson's Three-place Logarithmic Tables: Vest-pocket size paper, 15 
 
 100 copies for 5 oo 
 
 * Mounted on heavy cardboard, 8 X 10 inches, 25 
 
 10 copies for 2 oo 
 
 Elementary Treatise on the Integral Calculus Small 8vo, i 50 
 
 Curve Tracing in Cartesian Co-ordinates i2mo, i oo 
 
 Treatise on Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations Small 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Theory of Errors and the Method of Least Squares i2mo, i 50 
 
 * Theoretical Mechanics i2mo, 3 oo 
 
 Laplace's Philosophical Essay on Probabilities. (Truscott and Emory.) i2mo, 2 oo 
 
 * Ludlow and Bass. Elements of Trigonometry and Logarithmic and Other 
 
 Tables 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Trigonometry and Tables published separately Each, 2 oo 
 
 * Ludlow's Logarithmic and Trigonometric Tables 8vo, i oo 
 
 Maurer's Technical Mechanics 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Merriman and Woodward's Higher Mathematics 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Merriman's Method of Least Squares 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Rice and Johnson's Elementary Treatise on the Differential Calculus . Sm. f 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Differential and Integral Calculus. 2 vols. in one Small 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Sabin's Industrial and Artistic Technology of Paints and Varnish. (In press.} 
 
 Wood's Elements of Co-ordinate Geometry 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Trigonometry: Analytical, Plane, and Spherical i2mo, i oo 
 
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING. 
 
 MATERIALS OF ENGINEERING, STEAM-ENGINES AND BOILERS. 
 
 Baldwin's Steam Heating for Buildings iimo, 2 50 
 
 Barr's Kinematics of Machinery 8vo, 2 50 
 
 * Bartlett's Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 * " " " Abridged Ed 8vo, i 50 
 
 Benjamin's Wrinkles and Recipes I2mo, 2 oo 
 
 Carpenter's Experimental Engineering 8vo, 6 oo 
 
 Heating and Ventilating Buildings 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Gary's Smoke Suppression in Plants using Bituminous Coal. (In prep- 
 aration.) 
 
 Clerk's Gas and Oil Engine Small 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Coolidge's Manual of Drawing 8vo, paper, i oo 
 
 Coolidge and Freeman's Elements of General Drafting for Mechanical En- 
 gineers. (In press.) 
 
 Cromwell's Treatise on Toothed Gearing 12010, i 50 
 
 Treatise on Belts and P'ulieys i2mo, i 50 
 
 Durley's Kinematics of Machines 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Flather's Dynamometers and the Measurement of Power I2mo, 3 oo 
 
 Rope Driving I2mo, 2 oo 
 
 11 
 
Gill's Gas and Fuel Analysis for Engineers i2mo, i 25 
 
 Hall's Car Lubrication I2mo, i oo 
 
 Bering's Ready Reference Tables (Conversion Factors) i6mo, morocco, 2 50 
 
 Button's The Gas Engine 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Jones's Machine Design: 
 
 Part I. Kinematics of Machinery 8vo, i 50 
 
 Part n. Form, Strength, and Proportions of Parts 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Kent's Mechanical Engineer's Pocket-book i6mo, morocco, 5 oo 
 
 Kerr's Power and Power Transmission 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Mac Cord's Kinematics ; or, Practical Mechanism 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Mechanical Drawing 4to, 4 oo 
 
 Velocity Diagrams 8vo, i 50 
 
 Mahan's Industrial Drawing. (Thompson.) 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Poole's Calorific Power of Fuels 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Reid's Course in Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Text-book of Mechanical Drawing and Elementary Machine Design. .8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Richards's Compressed Air i2mo, i 50 
 
 Robinson's Principles of Mechanism 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Smith's Press-working of Metals ,8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Thurston's Treatise on Friction and Lost Work in Machinery and Mill 
 
 Work 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Animal as a Machine and Prime Motor, and the Laws of Energetics . lamo, x oo 
 
 Warren's Elements of Machine Construction and Drawing 8vx>, 7 50 
 
 Weisbach's Kinematics and the Power of Transmission. Herrmann 
 
 Klein.) 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Machinery of Transmission and Governors. (Herrmann Klein.). .8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Hydraulics and Hydraulic Motors. (Du Bois.) 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Wolff's Windmill as a Prime Mover 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Wood's Turbines Svo, a 50 
 
 MATERIALS OF ENGINEERING. 
 
