MPrNRLF β 4 033 ia 3 j LIB R ARY Ρ Βϋκωιβτ πρΗημρπμμη HBKHBY FttM). APOLLONIUS RHODIUS His Figures, Syntax, and Vocabulary A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 1890 By CHARLES J. GOODWIN Professor of Greek in Cornell College, Mount Vernon, Iowa BALTIMORE Pkess of Isaac Friedenwald Co. 1891 SKWi» CONTENTS. Introduction. pack Similes ι Use of Tenses in the Similes 5 Introductory Forms in the Similes 8 Vocabulary 9 Words used only by Apollonius 12 "Απαξ λεγόμενα 13 Syntax of Final Clauses 14 Statistics of the Moods and Tenses of Final Clauses with the Various Particles 15 Negative Final Clauses 20 Use of κεν in Final Clauses 21 Syntax of Conditional Sentences 21 Conditions Contrary to Fact 23 General Conditions 24 Conditions expressing Purpose 24 Conditional Relative Clauses 25 Syntax of Temporal Sentences 25 1 t*y' INTRODUCTION. Among the poets of the Alexandrian period, ApolloniusRhodius is, with the single exception of Theocritus, the most important. He possesses in a marked degree the faults of his age ; but he was endowed with a genius higher and more original than most of his contemporaries. The period at which he lived was one of minute, laborious learning, of pettiness of thought and extreme elaboration of language, of imitation almost servile. Wealth of erudition was combined with poverty of invention. The bounds of literary effort were rigidly fixed by a narrow interpretation of ancient models. 1 Callimachus, the most influential poet of his day, and the reputed master of Apollonius, had pronounced the composition of a suc- cessful epic in the Homeric style no longer possible, and the common opinion frowned upon such an attempt as presumptuous. In defiance of this sentiment, Apollonius conceived the purpose of composing such an epic, and this became the ambition of his life. The earlier portion of the work, written and published in boy- hood, met with a scornful and humiliating reception; but the labor of long years passed in retirement at Rhodes won for him at last the recognition of his contemporaries. He returned to Alexandria, was appointed librarian of the great library of the Ptolemies, and in old age filled the position and enjoyed the honors of his predecessor, towards whom he had exhibited the proverbial bitterness of a literary feud. To the critical student of language and literature, in an age which is far enough removed to judge impartially, the question 1 For a fuller criticism of the characteristics and tendencies of this period, as well as of the genius of Apollonius, I would refer to my article on "Apollonius of Rhodes and the Argonautica," in the Andover Review for September, 1891, from which I have copied a sentence or two in this intro- duction, and more extensively in my treatment of the simile. Compare also Alfred Gercke's "Alcxandrinische Studien," Rheinisches Museum, 1887, XLII 262,590, and particularly 18S9, XLIV 127, 240. Gercke has dis- cussed the relations of Apollonius, Callimachus, and Theocritus very fully, and gives a good criticism of Apollonius. V] presents itself, how far Apollonius was successful in his effort to imitate or rival Homer in thought and in expression. He himself challenges the test by the nature of his undertaking ; and in the following pages an attempt is made to draw a comparison between the art of the Alexandrian and that of his great original. For this purpose several characteristic points have been selected and carefally studied. His invention — a subject demanding a more general and ambitious style of criticism — has been considered only in an examination of his use of the simile. Syntax, which, by the help of statistics, yields exact and ready conclusions, has been made the basis for the comparison of language and style. In this way the use of moods and tenses in the similes, in final clauses, in conditions, and in temporal clauses has been presented, both by statistical tables, and also in the general statement of results. Finally, the words peculiar to the Argonautica and the άπαξ λεγόμενα are here for the first time collected. If we admit that the copying of so great a master is a worthy object, we shall find that the result of the comparison is highly favorable to Apollonius. He has attained a degree of success which we may well regard as remarkable in the conscious, artifi- cial imitation of a dialect and mode of thought removed by many centuries of change and decay. This conclusion will, I think, be confirmed by an examination of the following pages. Nevertheless, there are, with all his labor and success, charac- teristics which mark Apollonius unmistakably as the child of his age. We find words which appear in the language only in its later periods ; we notice syntax which Homer could not by any possi- bility have used; in metre we find ourselves far advanced in a line of change which runs unerringly through almost every epic poet from the earliest to the latest. 