IIVERS//J
 
 AN 
 
 EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 TO 
 
 SHORT HANJ), 
 
 Iff WHICH 
 THE SOUNDS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 
 
 ARE 
 
 ANALYZED AND EXPRESSED 
 
 n 
 ' A RATIONAL MANNER; 
 
 Combining facility and expression, with neatness, 
 brevity, and expedition; 
 
 ILLUSTRATED WITH FIFTEEN PLATES; 
 
 BY JOHN MOON. 
 
 Sober: 
 
 PRINTED BY BATCHELLER AND R1GDEN ; 
 AND PUBLISHED BT 
 
 LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN; 
 
 Hontton*
 
 at
 
 
 Stack 
 Annex 
 
 THE HONORABLE SIR J. BAYLEY, KNT. O3O 
 
 SHI 
 
 ONE OF THE JUDGES 
 
 OF THE COURT OF KING'S BENCH, 
 THIS ESSAY, 
 
 ON AN ART WHICH HAS CONSIGNED TO POSTERITY MANY 
 PROOFS OF HIS REGARD 
 
 NO LESS TO THE 
 CONSTITUTION OF HIS COUNTRY, 
 
 THAN TO THE 
 RELIGION OF HIS REDEEMER, 
 
 IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED, 
 
 BY 
 HIS MOST OBEDIENT, 
 
 AND MOST DEVOTED SERVANT, 
 
 THE AUTHOR.
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Desirous of acquiring the valuable and useful 
 art of Short Hand, the author of the following 
 Essay consulted several treatises on tie subject. 
 Their variety perplexed him, and he knew not 
 which tojix on. He found some general principles 
 in which they all agreed: but some particular 
 expedients in which they all differed. He could 
 not but consider the former as the true and 
 genuine materials of a better and universal sys- 
 tem, which experience tuould, at some future time, 
 bring to light: and the latter as so many incum- 
 brances which that better system, whenever it 
 might appear, would remove. 
 
 Till this might be produced, by some abler hand, 
 for the public, he was determined to attempt it 
 for himself. To this end he, with the help of 
 an ingenious friend whose modesty has required 
 that his name be concealed, directed his attention 
 to the beginning and gradual progress of the
 
 VI PREFACE. 
 
 art. He remarked that the early systems were 
 complex, full of unmeaning arbitrages, abounding 
 in awkward expedients, difficult to learn, more 
 difficult to write, and still more so to read: the 
 tatter seemed to be tending, by slow degrees, to 
 something simple, general, easy, and perspicuous. 
 
 The success of these, so far as they did succeed, 
 he observed to keep pace, in a. great measure, 
 with a growing improvement in the analysis of 
 the sounds of the language. These sounds, as 
 analyzed by the late writers on the art, are as 
 follows: 
 
 GURNEY ; edit. 1803. 
 
 *> c-k, d, f, g, h, j, 1, m , n, p, q, r , s-z, t, 
 v, w, x, y.19. 
 
 MAYOR ;- edit. 1807. 
 
 b, d, f, g-j, h, k, 1, m, n, p, q, r , s-z, t, v, 
 w, x, ch, sh, th, thr, str, wh. 23. 
 
 RICHARDSON ; edit. 1810. 
 
 b, d, f, g, k, I, m, n, p, r, s, t, w, x, qa, th, 
 ch, sh, thr, rst, str, rth, pi. 23.
 
 PREFACE. VII 
 
 CLIVE; edit. 1813. 
 
 b, c-s-z, d, f, g-j, h, k, 1, m, n, p, qu, r, t, 
 v, w, x, y, pi, pt, vl, ch, sh, th, wh. 25. 
 
 FARR ; edit. 1819. 
 
 b, d/f, g, h, k, 1, m, n, p, qu, r, s, t, v, w, 
 x, ch, sh, th, wh, pi, pr, str, thr. 25. 
 
 GAWTRESS; edit. 1819. 
 
 b, d, f-v, g, h, j, k, 1, m, n, p, q, r, c-s-z, t, 
 w, x, y, ch, sh, th. 21. 
 
 All these writers, finding the common Alphabet 
 insufficient to express the sounds, have departed 
 more or less from its manner of dividing them. 
 It has been a principal object with the author to 
 perfect, as far as he was able, what they had 
 begun. He perceived that if the analysis were 
 carried still farther, by not only rejecting such 
 single sounds, as were by the common consent of 
 former Stenographers found to be redundant, and 
 classing together such as were identical, but also 
 by the addition of a still greater number of double 
 consonants; any sounds might be so adequately 
 represented, as to shew the place, and in some 
 measure to compensate the loss, of those vowels
 
 VIII PREFACE. 
 
 which Short Hand rejects. How far he has suc- 
 ceeded, may be seen by a comparison of the above 
 Alphabets with the following, being that which is 
 used in the 
 
 PRESENT SYSTEM. 
 
 b; soft c-s-z; hard c-k; d, f; soft g-j-ch; hard g; 
 h, 1, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v-w, x, y, bl, br, dr, 
 fl, fr, gl, gr, kl, kr, mb, mp, rich, nd, ng, nk, 
 ns, nsh, nst, nt, nth, nthr, p], pr , sh, sk, skr, 
 sp, spr, st, str, th, thr, vl, vr. 53. 
 
 On a careful inspection of the characters used 
 by former writers, one may discover some attempts 
 to represent analogous sounds by corresponding 
 characters; but it is not followed up by any of 
 them, if we may not except Gawtress. The au- 
 thor, however, feeling the importance of doing 
 this more effectually, has combined this object 
 with that before mentioned; and the result of his 
 endeavours may be seen in Plate I. 
 
 Most of the systems, hitherto proposed, pre- 
 senting a disagreeable appearance, and being in 
 exactly the same degree difficult to write, on 
 account of the number of perpendicular charac- 
 ters they contain, the author was desirous by a
 
 PREFACE. IX 
 
 peculiar adaptation of them, to give the writing 
 more generally the beauty and inclination of the 
 common hand: and he is persuaded that the com- 
 parison of a page written by the present system, 
 with one by any other, will show that he has not 
 been altogether without success in this point. 
 
 The two first of the writers before mentioned, 
 preserve the lineality of the writing, with which 
 jtrinciple its facility is materially connected. The 
 latter writers have generally made use of three 
 positions, and Richardson of twenty. An expedi- 
 ent which very considerably lessens the quantity 
 of writing required; but it is attended with such 
 hesitation as to the proper place of the character, 
 and consequent delay in writing, that the author 
 could not consider it any improvement. On the 
 contrary, he believes the old method, with all its 
 prolixity, far more expeditious. He has, there- 
 fore, not hesitated to reject this principle of 
 position, so far as regards the signification of 
 words. He has, however, ventured the IV Ap- 
 pendix, in which this principle is adopted for 
 (mother purpose, viz. to unite and omit words: 
 and this only as a theory, leaving it for future 
 practice and experience, to show how far it may 
 be useful.
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 There is no one point in which Stenographers 
 have more differed, than in their expression of 
 the vowels. The method proposed in this work, 
 is such as the author has found extremely ex- 
 peditious and convenient. The reasons of its 
 adoption, are so fully mentioned in Section 3, 
 page 13, that they need not be here insisted on. 
 The author will only remark, that as the greatest 
 difficulty of the learner, that of reading Short 
 Hand, arises principally from the absence of the 
 vowels, he has so constructed his first examples, 
 by means of lines, as to point them out, while the 
 appearance of the characters will gradually be- 
 some familiar to his eye, till he shall no longer 
 need the additional aid thereby afforded. 
 
 As the author was desirous of producing an 
 tasy Introduction to the art, he has given prac- 
 tical examples of considerable length, proceeding 
 gradually from the easy to to the more difficult. 
 These examples are so illustrated by the printed 
 text in the Appendices, that Teachers in Schools, 
 who may be but little acquainted ivith Stenogra- 
 phy, may select any portion of them as exercises 
 for their pupils. At the same time, they will 
 present the rationale of every character in the 
 Plates,
 
 PREFACE. XI 
 
 On these principles, viz. a better analysis, an 
 Alphabet founded thereon and determining the 
 place of the omitted vowels, and the easy and 
 natural Jlow of the writing, the author, aided by 
 his ingenious friend, has formed a si/stem which 
 entirely answers the object he had in view, and 
 he sincerely desires it may be useful to the public. 
 
 DOVER, DECEMBER 1, 1822.
 
 ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 At the bottom of Plate VI, is shewn the method of 
 expressing the terminations ence, ent, &c. of which 
 several examples occur in the Plates. But it may not 
 be amiss to express this more particularly, viz. 
 
 For the terminations dence, fence, gence, &c. write 
 the d, f, g, &c. from the middle of the preceding 
 consonant, touching. 
 
 For dent, fent, gent, &c. Avrite the same, but not 
 touching. 
 
 The word Alphabet, in page 7, line 1, is used in a 
 restricted sense, as comprising only single letters. 
 
 There may be some few exceptions to the 2nd 
 answer, page 15, in such words as ultimately, Sfc. but 
 they are such as may, and in most cases should, be 
 expressed by the proper terminations in PLATE VI. 
 
 In Direction I, page 24, the learner is recommended 
 to spell according to sound. The printed examples 
 will explain this. But it may be proper to observe 
 that the aspiration is not considered as any part of 
 the word ; and that such words as haf, zchole, Sfc. are 
 denoted as beginning with the vowels, and as if sound- 
 ed o/, ofe, Sfc.
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 OF THE VALUE AND IMPORTANCE 
 SHORT HAND. 
 
 THE art of Short Hand has, for some years 
 past, become an object of considerable attention. 
 In a country like this, where the biisiness of the 
 courts of judicature, transacted in public, invites 
 men of distinguished eloquence and 'ability, to 
 plead in defence of the innocent, or unmask the 
 designs of the guilty ; where a free senate is called 
 to the discussion of proposed laws; and where* 
 from a thousand pulpits, the voices of pious and en- 
 lightened ministers proclaim the glad tidings of the 
 gospel ; it is an object of no small importance that 
 these effusions, so limited and so transitory without 
 the aid of Stenography, should, by its means, 
 acquire extent and permanence. It is thus, that 
 many an orator, although long dead, yet speaketh;
 
 2 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 and many an able argument, once heard but by 
 few, may now be read by many. It is thus, that 
 councellors, senators, and ministers of the Re- 
 deemer, respecting 1 many of whom, biography could 
 have collected but a few scanty, and those, per- 
 haps, trivial memoirs of their persons, or local 
 circumstances, may now be represented in their 
 genuine colours, and painted, as it were, before 
 the eyes of the admiring reader. What life and 
 spirit did not the ancient historians display in the 
 harangues occasionally introduced into their rela- 
 tions ! But how much is the interest they excite 
 diminished, when we reflect that these admired 
 harangues were produced merely by the fertile 
 imagination of the writer. That which they ima- 
 gined only, Short Hand enables the historian of 
 the present day to perform. 
 
 A relation of the life of those great statesmen and 
 orators, Mr. Pitt or Mr. Fox, must be interesting 
 to every lover of his country. An account of their 
 discourses in the senate, though but a probable one, 
 would add to the interest; but how greatly is it 
 hightened, since we may, in the correct reports of 
 their speeches, which Stenography has handed down 
 to us, be convinced, animated, and charmed anew, 
 by the mighty powers of their astonishing elo- 
 quence !
 
 TO SHORT HAND. i> 
 
 Indeed, it may be said, that he who gives us a 
 bare relation of the life and actions of a departed 
 worthy, presents us with but a skeleton or a bust : 
 but he who sets before us the workings of his mind, 
 the feelings of his heart, and the effusions of his 
 oratory, revives the skeleton and animates the bust. 
 
 Much has been already done in advancing this art. 
 A Byron, a Gurney, a Taylor, a Mavor, have not 
 laboured in vain. Great praise is due to them for 
 their unwearied efforts. But much remains to be 
 done. It is a general feeling, that the art still re- 
 mains far below the desired, and even the attainable 
 perfection. The necessity of proceeding farther, 
 has drawn forth a number of new systems: the same 
 necessity gave rise to the present attempt. 
 
