LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Kahle/Austin Foundation and Omidyar Network http://www.archive.org/details/klamathriverbasi1960cali IMTY OP CM.IFSRNM LIBRARY DAVIS COPY 2 STATE OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DIVISION OF RESOURCES PLANNING BULLETIN No. 83 KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION EDMUND G. BROWN Governor MA'S', 1960 HARVEY O. BANKS Director of Water Resources LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS ^/"' / L' DOUGLAS T L ■_ JOS EPHINE! '"^\ I JACKSON _. r r r \ ■AW* L E N N / BUTTE V"s I F o) <\ C ° L U S A /-- x-v J* V A A : STATE OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTA4ENT OF WATER RESOURCES DIVISION OF RESOURCES PLANNING BULLETIN No. 83 KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION EDMUND G. BROWN Governor HARM -A (). BANKS Director of Water Resources MAY, 1960 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL VII ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .. VIII ORGANIZATION, DEPARTMENT OF WATER RE- SOURCES IN ORGANIZATION. CALIFORNIA WATER COMMIS- SION X CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION _ 1 Authorization for Investigation 1 Scope of Klamath River Rasin Investigation '-' Cooperation with Other Agencies 3 Area Under Investigation 5 Climate - r > Soils 6 Geology 7 Present Development 7 Klamath River Compact 8 CHAPTER II. WATER SUPPLY 11 Precipitation 12 Precipitation Stations and Records 12 Precipitation Characteristics 12 Runoff 16 Stream Gaging Stations and Records 16 Runoff Characteristics 17 Quantity of Runoff 18 Imported and Exported Water 22 Quality of Water 22 Water Quality Criteria 22 Domestic and Municipal Water Supply 23 Irrigation Water 23 Preservation and Protection of Fish and Wildlife 23 Water Sampling and Data Collection Program 24 Quality of Surface Water 24 Quality of Ground Water 24 Future Water Quality Problems 25 Ground Water 25 Butte Valley Region 29 Shasta Valley 31 Scott Valley 31 Klamath River Basin in Oregon ."..'! CHAPTER III. WATER UTILIZATION AND RE QUIREMENTS __ Present Water Supply Development 36 Land Use 38 Present and Probable Ultimate Populations. - 38 Present Water Service Areas 41 Probable Ultimate Pattern of Land Use 44 Unit Use of Water r>0 Consumptive Use of Water 56 Present Consumptive Use ."ill Probable Ultimate Consumptive Use 56 Water Requirements 57 Irrigation Water Service Area Efficiencies 59 Present Water Requirements «il Probable Ultimate Water Requirements 62 Demands for Water 64 Application of Irrigation Water 64 Monthly Demands for Irrigation Water 66 Permissible Deficiencies ill Application of Irrigation Water 67 Water Requirements of a Nonconsumptive Nature 69 Requirements for Fish. Wildlife, and Recreation 69 Requirements for Hydroelectric Power Production 71 Requirements for the .Mining Industry Requirements for the Timber Industrj Flood Control Considerations Supplemental Water Requirements Present Supplemental Requirements Ultimate Supplemental Requirements Probable Future Change in Plow of Klamath River_ CHAPTER IV. PLANS FOR WATER DEVELOP- MENT The California Water Plan Plans for Local Water Resource Development Developments Within the Upper Klamath River Basin Boundary Reservoir Beatty Reservoir Chiloquin Narrows Reservoir Klamath Project Extensions I'.utte Valley-Oklahoma District Development Developments Within Shasta Valley Montague Project Grenada Ranch Project Table Rock Reservoir Shasta Valley Import Project 1. Iron Gate Dam and Reservoir 2. Iron Gate Pumping Plant 3. Bogus Conduit _. 4. Red School Dam and Reservoir 5. Summary Developments in Scott Valley Sett Valley Ground Water Development 1. East Side Service Area 2. West Side Service Area 3. Valley Service Area 4. Quart/. Valley Service Area 5. Summary Highland Dam and Reservoir Callahan Dam and Reservoir Grouse Creek Dam and Reservoir Etna Dam and Reservoir Mugginsville Dam and Reservoir Developments on Trinity and Salmon Rivers Layman Dam and Reservoir Morehouse Dam and Reservoir Summary of Plans for Local Development — The California Aqueduct System Klamath River Develo] :nl Trinity River Development Clear Creel; Development. CHAPTER V. SUMMARY. CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary Water Supply Present and Ultimate Water Requirements Land Use Consumptive Use of Applied Water Efficiencj of Water Use Uses of Water Other than for Irrigation Ultimate Water Requirements Areas of Water Deficiencj in the Klamath River Basin Probable future Change in Flow of the Klamath River Plans for Winer Resource Development Upper Klamath River Basin Shasta Vallej Scott Valley Developments on Trinity and Salmon Rivers The California Aq lint System Conclusions Recommendal ions 83 83 84 86 86 87 87 87 87 ss 89 '.in 93 114 95 95 96 96 97 97 '.is 99 99 100 llll 102 mi' 104 105 im; 1H7 1 1 iv His llll 111 112 113 113 117 1 22 11':: 123 124 rji 121 125 125 1 25 126 lL's TABLE OF CONTENTS— Continued TABLES No. Page 1 Areas of Hydrographic Units and Subunits Within the Klamath River Basin 6 2 Areas of Counties Within Klamath River Basin _ 6 3 General Climatological Data al Selected Stations in or Adjacent to the Klamath River Basin 6 I Precipitation Stations With Continuous Records of In Sears or Longer i • Adjacent to the Klam- ath River Basin — 13 ;, Recorded Seasonal Precipitation a! Selected Sta- tions in the Klamath River Basin 17 6 Monthly Distribution of Mean Seasonal Precipita- tion at Selected Stations in the Klamath River Basin IS 7 Stream Gaging Stations in the Klamath River Basin 19 s Stream Gaging Stations Established During the Klamath River Basin Investigation 20 '.i Recorded Discharge of Principal Streams at Selected Stations in the Klamath River Basin._ 20 l(i Estimated Average Monthly Distribution of Natural Runoff at Selected Stations in the Klamath River Basin, 1920-21 Through 1951-52 . 21 11 Estimated Seasonal Natural Flow of the Klamath River at Selected Stations -1 12 Estimated Seasonal Natural Flow of Principal Tributary Streams in the Klamath River Basin 22 13 Mineral Analyses of Surface Water in the Klamath River Basin 26 11 Mineral Analyses of Ground Water in the Klamath River Basin - s 15 Hydrologic Analysis of Macdoel Subunit 5A, Butte Valley 31 16 Principal Water Service Agencies in the Klamath River Basin 37 17 Principal Existing Reservoirs in the Klamath River Basin 3S is Estimated Present and Probable Ultimate Popula- tions Within Hydrographic Units in the Klamath River Basin 40 19 Estimated Present and Probable Ultimate Popula i s Within Counties in the Klamath River Basin n Uii Present Water Service Areas (1953 to 1955) Within Hydrographic Units in the Klamath River Basin •-' 21 Present Water Service Areas (1953 to 1955) Within Counties in the Klamath River Basin 45 22 Present Areas of Surface Irrigated and Sub-irri- gated Lands Within Hydrographic Units in the Klamath River Basin 46 23 I'n sent Areas of Surface Irrigated and Sub-irri- gated Lands Within Counties in the Klamath liner Basin 46 ul Crop Adaptability Classification Standards 46 25 Classificati f Potentially Irrigable Lands Within Hydrographic Units in the Klamath River Basin IS 26 Classification of Potentials Irrigable Lands Within Counties in the Klamath River Basin 51 27 Probable Ultimate Pattern of Land ("se Within Hydrographic Units in the Klamath River Basin 52 28 Probable Ultimate Pattern of Land t'se Within ('..unties in the Klamath River I'.asin o4 29 Estimated Mean Seasonal Unit Values of Consump- tive Use of Water in the Klamath River Basin -",7 80 Estimated Mean Seasonal Consumptive Use of Ap- plied Water on Present Water Service Areas Within Hydrographic Units in the Klamath River Basin 58 .'11 Estimated Mean Seasonal Consumptive Use of Ap- plied Water on Present Water Service Areas Within ('..unties in the Klamath River I'.asin ::i' Probable Ultimate Mean Seasonal Consumptive I se ..I Applied Water Within Hydrographic Units in the Klamath River I'.asin 33 Probable Ultimate Mean Seasonal Consumptive Use of Applied Water Within Counties iii the Klam- ath River I'.asin 34 Estimated Present and Probable Ultimate Irriga- tion Water Service Area Efficiencies Within Hy- drographic Units in the Klamath River I'.asin ."..", Estimated Present Mean Seasonal Water Require incuts Within Hydrographic Units in the Klam- ath River I'.asin 36 Estimated Present Mean Seasonal Water Require- ments Within ('..unties in the Klamath River Basin 37 Estimated Probable Ultimate Mean Seasonal Water Requirements Within Hydrographic I'nits in the Klamath River I'.asin :;s Estimated Probable Ultimate Mean Seas I Water Requirements Within Counties in the Klamath River Basin 39 Estimated Average Monthly Distribution of De- mand for Irrigation Water in the Klamath River Basin 40 Estimated Minimum Stream Flows at Selected Points on the Klamath River and Its Tributaries Required to .Maintain Came Fish Populations Near Their Present Levels 41 Estimated Minimum Stream Flows in the Trinity River Below Lewiston Required to Maintain Came Fish Populations Near Their Present Levels 42 Hydroelectric Generating Plants in the Klamath River I'.asin . 4.". Discharge Prom California Oregon Power Company Hydroelectric Plants at Copco, and Flow of Klamath River Above Fall ('reek 44 Monthly Electrical Energj Demands of Northern California Power Load as Estimated for 1060 15 Estimated Present and Probable Ultimate Mean Seasonal Supplemental Water Requirements Within Hydrographic I'nits in the Klamath River 40 Historical and Estimated Seasonal Flows of the Klamath River at Ken., under Natural. His- torical. Present Impaired, and Probable Ultimate Impaired C litions of Development, 1920-2] to 1951-52 .. 47 Estimated Seasonal Flows of the Klamath River Below Shasta River under Natural. Historical, Present Impaired, ami Probable Ultimate Im- paired Conditions, 1920-21 to L951-52 45 Estimated Monthly Distribution of Demand for Water from Montague Reservoir 40 Areas and Capacities of Montague Reservoir. __ r.ii General Features of Montague Project r.l Areas ami Capacities of Grenada Ranch Reservoir 52 General Features of Ciena. la Ranch Dam and .".:! Areas ami Capacities of Table Rock Reservoir r.l General Features of Table Rod; Ham and Reservoir .v. Anas ami Capacities of Iron (late Reservoir _ 56 Areas and Capacities of Red School Reservoir 57 General Features of Shasta Valley Import Project 58 Present and Ultimate Net Irrigated Areas and Sup pleniental Water Ke.| u ireineiit s for Sell Valley Ground Water Development Service Areas TABLE OF CONTENTS— Continued No. Page ."ill General Features of Ground Water Development in the East Side Service Area 100 60 General Features of Ground Water Basin Devel- opment in the West Side Service Area— 101 (il Genera] Features of Ground Water Basin Devel- opment in the Valley Service Area 102 62 General Features of Ground Water Basin Develop- ment in the Quartz Valley Service Area 10'-' 63 Summary of Estimated Capital and Annual Costs, Scott Valley Ground Water Development 103 lil Areas and Capacities of Highland Reservoir 103 <;."> General Features of Highland Dam and Reservoir 104 66 Areas and Capacities of Callahan Reservoir 104 67 General Features of Callahan Kani and Reservoir— 105 68 Areas and Capacities of Grouse Creek Reservoir 100 fill General Features of Grouse Creek Ham and Res- ervoir 106 70 Areas and Capacities of Etna Reservoir 107 71 General Features of Etna Dam and Reservoir 107 72 Areas and Capacities of Mugginsville Reservoir 108 73 General Features of Mugginsville Dam and Reser- voir 108 74 Areas and Capacities of Layman Reservoir 400 75 General Features of Layman Dam and Reservoir _ 109 76 Areas and Capacities of .Morehouse Reservoir 110 77 General Features of Morehouse Project 111 78 Summary of Works for Local Development in the Klamath River Basin— 112 79 General Features of Klamath-Trinity Division. Cali- fornia Aqueduct System 114 80 Summary of Capital Costs of Klamath-Trinity Divi- sion, California Aqueduct System 116 81 Summarj of Present and Estimated Ultimate Crop Patterns in the Klamath River Basin 122 N2 Average Seasonal Flows of the Klamath River for the Period 1920-2] through 1951-52 123 PLATES No. 1 Location of Klamath River Basin 2 Principal Water Service Agencies and Locations of Hy- droelectric Power Plants 3 Lines of Equal Mean Seasonal Precipitation 4 Recorded and Estimated Seasonal Precipitation at Se- lected Stations in Klamath River Basin 5 Estimated Seasonal Natural Runoff at Selected Stations in Klamath River Basin (i Geologic M.iii of Butte Valley 7 Geologic Sections of Unite Valley S Lines of Equal Elevation of Ground Water in Butte Valley II Geologic Map of Shasta Valley 10 Geologic Sections of Shasta Valley 11 Lines of Equal Elevation of Ground Water in Shasta Vallej 11' Geologic Map of Scott Vallej 13 Geologic Sections of Sett Vallej 14 Lines of Equal Elevation of Gr 1 Water in Sett Vallej Xo. Pag. 15 Present and Probable Ultimate Water Service Area 16 Features of the California Water Plan within Klamath River Basin 17 Existing and Possible Future Developments, Upper Klam- ath River Basin is Existing and Possible Future Developments, Shasta Valley 19 Existing and Possible Future Develo] >nts, Son Valley 20 Montague Ham on Shasta River and Table Rock Ham on Little Shasta River 21 Grenada Ranch Dam on Shasta Rivei 22 Iron Gate Dam on Klamath River and Red School I on Willow Creek 2-'! Callahan Dam and Grouse Creek Dam on Scott River and Highland Ham on Moffett Creek 24 Etna Dam on French Creek and Mugginsville Dam on Mill Creek 25 Morehouse Dam on Salmon River ami Layman Dam mi Hayfork Creek B-l Soil Moisture Depletion and Accretion, Irrigated Alfalfa. Plot Xo. :io. Shasta Valley B-2 Soil Moisture Depletion and Accretion, Native Vegeta lion. Plot Xo. 32, Shasta Valley D-l Winter Deer Ranges, Migration Routes and Principal King Salmon Spawning Areas ILLUSTRATIONS Xo. The Klamath River Basin Frontispi 1 Jit. Shasta as Seen From Shasta Valley XI 2 The California ( trefoil Power Company Big Rend Project on the Klamath River .". Shackleford Creek. Typical of Perennial Streams on West Side of Scott Valley lo 4 Salmon River lo 5 Link River. Outlet of Upper Klamath Lake. Show- ing Intake to Klamath Project "A" Canal :'.( 6 Dwinnell Reservoir on Shasta River .".I 7 Intensively Developed Agricultural Land Within the Klamath Project _. .".0 8 Potato Harvest in the Klamath Project ".'. | Migratory Water Fowl Rising from Lower Klamath Lake .Marshes 68 10 Inaccessible Mountain Lakes Abound in Siskiyou and Trinity Counties Us 11 Lumber Mill on Lake Ewana at Klamath Falls. Oregon 75 12 Lumber Stacked for Air Drying 75 13 Montague Dam Site on Shasta River '.'2 11 Kidder Creek in Scott Vallej !I2 APPENDIXES i -a-. A. GeologJ of the Klamath River Basin 129 P.. Soil Moisture Depletion Studies 13.". C. Municipal Water Consumption 143 1'. Fish, tin and Recreation in the Klamath River Basin of California 117 E. K,s,., -voir Yield Studies 167 I'. Estimates ..i c,,st is.-. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL *RVEY O. BANKS STATE OF CALIFORNIA irpartmrnt nf Hatrr ItenurrrB Honorable Edmund G. Brown, Governor and Members of the Legislature of the State of California May 2, 1960 Gentlemen : I have the honor to transmit herewith Bulletin No. 83 of the Department of Water Resources, entitled "Klamath River Basin Investigation," as authorized by the Legislature in Item 268.5, Chapter 3, Statutes of 1952. The Klamath River Basin Investigation was commenced by the former Division of Water Resources of the Department of Public Works, under the direction of the former State Water Resources Board. Since July 5, 1956, the investigation has been the responsibility of the Department of Water Resources. Bulletin No. 83 includes estimates of present and probable ultimate water requirements for irrigation, domestic, and industrial use based upon full de- velopment of the natural resources of the Klamath River Basin. It contains an inventory of the water resources of the basin and presents a master plan for water development capable of furnishing water supplies to areas of potential need within the basin. This plan will serve as a general guide to future definitive studies of local water development. The Klamath River, discharging an average of more than 12,000,000 acre- feet of water seasonally into the Pacific Ocean, is one of the significant sources of water to be considered to meet future water deficiencies throughout the State. This report is of value in delineating present and future local water demands for which provision must be made prior to exporting water from the Klamath River Basin. Information and data developed by the investigation were used in the prepa- ration of The California Water Plan, in the formulation of the Klamath River Compact, and in further detailed investigation of water development projects in Shasta Valley now under study. Very truly yours, Harvey O. Banks Director ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Valuable assistance to, and data used in this investigation have been con- tributed by agencies of the Federal Government, cities, counties, public districts, and by private individuals and companies. This cooperation is gratefully ac- knowledged. special mention is made of the helpful cooperation of the following: State of Oregon County of Siskiyou Montague Water Conservation District Siskiyou Soil Conservation District Butte Valley Soil Conservation District Agricultural Agent. Klamath County. Oregon Department of Pish and Game, State of California Bureau of Reclamation, United States Department of the Interior Corps of Engineers, United States Army Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture Farmers resident in Scott. Shasta, and Butte Valleys, who aided in the soil moisture depletion and ground water studies. ORGANIZATION DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES HARVEY O. BANKS Director, Department of Water Resources RALPH M. BRODY _ Deputy Director, Department of Water Resources JAMES F. WRIGHT Deputy Director, Department of Water Resources WILLIAM L. BERRY Chief, Division of Resources Planning JOHN M. HALEY ...Assistant Division Engineer This report was prepared under the supervision of WILLIAM L. HORN ... Principal Hydraulic Engineer by ROBERT B. BOND Senior Civil Engineer and STUART T. PYLE ... Senior Hydraulic Engineer Assistance was furnished by B. H. HOFFMASTER Senior Hydraulic Engineer HELEN J. PETERS Associate Hydraulic Engineer EDWIN J. BARNES .- Associate Hydraulic Engineer BLAIR T. BOWER Assistant Hydraulic Engineer RUSSELL FRANSON Assistant Hydraulic Engineer The following personnel of the Department have given special assistance to phases of the investigation ROBERT G. EILAND Supervising Hydraulic Engineer M. GUY FAIRCHILD Supervising Hydraulic Engineer CHARLES F. KLEINE .Senior Hydraulic Engineer JOHN W. SHANNON Supervisor, Land and Water Use Section ROBERT T. BEAN Supervising Engineering Geologist WILFRED W. PEAK Senior Engineering Geologist JOHN L. JAMES Supervisor of Drafting Services ROY N. HALEY Senior Land and Water Use Analyst SAM L. STRINGFIELD... Associate Hydraulic Engineer JACK G. WULFF Associate Hydraulic Engineer J. PRESTON CEDARHOLM... .....Associate Hydraulic Engineer STEVEN H. CHAN Assistant Hydraulic Engineer THAIS U. JOHNSON ... .... Assistant Hydraulic Engineer DONALD A. RALPH ... Assistant Hydraulic Engineer Studies of fish and wildlife problems were conducted in cooperation with the California Department of Fish and Game WILLIAM E. WARNE Director JACK FRASER ... Water Projects Coordinator RICHARD J. HALLOCK Fisheries Biologist IV DAVID E. PELGEN Fisheries Biologist IV LEONARD O. FISK Fisheries Biologist III Studies of ground water geology were conducted in cooperation with the United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, Ground Water Branch JOSEPH F. POLAND . Research Geologist PERRY WOOD Geologist SEYMOUR MACK Geologist ORGANIZATION DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES CALIFORNIA WATER COMMISSION JAMES K. CARR, Chairman, Sacramento WILLIAM H. JENNINGS, Vice Chairman, La Mesa JOHN W. BRYANT, Riverside GEORGE C. FLEHARTY, Redding JOHN P. BUNKER, Gustine JOHN J. KING, Petaluma IRA J. CHRISMAN, Visalia KENNETH Q. VOLK, Los Angeles MARION R. WALKER, Ventura WILLIAM M. CARAH, Executive Secretary GEORGE B. GLEASON, Chief Engineer Mt. Shasta as seen from Shasta Valley. Lake Dwinnell in foreground Division ol Highways Phofogroph CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The Klamath River Basin, occupying a large part of northwestern California and south central Oregon, extends across California from within a few miles of the Nevada border to the Pacific Ocean. Two-thirds of the basin is in California and one-third in Oregon. The basin in California includes all or parts of the Counties of Modoc, Siskiyou, Del Norte, Trinity, and Humboldt. The average seasonal flow of the Klamath River into the Pacific Ocean is about 12,500,000 acre- feet, over 18 per cent of the combined flow of all water producing areas of the State. The Klamath River rises in Oregon, where it is formed by the Wood, Williamson, and Sprague Rivers. In California, the river is joined by the Shasta, Scott, Salmon, and Trinity Rivers. During its course to the sea, only moderate use is made of Klamath River waters. In both Oregon and California, irrigation is the largest use of water. Approximately 500,000 acres within the basins are irrigated and about 16,000 acres devoted to urban, domestic, and other uses. These present uses made of the waters of the river, however, do not appreciably decrease the natural flow from the basin. For the most part, this potential water resource remains in its natural state. One of the most important uses made of the stream, although nonconsumptive, is the habitat provided for anadromous fish, the salmon and steelhead that return from the ocean to fresh water to complete their life cycle. The power potential of the stream is also rela- tively undeveloped. Approximately 138,000 kilowatts of installed power capacity are located in the upper reaches of the basin. Tremendous population increases, and the accom- panying expansion in agriculture and industry since the close of World War II, have depleted local water supplies in the central and southern portions of the State. The large seasonal overdraft of the available water supplies in these water deficient areas of the State have occasioned extensive water resource in- vestigations. These water deficient areas from eco- nomic necessity have forced consideration of plans for importing waters from areas of general surplus to supplement their rapidly diminishing supplies. As pressure for such transfer of water has increased, it has become apparent that the water needs of the northern areas should first be determined and provi- sions made for their satisfaction to prevent the detri- mental effects which would result from indiscriminate and excessive export. The California Water Plan is a master plan for the future development of the water resources of the State, providing for the fullest practicable measure of conservation, protection, control, distribution, and utilization of the water resources, both surface and underground, in order to meet the present and future water needs for all beneficial purposes in all areas of the State. The California Water Plan was published as Bulletin No. 3 of the Department of Water Re- sources in May, 1957. The full development and use of the water re- sources of California requires a thorough knowledge of the location and extent of those resources. An in- ventory of the waters of the Klamath River Basin which are available for development and utilization within California must take into account the fad that the Klamath River is an interstate stream shared by Oregon and California. The waters originating within the basin are subject to use by both States, and the amount available for use in either state is affected by the uses in the other. It has been recognized that competent plans for the development of the waters of the Klamath River Basin for the maximum benefit of both Oregon and California depends upon the successful resolution of problems created by the interstate character of the stream. Toward this objective, the Legislatures of both California and Oregon, in 1953, established within each State, a commission whose primary function was to cooperate with the similar commission in the for- mation of an interstate compact relating to the dis- tribution and use of the waters of the Upper Klamath River Basin. The two commissions negotiated a1 length, and submitted to their respective legislatures a compact, which was thereafter accepted by each state. Subsequently, the Congress of the United stales has consented to the compact and it is now in effeel the "law of the river." AUTHORIZATION FOR INVESTIGATION On November 2, 1951, state Senator Randolph Col- lier requested that the then State Water Resources Board make a preliminary survey of the water re- sources of Siskiyou and Modoc Counties and the Klamath River Basin, with the objective of determin- ing the scope and cost of a comprehensive basin in- vestigation. The former Division of Water Resources made such an investigation, and concluded in its re- port to the State Water Resources Board that any comprehensive study of the Klamath River should include the entire basin. It was estimated that an adequate program of investigation would take about three years to complete. The recommendation for a three year investigation was adopted by tin- state Water Resources Hoard and ( i ) KLAMATH IHVLi; LASIX [NVESTIGATION in the Budget Ael of L952, the Legislature provided an appropriation to the State Water Resources Board in the amount of $50,000 for "a comprehensive survey of the water resources of the Klamath River Basin." On July 19, 1952, the State Water Resources Board approved a proposed work program and directed the Division of Water Resources to proi d with the in- vestigation. Subsequently, the Legislature made an additional appropriation of $71,243 in 1953, and an appropriation of $71,340 in 1954. SCOPE OF KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION The Klamath River Basin [nvestigation included the following studies: (1 > an inventory of available water supplies, both surface and underground; _ a determination of presenl and ultimate water re- quirements, predicated upon the full development of all natural resources; (3) an estimate of the effect nn available water supplies resulting from full devel- opment of all natural resources, and from placing under irrigation all lauds potentially capable of such development; (4) a determination of areas within the basin now having, or ultimately facing, a de- ficiency in water supply; ami (5) an inventory of possible plans for local projects that would provide ample water supplies for all uses within the basin. Tin' Klamath River is one of California's major streams, both in the geographical extent of the drain- age basin and in quantity of runoff. The surplus waters available in the Klamath River are an im- portant consideration in any comprehensive plan for development of the water resources of the State. Con- sequently, this investigation was closely related to. and coordinated with, the statewide investigation which resulted in the formulation of The California Water Plan. Field work on the Klamath River P.asin [nvestiga- tion commenced in August, 1952. During the investi- gation, available precipitation and runoff records were collected, and additional precipitation and stream gaging stations were installed and operated in order to expand and extend the coverage of exist- ing records. The mineral quality of surface and ground waters was studied in order to evaluate the suitability of the water supplies for agricultural and other benefi- cial uses, and to locate areas in which water supplies were subject to mineral degradation. Geologic Held surveys and investigations provided data used in delineating the approximate areal extent of ground water basins, and in estimating the storage capacity, potential yield, and susceptibility of such basins to development. During the investigation, well Iocs were collected and analyzed, and ground water levels were determined through periodic water level measurements at selected wells. Field surveys, in- cluding geologic examinations, were made to locate and evaluate the suitability of possible dam ami res. ervoir sites. A detailed land use survej of the entire basin, except for the area within the Klamath Indian Res- ervation, was made in 1953 to ascertain present land use patterns and water use practices. This survey also served as a guide in forecasting a pattern id' probable ultimate land use. Needed information pertaining to Indian lands was furnished by the United States Bureau of Reclamation. In order to estimate future water requirements in the investigation area, lands in the basin were classi- fied as to their suitability for irrigated agriculture. The original land classification was made in 1952 and 1953, and was reviewed and modified in 1955 in conformity with standards adopted for the North- eastern Counties Investigation. The modified results have been included in the Department of Water Re- sources, preliminary edition of Bulletin No. 58, "Northeastern Counties [nvestigation". Accordingly, it was determined that field investi- gations, classification of lands, the making of crop surveys, and the determination of consumptive use factors for those portions of the Klamath River Basin located in Oregon were both pertinent and necessary to this investigation. Such field activities were carried out with the full knowledge and consent of appro- priate officials in the State of Oregon, and in cooperation with the United States Bureau of Recla- mation. Additionally, information and data developed during this investigation proved to be of exceptional value and pertinence to the deliberations and con elusions of the Klamath Liver Compact Commissions of < (regon and ( !alifornia. Considerable attention was given to the determina- tion of unit values of consumptive use of water for irrigated crops. All available data were assembled and reviewed, and field studies conducted to measure consumptive use. The studies consisted of sampling the soil moisture content of irrigated fields, through- out the growing season to determine the amounts of water used The results of field studies were used to develop coefficients for the empirical Blaney-Criddle method of computing consumptive use. Use of water for urban and municipal purposes was evaluated from records of water use collected from most of the cities and smaller communities within the Klamath River Basin. Current irrigation practices in Scott, Shasta, and Butte Valleys, and in the Klamath Project of the United States Bureau of Reclamation, were studied to determine quantities of water applied to major crops on lands of various soil tv pes. Farm and service area efficiencies were determined by utilizing stream tlow records, and diversion and farm delivery records maintained by irrigation districts, and records of the Bureau of Reclamation. [NTRODUCTION Data relating' to present and ultimate laud use, as well as estimates of present and ultimate water re- quirements in the basin, were published in prelim- inary form as the "Interim Report on Klamath River Basin Investigation, Water Utilization and Require- ments ' ', a report of the State Water Resources Board, dated March, 1954. The data and estimates presented in that report were preliminary in form and were published for the purpose of making the data avail- able to interested agencies in both California and Oregon. These estimates have been reviewed and re- vised as a result of additional information and studies subsequent to that date. Plans for developing water supplies to meet present and ultimate water requirements for all major irri- gable areas were investigated. This phase of the inves- t iiiation utilized much of the above-mentioned data. In general, the plans studied were large scale develop- ments utilizing local water supplies. The engineering was preliminary in nature, and for the express pur- poses of determining where water could be developed, in what amounts, what areas could be served by the various projects, and what the approximate cost would be. In addition to investigating reservoirs for local water service, plans were studied of means of stabiliz- ing the yield of the Upper Klamath River Basin to meet water needs in both Oregon and California. Sep- arate projects were investigated to divert water from the Klamath River to serve lands in Butte Valley and Shasta Valley. For Scott Valley, development of both surface and ground water supplies were considered. In all cases, plans for water development studied under this investigation were coordinated with, and made a part of, The California Water Plan. COOPERATION WITH OTHER AGENCIES During the course of this investigation, the Depart- ment entered into cooperative agreements with the United States Geological Survey and the California Department of Fish and Game for services of a spe- cialized nature which those agencies were particularly well equipped to furnish. Accordingly, an agreement was made with the United States Geological Survey, whereby matching funds for ground water investigation, in the amounl of $8,000 per year, were made available by the Stale for the fiscal years 1953-54 and 1954-55. These funds, matched by equal contributions from federal sources, were used to finance a reconnaissance survey covering the geology of ground water basins, the occurrence and movement of ground water and an estimate of the available underground storage capacity, in the prin- cipal ground water areas in Butte, Shasta, and Scott Valleys. Pertinent information resulting from these studies is contained in this bulletin. In October, 1956, the Unite, I States Department of the Interior pub- lished a preliminary report entitled "Natural lie sources of Northwestern California", which includes the results of these studies. Results of the study in Scott Valley luive been published in Water Supplj Paper No. 1462, "Geology and Ground Water Fea- tures of Scott Valley, Siskiyou County. California". It is expected that final reports of the geologic invesl i gations in Butte and Shasta Valleys will be published by the United States Geological Survey at a later date. Information regarding ground water basins in tin' Oregon portion of the Klamath River Basin was com piled during a similar investigation conducted under a cooperative agreement between the State of Oregon ami the United States Geological Survey. Additionally, an agreement between the State of California and the Surface Water Branch of the United States Geological Survey provided for addi- tional field activities to supplement existing data on surface runoff in the Klamath River Basin. State funds in the amount of $4,500 were matched by funds of the Geological Survey to provide for the installa- tion of additional stream gaging stations in the basin. These gaging stations, maintained by tin- Geological Survey, furnish stream flow records which, in the future, will permit a more complete evaluation of the surface water supply. Water stage recorder stations installed under 1 1 1 i -- agreement are located on Hayfork Creek, a tributary to the South Fork of the Trinity River, and on the Sprague River. A staff gage, observed intermittently, was installed on the Klamath River at Walker Bridge, but deactivated in October, 1954. In addition, eight crest-stage stations were established by the United States Geological Survey on tributary streams of the Klamath River, to provide short-term data for use in making estimates of runoff. These stations were: Beaver Creek near Walker Post Office Indian Creek near Happy Camp Elk Creek near Happy Camp South Fork of the Salmon River near Forks of Salmon North Fork of the Salmon River at Sawyers Bar Bluff Creek near Weitehpec South Fork of Trinity River at Forest Glen South Fork of Trinity River at Hyampom Studies of water requirements for the preservation and propagation of fish and wildlife in the Klamath River Basin were made by the California Department of Fi.sh and Game. In accordance with service agree- ments between the Division (now Department) of Water Resources and the Department of Pish and Came, biologists from the latter agency were assigned to gather data and conduct studies leading to co- ordination of water resource development with meas- ures tor the preservation and enhancement of the fisheries and wildlife resources. A report on the exist- ing fishery and the wildlife resources of the Klamath River Basin, prepared by the Department of fish and Came, is presented in Appendix I). ny photograph The California Oregon Power Company Big Bend Project on the Klamath River. View looking down on powerhouse in center, penstocks on right, and substation and operators' cottages at upper left. INTRODUCTION AREA UNDER INVESTIGATION The Klamath River Basin lies in south central Oregon and northwestern California. It includes the drainage area contributing directly to the runoff of the Klamath River, plus the Lost River, Butte Valley, and Red Rock Valley basins. Butte and Red Rock Valleys in California have no surface outflow. Under natural conditions, Lost River had its terminus in Tide Lake, a natural sump without outlet. Presently, however, a portion of the flood flow of Lost River is diverted by gravity into the Klamath River in Oregon. The flows which reach Tule Lake are controlled within leveed areas and finally diverted into the Klamath River by pumping. The Klamath River Basin has an area of approxi- mately 10,010,000 acres, of which some 3,610,000 acres are in Oregon and 6,400,000 acres are in California. The area in Oregon comprises portions of Lake, Klamath, Josephine, and Jackson Counties; in Cali- fornia it includes portions of Modoc, Siskiyou, Trin- ity, Humboldt, and Del Norte Counties. The extent of the basin is indicated on Plate 1, "Location of Klamath River Basin." The Williamson, Sprague, and Wood Rivers, rising in the extreme northern part of the basin, flow into Upper Klamath Lake. This lake is drained by the Link River, which flows through a short reach and enters Lake Ewauna at Klamath Palls. Lake Ewauna forms the headwaters of the Klamath River proper, from which the river flows southwesterly for a dis- tance of some 26:1 miles to the California coast, enter- ing the ocean at a point approximately 32 miles south of the Oregon-California boundary. The major trib- utaries of the Klamath River in California are the Shasta. Scott, Salmon, and Trinity Rivers. In addi- tion, numerous minor streams complete the drainage net. In order to facilitate determination of its present and probable future problems of water supply and development, the Klamath River Basin was divided into 12 major hydrographic units. The boundaries of these hydrographic units were drawn with considera- tion to factors of topography, water supply, and water utilization. The hydrographic units numbered 1 through 5, and the units numbered 6 through 12, are referred to in this bulletin as the Upper and Lower Basins, respectively. For the most part each major hydrographic unit includes the entire drainage area of a single major tributary watershed or sub-basin. Exceptions are the Upper Klamath Lake Hydrographic Unit No. 3, which combines the Wood River drainage area with the area tributary to the west side of Upper Klamath Lake; the Lost River No. 4 and Klamath River No. 11 Hydrographic Units, which constitute the areas drain- ing into the main slem of the Klamath River above and below Keno; and the Upper Trinity River and Lower Trinity River Hydrographic Units Nos. 9 and 10 which divide the drainage area of the main stem of the Trinity River into upper and lower sub-basins. Several of the major hydrographic units were further divided into subunits on the basis of geographic and geologic considerations which affect hydrologic analy- sis and planning for water supply development. The northern part of the Klamath River Basin, lying mostly in Oregon, consists of a series of volcanic plateaus ranging in elevation from about 4,000 to 5,000 feet. The major portion of the drainage area above the stream gaging station on the Klamath River at Keno, Oregon, near the California-Oregon border, is included in these high plateaus. Most of the irri- gated agricultural development in the Klamath River Basin has occurred in the valley portions of this pla- teau region. Much of this development is on land reclaimed by drainage of shallow lakes and swamps. The remainder of the Klamath River Basin com- prises a series of mountain ranges, running generally from northwest to southeast, separated by long, some- what narrow valleys. Extensive valley areas in Cali- fornia are found in Butte, Shasta, and Scotl Valleys. Hayfork, Hyampom, and Hoopa Valleys, somewhat smaller in extent, lie in the Trinity River drainage area. Boundaries of each hydrographic unit and subunit are delineated on Plate 15, "Present and Probable Ultimate Water Service Areas. " Areas of the Klamath River Basin, segregated in accordance with state hydrographic unit, and subunit boundaries, are pre- sented in Table 1. Areas segregated by counties within the two states are presented in Table 2. Climate The wide geographical extent of the Klamath River Basin contributes toward a wide variety of climatic conditions. With the exception of the Pacific coastal strip, which is subject to summer fog and mild wet winters, the climate is characterized by dry summers with high daytime temperatures, and wet winters with moderate to low temperatures. Conditions in local areas may, however, vary from the general mean. Mean seasonal precipitation generally exceeds 40 inches in depth on the coast, but decreases to less than 12 inches in areas of the eastern portion of the Basin Local regions of very heavy rainfall exist in the Coast Range, where mean seasonal precipitation frequently exceeds 100 inches. The growing season in the western coastal region averages about 260 days a year, with some years vir- tually frost-free. In the higher inland areas the grow bag season is shorter, and in the northeastern part of the Basin averages only 100 days or less. Where the growing season is so short, killing frosts may be ex- perienced in any month of the year. Table :i contains a summary of pertinent climatological data for sta- tions in, or adjacent to. the Klamatli River Basin. KLAMATH K1VEH BASIX IXYEKTHi ATION AREAS OF HYDROGRAPHIC UNITS AND SUBUNITS WITHIN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN bi ■ Ires in 1 >r< a \,.n l.i California Total area Williamson Rivei Spi igue Rn ei Uppei Klamath 1 ia] e 94 i 980,900 2 HI. Kill 248,100 980,900 3 458,200 93,100 294,700 158,400 1 I o i Rivei 163,500 139,600 358,000 128,600 846,200 16,000 I 089,700 168,700 152,400 66 7IID 5 Butti Vallej 16,000 387.800 39,900 125,700 98,100 1 1 1,900 IN. 11(11) 33,000 77,800 103,800 8 Sha i:i \ allej 77, SI III 507,400 86 800 711,100 13,700 112,900 101,000 507,400 7 7 \ Scotl \ alley 711 71: 123,500 96,500 156,700 222,000 8 Salmon Rivei 175,200 167,400 858,700 66,300 75,600 96,500 1,061,600 320,200 1 1 1 1 \ Kl:un:itli River 170,400 168,900 1 IK IK- MI) 1 IE Happj < lamp 23,700 1,085,300 Subtotals . South 1 "il "1 1 uinu Rivei 12 12 A 163 1,620,200 102,600 167,800 i 983,200 I2B 570,400 6 300 TOTALS, KLAMA1 II RIV1 R BASIN ; 1 .mi 10,009,800 AREAS OF COUNTIES WITHIN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN (In acres) State and "iint > \r. :i Oregon Lai e - Klamath Jackson 332,700 3,113,100 160,100 3,600 California Si kiyou Humboldl 1 11,500 TOTAL KLAMATH RIV1 R BASIN.. 10,009,800 TABLE 3 GENERAL CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA AT SELECTED STATIONS IN OR ADJACENT TO THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN 1 1, ,ii (loll, in feel Approxi- mate length hi growing season, in days Maximum and minimum temperature for period oi i eooi d, in degrees Fahrenheit Mean seasonal depth of precipi 1 ni ion of station Maximum Minimum tation, in inche Oregon Chiloquin Klamath 1 nil- California Tulelake Macdoel 1 200 4.19(1 1,036 4,250 2,625 2,747 2.050 423 25 106 157 130 119 182 163 17.', 225 207 mi in:, 99 103 112 108 116 117 89 24 —24 25 —15 11 —22 8 24 17.02 12.93 8.80 12.87 Fort Jones v7eavei \ ille 1 1) 1,'llllS Kliimiil h 20.79 36 -'1 50.00 98.93 Soils Soils of the Klamath River Basin vary markedly in type, composition, depth, and other physical and chemical properties, in accordance with differences of parent material, nature of deposition, alluviation, and age and degree of development. In general, the soils '•an be divided into five broad groups as follows: (1) Residual sails which have been developed in place by disintegration and weathering of the underlying consolidated rocks, and are of both sedimentary ami basic igneous origin; (2) Old valley fill soils have undergone marked changes since their deposition, and are com- posed largely of eroded materials from sur- rounding hills within each valley: INTRODUCTION (3) Recent alluvial soils, derived from sediments that have undergone little or no change in physical or chemical properties since their de- position ; (4) Lacustrine or basin deposit soils, largely formed from lake sediments, some of which have undergone pronounced changes of profile characteristics since their deposition; and (5) Organic soils, derived mainly from deposition of organic materials under marshy conditions. Residual soils occur mainly on hill and mountainous areas surrounding the valley floor lands. The soil depth varies from very shallow scahland with consid- erable rock present on the surface and throughout the profile, to lauds having good depth of soil and with little or no rock present. Drainage is generally good and moisture retention is adequate in the deeper soils. "Wherever topographic conditions are suitable, certain of these soils can be utilized for crop production. Only a small portion of the gross area of the irrigable lands, however, is composed of residual soils. Soils derived from old valley fill occur on sloping- remnants of old alluvial fans. Soil-forming processes have brought about marked changes within the pro- file during the period following the deposition of the unconsolidated materials from whence these soils are derived. The surface horizon is leached and the subsoil shows an accumulation of clay, a concentration of lime, and in some places a cemented hardpan. These soils are generally found at elevations lying between the residual and Recent alluvial groups. They vary in agricultural importance in accordance with soil depth and the presence of rock. Their crop adaptability is normally limited to shallow-rooted crops. Recent alluvial soils generally have smooth and gently sloping topographic features. They occur to the greatest extent along the main stem of the Scott, Shasta, Lost, and Sprague Rivers. Smaller areas are found adjacent to other major and tributary stream channels. In general, these soils are deep, friable, and medium-textured, and are well suited for all climati- cally adapted crops. Soils derived from lacustrine deposits occur in Butte, Swan Lake, Shasta, and Lost River Valleys. and in the vicinity of Lower Klamath Lake. These soils have developed from fine sediments carried by si reams into fresh-water hikes. They are normally fine-textured, with fairly compacted subsoils. In some areas, due to restricted or limited drainage, accumula- tion of saline and alkaline salts lias occurred. Local drainage improvements have brought about the reclamation of some lands having alkaline la- custrine soils, but large areas remain in which the usability of these soils has not been determined. Con- sequently, the alkaline lacustrine soils were not classi- lied as potentially irrigable. Lacustrine soils, with adequate facilities for drainage, are well suited to climatically adapted medium- and shallow-rooted cr mis. Within the Wood River Valley, and in the vicinity of Lower Klamath and Tide Lakes, there are large areas of soils principally derived from the decomposi- tion of organic materials. In general, these soils are highly productive when reclaimed by adequate drain- age. They are normally deep, medium to fine-textured, and suited to a wide variety of climatically adapted crops. Geology The Klamath River Basin includes parts of tin of the principal geomorphic provinces of the Western United States. Geomorphic provinces are areas char- acterized by like earth forms and usually by similar geologic features. The three provinces represented within the Klamath River Basin are, from east to west, the Modoc-Oregon Lava Plateau, the Cascade Range, and the Klamath Mountains. The Modoc- Oregon Lava Plateau includes nearly all of the Klam- ath River Basin in California east of, and including. Butte Valley. The Cascade Range forms a north-south belt through the basin, extending from beyond Crater Lake on the north to Mt. Shasta on the south. It is bounded in part on the east by the western edge of Butte Valley and on the west by the western edge of Shasta Valley. The Klamath Mountains province in- cludes the entire remainder of the basin lying vest ,,f the Cascade Range. A more extensive description of the geology of the Klamath River Basin appears in Appendix A. Present Development Within the past 100 years the Klamath River Basin has developed from a primitive, little-known mining region into one of the leading timber producim: areas of the nation. In addition, it lias developed an im- portant agricultural economy, and is gaining in- creasing prominence for its recreational opportuni ties. The settlement of the basin by white men dates from the time gold was first discovered in Trinity County in 1S4S. While the mining of gold was the original lure to immigration and development, it was eventually found that the vast timber stands, the rich agricultural lands, and the recreational potential were of far greater value. Today a stable and expanding economy is based upon these resources. Further de- velopment of thi' mineral resources of the basin, at present largely dormant. nia.\ occur in the future. As miners became more plentiful in the early 1 850 's, and as the readily available gold became scarcer, some of the settlers started raising staple commodities such as corn, wheat, and beef for the increasing population. Later it was found that fertile valley areas along the Scott and Shasta Rivers were adaptable to the grow ing of irrigated crops, such as cereals and diversified truck products, and niaiix of the early larg KLAMATH 1UVER BASIN INVESTKiATK >N ranches were gradually subdivided into smaller ranches and farms. Many of the old mining ditches built in the early l,s.