UC-NRLF 
 
 25 117 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 GIFT OK 
 
 CALIFORNIA WINE MAKERS' CORPORATION 
 Accession ^ Class 
 
' 
 

CULTIVATION 
 
 OF 
 
 THE GKAPE VINE 
 
Lately published, price 5s., 
 
 A PRACTICAL TREATISE 
 
 ON THE 
 
 CULTURE OF THE PINE APPLE. 
 
 BY DAVID THOMSON, 
 
 Archerfield Gardens, N.B. 
 
 " The name of the author, one of the very best gardeners in the British Islands, guarantees 
 that this volume contains no directions that are not sound and tested by experience. He 
 says that his object was to be as strictly practical as possible : he has attained his object, 
 and we commend the work to any of our readers who need truthful information on pine-apple 
 culture. One or two extracts will give an idea of its contents." The Journal of Horticulture. 
 
 "Having read Mr Thomson's work through before attempting to say a word about it, we 
 gladly pronounce it the best work extant upon this important subject. In size and style it 
 is a companion work to his brother's on the vine, and, like that excellent book, it deals with 
 work all through in a plain workmanlike way not a word wasted, not a secret held back, not 
 a point forgotten. . . . The work now before us is destined to take its place on the shelf 
 appropriated to the gems of horticultural literature." The Gardener's Magazine. 
 
 "A cheap, concise, and complete directory for the guidance of pine-apple growers, the re- 
 sult of long and eminently successful practical experience." The Farmer. 
 
 WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS, Edinburgh and London. 
 
A PRACTICAL TREATISE 
 
 ON THE 
 
 CULTIVATION OF THE GRAPE YINE 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM THOMSON 
 
 GARDENER TO HIS GRACE THE DCKE OF BUCCLEUCH, K.G., ETC. 
 DALKEITH PARK, SCOTLAND 
 
 FIFTH EDITION, ENLARGED 
 
 WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS 
 
 EDINBURGH AND LONDON 
 MDCCCLXVII 
 
 The Right of Translation is reserved 
 
S&397 
 T5 
 
(LC. 
 
 TO HIS GRACE 
 
 THE DUKE OF BUCCLEUCH AND QUEENSBERRY, 
 
 K.G. ETC. 
 
 TO WHOSE MUNIFICENT LIBERALITY AND PATRONAGE 
 HORTICULTURE OWES SO MUCH, 
 
 CJns Small alum* 
 
 IS DEDICATED 
 
 BY HIS GRACE'S MOST OBEDIENT SERVANT, 
 
 THE AUTHOR 
 
 87218 
 
PEEFACE TO FIRST EDITION. 
 
 IN common with most gardeners similarly situated, I 
 am often applied to, by amateurs and others interested 
 in vine-culture, for advice and instructions on various 
 points connected therewith; and much of the substance 
 of this Treatise has been sent, at different times and in 
 detached portions, in reply to such applications ; and 
 I may add that, in preparing it for publication in its 
 present shape, I am but yielding to the urgent requests 
 of not a few of those who profess to have reaped useful 
 instruction from my private communications on the 
 subject of which it treats. 
 
 I have endeavoured as much as I could to avoid 
 technicalities, and to be as brief as possible, consistent 
 with making the subject in hand clear; and I have 
 resisted the temptation of being led into lengthened 
 physiological explanations of the facts I deal with. 
 All I recommend I have in my own practice proved 
 to be correct, and can do it with confidence. 
 
 WM. THOMSON. 
 August 1862. 
 
 SECOND EDITION published September 1862. 
 THIRD EDITION published April 1863. 
 FOURTH EDITION published January 1865. 
 
PKEFACE TO FIFTH EDITION, 
 
 IN preparing the present edition for the press, I have 
 made such additions to the work as still further experi- 
 ence has suggested, and have introduced a chapter on 
 an aspect of vine-culture which of late has been much 
 canvassed in the pages of the horticultural press. 
 
 I am much gratified with the reception this little 
 work on the Vine has met with, and much more so 
 with the evidence that reaches me from all parts of the 
 country, that hundreds of amateurs have by its aid 
 alone become most successful grape-growers. Thus my 
 chief object in writing it is realised. 
 
 WM. THOMSON. 
 DALKBITH PARK, June 22, 1867. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 THE GRAPE VINE, ..... 1 
 
 SHAPE AND SIZE OF VINERY, .... 2 
 
 ATMOSPHERIC HEAT OF VINERY, .... 5 
 
 BOTTOM HEAT, ...... 7 
 
 VENTILATION, ...... 10 
 
 CONSTRUCTION OF VINERY, . . . .11 
 
 SUBSOIL AND DRAINAGE, . . . . .12 
 
 COVERINGS FOR BORDERS, . . . . .14 
 
 COMPOSTS SUITABLE FOR VINES, . . . .14 
 
 YOUNG VINES FOR PLANTING, . . . .21 
 
 SEASON FOR PLANTING VINES, . . . .25 
 
 VARIOUS WAYS OF PLANTING VINES, . . .26 
 
 TREATMENT OF VINES FIRST YEAR AFTER PLANTING, . 31 
 
 THE SECOND YEAR'S TREATMENT, . . . .32 
 
 THE FRUITING YEAR, . . . . .34 
 
 PRUNING VINES, ...... 38 
 
 GRAFTING AND INARCHING VINES, . . . .40 
 
 FRUITING GRAPE VINES IN POTS, . . . .41 
 
 SELECTION OF VINES, . . . . .43 
 
 RIVAL SYSTEMS OF VINE-CULTURE, . . .44 
 
 THE DISEASES VINES ARE SUBJECT TO, . . .50 
 
 RED SPIDER, . . . . . .54 
 
Vlll CONTENTS. 
 
 RUST ON GRAPES, . . . . . .56 
 
 MILDEW ON THE VINE, . . . . . 58 
 
 WARTS ON THE BACK OP THE LEAF, . . ' . 59 
 
 AIR-ROOTS ON THE VINES, , . . . 60 
 
 SCALDING, ...... 61 
 
 STOCKS FOR TENDER VINES, . . . . 61 
 
 PACKING GRAPES, ...... 63 
 
 KEEPING GRAPES AFTER THEY ARE RIPE, . . .63 
 
 AMATEUR'S VINERY CALENDAR, . . . .66 
 
 EXPERIMENTS WITH VINES, . . . .68 
 
 OPEN-AIR CULTURE, ..... 76 
 
CULTIVATION OF THE GKAPE VINE, 
 
 THE GRAPE VINE. 
 
 THIS well-known plant, the Vitis vinifera of the bota- 
 nist, has, during the whole historic period of the world, 
 occupied in many parts of the earth a large share of 
 man's attention. Its origin can be pretty clearly traced 
 to Asia, though it is now said to be growing wild in 
 many parts of the south of Europe ; and what are sup- 
 posed to be indigenous species or varieties are found in 
 America. It was probably first introduced into Europe 
 by the Eomans soon after the foundation of Eome. 
 What may be termed a temperate climate is that most 
 suitable for its cultivation. The soil it delights most 
 in is a calcareous loam on a dry subsoil. The varieties 
 of grape vines may be said to be endless. The French 
 Government on one occasion made a collection of 1400 
 varieties in a nursery at the Luxemburg, and this was 
 supposed to be only a moiety of those in cultivation 
 in France alone. 
 
 The cultivation of grapes has at the present day as- 
 sumed an importance in this country which, fifty years 
 
2 SHAPE AND SIZE OF VINERY. 
 
 ago, no one could have contemplated ; partly owing to 
 the increase of wealth, but chiefly in consequence of the 
 duty being off glass, so that now a vinery has become a 
 necessary adjunct to every villa residence, and is no 
 longer confined to the walled-in gardens of the great of 
 the land. And as these pages are principally intended 
 for the guidance of the proprietors of the former, who 
 are not supposed to employ scientific gardeners, I shall 
 endeavour to make myself as plain and easily under- 
 stood as possible ; and the directions I purpose giving 
 will be founded on my own practice, from which I will 
 also draw any illustrations I may think necessary as I 
 proceed. 
 
 SHAPE AND SIZE OF VINERY. 
 
 These may be as various as the tastes and means of 
 their proprietors, and all produce good grapes ; at the 
 same time, there are forms and sizes which both philo- 
 sophical deduction and experience have proved to be 
 the best for given purposes. When one of these is the 
 production of early grapes, there is no form of vinery 
 so suitable as what is known as a "lean-to," with a 
 due southern aspect, of which fig. 1 is a section ; the 
 general construction and heating of which will be re- 
 ferred to under those heads. 
 
 Where the wish is to have late grapes by which I 
 mean grapes ripe in the end of August, to hang till 
 January or February the span-roofed form is the 
 best and most economical, and should be placed with 
 one end to the south and the other to the north. 
 Fig. 2 is a section of the most elegant design of this 
 description of vinery, though, from the nature of the 
 
SHAPE AND SIZE OF VINERY. 
 
 FIG. 1. 
 
4 SHAPE AND SIZE OF VINERY. 
 
 FIG. 2. 
 
 FIG. 3. 
 
ATMOSPHERIC HEAT OF VINERY. 5 
 
 top ventilation, it is much more expensive than fig. 3, 
 which, for practical purposes, is equally good, the only 
 difference being the more finished and sprightly appear- 
 ance of the former as compared with the latter. 
 
 ATMOSPHERIC HEAT OF VINERY. 
 
 At the present day there is no question that the best 
 means for supplying this is hot water in pipes 4 inches 
 diameter. And let me here guard against the mistaken 
 economy which is so often practised, of fixing too 
 limited an extent of radiating surface to throw off a 
 given amount of heat. This leads to the constant stir- 
 ring of the fire to keep the water in the pipes as near 
 the boiling point as possible, entailing a far greater 
 expenditure of fuel than if there were a third more 
 pipe in the house. And it is well known to gardeners 
 that a given heat from a moderately heated surface 
 is more congenial to vegetation than the same heat 
 derived from a more limited but highly heated surface. 
 My own experience goes to prove that, in a vinery where 
 grapes are expected to be ripe in March or April, there 
 should not be less than one superficial foot of radiating 
 surface for every 16 cubic feet of air the house contains. 
 One foot in length of 4-inch pipe presents about one 
 superficial foot of radiating surface. This would be 
 something like four rows of pipe round front and ends 
 of a vinery 13 feet high at back, 2 feet in front, and 13 
 feet in width, which is the dimensions of the early 
 vineries at Dalkeith Palace, where a steaming-tray and 
 ventilator, as shown in figs. 4 and 5, are also used. The 
 tray is admirably adapted for supplying moisture to the 
 
6 ATMOSPHERIC HEAT OF VINERY. 
 
 atmosphere of the house, and is so far self-acting and 
 regulating, that when the pipes are at the greatest heat, 
 and the house at the highest temperature, it gives off 
 
 FIG. 4. 
 
 STEAMING-TRAT. 
 
 The water flows in the direction indicated by the arrow, ascending by the small 
 pipe A into tray, and by gravitation along the tray from B to C, descend- 
 ing again into main circulation by the other small pipe D. 
 
 the greatest amount of moisture, and vice versd. The 
 ventilator (fig. 5, page 11) is a plan I have devised 
 and used during last winter (1861-62) for letting a 
 constant stream of air into the house, which, before 
 it escapes amongst the foliage of the vines, must of 
 necessity become as hot as the atmosphere of the house. 
 To this mode of admitting a constant stream of air 
 previously heated into our early vinery, I attribute to 
 some extent the extraordinary fine flavour of early 
 grapes we began to cut on the 1st of January 1862. 
 
 With regard to boilers, I think it unnecessary to say 
 much; their name is legion, and many of them are 
 good. My own observation has led me to prefer those 
 that expose the greatest heat -absorbing surface, not 
 under the fire, or by the side of it, but immediately 
 over it, provided always that their construction is such 
 that every portion of their heat-absorbing surface can be 
 swept clear of soot and ashes daily; for if these are 
 allowed to gather on the boiler, they will, as non-con- 
 
BOTTOM HEAT. 7 
 
 ductors of heat, destroy its heating power to the extent 
 of the surface they cover. Cast-iron boilers, if properly 
 constructed, are as safe, much cheaper, and last double 
 the time of malleable-iron boilers. 
 
 As a rule, it is much the safest plan to employ a 
 respectable hot-water engineer to erect the heating 
 apparatus,* subject to specifications drawn by some 
 one practically acquainted with the degree of tempera- 
 ture required, and the extent of pipe necessary to that 
 end, the contractor to be bound to keep the whole in 
 working order for one year after erection; and if at 
 this date the boiler is sound, and the joints and valves 
 all right, the inference is that they will continue so 
 for many years. 
 
 The pipes should be painted a dull black colour, as 
 being that most suitable for radiating heat. 
 
 BOTTOM HEAT. 
 
 Gardeners have for many years felt that it was ex- 
 ceedingly unnatural to place the branches of the vine 
 in a high temperature, while the roots were in the cold 
 soil of the border outside the house, and they have had 
 recourse to various expedients to remedy this clearly 
 recognised evil. Hot fermenting dung has been applied 
 to the surface of the border, which did some good, more 
 by its negative than its positive action, in so far as, if 
 the heat from it did not penetrate the border to any 
 depth, it at least, if applied in autumn, prevented the 
 escape of the heat the border had derived from the sun 
 during the summer. Wooden shutters, and in some 
 instances glass, have been laid on the surface of the 
 
8 BOTTOM HEAT. 
 
 border to prevent the radiation of its natural heat. All 
 these methods were well known to be very defective ; 
 and it is only of late years that the heating of vine- 
 borders from beneath by means of hot-water pipes, as 
 shown in fig. 1, has placed the temperature of the roots 
 as completely under the gardener's control as that of 
 the branches has always been. Where the expense of 
 stone pavement for covering the pipes is an objection 
 to its use, the same end may be arrived at by first lay- 
 ing the pipes on pieces of half-inch round iron, resting 
 on a smooth stone surface, at intervals of 9 feet apart. 
 These bits of iron will act as rollers, and enable the 
 pipes to expand and contract without the risk of "draw- 
 ing" the joints. The pipes should then be covered with 
 a small brick drain full of loopholes on each side, taking 
 care that none of the covering bricks rest on the pipes. 
 From these loopholes hot-air drains should be run right 
 and left with dry bricks, or by using common drain- 
 tiles, on the top of which 6 inches of brickbats should 
 be laid, and then the turf, as already recommended. 
 
 The mere heating of the soil of the border by these 
 appliances is not the only advantage that results. There 
 is the additional and important one of the constant 
 passage of air through the soil, forced up through it 
 when heat expands that in the air-drains and interstices 
 amongst the brickbats, and down through it when the 
 air in the drains cools and contracts. 
 
 When the difficulty of getting a boiler fixed at a 
 sufficiently low level to heat the pipes for warming the 
 border cannot be overcome, as must often be the case 
 where the country is level and the drainage bad, the 
 best substitute is, to make all the arrangements as to 
 
BOTTOM HEAT. 9 
 
 air-drains I have described as necessary when pipes are 
 laid, and to connect these subsoil air-chambers with the 
 atmosphere of the interior of the vinery by a series of 
 drain-pipes along the front of the house near the hot- 
 water pipes. Along the back wall of the vinery con- 
 struct an underground air-drain, to be connected by a 
 series of pipes, 4 inches in diameter, with the general 
 underground air-chambers of the border. From this 
 drain another series of pipes should be carried up the 
 back wall some 7 or 8 feet, where they should have 
 openings into the interior of the vinery; and if the flue 
 from the boiler is made to run along the back wall in 
 such a way as to heat the air in the upright air-drains, 
 it will become lighter, and escape into the general at- 
 mosphere of the house; while at the same time a 
 current of air will pass down the front air-pipes 
 already referred to, at a lower temperature than that 
 escaping from the outlets in the back wall, but suffici- 
 ently warm to be of great benefit to the roots of the 
 vines. This arrangement has the additional advantage 
 of keeping the air in the house in constant motion. 
 There is also the possibility of making such arrange- 
 ments in forming a vine -border as to admit of the 
 application of dung-linings for warming the soil. It 
 is, however, only necessary to have heat applied to the 
 roots, as here described, in cases where grapes have to 
 be forced early. If the vines are not started till the 
 beginning of March they will do perfectly well without 
 it, as is evident from everyday experience. 
 
VENTILATION. 
 
 This is a point of great importance, and, in very early 
 forcing, one of considerable difficulty; for it not unfre- 
 quently happens that, after a severe frost at night, re- 
 quiring hot pipes, the sun breaks forth in the morning, 
 and raises the temperature of the vinery beyond a safe 
 point, while at the same time the wind may be pierc- 
 ingly cold. In such circumstances there is no alterna- 
 tive but to open the top ventilators, when the hot air 
 will rush out ; but at the same time another current 
 will rush into the house, of air too cold to be admitted 
 amongst the tender foliage of the vine with safety. 
 To modify this evil, it is a good plan to have a light 
 wooden frame made to fit the ventilating opening, and 
 over this frame to tack a sheet of perforated zinc, or 
 a double piece of Hawthorn's hexagonal netting. This 
 will break up the rush of air into a great many small 
 streams that will more readily mingle with the hot 
 air of the house, and get so far heated before it reaches 
 the foliage. 
 
 It would be no safer to admit the cold air by the 
 front ventilating-sashes to take the place of that mak- 
 ing its exit by the top ones, unless some means were 
 employed to take the chill off it before it is discharged 
 into the body of the house. For this purpose I have 
 designed what I have termed "The Hot- Air Ventilator" 
 (fig. 5). This apparatus consists of a sheath of copper 
 placed over a row of the front pipes. The diameter of 
 this sheath is one inch more than the hot pipe it en- 
 closes, consequently there is an open space of half an 
 
CONSTRUCTION OF VINERY. II 
 
 inch all round the pipe inside the sheath. This cavity 
 is fed with fresh air from the exterior of the house 
 by a pipe 5 inches in diameter, which springs from 
 
 FIG. 5. 
 
 HOT-AIE VENTILATOR. 
 
 the lower surface of the sheath, and passes through 
 the front wall of the house to the external air. There 
 is a valve in this feed-pipe to modify the supply of 
 fresh air at pleasure. In the upper surface of the sheath 
 is a double row of small holes, so that the moment the 
 cold air comes into the hot chamber round the pipe, 
 and gets hot, expanded, and lighter, it makes its exit 
 through these holes into the general atmosphere of the 
 house. In our early vineries last winter (1861-62), the 
 valves were kept open constantly, both night and day, 
 with great advantage to both fruit and foliage. 
 
 CONSTRUCTION OF VINERY. 
 
 As a rule, whether for early or late forcing, I prefer 
 a good-sized house say, height of back wall, 15 feet; 
 width of house, 15 feet; height of front sashes, 2 feet; 
 length, 40 feet. A house of these dimensions has a 
 good length of rafter, which enables the vines to carry 
 
12 SUBSOIL AND DRAINAGE. 
 
 a large extent of foliage, and become vigorous plants as 
 compared with those confined to a short rafter; and the 
 roof presents an angle of about 35 to the sun a very 
 suitable one for a vinery; while the length of the rafter 
 will be about 19 feet. If the roof is constructed of 
 sashes and rafters, the sashes should be at least 5 feet 
 wide, so as to afford space enough for training one vine- 
 rod up under each rafter, and one in the centre of each 
 sash : if all of astragals, as is sometimes the case, the 
 rods may be regulated as to distance from each other at 
 pleasure. The wires to which the vines are tied should 
 not be nearer the glass than 16 inches, and should run 
 at right angles with the rafters. When they are too 
 close to the glass, as is often the case, the leaves come in 
 contact with it, when they get killed, by being, as some 
 say, scorched, but in reality frozen. These wires should 
 be within 10 or 12 inches of each other. There is no 
 pathway so suitable, either for a vinery or peach-house, 
 as iron grating. In a house of the dimensions I have 
 here indicated, and where grapes are to be ripe in April, 
 there should not be less than 300 feet of 4 -inch pipe 
 for surface or atmospheric heat, in addition to which 
 there should be a steaming-tray, which gives off fully 
 as much heat itself as one row of pipe. The front 
 and ends of the house should rest either on pillars 
 or arches, so as to give the roots free access to the 
 outside as well as inside border. 
 
 SUBSOIL AND DRAINAGE. 
 
 Where the entire border is heated by hot-water pipes 
 covered with Caithness pavement, as shown in fig. 1, 
 
SUBSOIL AND DRAINAGE. 13 
 
 any excess of water that may fall on the border will 
 descend through the joints of the pavement to the 
 chamber the pipes occupy, from which a drain should 
 be laid down to remove it at once. But where bottom 
 heat is not so applied, and where the subsoil is of a cold, 
 wet character, it must be well drained, so as to prevent 
 the rise of spring water, and to remove all the rain 
 water that percolates through the border. This done, 
 a layer of concrete, 4 inches in depth, should be laid 
 over the whole surface of the intended bed of the bor- 
 der, taking care that it has a slope of 1 inch in the foot 
 towards the front, where there should be a good drain 
 to draw off all water that finds its way to that point 
 from the surface of the concrete, and from the drains 
 under it. On the concrete, as well as on the pavement, 
 when the latter is used, a layer of 4 inches of rough 
 brick-rubbish should be spread, then a course of turf 
 with the grassy side downwards, after which the com- 
 post may be wheeled in to form the border. No rule 
 can be laid down for width of borders ; I think it is 
 ample if the width outside the house is the same as 
 that inside. The depth inside should be 3 feet; im- 
 mediately outside, in front of house, 2^ feet; and 
 at the extremity, 2 feet. A border formed to these 
 dimensions will have a considerable declination to- 
 wards the south, which will enable it to throw off 
 the winter rains better, and during summer it will 
 receive more benefit from the sun's rays than when 
 flatter. 
 
COVERINGS FOR BORDERS. 
 
 This .is a matter of much importance, especially in 
 the case of early-forced vines. Where the border is 
 heated by hot-water pipes from beneath, all that is 
 necessary is to lay some dry leaves, dry fern, or other 
 litter, on the surface of the border to prevent radiation, 
 and to cover it over with such as tarpaulins, oiled calico, 
 wooden shutters, old hothouse lights, or straw thatch 
 any material that will throw off the greater portion of 
 the winter rains will answer the purpose. Where vines 
 are not started till March, any advantage they might 
 derive from a permanent covering would be more than 
 counterbalanced by the loss of the sun's rays on the 
 border during the day. In such a case, a covering of 
 coarse cloth of some sort thrown over the border in the 
 evening and removed in the morning would be bene- 
 ficial till the warm nights of June set in. Grapes that 
 ripen in autumn and have to be kept till spring are 
 supposed to keep better by having the border the roots 
 of the vines are in kept dry during the winter. I have, 
 however, kept Lady Downes Grape hanging on the vine 
 till May without a covering of any sort on the border. 
 
 COMPOSTS SUITABLE FOR VINES. 
 
 As previously remarked, the soil the vine thrives 
 best in is a fibry calcareous loam, taken, not more than 
 3 inches deep, from an old sheep or deer pasture. Such 
 soil should consist of about 65 per cent sand, 30 per cent 
 clay, and 5 per cent of chalk, with an abundance of 
 vegetable fibre, giving it the character of what gardeners 
 
COMPOSTS SUITABLE FOR VINES. 15 
 
 know as friable turfy loam. When the sand is in excess 
 of what I have indicated, it may be termed sandy loam ; 
 when the clay is in excess, clayey loam. The prepara- 
 tion it should receive, and the ingredients that should 
 be added to it, depend on its qualities in these respects. 
 I will give an example of how it should be prepared, 
 supposing it to be of the medium quality I have de- 
 scribed, and others applicable to cases where either sand 
 or clay may be in excess. It may not be improper that 
 I should remark here, that I have known fine vineries 
 erected, and every preparation made calculated to pro- 
 duce good crops of grapes, till the question of going into 
 the park for the proper description of loam had to be 
 mooted, when the proprietor very naturally refused to 
 allow the breaking-up of any of his old pasture, and 
 the gardener had to have recourse to unsuitable soil, 
 probably out of a plantation, where in every morsel of 
 decaying wood there were the spores of fungi that were 
 certain one day to destroy the vigour of his vines, and 
 in many cases kill them altogether. * This is a difficulty 
 that, with proper explanation to a reasonable employer, 
 might be removed, and no harm done to the sheep or 
 deer pasture. Say that in some spot most out of view 
 and the soil suitable, the necessary quantity of turf was 
 cut, and thrown with the grass side downwards, there 
 to lie till the first dry frosty day, when it should be 
 carted and stacked while in a frozen state. For every 
 cart-load brought out of the park, let a load of old 
 
 * June 22, 1867. A gentleman has just sent me a portion of the soil from 
 the borders of four new vineries he has erected and planted this spring. It 
 was taken from a turfy bank on which an old hedge grew, and I find it one 
 mass of fungi, in such a state that it is impossible a vine or any other plant 
 can thrive in it, caused, no doubt, by the decaying roots of the old hedge. 
 
16 COMPOSTS SUITABLE FOR VINES. 
 
 rich garden-soil be laid down in its stead, be properly 
 levelled, sown with a good cast of lawn-grass seeds 
 and white clover, raked in, and have a roller run over 
 it. If cattle are in the park at the time, a sheep-net 
 can be run round it till it is green, when the net may 
 be removed ; and, the sheep and deer being the judges, 
 it will be by far the most esteemed portion of the park 
 for many years. 
 
 After this digression, let us suppose that the necessary 
 quantity of suitable loam has been obtained, neither 
 clay nor sand being In excess of what has been indicat- 
 ed, and that it has been stacked for six months, so that 
 the grass is dead and the whole mass dry. Then let it 
 be cut down with a spade, and broken up with one of 
 Park's five-tined forks in preference to the spade, and 
 thrown into a ridge, taking care to have it kept so that 
 a tarpaulin or some other cover can be thrown over it 
 to keep it dry. To ten carts of this soil add two of lime- 
 rubbish old plaster is preferable, as it contains hair, 
 itself a good manure ; one cart of thoroughly charred 
 wood, including any wood-ashes that may be amongst 
 it ; one cart of fresh horse-droppings ; 4 cwt. of broken 
 bones, about one inch square ; and, if to be had, 2 cwt. 
 of horn-shavings may be added. Have the whole mass 
 turned over several times, but always in dry, if possible 
 frosty, weather, before it is wheeled in to form the bor- 
 der. This I can guarantee, from my own experience, 
 will form a safe and fruitful vine-border ; the addition 
 of more manure might give stronger canes for a few 
 seasons, but they would be much more liable to suffer 
 from excess of wet in winter ; and when it is considered 
 how easy it is to feed the roots of the vine with liquid 
 
COMPOSTS SUITABLE FOR VINES. I/ 
 
 manure at the seasons when it is most required, I can 
 see no reason, but the opposite, in favour of making 
 vine-borders so rich as some advocate. When the soil 
 is what is termed clayey loam, I would add the same 
 ingredients to it, with the addition of two cart-loads to 
 the ten of burned clay, which acts as a mechanical dis- 
 integrant, and keeps the particles of clay from getting 
 too close together, and so preventing the entrance of air 
 into the soil, or the percolation of water through it. Of 
 burned clay, Dr Lindley, in his able work, ' The Theory 
 and Practice of Horticulture/ speaks to this effect : 
 " Why burned clay should be better than that sort of 
 soil in its ordinary condition is sufficiently obvious 
 its texture is changed. In its natural state it is so ad- 
 hesive that air cannot get into it. It also offers great 
 mechanical opposition to the passage of roots through 
 its viscid mass, and hence it is exclusively inhabited by 
 a coarse and worthless vegetation. Burning changes 
 all this ; the particles of clay lose their adhesiveness, 
 and this gives a new character to the soil, which offers 
 freedom to the entrance of air and exit of water, and 
 which crumbles readily away beneath the advancing 
 roots of any race of plants. But that is not all the 
 difference betwixt burned and unburned clay : the roots 
 of plants which it previously contained were unable to 
 decay, and are now by fire reduced to their saline con- 
 stituents, and so enrich the soil ; and, moreover, the 
 burned particles of clay acquire the power of absorbing 
 ammonia from the air, and holding it within their pores 
 till showers fall and wash it into the land, where it 
 immediately acts as a nourishing food for plants." 
 When the soil is what is termed light sandy loam 
 
 B 
 
18 COMPOSTS SUITABLE FOR VINES. 
 
 add all the ingredients except the burned clay, which 
 need not necessarily be used, as the compost will be 
 porous enough without it, though it will do no harm ; 
 but add double the quantity of horse-droppings, bones, 
 and horn-shavings. Leaf-mould, when thoroughly re- 
 duced to a black earth, may with advantage be added 
 to any compost for vines, but never in a half-decayed 
 state, when it is certain to contain small pieces of 
 decaying sapwood, impregnated with the spores of 
 fungi that frequently enter into the roots of the vines, 
 where they develop themselves, and destroy the plants 
 suddenly. 
 
 In confirmation of this I will cite two instances that 
 have come under my own observation since the pub- 
 lication of the second edition of this treatise. The 
 one case was that of a Grizzly Frontignan in full crop, 
 which died as suddenly as if cut over with a knife. 
 The gentleman to whom it belonged had the vine 
 taken up by the roots, and brought it to me for exa- 
 mination. I discovered that before the vine had been 
 planted it had been cut down and grown a second year 
 in the pot, and that there was a small hole with a 
 piece of decayed wood leading into the live wood of 
 the stem where the vine had been cut over to the 
 surface of the pot the second year it was grown. In 
 through this rotten channel the fungus found a ready 
 entrance, and the whole stem for several inches above 
 this point was one mass of fungi ; the pores of the 
 wood were completely filled with them, and death was 
 the natural result. 
 
 The other case was that of a Muscat vine that had 
 received a wound in the stem, immediately under the 
 
COMPOSTS SUITABLE FOR VINES. 19 
 
 surface of the soil, and dissection showed the same 
 effects as in the former case. The border had been 
 made up of soil taken out of a plantation, and con- 
 tained beech-nuts, every one of which was found to be 
 a mass of white fungi; they, however, do not appear 
 able to penetrate the bark of the vine, but take ad- 
 vantage of the smallest opening, as in the cases related. 
 The fungi, besides destroying individual plants, have a 
 bad effect on the general health of the whole, in as far 
 as they exhaust the soil, and render it unfit for the 
 growth of other plants. I would therefore guard 
 against the smallest atom of any woody substance 
 getting mixed with the soil of a vine-border, especially 
 where bottom heat is to be applied, which at once 
 brings the spores of the fungi into active life. Where 
 the border is all outside the house, and no artificial 
 heat of any sort applied, the wood will rot, spores 
 and all, and do no harm. The general application of 
 bottom heat to vine-borders gives this matter an im- 
 portance it did not formerly possess. 
 