 To set before a student a pattern which is 
 inimitable; to invite him to reach after that which 
 is altogether inaccessible, is to engage him in a 
 hopeless career, and to prepare him for weariness 
 and disgust. But this, the author believes, has 
 been the error of too many professors of this art. 
 The expectation of following a speaker word by 
 word, has been commonly held out: but where is 
 the speaker, who, unless he have an impediment 
 in his speach, can be thus followed? And where 
 is the Stenographer, who, by any yet discovered
 
 4 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 method, can intelligibly note down, as fast as they 
 flow, the precise words uttered in common discourse { 
 
 This expectation, however, hopeless as it is, has 
 had considerable influence in the formation of most 
 of the systems which existed before the time of 
 Mavor ; and was the fruitful parent of a variety of 
 forced, unnatural, and unintelligible abbreviations, 
 so numerous as scarcely to be retained in any com- 
 mon memory, in order that the writer might note 
 them, or the reader decypher them. All the efforts 
 of some Stenographists, appear to have been di- 
 rected towards lessening the quantity of ink used : 
 and they seem to have forgotten that facility is, in 
 point of expedition, as great an object as brevity; 
 and that every species of writing is intended to be 
 read, as well as written. 
 
 We must not, however, despise the discoveries 
 of our predecessors. They aimed, indeed, at that 
 which was impracticable: but, as the alchymists, in 
 search of the philosophers' stone, detected some 
 particular principles, which were reserved for a 
 Lavoisier, a Fourcroy, and a Davy, to generalize 
 into a consistent theory : so these have hit on some 
 general rules and methods which will, for ever, 
 constitute leading features in all future systems of 
 Short Hand.
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 
 
 These General Principles are : 
 
 1. A peculiar Alphabet. 
 
 2. Spelling according to sound. 
 
 3. The omission of vowels. 
 
 4. The use of Arbitraries. 
 
 5. The Prepositions and Terminations. 
 
 We shall now proceed to explain these General 
 Principles in their order, noting as we go along, 
 both the present and our proposed method of fol- 
 lowing them. 
 
 1. A Peculiar Alphabet. 
 
 It requires but a slight inspection into the alpha- 
 bet of common writing, in order to discover that 
 it is far too complex for the purposes of expedition^ 
 The letters of it are joined by up-strokes, which 
 occasion great loss of time. The letter i, without its 
 dot and dp-stroke, would be simple. Two such 
 characters form the u, and three simple characters 
 (some say seven, counting the up-strokes) constitute 
 the in. The other letters are all of them more or less
 
 6 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 complicated. It was desirable to form an Alphabet 
 which should be less complex : and, for this purpose, 
 the most uncompounded forms, such as a straight 
 line, a semi-circle, and a circle, are become the 
 adopted elements of the Stenographic characters. 
 The two first of these, in their various inclinations, 
 together with different combinations of the circle 
 with one or the other of them, form the characters 
 of the Alphabets of the present systems. 
 
 To be concise, then, was a primary object of the 
 Short Hand Alphabet: but a too eager pursuit after 
 this, has led many writers to simplify their characters 
 till they were no longer distinguishable from each 
 other, and refused to unite together with ease and 
 freedom. These writers, counting the examples they 
 presented to the world, according to the number of 
 strokes they contained, have made comparisons with 
 systems very superior to their own, and triumphed 
 in an imagined victory. 
 
 A second object in the Stenographic Alphabet, is 
 facility : for besides being concise, the characters 
 should Jiow easily into each other, lest the time 
 gained in simplicity, be lost in the awkward junc- 
 tions arising from that very conciseness. To secure 
 this facility, we have thought it adviseable to reject 
 some, even of the few elements before mentioned,
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 7 
 
 froln constituting parts of our Alphabet. Although 
 they are as simple as possible, yet they are far from 
 being easy, and nearly all their combinations are 
 awkward and difficult. The characters thus rejected 
 are, first, The upright curves, which resemble the 
 common parentheses; but these are adopted on 
 other occasions, where, although they occur seldom, 
 they are extremely important: secondly, All com- 
 binations of the circle and straight line, in which 
 the writer is not at liberty to introduce the circle, 
 in any direction most convenient for facility and 
 expedition. 
 
 A third requisite in the Short Hand Alphabet, is 
 a proper attention to the general inclination of the 
 writing. And here it may be observed, that the 
 inclination of common writing, is undoubtedly the 
 most natural and easy: and could a hand be devised 
 which should, at the same time, be sufficiently con- 
 cise, unite well, and incline like common writing, it 
 would be the perfection of Short Hand. This has 
 been attempted by Oxley and some others ; but, we 
 think, unsuccessfully. We have endeavoured, in 
 the present system, to come as near this principle 
 as we could, by reserving such characters as have a 
 different inclination, to such sounds as are the least 
 frequently met with.
 
 8 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 A fourth peculiarity of the Short Hand Alphabet, 
 is the number of the characters required: but this 
 will be better explained under the next general 
 head ; which is 
 
 2. Spelling according to sound. 
 , It is not more obvious that the characters of 
 common writing, are too complex for expedition, 
 than that the usual mode of spelling is, in many 
 cases, unnatural, and introduces a great number of 
 useless letters. To give but an instance or two. The 
 sound expressed by know requires neither the k 
 nor the w to express it. The sound prop he t is the 
 same as profit ; the same characters may therefore 
 express it : j and the soft </, * and the soft c, are 
 but the same sounds, and it is only confusing 
 matters to denote them by different characters. 
 
 But it were endless to particularize the anoma- 
 lies in the usual manner of spelling. It is sufficient 
 for our present purpose, to have remarked that they 
 exist. And when we consider how scanty are the 
 materials of the characters of Short Hand, the 
 necessity of economy in their application, and the 
 advantage of representing analogous sounds by 
 analogous characters (a point on which we shall 
 dwell more fully by and by) we are led to desire
 
 TO SHORT HAND* 9 
 
 an Alphabet which may express the sounds of the 
 language, in as natural and easy a manner as possible. 
 
 We would not pretend, that there is any natural 
 connexion between a sound and any mark by which 
 we may please to denote it. But the art of writing, 
 like many others, has been invented by piecemeals, 
 as necessity required, or fancy suggested. It is the 
 result of the application of various minds, and its 
 materials were introduced at various periods : and 
 consequently there is not, in the common hand, 
 that order and uniformity, that unity of system, 
 which would most probably have characterized it, 
 had it been the invention of but one artist. The 
 mind, however, naturally desires harmony and order 
 in that to which it applies its energies ; and we are at 
 liberty, in preparing an entirely new method, to fol- 
 low up that desire. 
 
 Another advantage of a more rational method, 
 is, that the imagination can more readily seize, and 
 the memory more easily retain, what is systematic 
 and uniform, than what is loose and unconnected. 
 
 On these considerations, we have been induced 
 to present a slight analysis of the sounds of the 
 English language ; and the principal remarks which 
 have occurred to us, are as follows ; 

 
 10 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 1. The liquids I, m, n, r, are peculiar, and sui 
 generis, not having relation either to each other, 
 or to those that follow. 
 
 2. The hissing sounds, sucli as *, s7i, st, eh, fyc. 
 may be classed together. 
 
 3. The identical sounds, as 
 
 Ph and /, ^ Each of these with its 
 
 soft c and s, f companion, requires but one 
 hard c and k t i character ; there being in re- 
 soft g and j. } ality but one sound for each 
 pair. 
 
 4. Some sounds differ but in intensity ; as 
 
 B from p, ^ The character for each of 
 
 v from f, \^ these need! differ but little 
 
 g hard from k, ( from that of its companion ; 
 
 d from t . j and that difference may be in 
 
 size only. 
 
 5. There are double letters which, expressing 
 but one sound, demand to be denoted by a single 
 character. And as these may be referred to certain 
 fundamental sounds, after nearly a similar order, 
 and also divide, like those last mentioned, into 
 sounds differing but in intensity, it seems both
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 11 
 
 natural and proper to give them their peculiar and 
 
 analogous representations. Such are 
 
 bl and pi, } These may | 7 "^ Their represen- 
 
 tation, therefore, 
 may show that re- 
 ^ference, and de- 
 note the nature 
 of their several 
 
 br and pr, 3 be referred C 
 
 vl and Jl, 7 severally C 
 
 ?:r and fr, 3 to the fun- C. 
 
 (jl and A:/, 7 damental C 
 
 ^rr and ^r, 5 sounds c 
 
 i/r and r. 
 
 derivations. 
 
 As it may, at the first proposal, be feared lest 
 the representing of the pairs of sounds, d, and I, &c. 
 by the same characters, differing only in size, may 
 lead to some obscurity : we are happy in being en- 
 abled to dispel the fear, by informing the learner 
 that these pairs, as well as all that depends on them, 
 are so classed that even the mis-writing of one for 
 the other, leads to such trivial variations only in 
 the sound expressed, as are daily met with in the 
 conversation of such as speak in a peculiar dialect, 
 or have some defect in their pronunciation: and 
 as such persons are well understood by those who 
 are conversant with them, so these variations, be- 
 ing such only as the learner is actually, by the very 
 nature of the system, prepared for, will scarcely 
 ever tend to mislead him. Several other double 
 letters are required, which need not be particularly 
 dwelt on here.
 
 12 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 6. Besides the sounds already mentioned, there 
 are others commonly expressed either by single or 
 double letters, and many of which would naturally 
 class in nearly the same manner, or reduce them- 
 selves to some of those before noticed. But the 
 fewness of the elements of Short Hand characters, 
 and the necessity of reserving the most simple to 
 the sounds most frequently recurring, forbid us to 
 pursue the analysis any further. The reader will 
 find them, in the plates, provided for in the best 
 manner we were able. 
 
 It results, from the above analysis, that, of the 
 letters of the common alphabet, some, being re- 
 dundant, may be dispensed with ; a circumstance 
 favourable to the desired economy : but we have 
 discovered another source of expenditure in the 
 vast number of double letters, equally needful with 
 the single ones, for the purpose of expedition. By 
 these, our New Alphabet must be increased in a 
 degree beyond what has been generally deemed 
 necessary. Yet reason and analogy demand them ; 
 and we have, with no small k degree of study and 
 attention, endeavoured to comply with their dic- 
 tates. 
 
 The value and necessity of double letters, cannot 
 be too much insisted on. In a species of writing
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 13 
 
 which, as will be observed in the next section, very 
 generally dispenses with the vowels, it is a point 
 of the greatest importance to denote, if possible, 
 what part of the word, the omitted vowel would 
 have occupied. Now, double letters, from their 
 nature, exclude a vowel from between them ; and 
 therefore tend, in an eminent degree, to clear the 
 writing, and render it legible. 
 
 A third General Principle of Short Hand is 
 
 3. The omission of Vowels. 
 The common hand writing may, with some prac- 
 tice, be read, even although many of the vowels be 
 omitted : and Short Hand, which avails itself of all 
 practicable means of brevity, eagerly appropriates 
 to itself this advantage. But the same desire of 
 excessive conciseness, which has been already al- 
 luded to, has induced some authors almost totally 
 to omit them. It will be found, however, that 
 although they may, in the general, be safely omitted 
 from the middle of words, yet the initial and final 
 vowels must be either expressed or implied. If 
 they could, conveniently, be expressed, it would be 
 preferable : but we are enabled, by some experi- 
 ence, to assert, and shall endeavour, in the sequel 
 to show, that barely signifying their existence, is 
 sufficient for almost every purpose.
 
 14 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 Some have expressed all the vowels by dots ; but 
 this requires the pen to be taken off: others by 
 particular positions with respect to a line ; but this 
 occasions a perpetual shifting of the hand. Each 
 of these methods is extremely inconvenient, and 
 inimical to facility and expedition. 
 
 But since it is needful to provide for the initial 
 and final vowels frequently, and the middle vowels 
 occasionally ; and since the usual methods of ex- 
 pressing them are so objectionable ; we have had 
 recourse to a Second Alphabet, the letters of 
 which may be used, instead of those of the first, for 
 the initials of such words as begin with vowels. 
 We have also proposed a means of denoting a final 
 vowel when necessary ; and both of these without 
 either lifting the pen, or shifting the hand. 
 