->()'s are now used for irrigation. The most notable example of this conversion is the Yreka Ditch, which diverts water from the Shasta River at the confluence of Eddy and Dale Creeks. This ditch, winding north- ward along the west side of Shasta Valley, was built to bring water to the area around Yreka for placer mining operations. The ditch, originally about 90 miles in length, terminated in the vicinity of Hawkins- ville. Today, a portion of the ditch about 15 miles in length is used to carry water from Dale and Eddy Creeks, plus diversions from Willow and Parks ('recks, to irrigate a considerable acreage of land in the vicinity of Gazelle. hi 1905, the I'nited States Reclamation Service, now the Bureau of Reclamation, began to reclaim and develop for irrigation the lands of the upper Klamath Basin now included in the Klamath Project. Con- struction of such works as Clear Lake Dam, Gerber Dam. Link River Dam, and many miles of canals, to- gether with drainage of Tule Lake, has provided for the irrigation of the largest, and one of the most fertile, agricultural areas in the basin. During the period from 1900 until the late 1920's there was a great diversification of crops grown within the basin, although the fruit and vegetables grown at that time were mainly for local consumption. As transportation facilities gradually improved, an in- creasing outside market for hay, beef, and dairy products induced greater production of these items, and resulted in the dwindling of acreages planted to orchards and row crops. At the present time, hay, grain, and forage crops. and cattle raising account for the largest percentage of developed agricultural lands. In the Oregon portion of the Klamath River Basin, and to a limited extent in Modoc and Siskiyou Counties in California, high water table lands and marsh areas support a large acreage of native pasture not dependent upon surface application of water for growth. Potatoes, produced in the Klamath Project, and to an increasing extent in Butte Valley, are now among the leading agricultural commodities of the region. The lumber industry in the Klamath River Basin has grown from a limited early role as a supplier of needs of the local miners to a leading position among the lumber producing facilities of the nation. Large untouched stands of pine and fir assure that the lumber industry will continue to be of major im- portance for many years to come. With proper timber management, the industry will continue at its present level into the indefinite future. This industry pres- ently includes the manufacture or remanufacture of rough lumber, finished lumber, and timber by-pro- ducts. The manufacture of timber by-products, such as plyw I and hardboard, is relatively new to the basin but is increasing in importance. Technological advances, and the ever-inereasing necessity for maxi- mum utilization of our natural resources, promise to open up new and increased uses for these timber by-products. The California Oregon Power Company, serving electric power to the northern and eastern portions of the basin, and to additional areas in southern Oregon, has seven hydroelectric power installations on the Link and Klamath Rivers. These plants, lo- cate! I between Klamath Falls, Oregon, and Copco Lake and Fall Creek, California, have a combined installed capacity of about 133,000 kilowatts. In 1957 the Keno Power Plant, 750 kilowatts, was retired from service, and in 195s the SO. 000 kilowatt Big Lend Power Plant was completed. The Pacific Gas and Electric Company, serving most of the Trinity River drainage area, has one small hydroelectric power installation of 2,300 kilowatts on the Trinity River near Junction City. Recreational facilities drawing many tourists an- nually into the area have been developed in the Klamath River Basin. Natural attractions such as Ciater Lake, the Modoc Lava Beds, the Trinity Alps and Marble Mountain Primitive Areas, and the Coast Ueilw Is. have been enhanced by development of public picnic and camp grounds, roads, and trails. A program of management and protection of fish and wildlife in the basin has maintained the sports attrac- tion of the area at a high level. Based upon presently available statistics, the 1953 population of the Klamath River Basin has been esti- mated to be about 75,200 persons. The Oregon portion accounts for some 43,000 of these people, while Cali- fornia contains the remaining 32,200. Incorporated areas having present populations in excess of 3,000 persons are Klamath Falls, Oregon, with a popula- tion of about 16,200 and Yreka, California, with about 3,300. Smaller communities and rural dwellers account for the bulk of the population. KLAMATH RIVER COMPACT By 1!I5:> it had become apparent to both Oregon and California that future demands for Klamath River water, both within the interstate basin and in other areas to which Klamath River water might be exported, would eventually force a determination of the proper distribution and use of Klamath River water to the mutual advantage of each state. Rather than leave this determination unsolved until the time when critical water u Is might force a hasty, and possibly unsatisfactory settlement of the problem, the two states wisely agreed to face the issues which would inevitably rise, and through mutual agreement, determine how these interstate waters should be used for the fullest benefit of all parties concerned. To accomplish 1his purpose, hills were passed in each State Legislature in 1953, which established eompact INTRODUCTION' commissions within each state. The function of these commissions was to cooperate in formulating and submitting to their respective legislatures an inter- state compact relative to the distribution and nse of the waters of the Klamath River. The consent of the Congress of the United States to the negotiation of an interstate compact was given by Public Law 316, 84th Congress, approved August 9, 1955. The commissions of both states spent considerable time in becoming better acquainted with the water problems of the Klamath River Basin. Subsequently ;i compact, mutually agreeable to both commissions, was formulated and approved on November 17, 1956. This compact was ratified by the Legislatures of Oregon (Chapter 142, Oregon Laws 1957) and Cali- fornia t Water Code, Division 2, Part 6) on April 17, 1957. The compact was consented to by Act of Con- gress (71 Stat. 497) on August 30, 1957, and became effective on September 11, 1957. The major purposes of this agreement, with re- spect to the water resources of the Klamath River Basin, are sel forth in Article I of the compact: "A. To facilitate and promote the orderly, in- tegrated and comprehensive development, use, con- servation and control thereof for various purposes, including, among others: the use of water for domestic purposes; the development of lands by irrigation and other means; the protection and enhancement of fish, wildlife, and recreational resources; the use of water for industrial purposes and hydroelectric power production; and the use and control of water for navigation and flood pre- vention. "P>. To further intergovernmental cooperation and comity with respect to these resources and programs for their use and development and to remove causes of present and future controversies by providing (1) for equitable distribution and use of water among the two States and the Federal Government, (2) for preferential rights to the use of water after the effective date of this Compact for the anticipated ultimate requirements for do- mestic and irrigation purposes in the Upper Klam- ath River Basin in Oregon and California, and (3) for prescribed relationships between beneficial uses of water as a practicable means of accomplish- ing such distribution and use." Shackleford Creek, typical of perennial streams on west side of Scott Valley. Department of Water Resources Jp*M| photograph Salmon River Eastman's Studio, Susanville, photograph CHAPTER II WATER SUPPLY The principal sources of water supply for use within the Klamath River Basin are direct precipita- tion and surface runoff, although some ground water is pumped in portions of the basin. The known ex- ports of water from, or imports of water to the basin are minor in quantity and not significant to the total water supply. The water supply of the Klamath River Basin is considered and evaluated in this chapter under the general headings of "Precipitation," "Run- off," "Imported and Exported Water," "Quality of Water, ' ' and ' ' Ground Water. ' ' The following terms are defined for use in connec- tion with the discussion of water supply in this bul- letin : Annual — This refers to the 12-month period from January 1st of a given year through December 31st of the same year, sometimes termed the ' ' calendar year. ' ' Seasonal — This refers to any 12-month period other than the calendar year. Precipitation Season — The 12-month period from July 1st of a given year through June 30th of the following year. Runoff Season — The 12-month period from Octo- ber 1st of a given year through September 30th of the following year. Mean Period — A period chosen to represent mean conditions of water supply and climate. The 60- year period from 1894-95 through 1953-54, was assumed to represent a mean period of water supply in the Klamath River Basin. Average Period — A period chosen during which the conditions of water supply and climate represent the mean period and during which reliable rec- ords are available. For purposes of this bulletin, the average period was chosen to be the 32-year period from 1920-21 through 1951-52. Natural Runoff (Flow) — The flow of a stream as it would be if unaltered by upstream diversion, storage, import, export, or change in upstream consumptive use caused by development. Natural runoff is reconstructed from measured (actual) runoff by adjusting for the quantitative effect of alterations in the regimen of stream flow above the point where the flow is measured. Present Impaired Flow — The flow of the stream as it would have occurred historically with the pres- ent upstream development being maintained in a constant condition throughout the selected period. Ultimate Impaired Flow — The flow of a stream as i' would have occurred historically if altered by probable ultimate conditions of upstream devel- opment. Mean — The arithmetic average of a series of quan- tities relating to mean periods. Average — The arithmetic average of a series of quantities relating to periods other than mean periods. Safe Surface Water Yield — The maximum depend- able rate at which surface water would be availa- ble throughout a chosen critically deficient water supply period, with a given condition of surface water supply development. Safe Ground Water Yield — The maximum rate of net extraction of water from a ground water basin which, if continued over an indefinitely long period of years, would not result in the occurrence of certain undesirable conditions. Commonly, safe ground water yield is determined by one or more of the following criteria : 1. Mean seasonal extraction of water from the ground water basin does not exceed mean seas- onal replenishment to the basin. 2. Water levels are not so lowered as to cause harmful impairment of the quality of the ground water by intrusion of water of un- desirable quality, or by accumulation ami concentration of degradants or pollutants. 3. Water levels are not so lowered as to imperil the economy of ground water users by exces- sive costs of pumping from the ground water basin, or by exclusion of users from a supply therefrom. The 60-year period extending from 1894-95 through 1953-54 is considered, for purposes of this bulletin, to represent a mean period of surface water supply in the Klamath River Basin. Analysis of available pre- cipitation records for stations within and adjacent to the basin indicated that the 5(1 years from 1899-1900 to 1948-49, inclusive, constitute a satisfactory period for estimating mean seasonal precipitation. An average period for tin' determination of safe yield of proposed reservoirs was selected on the Kasis of available records, the occurrence of a critical series of dry years, and an approximate equality with the mean period water supply. The 32-year period from I It i 12 KLAMATH RIVEE BASIN [NVESTIGATION 1920-21 through 1951-52 was found to be satisfactory for this purpose in tnosl respects. Stream How during this period averaged about 85 per cent of the long time mean for streams of the upper basin. During this period a series of critically dry years occurred fr 1928-29 through 1934-35, during which the available runoff averaged only ahoul (i-'i per cent of the tie year mean. Reservoirs of sufficient capacity for cyclic storage, when operated throughout the av- erage period, were found to be at minimum stage in the fall of 1935. The 1923-24 season was also one of extremely deficient water supply, and reservoirs of limited seasonal carryover capacity reached a mini- mum stage during this season. PRECIPITATION The Klamath River Basin, covering an area of some 15,700 square miles, is subject to considerable variation in storm patterns within its boundaries. In general, the basin is in the path of storms which periodically sweep inland from the northern Pacific Ocean during winter months. The precipitation re- sulting from these storms is generally moderate, with fairly heavy rains occurring along the western por- tion of the basin and decreasing in intensity to the east. Depth of seasonal precipitation along the coast- line averages about 40 inches, increasing to over 100 inches in the coastal mountains. Eastward the quan- tity of precipitation decreases to less than 10 inches in eastern Siskiyou County. Mean seasonal precipita- tion in the inland valleys. Scott, Shasta, and Butte, is about 20 inches, 15 inches, and 12 inches, respec- tively. Seasonal depth of precipitation on mountains adjacent to these valleys generally exceeds 40 inches and occurs both as rain and snow. Precipitation Stations and Records Seventy-seven precipitation stations in or adjacent to the Klamath River Basin have continuous records of 10 years duration or longer. The stations and map reference numbers are listed in Table 4. This table shows fur each station the period of record and values of the mean, maximum, and minimum seasonal pre- cipitation. Locations of the precipitation stations are shown on Plate 3, entitled "Lines of Equal Mean Seasonal Precipitation." Map reference numbers cor- respond to those utilized in State Water Resources Hoard Bulletin Xo. 1, "Water Resources of Califor- nia." and Division of Water Resources reports on "Water Conditions in California.'' Reference num- bers of stations not appearing in either of the above bulletins are prefaced with the initials "KKB." Mean seasonal depth of precipitation for stations with records covering a period id' lesser length than the mean period was estimated by comparison with records of nearby stations having 50 years or more of record. Precipitation stations with lone' records arc located mainly in the valley and coastal areas of the basin. and thus are not indicative of amounts of precipita- tion winch occur principally as snow at the higher elevations. However, for many years snow surveys have been made to assist in predicting the runoff which will occur during the summer months. Data available from these snow surveys have been used to assist in preparing the isohyetal map of the basin shown on Plate '■'>. Precipitation Characteristics The Klamath River Basin is large in areal extent and includes a wide diversity of topography. Conse- quently, there is no single area wherein the rainfall is characteristic of the entire basin, and no single record that is representative of precipitation through- out the basin. Plate 3 shows that, in general, mean seasonal precipitation decreases from west to east. witli the heaviest concentrations upon the coastal mountains, and the lightest rainfall on the inland plateau areas. Data compiled from the records of four precipita- tion stations maintained for appreciable periods gives an indication of seasonal precipitation characteristics for representative geographical portions of the basin. These stations are Eureka, Weaverville, and Yreka in California, and Klamath Falls in Oregon. Seasonal rainfall at Eureka is a suitable index of general pre- cipitation along the coastal belt, while rainfall at Weaverville is generally related to that occurring in tin' mountain valleys. The record at Yreka is indica- tive of that in the large valley areas, while general precipitation on the high plateau areas in the north- ern and eastern portion of the basin is similar to the record of rainfall at Klamath Falls. The recorded seasonal precipitation for the four stations is given in Table 5. and shown on Plate 4, entitled "Recorded Seasonal Precipitation at Selected Stations in the Klamath River Basin." Precipitation in the Klamath River Basin varies considerably from month to month. About 75 per cent of the seasonal precipitation occurs during the 5-month period from November through March. The mean monthly distribution of precipitation at the four stations. Eureka, Weaverville, Yreka, and Klam- ath Falls, is presented in Table 6. In plotting the lines of equal mean seasonal precip- itation, or isohyets. shown on Plate 3, the 50-year mean seasonal depths id' precipitation at stations with It) years of record or longer, in or adjacent to the area, were first plotted on a map of the basin. Based upon these plot tines, and considering local variations in topography and vegetation, as well as data obtained from snow survey measurements and short-period precipitation records, the isohyets were then drawn. The position of the isohyets was then adjusted and WATER SUPPLY TABLE 4 PRECIPITATION STATIONS WITH CONTINUOUS RECORDS OF 10 YEARS OR LONGER IN OR ADJACENT TO THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN nber KRB-1 KRB-2 KRB-3 KRB-4 KRB-5 KRB-6 KRB-7 KRB-8 KRB-9 KRB-10 KRB-1 1 KRB-1 2 KRB-13 KRB-14 KHB-i:, *KRB- l(j KRB-17 KRB-18 KRB-19 KRB-20 KRB-21 KRB-22 Name of station OREGON Crescent Fremont The Poplars Chemult SUver Lake Crater Lake National Park Band ('reek Prospect . Fort Klamath Paisley Chiloquin Butte talis 1 SE_ _. Valley Falls _ Lake Creek Medford Airport Fish Lake Round Grove Jacksonville ! 3NE-Yonna_ Talent Klamath Falls Ashland Gerber Dam Lakeviev County Klamatli Lake Lake Klamatli Lake Klamath Klamatli Jackson Klamath Lake Klamath Jackson Lake Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson Klamatli Jackson Klamatli Jackson Klamath Lake Town- ship 31S 31S 33S 33S 33S 34S 35S 36S 37S 37S 27S 37S 38S 38S 38S 38S 38S 39S Range Section and subdi- vision 9E 6M 13E 14E 15E 22 D 8E 20J UK 22 D 6E 8J 7E 32A 3E OE 7KE 21G 18E 24E 7E 35F 2E 14C 21E 1811 3E 8E 1W 7F 4E 9J I5E 25H 2\V 6C 10E 24A 1\V I3E ■.it: 32J ii 32J 14E 12.M 20E 15M and dian Eleva- tion, 4,300 4,316 4,760 4,496 0,475 4,682 2,482 4.200 4,371 4,326 2,000 1,314 4,687 4,888 1,640 4.150 1,550 USWB i > \ ES USWB USWB USWB USWB USWB USWB ISA USWB USWB USWB LSW II USWB USWB USWB I SW n USWB USWB USWB USWB I s\\ B I M\ B I M\ B USWB 1937-38 1953-54 1897-98 1923 -'I 1930-31 1947-48 1920-21 1953-54 1918-19 L953 A I sxl 85 1926-27 1953-54 1884 s 1953 . , ■ ii depth i,i precipitation, in inches Esti- mated mean, 1899- 1900 to 1948- L949 9.44 9.G8 23 . 73 10.27 63.82 27 . 28 Hi 12 21.95 9.02 17 112 33.49 12.32 44.44 16.14 2.". . 1 I 13. 14 18.80 12.93 20.22 Recorded and minimum Season Inches 1952-53 1944-45 1942-43 1938-39 1942-43 1930-31 1896-97 issj S3 1906-07 1930-31 1896 97 1928-29 19j:i-2l 19 :■■ in 1917-18 1926-27 1882-83 1 1 KLAMATH RIVBE BASIN INVESTIGATION TABLE 4-Continued PRECIPITATION STATIONS WITH CONTINUOUS RECORDS OF 10 YEARS OR LONGER IN OF ADJACENT TO THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN Name of station County Location Eleva- tion, feet Source of record Period of record Seasonal depth of precipitation, in inches Esti- mated via 1900 to 1948- 1949 Reco maxir and mil Map refer- Town- ship Range Section and subdi- Base and dian ded iiiiuui number Season Indies KRB-25 OREGON— Continued Keno. . - - Klamath 39S 7E 36J W 4,0111 L7SWB 1928-29 1953-54 17.54 1937-38 1930-31 25.95 9.02 KRB-26 Siskiyou Summit Jackson I0S 2E 32A W. 1,480 1 M\ B INS 10 17 IS 29.82 1920-21 1890-91 54.41 12.13 KRB-27 Merrill 2NW. Klamath HIS 10E 34G W. 4,085 USWB loin. (17 1925-26 10.87 1911-12 1909-10 18.14 5.84 KRB-28 Malin Klamath 41S 12E ICE w. 4,050 USWB 1925-26 1945-46 1 1 . 49 1942-43 1930-31 17.15 5.58 1-002 CALIFORNIA Elk Valley Del Norte ION 4E 35D 11. 1,171 rsw B I1I3S 30 1953-54 90.30 1950-51 19 IS 30 108.40 51.03 KRB-29 Hilt Slash Disposal Siskiyou 48N 7\V 21 D M.D. 2,900 rsw b 1939 in 1953-54 21.30 11152-53 1943-4 I 29.26 1 1.99 KRB-30 Siskiyou 48N 1\Y 2'.IL Mil. 2,700 l> us 1928 29 1953-54 17.58 1937-3S |o.;s .V.I 23 58 8.70 1-3 Tulelake - Siskiyou 48N 4E 211 R M.D. 4,036 USWB 1932-33 1953-54 8.80 1939-40 1932-33 14.18 4.78 KRB-31 Cleai Lake Dam... Modoc 47N 8E 9D M.D. 4.570 USBR 1912-13 11153-51 12.99 1944-45 III is .10 18.23 ., 1,1 1-2 47N 6W 29C M.D. 2,154 1 ,-W 1! 1888-89 1917-18 13.07 1889-90 1912-13 25.05 fi.85 1-1 Steele Swamp Modoc 17 X 9E 33 Q M.D. 5,000 rsw B 1923-24 1948-49 12.83 1944-45 1938-39 18.23 1. 01 *i',-l Fort Bidwell Modoc li.N I6E 9N M.D. 4.735 I 8WB In 7 1953-54 15 is in 7 1H32-33 35.711 7.00 1-6 1 lappj < 'amp Rangei Station Siskiyou 16N 7\V 11M It. 1,088 CJSWB 1915-16 1953 ,i 52,40 1937-38 1923-24 N." 24.71 KRB-32 Mount Hebron Ranger Stan. in Siskiyou 15N IW 7C M.D. 4,250 USWB 1912-13 1953-54 10.44 1944-45 1949 50 12.80 7 1 15 *1-1 Cn i 'Hi < 'ity (near) Del Xori, 17N IE 30.1 H. 1 25 USWB 1913-14 1953-54 81.28 1920-21 1023-24 107.77 3 1 , 52 1-7 Si oil liar Siskiyou 45 N 10W 21K M.D. 1,800 1 sw It 11 12 2- 23 1934-35 _".i ill 1926-27 1923-24 49.18 15.04 1-'.) Siskiyou 15 X 7W 27 K M.D. 2,625 1 sw B I si s 1871-72 1053-51 18.12 3 in 1923 24 31.20 7 so 1-10 Montague Siskiyou 15N 6W 22M M.D. -',517 USWB isss so 1946-47 11.89 1889 90 1897 on 2 1 19 4.11 I 9 Walla Walla Creek Siskiyou i::\ 9W 11D M.D. 2,570 1 ~W 11 1860-61 1891-92 32.20 INN' 1874-75 49.97 12 72 ill UN r,\\ Jill M.D. 2,560 DWR 1908 09 1937-38 12,22 1913-1 1 1017-1 8 20.07 6. I" *6-2 Lake Citj Modoc 44 N 15E 86N M.D. 4,613 USWB 1020-311 [953 .1 20 . 13 1951-52 1930-31 11 03 11 ,68 KBB-33 ': ogei Station Siskiyou 44N 9W 3SP M.I). J, 7 17 USWB 1 SI s 1936 .'.7 1953-54 20 7o 1937 38 1943-44 29 85 13.73 *.V1 Modoi 12N 12E 13C Mil. 1,346 I M\ B I 'SI'S 1904-05 1953 54 12.94 1951-52 1030-31 21 .00 6 10 WATER SUPPLY 15 TABLE 4-Continued PRECIPITATION STATIONS WITH CONTINUOUS RECORDS OF 10 YEARS OR LONGER IN OR ADJACENT TO THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN Vir 1 station County Location Eleva- tion, feet Source of record Period of M. -..i.l Seasonal depth -■I precipitation in inches Esti- mated 1S99- 191 III t., 1948- 1949 Roi- and m Map refer- Town- ship Range Section and subdi- Base and dian irded ence number Season Laches 1-12 CALIFORNIA Continued Edgewood Siskiyou 42N 5W 21P M.D. 2,963 DWR 1888-89 1946-47 is 22 19111-11 1938-39 39 . 1 2 9.15 1-039 Etna Siskiyou 42N 9W 29B M.D. J. 9. Ml Private rsFs 1935 36 1953-54 25 . 1 2 1937-38 1943-44 4 1 . 26 14.90 5-2 Mount Shasta Weather Siskiyou 40 N 4\V 16C M.D. 3.550 USWB 1888-89 1953-54 34.85 iss 1898-99 73.47 15.97 KRB-34 Callahan Ranger Station Siskiyou 40N 8W 21E M.D. 3,200 USWB USFS 1944-45 1953-54 22.31 1952-53 19 19-51) 21.16 13.22 KRB-35 Sawyers Bar Ranger Sta- Siskiyou 40N 11 W 29 K M.D. 2.175 1 s\\ H USFS 1933-34 1953-54 43.54 1951-52 1913-14 ill .39 28.28 1-13 Orleans _ Humboldt UN 6E 31J Ii. 423 USWB 1903-04 1953-54 50.00 1903-04 1923-24 81.93 22 7s 5-4 McCloud . Siskiyou 39 N 3W 1R M.D. 3,270 USWB 1911-12 1953-54 19111-11 1923-24 87.30 16.27 5-3 Dunsmuh Siskiyou 39N 4\\" 25A M.D. 2,285 USWB 1SS9-9II 1953-5 1 5 1 . S7 1889-90 1890-91 119.02 25.74 *S-8 Bieber Lassen 38N 7E 23 K M.D. 4,169 DWR 1930-31 1953-54 16 si 1937-38 1938-39 s 9.10 1-009 Hoopa-Fort Gaston Humboldt 8N 4E 2(iF H. 359 USWB 1861-62 1953-54 1865-66 1872-73 128.97 31.09 1-1 1 Trinidad Head 1 1 umboldt 8N IW 26E H. 198 I SGS 1919-20 I9::s :i9 i.; 52 1920-21 19311-31 38 'i *5-0 Big Bend... Shasta 37 N 1\V 36K M.D. 2.000 Private 1927-28 1937-38 66 is 19:17 38 1930-31 101 .39 36. 1 1 *5-7 1 all Rivet Mills Intake Shasta 37 N 4E 26H M.D. 3,340 USWB 192 1-25 1953 54 is .,1 1937-38 1938-39 30.08 10.42 5-10 Delta Shasta 36N 5W 35R M.D. 1,138 1 -\\ B 1882-83 1915-16 61 .75 1889-90 ss7 ss 124. 47 25 511 1-16 China Flat Trinity 6N 5E 20 F II. 650 USWB 19119-10 1953-51 IS II- 1926-27 1923-24 71 32 *;,-ii Montgomery ('reek . Shasta 35N 1\V 35A Mil. 2.180 USWB 19IIS 119 1918-19 54 22 mis 09 1916-17 73 35 1 - 1 K 1 ur. I b Humboldt 5N 1\V 151. II. 02 USWB 1878 79 1953-51 37.51 iss 1923-24 74 .10 20 67 KRB-36 Big Bai Ranger Station . . Trinity 33N 1 2W .-,(• M.D. 1,248 USWB 1911-15 1953-51 37 66 19511.51 1919-211 51.03 21.26 1-19 Weaverville Trinity 33N 9W 7E M.D. 2,050 l.-» H 1871-72 1953-51 Ii 1889 90 1923-24 i.7 Hi 17.92 5-13 l\i llllrll Sh.i^ta 33N :>w L1L M.D. 661 USWB 19117 ns 1941 12 | 'is 11" 7''. 19.47 5-0180 Shasta 1 )am . Shasta 33 N 5W L5K M.D. 1.078 1 s\\ B 1913-11 53 17 70.24 - 5-16 Shasta Shasta 32 N 6W 25H M.D. 1.1 is ls\\ II L89 . 96 1911-12 Hi 119 1897-98 5-17 Redding. Shasta 32N 5W 35P M.D. ii 1 s\\ Ii 1875 76 II 19 10-11 1897 98 s s~ 16 KLAMATH KIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION TABLE 4-Continued PRECIPITATION STATIONS WITH CONTINUOUS RECORDS OF 10 YEARS OR LONGER IN OR ADJACENT TO THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN County Town- ship Srrti.m and subdi- vision lion, feet Seasonal depth of precipitation in inches 1900 to 1948- 1949 Recorded maximum and minimum *l-22 KRB-37 KRB-38 KRB-39 1-23 CALIFORNIA— Continued Hayfork Range] Stat ion Rohnerville Scotia Mad River Range] Station I I I Hen Trinitj Humboldt Humboldt Trinity Trinity Harrison I lulch Etai erSta tion.. Shasta Trinity 12R 13L 8E 20E 13B l.-.II [ 3VS I'- I'SWB i -u B USWB USWB USWB 1930-31 1953 ".i 1912-13 1937-38 13 52 40 . 40 80 s7 t.7.09 1M.;7 .;s 1923-24 45.30 13.53 77.02 25.48 ' Station locations not shown on Plate 4. ; Base and Meridian: W — Williamette 11 Humboldt MD — Mount Diablo '■ Source of record : C0PC0 — The California Oregon Power Company IiN'i; -DhMnii hi Water Resources 0AES — Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station USA — United States Armv USBR — United States Bureau of Reclamation USGS — United States Geological Survey USFS — United States Forest Service USWB— United States Weather Bureau checked by making- a hydro-logic analysis of selected drainage basins above points of measured and esti- mated stream flow. The total volume of precipitation on a selected watershed was determined from the iso- hyetal map. Next, the estimated runoff was computed bj subtracting from the volume of precipitation esti- mates of evaporation, consumptive use. and other losses. This estimated runoff was then compared with the measured mean seasonal runoff. Where the com- parison was not favorable, adjustments were made in the position of the isohyets in order that the runoff, as computed from precipitation, would agree with measured mean seasonal runoff. RUNOFF of the Cascade and the Coasl Klamath River Basin produce The watersheds Ran within th nearlj fifth of California's natural runoff. A sub- stantial portion of this water resource is unregulated and undevel d for use. It comprises a potential - "ce of wate i meel future requirements, not only within the basin, but in water-deficienl areas in other parts of < 'alifornia. Sfream Gaging Stations and Records Adequate records of runoff are available only on the major streams of the Klamath River Basin. These records were utilized as the principal basis for esti- mates of water supply. Runoff data on the smaller streams tributary to the agricultural areas were gen- erally limited to records maintained during the sum- mer months by watermasters, and short-period rec- ords and miscellaneous measurements made by other agencies. Extensive stream flow and diversion records have been maintained by the United states Bureau of Reclamation in the Klamath Project area since 1904. Si ream gaging stations with records of particular value in the determination of the hydrography of the Klamath River Basin, together with their map refer- ence numbers, drainage areas above stations where significant, and periods and sources of records arc listed in Table 7. Most of the records listed in Table 7 have been published in the Water-Supply Papers of the United States Geological Survey. The locations of these stations are shown on Plate 3. The plate refer- ence numbers for most stations listed correspond to WATER SUPPLY 17 TABLE 5 RECORDED SEASONAL PRECIPITATION AT SELECTED STATIONS IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN (In inches of depth) II 17 34. 17 34.14 38.14 49.15 35.72 51.73 47.58 51.96 51.73 65.21 32 71 39 "I 50 54 35 . 99 12 96 40.31', 36.03 37.32 12. 12 39 . 99 31 36 24.34 39.80 23.95 48.81 3 1 . 76 25.18 20 67 41.50 26 7s 50 58 30 71 29 Hi 23 53 56 56 30.88 54.57 21.0(5 40.24 21 ,72 51.13 32.24 00.70 38.21 37.00 49.72 28.93 31.32 38.09 29 . 4 1 II 96 31.35 :(7 54 29.74 67.04 30.18 36.51 46.16 46.02 13 S7 34 60 26 17 22 li, 38.58 20 . 52 50. II 25. is 39 1 1 26. in 4 1 . 40 26.16 14.25* 1 2 . 04 12.77 10.20 22.04 14.02 18.73 13.32 17.57 20.48 13.08 10.42 30.42* 12.92* 14.12* 16.53 30.50 19.75 23 . 28 20 SI 13.05 12.41 18.11 23 . 5.5 19.34 16.12* 31 211* 20.28 22. 10 25.54* 13.80 7.89 L6 73* 19 sii- lS. 11 13. 14 10.52 10.31* 13.47 14.48* 11 .42 13.66 14.115 14.89 14.53 17 17 15. is 10.34 11.44 10.74 7 . 53 11.61 7 . 95 14.79 11.93 12.74 8.19 TABLE 5-Continued RECORDED SEASONAL PRECIPITATION AT SELECTED STATIONS IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN (In inches of depth) 1939-1940 41 12 43 44 194 t-1945 16 47. 48 I!, 1949 I960 51.. 52 53 ... Mean for 50-year period from 1899- 1900 through 1948- 1949 Hi 56 48.08 12 26 41 .04 27.85 43.22 40 . 04 .'I 39 42.25 33.65 II 25 38 03 .'.; 96 28 17 34.14 31.80 411.88 19 02 48.92* 22.29 20.28 23 63 15 68 17.37 11.61 18.31 15.30 1 1 2 1 j i 60 24 12 24 . 23 Klamath Falls 17.17 17.83* 10.38 14.64 16.19 * Partially estimated. those used in State "Water Resources Board Bulletin No. 1, "Water Resources of California.'' New map reference numbers were assigned to those stream gaging stations within the Klamath River Basin in Oregon, and to those stations installed in the Cali- fornia portion of the basin by other agencies since the publication of Bulletin No. 1. During the present investigation, 20 stream gaging stations were established at strategic Ideations within the basin to provide data required for more precise knowledge of runoff. These stations are listed in Table 8. The location of these gaging stations is also shown mi Plate :i. Continuation of certain of these stations will provide invaluable data fur future planning and operation of water development works. Runoff Characteristics Runoff from streams in the Klamath River system varies between wide limits, both from season to season, and within the season. The flow of the Trinity River at Lewiston is indicative of this variation. Seasonal runoff at that station, recorded continuously since 1911, has ranged between 2,547,000 acre-feet in 1940- 41. and 266,000 acre-feel in 1 Mi_*:; 24, while the 60-year mean lias been about 1,288,000 acre-feet. At the same station, the instantaneous discharge lias ranged from an estimated maximum of 71,600 second-feel on De eemlier 22, 1955, to about 23 second-feet on .Inly I'll. 1924. Typical data on the discharge of this and other selected stations in the Klamath River Basin are pre sented in Table 9, Both rainfall and snowmelt runoff supply the streams of the Klamath River Basin. Extreme varia- tions in the topography, vegetative cover, and geologic IS KLAMATH RIVER BASIN [NVESTIGATION TABLE 6 MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF MEAN SEASONAL PRECIPITATION AT SELECTED STATIONS IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN Eu eka Weav .rville Yreka Khrnutli Kails Monti, In inches of depth In percent of seasonal total In inches of depth In percent of seasonal total In inches of depth In percent of seasonal total In inches of depth In percent of seasonal total January February 6.33 6.03 i 99 J. 87 1 . 72 0.66 0. 13 0.16 0.81 2.51 5 . 29 6.01 16 9 16.1 13.3 7.11 4.6 1.8 0.3 0.4 6.7 14.1 16.0 6.36 5.93 3.89 2.70 1.38 0.91 (1. 15 0.14 0.70 2.26 5.04 6.75 17.6 16.4 10.7 7.5 3.8 0.4 0.4 1 .<> 6.2 13.9 18.7 2.72 2.1.5 1.78 1 .04 0.93 0.67 0.36 0.31 0.55 1.27 2.72 3.12 15.1 14.6 9.8 5.7 5.1 3.7 2.0 1.7 3.0 7.0 15.1 17.2 1.99 1.51 1.07 0.83 0.91 0.78 0.31 0.28 0.54 1.02 1.84 1.86 15.3 11.7 8.3 April-. - May 6.4 7.0 6.0 July- 2.4 2.2 September - October November _ . . December 4.2 7.9 14.2 14.4 TOTALS 37.51 100.0 36.21 100.0 18.12 100.0 12.94 100.0 structure of the various watersheds affeel the pattern and regimen of runoff. In the extreme northern por- tions of the basin the Williamson and Wood Rivers, two of the principal streams, draining 3,800 square miles of high plateau watershed, discharge directly into Upper Klamath Lake. Although precipitation occurs principally in the winter months, the resulting water supply percolates into the vulcanic substructure of the area, moves through the permeable pumice deposits of the Klamath Marsh, and finally is dis- charged by the two rivers in almost constant monthly amounts. The Sprague River drains the eastern por- tion of the watershed area and maintains a high base flow, characteristic of volcanic terrain, yet this stream is subject to high runoff in the spring months. The Klamath River beads in Upper Klamath Lake, controlled at its outlet by Link River Dam. Under natural conditions this lake, and the now reclaimed area of Lower Klamath Lake, had considerable regula- tory effect on the Klamath River. During flood stages the natural flows would leave the stream channels, flood the adjoining flat lauds and lake bottom, fill the sum]) areas, and later return at reduced rates of flow to the main channel. Upper Klamath Lake continues to regulate high flows in the river, hut reclamation of the Lower Klamath Lake area now prevents flood waters from entering. To tl as1 and south of Lower Klamath Lake are the Lost River watershed, the lava bed areas tributary to Tule Lake Sump and Lower Klamath Lake, and the closed basin of Unite Valley. Under natural conditions this extensive area of approximately :',.(i(iii square miles contributed no surface How to the Klamath River Under present conditions the drainage water from in ation and flood (lows return to the Klamath River. Rainfall on the Lost River Basin averages a depth of less than 1 '2 inches per season, and most of that not retained within the soil mantle or consump- tively used percolates into the lava substructure. Surface runoff to Shasta Valley occurs in the tribu- tary streams of Dale, Eddy. Parks, and Willow Creeks, all of which head in the nonvolcanic area southwest of the valley. The northern slope of Mt. Shasta on the southeasterly watershed of Shasta Val- ley contributes no surface runoff; all precipitation and snowmelt percolates into the lavas and appears on the surface in springs or discharges directly from the ground water into Shasta River. The only signifi- cant surface runoff from the Cascade Range along the eastern edge of Shasta Valley occurs in the Little Shasta River. Small intermittent creeks drain the area of relatively light precipitation along the western edge of Shasta Valley. In the Scott. Salmon. Trinity, and other tributaries of the lower Klamath River, the pattern of runoff is a function of the rain and snow storms. These streams arc characterized by low flows in the summer and fall i it hs, and by high flows during the early winter rainstorms and during the snowmelt periods of April. .May. and June. Estimated average monthly distribution of natural runoff at selected stations in the Klamath River Basin is presented in Table 10. Quantity of Runoff In general, estimates of the mean seasonal natural runoff of the Klamath River and its four principal tributaries, the Shasta. Scott, Salmon, and Trinity Rivers, were variously determined from available stream flow records, from correlations with the runoff of nearby streams having continuous records over long periods, from correlations with rainfall records, and from data obtained in connection with land use sur- veys. In these estimates of natural flow. Butte Valley WATER SUPPLY L9 TABLE 7 STREAM GAGING STATIONS IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN SIM ] >i amage Station record record Map reference number Link River Lost River Antelope Creek Butte Creek Shovel Creek (Bear Creek) Klamath River FaU Creek Klamath River Klamath River Jenny Creek Shasta River Beaughan Creek... Shasta River Carriek Springs - - Parks Creek Big Springs Cleland Springs — Shasta River Kast Shasta Ri Scott Ri\ Fork - Scott River, East Fork Scott River Scot! River Scott River Klamath River... Indian Creek Klamath River Sain Klai i River th Rive Trinity River, East Fork Trinity River. Trinity River Trinity Riv North Fork. Trinity River New River... Trinity River. Trinity line: South Fork Trinity liner rrinitj Rivi . Klai Rp Klamath lin Miller Creek Williamson 1 \nnie ( \iuia i < 'nek Wood Rivei Williamson River at Klamath Falls. at Clear Lake near Macdoel near Macdoel Fivemile < ' k Sprague Rive North Fork near Macdoel at Keno at Copco below Fall Creek near Copco near Copco above Edson-Foulke Ditch below Long Bell at Etlgewood Bridge near Weed at Robertson We at head at head near Montague. . near Yreka _ near Callaha at Callahan. at Callahan near Fort Jones near Scott Bar near Seiad Valley, near Happy Camp. near Happy Camp at Somesbar at Somesbar at Coffee near Trinity Cen- ter. Trinitj i '■ ,i Near Trinity Cen- at Lewiston near Douglas City at ! [elena near Burnt Ranch near Denny neai I 'lima Flat . . neai I lima Flat - at Hoopa near Hoopa near Retina mai Klamath near Crescent near Silver Lake . neai Fort Klaiuatl near Fort Klamatl near Silver Lake, near Silver Lake _ near Fort Klamatl at Fort Klamath al.-o .■ Spring i 'ret k near Klamath Agency i< Ihilo- quin)--- at McCiea.lv I! h, near ( Ihiloquin at Chiloquin ai Chiloquin In-low Sprague River near < 'Inln- iiuin n.ai Beatty (near Vainax I neai Bly near Hl\ 4.370 4,350 7,070 74fi S.480 109 727 1,017 1,733 909 2,846 2.8411 12,200 12.100 l!ll)l-.->7 1904-09 1921-22 1921-22 1951-57 1921-22 1904-57 1928-57 1928-57 1923-28 1922-24 1934-57 1922-57 1936-57 1934-57 1939-57 1934-57 1928-57 1911-57 1933-57 1910-13 1913-21 1952-57 1911-21 1941-57 1911-13 1912-57 1911-21 1911-12 1911-57 1927-57 1910-14 1910-14 1910-13 19111-1 1 1911-57 1944-51 1911-13 1931-40 195G-57 1927-28 1911-13 1911-13 1911-18 1931-57 1910-26 1950-57 1911-14 USGS uses I Si.S uses usi;s uses uses USGS USGS USGS l>\\ liU I • W li\\ DWRW DWRW DWRW DWRW DWRW USGS, DWRW USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS I SGS 1 Si IS USGS USGS i si ;s USc ;s USGS USGS rstis uses USGS USGS i si ;s USGS USGS usgs USGS 1 .330 1911-36 1912-25 1,580 1920-31 1,580 1931-57 1,100 1911 17 1,600 1911-25 3,000 1917 7.7 530 1911-25 1917-21 1917-2(1 USGS USGS I SI.S I SI.S I SGS i s. IS I SGS Stations f. USGS — Ui DWR in DWRW — Division 01 Water Resout 0SK — Oregon Slate Engineer KRB-19 KRB-20 KHH-21 KR 11-21 KRB-25 KRB-28 KRB-29 KRB-30 KRB-31 KRB-32 KRB-33 KRB-34 KRB-35 KRB-30 KRB-39 KRB-40 KRB-41 KRB 17 KRB-48 KRB-50 KRB-51 KRB-52 KRB-53 Kit It 54 KRB 55 KRB-62 KRB-66 KRB 71 KRB 75 Fourmile Lake Res- ervoir on Four- mile Creek Sprague liner . Whiskey Creek. Sprague River.. Cascade Canal Sprague Riv South Fork. Anderson Creek Upper Klamath Lake "A" Canal Beaver Creek . Keno Canal. . Miller Creek. Lost River... Lost River. . . Keene Creek. Keene Creek Canal Klamath River Miller Hill Pump- ing Plant Diversion from Klamath River to Lost River Lost River i Canal. Lost River . . . Keene Creek Little Beaver Creek Miller Creek Diversions frc Klamath Riv< AdyPumpto Kla ath River Lost River. . . . Sheepy I Ireek II. .t Creek < '..tti.nu I t Ireek Shovel Creek I kes ' ireek I lai I is ' 'leek Muskgrave Creek Willow Creek Prathei Antelope I'm- 1 Whitnej ( Ireek Hue,. South Fork Hayfork t Ireek near Recreation (Odessa) near (at) Yainax _ . near Beatty near Beatty (above Yainax) near Fish Lake. (Head of Sprague River) neai Blj near Klamath Falls near Klamath Falls at Klamath Falls. . near Lilyglen (Ash- land) at Klamath Falls . at Gerber Dam at Olene above Olene at Hyatt Prairie Reservoir, near Ashland near Ashland., at Spencer Bridge near Keno at diversion near Olene. near Olene I Kla- math Falls) at Wilson Bridge near Olene. .. near Lincoln. _ at Pinehurst.. near Lorella at Ady at Ady. .... . near Merrill. .. near Dorris ii.a i Dorris at Upper < M.sMiie mai Macdoel neai Macdoel in ai Macdoel near 1 ton is neai Mt. II. 1. n. n n. is i I . niiant at Highway l s near Salyer mar rlyampom i the period of record extends in 1957 were nine .mil under com imams „i„ i.iiici, ai the nm. ..i i.iiiiii.-.ui.ni of this hull, tin. ales ( logical Survej f Water Resources COPCO The California Oregon Powei Company vtatermaster i SBR I nlted states Bureau ol Reclamation rswit I 'niieil States Weather Bu 1923-57 1904-05 1917-19 1918-57 1923-57 USGS. USBR. I <>|a I, USWB I .-I IS USBR 1916-53 1923-52 1904-10 1907-12 1915-17 1913-31 1948-57 1943-1 1904 09 1953-54 1950 57 20 KLAMATH HIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION TABLE 8 STREAM GAGING STATIONS ESTABLISHED DURING THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION m1 general location of ttaszine, station 1-14 1-18 KRB-49 KRB-56 KRB-57 KRB-58 KRB-59 KRB-60 KRB-61 KRB 6 I KRB-64 KRB-65 KRB-67 KRB-fi8 KRB-70 KRB-71 KRB-72 KRB-73 I. below Duke North Ditch ♦Little Shasta River above Harp Ditch Bogus I Ireek.. near Bogus School I reek at. Yreka Greenhorn Creek at Yreka.. I ii. 1 ian Creek near Fort Jones Moffett Creek at Yreka-Fort Jones Highway i lanyon Creek near Kelsey Creek Guard Station ord Creel near Mugginsville Kidder Creek at Greenview Willow Creek near Gazelle Patterson Creek near Etna Parks Creek Diversion t., Shasta Rivei near Edgewood Edson-Foulke (Yreka) Ditch .. - north of Parks Creek irEtna Creek near Etna French Creek above Long Bell Lumber Mill Scotl River, Easl Fork above Grouse Creek Sn-iu Creek near ( 'allahan Scotl River, South Fork ... near Callahan Drainage area, in square miles ! late established 11- 6-52 10-16-52 10-10-53 3-27-53 5-11-53 2-20-53 10-10-52 10-11-50 10-1 1-50 1-28-53 2-16 53 1-2S-53 10-29-52 5 15 53 9 a io i !8 53 l.'-l 1-53 1-26-53 in in 52 to 9-27-54 to 10-16-56 t., 10-26-54 to 12-10-54 to 7- 8-54 to 11-10-54 to 10-28-54 ti. 6-22-54 to 9-26-54 to 10-18-54 to 4- 7-55 to 1951 to 1958 * Earlier reconls of flow during tin' irrigation season are available for stations at or near those locations. ;: Stations installed liv Unitcil states Forest Service in reoperation with the Division of Water Resources. Ratings and computations made by Division personnel in conjunction with t lie Klamath Hirer Basin Investiital ion ■' Slalion formerly known as Parks Creek ahmc Hoke .North Hitch. RECORDED DISCHARGE OF PRINCIPAL STREAMS AT SELECTED STATIONS IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN Period of record Maximum and minimum seasonal discharge Maximum and minimum instantaneous discharge priot to 1 >' iember, 1 955 Max. discharge during Hood of Station Season Acre-foot Date SeCi ooi-feet 1 iecember, 1955 in second-feet Klamath River at Keno.. 1904-54 1933-41 1944-54 1941-54 1911-15 1927-54 1911-54 1911-14 1 ',11 CIS 1931-54 1910-26 1951-54 1913-14 1930-31 L 937-38 1933-34 1951-52 1943-41 1937-38 1930-31 1910-41 1923-24 1937 38 1933-34 L951-52 1923-24 1,97(1.000 395,000 288 i 78 1 740,000 108.000 2,234, 17:;, hi in .',517,000 266,000 7, 001, ni III 1,900,000 18,820,111111 3,740,000 5-10-04 8-4-34 2-29-40 S- 13-39 10-3-47 12-28-15 8-25-3 1 2-2S-40 7-20-24 -'.-'S- 111 10-4-31 1-18-53 7-31-24 9,250 35 2.440 3.4 8.320 36 33.000 70 40,300 23 124,000 162 285.000 1.340 4.870 38.500 71.000 Ilium Rivet near Hoopa Klamath Rivei at Klamath 190, 125.000 and Lust River Basin were considered to be closed basins and as such not contributing to flow of the Klamath River. The estimated seasonal natural flow of the Klamath River at selected stations is shown in Table 11. Estimates of the seasonal natural flow of four principal tributary streams in the Klamath River Basin arc presented in Table 12. The magnitude of mean seasonal natural flow of the five streams is shown graphically on Plate 5, entitled "Estimated Seasonal Natural Runoff at Selected Stations in the Klamath River Basin. " Estimates of natural flow of the Klamath River at Keno. near the Oregon-California state line, Klamath River near Klamath. Scott River near Fort Jones, Shasta River near Yreka, Salmon River at Somesbar, and Trinity River near Hoopa, indicate that runoff during the three year period of investigation was approximately 147 percent of the mean seasonal for the 60-year period, from 1894-95 through 1953-54. As has been stated, the series id' years from Octo- ber, 1!»2t), through September. 1952, was chosen as the study period for proposed reservoirs. This period was WATER SUPPLY 21 TABLE 10 ESTIMATED AVERAGE MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF NATURAL RUNOFF AT SELECTED STATIONS IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN, 1920-21 THROUGH 1951-52 (In percent of seasonal total) ESTIMATED SEASONAL NATURAL FLOW OF THE KLAMATH RIVER AT SELECTED STATIONS (In thousands of acre-feet) Month Scott River Fort Jones Shasta River near Yreka Klamath River at Keno Klamath River Klamath Salmon River at Si; Ii:il Trinity River near 1 [oopa October Novembei 1 lecembei January February March April Mav June . . _. July August — Septembi 2.0 4.7 9.4 11.0 11.2 10.3 14.7 17.1 10.1 4.3 3.1 2.1 5.5 6.9 9.2 9.0 10.8 10.7 11.5 11.1 8.3 6.6 5.5 4.9 6 6 8.6 10.2 9.9 10.5 12.9 13.6 10.7 0.0 2.9 3.2 4.9 2.3 5.7 7.9 12.2 16.0 13.4 14.6 12.6 7.4 3 5 1.7 4.8 9.7 11.4 11.8 13.8 15.8 16.4 9.5 3.1 1 .2 0.7 1.4 4.0 10.6 12.7 1 5 _' 16.7 15.7 12 9 6.8 2.4 0.9 0.7 TOTALS. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 chosen since it included both the dry period from 1928 tu 1935 and an ensuing series of above normal years. Also, throughout the 32-year period data are available to make fairly reliable estimates of runoff. Records of flow at the stream gaging station estab- lished on the Klamath River near Requa in December, 1910, provide a measure of the total outflow to the ocean from the Klamath River Basin. This station was discontinued in June, 1926, but was re-established at approximately the same site in October, 1950, and renamed "Klamath River near Klamath, California." A stream gaging station on the Klamath River al Keno, Oregon, established in June, 1 !M )4, measures, for all practical purposes, the impaired runoff from the Klamath River Basin in Oregon flowing into California. The station is approximately 22 miles above the state line and is located below all major sources of inflow to, and diversion from, the Klamath River. This station was located (i miles downstream from its present site during the period from October, 1913, to September, 1931. However, 20 months ol' overlapping record at the two stations indicate thai the records at the two sites may be considered equivalent. Natural flow of the Klamath River is affected by storage in Upper Klamath Lake, extensive irrigation diversions in Oregon, and operation of hydroelectric power plants. Storage on the Shasta River and irriga- tion in Shasta and Scott Valleys also contribute to the impairment of How ol' the Klamath River. Estimates of the present impaired How for the period from 1920-21 through 1951-52 at reservoir sites studud during tills ni\;stlgati::n were based on 1894-95 1895-96 1896-97.. 1897 98 1898-99.. 1899-00.. 1900 01.. 1901 II.' 1902 03 1903-04 1904-05.. 1905-06 Him .-i 17 1907-08. . 1908-09.. 1909-10- 1910-11.. 1911-12.. 1912-13 . 1913-14.. 1914-15.. 1915-16- 1916-17- 1917-18-. 1918-19 . 1919-211 19211 21 1921-22 . 1922-23.- 1923-24 1924-25 1925-26 1926-27 1927-28 1928-29- 1929 30 1930-31 1931-32-- 1932-33 - 1933-34 . ci.il :;:, 19 ; i 36 1936-37 1937-38 193S 39 1939-40 1940-41 1911- 12 1942-43. 19 13-11 1944-45 1945-46 1946 17 cur is ens 19 1949-50 1950-51 1951 52 L95 ' ,:; 1953 54 60 yeai mean Klamath Falls 1,760 1,670 1 ,575 960 1,060 1,400 1.120 1.680 1,525 2,150 1,535 1,675 1.820 1,350 1,505 1,390 1 . 1 75 1,255 1,065 I 670 1,355 I 160 930 1,300 s:.i I 1,460 1,240 915 1,090 1,360 9S7 1.093 1 , 1 25 Klamath River 1,773 1,683 1,587 970 1,071 1,412 1.432 1,693 1.537 2,165 I S9S 2.079 1,703 1,663 1,833 1,362 1,517 1,402 1,186 1,266 1,076 1,681 1.367 1.171 940 1 ,3 1 2 860 1 . 172 1,251 925 890 705 865 840 750 945 I lis] 920 1 .547 945 1,181 1,021 1,166 I S3S 1,081 1,101 1.372 997 1,104 1,136 I -'in 1,831 2,041 2,003 1,908 1,812 1.170 1,276 1,632 1,652 1,918 1 ,762 2,405 1,898 1,908 2,405 1,763 1.923 2.118 2,304 1,933 1,893 2,063 1,582 1,737 1,622 1,401 1,481 1.229 1,91 1 1 ,587 1,381 1,155 1,502 1,055 1.712 1,451 1 . 1 20 1,095 860 1,065 1 ,1 151 1 925 1.1 ID 1,301 1.130 1,812 i.i in 1,391 1,231 1,366 2,018 1.291 1,291 1 ,592 I 172 1,29 1 i 338 1,391 1,908 2,475 , 2,344 Klamath River near Seiad Valley 3,490 3,310 2,088 2,323 2,987 3,037 3,500 3.225 1,406 :; vri 3.777 3,319 3,257 3 896 2,996 3,269 2.735 2,161 2,643 1.753 lis:; 1,981 • 2.959 2,854 ; ,iii 060 2.515 3.176 ■inn 2.737 2.414 2.715 1.035 1,191 1,1)99 - Klamath River near Suimi'-.9:ii 7.513 7.110 9.711) 3,938 4.42S 5.912 6,012 7.140 6,475 9,221 9.912 7,109 s is. 6 649 7.097 9,52 1 6.137 9,931 6 ' I. ,9,19 5,0111 3.946 5,428 ,. : B.017 1.729 I ,sl 2,538 6.081 4.050 9.775 1,9 is .' 626 4.520 4.635 3,110 4.74", , 19 : i .;:: 9 717 3,684 i,969 7 B70 3,528 1,9 10 6 691 3.731 5 576 5, ISO 8.288 9,162 5,535 - KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION ESTIMATED SEASONAL NATURAL FLOW OF PRINCIPAL TRIBUTARY STREAMS IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN (In acre-feel) 217.000 204.000 1 1)0.000 1 L'0,000 129.000 11.7.000 172.000 204,000 180.000 278.000 19I..0O0 203.000 243.000 l.i4.000 2.-,_'.IK>0 173, is." 143.000 I n, III ll) 225,000 235, 183 mm 1 19, 110.000 [53,000 1U7 .(ion jiii. nun 127,000 121,000 101,000 182,000 1 28,000 241.000 160,000 l-'l 131 i 1 1 1 .000 123, 123.000 112.000 1151,000 131,000 125,000 249,000 114,000 [88,000 261,000 104,000 ,,; I ll in I 23.0(10 1 14,000 169,000 I 12,000 187,000 160,000 154.000 218.000 245,000 253.1 22J 171 nun Scott River 568,000 533,000 493,000 258,000 313,000 433.000 448.000 533,1 478,000 723,000 508,000 528.000 1133,000 HW 1158.000 448,000 IS3 168,000 448.000 578.000 459.000 519,000 349,000 199.000 414.000 1 1, .',,111 11 1 172,01111 282.000 532,000 362,000 192,000 2i,7 mm 152,000 342,000 132 1 187.000 382.000 387.000 322,000 832,000 242,000 442,000 137,000 524.000 629, I 320,000 iv ' 2411,000 371. ,11011 316,000 370,000 689 000 767,000 719,000 606,000 1 28 i 'i ii i 1,625,000 1,530.000 1.450.000 81X1.000 925,000 1,275,000 i 300,000 1,540,000 1.400,000 1. 99(1,0(111 1,480.000 1.530.000 1 .775.000 1.180.000 1 ,890.000 1.370.000 1,420,000 1 ,330,000 1,280,000 1.1100.000 1,300.000 1,450.000 1,050.000 1100,000 l 'i « i i ii ii i 'I" on S7.-,. m 10 1 ,500.000 1,090,1 593,000 825,000 473,000 1,050,000 1,010,000 581,000 1.134,000 l.l ll, mm nsii mm 2.234.000 758.000 1,277,000 I 265 000 l 32 i I 735.000 633,000 i i.i 1,520.000 771.0110 1,238,000 958,000 1,179,000 1,791 1,953.000 I 806 oi in 1 mm ooo 1,235,000 1 .940,000 1.780,000 1,610,000 1175.000 825.000 1.1180.000 1 .770.000 2.230.000 1.170,000 2.340.000 1 .380.000 1 .550,000 1,030,000 1 ,070,000 2,030.000 2,150,000 1.510,000 ..,-,1 000 603,000 1.150,000 1,500,000 MIS I 1 .830.000 1,060,000 528, 815.000 402,000 720,000 803.000 683,000 965.000 573,000 1,613,000 2.547, 1.804,000 1,108,000 654,000 i ins oiio 1.11.-,. 000 731, .000 1,209,000 I 095, 857.000 I .,1 l 000 1,821,000 1,616,000 1.599 000 ■SSI II II, , 7 Hi III ii, 5,280.000 4,850.000 2,240.000 2,640,000 4,000,000 4,150.000 5,310.000 4.1140.000 7.525,000 5.040.000 ;, 270,000 6,500,000 3.1100,000 6,790,000 4,200.000 4.700.000 3.340.000 3,750,000 5.530.000 5,050,000 4.710,000 2,701,000 2 003 i 3,750,000 1.410,000 5,400.000 784 000 2,086,000 810.000 4,(100.000 2 ooo 5.130,000 3,635,000 1 .928.000 .' 1',: 1,202,000 2,690,000 2.7S0.000 1 .900.000 mo 2,158,000 5,137,000 6,689,000 ,, os:,, 1,467.000 1 .995.000 estimates of natural flow at the principal gaging stat imis and data from present laud and water use surveys. Once-in-a-thousand year instantaneous Hood dis- charges at gaging stations were estimated from a flood frequency analysis of recorded instantaneous flood flows. Flood hydrographs at recording stations were then developed from a composite of recorded flows and the once-in-a-thousand year instantaneous dis- charge. These hydrographs were referred to the loca- tions of proposed dams by adjustment in accordance with the ratios of once-in-a-thousand year 24-hour maximum depths of precipitation on the respective drainage areas. These estimates were utilized in the evaluation of spillway capacities for the various proj- ects, and are presented in Chapter IV, "Plans for Water Development."' IMPORTED AND EXPORTED WATER Water is exported from the Klamath River Basin in Oregon by means of two relatively minor diver- sions. One diversion is made from Keene Creek by way of Hyatt Prairie Reservoir, and the other from Fourmile Creek by way of the Cascade Canal. The water supply thus diverted provides for the irrigation of lands adjacent to Ashland and Medford in the Rogue River Basin. The quantities of water exported during the period of investigation amounted to about 10,000 acre-feet in 1951-52, 14,900 acre-feel in 1952- ."i.'J, and 16,200 acre-feet in 1953-54. No water is ex- ported from tin- Klamath River Basin in California. The only known importation of water into the Klamath River Basin is from the Sacramento River Basin in California. About 4,000 acre-feet seasonally are diverted into the basin and used for irrigation purposes in the extreme southerly end of Shasta Valley. QUALITY OF WATER One aspect of the Klamath River Basin Investiga- tion was the determination of the quality of surface and ground waters of the basin with respect to their suitability for present and anticipated beneficial uses. For this purpose, a program of collection and analy- sis of samples of both surface and ground water from selected areas within the basin was instituted. Water Quality Criteria Criteria presented in the following sections arc those commonly employed by the Department of Water Resources in evaluating mineral quality of water relative to municipal, domestic irrigation, and fish and wildlife requirements that arc cither existing or anticipated for the area under study. It should be pointed out that these criteria are merely guides to the appraisal of water quality. Except for those con- stituents which are considered toxic to human beings, these criteria should be considered as suggested limit- ing values. A water which exceeds one or more of WATEE SUPPLY 2:? these limiting- values need not be eliminated from consideration as a source of supply, but other sources of better quality water should be investigated. Domestic and Municipal Water Supply. The fol- lowing tabulation gives the limiting concentrations of mineral constituents for drinking water, as proposed by the United States Public Health Service, and adopted by the State of California : UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE DRINKING WATER STANDARDS, 1946 Mandatory limit* ( Constituent in pp*m Lead (Pb) 0.1 Fluoride (F) 1.5 Arsenic (As) 0.05 Selenium (Se) 0.05 Hexavalent chromium (Cr +e ) 0.05 Nonmandatory, but recommended limits 3.0 0.3 125 15 250 250 0.001 500 Copper (Cu) _. Iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) together Magnesium (Mg) _. Zinc (Zn) Chloride (CI) Sulfate (SO, I Phenolic compounds in terms of phenol Total solids — desirable —permit led . 1000 The California State Board of Public Health re- cently has defined the maximum safe amounts of fluoride ion in drinking water in relation to mean annual temperature. Menu annual Maximum mean monthly h mperature, fluoride ion in F concentration, in ppm 50 1.5 60 - 1.0 70-above 0.7 Even though hardness of water is not included in the above criteria, it is of importance in domestic and industrial uses. Excessive hardness in water used for domestic purposes causes increased consumption of soap and formation of scale in pipes and fixtures. The following tabulation for degrees of hardness has been suggested by the United States Geological Survey : Range of hardness, expressed as CaCOs, Relative Class in iiiim classification 1 _. 