CONFIDENTIAL! 
 
 FOR USE OF OFFICERS ONLY 
 
 NOTES 
 
 TRAINING FOR RIFLE FIRE 
 IN TRENCH WARFARE 
 
 COMPILED FROM FOREIGN REPORTS 
 
 ARMY WAR COLLEGE 
 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 1917
 
 CONFIDENTIAL! 
 
 FOR USE OF OFFICERS ONLY 
 
 NOTES 
 
 ON 
 
 TRAINING FOR RIFLE FIRE 
 IN TRENCH WARFARE 
 
 COMPILED FROM FOREIGN REPORTS 
 
 ARMY WAR COLLEGE 
 APRIL, 1917 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 
 1917
 
 WAR DEPARTMENT, 
 
 I><H-unx'iit No. 573. 
 
 Office of The Adjutant General,
 
 WAR DEPARTMENT, 
 
 WASHINGTON, April 24, 1917. 
 
 The following Notes on Training for Rifle Fire in Trench 
 Warfare are published for the information and guidance of 
 all concerned. 
 
 [2582933, A. G. O.I 
 
 BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR : 
 
 H. L. SCOTT, 
 
 Major General, Chief of Staff. 
 OFFICIAL: 
 
 H. P. MrCAlN, 
 
 The Adjutant General. 
 
 3
 
 TRAINING IN THE USE OF THE RIFLE FOR TRENCH 
 WARFARE. 
 
 1. Training in the use of the rifle includes that of the bayonet. 
 Fire action is alone treated in this paper, instruction in the use 
 of the bayonet having already been discussed elsewhere. 
 
 2. The rifleman in the trenches, no less than in the open, re- 
 quires as preliminary preparation the courses of individual and 
 rombat instruction prescribed in the Small Arms Firing Manual. 
 The object of this paper is not to supersede any portion of 
 this manual, but to supplement it by stressing those features of 
 trench rifle fire that the experience of actual war has shown to 
 be possessed of an importance that was not fully appreciated 
 when the manual was prepared. So far as rifle fire exclusively 
 from trenches is concerned, the importance of individual aimed 
 fire up to the range of 400 yards is the principal feature that 
 has been so developed by the peculiar conditions prevailing on 
 the "western front" during the present European war, and 
 the training that needs to be stressed naturally comes under 
 the head of " individual instruction." There is also a second 
 feature, essential to efficient collective firing either from 
 trenches or in the open, that has never received the attention 
 in our authorized manuals that its importance merits, though 
 that importance has long been recognized and has been ably 
 treated at the School of Musketry- It is that of the necessity 
 for satisfactory working methods of describing targets. The 
 growth of this necessity has been coincident with the develop- 
 ment of fire discipline, direction, and control. 
 
 3. The special importance of individual aimed fire In trench 
 warfare has been developed in Europe during the present war 
 in connection with what is there termed " sniping," which has 
 become a specially important and highly technical service, 
 though it is merely a development of what has long been known 
 and practiced in the United States under the name of " sharp- 
 shooting." A consideration of some of the conditions under 
 which " sniping " is conducted will assist in emphasizing its 
 importance and in indicating the special qualfications and in- 
 struction essential to efficiency. 
 