 We are aware that the advocates for extreme 
 brevity, will object to us, that by this Second Al- 
 phabet, the number of strokes is increased. And 
 to this we reply 
 
 I. That the letters, thus lengthened, do not ex- 
 ceed those of many Stenographic Alphabets, which 
 yet do not perform the valuable office which we 
 have assigned to them.
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 15 
 
 2. That these characters occur but in a small 
 proportion of the words used, and that only once 
 in the same word. 
 
 3. That we thus secure the grand object of an 
 easy and regular flow of the writing, with as little 
 risk of error, and as little interruption of the hand, 
 as possible. 
 
 With respect to the middle vowels, as they are 
 seldom wanted, and when they are, may generally 
 be added at leisure, after the subject in hand is 
 concluded, we have not hesitated to express them, 
 by disjoined characters, being the same as denote 
 the consonants : and this leads to no ambiguity, 
 since the method of employing them distinguishes 
 their use in each of these capacities. And they 
 have also the advantage of expressing diphthongs, 
 which are sometimes necessary ; but for which, no 
 system, we believe, has hitherto provided. 
 
 We have, in compliance with the general prac- 
 tice, headed this article " The omission of Vowels."" 
 But it becomes, perhaps, in our method, rather a 
 substitution of vowels, or a resolution of the vowels 
 into one. The construction of our Alphabet is 
 such, that, on the most important occasions, it 
 shows the place of an omitted vowel. Now, in
 
 16 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 quick reading, we have observed that many of the 
 vowels resolve themselves into the e, as it sounds 
 in fed, men, &c. and we have found that, very 
 generally, we will not say always, if for the proper 
 vowel such an e be substituted, a great approxima- 
 tion to the true sound is obtained. In reading that 
 which is written with our system, the learner may, 
 therefore, imagine every place where a vowel ap- 
 pears to be omitted, to be occupied by the e ; and 
 in writing, where this vowel would express a sound 
 very different from the true one, it would be ad- 
 viseable, at least in his early attempts, to insert the 
 proper one. 
 
 The next General Principle is 
 
 4. The use of Arlitraries. 
 
 It is a very usual thing, in common writing to 
 denote a whole word by its initial : and Short Hand 
 uses the same expedient; with this difference, 
 however, that the former generally restricts its ab- 
 breviations to proper names, titles, &c. whereas 
 the latter extends them to particles, and many 
 other words which frequently occur. And these 
 are called Arbitraries. The attempts of the early 
 Stenographists toward this object, were certainly 
 unsuccessful. With an Alphabet badly constructed, 
 and extremely unfavourable to expedition, even the
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 17 
 
 most ambiguous methods of abbreviation were pre- 
 ferred to writing the word at length. In their 
 hands, the number of Arbitraries increased to such 
 a degree, as to render the art of Short Hand almost 
 as mysterious as the science of Astrology : and, 
 out of a great many whom their boast of brevity 
 induced to apply themselves to the study of their 
 systems, the greater part gave it up in disgust, 
 arising from not being able, after many months' 
 labour, to decypher their own writing. 
 
 It was reserved to the excellent Mavor to break 
 through this spell, and to disperse the clouds which 
 had gathered around the art, by presenting to the 
 world a system at once simple and, in a great 
 degree, intelligible : so that he may be truly said to 
 have made " Some real improvement in the graphic 
 art." 
 
 In acknowledging the merits of this writer, we 
 must not, however, deny that, as we have before 
 observed, much remains to be done. The few 
 Arbitraries he has retained, are not without their 
 ambiguity ; and they are, perhaps, the greatest de- 
 fects of his system. But their ambiguity arises 
 from the limited nature of his Alphabet, and of the 
 sounds it represented. Had we but the same 
 number of" characters as he possessed; were we 
 
 D
 
 18 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 restricted to the imperfect analysis of sounds used 
 by former Stenographists ; we could not flatter 
 ourselves that we should apply them to a better 
 purpose : but being provided with a greater num- 
 ber, and having the power of doubling that number 
 by means of our Second Alphabet, we have such 
 an advantage, in respect of Arbitraries, as no for- 
 mer system could boast of; and are enabled to 
 follow the genius of the language, and denote all 
 its varieties of expression with facility, clearness, 
 and expedition. 
 
 We think it right, however, to meet one objec- 
 tion which may be urged, and which will naturally 
 offer itself to the mind of any one who shall, for 
 the first time, take up this work, viz. That some of 
 the Arbitraries (the pronouns for example) are 
 denoted by characters which, in their original ap- 
 plication, have no relation to the sounds. " How 
 (might the objector say) can pr be said to express 
 you ; br, your, &c. ? We reply, That the charac- 
 ters in question are seldom wanted alone, in their 
 natural signification ; and, in the few cases in 
 which they are, they may invariably be expressed 
 with the addition of a vowel mark (as is shewn in 
 Plates II, III, and IV. And thus all ambiguity 
 is removed, and the characters are left to us to 
 make what use of them we please ; and since the
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 19 
 
 pronouns, from their frequent recurrence, demand 
 u simple expression, we conceived we could not 
 apply these characters to a better purpose. 
 
 Again ; The consonants, vowels, and arbitraries, 
 all require to be noted as simply as possible, and 
 yet make up a far greater number than that of 
 our simple characters : we were obliged, therefore, 
 either to express them at greater length than is 
 suitable, or else to employ the simple characters in 
 more than one capacity. And this we have effect- 
 ed as follows : 
 
 . 
 
 1. When a character is joined with others in a 
 word, it is a Consonant or double Consonant. 
 
 2. When it stands alone, it is one of the Arbi- 
 traries in Plate I. 
 
 3. When it is joined to a vowel mark only, it is 
 either one of the Arbitraries in Plates II, III, 
 or IV, or a word of entirely similar construction. 
 
 4. When it is written over or under a word, it 
 is then a Vowel. 
 
 These several methods of using the simple cha- 
 racters, are such, as leave us at liberty to apply
 
 20 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 them as we please, in the second, third, and fourth 
 cases we have mentioned, whether they remain 
 analogous to their use in the first case, or not. 
 We have, however, thought it best, for the sake of 
 simplicity, not to deviate from that analogy, except 
 in the instances of the pronouns; which have, 
 besides, such a bond of connexion among them- 
 selves, as makes the use of them easy and obvious. 
 
 The next General Principle to be considered, is 
 
 5. The Prepositions and Terminations. 
 
 The Prepositions here alluded to, are not such 
 as occur by themselves, but such as are joined to, 
 and form the first parts of words : as con, in con- 
 nect ; trans, in transfer : and the Terminations are 
 such syllables as are often found at the end of 
 words ; as tion, in nation ; ly, in merely, &c. 
 
 These are generally denoted, in Short Hand, by 
 their first letter ; as the k, in con ; tr, in trans, &c. 
 In many cases, they not only shorten the writing, 
 but tend materially to clear it. 
 
 And here, it may be remarked, that this me- 
 thod of expressing Prepositions and Terminations, 
 might, in regard to the dot and straight lines, 
 interfere with our disjoined vowels, and thereby
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 21 
 
 cause ambiguity. We have, therefore, expressed 
 such as were likely to interfere, after a different 
 manner, as by the comma, &c. But as there may 
 still occur some cases, we would recommend that 
 the disjoined vowels be, in all cases, made very 
 small, and the Prepositions and Terminations, large. 
 
 Their use is exemplified in Plate VI.
 
 22 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 DIRECTIONS TO THE LEARNER. 
 
 To such as are already acquainted with the 
 art of Short Hand, as taught by other systems, 
 and take up the present, in order to see whether 
 it be preferable to that they have used before, 
 any further directions might be needless. The 
 preceding chapters will have informed them of the 
 nature of our method, and the plates will have 
 fully exhibited the mode of employing it. But for 
 the use of the learner, we have thought it proper to 
 add some directions, which will, we hope, remove 
 every difficulty that might arise in his mind, and 
 enable him, by an orderly process, to arrive at a 
 ready practice of the art. 
 
 It is easy, in a little time, to learn to write 
 Short Hand ; but it demands considerable practice, 
 to learn to read it. 
 
 Much of the difficulty of reading, arises from the 
 causes which have been already mentioned in the
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 23 
 
 first chapter, viz. that the art is yet far from being 
 perfect ; and that the systems hitherto offered to the 
 public, are, for that reason, defective. 
 
 But much of the difficulty arises from the es- 
 sential principles of the art. These principles, 
 adopted, as far as may be, into common hand, 
 would detract from its legibility : and it could not, 
 without some practice, be read, if you were to 
 omit or alter the greater part of the vowels, depart 
 from the usual mode of spelling, introduce arbitra- 
 ries, and express prepositions and terminations by 
 their initials only. How much less, if you break 
 through the rules of grammar ; write the singular 
 for the plural, the present tense for the past, the 
 verb for the adverb, &c. ? 
 
 And if, besides this, you substitute, for letters 
 that are familiar, new and (as they will at first 
 sight appear) uncouth characters; it need not be 
 wondered at, that so many have been repulsed by 
 meeting such difficulties combined together, at their 
 first onset. 
 
 We shall, therefore, attempt a more familiar 
 introduction to the art, more especially as regards 
 the reading, by means of a few plain directions in 
 this chapter, and printed examples in the subjoined
 
 appendices, in which the difficulties are gradually 
 presented to the learner; and he is led, step by 
 step, to the comprehension of the nature and genius 
 of Stenographic reading as well as writing. 
 
 DIRECTIONS. 
 
 I. Read any example, printed or in common 
 hand, sounding each of the vowels as if it were e. 
 
 II. Write passages in common hand, spelling 
 the words in the shortest manner possible, without 
 regard to the common orthography. 
 
 III. Write passages in common hand, spelling 
 as before, but substituting every where, except at 
 the beginning and end of words, e for the proper 
 vowel. 
 
 IV. Write as before, omitting the vowels, ex- 
 cept at the beginning and end of words. 
 
 V. Write as by the last direction ; but instead 
 of the initial and final vowel, substitute a long up- 
 stroke. 
 
 Obs. 1. Let your writing, in this lesson, be with 
 two lines, to point out the first vowel in the
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 25 
 
 word, as in Appendix I, which you may read. 
 
 2. Next write with one line, as in Appendix II, 
 which read also. 
 
 3. In the Appendices, the up-stroke or initial 
 and final vowel is denoted by an Italick. 
 
 VI. Study attentively Plates I, II, III, and 
 IV, in order to make yourself master of the cha- 
 racters. 
 
 VII. Observe particularly, and commit to me- 
 mory, the words or arbitraries which stand against 
 the characters in Plates I and II. 
 
 Obs. The words in Plates III and IV, need not 
 be committed to memory, being merely ex- 
 amples. 
 
 VIII. Let your pen for Short Hand, have a 
 short slit and fine point. 
 
 IX. Write in common hand, according to di- 
 rection V, (viz. spelling in as short a way as possible, 
 omitting the middle vowels, and denoting the initial 
 and final vowels by an up-stroke.) Insert the Short 
 Hand arbitraries of Plates I and II, instead of the 
 words they represent. See Appendix III. 
 
 E
 
 26 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 Obs. 1. The words of Appendix III, which are 
 wholly in Italicks, are arbitraries. 
 
 2. The learner should continue lessons according 
 to this direction till the characters, arbitraries, 
 and mode of Short Hand spelling, become 
 familiar to him, so that he may either read or 
 write in this manner, without the least he- 
 sitation. 
 
 3. He should also write his characters with the 
 greatest precision as to form, size, and incli- 
 nation, and observe that they be of an uniform 
 thickness in every part. 
 
 X. Copy in Short Hand the examples in Plate 
 VIII, with two lines ; and imitate these examples 
 with others of your own. 
 
 XI. Copy in Short Hand the examples in 
 Plates IX, X, and XI, with one line ; and imitate 
 these also. 
 
 XII. Study Plate VI, to make yourself ac- 
 quainted with the Prepositions and Terminations. 
 
 XIII. Take particular notice of the additional 
 double letters in Plate V.
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 27 
 
 XIV. Copy the examples in Plates XII, 
 XIII, and XIV, without lines. 
 
 XV. Use, at first, as many of the vowels as 
 you find convenient. 
 
 XVI. The accented syllable will frequently 
 require a vowel. 
 
 XVII. If you desire to write an initial vowel, 
 let it be placed under the first consonant, to distin- 
 guish it from a Preposition. 
 