1 Doubtless Apollonius would not have corrected all these deviations, even where he was con- scious of them. Rather, he took advantage of the greater choice of expression allowed him. 3 These variations from his model, however, conscious or unconscious, we may study with interest and satisfaction. The work devoted to this subject has been performed with pleasure, and will, it is hoped, prove of some value for the study 1 See A. Ludwich, Philologus, XX (CIX) 237 ; De Hexametris Poetarum Graecorum Spondiacis, pp. 15 ff., cited in Beneke, De Arte Metrica Calli- machi (Strassburg, 1880), p. 20. *Cf. Mr. Seaton's article, cited below, p. 10. VII of a field which has been too much neglected by classical scholars. Beside the greatest creations of the Hellenic genius, the produc- tions of Alexandrianism seem for the moment to pale into insig- nificance ; but they are the record of one not unimportant phase of literary history, they are the thoroughly human achievements of an age in many ways resembling our own, and, what is more to the point, some of them, like the Argonautica, are in reality poetry of no mean order. Mount Vernon, Iowa, October η, 1891. Note. — Apollonius is cited by the lines of Merkel's Teubner text. APOLLONIUS RHODIUS. SIMILES. Nowhere do the imagination and artistic skill of an epic poet find more room for display than in the simile. "It may perhaps not seem difficult," says Bergk, 1 "to find an appropriate simile; yet none of the later poets has in this respect even approximated Homer's art. Either they are content with copying Homer, or, when they rely upon their own resources, we see their poverty of invention, their unnaturalness and artificiality. Nor does this apply only to the later Greek epic poets, but to the Roman as well. . . . There is in all Vergil hardly a simile which is not bor- rowed ; Homer first, Apollonius next, are his sources." The number of similes in Apollonius, including both those worked out in detail and comparisons merely indicated, is 129. The average frequency of occurrence, in the 5835 lines of the Argonautica (1 in 45 lines), is somewhat greater than in the Iliad (1 in 62 lines), and more than twice as great as in the Odyssey. 2 The distribution of the similes is much more even than in the Homeric poems. The following table shows the division among the four books : No. Lines. Extended. Briefer. Total 00k I I362 Η 9 23 " II 1288 15 13 28 "• III I406 24 9 33 " IV 1779 26 19 45 Total, 5835 79 50 129 1 Griecbische Literaturgeschichte, I 845. ! Following the figures given by Mr. Gladstone (Juvenilis Munili, p. 513). He allows the Iliad 194 extended and about 60 minor comparisons; the Od\ssey 41 extended similes. My own count would be a trifle more liberal. L. Friedlander (Zwei Ilomerische Worterverzeichnisse, Jahrbb. f. Class. Phil., Suppl. ΙΙΓ, i860, p. 788) and Seymour (Language and Verse of Homer, p. 17) give the following figures: Iliad, extended, 182; briefer, 17; briefest, 28 ; Odyssey, extended, 39; briefer, 6; briefest, 13. Apollonius's similes are drawn in general from the same wide field as Homer's — from animate and inanimate nature, from the business and labors of common life, from mythology — rarely from a subjective sphere. Illustrations from animal life are frequent and varied. Among wild animals, besides the indefinite θήρ, we have, in the extended similes, the lion, bull, boar, deer, serpent, hawk, dove, swan, fly, gad-fly, ant, and bee; among domestic animals, the horse, ox, sheep, and dog. In the realm of inanimate nature and natural phenomena, where Apollonius is often at his best, the stars are his favorite compari- son. They appear five times, thrice referring to Jason. Once the ordinary "star" is not sufficient: Sirius, the brightest of stars, can alone adequately represent the hero's glory. The armed men springing from the dragon's teeth seem like the constella- tions shining forth after a great snowstorm. Hercules appears to the keen-eyed Lynceus in the dim distance like the new moon, which one just sees, or thinks he sees; and again, at its full, we feel the joy which its beams inspire in the maiden's heart. The rays of the sun, now first rising, now evaporating the dew, now reddening a cloud, now dancing in reflection from a vessel of water; the wind, and its roaring; the lightning; fire, and the eddies of smoke rising from a burning forest ; a hailstorm ; flow- ing streams — all are pictured in extended similes. The sea is a less fruitful source than we might expect. The shouts of the Colchians resemble its roaring; we see the dashing waves, and the rock standing firm in the midst. Of motionless objects we have only trees — oaks, olives, firs — and their leaves. Finally, the tears of the mourning Heliades roll like olive-oil upon water. The sphere of human activity, as in Homer, furnishes fewer comparisons than the world of nature ; from this source, however, are drawn sixteen of the seventy-seven extended similes. The girl weeping at her stepmother's ill-treatment and clinging to her nurse, the widowed bride mourning her dead husband, the cap- tive maiden slipping sadly out of the rich house of bondage, the poor widow earning by her nightly toil a scanty subsistence