 5
 
 6 TRAINING FOR TRENCH WARFARE. 
 
 4. In modern trench warfare, as it exists in Europe to-day, 
 each belligerent occupies a system of trenches, of which the fore- 
 most, or fire trenches, are frequently separated by only a few 
 yards, and rarely by more than four or five hundred yards. In 
 rear of the fire trenches there is a labyrinth of cover, approach, 
 support, reserve, and other trenches. Each system is strength- 
 ened by obstacles, the most formidable and also the most com- 
 mon of these are the barbed-wire entanglements. These trenches 
 and obstacles are being continually damaged by the opposing 
 artillery fire, and every opportunity is seized for raiding 
 enemy trenches through the openings so made. One of the 
 important functions of the sniper is that of protecting his own 
 trenches from enemy raids and his comrades from fire of snipers 
 and the prevention of repair of enemy trenches and obstacles in 
 order to keep the road open to raids from his own side. To 
 these ends he endeavors to meet with a bullet every exposure of 
 even a few square inches of the head or limb of an enemy and 
 at the same time to conserve his own life. To attain the first 
 object, that of hitting the enemy, requires the best possible 
 facilities for observation and fire, coupled with special qualities 
 and technical skill on the part of the sniper. The attainment 
 of the second object, that of conserving one's own life, will de- 
 pend largely upon the judgment and skill displayed in selecting 
 and concealing the position of the firer. Each of these require- 
 ments calls for special training and for special qualities inherent 
 in the sniper. To the training and skill of the expert game shot 
 must be added the craftiness of the poacher. 
 
 5. From the preceding paragraphs it is evident that the service 
 of sniping can not be conducted in a haphazard way, but, on the 
 contrary, requires for its efficient conduct a carefully selected, 
 organized, equipped, and trained personnel. 
 
 (a) Organization. Based upon the best available information 
 from Europe, there should be organized in each battalion of 
 Infantry a " sniping " group composed of 1 noncommissioned 
 officers and 24 privates. 
 
 (b) Qualifications governing selections. Each member of the 
 sniping group should be a well-trained, intelligent, disciplined 
 soldier ; a dead shot at short and mid ranges ; brave, yet cau- 
 tious; cool, observant, patient, resourceful, and prompt. In 
 addition to the above, the noncommissioned officer in command 
 of the group should be a competent instructor in all that is 
 included in the training of the sniper and should possess good 
 judgment in the selection and preparation of snipers' posts.
 
 TRAINING FOR TRENCH WARFARE. 7 
 
 (c) Training. In addition to the preliminary training con- 
 templated in (b), the following features should be specially 
 developed : 
 
 Rifle practice. The sniper must become expert in a broader 
 sense than is implied by the word as employed in ordinary 
 marksmanship classification. Ordinarily his target will be a 
 small and fleeting one, and his training should be such as to 
 enable him to quickly and accurately deliver a single shot at 
 objects varying from a 4-inch loophole at 100 yards to those the 
 size of a man's body at 800 yards. The small object at short 
 range will be the most frequent target and indicates . the most 
 important rifle training. The character of the target em- 
 phasizes the importance of extreme accuracy of fire, and ac- 
 curacy of fire implies, in addition to correctness of aim, correct 
 knowledge of range, a correct knowledge of external influences, 
 such as light, heat, moisture, wind, and the personal equation 
 of the firer and the rifle. The sniper must continually practice 
 both with the military sights and with the adjuncts supplied him 
 and under conditions closely resembling those that will obtain 
 in actual trench work. The importance of concealment will 
 usually result in fire being delivered from rest, and the handling 
 of the rifle must not be accompanied by exposure of his position. 
 The soldier who has been thoroughly trained in the courses pre- 
 scribed in the Small Arms Firing Manual will have no difficulty 
 in improvising firing exercises with small bobbing or disappear- 
 ing targets that will develop skill along the lines indicated 
 above. In every exercise the judgment of the firer should be 
 expressed as to the influence of a cold piece, a hot piece ; clouds, 
 heat, moisture, wind; a worn rifle; fouling; recent cleaning and 
 nil ing, or whatever existing condition may exert an influence on 
 the path of the bullet. The estimation of ranges and their 
 determination by use of range finders should form an important 
 part of the training of a sniper. 
 
 Reconnaissance and scouting. Under this head is included all 
 manner of observation with a view to obtaining information. 
 The sniper's field of action will be limited, but within its sphere 
 i<- will be governed by the same principles that are prescribed 
 for reconnaissance parties and scouts, and will include the in- 
 telligible rendering of reports. 
 