 XVIII. Use the characters for double conso- 
 nants, where there is no intervening vowel. 
 
 XIX. A long vowel more frequently requires 
 to be expressed, than a short one. 
 
 XX. In beginning any word, take your first 
 letter from the first Alphabet, if the word begin 
 with a consonant ; but from the second, if it begin 
 with a vowel. 
 
 XXI. In concluding a word, (or so much of a 
 word as precedes a Termination,) take your last 
 letter from the first Alphabet, if it end with a con- 
 sonant ; but from the third, if it end with a vowel.
 
 28 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 XXII. "When you come to a word, which has 
 but one consonant, and both begins and ends with 
 a vowel, as ago, any, &c. take such consonant 
 from the fourth Alphabet. 
 
 Obs. The learner may, at first, write also the 
 disjoined vowels. 
 
 XXIII. In order to distinguish the final dis- 
 joined vowels (in the few cases where they are 
 necessary) from Terminations, make those vowels 
 very small. 
 
 XXIV. The parentheses must be made long 
 and thick, or they may be mistaken for pronouns. 
 
 XXV. The Short Hand r, when alone, must 
 be continued above the general line of writing, that 
 it may not be confounded with w. 
 
 XXVI. Be much more employed in reading 
 the examples, than in writing. 
 
 XXVII. Never quit an example, till you have 
 written it correctly in every part : and keep it by 
 you, to read over again at distant intervals. 
 
 XXVIII. Write passages in common hand.
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 20 
 
 omitting the participial terminations ing and ed, 
 the plural sign s, the ly in advjerbs, and occasionally 
 the small particles the, of, be. or, if you prefer it, 
 take any printed example, and paste or gum small 
 pieces of paper over these terminations and partk 
 cles : and try your proficiency in reading with these 
 omissions. 
 
 XXIX. Take any printed work which has a 
 sufficiently wide margin, and the lines of which are 
 at a sufficient distance from each other, and write, 
 opposite to each line, its contents in Short Hand. 
 
 XXX. If, in reading Short Hand, you cannot 
 decypher a word, translate it from the characters 
 into common hand ; inserting an e, where a vowel 
 appears to be omitted. If it be not clear then, 
 change, in your pronunciation of it, the consonants 
 into their analogous ones. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 If the word were tpl, by inserting the vowel, it 
 becomes tepl. This is no word. Change t and 6 into 
 the analogous characters, and call it successively 
 deble, deple, teble. The context will most probably 
 show the word to be table; and the difficulty of 
 reading must have arisen from writing the bl too 
 .small.
 
 30 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 Obs. This may seem a tedious process : but it will 
 soon become easy, and at length unnecessary. 
 
 XXXI. Instead of a stop, leave a space: a 
 short one for a comma, and a longer one for any 
 other. If you please, you may retain the colon 
 and semicolon as usual. 
 
 XXXII A great many compound words may 
 be divided into two. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 Without 7 ( with out 
 
 into 
 Sometimes c. some times 
 
 XXXIII. Many words may be divided into 
 parts, and denoted by the initials of those parts, 
 placed close together. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 Kingdom -\ 
 
 Lordship / May be 
 
 Because > expressed 
 
 Before V by 
 
 Notwithstanding 
 
 Obs. If a word be composed of a preposition and 
 a termination only, one of these parts should be
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 31 
 
 written at length. Otherwise, such a word 
 might be mistaken for one abbreviated accord- 
 ing to this direction. 
 
 XXXIV. Long words that often occur, may 
 be expressed by the first two or three consonants. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 Write Ib ^ ^ liberty 
 
 tg f for ) together 
 
 sff 4 J signify 
 
 sf - sufficient 
 
 Obs. This direction is particularly useful, when- 
 ever the combination of characters is such, as 
 is not frequently met with in any other sig- 
 nification. 
 
 XXXV. Many long words need not be con- 
 tinued beyond the accented syllable. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 Import. ^ s important 
 
 Intemp. for < intemperance 
 
 Conform. 3 * conformable 
 
 XXXVI. The root of a word is often suffici- 
 ent ; as Love, for loves, loved, loving, lovely.
 
 32 
 
 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 XXXVII. Use, in Short Hand, the abbrevi- 
 ations you are accustomed to in common hand. 
 
 XXXVIII. Proper names, in many cases, 
 should be written in common hand. 
 
 XXXIX. Some names and titles, as well as 
 other words, often occur in a known and familiar 
 combination. These may be denoted by joining 
 together their initials, over which may be placed 
 a mark, to show the manner of the connexion. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 Thus, since 
 
 9 
 
 of 
 and 
 
 expresses 
 i j s, for substantive 
 
 " a, for adjective 
 
 We may, therefore, denote 
 
 Word of God 
 Man and beast 
 Jesus Xt. 
 Holy Ghost 
 
 by 
 
 9 
 
 wg 
 
 
 mb
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 33 
 
 Obs. Directions XXXIII, XXXIV, XXXV, 
 XXXVI, XXXVII, and XXXJX, need 
 not be attended to by the learner, till he have 
 made considerable progress. 
 
 XL. Get a friend to read slowly to you ; and 
 follow him with your pen in Short Hand. Let him 
 advance in rapidity, as you can conveniently keep 
 pace with him. 
 
 Obs. Never hurry in these attempts; for then 
 you will have to encounter the discouraging 
 circumstance of not being able to read your 
 own writing. 
 
 XLI. As soon as may be, after you have 
 written any thing, go over it again ; adding such 
 vowels and making such corrections, as may render 
 it perfectly legible. 
 
 XLII. Accustom yourself to abridge expres- 
 sions, paragraphs, and even speeches and sermons, 
 condensing the substance of them into as few 
 words as possible. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 The following is an abridgement of the first pa- 
 ragraph of chapter I. in this work: 
 F
 
 34 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 " Short Hand much attended to of late Especially 
 in England, where are public pleadings by able 
 counsel, a free parliament, and the preaching of 
 the gospel To note down and transmit to posterity 
 the speeches on those occasions Useful to biogra- 
 phy Represents characters more fully Helpful 
 to history, which it renders more interesting 
 Ancient historians imagined their speeches Mo- 
 derns not. " 
 
 XLIII. Observe with attention the indices of 
 the best works, and remark, especially, the elliptical 
 forms of expression in which they abound. 
 
 XLIV. Form indices after a similar manner. 
 
 XLV. Let your first attempt abroad be a ser- 
 mon; and, if possible, the extempore one of a 
 deliberate speaker.
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 35 
 
 APPENDIX I, 
 
 CORRESPONDING WITH PLATE VIII. 
 
 1. Whenever two or three letters are placed 
 close together with no space between them, they 
 denote a double or triple consonant. 
 
 2. The Italick capital denotes an initial vowel. 
 
 3. When a word is written on 
 
 The first space, 
 The first line, 
 The second space, 
 The second line, 
 The third space, 
 
 / it shows 
 C that 
 
 $ < 
 
 <i! 
 
 is the 
 f first 
 > vowel 
 k of the 
 word. 
 
 
 FIG. I. 
 
 
 
 B 
 ft 
 
 b 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 ft 
 
 
 b 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 b 
 
 ab eb ib ob 
 
 ub ba 
 
 be bi 
 
 bo bu
 
 (> AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 FIG. 2. 
 
 B t m n 
 
 mn- 
 
 D\ 
 
 R d r 
 
 2V t 1 
 about effect idle order until man men 
 
 fr 
 w r d 
 
 s n 
 fire word sun 
 
 FIG. 3. 
 
 brdBrd BR d 
 br d s 1 1 - 
 
 st 1 
 f r st- 
 
 bard aboard bread abroad settle still forest 
 
 -fr st- f r s t 
 frost foresight
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 37 
 
 FIG. 4. 
 
 L th t 1 b r 
 
 m - y --- 
 
 Nto 
 Come unto me, all ye that labour 
 
 Nd R Idn Nd 
 
 I wl 
 
 and are heavy laden, and I will 
 
 rst - 
 
 give you rest. 
 
 t k th t 
 D 
 
 y d n t y r 
 
 Take heed that you do not your
 
 38 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 L m s 
 
 b f r - m n b s n 
 
 F 
 
 alms before men, to be seen of 
 
 -th m r w r d 
 
 THRvris n F 
 
 them: otherwise you have no reward of 
 
 f thr 
 
 Vn_ 
 
 w ch S N 
 
 _y r 
 
 your Father which is in heaven. 
 
 L m s 
 
 th r f r - w n 
 
 th n 
 th dst d 
 
 Therefore when thou doest thine alms, do
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 
 
 a 
 
 b f r th 
 
 n t snd 
 
 tr m p t 
 not sound a trumpet before thee, as 
 
 Nd 
 
 Pkrts N snggs 
 d 
 
 the hypocrites do in the synagogues, and 
 
 tht m F 
 
 . str t s th 
 
 N 
 
 in the streets, that they may have 
 
 m n- v r 1 i 
 
 Nto 
 glory of men. Verily I say unto
 
 40 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 V 
 
 th til r-r w rd 
 
 y- 
 
 you, They have their reward. 
 
 L m s 
 -w n 1 1 
 
 -th d st n t - 
 
 bt 
 
 But when thou doest alms, let not 
 
 Nd wt 
 
 1ft 
 
 th th r t 
 
 thy left hand know what thy right 
 
 .ZVd 
 
 dth- 
 
 Iwnd doeth.
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 41 
 
 APPENDIX II, 
 CORRESPONDING WITH PLATES IX, X, & XI. 
 
 1 . When the first vowel of a word is a, e, or z, 
 the word is placed above the line. 
 
 2. When the first vowel is o or u, the word 
 is placed below the line. 
 
 3. The Italick capital shows an initial vowel. 
 
 4. The double and triple consonants are de- 
 noted, by placing the single ones of which they are 
 composed, close together. 
 
 4. The words wholly in Italicks, are Arbitraries. 
 
 5. The single letters are words, and refer se- 
 verallv to 
 
 ^ A, r -,U>m 
 
 / 2, \ I Italick capitals 
 
 al)et /' O " / T* I' 1 11 
 
 I 3, J i Italick small 
 
 4, * Roman capitals
 
 42 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 6. The parts of words which are disjoined by 
 hyphens, are Prepositions and Terminations. 
 
 The 24th Chapter of St. Luke's Gospel 
 
 PLATE IX. 
 
 fr st 
 
 F 
 
 n P ii 
 
 1. Now upon the first day of 
 
 w k vri R\ i 
 
 N-. 
 
 m r n-mg 
 the week, very early in the morning, 
 
 km splkrbr 
 
 they 
 
 Nto 
 they came unto the sepulchre, bringing the 
 
 sp s s w ch D pr p r d s r t n 
 
 spices which they had prepared, and certain
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 43 
 
 w them - , they 
 
 THrs fnd 
 
 others with them. 2. And they found 
 
 IF a s p 1 k r 
 
 st n rid 
 the stone rolled away from the sepulchre.. 
 
