\ I Ex Libris C. K. OGDEN Green on Diseases of the Skin. SECOND EDITION. Just published, in 1 thick vol. 8vo. WITH TWO ILLUSTRATIVE COLOURED PLATES, PRICE 12s. BOARDS, A PRACTICAL COMPENDIUM OF THE DISEASES OF THE SKIN, A PARTICULAR CONSIDERATION OF THE MORE FREQUENT AND INTRACTABLE FORMS OF THESE AFFECTIONS. BY JONATHAN GREEN, M.D. 40, GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET, FORMERLY SURGEON IN HIS MAJESTY'S NAVY, AND MEMBER OP THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS, LONDON, &C. &C. BY PERMISSION, DEDICATED TO SIR HENRY HALFORD, BART. PHYSICIAN TO THE KING, &c. &c. &c. Whittaker & Co., Ave Maria Lane; to be had of all Booksellers. IT has been the author's aim in this Compendium to condense within the smallest possible space, not only the results of his own experience, but the whole amount of practical information extant upon this highly important class of diseases. His most particular attention is constantly given to the characters by which they may be distinguished one from another, and to the most approved and available means of treatment recommended for the cure* tten on Stefan of tfje dfcin, REMARKS OF THE MEDICAL AND GENERAL PRESS, ON THE FIRST EDITION. " It is almost superfluous to say, that every professional reader who wishes to be successful in the management of cutaneous diseases, will find it his interest to study thoroughly the method of treatment recommended by Dr. Green." Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal. " The Practical Compendium of Dr. Green forms a popular and very useful introductory work to the larger one of Rayer. His observations on Impetigo and Porrigo are certainly the most judicious we have ever read ; they are derived from sound pathological views. To the student of medicine we do not hesitate to recommend the Compendium of Dr. Green in preference to Bate- man's Synopsis, (no mean praise) as more simple in its descriptions, and more practically useful in its therapeutic instructions. It is unnecessary to say more of this work." Medico- Chirurgical Review. " Upon the whole we are much pleased with this book; it cannot fail to be instructive, as it is replete with the results of long and successful practice." Medical Quarterly Review. " We earnestly recommend those who are interested in the subject, not only to read this book, but to put the efficacy of the agents to the test." London Medical Gazette. " So far as the production of a compendium of all that is known on the pathology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of cutaneous diseases is concerned, the author seems to have succeeded in his object." Lancet. " It is an excellent compendium, evincing great experience and success on the part of the author." London Medical and Surgical Journal. " We can state from our own knowledge of the benefits experienced by numerous patients, and heartily recommend both the work and the system it advocates." Literary Gazette. " Dr. Green's bonk will i-ocommpnd itself. It is not a mere book of nomen- clature system, but enters largely into therapeutic details, which are mostly satisfactory, laying down very precise rules for the management of herculean remedies in the treatment of maladies that have long been the opprobria medi- corum." Athenaum. " We take leave of this work with the full conviction that the author has rendered an important service to the public, furnished the practitioner with a most valuable book of reference, and evinced in his elucidation of an obscure class of diseases, a thorough knowledge of their causes, treatment, and method of cure." Metropolitan. " Such a work as the present has long been wanted. More empirical reme- dies are in use, and more mistakes made in the treatment of cutaneous diseases, than in any other class of disorders. The clearness with which Dr. Green has classed the diseases of the skin, and the remedial details into which he has so largely entered for the management of those intractable diseases in all their varieties, render the present volume a most valuable addition to medical litera- ture. It ought to obtain a place in the library of every professional adviser." Court Journal. BY THE SAME AUTHOR, Published by Churchill, Medical Bookseller, PRINCE'S STREET, SOHO, OBSERVATIONS on the UTILITY of FUMIGATING and other BATHS, with Abstracts from the Official Documents, ordering this Mode of Treating Diseases to be adopted in the French Hospitals, and which rapidly extended throughout the Continent ; together with Ninty-two important Au- thenticated Cases. Price Is. 6d. ALSO, A CHART of the DISEASES of the SKIN, wherein is defined the distinguishing Characters by which they may be known, and the effects of the Fumigating Baths in the Treatment are shown in the last column. Price Is. 6d. A SHORT ACCOUNT FUMIGATING, HOT AIR, AND Vapour i$atl)$u This account lays claim to confidence, as it is supported by the first Medical Authorities, in this Country and on the Continent. The above represents the Patent Fumigating, Warm Air, and Vapour Apparatus for Baths, as introduced into England, early in 1822, by JONATHAN GREEN, M.D. They are improved upon the plan of those used on the Continent, and of those di- rected to be used in the Hospitals throughout France. The left view shows the Bath open, and the right a person taking the Bath. LONDON : 40, GREAT MARLBO ROUGH STREET. 1837. Fumigating, Hot Air, In the treatment of various diseases Baths are very essential, and have been much overlooked in this country. In a curative point of view, immeasurably above all others, are those administered in what is called the Fumigating Apparatus, by means of which Medicines of any degree of strength, and in the most favourable form, for influ- encing the system, viz. the Gaseous, are administered without unplea- santness, or inconvenience to the patient. No water is used in these Baths, except for Vapour. The Medi- cines employed are such as the case may require, as Sulphur, Cam- phor, Ammonia, Mercury, &c. &c., which, being converted by HEAT into the Gaseous form, surround the patient's body, the face only being excluded ; and as the HEAT occasions absorption of the Medi- cine, these Baths are particularly useful in those cases, where the coats of the stomach and bowels are too weak to receive the requisite remedies in the ordinary way. The temporary application of HEAT, after this method, occasions for the time an increased vigour to be given to all the internal and external functions of the body, simultaneously, by which any hidden or latent complaint is propelled outwards and through the pores of the skin, as the Bath acts much on the principle of the cupping glass, that is, drawing from within outwards. The efficacy of this mode may be inferred from a knowledge of the fact, that the milder forms of disease give way to the use of these Baths alone. They may be taken by the most delicate persons and children, being always tonic in effect, when properly administered, and persons from their use are less liable to take cold.* They are preservatives of Health, as they produce the good effects of exercise, viz., increased and equal circulation and perspiration, without fatigue. The good effects of these Baths may be further judged of, as it is indisputably admitted, that they I. Equalize the circulation of the blood, and powerfully tend to prevent its determination to the head, and likewise to remove giddiness, and prevent cold- ness of the hands and feet. See Dr. Greens Observations on Fumigating and other Baths, Introduction. II. They re-establish insensible perspiration, promote sweat, consequently relieve or remove symptoms of inflammation ; therefore are indicated for gouty and rheumatic pains, swellings of the joints, lumbago, sciatica, &c. See London Medical Repository, Oct. 1823. * See Transactions of the Royal Society, Vol. LXV. p. Ill, 484, and 494. and Vapour Baths. III. They diminish nervous irritability, and have cured cases of tic doloureux. See Observations, p. 32. IV. Most diseases of the skin, from rashes and pimples to leprosy, are best treated by this method ; in proof of which the milder forms of skin disease give way to this treatment alone. See Medical and Physical Journal, December, 1823 and Oct. 1827 and London Medical Repository, Apr. 1824. V. They remove from the system the ill effects arising from the too free use of mercury. See Cases in Observations, 4 - c. p. 54 58. VI. They strengthen the stomach and give tone to the digestive organs, by increasing the secretions. See London Medical Repository, October, 1824. VII. They do good in all glandular and other swellings and obstructions, by equalizing the circulation and quickening the activity of the absorbent vessels, See London Medical Repository, April, 1823. VIII. They tend greatly to relieve all dropsical swellings submitted to their operation. A common cold is always cured by these Baths. See Observations, 4c. p. 3739. IX. Dr. GREEN has yet had no case of ague which has not been cured principally by them. And all slight affections of the above diseases, he believes to be under the same control. See London Medical and Physical Journal, March, 1827. After this statement, and in corroboration of it, it may be well to bring before the reader's notice, though very briefly, the origin and progress of these remedial means on the Continent. To France the honour is due for discovering this mode of curing various obstinate diseases, more successfully and speedily than by the customary methods. The early trials by these means occasioned as it were at the time a new era in the practice of Medicine. The minds of all persons in Paris were greatly biassed in its favour, and it was thought that all former modes of combatting diseases must succumb to it. The French government (ever mindful of the public Health), to set the matter at rest, and unequivocally to establish the merits or supposed merits of the remedy, or otherwise, if found wanting, to decry it, ordered separate Committees, composed of the leading Me- dical Practitioners in Paris, to assemble at the Hospitals, and investi- gate the matter by trials, comparing these means with those already in use ; and to insure impartiality, each of these Committees was pre- sided over by an official officer appointed for the purpose, and the results of the trials of each separate Committee was kept secret until transmitted to a CENTRAL COMMITTEE. The conclusion only of the last Report to the Government by the Central Committee is all that can be adduced here ; it is as follows : Fumigating, Hot Air, CONCLUSION OF THE REPORT OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE. " We have given it our most deliberate attention, and urge that it should be used in hospitals and great establishments. " The Committee think it then- duty not to dissimulate on the advantages of this method, which cannot but be applicable also to the service of the Camp and the Army. Done at a meeting held this twenty-second day of August, 1815. Signed " LEROUX, DUBOIS, DUPUYTREN, . Tiir-tri?!