 To this end the sniper must be trained in the reading of maps, 
 the making of sketches, the use of the prismatic compass. 
 Hie simple]- and more common conventional signs, and the 
 rendering of both verbal and written reports. That the subject
 
 8 TRAINING FOR TRENCH WARFARE. 
 
 may not seem too large and formidable to him, his instruction 
 should be progressive and as simple as possible, with due care 
 to impress him with the necessity for everything he is required 
 to do. The American soldier will rarely fail to respond if lie 
 can see the reasonableness of the demand made upon him. 
 Let him see that his own life and that of his comrades mry 
 depend upon the accuracy of his knowledge of the following: 
 
 1. The location of our own front line and that of the enemy, 
 so far as they are within his visual range. 
 
 2. The location of any known or suspected enemy sniper's 
 posts, machine-gun emplacements, observation posts, listening 
 posts, command stations, or probable routes of advance. 
 
 3. The location and importance of dominating points in either 
 line. 
 
 4. The importance of being able to pick out on the ground any 
 points of special importance or danger indicated on sketches or 
 maps turned over to him, and to determine from maps drawn 
 to scale the ranges to such points. 
 
 5. How to find his way by the aid of a map or sketch from 
 his post to any specified point in our own trenches, and back 
 again. 
 
 6. The importance of being able to intelligibly record and 
 graphically represent matters of importance to his commanding 
 officer or to the sniper who is to relieve him. In this connec- 
 tion the special importance of exact truth in statements of fact, 
 and of the careful separation of matters of fact from those of 
 mere report or conjecure, should be duly stressed. Hearsay and 
 conjecture are often of great importance, but should be trans- 
 mitted as such, and in the case of conjecture the reasons there- 
 for should be stated. 
 
 The above are simply a few instances to suggest to the in- 
 structor how to go about the matter of instruction. Many men 
 will be already familiar with the subject, and the method may 
 be abridged, but in the case of an entirely uninstructed man a 
 step-by-step method of instruction must be followed. The train- 
 ing should be such that it will be an entirely natural matter 
 for the sniper to observe and report as to : 
 
 1. The attitude of the enemy (whether aggressive, alert, 
 active, etc.). - 
 
 2. Description of enemy seen, uniform, arms, etc. 
 
 3. Any new work evident; such as trenches and obstacles 
 strengthened, new emplacements, etc. .
 
 TRAINING FOR TRENCH WARFARE. 9 
 
 4. Position of machine guns, observation posts, sniper posts, 
 etc., discovered. 
 
 5. Points in our own lines found to be specially dangerous, 
 and points of enemy line that menace them. 
 
 6. Routes known to be used by the enemy. 
 
 7. Routes of patrols. 
 
 8. Points where ammunition or supplies are believed to be 
 dumped. 
 
 9. Ranges to prominent or important points. This informa- 
 tion will be less likely to mislead if the following rules are 
 observed : 
 
 Carefully indicate the point from which each range is taken. 
 Use prominent, easily identified landmarks as reference 
 points. 
 
 Indicate by whom and how ranges were determined. 
 
 10. Report any repairs needed in trenches or obstacles. 
 
 11. Position of suspected mines. 
 
 6. Equipment. Telescopes, rather low power, are preferable 
 to field glasses for observation and reconnaissance. Care must 
 be taken to render them as inconspicuous as possible and pre- 
 vent their location by the enemy through reflection of light 
 from the object glass. 
 
 Telescopic periscope. 
 
 Rifle rest. Various sorts have been devised, usually not 
 merely to serve the purpose of a rest, but to expedite resump- 
 tion of aim and change in direction or elevation. 
 
 Telescopic sights. 
 
 Sniperscope. (A device for aiming with the head below 
 the line of sight. Reports indicate that with this device the 
 tendency is to shoot high, and that they are only reasonably 
 accurate up to ranges of 200 yards. They are usually used 
 over parapets, between sandbags. Proper adjustment is essen- 
 tial and great care necessary to prevent derangement.) 
 
 Steel helmet and mask. 
 