 JVtrd 
 
 , they N , 
 
 fnd 
 3. And they entered in and found 
 
 n 
 
 bdi 
 not the body of the Lord Jesus. 
 
 km p s 
 
 T t = 
 
 4. And it came to pass, as 
 
 wr prplxd B t bid 
 
 they thr 
 
 m ch 
 vliey were much perplexed thereabout, behold,
 
 44 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 ra n sh n-ing 
 by them N 
 
 t std 
 
 two men stood by them in shining 
 
 g r-ment w r FR d 
 , S they 
 
 garments. 5. And as they were afraid, 
 
 f s s 
 
 , . their t . - 
 
 h o u d d n 
 and bowed down their faces to the 
 
 JRth sd wisk 
 
 they them 
 
 Nto 
 earth, they said unto them, why seek 
 
 1 \-ing d d 
 ye M . 
 
 ye the living among the dead? 6; 
 
 h r r s n 
 Tie 5- n b 5 
 
 He is not here, but is risen:
 
 TO SHORT HAND. !> 
 
 r m mb r sp w n 
 how h e you 
 
 Nto 
 remember how he spake unto you when 
 
 w s y t g 1 1 e s-ing 
 
 he N 
 
 he was yet in Galilee, 7. Saying, 
 
 m n d 1 v r d 
 
 _ . p be 
 
 s n m st 
 
 The Son of man must be delivered 
 
 N t o N d s s n-ful m n 
 . p 
 
 into the hands of sinful men, and 
 
 th r d r s 
 
 be , . d 
 
 krsfd 
 
 be crucified and the third day rise 
 
 G r m mb r d 
 
 , they his 
 
 w r d s 
 
 again. 8. And they remembered his words,
 
 46 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 rtrnd splkr 
 . f 
 
 * * 
 
 9. And returned from the sepulchre and 
 
 L these things- 
 
 v n 
 
 tld JVto 
 
 told all these things unto the eleven, 
 
 r st 
 
 and to all the rest. 10. It 
 wsmrimgdln joana mri 
 
 m thr TH r w m n 
 
 the mother of James, and other women 
 
 w r w ch 
 
 _th = w them these - 
 
 tld 
 that were with them, which told these
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 47 
 
 Pstls 
 
 -things . , their - 
 
 Nto 
 things unto the apostles. 11. And their 
 
 s md D\ tl s 
 t them S 
 
 w r d s 
 
 words seemed to them as idle tales, 
 
 b 1 v d th n 
 
 , they them n 
 
 and they believed them not. 12. Then 
 Rsptr rn splkr 
 
 Nto 
 
 arose Peter, and ran unto the sepulchre ; 
 
 bid 1 n e n 
 he . 
 
 st p-iny d n 
 and stooping down, he beheld the linen 
 
 Id dprtd 
 kl th s by themselves , 
 
 clothes laid by themselves, and departed.
 
 48 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 w ch w s 
 
 - N- himself T th 
 
 w nd r-ing 
 
 wondering in himself at that which was 
 
 ps 
 
 bl d 
 
 km t t 
 
 come to pass. 13. And, behold, two 
 
 w nt s m 
 F them- th d t 
 
 of them went that same day to 
 
 vlj kldJlfauswch ws 
 a village called Emmaus, which was from 
 
 j r s 1 m B t thr e 
 
 sk r f r 1 ng s 
 Jerusalem about threescore furlongs. 14. And 
 
 tlkd 
 
 -they --_ F tkese-things- 
 
 tgthr 
 they talked together of all these things
 
 TO SHORT HAND, 
 w ch D P n d 
 
 which had happened. 
 
 PLATE X. 
 
 km p s 
 T t th 
 
 15. And it came to pass, that 
 
 w 1 r s nd 
 
 they , 
 
 k m nd t g thr 
 while they communed together, and reasoned, 
 
 j s s n r 
 himself- 
 
 d r u 
 Jesus himself drew near, and went with 
 
 iS wr 
 -them- b their -.-. 
 
 idn 
 them. 16. But their eyes were holden 
 
 H
 
 50 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 th they sh n him - 
 
 n 
 
 that they should not know him. 17. 
 
 s d w t m n r 
 
 , he them 
 
 JZVto 
 And he said unto them, What manner 
 
 R 
 
 F these th ye 
 
 k m n k-tion 
 of communications are these that ye 
 
 5 w 1 k 
 
 V 1 an ye 
 
 1 THr 
 
 "have one to another, as ye walk, 
 
 R sd 
 
 1 
 
 and- are sad? 18. And the one 
 
 nm ws kleopas Nsr-iny 
 
 F- them - 
 
 o s 
 of them, whose name was Cleopas, answering
 
 TO SHORT HAND. ~>1 
 
 S d Rt 
 
 him thou a 
 
 .ZVto N-ly 
 
 said unto him, Art thou only a 
 
 str nj r j r s 1 m ST 
 
 " XT "~ ' ~ ' ' ' 
 
 n n 
 
 stranger in Jerusalem, and hast not known the 
 
 w ch R p s 
 
 tilings there- 
 
 k m t 
 things which are come to pass there 
 
 das s d 
 N these , he 
 
 in these days? 19. And he said 
 
 w t s d 
 
 them things , they 
 
 .ZVto 
 
 unto them, What things? And they said 
 
 con-s r n-ing j s s n s r th 
 
 . him F 
 
 Nto 
 
 unto him, Concerning Jesus of Nazareth,
 
 52 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 wchws mti dd 
 
 a N 
 
 prft 
 which was a prophet mighty in deed 
 
 bfr 
 
 g. 
 
 p pi ch f 
 , how th . 
 
 people: 20. And how that the chief 
 
 pr st s d 1 v r d 
 
 , out him t be- 
 
 r 1 r s 
 priests and our rulers delivered him to be 
 
 con-d m d d th 
 
 1 , V him - 
 
 krsfd 
 condemned to death, and have crucified him. 
 
 b we th T D 
 
 tr std 
 21. But we trusted that it had
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 53 
 
 bii web rdmdSrl 
 he sh V 
 
 been he which should have redeemed Israel : 
 
 bsd L 
 
 , this -t dS . 
 
 and besides all this, to-day is the 
 
 th r d s ns w r 
 d these things 
 
 dn 
 third day since these things were done. 
 
 s r t n L s o 
 F~our- 
 
 w m n 
 22. Yea, and certain women also of our 
 
 m d ST n sh d w ch w r 12 1 i 
 
 k m p n i 5 
 
 company made us astonished, which were early 
 
 s p 1 k r w n 
 -T .- , they 
 
 at the sepulchre ; 23. And when they
 
 54 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 km s a- ing 
 
 n his 
 
 f nd b d i 
 
 found uot his body, they came, saying, 
 
 L s o s n v sh n 
 -tli they D -a- F- 
 
 That they had also seen a vision of 
 
 N j 1 s w ch s d w s L v 
 
 _ th he 
 
 -angels, which said that he was alive. 
 
 s r t n w ch w r 
 jP them 
 
 24. And certain of them which were 
 
 nt s p 1 k r 
 t . 
 
 S fnd 
 
 with us went to the sepulchre, and found 
 
 Fn sd 
 
 s s . - D - 
 
 w m n 
 it even so as the women had said;
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 56 
 
 th U 
 
 b him they n 
 
 fnd 
 but him they found uot. 25. Then 
 
 sd 
 he them O 
 
 2Vto fls 
 
 said be unto them, O fools, and 
 
 R t b 1 v L 
 
 p t th . 
 
 s 1 o 
 
 slow of heart to believe all that the 
 
 kr st 
 
 pr f t s sp k n T 
 
 prophets have spoken ! 26. Ought not Chris-t 
 
 Ntr 
 
 t V these things , t 
 
 sfrd 
 to have suffered these things, and to enter 
 
 b g n-ing 
 
 - ' - - J JL ~~" 
 
 N t o gl r i 
 
 into his glory? 27. And beginning at
 
 56 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 X p nd d 
 
 /te- 
 
 rn s s pr f ts 
 
 Moses and all the prophets he expounded 
 
 L skr p t r s 
 them N . 
 
 .ZVto 
 
 unto them in all the scriptures the 
 
 con-s T n-iny 
 
 -things himself- , they - 
 
 things concerning himself. 28. And they 
 
 n i v 1 j w thr 
 
 they 
 
 d r u N t o 
 
 drew nigh unto the village whither they 
 
 w nt m d S 
 
 , he he 
 
 th 
 went: and he made as though he 
 
 V b they - 
 
 wd gnfrthr 
 
 would have gone further. 29. But they
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 57 
 
 con-sir n d s a-ing B d 
 
 him w 5 
 
 fr 
 constrained him, saying, Abide with us: for 
 
 V n-ing 
 
 -TS , 
 
 t-ward 
 it is toward evening, and the day is 
 
 f r sp nt w nt 
 
 far spent. And he went in to 
 
 t r i km 
 w them - , T 
 
 tarry with them. 30. And it came 
 
 p s s t m t 
 t S he T 
 
 to pass, as he sat at meat 
 
 brd 
 
 w them he- 
 
 tk 
 
 with them, he took bread, 
 i
 
 58 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 PLATE XI. 
 
 bl s d br k g v 
 
 and blessed it, and brake, and gave 
 
 i S w r 
 
 t them - , their 
 
 to them. 31. And their eyes were 
 
 , they him , he 
 
 P nd n u 
 
 opened, and they knew him, and he 
 
 v n sh d s t 
 
 TF their , - 
 
 vanished out of their sight. 32. And 
 
 sd 
 
 - they 1 t an 
 
 THr 
 
 they said one to another, Did not
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 59 
 
 R t w th n w 1 
 
 - our us he 
 
 b r n 
 our heart burn within us, while he 
 
 1 1 k d w a 
 w by . , - 
 
 talked with us by the way, and 
 
 w 1 skr p t r 
 he 1 . 
 
 Pnd S 
 
 while he opened to us the scriptures. 
 
 s m 
 , they 
 
 r s P 
 
 33. And they rose up the same 
 
 rtrnd jrslm 
 
 t 
 
 hr f nd 
 
 hour, and returned to Jerusalem, and found 
 
 L v n g thr d 
 
 them th - 
 
 t g thr 
 the eleven gathered together, and them that
 
 60 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 w r s a ing 
 w them- 
 
 were with them, 34. Saying 1 , The Lord 
 rsn 2Vdd THPrd 
 
 Nto 
 
 is risen indeed, and hath appeared unto 
 
 s m n w t 
 
 , they things - 
 
 tld 
 
 Simon. 35. And they told what things 
 
 w r w a 
 
 N . , how he- 
 
 dn 
 were done in the way, and how he 
 
 w s br k-ijiy 
 F them N F- 
 
 n n 
 was known of them in breaking of 
 
 br d sp k 
 
 , " S they 
 
 ths 
 bread. 36. And as they thus spake,
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 61 
 
 j s s m d st 
 
 himself N . F-them- 
 
 std 
 Jesus himself stood in the midst of them, 
 
 s d p e s 
 
 them be you - 
 
 Nto Nto 
 
 and said unto them, Peace be unto you. 
 
 w r trfd FRtd 
 - b they , 
 
 37. But they were terrified and affrighted, 
 
 s n sp r t 
 
 - , th they D a 
 
 s p s d 
 and supposed that they had seen a spirit. 
 
 s d w i 
 
 ^ " " // 1 * " ' "" i / f 7/i 
 
 tfto 
 38. And he said unto them, Why 
 
 w i R s 
 
 WO 
 
 tr b 1 d th t s 
 
 are ye troubled ? and why do thoughts arise
 
 62 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 JRts bid NA& 
 N your my 
 
 in your hearts ? 39. Behold my hands 
 
 ft 
 , my th T S J myself - 
 
 and my feet, that it is I myself: 
 
 N d 1 s e sp r t TH 
 
 me , a 
 
 fr 
 handle me, and see; for a spirit hath 
 
 flsh S s 
 _n t y e me y - 
 
 b n s 
 not flesh and bones, as ye see me have. 
 
 w n 
 
 he D he - 
 
 th s sp k n 
 
 40. And when he had thus spoken, he 
 
 ATds ft 
 them his , his 
 
 shd 
 shewed them his hands and his feet.
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 63 
 
 w 1 y t b 1 v d 
 they n 
 
 41. And while they yet believed not 
 
 sd 
 
 fr joi wndrd Nto 
 
 for joy, and wondered, he said unto 
 
 R N mt 
 
 them V ye 
 
 them, Have ye here any meat? 42. 
 
 g v p e s 
 , they him a F a - 
 
 And they gave him a piece of a 
 brld fsh 
 
 Ni km 
 broiled fish, and of an honey comb. 43. 
 
 dd eT bfr 
 
 , he T , 
 
 tk 
 And he took it and did eat before
 
 64 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 Sd 
 
 - them- , he them 
 
 Nto 
 them. 44. And he said unto them, 
 
 w ch sp k 
 
 - these R . 1 
 
 w r d s 
 These are the words which I spake 
 
 JVto 
 
 w 1 w s y t 
 you / w you 
 
 iV t o 
 
 unto you, while I was yet with you, 
 
 L w ch 
 
 th things be 
 
 m st f 1 f 1 d 
 
 that all things must be fulfilled, which 
 
 wr rtn la mss 
 
 were written in the law of Moses, and 
 
 s ms 
 
 _ xr 
 
 pr f t s 
 in the prophets, and in the psalms,
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 65 
 
 con-s r n-<V/ th n 
 
 me - he their - 
 
 Pud 
 concerning me. 45. Then opened he their 
 
 under-si nd-ing m t under-st nd 
 th - they 
 
 understanding-, that they might understand 
 
 skr p t r s s d 
 
 - . , them - 
 
 Nto 
 the scriptures, 46. And said unto them, 
 
 r t n b h v d 
 
 y $ f 
 
 th s th s 
 
 Thus it is written, and thus it behoved 
 
 kr st r s d d 
 
 sfr 
 Christ to suffer, and to rise from the dead 
 
 th r d r p n-tance 
 d -, th 
 
 the third day: 47* And that repentance 
 
 I
 
 (34) AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 r m-tion s n s 
 _ /T sh 6 
 
 and remission of sins should be preached 
 
 n m n-tions b g n-iny 
 -Nhis ML 
 
 in his name among all nations, beginning 
 jrslm jKwtnss 
 
 T 
 
 at Jerusalem. 48. And ye are witnesses. 
 