} 4xir I Barons and Professors of the GRAND, )> Faculty of Physic, Paris." PINEL, PERCY, After this the Fumigating Apparatus was ordered to be established in all hos- pitals, prisons, poorhouses, &c. See Memoirs and Reports on the Efficacy of Fumigations, printed by order of the French Government, for General Instruc- tion Translated by Dr. Price Published by Longman $ Co. The advantages of this new mode of treatment rapidly extended throughout the Continent. See the Work of Dr. De Carro (the Sir Henry Halford of Vienna) Translated by Wallace Published by Burgess $ Hill. In 1822, at St. Louis, the largest hospital in Paris, the surprising number of 127,752 of these Baths were administered; as each year, from their first intro- duction, had contributed to increase the estimation in which they were held. See Dr. Rayer's Work, Vol. I. p. xxvi. Published by Churchill. In 1833, a work by Drs. Cazenave and Schedel, physicians to the hospital, shows that the number had increased to upwards of 150,000 at the said hospital in one year. See Vol. I. p. xxxi. Published by Balliere, Regent Street. In November, 1836, the writer was at the Hospital of Saint Louis, and found that in the years 1834 and 1835 upwards of the astounding number of 180,000 had been administered each year, and for the year 1836, the number, it was judged, would be about the same, the Baths being always in occupation. If it is borne in mind that these Baths are erected at the other hospitals, prisons, poorhouses, and other large establishments, it will and Vapour BatJis. at once appear evident how much importance is attached to them as curative means on the Continent. Here, it is true, they are not held in so much estimation ; but this is owing to their not being much known. This is not a bathing nation, and all new systems have many opposing influences to contend with these things are managed better in France. The writer has the satisfaction of adding, that he has been required to superintend their erection at three of our Metropolitan Hospitals, and no doubt in time the remedy will attain its due share of popularity in this country. At present, it is mostly known to be abused, by mis- application and bad management, whereby this means of relief runs much risk of being brought undeservedly into disrepute ; it is, there- fore, with pleasure, the writer can submit the following testimonies from the Medical Press. " The fumigating Bath, as a Therapeutic Agent, is too important to be trusted in any other hands than Medical, and from personal observations, we can testify, that Dr. GREEN'S Establishment is by far the most complete in London, and as it is carefully superintended by himself, it deserves the Patron- age of the Profession, and the confidence of the Public." Medical and Chirur- gical Review. " In the adoption and effective application of one description of Therapeutic Agents, Dr. GREEN, though not original, has very great merit. We allude to the employment of those agents which act directly on the cutaneous surface, in the shape of Fumigating Baths. No doubt can be entertained of the efficacy of these methods ; and it is quite clear that many diseases, which are quite intrac- table under the ordinary remedies, particularly of the Skin, speedily yield to agents applied in this manner." Edinburgh Quarterly Medical and Surgical Journal. THE BATHS ARE THREE FOR A GUINEA. Dr. GREEN cannot interfere in the cases of any Patients coming from Medical Gentlemen, and is at home for consultation daily from 12 till 5 o'clock, (Sundays excepted). For Domestic Use, as a most Efficient VAPOUR BATH, for Local or General Purposes, the Writer can recommend the JEKYLL BATH. The above show Seat, Curtain hows Captain Jekyll's Patent Portable Vapour Eatli, price Twelve Guineas, with in, and Dresses, complete, accompanied with a book of coses and ample directions. THE FUMIGATING BATHS are necessarily Fixtures. But the above represents a POR- TABLE VAPOUR BATH, of very superior construction and manufacture, suitable to Invalids who cannot leave their room, or for persons travelling, as a VAPOUR BATH can be thus had in any place where there is a fire, and in as short a space of time as a tea- kettle can be made to boil, and during which time the bath is put in readiness. It can be used in a drawing-room without soiling the cleanest carpet. As a VAPOUR BATH, it leaves nothing more to be desired, and is so durable as to be handed down from family to family, and, including the seat for taking the bath, it occupies but a foot and a half square. The whole is packed in a mahogany box, which slides and packs between the legs of the seat. It can be used locally or generally, and with the head inclosed or not, at the discretion of the bather. They were invented by the proprietor (an amateur engineer of acknowledged excellence), and never made with a view to profit ; and since the decease of Dr. Kentish are only to be had by order, to and from Dr. GREEN, No. 40, GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET. DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATE. A. The Bath, as being taken. 3. Folding Tube with Key, to control the B. The Boiler, with the safety-valve and Vapour. connecting tubes. 4 - ^ he Dispenser, into which perfumes may C. The Apparatus shown in perspective. be put. 1. The Elbow- Joint, which attaches to the g. Caned seat. Boiler. 7 Telescope upright, with Spring Hoop, to 2. Connecting Tubes. suspend the Curtain. OBSERVATIONS ON THE TOPOGRAPHY, CLIMATE, AND PREVALENT DISEASES Of THE ISLAND OF JERSEY. JERSEY : PRINTED BY P. PATH, ROYAL SALQOST. / OBSERVATIONS ON THE TOPOGRAPHY, CLIMATE, PREVALENT DISEASES, ISLAND OF JERSEY, THE RESULT OP METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS, AND GENERAL PRACTICE, DURING THIRTEEN YEARS. BY GEORGE S. HOOPER, M.D. LONDON : PUBLISHED BY WHITTAKER & CO., AAE- MARIA 1837. CONTENTS. Page Preface 9 CHAP. I. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ISLAND OF JERSEY. Extent, Figure, and Exposition. 19 Geology 20 Character of the Soil; Fertility 25 General Aspect 30 Botany 34 Water 37 Population; National Character 40 Habits, andDiet 46 CHAP. II. CLIMATE OF JERSEY. Temperature 52 Winds 62 Rain 68 Atmospheric Pressure 70 General Obserrations 71 2O17679 VI CHAP. III. DESCRIPTION OF THE TOWN OF ST. HELIER. Page Situation, and Topography. , 86 Geology : 87 Aspect 89 Drainage 93 Recent Ameliorations 99 Hints touching the proper use of a Main Drain 101 Public Walks 108 Accommodations for Bathing. , Ill CHAP. IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE TOWN OF ST. AUBIN, ......... &c. &c. &c. StAubin 113 Comparative View of St. Helier, and St. Aubin, iu regard to ) , 10 climate J 1U Eligible Situations in St. Aubin's 125 Environs of St. Aubin 127 Coast of St. Clement 128 Bay of Grouville 132 Gorey 133 St. Catherine's Bay 134 Interior of the Island , , , , , 135 Vll CHAP. V, OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISEASES OF THE ISLAND. Pago Prefatory Remarks 140 Diseases of Infancy and Childhood 147 of Adolescence 160 of Adult Age 171 of Old Age 174 Scrofula 176 Consumption. 181 CHAP. VI. REMEDIAL PROPERTIES OF THE CLIMATE OF JERSEY , 185 APPENDIX. METEOROLOGICAL TABLES. THE political history of Jersey may now be considered an exhausted subject, having been amply illustrated in every point of view by many writers, ancient and modern. Of its institutions, privileges and customs little could be said that had not already been told oftentimes, whether by historians, economists, or the gentlemen of our local press. Its beauties too have been ably portrayed by that popular writer, the late Henry D. Inglis, the general merits of whose work on the Channel Islands have rendered any fresh at- tempt in a similar purpose wholly unnecessary B 10 for the present. Neither would it be easy to add any thing important to what the same author has laid before the British public, relative to the ex- traordinary resources of the island as a commer- cial country, its produce, and the inducements it may offer as an eligible residence to persons of limited incomes, &c. &c. Upon all these mat- ters, therefore, there is little room left for ori- ginality ; and for any thing I may repeat on the same questions in these pages, my only apology is the desire of placing under one point of view, all that may contribute to the illustration of my particular subject. The same might be said of whatever relates to the state of agriculture in Jersey, which was most fully treated of by Mr. Quayles, in his clever report to the Board of Agriculture, made in the year 1812, and printed by order of that body. Some improvements have, it is true, taken place since that period, and many of the excellent views of this expe- rienced writer, whether knowingly, or otherwise, have been put into practice; but the spirited exertions of our lately established Agricultural 11 Society, in which ase happily united all the wealth and talent of the island, have contributed more than any other cause to promote further ameliorations* If always conducted with the ability and honor that have hitherto marked its operations, that Society cannot fail to place this fertile spot, in regard to cultivation, excellence and quantity of produce, on a footing of supe- riority far exceeding what might be expected from its situation and extent. By means of con- tributions, due to the kindness and liberality of my friend Colonel Le Couteur, and Mr. B. Saun- ders, the well informed nurseryman and gardener, I shall be enabled to lay before the reader more than is generally known, concerning the present state of the island, in respect to fertility, and the capability of its natural qualities for further de- Telopment. And, upon these interesting topics I may be allowed to debate the more freely, as they have a close and obvious connection with the question of climate, and supply more fami- liar illmstrations of the latter to most readers, than mere meteorological data. 12 The labours of former inquirers, however, have not been extended to the climate of Jer- sey ; and the want of correct information upon that point has long been felt, as well by the medical profession, as by travellers in search of situations congenial to their state of health. That this desideratum should not have been sup- plied, long ere this, appears some what unaccount- able, when it is considered how much the know- ledge of the general attractions of the island has been diffused of late years, and by how much, as a consequence, the influx of visiters, and settlers has increased during the same pe- riod. The fact is, that many men would cheer- fully undertake a task requiring a much greater effort of intellect, but less time, who would shrink before one of slow progress, and requiring a very protracted exercise of industry, and per- severance. To remedy this absence of scientific information on the nature of our climate forms the chief object of this work, and whatever else I may comment upon in the course of my re- marks will, I think, be found, on examination, to 13 be subservient more or less, to the same purpose. Mr. Inglis, whilst prosecuting his researches on this Island, became sensible of the disadvan- tage under which he laboured, from the want of trustworthy information, touching the nature of its climate, and the prevailing diseases ; a cir- cumstance wjiich has rendered his, otherwise in- res flng, book imperfect in a very essential par- ticular. Indeed, so convinced was he of the va- lue of such information, that he condescended to propose, that I should make his work the ve- hicle of what I had, up to that time, ascertained by means of philosophical observations, and se- veral years of general practice. Circumstances, which it is here unnecessary to mention, pre- vented my availing myself of his offer, which, I confess, seemed highly advantageous, inasmuch as a veijjf extensive circulation was rendered almost certain, by the already established charac- ter of that gentleman, in the literary world. Of