 Maps, sketches, note-book, message blanks, pencils, pocket 
 knife. 
 
 Each post should have a range chart for use of all reliefs. . 
 
 The above is additional to the normal equipment of the 
 soldier. 
 
 7. Duties of commander of sniping group: 
 
 (a) Training of snipers and maintenance of efficiency. 
 (&) To supervise the work of his unit. 
 95386 17 2
 
 10 TRAINING FOR TRENCH WARFARE. 
 
 (c) Responsibility for care* of equipment. 
 
 (d) To receive and transmit to the proper authority all in- 
 formation turned over by the posts he relieves and by his own 
 posts. 
 
 (e) To select the positions for sniper's posts and supervise 
 the construction of loopholes and other special arrangements 
 when not already provided. 
 
 A SNIPERSCOPL 
 
 8. Location of sniper's posts. Though engaged in trench war- 
 fare snipers are not invariably located in trenches. When not 
 so located the sniper will avail himself of such cover as best 
 suits his purpose. If practicable he will so dress himself as to 
 blend with his surroundings, giving particular attention to his 
 face and hands. Masks of inconspicuous color are sometimes 
 worn. He must study the maps and the ground and endeavor 
 to determine in advance good localities for observation and 
 good lines of approach. His line of retreat must also be decided 
 on as early as possible. The arts of the deerstalker and 
 poacher, or those practiced in our early Indian troubles will be 
 of great use under these circumstances, as his success will
 
 TRAINING FOR TRENCH WARFARE. 
 
 11 
 
 depend largely upon his patience and cunning. Houses and 
 other buildings should be viewed with distrust, as they may 
 be closely observed by the enemy. Trees will also receive this 
 scrutiny. The best 'cover will be that which is least likely to 
 be suspected of affording concealment for a man. 
 
 Sniper's positions in trenches may, according to circumstances, 
 be located in (a) the front line, (&) parados, (c) approach 
 trenches, (d) connecting trench, (e) dummy trench, (/) support 
 
 THE SNIPER WITH TELESCOPIC SIGHT. HIS OBSERVER WITH PERISCOPE. 
 
 trenches, or any others affording the desired facilities. The 
 commander must study the terrain, the enemy's trenches, the 
 advantages and disadvantages of each position considered, both 
 with reference to facilities for observation, fire, and conceal- 
 ment, and with reference to danger from the enemy, and select 
 that which will best serve the purpose. He must then decide 
 as to measures for promoting observation and concealment, and 
 supervise their execution and the construction of the necessary 
 loopholes. Loopholes may be arranged of sandbags, iron pipes,
 
 12 
 
 TRAINING FOR TRENCH WARFARE. 
 
 boxes, etc. It is better to have them run obliquely rather than 
 perpendicularly with respect to the trench line, and a curtain 
 
 A PREPARED SNIPER POSITION. A SNIPER USING A SNIPERSCOPE. 
 
 should be provided to prevent their being discovered by light 
 showing through the hole. Loopholes near the ground are not 
 as readily seen as those higher up, and those located among
 
 TRAINING FOR TRENCH WARFARE. 13 
 
 debris and loose earth, leaves, branches, tumbled sods, etc., are 
 less easily. detected than those located in a smooth slope. When 
 constructing loopholes care should be taken to disturb previously 
 existing conditions as little as possible lest the enemy observe 
 the change and profit by the hint. Several loopholes should be 
 provided for each post as the discovery of one by the enemy 
 renders it worthless for future use, and continued use of one 
 loophole will sooner or later result in detection. 
 
 The best positions are usually in rear of the first line, so 
 placed as to command a view of the enemy's trenches up to at 
 least 400 yards. This is not always possible and the best pos- 
 sible must be selected. In any case alternative positions must 
 be arranged. Support trenches may afford better locations 
 than the fire trenches, but they have the objection of increas- 
 ing the range. If the post is detached an important considera- 
 tion is whether or not it can be entered or left unobserved dur- 
 ing daylight. 
 