 - F these things 
 of these things*
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 
 
 APPENDIX III, 
 
 CORRESPONDING WITH PLATES XII, XIII, 
 and XIV. 
 
 A final vowel is signified by the last consonant 
 being an Italick ; and a word beginning and ending 
 with a vowel, and having but one consonant, is 
 denoted by a Roman capital. The rest as in 
 Appendix II, except that the writing is independent 
 of a line. 
 
 Speech of the Earl of Liverpool, at the forma- 
 tion of the Auxiliary Bible Society for the Isle 
 of T/tanet. 
 
 PLATE XII. 
 
 I . R 1 F 1 v r p 1 s d he w d tr bl . 
 
 "2 m i-iny w b f ob-s r \-tion th he fit 
 
 '3 T n s s r i fr him t st t . gr nd s N 
 
 4 w ch he D X p . pr s-dence F . s s t 
 
 (1) The Earl of Liverpool said, he would trouble 
 the ('2) Meeting with but few observations; though 
 he felt (3) it necessary for him to state the grounds 
 on (4) which he had accepted the Presidency of 
 the Society.
 
 <) AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 5 he D n S t-tion N V-ing th . ob-j k 
 
 6 F . bbl s s t w s .AT p r f k K r-dance 
 
 7 w his pr ns pi s F f r a m-ment he 
 
 8 k d con-s dr . pr ns pi s R . pr s &-ing 
 
 9 F th ss t S STl t . rljii F his 
 
 10 con-tr S by la STblshd he \v d be 
 
 11 . 1 st m n N . k ng-dojn t \ I T his 
 
 12 s p r t b b 1 \-ing S he d d th 
 
 13 1 b r s F . b bl s s t t nd d t pr m t 
 
 14 krstn^ .ZVjiirl thr T . wrl , Ltmtl 
 
 15 . p r pr ns pi s F . ch r ch F N gl n 
 
 16 he fit T 5 At t prmt Ts sxs 
 
 17 % i . m n s N his p r 
 
 (5) He had no hesitation in avowing that the 
 object (6) of the Bible Society was in perfect ac- 
 cordance (7) with his principles. If for a moment 
 he (8) could consider the principles or the proceed- 
 ings (9) of that Society as hostile to the religion of 
 his (10) country, as by law established, he would be 
 
 (11) the last man in the kingdom to yield it his 
 
 (12) support: but believing, as he did, that thr 
 
 (13) labours of the Bible Society tended to pro- 
 mote (14) Christianity in general throughout the 
 world, and ultimately (15) the pure principles of 
 the Church of England, (16) he felt it his duty to 
 promote its success (17) by all the means in his poM r cr.
 
 TO SHOUT HAM). 'if 
 
 I ^ he w s a m nib r F . s s / f r 
 
 I}) pr m t-i/?iry kr st n n 1 j S a in nib r /' 
 
 20 . STblshd chrch he fit T his At 
 
 21 t s p r t th ST bl sh-mtit* , Ae sh 6e 
 
 22 P F . 1 t rj F . oh r ch k d /, ir be 
 
 23 s r k 1 t d t g thr w . b bl h k s T \v s 
 
 24 Azs s ns r P n n th . 1 t r j F 
 
 25 chrch F N gl n w s . b st F L Mn 
 2(> k m p s-tion b w r there n circum-st ns 
 
 27 w ch r nd r d . T \\-ment F such an 
 
 28 ob-'] k T r / M pr k t k bl . P r-liou 
 
 29 .F . s s fr pr in l-ing kr st n n 1 j w s 
 
 30 1 m t d b bl in 
 
 (18) He was a member of the Society for (19) 
 promoting Christian Knowledge : as a member of 
 
 (20) the Established Church, he felt it his duty 
 
 (21) to support that Establishment ; and he should 
 be (22) happy if the Liturgy of the Church could 
 always be (23) circulated together with the Bible, 
 because it was (24) his sincere opinion that the 
 Liturgy of the (25) Church of England was the best 
 of all human (20) compositions : but were there not 
 circumstances (27) which rendered the attainment 
 of such an (28) object utterly impracticable ? The 
 operation (29) of the Society for Promoting Chris- 
 tian Knowledge was (30) limited : the Bible may
 
 70 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 31 fcesrkltdwr. pr r b k w 1 n be 
 
 32 r s v d M L sks , dis- kr p-lions 
 
 33 F p r s n s N gr t br t n . b bl m 
 
 34 be s r k 1 t d , sh we w id 
 
 35 skr p t r s f N p r t F our t' 1 o 
 
 36 sub-j k s b k s */ey R n T this t m 
 
 37 pr p r d t r s v . pr r b k w ch 6' 
 
 38 f nd d N them 
 
 39 JV jRln wt Fr A-frnce F Pun m 
 40XstXswr5t 
 
 (31) be circulated where the Prayer Book will not 
 be (32) received. Among all sects and descriptions 
 
 (33) of persons in Great Britain, the Bible may 
 
 (34) be circulated; and should we with-hold the 
 
 (35) Scriptures from any part of our fellow (36) sub- 
 jects because they are not at this time (37) prepared 
 to receive the Prayer Book, which is (38) founded 
 upon them? 
 
 (39) In Ireland, whatever difference of opinion 
 may (40) exist elsewhere as to
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 7t 
 
 PLATE XIII. 
 
 41 . st t , con-d-tton F th p r t F . 
 
 4'J N i t d k ug'dom T S q t kl r th 
 
 43 r 1 j s pr j d s m st N m st k s s pr-twi f 
 
 44 . pr r b k b-a</ r s v d t g tbr w . 
 
 45 b bl , sh we fry . D v nt j F 
 4(j s r k 1 t-ui// . w r d F g Jfcf L kl s s 
 
 47 , I s k s N th con-tr g v-iw<7 </ie aw 
 
 48 P r t n F fr m-in^r f 7te- con-sh nsh s 
 
 49 P n n s N . b bl , their by F r A-ing 
 
 50 prps hr Ftr . m smpl , m 
 
 51 F k 1 1 r m d t those VI & w ch , 
 
 (41) the state and condition of that part of the 
 
 (42) United Kingdom, it is quite clear that (43) 
 religious prejudices must, in most cases, prevent 
 (44) the Prayer Book being received together with 
 the (45) Bible. And shall we forego the advantage 
 of (46) circulating the Word of God among all 
 classes (47) and all sects in that country, giving 
 them an (48) opportunity of forming their consci- 
 entious (49) opinions on the Bible, and thereby 
 affording, (50) perhaps hereafter, the most simple 
 and most (51) effectual remedy to those evils which
 
 72 AN EASY INTRODUCTION" 
 
 52 we L Q I d pi r . pr n.s pi s F this 
 
 53 s s t D p t T zVd d t con-v . w r d 
 
 54 Ji' 1 f t . X w r 1 br t n s Fa d t 
 
 55 /i M p r t d / t p r f r m R s-ing T 
 50 F their Xtnsv klnes , frn ps-tion 
 
 57 S kr st n s ire T t d pi r th this d t 
 
 58 S b u s 1 ng n g 1 k t d b sh r-ly he 
 
 59 m t n PI t them S kr st n s , 5 
 GO pr t st nt s w thr they w d n g 1 k 
 
 01 X)vntj F such an N str me/it N prmt-ing 
 
 02 . s r k \-tion F . skr thr .klnes , 
 
 03 d p nd us F gr t br t n 
 
 (52) we all equally deplore? The principles of 
 this (53) Society adapt it, indeed, to convey the 
 word (54) of life to the whole world. Britons 
 have a duty, (55) an important duty to perform, 
 arising out (50) of their extensive colonies and 
 foreign possessions. (57) As Christians, we ought 
 to deplore that this duty (58) has been so long- 
 neglected; but surely he (59) might now appeal 
 to them as Christians, and as (00) Protestants, 
 whether they would neglect the (01J advantages 
 of such an instrument in promoting (02) the cir- 
 culation of the Scriptures through the colonies 
 and (63) dependencies of Great Britain .'
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 73 
 
 64 . bbl s s t w s n n 1 ng r a th* 4 
 
 65 T D b n N pr k t k 1 P r-tion f r 
 
 66 a prd Fmr thn 17 yrs , s 
 
 67 fr f in-jr-iny THR sstes w ch 
 
 68 D . sm o6-jk N v T D b n 
 
 69 pr v d th T S mtr-ly b n f t d them 
 
 70 , by Ts X r-tions . skr D b n 
 
 71 rans-l tcl JV umrs 1 ng j s w 
 
 72 n m s F n F s m F w ch we w r 
 
 73 sk r s-fy # nt d 
 
 74 F Pn s slm , M p r-tant a *w&-j k 
 
 75 T kd Je I* o u d t fl prid he sh 
 
 (64) The Bible Society -was now no longer a 
 theory ; (65) it had been in practical operation for 
 (66) a period of more than seventeen years ; and 
 so (67) far from injuring other Societies which 
 
 (68) had the same object in view, it had been 
 
 (69) proved that it has materially benefited them: 
 
 (70) and by its exertions the Scriptures had been 
 
 (71) translated into numerous languages, with the 
 
 (72) names even of some of which we were (73) 
 scarcely acquainted. 
 
 (74) If, upon so solemn and important a subject, 
 (75) it could be allowed to feel pride, he should
 
 74 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 76 * he fit a n sh n 1 pr d th s X t n s v 
 
 77 s b n \-lent an in-st t-tlon an in-st t-tion 
 
 78 wch con-v d . b st F bl s-iny t Vr 
 
 79 n-tion , t Vr p pi D .Rjntd JV 
 
 80 f/t/5 con-tr T w s a d we od t 
 
 81 g who D s bnftd this con-tr by 
 
 82 bst-ing N S such JVmrbl , rw-prlld 
 
 83 bl s-ing who in-BL d .S s 1 t-ly t 
 
 84 w thr . 
 
 (76) say he felt a national pride that so extensive, 
 
 (77) so benevolent an Institution, an Institution 
 
 (78) which conveyed the best of blessings to every 
 
 (79) nation, and to every people, had originated in 
 
 (80) this coiintry. It was a duty we owed to 
 
 (81) God, who had so benefited this country by 
 
 (82) bestowing upon us such innumerable and un- 
 paralleled (83) blessings, who enabled us so lately 
 to (84) weather the 
 
 PLATE XIV 
 
 85 strm wch D s Ing Frd Fr S t 
 
 86 s r-mount .dfklts .Fl F m 
 
 (85) storm which had so long hovered over us, to 
 
 (86) surmount the difficulties of one of the most
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 75 
 
 87 mmnts prds N our ST r , who 
 
 88 D kr nd . n-tion w a glrs ps T 
 
 89 w s a d t his 1 r d-ship s d we o d 
 
 90 t d v n pr v-dence t m k L m n-kind 
 
 91 fl th N Knlj-ing . fvrs Fn S 
 
 92 s b n t-futty con-f T d P n S toe w r 
 
 93 N sh s t con-v t <Aew . gr t st 
 
 94 bl S-Z'/Z/JT Fn k b*< by srkl i-ing S 
 
 95 Xtnsv-/y S psbl . wrd F Trni 
 90 If 
 
 (87) momentous periods of our history, and who 
 
 (88) had crowned the nation with a glorious peace, 
 it (89) was a duty, His Lordship said, we owed 
 
 (90) to Divine Providence to make all mankind 
 
 (91) feel that in acknowledging the favours Heaven 
 has (92) so bountifully conferred upon us, we were 
 (93) anxious to convey to them the greatest (94) 
 blessing Heaven can bestow, by circulating, as 
 (95) extensively as possible, the word of eternal 
 (9G) life.
 