 As many who are anxious to grow grapes may not 
 be able to obtain access to a sheep or deer park to 
 procure the loam I have described as most suitable 
 for vines, I will here indicate a compost that will 
 grow excellent grapes, and that is at the same time 
 within the reach of all who possess a garden. Take 
 of the ordinary garden-soil one-half the quantity re- 
 quired to make up the border, lay it in sharp ridges 
 to get a winter's frost, then procure one-fourth the 
 quantity required of the parings of turf-edgings and 
 the scourings of ditches, with the addition of a few 
 barrow-loads of clay ; then get together all the clip- 
 
20 COMPOSTS SUITABLE FOR VINES. 
 
 pings of hedges, the prunings of fruit-trees, with any 
 other refuse of a kindred nature ; build all into a 
 heap and set fire to it, piling it round with the turf- 
 parings and clay already referred to, till the whole 
 forms a cone, with a fire in its centre. After it has 
 burned for some days, and the whole has got tho- 
 roughly hot through, and the wood all charred, ex- 
 tinguish it by pouring on the hot mass the drainage of 
 cow-byres, pigsties, or any similar liquid ; and while 
 still in a hot state, mix it with the common garden- 
 soil that has been for some time in ridges. To every 
 ten loads of this compost add two of old lime-rubbish, 
 one of horse-droppings, 4 cwt. of bones about an inch 
 square, 2 cwt. horn-shavings, and a cart-load of cal- 
 cined oyster-shells where they can be had. They may 
 be calcined by being placed in the centre of the char- 
 heap as it is being built. Let the whole be turned 
 over more than once, but always in dry weather, and it 
 will form an excellent compost for vines. 
 
 For reasons that all gardeners understand, I would 
 not make the whole width of the border at the time 
 the vines are planted, but would make up, say, 6 feet 
 inside the house, and the same width outside. This 
 will be found ample for the roots of the vines to run 
 in for the first year. The second year I would add 
 3 feet inside and 3 out, and at this rate annually till 
 the allotted width is made up. In this way the com- 
 post, instead of becoming sour from being trod upon, 
 and watered while as yet no roots are in it, will be 
 added just as the roots are ready for it ; and every 
 gardener knows with what gusto vine-roots rush into 
 fresh turfy loam as compared with that which is 
 
YOUNG VINES FOR PLANTING. 21 
 
 sodden and sour ; and it is well known, also, that soil 
 gets much more readily into this state when it is much 
 in excess of the requirements of the plants that grow in 
 it ; and it is frequently more convenient, where soil 
 and labour are scarce, to make the borders in this way, 
 than to have so much to do at once. 
 
 YOUNG VINES FOR PLANTING. 
 
 There are various opinions as to the best way of 
 preparing young vines for planting. I have used 
 plants from layers ; from eyes, two, three, and even 
 four years old ; from eyes, one year old ; and from 
 eyes struck the year they were planted; and have 
 found them all succeed, but would give a decided pre- 
 ference to the two latter ; and especially to good, 
 sound, well-ripened vines one year old from eyes, 
 either home-grown or procured from some respectable 
 nurseryman, who is careful about their names being 
 correct who does not grow them in bottom heat, and 
 as thick as they can stand, in dark houses, which is 
 sometimes done. They may be struck in bottom heat ; 
 but after they are shifted into the pot in which they 
 are to be sold, they should have no bottom heat exceed- 
 ing the atmospheric temperature of the house they are 
 grown in ; for I have invariably observed that the soft 
 forced roots vines make in bottom heat, such as they 
 receive when plunged in hot tan, die off during the 
 winter, and are of no service to the plants when planted 
 the following spring ; and though the canes, in conse- 
 quence of being forced on in this way, may look better 
 than those grown without bottom heat, they are not so 
 
22 YOUNG VINES FOR PLANTING. 
 
 in reality. Far better have a well-ripened though 
 smaller cane, with a pot full of hard, fibry, active roots, 
 that will survive the winter, and come early into action 
 in the spring. My objection to the plants being 
 crowded in dark houses, as they are often to be seen, 
 is, that many of them get no direct light from the sun 
 on their foliage ; and, though they may make good- 
 sized canes, cannot be properly ripened, and become 
 fit foundations for healthy fruitful vines. When vines 
 are thus crowded during their season of growth, and 
 are set outdoors, perhaps against a wall or hedge, to 
 stand till sold, they are sure to receive permanent 
 injury from even a moderate degree of frost, such as 
 would not injure well-ripened canes. As a rule, it is 
 injudicious to expose young or old vines, ripened in 
 this country, to more than 10 of frost at any time. 
 
 When the vines are to be struck from eyes, I have 
 found it best to select the eyes from well-ripened wood, 
 from a house where the grapes have been cut in June 
 or July. I cut the wood right across, about half an 
 inch on each side of the eye, and then take a small 
 slice off the side of it, longitudinally, opposite the eye, 
 making the cuts as clean as possible. I then have 
 4 -inch pots filled with light turfy loam, and a small 
 portion of thoroughly decayed leaf-mould. When the 
 pot is filled with this soil, I make a hole that would 
 contain a walnut in the centre of it, which I fill up 
 with fine white sand, and in the centre of the sand the 
 eye is deposited, when a little of the compost is placed 
 over it, and the whole receives a watering. I have 
 found that cuttings form callus sooner in sand than 
 in loam, and throw out more roots also. When thus 
 
YOUNG VINES FOR PLANTING. 23 
 
 potted in January, they may for a time stand in any 
 convenient corner of a peach-house or vinery just started. 
 By the 1st of February they should be plunged in tan, 
 or some other medium affording a bottom heat of 90, 
 and placed as near the glass as possible. With an at- 
 mospheric temperature of 55 at night, rising to 70 by 
 day, the buds will soon appear above the soil. Contem- 
 poraneously with the development of leaves, roots will 
 be emitted all round the calloused edges of the bud into 
 the soil. At this stage see that they have what water 
 they require to keep the soil moderately moist. And to 
 guard against the formation of what I will term strong 
 bottom-heat roots, give the pots a shake with the hand, 
 so as to leave a cavity all round them, from which any 
 excess of heat may escape. When the plants have four 
 leaves developed, raise them out of the plunging 
 material they are in ; and though they will not make 
 such a rapid growth as if left in the bottom heat, they 
 will make a much safer one. The pots by this time 
 will be getting pretty full of roots ; but on no account 
 shift the plants into larger pots till they have begun to 
 grow afresh after the stand they make, when the available 
 nutriment in the bud is exhausted, and before the young 
 roots and newly-developed leaves have begun to supply 
 more. If shifted before this second growth begins, 
 they frequently stand still for a month, and often end 
 in premature ripening at the neck, and refusing to start 
 into a healthy second growth at all. 
 
 The size of pot they should be shifted into depends 
 on what they are intended for. If for planting out, 
 an 8-inch pot is sufficient ; if for fruiting in pots the 
 following season, the size should not be less than 8 
 
24 YOUNG VINES FOR PLANTING. 
 
 inches or more than 18 inches. I have found a com- 
 post the same as that recommended for the borders 
 answer admirably for vines in pots. When potted, 
 they should for a few days be shaded, as the roots must 
 suffer more or less in the process, and are not prepared 
 to supply the foliage with the needful sap to resist the 
 demands made upon it by a powerful sun. In March 
 or April the temperature and general treatment as to 
 airing should be the same as what will be recommended 
 for the first year they are planted out in the border. 
 Whether vines are intended for fruiting in pots, or 
 planting out the following season, as soon as they are 
 6 feet high they should be cut back to 1 foot, when 
 they wi]l start afresh and make much finer and more 
 fruitful canes than if allowed to grow on ; the laterals, 
 as they appear, should be stopped at one joint. These 
 laterals will break again, and should be pinched, so as 
 to leave another joint. The best position for such vines 
 to grow in is in the full blaze of the sun. I have grown 
 them trained up under the rafters of a pine-pit, and 
 found them prove very fruitful, and also against the 
 back wall of a pine-stove ; but they will do well in any 
 situation where they can have vinery or pine-stove heat, 
 be regularly watered, have the full influence of the sun, 
 and be kept free from red spider. When the canes 
 become brown, and all the symptoms of ripening show 
 themselves, the whole of the lateral branches may be 
 cut off, care being taken not to injure the leaves that 
 spring from the main stem, as their office is to fill out 
 the buds that are to show the young bunches of fruit 
 next season. When fairly ripened say in September 
 and the leaves are getting an autumn tint, they may 
 
SEASON FOR PLANTING VINES. 25 
 
 be removed and nailed up against a wall, provision 
 being made that they do not suffer from want of water. 
 From this position they should, on the approach of 
 frost, be removed to an airy shed, peach-house at rest, 
 or some other shelter, where they can be kept cool, and 
 at the same time protected from severe frost. Thus 
 prepared, they are fit either for fruiting in the pots they 
 are in, or for planting out in a border. If wanted for 
 the former purpose, they may be cut back to 5 feet, 
 including pot. Their roots should never be allowed 
 to get dry during their season of rest, as is sometimes 
 the case, nor should they have much water. 
 
 SEASON FOR PLANTING VINES. 
 
 I have planted vines at various seasons, from the 1st 
 of March till the beginning of July, and have found 
 them all succeed well. The time of planting has often 
 to be determined by circumstances. For my own part, 
 I . think a mean betwixt the dates I have named the 
 most suitable say the beginning of April. I will 
 therefore suppose that at this date the soil has been 
 wheeled into the house during dry weather, and care- 
 fully and equally levelled to the required height, 
 making allowance for the subsiding that is sure to 
 take place in the case of soil containing so much organic 
 matter. This allowance should not be less than 6 
 inches. Say then, that, before the vines are planted, 
 the soil is exactly to the level that it is desired when 
 the border has settled down, there will thus be a mar- 
 gin left for 6 inches of soil to be laid on during the 
 process of planting. 
 
VARIOUS WAYS OF PLANTING VINES. 
 
 While I have planted vines in nearly every possible 
 way, and have found them all succeed well, at the same 
 time there are some methods preferable to others. There 
 is, however, one which I do not include in the above, 
 that to my own knowledge has been practised, and which 
 I describe that it may be avoided. In doing so I will 
 give one illustration of it that came immediately under 
 my observation. Four years ago, a gentleman, who is 
 a keen amateur gardener, whom I shall call A., erected 
 a vinery ; made a good border ; purchased vines that 
 had been grown in 5-inch pots ; made holes in his 
 border sufficiently large to take in the balls as turned 
 out of the pots ; filled in the soil round the balls ; and 
 finished with a good watering. This was done in 
 January. These vines, it seems, broke irregularly; 
 for the canes were left some 5 feet long, made poor 
 growths, and at the end of the season were anything 
 but satisfactory year-olds. A/s partner in business, 
 whom I shall call B., at this date made up his mind 
 to erect a vinery also ; and, being acquainted with 
 B., I was asked to give him some advice about the 
 planting of his vines. They were procured at the 
 same place as A/s. I agreed to plant them for him ; 
 and, on the occasion of planting them, B. invited A. 
 to see the operation, which took place early in March. 
 I shook all the soil from the roots, and pruned off any 
 decayed portions of them. I then spread them out 
 equally over the surface of the bed prepared for them, 
 laying three joints of the wood, as well as the roots, in 
 
VARIOUS WAYS OF PLANTING VINES. 27 
 
 the soil, making at the same time an incision with the 
 knife below each bud or joint, to induce the emission of 
 roots ; placed a strong, hooked, wooden peg to keep the 
 stem steady at the junction with the soil, and covered 
 them, giving the whole surface a slight watering with 
 tepid water through the rose. Their after-treatment 
 was the same as I shall hereafter describe as suitable 
 for vines in their circumstances. They made splendid 
 canes to the top of the house by the autumn. While 
 they were being planted, A. remarked that he and his 
 man planted theirs differently, and described their way 
 of doing it, as I have already done. I went and looked 
 at A/s vines, and expressed doubts about their success. 
 At the end of their second year's growth, which was the 
 end of the first year of B/s, they were not half the 
 strength. A. then asked me to do as I pleased with 
 his, if I thought I could make them grow like B.'s. I 
 had them taken up, and found the ball of roots almost 
 as it was put into the hole. I had them disentangled 
 and spread out, and the vines replanted, but to the 
 present date they have not overtaken B/s, that started 
 a year behind them. 
 
 I can strongly recommend the following method of 
 planting and treating young vines, from my own ex- 
 perience of it in the past season. It is probably in its 
 details new, but it only requires to be described to com- 
 mend itself to all who have any knowledge of such mat- 
 ters. I had a large house to plant, chiefly with Mus- 
 cats, in April 1864. I had a stock of one-year-old plants 
 in 8-inch pots by me ; I cut the rods back to 4 feet in 
 February, and allowed them to stand in a cold peach- 
 house till the 13th of April, when the border was ready 
 
28 VARIOUS WAYS OF PLANTING VINES. 
 
 for their being planted ; I shook all the earth from their 
 roots, and spread them out on the soil of the border, 
 one vine to each rafter, and 5 feet apart, covered the 
 roots with 6 inches of soil, and gave the whole a good 
 watering, with water at a temperature of 150, and cov- 
 ered the surface with an inch of dry soil to prevent, to 
 some extent, the escape of the heat communicated to 
 the border by the warm water. The vines were just 
 bursting their buds when planted, and instead of adopt- 
 ing the usual practice of stopping, or rubbing off all the 
 buds but one or two, I allowed all to grow, and tied 
 them carefully to the wires ; by this means I had in 
 some instances ten rods to one vine, all of which have, 
 during the season, run to the top of the house, and partly 
 down the back wall, a distance of 30 feet, and many of 
 these rods are as strong as ever I had previously seen a 
 single rod from a vine the first year it was planted. At 
 this date (6th January 1865) they are not yet cut down, 
 and the whole house is a perfect thicket of wood. I 
 will shortly cut back all these vines to within a foot of 
 the front sashes, and train up two rods from each this 
 season, for fruiting in 1866 ; and I need not tell those 
 who know that a plant makes roots in proportion to its 
 leaves, that vines treated as I have described will have 
 an enormous excess of roots formed in the border, as 
 compared with others treated on the one rod and pinch- 
 ing system, and that the bearing-rods they will make 
 this year will be in proportion to the extent and vigour 
 of their roots in the soil. I have just measured one of 
 them that, when planted in April, was not thicker than 
 a writing-quill, and I find that it is now 3^ inches in 
 circumference, and has ten rods perfectly ripe to the top 
 
VARIOUS WAYS OF PLANTING VINES. 29 
 
 of the rafters, a distance of 21 feet. If, instead of per- 
 manent vigour and productiveness, an immediate return 
 were the object aimed at, I have no hesitation in saying 
 that such a vine would yield 50 Ib. of grapes this 
 autumn. 
 
 In planting vines some are great advocates for laying 
 a considerable length of the stem in the soil ; I am not. 
 I thing it an evil, and that the vigour and extent of 
 roots that a vine will make, depends, not on the length 
 of stem laid in the soil, but on the extent of healthy 
 foliage it can get fairly exposed to light and air. I 
 have planted others in the following way : I cut back 
 the plants to within one inch of the surface of the soil 
 in the pot, allowed them to break and grow a yard of 
 young wood, and then planted them so as to lay an 
 inch of the young wood in the soil, when a tuft of roots 
 starts from the junction of the old and new growths ; 
 but when there is any danger of fungi being in the soil, 
 this plan should not be adopted. In the case of plant- 
 ing young vines struck from eyes the same year, the 
 roots can sometimes be disentangled and laid out suffi- 
 ciently, without reducing the ball entirely ; and when 
 this can be done, it is best to let it be so, as, by that 
 means, less of a check is given to the plant. In 1858 
 I planted a vinery on the 15th of May. This house is 
 110 feet long. I prepared 75 vines for it in the follow- 
 ing manner : I had as many pieces of thin turf cut as 
 there were vines. The turf was in pieces 2 feet long 
 and 18 inches broad. I laid five or six pieces of hazel 
 rods longitudinally under each turf, and across their 
 ends I tied another piece with bits of wire, thus forming 
 sort of turf-trays. On these I laid 2 inches of soil ; and 
 
30 VARIOUS WAYS OF PLANTING VINES. 
 
 after shaking out the vines, and pruning, and in some 
 instances washing their roots, I laid them out on the 
 surface of the soil, from one end of the turf, like the 
 extended fingers of the hand, covering up with a layer 
 of 3 inches of sharp soil. I placed them all, as close as 
 the trays would admit, in the pit of an intermediate 
 house, where they had a night temperature of 55, and 
 65 to 70 during the day from sun-heat ; tied each to 
 a stake, gave the whole a good watering, and covered 
 all the surface with moss. This was done in March, 
 and when they were planted in May the whole soil was 
 a mass of fine healthy foots. We removed one at a 
 time, and planted them with care. They gave no indi- 
 cations of having received the slightest check. Twenty- 
 four of these were Lady Downes and West's St Peter's. 
 They were put one to each rafter, to form the permanent 
 vines for the house. The other fifty-one were chiefly 
 Hamburgs, to be considered temporary, in as far as 
 they were to bear a crop the next year, and then to be 
 removed. One set of the latter was planted, one in 
 the centre of each light, close to the front ; the other 
 set along the centre of the house. Their progress was 
 all that could be desired ; and the following year, 1859, 
 the house produced over 400 bunches of grapes, with- 
 out taking one from the permanent vines. The super- 
 numeraries in the centre row were removed after the 
 first crop, but some of those in the front row still 
 remain. I may remark that out of this house we cut 
 black Hamburg grapes in August, and Lady Downes 
 seedling grapes, perfectly plump and good, till April 
 every year. 
 
TREATMENT OF VINES FIRST YEAR AFTER PLANTING. 
 
 Where the ultimate object is to have vines brought 
 as early as possible to a state that will bear what is 
 termed early forcing that is, to produce ripe grapes, 
 say, in April they should be planted in February, with- 
 out waiting till they make young wood in the pots, 
 and started with a night temperature of from 35 to 50, 
 rising with sun-heat 15 higher. Let the atmosphere 
 of the house be kept moist by any of the appliances 
 for that end, and let the canes be syringed twice daily 
 with tepid water till the buds burst, after which water 
 in any other form than that of vapour should never 
 touch them, unless, as sometimes happens in very dry 
 summers, like that of 1864, the red spider is more 
 than usually prevalent, when it may be necessary to 
 use the syringe, as directed under the head of "Eed 
 Spider." 
 
 In the case of vines that are to be the permanent 
 ones, every lateral and leaf they produce should be 
 allowed to grow the first season ; by this means a mass 
 of roots will be formed in the border, that in their 
 turn will send up fine strong fruiting-canes the second 
 year. Those that are only the temporary ones, and 
 that are to be fruited the second year, must have their 
 laterals stopped at one leaf, and their leading shoots 
 also stopped when they have grown 10 feet or so. 
 This will plump their fruit-buds, and prepare them for 
 fruiting the second year. As the season advances, and 
 they get foliage developed, the temperature should 
 rise, till in May it has reached 70 by fire-heat at 
 
32 THE SECOND YEARS TREATMENT. 
 
 night, and it may be run up with sun to 85 or 90. In 
 giving air, let it be at the top of the house in the first 
 part of the day ; then, as the heat from the sun in- 
 creases, admit a little at the front, but with great care 
 in cold weather where there is no means such as I 
 have previously described for heating it. As the season 
 advances, say in August, give abundance of air in all 
 directions. This will help to make the wood hard and 
 brown ; but be careful of the foliage till it decays 
 naturally. The diseases and attacks from insects, to 
 which vines are liable, as well as the best means of 
 preventing their ravages, will be treated of in subse- 
 quent chapters. 
 
 THE SECOND YEAR ? S TREATMENT. 
 
 This begins with the cutting back of the vines, say 
 in December ; and in the case of those that are not to 
 bear fruit, they may be cut to within 3 feet of the 
 bottom of the rafter ; those that are to fruit the second 
 year may be left 8 feet long, and be allowed to bear 
 eight bunches each, supposing them to have made 
 canes l inches in circumference, and that the wood is 
 well ripened and short jointed, with the buds or eyes 
 prominent. This done, the whole wood and glass of 
 the house inside should have a thorough good wash- 
 ing, and the canes should be washed with soap and 
 water with a brush, and painted over with a mixture 
 composed of 2 oz. soft soap, 2 oz. flowers of sulphur, 
 and 1 gill tobacco- water, to 2 quarts of water ; stir the 
 whole together, and add clay sufficient to give it the 
 consistency of paint, which will destroy any larvae of 
 
THE SECOND YEARS TREATMENT. 33 
 
 red spider or other insects that may be left on them. 
 When painted let them be tied to the wires, and give 
 the surface of the border a slight prick over with a 
 fork, but beware of going so deep as to injure the roots. 
 Cover the surface of the border with horse-droppings to 
 the depth of 2 inches when they can be had : watering 
 over them enriches the border and feeds the roots, pre- 
 venting rapid radiation at same time. On the 1st of 
 February they may have fire-heat applied, beginning 
 as in the first year in regard to moisture and syringing. 
 As soon as the buds are broke, increase the heat at 
 night to 60, and by the time they have got some part 
 of their foliage fairly expanded, increase it 5 more, 
 running up 10 or 15 above this with sun-heat. The 
 atmosphere should be kept sufficiently moist by sprink- 
 ling the border and paths, if there is no steam-tray 
 on the pipes ; but avoid syringing the pipes when they 
 are hot, as this system raises a great cloud of steam 
 for a few minutes, doing more harm than good. What 
 the vine requires for its growth, with healthy foliage of 
 good texture, is an atmosphere not arid, but certainly 
 not steaming like that of a cucumber-frame. This 
 year, the laterals that form on the young rods must 
 be pinched at two leaves from the leading stems, 
 and those laterals that start on the 3 feet that was 
 left of last year's rod must have any bunches they show 
 picked off, with the exception of one or two that may 
 be left to prove the variety, and be stopped, say at 
 the fifth joint, and tied to the wires. When the lead- 
 ing shoot has gone half up the rafter, it may be stopped, 
 and then allowed to start again, and not stopped more. 
 The laterals below the middle of the house must also 
 
34 THE FRUITING YEAR. 
 
 be stopped every time they start beyond one joint. 
 Vines started as early as these have been will be nearly 
 ripe by the end of July, and at that date the laterals 
 on the young wood that is to bear fruit the following 
 year should be cut off close to the base of the stalk 
 of the leaf that springs from the leading rod ; but 
 this leaf itself should be carefully preserved, as it will 
 still be of service in laying up sap to plump the 
 fruit-bud for next year. The house may now have 
 abundance of air night and day, till the leaves become 
 yellow and fall off in September, when the laterals 
 on the previous year's wood may be cut back to an 
 eye that will be found at the base of the said lateral, 
 where it springs from the parent stem. The leaves 
 should all be cleared off now, the rods cut back to 
 8 feet, and any loose bark on the previous year's wood 
 removed ; after which give them a good wash with 
 tepid water and a little soap, and then paint with the 
 same mixture as recommended for the previous year. 
 At this season every part of the interior walls of 
 the vinery should be washed with hot lime white-wash, 
 with a little sulphur stirred in it, and all the woodwork 
 and glass cleaned thoroughly with soap and water, well 
 dashed into every corner. 
 
 THE FRUITING YEAR. 
 
 Vines prepared as has been recommended may be 
 started on the 1st of January the third year. My 
 practice with vines of this description is to collect as 
 many oak leaves as will make a heap 3 feet deep 
 on the vinery floor, where they soon become hot, and 
 
THE FRUITING YEAR. 35 
 
 give off a fine genial heat, which carries with it all 
 the moisture required. If there are means of giving 
 bottom heat, it should be applied so as to raise the 
 temperature of the border where the roots are to 
 60. If this can be done, the heat from the hot 
 leaves may be supplemented by the heating apparatus, 
 so as to keep the atmosphere of the house at 50 by 
 night, and 55 by day, rising 10 by sun-heat. With 
 these appliances, and syringing with tepid water daily, 
 the vines will soon begin to burst their buds ; and 
 as soon as it can be observed that there are two shoots 
 starting from one eye, the weakest should at once be 
 rubbed off with the hand, and syringing discontinued. 
 In its stead a small portion of the hot leaves may 
 be forked over daily; this will afford all the atmo- 
 spheric moisture necessary till after the fruit is set. 
 The moment the bunches can be distinguished, the 
 heat should be raised 5 at night and the same during 
 the day ; and by the time the shoots have run out 
 3 inches, 5 more ; and by a daily rise from this point, 
 till, in the case of Hamburgs and the free -setting 
 class, it reaches 70 at night, when the grapes are 
 in bloom. Muscats set best at 75 at night, and 80 of 
 fire-heat during the day, and up to 90 with sun. My 
 own practice is to take off all the bunches that show on 
 a shoot but one, and to stop the lateral on which it 
 grows two leaves or joints beyond the bunch, and to 
 pinch all sub-laterals at the first joint, and to repinch 
 them without leaving an additional joint. I consider 
 this gives ample foliage for perfecting the fruit and 
 keeping up the vigour of the vine ; and it will be 
 found to be as much as can be properly exposed to 
 
36 THE FRUITING YEAR. 
 
 light, supposing the leading stems of the vines to be 
 2-| feet (3 feet is not too much) apart, which is as close 
 as ever they should be. When the grapes are set, it 
 is necessary to determine the number of bunches to be 
 left on such vines. My own practice is to leave eight 
 bunches on each rod, supposing such bunches to 
 average, when ripe, 1^ Ib. each : of course, the largest 
 and best bunches ought to be left, and as equally all 
 over the house as possible. None should, however, be 
 left on the leading shoot, which should not be stopped 
 till it reaches to the top of the house. 
 
 It is difficult to give precise directions for thinning 
 the berries ; it must, however, be done as early as 
 possible, after the grapes are set, in the case of the free 
 setters ; but in the case of Muscats it is best to wait 
 till it becomes obvious which of the berries are properly 
 set and taking the lead. Care must be taken not to 
 injure the berries that are left in any way, either by 
 touching them with the hand or scissors. Experience 
 alone can teach how thin they should be ; they should 
 be so thin that every berry is able to swell perfectly 
 without being jammed, and at the same time the bunch 
 should be so firm that, when cut and laid in a horizontal 
 position on the dish, it preserves the same shape as when 
 hanging vertically from the branch. This I consider the 
 perfection of thinning, and can only be attained by ex- 
 perience and a knowledge of the size of the various sorts 
 of grapes, as well as of given vines of the same sort. 
 
 I consider 70 of fire-heat sufficient for .grapes as a 
 night temperature, except for Muscats when in bloom. 
 I may here remark, that in March last I had a house of 
 this vine in bloom, and during the whole month the sun 
 
THE FRUITING YEAR. 37 
 
 was only visible for about three hours, with rain nearly 
 every day. I kept the fire-heat 75 by night and 85 
 by day, and every bunch in the house set like Ham- 
 burgs. No moisture was given, while they were in 
 bloom, in any form ; and at that stage, if a bunch 
 received a shake in any way, a complete cloud of pollen 
 flew from it. This is the whole secret of setting Mus- 
 cats. When they are set, however, I let them fall back 
 to 70 at night, and give a steady but not excessive 
 moisture to the air, letting them rise with air on to 90 
 during the day with sun-heat. I make it a rule, except 
 during severe frost, to keep the back ventilators open an 
 inch, and the front ones half an inch, during the night. 
 This gives a supply of fresh air, and keeps the foliage 
 healthy and of good substance, and more able to resist 
 the scorching effects of the sun when it makes its ap- 
 pearance. On the other hand, a thin, almost trans- 
 parent foliage, grown in a close, over-moist atmosphere, 
 though it may have expanded to a large size, gets brown 
 and destroyed by a few days of bright sunshine in 
 May. 
 
 With regard to watering the inside border I have as 
 yet said nothing, and will now remark that, if the 
 bottom drainage is good, it may get a thorough soak- 
 ing of soft tepid water when the vines are started, 
 another after the grapes are set, a third when they are 
 taking their second swelling, and a fourth when they 
 begin to colour ; the three latter may be liquid manure. 
 These should be no surface waterings, but thorough 
 drenchings ; and if the season is very dry, like that of 
 1864, the borders inside and out should be mulched 
 with rotten dung. In no case tread on the border when 
 
38 PRUNING VINES. 
 
 it is newly watered. I ought to have remarked that 
 the leaves placed on the floor of the vinery may be 
 removed as soon as the grapes are set, and before the 
 second watering. The moment the first berry in the 
 house begins to colour, the supply of air should be more 
 liberal both by night and day, and the moisture less, 
 where high flavour is aimed at. When the grapes are 
 all cut, it is too often the case that the vines no longer 
 receive that attention which they ought till their foliage 
 ripens and falls off in the autumn. Immediately after 
 the grapes are cut, the vines should get a good syring- 
 ing with tepid water to wash off any spider that may 
 be on their foliage, or any dust that may have settled 
 on it The border should have water enough to keep 
 it moist the inside border, I mean; for it rarely occurs 
 that, under any circumstances, an outside vine-border 
 requires water supplied artificially. In very hot sum- 
 mers the mulching of short dung will keep it suffi- 
 ciently moist. All second growths the vines may make 
 should be pinched off at once. If this matter is not 
 attended to, and these after-growths are allowed to go 
 on, the vines, instead of going to rest as they ought, will 
 make a sort of supplementary season's growth, and will 
 assert their right to rest at the period when they 
 should be starting into growth. Many failures' in early 
 forcing may be traced to want of attention to this 
 apparently trifling cause. 
 
 PRUNING VINES. 
 
 As will be seen by a reference to fig. 6, the only bud 
 left to produce fruit the following season is the one at 
 
PRUNING VINES. 39 
 
 the base of the lateral shoot ; and I prefer a pair of 
 priming-scissors to a knife for the operation of pruning. 
 Those I use have a sort of back-action, and cut as 
 clean as a knife. My objection 
 
 * J FIG. 6. 
 
 to the knife is that, unless it is 
 used with care, the half-inch of 
 wood left beyond the bud is 
 often split by its action, and the 
 bud suffers in consequence ; but 
 this is a matter that care can 
 easily avoid. 
 
 When vines are vigorous they 
 not unfrequently bleed copiously 
 when forcing commences, though 
 they may have been pruned 
 months before. This is a clear- 
 ly recognised evil, and many 
 compositions have been recom- 
 mended for preventing bleeding. 
 Nearly all these I have tried, and others that have 
 occurred to my own mind ; but none of them answered 
 the purpose, till this spring I discovered a styptic 
 which is so perfectly successful that I can, by its use, 
 prune a house of vines in March, dress the wounds with 
 it, and begin forcing the next day, without the loss 
 of a drop of sap. It is manufactured and sold by John 
 Young & Son, Dalkeith, and all seedsmen. 
 
 Though the young wood be regularly cut back to one 
 eye, in the course of years the spurs will become long 
 and unsightly; and the best way to remedy this is to 
 cut down a rod annually, beginning at one end of the 
 house, running up a young rod in its stead till all have 
 
40 GRAFTING AND INARCHING VINES. 
 
 been renewed. By continuing this practice, the length 
 or size of the spurs will never become an objection to 
 the system. When vines have been trained on the old 
 long-spur system, they can readily be converted to the 
 one I recommend, by the same means as that for 
 getting rid of the old spurs of the short-spur system ; 
 and in order that the transition should interfere as little 
 as possible with the supply of grapes, a few young rods 
 can be run up annually till the whole wood in the house 
 gets renewed. 
 
 GRAFTING AND INARCHING VINES. 
 