 9. Conduct of the sniper. Snipers should work in pairs, ex- 
 changing duties of x observer every 15 or 20 minutes. They 
 should be relieved every two hours or oftener. It may be ad- 
 vantageous to relieve one every hour. 
 
 They will never fire merely to annoy, as this will lead to 
 disclosure of the position, with no adequate result. They will 
 closely examine their shelter and see that the fire opening is 
 so constructed as not to be affected by the blast of the rifle. 
 If shooting through a small aperture in brickwork, the open- 
 ing should be kept wet to prevent dust being blown out by 
 the discharge. Newly constructed loopholes should be left 
 unused for a time, so as to see if the enemy has detected it. 
 The curtain will always be kept in such position as to prevent 
 light showing through. Snipers must not be led by ruses to 
 fire fruitlessly and disclose their positions. Fire to kill. If 
 a large target is discovered, do not fire if it is possible to in- 
 form the machine guns or the artillery. Search constantly for 
 machine guns and snipers ; smash his periscopes. 
 
 Attacks will afford great opportunities for the sniper, as the 
 enemy will then not be so alert for them, being busy with 
 other matters. Less caution will therefore be necessary. From 
 a position on a flank or anywhere that he can fire without inter- 
 ference with our own men, he selects the most useful targets, 
 such as machine-gun men, officers and noncommissioned officers, 
 snipers, artillery observers, etc. He closely observes the flanks,
 
 14 TRAINING FOR TRENCH WARFARE. 
 
 which are favorite places from which to break up an attack, 
 and endeavors to forestall the enemy's fire. If the attack suc- 
 ceeds, he covers the working parties during the organization of 
 the captured trench and watches for evidences of an intended 
 counterattack. If this is made, he fires on the enemy as he 
 shows himself in the approach trenches, picking off leaders 
 when possible. 
 
 Much night work for snipers will rarely be advantageous. 
 The targets are then practically limited to patrols and sentries, 
 and there is great danger of firing into our own men or being 
 fired on by them. The flash of the rifle will disclose the position 
 if care is not taken to conceal it.- Avoid the enemy's listening 
 posts. Learn the hours at which the enemy repairs the gaps 
 in his obstacles or parapets and watch for him. 
 
 10. Description of targets. In paragraph 2 reference was 
 made to the necessity for a satisfactory working system for 
 designating or describing targets. One of our present em- 
 barrassments lies in the multiplicity of methods and the inci- 
 dent confusion in the mind of the soldier. Another source of 
 error lies in the tendency of men to fancy that the ears of 
 listening soldiers take in and digest a description as rapidly as 
 the eye can travel from point to point. The ear, as compared 
 with the eye, is very slow. The immediate deduction from this 
 is that descriptions must be shorn of all unnecessary words, and 
 that they must be as simple and clear as possible. It also em- 
 phasizes the advantage of following so far as practicable fixed 
 methods of expression. Hecruits should be taught the general 
 plan followed in describing targets in order that they may waste 
 no time from lack of comprehension of the relation of the 
 different elements of the description or the terms employed. 
 
 The use of a single form will not suffice, since in some cases 
 the target is so evident that no mistake can be made, and the 
 simple designation such as " That troop of white-horse cavalry, 
 range 1,000 yards," will identify it beyond all question ; while 
 in other cases the particular target may be so obscure and liable 
 to confusion with other targets that a reference point and some 
 system of coordinates must be employed. 
 
 In general, targets with reference to their designation will 
 fall under the following heads : 
 
 (a) Those that stand out so plainly that there can be no possi- 
 bility of doubt as the target meant. 
 
 (ft) Those that are plainly visible, but are liable to be con- 
 fused with other targets of a similar nature and range.
 
 TRAINING FOR TRENCH WARFARE. 15 
 
 (c) Those less distinctly visible and more difficult to pick up 
 on account of peculiar background, confusion with other ob- 
 jects, etc. 
 