for her orphaned children, and pale-faced men rushing up and down through the city in terror at some peril or portent, illustrate the darker phases of life ; the festive choral dance, the eager remem- brance of home by a long-absent traveller, and maidens playing ball on Ihe beach, the brighter side. It is to be noticed that the greater part of these are taken from the life of women. Peaceful industry is represented by the woodcutter, the tiler, the farmer reaping, the nurseryman, or grower of trees, the horse-jockey, the puffing of the smith's bellows ; and once we hear the echoes of war in the clash of meeting phalanxes. Apsyrtus, in his interview with Medea, tries her as cautiously as a boy tries a swollen tor- rent through which not even strong men may pass. Comparisons with gods are not frequent. Jason is likened to Apollo, Medea to Artemis, ^letes to Poseidon. Similar is the comparison of Amycus to the monster-children of Typhoeus or Gaea. The minor comparisons for the most part cover the same range as the extended similes. Here, however, we find subjective illus- tration, in dreams, five times introduced. New animals are the seals, the α'ίθυιαι (water-birds), and the φορβάς (grazing animal, cow or horse). Jason steals away like a thief; a blow rebounds as does the hammer from the anvil ; the cattle of Helios are as white as milk ; the ichor flowing from the ankle of Talos is like melted lead. A few examples, chosen from the finer similes, may best illus- trate Apollonius's power of invention and skill in elaboration. To see how he has copied and expanded a Homeric figure, let us com- pare a passage from the Iliad with one from the Argonautica : ως δ or αν αίξη νόος άνίρος, ος τ eiri πολλοί/ γαϊαν έληΧουθώς (fipeal πΐυκαλίμτ]ο~ι νοηστ)' ι '4νθ ΐ'ιην, η (νθα' μΐνοινήτ]σί Τ€ πολλά' ως κραιπνως μΐμαυϊα διίπτατο πότνια Hpjj, ικ€το δ αΙπυν"θ\υμπον. — II. XV 8θ— 84• ως δ ore τις πάτρηθΐν αλώμενος, ο'ιά re πολλά πΚαζόμιθ άνθρωποι τίτ\ηότΐς, ου be τις ala τηλονρος, πάσαι 8e κατοψιοί €ΐσι κΐλιυθοι, σφωιτίρους δ ΐνόησε δόμους, "ιμυδις δ« κΐλΐυθος υγρή re τραφςρή τ IvbaWeTai, uWore δ α\\η οζία πορφυρών ΐπιμαίίται οφθαλμοϊσιν ' ως άρα καρπαΧίμως κουρη Αιος άιξασα θηκ(ν ('π άζανοιο πόδας θυνηίδος ακτής. — Argon. Ι 1 543 _ 55^• 1 The resemblance to Pind. Pyth. IV 118 was suggested to me by Professor Gildersleeve : ΑΙσονος γαρ παϊς ίπιχώριος ου ξείναν ίκοίμαν γαϊαν άλλων. "The poet's similes," says Mr. Mahaffy, 1 "are rather intro- duced for their prettiness than for their aptness." Homer's favorite comparison with the lion, which appears no fewer than thirty times in the Iliad, gives place in Apollonius to the daintier figure of the star, which is used more frequently than any other. One of these is a good specimen of the poet's light and graceful treatment : βη δ Ίμςναι προτϊ άστυ φα(ΐνα; αστέρι ίσος, δν ρά re νηγατέτ]σιν eepyopevai καλνβ^σιν ννμφαι θηησαντο δόμων νπΐρ άντΐΧΚοντα, και σφισι κνανίοιο δι ηέρος όμματα θέλγει καλόν έρενθόμενος, γάννται 8e re ηιθέύΐο παρθένος Ίμΐίρονσα per αλλοδαποϊσιν εόντος άνδράσιν, ω και μίν μνηστην κομέυνσι τοκήζς ' τω 'ίκελος προ πόληος άνα στίβον ήιεν ηρως. — i JJ-^—Jol. Here is seen the Homeric detail, which does not add to the like- ness between the things compared, but serves to bring out more vividly the picture presented in the simile. A neat and original conception appears in the following : πυκνά. δέ oi κραδίη στηθέων 'έντοσθΐν έθνιεν, ηζλ'ιου ως τις Τ6 δόμοι? ένιπάλλςται αίγλη νδατος έξανιυΰσα, το δη νέον ηέ λέβητι, ηέ που iv γαυλω κέχνται ' η δ 'ένθα και '4νθα ωκΐ'ιτ] στροφάλι -yyi τινάσσεται αίσσονσα ' ως δέ και iv στηθεσσι κέαρ έλίλίζετο κονρης. — III 754 — 759• In a different style, vigorous and rapid, is one illustrating the passion of Hercules on hearing of the loss of Hylas : ώς δ ore τ'ις τξ μνωπι τετυρρένος έσσντο ταύρος π'ισα'ι Τ€ προλιπων καϊ έλεσπιδας, ουδέ νομίμων οϋδ' αγέλης οθΐται, πρήσσει δ όδόν, αλλοτ απανστος, άλλοτε δ ιστάμενος, καϊ άνα πλατνν αυχεν αε'ιρων "ιησιν μΰκημα, κακω βεβολημένος ο'ιστρω' ως ο ye μαιμώων ατέ μεν θοα γοννατ επαλλεν σννεχέως, ότέ δ άντε μεταλλικών καματοιο τηλε διαπρΰσιον μεγάλη βοάασκεν άνττ]. — Ι ΙΊ.65 - " 12"]2. There is no such brilliant series of similes as that which describes the sally of the Grecian host to battle in the second 1 History of Greek Literature, Am. ed., I 149. 