 Bovey's Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures 8vo, 7 50 
 
 Burr's Elasticity and Resistance of the Materials of Engineering. 6th Edition, 
 
 Reset Svo, 7 50 
 
 Church's Mechanics of Engineering 8vo, 6 oo 
 
 Johnson's Materials of Construction Large 8vo, 6 oo 
 
 Keep's Cast Iron 8vo, a 50 
 
 Lanza's Applied Mechanics '. 8vo, 7 50 
 
 Martens's Handbook on Testing Materials. (Henning.) 8vo, 7 50 
 
 Merriman's Text-book on the Mechanic* of Materials 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Strength of Materals i2mo, i oo 
 
 Metcalf's Steel. A Manual for Steel-users i amo, 2 oo 
 
 Smith's Materials of Machines i2mo i oo 
 
 Thurston's Materials of Engineering 3 vote., Svo, 8 oo 
 
 Part n. Iron and Steel Svo, 3 50 
 
 Part in. A Treatise on Brasses, Bronzes, and Other Alloys and their 
 
 Constituents. , Svo 2 50 
 
 Text-book of the Materials of Construction Svo, 5 oo 
 
 Wood's Treatise on the Resistance of Materials and an Appendix on the 
 
 Preservation of Timber Svo, 2 oo 
 
 Elements of Analytical Mechanics - Svo, 3 oo 
 
 Wood's Rustless Coatings: Corrosion and Electrolysis of Iron and Steel. . .Svo, 4 oo 
 
 STEAM-ENGINES AND BOILERS. 
 
 Carnot's Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat. (Thurston.) i2mo, x 50 
 
 Dawson's "Engineering" and Electric Traction Pocket-book. .i6mo, mor., 5 oo 
 
 Ford's Boiler Making for Boiler Makers i8mo, i oo 
 
 12 
 
Goss's Locomotive Sparks 8vo, a oo 
 
 Hemenway's Indicator Practice and Steam-engine Economy i2mo, a oo 
 
 Button's Mechanical Engineering of Power Plants 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Heat and Heat-engines 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Kent's Steam-bo'ler Economy 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Kneass's Practice and Theory of the Injector 8vo i so 
 
 MacCord's Slide-valves 8vo, a oo 
 
 Meyer's Modern Locomotive Construction 4 to, 10 oo 
 
 Peabody's Manual of the Steam-engine Indicator i2mo, i 50 
 
 Tables of the Properties of Saturated Steam and Other Vapors. . 8vo, i oo 
 
 Thermodynamics of the Steam-engine and Other Heat-engines 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Valve-gears for Steam-engines 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Peabody and Miller's Steam-boilers 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Pray's Twenty Years with the Indicator Large 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Pupln's Thermodynamics of Reversible Cycles in Gases and Saturated Vapors. 
 
 (Osterberg.) i2mo, i 25 
 
 Reagan's Locomotives : Simple, Compound, and Electric i2mo, 2 50 
 
 Rontgen's Principles of Thermodynamics. (Du Bois.) 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Sinclair's Locomotive Engine Running and Management i2mo, 2 oo 
 
 Smart's Handbook of Engineering Laboratory Practice i2mo, 2 50 
 
 Snow's Steam-boiler Practice 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Spangler's Valve-gears 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Notes on Thermodynamics i2mo, i oo 
 
 Spangler, Greene, and Marshall's Elements of Steam-engineering 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Thurston's Handy Tables 8vo. i 50 
 