0-55 Soft 2 __ _ 56-100 Slightly bard 3 __ — 101-200 Moderately hard 4 __ — 201-500 Very hard Class 1 and 2 waters generally require no softening, while it is desirable to soften, to some degree, those of Classes 3 and 4, depending on use. Irrigation Water. Criteria for mineral quality of irrigation water used by- the Department of Water Resources are those developed at the University of California at Davis and at the United Stales Depart ment of Agriculture Regional Salinity Laboratory at Riverside. Because of diverse climatological condi- tions, and the variation in crops and soils in Califor- nia, only the following general limits of quality for irrigation waters can be suggested : QUALITATIVE CLASSIFICATION OF IRRIGATION WATERS Chemical propertii Total dissolved solids: in ppm in conductance I (Mil' at 25°C— . Chloride, in ppm Sodium, in percent of base constituents Boron, in ppm Class I Kxellent to good Less than 700 Leas than 60 Less than 0.5 Class II Good to Class III Injurious to in-:, i isfai toi j Class I irrigation water is suitable under most con- ditions for most crops. Class II irrigation water is of doubtful suitability, under certain conditions, for crops of low salt tolerance, including citrus, deciduous fruit, some vegetables, and most clover grasses. Class III water is ordinarily unsatisfactory for all crops except the more tolerant plants such as cotton, sugar beets, and salt-tolerant forage grasses. These criteria have limitations in actual practice. In many instances a water may be wholly unsuitable for irrigation under certain conditions of use aud yet be completely satisfactory under other circumstances. Consideration should be given to soil permeability and drainage, temperature, humidity, rainfall, and other conditions that can alter the response of a crop to a particular quality of water. Preservation and Protection of Fish and Wildlife. A water of high quality is necessary for preservation and protection of fish and wildlife. This high quality is necessary, not only for the proper environment of fish, but also for maintenance of naturally-occurring food upon which fish depend for survival. Studies by various state and federal agencies show that there are many mineral and organic substances, in relatively low concentrations, which are harmful to fresh water fish and aquatic life. Water quality criteria for main- tenance of fresh water fishlife have been suggested bj the Department of Fish and Game as follows : 1. Dissolved oxygen content not less than 85 per cent of saturation. 2. Hydrogen-ion concentration (pH) ranging be- tween 6.5 and 8.5. 3. Conductivity between 150 and 500 mieromhos at 25° C and in general not exceeding 1,000 mieromhos. Fish and aquatic life are particularly susceptible to: 1. Mineral salts of high toxicity, such as those of mercury, copper, lead. zinc, cadmium, aluminum, nickel, trivaleni and hexavalent chromium, and iron. Combinations of these metallic salts some- times are considerably more toxic to fishlife than any one salt by itself. KLAMATH RIVEB BASIN INVESTIGATION 2. Detergents, poisons and insecticides employed in agriculture. :;. Unusual temperature conditions. Normal range of water temperature for cold water fish Lies be- tween 32 and 65 F. For warm water species, a desirable temperature range is from 45 to 85 [•'. with an absolute maximum of 91 c F. 1 Waste discharges containing more than 15 ppm of ether soluble material. Wafer Sampling and Data Collection Program The water sampling program in the California por- tion of the Klamath River Basin involved tin- col- Lection and mineral analyses of 205 surface water -am pies from 42 streams, and 191 ground water samples from ■'! ground water basins. The surface water sampling program was conducted in two phases. The initial phase, which began in Jan- uary, 1953, and continued to May, 1953, was under- taken in order to obtain analyses id' the streams of the basin during high flows. During this period, samples were collected monthly from 23 streams with 1!l addi- tional streams being sampled in May. In order to provide a comparison of water quality during high and low Hows, phase two was initiated and involved a resampling of all the streams previously sampled dur- ing October, 1!)"):!. a period of low surface water Hows. In this latter phase, some streams were dry ami samples could not be obtained. Samples were also collected from three small lake- during October, 1953, and analyzed for mineral char- acteristics. These were Crass Lake, located approxi- mately Hi miles south of Macdoel on Highway !'7. and East and West (Salti Lakes, loeated approximately 3.5 miles east of Grenada. Samples were also taken monthly from Meiss Lake in Butte Valley during the 1954 irrigation season ami analyzed for concentration of mineral constituents. Ground water samples were obtained during the 1953 sampling periods from MS wells in Scott Valley, 1(1 wells along the Klamath River between Shasta and Scott Valleys, 28 wells in Butte Valley, and 75 wells and one sprine- in Shasta Valley. Samples from these wells and the spring were analyzed for mineral con- si il llents. Water quality data for the area under investigation were supplemented with data obtained from the stale- wide periodic stream sampling program and from a watei- quality survey of the Klamath River stream system made in October, 1950. Other data used during the course of i he investigation included ground and surface water analyses obtai I from the United States Bureau of Reclamation and from the Quality of Water and Ground Water Branches of the United States < reological Survey. The North Coastal Regional Water Pollution Con- trol Board, in conjunction with the OregOD State Sanitarj Authority, made a pollution survej of the upper portion of Klamath River during the period of .May to September, 1953. Samples were collected anil analyzed from eigbl stations in California and one in < >regon. Quality of Surface Water Mineral analyses of surface water samples collected in the California portion of the basin during the 1953 season indicate the majority of tie- streams sampled to be composed of calcium or magnesium bicarbonate type waters of excellent mineral quality, suitable for most d 'stic and all irrigation uses. Concentrations of total dissolved solids ranged from 70 to 354 parts per million. The waters of some streams exceeded 150 parts per million in hardness, making them less desir- able for domestic use. Results of analyses of the quality of surface waters indicate that the suitability of these waters for fish life is excellent in nearly all streams of the basin. The pollution survey made by the North Coastal Regional Water Pollution Control Board, in conjunc- tion with the Oregon State Sanitary Authority, dur- ing the period May to September, 1953, indicated that there was no pollution of the Klamath River in Cali- fornia. Watei' sampled from Crass Lake was magnesium calcium bicarbonate in character ami had total dis- solved solids of 148 parts per million. This water appears to be of excellent quality and suitable for most beneficial purposes. Analyses of water from East ami West Lakes indi- cate a water of extremely poor quality with total dis- solved solids in excess of 1.100 parks per million. Concentrations of boron ranged from 3.6 to 4.0 parts per million and concentrations of sodium were in excess of 90 percent. The source of the poor quality- water is not presently known. However, it appears reasonable to assume that because id' the volcanic ac- tivity which took place in the area in the past, highly mineralized water from magmas is forced surface- ward along a fault zone in the area. Evaporation also undoubtedly contributes to increased concentrations of minerals in the waters. Samples of water collected from Meiss Lake during the 1954 irrigation season indicate a water of very ] r quality. This lake, which forms a natural sump for most of the .surface drainage of Butte Valley, has a very high concentration of sodium bicarbonate which causes black alkali in the soil. Total dissolved solids ranged from 473 to 1210 parts per million with per cent sodium fairly constant at about 85. L'csiilts of mineral analyses of representative sur- face water of the basin arc shown in Table 13. Quality of Ground Water Results of mineral analyses indicate that ground waters underlying the area are of a bicarbonate type generally suitable for domestic ami irrigation uses. WATER SUPPLY 25 Certain Localized areas were found principally in Butte and Shasta Valleys, where ground waters were excessively hard with percentage sodium ranging from 80 to 94 and total dissolved solids between 730 and 1890 parts per million. Some waters had nitrate con- centrations which exceeded the recommended limits of 44 parts per million for domestic use. The majority of water from wells having high nitrate concentrations are not properly protected against pollution from the surface, and it is possible for fertilizers, animals, drainage water, and other pollutants to enter the well. In the northern portion of Shasta Valley, one domestic well evidenced high concentrations of sodium, fluoride, and boron. Because of the unpleasant taste of the water, this well has been abandoned by its owner. The geology of the area indicates that there arc fault zones in this vicinity. As in the case of poor quality surface water, it is possible that highly min- eralized magmatic waters are forced to the surface along the faults and thus degrade the quality of water in certain wells. Results of selected mineral analyses of ground water samples from wells in Scott, Shasta and Butte Valleys are presented in Table 14. Future Water Quality Problems It is shown in this bulletin that the water supply of the Klamath River Basin as a whole is ample to meet the ultimate water requirements of the basin. How- ever, areas exist within the basin where local water supplies are not adequate to meet ultimate local re- quirements. This means that for full development of these water deficient local areas, a supplemental water supply must be made available by transfer of water from areas of surplus. The Butte Valley-Oklahoma District and the Shasta Valley region are two areas which have an ultimate water requirement in excess of their local supplies. Consequently Butte Valley will require an imported supply of supplemental water from the Klamath River to meet increased development in the future. Since Butte Valley is a closed basin, the problem of drainage will become an important item for considera- tion in plans made for bringing supplemental water into the area. The additional water supply will in- crease the quantity of surface water drainage. At the present time, surface drainage water collects in Meiss Lake where it is disposed of through evaporation. When importation of supplemental supplies of water to Butte Valley from Klamath River takes place, the quantity of drainage water that can be re-used for irrigation, after being diluted and freshened by mix- ing with additional imported Klamath River water. will have to be determined. Also, the quantity of water to be exported out of l'.uttc Valley to maintain a favorable salt balance will have to be provided for. In addition to the expected future use of Klamath River waters in water-deficient areas within the Klamath River Basin, The California Water Plan makes provision for the exportation of only those waters of the Klamath River system which are sur plus to full requirements of the basin to water-defi- cient areas elsewhere in California. In anticipation of the time when such a transfer of water will I ome necessary, these waters should be maintained free of pollution. To maintain a suitable water quality will require application of required standards for uses of wafer in the basin, as well as active cooperation with the State of Oregon on matters affecting the quality of interstate waters. The Klamath River Basin Com- pact empowers a permanent commission to cooperate with the States of Oregon and California in the estab- lishment of water pollution control requirements and to secure in ssary enforcement of such requirements with respect to interstate waters. Water quality standards considered necessary for the preservation and enhancement of fishlife must be established and maintained if the basin is to continue in its role as a prime sports and recreational area. A satisfactory answer to these problems will of course require consideration of a physical plan, to- gether with the details of the method of operation. and a basic knowledge of the quality of all water supplies available, local as well as imported. Con- tinued water quality studies, as the plans develop, and as the project is placed in operation, should be one of the major aspects of the water development program. GROUND WATER Investigations of the ground water resources of the major valley areas in the Klamath River Basin in California and Oregon were made by the United states Geological Survey. Ground Water Branch, under cooperative agreements with the State of Cali- fornia. In the California portion of the Klamath Basin, the field studies, which commenced in June, 1953, were limited to Butte, Shasta, and Scotl Valleys. Although other agricultural areas, such as Hayfork Valley, Hoopa Valley, and the Seiad area, may very well ultimately benefit from ground water develop- ment, time and availability of personnel did not per- mit a ground water investigation of these areas. The field studies of the California valleys were con- cluded in the fall of 1954. Reports ,,u Butte and Shasta Valleys are now available in open file status in the offices of the Geological Survey, and the Scott Valley report has been printed as Water-Supply Paper 1462. A summary of the geologic characteristics of the Klamath River Basin is presented in Appendix A. and maps of geologic ami ground water conditions in Butte, Shasta, and Scott Valleys are bound at the end of this bulletin. A study of ground water conditions of the vallej regions in the Oregon portion of the Klamath Basin was made in 1954 ami 1955 by the Geological Survey 26 KI.A.MATII RIVER P.ASIX 1XVKSTK I ATIOX -i 2 | a. £ &- - 5 = => o = o = = ° o = 3 <= «= s £s s l ^ „, ,. ,_ tn ^, o-. oc __ c -r E- " 5. 7 - = o o .= | | < 3§s o '^ £ £" JO .i 6 i £ | 2) ° - = ' = ° = - - ° = 'g 32S t. u ~ o o ^ g, fe .2 ,i*C z 5 5 o t? ^ *r c & ^ ' — i ,_ ,_ ... .. _ _ - _ x ,, CO — w = ■§ = = 3 = o -' o to = - = » c = « = o 8 = o ■- o j. ^ i OJ _ ( .. - _ 3 _ _ x - W5 ^ „ «c 1^: 1 w j . ■£ ~£ , » _ ,_ - c a - ... n = : o 5 _ ; - = - ° - = ~ ;: - c = ° = ° ° 53 = ~ si5 lr „ K „ , ,. 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E 'rt ,_ - _ _ O ■* _ ,_ s W5 o KS s-is " = - ° = = = -' CM CM CI ^ CM - " o - a « co "= ia o lO £ °« £ »F 1 1 " 1 E 2 * ~ 10 "' " E-.S CO CO -- „ „ M w CO CO M «. CO CO n 6 2 s s s § 5 s & " 5 5 5 5 £ z s Q - _ £ t£ 2 ^ ^ s CO 1 fa" & fc= § 2 s. z z z X z X Z z "* "* -r "* "* -T- -r "* -v -r "^ -f 53 ■! = ►£ ^ 7^ =: E d £ g =: ^j _; =a « =: j£ 7b a 1 § | | ■§ is § 1 1 i J bC s c *S d i Q 1 ■~ ■c q Q m i m S _^ >■ Q 15 -£ 1 1 3 m J II : j £ j; j X States Geological Survey as a part of this investiga- tion. Analysis of these water level measurements shows thai the depth to ground water increases be- tween spring and fall. These fluctuations range from 1 to - feet in the central and eastern parts of the valley, from 2 to 4 feet in the southern portion, and from 3 to 5 feet along the northern border. A com- parison of either fall or early spring water levels in successive years indicates that there is little net change in the ground water storage from season to season. Similarly, it has been found that there was no significant change in ground water storage between the fall of 1951 and the fall of 1954. A hydrologic analysis of water supply and disposal was made for the purpose of approximating the rela- tionship between the use of water under present con- ditions and the mean water supply available. It also served the purpose of estimating the approximate quantity of ground water outflow under present conditions of development. Penis involved in the hydrologic analysis, presented in Table 15 for the Macdoel Subunit No. 5A, consisted of the following: 1. Surface seasonal inflow was estimated for the 60-year mean period by correlating the short- term record on Butte Creek and intermittent measurements on the minor west side streams with nearby streams of longer record. 2. Subsurface inflow was determined as the differ- ence between the seasonal volume of the 50-year mean seasonal precipitation on the watershed less estimated seasonal surface runoff and esti- mated seasonal consumptive use by native vege- tation. 3. Precipitation on the valley floor was determined from a 50-year mean seasonal isohyetal map. 4. Present mean seasonal consumptive use of water was estimated for irrigated and urban lands; evaporation from water surfaces, including evap- oration losses from distribution systems; ami evapo-transpiration from dry farm and non- agricultural land within the valley area. Con- sumptive Use includes both applied water and precipitation. Land use data and unit values of consumptive use are presented elsewhere in this bulletin. 5. There is no surface outflow from Butte Valley. 6. Measured change in ground water storage be- tween 1951 and 1954, inclusive, was negligible. To the knowledge <<\' residents who have been familiar with water conditions in Butte Valley since the early 1900's, there has been no signifi- cant increase or decrease in depth to ground water. It was therefore assumed that there was no change in ground water storage in the 50- ;. ear mean period. The difference between items of seasonal water supply and items of its seasonal disposal, aggregating 41,000 acre-feet, includes subsurface outflow plus the residual sum of possible errors in other estimated quantities. As previously stated, a seasonal surface discharge of about 26,000 acre-feet occurs along the northeastern edge of Mahogany Mountain outside Butte Valley proper. Although this is probably the major part of the subsurface outflow from the valley, there probably is also additional subsurface outflow discharging directly into the ground water basins of the Oklahoma District and Low r er Klamath Lake. Thus, the ground water outflow was estimated to be in the order of magnitude indicated by the above hydrologic analysis. Surface and ground water available for irrigation and domestic purposes was deduced as follows: 1. Total mean seasonal consumptive use of precipi- tation was estimated to be 10.000 acree-feet from irrigated and urban lands, 4,000 acre-feet from water surfaces and marsh lands, and 71,000 acre- feet from native and dry farm lands, a total of 85,000 acre-feet. 2. Subtracting this amount from the total mean seasonal water supply of 150,000 acre-fed leaves the amount of water available for surface ap- plication ami ground water recharge, about 65,000 acre-feet. 3. The amount of water remaining for surface diversion and ground water extraction, after subtracting the computed subsurface outflow of 41,000 acre-feet is 24,000 acre-feet. It must be recognized that this figure is the result of the previously set forth estimates of water supply and water use, and is indicative of the general magnitude of the mean seasonal water supply available for use in the Macdoel Subunit under existing conditions of development. Consumptive use of applied water from irrigated and urban lauds, and evaporation from water surfaces and marsh lands are the uses of w r ater which deplete the available surface and ground water supplies. The mean seasonal consumptive use of applied water from irrigated and urban lands was estimated to be 12,000 acre-feet. Evaporation losses, excluding precipitation, from water surfaces and marsh lands were estimated to be lO.ooo acre-feet. This estimated present seasonal depletion of surface and ground water supply of 22.000 acre feci per season, approximately equals the available mean seasonal water supply from surface and ground water sources as estimated above. Thus, it may lie assumed from this analysis that additional use of the available water supply will tend to reduce ground water levels, and in turn may decrease ground water out How. The present amount of water applied on irrigated and urban lands, based on data collected during 1952-53 and 1953-54, was about 27.000 acre-feet sea- sonally. Runoff during both of these seasons was above WATER SUPPLY :!1 HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS OF MACDOEL SUBUNIT 5A, BUTTE VALLEY Mean seasonal quantity, in acre-feet Water Supply 18,000 38,000 94,000 150,000 Water Disposal 22,000 71,000 unknown I) 109,000 41,000 normal and adequate to meet the demands of the ex- isting- works. About 5,000 acre-feet were secured from surface diversions and the remaining '22,000 acre-feet were pumped from ground water. Shasta Valley The areal extent of the Shasta Valley geologic for- mal ions is shown in Plate 9. The pre-Cretaceous, Upper Cretaceous, and Eocene formations in Shasta Valley are tapped by relatively few wells. Yields are low, but are sufficient in most instances for domestic and stock supplies. Permeable zones in the pre-Cre- taceous rocks occur in the form of structural openings such as joints, faults, shear zones, and foliation planes. The Western Cascade andesitic lavas generally supply sufficient water for domestic and stock sup- plies; however, the yields of wells tapping the ande- sites vary greatly because of rapid changes in perme- ability, both laterally and vertically. Abundant water for irrigation is yielded by fractured Western Cas- cade lava in the Gazelle-Grenada area. The Pluto's Cave basalt constitutes the besl and must consistent aquifer in the valley, yielding abun- dant water to irrigation, stock, and domestic wells in the vicinity of Big Springs. Water in the basall occurs in joint cracks that were formed by shrinkage in the rough broken rock during cooling between successive lava Hows, at the edges of flows, and in lava tunnels now partly tilled with debris I'allen from sides and lop. Yields of irrigation wells in the basalt range from Kid io 4,000 gallons pci' minute and average about 1.: 300 gallons per minute. The permeability of glacial moraine and outwasb deposits varies greatly over short distances. Irriga- tion wells lapping glacial materials cast of Edgewood have yields ranging from 600 to 1,500 gallons per minute. Most of the wells tapping recenl alluvium are shallow dug wells used for domestic and stock sup- plies, although a few wells in alluvium along the west side of the valley provide water for irrigation and supply the City of Yreka with water for municipal purposes. Elevations of water levels in Shasta Valley are shown on Plate 11. The main recharge to the ground water body takes place principally from the northwest slopes of Mount Shasta, by deep infiltration of precipitation falling on the tributary drainage area. In the southern part of Shasta Valley ground water moves generally north- ward and toward the valley axis, where all gradients indicate that Shasta and Little Shasta Rivers are effluent streams. At the north end of the valley, an east-west ground water divide separates ground water moving north to Willow Creek from ground water moving south to the Shasta River. The total seasonal pumpage of ground water in the valley is estimated for 10.">:; to In' approximately 5,500 acre-feet, of which about 2.000 acre-feet is used for irrigation. This can be compared with the total sur- face water applied for irrigation, of approximately 57,500 acre-feet per season. Seasonal ground water discharge ill 1 D.")3 ill Shasta Valley was estimated to be on the order of 130.000 acre-feet. The four principal estimated mean seasonal amounts of discharge are: ill seepage into streams. 70.000 acre-feet, (2) discbarge from Big Springs, 30,000 acre-feet. (3) evapo-transpiration from subir- rigated crops, 28,000 acre-feet, and (4) net pumpage from ground water, 4,000 acre-feet. In addition. minor discbarge occurred from flowing wells and small springs, and as evapo-transpiration losses from small areas of phreatophytes. Surface and ground waters in Shasta Valley are generally of low mineral content and meet suitable standards in most cases for irrigation use. Except for the hardness criteria they also meet the standards for domestic use. A close correlation is evident between the composition of the various rock types in Shasta Valley and the mineralization of water samples. Scoff Valley Tin 1 areal extent of the geologic formations in Scott Valley is shown in Plate 12. The Scott Valley ground water basin, except for minor portions underlying Moil'ett and .McA.lani Creeks and Hamlin Gulch, oc- cupies an area of about 35,700 acres. The basin is surrounded by mountain ranges, is 22 miles lone' in a north-south direction, and varies from less than a mile to as much as five miles in width. For purposes of geologic study, the ground water basin was sub- divided into four zones each having separate char- acteristics: i 1 ) the Sett River flood plain, 2 the discharge /one at the eastern edge of the western mountain fans. (3) the western mountain fans and Oro Pino Valley, and (4 • Quartz Valley. 32 KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION The Scotl River flood plain, the principal ground water zone in the valley, extends in a narrow band up to two miles wide along the river channel, from aboul four miles south of Etna to tl utlet of the vallej north of the mouth of Shackleford Creek. This por- tion of the liasin is composed mainly of Recent al- luvium with a maximum depth of over 400 feet. The land surface slopes gently from an elevation of aboul 2,900 feel a1 the southern end of the area to an eleva- tion of about 2,700 feel at the northern extremity. The water table follows a configuration similar to the ground surface, and occurs at depths varying from the surface to as much as 35 feel below ground sur- face. Average depth to ground water is about ten feet. Ground water moves uorthward from Callahan to the valley outlet, and also from the margins of Scott Val- ley toward the river, when' ground water discharge supplements the flow of Scotl River. The river flows in a channel less than 10 feet below the valley ground surface and induces a slight trough in the ground water surface. The main recharge anas to the Scotl River flood plain zone are the fans on the western side and southern portion of Scott Valley. The Scott River does not. under present conditions, contribute to ground water storage, but rather acts as a drain for the high water table lands throughout the valley. Several large irrigation wells drilled in the Scotl River Hood plain between Etna and Fori Jones yield from 1,200 to 2,500 gallons per minute. Estimated coefficients of permeability for the recent alluvium in this / range from 600 to 1,800 gallons per day per square foot. Tin' average specific yield of the flood plain deposits is estimated at 15 per cent. Ground water storage capacity for the zone from 10 feet to 100 l'eet below land surface for the Scott River flood plain has 1 n estimated to be more than 200,000 acre-feet. The streams discharging from the Salmon .Moun- tains onto tin' western side of the valley have built up a complex system of alluvial deposits. Coarse permeable gravels have been deposited iu fans at the base of the mountains, while liner less permeable sedi- ments have been carried out into the valley. In the central part of Scott Valley, between Etna and Fort Jones, these deposits an' termed the western mountain fan zone ami the discharge zone, respectively. The discharge zone occupies about 6,500 acres to the west of the Scott River flood plain zone. It ex- tends from aboul one mile north of Etna to about two miles north of Greenview, a distance of about eight miles, with an average width of about one and one half miles. To the west n\' this z the western moun- tain fan zone occupies an area of 8,400 acres between the discharge zone and the mountains bordering Scotl Valley on tie- west, from Etna Creek on the south. tin- western ii ntain fan zone extends northward through < >ro Fino Vallev. The western mountain fans and their extension into Oro Fino Valley are composed of coarse stream chan- nel deposits which have built up from streams dis- charging onto the valley floor. .Most of the existing ami former streams radiating from the fans are blocked some distance out in the valley by the finer sediments deposited beyond the fans. Much of the surface runoff of streams, including Kidder, Patter- son. Crystal, ami Etna Creeks, contributes to the ground water in these fan areas. This recharge, how- ever, must pass through the less permeable discharge zone in the center of the valley or rise to the surface to pass over it. Although much of the buried gravels are confined, it is probable that some of the interlay- ered gravels extend into the Scott River flood plain zone and provide rapid recharge to that zone. The western mountain fan zone varies considerably in both depth and permeability. Extreme changes ha\ e been observed in Hie yield eharacterisl Lcs of wells only short distances apart. Depths of water-bearing mate- rial, however, generally exceed 100 feet and the aver- age specific yield is estimated to be about seven per cent. Depth to ground water averages al t 15 feet in this zone, and the water moves eastward at gradi- ents estimated to be 25 to :i(i feet per mile. The discharge zone is composed of fine sediments, and is so named because these impervious materials block the older buried coarse stream channels and force the ground water to rise to the surface along the western edge. In a number of places tin' ground water is confined and produces artesian flow in wells for at least part of the year. The water table varies from the surface to a depth of about 15 feet. The water table slopes tow anl the discharge area at gradients varying from 25 to less than lo feet per mile. The average specific yield has been estimated to be about five per cent. Where the water table rises to the ground surface, swampy areas may occur. In some places where the water table does not reach the sur- face, this condition is utilized to provide sub-irriga- t ion for crops. Quartz Valley is a separate ground water basin, some 4,800 acres in extent, tributary to the Scotl River flood plain zone at its extreme northern ri\d. Mill Creek and Shackleford Creek, which discharge from the Salmon Mountains into this valley, have built up an extensive body of Recent alluvium. The deposits are composed of coarse gravels in the fan areas, and finer material intermixed with the gravels in the ecu ter of the valley. The water table follows the surface configuration and slopes rather steeply uorthward at gradients up to 60 feet per mile. The depth of water- bearing material is estimated to exceed Kill feet in the center of the valley. It is estimated that the aver- age specific yield is about 15 per cent. There has been no development of wells in this area other than for domestic, stock, and garden purposes. WATER SUPPLY 33 Surface water is much more extensively used than ground water for irrigation in Scott Valley. The total seasonal ground water extraction in 1953 was esti- mated to be about 1,500 acre-feet, of which about 900 acre-feet was used for irrigation. Surface and ground waters are of low mineral content and are generally of excellent quality for all uses. Klamath River Basin in Oregon The principal water-bearing formations in the Klamath River Basin in Oregon, from oldest to youngest, are the lower Lava rocks, certain zones in the Yonna formation, the upper lava rocks, (the foregoing all beine- units of the High Cascade series), Quater- nary alluvium, and Quaternary pumice. Logs of wells penetrating the lower lava rocks show about one-third of that formation as "porous, water- bearing." These rocks lie beneath the less pervious Yonna formation, and consequently cannot obtain appreciable recharge from the surface. However, they do obtain significant recharge from the slopes of the Cascades and from the exposed edges of the other fault blocks. The upper lava rocks are generally more permeable than the lower lava rocks, about two-thirds of this unit being classified in Yonna and Swan Lake Valleys as "porous, water-bearing rock." The upper lava rocks are open to recharge from the surface at most places. Quaternary alluvium, where present, is generally rather fine grained, but has sufficient permeability to yield moderate amounts of water to wells in some areas. In Swan Lake Valley the alluvium contains a perched water body. Water percolates underground to the regional water table from the south, west, and east sides of this body of water. The extensive areas of Quaternary pumice have yi'vy high infiltration rates, and serve principally as areas of intake for transmittal of ground water to underlying and adja- cent formations. The main ground water body of the Klamath River Basin in Oregon is continuous, both vertically between formations and horizontally throughout the basin, and has a base Level near that of the major streams. Divides between the various hydrologic units, al- though not severing connection between parts of this ground water body, makes possible separation of the main ground water body into four segments: the Wil- liamson River, Sprague River, Los1 River, and Upper Klamath Lake Eydrologic Knits. In the northern pari of the Williamson River Hydrologic Unit, ground water generally moves both from the east and the west toward the plain extending north of Klamath .Marsh. Some of this ground water is discharged to the surface at Big Springs at the upper end of Klamath .Marsh. Ground water west of Klamath .Marsh moves, in part, to the south beneath the pumice plain, at a gradient of 5 to 10 feel per mile. This gradient becomes steeper to the south near Sprint:- II 111 and the Wood River Valley. Ground water is largely discharged to the surface at Wood River Springs, Fish Hatchery Springs, and Spring Creek Springs. In the Sprague River Hydrologic Unit, ground water between the communities of Sprague River and Beatty moves generally toward the east-west trend- ing trough of the valley from both the north and the south, with some westward movement down the valley. Ground water divides occur between the Sprague River Valley and Yonna Valley on the south, and be- tween the Sprague River Valley and the Klamath Marsh area on the north. Below the community of Sprague River the ground water in the river vallej slopes iii the direction of surface flow at about the same gradient as the surface slope, about 5 feet per mile, for some distance. In the vicinity of Braymill the ground water gradienl becomes steeper, and far- ther west the ground water merges with ground water moving southward from the Williamson River Hydro- logic Unit. The Lost River Hydrologic Unit in Oregon contains five separate or semi-separate valleys; Langell, Yonna, Swan Lake. Poe, and Klamath Valleys. Ground water in Yonna and Swan Lake Valleys clearly slopes to ward Lost River, and enough information is available to indicate that Lost River is the base control for the remainder of these closely related valleys. In the upper parts of both Swan Lake and Yonna Valleys the ground water gradient in the main water body is about "20 feet per mile down the valley, although in Swan Lake Valley the gradient decreases in i ! tral part of the valley. The slope of the perched water is toward the sides of the valley at a gentle gradient. The main ground water bodies in Swan Lake and Yonna Valleys become a broad continuous body in the vicinity of Line Flat. This body slopes southward to Lost River at a gradient of about "_' feet per mile. The Upper Klamath Lake Hydrologic Unit includes the slopes on the eastern side of the Cascade Range, underlain principally by the High Cascade volcanics and some younger volcanics. These slopes receive in- filtration in their upper parts, and at their bases a greal many springs of various sizes discharge to the creeks ami marshes. Seven-mile Creek. Mare's Egg Creek, Spring ('reek. Threemile Creek, ami Nannie Creek tlow principally from discharge of ground water. A limited amount of sampling and analysis indicates that most of the well water and spring water of the Klamath River Basin in Oregon is of excellent min- eral quality and contains a relatively low amount of dissolved solids. Ground water of poor mineral qual- ity has been Pound along certain fault zones, and in the alluviuii ar Lower Klamath Lake and Tule Lake where the sail COntenl has I u increased In evaporation. Link River, Outlet of Upper Klamath Lake, showing intake to Klamath Project "A" Canal. Klamath County Chamber of photograph Dwinnell Reservoir on Shasta River Department of Wofer Resources phofograpfi CHAPTER III WATER UTILIZATION AND REQUIREMENTS The nature and extent of water utilization and requirements in the Klamath River Basin at the present time and under probable conditions of ulti- mate development are considered in this chapter. In connection with the discussion, the following terms are used as defined below : Water Utilization. This term is used in a broad sense to include employments of water by nature or man, either consumptive or nonconsumptive, as well as irrecoverable losses of water incidental to such employment, and is synonymous with the term "water use." Consumptive Use of Water. This refers to water consumed by vegetative growth in transpiration and building of plant tissue, and to water evap- orated from adjacent soil, from water surfaces, and from foliage. It also refers to water con- sumed and evaporated by urban and nonvegeta- tive types of land use. Applied Water. The water delivered to a farmer's headgate in the case of irrigation use, or to an individual's meter in the case of urban use, or its equivalent. It does not include direct precipi- tation. Water Requirement. The water needed to provide for all beneficial uses, and for unavoidable losses incidental to such uses. Demands for Water. Those factors pertaining to specific rates, times and places of delivery of water, losses of water, quality of water, etc., im- posed by the control, development, and use of water for beneficial purposes. Effer-tiri Precipitation. That portion of the direct precipitation which is consumptively used and which does not run off or percolate to ground water. Irrigation Efficiency. This refers to the ratio of consumptive use of applied water to the total amount of applied water for a specified area and a single use, expressed as a percentage. Water Service Ana Efficiency. This refers to the ratio of consumptive use of applied water in a given service area, with reuse of water where possible, to the gross amount of water delivered to the area, expressed as a percentage. Present. This is used generally in reference to land use and water supply conditions prevailing during the period from 1953 to 1955. Ultimate. This is used in reference to conditions after an unspecified, but long, period of years in the future, when land use and water supply de- velopment will be at a maximum and essentially stabilized. Present Supplemental Water Requirement. This re- fers to the additional water needed to provide for all present beneficial consumptive uses of water and/or irrecoverable losses incidental to such use, over and above the safe yield of the present water supply development, with due allowance for irri- gated agriculture to absorb an occasional defici- ency in water supply in extremely dry seasons. Probable Ultimate Supplemental Water Require- ment. The difference between the present and probable ultimate water requirement, plus the present supplemental water requirement if such exists. Present and probable ultimate water requirements in the Klamath River Basin were determined by appli- cation of appropriate unit consumptive use of water factors to the present and probable ultimate patterns of land use, with thorough consideration of the water service area efficiencies which are presently, or would ultimately be, achieved by operating agencies within each hydrographic subunit. In determining the pres- ent and probable ultimate water requirements, due consideration was given to present agricultural, ur- ban, and industrial development and to those natural features of the Basin, such as climate, topography, and soils, as they affect the use and re-use of water. Certain possible nonconsumptive requirements for water in the Klamath River Basin, such as those for hydroelectric power generation, flood control, conser- vation of fish and wildlife, recreation, etc., may be of varying significance in the final design of works to meet water requirements for the Basin. In most in- stances, the magnitude of such nonconsumptive requirements are relatively indeterminate, and de- pendent upon allocations made after consideration of public necessity or economics. Data which should be considered in allocating water for nonconsumptive requirements were investigated and are evaluated in this bulletin. Water utilization and requirements arc considered and evaluated in this chapter under the general head- ings "Present Water Supply Development," "Land Use," "Unit 1'se of Water." "Consumptive Use of Water,"' "Water Requirements," "Water Require- ments of a Nonconsumptive Nature," "Demands for . ::.-, , 36 KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION Water," "Supplemental Wain- Requirements," and "Probable Future Change in Flow of Klamath River." PRESENT WATER SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT A number of public and private agencies, organized for the purpose of providing water for domestic- and irrigation use, arc Eound within the Klamath River Basin. With one exception, the principal agencies furnishing irrigation water have developed surface water as their main source of supply. The Butte Val- ley Irrigation District, however, utilizes ground water as well as water from surface sources for its supply. In addition to organized distribution agencies, private individuals have developed both ground water and surface water to a considerable extent throughout the Basin for domestic and stock uses and for irrigation. Of the estimated 474.000 acres of laud presently irrigated in the Klamath River Basin, some 219,200 acres are served by the principal water service agen- cies listed in Table 16, and the remaining 254,800 acres arc served by small privately owned companies or by individual effort. In 1953, approximately 15,000 acres were supplied by pumping of ground water and the remainder by diversion of surface water. Data pertaining to the principal water service agen- cies in the Klamath River Basin are given in Table 16. The service areas of these agencies are shown on Plate 2, entitled "Principal Water Service Agencies and Location of Hydroelectric Power Plants." The largest water service agency within the Basin is the Tinted States Bureau of Reclamation, serving the area within the Klamath Project. This project, en- compassing approximately 196,000 acres of irrigated land in California and Oregon, is supplied by surface water diverted from Post River and tributaries, Klam- ath River, and Upper Klamath Lake. From 1951 through 1954, an average of about 506,000 acre-feet per season was diverted into project canals from these sources. A number of organized districts, as well as individuals, contract with the Bureau of Reclama- tion for water supplies. Adjacent to the Klamath Project area, some 3,800 acres of land are presently being irrigated in Swan Lake and Yonna Valleys by individuals pumping ground water from wells. The United States Bureau of Indian Affairs admin- isters the Klamath Indian Reservation in Oregon. The reservation contains several small irrigation projects, under federal jurisdiction, which supply diverted water to an estimated 5,200 acres of land. A few individuals owning land within the reservation have drilled wells and are pumping ground water from shallow depths for irrigation. Alone the Sprague River, within the reservation, several artesian wells produce good Bows which are also used for irrigation. In Butte Vallej in California, tl rganized agencj providing irrigation water is the Butte Valley irri- gation District. This distrid presently includes ap- proximately 4.700 acres in the southern end of the valley, of which about 4.000 acres are irrigated. The water supply for the district is obtained by surface diversions from Butte Creek, and by pumping from ground water into the district's canals. In 1953, the gross diversions amounted to 19,200 acre-feet, of which 7,T \I,s. KLAMATH 1!I\ 1.1; 1.000 250 .i .. hi. 300 '■ " i ■ i n ii i 0,000 ; 179,000 1 21,000 -i PopuUtloi WATER UTILIZATION AND REQUIREMENTS -11 ESTIMATED PRESENT AND PROBABLE ULTIMATE POPULATIONS WITHIN COUNTIES IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN Present (1953) population Probable ultimate population State and count; Urban 1 arm Total Urban I'm r ii i Total Oregon 37,500 50 5,350 50 42,850 Mill 50,000 300 III, Mill Hill 71 in 6 37,500 1 ,400 19,600 5,200 1,400 1,050 5,400 300 2,750 700 50 50 12,900 1 7(lil ■ too 5,900 2, 550 1.100 50.400 1,600 81 1 51 ii i 19.300 6.800 20.000 10,800 800 9 100 500 200 100 i,i 200 California 89 800 19,800 7.000 20,100 28,050 3,850 32,500 128.200 10,700 138.900 APPROXIMATE TOTALS, KLAMATH RIVER BASIN.. _ fifi.OOO 9.000 75.000 179,01)0 21,000 201 a Population negligible made. Must of these data were furnished by the United States Forest Service and by lumber and wood product companies. Estimates of present and probable ultimate popula- tion in the Klamath River Basin, within hydrographic units and counties, respectively, are presented in Tables 18 and 19. Present Water Service Areas Information concerning land use in the Klamath River Basin that was available at the inception of this investigation, particularly with regard to irrigated acreages and crops, was incomplete and not con- sidered sufficiently accurate to form a basis for esti- mates of \v;iter requirements. Consequently, a field survey was conducted during 1953 for the purpose of mapping irrigated and other lands requiring water service in accordance with use. crop type, and source of water supply. Throughout the Rasin, with minor exceptions, the most recent available aerial photographs, at a scale of 1 to 20,000, were used in mapping. The areas de- voted to various uses and crop types were delineated on the photographs, and transferred to base maps at a scale of 1 to 24,000, from which the acreage de- terminations were made. Data as 1o the extent of irri- gated lands and other water service areas in the Klamath Indian Reservation in Oregon were pro- vided by the Bureau of Reclamation, based on in- formation from the Bureau of Indian Affairs and supplemented by results of a reconnaissance survey. However, the locations of irrigated lands in the reservation were not available for use in preparing the maps accompanying (his bulletin. Determination of areas devoted to various uses and crops was made in terms of the gross included areas of water service. The gross areas were reduced by estimated percentages of included non-productive land, such as county and state highways, farm access roads, etc., in order to determine net (or actual water service areas. The percentage factors used were based on results of a detailed sampling survey in a representative portion of the Klamath Project, and on experience in other similar areas in California. The present land use pattern in the Klamath River Basin consists of irrigated lands, urban lands, mis- cellaneous water service areas, and swamp and marsh lands. Irrigated lands were taken to include all agri- cultural lands dependent upon sui'faee application of water, as well as those agricultural lands utilizing water from a high water table or from winter flooding. Thus sub-irrigated and pre-irrigated lands were in- cluded, for each crop, with the surface irrigated lands. Irrigated pasture lands were subdivided into three "■roups because of differences which were found to exist in water requirement caused by the cropping practices. Improved pasture consists of lands with improved irrigation facilities, cropped to -elected grains, grasses, and legumes. Marginal pasture con- sists primarily of native and volunteer grasses, irri- gated either by surface application or sub-irrigation. Meadow pasture generally consists of unimproved land with native grasses of a poorer type, such a- rush e'i-ass and wire grass, which is sub-irrigated from a high water table. Meadow pasture often is found in areas with impaired drainage and resultant alkaline soil conditions. Since determination of water require- ments was the primary objective, no distinction was made between pastures used for t'oraire and those cut for hay; between small grains harvested and cut for hay; or between clover used for seed production and that used I'm- pasture. 42 KLAMATH RIVER BASIN [INVESTIGATION l< C£. in "-" 10 > o £ S ~ ^ o x b -I *" t— o 2:1 ~ o o cc c cccco © cc ©CO © C I© c c c © c ■* c © C t" ' ic t-' ©" ; mo r- os ©" 1*-" o" ©" o © o © o © o o c o o o o o o o © © O O O O O © © CO © © o © c © © c © © c © O COCO c © c c o c c O © © © C © O COCO: O CO o coco; o o © o © ©CO o o © o o o © o o coo O C © c © o © © o o o ~ - - - - - c © OOOCCC© © occ-rrc o o o o o © © o o o o o c © © © C C = C Z: © © © c c © © © © © c o oooooooo oocoo o O © © © © © © © CCC © C ~ ~ - = 3 © - c - c rcrrrrc o ooooo o oco - ~ - c © © c = c c c r = © c © © © I c c r - z ; © © © - ~ C : c c c - r c ©©CO© © o o © o c © c © © © .- - - t: x 5 2 ^ s --a 5 *S co | ^ g -fj > ._, £ £ ~ _* -=. IxOMtJO - »**. ffi « g^hJOCPOfeta < CQ i tO O! © o © o b- © © c j i j - 3 s '] b ! 1 b : I - 1 £ c J* = 4 z I £ - B 2 ! p. z i to £ ■s > s ; : K S ! ! ^ w ! 3 §£ S QQ « J < 00 Q a c c S c. z - < f 1 1 KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION Urban Lands were taken to include the developed area of cities and towns within the Basin, withoul consideration to municipal boundaries. Miscellaneous water service areas include parks, golf courses, ceme- teries, and industrial sites, where such uses do not occur within urban boundaries. Additionally, miscel- laneous water service areas include the farmstead areas, estimated as a percentage of the irrigated land. Swamp and marsh lands comprise those areas that are, for most of the year, too wet to provide agricultural value. These are, however, consumers of water and often make a heavy demand on available water sup- plies. For this reason they were included in the com- pilation of present water service areas. The areal extent of irrigated and urban lands, mis- cellaneous water service areas, and swamp and marsh lands in the Klamath River Basin during 1953, except within Klamath Indian Reservation, is delineated on Plate 15, entitled "Present and Probable Ultimate Water Service Areas." This plate comprises 14 sec- tional maiis and an index. Table 20 summarizes, by hydrographic unit and subunit, the nature and extent of lands presently irri- gated, utilized for urban purposes, classified as mis- cellaneous water service areas, or consisting of swamp and marsh lands, and principal reservoirs and lakes. Table 21 summarizes these data for the portions of counties within the Basin in Oregon and California. The net irrigated area, subdivided into that irri- gated by surface application and that by sub-irriga- tion, is tabulated in Table 22. In the analysis of the hydrology of the Basin, and the evaluation of water requirements, consideration was given to this differ- ence in irrigation practice. Table 23 presents the same data by count ies. Probable Ultimate Pattern of Land Use The present water requirement for irrigated agri- culture in the Klamath River Basin is predominant and greatly in excess of other needs, such as urban and industrial uses. Although the magnitude of the other water requirements may increase significantly hi the future, it is probable thai the relative impor- '■•II of the irrigation requirement will be maintained even under ultimate conditions of development. Dur- ing this investigation, therefore, considerable empha- sis was placed upon the classification of potentially irrigable lauds and upon the forecast of the probable ultimate crop pattern. During 1953, a field survey was conducted of the Klamath River Basin, exclusive of the Klamath In- dian Reservation, for the purpose of Locating, mapping and classifying those lands suitable for ultimate irri- gation development. During the survey, information was compiled to assist in forecasting the probable crop pattern that would result with such development. The potentially irrigable lands were subdivided into vari- ous crop adaptability classes according to soil types. soil profiles and the physical characteristics of the land The crop adaptability classification was used to provuV a direct approach to estimating the ultimate Crop pattern. Within the Indian reservation, applicable land clas- sifications of the Bureau of Reclamation and Bureau of Indian Affairs were utilized. These were generally based on a reconnaissance survey, and the available data pertained to total irrigable areas, unsegregated with regard to crop adaptability. In 1956, in connection with the Northeastern Coun tics Investigation, the land classification was reviewed and modified in accordance with the revised and im- proved standards used in that investigation. The prin- cipal modification was the addition of a class for irrigable lands that are presently forested, or irrigable lands adaptable to forest production. These lands meet the requirements for irrigable land but are, because of climatic conditions and physiographic position, better suited for timber production or some type of forest management program, than for irrigated agriculture. Lands in the Klamath River Basin in California within this category were accordingly reclassified, and the previously published data pertaining to irrigable lands were revised. The land classification survey considered such phys- ical characteristics as topography, soil depth, soil tex- ture, saline or alkaline conditions, high water table conditions, and the presence of rock. Consideration was also given to climatic conditions, ease of irriga- tion, and present agricultural practices. Economic- factors relating to production and marketing, variable among given areas and subject to considerable fluctu- ation over a period of years, were not considered. The position of the land as related to a possible source of water supply, and the availability of adequate water supplies, were not factors influencing the land classi- fication. As has been stated, climatic conditions vary widely throughout the Klamath River Basin. The length of the average frost free period is from 100 to 150 days in Scott. Shasta, and Butte Valleys, and in the southern portion of Lost River drainage area. In the lower reaches of the Klamath River Basin the average frost free period extends from 150 to 225 days. The shorter periods generally limit adaptable crops to pasture and alfalfa, while longer periods permit the production of these crops as well as grains, truck, potatoes, and to a re limited extent, orchards and miscelh ns field crops. Reductions in yield may occur in years with unseasonable frosts. Table 24 comprises a description of each crop adaptability class, and the classification standards presently utilized by the Department of Water Re- sources. The areas mapped as irrigable are shown in yellow on Rlate 15, The gross irrigable area of 1.070.000 acres also includes the present water service area de- WATER UTILIZATION AND REQUIREMENTS 45 2 * I „ c o c c © o © c © c - c o o CO© - "5 Eli-* GO •c £ a — (*- *" ?i N - us " C- £ o o o o © o o o o o ~ © D. J ■* lO © s o_ r-'oi" S- 5S 2 « o o o o o o © o o o o © 13 3 § -~ co r-- t « 1 © o o © o c o © o o o © s 1 :~ .', f- N o> ■g £? t^ s o" r-* a. rt -d © o c o o o o o © o o © > fr. !