the great number of persons who visit this island in the summer months, there are not a few, who undertake that journey upon some notions 14 concerning its climate, formed upon hearsay infor- mation ; and, as this must often be incorrect, it is easy to account for the disappointment which is frequently experienced. On the other hand, many invalids, from a prudent distrust of such information, hesitate to make a trial of our cli- mate ; and the candid medical adviser is governed by the same feeling, when consulted on the pro- bable effect of a continued residence in this island, on health or disease. It is evident, there- fore, that, so long as the question remains in its present state, false expectations may be raised, or doubts created, either of which must be pre- judicial to the fair claims the island possesses to preference, as an eligible residence, in particular cases. It is not enough for practical application, that the climate of a locality be designated in general terms ; it is desirable, also that its several qualities be examined in detail, in order that, should any peculiarity belong to it, it may be possible to judge, whether, in that respect, it differs much from the climate of other similar 15 situations. For, when an invalid resolves on leaving his home, for a climate better suited to his state of health, he is naturally desirous of rendering such a step as effectual as possible, by the best selection, which his means of information can enable him to make. In most cases, there- fore, it would be of no small importance to him, not only to know beforehand which places were most likely to secure him the looked-for advan- tages ; but also, whether one spot in particular, more adapted to his means, convenience, or inclination, might not, in respect to climate, be equally entitled to preference. Like that of all small islands, the climate of Jersey is pretty generally known to be compara- tively mild and humid ; but beyond these broad features, writers do not seem to have deemed it worth while to carry their descriptions. The subject, therefore, may still be considered quite unexplored. Another very important point, viz. the diseases of the Island, viewed in regard to comparative prevalence, and pathological dis- tinctions from local causes, has, hitherto, re- 16 ceived but little elucidation from actual expe- rience. For, the ability with which Dr. Schole- field has handled it, in his contribution to Mr. Inglis' work, may be deemed independent of any knowledge acquired by his own personal obser- vations. That he may have taken his informa- tion from very respectable sources, and that his inferences, from facts thus collected, may be very logical, I do not mean to dispute ; but the diffi- culty under which he laboured, from his own limited acquaintance with his subject, is rendered very apparent by a perusal of his essay. By those who know something of the circumstances under which that gentleman then wrote, the ge- neral merit of his performance cannot fail to be favorably appreciated; but, at the same time, it must be granted, that ample room is still left for further investigation. For the above reasons I have especially con- centrated my inquiry upon the climate and pa- thology of Jersey : and whatever degree of suc- cess may have attended my labours, (of which it only belongs to competent readers to decide, ) 17 I can safely assert that every essential fact has been carefully examined by myself, and no infer- ence drawn without regard to its tendency, or a due sense of the importance of avoiding every source of fallacy, in questions of this nature. These subjects not having been as yet pro- perly investigated, very false notions have gone abroad upon the one, as a remedial agent, and upon the other, as the index of certain local in- fluences, and, as the evils of such errors cannot fail to be experienced in various ways by many persons, a series of observations made with a view to more accurate information, will, it is hoped, be found deserving of attention. To medical men, especially, the questions arising out of such an inquiry are both interesting and important; and it would, indeed, be a cause of no small satisfaction to me to learn, that the manner in which they have been treated, in the following pages, was found sufficiently clear, and comprehensive to lead to useful appli- cation in practice. CHAP. I. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ISLAND OF JERSEY. EXTENT, FIGURE, AND EXPOSITION. JERSEY is the most considerable and most po- pulous of the Channel Islands ; it also lies further south than its neighbours. Quadrilateral in its form, it stretches from East to West in a direc- tion nearly parallel with the equator, averaging about nine miles in length, and five in breadth. Its superficies has been estimated at between thirty-nine and forty thousand acres. To the north its coast is steep and craggy, rising in some places to an abrupt elevation of forty, or fifty fathoms : to the south, on the contrary, the 20 ascent to the main land is more or less gradual, and displays a very rich landscape. On the lat- ter side, there are, here and there, tracts of flat land between the shore and the points where the island begins to rise; and these tracts are, in some places, under the level of high-water mark. As will be shown hereafter, the site of St. He- lier's, the principal town, is very little above this level. It has been pretty generally stated, that, between its northern and southern boundaries, the surface of the island follows a regular inclination, so as to give it a wedge-like form ; but that description is certainly incorrect. The high grounds between the numerous vallies, by which the surface of the island is, everywhere, sunk and extended, are all nearly horizontal, except close to the east, west, and south coasts ; but as the vallies, with few exceptions, run from north to south, they of necessity exhibit the declivity in question, and the streams which they supply follow a similar direction. To this configuration is chiefly owing the remarkable fertility of the island. 21 GEOLOGY. The geological researches of Dr. McCulloch, which included most of the rocks in St. Michael's bay, would warrant the supposition that Jersey, like the other islands in the same quarter, rests on a basis of real granite. Be that as it may, the much admired Mont Mado stone, which, from its extreme hardness, has been confounded with the latter rock, is Sienite, in which Felspar pre- dominates. It is, nevertheless, a beautiful and valuable rock, being very dense and homoge- neous, of a pleasing flesh colour, and separating in larger masses than any other mineral in the island. The sienitic rocks of Jersey, however, run into several varieties, by reason of differ- ences in the proportion of their constituents. In some parts, says, Mr. Konig, they pass into por- phyry ; in others, into a kind of green-stone, in a state of partial, or entire decomposition. To this belongs the rock which forms the Town Hill. Specimens of sienite are to be met with in al- most every point of the coast of the island ; but the situations in which it is most abundant, and 22 beautiful, and, by reason of its extreme density, makes the nearest approach to the mechanical con- struction of real granite, are Fremont, Plemont, St. Brelade's bay, Noirmont, and the eastern side of St. Helier. ' Incumbent on the sienitic masses are schistose formations, the higher strata of which are much fractured, green porphyry, amygdalaid, and pudding-stone. The stratified schistus is parti- cularly observed on the declivities of the southern coast ; while, on the contrary, the large naked masses of sienite exhibit themselves chiefly on the northern side, forming in some parts high, and almost perpendicular cliffs, which rise to an elevation of from 200 to 300 feet above high- water mark. In the neighbourhood of Bonne- Nuit, the land rises 329 feet above the latter level. As a geological curiosity, there is no object more deserving of attention in this island than a mass of pudding-stone, extending from Boulay Bay to St. Catherine's, on the northern bounda- ry, and reaching to a distance of about two miles 23 inland. It is stated that no such formation is to be found in any of the neighbouring islands. Mr. Quayle, in his excellent report to the Board of Agriculture, describes it as follows : " The " basis of the breccia is schistose, containing in- '" fixed stones and pebbles of various descriptions " and sizes, generally bearing marks of former " attrition, and few attaining the size of the hu- " man head. They consist, principally, of mica- " cious schistus, but some are porphyry ; others " granite, and granitel. On detaching from their " position some of these pebbles, they disclosed " on fracture the curious fact, that they owe their " formation to a former process of nature, of a " description precisely similar to that by which " the present bed of breccia has been formed. " In these pebbles are contained still smaller " pebbles, which wear the appearance of having " been rounded by previous attrition, previous " to being agglutinated in a body of stone, which " has been afterwards broken into irregular frag- " ments : in their turn, these fragments had been " rounded, when they were again embedded in 24 " the rock of which they now constitute a part." These pebbles of the first formation, adds Mr. Quayle, carry us to a remote period in the his- tory of the revolutions of our planet. There are only very slight traces of metals in Jersey, and any attempt to separate any for the purposes of art has, long ago, and, indeed, justly, been held as chimerical. The existence of iron ore is chiefly proved by a few chalybeate springs to be met with here, and there ; but no strong in- dications appear of the presence of other metallic substances. The hopes once entertained of dis- covering manganese have never been realized. The island is equally destitute of lime. I hope I shall not be thought to detract from the just claims of the island to the attention of men of science, when I say that, with the above exceptions, it is rather sterile in those objects, which might induce a practical geologist to tarry long on its shores. This circumstance, indeed, may partly explain, why such competent observers as have surveyed the island, have apparently con- fined their researches to a few general facts, 25 without entering into minuter details. To me it would have been a work of higher interest to have supplied the deficiency ; but, wanting abi- lity and leisure for such an inquiry, I have been, necessarily obliged to limit my remarks on the geology of the island, to a mere summary of the observations of others better qualified than my- self. Mr. Konig's inquiry* might assuredly have been extended to some interesting particulars ; and that it was not is the more to be regretted, as this country is seldom visited by men so compe- tent to throw light on its natural history. I am not aware, however, of the existence of any obser- vations, on the same subject, more copious, or de- serving of confidence, than those of that accom- plished gentleman. CHARACTER OF THE SOIL. FERTILITY ILLUSTRATED. The general character of the soil of Jersey is a deep sandy loam, with a subsoil of red loam, or Vide Plees' Account of the Island of Jersey, 1917. 