 Manual of the Steam-engine .... 2 vols. 8vo, 10 oo 
 
 Part I. History, Structuce, and Theory 8vo, 6 oo 
 
 Part II. Design, Construction, and Operation 8vo, 6 oo 
 
 Handbook of Engine and Boiler Trials, and the Use of the Indicator and 
 
 the Prony Brake 8vo 5 o 
 
 Stationary Steam-engines 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Steam-boiler Explosions in Theory and in Practice i2mo i 50 
 
 Manual of Steam-boilers , Their Designs, Construction, and Operation . 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Weisbach's Heat, Steam, and Steam-engines. (Du Bois.) 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Whitham's Steam-engine Design 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Wilson's Treatise on Steam-boilers. (Flather.) i6mo, 2 50 
 
 Wood's Thermodynamics Heat Motors, and Refrigerating Machines 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 MECHANICS AND MACHINERY. 
 
 Barr's Kinematics of Machinery 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Bovey's Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures 8vo, 7 50 
 
 Chase's The Art of Pattern-making i2mo, 2 50 
 
 Chordal. Extracts from Letters i2mo, 2 oo 
 
 Church's Mechanics of Engineering 8vo, 6 oo 
 
 Notes and Examples in Mechanics 8vo, oo 
 
 Compton's First Lessons in Metal- working i2mo, 50 
 
 Compton and De Groodt's The Speed Lathe i2mo, 50 
 
 Cromwell's Treatise on Toothed Gearing i2mo, 50 
 
 Treatise on Belts and Pulleys i2mo, 50 
 
 Dana's Text-book of Elementary Mechanics for the Use of Colleges and 
 
 Schools i2mo, i 50 
 
 Dingey's Machinery Pattern Making i2mo, 2 oo 
 
 Dredge's Record of the Transportation Exhibits Building of the World's 
 
 Columbian Exposition of 1893 4to, half morocco, 5 oo 
 
 13 
 
Du Bois's Elementary Principles of Mechanics: 
 
 VoL I. Kinematics ; 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Vol. n. Statics ." 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Vol. ni. Kinetics 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Mechanics of Engineering. Vol. I Small 4to, 7 50 
 
 VoLIL Small 4to, 10 oo 
 
 Durley's Kinematics of Machines 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Fitzgerald's Boston Machinist i6mo, i oo 
 
 Flather's Dynamometers, and the Measurement of Power iamo, 3 oo 
 
 Rope Driving i2mo, 2 oo 
 
 Goss's Locomotive Sparks 8vo 2 oo 
 
 Hall's Car Lubrication i2mo, i oo 
 
 Holly's Art of Saw Filing i8mo, 75 
 
 * Johnson's Theoretical Mechanics izmo, 3 oo 
 
 Statics by Graphic and Algebraic Methods 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Jones's Machine Design: 
 
 Part I. Kinematics of Machinery 8vo, i 50 
 
 Part n. Form, Strength, and Proportions of Parts 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Kerr's Power and Power Transmission 8vo, a oo 
 
 Lanza's Applied Mechanics 8vo, 7 50 
 
 MacCord's Kinematics; or, Practical Mechanism 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Velocity Diagrams 8vo, i 50 
 
 Maurer's Technical Mechanics 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Merriman's Text-book on the Mechanics of Materials 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 * Michie's Elements of Analytical Mechanics 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Reagan's Locomotives: Simple, Compound, and Electric i2mo, 2 50 
 
 Reid's Course in Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Text-book of Mechanical Drawing and Elementary Machine Design . ,8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Richards's Compressed Air i2mo, i 50 
 
 Robinson's Principles of Mechanism 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Ryan, Norris, and Hoxie's Electrical Machinery. Vol. I. 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Sinclair's Locomotive-engine Running and Management". i2mo, 2 oo 
 
 Smith's Press-working of Metals 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Materials of Machines ismo, i oo 
 
 Spangler, Greene, and Marshall's Elements of Steam-engineering 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Thurston's Treatise on Friction and Lost Work in Machinery and Mill 
 
 Work 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Animal as a Machine and Prime Motor, and the Laws of Energetics . 121110, i oo 
 
 Warren's Elements of Machine Construction and Drawing 8vo, 7 50 
 
 Weisbach's Kinematics and the Power of Transmission. (Herrmann-r- 
 
 Klein. ) 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Machinery of Transmission and Governors. (Herrmann Klein.). 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Wood's Elements of Analytical Mechanics 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Principles of Elementary Mechanics i2mo, i 25 
 
 Turbines 8vo, 2 50 
 
 The World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 4to, i oo 
 
 METALLURGY. 
 