 76 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 The Lord's Prayer. 
 
 PLATE XIV. 
 
 our f thr w ch R t N V n h 1 o d be 
 thy n m thy k-d k m thy w 1 be d n 
 N jRth S T S N Vn g v S this 
 d our d-ly br d , f r g v iS our tr sp s s 
 5 we f r g v i/iew th tr sp s G S , 
 Id S n 2V t t m *-*i<m b d 1 v r S f 
 V L f r <Ame *S . k-d . p r , . gl r 
 fr Vr Fr Mn 
 
 Our Father which art in heaven, Hallowed be 
 thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done 
 on earth, as it is in heaven. Give us this day our 
 daily bread. And forgive us our trespasses, as we 
 forgive them that trespass against us. And lead 
 us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. 
 For thine is the kingdom, the power and the glory, 
 for ever and ever. Amen.
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 77 
 
 APPENDIX IV, 
 
 CORRESPONDING WITH PLATE XV; BEING A 
 METHOD OF JOINING AND OMITTING WORDS. 
 
 We have, in what goes before, endeavoured to 
 exhibit to the learner, a system of Short Hand 
 which might be simple, easy, rational, concise, and 
 beautiful ; accommodating itself to all the inflexions 
 of sound in our language, and fitted to all the princi- 
 pal purposes in which it might be desireable to use it. 
 
 One of the objects which we have, in the forma- 
 tion of our system, kept constantly in view, has 
 been, to render it, in its last stage, independent 
 of position with respect to a line, either real or 
 imaginary ; for, although a line is very convenient 
 in some respects, it is far from being so in others. 
 On many occasions we may not have ruled paper 
 at hand : on others, when for example we wish to 
 write on the margin of a book, we must either 
 draw lines, which is very troublesome, or dispense 
 with them, which, if our system be dependent on 
 them, would occasion some risk of legibility : and 
 we cannot interline any casual omission. Not to 
 mention the shifting of the hand, which, in most
 
 78 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 systems where the line is used, becomes, at every 
 instant, necessary. 
 
 In keeping private memoranda, in copying 
 extracts, in correspondence, and even in taking- 
 down the general substance of a speech, we would, 
 therefore, recommend the learner to restrict himself 
 to what is already laid down ; which he will find 
 amply sufficient for these purposes. 
 
 But there occur some cases wherein it is neces- 
 sary to take down, as nearly as possible, the precise 
 words of the speaker, and where the writer must 
 hurry on, without regard to beauty or neatness, 
 and is obliged to catch at any expedient which may 
 ensure him the greatest quantity of matter in the 
 least time. For such occasions, and for such only, 
 is the present Appendix intended ; which is, by no 
 means, to be considered as superseding what goes 
 before, but to which recourse may be had, when 
 great haste is required, and the writer has ruled 
 paper by him. 
 
 Those who write a quick running hand, join not 
 only the several parts of a word, but very frequent- 
 ly the words themselves; showing the transition 
 from one word to another, by a long horizontal or 
 up-stroke, according to the position of the pre-
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 79 
 
 ceding final letter. In Short Hand, we cannot 
 exactly imitate this, because these joining strokes 
 are letters : and if we were to unite the words, 
 immediately, without some management, it would 
 be impossible, when reading-, to know in what part 
 of such a combination, a new word begun. Observ- 
 ing, however, that a great part of the words, and 
 especially such as occur often, are, in Short Hand, 
 denoted by either one or two characters only, we 
 conceived that if we could join these with those 
 that follow them, we should go a great way towards 
 attaining the object. And this is effected by the 
 following directions. 
 
 DIRECTIONS. 
 
 I. Write on ruled paper. 
 
 II. Begin from the line every word not pro- 
 vided for below. 
 
 III. Begin above the line any word written 
 with one character, and join it to the following 
 word. 
 
 IV. Begin below the line any word written 
 with two characters, and join it to the following 
 word.
 
 80 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 Obs. 1. As in these cases the circle is restricted 
 to a particular direction, it is better to make 
 the words of the 2nd Alphabet, the first, and 
 those of the 3d Alphabet, the last, words of 
 the combinations. 
 
 Obs. 2. When the second word of the combina- 
 tion, would continue the same right line as 
 the preceding, it. may be disjoined. 
 
 This method would leave a single character 
 above and below the line, and a combination of 
 two characters below the line, without any particu- 
 lar signification : and as the article the, and the 
 auxiliary verbs be and have, occur very often, they 
 may be omitted, by observing these further direc- 
 tions and observations. 
 
 V. When a personal pronoun is followed by 
 have, had, &c. write it alone above the line. 
 
 VI. When a personal pronoun is followed by 
 am, are, &c. write it alone below the line. 
 
 VII. When any word (not being a personal 
 pronoun) consists of but one character, and is fol- 
 lowed by the article the, write it alone above the 
 line.
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 81 
 
 VIII. When any word (not being a personal 
 pronoun) consists of two characters, and is followed 
 by the, write it alone below the line. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 1. The shifting of the hand, is, on these princi- 
 ples, as little as may be ; and is always compensated 
 by the junction of two words, or the omission of 
 one. 
 
 2. These rules are so comprehensive, that in 
 an example of no great length, and taken at ran- 
 dom, they either unite two words, or omit one, 
 upwards of eighty times. 
 
 3. The legibility is rather advanced than other- 
 wise; for, if the combinations be judiciously and 
 orderly arranged, they may connect such words as 
 mutually illustrate each other. 
 
 4. This mutual illustration admits of a more 
 abbreviated mode of writing. 
 
 5. It would not have been convenient to unite 
 more than two words, since the combinations would 
 have deviated so far above or below one line, as to 
 interfere with the next. 
 
 M
 
 82 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 IX. A single character below the line, is still 
 left (except it be a personal pronoun) without any 
 particular signification. It may, therefore, be use- 
 fully employed as follows : 
 
 1. To represent such combinations of words, as 
 frequently occur in general composition ; as,. 
 
 th that is t to be 
 
 thr there is TJFTR otherwise 
 
 T it is CH each other, &c. 
 
 Or, 2. To denote the initials of such words as 
 the writer, in his particular business, may have 
 frequent occasion to use ; as, 
 
 pi plaintif k court 
 
 d defendant w witness, &c. 
 
 By these means, a considerable further abbrevi- 
 ation may be obtained: but. we leave this to the 
 fancy or wants of the learner ; only recommending 
 him not to extend the use of this principle beyond 
 what his memory can bear, nor to render too 
 complex, a system whose chief characteristics are 
 ease and simplicity.
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 
 
 EXAMPLE, 
 
 CORRESPONDING WITH PLATE XV. 
 On Modesty and Assurance* 
 t ch r sh 
 
 V r w n 
 (Every one) ought (to cherish) and encourage 
 
 NM-s 
 . m ' SH 
 
 (in himself,) the (modesty and assurance) (I have) 
 
 w T 
 
 a mn SHrus- 
 
 h r m n-tion 
 (here mentioned.) A man without assurance, 
 
 S I bl t b b 
 fl-R. 
 
 m d N s 
 (is liable) (to be) (made uneasy) (by the) folly or
 
 84 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 L n tr 
 
 p ] ie con-v r s w a 
 
 V r w n 
 (ill nature) of (every one) he converses with. A 
 
 w T Slst 
 - m n m d st t 
 
 man without modesty (is lost) to (all sense) 
 
 Fnr TS 
 
 - , v r t pr b 
 
 in r th n 
 (of honour) and virtue. (It is) (more than) probable, 
 
 th B m n-tion 
 pr ns p s s b th- 
 
 (that the) prince (above mentioned) possessed both 
 
 these q 1 f k-tion 
 
 N - a - = d gr - 
 
 v r M-nent 
 (these qualifications) in a (very eminent) degree. 
 
 T he w d 
 
 SH r ns n vr V -under- 
 
 Without assurance (he would) never have under-
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 85 
 
 t sp k m G st 
 
 -tkn S ml- 
 
 b-f 
 taken (to speak) (before the) (most august) assembly 
 
 N w T he w d 
 
 w r 1 m d si 
 
 (in the) world ; without modesty (he would) 
 
 F pi d he D P him 
 
 . ks t k 
 
 (have pleaded) the cause (he had) taken (upon him,) 
 
 TD 
 
 -th -Pr skndls- 
 
 Frs 
 though (it had) appeared (ever so) scandalous. 
 
 fwt Sbn TS 
 
 ~ s d pi n th -t 
 
 (From what) (has been) said, (it is) plain, that 
 
 Rb th 
 m' SH M bl , - 
 
 (modesty and assurance) (are both) amiable, and
 
 86 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 N 
 
 - m m t 
 
 Frwl smprsn 
 
 may (very well) meet (in the) (same person.) 
 
 - wn- 
 
 they th s m x bl nd t g 
 
 When (they are) (thus mixed) & (blended together,) 
 
 they kmps we N d v r tXprs 
 
 (they compose) what (we endeavour) (to express,) 
 
 we s b w ch 
 - w n a - m d st - S H r ns we 
 
 when (we say) a modest assurance ; (by which) we 
 
 under-st nd - . b-t b sh-f n - 
 
 j st m n 
 understand the (just mean) between bashfulness 
 
 I sh w B s r v 
 -,-M p-dence con-cl d 
 
 and impudence. (I shall) conclude (with observing,)
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 87 
 
 S m b 
 
 _th- 
 
 s m m u b th m d st 
 
 that (as the) (same man) (may be) (both modest) 
 
 TS 
 
 -, SHrd-s 
 
 L s p s bl f r 
 
 and assured, so (it is) (also possible) (for the) 
 
 tb 
 
 , b sh-f- 
 
 smprsn b th .M p-dent 
 
 (same person) (to be) (both impudent) and bashful. 
 
 we F this D k nd 
 
 fr-q N-slance 
 (We have) (frequent instances) (of this) (odd kind) 
 
 F m x tr N p pi F d pr v 
 
 m nd - , - 
 
 (of mixture) (in people) (of depraved) minds and 
 
 n BL 
 
 who th 
 
 m n D k-tion they 
 
 (mean education;) who, though (they are) (not able)
 
 88 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 t m t R pr n ns 
 a-mns- I a-sn-tence 
 
 (to meet.) a man's eyes, (or pronounce) a sentence 
 
 w T k v 1 nt r-ly 
 con-f sh n k m t 
 
 without confusion, (can voluntarily) commit the 
 
 m N d-cent 
 
 R K-tions- 
 
 gr t v 1 n 
 (greatest villanies,) or (most indecent) actions. 
 
 Fmd 
 such -a-prsn sms-t a - r s l-tion 
 
 Such a person seems to (have made) a resolution 
 
 t d N sp t 
 L - V n F himself , - 
 
 (to do) ill even (in spite) (of himself,) and 
 N df ns L those 
 
 ch x , r str ns - 
 
 (in defiance) of (all those) checks and restraints
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 
 
 his t mp r V 1 d 
 , cowi-pl x n 
 
 s m t 
 (his temper) and complexion (seem to) (have laid) 
 
 his w 
 
 in (his way.) 
 
 The following is added as a brief illustration of 
 DIRECTION IX. 
 