26 clay, based on granitic rocks, or schistose forma- tions. The depth of this soil runs from one to four feet, or more, in some cases. But this ge- neral character is, of course, subject to many variations : some parts containing much iron ore, and others a greater quantity of sand, and sandy peat. It is, I believe, generally admitted, that all lands incumbent on granitic bases are the fit- test for the purposes of agriculture, and the growth of timber ; and the same may be said of red clay, which is an excellent subsoil. Hence, then, it is not difficult to account for the remark- able fertility of the island, which, moreover, has for a long series of years, been continually im- proved by natural, and artificial means. It is only in the neighbourhood of cities and towns, that, in other larger countries, land can be found so well manured, and so rich, as is generally ob- served in Jersey. Much stress is laid by our farmers on the advantages they derive from the saline particles deposited on the soil by the pre- vailing breezes. The old adage, * it is an ill wind that blows nobody good,' is, therefore, fully ve- 27 rifled in this island ; since even the boisterous, and stormy westerly gales are not without their advantages, in this point of view. This is owing to the spray borne along by those winds; for rain, being the produce of previous evaporation, cannot contain any salt in solution. Certain it is, however, that after the continuance of these high winds, plants and grasses acquire a saline flavour, several miles from the coast ; which circumstance renders the herbage peculiarly agreeable to cattle and sheep, and may account for the former being generally healthy along the coast, and the latter rarely, if ever, affected with the rot. May not the same cause affect man in a similar manner ? In proof of the great fertility of the island, I hope I may be pardoned for introducing here the following interesting facts, for which I am in- debted to my friend Colonel Le Couteur. The superiority of produce in Jersey is chiefly ex- hibited in the Potato and Wheat crops; but the produce of orchards, in some years, is equally great, and the quantity of pears and stone fruit 28 of a delicious kind is also very unusual. The average of the potato crops is much above the same in Great Britain, 10 cabots a perch, being an ordinary produce in the best lands, though not more than 6 can be obtained from inferior soils. But even this last quantity would be es- teemed a good crop in England. Now, the above produce, converted into English measure, will be 400 cabots of 401bs. each the vergee, which mul- tiplied by 2J, the exact number of vergees to the English acre, is 400 x 40 x 2J ; when, to bring the Jersey weight into avoirdupois, is 13 : 14 : : 400 x 40 x 2= 38. 769^ Ibs. per acre, a produce far exceeding that of East Lothian and Essex, which, according to Sir John Sinclair, is from eight to ten tons, under good culture and a proper soil.* The superiority of our wheat crops is equally manifest, 40 bushels of 601bs. each, equal to 2,4001bs. being reckoned an ex- cellent crop anywhere in Great Britain ; where- as, in Jersey, many farmers reckon on having a cabot per perch in favorable seasons, which is * Vide ' Code of Agriculture,' pages 392 and 575; 29 3,ll01bs. avoirdupois per acre, or an excess of TOOlbs. in favor of the island. But Colonel Le Couteur knows of two instances, in which seventy- seven bushels per acre were grown in Jersey ; and he himself, in the year 1835, raised the former quantity, on only whipping out of the wheat, previous to the thrashing, which of course, ad- ded something more to the return. The quan- tity of parsnips raised by some farmers is also very considerable; and Lucerne, when cultivated with skill, thrives so prodigiously, that it is fre- quently cut four times, and fed-off a fifth ! From the foregoing statement may be con- ceived how great a field of utility is open to the Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society ; an institution which, though quite in its infancy, lias already made great progress in the accom- plishment of its laudable objects. Many farmers, who, previously to the establishment of this so- ciety, betrayed a timid aversion to any change in their obsolete habits, may now be considered as converts to modern improvements, and exhibit crops, which would do honor to the best agricul- 30 turists in any country. In a word, to use the language of my patriotic, and accomplished contributor, "a powerful impulse is given by this Society to an intelligent, and inquiring- people, not, indeed, sufficiently wealthy to at- tempt extensive experiments, but sufficiently in- dependent, and enterprising, to carry on with success those more minute researches, which eventually lead to the benefit of mankind in general, and, which, even when unsuccessful, never fail to leave consoling emotions in a well- constituted mind." GENERAL ASPECT OF THE ISLAND. What has been already stated will have, doubt- less, prepared the reader to hear, that the general aspect of the island displays a degree of prospe- rity, which an observer might in vain look for in countries, where wealth, restricted to a few favor- ed spots, only serves to render the gloom of a sad contrast more striking in adjoining districts. Of this more than sufficient proof may be had in 31 a view of our harbour, our commercial streets, and the purlieus of our town, where every thing indicates active industry, increasing prosperity, and acquired wealth : and, no less, in the con- templation of the spacious and solid habitations of our farmers, with the rich pasturages and ex- uberant vegetation of the land that surrounds them. And as in our contracted limits these things may be seen, as it were, in one coup d'ceil, their effect on the mind of a stranger must be no less unexpected than pleasing. Upon a small scale, nowhere is to be found a greater richness of inland scenery ; and although the latter sel- dom rises above what might be called pretty, on account of the absence of the grander, and more imposing spectacles of nature, still this medio- crity is amply compensated by the varying aspect of the ocean, studded everywhere with rocky projections, islands, vessels going to and fro, and bounded by an horizon, which, in clear weather, discovers the yellow sands, and picturesque cliffs of the neighbouring coast of France. Neither can the more placid enjoyments of the field be 32 wanting in a country, which consists almost en- tirely of hill and dale, and abounds in wood, and verdure. From an elevated spot, the island looks like a grove ; so great is the number of trees in the orchards, and on the massive embankments which separate the different small pieces of ground. For, here, the subdivision of property is not only excessive ; but each landowner is fond of separating his fields, by means of stout hedges, on which to grow timber, and the sides of our countless roads and lanes are similarly raised, and furnished with trees. This gives a very novel character to our rural districts in the eyes of Englishmen, accustomed to a more open coun- try : and, though the idea might almost seem ridiculous, when the small size of the island is considered, yet it may be said with truth, that, to a stranger, Jersey presents a natural labyrinth of no common intricacy, and that, out of the main roads, he would be very likely to lose his way. The woody appearance of the island is, how- ever, relieved from that of solitude by unequi- vocal marks everywhere of the highest degree of 33 cultivation ; and also by the vast number of ex- cellent houses, and gay villas, by which the face of the country is dotted on all sides. The coun- try parishes alone possess at least 3,000 inhabited houses ; and, there being only two of those parishes, viz., St. Brelade, and Grouville, in which anything like a town or village is to be found, the above number of habitations, must bo allowed to be prodigious, and apparently incom- patible M'ith the size of the island. The remain- ing parish, St. Helier, including our principal town, in 1831, contained upwards of 2,000 houses, with an increasing population, then amounting to 16,027 ! To those who are unac- quainted with the political resources, and com- mercial privileges of this, and the other Channel Islands, these facts will naturally seem irreconci- liable with cheap living, and other advantages, which might be enumerated along with them. But, as it does not belong to my present plan to enter into such matters, I am under the neces- sity of referring those of my readers, who might 34 wish to be satisfied on those points, to other more popular works.* BOTANY OF THE ISLAND. There is no doubt, that to the botanist Jersey presents a wide, and interesting field of observa- tion, compared with its narrow limits. Many hundred wild plants have been collected, two of which are indigenous, viz., the Centaurea Isnar- di, and the Gnaphalium luteo album. My friend, W. C. Trevelyan, esq., during a short visit he made to the island, informed me that he had also found two plants, which, as far as he knew, did not grow in any other part of the kingdom, Ar- meria cephalotes, which is abundant in the sandy districts of St. Ouen, and St. Brelade, and Echiuin violaceum, first noticed here by the ce- lebrated English botanist Ray, but confounded by subsequent authors with Echium Italicum, not to be found here at all. The following list of plants, given me by the same gentleman, is in- teresting, inasmuch as, occurring only in the * Vide Plees' Account, &c., and Inglis' Channel Islands. 35 western and south-western parts of England, their existence here would seem to indicate a si- milarity of climate. Sibthorpia Europcea. Matthiola sinuata. Scilla autumnalis. Campanula hederacea. Scrophularia scorodonia. Asparagus officinalis. Briza minor. Bartsia viscosa. Helianthemum guttatum. Lavateria arborea. And among the plants which are considered rare in England, may be instanced Cyperus longus. Mespilus germanica. Statice spathulata. Diotis maritima. Hypericum elodes. Asplenicum lanccolatum. rnarinum. Cotyledon umbilicus. 36 It may be observed that the latter plant, which is very abundant in this island, is strongly indica- tive of a damp climate. The best Flora of the Channel Islands as yet published, is that, which Mr. Quayles published in the appendix to the work already quoted, and which had been com- municated to him by Dr. McCulloch. But as my object will be fully answered by the preceding brief remarks, I will abstain from any further details in this place ; reserving the facts I have collected on the success which attends the natu- ralization of exotics in this island, for the chap- ter devoted more particularly to the considera- tion of our climate. I may, however, observe in conclusion, that in addition to the native pro- duce of the island, the botanist will also enjoy here the advantage of examining, in a perfectly sound state, a vast number of tender tropical plants, which seldom, if ever, live in health in any part of Great Britain. 