 When it is considered desirable to increase the 
 varieties of vines in a house, the simplest way of doing 
 so is either to graft or inarch them. For my own part 
 I prefer the latter method ; and by putting young wood 
 to young wood, all that is necessary is to bring the 
 vines to be united into a convenient position to each 
 other, and to take a slice with a sharp knife off each, 
 nearly half through their diameter, the wounds to be 
 the same length ; then bring their wounds together, so 
 that at least two of their sides or lips are in close con- 
 tact ; then put a distinct tie above the wounds, and one 
 below them, to unable you to undo the tie that is to 
 hold the wounds together betwixt these two at any 
 time, without the risk of destroying the embryo union 
 that may be taking place; then with soft matting 
 thoroughly, and rather firmly, bandage the whole length 
 of the wounds. The vines will swell as they grow/and 
 this bandage will have to be slackened occasionally, 
 when the importance of the two ties first referred to 
 
FRUITING GRAPE VINES IN POTS. 41 
 
 will appear. The growth of the stock on which the 
 new vine is inarched may be stopped at three joints 
 past its point of junction with the new one. In nine 
 out of ten cases the union should be complete in a 
 month, when the bandage may be taken off, but the 
 ties above and below retained for some time after- 
 wards. When the young vine shows by its vigorous 
 growth that it is deriving supplies of sap from its new 
 parent, its connection with its own roots may be half 
 severed, and by the end of the season cut off entirely. 
 I have inarched young wood on to old, but do not 
 recommend it where young can be had conveniently. 
 I do not consider grafting so certain a plan as inarch- 
 ing in the manner I have described; and, besides, it 
 leads to a good deal of bleeding when the graft is put 
 on just as the old parent vine is started into growth. 
 
 FRUITING GRAPE VINES IN POTS. 
 
 As a rule, I do not consider this a profitable way of 
 growing grapes, as compared with permanent vines 
 planted in borders ; at the same time, there are various 
 exceptional cases where fruit can only be had so as, 
 for instance, the first year a vinery is erected, if the 
 proprietor procures not only a set of vines to plant in 
 the borders, but another set to fruit in pots, he may in 
 this way have a partial crop of grapes in his house the 
 first season. Or when a gardener has to root out and 
 renew a vinery, and at the same time supply grapes, he 
 can have recourse to vines in pots. In this way I have 
 grown two hundred bunches of grapes, in a house 30 
 feet long and 13 feet wide, the year I planted it with 
 
42 FRUITING GRAPE VINES IN POTS. 
 
 young vines. Sometimes grapes can also be grown in 
 pots over the paths at the back of pine-stoves, and in 
 similar positions, where borders are not available for 
 vines to grow in. 
 
 It is also a very suitable way for amateurs who may 
 have a small greenhouse near a town residence, where 
 a vine -border cannot be made. They can annually 
 purchase half-a-dozen fruiting vines, and train them up 
 the rafters of their greenhouse, where they will bear 
 fruit, and at the same time afford a grateful shade to 
 such plants as balsams, cockscombs, achimenes, &c. For 
 the encouragement of such I may mention that, at the 
 June Show of the Eoyal Horticultural Society of London 
 in 1864, a medical gentleman, in Mount Street, Gros- 
 FIG 7 venor Square, London, got a 
 
 prize for black Hamburg grapes 
 grown on the roof of his resi- 
 dence in a small greenhouse. 
 
 Vines in pots are frequently 
 grown for dinner-table decora- 
 tion; but I have seldom seen 
 them look natural and well, as 
 they are generally grown in large 
 pots, and coiled round stakes. 
 Fig. 7 is an illustration of the 
 way I have grown them in Dal- 
 keith gardens for table decora- 
 tion. When the vines are placed 
 in heat, a small pot is slipped 
 over the rod, and in this pot a 
 neatly-made stake, painted green, is placed, and the 
 soil filled in round it. Through this stake a set of 
 
SELECTION OF VINES. 43 
 
 strong wires are run at right angles with each other, 
 to which the branches of the vine are tied, as shown. 
 The small pot gets filled with roots by the time the 
 grapes are ripe, when it may be detached from the 
 large pot and can be set in a small vase on the table, 
 where the tree-like plant with fine pendulous bunches 
 of grapes looks all that can be desired. I have had one 
 of these vines fourteen days in the fruit-room, with 
 nothing to support it but a small pot, without a flagged 
 leaf, and the bunches as plump as when detached from 
 the original roots in the large pot. 
 
 For growing for table in pots the black Hamburg is 
 by far the best. The vine is a sure bearer, has fine 
 shapely foliage, and the fruit, being dark, contrasts 
 beautifully with it. 
 
 SELECTION OF VINES. 
 
 For a person who has one vinery only, and who does 
 not mean to force early, the following twelve vines will 
 be found suitable, and, with ordinary good manage- 
 ment, will give grapes for six months from the 1st of 
 
 August : 
 
 3 Black Hamburg. 
 
 1 Royal Muscadine. 
 
 1 Duchess of Buccleuch. 
 
 1 Eaisin de Calabrica. 
 
 1 Black Prince. 
 
 1 West's St Peter's. 
 
 3 Lady Downes Seedling. 
 
 1 Burchardt's Prince. 
 
 For early forcing the following twelve are suit- 
 able : 
 
44 RIVAL SYSTEMS OF VINE-CULTURE. 
 
 4 Black Hamburg. 
 
 2 Duchess of Buccleuch. 
 1 Muscat Hamburg. 
 
 1 Royal Muscadine. 
 1 Grizzly Frontignan. 
 
 1 White Do. 
 
 3 Muscat of Alexandria. 
 
 For growing in strong heat to keep for winter use : 
 
 6 Tynningham Muscat. 
 
 2 Kempsey Alicante. 
 1 Royal Vineyard. 
 
 1 Burchardt's Prince. 
 
 2 Lady Downes Seedling. 
 
 Where there are plenty of vineries, I would recom- 
 mend such grapes as the Frontignans and Muscats to 
 be grown each in houses by themselves ; at the same 
 time they will do quite well as classed in the lists I 
 have given. 
 
 RIVAL SYTEMS OF VINE-CULTURE. 
 
 While I am preparing the fifth edition of this work 
 for the press, a keen controversy is being carried on in 
 the horticultural journals as to the merits of what is 
 designated the " extension system " of vine-culture, as 
 compared with the " restrictive system," one section of 
 writers maintaining that the proper mode of cultiva- 
 tion, where long-continued vigour and fruitfulness are 
 desired, is to allow one vine to develop and extend till 
 it has filled the house with bearing-wood. Another 
 section as confidently maintain that vines can be kept 
 in perfect health and vigour sufficiently long for all 
 practical purposes on the " restrictive system " of cul- 
 
RIVAL SYSTEMS OF VINE-CULTURE. 45 
 
 ture meaning by that a system which only supposes 
 one or two bearing-rods to be trained from each vine, 
 and where the method of pruning is what is called the 
 close-cutting system, where the new wood is all cut 
 back to one eye at the base of each lateral. Thus a 
 question of such importance is raised that I do not 
 feel justified in passing it by, apart from which I have 
 been asked my opinion of the merits of the two sys- 
 tems by numerous correspondents. These circumstances 
 combined have determined me to devote a chapter to 
 discussing the subject, believing, as 1 do, that there is 
 much truth in what is said by the advocates of both 
 sides of the question, as there generally is when sensible 
 men discuss questions of this character. I may here 
 remark that the question is by no means a new one to 
 me ; more than twenty years ago I frequently discussed 
 it with the late Mr Peter Kay of Finchly. Theoreti- 
 cally, it must at once be admitted that the one-vine 
 or " extension " system stands on vantage-ground. No 
 one can deny that a tree which is largely developed, 
 with its roots ranging over what I may term an exten- 
 sive pasture-field, is likely to maintain its health and 
 vigour for a much greater length of time than one that 
 is by the force of circumstances restricted in its growth. 
 But there are practical difficulties in the way of the 
 general adoption of the former mode of culture. In 
 the first place, all experience goes to prove that the 
 vine is what may be termed a rambling rooter. If the 
 border is not carefully made, and of such materials as 
 to induce the formation of a numerous progeny of fine 
 branching fibry roots, the width of any ordinary vine- 
 border will soon be traversed by them. This takes 
 
46 RIVAL SYSTEMS OF VINE-CULTURE. 
 
 place even when the " restrictive system " is adopted, 
 and it will take place with infinitely greater rapidity 
 under the other. To meet this difficulty the roots have 
 been walled in ; but this only aggravates the evil, for 
 the moment the roots touch the wall, they descend to 
 the bottom of the border, where they are far from the 
 genial influences of heat and air. 
 
 Another objection brought against this system is, that 
 one vine takes much longer to furnish a house with 
 fruit than a number do ; but this can be met by plant- 
 ing supernumeraries, to be removed as the permanent 
 one advances. 
 
 A third objection is, that variety of grapes is desir- 
 able in a vinery, and that this cannot be had where 
 only one vine is grown. Grafting or inarching will 
 meet this objection; and it is well known that many 
 delicate sorts of vines grow better on other than their 
 own roots. 
 
 Thus it appears that the only serious objection to the 
 one-vine system is the difficulty of getting a border of 
 sufficient scope for the roots of a vine of such propor- 
 tions as will fill a good-sized vinery with fruit-bearing 
 wood ; but where such can be had, I fully approve of 
 the " extension system/' and will now proceed to give a 
 detailed account of one of the best and most successful 
 examples of it known to me, and with the origin of 
 which I had some connection. 
 
 In the year 1838 I became acquainted with the late 
 Mr Peter Kay of Finchly, near London, and up to the 
 date of his melancholy death I continued to discuss 
 with him, verbally and by letter, every question that 
 bore on the culture of the vine. He always maintained 
 
RIVAL SYSTEMS OF VINE-CULTURE. 47 
 
 the great importance of what he called "carrying a 
 large amount of foliage on the vine " as the only sure 
 way of keeping up its stamina, and acted on this him- 
 self. I used to reply, that practically it was not ex- 
 pedient to allow more than two leaves to grow beyond 
 the bunch. This, with the sub-laterals stopped at one 
 leaf, I considered sufficient, and pointed to the example 
 of the houses at Oakhill, near Barnet, then and for 
 twenty years so ably managed by Mr Davis, who pro- 
 duced splendid crops of grapes, ripe in March and 
 April, for many years in succession from the same vines, 
 and which he pruned to one eye, and left only one leaf 
 beyond the bunch. I thought the system I adopted, of 
 leaving two leaves, sufficient ; Mr Kay thought other- 
 wise, and left from four to five. Carrying his ideas still 
 farther, he said he believed that better still would be 
 the plan of planting only one vine in a large house. 
 This I urged him to do, and in 1855 he built a span- 
 roofed house 89 feet long, 16 feet wide, and 9 feet 6 
 inches in height to the apex. In this house he planted 
 a single black Hamburg vine in March 1856, the 
 roots all outside, and the border prepared 89 feet in 
 length by 15 broad. Beyond this border are the borders 
 of other houses, giving it scope for its roots little if at 
 all under a quarter of an acre. The vine is trained 
 with a leading stem from the centre of the north side 
 wall up to the apex, and down to the south wall, for 
 the house runs east and west. From this main stem 
 five laterals are trained towards each end of the house 
 one at the apex, the others equidistant between the 
 apex and the walls. The last time I saw it in com- 
 pany with Mr Kay was in 1862. I saw it again in 
 
48 RIVAL SYSTEMS OF VINE-CULTURE. 
 
 1864, when it had a full crop of excellent grapes, weigh- 
 ing, as I have since learned, 476 Ib. In 1865 it bore 
 400 Ib. of grapes; in 1866, three hundred bunches, 
 some of them weighing 5 Ib. It took seven years to 
 furnish the house with bearing wood. The girth of the 
 stem where it enters the house is at this date, May 
 1867, 14 inches. Mr Osborne, an old pupil of Mr 
 Kay's, has ably carried out his preceptor's mode of 
 managing this noble vine ; and I trust it may long 
 remain in robust health, a fitting monument to the 
 memory of one who had few equals as an enthusiastic 
 cultivator of the vine, and one who stands alone as 
 having built a large house and planted it with a single 
 vine to test a theory which some writers of the present 
 day are starting as a new one. 
 
 Having thus placed the " extension " or one- vine 
 system before my readers in the light in which I have 
 long viewed it, I will, as briefly as the subject will 
 admit of, take a review of what is said against the 
 "restrictive" or many- vine system. The opponents 
 of this latter system of vine-culture take their key- 
 note from Mr Cannell, nurseryman, Woolwich, who 
 when gardener at Portnall Park was so unsuccessful 
 as a vine-cultivator, that he has chronicled the death 
 of all the vines he then had charge of, after passing 
 through nine stages of decadence, which Mr Tillery 
 of Welbeck has compared to Shakespeare's seven ages 
 of man, and described in very good verse in the 
 'Nottingham Guardian' of March 15, 1867. Mr 
 Cannell's vines, we are bound to believe, died; but 
 I am quite certain he is in error when he attributes 
 their death to the " restrictive " or one-rod system. I 
 
RIVAL SYSTEMS OF VINE-CULTURE. 49 
 
 know many very old vines that have been cultivated 
 on the " restrictive system," and that have continued 
 in perfect health for many years. At Oakhill, near 
 London, Mr Dowding planted a number of vineries 
 forty years ago ; I became acquainted with them in 
 1837, and for twenty subsequent years Mr Davis, who 
 succeeded Mr Dowding, produced the most regular 
 and finest crops of grapes in the kingdom from these 
 same vines, yet they maintained their health, vigour, 
 and fruitfulness. They were planted one vine to each 
 rafter, and the system of pruning was the " close-cut- 
 ting" one, by which only one eye was left at the base of 
 each lateral. 
 
 There is an old vine, referred to in this work, at 
 Wrotham Park, which is eighty years old, and has all 
 along been cultivated on the " restrictive system," for it 
 only clothes two rafters ; yet I learn from Mr Edling- 
 ton, who now has charge of it, that it is in as full 
 health and vigour as any of the younger vines, and 
 bears equally fine fruit, and has a stem 1 foot 7 inches 
 in girth. True, the border it grows in has been once 
 renewed in the time. In regard to this old vine I 
 make the following extract from a letter from Mr 
 Edlington just to hand. He writes, "The old Ham- 
 burg produces fruit equal to the other and younger 
 vines in the same house. Last year they were truly 
 magnificent, surpassing all other grapes on the place." 
 
 I might go on multiplying instances to prove that 
 vines neither become unfruitful nor die off in nine 
 years, as Mr Cannell's did, because they are not allowed 
 to extend the area of their foliage annually, but I think 
 such unnecessary. The fact is, that the vine is a very 
 
 D 
 
50 THE DISEASES VINES ARE SUBJECT TO. 
 
 docile plant ; and if its foliage is kept free from the 
 attacks of insects, if over-cropping is avoided, and the 
 wood well ripened, if the border is made of mode- 
 rately good materials, and the drainage sufficient, the 
 vine will continue in health and vigour for fifty years 
 under any of those systems of pruning and training 
 that are practised by gardeners of intelligence, whether 
 that be the "restrictive" and close-pruning system, or 
 the "extension" and long-spur system. 
 
 I therefore close this chapter as I began it, by say- 
 ing that there is much truth on both sides of this 
 question. 
 
 Where it is necessary to have circumscribed borders, 
 as is generally the case, I would plant a vine to every 
 6 -feet run of a vinery, and grow two rods from each 
 plant. This would give such vigour to the roots as 
 would react on the branches in such a way as to 
 yield both good bunches and berries, while at the 
 same time a border 20 or 30 feet wide would afford 
 them sustenance for many years. 
 
 Where there is ample scope for the roots to run 
 unchecked and uninjured for 150 or 200 feet, then by 
 all means adopt the one-vine or "extension" system, 
 inarching or grafting on to this patriarch all the 
 varieties required. 
 
 THE DISEASES VINES ARE SUBJECT TO. 
 
 In the front rank of these stands the disease known to 
 gardeners as " shanking." This great enemy to grape- 
 growing makes its appearance just as the grapes are 
 changing from their acid to their saccharine state, and 
 
THE DISEASES VINES ARE SUBJECT TO. 51 
 
 it arrests the transformation at once, and the berry re- 
 mains perfectly acid, and becomes shrivelled in a short 
 time. All that the eye can detect in the case is, the 
 decay of the little stem or shank of the berry ; and what 
 appears strange, it more frequently attacks grapes that 
 are not forced early than those that are. Many able 
 physiologists have attempted to explain its cause and 
 cure, though as yet with but little success; and it is 
 with diffidence that I enter on a path that has been trod 
 by such men. I will attempt to point out, first, what 
 I think its principal cause; I say principal, because I 
 consider that there may be several concurrent causes 
 aiding the chief one, such as over-cropping, destruction 
 of the foliage by red spider, or any other cause ; and 
 in the second place, to point out what I think the most 
 likely remedy. 
 
 I will describe the circumstances under which 
 shanking is most generally met with. The most 
 frequent of these is when the roots of the vines have 
 descended into a cold wet subsoil ; but it is also 
 met with where the roots are not down in the sub- 
 soil, but where they are growing vigorously, towards 
 autumn especially, in a rich and what many would 
 term well-made border, where they receive plenty of 
 liquid manure, where the foliage in the house is fine, 
 the wood strong, and the young roots, if sought for, 
 will- be found pushing along in the rich earth in 
 September, like the points of a goose-quill. I have 
 known the appearances I have now described to be 
 all present where the border was paved under the roots 
 with stone pavement, yet there was scarcely a bunch of 
 grapes in the house that had a dozen unshanked berries 
 
52 THE DISEASES VINES ARE SUBJECT TO. 
 
 on it. I must now describe what I consider took place 
 in the case on hand. The vines made great, strong, 
 young roots in this rich soil late in autumn ; they were 
 not short, branching, fibry roots, but soft, like the roots 
 of some bulb ; and by the time the action of the leaves 
 had ceased, these roots were anything but ripe, and they 
 all perished, during the winter rains, back to the old 
 stem-roots from which they sprang. The vines, never- 
 theless, have a given amount of stored-up sap in them, 
 though they have lost their active roots,. and they are 
 pruned and started, say, the following February. While 
 this stored-up sap lasts they grow vigorously enough, 
 but a period arrives when it is exhausted ; and the new 
 comes but slowly, for the old roots that remain are just 
 beginning, through the action of the foliage, to start 
 into life a fresh set of young ones that are able as yet 
 to supply but little. This takes place when the berry 
 is passing through the stoning period of its existence 
 always a crisis with fruit of any kind ; and the 
 consequence is a thorough failure of the crop from 
 shanking, either resulting directly from want of proper 
 nourishment at this important period, or from some 
 other hidden cause which springs from this want. 
 The crop of fruit is lost as thus described, but the 
 vines seem in good health, and they make strong roots 
 towards autumn, again to share the fate of their 
 predecessors ; and so the round goes on. 
 
 The proper remedy for such a state of things and 
 I have never known it fail where over-cropping was 
 avoided, and the necessary care bestowed on the vines 
 in every other respect is to raise the roots and remove 
 the rich damp soil of the border, replacing it with the 
 
THE DISEASES VINES ARE SUBJECT TO. 53 
 
 compost already recommended in this treatise, and re- 
 laying the roots carefully in it. Let me add that, if 
 the locality is a wet one, I would double the amount of 
 burned clay and lime-rubbish in making up the com- 
 post. The class of roots that will be formed in this 
 relatively poorer border will differ widely from those 
 formed in the richer one. They will be much more 
 numerous, smaller, and woody, branching in every 
 direction, permeating its whole mass. They will ripen 
 before the autumn rain sets in, and in such dry, open, 
 and light soil will survive the winter, and be ready for 
 action early the following season. If it is objected that 
 such a compost is too poor to produce heavy crops of 
 grapes, I reply that it is easy, during the growing 
 season, to give one or two good waterings with liquid 
 manure. What is wanted is a host of healthy, hungry 
 mouths. It is easy to feed them when they exist, but 
 when they are dead and gone no feeding can avail ; for 
 be it remarked, that if even the points of the young 
 roots or spongelets are decayed, absorption of sap can- 
 not take place to any extent till they are restored ; and 
 this, in a rich, cold, damp border, is not an early process 
 with a vine. On this subject Dr Lindley remarks : 
 " It is not by the coarse old woody roots that the 
 absorption of food is most energetically carried on, 
 but by the youngest parts, and especially by the 
 spongioles." 
 
 I have thus described what I think the primary 
 cause of shanking in grapes namely, the destruction 
 of the young roots in winter. I will now assign what 
 I consider the reason why early-forced grapes are less 
 subject to it than late. Early-forced vines have their 
 
54 RED SPIDER. 
 
 roots formed earlier in the season than late ones. The 
 "rest" of the plant and the ripening of the roots 
 are thus more likely to be complete before the cold 
 rains of winter set in ; and even in a rich border, more 
 of the young roots survive than in the case of those 
 of later-started vines ; though, under all circumstances 
 as to time of forcing, the rich heavy border is very 
 unsafe for supplying constant crops of good grapes. 
 
 RED SPIDER. 
 
 This small insect is perhaps the greatest pest the 
 vine-grower has to contend with ; and as prevention is 
 better than cure, the first step to be taken is to wash 
 every part of the vinery, the wood and glass, with a 
 brush, and warm water well dashed into every crevice, 
 and the walls with a lime- wash made from hot shell- 
 lime, with a little sulphur stirred into it. Let all loose 
 bark be removed from the vines after they are pruned, 
 scrub them well with soap and water and a brush, and 
 give them a painting over with the mixture already re- 
 commended; let the soil of the border inside the house 
 be slightly forked, and give it a watering with water in 
 which a little sulphur (say one ounce to two gallons) 
 has been stirred, which will kill any insects or larvae 
 that may have fallen on the soil. This done, and the 
 vines kept in proper health, spider ought not to make 
 its appearance till the grapes are stoning ; but watch 
 for it constantly do not wait till the leaves are becom- 
 ing red from its effects. It will first show itself at the 
 hottest part of the house ; and the moment it is seen, 
 have the return-pipes painted with sulphur mixed with 
 
RED SPIDER. 55 
 
 milk and water: repeat this painting of the pipes once 
 a-week, and it will arrest the progress of this most 
 troublesome of insects. Some recommend constant 
 syringing as a preventive, but I have often observed 
 that this cure was as bad as the disease, as far as 
 the appearance of the grapes was concerned. I am 
 therefore averse to syringing vines with water while 
 the grapes are on them, unless it can be had free 
 from lime, chalk, or other matter in suspension, which 
 forms a crust of lime or chalk, as the case may be, 
 on the berries, and disfigures them very much. Cir- 
 cumstances, however, will arise where it is difficult, 
 if not impossible, to keep red spider in check by 
 any other available means ; for during hot weather in 
 summer the pipes cannot be kept so hot as to im- 
 pregnate the atmosphere of the house by the radia- 
 tion of sulphur from their surface, and the syringe 
 has to be called into action, in which case make a sand 
 filter, and pass rain water through it, in order to clear 
 it of any particles of soot or white-lead off the houses it 
 may contain. Make the water the same temperature as 
 the atmosphere of the house, and syringe the vines care- 
 fully all over when the house is shut in the afternoon. If 
 this is done every third day, red spider will make little 
 progress. In the case of vines in the first and second 
 years of their growth, the syringe may be used with 
 perfect safety, as there is no fruit to injure. Steaming, 
 and an atmosphere highly charged with moisture, have 
 also been recommended ; but, independently of the bad 
 effects of such a climate on the vine itself, I do not 
 believe moisture checks the progress of red spider, for 
 I have seen it thrive perfectly on plants standing all 
 
56 RUST ON GRAPES. 
 
 summer in an aquatic tank, in a steaming atmosphere. 
 Sulphur is a real specific for the pest, where it can be 
 effectually applied from the surface of hot pipes. 
 Injury to the fruit may be apprehended from sulphur 
 put on the flow-pipes if they are made very hot. The 
 constant evaporation of water, with guano stirred into 
 it, from saucers or troughs placed on the hot pipes, has 
 been found to act as a preventive against the attacks 
 of red spider, and at the same time to conduce to the 
 health of any class of plants, whether grown for fruit or 
 flower. It charges the atmosphere of the house with 
 ammonia to the extent of making it something like that 
 of a dung-frame, in which it is well known that insects 
 do not thrive, and all plants requiring heat do. Other 
 sources of procuring a supply of ammonia will suggest 
 themselves to the reader. The atmosphere of the house 
 should, however, never be charged with it to the extent 
 of affecting the eyes of a person, as that of an ill-kept 
 stable does in hot weather, for fear of injury to the 
 plants as well as to insects. 
 
 RUST ON GRAPES. 
 
 This is a disease that makes its appearance on the 
 berries in a few days after they are set ; every grape- 
 grower is too familiar with it to make it necessary I 
 should describe it. Some have said it is caused by 
 handling the berries while thinning them, others by 
 being rubbed with the hair of the thinner's head, others 
 again by cold currents of air. I am not prepared to 
 say but that any or all of these causes will produce 
 rust; but I am certain that the most fertile source of 
 
RUST ON GRAPES. 57 
 
 it is the application of sulphur to the pipes or flue 
 about the time the grapes come into bloom. I was led 
 to suspect this some time ago, by observing that in 
 houses where the foliage was affected with a sort of 
 green warty excrescence on the back of the leaf of 
 which more hereafter the very day sulphur was 
 applied to the pipes these green warts, if I may term 
 them such, became black, and killed, to all appearance. 
 Here, then, was a case where the sulphur was affecting 
 organised vegetable matter. This led me to suspect it 
 might be the cause of rust, in as far as it was as likely 
 to be able to affect the young and tender skin of the 
 embryo grape as that of the parts of the leaves referred 
 to ; and I was confirmed in this belief by the following 
 circumstances : In a house of vines, where we also 
 grew French beans and strawberries, red spider was 
 very troublesome, and before the grapes came into 
 bloom I had the pipes painted with sulphur. This 
 house was the only one on the place where sulphur was 
 used till after the grapes were set some time, and the 
 only one w^here they had rust on them. This year 
 (1862) I applied no sulphur to the pipes till the grapes 
 were stoning, and they are perfectly free from rust ; 
 and as they have been treated in every other respect 
 exactly the same as formerly, I have satisfied my own 
 mind that sulphur, applied to hot pipes in a house 
 where vines are in bloom, is sure to cause rust on the 
 berries, especially in the case of such tender-skinned 
 grapes as black Hamburgs.* 
 
 * Farther experience confirms the opinion expressed in this chapter about 
 sulphur being the fertile source of rust. 
 
[ 58 J 
 
 MILDEW ON THE VINE. 
 
 Mildew, when it attacks the vine, is a most insidious 
 and destructive disease. Its ravages in the vineyards 
 of the Continent have been of the most serious char- 
 acter, involving the ruin of thousands ; and in our own 
 country, some twelve or fourteen years ago, hundreds of 
 vineries had their crops destroyed by it. In Middlesex, 
 where I then lived, this disease was almost universal, 
 but I never had it except on one vine, and this one 
 grew in the cold end of a fighouse, where it was shaded 
 a good deal by trees. This house had but little heat 
 applied to it by artificial means, and was the only one 
 of seven houses in which we had vines, where their 
 treatment and the situation of the house were such as 
 to favour, according to my views, the development of 
 the spores of the vine mildew. The house was in a 
 damp, shady situation. The vines were never forced, 
 but allowed to come on with the heat of the sun ; and 
 the season when the disease made its appearance was 
 cold and wet. As soon as I observed it, I sprinkled 
 sulphur on the flue, and began firing it, keeping a cur- 
 rent of air as dry as possible in the house. I watched 
 the stems and thread-like links of the parasite on 
 the leaves and berries with a glass, and I found that 
 the current of dry air and fumes of the sulphur caused 
 them to shrivel up and die. The disease made no fur- 
 ther progress, and I believe it will never attack vines 
 that are grown in a proper climate. As to heat, moist- 
 ure, and ventilation, many treat their vines so as to 
 predispose them to it, or rather they bring about such 
 
WARTS ON THE BACK OF THE LEAF. 59 
 
 a climate as the mildew will grow in. It is not uncom- 
 mon for individuals to have some favourite day in June, 
 perhaps, when they give up firing their vinery. They 
 still continue the usual sprinkling with water, and shut 
 up the house with a stagnant atmosphere, loaded with 
 moisture ; and it often happens that cold nights reduce 
 the temperature of the vinery so low that the vital 
 energy of the vines is depressed, predisposing them to 
 disease, while they are in a climate well adapted to the 
 growth of fungi of any sort. To a careful attention to 
 the keeping up the proper degree of heat during the 
 whole forcing season, not too much moisture, and a 
 constant circulation of fresh air, I attribute the exemp- 
 tion from vine mildew I have experienced, when 
 vineries not five hundred yards off had their crops 
 ruined by it. It has been supposed by some that the 
 mildew merely makes its appearance as the conse- 
 quence of a diseased condition of the tissues of the 
 vine ; but this I hold to be a mistake. The spores 
 of the parasite in question may exist in myriads on 
 every inch of the vine's surface and do it no harm, 
 unless the climate of the vinery is made to suit their 
 development, when they spring into life as if by magic, 
 and arrest the growth of all they attack. In a hot and 
 rather dry climate they never can do this, and in such 
 the vine may be considered safe from their effects. 
 
 WARTS ON THE BACK OF THE LEAF. 
 
 .;;.; . . .' , ' 
 
 This is a sort of conglomerate of little green warts 
 that form on the lower surface of the leaf, as if the re- 
 sult of an extravasation of sap through its epidermis or 
 
60 AIR-ROOTS ON THE VINE. 
 
 skin. Some writers say this is not a disease. If it is not 
 such, strictly speaking, it is at least organised matter in 
 the wrong place ; and I am confident it seriously im- 
 pedes the important functions of perspiration, digestion, 
 and respiration ; so that if not in itself a disease, it 
 leads to functional derangement, which is nearly the 
 same thing. As has been remarked while treating of 
 the effects of sulphur, these green warts are more 
 easily affected by the particles thereof floating in the 
 atmosphere of the vinery than any other portion of the 
 vine, except the embryo berries. 
 
 I can undertake to produce or prevent this disease 
 shall I call it ? at any time betwixt the first expansion 
 of the foliage and the stoning of the fruit. A close, 
 warm atmosphere, saturated with moisture, will produce 
 it ; whereas a free circulation of air, moderately charged 
 with moisture, will prevent its appearance. I have seen 
 instances where the .leaves were so affected by it that 
 they all cupped themselves up round the edges, the fruit 
 did not swell to much more than half its natural size, 
 and the general progress of the vine was retarded. 
 
 AIR-ROOTS ON THE VINE. 
 
 Though this cannot be called a disease, it is a state of 
 things that is not desirable. It proceeds from one of 
 two causes, or both combined. Either the atmosphere 
 is kept too moist, or the border is too cold, and probably 
 wet, for the natural roots to make progress in at the 
 time ; and to supply the demands of a large expanse of 
 foliage these roots are thrown out. 
 
 If the natural roots were in a border that, in texture, 
 
STOCKS FOR TENDER VINES. 6l 
 
 temperature, and moisture, was congenial to their nature, 
 and the atmosphere of the vinery what it ought to be, 
 there would be no air-roots ; so that at least they are 
 symptoms of an undesirable state of things, as I have 
 already said. 
 