 -w n N- a 
 
 thr kr s k s kr s b 1 
 
 When (there are) (cross causes) on a (cross bill) 
 
 b G N 
 
 d pi 
 
 filed (by the) defendant (against the) plaintiff (in the) 
 
 -R j n 1 k s j n r-ly - con-t r v 
 
 they t 
 
 original cause, (they are) generally contrived (to be) 
 
 N
 
 90 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 th 
 
 br t N s m R-ing 
 
 (brought on) together, (that the) (same hearing) 
 
 m s r v 
 
 s m d kr f r b th 
 
 (and the) (same decree) (may serve) (for both) 
 
 F them F R-ing 
 
 . - m th d k s - N 
 
 k 
 (of them.) The method (of hearing) causes in court 
 
 S S-ly 
 
 this - . p r t - N P T-inff - 
 
 b th sd 
 (is, usually) this. The parties on (both sides) appearing 
 
 their con-s 1 S f r st 
 
 b . bl Pn- 
 
 pl 
 by (their counsel,) the plaintiff's bill (is first) opened, 
 
 R br f-ly 
 BRj 
 
 (or briefly) abridged, &c. 
 
 Blackstone's Commentaries y edit. 1771, vol. 3, page 451.
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 91 
 
 AN ALPHABETICAL LIST 
 
 OF SUCH WORDS, 
 
 AS ARE WRITTEN WITH ONE CHARACTER. 
 
 ALPHABETS. 
 
 Arb. 1. 
 A 
 
 2. 
 
 \ 
 3. 4. 
 
 Above . . . . . 
 
 B 
 
 
 Accrue .... 
 Act 
 
 K 
 
 KR 
 
 Ado 7 
 Adieu 5 
 
 
 D 
 FR 
 
 Again 7 
 Against 3 
 
 G 
 
 G 
 
 Agree - 
 
 
 GR 
 
 All 
 
 , 
 
 
 Allay - 
 
 
 T 
 
 Allow ...... 
 
 
 m. 
 
 Ally 
 
 
 
 Am 
 
 M 
 
 
 Among 
 
 M 
 
 _.
 
 92 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 Arb. 1. 2. 3. 4. 
 
 An , 
 
 And , 
 
 Any N 
 
 Apply PL 
 
 Are R 
 
 Array R 
 
 As S _ 
 
 Astray . STR 
 
 At T 
 
 Avow V 
 
 Away V 
 
 Be . _ ._ 
 
 Below U _ 
 
 Bow 5 
 
 Brow lr 
 
 But b _ 
 
 By 
 
 Can k 
 
 Christ x 
 
 Clay _ kl 
 
 Could k __ 
 
 Cry cr 
 
 Day d 
 
 Dew d 
 
 Did d _ 
 
 Do d _ 
 
 Draw dr
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 93 
 
 Arb. 1. 2. 3. 4. 
 
 Due ....... d 
 
 Each CH 
 
 Easy S 
 
 Echo K 
 
 Either THR 
 
 Espy SP 
 
 Ever VR 
 
 Every VR 
 
 Eva VL 
 
 Few / 
 
 Flow / 
 
 Free fr 
 
 From f 
 
 Glee ...... gl 
 
 Go - g 
 
 GOD g 
 
 Grow gr 
 
 Had D 
 
 Happy P 
 
 Hast ST 
 
 Hasty ST 
 
 Hath TH 
 
 Haughty.... T 
 
 Have V 
 
 He f 
 
 High h 
 
 Him . f .
 
 94 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 Arb. 1. 2. 3. 4. 
 
 His C 
 
 How O 
 
 j 9 _. 
 
 Idea D 
 
 If F 
 
 In N 
 
 Issue ' SH 
 
 It T 
 
 Jew j, ch 
 
 Joy j,ch 
 
 Key k 
 
 King k 
 
 Knew n 
 
 Know n 
 
 Lay I 
 
 Lord 1 
 
 Low / 
 
 May m 
 
 Me -*- m 
 
 Most m 
 
 My k. 
 
 New n 
 
 Nigh n 
 
 No *.. n 
 
 Not ....... n 
 
 Now ...... n
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 95 
 
 Arb. 1. 2. 3. 4. 
 
 O O 
 
 Obey B 
 
 Of F 
 
 On o N 
 
 One 1 
 
 Opera PR 
 
 Or R 
 
 Other THR 
 
 Our > 
 
 Out . T 
 
 Over VR 
 
 Owe O 
 
 Pay p 
 
 Plea _ pi 
 
 Pray pr 
 
 Question ... q 
 
 Say s 
 
 Scripture ... skr 
 
 See s 
 
 Shall _ sh 
 
 Should ..... sh 
 
 Show sk 
 
 Sky sk 
 
 So 8 
 
 Speak sp 
 
 Spirit sp 
 
 Stay ....... st
 
 Arb. 1. 2. 3. 4. 
 
 Strange .... str 
 
 Stray str _ 
 
 Such ch 
 
 That th _ 
 
 The _ __ 
 
 Their j _ _ 
 
 Them , _ _ 
 
 There thr _ 
 
 These ^ _ . _ 
 
 They ; _ _ 
 
 Thing o _ 
 
 Things O _ _ 
 
 This ~ _ __ 
 
 Those v-/ 
 
 Thou ( _ _ 
 
 Though .... t k 
 
 Through thr 
 
 Thv ( 
 
 L UJ ....... ^ 
 
 To t 
 
 True tr 
 
 Two _ t 
 
 Value .W 
 
 Very vr 
 
 View v 
 
 Up p 
 
 Upon P 
 
 Us . 5
 
 TO SHORT HAND. 97 
 
 Arb. 1. 2. 3. 4. 
 
 Use S 
 
 Way vo 
 
 We -s 
 
 Whole L 
 
 Wholly L 
 
 Why v, w 
 
 With v, w 
 
 Yes y 
 
 You ) 
 
 Your )___ 
 
 FINIS. 
 
 Batcheller and Rigden, Printers, Dover.
 
 ERRATA: 
 
 Line. 
 
 3, counsellors. 
 
 8, Byrom. 
 -25, speech. 
 
 7, A table of prepositions and terminations 
 
 is given in plate VI. 
 '15, d, for adjective. 
 16, N d-jance.
 
 PL. I. 
 
 
 /' 
 
 //<"/ 
 ,)/t< <r/! 
 
 //v 
 
 /:,'./, 
 
 //tt t /' 
 & 
 
 C'f St ,ff fffff 
 
 '".7 
 
 I/ 
 
 
 I,. 
 
 ,/r 
 
 eut' 
 
 ////v 
 
 .,/// 
 
 /,/ 
 
 7 
 
 f/ft<:>/K-/ 
 /t/// 
 //f .f 
 
 f// 
 
 -/;-, 
 
 rfSf/>
 
 PL.IL 
 
 / / 
 
 f '//ff'ff f 
 
 y 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 v 
 
 /* 
 
 N 
 
 / 
 
 ,-/ 
 
 t 
 
 r 
 
 ff/;/ 
 ft.t/t 
 ftf/ 
 
 ''" ,/ 
 
 A <'/'"', 
 // /,//, 
 
 f/,t// 
 
 f/C/t 
 
 ff.t//- 
 
 ft/ 
 
 ft/ft 
 ft ft 
 ft /' 
 
 ft,). <,>, ff,> 
 
 ft //I. ft /it* //-> 
 ///, I /I 
 
 '(</'< sf ,>/ff/tf/t/f 
 
 /' rf/f '/ rr // V / .
 
 PL. III. 
 
 ,/,*/></ 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 V 
 
 ^ 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 Jf 
 
 ^ 
 
 V, 
 
 /ft/ /'(/ 
 
 /< /< sr 
 /t /< <r 
 //f/r 
 
 ( tffft/.rmr 
 
 
 f/f't 
 // 
 </t" 
 
 &n> 
 
 / / /// 
 
 \ 
 
 f/ f< < 
 
 rffU, 
 
 >/ 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 \ 
 
 (P 
 
 ,/ 
 / 
 
 /, 
 
 .J/f 
 
 f/ffi 
 
 /, 
 ///ff 
 /tft 
 /ft 
 
 <'''/ 
 
 <(, // ; r/t/, 
 /trr 
 
 /// 
 
 />// /< /r 
 7 7/ 
 
 f
 
 PL. IV. 
 
 i 
 
 i G 
 
 b 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 '/ h 
 
 
 ,,, 
 
 I ,</w/v/ 
 
 *</ ^ "/'.//< 
 
 I lu&ett 
 
 ,, 
 
 '/' 
 
 " /'ff 
 
 ? 
 
 ff/fr/ 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 // 
 
 / v 7
 
 PL.V. 
 
 /x/ ///< *///</(//( <\ ft/ // CHS/ f'/ iff 
 
 ^ 
 
 /f////tt 
 
 
 
 rt'ttr/ 
 /</// 
 
 /H/t///>r , 
 
 ///<"/(/// 
 
 o/ 
 
 n.* 
 
 V 
 
 '<+4*rtt 
 &uJ 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 tfr 
 
 If/H/ 
 
 ff/ 
 
 f 
 
 I 
 
 ( .t'frM(/s/<;t (>/ //ff .//,// c/ f c/t'f/.t 
 
 t<1</ ,(?" fff'H.f 
 
 c 
 
 /- 
 /'"
 
 PL. VI. 
 
 ' 'tV 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 r 
 
 V. 
 
 //fur/ i 
 
 / 
 t'r't/i 
 
 f 
 
 // 
 
 tldt 
 
 f'ff//t/ 
 
 HM/t/ 
 
 ,/// 
 
 .t f '//</' 
 
 fffU/ff 
 //V// 
 
 ; 
 
 7
 
 PL. 
 
 A' ' 
 
 \&\ / 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 I -^ \ 
 
 I ''-/ 
 
 '/' 
 
 ,,/ 
 
 , 
 
 /,//,.,.,,. 
 
 U; 
 
 X 
 
 >
 
 PL. VIII. 
 
 1 
 
 F.I. 
 
 tzS 
 
 P. 3- 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 T^ 
 
 3zL 
 
 ; 
 
 j^ 
 
 - 
 
 \ 
 
 /? 
 
 
 ~^ 
 
 y ^) 
 
 A- 
 
 /y sf 
 
 -f^ 
 
 4-
 
 / / / 
 
 PL . IX. 
 
 F.I. 
 F. 2. 
 
 IS^~ /e 
 
 94' / 
 
 -, 
 
 V 
 
 _ j 
 
 j- /:' 
 
 // 
 
 IV 
 
 A_ 
 
 TL 
 
 / ,
 
 PL.X.
 
 PL. XI. 
 
 )-,% *-*-+- < t^V 
 
 Cl i 
 
 ^ , 
 
 ^M-^- 
 
 /7V 
 
 / 
 
 ; ^ ^cv , < 
 ^_ ) ^^^= 
 
 3 
 
 y 
 
 VV2 
 
 /-^t^ 
 
 ; V X? -- V ^ ~ - ' --. T 
 
 -^> , -^; ^-/ ^' - / ^~^r^- 
 
 ^^~ ->^ S^P-^ 
 ,^r , s,''--- *.*.;> 
 
 Y , L ? > f I/ , ; , __, -v.--/* 
 
 - -^ 
 
 '^^ rr^ ' *" r/-/ 1 
 
 L- ^^' , ; ^^ ;
 
 PL. XII. 
 
 /tf- 
 
 i>///" f 'ft/-/ t'/ 'ff'f/-/i<></
 
 PL. XIII. 
 
 v ^ > ^~*f 1 1 \/~ ? 
 
 -^/ ' ' 6/ ^ ^\ 
 
 - -i vi 3O 
 
 Y. 
 
 \ C 
 
 V 
 
 9 
 
 v x. 
 
 . , _^ 
 H c ' 
 
 ^xx 
 
 L 
 
 9 1. 
 
 / 2 ' - V V 
 
 \ 

 
 PL, . XIV. 
 
 "/ 
 
 ' ( 
 
 V 
 
 /
 
 PL .XV. 
 
 //s>r/f.>/t/ 
 
 , 
 
 
 J-. 
 
 z 
 
 I 
 
 L
 
 INY-SOV^
 
 f ft U .55 jJ. 
 
 3 *" 
 
 < eo 
 
 A 000 099 614 
 
 I Sf