5 book of the Iliad. The narrative of the trial of prowess exacted from Jason by ^etes, III 1 224-1406, is, however, enlivened by no fewer than nineteen comparisons, greater and smaller; the two likening Jason to an impatient war-horse which smelleth the battle afar off, and to a flash of lightning darting from the clouds, have something Homeric in their vigor and their representation of succeeding phases of the same action : ως δ οτ άρηιος ίππος (ςλδόμενος πολίμοιο σκαρθμω επιχρεμίθων Kpovei πίδον, αντίιρ vnepOev δι ■> Λ - ■> 1 ,ι J / ) ) / 1.0ων ορσοισιν (π ουασιν ανχεν ueipei το'ιος άρ Αίσονιδης επαγαίΐτο κάρτεϊ yviav' πολλά δ αρ ϊνθα και 'ένθα μετάρσιον 'ίχνος erraXXev, ασπίδα χαλκειην μΐλίην τ iv χεροΑ τινάσσων. φαίης κΐν ζοφίροϊο κατ αιθίρος άίσσονσαν χΐΐμεριην στεροπην θαμινον μςταπαιφάσσεσθαι sk νΐφεων, οτ enetra μελάντατον όμβρον αγωνται. —III 1258-1266. In the following simile the vividness of the picture is increased by the introduction of a minor comparison — a simile within a simile : ως 8e δράκων σκολιην (Ίλιγμίνος 'έρχεται οιμον, (υτί μιν όξντατον θάλπει σίλας ηελίοιο ' ροιζω δ ένθα κα\ ένθα κάρη στρίφει, iv δε ο'ι όσσε σπινθαρυγεσσι πνρος ε'ναλίγκια μαιμώοντι λάμπεται, όφρα μνχόνδε δια ρωχμο'ιο δυηται ' ως Αργώ λίμνης στόμα ναυπορον εζερεουσα άμφεπΰλει δηναιον eVt χρόνον. — IV Ι539 - 1545• Use of Tenses in the Similes. The verb of a simile may be in either the indicative mood or the subjunctive (with or without av). If it is in the indicative, 1 Following is the complete list of similes and comparisons in Apollonius: Extended : I 269, 307, 536, 575, 774, 879, 1003, 1026, 1049, 1172, 1201, 1243, 1265. II 25, 38, 40, 70, 79, 88, 123, 130, 278, 543, 664, 934, 1025, 1075, 1079, 1085. Ill 275, 291, 656, 754, 875, 955, 966, 1018, 1227, 1239, 1258, 1264, 1292, 1298,1326. I339.I349. 1353, 1369. 1373. 1376, 13S5, 1390,1398. IV 12,35, iog, 124, 139, 150, 167, 214, 238, 459, 485, 623, 670, 674, 845, 931, 946, 1060, 1278, 1296, 1335, 1450, 1475, 1539, l6 ° 2 , 1680. Briefer : I 23g, 2S5, 315, 461, 544, 546, 635, 738, 991, 1296. II 44, 90, 169, 197, 267, 305, 567, 582, 593, 596, 602, 1257. Ill 141, 2S6, 446, 1056, 1 196, 1251, 1320, 1372, 1392. IV 172, 184, 220, 316, 3S4, 46S, 488, 726, 875, 943, 964, 975, 1143, 1243, 1306, 1391, 1447, 1612, 1677. either the present or the aorist tense may be used (occasionally the perf. = pres.). While the choice of mood and tense is doubtless often influenced by the requirements of the metre, certain laws have been deduced from the Homeric usage, and, in accordance with the line of work undertaken in the present paper, it will be considered how far the following laws apply to the Alexandrian poet:' " I. The law of the use of the aorist in a paradigmatic sense to express a general conception, holds in the simile. " 2. After the single instance has by the use of the aorist been cited as a type of the class, the present is used to describe the circumstances connected with it. " 3. In subsequent description of that which was the subject of the simile, the imperfect is used in preference to the aorist, although that tense [the aorist] may have been used before the simile — this in some measure being due to the reflex force of the present used in the simile." An examination of 50 of the most important similes of the Iliad gives the following result : In the introduction of the simile : Aorist 33. . Present 15 (2 of which are verbs having only pres. and impf.) Perfect ι {βίβρυχιν, XVII 264 = pres.) In continued description : Present 44. Aorist 6. In verb with the subject of comparison : Imperfect 37. Aorist 10. Pluperfect 2. (In XVI 7 direct address in perf.) The following statistics for Apollonius include all his similes containing a finite verb, except five, which, for one reason or another, cannot fairly be classed : 1 1 am not aware that the subject is treated fully in any printed work. The quotation and the statistics given for Homer are from an unpublished paper on " The Similes of Homer," prepared by a student of the Johns Hopkins Univer- sity, and now in the possession of Professor Gildersleeve. The statistics are compiled from only 50 similes of the Iliad. ι. Similes in which only one verb in the indicative mood occurs : Present 16 (3 of which have no aor.) Aorist 4. Perfect ι (τή -vierai, IV 934 = pres.) Imperfect or perfect ι (ΐαχςν, III 1370 : an ambiguous form, but doubtless perf.)• 2. Similes in which more than one verb in the indicative mood occur : (a) Leading verb : Present 33 (1 having no aor.). Aorist 9. Future 1. Perfect 1. (£) Following verb : Present 34. Aorist 10. Imperfect 1. Future 1. Perfect 4. These are found in the following combinations: Pres. followed by pres. 22. " " pres. and fut. 1. " " pres. and aor. 1. " pres., aor., and perf. 1. " " pres. and perf. 1. " " impf. 1. " " aor. 5. " " perf. (no pres.) 1. Aor. " pres. 6. " pres. and aor. 1. " " aor. 2. Perf. " pres. 1. Fut. " perf. 1. 3. Verb with the subject of the comparison : (a) Before the simile : Imperfect 11 (1 having no aor.) Aorist 14. Pluperfect 4. 8 (6) After the simile : Imperfect 32. Aorist 14. Doubtful forms (impf. or aor.) 2. Pluperfect 1. A glance at these figures will show that the second of the rules quoted above does not by any means hold with regard to Apol- lonius. He does not, with the same regularity as Homer, intro- duce the simile by a generic use of the aorist, and then carry out the details in the present ; on the contrary, the aorist follows in 10 instances, and leads in only 9. An aorist is followed by a present in 6 cases ; a present by an aorist in 5. While in the similes of the Iliad the aorist leads more than twice as frequently as the present, in the Argonautica the present opens the simile three and a half times as often as the aorist. With respect to the third rule, on the