 SCALDING. 
 
 I have used the above name for a disease that certain 
 varieties of grapes, more especially Lady Downes and 
 the Muscats, are subject to, just as they are finishing 
 their stoning. It attacks individual berries in the 
 bunches, and always during hot sunny weather. The 
 berry becomes suddenly dimpled on one side, and in 
 a few hours has the appearance of having been dipped 
 in boiling water, after which it rapidly decays. In this 
 way I have seen bunches, especially of Lady Downes, 
 reduced to skeletons. The perfect remedy for this is, 
 to give the vinery as much air as a common green- 
 house during the heat of the day, the moment the 
 disease begins to show itself, till all tendency to it is 
 over, a period of not more than fourteen days, after 
 which the house may be aired as usual for a vinery. 
 I observed from the complaints made in the horticul- 
 tural press in the summer of 1864, that this disease 
 was very prevalent just as I would have expected 
 during so hot a summer, and with, in too many 
 cases, defective means of ventilation. 
 
 STOCKS FOR TENDER VINES. 
 
 Those who have paid most attention to the subject 
 have come to the conclusion that many of the highest 
 
f.J M-.H K.-, H|< T|.;NI>H< VINKN. 
 
 IlllVnuivd nfnnr MniprM, win. I. HIV ;.l ill.- Mimic lll.ir llir 
 
 i M<> I dolirntp HIM! dillii'iill l> "i<>\\ \\ M d n. . , ,, n 1 1,, M 
 
 nwil I.M.I \\||| our <|.i\ I" "i>\\ll \\illi |.<il..l i .1 . 
 
 wlinn \\ IIM , <h i .\ icil ill. |.i..|.. i I...I Inrllinm, 
 Mild Illfll lillc I l|irniii" \MhlioM Will I" ""I I" ii|"n 
 iwrlinr wlioil gnil'li'il on rnrlirr Mtnrkn, I II.INC n<>l m\ 
 Nolf jH'nvnd I lin convi I nc . i of il,, l.iii.i luil li.i\< i, i.l 
 
 (if illMl.llH CM <>| ll. in- I. K .1 (.lilli.- II..IH .in..|,.-.\ . Mill |.i- 
 
 | >M rod (n Imliovti it, Of iJio rnnunr I luid > .hiking 
 |nnr iu llio ciiHtMif Hie \lu ,..i I Inniliurg on Ilir hliirk 
 
 lluillhurg Hldck nil ll.i n\\ II i....| . I lijivc ii. -I "i.'\\n 
 ll nln\- '.', II. \\civ.lil. \vlllli' nil Mir Ihlllllnir" ;,(>, L;i 
 I llllVO Ilild i! 4) III. \\.-i-lil. \\illi l.n.-. i h, in. m.l inih Ii 
 
 lutltor (IniNliod in \.i\ \\.\\ NIMH <m u own rnolw. I 
 
 IlllVn prnvod (Jin hluck liiirhllPOHil In In- n nin.il nn nil 
 uhln Htook lor llio Itnwnnd MiiHnil HO liuirli HO, (lint llio 
 I'm it novor n|- n.d ut (ill on it, wliilr l\ I(M nido il.. 
 Howond MiiMciil rituMiod porl'iM'tly nn ii . n\\n rnnln 
 III- iinpnrhin.. <>l ilii < \|MM'iii\(Mil hty in (lio prnni it 
 "i\< Mint i Id. .in, K |>i'n<'niM!mnlr<l tlio nju'iiin. .! 
 
 (In 1 \ MI- l\ <-i(i\\n "ii il . h..ni \\llicll -MI, JH l.< I I" ml. i 
 1 1 1. 1 1 ,m . .u l\ I.M L, hkr S\\ tv! \\ ,-ilrr nr ( '|IMMMO|M M II:K|||(\ 
 \vnuld hu'ilituh^ tho ri|MMiin^ nl lnl .MI , nuircluul nn 
 llioin. Of (lie 's rllcnco nl' llu^ lilnck ILnnl-iii" i n 
 filnck lor mirli ln>-li lli\.>m.d lli>n.-li ddu.ilc jji'MpOM M 
 MUHmt llMllilMli''., ;inl I lie \\lmli- nf llu^ I'Vnnl UMIMIIM, 
 I Iwvo nnl llir .-.h-dih^t dnuhl, .md I li.ivc during IMM! 
 Mtinunor iiuirrluul llu^so norln nnd nuuiv ntlxM-.i nn il. 
 MI. I rornininond nllitM'a In dn (ho MMIHC, l<'i lm cnnli 
 .K n! (lid MlUMH^HH will !' ill'- re. nil 
 
I M I 
 
 r \< K I NO <l It ATMS. 
 
 Tlmir HIT IIIMIIV \VM\i ! |M.Kii... ..i.ijioH, Ml".. I. 
 |M*rllll|t linim nt Minn pol'lorl-ly HtHMMWil ul in ill. |>i<- 
 
 Mi'i'vaJ ion of ili.- hlnnin vvlmro (liny IIM.VO In I- ni l n 
 
 <'t HIMldlTII I ilr d Ilil II IHV I >\ I Ml 1)1 1C rnll \ r \ ii in r | |m |imtll<H I 
 
 I |ii<n . m\ .If in llm lojlowing : I |IM\< Ip-lii doul 
 IHI M iniulr, <'n|iilil( ( nf (MUitniiiing In ll> <>! grttjiMH, 
 
 Tlir linXi-M llM\r l\ dlVliilnli ill lllril 1 (MilltrnH ', tll(\V MIT 
 
 ilm in l.wn ' "in|)ni'lninlilrt, I plucn n InyiM' ! lino 
 I- 'I- ' MliitviiigM ill t-ho box : I Mini wnip oit^li i-im. i. of 
 
 i i|" in ii, hlinnd nf Him nil\ri IHIJM i dinl Iny it nil llin 
 
 lillilA III" . Ill llir IMI . , | Ix-ll M I'rW i ll I \ lll"M I 1 W 1 X I i t III |( I 
 
 ill- i" i hunch, lill Mm -injuirlnmiil, which hnl<U inur 
 
 IIKM|CI nlc ;!!/,rd lilllK'll^H, JH lillrd, wIlCII (ill rnl'IM'I'H I'lHIHl! 
 I IK liiMK In i nic iltllllnd Illll nl' Mllll.villfjrH, 1111(1 H I <\< < i 
 
 I H<| nn (Jin lop nl all, Mn llutt vvlu'ii llin Ixl in nill< nil 
 with MCIVW iiiil Ihr I.MII. I.. in. hllhjnrl I., i <ni nf 
 
 I.I .1 l |M. MM III! \\||||M||| I l| || |:'.| ||M llirlll, l-'|' 
 
 Ilirin linm Inlhii" nlinul in lliohox. It in ln'llni'lo 
 err nn Mm hi<l<< <l j-nl m- ili<m i.... lirin Minn Inono ; 
 
 I..I. |.MM('(| Illtnlll, JIM Mn I... . n. in i ,nl\\.i\ IMI. l.i Illlll 
 
 VII.IIM, if MM \ M< n"l linn llicy Miill-i \ i \ iniicli. Tim 
 
 (llVli'.lnn III III. |H>\ |i,Li-M (ill MM- \Vr|.|||. n| | ,| . ; i !) | r n||r 
 HCl. nf hlllM-lh-H WniiM .ir nn iilinllirr. 
 
 KKKPINU nilAI'UM Ai n;it TIIIHY AIIIC iili-i 
 
 'I In lit i in ,11. i win in-l nl Iclll inll -in (In 
 
 inn. I. I I.,-... iln< linn (IM(Iti) Ko|il. Lndy l)nwn<m 
 
 ! ( .cc(|| nr - "l.i|> ;'. Ii iir-iii" mi ML \ llir till Mn.y, ill II. I 
 
64 KEEPING GRAPES AFTER THEY ARE RIPE. 
 
 where we began cutting black Hamburgs in August. 
 This house is 110 feet long, 11 feet high, and 11 feet 
 wide, and has been referred to already as having been 
 planted in 1858. It is a common lean-to house, built 
 to serve the double purpose of growing figs on the 
 back wall, a vine up each rafter and one half-way up 
 the centre of each sash, the sashes being 5 feet wide. 
 The ventilation is by an opening sash to the north 
 on the top of the wall, and the front sashes open out- 
 wards in the usual way by lever and rod. The cost 
 of this house, including boiler arid two rows of 4 -inch 
 pipe along the front, was under 200, and at Christmas 
 last we had four hundred bunches of Lady Downes and 
 West's St Peter's grapes hanging in it, representing a 
 commercial value little short of its original cost. 
 
 In order that grapes may keep well, it is necessary 
 that they should be well ripened by the end of Sep- 
 tember, and not grown in a wet border; nor should 
 the internal atmosphere of the house be kept loaded 
 with moisture. What is required in grapes to keep 
 well is a firm, fleshy berry, not one full of water. The 
 bunches should have the berries well thinned out, more 
 so than in the case of grapes that are to be used 
 shortly after they are ripe. Long, tapering bunches 
 keep better than broad-shouldered ones, as the berries 
 in the centres of the latter are apt to damp off and 
 destroy the bunch before it is observed. As soon as 
 the grapes are thoroughly ripe, the night temperature 
 should be lowered to 50 till the leaves fall off or ripen, 
 when they should be removed carefully by hand from 
 the vines. After this date the fire-heat should never 
 exceed 45, nor fall below 35 at night ; and in damp, 
 
KEEPING GRAPES AFTER THEY ARE RIPE. 65 
 
 foggy weather I keep the house carefully shut up 
 for nights and days at a time. To give air during a 
 damp, foggy day is to fill the house with the very 
 evil you wish to avoid damp air. The surface of the 
 internal border is allowed to get perfectly dry, and to 
 remain so all winter, care being taken that as little 
 sweeping or raking take place as possible, for by this 
 means dust is raised, which settles on the bunches > 
 Half the roots are in the outside border, and had no 
 covering at all. 
 
 Towards the close of February I cut about fifty 
 bunches of the Lady Downes, detaching the branch on 
 which the bunch grew, as when pruning the vine. I 
 then sharpened the ends of the branches, and run some 
 four or five of them with a bunch on each into the side 
 of a mangold- wurzel laid on the shelf of the fruit-room, 
 allowing the bunches to hang over the side of the shelf. 
 In this way the grapes kept perfectly fresh till April. 
 I left some fifteen bunches on one vine for experiment- 
 ing upon, two of which are still hanging at this date, 
 May 2. About the 15th of April the sap began to rise 
 in the vines, and some of the berries that were a little 
 shrivelled suddenly got plump, while others that had 
 shown no signs of shrivelling burst their skins, and the 
 sap of the vine that had forced itself into them began 
 to drip from them. It was tinged with colouring matter 
 out of the berry, and had the taste of the berry. To 
 stop this bursting of the berries, I made an incision in 
 the lateral on which the bunch hung, betwixt it and the 
 parent stem of the vine, in two places, half through, at 
 opposite sides of the lateral. This drew off the sap, and 
 no more berries burst. The vines have now young 
 
 E 
 
66 AMATEUR'S VINERY CALENDAR. 
 
 growths on them 9 inches long, and are appropriating 
 all the sap, and the bleeding has ceased from the 
 incisions. In February I had all the eyes picked out 
 of the laterals except the one at the base of each. 
 These are showing fruit like others that were pruned 
 in the usual way, except the three I bled : they are 
 much weaker than the others. From this experiment 
 it may be reasonably inferred that it is not judicious 
 to keep grapes hanging on the vines after the sap 
 begins to rise. It, however, proves that it is possible 
 to cut old grapes in May, and considering that new 
 can be cut in January, gives an overlap of four months 
 in the supply of grapes. 
 
 1 > 
 
 AMATEUR'S VINERY CALENDAR. 
 
 If ripe grapes are desired, say, on the 20th of July, 
 it will be necessary to start the vines on the 1st of 
 March, they having been pruned and dressed in the 
 autumn, as already directed. 
 
 If the border is in a proper condition, and the vines 
 vigorous, begin with a night temperature of 50, and 
 allow it to rise to 65 with sun-heat during the day. 
 Keep the atmosphere of the house as moist as possible, 
 and syringe the vines several times daily with tepid 
 water. As soon as the buds burst, raise the night tem- 
 perature to 55, and let there be a corresponding rise 
 from sun-heat throughout their progress. When the 
 buds are half an inch long, rub off all but the strongest 
 one at each eye, and discontinue the syringing. As 
 soon as the embryo fruit-buds can be seen in the points 
 of the young shoots, raise the night temperature to 60 ; 
 
AMATEUR'S VINERY CALENDAR. 67 
 
 and if they have the appearance of a sort of compro- 
 mise betwixt a fruit -bud and a tendril, discontinue 
 the supply of moisture to the atmosphere, and raise the 
 temperature to 65. This is a very critical stage with 
 vines whose wood has not been well ripened, and that 
 is, in consequence, prone to show tendrils instead of 
 bunches. The only chance of saving the crop is to give 
 a high, dry temperature. On the other hand, when the, 
 vines have been well ripened the previous year, the 
 embryo bunches show themselves with the flower-buds 
 well individualised, and there is little danger of their 
 running off into claspers. This being the case, a 
 moderate degree of moisture should be kept up from 
 the steaming-tray. As soon as the shoots have run out, 
 so that their points can be pinched off at two joints 
 beyond the bunch, let it be done with care, so as not to 
 injure the young leaves that are left. I recommend 
 that, as soon as the best-shaped bunches can be dis- 
 tinguished, all but one on a shoot should be taken off 
 at once. This can generally be done when the shoots 
 are stopped or pinched. When the young shoots have 
 become sufficiently woody to stand bending down to 
 the wires, get them tied down carefully. Small lateral 
 shoots will start at each joint of the young shoots; these 
 should be pinched, so as to leave one joint. Some leave 
 no joint, but pinch off close. I have known this cause 
 the proper eyes of the shoot to start, which is an evil. 
 By the time the bunches are in bloom let the night heat 
 be 70, and keep the atmosphere dry. 
 
 As soon as the berries are set, cut off all the bunches 
 except those required for the crop at once. Any other 
 course is a waste of sap, which will all be needed. It 
 
68 EXPERIMENTS WITH VINES. 
 
 is difficult to give directions as to the number of bunches 
 that should be left on a vine, so much depends on the 
 vigour of the plant and the size of the bunches. As a 
 rule, I consider 1 Ib. of grapes to every two superficial 
 feet of glass a fair crop. Throughout the entire period 
 of forcing, a constant circulation of air should be kept 
 up, as directed in the body of this treatise. In May 
 and June, if the weather is hot and dry, little fire-heat 
 will be required, and consequently little evaporation will 
 take place from the steaming apparatus. In such a 
 case the paths and border may be sprinkled slightly 
 with water ; but avoid the stewing system by all means. 
 As soon as the grapes are thoroughly ripe, the house 
 should be kept as cool as it generally can be in July. 
 In the case of Muscat grapes, I would let the tempera- 
 ture at all stages be 5 higher than that I have recom- 
 mended. I have shut up a Muscat house with a sun 
 temperature of 100; but 95 is safer, and 90 in the 
 case of all other sorts. 
 
 EXPERIMENTS WITH VINES. 
 
 The first of these that I shall describe is that of a 
 very large house of vines at Wrotham Park, Middlesex. 
 
 When I entered on the management of these gardens, 
 in the autumn of 1837, 1 found all the vineries in a very 
 unsatisfactory state, and it was determined that the 
 vines and borders of three of them should be renewed 
 at once ; but the large house in question was not one of 
 those it was 65 feet long, 22 feet wide, 7 feet high in 
 front, and the back wall 1 6 feet high. There was a row 
 of strong cast-iron pillars running along the centre of it 
 
EXPERIMENTS WITH VINES. 69 
 
 to support the rafters, and against these the vines were 
 planted, twisting round them like enormous snakes. 
 My employers were loath to have these old vines de- 
 stroyed, and wished me to make an effort to renovate 
 them if possible. I made a careful examination of the 
 state and position of their roots, and found that none of 
 them were within a foot of the surface of the soil. It 
 was the custom to keep all the bedding plants standing 
 on the floor of this house, and the constant watering 
 and treading had made the whole surface, which had 
 not been broken up for years, as hard as asphalt. This 
 I had picked up, and removed from the house, to the 
 depth of one foot ; I then got hold of the leading roots, 
 and traced them as far as possible. When they could 
 be pursued no further without going a great depth, I 
 cut them, and coiled them round the pillars that sup- 
 ported the stems, till in this way I had raised some 
 eight or ten of the roots of each vine, not one of which, 
 as far as I traced them, had any live rootlets on them. 
 I had mats put round these bundles of roots, and kept 
 them damp for the time being. I removed six old 
 peach-trees that grew as standards in the house, the 
 vines being confined to the rafters. I took out a large 
 pit where each of these stood, and in doing so cut many 
 of the roots of the vines. I then filled the pits for the 
 peach-trees with the best turfy loam I could get, and 
 planted them, and laid six inches of the soil I had pre- 
 pared for the new vine-borders all over the surface 
 of the border of this house, with a considerable extra 
 allowance of good rotten dung. I then laid out all the 
 roots on this bed of new soil, making a regular set of 
 incisions with the knife, right and left, about 9 inches 
 
70 EXPERIMENTS WITH VINES. 
 
 apart, along their whole length, covering them over 
 with 6 inches of the same compost, and giving them 
 a good watering with warm water. This was done in 
 March, just as their buds were beginning to swell. 
 They broke as weak as straws, and looked very miserable 
 till about the end of July, when they showed some 
 signs of making second growths of a more vigorous 
 character than the first. Shortly after this time I dug 
 down to several of the roots I had made the incisions 
 in, and found that, from the lip of each wound nearest 
 the parent stem, a great number of young roots, like 
 porcupine quills, had started off into the new soil. 
 This was in the summer of 1838, and in 1839 they 
 broke comparatively strong, showing a fair' crop of fruit, 
 which they brought to perfect maturity. In 1840, and 
 for seven or eight years afterwards, they bore first-rate 
 crops of excellent grapes, colouring well. They were 
 black Hamburgs. About 1848 they, however, began 
 to indicate that their vigour was on the wane ; and as 
 the house had to undergo extensive repairs, I removed 
 them all to make way for a new border and young 
 vines, except one at the west end of the house, which 
 I kept, partly as a memento, and partly to experiment 
 upon. During the process of removing the old border 
 I had the entire soil and roots removed from the one 
 in question to within 6 feet of its stem. I then re- 
 moved the soil from the bare arms for roots they 
 could scarcely be termed to within 3 feet all round ; 
 and after making incisions in them as before, I laid 
 them, radiating from the centre, in the new soil of 
 the border made up for the young vines ; and though 
 the vine looked sickly for a time, and the leaves flagged 
 
EXPERIMENTS WITH VINES. 71 
 
 during sunshine, it soon recovered, and, for the subse- 
 quent six years I had the management of it, bore fine 
 crops of grapes. Of this vinery, and of the particular 
 old vine in question, Mr Kobert Fish thus writes in 
 ' The Cottage Gardener and Country Gentleman's Com- 
 panion/ in the number for July 14, 1857, while describ- 
 ing the gardens at Wrotham Park : " We observed that 
 the forcing-houses were showing well for fruit ; that 
 the huge vinery in the centre of the range where the 
 vines are planted in the centre of the house, the stems 
 supported by iron pillars till they reach near the glass, 
 and then branch to the back and front was in great 
 luxuriance, though the size of the stems spoke of the 
 vines having seen many summers " (they were then, 
 with the exception of that to be referred to, only nine 
 years old), " and one of these stems seemed to be con- 
 tending for the mastery with the iron column, clasping 
 it so firmly, as ultimately, I fear, to suffer from the 
 embrace." This latter was my old friend whose roots 
 I cut in so severely; and when I saw this same house 
 in 1860, this octogenarian for such he must be was 
 in as great vigour as the comparatively young vines 
 by his side. 
 
 Another, to some extent experimental, process, by 
 which I renewed the border and replanted a house with 
 Muscats at Wrotham Park, may be interesting, and 
 probably useful, to some of my readers. This house 
 was what had been a pine-stove ; and up each rafter a 
 very old Hamburg vine was trained, pines being grown 
 in a pit underneath them. For special reasons it was 
 determined to grow fewer pines, so that this house would 
 not in future require to be occupied with them ; and it 
 
72 EXPERIMENTS WITH VINES. 
 
 was determined to make a new border, which had to be 
 entirely outside the house, and plant the house with 
 Muscats, after cutting a crop of grapes off the Ham- 
 burgs, in 1847. With a view to this I got as many 
 round flat hampers as there were rafters in the house 
 to be planted, and set them on some boards on the 
 floor of the large vinery previously described. In the 
 bottoms of the hampers I laid thin turfs, with the grass 
 sides down. On this I placed nice, sharp, but not very 
 rich soil, and in March shook out of their pots the 
 required number of year-old Muscat vines, cut back to 
 about ten eyes some months previously, placed the stem 
 near one side of the hamper, and spread out the roots 
 like the fingers of an extended hand, covering up with 
 the same sort of soil, and finishing with a good water- 
 ing, placing a hamper against each of the pillars and 
 training the young rods up the pillars. As this large 
 house was only kept a little closer than a greenhouse, 
 the vines made fine short-jointed canes. By the latter 
 end of June we had finished cutting the grapes on the 
 black Hamburgs that the vines in the hampers were 
 destined to replace, when I removed them, and on the 
 1st of July had the border made up to the extent of 
 9 feet in width along the front of the house. Seats 
 were made in the soil of the border for the hampers, 
 whose bottoms were rotten by this time. The planks 
 on which they were set enabled us, however, to move 
 them in safety. The young canes were introduced 
 through the front wall as the old ones had been. About 
 three joints of the previous year's wood were laid in the 
 soil, after having an incision made in it below each 
 joint. (The danger to be apprehended from the attacks 
 
EXPERIMENTS WITH VINES. 73 
 
 of fungi would now lead me to omit the incisions, 
 especially where bottom heat is to be applied.) The 
 hampers were then cut away and removed, leaving the 
 great round flat ball full of fine young roots, to be 
 covered over with 4 inches of soil. The young canes 
 were from 12 to 14 feet long, two from each plant, 
 when planted. They did not receive the slightest 
 check to their growth, but made splendid canes to the 
 top of the house, and ripened thoroughly in the 
 autumn. They would have yielded a good crop of 
 grapes half-way up the house, in 1848, had they been 
 allowed to do so. As it was, they were allowed to 
 carry two bunches to each rod, making four to each 
 plant. In 1849 they bore twelve bunches on each rod, 
 and in 1850 the heaviest crop of Muscats I ever saw, 
 many of the bunches weighing 3^ Ib. ; and up to 1860, 
 when I saw them last, they have borne exceedingly 
 heavy crops of fine grapes. Had I prepared a double 
 set of vines in the same way, so as to have cropped 
 one-half the first year, and then to have cut them out, 
 the border and vines could have been renewed without 
 the loss of a single crop. From this house I have more 
 than once cut old grapes in March ; on one occasion, 
 on the 16th of that month. 
 
 The only other case of this character which I shall 
 describe, as founded on my own experience, was the 
 raising of the roots of a house of vines in the gardens 
 at Dalkeith in June 1855. It was evident that the 
 roots of the vines in question had grown down to the 
 subsoil, and I determined to raise them and lay them 
 in new soil. On the 8th of June, after covering the 
 glass of the house with a tarpaulin, I had a trench cut 
 
74 EXPERIMENTS WITH VINES. 
 
 down right along the border, within 12 feet of the 
 front of the house, and then cleared away all the old 
 soil and raised the roots close up to the front wall. 
 We thus had the whole of the roots disengaged from 
 the soil, as there was then no border inside the house. 
 I had them laid as fast as possible into the new soil, 
 and well watered. Their foliage all flagged and hung 
 down; but I kept the house close, moist, and warm, and 
 excluded all the direct rays of the sun effectually. The 
 berries in the bunches were the size of peas, and for a 
 few days they were quite wrinkled in their skins. At 
 the end of a week the leaves began to turn up a little. 
 I then took off the tarpaulin and put on a lighter shad- 
 ing of tiffany, and in the course of another week I 
 removed this also and put on hexagon netting. In a 
 month from the date of the operation they were per- 
 fectly recovered and growing fast. They ripened 30 Ib. 
 of good grapes the same year, and in 1856 bore a splen- 
 did crop of fruit, and continued to do so for three sub- 
 sequent years. The vines were, however, old, and had 
 been pruned on the long-spur system, which rendered 
 them unsightly. All our other vineries were planted 
 with young vines in 1856, and in 1860 were in full 
 bearing. Under these circumstances I was induced to 
 make arrangements for doing away with the old vines 
 in question, but, before doing so, determined to have 
 one more crop off them as early as possible in 1861, and 
 replant the house the same year. To hasten this I re- 
 moved a pine-pit no longer required in the house, the 
 removal of the front wall of which gave access to the 
 roots of the vines in the outside border through the 
 arches of the front wall of the house. I then filled the 
 
EXPERIMENTS WITH VINES. 75 
 
 interior of the house, previously occupied by the pit, 
 with hot fermenting dung and leaves. This material 
 was placed in close contact with the roots of the vines 
 through the arches, and acted as a hot lining to the 
 entire border. The outside surface of the border was 
 covered with dry leaves and thatched. The house was 
 started in this way on the 1st of September, and on the 
 1st of January 1861 we cut the first dish of grapes, 
 exactly three months earlier than we cut from the same 
 house the year before, though started at the same time, 
 and treated in the same manner, with the exception of 
 the hot lining to the roots. Seeing that the success of 
 this experiment was so satisfactory, and finding, on ex- 
 amination, that a host of fine young roots had estab- 
 lished themselves in the lining as it cooled, I made up 
 my mind to give them another trial, and last summer I 
 pruned them in July. In the end of August I put a 
 quantity of hot fermenting dung and leaves on the top 
 of the previous year's lining, so to speak ; and we cut 
 excellent grapes on the 1st of January 1862. The 
 crop was nearly double that of last year ; and in March 
 the wood was perfectly ripe, and much stronger than 
 ever I saw it in this house before. I need scarcely add 
 that the sentence at one time recorded against them for 
 their unsightliness has been revoked. 
 
 Some may consider that I have been tediously par- 
 ticular in my efforts to explain this case ; but if so, 
 they must excuse me on account of my anxiety clearly 
 to establish the importance of bottom heat for early 
 forced vines ; and from my own experience in the case 
 of these vines, as well as from theoretical reasoning, I 
 have come to the conclusion that it is less destructive 
 
76 OPEN-AIR CULTURE. 
 
 to the constitution of vines to begin forcing them in 
 August than in October. My opinion on this subject 
 has been endorsed by Dr Lindley, whose great eminence 
 as a vegetable physiologist is universally recognised. 
 In his remarks in a leading article in ' The Gardeners' 
 Chronicle' for February 22, 1862, on an article on this 
 subject, which I communicated to the ' Florist and Po- 
 mologist ' of that month, he says : " It is quite evident, 
 as Mr Thomson points out, that the natural chemical 
 advantages are all on the side of the earlier forced vines. 
 When started in August, they have before them three 
 months of comparatively fine weather, which is of im- 
 mense importance to them, and suffices for all the more 
 critical periods of their development. When started in 
 October to be ripe in March, the entire period of growth 
 belongs to the most dreary and unpropitious part of the 
 whole year ; so that it would seem resting the vines in 
 the hot dry months of summer dryness being at that 
 period the maturing agent and renewing the growth 
 in August so as to snatch as much as possible of the 
 fine weather of autumn for all the earlier stages of 
 growth, turns out, in practice as it does in theory, to 
 be the proper course for producing new ripe grapes on 
 New Year's Day, and this with better results than would 
 be obtained a couple of months later." 
 
 OPEN-AIR CULTURE. 
 
 In the latitude of Britain the grape vine can only be 
 grown in the open air with very partial success, even 
 in the most favoured of the southern counties, and then 
 it must be trained against a wall with a south aspect. 
 
OPEN-AIR CULTURE. 77 
 
 The soil in which the vine should be planted for open- 
 air culture, should not be so rich as that used for it 
 under glass, and should consist of three-fourths light 
 sandy loam, the other fourth to be made up of old lime- 
 rubbish, brickbats, and burned clay, with a small propor- 
 tion of broken bones. In this compost it will not make 
 such strong canes as in a richer one, but they will ripen 
 better, and have more prominent fruit-buds than the 
 product of rich soil. The young wood should be nailed 
 close up to the wall as it advances, so as to get the 
 benefit during the night of the heat the wall has ab- 
 sorbed from the sun during the day. As to pruning 
 and training, the same course should be pursued as what 
 I have recommended for the vine under glass. During 
 the cold nights of spring, early summer, and autumn, 
 great benefit will result from covering the soil along 
 the bottom of the wall where the roots of the vines are, 
 with fern, straw, or any such litter, as soon as the sun 
 ceases to shine on it ; to be uncovered every morning 
 when the sun shines on it again. In this way the heat 
 derived from the sun is retained in the soil, instead of 
 passing off by radiation, as it soon does, especially in 
 clear cold nights. With a wooden rake the operation 
 of covering and uncovering is soon performed, and 
 might with great advantage be applied to other wall 
 fruit-trees as well as to the vine. 
 
 Various methods of protecting the young buds of the 
 vines from spring frosts, such as covering with oiled 
 calico, old fishing-nets, &c., will suggest themselves to 
 all concerned. A considerable width of projecting 
 coping is of much importance, in as far as, besides 
 sheltering from frost, it throws the wet clear of the 
 
78 OPEN-AIR CULTURE. 
 
 foliage and fruit of the vine. As soon as the grapes 
 are set the soil may receive a good watering with soap- 
 suds or any other liquid manure, to be repeated occa- 
 sionally during the summer if the season is a dry one. 
 During autumn and winter the roots should be kept as 
 dry as circumstances will admit of. In no case would 
 I put a permanent mulching over the roots during 
 summer, as it prevents the warming of the soil by the 
 sun. A few cucumber or melon lights fixed against the 
 wall, so as to cover the vines during autumn, will 
 hasten the ripening of the fruit, and protect it from 
 heavy rains. From what I have seen of the field 
 culture of vines for producing wine in France and 
 Germany, I consider that, by the application of greater 
 horticultural skill, the crops of grapes might be very 
 much increased, but it would be difficult to break 
 through the strong crust of prejudice that exists in 
 favour of things as they are. 
 