>, iO >-h c a a © o © o © c © c c © o 8 o> ■"# G © o o o © ^ c: < - H < ; -. < . J M ■-. | - ■< . H ; -o O i h : hZ 3 H x x \4 = s 2 - .N ill 1 -- regon Lake.. Edams Jackso Joseph Sub aliforni - Trinit Hum,! Del N Bub : - a:- O u < II. KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION TABLE 22 PRESENT AREAS OF SURFACE IRRIGATED AND SUB-IRRIGATED LANDS WITHIN HYDROGRAPHIC UNITS IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN (In acres) tTydrographic unit :lu<1 Bubunil Surface ii i igated lands Sub- irrigated lands Reference number Name Net irrigated 1 10,200 15,090 32,690 9,320 50,770 21.910 8,040 1,650 60,970 37,000 3 3A Upper Klamath Lake Wood River _ _ _ 40,730 3B 10,970 42,010 7,320 2,570 202,690 3,41,0 9,090 10,940 620 l.llli 51.700 4 4 A Lost River 7,320 4B 13,510 4C 203.310 4D II Oklahoma- 7,900 216,040 9,440 1,010 10,000 1.000 2.(140 232.040 5 5A Butte Valley 10,410 SB 3,650 sc Red Rock 10,450 250 111, Slid li,27ll 3,280 1,450 1,890 3.040 20 3.190 4,370 1,110 310 2.210 2,070 1 1,090 6 6A Shasta Valley 270 PB 14.1120 6C 10,640 6D 6E Hiy Springs-Juniper Grass Lake. 4,390 310 6F 3,660 6G 3,900 23.1170 4,430 5(10 2.2211 5,990 1,540 13,280 2.711) ,..,11 1,700 10,460 550 37,250 7 7A Scotl Valley 7,140 7B 1,250 7C 3,920 7D 16,450 7E Callahan. _.. 2,090 14,740 100 16,110 30,850 8 8A Salmon River 8B 8C North Fork of Salmon. _. . South Fork of Salmon 100 1.890 510 600 1,950 1,710 1,360 180 150 50 00 310 210 100 (1 1,890 1(1 Lowei 'I limn Rivei 510 11 11 A Klamath River 750 11B 2,000 I1C 1.770 11D 1,670 in: Mouth of Klamath 390 5,800 340 711(1 780 12 L2A inity River 340 12B 700 1,(11(1 342,000 132.000 1.040 APPROXIMATE TOTALS K L A M A T 11 R I V E It BASIN TABLE 23 PRESENT AREAS OF SURFACE IRRIGATED AND SUB-IRRIGATED LANDS WITHIN COUNTIES IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN (In acres) State and county Surface ii r igated lands Sub- irrigated lands Net irrigated Oregon Lake 1,410 202,710 140 17, ISO 70,080 18,590 272,790 140 204,200 36,460 97.430 3,310 200 180 87,260 6,770 37,940 210 291,520 California Modoc 43,230 135,370 Trinity. — 3,310 Humboldt_ __ 200 Del Norte 390 Subtotals . 137,580 ; i l 44,920 132,000 182.500 APPROXIMATF. TOTALS. KLAMATH RIVER BASIN . Iineated in green. Approximately Stio.OOO acres, or some 81 percent of the potential irrigable lands in the Klamath River Basin, are found in the four prin- cipal valleys, Scott, Shasta, Butte, and Lost River. and around the marshes of the northern portion of the Basin. The small valleys and noncontiguous stringers of relatively flat land along streams in the remainder of the Basin include about 6,000 acres of irrigable land, less than one percent of the total. Irrigable hill lands comprise the remaining 18 percent of potentially irrigable lands. The majority of the valley floor soils are of fair to good agricultural quality and will produce all cli- matically adapted crops. Topography is generally smooth and level in Lost River and Butte Valleys, TABLE 24 CROP ADAPTABILITY CLASSIFICATION STANDARDS Land I 'lass Charactei isti Irrigable Lands Smooth lying lands with slopes up to 6 per cent in general gradient, in reasonably large-sized bodies sloping in the same plane; or slightly undulating lands which are less than 4 per cent in general gradient. The soils have medium to deep effective root z s, are permeable throughout, and free of salinity, alkalinity, rock or other conditions limiting crop adaptability of the land. These lands are suitable for all climaticallj adapted crops. Gently sloping and undulating lands with slopes up to a maximum of 20 per cent for smooth, large-sized bo. lies sloping in the same plane; and grading down to a maxi- mum slope of less than 1- per cent for undulating lands. The soils are permeable, with medium to dee]) effective root zones, and are suitable for the production of all climatically adapted crops. The only limitation is that imposed bj topographic conditions, which affect tl ase of irrigation and the amount of these lands that may ultimately be developed for irrigation. WATER UTILIZATION AXD REQUIREMENTS 47 Ilr. Steeply si. .ping and rolling lands with slopes up to a maxi- mum of 30 per cent for sn Hi. large-sized bodies sloping in the same plane; and grading down to a maximum si,, p.. of less than 20 per cent for lands with rougher topography. The soils are permeable, with medium to deep effective root zones, and are suitable lor I he pro duction of all climaticallj adapted crops. The only lim- itation is that imposed by topographic conditions, which affect the ease of irrigation and the amount of these lands that may ultimately he developed for irrigation. The above classes may be further modified, as conditions warrant, by use of one or more of the following symbols, such as Vp or Ilpr. p Indicates shallow depth of the effective root zone, which limits use of these lands to shallow-rooted crops. r Indicates the presence of rock on the surface or within the plow zone in sufficient quantity to prevent use of the land for cultivated crops. w Indicates the presence of a high-water table, which in effect limits the present crop adaptability of these lands to pasture crops. Drainage and a change in irrigation prac- tice would be required to affect the crop adaptability. Indicates the presence of an excess of soluble salts or ex- changeable sodium in slight amounts, which limits the present adaptability of these lands t,, crops tolerant to such conditions. The presence of salts within the soil generally indicates poor drainage and a me, limn to high- water table. Reclamation of these lauds will involve drainage and the application of small amounts of amend- ments and some additional water over and above crop requirements in order to leach out the harmful salts. Irrigable Forest Lands F Presently forested lands, or lands subject to forest manage- ment, which meet the requirements for irrigable land but which, because of climatic conditions and physio- graphic position, are better suited for timber production or some type of forest management program rather than for irrigated agriculture. with more microrelief apparent in Seott and Shasta Valleys. In general, the topography of the valley lands is such as to permit most types of irrigation prac- tice. However, limiting soil depths restrict crops to the shallower rooted varieties in portions of the Basin. Soil textures vary from medium to heavy in Scott and Shasta Valleys and along the tributary streams of the southern portion of the Basin. In Butte Valley, and in portions of Lost River Valley, the soil textures are medium to light. Soils of the northern portion of the Basin, drained by the Williamson, Sprague, and W 1 Rivers, contain admixtures of pumice, giving them a distinctive texture not commonly found in irrigable lands. These soils have a very low water- holding capacity, and produce pasture crops only where the geologic structure is such that a high water table condition is maintained. Under the adopted classification standards, irrigable hill lands include those which fail to meet the require- i ts for valley floor lands in regard to topography, but which are suitable for the production of certain crops with special irrigation practices. Since these lands are characterized by steep or rolling topog- raphy, care must be exercised in the type of irrigation practice. The best of the irrigable hill lands have adequate soil depth and are suitable for all climati- cally adapted crops. These lands comprise about 127,000 acres, or some 12 per cent of the total poten- tially irrigable area in the Klamath River Basin. The remainder of the irrigable hill land, totaling some 71,000 acres or about (i per cent of the potentially irrigable area, is generally of good quality but s,,il depths, rock, and excessive slopes limit production to irrigated pasture. Results of the classification in terms of gross area of potentially irrigable lands in the Klamath River Basin are presented in Table 25, segregated by hydro- graphic units and subunits, and in Table 26. segre- gated by counties. By utilizing data from the land classification and tin- survey of present land use, and supplemental in- formation from all available sources regarding prob- able future trends of development, a pattern of probable ultimate land use was forecast for the Klamath River Basin, as related to its requirements for water. This land use pattern included the estimate of ultimate irrigated lands as well as forecasts of all other anticipated ultimate water service areas. As results of the land classification survey were in terms of gross acreages, these areas were reduced, by the application of appropriate percentage factors, to average net acreages assumed to be irrigated in any one season under ultimate conditions. The factors account for the effects of size and shape of the parcels of irrigable lands, inclusion of small areas of non- irrigable lands within those classified as potentially irrigable, productive capacity of the lauds and prob- able crop rotation, ease of irrigation development, and inclusion of roads, highways, and other non- agricultural land uses. The factors were generally based on measurements previously made in inten- sively developed irrigated areas of the State, and on knowledge of the characteristics of the lands under consideration. Possible water developments were not considered in establishing the ultimate pattern of land use and ultimate water requirements. The estimated ultimate crop pattern, reflecting the classification of lands, present experience in producing crops, climatic conditions, and indicated trends in irri- gated agriculture, was then determined. In general, the intensive type of agriculture, based mainly on the production of grain, potatoes, seed crops, and pastor,. now prevalent in the Klamath Project and in portions of Butte Valley was assumed to prevail for most irri gable valley Hour lands in those areas. The remainder of the Klamath River Basin is well suited to Livestock production, with pasture and hay the predominant irrigated valley floor crops. Extensive grazing lands surround the valley floor lands, and many ran, lies irrigate pasture and hay to supplement feed from the grazing lands, creating a balanced development. Pol- lowing the present trend, pasture crops were eon sidered to comprise the largesl single crop acreage in the ultimate pattern of land use 18 KLAMATH KIVH1! BASIN IXVESTKiATK >N (— V $ < i/j 00 a (Y / LU < > N <5 5 -j x <^ P Z z - if in o o o o o o o o o c ~ o © © © occocc© © © o © o c 3 © © © © ;.i| { □ -C -r 7^ c X iC t_- o a oo o r O00W-C 3 Tf 3 - S ; o ■-" o" « c» — r O CO" - 1 ~ n ■+ 1-1 i £-2 o © o c 5 O © o c o o o cc© © ©o©oo©o o © o o © c 3 O O © O c t~ 3?1 * 5; 3 t- '"" " N o o o c C c c c o o o ©o© © © o o o o o o © — - c c ; 3 © O O © o =: 3 o c ; 3 O o o o o o | o © © c 3 © ------ C o © o o o c 3 © ©CO o n = O o a c 3 O c o o c c 3 O c o c 3 O CCOCCO© o © © © © c 3 O O O O O 01 U3C t- = o o cc a o o © o c © o o c 3 O ©C©OC©0 Z: ^ Z: ^ Z 3 O CO© _ i o § q c a o o o c 3 O o o o o c a-, c 3 o © © c 3 O O O © O © © O © © o © © c 3 © © © O o p. 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H < PQ < CQL - W s S a 50 KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION In the ultimate crop pattern it was assumed thai the types of pasture designated as "meadow" and "marginal" would be located on present high water table lands and on hilly and rocky shallow lands, re- spectively. The type of pasture designated as "im- proved" would be situated mi the better valley floor lands. The truck crop class was taken to include potatoes, as well as any other similar crops adapted to the Basin. The hay and grain crop class includes wheat, barley, oats, and rye crops, which are cither threshed or cut for hay depending upon quality and need. The field crop class includes silage crops, sugar beets, and corn, although such crops are not raised exten- sively in the Basin at present. As has been indicated, the ultimate urban water requirement of the Klamath River Basin was forecast on a population basis, rather than from consideration of the land area devoted to urban purposes. For this reason, no attempt was made to delineate future incre- ments to the urban area determined in the present land use survey. Lands required for urban use will generally be converted from other water service areas. Lands classified as miscellaneous water service areas in the ultimate pattern of land use include parks, golf courses, cemeteries, farmsteads, and industrial sites situated outside of urban communities. Areas ulti- mately to be devoted to these types of land use wen' projected from the present pattern on the basis of expected expansion of related population, agriculture, and industry. As an example, the ultimate area of farmsteads was determined from its relationship with present and probable ultimate irrigated agricultural lands. Similarly, the expected ultimate industrial area was projected from the present on the basis of antici- pated growth in the timber processing industry. This latter estimate was influenced by estimates of ultimate sustained yield of timber products, data for which were furnished by the United States Forest Service and private lumber and wood products companies. Swamp and marsh lands throughout the Basin, other than those irrigable high water table hinds which were determined to be in the "Vs" classifica- tion and suitable I'm- irrigated pasture, were con- sidered to be unsuitable for irrigation even under conditions of ultimate development. Such lands exist principally in the Klamath Marsh, along the William- son River, in the Sycan .Marsh, along the W 1 River, and in Lower Klamath Lake. As these marshes are iinportani to the Pacific migratory waterfowl flyway and would be difficult to reclaim, it was assumed thai they would be used as migratory waterfowl preserves. Water evaporated ami transpired from these lands was therefore considered to be beneficially used and was included in tic estimated ultimate water requir- mont. At the suggestion of the Bureau of Reclamation, it was assumed that approximately 11,000 acres in Lower Klamath Lake would be maintained through controlled water levels as marsh land for waterfowl refuge under ultimate conditions. This area, pres- ently within the Lower Klamath Lake Wildlife Refuge, consists of water surface, marsh, and re- claimed land farmed to winter-irrigated grain. The remaining land within the boundaries of Lower Klam- ath Lake Wildlife Refuge was classified as irrigable. The water surface areas of Upper Klamath Lake, the present confined Tule Lake, and other major con- trolled lakes or man-made reservoirs that will probably be constructed in the Basin to provide regulation of water supplies to meet ultimate requirements, includ- ing the features of the California Water Plan, were included in the pattern of land use. The areas con- sidered arc those of average water surface elevation. The area at average elevation was taken as two-thirds of the maximum area. The natural channels of streams and rivers, however, were not segregated in the ulti- mate pattern of land use. Lands which failed to meet the minimum require- ments for irrigated agriculture in one or more of the characteristics of soil, topography, or drainage, were considered to be unsuitable for future irriga- tion development. These lands, denoted as "lands not subject to intensive water service," are principally found in the rocky desert wastes and the rugged and generally forested mountain slopes. Although such lands may never be irrigated, it is reasonable to assume that to a limited extent they will be developed in the future to scattered residences, recreational areas, mines, and other appropriate establishments. It is believed that, in general, these types of develop- ment will receive water service in relatively small quantities through individually developed wells and surface diversions. Water requirements for these lands were based on per capita estimates. Tables 27 and 28 present the forecast of the prob- able ultimate pattern of land use in the Klamath River Basin, Table 27 by hydrographic units and subunits, and Table 28 by counties. UNIT USE OF WATER The second major step in the evaluation of present and ultimate water requirements of the Klamath River Basin, following the determination of present water service areas and the probable ultimate land use pattern, was to establish appropriate unit values of water use for each of the classes and types of land use. Unit values of consumptive use of water by irri- gated crops were determined from the results of soil moisture depletion studies conducted on representa- tive irrigated plots in the Klamath River Basin dur- ing the growing seasons of 1953 and 1954, correlated by an empirical relationship with climatological data. 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"t ^ 2 z 4> si j j ,\ J X. >> "2 »ai > \ Salmon River Wooley Creek North Fork of South Fork of 5 £ H s a 3 .1 1 £ : £ III 4 as II a li = 1 N £ - 1 — 3* la D J B M < - < c oooo o o o © c © o c © © o o ~ C O C C © s o •r f -: :i w H S3 co o" eo cF ©' io ©' — " 3 o o «CNnof C o CO -' co"^' - o' § 5 I «< § o o © o o © o o o © © © © © o © - o o o o o 3 © O o0 OJ cq © t- 00 00 iO © S-°l * s O CN '0 1 I1S1S s 1 j2- : ' . £ K © © © © © © © © © o © © © o © © © z o 8 5S"« ™ ™ s co" oo s _« c © © o © c © © o © © c .1 © © o o © o o c 1 u ■* * © o> £ Oh s T3 © © o o o © © © © © 3 © © © © o © © © o © = © o ©_ © t> 1-1 © © o © o o © © © © = o © o a = © r- z < w H -*! s <5 hJ >. M /' J < H B O H u W^ H5n £ s _« regon Lake Klamath _ Jackson _. Josephine I J j 2 -2 1 1. iliforni Mori.., Siskiy Trinit Humt Del N OH O u WATER UTILIZATION AND REQUIREMENTS 55 Soil moisture depletion studies were conducted on non-irrigated crops, fallow land, and native vegeta- tion, for the purpose of evaluating effective precipita- tion. Detailed results of the plot studies, and a sam- ple procedure for determining growing period con- sumptive use of water by the soil moisture depletion method, are presented in Appendix B. Unit values of consumptive use of water for pur- poses other than irrigation were derived from avail- able records of such use in the Klamath River Basin, and from the results of studies in other similar areas. Records of total water delivery to urban areas were reduced to per capita consumption values. Data relat- ing to municipal water consumption in or adjacent to the Klamath River Basin are presented in Ap- pendix C. Unit values of consumptive use of water by swamp and marsh lands were derived from available pan evaporation records. Unit values of consumptive use of water by timber processing industries were ob- tained from records of actual use by private lumber and wood products companies and from data devel- oped by the United States Forest Service. Unit values of consumptive use of water by recreational facilities in the forested areas, and by other miscellaneous de- velopments were in most instances estimated in terms of per capita use, based upon applicable information from all available sources. The basic procedure for estimating unit values of consumptive use of water by irrigated crops in the Klamath River Basin made use of the method evolved by Harry F. Blaney and Wayne D. Criddle, of the Soil Conservation Service of the United States De- partment of Agriculture, and presented in their re- port entitled "Determining Water Requirements in Irrigated Areas From Climatological and Irrigation Data," dated August, 1950. A description of the method as stated in that report follows : "Briefly, the procedure is to correlate existing consumptive use data with monthly temperature, monthly percentages of yearly daytime hours, pre- cipitation, and growing or irrigation season use. Coefficients have been developed from existing measured consumptive use and temperature data and monthly per cents of yearly daytime hours. Thus, if only monthly temperature records are available and latitude is known, the consumptive use can be computed from the formula II = KF : where U equals consumptive use of water in inches for any period, K = empirical consumptive-use coefficient, and F = sum of the monthly consump- tive use factors for the period (sum of the products of mean monthly temperature and monthly per cent of annual daytime hours)." A description of the steps taken during the current studies to estimate unit values of total seasonal con- sumptive use of water by irrigated crops, effective precipitation, and consumptive use of applied water follows : (1) Results of the soil moisture depletion plot studies, in terms of growing period consumptive use of water, were employed in the cited formula for the purpose of computing the coefficient of consumptive use applicable to the crop and area under considera- tion. The coefficient (K) was derived as the quotient of the measured growing period consumptive use of water (U) divided by the consumptive use factor (F). The factor (F) was the sum of the products of the average monthly temperatures during the period of the plot study and the monthly percent of annual day- time hours at the location of the plot. The computed coefficients of consumption for each crop were aver- aged, and the results are presented in Table B-6 of Appendix B. (2) In a given hydrographic unit, the unit value of consumptive use of water for each irrigated crop during its growing season was computed as the prod- uct of the mean consumptive use factor (F) for the hydrographic unit and the appropriate coefficient of consumption (K), derived as in (1) above. For those crops not covered by the plot studies, the results of appropriate corresponding studies in other areas were utilized. (3) Unit values of consumptive use of water for perennial crops during the nongrowing season, and for bare ground or stubble, were derived from soil moisture depletion studies and available pan evapora- tion records. (4) Unit values of consumptive use of water dur- ing the growing period and the nongrowing period were added to obtain the total seasonal unit values of consumptive use of water. (5) The portion of the unit seasonal value of con- sumptive use of water supplied by precipitation, re- ferred to as "effective precipitation." equalled the sum of nongrowing season consumptive use of water, consumptive use of direct precipitation occurring dur- ing the growing season, and consumptive use of mois- ture stored in the soil during the nongrowing season and utilized during the following growing period. These items of precipitation do not subsequently ap- pear as runoff. (6) Unit values of consumptive use of applied water for each irrigated crop were derived as the difference between total seasonal consumptive use of water and effective precipitation. Estimated unit seasonal values of consumptive use of applied irrigation water, effective precipitation, and total seasonal consumptive use of water by irri- gated crops, presented in Table 29, represent the units of average use during a period of mean water supply and climate. A table presenting all items of the com- putation for the foregoing is found in Appendix B. To account for differences in irrigation practices relating to irrigated pasture, the consumptive use of applied water by meadov pasture was estimated to 56 KL.UIAT11 river basin investigation be 25 per een1 greater than thai by improved pasture. For marginal pasture, the consumptive use of applied water was estimated to be 25 per cenl less than that of improved pasture. Prom an analysis of water delivery records for '_'3 towns in or adjacent to the Klamath River Basin, the average daily per capita water delivery was deter- mined to be approximately 200 gallons. This figure, which was used for estimates of water used by both present and ultimate urban and non-farm rural popu- lations in the Basin, was based on total water de- liveries to urban areas. The total delivery included water service to business and commercial establish- ments, industries within urban boundaries, residential areas, and losses from delivery systems. As many of the urban water deliveries in the Basin are now small and will probably remain so in the future, and as it is anticipated that sewage outflow and Losses will not generally be available for direct reuse, the estimated unit delivery of water to urban communities was as- sumed to be equivalent both to their unit consumptive use of water and to their unit water requirement. The estimated unit value of consumptive use of water for sawmill operations was one gallon per board loot of lumber produced; and for plywood manufac- ture, one gallon per board foot of Logs processed. The unit values of consumptive use of water for wood products such as hard board and insulation board were determined to be 1,000 gallons per ton of chips; and for pulp and paper products 6,000 gallons per ton of chips. However, for these products the esti- mates of unit water requirements were considerably greater than the assigned unit consumptive use values. For hard board and wet form continuous process in- sulation board the unit value of water requirement was estimated to average about 10. 0(H) gallons per ton of chips; and for pulp and paper products, 60,000 gal- lons per ton of chips. These requirements did not include water that may be needed to provide adequate dilution for waste effluent discharged into streams. This matter is discussed subsequently in this chapter under the heading of " Water Requirements of a Non- consumptive Nature." Consumptive use of applied water on farmsteads was estimated to be approximately l.o foot of depth of water per season, based upon experience in similar areas elsewhere in California. Remaining lands, classi- fied as miscellaneous water service areas, were as- signed an estimated unit seasonal value of consump- tive use of applied water of 0.5 foot of depth. 1'nit values of net reservoir evaporation are com- puted as reservoir surface evaporation in excess of precipitation during those months when monthly evaporation is greater than precipitation. Net reser- voir evaporation represents water lost due to reser- voir construction, in addition to water consumed on land in the reservoir before construction. Seasonal unit values were based on records of evaporation pans and atmometers maintained in the Klamath Projeel area, and in Butte, Shasta, and Scott Valleys. Unit values of consumptive use on swamp and marsh lands were based on seasonal water surfaci evaporation data. CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER Estimates were made of present and probable ultimate consumptive use of water in the Klamath River Basin. The estimates were based on land ixse pat terns and unit use of water as previously described. Present Consumptive Use The quantities of applied water presently used on irrigated lands, swamp and marsh areas, anil miscel- laneous water service areas were estimated by mul- tiplying the acreage of each type of land use by its mean unit value of consumptive use of applied water. Consumptive use of water by urban lands was esti- mated as the product of the urban population and the per capita value id' water use. Since present domestic, recreational, and industrial water consumption, in addition to that included in the present urban esti- mate, is relatively small, it was disregarded in com- puting total present consumptive use of water. Tables 30 and 31 present, by hydrographic units and counties, respectively, the estimates of mean seasonal consumptive use of applied water on present water service areas in the Klamath River Basin. Probable Ultimate Consumptive Use The procedures utilized in estimating probable ultimate mean seasonal consumptive use of applied water in the Klamath River Basin were similar to those employed to estimate present consumptive use. The quantities of water that will be consumptively used on irrigated lands and miscellaneous water ser- vice areas were estimated by multiplying the forecast ultimate acreage of each type of land use by its respec- tive mean unit seasonal value of consumptive use of applied water. Consumptive use of water for urban purposes, and for other beneficial purposes on lands not considered subject to intensive water service under ultimate conditions of development, was estimated as the product of population and the per capita value of water use. The estimate of ultimate consumptive use of water by the timber industry, included in miscellaneous water service uses, was derived by multiplying the unit value of consumptive use of water in each timber product by the amount of the anticipated ultimate production on a sustained timber yield basis. For pur- poses of computing the total depletions of water sup- plies, tin' net evaporation from reservoirs that will probably be constructed to regulate the flow of streams in the Klamath River Basin, and the evapo- transpiration from swamp and marsh land that will be utilized for migratory waterfowl, were considered WATER UTILIZATION AND REQUIREMENTS TABLE 29 ESTIMATED MEAN SEASONAL UNIT VALUES OF CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN (In feet of depth) Hydrographic Unit I ! ated crops Name Alfalfa Improved pasture Clover Hay and grain Refer- aumber Applied water Precipi- tation Total Applied water Precipi- tation Total watei tation Total Applied water Precipi- Total 1 Williamson River 11 1.2 1.2 i.e. i.e. 1 4 1.9 i.e. 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.6 2.5 2.4 3.0 2.9 3.4 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.8 1.7 1.6 2.1 1.9 2.1 2.0 1.9 l.S 1.9 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 (1.9 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.7 2.6 2.5 3.1 3.1 3.6 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.3 1.8 1.7 1.6 0.9 0.9 0.9 2 7 2.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.6 ii 6 0.6 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 3 4 1 .6 4 5 Lost River (in California) 1 .5 1 .5 6 1 r. 7 Scott Valley _ Salmon River i 6 1.8 9 1.7 10 1.8 11 1.8 12 South Fork of Trinity River 1 .7 TABLE 29-Continued ESTIMATED MEAN SEASONAL UNIT VALUES OF CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN (In feet of depth) Hydrographic unit Irrigated crops Name Orchard Potatoes and truck Field crops Refer- ence number Applied water Precipi- tation Total Applied water Precipi- tation Total Applied water Precipi- tation Total 1 1.2 1.0 1.4 1.1 1 .2 1. 1 1 ._' 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.4 1 .7 1.7 2.2 2.1 2.5 2.9 2.8 2.7 1.2 1.2 1.2 1. 1 I . 1 0.9 0.8 13 1.2 1.2 0~8 0.8 0.8 0.8 II s 0.9 111 i~o 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 2.3 2.2 2.2 9 0.7 0.9 0.7 ii \ 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 2 3 4 1.8 4 1.8 1.8 6 1.9 7 Scott Valley . .. 1.9 8 Salmon River 9 10 11 12 South Fork of Trinity River 2.0 to be items of consumptive use. Consumptive use from swamp ami marsh lands was computed by multiplying tin' mean unit seasonal value of consumptive use in excess of mean seasonal precipitation by the acreage included in the ultimate pattern of land use. Presented in Tables '-','2 and 33, by hydrographic units and counties, respectively, are the estimates of probable ultimate mean seasonal consumptive use of applied water in the Klamath River Basin. WATER REQUIREMENTS Requirements for irrigation water supplies in the Klamath River Basin were estimated by applying ap- propriate water service area efficiency factors to the computed consumptive use of applied water for each area under consideration. The resulting estimates rep- resent the jirnss quantity of water which must lie fur- nished at one or more strategically Located points in the area. These quantities are believed to be sufficient to provide adequate irrigation water supplies to all irrigable lauds and also tor unavoidable Losses of water incidental to such use. Water requirements for urban Lands, and for mis- cellaneous water service areas comprising farmsteads, golf courses, parks, cemeteries and similar develop- ments, were assumed to he equal to their respective consumptive use. or delivery, of applied water. Urban water requirements were taken to include water sup- KLAMATH RIVER BASIX INVESTIGATION' TABLE 30 ESTIMATED MEAN SEASONAL CONSUMPTIVE USE OF APPLIED WATER ON PRESENT WATER SERVICE AREAS WITHIN HYDROGRAPHIC UNITS IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN (In acre-feet) Hydrographic unit and subunit Irrigated lands Urban lands Miacel- laneous Swamp and marsh lands Principal and lakes Reference number Name Sill l:iri irrigated Sub- irrigated Total Totals 9,200 14,300 39,500 13,000 86,300 39,400 1.3,700 3,800 95,500 53.700 53,200 16,800 300 300 100 300 300 900 200 54,000 25.000 75.000 34,000 (1 13.000 150,000 3 3A Upper Elamatb Lake 3B 52,500 6,300 I. hi in 2] 1,400 II 1,600 17, .TOO 23,800 1,400 6,700 711.000 6.300 27.800 215,800 11,300 100 7, '.'Mil 1,100 100 31 ii i 4.300 200 109,000 1 300 17,000 4.800 163,000 70.000 29,900 7.800 1 4A in Lost River Swan Lake Clear Lake 6,400 4C 4D IK Subtotals . Butte Valley 5A 19 100 li. Will 1.300 31,900 1,400 5,000 261.200 11,200 6.300 7,900 300 1 00 4.900 200 111(1 26,100 400 107,700 7,200 600 100 407,800 19,300 5B :,c 11,100 400 20,000 11,600 6,300 2,900 3,500 6,400 100 5,600 8.700 2,900 soo 1,700 4,600 17,500 500 25,600 20,300 9,200 800 7,600 8,100 too 1.200 200 100 900 300 100 400 200 100 1(10 100 lllll 3.700 7.900 1O0 300 600 300 ll 4,600 6 6 A Shaata Valley OB hi' 6D 6B Grass Lake 6F 6G I1.7HII 6,300 900 3,200 8,600 2.600 27.400 1,500 1,100 3,600 18.500 1.300 72,100 10,800 2,000 6,800 27.111(1 3.900 2.400 100 111(1 100 1 ,000 200 100 100 300 UK) 3.700 200 200 5,900 (1 7 7A Scot! Valley 11,300 7B 7C 7n 27,71111 7E 21,600 200 29,000 50,600 200 300 'I 100 II 800 400 S 8A Salmon River 8B Si 200 3.800 900 1,000 3,300 2,500 2,400 400 300 100 100 sun 400 200 3,800 900 1,300 3,400 2,600 3,200 800 100 200 1. 11)11 200 700 100 Kill inn 100 34,000 2,400 100 II 111 11 I1A Klamath Rivei 3,900 III! 11C 111) he 1,000 J- 1. Fork of Trinity River 12 1 2 A 9,600 600 I. in in 1,700 11.300 Mill 1,000 1.1 Oil 100 200 200 100 2,500 15,200 12B Hayforl Subtotals 1,600 1,600 300 1,900 VPPROXIM \ 1 1 TOTALS, KI.A.M- \ 1 II RIVER BASIN 398,800 239,600 638,000 14.500 9,000 219,000 321.000 1 ,202,000 WATER UTILIZATION AND REQUIREMENTS :>'• ESTIMATED MEAN SEASONAL CONSUMPTIVE USE OF APPLIED WATER ON PRESENT WATER SERVICE AREAS WITHIN COUNTIES IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN (In acre-feet) li i igated lands Urban lands Miscel- laneous water Swamp and marsh lands Principal reservoirs and lakes State and county Surface irrigated Sub- irrigated Total Totals Oregon 2.100 231,100 200 32,000 122,100 34,100 353,500 200 O 8,200 100 4,000 26,000 179,000 175,200 Jackson 233,400 30.000 122,600 0,100 300 400 154,400 14,200 70,000 400 387,800 50,200 193.200 6,100 300 800 8,200 300 4,200 1.100 500 200 4,700 900 3,300 100 205,000 300 13,800 175,200 57.800 54.400 34,000 California Trinity 41,300 1,000 105,400 85,200 250,600 0,300 4.300 14,100 145.800 421,100 APPROXIMATE TOTALS, KLAMATH RIVER BASIN 398.800 239,000 038,000 14.500 9.000 219.000 321,000 plies needed for industrial purposes within urban areas. Water needed for industrial purposes outside the limits of urban areas, under ultimate conditions, was included in the requirement for miscellaneous water service areas. The industrial requirement was derived from estimates of sustained yield timber pro- duction and unit values of water use for timber and wood products manufacturing, and included both consumed and unconsumed processing water. The net evaporation loss from reservoirs, considered as a water use in the hydrologic balance of a basin, was included as an item of water requirements. Evapo- transpiration from swamp and marsh areas, only in- cidentally employed for beneficial purposes at the present time, was not considered to constitute a present water requirement. It is anticipated that these areas will be ultimately developed as migratory water- fowl reservations, with a resultant beneficial use of the water at that time. The ultimate water requirement for this purpose was assumed to equal the estimated seasonal consumptive use of applied water tor pro- moting vegetative growth and providing for evapora- tion from water and wetted surfaces. Determinations of present and probable ultimate water requirements were made for each hydrographic unit and subunil in the Basin. However, it should be noted that hydrographic unit requirements are not n ssarily the sum of water requirements of subunits within the major unit. Return flows of unconsumed applied water, either on the surface or underground. from an upper subunil to a lower, may fulfill a portion of the requirement of the lower subunil without in- creasing the gross requirement of the hydrographic unit. Similarly, return flow from an upper hydro- graphic unit to a lower unit may fulfill a portion of the lower unit's requirement without adding to the over-all basin water requirement. Water requirements in the Klamath River Basin were evaluated as they would occur during a season in which water supply and climate closely approached the mean, and under the assumption that a full sup- ply of water would be available for all beneficial con- sumptive uses. It was recognized, however, that seasonal variations in climate will cause appreciable changes in seasonal water requirements. The most critical effect will occur during a hot, dry season with the result ing increased demand for water, often the climatic conditions that cause increased water demand occur in years when precipitation and runoff arc below normal. Seasonal variations in water require- ments must be taken into consideration in planning future development of water resources. Irrigation Water Service Area Efficiencies Irrigation water service area efficiencies were evalu- ated from available data, and were used to compute water requirements for irrigated lands. The irrigation water service area efficiency refers to the ratio of the over-all consumptive use of applied irrigation water to the gross amount of water supplied to the service area to provide for the beneficial use and for inci- dental operating losses. .Many irrigators are familiar with farm irrigation efficiency, the ratio of water con- sumptively used on the farm to the amount of water delivered to the farm. Tic scope of irrigation water service area efficiency is much broader -nice it de- 60 KLAMATH 1UVEK BASIN INVESTIGATION PROBABLE ULTIMATE MEAN SEASONAL CONSUMPTIVE USE OF APPLIED WATER WITHIN HYDROGRAPHIC UNITS IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN (In acre-feet) Hydrogrpahic unit and subunit Irrigated lam Is Urban lands Miscellaneous water Sw, and marshlands Principal Reference oumbei Name Totals 1 71,000 1 1 1,900 99,900 17,600 700 800 600 200 1 loo 1,900 1.300 500 21,000 15,400 20,500 73.700 i:',,iioo 150,000 94,100 206,700 135.300 198.300 , 3 3 A I pper Klamath Lake w 1 River... . 3B 1 17. ."Jill 33,200 16,700 298,300 1,200 32,100 800 300 in 9,000 200 200 1,800 .300 500 5,800 200 500 20,500 15,900 28,500 9,900 103,000 16,400 29,900 7,800 333 600 :i 000 79,700 371.500 1.1,00 50,500 4 1A I osl Rivei Swan Lake IB 4C III II 414,500 54,400 20,400 10,200 9,900 900 300 100 7,E :oo E 21 ii i 54,300 200 54.100 8,500 000 100 540,300 65,200 21,800 10,600 5A Butte Valley 5B Butte I Ireek 5C 85,000 8.400 6 1,900 51,600 25.300 2,800 14,800 19,600 1.300 2,700 700 500 200 100 3.800 1 ,900 600 800 600 300 100 100 900 200 1,700 9,200 100 6,200 3,000 300 4,000 97,600 11,800 70,1)00 .,,71111 20. 100 6,600 15.000 28.900 6 6A Shasta Valley Freka 6B 6C 6D 6E 6F 6G 185,400 21,400 .•,,.-,(111 12,. ".Oil 32,500 6,800 8.000 900 100 200 100 200 3,400 400 100 200 400 100 3,700 100 100 14.200 1,000 1 ,300 700 2,900 214.700 22,800 6,700 1 1,200 34.100 10,000 7A Scott Valley 7B MotTett Creek. 71' 71) 7E Subtotals.. Salmon River 8 8A 78,700 100 600 1 ,800 100 300 300 1,200 100 II ill 100 200 5,900 8,700 87,800 Kill 9.100 1 .000 8B North Fork oi S 8C South Fork of Salmon 800 3,000 8,600 6,900 6,000 15,100 8.200 1,600 700 800 2,700 100 100 1,20(1 5.300 100 300 200 100 100 200 800 100 100 8,700 34,000 98,900 2,400 1,000 HIS, ill III 22,400 [ii 500 38,100 110.400 9,500 7,20(1 15.100 121,800 32,400 9 III 1 1 1IA Klamath R h er 1 in I1C 111) HE 40,800 1,600 7.700 9.700 000 1.100 1.300 100 200 100 134,400 17.400 1,00(1 186,300 19.700 10,000 12 I2A 12B South Fork of Trinity River 1 tyampom '.1.300 1.700 .;i hi 18,400 29.700 APPROXIMATE TOTALS, KLAMATH RIV] l: BASIN 1. 100,1100 39,000 11 115,000 615,000 1,950,000 WATER UTILIZATION AND REQUIREMENTS 61 TABLE 33 PROBABLE ULTIMATE MEAN SEASONAL CONSUMPTIVE USE OF APPLIED WATER WITHIN COUNTIES IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN (In acre-feet) State and county Irrigated Lands Urban lands Miscellaneous water service areas Swamp and marshlands Principal Totals Oregon 33,000 575,700 300 100 10,900 400 9,400 15.400 41,500 (1 248,900 48,900 Klamath 880,400 Jackson 300 609,000 64,700 459,200 15,800 6,700 4,100 11,000 500 16,700 3,500 1,900 5,300 9,800 1,100 9,600 400 500 100 56,900 14,100 11 LOO 248,900 I 200 157,700 1 12,400 ',i 100 935.600 California 84 i 687 600 1:2,1 I" II 0,4' III Del Norte 9 100 550.500 27,900 11.700 58,500 365,600 1,014.200 UTLOXIMATE TOTALS, KLAMATH RIVER BASIN 1,160,000 39,000 21,000 115,000 615.000 1.950,000 pends upon the effect of the irrigation efficiencies of all farms within the service area, as well as losses from district or private distribution systems and the opportunity for utilization of return flows. Basic data regarding present water service area efficiencies were analyzed from records of water de- livery by irrigation districts in Shasta and Butte Val- leys, and by the United States Bureau of Reclamation in the Klamath Project. By dividing estimates of con- sumptive use of applied water within the service areas by the measured amounts of water delivered to the service areas, efficiency factors were determined to vary from about 30 to 60 per cent. The values derived liir specific areas were used to estimate both present and ultimate water service area efficiencies for all the hydrographic units. In addition to the computed values, consideration was given to other factors such as soil types, topography, types of irrigated crops, irri- gation practices, available water supply, diversion works, and the opportunity for use of return water within the service area. A considerable element of experience and judgment was involved in the evalua- tion of the factors. Estimates of present and probable ultimate irriga- tion water service area efficiencies are presented in Table 34. Present irrigation water service area effici- encies, derived as described above, were applied to surface irrigated lands. However, there are Large areas of high water table meadow pasture lands w it bin the Klamath River Basin that are naturally subirri- gated. Since these lands receive water by natural means, it was assumed that there are no irrigation losses involved. The irrigation efficiency of meadow pasture land was therefore assumed to approach 100 per cent. The present average irrigation water service area efficiencies, shown in Table 34, are higher than those for surface irrigated lands because of the effect of the subirrigated lands. Irrigation practices will undoubtedly improve in the future, and it was assumed that irrigation water service area efficiencies will be higher. As projects are developed to conserve and deliver water for agricul- ture, better conveyance systems will reduce transmis- sion losses. Also, in view of estimated future costs of water, farmers will strive for more efficient use of water to reduce operating costs. It was assumed that all high water table lands now supporting meadow pasture would be converted to surface irrigated agri- cultural lands to gain better yields. The ultim.it age water service area efficiency for most subuiiits was assumed to be 50 per cent. How ever, for Swan Lake. Butte Valley, and Scott Valley, where much of the supply would be pumped from ground water and return flows would percolate back into the ground water basin, higher efficiencies ranging from 60 to 15 per cent were used. Higher irrigation service area efficiencies were used in the Klamath Project and Little Shasta hydrographic subunits because it was assumed that significant utilization would be made of return flows. Present Water Requirements Determination of the present mean seasonal watei requirement of the Klamath River Basin for irrigated crops was based upon consumptive use of applied water by the crop pattern existing in 1952-53, but under mean conditions of water supply ami climate, with irrigation water service area efficiency values explained in the preceding section. As previously stated, the present water requirement for urban com- munities was assumed to equal the present delivery for such purpose. Similarly, the estimated water re- 62 KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION quirement of miscellaneous water service areas was assumed to be the same as the consumptive use of applied water. Tn comparing the estimated present water require- ment to the available unregulated water supply in Shasta Valley, where stream flow records during the TABLE 34 ESTIMATED PRESENT AND PROBABLE ULTIMATE IRRIGATION WATER SERVICE AREA EFFICIENCIES WITHIN HYDROGRAPHIC UNITS IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN {In per cent) Hydrographic unit and suhi I I \ ill'. L1C 12A 12B Williamson River Sprague River- - Upper Klamath Lake Wood River Klamath Lake Lost River Swan Lake-.- __. Clear Lake Klamath Projeet Lava Beds Oklahoma Butte Valley Macdoel Butt,- Creek Red Rock Shasta Valley Yreka Little Shasta Gazelle-Grenada Big Springs-Juniper Grass Lake Parks < 'reek Upper Shasta Scott Valley East Side Moffett Creek Quartz Valley West Side Callahan Salmon River Wooley Creek North Fork of Salmon- . . South Fork "i Sal I ppei Trinity River Lower Trinity River Klamath River rlornbroob Happj C Mouth nl Klamath Scuti, lurk of Trinitj Rivei Hyampom Hayfork Irrigation water service area efficiency irrigated Average or unit or subunit \ \ , i : i ./ . fur unit or subunit • No Irrigation development at present. irrigation season are available for 19 years, it was found that the present requirement approximates the average volume of runoff during the irrigation season. Since the present irrigation development in this valley is dependenl upon unregulated stream flow for most of its water supply, certain lands with water rights of low priority suffer shortages of water when runoff during the irrigation season is less than average. In Scott Valley, studies of surface and underground water supplies indicate that the present water re- quirements foi- irrigation are within the range of the average available water supply and the capacity of present irrigation works. In this valley, there is evi- dence that additional conservation works, or develop- ment of underground supplies, would be necessary to meet presenl water requirements during seasons of extremely low runoff. Present water requirements in Butte Valley are met by diversions from Butte Creek, and by ground water pumping. Because unregulated surface runoff perco- lates to the underlying ground water basin, future surface water storage developments do not appear to be warranted. Studies indicate that ground water yields, combined with the existing surface diversions, are adequate to meet present requirements, but that ground water supplies for additional development are limited. The estimated present seasonal water requirement of the Klamath Project Subunit approximates the amount of water diverted seasonally for the Klamath Project. It is indicated that the present requirement can be met by yield from existing works of the proj- ect, even during seasons of extremely low runoff. Estimates of present mean seasonal water require- ments for each hydrographic unit and subunit of the Klamath River Basin are presented in Table 35. Table .'!