other hand, it is to be noticed that the preponderance of imperfects over aorists after the simile (reversing the relative use before it), shows in Apol- lonius the same attracting power of the present, or its substitute the aorist, in the simile. The aorist is more frequent before the simile ; the imperfect more than twice as common after it. The vividness of the picture receives a natural heightening by the representation of the act as still in progress. The subjunctive in similes is not particularly common in Apol- lonius. It is found in principal and subordinate (including rela- tive) clauses 11 times. In only two of these cases does av occur. These two instances are ώς δ' St' av (I 1201) and ως 8' όπότ av (IV 93 ι). Introductory Forms in the Similes. The epic poet had at his command a large variety of methods for the introduction of a simile, whether it was extended or merely an indicated comparison. The particles ηύτ€, ών, ώστ€, ως ore, and ώ$• οπότε are common ; the last two used only to introduce a clause, the first three to introduce either a clause or a single word ; όπως, are, οίον, οίον re, οία, οΐά re, οίον ore, are of less frequent occurrence. Again, an adjective or a participle meaning "like" may be used, and details added, if necessary, in a subordinate clause. Such are Ίσος, eifceXor, ΐοικώς, ατάλαντος, ίναλίγκιος (άλίγκιος), (18όμ(νος. oios and όσος may introduce clauses. Finally, the simile may be put in a paratactic sentence introduced by τοΐος, τοίως, and expressions like eiVcro elvai and φαίης ksv. All these forms occur in Apollonius. The following list will show their relative frequency, both in ex- tended and in merely indicated similes : Extended. Briefer. Total ηύτβ ΙΟ 8 18 ώί 8 ΙΟ ι8 ωστ( 3 5 8 ώ? ore ιό ... ι6 ώ? όπότ€ 6 ... 6 όπως ... Ι Ι are 3 Ι 4 οίον 2 2 4 οίον Τ€ 3 Ι 4 οίον οτς 2 ... 2 οία Ι 2 3 οίά Τ€ ... 2 2 ημοί (tern poral) 3 ... 3 Adjectives : (eji'xeXo? 2 ΙΟ 12 somas ... 2 2 ίΐδόμςνος (ε«δόμ«>οί) Ι 2 3 αλίγκιοΐ ... Ι Ι ϊναλίγκιοε Ι 2 3 ίσος Ι • 5 6 ατάλαντος Ι Ι 2 οίος 6 ... 6 όσος Ι ... Ι Paratactic : τοϊος Ι ... Ι τοίως Ι ... Ι φαίης κΐν 2 ... 2 ίίκτο eivai Ι ... Ι VOCABULARY. In his capacity of a learned poet, surrounded by all the literary wealth of Alexandria, Apollonius has drawn the vocabulary of his poem from the most varied sources. A large proportion of the words is Homeric ; their choice, like their syntactical arrange- ment, is as close a copy of the great model as a late writer, ΙΟ consciously putting himself back into a distant age and a strange dialect, could attain. The body of the Homeric poems, especially with the addition of the Epic Cycle, which Apollonius knew, sup- plied a stock of words sufficient for the demands of the story of the Golden Fleece — a story, in its outward details at least, con- ceived in much the same spirit as the Siege of Troy and the Wanderings of Ulysses. Apollonius has not hesitated to use these materials freely ; not only do familiar Homeric expressions appear on every page, but even the άπαξ λε-νομενα of the Iliad and Odyssey, sometimes of doubtful meaning, are seized upon, and employed often more than once. Thus an examination of Apollonius, whose meaning in such cases may be quite clear, sometimes becomes testimony of high value in the discussion of Homeric passages. Whether or not his understanding of Homer was always correct, we can at least know what a man of wide reading, and one of the first poets of his century, believed to be the proper interpreta- tion of certain passages ; and this evidence is to be classed with what has come down to us of the labors of Aristarchus and Aristophanes of Byzantium. 1 So far we can speak with confidence ; beyond this our state- ments must be made with caution and doubt. When we find words in Apollonius which occur elsewhere only in the later epic, the lyric, drama, or even prose, the loss of so great a portion of the Greek literature makes us uncertain whether these words belong solely to the department in which we have to place them, or whether Apollonius may not have taken them rather from the common language — words which by some chance have failed to find use in the literature we possess — or from those other epics, second in time and value only to Homer, which have perished. This doubt applies still more to the άπαξ λεγόμενα and words not quoted from other authors ; except in the case of adjectives or compounds, probably only a small part of the words which seem to be peculiar to Apollonius were original with him. Words glossed by the lexicographers, however, many of which are to be 1 The vocabulary of Apollonius, in its bearing on the Homeric poems, has been discussed, and many instances collected, by Merkel, in the Prolegomena to his edition of 1854, by L. Schmidt (De Apollonii Rhodii Elocutione, West- phal, 1853), and by Mr. R. C. Seaton (Journal of Philology, i8gf Vol. XIX, tffll.b 1 ' 1 pp. 1 ff.). Mr. Seaton says : " I venture to think that Buttmann's assumption that the later epic poets did not intentionally extend the Homeric usage is not warranted by the