 In Australia, where extensive vineyards are being- 
 planted on the Hunter Eiver and elsewhere, though 
 they have much to learn, they have nothing to unlearn, 
 like their brethren on the continent of Europe. James 
 Elliot Blake, Esq., of Tabelk Vineyard, Melbourne, 
 informed me recently that when they extend their 
 plantations they trench the soil, and then cut young 
 canes from the established vines 6 feet long, and run 
 one end of the cane 3 feet deep into the soil, and 
 that they make very little progress for two years. If, 
 instead of proceeding in this primitive way, they were 
 the previous year to make a long range of trenches, 
 sheltered round the sides by turf, over which during 
 cold or excessively hot weather some sort of cloth could 
 
OPEN-AIR CULTURE. 79 
 
 be run, they might strike plants from cuttings of two 
 eyes by the thousand, to be transplanted by having 
 their roots properly spread out in the soil as it is being 
 trenched ; such plants would come sooner into a bear- 
 ing state, and make better permanent vines than those 
 planted as at present. And when the great value of 
 the produce of a single acre of vineyard is considered, 
 no ordinary preliminary expense ought to be withheld 
 that would add to its productiveness. A gentleman, 
 who has vineyards in the neighbourhood of Sydney, 
 told me recently, that from one acre of vines he sells 
 100 worth of grapes in the Sydney market annually, 
 and of those that are not fit for market he makes 
 twelve hundred gallons of wine that he can sell at 3s. 
 6d. per gallon. 
 
 As a manure for vineyards nothing will prove so 
 permanently beneficial as broken bones. The green 
 prunings of the vines are also useful as a manure, and 
 should be forked or dug into the soil once a-year ; but 
 the roots of the vines should be disturbed as little as 
 possible. The stakes used for supporting the vines 
 should have their points charred and dipped in pitch 
 while hot, to a couple of inches above their ground 
 line ; and instead of using a stake for each vine, four 
 could be bent so as to meet at a central point, where 
 they could be tied to one stake. 
 
 PRINTED BY WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS, EDINBURGH. 
 
PUBLISHED MONTHLY, PRICE SIXPENCE, 
 
 THE GARDENER 
 
 A MAGAZINE OF HORTICULTURE AND FLORICULTURE. 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 WILLIAM THOMSON, DALKEITH GARDENS, 
 
 Author of 
 'A Practical Treatise on the Culture of the Grape Vine.' 
 
 ASSISTED BY A STAFF OF PRACTICAL GARDENERS. 
 
 EXTRACTS FROM REVIEWS. 
 
 "It is full of information of the most valuable kind to the professional and 
 amateur cultivator ; and as its price is only sixpence, it is fairly within the reach 
 of all classes requiring its counsel and advice." Bristol Daily Press. 
 
 " We can safely recommend our horticultural reader to study the pages of ' The 
 Gardener.' " Whitehaven Herald. 
 
 "The 'Gardener' is a most excellent gardening magazine, replete with informa- 
 tion adapted equally for the professional and amateur." Leamington Spa Courier. 
 
 " This is a most useful horticultural publication. It is exactly adapted to that 
 numerous class of residents in the vicinity of towns who have small gardens, yet 
 who, possessing little knowledge of the art, require to be instructed and directed in 
 plain language." Berwick Warder. 
 
 "It is worthy of its name, being, in respect of the quality of its articles, far 
 superior to the ordinary publications professing to supply the literary requirements 
 of prof essional and amateur gardeners." Brighton Gazette. 
 
 t( This magazine increases in interest as the season advances. The papers are of 
 the highest character, and will be read with deep interest by every one who delights 
 in horticultural and floricultural pursuits." Yorkshire Gazette. 
 
 "The series of papers on 'The Flower Garden,' by the Editor, is sufficient to stamp 
 this periodical as one of the very best of its class." Elgin Courier. 
 
 " This periodical is now making the headway it deserves, and such an admirably 
 conducted magazine cannot fail to be accepted as a reference in all horticultural and 
 floricultural matters." The Era. 
 
 "A work so ably conducted, telling of floriculture and horticulture, will be equally 
 acceptable south as north of the Tweed." Herts Guardian. 
 
 "Its staff are practical gardeners, and its articles are consequently reliable rather 
 than striking or novel." Nottinghamshire Guardian. 
 
 " This fresh-looking, cheap monthly has many attractions for the practised gar- 
 dener, as well as the amateur. Its editor is a professional, and he is assisted by a 
 staff of practical gardeners ; and the contents are most interesting to all having a 
 taste for horticulture or floriculture." Ayr Advertiser. 
 
 " The ' Gardener ' justifies by its contents the name it assumes. The various de- 
 partments of ' the garden ' are treated by gentlemen who evidently know of what 
 they write; and as the price is only sixpence, no one is precluded from the in- 
 formation contained in the well-arranged and well-written periodical." Perthshire 
 Advertiser. 
 
 "Both to the professional and the amateur gardener, the magazine is calculated 
 to be a valuable guide and instructor." Huddersfield Examiner. 
 
 "We desire to call special attention to this periodical, because it appears to satisfy 
 a want long felt among amateur gardeners." Bedfordshire Express. 
 
 Yearly Subscription 6s., or Free by Post 7&, payable in advance. 
 
 WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS, EDINBURGH AND LONDON. 
 
MESSRS BLACKWOOD AND SONS' 
 
 RECENT PUBLICATIONS 
 
 This day is published, 
 
 THE HISTORY OF SCOTLAND, 
 
 FROM AGRfCOLA'S INVASION TO THE 
 REVOLUTION OF 1688. 
 
 BY JOHN HILL BURTON. 
 
 Author of the 'Book-Hunter,' the ' Scot Abroad,' &c. 
 
 Vols. I. to IV., bringing the narrative down to the Abdication of Queen Mary, 
 price 2, 16s. 
 
 Volume III., price 10s. 6d., of 
 
 COUNT MONTALEMBERT'S 
 
 HISTORY OP 
 
 THE MONKS OF THE WEST. 
 
 Contents. CHRISTIAN ORIGIN OF TUB BRITISH ISLES ST COLUMBA, THE 
 APOSTLE OF CALEDONIA ST AUGUSTIN OF CANTERBURY AND THE 
 ROMAN MISSIONARIES IN ENGLAND. 
 
 LECTURES ON GREEK PHILOSOPHY, 
 
 AND OTHER PHILOSOPHICAL REMAINS 
 
 OF 
 
 JAMES FREDERICK FERRIER, 
 
 B.A. OXOK, LL.D., 
 Late Professor of Moral Philosphy and Political Economy in the University of St Andrews. 
 
 In Two Volumes, crown 8vo. Price 24s. 
 
 NINA BALATKA: 
 
 THE STORY OF 
 A MAIDEN OF PRAGUE. 
 
 Originally published in Blackwood's Magazine. 
 
 In Two Volumes. Price 10s. 6d. 
 " Nina Balatka loved a Jew, and that is her story." 
 
RECENT PUBLICATIONS 
 
 THE OPERATIONS OP WAR EXPLAINED AND ILLUS- 
 
 TRATED. By EDWARD BRUCE HAMLEY, Colonel in the Army, and 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Royal Artillery ; formerly Professor of Military History, 
 Strategy, and Tactics at the Staff College ; Member of the Council of Military 
 Education. Quarto, with numerous Illustrations, price 28s. 
 
 " Colonel Hamley's treatise on the ' Operations of War ' is, we do not hesitate to say, 
 the best that has been written in the English language." Times. 
 
 " In the early part of this year a work was published in England by Colonel Hamley, of 
 the Royal Artillery, on the ' Operations of War.' It is instructive here, from the midst of 
 the theatre of practical operations, to observe the success which in this campaign has at- 
 tended the carrying out of the principal theories which that distinguished military writer 
 has laid down as necessary to insure the happy issue of large strategical operations. . . . 
 The great results of the victory of Koniggratz are a tremendous practical illustration of 
 Colpnel Hamley's deductions from the story of the Waterloo campaign." The ' Times' 
 Military Correspondent at the Headquarters of the Prussian Army. 
 
 " On all matters relating to the practice of the profession it forms the most perfect book 
 of reference that has been published." United Service Magazine. 
 
 MEMOIRS OP TEE CONFEDERATE WAR TOR INDE- 
 
 PENDENCE. By HEROS VON BORCKE, Chief of Staff to General J. E. B. 
 Stuart. Two Volumes, with Map. 21s. 
 
 THE COMPANY AND THE CROWN. 
 
 By THE HON LB - T. J. HOVELL-THURLOW. Price 7s. 6d. 
 
 THE 6-REAT GOVERNING- FAMILIES OF EN&LAND. 
 
 By J. LANGTON SANFORD and MEREDITH TOWNSEND. Originally 
 published in the ' Spectator.' In 2 vols. octavo, 28s. 
 
 " Some of the sketches of these family pictures are admirably done ; none of them are 
 otherwise than well done. Anecdote and comment serve to relieve and explain the narra- 
 tive of incidents. The book is, in its kind, a thoroughly satisfactory book, showing research, 
 thought, and decision." Westminster Review. 
 
 BIO&RAPHICAL SKETCHES OF EMINENT SOLDERS, 
 
 OF THE LAST FOUR CENTURIES. By the late MAJOR-GENERAL JOHN 
 MITCHELL, Author of ' Life of Wallenstein,' the ' Fall of Napoleon,' &c. 
 Edited, with a Memoir of the Author, by LEONHARD SCHMITZ, LL.D. In post 
 8vo, 9s. 
 
 DISCUSSIONS ON PHILOSOPHY AND LITERATURE, 
 
 EDUCATION AND UNIVERSITY REFORM. By SIR WILLIAM HAMIL- 
 TON, BART. A New Edition, being the Third. In Octavo, price 21s. 
 
 THE WORKS OF SIR WILLIAM HAMILTON, BART,, 
 
 Professor of Logic and Metaphysics in the University of Edinburgh. 
 
 LECTURES ON METAPHYSICS. Edited by the REV. H. L. HANSEL, 
 B.D. LL.D., Waynflete Professor of Moral and Metaphysical Philosophy, 
 Oxford; and JOHN VEITCH, M. A., Professor of Logic and Rhetoric in 
 the University of Glasgow. Third Edition. Two vols. 8vo, 24s. 
 
 LECTURES ON LOGIC. Edited by the same. Second Edition. 2 vols. 
 8vo, 24s. 
 
 DISCUSSIONS ON PHILOSOPHY AND LITERATURE, EDUCATION 
 AND UNIVERSITY REFORM. Third Edition. 8vo, price 21s. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY W. BLACKWOOD AND SONS 
 
RECENT PUBLICATIONS 
 
 SIR BEOOK POSSBROOKE. 
 
 By CHARLES LEVEE. In Three Volumes. 
 
 EELIX HOLT, THE RADICAL. 
 
 By GEORGE ELIOT. A New Edition, in Two Volumes, 12s. 
 
 ' ' Upon the midlands now the industrious muse doth fall, 
 The shires which we the heart of England well may call. 
 
 My native country thou, which so brave spirits hast bred, 
 If there be virtues yet remaining in thy earth. 
 Or any good of thine thou bred'st into my birth, 
 Accept it as thine own, whilst now I sing of thee, 
 Of all thy later brood the un worthiest though I be." 
 
 DR4.YTON's Polyotbion. 
 
 NEW EDITIONS. 
 
 CHRONICLES OF CARLIMJORD. 
 
 SALEM CHAPEL. 5s. 
 
 THE RECTOR, AND THE DOCTOR'S FAMILY. 4s. 
 
 THE PERPETUAL CURATE. 6s. 
 
 MISS MARJORIBANKS. 6s. 
 
 " We can only repeat the expression of our admiration for a work which bears on every page 
 tlie evidence of close observation and tlie keenest insight, united to real dramatic feeling and 
 a style of unusual eloquence and power." Westminster Review. 
 
 " The ' Perpetual Curate ' is nevertheless one of the best pictures of Clerical Life that has 
 ever been drawn, and it is essentially true." The Times. 
 
 TAJ 
 
 LIBRARY EDITION. 
 
 A STRAME STORY. 
 
 By LORD LYTTON. In Two Volumes, 10s., uniform with Blackwood's 
 Edition of Lord Lytton's Novels and Romances. 
 
 CAPTAII SEERARD OSBORFS WORKS. 
 
 Uniform Edition. In Three Volumes. Sold separately. 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 STRAY LEAVES FROM AN ARCTIC JOURNAL ; or, EIGHTEEN MONTHS 
 IN THE POLAR REGIONS IN SEARCH OF SIR JOHN FRANKLIN, IN THE 
 YEARS 1850-51. 
 
 THE CAREER, LAST VOYAGE, AND FATE OF SIR JOHN 
 FRANKLIN. 5s. 
 
 VOL. II. 
 
 THE DISCOVERY OF A NORTH-WEST PASSAGE BY H.M.S. INVES- 
 TIGATOR, CAPTAIN R. M'CLURE, DURING THE YEARS 1850-54. 5s. 
 
 VOL. in. 
 
 QUEDAH ; or, STRAY LEAVES FROM A JOURNAL IN MALAYAN WATERS. 
 A CRUISE IN JAPANESE WATERS. 
 THE FIGHT ON THE PEIHO IN 1859. 7s. 6d. 
 
 EDINBURGH AND LONDON 
 
RECENT PUBLICATIONS 
 
 THE SCOT ABROAD, 
 
 AND THE ANCIENT LEAGUE WITH FRANCE. By JOHN HILL 
 BURTON, Author of the ' Book-Hunter,' &c. Two volumes, crown octavo, in 
 Roxburghe binding, price 15s. 
 
 " Mr Burton's lively and interesting * Scot Abroad,' not the least valuable of his con- 
 tributions to the historical literature of his country." Quarterly Review. 
 
 " An excellent book, that will interest Englishmen and fascinate Scotchmen." Times. 
 
 " No amount of selections, detached at random, can give an adequate idea of the varied 
 and copious results of reading which are stored up in the compact and pithy pages of 
 ' The Scot Abroad.' " Saturday Review. 
 
 " A charming "book." Spectator. 
 
 FAUST : A DRAMATIC POEM. 
 
 By GOETHE. Translated into English Verse by THEODORE MARTIN. Second 
 Edition, post 8vo, price 6s. 
 
 " The best translation of ' Faust ' in verse we have yet had in England." Spectator. 
 "Mr Theodore Martin's translation is unquestionably the best in the language, and will 
 give to English readers a fair idea of the greatest of modern poems. "Press. 
 
 MR VORSLEY'S TRANSLATION OP HOMER HTO EU&- 
 
 LISH VERSE in the Spenserian Stanza. 
 
 ODYSSEY, 2 vols., 18s. ILIAD, Books I. -XII., 10s. 6d. 
 
 Illustrated Edition of PROFESSOR AYTOUN'S 
 
 LAYS OP THE SCOTTISH CAVALIERS. 
 
 The Designs by J. NOEL PATON, R.S.A. Engraved on Wood by JOHN 
 THOMPSON, W. J. LINTON, W. THOMAS, J. W. WHYMPER, J. COOPER, W. T. 
 GREEN, DALZIEL BROTHERS, E. EVANS, J. ADAM, &c. Small quarto, printed 
 on toned paper, bound in gilt cloth, price 21s. 
 
 " The artists have excelled themselves in the engravings which they have furnished. Seiz- 
 ing the spirit of Mr Aytoun's ' Ballads' as perhaps none but Scotchmen could have seized 
 it, they have thrown their whole strength into the work with a heartiness which others 
 would do well to imitate. Whoever there may be that does not already know these ' Lays,' 
 we recommend at once to make their acquaintance in this edition, wherein author and artist 
 illustrate each other as kindred spirits should." Standard. 
 
 THE FATHERHOOD OP &OD, 
 
 CONSIDERED IN ITS GENERAL AND SPECIAL ASPECTS, AND PARTICULARLY IN 
 RELATION TO THE ATONEMENT; WITH A REVIEW OF RECENT SPECULATIONS 
 ON THE SUBJECT. By THOMAS J. CRAWFORD, D.D., Professor of Divin- 
 ity in the University of Edinburgh. Second Edition, revised and enlarged, 
 with a Reply to the Strictures of Dr Candlish. In post octavo, price 7s. 6d. 
 
 "It is with sincere pleasure that I declare my concurrence in the whole substance of 
 these two Lectures (on the Atonement). Dr Crawford has rendered a signal and seasonable 
 service to the cause of truth, by the clear, cautious, and able exposition which he has given 
 of the great catholic doctrine of the Atonement, and by his thorough vindication of it 
 against Socinian and Neo-Socinian objections, founded on its alleged inconsistency with 
 right notions of the character and government of God. If he were to give the Church the 
 benefit of this exposition and vindication which is not only very complete in itself, but suf- 
 ficiently independent of the rest of his book to admit of separate publication I, for one, 
 would hail such a use of it with all my heart." Dr Candlish's Reply to Professor Crawford, 
 p. 19. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY W. BLACKWOOD AND SONS 
 
RECENT PUBLICATIONS 
 
 ESSAYS 01 SOCIAL SUBJECTS. 
 
 From the ' Saturday Review.' First and Second Series. Crown 8vo, each 
 7s. 6d. 
 
 "In their own way of simple, straightforward reflection upon life, the present century has 
 produced no essays better than these." Examiner. 
 
 " We shall welcome the author again if he has more to say on topics which he treats so 
 well." Guardian. 
 
 CAXTOBIAI A : 
 
 A Series of Essays on LIFE, LITERATURE, and MANNERS. By LORD LYTTON. 
 2 vols. crown 8vo, 21s. 
 
 "It would be very possible to fill many pages with the wise bright things of these volumes." 
 Eclectic. 
 
 " Gems of thought, set upon some of the most important subjects that can engage the atten- 
 tion of men." Daily Neics. 
 
 RECREATIONS OP CHRISTOPHER NORTH. 
 
 By PROFESSOR WILSON. A New Edition, now completed in 2 vols., price 
 8s., with a Portrait engraved from Duncan's picture of " Christopher in his 
 Sporting Jacket." 
 
 " Contain some of the finest things which Professor Wilson ever wrote ; and at this time 
 of day they read as fresh and as charmingly as when they flowed from the author's pen in the 
 prime of his mental and bodily vigour. "Glasgow Herald. 
 
 ITOHIAIA, AIGEST AM MODEM. 
 
 Being Notes of the HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF ETON COLLEGE. In fcap. 
 8vo, price 5s. 
 
 " The volume before us is just the kind of book to make outsiders acquainted with the living 
 spirit of a great English school as it used to be, and, in fact, as it must always continue to 
 be." Pall Mall Gazette. 
 
 DISCOVERY OF THE SOURCE OP THE SHE. 
 
 THE DISCOVERY OF THE SOURCE OF THE NILE : A JOURNAL. 
 By JOHN HANNING SPEKB, Captain H.M. Indian Army. With a 
 Map of Eastern Equatorial Africa by Captain SPEKE ; Numerous Illustra- 
 tions, chiefly from Drawings by Captain GRANT ; and Portraits, Engraved 
 on Steel, of Captains SPEKE and GRANT. 8vo, price 21s. 
 
 WHAT LED TO THE DISCOVERY OF THE SOURCE OF THE NILE. 
 By JOHN HANNING SPEKE, Captain H.M. Indian Army. Svo, with 
 Maps, &c., price 14s. 
 
 A WALK ACROSS AFRICA ; OR, DOMESTIC SCENES FROM MY NILE JOUR- 
 NAL. By JAMES AUGUSTUS GRANT, Captain H.M. Bengal Army, 
 Fellow and Gold-Medallist of the Royal Geographical Society. 8vo, with 
 Map, price 15s. 
 
 EDINBUEGH AND LONDON 
 
RECENT PUBLICATIONS 
 
 SIR ARCHIBALD ALISOFS HISTORIES PEOPLE'S 
 
 EDITION. 
 
 I. 
 
 THE HISTORY OF EUROPE, FROM THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE FRENCH 
 REVOLUTION TO THE BATTLE OF WATERLOO. Twelve Volumes, and 
 Index Volume, 51s. 
 
 II. 
 
 THE HISTORY OF EUROPE, FROM THE FALL OF NAPOLEON TO THE AC- 
 CESSION OF Louis NAPOLEON. In Eight Volumes, Crown Octavo, bound 
 in cloth, with a copious Index, price 34s. 
 
 SCHOOL EDITION. 
 
 THE EI&HTEEI CHRISTIAN CENTURIES. 
 
 By the REV. JAMES WHITE, Author of 'The History of France.' With 
 Index. Price 6s. 
 
 " By far the best historical epitome we have ever perused, and it supplies a great want 
 in this knowing age." Atlas. 
 
 SCHOOL EDITION. 
 
 HISTORY OP FRANCE PROM THE EARLIEST TIMES 
 
 TO 1848. By the REV. JAMES WHITE, Author of the 'Eighteen Christian 
 Centuries.' With Index. Price 6s. 
 
 " Contains every leading incident worth the telling, and abounds in word-painting, whereof 
 a paragraph has often as much active life in it as one of those inch-square etchings of the 
 great Callot." Athenaeum. 
 
 SEW GEO&RAPHICAI CLASS-BOOKS. 
 
 By the REV. ALEXANDER MACK AY, LL.D. F.R.G.S. 
 
 i. 
 
 A MANUAL OF MODERN GEOGRAPHY, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, 
 AND POLITICAL. With a copious Index, Crown 8vo, pp. 760, price 
 7s. 6d. 
 
 II. 
 
 ELEMENTS OF MODERN GEOGRAPHY, FOR THE USE OF JUNIOR 
 CLASSES. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth, pp. 300, price 3s. 
 
 in. 
 
 OUTLINES OF MODERN GEOGRAPHY, A BOOK FOR BEGINNERS. 18mo, 
 Third Edition, pp. 112, price Is. 
 
 " There is no work of the kind, in the English or any other language, known to me, which 
 comes so near my ideal of perfection in a school book, on the important subject of which it 
 treats. In arrangement, style, selection of matter, clearness, and thorough accuracy of state- 
 ment, it is without a rival ; and knowing, as I do, the vast amount of labour and research be- 
 stowed on its production, I trust it will be so appreciated as to insure, by an extensive sale, a 
 well-merited reward." A. Keith Johnston, Esq., F.R.S.E. F.R.G.S. H.M. Geographer for 
 Scotland; Author of the Physical Atlas, &c. &c. 
 
 " The best geography we have ever met with." Spectator. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY W. BLACKWOOD AND SONS 
 
RECENT PUBLICATIONS 
 
 &EOLO&Y POR GENERAL READERS. 
 
 A SERIES OF POPULAR SKETCHES IN GEOLOGY AND PALEON- 
 TOLOGY. By DAVID PAGE, F.R.S.E. F.G.S. Second Edition, containing 
 several New Chapters. Price 6s. 
 
 " Few of our handbooks of popular science can be said to have greater or more decisive merit 
 than those of Mr Page on Geology and Paleontology. They are clear and vigorous in style, 
 they never oppress the reader with a pedantic display of learning, nor overwhelm him with a 
 pompous and superfluous terminology ; and they have the happy art of taking him straight- 
 way to the face of nature herself, instead of leading him by the tortuous and bewildering paths 
 of technical system and artificial classification." Saturday Review. 
 
 " This is one of the best of Mr Page's many good books. It is written in a flowing popular 
 style. Without illustration or any extraneous aid, the narrative must prove attractive to 
 any intelligent reader. " Geological Magazine. 
 
 ATLAS OF CLASSICAL &EO&RAPIY. 
 
 By ALEX. KEITH JOHNSTON, LL.D. F.R.S.E. F.G.S. A New and 
 greatly enlarged Edition. In royal 4to, half-bound morocco, price 25s. 
 
 " The additions are so extensive and important, as to render this substantially a new Work 
 the most complete of its kind in general use. These comprise, besides very large additions 
 to the former Plates, a New MAP OF THE WORLD AS KNOWN TO THE ANCIENTS ; a New and 
 Enlarged MAP OF THB PELOPONNESUS, ATTICA, &c.; a MAP OF THE OUTER GEOGRAPHY OF 
 THE ODYSSEY. For the last of these, as well as for the matter printed in red on Plates XIII. 
 and XV., the Author is indebted to the Right Hon. W. E. GLADSTONE, who not only placed 
 at his disposal the illustrations to his most interesting work, Homer and the Homeric Ages,' 
 but enhanced the favour by revising the proof-sheets of the plates and text, as adapted for this 
 Atlas. The new names inserted in the former Maps have been engraved in a smaller letter, 
 leaving the more important places prominent for the advantage of junior classes. A complete 
 Index to the whole is given, with the geographical position of every place where possible, its 
 modern equivalent wherever ascertained, and the accentuation of the name carefully marked." 
 
 DESI&flS FOR YILLA RESIDENCES. 
 
 By JOHN STARFORTH, Architect. Comprising Perspective Views, Eleva- 
 tions, Ground Plans, Stone and Timber Details, and Ceilings. 40 plates, 
 royal 4to, beautifully engraved on copper, with Descriptions. Price 25s., 
 bound in cloth. 
 
 SPORTH& DATS. 
 
 By JOHN COLQUHOUN, Author of 'The Moor and the Loch,' ' Salmom-Casts 
 and Stray Shots,' &c. Price 5s. 
 
 Sea-fowl Shooting in the Firth of Forth. Deer-Driving in Mull. Loch Sal- 
 mon- Fishing. Seal-Shooting. Natural History and Sport of Bute. Glenfalloch 
 Roes. Autumn Angling on the Lyon. A Ptarmigan Day. The Common 
 Dotterel. The Wilds of Sutherland: Altnharra Durn ess Scourie Inch na- 
 clamff. 
 
 EDINBUKGH AND LONDON 
 
WORKS IN THE PRESS 
 
 THE &ARDENER: 
 
 A MONTHLY MAGAZINE OP HORTICULTURE AND FLORICULTURE. Edited by 
 WILLIAM THOMSON, Dalkeith Gardens ; Author of 'A Practical Treatise 
 on the Cultivation of the Grape Vine.' Assisted by a Staff of PRACTICAL GAR- 
 DENERS. Price Sixpence. 
 
 THE HANDY HORSE-BOOK; 
 
 Or, Practical Instructions in Riding, Driving, and the General Care and Man- 
 agement of Horses. By a CAVALRY OFFICER. A New Edition, with 
 Illustrations. 
 
 A HANDY BOOK OF HORSE LAW, AND OP THE 
 
 LAWS RELATING TO ENGLISH SPORTS. By C. G. MEREWETHER, 
 ESQ., of the Northern Circuit. 
 
 A HANDY BOOK OP METEOROLO&Y. 
 
 By ALEXANDER BUCH AN, Secretary of the Scottish Meteorological Society. 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY AT THE FARM, n REARIM AO 
 
 FEEDING THE LIVE STOCK. By WILLIAM SELLER, M.D. F.R.S.E., 
 and HENRY STEPHENS, F.R.S.E. 
 
 THE RELATIONS OF THE SCIENCES TO ONE ANOTHER, 
 
 AND TO PHILOSOPHY, RELIGION, AND MORALITY. By the REV. 
 ROBERT FLINT, Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University of St 
 Andrews. 
 
 LIFE OF CARL RITTER, 
 
 Late Professor of Geography in the University of Berlin. By W. L. GAGE, 
 Editor of Ritter's 'Sinaitic Peninsula and Palestine/ and Translator of his 
 . ' Lectures on Comparative Geography.' 
 
 THE MONKS OF THE WEST, FROM ST BENEDICT 
 
 TO ST BERNARD. By the COUNT DE MONTALEMBERT. Vols. IV. 
 and V. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY W. BLACKWOOD AND SONS 
 
LIST OF BOOKS 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 WILLIAM BLACKWOOD & SONS, 
 
 EDINBURGH AND LONDON. 
 
 THE 
 
 HISTORY OF EUROPE, 
 
 FROM THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION IN 1789 TO THE 
 BATTLE OF WATERLOO. 
 
 By Sir ARCHIBALD ALISON, Bart., D.C.L. 
 
 A New Library Edition (being the tenth). In 14 Vols. Demy Octavo, with Portraits, 
 and a copious Index, 10, 10s. 
 
 In this Edition, which has been revised and corrected with the utmost diligence, 
 care has been taken to interweave with the original text the new facts which have 
 been brought to light since the last edition was published. It is believed that the 
 Work will be found in all respects brought up to the latest authentic information 
 that has appeared, on the epoch of which it treats. 
 
 Crown Octavo Edition, 20 vols., 6. People's Edition, 12 vols., closely printed in 
 double columns, 2, 8s., and Index Volume, 3s. 
 
 EXTRACTS FROM REVIEWS OF THIS WORK. 
 
 Times, Sept. 7, 1850. 
 
 " An extraordinary work, which has earned for itself a lasting place in the literature of tha 
 country, and within a few years found innumerable readers in every part of the globe. There 
 is no book extant that treats so well of the period to the illustration of which Mr Alison's 
 labours have been devoted. It exhibits great knowledge, patient research, indefatigable in- 
 dustry, and vast power. " 
 
 Edinburgh Review. 
 
 " There is much in Mr Alison's history of the French Revolution against which we intend to 
 record our decided protest ; and there are some parts of it which we shall feel compelled to 
 notice with strong disapprobation. We, therefore, hasten to preface our less favourable 
 remarks by freely acknowledging that the present work is', upon the whole, a valuable addition 
 to European literature, that it is evidently compiled with the utmost care, and that its narra- 
 tion, so far as we can judge, is not perverted by the slightest partiality." 
 
 Prom Preface of the German Translation by D. Ludwig Meyer. 
 
 " Alison's History of Europe, and the states connected with it, is one of the most important 
 works which literature has produced. Tears have elapsed since any historical work has created 
 such an epoch as that of Alison : his sources of information and authorities are of the richest 
 and most comprehensive description. Though his opinions are on the Conservative side, he 
 allows every party to speak for itself, and unfolds with a master's hand how far institutions 
 make nations great, and mighty, and prosperous." 
 
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY 
 
 Continuation of the History of Europe, from the Fall of 
 
 Napoleon to the Accession of Louis Napoleon. By Sir ARCHIBALD ALISON, 
 Bart., D.C.L. In Nine Vols., 6, 7s. 6d. Uniform with the Library Edition 
 of the Author's " History of Europe, from the Commencement of the French 
 Revolution." People's Edition, Eight Vols. Crown Octavo, 34s. 
 
 Epitome of Alison's History of Europe, Fourteenth 
 
 Edition, 7s. 6d., bound. 
 
 Atlas to Alison's History of Europe ; containing 109 
 
 Maps and Plans of Countries, Battles, Sieges, and Sea-Fights. Constructed by 
 A. KEITH JOHNSTON, F.R.S.E. With Vocabulary of Military and Marine Terms. 
 Library Edition, 3, 3s. ; People's Edition, 1, 11s. 6d. 
 
 Lives of Lord Castlereagh and Sir Charles Stewart, 
 
 Second and Third Marquesses of Londonderry. By Sir ARCHIBALD ALISON, 
 Bart., D.C.L. From the Original Papers of the Family, and other sources. In 
 Three Vols. Octavo. 2, 5s. 
 
 Life of John Duke of Marlborough, With some Account 
 
 of his Contemporaries, and of the War of the Succession. By Sir ARCHIBALD 
 ALISON, Bart., D.C.L. Third Edition, Two Volumes, Octavo, Portraits and 
 Maps, 30s. 
 
 Essays; Historical, Political, and Miscellaneous, By 
 
 Sir ARCHIBALD ALISON, Bart. Three Vols. Demy Octavo, 45s. 
 