(i summarizes these data for the portion of each county within the Basin. Probable Ultimate Water Requirements In general, the ultimate water requirements of the Klamath River Basin were estimated by procedures similar to Hiose utilized in the ease of the present requirement. For irrigated lands, which will undoubt- edly continue to constitute the largest single water requirement in the Basin, values of consumptive use of applied water, as determined for the ultimate crop pattern under mean conditions of water supply and climate, were divided by appropriate irrigation water service area efficiency factors to estimate ultimate ir- rigation water requirements. The urban water requirement was assumed to equal the ultimate water delivery to urban areas as lore- cast on a population-per capita water use basis. The ultimate requirement of farmsteads was assumed to equal the estimated consumptive use of applied water. The amount of the ultimate water requirement for industrial purposes was estimated on a unit produc- WATER UTILIZATION AND REQUIREMENTS 63 ESTIMATED PRESENT MEAN SEASONAL WATER REQUIREMENTS WITHIN HYDROGRAPHIC UNITS IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN (In acre-feet) HydroRraphic unit and subunit Water requirements Reference number Name Irrigated lands LTrban lands Miscellan - water service Swamp and marshland Principal and lakes Approximate total requirement 1 117.0(10 87,800 112,500 36,300 300 300 100 300 300 900 200 54,000 25.000 75.000 34,000 13,000 150.000 2 1 13,000 3 3 A Upper Klamath Lake 3B 148,800 8,400 46,000 384,000 18,200 100 7,700 200 1,100 100 300 4,100 200 109,000 4,300 17,000 4.800 163,000 70,000 29,900 7.800 4 4A Lost River 4B 4C 4D 4E Oklahoma - 31.000 456,600 26,000 9.300 7.900 300 100 4,700 200 100 26,100 100 107,700 7,200 600 100 5 5A Butte Valley 5B 5C 35,300 1,000 31,000 26,100 14,000 800 9,800 10,800 400 1,200 200 100 900 300 100 400 200 100 100 100 400 3,700 7,900 100 300 600 300 4,600 6 6A Shasta Valley 6B 6C 6D 6E 6F 6G 93,500 20,200 3,400 11,600 40,000 10,000 2,400 100 100 100 1.000 200 100 100 300 100 3,700 200 200 5,900 7 7 A Scott Valley 7B 7C 7D 7E Callahan 85,200 700 300 100 800 400 8 8A Salmon River 8B 8C 700 12,600 3,200 3,600 10,800 8,600 8,700 1,700 100 200 1.100 200 700 200 100 100 100 100 14,000 _• too o 100 1,000 9 10 11 11 A Klamath River Copco mi 11C mi 9,000 he 2 000 33,400 2,000 3,300 1.100 100 200 200 100 2,500 12 12 A South Fork of Trinity River 2,000 ll'H i mm 5,300 300 c> 6,000 APPROXIMATE TOTAL, KLAMATH RIVER BASIN 1.080,000 14,000 9.000 219.000 321 000 1 643,000 64 KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION ESTIMATED PRESENT MEAN SEASONAL WATER REQUIREMENTS WITHIN COUNTIES IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN (In acre-feet) \\ atei requirements State and county Irrigated lands Urban lands Miscellaneous water service area ■ Swamp and marshland Principal and lakes Approximate total requirement Oregon 32,200 610.300 700 8,200 (I 100 4.600 26,000 179,000 11 1 — . ■ . _■< M > 58,000 977,000 Fack < n 1,000 1 1 h 643,200 94,300 319,200 20,300 1,100 L.7O0 8.200 300 1,200 1,100 200 4.700 3 100 100 205.000 300 14,000 175,200 57 sin) 54 hi hi 34 H(ii) [,036,000 California 154.000 395.000 55,000 2,000 2,000 I I i 6,300 4,300 14,000 145,800 608,000 APPROXIMATE TOTALS. KLAMATH RIVEB BASIN 1.080.000 14.000 9.000 219,000 321 000 1.643,000 timi basis. An allowance was made for an ultimate water requirement for swamp and marsh areas located in the Klamath and Sycan Marshes and the Wood River and Lower Klamath Lake areas, under the as- sumption that these areas will be ultimately developed as migratory waterfowl reservations, and that this employment of water will be beneficial. The sum of the estimated ultimate mean seasonal water requirements of the component hydrographic summits of the Klamath River Basin is about 2,900,- 000 acre-feet. The topography and land capabilities are such that approximately 2,300,000 acre-feet per season will be required in that portion of the Basin, tributary to the Klamath River, downstream to and including Scott Valley. The greatest use of ret urn water in the Basin is thai made possible by Upper Klamath Lake, where return flow from upstream hy- drographic units can be diverted for reuse in the Lost River Hydrographic Unit. Opportunity for reuse of return How als.. exists between subunits in the Lost River, Butte Valley, Shasta Valley, and Scott Valley Hydrographic Knits. In Table 37 estimates of probable ultimate mean seasonal water requirements are presented for hydro- graphic units and subunits within the Klamath River Basin. Corres] ling estimates for the portion of each state and county within the Basin are presented in Table 38, DEMANDS FOR WATER The term, "Demands for Water." as used in this bulletin, refers to factors pertaining to specific rates, times, and places of delivery of water, quality of water, etc., imposed h\ I he control, development, and use of water for beneficial purposes. Those demands relating to times, rates, and places of delivery of irri- gation water, and permissible deficiencies in applica- tion of irrigation water, which must be given consid- eration in preliminary design of works to meet supplemental irrigation water requirements, are dis- cussed in the following sections. Application of Irrigation Water Satisfaction of the consumptive water requirement of irrigated crops necessitates an application of water in excess of consumptive use. The amount of water applied and the resulting irrigation efficiency are de- pendent upon topography, soil type, soil depth, root /one of the crop, and drainage characteristics of the irrigated land, as well as the nature of irrigation systems and practices. While maximum obtainable ir- rigation efficiencies are limited by the physical char- acteristics of the land, those achieved through present practice in the Klamath River Basin are generally much lower than this maximum, and vary consider- ably with the type of irrigated agriculture. The better irrigation practices in the Klamath River Basin generally occur in the more intensively developed areas of the Klamath Project and in Butte Valley. In these areas good irrigation systems and practices, such as border-cheek irrigation for grain, alfalfa, and pastures, and furrow irrigation for po- tatoes and field crops are used. The soils are perme- able, permitting deep penetration without waste of excessive amounts of water at the ends of the fields. The average seasonal depth of applied water on fields in the Klamath Project during r "tit years was de- WATER UTILIZATION AND REQUIREMENTS 65 TABLE 37 ESTIMATED PROBABLE ULTIMATE MEAN SEASONAL WATER REQUIREMENTS WITHIN HYDROGRAPHIC UNITS IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN (In acre-feet) Hydrographic unit and subunit Mean seasonal water requirements Reference number Name Irrigated lands Urban lands Miscellaneous water service areas Swamp and marsh- lands Net evaporation Lands not subject to intensive water service Approximate totals Williamson River 142,100 229,800 199,900 95.200 700 800 600 200 1,400 1,900 1,300 500 21.000 15,400 20,500 7:1,7110 13,000 150.000 300 300 3 3A Upper Klamath Lake 3B 295,100 44,300 93,300 459,000 8,300 64,200 800 300 200 9.000 200 200 1 ,800 500 500 5,800 200 500 20,500 15.900 28,500 9,900 163.000 16,400 29,900 7.800 200 100 100 4 4A Lost River 4B 4C 4D 4E 669,100 90,1100 40,800 20,500 9.900 900 300 100 7,500 1,200 500 200 54,300 2011 54,100 8,500 600 100 400 5A Butte Valley Macdoel _-_ 5B SC 21.000 151.900 111,700 9C.800 103,000 50,800 5,000 29,700 39,200 1,300 2,700 700 500 200 100 3.800 1,900 4,600 800 600 300 100 100 6,700 200 3.700 9.200 1IMI 6.200 3.000 300 4,600 lllll 100 164,000 24.000 105.000 6 6A Shasta Valley 6B 6C 6D 6E CF 30.000 54.000 6G 341,800 42,700 11,100 25,100 54.200 16,900 8,000 900 100 200 400 200 13,200 400 100 200 400 100 3.700 Hill II 100 14.200 1.000 1.300 700 2.900 211(1 200 100 381.000 7 A Scott Valley 7B 7C 71) 150.000 400 1.200 1.800 100 300 300 1,200 100 100 100 200 5.900 8,700 300 100 100 8 8A Salmon River SB 8C 1 ,000 0.000 17.300 13,700 12,100 30,200 16,400 o 200 700 800 2,700 100 100 1,21 III 5,300 300 300 21 II 1 100 100 21 Kl 81X1 500 II 100 11 (1 8.700 34.000 98 vim 2,400 1,000 n 108,600 22,400 200 nit) 100 100 100 KM urn 1 1 II A III! lie Klamath River lloriiltrook Ager 16.000 ill) 1 IE Happy ( lamp 81 >. on 3 300 15 II HI 9.71X1 600 1.100 1 .7(X) iiiii 21)0 11)11 II 100 llll 100 I2A 12B Smith I'm k of Trinity River Hyampom Hayfork 21,000 1SIKKI 18,700 1,700 300 18,400 200 APPROXIMATE TOTALS. KLA- MATH l!l\ I.I! BASIN 2,105,000 39,000 ; 1,000 115,000 lit; KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION TABLE 38 ESTIMATED PROBABLE ULTIMATE MEAN SEASONAL WATER REQUIREMENTS WITHIN COUNTIES IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN (In acre-feet) Mean seasonal « ater re Luiremente State and county Irrigated lands Urban lands Miscellaneous areas Swamp and [Marsh- lands Net evaporation Lands not subject to intensive water Bet \ ice Approximate totals Oregon 66,000 1,031.000 700 100 10,900 Kill 9,300 15, 100 11,500 248,900 (l Hill 7(10 300 82,000 Subtotals - - California Modoc _ _ — . _ ... Siskivou - Trinity Bumboldt- .. -. — 1,097,700 1 1 1 .000 843,000 30 200 15,000 8.000 1 1 ,000 500 16,700 3,500 1,900 5,300 9,700 1.300 19,000 800 500 40(1 56,900 14.100 44,400 248.900 4,200 157, 7(10 112.400 91,300 1,100 200 900 500 200 1,425,000 131.000 1,082,000 I 18, i 109,000 Subtotals __ 1.007,200 27,900 22,000 57.800 365.600 1,800 1,484,000 APPROXIMATE TOTALS, KLAMATH RIVER BASIN 2,105.000 39.000 32.000 115.000 615,000 3.000 2,909,000 1 Water miuic-moit estincih'd to be less than 50 termined from project records to be about 2.3 feet. Average irrigation efficiency was estimated to be about 62 per cent. This value, however, reflects delivery of water to a large included acreage of grain land, which usually receives only one irrigation per season. In Butte Valley the estimated average depth of applied water in the Butte Valley Irrigation District in 1953-1954 amounted to 3.7 feet, and the irrigation efficiency was estimated to be 36 per cent. Even though such efficiency appears to be somewhat low, the irrigation practices are good. There are large on- avoidable percolation losses through the light sandy soils, and large quantities of water are applied to potatoes wdiich are irrigated every five to seven days during July and August, drain, hay, pasture, and alfalfa, also prominent among the irrigated crops in Butte Valley, require irrigation at about 2-week intervals. Throughout the remainder of the Klamath River Basin, records of application of irrigation water are available only for Shasta Valley. The seasonal appli- cation varies from aboul two feet to eight feet in depth, depending partly on the availability of the water supply. The normal present average seasonal depth of application was indicated to lie about 4.5 feet, for which the irrigation efficiency was estimated to be about :!() per cent , Irrigated crops in Shasta Valley consist mainly of pasture and alfalfa. Although there is a trend toward improved irrigation facilities. Little of the land is leveled, and most land is irrigated bv wild-flooding met hods. Because water supplies are frequently cur- tailed before the irrigation season is over, there is a tendency to begin irrigating early, and to apply large amounts of water during the spring. Conditions re- sulting from over-irrigation and lack of adequate drainage may be observed in the field. During 1921-22 and 1922-23, when distribution of water was admin- istered by the Division of Water Resources for the purpose of determining water rights in three irriga- tion districts in Shasta Valley, an average seasonal depth of application of 3.6 feel was found to be ample for crop production. Monthly Demands for Irrigation Water The climate prevailing throughout the Klamath tRiver Basin generally limits tin 1 normal irrigation season to the period from April 1st to the end of September. This is due to prevalent low fall and winter temperatures in the upper portion of the Basin, and to heavy rainfall near the coast. Seasonal variations in precipitation, however, may make irri- gation necessary in some sections as early as March, or retard the beginning of the irrigation season until late iii May. Should subnormal precipitation occur in September and October, irrigation is continued on pasture land wherever a water supply is available. The monthly demands for water in terms of the seasonal total demand, were determined through study of records of monthly diversions for irrigation by organized water service agencies in Shasta Valley and on the Klamath Project. WATER UTILIZATION AND REQUIREMENTS 67 Iu the Klamath Project, a demand for irrigation water occurs throughout the season because of the practice of pre-irrigating and winter flooding grain lands. During the period from 1938-39 through 1949-50, a total of about four per cent of the sea- sonal Mater requirement was supplied, on the aver- age, (hiring the months of October through March. Monthly irrigation demands in the Klamath Project, during the growing period from April through Sep- tember, vary somewhat from those estimated for the remainder of the Basin because of the predominance of potato and grain crops. Monthly demands for irrigation water, estimated from records of diversions in Shasta Valley from 1935-36 through 1952-53, were assumed to be repre- sentative of such demands throughout the remainder of the Klamath River Basin. The principal irrigated crops grown in Shasta Valley were pasture, alfalfa, and grain. Estimated average monthly distribution of de- mands for irrigation water in the Klamath River Basin are given in Table 39. Permissible Deficiencies in Application of Irrigation Water There is little opportunity to determine deficiencies in application of irrigation water that might be en- dured without permanent injury to perennial crops in tin' Klamath River Basin, except through records maintained by Shasta River Watermaster. Prom the many records of operation of the Klamath Project, there is no indication of a past deficiency in water supply. Records of diversion to the Klamath Project show larger than normal diversions during seasons of subnormal wider supply- By using the estimated value for full natural run- off of the Shasta River near Yreka, in terms of per ESTIMATED AVERAGE MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF DEMAND FOR IRRIGATION WATER IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN (In per cent < f seasonal total) Month Klamath Project subunit Remainder of Klamath River Basin October. - - 1.4 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.5 1.2 8.4 14.6 18.0 25.3 19.5 '.i . :i February. March May July TOTALS. . 100.0 cent of the seasonal mean, it was found that the two most critical water supply seasons occurred in 1930-31 and 1933-34, in both of which the runoff was about 60 per cent of the mean. During the entire period from 1928"29 through 1936"37, however, the seasonal runoff of the Shasta River varied between a maximum of about 70 per cent of the mean and a minimum of 60 per cent. There is no evidence of extensive loss of irrigated perennial crops during these dry seasons, although irrigation practices were necessarily somewhat adapted to the available water supply. Such drought conditions, however, may cause a decrease in crop yields, especially of alfalfa. Even when seasonal surface runoff drops to the critical stage, there is generally sufficienl water to provide two irrigations during April or May to most irrigated lands in the Klamath River Basin. This is enough to meet the needs of pasture, grain, hay, and at least one cutting of alfalfa. After irrigation and one cutting, alfalfa will produce a stand suitable for pasturage and, with an additional irrigation or suffi- cient summer precipitation, a second cutting. If irrigation is withheld, alfalfa will usually become dormant for the remainder of the season without permanent injury to the plants. During a short water supply season, runoff usually fails rapidly in June. Allocation of the available water is then generally dependent upon priority of water rights, and the water is used primarily to sustain pastures. During 1922-23, the distribution of water among members of the Shasta River Water Users Association and the Grenada Irrigation District was administered by the California Division of Water Resources. Al- though the natural runoff of the Shasta River during this season was only 68 per cent of the mean, there was sufficient water to meet the requirements of the two agencies. Gross diversions from the Shasta River were 3.5 and 4.2 feet of depth, respectively, for the Shasta River Water Users Association and the Gre- nada Irrigation District. It was also noted that during 1922-23 tin' attained irrigati fficiencies were higher than during 1951-52 and 1952-53, which were seasons with plentiful water supplies. While precise information is no1 available, the fore- going records of operation in Shasta Valley concur generally with the results of a previous studj made of endurable irrigation deficiencies by the Division of W;iter Resources in the Saeramento Valley, from this earlier study, it is indicated that a maximum defi- ciency of 35 per cent of the full seasonal irriiral ion water requirement can he endured without permanenl damage to most perennial crops, if the deficiency occurs only at relatively long intervals. It was also indicated thai smaller deficiencies occurring at rela- tively frequenl intervals can be endured without serious economic hardship. Migratory waterfowl rising from Lower Klamath Lake marshes Eastman's Studio, Susonville, photograph Inaccessible mountain lakes abound in Siskiyou and Trinity Counties Eastman's Studio, Susanville, photograph \ j. **' ' ~.(>() deer resided in the California por- tion of the Basin between 1947 and 1949. This figure is considered representative of the herd populating the Basin at the presenl time. Upland game birds and small mammals are also found in considerable quan- tity in various parts of the Basin. Water requirements for such wildlife cannot \«- est i mated with any degree of accuracy. However, it is known that such requirements are extremely small in comparison with those for other beneficial uses of water. The requirement is spread over such an exten- sive area that it can be met readily without specific WATER UTILIZATION AND REQUIREMENTS 71 development, from small streams, lakes, and springs, generally distributed throughout the area inhabited by wildlife. The California portion of the Klamath River Basin produces about 27 per cent of the State's fur eatch each year. The principal fur-bearing animals, in terms of numbers taken for pelts and cash returns to the trapper, are muskrat and mink. The Klamath River, from Copco Dam downstream, contains very little suitable muskrat habitat, but the upper drainage area with its adjacent sloughs, swamps, lakes, and water- ways, is one of the leading producers of muskrat in California. The California Department of Fish and Game estimates that the fur catch during the 1955-56 season in Siskiyou and Trinity Counties had a value to trappers of $15,900. The rugged, mountainous character of most of the Klamath River Basin, together with the forests, lakes, and flowing stream, make this region one of the finest recreational areas on the Pacific Coast. Scenic won- ders, such as Crater Lake, Mt. Shasta, the Modoc Lava Beds, the Trinity Alps, and the Coast Redwoods are attractions responsible for bringing many tourists into the area. The combined trade of tourists and sportsmen contributes appreciably to the economy of the Basin. As anticipated future technologic progress provides more leisure time for the people, it may be expected that the state-wide and national importance of such recreational areas will increase. As has been indicated, the recreational facilities afforded in the Basin depend to a great extent on the lakes, streams, and rivers contained therein. Although protection and preserva- tion of these waters is necessary for the maintenance and improvement of the recreational development, no attempt was made to evaluate the water requirements for such purposes. These requirements are difficult to ascertain, and it was considered that they are in- cluded with, and are a part of those for other bene- ficial uses of water. Requirements for Hydroelectric Power Production One of the earliest hydroelectric power plants in northern California was established about 1892 on the Shasta River. This small plant was the forerunner of other installations constructed at various points throughout the Basin in the following years. In 1895, the lirst hydroelectric power plant on the Link River was buill to serve Klamath Palls. Later, these small plants were combined into expanding electric utility companies and the companies, in turn, merged into larger public service agencies. Today, (he entire Basin is served by two such agencies, the California Oregon Power Company and the Pacific (las and Electric Company. The California Oregon Power Company's service area includes the Oregon portion of the Klamath River Basin; all of SiskiyOU, .Modoc, and Del Norte Counties within the basin boundaries; plus a portion of the Trinity River watershed in the vicinity of Trinity ('enter. The Pacific Gas and Electric Company serves the re- mainder of the Trinity River watershed. An inter- connection is maintained with the California Oregon Power Company, south of Dunsmuir. There are seven public utility hydroelectric power installations within the Klamath River Basin at present. Six, operated by the California Oregon Power Company, are located on the Link and Klamath Rivers from Klamath Kails Oregon, downstream as far as Kail Creek, California. Their combined installed capacity is 133,000 kilowatts, and the total net genera- tion in 1957 was about 400 million kilowatt-hours. The seventh plant, operated on the Trinity River by the Pacific Gas and Electric Company, has an in- stalled capacity of 2,720 kilowatts. Privately owned and operated power installations include three small diesel-electric plants, totaling 410 kilowatts of installed capacity; a 7,500-kilowatt steam-electric plaid of the Weyerhaeuser Timber Company; and a 3,750-kilowatt steam-electric plant of the Long-Bell Lumber Company. The latter two plants are interconnected with the California Oregon Power Company system. Data pertaining to the hydroelectric power plants in the Klamath River Basin are presented in Table 12. and locations of the plants are shown on Plate 2. Table 43 presents data on the use of water for genera- tion of hydroelectric power at Copco Plants Nos. 1 and 2. for the seasons from 1949 through 1953. Re- corded flows of the Klamath River below the hydro- electric power plants less flows recorded at Kail < Ireek, compared with recorded releases through the power plant turbines, indicate that nearly all available water of the Klamath River in this reach of the stream is utilized for the production of hydroelectric power. The hydroelectric power potential of the Klamath River Basin has been studied by various agencies in the past. As early as 1928, Prank E. Bonner, then District Engineer of the United states Foresl Serv- ice, reported on tin' power potential of the Basin, indicating that under ultimate development, with an installed capacity of approximately 1,290,000 kilo- waits, a dependable capacity of about 778,000 kilo- watts could be realized. Current hydroelectric power project proposals include works with an installed capacity of about 370,000 kilowatts in connection with the proposed Trinity River diversion project of the Bureau of Reclamation of the United states !),■ partment of the Interior. The California Oregon Rower Company completed construction in October. 1958, of an 80,000-kilowatl hydroelectric generating plant on the Klamath River al Big Bend, near Keno. Oregon. This plant is .me of a series planned to completely develop the hydroelec KLAMATH KlYHR BASIN INVESTIGATION trie power potential between upper Klamath Lake and ( !opco Lake. The main Klamath River, from its confluence with tin Shasta River to its mouth, is presently closed to any development by a "person, firm, corporation, or company," which would necessitate the construction of a dam or obstruction to the flow of the stream. This portion of the river was set aside by an initiative act, approved by the electorate of the State of California HYDROELECTRIC GENERATING PLANTS IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN Company and Plant Stream Head, feet Installed r;i |iacit> in kilowatts 1957 genera- tion, in thousands of kilowatt- hours California Oregon Power Company Link River Link River Klamath River Klamath River Klamath River - Klamath River . Fall Creek Trinity River... 48 47 27 125 157 730 602 775 3.000 750 80,000 20,000 27,000 2.2(111 2,720 6,600 Eastside 23,800 870 164,200 Copco No. 2 _ .. 197.100 15,600 Pacific Gas and Electric Company Junction City r 8,800 1 Keno hydroelectric generating plant ri'timl fruni smire May 17. ] ('cin-lruction "f Big Bend hydroelectric generating plant completed i Gross generation during 1956. in 1924, which established the Klamath River Fish and Game District. The expanding trend of the population and econ- omy of the Klamath River Basin indicates an Increas- ing requirement for electric power. Present indica- tions are that future increased nse of such power will come not only from an expanded domestic and agri- cultural requirement, but also from the requirements of the timber industry, as technologic progress makes new processes available for the developmenl and utili- zation of this resource. It is probable that an increase in ground water pumping for irrigated agriculture will also add to the ultimate electric power require- ment. In estimating this requirement for the Klamath River Basin under conditions of probable ultimate development, the assumption was made that all such power will be generated by hydroelectric installations. In this connection, it is presently indicated that fuel transportation problems will probably limit any large steam-electric or Diesel-electric installations to the coastal areas. However, the Pacific Gas and Electric Company lias recently proposed an atomic powered electric plant to serve the Eureka area. Information available on ground water occurrence in the Basin, and required data on ground water yields and average pumping lifts, arc insufficient to permit tin estimate of probable ultimate power re- quirement for development of ground water. Power demands for the irrigation pumping which may even- tually be required in the Basin will principally be confined to the irrigation season from April through September. DISCHARGE FROM CALIFORNIA OREGON POWER COMPANY HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS AT COPCO AND FLOW OF KLAMATH RIVER ABOVE FALL CREEK (In 1,000 acre-feet) Annual Jan. 1 eb Mar. April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. totals 1949 113.1 113 1 113.1 101.7 101.7 llll .7 93.0 93.0 93 . 59 . 4 59, I 59. 1 106.7 tin;. 7 106.7 57 II 57 ii 57 . 1 51 5 5 1 5 5 1 . 5 63.7 63 . 7 63.7 78.4 78.4 78.4 122.2 1 22 . 2 122.2 133.0 133.0 133.0 125 1 1 23 1 125 1 1,103.1 Copco No, -' Klamath Rive above Fall 1 Ireek 1,103.1 1,103.2 1950 89.5 89 5 89 5 65.6 65 li 65.6 93 7 93 . 7 93.7 89 9 89.9 9ii :; 88.4 88.4 88.4 54 1 5 1 1 511 53 7 53 7 53 9 7 1 9 719 71.9 73.4 73 i 73.4 98.7 98.7 98 7 138.2 138.2 138.2 191.8 181.8 211.9 1,109 2 { topco No. 2 Klamath Rive above Fall 1 Ireek* 1 099 2 1,129.9 1961 1 36 . 5 136 5 136 5 169 I 167 3 -•(IS 1 I7s 5 177.4 217.6 131.7 1 1 -, i , 135 5 168.2 166.6 2113 I 80 5 80.2 Sll 1, 68.1 67 . 7 I'.S, 1 64.4 64 . 4 64.4 73.2 73 . 2 73 2 97 5 97 5 97 5 1117 8 hit s in: s 128 I I2S 1 129 7 I in.: 6 ( topco No. 2 Kl; tli Rii •■ above 1 all I 'reek 1,382.3 1 522 1 1962 178.5 ITS 5 183 9 180 e 179.5 224 8 195.3 191 6 278.1 186 5 174.5 381.0 198.6 15(1 3 291 .7 151.2 129.5 156.8 113.11 1 13 II 114.2 113.4 92 7 116. 3 1 35 . 3 125. 1 136.3 160.1 159 1, 159.11 142.7 1 12 ii 1 111 1 III 9 1 II 'I 13S 3 1,896 5 ( 1 1] ico No. 2 Klamath Rive 1 i Fall t treek* 1.781.2 2.320.8 1963 No. 1 17-' 7 164.7 172.0 175.5 143.5 288 i 197.5 188.4 236.7 ISil II 159.1 179.2 194.4 136 6 268 s 166.6 120.5 227 . 6 Ills 111.5 108.5 1 17.0 116.8 i 16 '. 151 6 151.6 i.-,2 ;, 162.3 161 9 mi. 3 171.8 171.8 172.2 156 s 156 s 1,958.0 i opeo No. 2 Klamath Rive .•it'<.\ e tall ( Ireek * 1.783.2 2.237.0 of Kl Mil Klin above Kail Creek computed in subtracting the recorded llmi of Fall c k at < " m of Klamath River near ( "i belov, Kail Creek). WATER UTILIZATION AND REQUIREMENTS 7:; Study of the mining industry indicates that, even under maximum probable development of the Basin's mineral potential, the processes of smelting and re- fining will probably be largely carried on outside the basin boundaries. Production of ore, or quarrying of nonmetallic minerals, while having a power require- ment, will not involve a large energy demand as com- pared to other probable recpiirements for power, such as that for development of the timber resource. Any future demands for electric power for mining pur- poses should be fairly constant throughout the year. The estimate of the electric power requirement for the timber industry, under conditions of probable ulti- mate development, was based upon the assumption of full sustained utilization of the available timber re- source for sawed lumber or for manufactured prod- ucts. Wastes from lumber production were assumed to be used in other processes such as pulp or hard- board manufacturing, and not as fuel for power gen- eration. Under this assumption the full need for power by the timber industry would lie met by hydroelectric generation, and the estimated ultimate electric power requirement would necessitate an installed capacity of approximately 150,000 kilowatts. Such an ultimate timber industry would have a fairly uniform monthly power demand throughout the year. The estimate of the domestic electric power require- ment, both rural and urban, under conditions of prob- able ultimate development, was based upon a forecast ultimate basin population of about 180,000 persons. Allowing for increased per capita domestic use of elec- tricity stemming from the further development of home appliances and labor-saving devices, it was esti- mated that power consumption by domestic users may ultimately require an installed capacity of approxi- mately 30,000 kilowatts. The monthly power demand by such users tends to increase slightly in the winter due to use of electricity for heating purposes. In summary, it was estimated that the ultimate power requirements of the Klamath River Basin will be in the order of 200,000 kilowatts of installed ca- pacity. It is impracticable to estimate at this time the quantity of water required to develop this power. TABLE 44 MONTHLY ELECTRICAL ENERGY DEMANDS OF NORTHERN CALIFORNIA POWER LOAD AS ESTIMATED FOR 1960 (In percent of total annual kilowatt-hours) Month Per cent Month Per cent 7.71 7.19 8.25 8.07 8.24 8.89 July September The available head, regimen of stream Hows, and the physical conditions controlling plans for development will influence and establish the requirement for water. Table 44 presents an estimate of the monthly dis- tribution, in per cent of annual electrical energj demands, of power requirements in northern Cali fornia, for the year 19G0. These estimates were pre- pared by the California Public Utilities Commission and published in their special study No. S-1363 in October 1957. They are considered to be representative of electric power demands in the Klamath River Basin. Requirements for ihe Mining Industry Discovery of gold in northern California in 1848 caused the initial influx of people which led to perma- nent settlement and development of the area. Over the passing years the production of minerals has been of \ ar\ ing importance to the local economy. Metallic min- erals, such as gold, copper, and chromite, are found in commercial quantities in the southern and western portions of the Klamath River Basin. Nonmetallic minerals, such as pumice and diatomaceous earth, are found mainly in Oregon and in the eastern portions of the Basin, while commercial development of sand, gravel, and building stone has been general through out the Basin. Until the beginning of World War II, gold mining was actively pursued in Trinity and Siskiyou Coun- ties. War-time restrictions caused a virtual shutdown of this industry, and its subsequent recovery has I n slow. In litis, gold production in the Klamath River Basin was an estimated 29,00(1 ounces, worth a little more than $1,000,000. This gold was taken from 15 lode and 49 placer properties. Water usage was heav- iest for the placer mining industry, where hydraulic and dredging methods were used. Available estimates of the water required for the 1948 gold production range from 37,000 to 40.000 acre-feet. Very little of this water was used consumptively, the greater por tion being returned to stream channels where it was available for re-use. The restrictions now placed on hydraulic mining and gold dredging, to prevent stream pollution and destruction of land, indicate that gold will he produced by less destructive methods in the future and that smaller amounts of water will be required. The milling of gold ore from mines requires very little water for processing, and most of this water becomes available for re-use. Copper mining in the western portion of the Klam- ath River Basin was stimulated by the demands o\' World War II. and during the war. one deposit in Siskiyou County was the largest producer of copper ore in California. However, at the presenl time the development of copper deposits is at a standstill Chromite is another mineral found in relatively small deposits through the western portion of the Basin, production of which was stimulated during the war years, with subsequent recession, Silver is found 74 KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION chiefly as a by-produc1 of gold and copper mining. Water requirements for the mining and reduction of ores of these minerals are negligible. Sands and gravels are found in commercial quantities at many locations throughout the Klamath River Basin. Available estimates indicate that 1948 sand and gravel production was about 382.000 tons. The water requirement for this industry, mostly for use in washing, was estimated to be about one acre-foot for every 44<) tons of sand and gravel produced. Using this figure, the 1948 production of sand and gravel required less than 1,000 acre-feet of water, most of which became available for re-use. Even though future production of these materials increases greatly from present levels, the water requirement will be negligible as compared to other water requirements of the Basin. Building stone production, occurring mostly in the southwestern half of the Klamath River Basin, was in the neighborhood of 200,000 tons in 1948. The quarrying, however, required practically no water. Possible increased production of this commodity in the future will have little effect on water requirements. Pumice and diatomaceous earth are produced in large quantities in the northeastern portion of the Basin. and there are vast reserves of these minerals avail- able. However, the amount of water used in mining these minerals is negligible. There are no facilities for refining any of the fore- going metallic minerals in the Klamath River Basin. Some reduction and concentration of ores is per- formed at the source, but these concentrates are ex- ported for final processing. However, even should ore refineries be established locally, the water require- ment of such an industry would be relatively small. Refining of gold, chromite, copper, and silver ores re- quires only minor amounts of water. Based upon present production of minerals in the Klamath River Basin, gold has the highest water re- quirement and the only one of significance. It is esti- mated that 50,000 acre-feet of water seasonally will satisfy the maximum present needs of this industry. It is probable that future gold production, though it may increase considerably over the present volume, will require very little additional water, due to antici- pated changes in mining methods. It is estimated that an additional 10,000 acre-feet of water seasonally, will provide for present as well as future increased pro- duction of sand ami gravel and other miscellaneous mining. The probable ultimate water requirement of the mining industry in the Basin would then be about 60,000 acre-feet per season. Practically all of this estimated requirement would be nonconsumptive in nature, and the return flow would be available for re- use dow Qstream. Requirements for the Timber Industry Sine.' 1930, the States of Oregon. Washington, and California have been the leading lumber producers in the Nation, and Oregon and California rank first and second in this respect at present (1955). The Cali- fornia portion of the Klamath River Basin produces about 20 per cent of the total lumber output of the State, and the Basiu as a whole accounts for from four to five per cent of the total national production. Furthermore, the largest remaining volume of saw timber, and a large portion of the finest timber crop- land in the LTnited States are contained in the Kla- math River Basin and southwestern Oregon. At present the timber industry leads the Klamath River Basin in terms of value of product, industrial payroll, and personal income produced. Production of wood products is the only manufacturing industry of significance in the Basin. Nearly 40 per cent of the total labor force is employed in the timber industry, compared to about 10 per cent in agriculture, and the value of timber and timber products is almost three times the value of agricultural products. About 7,500 workers are employed in the timber industry, and some 80 per cent of the present population of the Basin is dependent, directly or indirectly, on this activity. Of the total area within the Klamath River Basin, about 45 per cent is available for continuous com- mercial timber production. An additional 30 per cent of the area is either in forest land reserved for parks and primitive areas, watershed protection, and other uses. Approximately two-thirds of the available timber cropland is in public ownership. Approximately 250,000,000 board feet of timber is being logged annually from National Forest, Indian Service, and other public lands in the Klamath River Basin. Complete data on production from private lands are difficult to obtain, but indications are that production on private lands amounts to one and one- half times that on the public lands. Before World War II most of the logs produced in the Basin were exported for processing. The timber industry has developed in a different fashion in the southwestern half of the Klamath River Basin than it did in the northeastern half. In the northeastern half, embracing that portion east of the Cascade Range, development was characterized first by early scattered operations, then by rapid expansion. and finally by overdevelopment of mill capacity in relation to available sustained yield production. Pro- duction has now receded because of dwindling timber resources, and has leveled off at the point where mill capacity does not greatly exceed annual timber re- plenishment. In the southwestern half of the Basin, south and west of the Cascade Range, the timber in- dustry is still in relative infancy. Operations are fairly scattered and a large portion of the timber resources is as yet untouched, present production amounting to only a fraction of the sustained yield potential. Lumber Mil on Lake Ewana at Klamath Falls, Oregon Klamath County Chamber of Commerce photograph Lumber stacked for air drying Klamath County Chamber of Commerce photograph 76 KLAMATH RIVEK BASIN [NVESTIGATION In the northeastern half of the Klamath River Basin the recession in timber production has been accom- panied by a trend toward greater integration of opera- tions ami greater diversity in manufacture of wood products. ( tn most National Forest lands in this region cutting is already at sustained yield capacity. Most of the private lands have been ent over, but operations have been reduced so that a fairly stable level of tim- ber production has been achieved in Klamath and Modoc Counties. Although there is still some mill capacity in excess of the sustained yield volume of the present stands of timber, further contraction of the industry probably will be prevented by further processing of the timber, and better use of heretofore undesirable species along with wood wastes and mill residues. In the southwestern half of the Klamath River Basin, timber production currently is about one-third of the sustained yield potential. Rugged terrain, inaccessible timber, and lack of transportation have retarded development. However, the high post-war demand for timber has increased the rate of develop- ment considerably. In Trinity County, timber produc- tion increased from 903,000 board feet in 1940 to over 200,000,000 board feet in 1953. Over 70 per cent of the timber cropland in this portion of the Basin is in public ownership, which would indicate that over- expansion of production capacity in relation to sus- tained 3 ield is not likely to occur It has been estimated thai under competent forest management the timber lauds of the Klamath River Basin can be brought up to an optimum sustained yield production of 1,300,000,000 board feel of logs annually, or about twice the present production, of this total, about (id per cent will probably be processed within tin- basin boundaries. It is estimated that, in- cluding material that will be available from thinning operations, tree bark, and salvaged logging and mill wastes, an equivalent volume of between 1,100,000,000 and 1,200,000,000 board feet of logs will be processed. The change in the nature of the timber industry. from straight sawmill operations to manufacture of diversified products such as plywood, hardboard, fiber- board, and other articles in addition to lumber, is following the pattern which has been established by the industry in the Pacific northwest. It is believed thai the industry, as it moves toward more complete use of Hie timber resource, will continue to follow the pattern established in the northwest, with ultimate manufacture of additional wood products such as pulp and paper in or adjacent to i In- Basin. In connection with the foregoing, available data from the United states Poresl Service, technical bul- letins, journals of the timber industry, and records of production from mills? of the Pacific northwest, indi- cate that in the future the cull timber, logging wastes, and mill wastes <>!' the Klamath River Basin probably will be used for manufacture of such products as pulp, paper, hardboard, and fiberboard. From these data it was estimated that under ultimate conditions as much as 10 per cent of the total volume of logs cut, or from 110,000,000 to l'-':,\000,000 board feet annually, may be turned into chips which would be available for pulp production. The water requirement for the sulfate process of making pulp, best adapted to use of coniferous woods such as pine, fir, and spruce that prevail in the Basin, averages about 60,000 callous per ton of ehips. Use of 120,000,000 board feet of timber annually for pulp would require about 24,000 acre-feet of water for processing. For the most part such water would not be consumptively used, but the effluent would be so highly acidic, with a high biochemical oxygen de- mand, as to require treatment before returning to the stream, to prevent obnoxious pollution and destruc- tion of fish life. To produce pulp by the sulfate process, the recovery of chemicals from the processing water has been shown to be necessary. However, the waste waters contain chemicals which have a very obnoxious odor and are apparently toxic to fish life, even in very small con- centrations. It is doubtful whether existing laws would permit injection of such pollutants into streams oi the Klamath River Basin since, even under conditions of extreme dilution, the wastes would probably tend to degrade the fish habitat and impair recreational values. Disposal of the wastes by other means, such as evaporation or pondage is possible, but its practical application would depend upon economic considera- tions. As has been stated, most studies indicate that manu- facture of pulp and paper from cull timber and log- ging and mill wastes of the Klamath River Basin will probably occur on tidewater and outside the bound- aries of the Basin. This conclusion has been supported by the possibility of ocean diffusion of wastes from the manufacturing process and the availability of low-cost water transportation for delivering pulp and paper to market areas. In view of present methods of pulp and paper manufacturing, laws pertaining to water pollu- tion, and transportation opportunities, such conclu- sions seem valid. This indicates that pulp and paper production probably will not become a significant pari of the timber industry within the boundaries of the Klamath River Basin. It is. however, considered prob- able that these industries may be established on the coast to process material from within the Basin. This would impose water requirement equivalent in quan- tity to that |ire\ ioiisly computed. In order to evaluate the probable future noncon- sumptive requirement for water by the timber in- dustry in the Klamath River Basin, it was assumed the previously computed 24.000 acre-feet per season for wood products processing would be furnished from streams in the Basin. This requirement is likely to occur in the lower reaches of the st ream s\ stein, where WATER UTILIZATION AND REQUIREMENTS re-use of the water would not be practicable. It was assumed thai an additional 6,000 acre-feet of water per season would be required for maintaining log ponds, and other miscellaneous uses in sawmill opera- lion. An estimated total of 30,000 acre-feet of water per season would therefore be required for the timber industry in the Klamath River Basin under conditions of ultimate development. Flood Control Considerations Damage from floods in the Klamath River Basin has been confined to relatively small areas, and the aggregate monetary loss, except from the disastrous flood which devastated the town of Klamath in Decem- ber 1955, has not been large. Those areas suffering recent flood damage are Butte Valley, Scott Valley, portions of Shasta Valley, and the low-lying lands at the mouth of the Klamath River. Damage in the upper valleys has resulted mainly from loss of land by erosion, and from destruction of bridges and other structures. Losses at the mouth of the Klamath River included destruction of roadways, homes and businesses, pollution of domestic water supplies, and general damage to most property within the low-lying areas. A serious local flood problem has been created in Butte Valley by the accumulation of water in Meiss Lake over the period of wet years from 1955 to 1958. About 4,500 acres of land, once reclaimed, has been covered over by Meiss Lake. Problems of drainage into Meiss Lake have also been created. Prevention of loss of land by erosion could be ac- complished to a large extent by channel improvement works. Construction of storage reservoirs, either on the Klamath River or its tributaries, would have a tendency to decrease flood damage at all points down- stream from the reservoirs. However, in view of the magnitude of the 1955 flood, nearly twice the previ- ously recorded maximum, a comprehensive investiga- tion of flood conditions is needed to recommend an adequate solution to the problem. Peak flood runoff is largely unavailable for other purposes, and usually results in a loss to the available water supply. However, storage dedicated to the con- trol of snow melt floods can generally be used for conservation purposes, after the danger of seasonal floods is lessened. SUPPLEMENTAL WATER REQUIREMENTS The data, analyses, and estimates of water supply and utilization in the Klamath River Basin indicate that present supplemental requirements for irrigated agriculture and the attendant urban and miscellane- ous water uses are small in quantity and restricted to localized areas and conditions. Ultimate supplemental requirements, on the other hand, can only be provided Eor by additional development and distribution of presently unregulated surface supplies and by ground water development. The Shasta and Scott Rivers pro- vide potential sources of water, but the Klamath River remains the principal source of new water for much of the undeveloped land within the California portion of the Basin. Discussions of present and ultimate supplemental water requirements contained in this section arc eon fined to those hydrographic units in California con- taining the largest areas of land requiring water service — the Oklahoma District, Butte Valley. Shasta Valley, and Seott Valley. Other portions of the Basin, along the Salmon, Trinity, and Klamath Rivers, eon tain relatively small non-contiguous stringers of land. The evaluation of present supplemental water re- quirements for areas served by surface storage was based on present land development and water needs as compared with the safe yield of surface storage, with due allowance for the ability of the agricultural econ- omy to absorb a deficiency in supply in exceptionally dry years. In agricultural areas where the source of supply is the unregulated natural regimen of streams, present supplemental requirements were evaluated from records and estimates of stream flow and diver- sion compared to estimates of water requirements. Analysis of the existing availability of water in such areas resulted in the conclusion that there is no pres- ent supplemental water requirement except in occa- sional dry years. The adequacy of developed water supplies is discussed under Present Supplemental Requirements. Estimates of probable ultimate supplemental re- quirements were related to the development of new irrigated land, industries, and urban areas, as well as to the need for a firm and dependable water supph for those presently irrigated lands experiencing sea sonal shortages. The estimates of probable ultimate requirements for supplemental water were computed as the difference between estimated present and ulti- mate requirements. Present Supplemental Requirements A large part of the irrigation development in the California portion of the Klamath River Basin is by diversion of unregulated surface supplies. There arc two exceptions to this general rule, one in Butte Valley where ground water is pumped, and the other in Shasta Valley where Dwinnel] Reservoir is utilized for storage and regulation of the Shasta River. Thus, most irrigated lands have an ample water supply din- ing the spring months of April, May, and June, but only those with higher priority water rights are assured of a full supply throughout the irrigation season. Agricultural practice in the Basin ha- there- fore necessarily been adapted to this natural variation in seasonal water supply. Tin' present requirement for supplemental water in Butte Vallc\ was evaluated as the difference he- 78 KLAMATH RIVEK BASIN [NVESTIGATION tween safe yield of the ground water basin and presenl consumptive use of ground water. Items of the uydrologic balance have I n previouslj discussed in Chapter II. Water Supply, and are sel forth in Table 15. The present irrigated land in Butte Valley Snbnnit .">, Macdoel, utilizes ground water with- drawals as a principal source of water supply. There- fore, the aforementioned criteria for evaluating safe yield of ground water basins were considered. Data available from studies of the Tinted States Bureau of Reclamation and United States Geological Survey, as well as a hydrologic analysis of the ground water basin, indicated that the presenl water applied on irrigated and urban lands is about 27.