facts, at least so far as Apollonius is concerned " (p. 2). He summarizes his conclusions on p. 13. II found in the Argonautica, cannot have been common or well- known. In a more careful examination of the vocabulary of Apollonius we might distinguish: (i) words used by Homer and Apollonius in the same sense ; (2) Homeric words used in a different sense ; (3) minor changes of spelling, quantity, etc. ; (4) words not Homeric, but found in Attic Greek, in the later epic, in lyric or dramatic poetry, or only in prose ; (5) words used only by Apol- lonius, but used by him more than once ; (6) άπαξ λεγόμενα. I shall not attempt a thorough treatment of the first four classes, but shall merely give examples, selected chiefly from the opening lines of the poem. I. Words in different meaning from Homer : αυτοσχώόν, I 12, immediately; in Homer, hand-to-hand, άγαίομαι = μίμφίσθαι, I 899; admire, III 1015. 1 Cf Schol. on Od. XX 16 : Άγαν θαυμάζοντος η χαλΐπαίνοντος. Here we find a preservation of two rival interpretations. άτίμβεσθαι always = bla?ne. In Homer = to be deprived of, act. -maltreat or perplex. Cf. Schol. on Ap. II 56, 1202." II. Variations of form and spelling: γηραος, I 98. HoiTl. yepaios• χΐρόνησος, I 925 (metri gratia). So the strange χίρνησος, IV 1173• III. Variations of quantity : Ιλίος, I 10, II 821. Horn. ϋ. ί'σο$, II 583 (Attic). Hom. ίσος. IV. Words not Homeric : νποφήτωρ, I 22. Anth. Pal., Manetho, Nonnus. σθίνω, I 62. Tragic. άλκήας, I 71. H. Horn. 28, 3, Dion. Peri., etc. φίρβομαι, I 127. H. Hom. 30, 4, etc. τίφοί, I 127. Theocr., etc. I subjoin lists, which I have endeavored to make as complete as possible, of words peculiar to Apollonius, distinguishing between those which are repeated and the άπαξ λεγόμςνα. Under each class I have put in a separate list the compound verbs, which all Greek writers form so easily. In many cases citations by lexicographers are referred to, and similar forms compared. 1 The Paris ed. here reads άγαλλομενη. Merkel, however, compares I Sgg, III 470, 1261. 2 The last two examples are borrowed from Mr. Seaton. 12 Words Used only by Apollonius. αγχίρροος, II 367, 965. αλσηΐδες, Ι Ιθ66. IV II49. άναρπά-γδην, IV 577, I23O. έκβάσιος, I 966, 1 1 86. ίμβάσιος, I 359, 404. 1 ί'ιηπτάζω, I 492, 864. eWraSti, IV 354, 718, 1413, 1505. (ΐτηορος, II I067. Ill 855. IV 142. έπιφραδίως, I I02I, I336. II II36. Ill 83. iv(-civa>s, I 963, 1 1 79. 6evpoptos, III 676, 973• κατημύω, II 864. Ill 1 399. κηδοσννη, I 277. Ill 462. IV I47I. λίχρκ, I 1235. Ill 238, 1 159. λιγννόεις, II 1 33. Ill 129Ο. νηοσσόος, I 570. II 929. νηπντίη, III 735. IV 789. όπηδΐύω, IV 673, 972. παλιντροπάομαι, IV 165, 64 1• 2 παρασσον, I 383. II 963. Ill 17, 125, 968. περιθαρσής, I I5 2 , 195• nepmoWov, II 439, 474. Ill 427. Compound Verbs. αποκατατίθεμαι, III 8l6, 1286. ϋσανίχχο, I I360. IV 29 1, 1 576. ίΐσαποβαίνω, IV 625, 64S, 1779• βπαρτίζω, I 877, I 2 ΙΟ. ΐπιστοβεω, III 663. IV 1723. μςτατρίφω, I 1 98. II I 237. τταρζκνίομαι, II 653, 943, 1 246. παρεξαμείβω, I 581. II 94 (in tmesis). περιμενζαίνω, I 670, 77 1 (both in tmesis). σνναρτννω, II IO78. IV 355. νποίσχομαι, IV 1 69, 473• 1 Found on a coin of Antonine. 2 πάλιν τρωπάσθαι, II. XVI 95. 13 αγχανρον, IV III. άδαίίτος, III ΙΟ32. άλίβροχοε, II 733• 2 άμζΰσιμον, IV 297• άμορβάς, III 88θ. άνηρΐφής, II 1174* άπηρής, 1 888. άποτροπίη., IV Ι502. άτημελίη, III 829.* άτυ^λό?, II Ι059• άψεγίως, II ΙΟ24. 6 βηταρμός, I ΙΙ35• διαμμοιρηδά, III 1028. διήλνσιε, IV Ι57 1 • 6 δολοκτασία, IV 479• δυσάσ^£το?, II 27 2. 7 δυσαυχ^ϊ, III 975• έγ/ςνΐτης, IV 1547• eXeawls, I Ι206. 8 εναμοιβαδίς, Ι 3^0. ΐΡ€οστασίη, III 7 Ο. swains (inhabitant), Ι 1 126 ivrevts, II 935• ΐπαμοιβός, II loyj. 11 ('πημάτιος, III 894• έπψΈΐη, III I006. ia ΐπιδρομίη, III 593'. 13 έπικριδόν, II 302. ίττινάστιοΓ, I 795• ίπιπροτίρωσΐ ) II 942• Μ ΐΰαντης, IV 148. ΐνπαλίως, IV 193• ίΰρρψ', Ι 49• > Suid. 4 Agathias άτημελεία. Απαξ λεγό μίνα. ΐύστΐΐρος, Ι 40Ι• (ύστιπτος, II 30. καλαμητόμος, IV 985* καταχείριος, Ι 1 1 89. λαθίφροσυνη, IV 35^• λιμενήοχον, II goj.^ Χωφηιοί, II 4^7* μ(ίλικτρα, IV 7ίΟ. μΐλιηγενης, IV 1039• μιξοδίη, IV 9 Ι 9• 16 /ΛΙΊΟΕΙί, IV 1235• /uv#ci7> IV 1283." oieavos, III 646. ol'f?, II 139• 18 οϊοπίδιλοί, Ι 7• οκλαδόν, III 122. 07Γ(δΐΌ'<Γ, II 292. όρ#οσταδοι>, IV 1/\2^.. πανίσχατος, IV 3θ8. πα^υκηλοί, III 1195• πΐριβληχρός, IV 6ΐ9• περικΚαδί/ς, IV 2 1 6. πίριρρήδψ, IV Ι579•' 9 περιτροπάδην, JI 143• πηοσύνη, Ι 48• προπροκαταίγδην, II 597« J ° σπινθάρνξ, IV Ι54 2 • στβλεή, IV 955• 21 στια, II ΙΙ75• 22 σνμμηστωρ, Ι 228. ύπακουόί, IV 1379• χέρνησοε, IV 1 173- χερόί^σο?, Ι 9 2 5• 23 3 Ε. Μ. V. 1. in Clem. Alex. Hesych 5 άψεγής Soph. El. 497. 6 Hesych., Suid. 7 Ernesti amended συσάΜτ,γετος : Merkel cites schol. on II. II 12, 694. 8 E. Μ. 9 By Ruhnken's conj. hl , /n,, ,,. II 519, Anth. Plan. 331. 11 Horn, ίπημοφύς. " Zonaras. 13 Lobeck, Phryn. 527. 14 έπί προτερωσε Merkel in Teubner text ed. 15 Ε. M. 16 Hesych. μισγοδία. ll See Arcadius 106. ls Hesych. 'β περψρηδής, I 431, Horn., etc. -° Ε. M. 21 = στειλειή. ™ See Schol. '•'■■ Metri gratia. 