 The Invasion of the Crimea : its Origin, and an Account 
 
 OF ITS PROGRESS DOWN TO THE DEATH OP LORD RAGLAN. By ALEXANDER 
 WILLIAM KINGLAKE, M.P. Vols. I. and II., bringing the EVENTS down to the 
 CLOSE of the BATTLE of the ALMA. Price 32s. To be completed in Four 
 Volumes Octavo. Fourth Edition. 
 
 The Boscobel Tracts ; Relating to the Escape of Charles 
 
 the Second after the Battle of Worcester, and his subsequent Adventures. 
 Edited by J. HUGHES, Esq., A.M. A New Edition, with additional Notes and 
 Illustrations, including Communications from the Rev. R. H. BARHAM, Author 
 of the " Ingoldsby Legends." In Octavo, with Engravings, 16s. 
 
 ' ' The Boscobel Tracts ' is a very curious book, and about as good an example of single sub- 
 ject historical collections as may be found. Originally undertaken, or at least completed at the 
 suggestion of the late Bishop Copplestone, in 1827, it was carried out with a degree of judgment 
 and taste not always found in works of a similar character. The subject, as the title implies, is 
 the escape of Charles the Second after the battle of Worcester." Spectat or. 
 
 History of Scotland from the Revolution to the Extinction 
 
 of the last Jacobite Insurrection, 16891748. By JOHN HILL BURTON, Esq., 
 Advocate. Two Vols. Octavo, 15s. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY W. BLACKWOOD AND SONS, 
 
HISTOEY AND BIOGBAPHY 
 
 The Autobiography of the Rev, Dr Alexander Carlyle, 
 
 Minister of Inveresk. Containing Memorials of the Men and Events of his 
 Time. Edited by JOHN HILL BURTON. In Octavo. Third Edition, with Por- 
 trait, 14s. 
 
 " This book contains by far the most vivid picture of Scottish life and manners that has been 
 given to the public since the days of Sir Walter Scott. In bestowing upon it this high praise, 
 vre make no exception, not even in favour of Lord Cockburn's Memorials the book which re- 
 sembles it most, and which ranks next to it in interest." Edinburgh Review. 
 
 " A more delightful and graphic picture of the everyday life of our ancestors it has never been 
 
 our good fortune to meet with We do not often pray for autobiographies for, as a 
 
 class of literature, they are of very unequal merit but we shall heartily rejoice to see as 
 many more autobiographies as possible if they are half as well worth reading as Jupiter 
 Carlyle's." National Review. 
 
 " A more racy volume of memoirs was never given to the world nor one more difficult to set 
 forth save by the true assertion, that there is scarcely a page which does not contain matter 
 for extract or which would not bear annotation." A thenceum. 
 
 life of the late Rev. James Robertson, B.D,, F,R,S,E,, 
 
 Professor of Divinity and Ecclesiastical History in the University of Edinburgh. 
 By the Rev. A. H. CHARTERIS, M.A. With a Portrait. Octavo, price 10s. 6d. 
 
 Memoir of the Political Life of the Right Honourable 
 
 EDMUND BURKE, with Extracts from his Writings. By the Rev. GEORGE CROLT, 
 D.D., Rector of St Stephen's, Walbrook, London. 2 vols. Post Octavo, 18s. 
 
 History of &reece under Foreign Domination, By George 
 
 FINLAT, LL.D., Athens. Seven Volumes, Octavo viz. : 
 
 Greece under the Romans. B.C. 146 to A.D. 717. A Historical 
 
 View of the Condition of the Greek Nation from its Conquest by the Romans 
 until the Extinction of the Roman Power in the East. Second Edition, 16s. 
 
 History of the Byzantine Empire. A.D. 716 to 1204 ; and of 
 
 the Greek Empire of Nicaea and Constantinople, A.D. 1204 to 1453. Two 
 Volumes, 1, 7s. 6d. 
 
 Mediaeval Greece and Trebizond. The History of Greece, from 
 
 its Conquest by the Crusaders to its Conquest by the Turks, A.D. 1204 to 
 1566 ; and the History of the Empire of Trebizond, A.D. 1204 to 1461. 12s. 
 
 Greece under Othoman and Venetian Domination. A.D. 1453 
 
 to 1821. 10s. 6d. 
 
 History of the Greek Revolution. 
 
 Two Volumes, Octavo, 1, 4s. 
 
 " His book is worthy to take its place among the remarkable works on Greek history which 
 form one of the chief glories of English scholarship. The history of Greece is but half told 
 without it. " London Guardian. 
 
 " His work is therefore learned and profound. It throws a flood of light upon an important 
 though obscure portion of Grecian history. ... In the essential requisites of fidelity, 
 accuracy, and learning, Mr Finlay bears a favourable comparison with any historical writer of 
 our day." North American Review. 
 
 EDINBURGH AND LONDON. 
 
HISTOEY AND BIOGRAPHY 
 
 Essays in History and Art. By R, H, Patterson, 
 
 COLOUR IN NATURE AND ART. 
 
 REAL AND IDEAL BEAUTY. 
 
 SCULPTURE. 
 
 ETHNOLOGY OF EUROPE. 
 
 UTOPIAS. 
 
 OUR INDIAN EMPIRE. 
 
 THE NATIONAL LIFE OF CHINA. 
 
 BATTLE OF THE STYLES. 
 
 GENIUS AND LIBERTY. 
 
 YOUTH AND SUMMER. 
 
 RECORDS OF THE PAST; NINEVEH AND 
 
 BABYLON. 
 
 INDIA : ITS CASTES AND CREEDS. 
 "CHRISTOPHER NORTH" IN MEMORIAM. 
 
 AN IDEAL ART CONGRESS. 
 
 In One Volume, Octavo. 12s. 
 
 The Hew " Examen ; " or, An Inquiry into the Evidence 
 
 of certain Passages in "Macaulay's History of England" concerning 
 
 THE DUKE OF MARLBOROUQH. 
 THE MASSACRE OF GLENCOE. 
 
 VISCOUNT DUNDEE. 
 WILLIAM PENN. 
 
 THE HIGHLANDS OF SCOTLAND. 
 
 By JOHN PAGET, Esq., Barrister-at-Law. In Crown Octavo, 6s. 
 
 Curran and his Contemporaries, By Charles Phillips, 
 
 Esq., A.B. A New Edition. Crown Octavo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 " Certainly one of the most extraordinary pieces of biography ever produced. , . . No 
 library should be without it." Lord Brougham. 
 
 41 Never, perhaps, was there a more curious collection of portraits crowded before into the 
 same canvass." Times. 
 
 Paris after Waterloo. A Revised Edition of a " Yisit to 
 
 Flanders and the Field of Waterloo." By JAMES SIMPSON, Advocate. With 
 Two Coloured Plans of the Battle. Crown Octavo, 5s. 
 
 lives of the Queens of Scotland, and English Princesses 
 
 connected with the Regal Succession of Great Britain. By AGNES STRICKLAND. 
 With Portraits and Historical Vignettes. Post Octavo, 4, 4s. 
 
 " Every step in Scotland is historical ; the shades of the dead arise on every side ; the very 
 rocks breathe. Miss Strickland's talents as a writer, and turn of mind as an individual, in a 
 peculiar manner fit her for painting a historical gallery of the most illustrious or dignified female 
 characters in that land of chivalry and song." Blacktvood's Magazine. 
 
 Life of Mary Queen of Scots, By Agnes Strickland. 
 
 5 vols. post 8vo, with Portraits and other Illustrations, 2, 12s. 6d. 
 
 Studies in Roman law. With Comparative Tiews of the 
 
 Laws of FraDce, England, and Scotland. By LORD MACKENZIE, one of the 
 Judges of the Court of Session in Scotland. Second Edition, Octavo, 12s. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY W. BLACKWOOD AND SONS, 
 
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY 
 
 Letters of Eminent Persons, addressed to David Hume, 
 
 Edited by JOHN HILL BURTON, Esq., Advocate. Octavo, 5s. 
 
 lectures on the History of the Church of Scotland, from 
 
 the Reformation to the Revolution Settlement. By the Very Rev. JOHN LEE, 
 D.D., LL.D., Principal of the University of Edinburgh. Edited by the Rev. 
 WILLIAM LEE. Two Vols. Octavo, 21s. 
 
 Works of the Rev, Thomas M'Crie, DJD, 
 
 A New and Uniform Edition. Edited by Professor M'CRIE. Four Volumes, 
 Crown Octavo, 24s. Sold separately, viz. : 
 
 Life of John Knox. Containing Illustrations of the History 
 
 of the Reformation in Scotland. Crown Octavo, 6s. 
 
 Life of Andrew Melville. Containing Illustrations of the 
 
 Ecclesiastical and Literary History of Scotland in the Sixteenth and Seven- 
 teenth Centuries. Crown Octavo, 6s. 
 
 History of the Progress and Suppression of the Reformation 
 
 in Italy in the Sixteenth Century. Crown Octavo, 4s. 
 
 History of the Progress and Suppression of the Reformation 
 
 in Spain in the Sixteenth Century. Crown Octavo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 Sermons, and Review of the " Tales of my Landlord." 
 
 In One Volume, Crown Octavo, 6s. 
 
 The Monks of the West, from St Benedict to St Bernard, 
 
 By the COUNT DE MONTALEMBERT. Authorised Translation. Two Volumes, 
 Octavo, 21s. 
 
 " We must, however, say a word of praise for the anonymous translator, who has done his 
 work throughout in a very creditable manner. " Spectator. 
 
 " If this version had reached us earlier it might have saved us some trouble, as, on a compari- 
 son of our own extracts with the corresponding passages, we have found it to be, in general, 
 both faithful and spirited, so that we should have been glad for the most part to make use of the 
 translator's words instead of doing the work for ourselves. "^-Quarterly Review. 
 
 The Conquest of Scinde, A Commentary, By General Sir 
 
 JAMES OUTRAM, C.B. Octavo, 18s. 
 
 An Essay on the National Character of the Athenians, 
 
 By JOHN BROWN PATTERSON. Edited from the Author's revision, by Professor 
 PILLANS, of the University of Edinburgh. With a Sketch of his Life. Crown 
 Octavo, 4s. 6d. 
 
 The New Revolution ; or, the Napoleonic Policy in Europe, 
 
 By JR. H. PATTERSON. Octavo, 4s. 
 
 EDINBURGH AND LONDON. 
 
HISTOEY AND BIOGRAPHY 
 
 Ten Tears of Imperialism in France. Impressions of 
 
 a " Flaneur." In Octavo, price 9s. 
 
 " There has not been published for many a day a more remarkable book on France than this, 
 which professes to be the impressions of a Flaneur. ... It has all the liveliness and sparkle 
 of a work written only for amusement ; it has all the solidity and weight of a State paper ; and 
 we expect for it not a little political influence as a fair, full, and masterly statement of the Im- 
 perial policy the first and only good account that has been given to Europe of the Napoleonic 
 system now in force. " Times. 
 
 Memorials of the Castle of Edinburgh. By James &rant, 
 
 Esq. A New Edition? In Crown Octavo, with 12 Engravings, 3s. 6d. 
 
 Memoirs and Adventures of Sir William Kirkaldy of 
 
 Grange, Governor of the Castle of Edinburgh for Mary Queen of Scots. By JAMES 
 GRANT, Esq. Post Octavo, 10s. 6d. 
 
 " It is seldom, indeed, that we find history so written, in a style at once vigorous, perspicuous, 
 and picturesque. The author's heart is thoroughly with his subject." Blackwood's Magazine. 
 
 Memoirs and Adventures of Sir John Hepburn, Marshal of 
 
 France under Louis XIII., &c. By JAMES GRANT, Esq. Post Octavo, 8s. 
 
 Annals of the Peninsular Campaigns. By Capt. Thomas 
 
 HAMILTON. A New Edition. Edited by F. HARDMAN, Esq. Octavo, 16s. ; and 
 Atlas of Maps to illustrate the Campaigns, 12s. 
 
 The Story of the Campaign of Sevastopol, Written in 
 
 the Camp. By Lieut. -Col. E. BRUCE HAMLEY. With Illustrations drawn in 
 Camp by the Author. Octavo, 21s. 
 
 " We strongly recommend this ' Story of the Campaign ' to all who would gain a just compre- 
 hension of this tremendous struggle. Of this we are perfectly sure, it is a book unlikely to be 
 ever superseded. Its truth is oT that simple and startling character which is sure of an immortal 
 existence ; nor is it paying the gallant author too high a compliment to class this masterpiece of 
 military history with the most precious of those classic records which have been bequeathed to 
 us by the great writers of antiquity who too'k part in the wars they have described." The Press. 
 
 Wellington's Career ; a Military and Political Summary. 
 
 By Lieut. -Col. E. BRUCE HAMLET, Professor of Military History and Art at the 
 Staff College. Crown Octavo, 2s, 
 
 Fleets and Navies. By Captain Charles Hamley, E.M. 
 
 Originally published in Blackwood"s Magazine. Crown Octavo, 6s. 
 
 Memoir of Mrs Hemans. By her Sister. With a Portrait. 
 
 Foolscap Octavo, 5s. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY W. BLACKWOOD AND SONS, 
 
HISTOKY AND BIOGKAPHY 
 
 Leaders of the Reformation: Luther, Calvin, Latimer, 
 
 and KNOX. By the Rev. JOHN TULLOCH, D.D., Principal, and Primarius Pro- 
 fessor of Theology, St Mary's College, St Andrews. Second Edition, Crown 
 Octavo, 6s. 6d. 
 
 " We are not acquainted with any work in which so much solid information upon the leading 
 aspects of the great Reformation is presented in so well-packed and pleasing a form." -Witness. 
 
 ' ' The style is admirable in force and in pathos, and the book one to be altogether recom- 
 mended, both for the merits of those of whom it treats, and for that which the writer uncon- 
 sciously reveals of his own character." Globe. 
 
 English Puritanism and its Leaders: Cromwell, Milton, 
 
 BAXTER, and BUNYAN. By the Rev. JOHN TULLOCH, D.D. Uniform with 
 the " Leaders of the Reformation." 7s. 6d. 
 
 "His biographic delineations are not collections of vague generalities, but well-selected 
 features combining to a likeness And, while always self-possessed and calm, he is never cold. 
 A steady glow of imaginative tire and radiance follows his pen, and it is evident that he has 
 legitimately acquired the right to interest and move others, by having first been moved hiin- 
 self."-Dial. 
 
 " It is a book which, from its style firm and interesting, dispassionate and impartial, but yet 
 warm with admiration will be hailed for fireside reading in the families of the descendants of 
 those Puritan men and their times." Eclectic Review. 
 
 History of the French Protestant Refugees, By Charles 
 
 WEISS, Professor of History at the Lycee Buonaparte". Translated by F. HARD- 
 MAN, Esq. Octavo, 14s. 
 
 The Eighteen Christian Centuries. By the Rev, James 
 
 WHITE. Fourth Edition, with Analytical Table of Contents, and a Copious 
 Index. Post Octavo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 " He goes to work upon the only true principle, and produces a picture that at once satisfies 
 truth, arrests the memory, and fills the imagination. When they (Index and Analytical Con- 
 tents) are supplied, it will be difficult to lay hands on any book of the kind more useful and 
 more entertaining." Times, Review of first edition. 
 
 " Mr White comes to the assistance of those who would know something of the history of the 
 Eighteen Christian Centuries ; and those who want to know still more than he gives them, will 
 find that he has perfected a plan which catches the attention, and fixes the distinctive feature 
 of each century in the memory." Wesleyan Times. 
 
 History of France, from the Earliest Period to the Tear 
 
 1848. By the Rev. JAMES WHITE, Author of the "Eighteen Christian Cen- 
 turies." Second Edition. Post Octavo, 9s. 
 
 " Mr White's ' History of France,' in a single volume of some 600 pages, contains every lead- 
 ing incident worth the telling, and abounds in word-painting whereof a paragraph has often as 
 much active life in it as one of those inch-square etchings of the great Callot, in which may be 
 clearly seen the whole armies contending in bloody arbitrament, and as many incidents of battle 
 as may be gazed at in the miles of canvass in the military picture-galleries at Versailles. " 
 Athenaeum. 
 
 " An excellent and comprehensive compendium of French history, quite above the standard 
 of a school-book, and particularly well adapted for the libraries of literary institutions." 
 National Review. 
 
 EDINBURGH AND LONDON. 
 
POETEY 
 
 lays of the Scottish Cavaliers, and other Poems. By 
 
 W. EDMONDSTOUNE AYTOUN, D.C.L., Professor of Rhetoric and Belles-Lettres 
 in the University of Edinburgh. Fourteenth Edition, Foolscap Octavo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 "Mr Aytoun's 'Lays' are truly beautiful, and are perfect poems of their class, pregnant with 
 fire, with patriotic ardour, with loyal zeal, with exquisite pathos, with noble passion. Who can 
 hear the opening lines descriptive of Edinburgh after the great battle of Flodden, and not feel 
 that the minstrel's soul has caught the genuine inspiration ? "Morning Post. 
 
 " Professor Aytoun's 'Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers' a volume of verse which shows that 
 Scotland has yet a poet. Full of the true fire, it now stirs and swells like a trumpet-note now 
 sinks in cadences sad and wild as the wail of a Highland dirge." Quarterly Review. 
 
 Aytoun's Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers. An Illustrated 
 
 Edition. From Designs by J. NOEL PATON and W. H. PATON, A.R.S.A. En- 
 graved by John Thompson, W. J. Linton, W. Thomas, Whymper, Cooper, Green, 
 Dalziels, Evans, &c. In Small Quarto, printed on Toned Paper, bound in gilt 
 cloth, 21s. 
 
 " The artists nave excelled themselves in the engravings which they have furnished. Seizing 
 the spirit of Mr Aytoun's ' Ballads ' as perhaps none but Scotchmen could have seized it, they 
 have thrown their whole strength into the work with a heartiness which others would do well 
 to imitate. Whoever there may be that does not already know these ' Lays ' we recommend at 
 once to make their acquaintance in this edition, wherein author and artist illustrate each other 
 as kindred spirits should. " Standard. 
 
 Bothwell : A Poem. By W. Edmondstoune Aytoun, D.C.L, 
 
 Professor of Rhetoric and Belles-Lettres in the University of Edinburgh. Third 
 Edition. Foolscap Octavo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 " A noble poem, healthy in tone and purely English in language, and closely linked to the 
 historical traditions of his native country." John Bull. 
 
 " Professor Aytoun has produced a fine poem and an able argument, and ' Bothwell ' w^l 
 assuredly take its stand among the classics of Scottish literature." The Press. 
 
 The Ballads of Scotland. Edited by Professor Aytoun. 
 
 Second Edition. Two Volumes, Foolscap Octavo, 12s. 
 
 ' ' No country can boast of a richer collection of Ballads than Scotland, and no Editor for 
 these Ballads could be found more accomplished than Professor Aytoun. He has sent forth 
 two beautiful volumes which range with Percy's 'Reliques ' which, for completeness and accuracy, 
 leave little to be desired which must henceforth be considered as the standard edition of the 
 Scottish Ballads, and which we commend as a model to any among ourselves who may think of 
 doing like service to the English Ballads. "The Times. 
 
 Poems and Ballads of Goethe, Translated by Professor 
 
 AYTOUN and THEODORE MARTIN. Second Edition, Foolscap Octavo, 6s. 
 
 " There is no doubt that these are the best translations of Goethe's marvellously-cut gems 
 which have yet been published." The Times. 
 
 The Book of Ballads. Edited by Bon Gaultier. Eighth 
 
 Edition, with numerous Illustrations, by DOYLE, LEECH, and CROWQUILL. Gilt 
 Edges, Post Octavo, 8s. 6d. 
 
 Firmilian, or the Student of Badajoz. A Spasmodic 
 
 Tragedy. By T. PERCY JONES. In Small Octavo, 5s. 
 
 ' ' Humour of a kind most rare at all times, and especially in the pesent day, runs through 
 every page, and passages of true poetry and delicious versification prevent the continual play of 
 sarcasm from becoming tedious." Literary Gazette. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY W. BLACKWOOD AND SONS, 
 
POETKY 
 
 Poetical Works of Thomas AM. Complete Edition, in 
 
 One Volume, Foolscap Octavo, 6s. 
 
 " Mr Aird is a poet of a very high class, and in that class he occupies no mean or middling place. 
 His imagination is lofty, his invention fertile, his sentiments heroic, and his language generally 
 clear and forcible." Scotsman. 
 
 Poems. By the lady Flora Hastings, Edited hy her 
 
 SISTER. Second Edition, with a Portrait. Foolscap, 7s. 6d. 
 
 The Poems of Felicia Hemans. Complete in one Volume, 
 
 Royal Octavo, with Portrait by Finden, Cheap Edition, 12s. 6'd. Another Edition, 
 with MEMOIE, by her SISTER, Seven Volumes, Foolscap, 35s. Another Edition, 
 in Six Volumes, cloth, gilt edges, 24s. 
 
 " Of no modern writer can it be affirmed with less hesitation, that she has become an English 
 classic ; nor, until human nature becomes very different from what it now is, can we imagine 
 the least probability that the music of her lays will cease to soothe the ear, or the beauty of her 
 sentiment to charm the gentle heart. Blackwood's Magazine. 
 
 The following Works of Mrs HEMANS are sold separately, bound in cloth, gilt edges, 
 
 4s. each: 
 
 RECORDS OF WOMAN. 
 FOREST SANCTUARY. 
 SONGS OF THE AFFECTIONS. 
 
 DRAMATIC WORKS. 
 
 TALES AND HISTORIC SCENES. 
 
 MORAL AND RELIGIOUS POEMS. 
 
 The Odyssey of Homer, Translated into English Verse in 
 
 the Spenserian Stanza. By PHILIP STANHOPE WORSLEY, M.A., Scholar of 
 Corpus Christi College. Two Volumes, Crown Octavo, 18s. 
 
 Poems and Translations, By P. S. Worsley, M.A., 
 
 Scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Foolscap Octavo, 5s. 
 
 Poetical Works of D, M, Moir (Delta), With Portrait, and 
 
 Memoir by THOMAS AIRD. Second Edition. Two Volumes, Foolscap Octavo, 12s. 
 
 Translations by Theodore Martin : 
 
 Goethe's FaUSt. Second Edition, Crown Octavo, 6s. 
 
 The Odes of Horace. With Life and Notes. Second Edition, 
 
 Post 8vo, 9s. 
 
 Catullus. With Life and Notes. Post 8vo, 6s. 6d. 
 
 The Vita Nuova of Dante. With an Introduction and Notes. 
 
 Square 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 Aladdin : A Dramatic Poem. By Adam Oehlenschlaeger. 
 
 Foolscap Octavo, 5s. 
 
 Correggio: A Tragedy. By Oehlenschlaeger. With Notes. 
 
 Foolscap Octavo, 3s. 
 
 King Rene's Daughter: A Danish Lyrical Drama. By 
 
 HENRIK HERTZ. Second Edition, Foolscap, 2s. 6d. 
 
 EDINBURGH AND LONDON. 
 
POETEY 
 
 The Course of Time : A Poem, In Ten Books, By Robert 
 
 POLLOK, A.M. Twenty-third Edition, Foolscap Octavo, 5s. 
 
 " Of deep and hallowed impress, full of noble thoughts and graphic conceptions the produc- 
 tion of a mind alive to the great relations of being, and the sublime simplicity of our religion." 
 Blackwood's Magazine. 
 
 An Illustrated Edition of the Course of Time, In Large 
 
 Octavo, bound in cloth, richly gilt, 21s. 
 
 " There has been no modern poem in the English language, of the class to which the ' Course 
 of Time* belongs, since Milton wrote, that can be compared to it. In the present instance the 
 artistic talents of Messrs FOSTER, CLAYTON, TENNIEL, EVANS, DALZIEL, GREEN, and WOODS, 
 have been employed in giving expression to the sublimity of the language, by equally exquisite 
 illustrations, all of which are of the highest class. " Bell's Messenger. 
 
 Poems and Ballads of ScMller. Translated by Sir Edward 
 
 BULWER LYTTON, Bart. Second Edition, Octavo, 10s. 6d. 
 
 "The translations are executed with consummate ability. The technical difficulties attending 
 a task so great and intricate have been mastered or eluded with a power and patience quite 
 extraordinary ; and the public is put in possession of perhaps the best translation of a foreign 
 poet which exists in our language. Indeed, we know of none so complete and faithful." Morn- 
 ing Chronicle. 
 
 St Stephens ; Or, Illustrations of Parliamentary Oratory, 
 
 A Poem. Comprising Pym Vane Strafford Halifax Shaftesbury St John 
 Sir R. Walpole Chesterfield Carteret Chatham Pitt Fox Burke 
 Sheridan Wilberforce Wyndham Conway Castlereag-h William Lamb 
 (Lord Melbourne) Tierney Lord Grey O'Connell Plunkott Shiel Follett 
 Macaulay Peel. Second Edition. Crown Octavo, 5s. 
 
 Illustrations of the Lyric Poetry and Music of Scotland, 
 
 By WILLIAM STENHOUSE. Originally compiled to accompany the " Scots Musical 
 Museum," and now published separately, with Additional Notes and Illustra- 
 tions. Octavo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 The Birthday, and other Poems, By Mrs Southey, Second 
 
 Edition, 5s. 
 
 Professor "Wilson's Poems, Containing the "Isle of 
 
 Palms," the "City of the Plague," "Unimore," and other Poems. Complete 
 Edition, Crown Octavo, 6s. 
 
 Poems and Songs, By David Vingate, In Pcap. Octavo. 
 
 5s. 
 
 " It contains genuine poetic ore, poems which win for their author a place among Scotland's 
 true sons of song, and such as any man in any country might rejoice to have written. "-London 
 Review. 
 
 " We are delighted to welcome into the brotherhood of real poets a countryman of Burns, and 
 whose verse will go far to render the rougher Border Scottish a classic dialect in our literature." 
 John Bull. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY W. BLACKWOOD AND SONS, 
 
WOEKS OF FICTION 
 
 Tales from " Blackwood," Complete in Twelve Volumes, 
 
 Bound in cloth, 18s. The Volumes are sold separately, Is. 6d., and may be had 
 of most Booksellers, in Six Volumes, handsomely half -bound in red morocco. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 VOL. I. The Glenmutchkin Kail way. Vanderdecken's Message Home. The Floating Beacon. 
 
 Colonna the Painter. Napoleon. A Legend of Gibraltar. The Iron Shroud. 
 VOL. II. Lazaro's Legacy. A Story without a Tail. Faustus and Queen Elizabeth. How I 
 
 became a Yeoman. Devereux Hall. The Metempsychosis. College Theatricals. 
 VOL. III. A Beading Party in the Long Vacation. Father Tom and the Pope. La Petite 
 
 Madelaine. Bob Burke's Duel with Ensign Brady. The Headsman: A Tale of Doom. 
 
 The Wearyful Woman. 
 VOL. IV. How I stood for the Dreepdaily Burghs. First and Last. The Duke's Dilemma : A 
 
 Chronicle of Niesenstein. The Old Gentleman's Teetotum. " Woe to us when we lose the 
 
 Watery Wall." My College Friends : Charles Russell, the Gentleman Commoner. The 
 
 Magic Lay of the One-Horse Chay. 
 VOL. V. Adventures in Texas. How we got possession of the Tuileries. Captain Paton's 
 
 Lament. The Village Doctor. A Singular Letter from Southern Africa. 
 VOL. VI. My Friend the Dutchman. My College Friends No. II. : Horace Leicester. The 
 
 Emerald Studs. My College Friends No. III. : Mr W. Wellington Hurst. Christine : A 
 
 Dutch Story. The Man in the Bell. 
 VOL. VII. My English Acquaintance. The Murderer's Last Night. Narration of Certain 
 
 Uncommon Things that did formerly happen to Me, Herbert Willis, B.D. The Wags. The 
 
 Wet Wooing : A Narrative of '98. Ben-na-Groich. 
 VOL. VIII. The Surveyor's Tale. By Professor Aytoun. The Forrest-Race Romance. Di 
 
 Vasari : A Tale of Florence. Sigismund Fatello. The Boxes. 
 VOL. IX. Rosaura: A Tale of Madrid. Adventure in the North-West Territory. Harry Bol- 
 
 ton's Curacy. The Florida Pirate. The Pandour and his Princess. The Beauty Draught. 
 VOL. X. Antonio di Carara. The Fatal Repast. The Vision of Cagliostro. The First and Last 
 
 Kiss. The Smuggler's Leap. The Haunted and the Haunters. The Duellists. 
 VOL. XI. The Natolian Story-Teller. The First and Last Crime. John Rintoul. Major Moss. 
 
 The Premier and his Wife. 
 
 VOL. XII. Tickler among the Thieves ! The Bridegroom of Bama. The Involuntary Experi- 
 mentalist Lebrun's Lawsuit The Sno wing-up of Strath Lugas. A Few Words on Social 
 
 Philosophy. 
 
 Jessie Cameron : A Highland Story, By the lady Eachel 
 
 BUTLER. Second Edition. Small Octavo, with a Frontispiece, 2s. 6d. 
 
 The Old Bachelor in the Old Scottish Village, By Thomas 
 
 AIRD. Foolscap Octavo, 4s. 
 
 " It is simply a series of village sketches of character, manners, and scenery, but the book is 
 full of a quiet sustained, humour, genuine pathos, simple unaffected poetry, and displays not only 
 fine imaginative power, but a hearty sympathy with nature in all her aspects, and with the 
 simple tastes and pleasures of rustic life. A more delightful book we cannot imagine." Man- 
 chester Advertiser. 
 
 Tara : A Mahratta Tale, By Captain Meadows Taylor, 
 
 3 vols., Post Octavo, 1, 11s. 6d. 
 
 "A picture of Indian life which it is impossible not to admire. We have no hesitation in 
 saying, that a more perfect knowledge of India is to be acquired from an attentive perusal and 
 study of this work, than could be gleaned from a whole library." Press. 
 
 EDINBURGH AND LONDON. 
 
WOKKS OF FICTION 
 
 Tom Cringle's Log, A lew Edition, with Illustrations. 
 
 Crown Octavo, 6s. 
 
 Cheap Editions of Popular Works : 
 
 Lights and Shadows of Scottish Life. Foolscap 8vo, 3s. cloth. 
 
 The Trials of Margaret Lyndsay. By the Author of " Lights and Shadows of 
 Scottish Life." Foolscap 8vo, 3s. cloth. 
 
 The Foresters. By the Author of " Lights and Shadows of Scottish Life." Fools- 
 cap 8vo, 3s. cloth. 
 
 Tom Cringle's Log. Complete in One Volume, Foolscap 8vo, 4s. cloth. 
 
 The Cruise of the Midge. By the Author of " Tom Cringle's Log." In One 
 Volume, Foolscap 8vo, 4s. cloth. 
 
 The Life of Mansie Wauch, Tailor in Dalkeith. Foolcap 8vo, 3s. cloth. 
 
 The Suhaltern. By the Author of "The Chelsea Pensioners." Foolscap 8vo, 3s. 
 cloth. 
 
 Peninsular Scenes and Sketches. By the Author of "The Student of Sala- 
 manca." Foolscap 8vo, 3s. cloth. 
 
 Nights at Mess, Sir Frizzle Pumpkin, and other Tales. Foolscap 8vo, 3s. cloth. 
 