(100 acre-feet, seasonally, of which about 12,000 acre-feet is con- sumptively used. The studies further indicated thai the present seasonal consumptive use of applied water in the Macdoel Subunit, for both beneficial uses and evaporation from water surfaces, is approximately equivalent to the safe yield of the combined surface and ground water supply. The water supply is appar- ently satisfactory in quantity, on the average, for the presenl level of development. This indicates that there was no presenl supplemental requirement for water for lands irrigated in Butte Valley at the time this survey was made. Irrigation supplies for Shasta Valley are presently provided by storage in Dwinnell Reservoir, by diver- sion from unregulated streamflow, and by a small amount of ground water pumping. The available water supply and requirements of each of the sub- units were individually analyzed and compared. Pol- lowing are some pertinent comments regarding each of the subunits. The present water requirements of Subunit 6A, Yreka. are about 2,000 acre-feet seasonally, of which more than half is used for municipal and industrial needs. Yreka 's municipal water supply system has experienced deficiencies in quantity and quality dur- ing critical portions of recent years, indicating a I for an additional dependable supply. Municipal water supplies must be adequate to meet, without defi- ciency, present as well as growing demands during the most critical periods. Consequently, a present sup- plemental requirement exists in this subunit. The City of yreka has undertaken construction of a dam and reservoir on Greenhorn Creek to provide an additional 650 acre feel per season. Operation studies of Dwinnell Reservoir through a critical scries of dry years, utilizing the present allow- able storage capacity of 50,000 acre-feet, indicate thai the linn seasonal yield of the reservoir would be about 21,500 acre-feet during normal years but would drop as low as 12.000 acre-feet during 1923-24, the driesl year on r rd. The yield of the reservoir would be \cr\ close to the present demand during the dry years 1930-31 and L933-34. Water supplies from Dwinnell Reservoir, therefore, normalh satisfy the service area requirements and are only occasion- ally deficient in quantity . Water supplies available during a normal period to lands in Subunit 6B from the Little Shasta and Shasta Rivers aggregate about 34,000 acre-feet for the irrigation season. This quantity exceeds the estimated requirement of approximately Hi. 000 acre-feet, indi- cating an adequate water supply for the present requirement. The availability of supply and require- ments for use in Subunit 6B indicates that, although occasional deficiencies occur in supply from Dwinnell Reservoir, and in the late season from Little Shasta River, the unit as a whole has an adequate water sup- ply to meet present requirements. Water supplies from Shasta River, Willow Creek, and to a limited extent from ground water, serve the lands in Subunit 6C, Gazelle-Grenada. A summary of average diversions during the irrigation season shows that about 28,000 acre-feet are diverted from all sources. This amount approximates the estimated pres- ent requirement for water, indicating that water sup- plies are adequate in this unit to serve presently developed lands. Subunit 6D, Big Springs-Juniper, comprises lands served from Big Springs and from ground water. The firm yield of both sources is adequate to meet the requirements of presently developed irrigated lands. Subunit 6F, Parks Creek, has an estimated present requirement for water of 10.000 acre-feet seasonally. Water supplies originate in Parks Creek and are supplemented to some extent by springs. A summary of average water supply available to meet these re- quirements indicates an adequate quantity, although during years of low flow deficiencies occur in the late summer months. Subunit titi. Upper Shasta, is served by diversions from Shasta River and importation of about 4,000 acre-feet per season from the Sacramento River water- shed. These lands, like others throughout, the valley. receive an adequate water supply during normal years, but experience late summer shortages in years of deficient runoff. Water supplies available to lands in Scott Valley are in all instances dependent, upon the natural regi- men of stream flow. Deficiencies usually occur in late summer and fall as the snowmelt stream flows fail. Estimates of the quantity of the water supply defi- ciency would require an analysis of water available for irrigation diversion during the low How months. As sufficient data were not available, no quantitative analysis was made of the present deficiency. These deficiencies become more pronounced in years of sub- normal water supply, anil are reflected in the economj by a lowering of crop yields. Table 45 presents data concerning the estimated presenl and ultimate water requirements and, where WATER UTILIZATION AND REQUIREMENTS 79 applicable, supplemental water requirements in the Klamath River Basin in California. Ultimate Supplemental Requirements The probable ultimate requirement for supplemen- tal water in the Klamath River Basin in California was evaluated as the difference between the present and probable ultimate average seasonal requirement for water supplies. Development and utilization of supplemental water supplies in the quantities esti- mated would, it is believed, assure an adequate supply to both lands presently irrigated within the Basin and those irrigable lands not presently served with water. The estimates of quantities of water required are pre- sented in Table 4."). Probable Future Change in Flow of Klamath River Changes in the availability and regime of water supplies may result from changes in the water use and land use patterns in individual areas. For ex- ample, the reclamation of a marsh into well managed irrigated pasture may cause a decrease in consump- ESTIMATED PRESENT AND PROBABLE ULTIMATE MEAN SEASONAL SUPPLEMENTAL WATER REQUIREMENTS WITHIN HYDROGRAPHIC UNITS IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN (In acr e-feet) Hydrographic unit and aubunit Present water require- ment Ulti- mate water require- ment Supplemental water requirements Refer- ber Name Present Ulti- mate 41i 31,000 34,000 10,000 82,000 101,000 42,000 21,000 ., \ Butte \ allej Maedoel 5B 21,000 6 6A Shasta Valley Yreka 2,000 32,000 27,000 15,000 5,000 10,000 16,000 24,000 105,000 107,000 52,000 9,000 30,000 54,000 6B Little Shasta i,l i 6E OK 6G t razelle-i Grenada Big Bj 'i in-- Junipei I Ira I ake Parka ' Ireek 80,000 37,000 1, in in 20,000 7 7A Scotl \ allej Last Side 21,000 4,000 12.000 40.000 10.000 44,000 13,000 27,000 50,000 20,000 711 M. ii. iii reel 7D 7E Quarts Vail, i Wesl Side Callahan 15,000 10,000 10, i 73,000 tive use of water and an increase in the water supply available for other purposes. Conversely, a change in agricultural practice from grain production to irri gated pasture may result in greater consumptive use of water on the particular area and a decrease in the water supply available for other purposes. In jreneral, as native lands are brought under irrigation, the regi- men of downstream flows is influenced and changed. For the most part, the amount of the change is meas- ured by the difference in consumptive use of water and irrecoverable losses between any two stages of development. One objective of the current investigation was to evaluate the probable future change in surface flow of the Klamath River at the California-Oregon State line and downstream from the Shasta River. Inas- much as the Klamath River is an interstate stream, plans for future development in the lower basin and elsewhere in California, that are dependent upon this source as a firm water supply, can anticipate the availability of only those flows remaining in the river after complete land development and water utiliza- tion in the upper basin. Studies of future flow of the Klamath River require adjustment of the historical flow in accordance with assumed conditions of devel- opment. Certain terms relating to stream flow, as utilized in these studies, are defined at the beginning of Chapter II. Estimates of natural flow of the Klamath River at Keno and points downstream for the period from 1894-95 through 1946-47 were previously computed and published in State Water Resources Board Bulle- tin No. 1, "Water Resources of California." The esti- mates presented in Bulletin No. 1 represent total run- off from stream basin areas. Therefore, in the case of the Klamath River at Keno the estimated flows are not natural flows of the Klamath River, since the runoff of Lost River and streams tributary to Butte Valley enter closed basins under natural conditions. For this investigation, flows into the closed basins were ex- cluded from the estimates of natural flow of the Klamath River. The present impaired flow of the Klamath River at Keno was estimated for the 32-year period, 1920-21 through 1951-52, by means of a monthly operation study, taking into account existing water supply de- mands, losses, and return Mows above Keno. The basic data and criteria for this study were originallj com piled for the period from 1927-28 through 1946-47 by the United States Bureau of Reclamation, and were extended by the Department of Water Resources to include the longer period. Since irrigation development in the area above Upper Klamath Lake was equivalent to present con- ditions during the 32-year period, the recorded inflow to Upper Klamath Lake was used without modifica- tion. Irrigation demands on Upper Klamath Lake and Lost River, to meet the Klamath Project needs, were 80 KLAMATH RIVEE BASIN [NVESTIGATION estimated to be 418,000 acre-feet, seasonally. Results of the study indicated thai the average seasonal pres- ent impaired flow of the Klamath River at Keno for i In' 32 j ear period is 870,000 acre-feet. The probable seasonal ultimate impaired flow of the Klamath River a1 Keno was estimated by means of an operation study of the Klamath River System above Keno under ultimate conditions of development. A seasonal summary of this study is presented in Ap- pendix E. The following conditions were assumed to exist with ultimate development: (a) Above Upper Klamath Lake all irrigable lands would be irrigated. Swamp and marsh lands would exist as shown in Table '2(i. Beatty Reservoir on the Sprague River would be constructed with a storage capacity of 150,000 acre-feet. (b) Braymill Reservoir on the Sprague River would be constructed with a storage capacity of about 44(i.i)()(i acre-feet, as an alternative to providing addi- tional storage in Upper Klamath Lake. The latter would continue to be operated within its present ac- tive capacity of 483,000 acre-feet. (c I The water conservation functions of Clear Lake Reservoir on Lost River would be replaced by Boun- dary Reservoir. (d) The ultimate irrigation demand from the Upper Klamath River and Lost River systems would equal the present demand of the Klamath Project. 418,000 acre-feet annually, as established by the Bureau of Reclamation, plus au additional 100,000 acre-feel for development of extensions to the project. Demands on Upper Klamath Lake to meet the ultimate supple- mental water requirements of the Oklahoma. Macdoel, Butte Creek, and Red Rock Subunitswould.be 200,000 acre-feel annually. Return flows from these subunits would discharge to the Klamath River above Keno TABLE 46 HISTORICAL AND ESTIMATED SEASONAL FLOWS OF THE KLAMATH RIVER AT KENO UNDER NATURAL, HISTORICAL, PRESENT IMPAIRED, AND PROBABLE ULTIMATE IMPAIRED CONDITIONS 1920-21 to 1951-52 (In 1,000 :-feet) Seasi 'ii Natural ! historical Present impaired Probable ultimate impaired 1920-2] 1.BS1 1,367 1.171 940 1,312 860 1.472 1,251 890 705 865 840 750 945 1,081 920 1,547 945 1,181 1 ,02 1 1,166 I 838 1,081 l.KH 1,372 991 1.104 [,136 1.201 i 680 2,137 1,660 1.41(1 1 , 1 51 1 m;s 1,120 840 1.300 1.230 802 HIS 395 .->14 515 ■VI 7 650 SSI 686 1 192 744 987 782 1,038 1.747 959 [,154 732 824 902 902 1 III [,919 1,647 1,134 931 600 796 631 1.057 806 610 511 420 443 430 430 520 7SI 566 1.411 621 944 656 946 1,618 789 790 7 7211 765 941 B92 790 L922-23 1923-24 1926 27 1927 28 1928 29 1929-30 310 1930 11 1931-32., [932 13 1 933-34. . 1934-35 19 is 36 1936-37. ... 17 > 1 18 19 193 '.in M 1941-42 I 942 I ; [944-45 1945 16 1947 is I'U.sl'i 1949-50 1950-51 period . 1,170 990 870 487 ESTIMATED SEASONAL FLOWS OF THE KLAMATH RIVER BELOW SHASTA RIVER UNDER NATURAL, HISTORICAL, PRESENT IMPAIRED, AND PROBABLE ULTIMATE IMPAIRED CONDITIONS 1920-21 to 1951-52 (In 1,000 acre-feet) Season Natural Estimated historical Present impaired Probable ultimate impaired 2 135 1.931 1,677 1.443 1.918 1,403 2,227 1,852 1,433 1,413 1.080 [,431 1.437 1.188 1,495 1,680 1,475 2.509 [,422 1.862 1,7 15 1.834 2,428 1,570 1.699 2,084 1,470 1,786 1,706 823 2,549 3.068 1 282 1 585 1,286 1,925 1,701 1,192 1,072 723 1 025 1.051 921 1,142 1,428 [,180 2.405 1,180 1,619 1,447 1.704 2.327 1,416 1,426 i 789 1,133 1,416 1,401 1.419 2.231 2.758 2,376 1.649 1,390 1,068 1,332 1,127 1,751 1,358 1,053 976 744 948 964 802 1,007 1.318 1.056 2.321 1,050 [,572 1,319 1,605 2 193 1 .242 1,301 1,743 1,120 1.357 1.439 1.438 2 293 2,759 1921-22 1922-23... 950 727 B24 1929-30 ___ 1930-31 577 1932-33 '.11 1937-38 1,453 1.183 638 731 Mean for pel iod 1.780 1,490 1,430 876 WATER UTILIZATION AND REQUIREMENTS i c i Releases from Upper Klamath Lake available for production of hydroelectric power would be lim- ited to an average of about. 200,000 acre-feet annually. Table 46 presents estimates of the seasonal Hows of the Klamath River at Keno for the 32-year period, under present and probable ultimate conditions of development. The recorded historical and estimated natural flows of the river are also listed. In the course of this investigation it was determined thai a portion of the ultimate supplemental water requirements for Shasta Valley would logically be diverted Prom the Klamath River. Estimates of the change in How of the Klamath River below the Shasta River, as a result of future development above thai point, were made to show the flows remaining for pos sible development in the Basin below the confluence oi the two streams. These estimates were based on present and ultimate impaired flows a1 Keno, plus accretions, and minus future diversions between Keno and the Shasta River. Table 47 presents estimates of the seasonal flows of the Klamath River below Shasta River for the period from 1920-2] through 1951-52, under presenl and probable ultimate conditions of development. Also shown in the table are natural and recorded flows of the Klamath River a1 the same location. CHAPTER IV PLANS FOR WATER DEVELOPMENT The inventory of water resources and the analysis of water needs show that the water supply of the Klamath River Basin greatly exceeds the probable ultimate water requirement. This situation exists pri- marily in the portion of the Klamath River Basin downstream from the mouth of the Shasta River, and in the Trinity River Basin. However, in some areas, Shasta Valley and Butte Valley particularly, the lo- cally available water supplies are insufficient to meet ultimate requirements. In other areas, including Scott Valley and the Upper Klamath River Basin in Oregon, local water supplies are adequate for probable ulti- mate development, but the construction of storage works would be necessary to conserve and regulate the available water. Recognizing that the Klamath River constitutes a principal source of water for export to water-deficient areas elsewhere in California, plans for water development presented in this chapter follow tin' intent of The California Water Plan by giving full consideration to the needs of the upper basins. This chapter presents the features of The California "Water Plan that would be required for the control, development, conservation, and utilization of the water resources of the Klamath River Basin. Following a brief introduction to the statewide aspects of The California Water Plan, this chapter presents plans for development of water supplies for local use within the basin. Also presented is a summary of the features of the California Aqueduct System comprising works required to export surplus waters from the Klamath and Trinity Rivers into the Sacramento Valley. Projects discussed herein are shown on Plate 16. "Features of The California Water Plan Within the K lamal li River Basin. " THE CALIFORNIA WATER PLAN _ From 1947 to 1956 the Department (formerly Divi- sion) of Water Resources conducted the State-wide Water Resources Investigation, with the objective of formulating a long-range plan for comprehensive development of the water resources of California. The results comprise "The California Water Plan." The first phase of the investigation consisted of an inventory of available data on sources, quantities, and characteristics of water in California. State Water Resources Hoard Bulletin No. 1, "Water Resources of California," published in 1951, contains a concise compilation of available data on precipitation, runoff of streams, flood Hows and frequencies, and quality of water throughout tlie State. The second phase dealt with present and ultimate requirements for water. Results of this study are presented in State Water Resources Board Bulletin No. 2, "Water Utilization and Requirements of Cali- fornia," 1955. This bulletin includes determinations of the present use of water throughout the State for all consumptive purposes, and presents forecasts of ultimate water requirements based, in general, on the capabilities of the land to support further develop- ment. Bulletin No. 2 also discusses the implications of nonconsumptive requirements for water as they relate to planning for the future. The third and final phase of this planning program proceeded concurrently with the foregoing studies. This phase included the surveys and definitive studies for The California Water Plan. The results arc pre- sented in Department of Water Resources Bulletin No. 3, "The California Water Plan." May. 1957. The estimated mean seasonal natural runoff of Cali- fornia streams is about 71,000,000 acre-feet. The great- est contribution comes from streams of the North Coastal Area, which together furnish about 41 per cent of the total runoff for the State, and from streams of the Sacramento River Basin in the Central Valley Area, which furnish about 32 per cent. Most of the remainder of the natural water supplies, some 16 per cent of the State's total, originates in the San Joaquin Valley, while the rest of the State produces only re- latively small amounts of runoff. By far the largest use of water in California is for agriculture, a condition that will prevail even under conditions of ultimate development. The requirement for water for irrigated agriculture for the entire State, about 19,100,000 acre-feel per season in 1950, should nearly double under conditions of complete development to more than 41,000,000 acre-feet. It is anticipated that in the future the total ultimate re- quirement for water for all urban and miscellaneous purposes will increase about five-fold from the presenl 2.000,00(1 acre-feel per season to about 10,000,000 acre- feel per season. The total water requirements for all purposes in California as of 1950 were about 21,- 100,000 acre-feet per season, and the forecast ultimate seasonal us.' is some 51 .1(1(1.(1(10 acre-feet. A geographical breakdown, and comparison of the ultimate requirement forecast with the occurrence of runoff, indicates that the Central Valley Area, with 48 per cent of the runoff, should altimatelj require al- most S.'S iter cent >>\' tli,' developed water supplies. Bowever, more than two-thirds of this ultimate us,' should be in the water-deficient San Joaquin Valley. , 83 i KLAMATH RIVER BASIN IXVESTK IATION The North Coastal Area with its great natural water supply, 41 per cent of the total in the State, should ultimately require only aboul 5 per cent of the water consumptively used throughout California. It is forecasl thai the San Francisco Bay Area and the South c.astal Area, with their tremendous metro politan developments, will need aboul 7 and 12 per cent, respectively, of the ultimate developed water supply. Between them they enjoy 3.5 per cent of the natural water supply. The Central Coastal Area will ultimately require about 5 per cent of the developed water supply, and the extremely arid Lahontan and Colorado Desert Areas, with less than 5 per cenl of the runoff of California, have the potential to use 18 per cent of the ultimate developed water supply of the State. The data developed in State Water Resources Board Bulletins Nos. 1 and 2 demonstrate the basic geo- graphical water problem of California, and also in- dicate the solution to that problem. From the abund- ant water supplies of the North Coastal Area and the Sacramento River Basin, an average of approxi- mately 23,000,000 aeiv-feei of water per season will ultimately have to be developed and exported to the remaining inherently water-deficient areas of the State. These exports will he surplus waters, over and above the waters needed in the North Coastal Area and the Sacramento River Basin for ultimate local use. With the full practicable development of local water resources in all areas of the State for local itse, and with the water available under California's rights in and to the waters of the Colorado River, these ex- ports from the north will satisfy the probable ultimate requirements for water in all parts of the State. The California Water Plan constitutes a major system of works to develop, control, and conserve Hie State's water resources for use in all areas of the State. It will involve exportation id' conserved waters, surplus to local needs, from the North Coastal Area and the Sacramento River Basin, and the transporta- tion of these waters to areas of deficiency elsewhere in the State, in amounts sufficient to meet the forecast ultimate requirements. The operation of these export- import facilities, collectively termed the "California Aqueduct System" is outlined in Bulletin No. M, and their achievements and costs estimated. The California Water Plan, comprising both the local development works and the California Aqueduct System, gives consideration to water conservation, control, protection, and use for agricultural, domestic, and industrial purposes, hydroelectric power develop- ment. II 1 and salinity control, water quality control. uavigation, and lish, wildlife, and recreation. It con- templates the conjunctive operation of surface and ground water reservoirs, which operation will be es- sential to regulation of the large amounts of water ultimately to be involved. The ( lalifornia Water Plan is conceived as a flexible pattern into which future definite projects may be integrated in an orderly fashion, with due considera tion to varying interests. As additional data and ex perience are gained, as technology advances, and as future conditions change in manners that cannot be foreseen today, the plan will be substantially altered and improved. Under The California Water Plan, local water re- sources will ultimately be developed to the maximum practicable extent. It follows that imports and exports of water will be limited to those amounts needed to supplement the locally developed supplies in areas ol deficiency. Under The California Water Plan, water would no1 be taken from those who need it ; rather, it would transfer to areas of inherent water deficiency onlj excess or surplus water from areas of abundance. The plan is neither an inflexible regulation nor a construc- tion proposal as it is presented herein. It does not purport to include all possible water developments in the Basin. The omission of any project from descrip- tion in this bulletin does not preclude its future de- velopment into the plan. The California Water Plan is designed to include or supplement, rather than to supersede, existing water resource development works. It will also incor- porate certain of the planned works now proposed or authorized by public and private agencies and indi- viduals. Eventually, the plan will involve construe tion of new works on nearly every stream in the State. and tie- continued use of water from the Colorado River. Furthermore, as has been stated, intelligent and planned use will lie made of natural ground water reser\ oirs. PLANS FOR LOCAL WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT In this section plans for local water development in the Upper Klamath River Basin. Shasta Valley, Scott Valley, and the remaining areas of the lower basin are presented. In general, the planning objective has been the development of projects that could be con- structed under present economic conditions for the service of relatively large blocks of land. The projects proposed are primarily for irrigation water service, but also include multipurpose features for tlood con- trol, hydroelectric power generation, and recreation, where practicable. They would require large capital expenditures and would probably be financed, con- structed, and operated by public districts. It is real i/ed that in conjunct ion with these projects, numer- ous small water storage developments would be eon structed by individuals or groups of individuals to supplement the larger developments. The results of the local water development studies made during the Klamath River Basin Investigation were incorporated into The California Water Plan. PLANS FOR WATER DEVELOPMENT 85 Preliminary design of features of proposed plans for development of the water resources of the Klamath River Basin was accomplished to the extent necessary to prepare estimates of overall project costs. However, prior to preparing- definite construction plans for a specific project, more detailed investiga- tions leading to determinations of the economic justifi- cation and financial feasibility of the project should be conducted. Subsequently, still more detailed ex- ploratory, mapping, and design studies should be made in connection with the preparation of final con- struction plans and specifications. It may be that final plans will differ substantially from the works de- scribed in this bulletin. However, the estimated costs presented herein are valuable for comparing the de- sirability of various proposed projects, indicating the approximate cost of developed water supplies, and for the initial selection of projects for additional study. No attempt was made in these preliminary studies to allocate costs of the various multipurpose features; nor was consideration given to non-reimbursable funds for items such as flood control or recreation. Therefore, costs of projects presented herein should not be construed to represent the sale prices of irri- gation water. In connection with the discussion of surface and ground water development works the following terms are used : Safe Yield — The maximum sustained rate of draft from a reservoir that could be maintained through a critically deficient water supply period to meet a given demand for water. For purposes of this bulletin, safe yield was determined on the basis of the critical period that occurred in the Klamath River P»asin from 1928-29 through 1934-35. Irrigation Yield — The maximum sustained rate of draft from a reservoir that could be maintained through a critically deficient water supply period to meet a given irrigation demand for water, with certain specified deficiencies. \t w Water — The seasonal yield of water, not other- wise available, resulting from a proposed water supply development and method of operation thereof. This includes all conserved water, whether available on a safe yield, irrigation yield, or other basis. Dependablt Power Capacity — The power plant's load-carrying ability for the time interval and period specified when related to the characteris- tics of the load to be supplied. In this bulletin Hie load requirement was assumed to have the char- acteristics of 3,800 kilowatt-hours per kilowatt of annual demand, that is, an annual capacity factor of approximately 43 per cent. Installed Power Capacitij — The kilowatt name plate rating of the hydroelectric generating equipment. In this bulletin the installed power capacity was determined as a result of a comparison of annual costs with revenues for several plant si/ev Firm Annual Energy Output — The energy in kilo- watt-hours that would have an assured availa- bility to the customer to meet his load require- ments. For purposes of this bulletin, it was de- termined to In' the annual energy produced by discharge of the safe yield through the hydro electric generating equipment. Average Annual Energy Output — The average an- nual generated electric energy in kilowatt-hours that would be usable under the assumed system load for the period 1921 through 1952. For pur- poses of this bulletin, all of the energy output was assumed to be usable. Operation studies of proposed reservoirs were inn ducted on a monthly basis for the period from 1920-2] through 1951-52. Methods used for estimating runoff were discussed in Chapter II. < (peration studies of de velopments in the Upper Klamath River Basin were based on future impaired flows, while those in the remainder of the Basin were based on present im- paired flows. Yields were generally determined on the assumption that flu 1 projects would be operated mi a safe yield basis without deficiency, except that in some cases deficiencies up to 35 per cent were allowed in one year of the study. Operation study criteria included monthly demands for irrigation water as shown in Chapter III. releases for stream flow maintenance for fisheries as recom- mended by the California Department of Fish and Game, and estimated evaporation based on data col- lected by the United States Bureau of Reclamation and the Department of Water Resources. No provi- sions for flood control storage allocations, except for Boundary and Callahan Reservoirs, were made in these studies. Where information was available, and where downstream water rights were significant in amount, operation studies included releases to satisfy present rights. The geologic investigation of dam sites in the Klam- ath River Basin, abstract reports of which are con- tained herein, included review of available geologic literature and field reconnaissance of each site. State- ments and conclusions regarding subsurface conditions were necessarily based on surface evidence. Extensive subsurface exploration will be required before the actual final design of any project is commenced. The geologic summaries are preliminary, and are intended only to indicate the nature and severity of geologic problems which may be encountered during construc- tion of a dam at a given site. Capital costs of dams, reservoirs, diversion works, conduits, pumping plants, power plants, and appurte- nances included in the proposed works, were estimated from preliminary designs and based largely on data KI.A.MATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION from surveys made during the investigation. Approxi- mate construction quantities were estimated from these preliminary designs. Unit prices of eonstrud items were determined from recenl bid data on proj- ects similar to those planned, or from manufacturers' cost lists, and arc considered representative of prices prevailing in the spring of 1956. The estimates of capital cosl include costs of rights of way and interest at 3.5 per cent per annum during one-half of the assumed construction period, 10 per cent of construc- tion costs for engineering, and 15 per cent of con- struction costs for contingencies. Estimates of annual costs include interesl on the capital investment ai 3.5 per cent, amortization over a 50-year period on a 3.5 per cent sinking fund basis, and outlay for replace- ment, operation, and maintenance. Estimates of annual revenue derived from proposed hydroelectric power plants were based on a value of $22.00 per kilowatt of dependable power capacity, plus 2.8 nulls per kilowatt hour of average animal energy output. Estimates of annual cost of electric energy for pumping in Scott and Shasta Valleys were based on the California-Oregon Power Company Agri- cultural Power Service Schedule No. 20, dated 1954. The estimated cost of electric energy for pumping water from the Klamath River into Shasta Valley was based on the use of off-peak energy, using rates of $0,003 per kilowatt-hour, and a service charge of $0.35 per kilowatt per month for the highest kilowatt de- mand in a 12-month period. Developmenfs Within the Upper Klamath River Basin The Upper Klamath River Basin, as discussed herein, includes all lands tributary to the Klamath River above the California-! Oregon state line as well as the closed drainage basins of Lost River and Butte Valley in both states. The Upper Basin embraces an area of about 7,400 square miles in California and Oregon and contains several watersheds. It is consid- ered here as a unit for planning purposes, because of the required integrated use of the water resources. It was show n in Chapter III that, under conditions of ultimate development, the seasonal water require- ment of the Upper Klamath River Basin would lie about 1,920,000 acre-feet, as compared to the present seasonal water requirement of about 1,340,000 acre- feet. About 242,000 acre-feel of the ultimate seasonal water requirement would occur in the water-deficienl areas of Unite Valley ami the Oklahoma District. The areas above 1'pper Klamath Lake, including William- son River, Sprague River, and W I River would oh imately have seasonal water requirements estimated to be about 969,000 acre-feet. The Pnst River and Klamath Project areas, both iii Oregon and California. would have ultimate seasonal water requirements esti- mated to be ahum i, i;s nun ;,,.,-,. feet. That part of the ultimate supplemental water re- quirements in the Oklahoma District and Butte Valley which could not be met by development of local supplies would amount to about 160,000 acre-feet seasonally. Supplemental water supplies to meet these requirements could be developed from the Klamath River above Ken,,. To determine the ultimate available water supply for the Oklahoma District and Butte Valley, a com- plete analysis was made of water supply and water requirements in the entire Upper Klamath River Basin. A proposed plan of development was then formulated to meet the ultimate water requirements m both Oregon and California. Water supply develop- ment in the Upper Klamath River Basin, as shown on Plate 17. would comprise three storage reservoirs, Boundary Keservoir on Lost River, and Beatty and Chiloquin Narrows Reservoirs on Sprague River. Beatty and Chiloquin Narrows Reservoirs would be it Oregon, but would develop water to be used in both Oregon and California. The plan for importation of water into Butte Valley, shown on Plate 17. represents the present proposal of tin. United States Bureau of Reclamation for the Butte Division of the Klamath Project. Boundary Reservoir. Boundary Dam. proposed by tic United States Bureau of Reclamation as a water conservation feature of the Klamath Project, WOUld be located oil Post Kiver where it crosses lb,. California-Oregon state line, about nine miles down- stream from the existing Clear Pake Dam. Although the dam would lie located on the state line, the reser- voir would lie entirely within California. An earthfill structure 125 feet in height would create a reservoir with a storage capacity of 100,000 acre-feet. The esti mated average seasonal inflow into Boundary Reser- voir would be about 11(1.(1(1(1 a, -re-feet. Boundary Reservoir, in conjunction with some flood control storage space in Clear Pake Reservoir, would provide a seasonal irrigation yield of aboul (1,(1(1(1 acre-feel, as compared with a present yield of about 22,000 acre-feel from the existing Clear Pake Reservoir. Much of the increased yield would accrue from conserving water now evaporated from Clear Pake The Bureau of Reclamation plans envision that por- tions of the existing Clear Pake reservoir area would In' reclaii I for irrigated agriculture, while other areas would be utilized as a controlled marsh for the beiielit of migratory waterfowl. Flood protection to lands bordering Post River and Title Pake would be provided by 35,000 acre-feet of flood control storage space in Boundary Reservoir, as well as additional storage lor excess waters in the Clear Pake marshes, proposed to be reclaimed for wildfowl purposes. Tic capital cost of Boundary Dam and Reservoir has been estimated to be about $4,000,000, with a PLANS FOR WATER DEVELOPMENT corresponding annual eosl of about $195,000 com- puted at 3.5 per cent interest. The cost of development of 41,000 acre-feet of safe seasonal yield would be aliniit $4.80 per aere-foot. However, portions of the eost would be allocated to flood control and wildlife management. If the projecl were built as a part of the reclamation project, the irrigation costs would be repaid without interest. Beatty Reservoir. Beatty Dam would be located on Sprague River in Oregon about two miles east of the town of Beatty. A dam at this site has been proposed by the United states Bureau of Indian Affairs as a means of developing a water supply for irrigable lands in the Klamath Indian Reservation. An earthfill structure, 55 Eeet in height, would create a reservoir with a gross storage capacity of about 150,000 acre-feet. The average seasonal inflow to the reservoir was estimated to be about Pit), 000 acre-feet. An irrigation yield of 110,000 acre-feet per season could be obtained from this reservoir to meet demands in Sprague River Valley. However, with this irriga- tion demand, deficiencies would occur in each of the lour seasons, 1930-33 through 1933-34. The capital cost of Beatty Dam was estimated to be $4,700,000 and the corresponding annual cost would be about $233,000 computed at :!..""> per cent interest. The COSl Of development of 110,000 acre-feet per sea- son would be about $12.10 per acre-foot. Chiloquin Narrows Reservoir. Additional water conservation storage above the main distribution point of the Klamath Project at Link River will be neces- sary, if the ultimate water requirements of the Upper Klamath River Basin are to be fully met. It was assumed thai Upper Klamath Lake will continue to be operated with its present active storage capacity of 483,000 acre-IVei, although nearly twice this storage capacity would be required to effect maximum regu- lation of the available water supply under ultimate iditions. In lieu of increasing storage in Upper Klamath Lake, the construction of Chiloquin Narrows Reservoir on Sprague River above its confluence with tin' Williamson River was considered. This reservoir, with a gross storage capacity of 440,000 acre-feet, would lie formed by a Pi.Vfoot earthlill dam. Under ultimate conditions of development, the average sea- sonal inflow into the reservoir would be about 280,000 acre-feet. The average seasonal release from Chiloquin Narrows Reservoir into Upper Klamath Lake Eor use on lands served from the lake would be about 190,000 acre-feet. Tlf capital cost of Chiloquin Narrows Dam and Reservoir would be about $7,100,000 and the cor- responding annual cost would be about $361,000 coin pui c. I at 3.5 per cent interest. The cost of development of 190,000 acre-feel per season would be about *'_' per acre foot. With the three storage facilities described, in addi- tion to existing storage, supplies would be developed sufficient to meet the ultimate irrigation, municipal, and miscella us demands in the Klamath Project and irrigable areas in the Oklahoma District and Butte Valley, and to maintain a constant flow of about 275 second-feet in Klamath River at Keno Eor generation of hydroelectric power. Satisfaction of these demands, as previously discussed in Chapter 111 under the heading, "Future Change in Flow of the Klamath River," would require an average seasonal irrigation diversion from Upper Klamath Lake of about 580,000 acre-feet, and an average seasonal power release of about 200,000 acre-feet. The irriga- tion diversion would include water to serve the pres- sent Klamath Project demands, planned project ex- tensions, and an allowance of 200,000 acre-feet for export to Butte Valley and the Oklahoma District. Klamath Project Extensions. The United States Bureau of Reclamation has studied various methods of developing additional water supplies for Klamath Project lands, as well as for adjacent areas. The rec- ommendation has been made that the existing system of pumping plants and canals on the Klamath Project be enlarged and extended to serve irrigation water to an additional 14.000 acres of land scattered along the fringes of the present project area. This work, re- ferred to as Klamath Project Extensions, includes enlargement of the C-4 Canal. I) Canal, F Canal, and G Canal, enlargement of Miller Hill pumping plant, construction of Stnkel anil Poe Valley pumping plants, and improvement of drainage facilities. The seasonal water requirement of 41.000 acre-feet would be made available by making greater use of the Lost River diversion channel to convey water from Klam- ath River to Lost River, and by making greater use of the flows of Lost River. These works are discussed in the report of the United states Bureau of Reclama tion published in 1955 entitled '•Klamath Project Extensions, A Report on the Feasibility of Irrigation Water Service." Butte Valley-Oklahoma District Development. Under a cooperative contract with the Butte Vallej Water Development Association, a plan to serve the better quality valley floor lands in Butte Valley and the Oklahoma District was developed by the Bureau of Reclamation. During the currenl investigation these plans were reviewed and found to be feasible of ac- complishment. The Bureau of Reclamation proposals for water service to Butte Valley, known as the Butte Division of the Klamath Project, include a physical plan for water service, designs and estimates of costs of the required structures, and an evaluation of eeo munic justification and financial feasibility. The Butte Division of the Klamath Project would provide an average seasonal diversion of about 10 acre feel from the Klamath River at Klamath Strait-. KLA.MATII RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION This water supply would be available from water presently conserved in Upper Klamath Lake under water rights held by the United States, and under terms of the contract between the Bureau of Reclama- tion and the California-Oregon Power Company for the operation of Upper Klamath Lake. As shown on Plate 17. the water diverted from Klamath River would lie conveyed southward by gravity through the Klamath-Dorris Canal to the vicinity of Indian Tom Lake. About 33,000 aere-1'eet per season would be diverted from the canal eastward into the Oklahoma District by means of the Oklahoma Canal, and the remainder would he pumped into Butte Valley. The Oklahoma Canal would he a gravity conduit, extending about five miles south of Sheepy Lake along the drainage channel of Willow Creek. A number of pumping plants would provide water service to lands adjacent to the canal, and would pump into canals serving the higher lauds. I rr mat ion deliveries in the Oklahoma District would be From water imported through the Oklahoma Canal, plus return Hows which would be allowed to drain into this canal. At the end of the irrigation season the import canal system would be utilized as a drainage system by pumping back into the Klamath-Dorris (anal from the Oklahoma Canal. A pumping plant at the intake of the Klamath-Dorris Canal would dis- charge drain water back into the Klamath River from both the Oklahoma and Butte Valley systems. The Dorris pumping plant, south of Indian Tom Lake, would have a capaicty of 250 second-feel and would divert about 67,000 acro-feet per season from tin' Klamath-Dorris ('anal into Butte Valley. The water would be lifted about 154 feet and conveyed through a short tunnel to the Dorris-Meiss Canal for gravity conveyance southwest ward across Butte Valley to ^leiss Lake for storage and regulation. New dikes would be constructed to contain ileiss Lake in two adjacent compartments, with 21,000 acre-feet of storage space in the northerly section and 7,500 acre- feet of storage space in the southerly section. A low pump lift would be required to transfer imported water from the Dorris-Meiss Canal into the lake. Dis- tribution of water in Butte Valley would be accom- plished by additional gravity canals and a number of small pumping plants. A possible method of operating the Butte Divi- sion would be to fill Meiss Lake to capacity prior to the irrigation season, both by local runoff and water diverted from the Klamath River. During the first part id' the irrigation season, water pumped directly from the Klamath River would be served to irrigated lands. When the irrigation demand exceeded tin' ca- pacity of the Dorris pumping plant, stored water in Mciss Lake would be used to supplement the surface diversion, the water in the 7,500 acre-foot compart- ment being first utilized. During the first part of the irrigation season the return flows from irrigated lands would be allowed to enter the main canals ami to mix with imported water. As the salt concentration id' the return water became greater during tin' latter part of the irrigation season. return flows would be collected in drains and pumped into the previously emptied smaller compartment of .Mciss Lake. This water would be mixed with imported water throughout the season within limitations per- mitted by water quality considerations. At the end id' the irrigation season all waters of undesirable quality impounded in Aloiss Lake would be drained from Butte Valley through the same canal system used to import the water supply. The project would serve water to about 45,000 acres in Butte Valley and to about 13,000 acres in the < >kla- homa District, including about 8,000 acres of govern- ment-owned lands in Butte Valley and 4,500 acres in the Oklahoma District. The project area would also include the Butte Valley Irrigation District lands and lands now privately irrigated by ground water pumping. Such lands would be provided with drainage facilities and supplemental water supplies where led. Engineering and economic studies of the Bureau of Reclamation indicate that by making full use of all lands as proposed for project planning purposes, the project would be economically justified and financially feasible. Total project costs have been estimated to be about $19,000,000, of which about 75 per cent would be for Butte Valley works and about 25 per eenl would be for Oklahoma District works. The overall benefit-cost ratio has been estimated to be favorable. The cost of irrigation water service has not yet been determined. Several alternatives to the Butte Division project have been considered. One of these would be essen- tially as heretofore described, but would provide drainage from .Moiss Lake by a canal and a low pump lift to convey the water through the Sam's Neck area, west id' Dorris. The cost of this project would be com- parable to the one discussed, and it would have a further advantage of providing low-cos1 drainage as an initial step in development. Xo final recommenda- tion has been made for the Butte Division by the Bureau of Reclamation. Developments Within Shasta Valley It has been previously shown that there are suffi- cient water supplies in tin' Shasta Valley Hydro- graphic Unit to meet present water requirements, if those supplies are adequately regulated. Under ulti- mate development, however, the supplemental water requirement will be about 270.000 acre-feet seasonally. Even at the present time, because of insufficient regu latioii of surface water there is a problem of irriga- tion deficiencies in below-normal water supply seasons PLANS FOE WATER DEVELOPMENT 89 These deficiencies occur on lands irrigated from small streams tributary to the valley, and have limited the development of new irrigable lands. Several proposed systems of works for present and future development of the surface water supply of Shasta Valley are outlined in this section. These plans of local development include the Montague Project, Grenada Ranch Project, and Table Rock Reservoir. However, complete satisfaction of the ultimate sup- plemental water requirement will require the impor- tation of water from outside the valley. Plans for the proposed Shasta Valley Import Project include works for regulating and conveying a water supply from the Klamath River to Shasta Valley. The foregoing proj- ects are not alternatives in the sense of providing service to identical areas. However, they are inter- dependent to the extent that construction of either the Grenada Ranch or Table Rock projects will affect the anticipated yield of the Montague project. The locations of these projects are shown on Plate 18, "Existing and Possible Future Developments, Shasta Valley." Subsequent to completion of planning studies for this bulletin, additional studies of plans for water development in Shasta Valley were made in 1958 and 1959. These new studies included more detailed inves- tigation of the Montague and Grenada Ranch Proj- ects, as well as investigation of the Gregory Mountain Project located on the Shasta River near Montague. Further study was also made of the Shasta Valley Import Project. The economic justification of these projects was evaluated to determine whether one or more of the water developments should be considered for construction in the near future. As a result of the more detailed geologic and economic studies it was found that the Montague Project would not be feas- ible because of excessive costs that would be required to overcome poor foundation conditions. The Gregory Mountain Project featuring a dam on the Shasta River about four miles upstream from the Montague dam site has been proposed as an alternative to the Montague Project. A report on these studies is sched- uled for publication in 1960. Montague Project. The Montague Project was proposed to serve irrigable lands in the vicinity of the town of Montague. It would be susceptible of staged development and, with completion of the final stage, would regulate the How of the Shasta River as well as return flows of water imported from the Klamath River. Operation of the project would provide new water for irrigation and other purposes, and for stream How maintenance for the improvement of downstream conditions. However, as stated above, studies in 1958 and 1959 showed this project to he less desirable than the Gregory Mountain Project because poor foundation conditions at the Montague dam site woidd increase design requirements and costs. The Montague Project includes Montague Dam and Reservoir on the Shasta River; tie- North Pumping Plant, serving water for tin- irrigable area north of the reservoir; and the South Pumping Plant serving water for the irrigable area south of the reservoir. Lo- cations of features of tin' project are shown on Plate 18, and the principal features of the dam are delin- eated on Plate 21, "Montague Dam on Shasta River and Table Rock Dam on Little Shasta River." Montague Reservoir would provide an estimated safe yield of 84,000 acre-feet of new water seasonally, of which 62,000 acre-feet would be pumped for irri- gation, and 22.000 acre-feet would be released for stream flow maintenance. In addition, an average of 12,000 acre-feet of unregulated water would be made available seasonally from the reservoir to satisfy ex- isting rights. It was assumed that the service area of the project would include lands in northern Shasta Valley pres- ently without a water supply, lands now served by the Shasta "Water Users Association, and a portion of the lands in the Montague Water Conservation District, totalling about 20,000 acres between elevations of 2,500 and 2,700 feet. Lands in the proposed service area presently supplied from Dwinnell Reservoir would, after project completion, receive water from Montague Reservoir, releasing the water supply from Dwinnell Reservoir for use on lands closer to the reservoir. The service area of the Montague Project was di- vided into South and North Units, served by similarly designated pumping plants and main canals. The South Service Area has a net irrigable area of 6.900 acres, and would require a water supply of approxi- mately 25,000 acre-feet seasonally. The North Service Area contains about 13.600 irrigable acres, and would require approximately 49.000 acre-feet each season. A seasonal summary of a monthly yield study of the project for the period from 1920-21 through 1951- 52, utilizing estimates of present impaired flow of the Shasta River, is presented in Appendix E. Presented in Table 48 is the estimated monthly distribution of water from Montague Reservoir for irrigation and for fishery maintenance. Preliminary geologic reconnaissance indicated that the Montague site would be suitable for an earthfill dam of the proposed height of 108 feet. The abutment slopes are relatively gentle, and are largely -.oil-cov- ered in their lower parts. Serpentine rock, quite hard where fresh and unweathered. outcrops over much of the upper portion of the abutments, above a height of SO feet above streambed on the right abutment and above 150 feet on the left abutment. Outcrops of nietaigneous rock, a hard. grey, medium to tine grained material, broken by many random joints and by shears of minor extent, exist in the lower abutment areas. The geologic investigation of the Montague site made by drilling in 1958 showed foundation condi- 90 KLA.MAT1I RIVER BASIN [NVESTIGATION tions i" be extremely p •. The channel sections con- tain wide fault /.lines composed of gouge and breccia which have no apparent shear strength. 'I'he abut- ments contain weak, brecciated (fragmental) rock. These conditions would create many difficult design and construction problems. However, if necessary, a safe earth or rock fill dam could be constructed at this site, but it would be very costly. Impervious construction materials arc plentiful in the Hats around Ager Road Bridge, within one mile of the dam site. Pervious material is available in lim- ited quantities in the Shasta River channel, and in dredger tailings along Yreka Creek which enters the Shasta River about one mile downstream from the dam site. Pervious material required in addition to available stream gravels could be obtained from strip- ping spoils and rock quarried locally. Aggregates are also available in the immediate vicinity but they would require washing and sorting. The proposed clam would be 93 feet in height from streambed to spillway lip. with a crest length of 1,475 feet. The reservoir would have a normal pool storage capacity of 87,000 acre-feet. The spillway would be designed for a discharge of 7,200 second-feet. It would be an ungated concrete structure located on the left abutment. Protection to the toe of the dam would be provided, as well as some channel improvement from the spillway chute to Yreka Creek. The outlet works would consist of two welded steel pipes placed under the dam. one each on the right and left sides of the channel. They would terminate in the North and South Pumping Plants, respectively, which would raise water to elevations suitable for de- livery to the service areas. Montague Reservoir would inundate an area of about 2,700 acres at normal water surface elevation. Table 49 lists the area and storage capacity for vari- ESTIMATED MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF DEMAND FOR WATER FROM MONTAGUE RESERVOIR TABLE 49 AREAS AND CAPACITIES OF MONTAGUE RESERVOIR (In acre-feet) \|.ril May June July I September October November I tecembei January .__. February March TOTALS South Sen ice Area 2.500 1,600 4.200 5.400 5.000 3.300 North Service Area .V 9,000 8.100 10.400 :i sun 6,600 Stream ilnu maintenance 1.200 1,200 1,200 1.200 1.200 1,200 2,500 2,500 2,500 2,500 2,300 2,500 Minn 8,800 14,800 13,500 17.000 16,000 11,100 2.500 2,500 2,500 2.500 2,300 2,500 *96,000 Depth of :ii dam, i water n feet W ater surface elevation, L7SGS datum in feet Water surface area, in ai i 1 Storagi capacity, in acn -feel 13 33 53 73 2,407 J 120 2.440 2,460 2.480 J Mill 2.510 511 480 '.151 1 1.670 2.670 3,960 300 5,600 19,700 93 87.000 103 iNrhiii... an :n.i.. ,i ij. cre-feet of unregulated made available Lo replace existing ffater rights. per season to lie ous pool elevations. Acquisitions of about 4,600 acres of land would be required in order to provide ade- quate perimeter area and to accord with existing land ownership boundaries. Inasmuch as the proposed res- ervoir would cut off approaches to Montague from the west and south, replacement of the existing highways and railroads would be required. Power and telephone lines along the present Yreka-Montague highway would be rerouted. Pertinent data with respect to general features of the Montague Project, as developed for cost estimat- ing purposes, are presented in Table 50. Detailed esti- mates of the cost of the dam and pumping facilities are presented in Appendix F. The capital cost of the Montague Project was esti- mated to be about $7,990,000, and the corresponding annual cost for the physical features, operation, and maintenance was estimated to be about $580,000. The costs of main and distribution canals are not included in these figures. An additional annual cost, not in- cluded in the above estimate, would he the cost of pumping 74.000 acre-feet of water seasonally from the reservoir for delivery to adjacent service areas. Using the California-Oregon Power Company Agri- cultural Power Service Schedule No. 20. 1954, this has been estimated to be about $135,000 per year. The unit cost of development of 84.000 acre-feet per season would be about $8.50 per acre-foot. This does not rep- resent the price of irrigation water at the head of the distribution system since no consideration was given to portions of the cost to be borne by recreation and stream flow maintenance purposes or to possible non- reimbursable grants to the project. Grenada Ranch Project. The Grenada Ranch Project would include Grenada Ranch Dam and Reservoir on the Shasta River, approximately 2.5 miles southeast of Grenada; a pumping and filtration plant near the base of the dam; and a pipe line ap- proximately 11 miles in length to the City of Yreka. These facilities would provide approximately 3,000 acre-feet of water seasonally, equivalent to 2.7 million gallons per day, for municipal use, and approximately 17,000 acre-feet of water seasonally for irrigation use. Municipal water requirements of the cities of Grenada ['LANS K<»I! WATER 1 >KV 111 ,( M'.M FAT 91 TABLE 50 GENERAL FEATURES OF MONTAGUE PROJECT Dam Type earthfill Crest elevation, in feet 2,515 Crest length, in feet 1,475 Crest width, in feet 30 Height, spillway lip above stream bed, in feet 93 Elevation of stream bed, in feet 2. 