14 Compound Verbs. αναμαρμαίρω, III 1299." ίπιτμήγω, IV 705 άντΐταγών, II ΙΙ9• άπερητύω, I J J 2. άπομζθίημι, I 280 (in tmesis). άποΓίκμαίρομαι, IV 1 53^• διαγλαύσσω, 1 Ι2οΙ. διασκαίρω, Ι 574• δΐΐίλνομαι, IV 35• (γκτβρζΐζω, Ι Ιθ6θ. ζΐσαφύω, IV 169Ο. κφλνσσω, Ι 275• ι^υδίάω, II 937• ΐΊ7τάλλομαί, III 755" enaXerpfvo), I lOJJ. παλινδίομαι, IV 1 46 1, ^νίκυδιάω, IV 3^3* έπιπαμφαλάω, II Ι27• 3 πιπροέχομαι, IV 5^4• πιπρομολΐΐν, III 665. πιπρονίομαι, IV 1 586. 7Γΐ7τροσβ(ίλλω, Ι 93^• πιπροφαίνομαι, III 9 1 6. πιπροφίρω, IV Ι5Ι7• επισταχνω, Ι 97 2• ΐπιχνοάω, Ι 672. ίσανδρόω, Ι 874• κατακτΐατίζομαι, III 136. καταπροχίω, III III 7• κατ€νκη\(ω, IV Ι057• μΐτακλΐίω, II 296. 4 μΐταλδησκω, III 4^-4• μίταλωφίω, Ι Ιΐ6ΐ. μεταπαιφάσσομαι, III 1 265. /iera^afo/iat, III 436• παραθερίζω, II 603. παραστρωφάω, II 667. παρεννίπω, III 3^7• παρόρννμι, III 486-7 (in tmesis). περιτίω, III 74• & προπροβιάζομαι, Ι 3&6. σνναμαθΰνω, III 295 Ο 11 tmesis). συναρθμΐω, IV 4^8. σννΐδριάομαι, Ι 3^8. σννευφράζομαι, III 9*7• 6 νπΐκπροτάμνω, IV 225 (' η tmesis). νττΐζαφΰομαι, II 9^5• νπεραίδομαι, III 977* SYNTAX OF FINAL CLAUSES. The Homeric usage in clauses of purpose, which, while defi- nite and well-settled, allows a greater variety of construction than is found in the classical language, is in the main followed by Apollonius. Several noticeable differences, however, both in single examples and in the general percentages yielded by the statistical method, are brought out by a close study. In this examination the lines laid down by Weber (Entwickelungsge- schichte der Absichtssatze, Part I, Wiirzburg, 1884) have been followed, and the statistics for Homer have been drawn from that authoritative work. 1 Merkel (1854) amended άναμαιμάονσιν; Ruhnken άναμορμνρονσιν. 2 By conj. 3 Used, according to schol., by Hipponax and Anacreon. 4 Ε. Μ. 5 Cf. II. VIII 161. 6 See Lobeck, Phryn. 624. 15 In comparison with the 567 examples from which Weber draws his conclusions, the 90 clauses of Apollonius (occurring with less frequency in about the proportion of 7 : 9) furnish less material than we might wish. This may, perhaps, account for the fact that, of the Homeric formulas for the introduction of final clauses, Apollonius uses only 'ίνα (Ινα μη), &s ? and ίίφρα as follows : Subj. Opt. ως Kev . . . ... 1 6 οφρα Kev . . I The more varied use of Homer is shown in the table given by- Weber (p. 35) : iva Kev Kev υ φ pa οφρα liv ως Kev ως αν Subj. Opt. Total. I I ι (same example) 7 I 8 5 I 6 20 5 25 9 4 13 53 The fact that, of 17 examples in Apollonius, 16 are of ως Kev with the optative, is striking. In Homer the connection of Sv and Kev with the optative in final clauses belongs almost exclusively to the Odyssey (Weber, p. 35). SYNTAX OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. The forms of conditional sentence are essentially the same in Apollonius as in Homer, and show the same variations from the established types of the classical prose language. Here, as elsewhere, the learned poet seems to show a tendency — either for metrical reasons or from the slight inclination toward display natural to one who writes consciously, and in a dialect not his own — to develop the anomalous uses allowed him, if not by add- ing to their number, at least by introducing more freely those for which he has precedent. The types of simple particular present and past conditions, of future conditions with the future indica- tive or the subjunctive and the optative, and of conditions con- trary to fact, are in general well marked. General conditions, present and past, also occur, but are rare. An unreal condition may be expressed by the optative, though the regular indicative is almost always used, ei may take the subjunctive, iav (a Kev) the optative, or even the aorist indicative ; and Kev may be omitted in 22 the apodosis. We find the four forms of protasis used by Homer, — ' el e\6ij, eav (ei Kev) e\6j], el ΐλθοι, eav (et Kev) e\6oi, — of which the later language retained only the second and third. The variations in mood and tense, and in the use of S.v and Kev, in protasis and apodosis, can be best seen in the following tables (not including conditional relative sentences, or relative clauses expressing purpose, which will be spoken of below) : Protasis. Pres. Perf. Indicative Iraperf. Aor. Fut. Subjunctive Pres. Aor. Optative Pres. Aor. Total. el 29 4 6 17 12 I 2 7 8 86 ei Kev ... 2 I 4 13 4 5 29 eav ... 3 7 1 II ην Kev ... 1 I Total, 29 4 6 19 13 9 22 12 13 127 From this table it will be seen : 1. el, e'l Kev, and eav all occur with the subjunctive in protasis, the first only three times. 2. el, e'l Kev, and eav all occur with the optative in protasis, eav only once (II 17), e'l Kev very frequently (9 times out of 25 occurrences of the optative). 2 el Kev with the optative is rare in Homer. 3. ct Kev is used once with the future indicative (II 415). Apodosis. Indicative Infinitive Optative Pres. Perf. Impf. Aor. Fut. Pres. Aor. Fut. Pres. Aor. Fut. Total. Pure 14 1 5 3 19 4 3 10 τ 1 ... 61 W. Kev 2 22 1 19 32 1 77 W. civ 2 I I 2 II 12 ... 