37 WATER. The qualities of spring-water hi this island vary, of course, with the spots from which it is taken ; but generally speaking, and in relation to the two qualities of hardness and softness, it may be said that the latter belongs to the higher, and the former to the lower situations. In the elevated spots, which form the body of the island, spring-water makes a near approach to perfect purity; being clear as crystal, and tasting peculiarly delicious, from a slight flavour of muriate of soda, the only mineral substance to be found in it, in any appreciable quantities. Free from earthy salts, it is found fit for all do- mestic purposes, and yields nothing in value to rain water, in that respect. Most of the farms, therefore, are supplied with this essential re- quisite by a well, a neighbouring fountain or stream; and cisterns for the reception of rain water are scarcely ever seen, except in low flat situations, such as the alluvial tracts of St. He- lier, St. Clement, and Grouville. It so happens, however, that the latter spots contain more than 38 half the population of the island ; a circum- stance which, douhtless, more than counterba- lances their comparatively small extent, and renders the qualities of their waters a question of the highest importance. With few excep- tions, in these districts, spring- water is hard; as is sufficiently proved by that most familiar, but best of all tests, its action upon common soap, and dried vegetables, such as beans and peas. This, as chemists know, is owing to the presence of earthy salts, (most commonly the sulphate of lime,) which, however much they may limit the domestic uses of such springs, can only render them insalubrious as drink, when the impregna- tion passes its ordinary limits. In this island, the hardest water is never sufficiently so to pro- duce pretrifactions ; at least, though I have made repeated inquiries on the subject, I have never heard of an instance of such productions having been found in any of our fountains, or running streams. A graver objection to the sprino-- water of these low situations rests on the more deleterious impurities, which it derives from the 39 nature of the soil, in which the wells are sunk. Except where clay exists to a considerable depth, and this is not the case in most parts, or where the modern plan has been adopted, of boring down to the spring, and conveying the water by means of a pipe into a cemented reser- voir above, the water in use is seldom clear. It is, also, very turbid after heavy rains, and under- goes rapid decomposition, if kept confined in a vessel, from the quantity of vegetable matter which it holds in solution. Hence its vapid taste, and disagreeable odour, particularly striking to persons accustomed to the excellent water of more favorable situations. That these bad quali- ties do not belong to the springs themselves, but, on the contrary, proceed entirely from land drain- age, is clearly proved by the exceptions I have here stated ; the clay offering an obstacle to such contamination in the one case, and the construc- tion of the reservoir opposing it still more effec- tually in the other. The advantages belonging to this latter plan, have, of late years, been very generally recognised; and, by its having been 40 adopted, much of the evil I have just pointed out has been remedied.' POPULATION. NATIONAL CHARACTER. The last census which was made in 1831, esta- blished the population of the Island at 36,582 souls, an increase of nearly 8,000 having taken place during the preceding ten years; of which augmentation three-fourths was referrible to the extension of the town of St. Helier only. Sup- posing the further increase of the population since that period to have progressed in a similar ratio, it would now reach 40,000 ; but I am in- clined to think that such a computation would go somewhat beyond the real number. It need scarcely be added, that the census included all classes of inhabitants, whether temporary or na- tive. Passing from these numerical consider- ations, to the more important subject of physical and moral characters, I believe the following de- lineation will be found to apply to the Jersey people, as nearly as possible. At all events, 41 it was made some years back, was then the sub- ject of free discussion in a literary assembly, and was not found more open to particular excep- tions, than all similar descriptions must of ne- cessity be. The difficulty of coming to a general conclu- sion on the physical characters of a race of men, is much lessened in Jersey, by reason of its male population being embodied into militia corps, which, when assembled, offer an excellent oppor- tunity of viewing them critically. But, to avoid misapprehension, it is necessary to turn one's at- tention chiefly to the country regiments, that of the town being by far less exclusively native. By using this means of arriving at correct infor- mation on this subject, even a casual observer will be enabled to form a pretty just opinion of the leading features of the population of the island. The men are generally of the middle size, and retain much of the physical characters of their two originals, the Celts, and the Scandi- navians, especially in the northern districts, where the race has suffered the least admixture. 42 The hair is mostly dark brown, or light chesnut, the features sharp and intelligent, the complexion tawny, the expression rather harsh and phlegma- tic. Hence a certain reserve and roughness of manner, anything but prepossessing to a stranger, and which, having been mistaken for intentional rudeness by some travellers, has drawn much un- meritde obloquy upon our people. Their limbs are muscular, but not bulky ; they are active and laborious ; and the whole of their figure is re- markable for more ease and flexibility, under or- dinary exertion, than is to be observed in the parallel orders of most communities. There is, undoubtedly, less outward rusticity to be seen in the peasantry of this island, than that of Eng- land or France ; and a perfect clown is a being rarely to be met with, even in our remotest dis- tricts, a peculiarity, in all likelihood, mainly owing to the early military exercises, to which every native is by law subject. This explanation is the more probable, as, under the age at which this drilling commences, the children of the peasantry are as wild, and as easily scared at the 43 sight of a stranger, as in any other country. Be- sides, this peculiarity is not so apparent in the female sex. As seamen, shipwrights, and masons, in which trades bodily strength, and moral intre- pidity are in request, the labouring classes are justly valued ; and, in the late war, when im- pressment forced many from the merchant ser- vice into the British navy, they were generally allowed to rank among the best hands of a ship's crew. Were I to apply the ancient doctrine of temperaments to the elucidation of this subject, I would say, that the most conspicuous tempera- ment here, was a compound of the bilious and the nervous. The latter remark applies to both the sexes. The women though comely and well built, are, however, more remarkable for neatness of figure, than elegance of stature, or regular beauty; but they yield nothing to the opposite sex, either in physical or moral excellence. Industry is here at its highest pitch. Whoever has had much insight into the general character of our country people, will have witnessed many proofs of mutual good-will, and warm-hearted- 44 ness ; and though they are generally saving and penurious, they are, nevertheless, ready to assist each other, honest, and jealous of reputation. The best qualities of our nature are apt to dege- nerate into their corresponding vices: thus self- ishness, and avarice, seem often to take their origin from economy; and it is a fact no less certain, than it is to be lamented , that from this cause, the latter defects are too often exemplified among our industrious classes. The error of taking the means for the end is particularly ob- servable in the habits of some of our wealthiest farmers, who, in the midst of plenty, seem only bent on increasing their store, and appear wholly indifferent to the most ordinary comforts of life. The same might be said of industry, which when carried to excess, frequently defeats its own ob- ject, by over-exertion, and consequent disease. I need scarcely add, that the above prototype of national character, distinguishable, more or less, in all classes of the native community, is not so readily recognised in the upper and lower, as in the middling orders of society. And, in- 45 deed, some of the traits I have alluded to belong exclusively to the inhabitants of the country, among whom insular characteristics have yielded less to improved education, or increased inter- course with the mother country. By the latter causes the population of the town has, undoubt- edly, lost much of its resemblance to that of the island at large ; a more easy, and almost daily communication with England, having in a great measure neutralized the effects of insular situa- tion, and modified public character accordingly. Our thorough townsman, therefore, differs but little from any English provincialist. In most concerns, he makes English taste his rule ; and although the still prevalent use of a Norman patois, might at first incline a stranger to the op- posite conclusion, a residence of some months will, I believe, convince him, that the use of French words, does not necessarily imply French ideas. 46 HABITS AND DIET. The habits of our country population are in- dustrious almost to a fault : in the town, also, our people are a hardworking race. I wish it could be said, with truth, that sobriety was equally gene- ral among our labouring classes ! But, on the contrary, it must be confessed that intemperance is the bane of this little island ; and, in its pre- sent degree, it may be considered as a public ca- lamity, well deserving the serious attention of the legislature. Temperance Societies, though pro- moted with zeal, and ability in most of the parishes, have, as yet, been of little, if any, avail towards checking the alarming growth of this evil. Might not the slow progress of these benevolent societies, be partly accounted for by their rules requiring an entire abstinence, and consequent surrender of free agency, which few moderate drinkers of liquor will be made to be- lieve necessary to keep them from the snare, which they have hitherto avoided, without the aid of any such moral sacrifice ? Be that as it may, the abuse of ardent spirits is chiefly ob- 47 servable among the portion of our working classes, usually called ' strangers,' in contradis- tinction of the native population : and by that cause, the labour of many an excellent artizan is rendered entirely useless to his family. In this prosperous country, there is scarcely any appar- ent pauperism, which might not, with reason, be referred to the evil in question, the effects of which, no benevolence can obviate. Distress from want of employment is, indeed, of rare oc- currence to the sober man, to whose legitimate wants, the wages of labour, compared with the prices of the necessaries of life, are fully ade- quate. Little of the misery which meets the eye, really belongs to the island : for the poor, who have a birth-right to parochial relief, or who, not thus entitled, owe their poverty to age, infirmity, or unavoidable misfortune, are so liber- ally provided for by public charity, that their wants are scarcely known to any but the persons engaged in proffering them the succour they stand in need of. The means of obtaining a comfortable liveli- 48 hood being within the reach of our labouring classes ; and that domestic happiness, which de- pends on a sufficiency, being more extensively spread in this favoured spot than in most places, it might be expected that no lack of wholesome food should exist in any order of this community. Nevertheless, as far as regards our rural popula- tion, the strictures of some writers on the Jersey diet are not altogether unmerited ; for although much of what has been said on that matter be- trays prejudice, and superficial observation, still it cannot be denied that, in the country, our people do not often partake of a fare sufficiently substantial. Their regimen is too vegetable ; the bit of pork, with which the standing dish of soup is made, being but sparingly dealt out on most tables. This habit of feeding OD abundance of warm innutritious soup is, I believe, adhered to from the idea that hunger is thus appeased at the least expense ; and it is so general that it has become a sort of second nature. A depar- ture from it would be accounted an act of extra- vagance by the thrifty housewife. Hence the 49 preference given to a French over an English labourer, the latter of whom will not accommo- date himself to a diet so different from that, which he has been accustomed to. Even medical advice, in sickness, cannot always prevail in in- ducing a change in the customary diet. I am far from advocating animal food as essential to the vigour of a hardworking man : there are too many proofs to the contrary ; but I entertain a strong objection to meals so liquid as they are generally made in the rural districts of this Island. And, therefore, the quantity of meat consumed by our farmers, and their labourers, is here animadverted upon, not so much because it is small, as because the manner in which it is ap- plied to the sustenance of the body is not the most judicious. Perhaps this view of the pre- sent question may address itself more forcibly to the good sense of those it concerns, than the ri- dicule by which some writers have attempted to arrive at the same end. The diet of the inhabitants of St. Helier is more substantial ; and, therefore, not open to the foregoing animadversions. 