407 Side slopes, upstream 3:1 downstream 2.5:1 Freeboard above spillway lip, in feet 15 Volume of fill, in cubic yards 1,435,000 Reservoir Surface urea at spillway lip, in acres 2,700 Storage capacity at spillway lip, in acre-feet 87,000 Drainage area, in square miles 796 Estimated average seasonal runoff, in acre-feet __ 137,500 Estimated safe seasonal yield, in acre-feet 84,000 Type cif spillway — uncontrolled lined chute over the the left abutment Spillway discharge capacity, in second-feet 7,200 Type of outlet — two 72-inch welded steel pipes under the dam South Pumping Plant rumps — live 10.000 gpm centrifugal units Motors — two 40(1 horsepower and three 800 horse- power Estimated maximum pumping head, in feet 221 Installed pumping discharge capacity, in second-feet 90 North Pumping Plant Pumps— two 17,500 gpm and tin 20,600 gpm centrifugal units Motors — two 800 horsepower and three 1,500 horse- power Estimated maximum pumping head, in feet 224 Installed pumping discharge capacity, in second-feet 169 and Montague could also be met by the water supply made available. However, estimates of the cost of these possible additional municipal services were not made. The proposed works necessary to serve a municipal water supply to the City of Yreka were included in the project in anticipation of a future need for water over and above supplies presently being developed. The Grenada Kanch Project would be susceptible of staged development. The first stage would consist of those works necessary to provide water for irrigation service only, while the second stage would consist of the additional facilities required for municipal service. Location of the features of the Grenada Ranch Project are shown on Plate 18, "Existing and Possible Future Developments, Shasta Valley," and its prin- cipal features are delineated on Plate 22, "Grenada Ranch Dam on Shasta River." The dam site is located in a moderately steep-sided gorge cut by the Shasta River into the volcanic rocks forming the irregular knobby floor of the broad Shasta Valley. Geologic reconnaissance during the Klamath River Basin Investigation resulted in the conclusion that the Grenada Ranch dam site would be suitable for an earthfill or rockfill dam of the pro- posed height of 62 feet. The design and cost estimates presented herein, based on the geologic reconnaissance, include stripping of 6 feet of loose-jointed blocks and rubble from the abutments, and an additional 11 feel of jointed volcanic rock from under the impervious section. Materia] suitable for impervious fill is available in the reservoir area and just downstream from the dam site. Ample quantities of jointed rock are available at and neat- the site for all pervious fill required. Subsequent and more extensive geologic investiga- tions, conducted in 1958 during the Shasta Valley In- vestigation, showed that the valley section at the dam site is filled with sand, gravel, and boulders to depths greater than 100 feet. A dam designed with knowledge of the later information may require a cut-off section approximately 50 feel deep into the channel, as well as heavy grouting along the entire length of the axis. Even with the grout curtain extending well beyond the ends of the structure, leakage through the porous, jointed volcanic rock may occur. Also, with more de- tailed geologic knowledge, an alternative spillway lo- cation to the left of the dam site may be incorporated in the dam in place of the spillway as designed for studies contained herein. The selection of the height of the proposed Grenada Ranch Dam was influenced by the location of Big Springs, the available water supply in the Shasta River, the possible need for saddle dams around the rim of the reservoir, and the location of a suitable spillway site. It was concluded that water surface in the proposed reservoir should be held lower than Big Springs since flooding of the springs might ad- versely affect their rate of flow. In consideration of the foregoing factors, it was determined that the maxi- mum feasible storage capacity of the reservoir would be about 22,800 acre-feet. Reservoir storage capacities for various pool elevations are given in Table 51. Operation studies of Grenada Ranch Reservoir in- dicated that there are unregulated flows in the Shasta River of sufficient magnitude to yield 20,000 acre-feet of new water seasonally over and above existing rights. Rights to the entire flow of the Shasta River during the irrigation season extending from April 1st to October 1st have been established by adjudication procedures. Consequently stream flow during that period would not be available for storage in Grenada Ranch Reservoir. In addition to the adjudicated rights to the flow of the Shasta River during the irrigation season, a right to winter floodwater from Parks Creek, in the amount of 15,000 acre-feet per season, is held by the Montague Water Conservation District. These latter waters tire stored in Dwinnell Reservoir, Located upstream from the proposed Grenada Ranch Reservoir. The existing Grenada Irrigation District pumping plant would be inundated by the reservoir. Provision would be made for replacement of this pumping plant, and for the release of up to 120 second-feet during the irrigation season to satisfy prior downstream water rights. -*&?; Monfogue Dam site on Shasta River looking south from air over n'g/if abutment to left abutment Department of Water Resources photograph Kidder Creek in Scott Valley, looking west from air over Fort Jones. Scars of the December 1955 flood border the stream. Slski] s, Montague, photograph PLAN'S FOR WATER DEVELOPMENT 93 AREAS AND CAPACITIES OF GRENADA RANCH RESERVOIR Depth of 1 1 1 dam, i water n feet Water surface elevation. USGS datum in feet Water surface Storage capacity, in acre-feet 2,528 2,530 2,540 2 550 2.560 2,570 2.580 2.590 4 175 339 4fil 74.") 1,115 2,069 2 4 12 900 22 32 3,470 7,470 13,500 22.800 38,720 Grenada Ranch Dam would be an earthfill structure 62 feet in height with a crest length of 550 feet. Stream bed elevation at the dam site is 2,528 feet. The dam would have an upstream impervious section of compacted earth and a downstream pervious section nf gravel and rock. A small auxiliary dam would be required south of the left abutment. An overpour spillway, with a design discharge capacity of 12,000 second-feet, and maximum depth of water of 6 feet above the spillway lip, would be provided. Freeboard on the dam, above the maximum water surface eleva- tion in the reservoir, would be 4 feet. Irrigation water supplies would be released through a 36-inch diameter welded steel pipe located beneath the dam. Outlet works for municipal water supplies would consist of a 24-inch diameter steel pipe, Located beneath the right abutment of the dam. The munici- pal outlet would terminate in a combination pumping and filtration plant structure located immediately downstream from the dam. A maximum area of 2,600 acres including hinds used for cattle ranching and for irrigated pasture and meadow hay would be inundated by the Grenada Ranch Reservoir. From the pumping and filtration plant water would be conveyed in a 14-inch diameter steel pipe to Yreka and the conduit would be about 11 miles in length. The conduit would connect with the present munici- pal water supply system at the Boston Shaft. The filtration plant would have a maximum capacity of about 1,800 gallons per minute, and would be capable of delivering to Yreka about 1,500 acre-feel of water seasonally. Tl apital cost of the Grenada Ranch Project was estimated to he about $2,030,000. The annual cost, tor both an irrigation supply and for delivering a municipal water supply to Yreka, would be about $120.(100. The unit cost of development of 20,000 acre-feet per season would be $6 per acre-foot. Prices for water would depend upon the proportion of water used for municipal anil irrigation purposes. These costs do not relied increased costs that would be re- quired for additional design requirements and foun- dation treatment shown necessary by the detailed geologic investigation in 1958. Pertinent data with respect to general features of the proposed Grenada Ranch Project are presented in Table 52. A detailed cost estimate of the project is presented in Appendix !•'. TABLE 52 GENERAL FEATURES OF GRENADA RANCH DAM AND RESERVOIR Grenada Ranch Dam T,\ pe earthfill Crest elevation, in feet 2,590 Crest length, in feet 550 Crest width, in feet _•""> Height, spillway lip above stream bed, in feet 52 Stream lied elevation, in feet 2,528 Side slopes 2:1 Freeboard above spillway lip, in feet 10 Volume of till, in cubic yards 167,500 Reservoir Surface area at spillway lip, in acres 1,115 Storage capacity at spillway lip, in acre-feet L'LJ.soo Drainage area, in square miles •'•■"'-' Estimated average seasonal runoff, in acre-feet 97,000 Estimated safe seasonal yield, in acre-feet 20,000 Type of spillway — ungated, unlined chute over right abutment Spillway discharge capacity, in second-feet 12,000 Type of outlet — one 36-inch steel pipe and one 14- inch steel pipe encased in concrete under tin' dam Yreka Pumping Plant Pumps — two 900 gpm centrifugal pump units Motors — two 150-horsepower motor units Estimated maximum pumping head, in feet — 320 Installed pumping discbarge capacity, in second-feet 4 Yreka Conduit Conduit — 14-inch diameter steel pipe. 10.0 miles in length, with a capacity of 4 second-feet Table Rock Reservoir. Table Rock Reservoir would provide regulation of the erratic natural flow of Little Shasta River, and would make available a seasonal safe yield of 11,800 acre-feet of water. This yield would uot be new water, since the avail- able stream flow is not sufficient to provide a water supply in excess of the average amount present h diverted and used. Construction of the reservou would, however, provide the basis for a greater ecO nomic use of both water and land. Table Rock Dam and Reservoir would be Located on the Little Shasta River about 9 miles east of the town of Montague. The location of the reservoir is shown on Plate 18, and the general features of the dam are delineated on Plate 21. The stream lied ele vation at the dam site is 2,810 feet. The construction of a saddle dam about 0.8 mile southeast of the left abutment would be required. Reservoir storage capaci- ties for various pool elevations are presented in Table 53. A preliminary geologic reconnaissance, and COnsid eration of available materials, indicate that this dam site is best Suited for an earthfill type structure of moderate height. The abutments and adjacent slopes 94 KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION AREAS AND CAPACITIES OF TABLE ROCK RESERVOIR Depth of at dam, water n feet w ater surface elevation, 1 s< IS datum iti int U atei surface area, in acres Storage capacity, m acre-feet II 2,810 2.840 2,870 2,900 2,930 14 205 408 30 60 90 120 28,000 are gentle and undulating. Soil covers most of the area, with a slightly porphyritic, vesicular, dark- colored basaltic rock of Tertiary age outcropping at various points such as road cuts and stream banks, Surficially, the rock appears to lie badly fractured ami weathered. The fracturing, due primarily to joint- ing, may continue to a considerable depth beneath the ground. In this type of material, leakage from a res- ervoir may be a serious problem. The estimated depth to sound foundation rock is 5 feet on the left abutment and 10 feet on the right abutment. Geological exploration of the channel sec- tion would be necessary to determine accurately the depth and type of channel till, and it is estimated that there may lie as much as 50 feet of soil, sand, gravel, and rock. Foundation conditions at the saddle dam site are similar in most respects to those of the main dam site. although only a shallow soil blanket appears to cover the bedrock across the bottom of this site. Materials suitable for construction id' the dam are available at or near the site. Gravels suitable for drain rock or aggregate would have to be imported from outside the reservoir area. The average seasonal runoff from the IS square miles of drainage area above the proposed Table Rock Dam is estimated to be 21.4(10 acre-feet. Results of monthly yield studies made for reservoir storage capacities between S.000 to 28,000 acre-feet, com- pared with preliminary estimates of the cost of the dam for each capacity, indicate that the most economi- ca) height of dam would be about 90 feet. The res- ervoir storage capacity at this height would be 10,000 acre-feet, and the seasonal irrigation yield, without deficiencies in any year, would be about 11,800 acre- feet. A summary of the yield study is presented in Appendix E. The proposed Table Rock Dam would be an earthfill structure. 90 feet in height, from stream bed to crest of the dam. and the dam would have a crest length of 2.100 feet. The upstream section of tile dam would consist of impervious compacted earth material, ami the downstream portion would consist of pervious materials with three feet of riprap slope protection. A chute spillway, with a design discharge capacity of Tod second-feet with a maximum depth of water of 4 feet above the spillway lip. would discharge into the stream chat I about 500 feet below the toe of the dam. Outlet works would consist of two 30-inch diam- eter welded steel pipes, one under each abutment of the the dam. An additional 12-inch diameter outlet pipe would be placed under the right abutment at about elevation 2,865 feet to provide diversion of ex- cess flows to existing downstream off-channel storage reservoirs. The reservoir area contains about 100 acres of irri- gated land. The remaining area is dry-farmed land and uncultivated hillsides. Improvements that would be inundated by Table Rock Reservoir include a ranch with several buildings and two residences. About :5 miles each of county road, electric power lines, and telephone lines, would require relocation. The capital cost of Table Rock Dam and Reservoir was estimated to be about $2,690,000, and correspond- ing annual costs were estimated to be $130,000. The Unit cost of development of 1 1,800 acre-feet per season would be about $11.00 per acre-foot. A detailed cost estimate is presented in Appendix F. Pertinent data with respect to general features of Table Rock Reservoir, as designed for cost estimating purposes, are presented in Table 54. TABLE 54 GENERAL FEATURES OF TABLE ROCK DAM AND RESERVOIR Dam Type earthfill Crest elevation, in feet 2,900 Crest I. ■null), in feet 2,100 Crest width, ill feet 30 Height, spillway lip above stream bed, in feet 80 Stream lied elevation, in feel 2,810 Side slopes, upstream '2.'i:1 downstream 2:1 Freeboard above spillway lip. in feet lo Volume of fill, in cubic yards 1,555,500 Auxiliary Dam Type earthfill Crest length, in feet 2,030 Crest width, in feet Mo Height of crest above natural ground, in feet 2."i Side slopes 2.5:1 Volume of till, in cubic yards 127,000 Reservoir Surface area tit spillway lip, in acres 370 Storage capacity tit spillway lip, in acre-feet lo.ooo Drainage area, in square miles S4 Estimated average seasonal runoff, in acre-feet 21,400 Estimated safe seasonal yield, in acre-feel 11,800 Type of spillway— ungated ogee weir with lined chute through left abutment Spillway discharge capacity, in second-feet . 750 'I'M f .unlet — two 30-inch diameter and one 11'- inch diameter steel pipes encased in concrete beneath the dam Shasta Valley Import Project. The Shasta Valley Import 1'roject would comprise those features neces- sary for regulating and conveying a water supply from the Klamath River to Shasta Valley. It would include the construction of Iron Gate Dam and Reser- PLANS FOR WATER DEVELOPMENT 95 voir mi the Klamath River, Iron Gate Pumping Plant, Ager Pumping Plant, lied School Dam and Reservoir, and the Bogus Conduit extending from the Klamath River to Red School Reservoir. The locations of these features arc shown on Plate 18. The Shasta Valley Import Project is designed for a seasonal pump diversion of 122.000 acre-feet from the Klamath River. The Ager subunit, tributary to the Klamath River, would utilize 20.00(1 acre-feet per season of the total amount of water pumped, to pro- vide for the ultimate water requirement of that sub- unit. The remaining 102,000 acre-feet per season would be conveyed into Shasta Valley to augmenl local supplies to provide water to most of the better quality irrigable lands. To completely meet the ulti- mate water requirements of the Shasta Valley Eydro- graphic Unit except for the Grass Lake Subunit, it is estimated that an additional 100,000 acre-feet would have to be imported from the Klamath River. Return Hows from new water imported into Shasta Valley would increase the yield of the proposed Montague Reservoir or alternative reservoirs on the Shasta River. It is estimated that the initial import would increase the yield of Montague Reservoir by about 40,1 acre-feet. 1. Iron Gate Dam and Reservoir. The diversion from the Klamath River would be made from Iron Gate Reservoir on the Klamath River. This reservoir would function both as a forebay to the proposed pumping plant and as an afterbay to existing and proposed hydroelectric power developments upstream. Downstream releases to the Klamath River from Iron Gate Reservoir would be maintained at constant rates for long periods of time. Chances in flow in the river would be accomplished by gradual change in the rate of release from the reservoir. Iron Gate Dam would be located on the Klamath River about one quarter mile upstream from the mouth of Brush Creek. The stream bed elevation at the dam site is 2.168 feet. Pertinent details of the proposed dam arc shown on Plate 20. The required active storage capacity of Iron Gate Reservoir was estimated at 16.400 acre-feet. This ca- pacity would provide storage for three days diversion requirements amounting to 2,500 acre-feet to permit oil'- peak pumping to the Bogus Canal; carry-over stor- age of 3,200 acre-feet in order to maintain minimum releases of 50 second-feet; and reregulation capacity of lo.Too acre-IVct of storage, equivalent to about 2.1 days of flow from ultimate upstream power develop- ments. The minimum release of 50 second-feet for stream flow maintenance was selected for engineering planning purposes under the assumption that ulti- mate development of downstream dams would pre- vent anadromous fish from reaching this area. Based on the relationship of annual cost of pumping to annual cost of capital investment in the dam and associated structures, it was found that the most eco nomical size of reservoir would be that which would maintain the normal pool water surface elevation of 2,300 feet. At this elevation a reservoir with a total storage capacity of 35,400 acre-feet would be required. Studies indicate that the annual cost of the power generating features required at Iron Gate Dam under the ultimate conditions considered herein would be greater than the average annual revenue from de veloped energy. Therefore, based on these preliminarj findings, hydroelectric power development was not in- cluded as part of the proposed plan. More refined studies, or studies based on present flows may find a method of including power features in the plan of development. A preliminary geologic reconnaissance at the Iron Gate dam site indicated that foundation conditions were suitable for a concrete gravity dam of the size under consideration. Extensive lava flows cover this area. The rock at the site is an aphanitic green-to- black basalt. Blocky jointing is prominent at the sur- face, although it would probably be of little concern at depth, and little shearing was noted. The rock is very hard where freshly exposed. Weathering, even on long exposed surfaces, is only moderate. Stripping would average about 15 feet on both abutments and in the channel. Concrete aggregates could be obtained from the local rock crushed at the site and sand could be hauled from the vicinity of Hornbrook. Iron Gate Dam, as proposed, would be a concrete gravity structure with a central gated spillway sec- tion. The dam would be 137 feet in height from stream bed to erest, and the crest length of dam would be 450 feet. The gated overpour type spillway Located over the river channel would have a maximum discharge capacity of 40,000 second-feet. Pertinent details of Iron Gate Dam are shown on Plate 20. Iron Gate Reservoir, at normal pool elevation of 2,300 feet, would inundate about 740 acres of rough unimproved canyon lands. Storage capacities and water surface areas for various pool elevations in Iron Gate Reservoir are presented in Table 55, Relocation of about 7 miles of gravel road would be required. 2. IronGatt Pumping Plant. The Iron Gate Pump- ing Plant, located at the terminus of the outlet pipe from Iron Gate Reservoir, would lift the diverted TABLE 55 AREAS AND CAPACITIES OF IRON GATE RESERVOIR 1 tepth of water at dam, in feel w atei surface elevation, I si ,s datum in feet Water surface - i\ . in tct't L'.his 2,200 2,250 2,300 11 62 338 638 I (KK1 i:S2_.. KLAMATH RIVEE BASIN INVESTIGATION 96 water supply aboul 320 Eee1 to the Bogus Canal. This would be the first of two lifts totaling about 500 feel from troii Gate Reservoir at 2,300 feel to Red School Reservoir in Shasta Valley at 2,800 feet. Pumping plants would be designed to take advantage of low off- peak electric energy rates. The Iron Gate Pumping Planl would consist of five pumps, each with a capacity of approximately 170 second-feet, and a combined capacity of 850 second- feet. The required maximum daily diversion would be pumped during a 12-hour period when the system power demand was least. The maximum static pump- ing lift, from tin' minimum water surface elevation of 2,269 feet in Iron Gate Reservoir to a water surface elevation of 2,600 feet in the Bogus Canal, would be 331 feet. The average dynamic pumping head, utilized lor estimating the annual cost of pumping, would be about 320 feet. The pumping plant would have an in- stalled capacity of 45,000 horsepower and would use an average of '57,000,000 kilowatt-hours of electrical energy each year. 3. Pxhjus Conduit. The Bogus Conduit, comprising canal, tunnel, pumping plant, and pipe line sec- tions would originate at the end of the discharge pen- stock of the Iron (late Pumping Plant, at an elevation of 2,600 feet, and would terminate in the proposed Wed School Reservoir, at an elevation of 2,800 feet. The proposed Ager Pumping Plant, required to lift the diverted water into Red School Reservoir would be located in Section 33, Township 47N, Range 5"W. The first section of the conduit would be a concrete- lined canal 13,600 feet in length, with a conveyance capacity of 840 second-feet. The canal would convey water in a southerly direction to a tunnel through the ridge between Bogus Creek and Little Bogus Creek. At that point, a lined Vl\ foot diameter horseshoe tunnel. 2, 100 feet in length, combined with a steel pipe inverted siphon, 4,500 feet in length, would carry the water through the ridge and across Little Bogus Can- yon. An additional section of lined canal between the terminus of the siphon and the Ager Pumping Plant forebay, would complete the firsl part of the conduit. The discharge capacity of the conduit between Iron ( i.itr Reservoir and Ager forebay would be 840 second- feel Prom the forebay of the Ager Pumping Plant, 20,- (100 acre-feet of water per season would be diverted lor local use in the Ager area. The remaining 102,000 acre -feet per season would be further pumped through a steel pipe line, about 2,400 feet in length, to the final section of the Bogus Canal. The pumping head on this plant would be constant. The difference in elevation between the water surface of the forebay to the pump- ing plant, at an elevation of 2,578 feet, and the pumping plant afterbay, at an elevation of 2,810 feet, would be 232 feet. The Ager Pumping Plant would consist of foui- 200 second-foot pump units with a <• bined installed capacity of 30,000 horsepower. An average of 40,000,000 kilowatt -hours of electri- cal energy per year would be required for pumping. The final section of the Bogus Conduit between Ager Pumping Planl afterbay and Red School Reservoir. would lie a lined canal about 36,000 feet in length. The capacity of this section of the conduit would be 770 second-feet. 4. lh.000 gpm centrifugal pump units Motors — five 9,500 horsepower Estimated maximum dynamic pumping head, in feet. 340 Installed pumping discharge capacity, in second-feet^ 840 Ager Pumping Plant Pumps — four 90,000 gpm centrifugal pump units Motors — four 7.r>oo horsepower Estimated maximum dynamic pumping head, in feet_ 240 Installed pumping discharge capacity, in second-feet . 770 Bogus Conduit Canals — concrete-lined, 10.4 miles in legnth, bottom width of 8.0 feet, depth of water of 10.0 feet, side slopes 1:1 Discharge capacity, in second-feet 840 Siphon — welded steel pipe, 0.85 mile in length ; di- ameter varies from 9-11 feet Tunnel — 12.5 foot diameter, lined horseshoe section 0.4 mile in length Red School Dam Type earthfill Crest elevation, in feet 2,810 Crest length, in feet 1,050 Crest width, in feet 30 Height, spillway lip above stream bed, in feet 70 Stream bed elevation, in feet 2.7.".o Side slopes 2.5:1 Freeboard above spillway lip, in feet 10 Volume of fill, in cubic yards 462.000 Red School Reservoir Surface area at spillway lip, in acres (iti Storage capacity at spillway lip, in acre-feet l.'.KH) Drainage area, in square miles 18 Estimated ultimate average seasonal inflow, in ai re- Eeel . — . - __ 102,000 Estimated safe seasonal yield, in acre-feet .. 102,000 Type of spillway — ungated ogee weir with lined dis- charge chute across right abutment Spillway discharge capacity, in second-feet 1,200 Type of outlet — 6-foot diameter steel pipe encased in concrete under dam 98 KLAMATH RIVER LASIX IXVESTK ! ATK >X Various plans of development, designed to regulate natural water supplies to develop new water to serve additional lands, were considered. A number of reser- voirs "II streams tributary to the Scott River were studied. In general, development of water by such means would be expensive because of the lack of a g I reservoir site on streams to the west of Scott Valley. Very high dams would be needed to provide the required storage. However, five of these plans are presented in this section for comparative purposes. A plan to meet the water requirements of most of the valley floor of Scotl Valley, and the surrounding' foot- hill area, by development of ground water storage was also investigated. Results of these analyses in- dicate that supplemental water supplies could be pro- vided by either ground water or surface water devel- opments. In the final analysis, the best and most economical over-all plan of development to serve all of the irrigable lands in Scott Valley would be a com- bination of both ground water and surface water facilities. Included in five plans for surface reservoir develop- ment is Callahan Reservoir on the Scott Liver near Callahan. This reservoir could provide a safe yield of about 68,000 acre-feet per season, which could be con- veyed northward to serve large acreages of irrigable land in Scott Valley. Several smaller reservoirs for the development of water supplies for local areas within Scott Valley, which were considered, include Highland Reservoir on Mfoffett Creek, Etna Reservoir on French Creek, Grouse Creek Reservoir on the Last Cork of Scott River, and Mugginsville Reservoir on Mill Creek. The proposed plans represent several alternative possibilities, and not all of the works discussed herein would be required to meet the ultimate supplemental water requirements of the Valley. Further economic and engineering studies would be required prior to selection of the most desirable plan or plans to serve Scott Valley. The locations of these projects are shown on Plate 19, "Existing and Possible Future De- velopments. Scott Valley". Scott Valley Ground Water Development. The ground water basin underlying Scott Valley is capable of development to provide water to new irrigable lands as well as to presently irrigated lands. Estimates indicate that the development of a sup- plemental water supply from ground water storage, by planned operation of the ground water basin, would require a lesser capital expenditure than develop- ment of surface storage projects to provide a com- parable amount of water. Furthermore, permanent lowering of the water table in Scott Valley would re- duce or eliminate nonbeneficial consumptive use of water by native vegetation, and would make possible increased production of crops on lauds presently re- stricted because of high water table conditions. Ad- ditional benefits, although of lesser importance in an area of surplus water supplies, would accrue from the salvage of much of the water supply which would otherwise be lost by evaporation from a surface reser- voir. It was assumed, in formulating a plan of ground water operation, that the responsible operating agency would be an irrigation or similar district, organized to include all of the proposed service area in Scott Valley. The development and use of the ground water basin could be accomplished with the consent and for the benefit of the overlying ground water users, all of whom would be members of the district. Such an organization would avoid involvement in complicated legal restrictions and impediments affecting the use of underground waters. Estimates of cost presented in this section, however, do not. include the cost of ac- quiring existing ground water development facilities nor other costs associated therewith. Such outlays would necessarily have to be determined at such time as ground water operation was undertaken. The Scott Valley Ground Water Development would supply 50,000 acre-feet of new water seasonally to serve as supplemental water to presently irrigated lands and new water for irrigable lands to be de- veloped in the future. It was assumed that existing surface supplies would continue to be utilized. The estimates of available water supply, both surface and ground water, and water requirements were based on mean conditions of water supply and climate. In actual operation, the requirements and the supply from each source would vary from season to season. In preparing a plan for ground water development, a number of assumptions regarding the type, capacity, and arrangement of the necessary facilities were made. Li this connection, the more important assumptions and criteria used for cost estimating purposes are as follows: 1) The discharge of individual pumping plants was assumed to be within the range of 750 to 1,250 gallons per minute. This assumption was based on specific yields of the few wells now operating in Scott Valley. 2) The average well drawdown at full well discharge capacity was assumed to be 4 feet per 10d gallons per minute of capacity. 3) Wells would be LI inches in diameter, lL'5 feet in depth, gravel packed, and cased. 4) Where groups of one to three wells were required to supply a canal, multistage deep- well turbine pumps would lift water directly into the canal. 5) In cases where more than three wells would be required, single stage deep-well turbine pumps would supply water to a small holding reservoir. The water would then lie lifted by centrifugal pumps to the canals. Design capacities of pumping equipment and canals include allowances for canal losses. Canals were trapezoidal in section, unlined, and designed for a slope of 2 feel per mile. .Most of the canals Were located at a maximum elevation of 3,120 feet, sufficient PLANS FOR WATER DEVELOPMENT 99 lo serve must of the irrigable lands. Works for ad- ditional lifts to serve lands above the canals were not included. Topographic and geologic considerations Led to the establishment of four subdivisions, or service areas, in Scott Valley. These are designated, respectively, the East Side, West Side, Valley, and Quartz Valley Service Areas. The service areas, and the principal features which would be required for planned ground water development, are shown on Plate 19. A sum- mary of present and ultimate areas of irrigated lands, and the respective supplemental water requirements for each service area, is presented in Table .">s. A description of each service area, and the works re- quired to supply supplemenal water from ground water development, is presented in the following seel inns. 1. East Siili Servici Ann. This service area com- prises all irrigable lands on the east side of Scotl Valley lying generally above the elevation of the Scotl Valley Irrigation District Canal. It extends from Callahan on the south to Meamber Creek on the north, with the exception of lands along Moffett Creek. The irrigable lands in this service area consist of a number of separate valleys and gulches, which are drained by intermittent streams flowing into Scott Valley from the low mountains to the east and north. The ultimate net irrigable land within the service area was estimated to be about 7,700 acres, of which about 1,200 acres are presently irrigated. The total ultimate supplemental water requirement was estimated to be alioui 18,000 acre-feet per season. Service to the Bast Side Service Area would be accomplished by nine canals for the distribution of water supplies to the scattered parcels of irrigable land. Nine groups of wells supplying water to the canal system would be located in the higher yielding alluvium found beneath the valley floor. That portion of the service area nort Invest of Port Jones would be served by three canals designated. respectively, Hooperville Canal 1. 11. and 111. These three canals would deliver about 2,900 acre-feet sea- sonally. The lengths and source of supply for each canal is given in Table .111. The Hamlin Gulch area, south of Port Jones, would be served by two canals. The Hamlin North Canal, along the north side of the area, would deliver about :j, 400 acre-feel per season. The Hamlin South (anal. located along the south edge of Hamlin Gulch and the east side of Scott Valley, would provide irriga- tion water to lands above the existing district ditch. Water produced at the well held would be delivered to a small holding reservoir from whence it would be lifted into the Hamlin South Canal. The Hartstrand Gulch area would be served by two canals. Hartstrand Canal I would deliver water along the northern edge of Hartstrand Gulch, and Hart strand Canal II would deliver water to the southern portion. The two canals would deliver about 1,800 acre-feet per season. The McConnahue Gulch area would be served bj a canal around the perimeter of the gulch, deliver- ing about 3,100 acre-feet per season to the irrigable lands. The Messner Canal would extend for about 5 miles along the east side of Scott Valley, in the vicinity of Messner Gulch. About 1,900 acre-feet per season would be delivered by this canal. A summary of the general features of the works for the ground water development for the East Side Service Area is given in Table 59. 2. West Sidt Servici Ann. The West Side Service Area includes all of the irrigated and irrigable land on the west side of Scott Valley lying south of Kidder Creek and above an elevation of 2,800 feel The service area includes a net irrigable area of about 4.000 acres, of which about 1,100 acres are presently irrigated. The ultimate supplemental water require ment resulting from the development of new lands has been estimated to be about 7,500 acre-feel per season. An additional 200 acre-feet of water per season also would be required to meet the increased consumptive use, resulting from an estimated change in the crop pattern, on presently irrigated lands. Six PRESENT AND ULTIMATE NET IRRIGATED AREAS AND SUPPLEMENTAL WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR SCOTT VALLEY GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT SERVICE AREAS Net irrigated ureas, in acres Supplemental watei requirement, in acre-feet Sen ice area I'ti-t Til net irrigated Additional net irrigable Total ultimate net irrigated Present irrigated lands Additional irrigable lands Total supplemental water requirement 1 .200 1.100 22.000 3,200 6.500 2,900 8,300 4.000 7,700 1,000 2.-.. hiiii 7.200 200 2 200 line 17 71111 7 Mm 8,800 17 7IHI Vallej U,000 mi \i,s. 27,300 16,700 44.200 3.400 16 900 LOO KLAMATH KIVKi; BASIN INVESTIGATION TABLE 59 GENERAL FEATURES OF GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT IN THE EAST SIDE SERVICE AREA (anal name ami service area Moopei villi Hamlin llartstrand Mil 'oimahur Item I II III North South I II Messner Via III :n m - I'n'Solit nrt n t mateil an a Idditional net irrigable area Ultimate net irrigated ana 1 listribution < ianals 1 ,ength, in miles 11 200 200 3 s allll 2,880 1 1 .000 635 640 .'711 100 228,000 ,-,oo ,")00 S 6 6.3 1,400 3,120 3,000 1,820 3,950 550 i.OII 1,308,000 100 100 2 1.6 10(1 2,880 1 7.50 ion 1.100 21 ii i 50 1 10.000 1,100 1 , 1 1 10 8.3 11.7 2.900 3.120 4 5.250 3.370 6,250 470 851 1 2,033.000 1.400 1,400 11, 2 17 :, 3 ,000 3.120 : 7 50 5,060 5,400 1.4 400 1 . 1 2.", 5,918,000 700 700 7.3 1,800 3.120 3 3,250 2,100 2 01 III i.ai .-,00 1,184,000 000 000 4.2 o :, 2.500 2.000 3 4,250 2,740 3,700 315 150 1,150,000 800 1.000 1,800 7.8 10.9 2,700 3,120 4 .-,000 :; 150 5,000 345 01 HI 1,422,000 100 ) 1,000 5.4 6.6 Total seasonal supplemental water delivered, in acre-feet Approximate initial elevation, in feet - - Well Fields and Pumps 1,600 3,120 Number of booster pumps I'nial capacity, in gallons per 3 Water pumped, in acre-fi el pel 1 .900 Length of pipe lines, in feet. Reset < ,,ii capacits . in act e- feel Total pumping head, in feet lota] installed hnise| n n\ i Elect] ic energj , in kilov a 1 1 t rs pei year - - mo 120 300 79 1 distribution canals, two well fields, ami one pumping plant are proposed to supply water to the irrigable lands di' tlio West Side Service Area. Water supplies tor that part of the West Side Service Area lying between Etna Creek and Kidder Creek would he developed in conjunction with water supplies for the portion of the Valley Service Area lying west of Scott River. A group of 13 wells would he located in the central part of the valley cast of Etna, and would provide a combined capacity of 16,250 gallons per minute. A total of 8,900 acre-feet of water per season would he produced by these wells, ol' which 5,000 acre-feel would be delivered to lands in the West Side Service Area and the remainder in lands in the Valley Service Area. From the pro- posed Greenview Reservoir, located on Greenview (anal ahoiit 1.5 miles north of Etna, water supplies for the West Side Service Area would he pumped to the Etna North and South Canals. About 1,300 acre- feel of water per season would he delivered by the South Canal, and aboul 3,700 acre-feet per season by the Etna North Canal. That portion id' the West Side Service Area lying south of Etna Creek would he served by two canal systems. North and South French Creek Canals would serve a combined total of about "2. 400 acre-feet of water per season, ami North and South Sugar ('reek Canals would deliver a total of ahout 1,300 acre-feet id' water per season to irrigable lands lying east of the canal svstems. A summary of I he general features of the works required for the ground water development of the West Side Service Area is given in Table (10. :i. Valley Servia Area. This service area coin- prises the main valley floor between Chirks Creek, about 2 miles south of Etna, and Meamber Creek. ahout 7 miles west of fort .]< s. and extends from the Scott Valley Irrigation District Canal on the east to the i'tl^f of the valley floor on the west. The service area overlies nearly all of the Scott Valley ground water basin, described in Chapter II. The ground water development plan assumes the establish- ment of well fields in the higher yielding alluvium, together with a conveyance system to serve other por- tions of the service area. The Valley Service Area contains a net irrigable area of approximately 25,400 acres, id' which about 22,000 acres arc presently irrigated, principally from surface sources. The ultimate supplemental water re- quirement lias been estimated to he 11,000 acre-feet per season. This would provide 8,800 acre-feet of water per season to provide for the development of new lands, and 2,200 acre-feet to meet increased con- sumptive use resulting from probable changes in the crop pattern on presently irrigated lands. Water supplies required for both the Valley and the adjacent West Side Service Areas would he devel- oped by the establishment of a well field, east of Etna, iii the central part id' the valley. This field would con- PLANS FOB WATEK DEVELOPMENT 101 sist of thirteen 1,250-gallon-per-minute wells, capable of supplying a total of 8,900 acre-feet of water during the irigation season. About 5,000 acre-feet of water would be repumped from a regulating reservoir in the Greenview I Canal to the Etna Canal system in the West Side Service Area. About 3,900 acre-feet of water per season, including allowances for seepage losses from canals, would be produced from ground water to meet water require- ments of the Valley Service Area. In addition, surface return Hows emanating from the East Side and West Side Service Areas would be diverted and distributed through the Valley Service Area canals. The quanti- ties diverted, together with the supply available from ground water, would be sufficient to provide for the delivery of 5,700 acre-feet per season from the Green- view < 'anal system. Mini 5,300 acre-feet per season from the existing Scott Valley Irrigation District Canal. The existing Scott Valley Irrigation District Canal, with some improvement, would be used to distribute water supplies to the lands east and north of Scott River. The Greenview I and Greenview II Canals would serve lands lying to the west of Scott River. General features of the ground development works and distribution facilities for the Valley Service Area are given in Table 61. 4. Quart: Valley Servia Arm. This area com- prises the irrigated and irrigable lands in Quartz Valley, Oro Pino Valley, and lands north of Kidder • 'reek. The net irrigable area amounts to 7,100 acres, of which about 3,200 acres are presently irrigated. The ultimate supplemental water requirement was estimated to be 13,900 acre-feet, including aboul 1,000 acre-feet required by presently irrigated lands to meel increased consumptive use resulting from changes in crop pattern. The estimated water requirement for lands Lying in Quartz Valley and north of Kidder Creek was 11,600 acre-feet. The remainder of the sup- plemental water requirement, 2,300 acre-feet, would be used in ( »ro Kino Valley. Quartz Valley lands would be served by two '-anal systems, the Lower Quartz Valley Canal, serving lands below an elevation of 2,880 feet, and the Upper Quartz Valley Canal, serving the remainder of the irrigable lands, Lying between elevations of 3,120 and 2,880 feet. The Lower Quartz Valley Canal would i Lve and distribute water pumped from a well field which, based on geologic reconnaissance, would appear to be Located in an area of high ground water yield. Irrigable lands lying at higher elevations in Quartz Valley, as well as irrigable lands in Oro Fino Valley, would receive water pumped from a well field located north of Scott River near the confluence of Oro Pino Creek and Scott River. A small regulating reservoir would be located south of Scott River, from which water would be lifted to the Lower Oro Fino (anal The canal would extend southward about li miles and would serve about 1,900 acre-feet of water per season to lands in Oro Fino Valley. At the terminus of the canal, water would again be Lifted to an elevation of 3,120 feet. Prom this point, the Upper Oro Fino Canal would convey about 3,800 acre-feet per season south ward to lands west of Kidder ('reek, and the Upper Quartz Valley Canal would distribute about 5,200 acre-feet per season to higher lands in Quartz Valle\ TABLE 60 GENERAL FEATURES OF GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT IN THE WEST SIDE SERVICE AREA <";in;il na on ;ni.| >.n !<-,■ ;u.i Present net in iga ted i Additional nel irrigable ;ie-:i Total ultimate nel ii i igated are < lapai ii\ . in second feet Total seasonal supplemental water delivered, in acre feel Approximate initial elevation, in feet Well Fields and Pumps Numbei ol wells Number of booster pumps Total capacity, in gallons per minute \\ atei pillnpi'd, in :e ( • I ' i 1 pel s,:im,ii Length of pipe lines, in feel Reservoir capacity, mi acre feel Pumping bead, in feel Total installed horsepowei I I,, in,- energy, m kilowatt I s pet year (See Vallcj >.■! 8,400 .-,,11011 SMi in 0.9 _'•■<• 7. Ml !,013,000 3,750 I 700 ISO 150 1,300 200 Ml. 'I HI 102 KLAMATH HIVKi; HA s|\ [NVESTIGATION The Tuttle Gulch area on the north side of Quartz Hill would be served by the Tuttle Gulch Canal, dis- tributing aboul 800 acre-feel of water per season to irrigable lands in the area. General features of the works required for the ground wain- developmenl in the Quartz Valley Serv- ice Area are given in Table 62. 5. Summary. The Scotl Valley Ground Water De- velopment would include 64 wells and pumps, 10 miles of pipe lines. 4 booster pumping plants, and 160 miles of canals. An average of aboul 53,000 acre-feel would be pumped from the ground water. Allowing for water Inst from canals as well as some reuse of return flows, aboul 50,000 acre-feet of supplemental water would be delivered. The capital cost of the works comprising the project is estimated to be about $3,278,000. The annual cost, including cosl of electric energy for pumping, would be about $390,000. The average cost of development would be about $8 per acre-foot. However, the cosl of water from individual pump and canal systems would vary from $3 per acre-foot to $11 per acre-foot. It should be noted thai main conveyance canals are included in these costs while canals are not included in subsequent discus- sions of surface storage reservoirs. A summary of capital and annual costs for each of the separate canals in the system is shown in Table 63. Highland Dam and Reservoir. Highland Dam and Reservoir, on Moffett Creek about five miles east of Fort Jones, would provide a water supply to i I supplemental water requirements in the Moffett Creek service area. The dam would be Located in Section "J. Township 43 North, Range 8 West. M.D.B.&M. The location of the reservoir is shown on Plate 19 and the principal features of the dam are shown on Plate 23. GENERAL FEATURES OF GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT IN THE VALLEY SERVICE AREA Canal name and service area GreeriM.u Scott Valley Item I II Irrigation 1 > J - T r L ■ I 1 Area, in acres 15,200 1.200 16 WO 16 7 30-12 5,700 2 SI H i 13 none g I 550 60 325 726 '.'hi Additional net irrigable area. Total ultimate net irrigated area Distribution canals -' 8,900 Total seasonal supplemental nratei delivered, in acre-feet _ ._ .. Approximate initial elevation, in feet_ ds and pumps '5.300 J 7'", Number of booster pumps Total capacity, in gallons per minute Watei 1 1 imped, in aci e fei t pei season Reservoir capacity, in acre feet . Electric energy, in kilowatt-hour- pei TABLE 62 GENERAL FEATURES OF GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT IN THE QUARTZ VALLEY SERVICE AREA Area, in acres Present net irrigated area Additional net irrigable area Ultimate net irrigated ai ea 1 iistribution Canals Length, in mile* I :, pacit; ii -i ond-feet n:i I supple ntal h atei deli\ ered, i \ : ab initial elevation, in feet Well Fields and Pumps Number "i wells Numbei of boostei pumps Total capai si in gallons pei minute Water pumpi eet per season Length <>f pipe lines, in feet re-feel Pumping head, in feet Total installed horsepowei Electric energy in kilowatt-hours i ■■ 1,200 1,000 II, 3 500 J SSI I 5,750 3.700 tun i I I Kill 1,300 1 .5 260 1.200 3,2£ en Oro Fine Valley 400 1,01)0 1.400 17.000 10.900 1 2 51 II I 4.50 984,500 Tuttle Gulch 1. 1 1, i 2.880 1 250 800 !34, with flows of less than 100 acre-feet per month from July through ( letober. A monthly yield study for the period 1920-21 through 1951-52 is presented in Appendix E. Preliminary geologic reconnaissance indicates that the Highland dam site is suitable for an earthtill structure about 160 feet in height. Although the abut- ment slopes are gentle, they are very irregular and deeply gullied. At the site, the channel of Moffett Creek is ineised about eighl Feet below the broad flood plain. Bedrock consists of a metamorphic (probably metasedimentary) series of hard and resistant rocks. lightly jointed and sheared. These rocks are consist- ently foliated and, except in areas of local distortion, strike roughly perpendicular to the direction of the channel and dip about (ill degrees upstream. A sufficient quantity of material from the channel fill and from soil deposits near the bottom of tin- hill slopes is available within a mile radius of the dam site for construction of the impervious section of the dam. Selective borrow operations would be required in the channel to separate the soil from the inter- layered gravels. Soil icsts have determined thai thi material is a brown silty sand of fair quality for con- struct] f an impervious embankment. Local bed- rock could be quarried for use either as pervious fill, rockfill, or riprap, as needed. With proper treatment) the stream bed gravels would lie suitable for filters and drains. For estimating purposes the dam has been des as an earthtill structure, 160 feet in height, with it crest length of 1,010 feet and a normal pool storage capacity of 26,000 acre-feet. The spillway has I n designed for a discharge of 4,500 second-feet. The outlet works would be located in the left abutment and would consist of a 30-inch steel pipe encased in con erete and provided with control valves. Highland Reservoir would inundate about 460 acres at the normal water surface elevation of 3,394 feet. The reservoir area contains less than 100 acres of irri- gated lands. The remaining area is dry-farmed land and unimproved hill lands. There are several ranch houses and a small school building in the reservoir area. The Moffett Creek and Duzel Creek Roads would require relocation around the reservoir, as would power and telephone lines. Table 64 shows the area and storage capacities at various pool elevations. Pertinent data with respect to general features of Highland Dam and Reservoir as designed for cost esti- mating purposes are presented in Table ti"). The capital cost of Highland Dam and Reservoii was estimated to be about $4,092,000, and the corres ponding annual cost was estimated to be $195,000. The average cost of development of 9,800 acre-feet per season, not considering cost allocation or possible non-reimbursable costs, would be about $20.00 per acre-foot. A detailed cost estimate is presented ill Appendix F. TABLE 64 AREAS AND CAPACITIES OF HIGHLAND RESERVOIR Depth of watei at dam. in feei w atei Burface elevation, US( IS datum in feet Water surface area, in acres capacity, in acre-feel ; 260 : 280 3 100 3.32(1 3 140 8,360 3 380 3,394 , 100 10 50 86 141 207 311 102 460 7s 680 2.040 i 310 7 790 13,000 104 KLAMATH RIVEE BASIN INVESTIGATION TABLE 65 GENERAL FEATURES OF HIGHLAND DAM Dam AND RESERVOIR Type earthfill Cresl elevation, in feel 3,405 Cresl length, in feel 1,040 Cresl width, in feel 30 Height, spillway lip above stream bed, in feet 1411 Side slopes, upstream -:1 downstream J:1 Freeboard above spillway lip, in feet 11 Stream bed elevation, in feel 3,245 Volume of 611, in cubic yards 1,772,000 Reservoir Surface area al spillwaj lip. in acres.. 460 Storage capacity nt spillway lip. in acre feel 26,200 I drainage area, in square miles 60 Estimated average seasonal runoff, in acre-feel 13,100 Estimated safe seasonal yield, in acre-feel 9,800 'I'm E spillwaj ungated, concrete ogee weir with concrete-lined approach and dis- charge aprons Type of outlet — 30-inch diameter concrete-encased steel pipe beneath dam Callahan Dam and Reservoir. Callahan Dam and Reservoir would develop snffieienl water supplies to meet the ultimate requirements of thai portion of Scotl Valley situated north of tin- town of Callahan. The reservoir would provide a regulated irrigation water supply that could be delivered by gravity to most of the area, ami would firm releases to Scotl River below the dam for maintenance of the fishery. It would also provide a measure of Hood control pro- tection to low lying areas in Scott Valley. The reservoir would lie located on Scott River less than one mile north of the town of Callahan, in Section 17, Township 4(1 North, Range 8 West, M.D.B.