 Egleston's Metallurgy of Silver, Gold, and Mercury: 
 
 VoL I. Silver 8vo, 7 So 
 
 VoL IL Gold and Mercury 8vo, 7 So 
 
 ** Iles's Lead -smelting. (Postage 9 cents additional.) i2mo, 50 
 
 Keep's Cast Iron 8vo, 50 
 
 Kunhardt's Practice of Ore Dressing in Europe 8vo, 50 
 
 Le Chatelier's High-temperature Measurements. (Boudouard Burgess.) . I2mo, oo 
 
 Metcalf 's SteeL A Manual for Steel-users I2mo, oo 
 
 Smith's Materials of Machines I2mo, oo 
 
 14 
 
Thurston's Materials of Engineering. In Three Parts 8vo, 8 oo 
 
 Part II. Iron and Steel 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Part III. A Treatise on Brasses. Bronzes, and Other Alloys and their 
 
 Constituents 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Hike's Modern Electrolytic Copper Refining 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 MINERALOGY. 
 
 Barringer's Description of Minerals of Commercial Value. Oblong, morocco, a 50 
 
 Boyd's Resources of Southwest Virginia 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Map of Southwest Virginia Pocket-book form, a oo 
 
 Brush's Manual of Determinative Mineralogy. (Penfield.) 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Chester's Catalogue of Minerals 8vo, paper, i oo 
 
 Cloth, i 25 
 
 Dictionary of the Names of Minerals 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Dana's System of Mineralogy Large 8vo, half leather, 12 50 
 
 First Appendix to Dana's New "System of Mineralogy." Large 8vo, i oo 
 
 Text-book of Mineralogy 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Minerals and How to Study Them i2mo, i 50 ' 
 
 Catalogue of American Localities of Minerals Large 8vo, i oo 
 
 Manual of Mineralogy and Petrography izmo, 2 oo 
 
 Eakle's Mineral Tables 8vo, i 25 
 
 Egleston's Catalogue of Minerals and Synonyms 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Hussak's The Determination of Rock-forming Minerals. (Smith.) Small 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Merrill's Non-metallic Minerals: Their Occurrence and Uses 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 * Penfield's Notes on Determinative Mineralogy and Record of Mineral Tests. 
 
 8vo, paper, o 50 
 Rosenbusch's Microscopical Physiography of .the Rock-making Minerals. 
 
 (Iddings.) ,. 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Tillman's Text-book of Important Minerals and Docks 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Williams's Manual of Lithology 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 MINING. 
 
 Beard's Ventilation of Mines I2mo, a 50 
 
 Boyd's Resources of Southwest Virginia 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Map of Southwest Virginia Pocket-book form, 2 oo 
 
 * Drinker's Tunneling, Explosive Compounds, and Rock Drills. 
 
 4to, half morocco, 25 oo 
 
 Eissler's Modern High Explosives 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Fowler's Sewage Works Analyses i2mo, 2 oo 
 
 Goodyear's Coal-mines of the Western Coast of the United States i2mo, 2 50 
 
 Ihlseng's Manual of Mining 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 ** Iles's Lead-smelting. (Postage QC. additional.) I2mo, 2 50 
 
 Kunhardt's Practice of Ore Dressing in Europe 8vo, i 50 
 
 O'Driscoll's Notes on the Treatment of Gold Ores 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 * Walke's Lectures on Explosives 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Wilson's Cyanide Processes i2mo, i 50 
 
 Chlorination Process i2mo, i 50 
 
 Hydraulic and Placer Mining I2mo, 2 oo 
 
 Treatise on Practical and Theoretical Mine Ventilation 12 mo i 25 
 
 SANITARY SCIENCE. 
 