50 Strange as it may appear, there is not much fish consumed in this Island, unless we except mackerel, and oysters, in their seasons. From causes which it is not necessary to comment upon in a work of this nature, the price of that article of food, in the market, prohibits it from the table of the poor man. The conger -eel, and the dog-fish, it is true, are more abundantly sup- plied ; and the former serves for a favourite soup. Both are, also, very commonly salted and dried ; but they are not eaten in such quantities as to deserve any particular notice. CHAP. II. CLIMATE OF JERSEY. THE island of Jersey, from its situation and small extent, enjoys a remarkably mild climate : so mild indeed, that, in regard to temperature simply, it will be found superior to most neigh- bouring places, and equal to many in more southern latitudes. But by the same causes, also, the air is rendered habitually damp, inde- pendently of the nature of the surface, and the quantity of rain that falls ; and it is, doubtless, from the combination of those two qualities, mildness and humidity, that the climate borrows its most obvious peculiarities. Beyond this ge- neral description, scarcely anything has hither- 52 to been written on the present subject : therefore, the facts I will have to offer in corroboration of what has already been established by other testi- mony, will also be made use of on this occasion, to illustrate particular points, as yet unnoticed, though not the less interesting, in a practical point of view. The object of this chapter, then, will be twofold, viz., 1st. to place what has been correctly stated concerning the climate of the island, on a better basis than mere assertion : 2dly, to supply facts, by means of which the minuter qualities of the same climate may be appreciated, and its properties as a remedial agent better understood. TEMPERATURE. From observations continued during five suc- cessive years, (for the details of which T must refer the reader to the Synoptical Tables at the end of this volume,) it has appeared, that the mean temperature at St. Helier's, averages 53,06. In the same lapse of time, the entire 53 range of the mercury in the thermometer was 62, the two extremes being 88, and 26. Hav- ing made this statement, I need scarcely add, that my diary was kept with a registering ther- mometer. Atmospheric heat, averaged on the whole month, arrives at its maximum in Au- gust, and is at the lowest level in January ; from which extremes the ascent and descent are rather irregular, viewed in successive months, the great- est variation occurring between the two last of Autumn, when the fall averages 7,23, and the two last of Spring, when the rise is 7. The mean variation between successive months is only 3,67. On the whole, however, heat, in its range throughout the year, is subject to some sudden movements towards either extreme ; as may be seen by the following table, which shows, moreover, that the rise is progressive during the seven first months of the year ; after which the fall is more or less gradual, during the re- maining five months. The variations in the fall, are, generally, greater than in the rise of tem- perature. 54 VARIATIONS OF THE " MEAN TEMPERATURE" OF SUCCESSIVE MONTHS. From January to February . . . 3,04 rise. March " 4 34 " April " 699 " May " 425 " June Julv . . 2 19 " July August.. . . ..0,12 " August " September. . ..3,90 fall. Sept. October. . . . ..4,17 " October " November. . ..7,23 " Nov. December . . ..3,15 " Dec. January. . . . ..3,69 " The three summer months differ very little from one another in their mean temperature, the greatest variation, which occurs between the two first, being little more than two degrees. Con- sidered in a similar point of view, Winter comes next ; then Autumn ; and last of all Spring. Arranged according to their mean temperature, the months stand thus : 1 August ; 2 July ; 55 3 June ; 4 September ; 5 May ; 6 October ; 7 April ; 8 November ; 9 March ; 10 December ; 11 February; 12 January. The above general results are very nearly in accordance with the phenomena of each year in particular. The mean variation of temperature in two suc- cessive days is nearly the same in all the months and seasons, a circumstance, which, on account of its apparent contradiction with what has just been stated in regard to the variations of suc- cessive months, shows, that before coming to general inferences touching the peculiarities of a climate, we should consider its several elements in every possible point of view. For example, it needs only a little reflection to perceive that although the mean degree of heat may be equal in successive days, these may yet differ widely one from the other, with respect to the manner in which heat has been distributed to each sepa- rately : for the data, whose mean ratios are thus compared, may, in fact, be very dissimilar; ex- cess on the one hand, compensating deficiency on the other, or the reverse. The same remark will 56 apply to the months. It is evident, therefore, that conclusions drawn from one order of facts only might be very fallacious in practice. The mean variation of successive days at St. Helier is 2,4l. Between Spring, and Summer, the average difference of temperature is 1 1,87 ; be- tween Summer and Autumn 8,21 ; between Au- tumn and Winter, 10,81 ; between Winter and Spring 7,15. The difference between the mean temperature of the warmest month, and that of the coldest, averaged on five years, was only 22,14. In considering the phenomena of atmospheric heat with reference to its influence on the body, there is, I think, no point more deserving of at- tention than its ranges ; nor does a difference in the mean temperature, or variation, constitute so good a ground of distinction between two cli- mates. The ranges, I need scarcely observe, comprehend the variations, between the two ex- tremes of temperature, in twenty-four hours, or in the months, the seasons, or the year: Whe- ther the constitution may adapt itself better to 57 great and frequent alternations of heat and cold in successive days, months, or seasons, than to similar changes in the shorter periods which compose the day; or whether the means we possess of controuling either be more effectual in the one case than in the other, are questions upon which I am not at present prepared to offer an opinion. But it needs only a moderate ac- quaintance with this subject to see clearly, that the mean variation of temperature, as commonly stated in meteorological reports, can lead to no safe inference, unless it be viewed in conjunction with equally careful observations on the ranges and distribution of heat, during the same periods. Hence the comparative worthlessness of obser- vations confined to the day. The mean daily range at St. Helier's, on five years of observations by the register thermome- ter, was 11,70; a result which proves of itself, that whatever excess may exist in the tempera- ture of the air in this island, compared with other climates, such excess is principally referri- ble to the lower extreme, or, in other words, to H 58 the night. For, were it owing to a higher de- gree of heat during the day only, the extent of range must obviously he increased in the same proportion. Now, in this particular, the seasons differ very materially, Winter and Summer oc- cupying the two extremes, as may be seen by the following statement. Winter : 7,56. Autumn : 10,GO. Spring: 12,60. Summer: 15,93. With respect to the monthly range of tempe- rature, which, according to the same observa- tions, averages 28,34, the same order is pre- served by the seasons. Winter: 22,13. Autumn : 27,37. Spring : 30,13. Summer: 33,73. We may here notice a degree of accordance between the data relative to the days, and those relative to the months, which is not observable in the variation of temperature. 59 In the more elevated parts of the island, par- ticularly near the northern, and eastern coasts, atmospheric heat averages from one to two de- grees less than at St. Helier's ; and, in some cases, the difference is much greater yet. This observation holds good in both extremes ; but especially in the lower, a sharp frost being no uncommon event in exposed situations, when no such thing has been experienced in the lower, and more sheltered places. For the same rea- son, heaps of unthawed snow may frequently be seen, in the country, on the road-side, many days after all traces of it have vanished from the town, and its vicinity. Dr. Thomas Young, in his learned Essays,* observes, that " it would be desirable that some " journal should be kept at one of the Scilly " islands, or at Guernsey or Jersey, as a situation " fully exposed to the influence of the sea air ; " for there can be little doubt, that for equa- " bility of temperature, a very small island must " have great advantages above every other situ- * Vide Medical Literature and Practical Nosology Page 582. 60 ,, ties, and Amaurosis \ Hematemesis 3 Urinary Diseases 5 Disabled Hands, from retraction of the} flexor tendons, (some of which cases > 10 I probably originated in rheumatism) 3 Dropsical Affections 4 Deafness 6 Opthalmia (chronic) 3 Liver Complaints (chronic) 2 Stomach Affections (inveterate ? ) 4 Necrosis 2 Diseases of the Brain 1 Do. oftheTestes 3 P-iralysis 1 Cancer 1 Gout 2 Hemorrhoids, habitual and severe 1 Cutaneous Affections 2 Total 294 * This number includes only the Lads under Drill, and the M( rho have clothing. 