 The Youth and Manhood of Cyril Thornton. By the Author of "Men and 
 Manners in America." Foolscap 8vo, 4s. cloth. 
 
 Valerius : A Roman Story. Foolscap 8vo, 3s. cloth. 
 
 Reginald Dalton. By the Author of "Valerius." Foolscap 8vo, 4s. cloth. 
 
 Some Passages in the Life of Adam Blair, and History of Matthew Wald. 
 
 By the Author of " Valerius." Foolscap 8vo, 4s. cloth. 
 Annals of the Parish, and Ayrshire Legatees. By John Gait. Foolscap 8vo, 
 
 4s. cloth. 
 
 Sir Andrew Wylie. By Jonfr GALT. Foolscap 8vo, 4s. cloth. 
 The Provost, and other Tales. By JOHN GALT. Foolscap 8vo, 4s. cloth. 
 The Entail. By JOHN GALT. Foolscap 8vo, 4s. cloth. 
 Life in the Far West. By G. F. RUXTON. A New Edition. Foolscap 8vo, 4s. 
 
 cloth. 
 
 Works of &eorge Eliot, library Edition : 
 
 Adam Eede. Two Vols., Foolscap Octavo, 12s. 
 
 The Mill on the FIOSS. Two Vols., Foolscap Octavo, 12s. 
 
 Scenes of Clerical Life. Two Vols., Foolscap Octavo, 12s. 
 Silas Marner. Foolscap Octavo, 6s. 
 
 * 
 
 The Same, Cheap Edition, each Complete in One ToL, 
 
 price 6s. 
 
 Adam Bede. 
 
 The Mill on the Floss. 
 
 Scenes of Clerical Life, and Silas Marner. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY W. BLACKWOOD AND SONS, 
 
WOKKS OF FICTION 
 
 Works of Professor Wilson, Edited hy Ms Son-in-law, 
 
 PROFESSOR FERRIER. In Twelve Vols., Crown Octavo, 2, 8, 
 
 Recreations of Christopher North. By Professor Wilson, 
 
 In Two Vols. New Edition, with Portrait, 8s. 
 
 " Welcome, right welcome, Christopher North; we cordially greet thee in thy new dress, thou 
 genial and hearty old man, whose ' Ambrosian nights ' have so often in imagination transported 
 us from solitude to the social circle, and whose vivid pictures of flood and fell, of loch and glen, 
 have carried us in thought from the smoke, din, and pent-up opulence of London, to the rushing 
 stream or tranquil tarn of those mountain ranges," &c. Times. 
 
 The Noctes Amtorosianse, By Professor Wilson, With 
 
 NOTES and a GLOSSARY. In Four Vols., Crown Octavo, 16s. 
 
 Tales, By Professor Wilson, Comprising "The Lights 
 
 and Shadows of Scottish Life ; " " The Trials of Margaret Lyndsay ; " and "The 
 Foresters." In One Vol., Crown Octavo, 4s., cloth. 
 
 Essays, Critical and Imaginative, By Professor Wilson, 
 
 Four Vols., Crown Octavo, 16s. 
 
 lady Lee's Widowhood, By Lieut,-Col, E. B. Hamley. 
 
 Crown Octavo, with 13 Illustrations by the Author. 6s. 
 
 " A quiet humour, an easy, graceful style, a deep, thorough confident knowledge of human 
 nature in its better and more degrading aspects, a delicate and exquisite appreciation of 
 womanly character, an admirable faculty of description, and great tact, are the qualities that 
 command the reader's interest and respect from beginning to end of ' Lady Lee's Widowhood* " 
 The Time*. 
 
 Chronicles of Carlingford : 
 
 Salem Chapel. A New Edition, in one Vol., 5s. 
 
 The Rector, and The Doctor's Family. Do., 4s. 
 The Perpetual Curate. Do., 6s. 
 
 Miss Marjoribanks. 6s. 
 
 "We must pronounce this Carlingford series the best contribution to fiction of recent years 
 lively, pregnant, and rich in imagination, feeling, and eloquence. They will irresistibly 
 carry to the end every reader who ventures upon them." Spectator. 
 
 The Hovels of John &alt viz, : 
 
 Annals of the Parish. 
 
 The Steam Boat. 
 
 Sir Andrew Wylie. 
 
 The Entail, or the Lairds of Grippy. 
 
 Four Volumes, Foolscap Octavo, 4s. each. 
 
 EDINBURGH AND LONDON. 
 
WOBKS OF FICTION 
 
 Complete Library Edition, of Sir Edward Bulwer lytton's 
 
 Novels. In Volumes of a convenient and handsome form. Printed from a large 
 and readable type. Forty-three Vols. Foolscap Octavo, 5s. each. 
 
 "It is of the handiest of sizes; the paper is good; and the type, which seems to be new, is 
 very clear and beautiful. There are no pictures. The whole charm of the presentment of the 
 volume consists in its handiness, and the tempting clearness and beauty of the type, which 
 almost converts into a pleasure the mere act of following the printer's lines, and leaves the 
 author's mind free to exert its unobstructed force upon the reader." Examiner. 
 
 " Nothing could be better as to size, type, paper, and general getting-up." Athenaeum. 
 
 Caxtoniana : A Series of Essays on life, literature, and 
 
 Manners. By SIR EDWARD BULWER LYTTON. Two Vols. Post Octavo, 1, Is. 
 
 "Gems of thought set upon some of the most important subjects that can engage the atten- 
 tion of men. Except in one or two instances, they are so short that they will not tax the appli- 
 cation of even lazy readers, yet there is not one of them that does not contain a lesson worthy of 
 an abiding place on the handiest shelf of memory." Daily News. 
 
 Katie Stewart : A True Story, By Mrs Oliphant, Pcap. 
 
 Octavo, with Frontispiece and Vignette, 4s. 
 
 "A singularly characteristic Scottish story, most agreeable to read and pleasant to recollect. 
 The charm lies in the faithful and lifelike pictures it presents of Scottish character and customs, 
 and manners and modes of life." Tail's Magazine. 
 
 Chapters on Churchyards, By Mrs Southey, Second 
 
 Edition, Foolscap Octavo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 The Wonder Seeker, or the History of Charles Douglas. 
 
 By M. FRASER TYTLER, Author of ' Tales of the Great and Brave/ &c. A New 
 Edition, Foolscap, 3s. 6d. 
 
 Works of Samuel Warren, D.C.L Uniform Edition, Five 
 
 Volumes, Crown Octavo, 24s. : 
 
 The Diary of a late Physician. One Vol., Crown Octavo, 5s. 6d. 
 
 Another Edition, in Two Vols., Foolscap, 12s. Also an Illustrated 
 Edition, in Crown 8vo, handsomely printed, 7s. Cd. 
 
 Ten Thousand A- Year. Two Volumes, Crown Octavo, 9s. Another 
 Edition, in Three Volumes, Foolscap, 18s. 
 
 NOW and Then. Crown Octavo, 2s. 6d. Another Edition, Foolscap, 6s. 
 
 Miscellanies. Crown Octavo, 5s. 
 
 The Lily and the Bee. Crown 8vo, 2s. Another Edition, Foolscap, 5s. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY W. BLACKWOOD AND SONS, 
 
TKAVEL& 
 
 Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Me. By 
 
 J. H. SPEKE, Captain H.M. Indian Army. Octavo, price 21s. With a Map of 
 Eastern Equatorial Africa by CAPTAIN SPEKE; numerous Illustrations, chiefly 
 from Drawings by CAPTAIN GRANT ; and Portraits, engraved on Steel, of CAPTAINS 
 SPEKE and GRANT. 
 
 "The volume which Captain Speke has presented to the world possesses more than a geo- 
 graphical interest. It is a monument of perseverance, courage, and temper displayed under 
 difficulties which have perhaps never been equalled." Times. 
 
 " Captain Speke has not written a noble book so much as he has done a noble deed. The 
 volume which records his vast achievement is but the minor fact the history of his discovery, 
 not the discovery itself : yet even as a literary performance it is worthy of very high praise. It 
 is wholly free from the traces of book manufacture. ... It is, however, a great story that 
 is thus plainly told ; a story of which nearly all the interest lies in the strange facts related, and, 
 more than all, in the crowning fact that it frees us in a large degree from a geographical puzzle 
 which had excited the curiosity of mankind of the most illustrious emperors and communities 
 from very early times." Athenaeum. 
 
 Narrative of the Earl of Elgin's Mission to China and 
 
 Japan. By LAURENCE OLIPHANT, Private Secretary to Lord Elgin. Illustrated 
 with numerous Engravings in Chromo-Lithography, Maps, and Engravings on 
 Wood, from Original Drawings and Photographs. Second Edition. In Two 
 Volumes Octavo, 21s. 
 
 "The volumes in which Mr Oliphant has related these transactions will be read with the 
 strongest interest now, and deserve to retain a permanent place in the literary and historical 
 annals of our time." Edinburgh Review. 
 
 Russian Shores of the Black Sea in the Autumn of 1852, 
 
 with a Voyage down the Volga and a Tour through the Country of the Don 
 Cossacks. By LAURENCE OLIPHANT, Esq. Octavo, with Map and other Illustra- 
 tions. Fourth Edition, 14s. 
 
 Minnesota and the Par West, By Laurence Oliphant, 
 
 Octavo, Illustrated with Engravings, 12s. 6d. 
 
 "It affords us increased knowledge of the extraordinary resources which await the emigrant 
 at the head of the Great American Waters, and is a lively forecast of the prosperity of the States 
 just emerging into existence in the Heart of the Wilderness. Mr Oliphant has foreseen great 
 future events with a clear eye. " The Times. 
 
 The Transcaucasian Campaign of the Turkish Army under 
 
 Omer Pasha : A Personal Narrative. By LAURENCE OLIPHANT, Esq. With Map 
 and Illustrations. Post Octavo, 10s. 6d. 
 
 Egypt, the Soudan, and Central Africa : With Explorations 
 
 from Khartoum on the White Nile to the Eegions of the Equator. By JOHN 
 PETHERICK, F. R.G.S., Her Britannic Majesty's Consul for the Soudan. In Octavo, 
 with a Map, 16s. 
 
 Three Months in the Southern States. April June 1863, 
 
 By LIEUT. -CoL. FREMANTLE. With Portraits of PRESIDENT DAVIS, GENERALS 
 POLK, LEE, LONGSTREET, BEAUREGARD, AND JOHNSTON. Crown Octavo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 "The whole of the book is as well worth reading as that published extract. It conveys a very 
 fair idea of what manner of men they are who are now fighting in the South for their indepen- 
 dence ; and being written in a very unpretending style, it is both an agreeable and valuable 
 glimpse of the interior of the Confederacy." Spectator. 
 
 EDINBURGH AND LONDON. 
 
TEAYELS 
 
 The Punjab and Delhi in 1857 : Being a Narrative of 
 
 the Measures by which the Punjab was saved and Delhi recovered during the 
 Indian Mutiny. By the Rev. J. CAVE-BROWNE, Chaplain of the Punjab Movable 
 Column. With Plans of the Chief Stations and of the different Engagements, 
 and Portraits of Sir J. Lawrence, Bart., Sir H. Edwardes, Sir R. Montgomery, 
 and Brig. Gen. J. Nicholson. Two Volumes, Post Octavo, 21s. 
 
 " To those who wish to possess a condensed narrative of the siege of Delhi, but especially of 
 the heroic doings 01' the handful of Englishmen scattered throughout the Punjab, these volumes 
 recommend themselves by their scrupulous accuracy, while to the future historian of the India 
 of 1857 they will prove invaluable." Allen's Indian Mail. 
 
 ' ' This is a work which will well repay the trouble of perusal. Written by one who was him- 
 self present at many of the scenes he narrates, and who has had free access to the papers of Sir 
 J. Lawrence, Sir R. Montgomery, and Sir H. Edwardes, it comes with all the weight of official 
 authority, and all the vividness of personal narrative. 1 ' Press. 
 
 The Campaign of Garibaldi in the Two Sicilies : A Per- 
 sonal Narrative. By CHARLES STUART FORBES, Commander, R.N. Post Octavo, 
 with Portraits, 12s. 
 
 " A volume which contains the best sketch hitherto published of the campaign which put an 
 end to Bourbon rule in the Two Sicilies. It is accompanied with plans of the chief battles ; and 
 its honest unexaggerated record contrasts very favourably with the strained and showy account 
 of the Garibaldians just published by M. Dumas." Examiner. 
 
 Men and Manners in America, By Capt, Thos, Hamilton, 
 
 With Portrait of the Author. Foolscap, 7s. 6d. 
 
 Notes on North America : Agricultural, Economical, and 
 
 Social. By Professor J. F. W. JOHNSTON. Two Volumes, Post Octavo, 21s. 
 
 "Professor Johnston's admirable Notes. . . . The very best manual for intelligent emi- 
 grants, whilst to the British agriculturist and general reader it conveys a most complete con- 
 ception of the condition of these prosperous region than all that has hitherto been written." 
 Economist. 
 
 Journal of a Tour in Greece and the Ionian Islands, 
 
 By WILLIAM MURE of Caldwell. Two Volumes, Post Octavo, Maps and Plates, 24s. 
 
 A Cruise in Japanese Waters, By Capt. Sherard Osborn, C,B, 
 
 Third Edition. Crown Octavo, 5s. 
 
 life in the Far West, By &, F, Euxton, Esq. 
 
 Second Edition. Foolscap Octavo, 4s. 
 
 " One of the most daring and resolute of travellers. ... A volume fuller of excitement is 
 seldom submitted to the public." Athenceum. 
 
 Narrative of a Journey through Syria and Palestine, 
 
 By Lieut. VAN DE VELDE. Two Volumes Octavo, with Maps, &c., 1, 10s. 
 
 " He has contributed much to knowledge of the country, and the unction with which he speaks 
 of the holy places which he has visited, will commend the book to the notice of all religious 
 readers. His illustrations of Scripture are numerous and admirable. " Daily News. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY W. BLACKWOOD AND SONS, 
 
GEOGKAPHICAL WORKS 
 
 NEW GENERAL ATLAS, 
 
 DEDICATED BY SPECIAL PERMISSION TO HER MAJESTY. 
 
 THE KOYAL ATLAS 
 
 OP 
 
 MODERN GEOGRAPHY 
 
 IN A SERIES OF ENTIRELY ORIGINAL AND AUTHENTIC MAPS. 
 
 BY A. KEITH JOHNSTON, F.R.S.E. F.R.G.S. 
 
 Author of the " Physical Atlas," &c. 
 
 With a complete Index of easy reference to each Map, comprising nearly 
 150,000 Places contained in this Atlas. 
 
 Imperial Folio, half -bound in russia or morocco, 5, 15s. 6d. 
 
 Athenaeum, August 10, 1861. 
 
 Under the name of "The Royal Atlas of Modern Geography," Messrs Blackwood and Sons 
 have published a book of maps, which for care of drawing and beauty of execution appears to 
 leave nothing more to hope for or desire. Science and art have done their best upon this mag- 
 nificent book. Mr A. Keith Johnston answers for the engraving and printing : to those who 
 love clear forms and delicate bold type we need say no more. All that maps should be, these 
 
 maps are : honest, accurate, intelligible guides to narrative or description Of the 
 
 many noble atlases prepared by Mr Johnston and published by Messrs Blackwood and Sons, 
 this Royal Atlas will be the most useful to the public, and will deserve to be the most popular. 
 
 Saturday Review. 
 
 The completion of Mr Keith Johnston's Royal Atlas of Modern Geography claims a special notice 
 at our hands. While Mr Johnston's maps are certainly unsurpassed by any for legibility and 
 uniformity of drawing, as well as for accuracy and judicious selection, this eminent geographer's 
 Atlas has a distinguishing merit in the fact that each map is accompanied by a special index of 
 remarkable fulness. The labour and trouble of reference are in this way reduced to a minimum. 
 . . . . The number of places enumerated in the separate indices is enormous. We believe, 
 indeed, that every name which appears in the maps is registered in the tables ; and as each 
 place is indicated by two letters, which refer to the squares formed by the parallels of latitude 
 
 and longitude, the method of using the index is extremely easy and convenient We 
 
 know no series of maps which we can more warmly recommend. The accuracy, wherever we 
 have attempted to put it to the test, is really astonishing. 
 
 Morning Herald. 
 
 The culmination of all attempts to depict the face of the world appears in the Royal Atlas, 
 than which it is impossible to conceive anything more perfect. 
 
 Guardian. 
 
 This is, beyond question, the most splendid and luxurious, as well as the most useful and 
 complete of all existing atlases. 
 
 Examiner. 
 
 There has not, we believe, been produced for general public use a body of maps equal in 
 beauty and completeness to the Royal Atlas just issued by Mr A. K. Johnston. 
 
 Scotsman. 
 
 An almost daily reference to, and comparison of, it with others, since the publication of the 
 first part some two years ago until now, enables us to say, without the slightest hesitation, that 
 this is by far the most complete and authentic atlas that has yet been issued. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY W. BLACKWOOD AND SONS, 
 
GEOGRAPHICAL WORKS 
 
 Index Greographicus : Being a list, Alphabetically ar- 
 
 RANGED, of the PRINCIPAL PLACES ON THE GLOBE, with the COUNTRIES AND 
 SUBDIVISIONS OF THE COUNTRIES IN WHICH THEY ARE SITUATED, and their LATI- 
 TUDES AND LONGITUDES. Compiled specially with reference to KEITH JOHN- 
 STON'S ROYAL ATLAS, but applicable to all Modern Atlases and Maps. In One 
 Volume Imperial Octavo, pp. 676, price 21s. 
 
 The Physical Atlas of Natural Phenomena, By Alex. 
 
 KEITH JOHNSTON, F.R.S.E., &c., Geographer to the Queen for Scotland. A New 
 and Enlarged Edition, consisting of 35 Folio Plates, 27 smaller ones, printed in 
 Colours, with 135 pages of Letterpress, and Index. 
 
 SUBJECTS TREATED OK. 
 
 Geography and Orography, .... 11 Plates. 
 
 Hydrography, 6 
 
 Meteorology and Magnetism, .... 6 
 
 Botanical Geography, 2 
 
 Zoological Geography, 6 
 
 Ethnology and Statistics, 4 
 
 Imperial Folio, half-bound morocco, 8, 8s. 
 
 "The Physical Atlas of Mr Keith Johnston a perfect treasure of compressed information." 
 Sir John Herschel. 
 
 " There is no map in this noble Atlas upon which we might not be tempted to write largely. 
 Almost every one suggests a volume of reflection, and suggests it by presenting, in a few hours, 
 accurate truths which it would be the labour of a volume to enforce in words, and by imprinting 
 them, at the same time, upon the memory with such distinctness that their outlines are not 
 likely to be afterwards eifaced. The ' Physical Atlas ' is a somewhat costly work, reckoning it 
 only by its paper ; but upon its paper is stamped an amount of knowledge that could scarcely be 
 acquired without the reading of as many books as would cost seven times the price." Examiner. 
 
 "This Atlas ought to have a place in every good library. ... We know of no work con- 
 taining such copious and exact information as to all the physical circumstances of the earth on 
 which we live. " Quarterly Review. 
 
 The Physical Atlas. By Alexander Keith Johnston, 
 
 F.R.S.E., F.R.G.S., Geographer to the Queen for Scotland. Reduced from the 
 Imperial Folio. This Edition Contains Twenty-Five Maps, including a Palae- 
 ontological and Geological Map of the British Islands, with Descriptive Letter- 
 press, and a very copious Index. . In Imperial Quarto, half-bound morocco, 
 2, 12s. 6d. 
 
 " Executed with remarkable care, and is as accurate, and, for all educational purposes, as valu- 
 able as the splendid large work (by the same author) which has now a European reputation." 
 Eclectic Review. 
 
 Atlas of Scotland, 31 Maps of the Counties of Scotland, 
 
 coloured. Bound in roan, price 10s. 6d. Each County may be had separately, 
 in Cloth Case, Is. 
 
 A Geological Map of Europe, exhibiting the different 
 
 Systems of Rocks according to the latest researches, and from Inedited 
 materials. By Sir R. I. MURCHISON, D.C.L., F.R.S., &c., Director-General of 
 the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland ; and JAMES NICOL, F.R.S.E., 
 F.G.S., Professor of Natural History in the University of Aberdeen. Constructed 
 by ALEX. KEITH JOHNSTON, F.R.S.E., &c., Geographer to the Queen, Author of 
 the '"Physical Atlas," &c. Scale, j~^ of Nature, 76 miles to an inch. Four 
 Sheets Imperial, beautifully printed in Colours. Size, 4 feet 2 inches by 3 feet 5 
 inches. In Sheets, 3, 3s ; in a Cloth Case, 4to, 3, 10s. 
 
 EDINBURGH AND LONDON. 
 
GEOGRAPHICAL WOEKS 
 
 Keith Johnston's School Atlases : 
 
 i. 
 
 General and Descriptive Geography, exhibiting the Actual 
 
 and Comparative Extent of all the Countries in the World, with their 
 present Political Divisions. A New and Enlarged Edition. Corrected to 
 the present time. With a complete Index. 26 Maps. Half-bound, 12s. 6d. 
 
 II. 
 
 Physical Geography, illustrating, in a Series of Original 
 
 Designs the Elementary Facts of Geology, Hydrology, Meteorology, and 
 Natural History. A New and Enlarged Edition. 20 Maps, including 
 coloured Geological Maps of Europe and of the British Isles. Half-bound, 
 12s. 6d. 
 
 Hi. 
 
 Classical Geography: Comprising, in Twenty-three Plates, 
 
 Maps and Plans of all the important Countries and Localities referred to 
 by Classical Authors ; accompanied by a pronouncing Index of Places, by T. 
 HARVEY, M.A. Oxon. A New and Revised Edition. Half-bound, 12s. 6d. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Astronomy. Edited by J. R. Hind, Esq., F.R.A.S., &c. 
 
 Notes and Descriptive Letterpress to each Plate, embodying all recent 
 Discoveries in Astronomy. 18 Maps. Half-bound, 12s. 6d. 
 
 V. 
 
 Elementary School Atlas of General and Descriptive Geogra- 
 phy for the Use of Junior Classes. A New and Cheaper Edition. 20 Maps, 
 including a Map of Canaan and Palestine. Half-bound, 5s. 
 
 " They are as superior to all School Atlases within our knowledge, as were the larger works 
 of the same Author in advance of those that preceded them." Educational Times. 
 
 " Decidedly the best School Atlases we have ever seen." English Journal of Education. 
 
 "... The Physical A tlas seems to us particularly well executed. . . . The last gene- 
 ration had no such help to learning as is afforded in these excellent elementary maps. The Class- 
 ical Atlas is a great improvement on what has usually gone by that name ; not only is it fuller, 
 but in some cases it gives the same country more than once in different periods of time. Thus it 
 approaches the special value of a historical atlas. . . . The General Atlas is wonderfully full 
 and accurate for its scale. . . . Finally, the Astronomical A tlas, in which Mr Hind is respon- 
 sible for the scientific accuracy of the maps, supplies an admitted educational want. No better 
 companion to an elementary astronomical treatise could be found than this cheap and convenient 
 collection of maps." Saturday Review. 
 
 " The plan of these Atlases is admirable, and the excellence of the plan is rivalled by the beauty 
 of the execution. . . . The best security for the accuracy and substantial value of a School 
 Atlas is to have it from the hands of a man like our Author, who has perfected his skill by the 
 execution of much larger works, and gained a character which he will be careful not to jeopar- 
 dise by attaching his name to anything that is crude, slovenly, or superficial." Scotsman. 
 
 Atlas of Plans of Countries, Battles, Sieges, & Sea-Fights, 
 
 Illustrative of the History of Europe from the Commencement of the French 
 Revolution to the Battle of Waterloo. Constructed by A. KEITH JOHNSTON, 
 F.R.S.E., &c. &c. With Vocabulary of Military and Marine Terms. 109 
 Plates, Demy Quarto, price 3, 3s. Another Edition, in Crown Quarto, 
 1, 11s. 6d. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY W. BLACKWOOD AND SONS, 
 
GEOGRAPHICAL WORKS 
 
 A lew Map of Europe, By A, Keith Johnston, O,,S,E,, 
 
 F.RG.S., Geographer to the Queen. The Map is fully coloured, and measures 
 4 feet 2 inches by 3 feet 5 inches. Price, mounted on Cloth and Mahogany 
 Roller, Varnished, or Folded in Quarto in a handsome Cloth Case, 21s. 
 
 Geological Map of Scotland, From the most Recent Au- 
 thorities and Personal Observations. By JAMES NICOL, F.R.S.E., &c., Profes- 
 sor of Natural History in the University of Aberdeen. With Explanatory Notes. 
 The Topography by ALEXANDER KEITH JOHNSTON, F.R.S.E., &c. Scale, 10 
 miles to an inch. In Cloth Case, 21s. 
 
 A Small Geological Map of Europe, From Keith John- 
 
 ETON'S School " Physical Atlas." Printed in Colours, Sixpence. 
 
 A Geological Map of the British Isles, Prom the same, 
 
 Printed in Colours, Sixpence. 
 
 Hand Atlases : Being the Maps of Keith Johnston's School 
 
 Atlases on Large Paper, and half-bound, full size, Imperial Quarto. 
 
 Physical Geography : Illustrating, in a Series of Original 
 
 Designs, the Elementary Facts of Geology, Hydrology, Meteorology, and 
 Natural History. In Imperial Quarto, half-bound morocco, 25s. 
 
 Classical Geography: Comprising, in Twenty-three Plates, 
 
 Maps and Plans of all the important Countries and Localities referred to 
 by Classical Authors. In Imperial Quarto, half-bound morocco, 25s. 
 
 General and Descriptive Geography : Exhibiting the Actual 
 
 and Comparative extent of all the Countries in the World, with their pre- 
 sent political divisions. New and 'Enlarged Edition. In Imperial Quarto, 
 half-bound morocco, 25s. 
 
 Astronomy: Comprising, in Eighteen Plates, a Complete 
 
 Series of Illustrations of the Heavenly Bodies, drawn with the greatest care 
 from Original and Authentic Documents. By ALEX. KEITH JOHNSTON, 
 F.K.S.E. &c. Edited by J. R. HIND, F.R.A.S., &c. In Imperial Quarto, 
 half-morocco, 21s. 
 
 " The Atlas is undoubtedly the most beautiful work of its class that has ever been published 
 and in several respects the most instructive. " The Astronomer Royal. 
 
 "To say that Mr Hind's Atlas is the best thing of the kind is not enough it has no com- 
 petitor. " A thenceum. 
 
 Geological and Palseontological Map of the British 
 
 Islands, including Tables of the Fossils of the different Epochs, &c. &c., from 
 the Sketches and Notes of Professor EDWARD FORBES. With Illustrative and 
 Explanatory Letterpress. 21s. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY W. BLACKWOOD AND SONS, 
 
AGEICULTUKAL AND KUKAL AFFAIKS 
 
 The Book of the Farm, Detailing the labours of the 
 
 Farmer, Farm-Steward, Ploughman, Shepherd, Hedger, Cattle- man, Field- worker, 
 and Dairymaid, and forming a safe Monitor for Students in Practical Agriculture. 
 By HENRY STEPHENS, F.R.S.E. Two Volumes, Royal Octavo, 3, handsomely 
 bound in cloth, with upwards of 600 Illustrations. 
 
 "The best book I have ever met with." Professor Johnston. 
 
 "We have thoroughly examined these volumes ; but to give a full notice of their varied and 
 valuable contents would occupy a larger space than we can conveniently devote to their dis- 
 cussion ; we therefore, in general terms, commend them to the careful study of every young 
 man who wishes to become a good practical farmer. rimes. 
 
 The Book of Farm Implements and Machines, By James 
 
 SLIGHT and R. SCOTT BURN. Edited by HENRY STEPHENS, F. R. S. E. Illus- 
 trated with 876 Engravings. Royal Octavo, uniform with the " Book of the 
 Farm," half-bound, 2, 2s. 
 
 The Book of Farm Buildings : their Arrangement and 
 
 Construction. By HENRY STEPHENS, F.R.S.E., and R. SCOTT BURN. Royal 
 
 Octavo, with 1045 Illustrations. Uniform with the " Book of the Farm." Half- 
 ' bound, 1, 11s. 6d. 
 
 The Book of the Garden. By Charles M'Intosh. In Two 
 
 large Volumes, Royal Octavo, embellished with 1353 Engravings. 
 
 Each Volume may le had separately viz. 
 
 I. ARCHITECTURAL and ORNAMENTAL. On the Formation of Gardens Con- 
 
 struction, Heating, and Ventilation of Fruit and Plant Houses, Pits, Frames, and 
 other Garden Structures, with Practical Details. Illustrated by 1073 Engravings, 
 pp. 776. 2, 10s. 
 
 II. PRACTICAL GARDENING, Contains Directions for the Culture of the Kitchen 
 Garden, the Hardyrfruit Garden, the Forcing Garden, and Flower Garden, includ- 
 ing Fruit and Plant Houses, with Select Lists of Vegetables, Fruits, and Plants. 
 Pp. 868, with 279 Engravings. 1, 17s. 6d. 
 
 " In the construction of every kind of building required in a garden, the ' structural ' section 
 of the work will be found to contain a large amount of information suitable alike for buildings 
 and gardens. Mr M'Intosh being himself one of the most experienced garden architects of our 
 time, minute details are given, so that the expense of even a pit, up to a garden replete with 
 every necessary erection, may be at once ascertained, a matter of no small importance to gentle- 
 men about either to form new gardens, or improve such as already exist. ... On the whole, 
 this volume on structural gardening, both in compilation and artistical execution, deserves our 
 warmest commendation. 
 
 " The second volume is of a cultural character, and has been got up with great care and re- 
 search. It embodies the opinions and practice of the older writers on Horticulture, and also, 
 what is of more importance, the experience of our eminent modern gardeners on the subject, 
 together with the opinions of our author, who has studied and practised the art for upwards of 
 half a century, both in this country and on the Continent. . . . We therefore feel justified 
 in recommending Mr M'Intosh's two excellent volumes to the notice of the public." Gardeners' 
 Chronicle. 
 
 EDINBURGH AND LONDON. 
 
AGEICULTUKAL AND ETJEAL AFFAIES 
 
 Practical System of Farm Book-Keeping : Being that re- 
 commended in the " Book of the Farm" by H. STEPHENS. Eoyal Octavo, 2s. 6d. 
 Also, SEVEN FOLIO ACCOUNT-BOOKS, printed and ruled in accordance with the 
 System, the whole being specially adapted for keeping, by an easy and accurate 
 method, an account of all the transactions of the Farm. A detailed Prospectus 
 may be had from the Publishers. Price of the complete set of Eight Books, 
 1, 4s. 6d. Also, A LABOUR ACCOUNT OF THE ESTATE, 2s. 6d. 
 