 Copeland's Manual of Bacteriology. (In preparation.') 
 
 FolwelTs Sewerage. (Designing, Construction and Maintenance.) 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Water-supply Engineering 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Fuertes's Water and Public Health I2mo, i 50 
 
 Water-filtration Works I2mo, 2 50 
 
 15 
 
Gerhard's Guide to Sanitary House-inspection i6mo, i oo 
 
 Goodrich's Economical Disposal of Town's Refuse Demy 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Hazen's Filtration of Public Water-supplies 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Kiersted's Sewage Disposal I2mo, i 25 
 
 Leach's The Inspection and Analysis of Food with Special Reference to State 
 
 Control. (In preparation.) 
 
 Mason's Water-supply. (Considered Principally from a Sanitary Stand- 
 point.) 3d Edition, Rewritten 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Examination of Water. (Chemical and Bacteriological.) i2mo, i 25 
 
 Merriman's Elements of Sanitary Engineering 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Nichols's Water-supply. (Considered Mainly from a Chemical and Sanitary 
 
 Standpoint.) (1883.) 8vo. 2 50 
 
 Ogden's Sewer Design i2mo, 2 oo 
 
 Prescott and Winslow's Elements of Water Bacteriology, with Special Reference 
 
 to Sanitary Water Analysis i2mo r i 25 
 
 * Price's Handbook on Sanitation i2mo, i 50 
 
 Richards's Cost of Food. A Study in Dietaries i2mo, i oo 
 
 Cost of Living as Modified by Sanitary Science i2mo, i oo 
 
 Richards and Woodman's Air, Water, and Food from a Sanitary Stand- 
 point 8vo, a oo 
 
 * Richards and Williams'3 The Dietary Computer 8vo, i 50 
 
 Rideal's Sewage and Bacterial Purification of Sewage 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Turneaure and Russell's Public Water-supplies 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Whipple's Microscopy of Drinking-water 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Woodhull's Notes and Military Hygiene i6mo, i 50 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Barker's Deep-sea Soundings 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Emmons's Geological Guide-book of the Rocky Mountain Excursion of the 
 
 International Congress of Geologists Large 8vc i 50 
 
 Ferrel's Popular Treatise on the Winds 8vo 4 oo 
 
 Haines's American Railway Management i2mo, 2 50 
 
 Mott's Composition/Digestibility, and Nutritive Value of Food. Mounted chart, i 25 
 
 Fallacy of the Present Theory of Sound i6nio i oo 
 
 Ricketts's History of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1824-1894. Small 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Rotherham's Empnasized New Testament Large 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Steel's Treatise on the Diseases of the Dog 8vo, 3 5<> 
 
 Totten's Important Question in Metrology 8vo 2 50 
 
 The World's Columbian Exposition ot 1893 4to, i oo 
 
 Worcester and Atkinson. Small Hospitals, Establishment and Maintenance, 
 and Suggestions for Hospital Architecture, with Plans for a Small 
 
 Hospital I2mo, r 25 
 
 HEBREW AND CHALDEE TEXT-BOOKS. 
 
 Green's Grammar of the Hebrew Language 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Elementary Hebrew Grammar i2mo, i 25 
 
 Hebrew Chrestomathy 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Gesenius's Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures. 
 
 (Tregelles.) Small 4to, half morocco, 5 oo 
 
 Letteris'i Hebrew Bible vo , 2 25 
 
 16 
 
STAMPED BELOW 
 
 AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS 
 
 WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN 
 THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY 
 WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH 
 DAY AND TO $t.OO ON THE SEVENTH DAY 
 OVERDUE. 
 
 APR 
 
 FEB 171947 
 
 LIBRARY USE 
 
 1 5 1963 
 
 LD 21-100m-7,'40 (6936s) 
 
YC 21734 
 
 
 4 4 4 > ft -^ 
 
 s}*i vtiorthy 
 
 A