179 Supposing a large portion, (say 12,) of the cases of deformity, and lameness, together with one half of those of impaired vision, and all those of chronic opthalmia, and necrosis, to be re- ferrible to scrofula, which computation would, doubtless, go far beyond the real fact, even then, the number of scrofulous affections would only be in the proportion of thirteen per cent, on all inveterate diseases, brought under medical inspection, on the above occasion. And, assur- edly, in the face of such a fact, it would be diffi- cult to uphold any longer the opinion, that scrofula is remarkably prevalent in the popula- tion of this island. At all events, setting aside the general question, it can hardly be denied, that, in whatever degree the disease may prevail, its effects do not appear, in this country, often to incapacitate men for the extraordinary duty here alluded to. In addition to the foregoing data, it may not be unimportant to mention," that, in upwards of twelve years, during which I have performed the duty of surgeon to the Town Battalion, which draws on one half of the entire ISO population, I have only exempted one individual from duty in the ranks, on account of cicatrices about the neck, from scrofulous ulcers. With respect to the female part of our com- munity, I have it not in my power to supply any such statistical information ; but, considering the hereditary nature of the disease in question, T think we may safely infer, from what has been stated, touching; the opposite sex, that the opi- nion, which has called forth the preceding re- marks, has no better foundation in the one case, than in the other. The facts here set forth will, it is hoped, go far to prove the futility of the assertion, by which Jersey has been represented as peculiarly liable to scrofulous complaints. In fact, they would rather incline a dispassionate inquirer to the opposite conclusion, which would, doubt- less, receive additional support, from a review of r the most general causes of those morbid actions. Many of those causes operate but partially in the island ; while not a few of them, such as sedentary, or unhealthy occupations, in crowded 181 factories, bad, or insufficient food, from poverty, &c., &c., may here be considered as almost en- tirely absent. The abuse of spirituous liquors forms the strongest exception to this favorable state of things. 2. Co nsumption. After much reflection on the statistical history of this most fatal of all diseases, I feel no hesitation in asserting that, in this island, the number of deaths referrible to it, falls considerably below the general average. There are few, if any, genuine cases of that ma- lady, whose origin could be held strictly inde- pendent of a scrofulous habit of body ; though, in some, the exciting, or determining cause, has been so prominent as to appear to have acted directly, without the aid of any sort of predispo- sition. Nevertheless, the latter is considered, by modern pathologists, the almost absolute condition of the development of the particular disease of the lungs, denominated tuberculous consumption. Be that as it may, the identity of the specific characters of the latter affection, with those of other local disorders, evidently the 182 effects of scrofulous action, is too plain to admit of a doubt. Supposing this doctrine to be cor- rect, therefore, the rarity of the scrofulous dia- thesis would naturally imply a proportionate rarity of consumption, as one of the many mor- bid results, to whose occurrence it is deemed essential, upon the surest principles of scientific deduction. The degree of immunity from con- sumption, which, I believe, cannot be fairly disputed to Jersey, is the more remarkable, as it exists in spite of a great prevalence of the most common of the exciting causes, pulmonary catarrh. This circumstance may, I think, be viewed as additional evidence of the necessity of predisposition : for, in no other way, could we reconcile the unfrequency of the one disease, with the prevalence of the other. I have met with many specimens of chronic consumption, chiefly in the country parishes of the island. Some of these cases, in persons originally robust, did not appear incompatible with a long life. An alarming aggravation of symptoms did occasionally occur, from various 183 causes ; but I have known the intervening pe- riods to appear so promising as to create doubts touching the correctness of the diagnosis, by which the disease had been pronounced incurable. During such intervals, the patient has been seen to resume his ordinary occupations ; a result which, though it was anomalous, was well cal- culated to teach the medicalman prudence, in delivering an opinion on the probable duration of life, under such circumstances. It is easy to account for the exacerbations. In cases of this description, the tubercles, few in number, pass through their changes slowly, and without much general disturbance, until they have become completely softened. At this crisis, acute in- flammation is set up in the adjacent substance of the lung, previous to the evacuation of the liquified product; a neighbouring artery, involved in the inflammation, and losing, of a sudden, all support, by the destruction of the tissure in which it was formerly imbedded, may yield to the im- petus of the blood, and thus give rise to dan- gerous hemorrhage. Other local, or general 184 actions, may also, for the moment, place the patient in the most imminent peril. But if the constitution resists these severe inroads, the symptoms gradually subside ; the site of the evacuated tubercle becomes a permanent cavity, secreting more or less mucus; and, under this dilapidated state of the respiratory organs, the invalid may yet spin out a precarious existence to an advanced age. Before passing to the next chapter, I may once more observe, that in the foregoing brief notice of the prevalent diseases of Jersey, I have endeavoured, as much as possible, to confine my remarks to those morbid phenomena, whose study was calculated to throw light on the lead- ing object of my inquiry, viz. the climate of the island. CHAP. VI. REMEDIAL PROPERTIES OF THE CLIMATE OF JERSEY. THE principal, and most useful object of researches into climate, is, undoubtedly, the elucidation of its effects on the organization, in health, and disease. Consequently, though the present essay has extended much beyond its origi- nal plan, I cannot conclude it without adverting to this important subject. Touching the diseases, which may be considered peculiarly prevalent, among the native population, and the stationary residents, I have already gone into as much detail, as the extent of my information would justify. Therefore, it now only remains for me to submit the results of my observations on the z 186 merits of this climate, as a remedial agent. Of this part of my task, I shall acquit myself as briefly as will appear consistent with its im- portance. It ought to be recollected, that a knowledge of the prevalent diseases of a locality, furnishes no certain criterion of the tendency of its cli- mate, with respect to diseases developed in other situations. Otherwise, the application of climate, as a remedy, would be still more limited than it is ; and its study would but ill repay the inquirer for the perseverance, and attention which it necessitates. The best observers have shown themselves very cautious in drawing any but the most ge- neral conclusions on this delicate question. However, from some of the foregoing details, I think it might safely be inferred, that for all diseases whose cure may be facilitated by a mild climate, this island presents many advantages over almost any situation, with which it would be reasonable to compare it. To avoid endless explanations, let me here remind the reader, 187 that, in any thing I may advance, concerning the character of this climate, as a residence for invalids, my statements shall, of course, be made with reference to geographical position. For, it is only on comparative merits, as one of the English climates, that a claim to consideration can be founded, in behalf of Jersey. To say, with Dr. Scholefield, that the climate of Jersey is the most suitable, for those labour- ing under pulmonic diseases, of any in Europe, would be to repeat an extravagant assertion, difficult to support by any argument, however specious, and still more by authentic facts. The superiority of the island, as a climate, lies within much narrower limits. I have already said, (page 73,) that under the influence of the mild and soft qualities of this climate, chronic diseases, generally, proceed slowly ; and, being less liable to exacerbations, from atmospheric variations, the chances of a favorable termination are proportionally in- creased, in cases whose nature does not preclude all hope of ultimate restoration to health. In 188 another place, also, (page 85,) I have alluded to the advantages the island offers, as a sort of ini- tiatory climate, for individuals, who, from a pro- tracted sojourn in tropical latitudes, have been rendered unable to resist the inclemencies of less favored situations. These are, undoubtedly, points of no mean importance, and as to which, (if I may trust to my own observation, during thirteen years of general practice,) a very high character may be conceded to Jersey, compared with the principal watering places, in the south of England. I need scarcely pause to qualify this opinion, after the details already entered into, concerning the character of the climate, in the different seasons of the year : for, having, as I think, unsparingly pointed out its objectionable qualities, it cannot be supposed that I aim at placing it in a light more favorable than it de- serves. Enough has been said to show, that, in order to derive any benefit from the genial properties of this clime, some caution is neces- sary, against the countervailing tendency of other qualities of a very different nature. 189 With this understanding, I shall now proceed to the further consideration of the cases of disease in which more or less advantage may be expected from a residence in this island. During nearly three-fourths of the year, the soft and equable character of this climate, joined to a moderate temperature in the two extremes, will, generally, prove beneficial in the incipient stage of pulmonary consumption, when the sub- jects of that most fatal of all human diseases, have, hitherto, lived in less temperate regions. This affection is, most commonly, ushered in by a marked period of irritation, requiring deple- tion, and sedative remedies ; both of which means will take greater, and more durable effects under our sky, than in situations subject to more ex- tensive variations, and ranges of atmospheric heat. It would be difficult to understand upon what just grounds this climate could have been supposed unfavorable to invalids liable to hae- moptysis, unless it was in the last stage of tubercu- lous consumption. For the truth is, haemoptysis, whether as an idiopathic disease, or as a com- 190 plication of phthisis, is, here, comparatively rare, local agencies tending much more to pre- vent, than to induce a plethoric state of the system. And, indeed, many instances have come under my observation, of haemoptysis having been effectually checked by a residence of one or more winters in this island, when no organic disease of the lungs existed, and when the he- morrhage was simply the result of local conges- tion. From the lesser intensity of the predis- posing causes of haemoptysis, .in this place, its occurrence in the progress of tuberculous con- sumption is by no means common ; and, thus, the latter affection frequently passes into the last stage, free from any other symptoms, but a stubborn cough, and frequent pulse, accompa- nied by loss of flesh, and, in females, suppressed menstruation. The