 "We have no hesitation in saying, that of the many systems of keeping farm-accounts which 
 are in vogue, there is not one which will bear comparison with that just issued by Messrs Black- 
 wood, according to the recommendations of Mr Stephens, in his invaluable ' Book of the Farm.' 
 The great characteristic of this system is its simplicity. When once the details are mastered, which 
 it will take very little trouble to accomplish, it will be prized as the clearest method to show 
 the profit and loss of business, and to prove how the soundest and surest calculations can be 
 arrived at. We earnestly recommend a trial of the entire series of books they must be used 
 as a whole to be thoroughly profitable for we are convinced the verdict of our agricultural friends 
 who make such a trial will speedily accord with our own." Bell's Messenger. 
 
 Agricultural Statistics of Scotland, Report by the High- 
 land and Agricultural Society of Scotland to the Board of Trade, for 1855, 1856, 
 and 1857. Is. 6d. each. 
 
 Ainslie's Treatise on Land-Surveying, A new and enlarged 
 
 Edition, edited by WILLIAM GALBRAITH, M:A., F.R. A.S. One Volume, Octavo, 
 with a Volume of Plates in Quarto, 21s. 
 
 "The best book on surveying with which I am acquainted." W. RUTHERFORD, LL.D.,F.R.A.S., 
 Eoyal Military Academy, Woolwich. 
 
 Reports of the Association for Promoting Improvement in 
 
 the Dwellings and Domestic Condition of Agricultural Labourers in Scotland. 
 Seven Reports, 1855-61. Is. each. 
 
 The Forester: A Practical Treatise on the Planting, 
 
 Rearing, and Management of Forest Trees. By JAMES BROWN, Wood Manager 
 to the Earl of Seafield. Third Edition, greatly enlarged, with numerous Engrav- 
 ings on Wood. Royal Octavo, 30s. 
 
 "What we have often stated in these columns we now repeat, that the book before us is. the 
 most useful guide to good Arboriculture in the English language. The Author is a man of great 
 experience hi Scotch forestry, and, moreover, is well grounded in the science of tree cultivation ; 
 so that he does not fall into the mistakes which mere theorists, or mere practicals, have each 
 committed on so large a scale, in too many great places. We will even add, that it has been to 
 the advice and instruction given in two former editions of the ' Forester," now exhausted, that 
 the general improvement in timber management may be fairly ascribed." Gardeners' Chronicle. 
 
 "Beyond all doubt this is the best work on the subject of Forestry extant." Gardeners' 
 Journal. 
 
 Handbook of the Mechanical Arts concerned in the Con- 
 
 struction and Arrangement of Dwellings and other Buildings ; Including Car^ 
 pentry, Smith-work, Iron-framing, Brick-making, Columns, Cements, Well-sink- 
 ing, Enclosing of Land, Road-making, &c. By R. SCOTT BURN. Crown Octavo, 
 with 504 Engravings on Wood, 6s. 6d. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY W. BLACKWOOD AND SONS, 
 
AGRICULTURAL AND EURAL AFFAIES 
 
 The Tear-Book of Agricultural Facts, 1859 and 1860. 
 
 Edited by R. SCOTT BURN. Foolscap Octavo, 5s. each. 1861 and 1862, 4s. each. 
 
 Practical Ventilation, as applied to Public, Domestic, and 
 
 Agricultural Structures. By R. SCOTT BURN, Engineer. 6s. 
 
 Dwellings for the Working Classes : their Construction and 
 
 Arrangement; with Plans, Elevations, and Specifications, suggestive of Structures 
 adapted to the Agricultural and Manufacturing Districts. By R. SCOTT BURN. 
 Quarto, with numerous Diagrams, 3s. 
 
 The West of Ireland as a Field for Investment. By James 
 
 CAIRD, Farmer, Baldoon. Octavo, with a Map, 6s. 
 
 The Practical Planter: Containing Directions for the 
 
 Planting of Waste Land and Management of Wood, with a new Method of Rear- 
 ing the Oak. By THOMAS CRUIKSHANK, Forester at Careston. Octavo, 12s. 
 
 Elkington's System of Draining : A Systematic Treatise 
 
 on the Theory and Practice of Draining Land, adapted to the various Situations 
 and Soils of England and Scotland, drawn up from the Communications of Joseph 
 Elkington, by J. JOHNSTONE. Quarto, 10s. 6d. 
 
 Trigonometrical Surveying, Levelling, and Railway En- 
 gineering. By WILLIAM GALBRAITH, M.A. Octavo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 The Preparation of Cooked Food for the Fattening of 
 
 Cattle, and the advantage of Using it along with Cut Straw, Hay, Turnips, or 
 other Vegetables. By THOMAS HARKNESS. 6d. 
 
 Journal of Agriculture, and Transactions of the Highland 
 
 AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF SCOTLAND. 
 
 OLD SERIES, 1828 to 1843, 21 vols 330 
 
 NEW SERIES, 1843 to 1851, 8 vols. . . . . 220 
 
 The Rural Economy of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 
 
 By LEONCE DE; LAVERGNE. Translated from the French. With Notes by a 
 Scottish Farmer. In Octavo, 12s. 
 
 "One of the best works on the philosophy of agricultxire and of agricultural political 
 economy that has appeared. " Spectator. 
 
 On the Management of Landed Property in the Highlands 
 
 of Scotland. By GEORGE G. MACKAT, C.E. Crown Octavo, Is. 6d. 
 
 EDINBURGH AND LONDON. 
 
AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL AFFAIRS 
 
 Professor Johnston's "Works : 
 
 Experimental Agriculture. Being the Results of Past, and 
 
 Suggestions for Future, Experiments in Scientific and Practical Agriculture. 
 8s. 
 
 Elements of Agricultural Chemistry and Geology. Eighth 
 
 Edition, 6s. 6d. 
 
 "Nothing hitherto published has at all equalled it, both as regards true science and sound 
 common sense." Quarterly Journal of Agriculture. 
 
 A Catechism of Agricultural Chemistry and Geology. Fifty- 
 seventh Edition, Is. 
 
 "The extent to which this little Catechism has been circulated at home, its translation into 
 nearly every European language, and its introduction into the Schools of Germany, Holland, 
 Flanders, Italy, Sweden, Poland, and South and North America, while it has been gratifying to 
 the Author, has caused him to take additional pains in improving and adding to the amount of 
 useful information, in the present edition." Preface. 
 
 On the Use of Lime in Agriculture. 
 
 6s. 
 
 Instructions for the Analysis of Soils. 
 
 Fourth Edition, 2s. 
 
 An Inquiry into the Nature and Cause of the Prevailing 
 
 Disease and Present Condition of the Larch Plantations in Great Britain. By 
 CHARLES M<!NTOSH, Associate of the Linnaean Society, &c. &c. In Crown Octavo, 
 5s. 
 
 View of the Salmon-Fishery of Scotland, With Obsenra- 
 
 tions on the Nature, Habits, and Instincts of the Salmon, and on the Law as 
 affecting the Eights of Parties, &c. &c. By the Late MURDO MACKENZIE, Esq. 
 of Cardross and Dundonald. In Octavo, 5s. 
 
 On the Management of Bees, By Dr Mackenzie, Eileanach, 
 
 Foolscap, 4d. 
 
 The Chemistry of Vegetable and Animal Physiology. By 
 
 Dr J. G. MULDER, Professor of Chemistry in the University of Utrecht. With 
 an Introduction and Notes by PROFESSOR JOHNSTON. 22 Plates. Octavo, 30s. 
 
 The Grasses of Britain, Illustrated by 140 Figures, Drawn 
 
 and Engraved by the Author. By R. PARNELL, M.D., F.R.S.E. This work con- 
 tains a Figure and full description of every Grass found in Britain, with their 
 Uses in Agriculture. Royal Octavo, 42s. 
 
 The Relative Value of Round and Sawn Timber, shown 
 
 by means of Tables and Diagrams. By JAMES RAIT, Land-Steward at Castle- 
 Forbes. Royal Octavo, 8s., hf.-bd. 
 
 EDINBURGH AND LONDON. 
 
AGRICULTUKAL AND EUEAL AFFAIES 
 
 Dairy Management and Feeding of Milch Cows : Being the 
 
 recorded Experience of Mrs AGNES SCOTT, Winkston, Peebles. Second Edition. 
 Foolscap, Is. 
 
 Italian Irrigation : A Beport addressed to the Hon. the 
 
 Court of Directors of the East India Company, on the Agricultural Canals of 
 Piedmont and Lombardy ; with a Sketch of the Irrigation System of Northern 
 and Central India. By Lieut. -Col. BAIRD SMITH, C.B. Second Edition. Two 
 Volumes, Octavo, with Atlas in Folio, 30s. 
 
 The Architecture of the Earm : A Series of Designs for 
 
 Farm Houses, Farm Steadings, Factors' Houses, and Cottages. By JOHN STAR- 
 FORTH, Architect. Sixty-two Engravings. In Medium Quarto, 2, 2s. 
 " One of the most useful and beautiful additions to Messrs Blackwood's extensive and valuable 
 library of agricultural and rural economy." Morning Pott. 
 
 The Tester Beep land-Culture : Being a Detailed Account 
 
 of the Method of Cultivation which has been successfully practised for several 
 years by the Marquess of Tweeddale at Tester. By HENRY STEPHENS, Esq., 
 F.R.S.E., Author of the ' Book of the Farm.' In Small Octavo, with Engravings 
 on Wood, 4s. 6d. 
 
 A Manual of Practical Draining, By Henry Stephens, 
 
 F.R.S.E., Author of the < Book of the Farm.' Third Edition, Octavo, 5s. 
 
 A Catechism of Practical Agriculture, By Henry Stephens, 
 
 F.R.S.E., Author of the 'Book of the Farm,' &c. In Crown Octavo, with Illus- 
 trations, Is. 
 
 "We feel perfectly assured that this Catechism is precisely the thing which at this moment 
 is wanted in every rural and national school in England, more especially since the question 
 has arisen, How is it possible to educate skilled agricultural labourers more in the direction of 
 their art and occupation, and to render the school more subservient to the field and the farm- 
 yard?" Nottingham Guardian. 
 
 A Handy Book on Property law, By lord St Leonards, 
 
 A new Edition, enlarged, with Index, and Portrait of the Author. Crown Octavo, 
 3s. 6d. 
 
 " Less than 200 pages serve to arm us with the ordinary precautions to which we should at- 
 tend in selling, buying, mortgaging, leasing, settling, and devising estates. We are informed 
 of our relations to our property, to our wives and children, and of our liabilities as trustees or 
 executors, in a little book for the million, a book which the author tenders to the profanum vwL~ 
 gus as even capable of ' beguiling a few hours in a railway carriage.' " Times. 
 
 The Practical Irrigator and Drainer. By &eorge Stephens. 
 
 Octavo, 8s. 6d. 
 
 EDINBURGH AND LONDON. 
 
AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL AFFAIRS 
 
 The Planter's &uide, By Sir Henry Steuart, A lew 
 
 Edition, with the Author's last Additions and Corrections. Octavo, with En- 
 gravings, 21s. 
 
 Stable Economy : A Treatise on the Management of Horses, 
 
 By JOHN STEWART, V.S. Seventh Edition, 6s. 6d. 
 
 " Will always maintain its position as a standard work upon the management of horses." 
 Mark Lane Express. 
 
 Advice to Purchasers of Horses, By John Stewart, T,S. 
 
 18mo, plates, 2s. 6d. 
 
 Agricultural labourers, as they Were, Are, and Should be, 
 
 in their Social Condition. By the Rev. HARRY STUART, A. M., Minister of Oath- 
 law. Octavo, Second Edition, Is. 
 
 A Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the Grape 
 
 VINE. By WILLIAM THOMSON, Gardener to His Grace the Duke of Buccleuch, 
 Dalkeith Park. Fourth Edition, Octavo, 5s. 
 
 The Moor and the Loch, Containing Minute Instructions 
 
 in all Highland Sports, with "Wanderings over Crag and Correi, Flood and Fell. 
 By JOHN COLQUHOUN, Esq. Third Edition, in Octavo, with Illustrations, 12s. 6d. 
 
 Salmon-Casts and Stray Shots : Being Ply-Leaves from the 
 
 Note-Book of JOHN COLQUHOUN, Esq., Author of the " Moor and the Loch," &c. 
 Second Edition, Foolscap Octavo, 5s. 
 
 Coquet -Dale Pishing Songs. Now first collected by a 
 
 North-Country Angler, with the Music of the Airs. Octavo, 5s. 
 
 The Angler's Companion to the Rivers and Lochs of 
 
 SCOTLAND. By T. T. STODDART. With Map of the Fishing Streams and Lakes 
 of Scotland. Second Edition. Crown Octavo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 " Indispensable in all time to come, as the very strength and graco of an angler's tackle and 
 equipment in Scotland* must and will be STODDART'S ANGLER'S COMPANION." Blackwood's 
 Magazine. 
 
 Shooter's Diary or &ame Book for recording the quantity 
 
 of Grouse Killed, and Time and Place, Number of Guns, Names of Parties, how 
 disposed of, &c. Octavo, bound in red leather, 4s. 
 
 Angler's Diary for recording the quantity of Pish Killed, 
 
 &c. Octavo, bound in green leather, 4s. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY W. BLACKWOOD AND SONS, 
 
WORKS ON SCIENCE 
 
 The Chemistry of Common Life, By Professor J, P, W, 
 
 JOHNSTON. A new Edition. Edited by G. H. LEWES, Author of " Sea-side 
 Studies," &c. With 113 Illustrations on Wood, and a Copious Index. Two 
 Volumes, Crown Octavo, 11s. 6d. 
 
 " It is just one of those books which will best serve to show men how minute is the provision 
 which has been made for human support, and that if the laws prescribed by Nature are duly 
 observed, she, on her part, will see to it that her functions are performed with fidelity and suc- 
 cess." Durham Chronicle. 
 
 The Physiology of Common life, By G-eorge H, Lewes, 
 
 Author of " Sea-side Studies," &c. Illustrated with numerous Engravings. Two 
 Volumes, 12s. 
 
 CONTENTS : Hunger and Thirst. Food and Drink. Digestion and Indigestion. The Struc- 
 ture and Uses of the Blood. The Circulation. Respiration and Suffocation. Why we 
 are warm, and how we keep so. Feeling and Thinking. The Mind and the Brain. Our 
 Senses and Sensations. Sleep and Dreams. The Qualities we Inherit from our Parents. 
 Life and Death. 
 
 Sea-Side Studies at Hfracombe, Tenby, the Scilly Isles, 
 
 and Jersey. By GEORGE H. LEWES, Author of "A Biographical History of 
 Philosophy," &c. Second Edition. Crown Octavo, with Illustrations, and a 
 Glossary of Technical Terms, 6s. 6d. 
 
 Introductory Text-Book of Physical Geography, By 
 
 DAVID PAGE, F.R.S.E., F.G.S. ; Author of ' Introductory and Advanced Text- 
 Books of Geology,' &c. With Illustrative Sketch-Maps and Glossarial Index. 
 Crown Octavo, price 2s. Second Edition. 
 
 " We believe, indeed, that many will be induced to enter on the study from a perusal of this 
 little work. The divisions of the subject are so clearly defined, the explanations are so lucid, 
 the relations of one portion of the subject to another are so satisfactorily shown, and, above all, 
 the bearing of the allied sciences to Physical Geography are brought out with so much precision, 
 that every reader will feel that difficulties have been removed, and the path of study smoothed 
 before him." Athenceum. 
 
 Introductory Text-Book of (Jeology, By David Page, F.&.S. 
 
 With Engravings on Wood and Glossarial Index. Sixth Edition, Is. 9d. 
 " Of late it has not often been our good fortune to examine a text-book on science of which 
 we could express an opinion so entirely favourable as we are enabled to do of Mr Page's little 
 work. ' ' A thenceum. 
 
 Advanced Text-Book of &eology, Descriptive and Indus- 
 trial. By DAVID PAGE, F.G.S. With Engravings and Glossary of Scientific 
 Terms. Third Edition, Ee vised and Enlarged, 6s. 
 
 " It is therefore with unfeigned pleasure that we record our appreciation of his ' Advanced 
 Text-Book of Geology.' We have carefully read this truly satisfactory book, and do not hesitate 
 to say that it is an excellent compendium of the great facts of Geology, and written in a truth- 
 ful and philosophic spirit." Edinburgh Philosophical Journal. 
 
 " We know of no introduction containing a larger amount of information in the same space, 
 and which we could more cordially recommend to the geological student." Athenceum.. 
 
 " An admirable book on Geology. It is from no invidious desire to underrate other works- 
 it is the simple expression of justice which causes us to assign to Mr Page's ' Advanced Text- 
 Book ' the very first place among geological works addressed to students." Leader. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY W. BLACKWOOD AND SONS, 
 
WOEKS ON SCIENCE 
 
 The Geological Examinator: A Progressive Series of Ques- 
 
 tions adapted to the Introductory and Advanced Text-Books of Geology. Pre- 
 pared to assist Teachers in framing their Examinations, and Students in testing 
 their own Progress and Proficiency. By DAVID PAGE, F.G.S. 6d. 
 
 Handbook of Geological Terms, Geology, and Physical Geo- 
 graphy. By DAVID PAGE, F.G.S. Second Edition, Crown Octavo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 The Past and Present Life of the Globe : Being a Sketch 
 
 in Outline of- the World's Life-System. By DAVID PAGE, F.G.S., Author of 
 " Text-Books of Geology," &c. In Crown Octavo, 6s. With Fifty Illustrations, 
 Drawn and Engraved expressely for this Work. 
 
 A Glossary of Navigation, Containing the Definitions and 
 
 Propositions of the Science, Explanation of Terms, and Description of Instru- 
 ments. By the Rev. J. B. HAEBOED, M.A., St John's College, Cambridge; 
 Chaplain and Naval Instructor, Royal Navy. Illustrated with Diagrams. 
 Price 6s. 
 
 A Nomenclature of Colours, applicable to the Arts and 
 
 Natural Sciences, to Manufactures, and other Purposes of General Utility. By 
 D. R. HAY, F.R.S.E. 228 examples of Colours, Hues, Tints, and Shades. Octavo, 
 3, 3s. 
 
 The Geology of Pennsylvania : A Government Survey ; 
 
 with a General View of the Geology of the United States, Essays on the Coal 
 Formation and its Fossils, and a Description of the Coal-Fields of North America 
 and Great Britain. By Professor HENRY DAEWIN ROGEES, F.R.S., F.G.S., Pro- 
 fessor of Natural History in the University of Glasgow. With Seven large Maps, 
 and numerous Illustrations engraved on Copper and on Wood. In Three Volumes, 
 Royal Quarto, 8, 8s. 
 
 Introduction to Meteorology. By David P. Thomson, M.D. 
 
 Octavo, with Engravings, 14s. 
 
 Five Place logarithms. Arranged by E, Sang, F.R.S.E, 
 
 6d. 
 
 Fortification : For the Use of Officers in the Army, and 
 
 Readers of Military History. By Lieut. H. YULE, Bengal Engineers. Octavo, 
 with numerous Illustrations, 10s. 6d. 
 
 " An excellent manual : one of the best works of its class." British Army Despatch. 
 
 EDINBURGH AND LONDON. 
 
DIVINITY 
 
 Religion in Common life : A Sermon Preached in CratMe 
 
 Church, October 14, 1855, before Her Majesty the Queen and Prince Albert. 
 By the Rev. JOHN CAIRO, D.D. Published by Her Majesty's Command. Bound 
 in cloth, 8d. Cheap Edition, 3d. 
 
 Sermons, By the Rev, John Caird, DJD,, Minister of the 
 
 Park Church, Glasgow, Author of "Religion in Common Life." 12th Thousand. 
 Foolscap Octavo, 5s. 
 
 " They are noble sermons ; and we are not sure but that, with the cultivated reader, they 
 will gain rather than lose by being read, not heard. There is a though tfulness and depth about 
 them which can hardly be appreciated, unless when they are studied at leisure ; and there 
 are so many sentences so felicitously expressed that we should grudge being hurried away 
 from them by a rapid speaker, without being allowed to enjoy them a second time." Fraser's 
 Magazine. 
 
 The Book of Job, By the late Rev, &eorge Croly, D.D., 
 
 Rector of St Stephen, Walbrook. Foolscap Octavo. 4s. 
 
 Lectures in Divinity, By the late Rev, &eorge Hill, D,D,, 
 
 Principal of St Mary's College, St Andrews. Stereotyped Edition. Octavo, 14s. 
 " I am not sure if I can recommend a more complete manual of Divinity." Dr Chalmers. 
 
 Vindication of Christian Faith, By the late John Inglis, 
 
 D.D., Edinburgh. Octavo, 10s. 6d. 
 
 The Mother's legacie to Her Unborne Childe, By Mrs 
 
 ELIZABETH JOCELINE. Edited by the Very Rev. Principal LEE. 32mo, 4s. 6d. 
 " This beautiful and touching legacie." Athenceum. 
 
 " A delightful monument of the piety and high feeling of a truly noble mother. "Morning 
 Advertiser. 
 
 lectures on the History of the Church of Scotland, from 
 
 the Reformation to the Revolution Settlement. By the late Very Rev. JOHN 
 LEE, D.D., LL.D., Principal of the University of Edinburgh. With Notes and 
 Appendices from the Author's Papers. Edited by the Rev. WILLIAM LEE. Two 
 Volumes, Octavo, 21s. 
 
 lectures on the Book of Esther, By the Rev, Thomas 
 
 M'CRIE, D.D. Foolscap, 4s. 6d. 
 
 Sermons, By the late Rev, Thomas M'Crie, D,D, Crown 
 
 Octavo, 6s. 
 
 lectures on Scripture Characters : Addressed to the Stu- 
 dents of King's College at the Lecture on " Practical Religion," founded by 
 the late John Gordon, Esq. of Murtle. By the late Rev. DUNCAN MEARNS, 
 D.D., Professor of Divinity in the University and King's College of Aberdeen. 
 Two Volumes, Crown Octavo, 12s. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY W. BLACKWOOD AND SONS, 
 
DIVINITY 
 
 Analysis and Critical Interpretation of the Hebrew Text 
 
 of the Book of Genesis. Preceded by a Hebrew Grammar, and Dissertations on 
 the Genuineness of the Pentateuch, and on the Structure of the Hebrew Language. 
 By the Rev. WILLIAM PAUL, A.M. Octavo, 18s. 
 
 Prayers for Social and Family Worship, Prepared by a 
 
 COMMITTEE OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE CHURCH OF SCOTLAND, and 
 specially designed for the use of Soldiers, Sailors, Colonists, Sojourners in India, 
 and other Persons, at Home or Abroad, who are deprived of the Ordinary Services 
 of a Christian Ministry. Published by Authority of the Committee. Third Edition. 
 In Crown Octavo, bound in cloth, 4s. 
 
 Prayers for Social and Family Worship, Being a Cheap 
 
 Edition of the above. Foolscap Octavo, Is. 6d. 
 
 Family Prayers : As Authorised by the Greneral Assembly 
 
 of the Church of Scotland ; with other Prayers by the Committee of the General 
 Assembly on Aids to Devotion. To which is prefixed a Pastoral Letter from the 
 General Assembly on Family Worship. Crown Octavo, 4s. 6d. 
 
 Diversities of Faults in Christian Believers, By the same 
 
 Author. Foolscap Octavo, 4s. 6d. 
 
 The Christian life, in its Origin, Progress, and Perfection, 
 
 By the Very Rev. E. B. RAMSAY, LL.D., F.R.S.E., Dean of the Diocese of 
 Edinburgh. Crown Octavo. 9s. 
 
 On the Origin and Connection of the Grospels of Matthew, 
 
 Mark, and Luke ; With Synopsis of Parallel Passages and Critical Notes. By 
 JAMES SMITH, Esq. of Jordanhill, F.R.S., Author of the "Voyage and Ship- 
 wreck of St Paul." Medium Octavo, 16s. 
 
 Theism : The Witness of Eeason and Nature to an All- 
 wise and Beneficent Creator. By the Rev. JOHN TULLOCH, D.D., Principal and 
 Professor of Theology, St Mary's College, St Andrews ; and one of Her Majesty's 
 Chaplains in Ordinary in Scotland. In One Volume, Octavo, 10s. 6d. 
 
 "Dr Tulloch's Essay, in its masterly statement of the real nature and difficulties of the sub- 
 ject, its logical exactness in distinguishing the illustrative from the suggestive, its lucid arrange- 
 ment of the argument, its simplicity of expression, is quite unequalled by any work we have 
 seen on the subject." Christian Remembrancer, January 1857. 
 
 Sermons on Practical Subjects, By the Rev. Samuel 
 
 WARREN, LL.D., Incumbent of All Souls, Manchester. Second Edition. Crown 
 Octavo, 6s. 6d. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY W. BLACKWOOD AND SONS, 
 
INTELLECTUAL PHILOSOPHY 
 
 Institutes of Metaphysic : The Theory of Knowing and 
 
 Being. By JAMES F. FERRIER, A. B. Oxon., Professor of Moral Philosophy and 
 Political Economy, St Andrews. Second Edition. Crown Octavo, 10s. 6d. 
 
 lectures on Metaphysics, By Sir William Hamilton, Bart,, 
 
 Professor of Logic and Metaphysics in the University of Edinburgh. Edited by 
 the Rev. H. L. MANSEL, B. D., LL. D., Waynflete Professor of Moral and Meta- 
 physical Philosophy, Oxford ; and JOHN VEITCH, M. A., Professor of Logic, 
 Rhetoric, and Metaphysics, St Andrews. Third Edition. Two Volumes, 
 Octavo, 24s. 
 
 lectures on logic, By Sir William Hamilton, Bart, 
 
 Edited by Professors Mansel and Veitch. Second Edition. In Two Vols., 24s. 
 
 Thorndale: or, the Conflict of Opinions, By William 
 
 SMITH, Author of " A Discourse on Ethics," &c. Second Edition. Crown 
 Octavo, 10s. 6d. 
 
 &ravenhurst ; or, Thoughts on G-ood and Evil, By 
 
 WILLIAM SMITH, Author of ' Thorndale,' &c. In Crown Octavo, price 7s. 6d. 
 
 " One of those rare books which, being filled with noble and beautiful thoughts, deserves an 
 attentive and thoughtful perusal." Westminster Review. 
 
 " Our space will only allow us to mention, in passing, the charming volume of subtle thought 
 expressed in a graceful transparent style, which the author of ' Thorndale ' has just issued under 
 the title of ' Gravenhurst ; or, Thoughts on Good and Evil.' We will simply re- 
 commend every reader, fond of thoughtful writing on the moral aspects of life, to carry ' Graven- 
 hurst' with him into some delightful solitude." Cornhill Magazine. 
 
 A Discourse on Ethics of the School of Paley. By William 
 
 SMITH, Author of " Thorndale." Octavo, 4s. 
 
 On the Influence exerted by the Mind over the Body, in 
 
 the Production and Removal of Morbid and Anomalous Conditions of the Animal 
 Economy. By JOHN GLEN, M. A. Crown Octavo, 2s. 6d. 
 
 Descartes on the Method of Rightly conducting the Reason, 
 
 and Seeking Truth in the Sciences. Translated from the French. 12mo, 2s. 
 
 Descartes' Meditations, and Selections from his Principles 
 
 of Philosophy. Translated from the Latin. 12mo, 3s. 
 
 Speculative Philosophy : An Introductory lecture, deliv- 
 
 ered at the opening of the Class of Logic and Rhetoric, Nov. 1, 1864, by JOHN 
 VEITCH, M.A., Professor of Logic and Rhetoric in the University of Glasgow. Is. . 
 
 EDINBURGH AND LONDON. 
 
CRITICISM 
 
 The Book-Hunter, &c. By John Hill Burton, In Crown 
 
 Octavo. Second Edition, 7s. 6d. 
 
 " We have not been more amused for a long time : and every reader who takes interest in 
 typography and its consequences will say the same, if he will begin to read ; beginning, he will 
 finish, and be sorry when it is over." Athenaeum. 
 
 ' Mr Burton has now given us a pleasant book, full of quaint anecdote, and of a lively bookish 
 talk. There is a quiet humour in it which is very taking, and there is a curious knowledge of 
 books which is really very sound." Examiner. 
 
 "One of the most charming volumes we have ever read, abounding in quaint anecdote, and 
 printed in appropriate fashion on cream-coloured paper, it is impossible anywhere to open the 
 book without coming upon a ' good thing.'" Literary Budget. 
 
 The Sketcher, By the Eev, John Eagles. Originally 
 
 published in Blackwoods Magazine. Octavo, 10s. 6d. 
 
 "This volume, called by the appropriate name of 'The Sketcher,' is one that ought to be 
 found in the studio of every English landscape-painter More instnictive and sug- 
 gestive readings for young artists, especially landscape-painters, can scarcely be found." 
 The Globe. 
 
 Essays. By the Eey, John Eagles, A,M, Oxon, Originally 
 
 published in BlacJcwoods Magazine. Post Octavo, 10s. 6d. 
 
 CONTENTS : Church Music, and other Parochials. Medical Attendance, and other Parochial s. 
 A few Hours at Hampton Court. Grandfathers and Grandchildren. Sitting for a 
 Portrait. Are there not Great Boasters among us ? Temperance and Teetotal Societies. 
 Thackeray's Lectures : Swift. The Crystal Palace. Civilisation : the Census. The 
 Beggar's Legacy. 
 
 lectures on the Poetical literature of the Past Half-Cen- 
 tury. By D. M. MOIR. Third Edition. Foolscap Octavo, 5s. 
 
 " Exquisite in its taste and generous in its criticisms." Hugh Miller. 
 
 Two lectures on the G-enius of Handel, and the distinc- 
 
 tive Character of his Sacred Compositions. Delivered to the Members of the 
 Edinburgh Philosophical Institution. By the Very Rev. DEAN RAMSAY, Author 
 of 'Reminiscences of Scottish Life and Character.' In Crown Octavo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 Essays : Critical and Imaginative. By John Wilson, 
 
 Professor of Moral Philosophy and Political Economy in the University of Edin- 
 burgh. Edited by PROFESSOR FERRIER. Four Volumes, Crown Octavo, 24s. 
 
 Homer and his Translators, and the Greek Drama. By 
 
 PROFESSOR WILSON. Crown Octavo, 4s. 
 
 Blackwood's Magazine, from Commencement in 1817 to 
 
 December 1861. Numbers 1 to 554, forming 90 Volumes. 31, 10s. 
 
 Index to the First Fifty Volumes of Blackwood's Magazine. 
 
 Octavo, 15s. 
 
 Lectures on the History of literature. Ancient and 
 
 Modern. By FREDERICK SCHLEGEL. Translated by J. G. LOCKHART. Foolscap, 
 5s. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY W. BLACKWOOD AND SONS, 
 
 f * T- 
 
 f -aNIVEKSlT 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 LIBRARY 
 
 This is the date, on which this 
 book was charged out, 
 
 
 f; 
 
 t 
 ore 1 274 
 
 (f f:f 
 
 A 
 
 "EC. CIS. M/K1075 
 
 NOV 2 6 J985 
 
 181 * NOV 9 1985 
 
 [30w-6,'ll] 
 
OOo 
 
 -S>353>s>? 
 
 r 
 
 GENERAL LIBRARY - U.C. BERKELEY 
 
 6000^371013 
 
T -H 
 
 agjgm 
 
 EH 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fl