 (fl) Targets visible only through field glasses, and that may 
 or may not present the additional difficulties of danger of con- 
 fusion with other objects. 
 
 Case (a) has already been referred to. The system consists 
 in the simple announcement of : 1. The objective. 2. The range. 
 
 Ingenious people sometimes combine horizontal and vertical 
 clock systems in designating a target whenever possible to do 
 so, but this is a violation of the rule of simplicity and should 
 never be done unless evidently necessary. The mere fact that 
 it is necessary or desirable to use a reference point does not 
 in all cases require use of both systems, as the reference point 
 may be so evident that no clock coordination is necessary. When 
 such designation is necessary, the horizontal clock face is used 
 in coordinating the reference point and the vertical clock face 
 for locating the subsequent points. 
 
 11. Instruction in target description is simple but must be 
 thoroughly understood. An illustration by means of case (d) 
 will cover the entire subject so far as necessary. 
 
 (a) Explain to the recruits the use of the horizontal-clock 
 system as a means of indicating directions. Inform them that 
 they are, in this system, always at the center of the dial. Call 
 out various hours and require each recruit to extend his arm 
 in the direction he understands is indicated. Explain and cor- 
 rect errors. 
 
 Explain the use of the vertical clock system, impressing the 
 recruits with the fact that in this system the reference point 
 is always at the center of dial. Call out an hour and require 
 the recruit to name some object that is located on the hand of 
 the clock at the designated hour. A diagram on paper may be 
 of assistance. Explain and correct errors. 
 
 Explain to the recruit that the angle subtended by the width 
 of one finger at arm's length from the eye and that subtended 
 by the leaf of the rear sight to his rifle at 14 inches from the 
 eye has a chord 50 yards long at 1,000 yards distance. The 
 finger width and the sight leaf thus become known as units, 
 and either may be used in indicating distances laterally. * 
 
 Having selected a reference point, name some object near it 
 and require the recruit to tell you how many units (fingers or 
 si git t leafs) apart they are.
 
 16 
 
 TRAINING FOR TRENCH WARFARE. 
 
 SKETCH SHOWING GERMAN FIXED RIFLE REST FOR FIRING THROUGH LOOP HOLES. 
 (Captured at the Bluff.) 
 
 NOTE. Both lateral and-horizontal movement is given and the rifle can be very firmly clamped 
 when the required aim is found. 
 
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 SECTIONAL ELEVATION.
 
 TRAINING FOB- TRENCH WARFARE. 
 
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 TRAINING FOR TRENCH WARFARE. 
 
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 20 TRAINING FOB, TRENCH WARFARE. 
 
 When he is fairly familiar with the use of the horizontal 
 and the vertical clock system for indicating directions, and 
 with the use of fingers and sight leaf for measuring lateral 
 distances from a reference point, work him up from simple to 
 difficult examples of target designation. 
 
 With case (d) as an illustration, call the direction of the ref- 
 erence point. See that all look in the right direction. Name 
 the reference point. Require it to be indicated on paper, at ilic 
 center of a clock dial. Call, " Target 8 o'clock." Have a line 
 drawn from the center of the dial in the proper direction. An- 
 nounce, " Four units." Have these estimated by lingers and 
 with the sight leaf in the proper direction and endeavor to 
 then locate some object that should serve as a check on the 
 work. Continue similarly with the actual announcement of 
 the character of the target : " Skirmish line, etc." 
 
 It may sometimes be advantageous to indicate the range and 
 have the sights set before describing the target, as men fre- 
 quently lose the target while their eyes are off it in sightsetting. 
 
 The training necessary to make a " war shot " does not stop 
 with making the recruits skillful in shooting. Other qualities 
 must receive attention and be developed. This is accomplished 
 in his other drills. 
 
 His development into a war shot must be systematic and 
 progressive. In the diagram this idea is carried out.
 
 TRAINING FOR TRENCH WARFARE. 
 
 31 
 
 TO to 4 
 
 
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