cough is here observed to be attended by mucous expectoration, very early in phthisis, long before the tuberculous pus is thrown off; and, oftentimes, up to this moment, no degree of emaciation has taken place, such as to create serious apprehensions, Even as one 191 of the consequences of organic disease of the lungs, haemoptysis scarcely ever fails to be alle- viated by a winter passed in this island ; and the liability to inflammatory action in the neigh- bourhood of tubercles being lessened by the same causes, which diminish the tendency to local plethora, the pulse is,notunfrequently, improved, It need scarcely be said, that the hopes raised in the patient's mind, by such a mitigation of his sufferings, must soon vanish, in so inveterate a disease as pulmonary consumption. He cannot get the better of his cough ; and, although he is often heard to express satisfaction at its having become less hard, and fatiguing, the ' phlegm ' now being ejected with less difficulty, this change, on which he lays so much stress, is merely the deceitful effect of the milder and softer climate, in which he now breathes, and which has be- stowed a catarrhal character on this symptom of his fatal complaint. It is far from my intention, in offering the foregoing remarks, to insinuate, that to this climate belongs the inestimable pri- vilege of alleviating, in any essential degree, a 192 malady, which, in spite of the rapid advance- ment of medical science, still bids defiance to all human skill. What is here aimed at, is to place Jersey in its true position, among climates of a similar nature, and to draw inferences of prac- tical value, concerning particular morbid actions, which, though sometimes the consequences of phthisis, have, not unfrequently, a separate ex- istence, and admit of a successful treatment. Of this kind is haemoptysis. I believe it to be generally admitted, by modern pathologists, that the latter disease, when simple, is very rarely occasioned by the erosion of a large^bloodvessel ; and that, in the majority of cases, the hemorrhage results from an exhalation of blood on some part of the mucous membrane of the respiratory channels. Now, the state of the mucous mem- brane predisposing to this affection, is certainly not common in this island ; a state widely diffe- rent from that which induces the diseases, known by the general term catarrhal, prevalent under the meteorological influences which charac- terise this climate. 193 From the preceding observations, it may be seen that I consider Jersey entitled to a very high character, among the English climates most suited to invalids labouring under incipient pul- monary consumption, and idiopathic haemoptysis. Strange as it must appear, considering the frequency of those diseases among the inha- bitants themselves, catarrhal affections, when imported into this island, are more commonly improved than aggravated, if the invalid have been duly mindful of the necessity of not trusting too implicitly to superior mildness, and equabi- lity of temperature. Nor would I restrict this position to cases of dry bronchial irritation only : for I have noticed numerous instances of chronic bronchitis, accompanied by so profuse an expec- toration, that no other means, but the stethoscope, could have enabled the practitioner to distinguish them, with certainty, from consumption, which, nevertheless, have terminated favorably, during a season passed in this climate. But, it should be observed, that, whatever inducement might arise to the contrary, from this, or other reasons, 2A 194 such invalids ought, by no means, to postpone their departure hence, beyond the period of their restoration to health : for, as the effect of change becomes neutralized by habit, they come to share, more or less, the liabilities of the inhabitants themselves ; added to which, their own predis- position, from previous attacks, render them still more vulnerable to the common causes of the same disorders. The objections enter- tained against this, and the other Channel Is- lands, in regard to the present diseases, are chiefly founded on the supposition, that their climates are peculiarly relaxing, and, moreover, deteriorated by exposure to frequent high winds. With regard to the first of these objections, I have already laboured to show (page 77,) how far it agrees with direct observation : and, with regard to the second, as, in assigning a place to this climate, I have confined myself to com- paring it with those of the south, and south-west coasts of England, I may say, with Dr. Young, op. cit. " the further we go up the channel, the " more remote we become from the mild gales 195 " of the Atlantic, while the prevalent south- " westerly winds, in passing over a considerable " part of the continent, must have lost much of " their warmth." I have stated, elsewhere, that gastric affections hold a prominent rank among the diseases inci- dent to this population. Nevertheless, expe- rience has, long ago, convinced me, that our climate shows itself by no means adverse to invalids, labouring under certain forms of that class of diseases, and who have come hither with a view to the alleviation of their sufferings. This observation applies chiefly to nervous dys- pepsia, which, it is well known, is more readily influenced by change of air, scene, or habits, than perhaps any other ill ' that flesh is heir to.' Among the great number of persons, who, an- nually, visit this island, there are many dyspep- tics ; and, consequently, the local practitioner has frequent opportunities of trying his skill against the protean disease in question. From the success which attends his endeavours, he may safely draw an inference as to the influence of 196 the climate : for, most commonly, the cases which thus come under his notice, have been submitted to various methods of treatment'; and it would be difficult for him to suggest any re- medy, which had not already become familiar to his patient. Under these disadvantages, what- ever might be the ingenuity of the inedicalman, in modifying principles of treatment, previously tried without success, if he succeed, he cannot justly pretend to the whole credit of the cure ; for a candid review of the history of such cases, cannot fail to convince him, that change of cli- mate, and reformed habits of life, have been the chief instruments of the amelioration, which has taken place under his management. This has been my impression in many instances of this kind, that have occurred in my own practice. With respect to hepatic diseases, except in so far as they are frequently connected, as compli- cations, with the preceding disorders, in which case, they are, for the most part, only func- tional, they are neither to be considered pre- valent in this country, nor likely to be preju- 197 diced in their terminations, by the action of the climate. Here, again, my opinion is at variance with that of the able contributor to Mr. InghV work ; but a long, and tolerably extensive, per- sonal experience, forming the ground of my sentiments on this, as well as the other subjects of this essay, I cannot sacrifice them even to the high opinion I entertain of that physician's lite- rary acquirements, and philosophical spirit of observation. Structural disease of the liver, is of very rare occurrence in Jersey, among the native inhabitants ; and the cases I have noticed in the other class, most of which owed their de- velopment to a residence in tropical latitudes, far from appearing to be unfavourably affected by the climate, have, generally, improved under its influence, when extensive disorganization of the viscus did not preclude the possibility of such a result. For the scientific explanation of what I have here advanced concerning the remedial proper- ties of this climate, I must invite the medical reader to take a retrospect of its physical qua- 198 li ties, as detailed in Chapter 2, from observations, which, though confined to a period of five years only, furnish, T believe, the only information of a conclusive nature, hitherto laid before the public. The few facts of a similar kind, made known by Mr. Inglis, in his * Channel Islands,' were borrowed from my register, and constituted a part of the mass of those, from which I have drawn my conclusions. The further application of this climate in the treatment of the many diseases not mentioned in this place, will flow out of the incidental ob- servations offered in various parts of this work. I need only observe, for that purpose, that in considering this locality, with regard to its merits as a residence for invalids, the general features of its climate should stand foremost among the facts, from which general inferences are to be drawn. And, in concluding this essay, may I be allowed to express a hope, that I may share the privilege of indulgence, commonly granted to authors, who have written in the midst of pro- fessional occupations, which leave but rare and 199 uncertain leisure for literary pursuits. I cannot pretend to the merit of having exhausted the sub- ject of the foregoing investigation, being fully aware that I leave it still open to much interest- ing research. But, should the facts which I have collected, and brought together, appear calculated to aid materially in the more complete elucidation of the climate of this island, which has, of late years, acquired a great degree of importance among the places most resorted to by invalids, and travellers of every description, I may say, in perfect candour, that the full of my ambition shall have been gratified. THE END. g S C >, 3 I* s s 5 o i s I * (M ^ ) SP? Q Qj a - S 8 l f 1 Cd ^ H 1 co co r *"1 *5> *% co co c : B bn a t 1 i OB n. .4) ooo ooo ooo OOOOO) r3 COfOCO CN(M(M . . - . . * : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : i : : : : : : : : : j i ' " J rQ 1 i fr i - I ill aSjS.cs 3"^3 "^5 S<1 ^^<^ twoiz; ||| " , K ^> i^ - CO w 1 s ~ 2 2" ! 1 1 02 Cfl < rv^A^- -v^'^x-% ^^A^-, 8 q ^ 8 S S 8 g S O ro* -T* 10" 0* io" CO" CV tC S 5 ? ^*^^ gg 8 0" 5" s 2 oo" : : : : : : : : : ! 1 j ; :| ; : : ; : o : : ' i' 1 ' S 1 S = o 3 3 S J , ^ g ^ = g- o 5 2cs -^ . * <* S 2 f ? N fa 1 0> - ~- 1 | to o" ^ 2 00 O to to" J s $ 8 S = co g o o o oo 00 cd *" o rf co (M o" t^ t^ o" oo 1 CO oi" 1 3 g O C0~ to T 3 ^-4 ^ 00 CO e> 06" in" T to to- 1 (M 8 00 S S 2" 8. o 3 s (N 00 OO 00 to t^. ^ o co CO S S 8 s i !2 to to S g ^ g 3 S 2 2 B j | i 3 1 $ -" 2 i s 5- .1 03 1 s s CO t, I of <5i T3 | 1 ^ *o* a * ^ 1 oo | | a " 2"-S 1 ^ s 8 o S. S 1 i "S i OO CO *^ 'of of of of s i .es bh _>> 1 of of c "tJ 5 | i 5 s- 3 1 1 1 5 s 1 5 I ^ " ** 1 i ofofofofofofofofofof^of S 1 i of O-f CO" of Of of -H~ -H" of Of of i-T 1 Qi fe i of of of of of co 1 of of of of of of 1 i i of of of of of. of of of n of of of CD :::::: : s s : ^ W J w < ^ : : : "I ^ "I " fr i sU^II'Iflll 1 -g S 1 i o'o'o'c^OL'i'o'coao' ^oooooo orr 1 1 1 3 i r>T o" o* co" o o" co" o" orT ^^inooooo-* 1 z o 1 g 8 2 2 e " OOOCOOiOt^'S'C^ r>-ocooooc^coo of otT o o c-f o" t>T o" 06" s 8 I =4 1 "B 1 * O O O O O i.T * in o o * CO ? n % 2 o6"-^5c5'cO'*'oDr-rr-r ^'irsirjOoOooT}' 3 8 3 -2 u- J o i >> o ^ >> R >> p &, ^r 3 < a o II I ? g ?, t>. s ~ 1^ S - o r a o a "" ^ " d ^ - rf - - ^ g ^ 8 s 5. s i S ^ s o o 02 X f- ^ rf o Tf ^ o te -r (O o ^ 1^ szi i of a '-"v irt O . rT r^ *" i eo" s IF ^ to' 8, fi S o ^ i s i w $ M B C 3 8 a r>- 8 s fe rf ei o - l- 4 *>. 0' in ** id fe 8 c 1 o" p cf o s S 1 8 o ~. o : .- 1 Totals.. : : . * H i . . 2 i -J i 1 1 1 ^ S en s P4 <1 s *-> 1 I J | 1 Novem 1 Decem A 000027287 2