29 Total, 14 1 9 26 20 4 4 12 31 45 1 167 1 Monro, Homeric Grammar, 2d ed., p. 293. ■ In IV 1055 : — ου δε σχήσεσθαι αρωγής ίννεπον, εϊ κε δίκης άλιτήμονος άντιάσειαν — the subjunctive with εϊ κε is drawn into the optative by the influence of the indirect discourse. In III 404 — the only instance of i'/v κε — one Paris MS has αϊ κε, which Merkel adopts in his edition of 1854 (not in the Teubner text). The other MSS agree in reading ήν κε. 23 These figures show the following facts : i. The optative is used twice in apodosis without Sv or Ktv (III 355> 7°3 ' in the latter case it may be regarded as a wish). 2. The future optative with k(v occurs in III 644 : τό κίν μοι \vyp6v (v\ κραΒίη σβίσοι aXyos. The authority of the manuscripts is unanimous, σβέσαι would be an easy change. 3. The future infinitive with Sv in indirect discourse — a post- Homeric construction — is found twice in the following passages : « 8e και υφθαλμοϊσι φόως πόροι, ή τ αν οιω γηθήσειν, όσον e'Lirep υπότροπος ο'ίκαο^ Ίκοίμην. — II 443 — 444• τον δ αν οιω κείνης evveairjaiv es Ελλάδα κώας άνάζςιν. — III 28—29• Otherwise, Άν with the infinitive occurs only once, nev not at all, though the infinitive alone is common. The infinitive with Sv occurs only once in Homer (II. IX 684, Sv . . . παραμνθήσασθαι, a repetition of Sv παραμυθησαίμην, XI 417V 4• kw and Sv are used in nearly the same proportion in protasis and in apodosis. Conditions Contrary to Fact. The unreal condition, or condition contrary to fact, is com- monly expressed in Apollonius by the usual formula — past tenses of the indicative, with Sv or nev in the apodosis. The aorist is much more frequent than the imperfect in this use, and Ktv is nearly always employed in preference to Sv. Certain irregulari- ties may be noted : In II 339-40 the optative is used in both protasis and apodosis, so that the sentence is cast in the form of a future condition ; — ου yap κί κακόν μόρον (ξαΚέαισθΐ πίτράων, ουδ et κε σώηρίίη πίλοι Αργώ. In Ι 196-8 we find *<τ in the protasis, not in the apodosis : rov δ ουτιν νπίρτερον άλλοι* οιω, νόσφιν γ' Ήρακληος, eire\0^v [would have Come] e? κ en μοΰνον αυθι μίνων λυκάβαντα μΐπτράφη Αιτωλοϊσιν. 1 Monro, ρ. 204. 2 4 In III 377-9 κΐν appears in the protasis, liv in the apodosis : el he fee μη προπάροιθεν εμής ηψασθε τραπέζης, ή τ αν άπο γλώσσας re ταμών κα\ χέιρε κεάσσαε άμφοτίρας, οΊοισιν (πιπροίηκα πόδεσσιν. In five instances 1 3 2 5 415 15 3 6 4 19 av in an iterative sense is found with the imperfect indicative in a relative clause in II 592 : — οσσον δ αν νπεικαθΐ νηνς eptrrjaiv, δ\ς τόσον αψ άπόρονσεν. Here the scholiast suggests the alternative interpretation : 6 vovs, όσον Se άλλη vais τη (Ιρ^σία παθομΐνη νπΰξεν αν, b\s τοσούτον η Αργώ, ίνα δια τούτων το τάχος δηλώσΐ] της Apyovs. Two examples more may be added, in which the relative clause denotes purpose: τούνξκα νυν τον άριστον άφςιδησαντ€ί (λ(σθ( ορχαμον νμΐίων, ω Kev τα έκαστα μίλοιτο. — Ι 33^ — 339• άλλοι μνθοι €ασι παρήγοροι, οίσι nep άνηρ θαρσννοι ΐταρον. — Ι 479~ 4^ ( - ) • SYNTAX OF TEMPORAL SENTENCES. Temporal sentences are of two kinds, definite and hypothetical. Of the structure of those referring to a definite occurrence and time, little need be said. The tenses of the indicative may be used according to occasion ; though the pluperfect and the future are rare — the former being generally superseded in Greek by the aorist, the latter by a conditional form of statement. The plu- perfect appears twice in Apollonius ; the future twice (one of these 26 examples, οποτ αν . . . ϊνιβησΐται, perhaps being a subjunctive with short mode-vowel) ; the perfect is not found at all. Hypothetical temporal clauses, like other conditional relatives, have any of the forms of protasis. With the subjunctive av is regularly joined in the classical language ; but as the types el eAc% and eav eAt% are used alike by Homer, so in the epic dV o\t% and or' αν *λθη are equally pos- sible.' Again, the optative in protasis might take av; and in Homer we find or αν 'ίλθοι, as well as or 'ί\6οι, which latter alone received sanction in the subsequent development of the language. This usage does not. however, occur in Apollonius. eW and els o, when used with the subjunctive in Homer and in Apollonius, always take kcv." The following table shows the frequency of occurrence of the tenses of the indicative, subjunctive, and optative, in connection with each of the temporal particles, with and without Kev: Prei. Imp. Indicative A or. Plup. Fut. Subjunctive Pres. Aor. Opi Pres. :ative Aor. Total. ore 6 13 30 I 8 5 3 4 70 ot av 1 ... I evre 3 4 5 1 1 Η evr av 5 12 Π ene'i 2 16 I 19 tnel is used with the optative once. 5. In three instances Apollonius uses the combination ημος ore. 6. The -K6 in αίσόκ( has lost its force, so that out of seven occur- rences three are with the imperfect and aorist indicative. 7. πιω? is substituted for «os, metri gratia, as τόφρα for οφρα in final clauses. 8. The adverbs μίσφα and μίχρις are employed as conjunctions — a use not Homeric. Η ^ 5δ# ©4 fO^ ^ο D 06, 60ΓΟ, U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES CDQMQflSaMfl -If M4,