&M. The location of the dam and reservoir is shown on Plate 19, and the principal features of the dam are delineated on Plate 23. ( 'allalian Reservoir would provide an estimated sa E yield of about 77,500 acre-feet seasonally, including an average stream flow maintenance release of 22 second-feet. Aii allocation of 15,000 acre-feet of violate space for Hood control operation during the period from November Isl to April Isl would prevenl Hood waters of the Kast ami South forks of Scott River from entering the valley Hour during high runoff periods. A monthly yield study for the period 1921-22 through 1951-52, utilizing estimates of the prevenl impaired How of the Scott River below the juncture of the Mast ami South Porks, is presented in Appendix E. I '.aved on preliminary geologic reconnaissance, the Callahan Jam site appears suitable for an earthfill dam about 280 feet in height. The left abutment is mod- eratelj steep and of a uniform slope, with the righl abutmenl flatter in slope ami vers irregular. The channel section is broad, flat, ami choked with dredger lailncjv Several terraces occur ai the lower eleva- tions, especially on the right abutment. There are relatively few bedrock outcrops. The principal rock underlying the site appears to be a hard, moderately jointed, varicolored chert. This is associated with other rocks, chiefly metasediments. which have widely varying characteristics. It may also lie found, upon further study, that igneous rocks occur in the foundation area. Jointing is prominent and occurs in well-defined sets. No important shears or faults were seen during the field inspection. It appears likely that sufficient impervious material could be obtained within a few miles by stripping large areas baving relatively thin soil cover. However, considerably more exploration and testing of the im- pervious fill materials would be required. The vast deposits of dredger tailings found in this vicinity would provide ample material for the pervious zones of the dam. The proposed dam would be about 280 feet in beight, with a crest length of 1,940 feet, ami a normal pool storage capacity of 1 .">.'!.( Mill acre-feet. The spill- way would be designed for a discharge of about 13,000 second-feet. The outlet works for irrigation, flood control, and stream flow maintenance releases would consist of a steel pipe placed in a tunnel through the right abutment. This tunnel would be used for diversion of the stream during construction Irrigation water would be diverted into canals on the east and west sides of the river for conveyance to the service area. However, no estimates of the cosl ol the conveyance system were made. ( 'allalian Reservoir would inundate ;m area of 1,469 acres at normal water surface elevation of 3,355 feet. Table 66 presents data on the water surface area and reservoir storage capacity for various pool elevations in the reservoir. The area that would be Hooded by the reservoir contains the town of Callahan, and a United States Poresl Service ranger station. Timber cover in the reservoir area is light, and the laud is used principally for grazing. About 4 miles of paved road and •'! miles of graded dirt road within the res- ervoir area would require relocation. Pertinent data with respect to general features of Callahan Dam and Reservoir, as developed for cosl estimating purposes, are presented in Table ii7. De- TABLE 66 AREAS AND CAPACITIES OF CALLAHAN RESERVOIR Depth Water surface \\ alef of water el. \ ation, capacity al (lam. i S.G.S datum alee in in feel III feet in acres ■ teet (I 1,095 n '1 :,u 3,1 IS 12] 100 inn 3,195 120 - 150 3.245 5 is 34.200 200 3,295 '.US lift 200 250 1,345 1 ,370 108,800 260 3,355 1 u.'i 133.000 PLANS FOR WATER DEVELOPMENT 105 tailed estimates of the cost of the dam and reservoir are presented in Appendix F. The capital cost of the dam and reservoir was esti- mated to be about $10,900,000. The annual cost, in- cluding amortization, operation, and maintenance, was estimated to be about $522,000. The average cost of development of about 77,500 acre-feet per season of firm yield would be about $6.80 per acre-foot. This does not include costs of conveyance canals. No con- sideration was given to cost allocation or to possible non-reimbursable costs GENERAL FEATURES OF CALLAHAN DAM AND RESERVOIR Type Crest elevation, in feet Crest length, in feet Crest width, in feet Height, spillway lip above stream bed, in feet_ Side slopes, upstream downstream Freeboard above spillway lip, in feet Elevation of stream bod, in feet Volume nt' Mil, in cubic yards earthflll 3,366 1,940 40 265 3:1 2.r,:l 11 3.090 1,560,000 1.469 Reservoir Surface area at spillway lip, in acres Storage capacity at spillway lip, in acre-feet 133.000 Drainage area, in square miles 160 Estimated average seasonal runoff, in acre-feet 99,300 Estimated safe seasonal yield, including fishing release, in acre-feet 71.400 Type of spillway — uncontrolled ogee weir and lined chute across right abutment Spillway discharge capacity, in second-feet 12.0(H) Tyi f nutlet works __ 48-inch diameter pipe inside tunnel through right abutment Grouse Creek Dam and Reservoir. Grouse Creek Dam and Reservoir would be located on the East Fork of Scott River about 4 miles east of Callahan and just upstream from the mouth of Grouse Creek, in Section 19, Township 40 North, Range 7 West, M.D.B.&M. The reservoir would develop water for irrigation in Scott Valley. The regulated water would be released into the stream channel and diverted downstream into ditches for conveyance to irrigable lands. The location of the reservoir is shown on Plate 19 and the principal features of the dam are shown on Plate 23. The reservoir at this site was considered as an alter- native to Callahan Reservoir. Grouse Creek Reservoir would avoid Hooding the town of Callahan and would require less highway relocation. The yield obtainable. however, would be less since only the waters of the East Fork of the Scott River would be regulated. A reservoir at this site, with a storage capacity of 50,000 acre-feet, would have a safe seasonal yield of 20.000 acre-feet. Based on a yield study for the 32-year period, 1920-21 through 1951-52, as shown in Ap- pendix E, this yield would be available each season except in 1933-34, when a 35 per cent deficiency would be experienced. From a geologic reconnaissance exploration. Grouse Creek dam site was found to be suitable for either an earth- or rock-fill dam of a Iteigbt of 175 feet. The abutments are moderately steep, with about a 30 per cent slope on the left abutment and a 50 per cent slope on the right abutment. The rock at the site is perido- tite, probably of Jurassic age, partially altered to serpentine. Numerous outcrops occur on both abut- ments, and much of the abutment ana is covered with loose talus. Jointing in the rock is prominent in out- crops and in the road cut on the lower left abutment, but appears to tighten at depth. Many shear planes, up to several inches in width. occur and are usually filled with crushed serpentine. In general, from surface evidence, serpentinization of the peridotite is not advanced. However, drilling would be required to determine subsurface conditions. It appears that moderate to heavy grouting would be required. Tn the channel section, rock outcrops occur at both edges of the 120-foot wide channel. From dredging evidence upstream, the depth of gravel fill is estimated to be 12 feet, but it could exceed that figure if an older and deeper channel exists at the site. There is a limited amount of impervious fill mate- rial available within the reservoir site, and additional material could be obtained from Noyes Creek Valley within a distance of 2 miles. A considerable amount of gravel could be obtained from the reservoir area. Most of the rock excavated for stripping and for the spill- way could be used in the dam. Cost estimates were based on preliminary designs for an earthflll structure 175 feet in height from stream bed to crest of dam, with a crest length of 1,225 feet, and a normal pool storage capacity of 50,000 acre-feet. The spillway would be designed for a discharge capacity of 6,000 second-feet. The outlet works, beneath the dam in the right abutment, would consist of a 42-inch steel pipe encased in concrete and provided with appurtenant valves. The reservoir area covers about 800 acres of land, including about 330 acres of irrigated meadow land and 60 acres of irrigable land. The remaining area is undeveloped and is covered by forest or brush. Im- provements that would be inundated include about 12 ranch or farm buildings and about three miles of unpaved county roads. Table 68 presents the water surface area and storage capacity for various pool elevations in the reservoir. Pertinent data with respect to the general features of Grouse Creek Dam and Reservoir, as designed for cost estimating purposes, are presented in Table 69. Detailed estimates of the dam and reservoir are pre- sented in Appendix F. The capita] cost of Grouse Creek Dam and Reser voir was estimated to be about $4,130,000, and the cor responding annual cost was estimated to be $200,000. The cost t ^ development of a firm j ield of 20,000 acre 106 KLAMATH RIVER BASIN [NVESTIGATION feel per season would be aboul $10 per acre-foot at the dam. No consideration was given to cost allocation or non-reimbursable funds for items such as recreation and Hood coiii rol. AREAS AND CAPACITIES OF GROUSE CREEK RESERVOIR Depth nt watei at dam, in feet Water surface elevation, U.S.G.S. datum, in feet Water surfai i Storage capacity, acre-feet 23 50 75 3,500 3,525 3,550 3,576 3,625 3.650 3,666 3,675 (1 30 1 20 L'L'O ; .11 4(10 650 770 8ii0 Mill 2,350 100 . 150 lfifi !g 600 175 . TABLE 69 GENERAL FEATURES OF GROUSE CREEK Dam DAM AND RESERVOIR Type earthfill i 'rest elevation, in feet 3,675 ('rest length, in feet 1,225 • test width, in feet 15 Height, spillway lip above stream bed, in feet 166 Siilc slopes, upstream .", :1 downstream 2:1 Freeboard above spillway lip, in feel 9 Stream bed elevation, in feel . 3,500 Volume of fill, in cubic yards ._ 1,975,000 Bi servoir Surface area at spillway lip, in acres - 800 Storage capacity .-it spillway lip, in acre-feet 50,000 Drainage area, in square miles ."iT Estimated average seasonal runoff, in acre-feet 25,000 Estimated safe seasonal yield, in acre-feel 20,000 Type of spillway ungated side channel spillway with lined chute Spillwaj discharge capacity, in second-feet 6,000 Type of outlet ___42-inch steel pipe encased in concrete beneath dam in right abutment Etna Dam and Reservoir. Etna Dam and Reser- voir, on French Creek aboul four miles south of the town of Etna, would provide new water supplies in addition to the present unregulated diversions for irri- gation use to areas adjacent to French Creek in Scott Valley. Etna Dam would lie located in Section 15, Township 41 North, Range 9 West, M. D. B. &M. The location of the reservoir is shown on Plate 19 and the principal features of the dam are shown on Plate 24. Etna Reservoir would provide an estimated sale seasonal yield of 11,000 acre-feet. During the 32-year period, 1920-2] through 1951-52, the yield would he firm and the reservoir would spill each season, except for the season 1923-24 when the firm yield would be reduced to 7,000 acre-Feet. Most of the yield would be new .iter, since the reservoir would fill to capacity prior to tiie beginning of the irrigation season and the unregulated v ater occurring during the irrigation sea- son would still be available for diversion. A larger reservoir could be considered at this site, although the cost of additional increments of yield would be ex- pensive. A seasonal summary of the yield study is presented in Appendix E. The Etna dam site was found from reconnaissance geologic exploration to he suitable for an earthfill dam about 90 feet in height. The site is located near the mouth of the broad, Hat-bottomed valley of French • 'reek and has relatively gentle abutment slopes. The right abutment slope, however, is somewhat irregular tine to the ragged, blooky outcrops of bedrock. Par- tially serpent inized, ultra-basic igneous rock under- lies the site and outcrops in both abutments. The rook is prominently jointed, but the joints appear to be shallow and tight. Shear zones are numerous although they appear to be tight. Alluvial silts and soils, suitable for use as imper- vious fill, may be obtained in Scott Valley within one mile of the Etna site. Similar materials in thinner layers may he obtained from flats of the reservoir area with a slightly increased average haul distance. This hitter source would probably involve much wet exca- vation and drying of impervious fill prior to placing in the dam. Sands and gravels for pervious embank- ment sections could be obtained from the channel section at and within one mile of the site. Dredger tailings are available in Scott River in virtually un- limited quantities at a distance of slightly over two miles. Rock for riprap may be quarried locally. The proposed dam would be 87 feet in height from stream bed to crest of the dam. with a crest length of 1,900 feet, and a normal pool storage capacity of 12,000 acre-feet. The spillway would be designed for a discharge of 12,500 second-feet. The outlet works be- neath the dam in the right abutment would consist of a 42-inch steel pipe encased in concrete and provided with appurtenant valves. The reservoir area, covering a total of about 300 acres, includes about l:{() acres of irrigated land and about 100 acres of irrigable land. .Most of the remain- ing area is brush and forest bind. Improvements that would be inundated include a sawmill and several resiliences and ranch buildings. About two miles of county road would require relocation as would tele- phone and power lines. Table 70 presents the water surface area and storage capacity for various pool elevations in the reservoir. Pertinent data with respect to general features of Etna Dam and Reservoir, as designed for cost esti- mating purposes, are presented in Table 71. A de- tailed estimate for cost is presented in Appendix F. The capital cost of Etna Dam and Reservoir was estimated to be about $2,640,000, and corresponding annual costs were estimated to be about $125,000. The cost of development of a firm yield of 11,000 acre-feet per season would be about $11.50 per acre-foot at the dam. PLANS FOR WATER DEVELOPMENT 107 TABLE 70 AREAS AND CAPACITIES OF ETNA RESERVOIR Depth Water surface Water Storage of water elevation. surface capacity, at dam, 1" S.G.S. .latum. area, in in feet in feet inacfe./ acre-feet 2.855 5___ 2,8(10 2.870 35 72 200 15 700 1'5 2.880 11(1 1,660 35 2.81)0 145 2,900 45 2.900 180 4,500 55 2.910 212 6,400 155 2,920 253 8.700 75 2,930 2.932 2,940 290 295 328 11.400 77, _. 12,000 85 14,1100 earthfill 2.942 1,900 15 77 3:1 2:1 10 2,855 .I""! TABLE 71 GENERAL FEATURES OF ETNA DAM Dam AND RESERVOIR Type Crest elevation, in feet Crest length, in fept Crest width, in feet Height, spillway lip above stream bed, in feet — Side slopes, upstream downstream Freeboard above spillway lip, in feet Stream bed elevation, in feet Volume of fill, in cubic yards 1 Reservoir Surface area at spillway lip, in acres 20." Storage capacity at spillway lip, in acre-feet 12.000 Drainage area, in square miles 20 Estimated average seasonal runoff, in acre feet 3S.600 Estimated safe seasonal yield, in acre-feet 11.000 Type of spillway ungated ogee weir with lined chute through right abutment Spillway discharge capacity, in second-feet 12,500 Type of outlet- -one 42-inch steel pi] (leased in concrete in right abutment Mugginsville Dam and Reservoir. Mugginsville Dam and Reservoir would impound the flows of Mill Creek, as well as surplus water diverted from Shackle- ford Creek, and would provide a safe seasonal yield of 16,000 acre-feet to lands in Quartz Valley, Oro Fino Valley, and in the vicinity of Greenview. Most of the yield would be new water, and the unregulated water presently diverted from these streams would continue to be available. A seasonal summary of a monthly yield study for the period 1(120-21 through 1951-52, utilizing estimates of the natural flow of Mill and Shackleford Creeks, is presented in Appendix E. Mugginsville Dam would be located on Mill Creek, about f-mile northwest of Mugginsville, in the south- ern end of Quartz Valley. The dam site is located in Sections 14 and 15, Township 4,1 North, Range 10 West. M. I). B. & M. The stream bed elevation at the dam site is 2,853 feet. The location of the reservoir is shown on Plate 19 and the general features are deline- ated on Plate 24. The reservoir is advantageously located to receive and regulate water diverted from Shackleford Creek. Although it could also receive water from Kidder ('reek, no diversion from the hitter stream was in- cluded in the proposed project. The excess flows of Mill and Shackleford Creeks would be stored in Mug- ginsville Reservoir for release by gravity to lands in Quartz Valley. About one-half of the seasonal yield would be lifted by a pumping plant at the base of the dam and would be conveyed southward by a canal which would pass through a short tunnel to deliver water to Oro Fino Valley. Based on preliminary geologic reconnaissance and consideration of available construction materials, the Mugginsville site would be suitable for a low earthfill dam. However, special attention should be given to the design of the dam since the dam site extends about one mile across a broad alluvium-filled valley where the water table lias been found to be within four feet of the surface. The channel of Mill Creek is very close to the right abutment. The right abutment slopes evenly at about 15 per cent, while to the left of the channel the valley floor has a gentle upward slope of about two per cent with no steep abutment within the limits of the proposed height of dam. The only apparent rock is on the righl abutment, where hard metamorphosed volcanic green- stone, veined with quartz, occurs in outcrops. The left half of the clam site is covered by a fairly heavy growth of small pine trees and lias not been thor- oughly investigated for rock conditions. There appear to be ample quantities of impervious and semi-pervious embankment material available within the reservoir area. Some selective borrow oper- ations may be required to separate layers of fine soil from intermixed gravel layers. Large quantities of clean gravel are available about five miles downstream from the site in the Scott River channel. Portions of the spoil from stripping operations could be used for both pervious and impervious fill. Diversions from Shackleford Creek into Muggins- ville Reservoir would be made at a low diversion dam which would be located in Section 9, Township 43 North. Range 10 West. M. I). B. & M. The diverted water would be conveyed to the reservoir through a concrete lined canal about 1.5 miles in length. The proposed Mugginsville Dam would be an earth fill structure lO.'i feet in height from stream bed to crest of dam. with a crest length of 5,700 feet, and a normal pool storage capacity of 23,000 acre Eeet. The spillway would be designed tor a discharge capacity of 5,600 second-feet with ii feet of Ereeboard remain- ing oil the dam. Two outlet pipes consisting of steel pipe encased in concrete would be provided. One in the lefl abutment, at a location dependent upon Eoun dation conditions, would provide releases to a canal to serve lands on the west side of Quartz Valley. The main outlet, in the right abutment, would provide re- leases to the .Mill Creek stream channel and Quart/ Valley canals. Water to la' diverted would pass 108 KI.A.MATIl UIVEH I'.ASIX IXVKSTIC ATION through a pumping plant comprised of four centrif- ugal ] mm ] >>; with a combined discharge capacity of 30 second-feet. The water would be lifted to elevation 2,975 feel and would then flow southward by gravity through two miles of concrete-lined canal and one-half mile of tunnel to Oro Kino Valley. Estimates of cosl presented below do not include costs of a distribution system beyond the southern tunnel portal. Mugginsville Reservoir would inundate an area of about 750 acres at normal water surface elevation. The reservoir area contains about 401) acres of irri- gated land. The remaining land, all of which is ir- rigable, is either dry-farmed agricultural land or wooded area. Several ranch houses and the small settlement of Mugginsville would be flooded by the reservoir. About one mile of paved county road and about 1.5 miles of unpaved road would require re- location. Telephone and power lines through the reser- voir area would be rerouted. Table 72 gives the water surface area and storage capacity for various eleva- tions in the reservior. Pertinent data with respect to the general features of Mugginsville Dam and Reservoir, as designed for cost estimating purposes, are presented in Table 73. A detailed cost estimate is presented in Appendix F. Tlie capital cost of Mugginsville Dam and Reser- voir, including the Shaekleford Creek Diversion, was estimated to be $6,724,000. The corresponding annual cost would he $323,000. The cost of development of a firm yield of 16,000 acre-feet per season would he about' $20.00 per acre-foot. Developments on Trinity and Salmon Rivers The probable ultimate seasonal water requirements for Hydrographic Units 8 through 12 have been estimated to be 140,000 acre-feet. This water would be required primarily for irrigable lands in scattered small tracts adjacent to principal streams. Water resource developments for these lands would very likely consist of small storage dams on tributary ciccks, and gravity and pump diversions from peren- nial streams. This type of development would prob- ably be accomplished by individuals as well as by public agencies. AREAS AND CAPACITIES OF MUGGINSVILLE RESERVOIR Depth of water :it dam, in [eel Water sui face elevation, I S.G.S datura i>, feel Water surface in acres Storage capacity, acre-feet ii 2,853 2,880 2,900 9 'ii 2,940 2,946 70 200 360 650 760 27 17 67 S7 9 1 Aii exception, however, is Hayfork Valley. A tract in this valley, consisting of nearly 5,000 acres of irri- gable land, could be served from a storage dam on Hayfork Creek. Layman Dam and Reservoir would provide new water for the ultimate irrigation require- ments of Hayfork t Valley and for urban, industrial, and recreation purposes. A second proposed project is Morehouse Dam and Reservoir on the Salmon River. a project primarily for generation of hydroelectric power. These two projects arc discussed in the follow- ing sections. Layman Dam and Reservoir. Layman Reservoir would be created by construction of a dam on Hay- fork Creek, approximately 1 mile upstream from its junction with Carr Creek. Water impounded by the reservoir would be utilized for irrigation, industrial, TABLE 73 GENERAL FEATURES OF MUGGINSVILLE Dam DAM AND RESERVOIR Type earthfill Crest elevation, in feet- Crest length, in feet Crest width, in feet Height, spillway lip above stream bed. in feet Side slopes, upstream downstream Freeboard above spillway lip, in feet Stream bed elevation, in feet- 2,956 5,670 :;o 1)3 3:1 2:1 10 2,853 Volume of fill, in cubic yards __ 2,910,000 Reservoir Surface area at spillway lip, in acres 750 Storage capacity at spillway lip. in acre-feet 23,000 Drainage area, in square miles 13 Estimated average seasonal runoff, in acre-feet 8,300 Estimated average seasonal import, in acre-feet 10,900 Estimated safe seasonal yield, in acre-feet 16,000 Type of spillway ungated ogee weir with lined chute through right abutment Spillway discharge capacity, in second-feet 5,600 Type of outlet one 42-inch steel pipe in right abutment, one 24-inch steel pipe in left abutment, both encased in concrete Diversion Dam Type concrete gravity with wood Dashboards Crest elevation, in feet 2,980 Height, crest above stream lied, in feet 10 Diversion Canal Type concrete-lined trapezoidal Discharge capacity, in second-feet 200 Length, in miles 1.5 Side slopes 1.5:1 Bottom width, in feet 6 Depth, in feet 3.2 Fall, in feet per mile 10.6 Pumping Plant Pumps tin 4.otKi gpm centrifugal pump units one 1.5(H) gpm centrifugal pump unit Motors enclosed, three 125 horsepower and one 75 horsepower Estimated maximum pumping head, in feet 96 Installed pumping discharge capacity, in second-feet 30 Oro Vino Conduit Discharge capacity, ill second-feet-_- 30 Canal 1.9 miles, concrete-lined, bottom width of 3.0 feet, depth 1.5 feet, side slopes 1:1 Tunnel 7 foot diameter, 0.5 mile length, concrete-lined horseshoe section PLANS FOB WATER DEVELOPMENT 109 ami domestic purposes in Hayfork Valley, as well as for maintenance of summer stream flow in Hayfork ( !reek. Layman Reservoir would provide an estimated safe yield of 17.000 acre-feet per season, in addition to providing a firm release of 10 second-feet from May through October for stream flow maintenance in Hay- fork Creek below Hayfork Valley. A monthly yield study for the period 1920-21 through 1946-47 indi- cates that the reservoir would fill and spill each sea- son. A summary of the yield study for Layman Reservoir is presented in Appendix E. The location of the dam is shown on Plate 16, and its principal features are delineated on Plate 24. Layman Dam would be located in Sections 10 and 15, Township 31 North, Range 11 West, M. D. B. & M. The stream bed elevation at this point is 2,490 feet. Area and capacity data for Layman Reservoir are approximate only and were obtained from a prelim- inary print of the Geological Survey "Hayfork," quadrangle, at a scale of 1 : 24,000 and a contour in- terval of 50 feet, and from an enlargement of the "Hoaglin" quadrangle with a contour interval of 100 feet. Computed storage capacities and water surface areas for various pool elevations in the reservoir are presented in Table 74. Based on a preliminary geologic reconnaissance, the Layman site is suitable for a zoned earthfill dam. Rock at the site is a fine-grained, dense, metamorphic type, well foliated, with numerous quartz seams. Joints in the fresh rock are moderate in number and fairly tight, so that only a nominal amount of medium to light grout would be required. Stripping requirements under the impervious core have been estimated to be 10 feet of soil plus eight feet of rock on the right abutment, two feet of gravel and three feet of bedrock in the channel section, and approximately six feet of soil and loose rock and eight feet of bedrock on the left abutment. It has been estimated that approximately 75 per cent of the exca- vated material could be salvaged for use in the per- vious section of the dam. Construction materials for Layman Dam are all available within approximately three miles of the site. Impervious fill material can be obtained from an ex- tensive area of Hayfork Beds, equivalent to the Weav- erville formation, which underlies part of Hayfork Valley downstream from the site. The fines of this for- mation are suitable for core material. This source would provide sufficient impervious material for the dam. Pervious materials, in the form of dredger tail- ings and stream bed gravels, are available within two miles both upstream and downstream from the site. Layman Dam. as designed for cost estimating pur- poses, would be a zoned earthfill structure 160 feet in height from streambed to crest, with a crest length of 780 feet, and a normal pool storage capacity of 21,500 acre-feet. The dam would contain a total vol- TABLE 74 AREAS AND CAPACITIES OF LAYMAN RESERVOIR Deptli of water at dam, in feet Water sui face elevation. I 5.G.S datum, in feet Watei surface area, in acres Storage capacity. u i. f.-«-t 2,490 2,520 2,560 2,600 2,640 O 25 90 506 300 70 110 2,600 8,400 150 - 200 ume of fill of 1,209,000 cubic yards. Of this total, 522,000 cubic yards would be contained in the com- pacted earthfill core. The spillway would be a side channel type designed for a discharge of 10,000 second-feet under a head of six feet. The overpour section and chute would be cut through the left abutment, and would be concrete lined throughout. The outlet works would consist of a 36-inch diam- eter steel pipe, provided with appurtenant valves. placed in a 6-foot diameter concrete-lined horseshoe tunnel through the right abutment. The tunnel would be utilized for stream diversion purposes during the construction period. The area which would be inundated by Layman Reservoir, with the exception of several cabins and approximately 6 miles of dirt road, is virtually un- developed. Pertinent data with respect to general fea- tures of Layman Dam and Reservoir are presented in Table 75. The capital cost of Layman Dam and Reservoir was estimated to be about $3,346,000, and corresponding annual costs were estimated to be about $160,000. The cost of development of a firm yield of about 17,000 acre-feet per season would be about $9.50 per TABLE 75 GENERAL FEATURES OF LAYMAN DAM „„„, AND RESERVOIR Type - '■■ u :, h ™ Crest elevation, in feet Son Crest length, in feet '""'' Crest width, in feet 4 " Height, spillway lip above stream bed, in feet 148 Side slopes, upstream ."'- downstream 2.5:1 Freeboard above spillway lip. in feet — 12 Elevation of stream bed. in feet --'.I'" 1 Volume of till, in cubic yards 1,209,000 Reservoir Surface area at spillway lip. in acres Storage capacity, at spillway lip. in acre-feet 21,500 Drainage area, in square miles Estimated average seasonal runoff, in acre-feel Estimated safe BeasonaJ yield, in acre-feet 17,000 Type Of spillway side channel with concrete control section and lined chute over left abutment Spillway discharge capacity, in second-feel in. mm •|'\i f outlet 36-inch diameter steel pipe inside 6-fool diameter tunnel through right abutment 110 KLAMATH UIVER BASIN P\V ESTIMATION acre-foot. A detailed cost estimate is presented in Appendix P. Morehouse Dam and Reservoir. Morehouse Res- ervoir would be created by the construction of a dam on the Salmon River approximately one-half mile downstream from the mouth of Morehouse Creek. Water i'. 'leased from the reservoir would be utilized for the generation of hydroelectric power in More- house Power Plant, located at the base of the dam. Pased on a reservoir yield study for the period 1921- 22 through 1952-53, .Morehouse Reservoir would pro- vide an average annual yield of 799,000 acre-feet, which, when passed through Morehouse Power Plant, would generate an average of 365,000,000 kilowatt- hours annually. The power plant would have an in- stalled capacity of 90,000 kilowatts. 80,000 kilowatts of which would be dependable capacity. A summary of the yield study for Morehouse Reservoir is pre- sented in Appendix E. Location of the Morehouse Project is shown on Plate 16, while its principal fea- tures are delineated on Plate 124. .Morehouse Dam would be located on the Salmon River in Section 28, Township 11 North, Range 7 Bast, II. B. & M. The stream bed elevation at this point is 970 feet. Approximate storage capacities and water surface areas for various pool elevations were estimated from the United States Geological Survey "Sawyer's Bar" quadrangle, scale 1 : 125,000, contour interval 100 feet. Results of these estimates are pre- sented in Table 76. Based on a preliminary geologic reconnaissance re- port, the Morehouse dam site would be suitable for a concrete gravity, concrete arch, or rockfill dam. The dam site is in a very narrow channel section that has been swept (dean of detritus. Bedrock consists of a series of foliated metamorphics which have been in- truded in place by igneous dikes and sills. The meta- morphics were probably sedimentary in origin, but would now be classed chiefly as quartzose gneisses. Blocky jointing has been moderately developed in these rocks. Shears and faults appear to be of only minor importance. A thin mantle of slide rock occurs on both abutments. The foliation strikes generally across the channel and dips nearly vertically. TABLE 76 AREAS AND CAPACI7IES OF MOREHOUSE RESERVOIR Depth of water al dam, in feet Water surface elevation, U.8.G.S. datum, in feet Water surface area. Stol.'iL'i capacity. acre-feet e '.170 1,100 1,200 1,300 1,400 1,500 1,530 60 851 1 1,7111 2,1 4.220 4.C90 no 3 10 72,080 430 1 ; ; in in i io As a result of limited quant it ies of impervious fill material, and the abundance of blocky rock, a rockfill dam with a thin impervious core was designed for the purpose of estimating the cost of a structure at this site. The proposed structure, 575 feet in height, with an upstream outer slope of 2.5: 1, a downstream outer slope of 1.5:1, and a crest width of 40 feet, would contain a total of 16,384,000 cubic yards of em- bankment. Of this total, 1,160,000 cubic yards would comprise a thin inclined core of select impervious material, and 1,632,000 cubic yards would consist if well-graded filter material placed in inclined upstream and downstream transition zones. The remainder of the fill, 13,592,000 cubic yards, would consist of dumped and sluiced quarried rock. Satisfactory rock- fill material, in abundant quantities, is available in the immediate vicinity of the site, while suitable im- pervious core material is also available in limited, but sufficient, quantities within a three-mile haul distance from the site. Gravel suitable for concrete aggregate is quite limited near the site. Haul distances exceed- ing six to eight miles would be involved if a major concrete structure were considered for the Morehouse site. Stripping under the entire fill, for the type of structure considered, would amount to three feet of rock on the right abutment, four feet of rock on the left abutment, and four feet of sand, gravel, and boulders in the channel section. A cutoff under the impervious core would be excavated in rock to depths of 18 feet on the left abutment, 15 feet on the right abutment, and six feet in the channel section. Light to moderate grouting would probably be required in both abutments and in the channel section. The spillway at the Morehouse site would be con- structed to take advantage of natural topography just north of the dam axis on the right bank of the Salmon River. The ridge separating Morehouse Creek and the Salmon River contains a saddle at elevation 1.530, providing an excellent spillway site in good founda- tion rock. The design Hood inflow was estimated to be 65,000 second-feet. A concrete overpour weir 500 feet in length would, under 10 feet of head, discharge a design flood of 55,000 second-feet into the Salmon River immediately downstream from the dam. The discharge chute would be unlined and nonconverging. The outlet works for Morehouse Dam would consist of a 12-foot diameter welded steel penstock placed inside a 29-foot diameter lined diversion tuunel through the right abutment. The tunnel would be utilized for stream diversion during the construction period. The area which would be inundated by Morehouse Reservoir is a narrow, Y-shaped canyon containing several mines, a county road, the small settlement of Forks of Salmon, and scattered cabins. PLANS FOR YVATER DEVELOPMENT 111 Pertinent data with respect to general features of the .Morehouse Project, as designed for cost estimat- ing' purposes, are presented in Table 77. The total capital cost of the Morehouse Dam, Reservoir, and Power Plant was estimated to he $54,942,000, and the corresponding annual costs were estimated to be $3,046,000. Annual revenue from the sale of electric energy was estimated to be about $2,800,000. A detailed cost estimate is presented in Appendix P. Summary of Plans for Local Development Local water supply developments in the Klamath River Basin are primarily for the purpose of provid- ing irrigation water supplies. Where desirable or practical flood control, municipal water supply, rec- reation, stream flow maintenance, and hydroelectric power features have been included in the plans. Reservoirs in the Upper Klamath River Basin would include Beatty and Chiloquin Narrows Reser- voirs on the Sprague River. These reservoirs would provide local irrigation supplies and increase the yield of the Upper Basin by nearly 300,000 acre-feet GENERAL FEATURES OF MOREHOUSE PROJECT Dam Type rockfill with inclined impervious pore Crest elevation, in feet 1,545 Crest length, in feet 1,700 Crest width, ill feet 40 Height, spillway lip above stream bed, in feet__ 560 Side slopes, upstream 2.5:1 downstream 1.5:1 Freeboard above spillway lip. in feet 15 Stream bed elevation, in feet 970 Volume of fill, in cubic yards— 16,384,000 Reservoir Surface area at spillway lip, in acres 4,090 Storage capacity at spillway lip, in acre-feet 910.000 Drainage area, in square miles 565 Type of spillway concrete weir and unlined chute over ridge forming right abutment Spillway discharge capacity, in second-feet 55.000 Type of outlet 12-foot diameter steel pipe inside 29-foot diameter lined tunnel through right abutment Estimated average annual yield, in acre-feet 799,000 Power Plant Maximum static head, in feet Tailrace elevation, in feet Installed capacity, in kilowatts Dependable capacity, in kilowatts Number of generating units Firm annual energy output, in kilowatt-hour 560 970 90,000 SI 1,1 KM) 3 238,400,000 Average annual energy output, in kilowatt-hours 365,200,000 per season. Boundary Reservoir on Lost River would i ne tease the seasonal yield of that stream to 41,000 acre-feet, almost twice the 22,000 acre-feet now devel- oped in Clear Lake Reservoir. Klamath Project Ex- tensions would include a number of new works in the Klamath Project to serve an additional 41.000 acre- feel of water seasonally to 14,000 acres of irrigable land along the fringes of the project area. Plans to serve water to irrigable lands in Butte Valley and the Oklahoma District have been proposed by the United States Bureau of Reclamation. About 100,000 acre- reel per season would be diverted from the Klamath River above Keno and pumped to these areas. In Shasta Valley, works proposed for local develop- ment include Montague Dam and Reservoir on Shasta River, and pumping plants to deliver about 84,000 acre-feet of water seasonally to lands in the northern end of the valley. An alternative project on Shasta River, Grenada Ranch Dam and Reservoir, would de- velop about 20,000 acre-feet of new water seasonally. In addition to supplying required irrigation water, this project would be a desirable source of municipal water supply for towns in Shasta Valley. Table Rock Reservoir would regulate the natural flow of Little Shasta River to provide a firm irrigation supply of about 12,000 acre-feet per season. The Shasta Valley Import Project would include Iron Gate Dam on the Klamath River, and pumping plants and conduits, to divert 122,000 acre-feet of water seasonally from Klamath River into Shasta Valley to meet the addi- tional supplemental water requirements of the area. In Scott Valley, plans are presented for both ground water and surface water development. Cost estimates indicate that the ground water plan would be the less expensive alternative. The ground water pumping and distribution system, with 64 pumped wells and 160 miles of canal, would deliver about 50,000 acre-feet per season at an average annual cost of approximately $8.00 per acre foot. Possible surface water developments include Highland Dam and Res- ervoir on Moffet Creek, Callahan Dam and Reservoir on Scott River, Grouse Creek Dam and Reservoir on Scott River, Etna Dam and Reservoir on French Creek, and Mugginsville Dam and Reservoir on Mill Creek. The least costly of these surface developments would be Callahan Dam and Reservoir, which would develop about 78,000 acre-feet of water seasonally at an annual cost of $7.00 per acre foot, not including the cost of conveyance works. The most expensive devel- opment would be Mugginsville Dam and Reservoir, with a seasonal yield of 16,000 acre-feet of water al an average annual cost of about $20.00 per acre foot. not including the cost of conveyance works. Other developments in the Klamath River Basin would include Layman Dam and Reservoir on Hay- fork Creek, which would provide about 17,000 acre- feet of water seasonally for an irrigation supply for Hayfork Valley. Morehouse Dam and Reservoir on Salmon River would he principally for the purpose of generating hydroelectric energy. This project would utilize about 799,000 acre-feel of water season- ally, and would generate an average t\( 343,000,000 kilowatt hours of electric energy. Data on the general features, capital costs, and annual costs of the local development works for the 112 KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION Klamath River Basin, are summarized in Table 78. The locations of the works are shown on Plate 16. THE CALIFORNIA AQUEDUCT SYSTEM The California Aqueduct System, comprising a sys- tem of works extending from near the Oregon line tii near the Mexican border, will ultimately transport more than 121,000,000 acre-feet of surplus water each season to areas of inherent deficiency. Of this amount, about S, 000,000 acre-feet will be from the Klamath, Trinity, Mad, Van Duzen, and Smith River Basins, with the remainder from the Eel and Sacramento River Basins. This amount does not include water to be diverted from the Klamath River Basin by the Trinity Division of the Central Valley Project, which is presently scheduled to divert about 800,000 acre- Feet per season into the Central Valley. Plate 16 of this report, entitled "Features of The California Water Plan Within the Klamath River Basin," de- picts in diagrammatic form the general nature of this system of works. Also shown on this plate are the previously discussed local water resource develop- ments included as features of The California Water Plan. Works constructed ou the South Fork of the Smith, the Klamath, the Trinity, the Van Duzen, and the Mad Rivers would be primarily for conserving sur- plus waters for export. These works will also produce local benefits from power generation, enhancement of stream How for fish, wildlife, and recreation, flood control, water quality control, and beneficial consump- tive uses of water. The plan would include a series of major regulating reservoirs, most of which would be located contiguously along both the Klamath and Trinity Rivers from the vicinity of their junction upstream. Other reservoirs for conservation and transport of water to the Klamath and Trinity river system would be located on nearby streams. A number of conduits, pumping plants, and hydro- electric power plants would be appurtenant to the dams and reservoirs. The waters thus conserved would be conveyed by gravity to the Trinity River and pumped through a tunnel under the Trinity Moun- tains into the Sacramento Valley. A considerable amount of hydroelectric power would be developed in the drop to the floor of the valley. The Klamath- Trinity Division, which is described in some detail in the ensuing paragraphs, comprises the develop- TABLE 78 SUMMARY OF WORKS FOR LOCAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN Stream Purpose 1 Reservoir storage capacity, in acre-feet Safe seasonal yield, in acre-feet Estimated cost 1 Cost per Development and dam and reservoir Capital, dollars Annual, dollars of safe seasonal yield, ! in dollars Upper Klamath River Basin I. FC I I I I I. R I. M I. R I. R 100,000 150,000 440.000 41.000 110.000 280.000 41,000 100,000 84,000 20.000 11,800 122,000 4,000.000 4,700.000 7,100.000 195,000 233,000 361,000 Sprague River _ Sprague River Butte Vallev-Oklahoma District. - Klamath River 19,000.000 7,992,000 2.030,000 2,690,000 f 3.982,000 \ 14.580,000 1 .402.000 Shasta Valley Montague Project . . 87,000 22.800 10,000 35,4001 715.000 120,000 130.000 182.000 1,689.000 66.000 8.50 Grenada Ranch Project.. 6.00 Table Rock Reservoir. . . Little Shasta River. . . _ Klamath River 11.00 Shasta Valley Import Project Iron ("late Dam and Reservoir Red School Reservoir. I 1.700J Subtotal, Shasta Valley Import Project 122,000 21,200 8.700 3.900 15.500 9.800 77.500 20.000 1 1 .000 16,000 I7.IIIHI 799,000 19.964,000 1.583,000 610.000 171,000 914,000 4.092.000 10.895.000 4.130.000 2,640,000 6,724,000 3.346.000 54 942,000 1,937,000 183,000 70.000 18.000 118,000 195.000 522,000 200,000 1 25,000 323,000 180,000 3,046,000 16.00 Scott Valley Ground Water Basin Development Fjastside Service Area I I I I I. R I, FC, R I. R I. R I. R I. R P. R Westside Service Area 8.00 Valley Service Area. 4.60 Quartz Valley Service Area 7.60 Highland Reservoir Moffett ' Ireek Scott River 1 asl 1 "ik Scott River. 26.000 133,000 50.000 12,000 23,000 21,500 910,000 Callahan Reservoir Gn - 1 i eek Reservoir 10.00 Etna Reservoir 1 1 . 50 Mill Creek 20 . 00 Other Developments in Klamath River Basin Layman Reservoii Morehouse Ri ei Hayfork Creek Salmon River 9 .Ml I Irrigation; M Municipal Water Supply; P = Hydroelectric Pow Ini'lmlini! Interest at 3.5 per eent per annum, icre-foot "f safe seasonal yield does not take into account allocation »f costs to non-reimbursabl ■ ■ with interest. Recreation, including stream flow maintenance: FC = Flood control, such as flood control an All crisis ineluilc PLANS FOR WATER DEVELOPMENT ll:i ments on or associated with the Klamath River ami the Trinity River. Klamath River Development Structures included in the Klamath River Devel- opment comprise Hamburg, Happy Camp, Slate Creek or a substitute therefor, and Humboldt Dams and Reservoirs on the Klamath River, and their associated power plants; Canthook and Black Hawk Dams and Reservoirs on the South Fork of the Smith River; and Black Hawk and Beaver Pumping Plants. Cantpeak Tunnel, connecting the Smith and Klamath Rivers, as well as Deerhorn Tunnel, connecting the Klamath and Trinity Rivers, are also included as Eeatures of this development. Recent geologic explora- tion at the Slate Creek dam site has unearthed un- favorable foundation conditions which indicate that it may he more economical to select an alternative site. Runoff of the upper Klamath River would first be regulated in Hamburg Reservoir immediately below the confluence of the Scott and Klamath Rivers. It would be a large reservoir with a net storage capacity of 1,570,000 acre-feet. Releases from Hamburg Res- ervoir would now through Hamburg Power Plant and then into Happy Camp Reservoir, formed by Happy Cam]) Dam located about 3 miles downstream from Happy Camp, Happy Camp Reservoir, the largest reservoir of the Klamath River Development, would have an active storage capacity of 3,488,000 acre-feet. Releases from the reservoir would flow through Happy Camp Power Plant, thence downstream into the Klamath River for further regulation in Slate Creek Reser- voir. It should be pointed out that an initiative measure approved by the electorate in 1924 prohibits the con- struction of a dam at any point on the Klamath River below its confluence with the Shasta River. The effect of this statute upon the proposed works of The Cali- fornia Water Plan is not known. However, studies made alter the publication of Bulletin No. 3 indicate that these dams on the Klamath River will probably be built only as one of the latter stages of the plan, many years in the future. Surplus flows of the South Pork of the Smith River could be conserved in Canthook Reservoir, located about 10 miles upstream from the main stem of the river. Black Hawk Dam would also be constructed on the Smith Pork of the Smith River immediately up- stream from Canthook Reservoir. The primary pur- pose of Black Hawk Reservoir would be to provide direct gravity diversion from the South Pork of the Smith River to Slate Creek Reservoir on the Klamath River through a connecting conduit, Cantpeak Tun- nel. Waters would he lifted from Canthook Reservoir into Black Hawk Reservoir by Black Hawk Pumping Plant, located within Black Hawk Dam. Releases from Hamburg ami Happy ('amp Reser- voirs on the Klamath River, Canthook Reservoir on tin' South Pork of the Smith River, and surface inflow from drainage areas below Happy Camp Reservoir, would be further regulated in Slate Creek Reservoir. located on the Klamath River about 7 miles above the mouth of the Trinity River, slate Creek Reservoir would have an active storage capacity of 1,566,000 acre-feet, and would impound and divert reregulated water in the average seasonal amount of 4,700,000 acre-feet for conveyance by means of Deerhorn Tunnel into Beaver Reservoir on the Trinity River. Unregulated flows of the Klamath River would be controlled by Humboldt Dam, located on the Klamath River just below its confluence with the Trinity River, nearly on the Del Norte-Humboldt county line. Hum- boldt Reservoir would back water up the river to the downstream toes of both Beaver and Slate Creek Dams. The waters conserved by Humboldt Reservoir, amounting to about 1,205,000 acre-feet per season, would be lifted into Beaver Reservoir by Beaver Pumping Plant, located just below Beaver Dam. Thus. a total of 5,900,000 acre-feet per season would be de- livered to Beaver Reservoir from the facilities of the Klamath River Development. Trinity River Development The Trinity River Development would involve the construction of Beaver, Burnt Ranch, and Helena Dams on the Trinity River; Eaton Dam on the Van Duzen River; Ranger Station Dam or a substitute therefor, on the Mad River; and Eltapom Dam on the South Pork of the Trinity River. The development would also include the construction of Helena Power Plant on the Trinity River; Sulphur Glade and Elta- pom Power Plants on the South Fork of the Trinity River; and Burnt Ranch Pumping Plant on the Trin- ity River. Three major tunnels, the Sulphur Glade, War Cry. and Rig Flat, would be required to convey conserved surplus waters from the proposed reservoirs to the Sacramento River Basin. Beaver Reservoir would receive water pumped from Humboldt Reservoir, located downstream on the Klamath River, and all water developed in the Klam- ath River above Humboldt Reservoir ami conveyed by means of Deerhorn Tunnel to Beaver Reservoir, as previously described under the Klamath River De- velopment. In addition. Beaver Reservoir would con- serve the natural runoff from the Trinity River drain- age below Burnt Ranch and Eltapom Reservoirs. Beaver Dam would he located on the Trinity River just below Hoopa Valley, about ii miles upstream from the confluence of the Trinity and Klamath Rivers. Burnt Ranch Pumping Plant, located at the upper end of Beaver Reservoir and at the downstream toe of Burnt Ranch Dam. would lift water from Beaver Reservoir to l'.urnt Ranch Reservoir. Water would he pumped into I'.urut Ranch Reservoir on a uniform 114 KLAMATH KIVKI! LASIX INVESTIGATION Q A LU => o < a. < Z z 0£ a. o - 11- < u >. z £ o » to ,- fN. -^ _c uj Q < >- r z F C* 1— — X > i— < "G 5r ^ < 3 < f j 2 s 5 "H -_ '_ | -r U — S i 1 ? lU * - I .9 « - E - 1 - £ «1 i | 1 < i2 | £ r 'E r H 5 I _ r - X ~ E-ihD _" _ g _' - ~"~" „-Q -' -'- -" - - < -' - o a a O ■ T. " c o o - c o s 3 c r = q >. '1 o oo - - o _ _ _ o _ _ _ _ _ 3 3 r c = 3 c c o a 5 q r = % d c -' = 30 ■2 7 — C ^ r r ~ ,- „ _ ° c "-' o -» U3 _ r r r. ri » 1 ~ t .5 ^ ^ in io io cc re o c ■- >- e „ Z ■' o r. l-s - J a < . 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I E - 1 4 q > i - o 1 : t 1 - Q 1 ■ a .1 Q-= '. 0. 2?<- > C j * < = 3 k .i •: < •5 - j |J j : &Jj|f "14 E- C E- ■5 -s - ill IS H M H o 3 H 116 KLAMATH RIVER BASIN I XV ESTIMATION monthly Mow basis, and nil' peak electric energy would be utilized in the interesl of minimizing power costs. Waters of the Van Duzen River would be developed by Eaton Dam and Reservoir, located about 2 miles downstream from the community of Dinsmores, about I miles west of the Humboldt-Trinity county Line. Surplus flows of the .Mad River could similarly be developed by a reservoir on that stream between Butler Valley and the Ruth site. The Ranger Station site was first selected as having several advantages due to its strategic location. Eowever, preliminary geo- logical examination indicated conditions which appear somewhal unfavorable to the most economic construc- tion and. in consequence, further study is in process to find a more favorable alternative. It appears that satisfactory alternatives to Ranker Station can be found. The yield from Eaton Reservoir could be conducted by tunnel to the Mad River, and the yield from the two reservoirs could he conveyed by tunnel into the South Fork of the Trinity River above Eltapom dam site. The most advantageous location would he at the Sulphur Glade tunnel site, which would permit con- struction of the Sulphur Glade Power Plant to make use of the head differential between the Mad River and the South Fork of the Trinity River. Eltapom Dam and Reservoir, located on the South Fork of the Trinity River immediately downstream from Ilyampom Valley, would regulate runoff of the South Fork of the Trinity River and the releases from Eaton and Ranger Station Reservoirs which, as pre- viously stated, would pass through the Sulphur Glade Power Plant. The total waters thus collected in Eltapom Reservoir would be released through Elta- pom Power Plant. located at the base of the dam. and thence diverted through War Cry Tunnel into Burnt Ranch Reservoir on the Trinity River. Helena Dam and Reservoir, constructed on the Trinity River above Burnt Ranch Reservoir, would conserve the natural (lows of the Trinity River and generate hydroelectric energy by releases through Helena Rower Plant located at the base of the dam. The reservoir would have a capacity of 3,050,000 acre feet. Burnt Ranch Reservoir, formed by Burnt Ranch Dam, Located on the Trinity River about 3 miles up- stream from the mouth of New River, would be the key reservoir of the Klamath-Trinity Division, as it would serve as a point of convergence for all surplus water delivered from the Klamath. Smith. Trinity, Mad, and Van Duzen Rivers. Although the reservoir would have a cross storage capacity of 24(i,000 acre- feet, only 36,000 acre-feet would be utilized for active storage, in the interest of maintaining maximum water surface elevation to assure necessary discharge into Big Flat Tunnel. Thus, Burnt Ranch Reservoir would serve primarily as a forcbay for Big Flat Tunnel, the principal interbasin export conduit, which would convey water to Clear Creek in the Sac ramcnto Valley. Because of the tremendous quan- tities of waters involved under ultimate conditions, ami tin- magnitude id' the cost of works required to transfer this water from Burnt Ranch Reservoir to Clear Creek, it is proposed that the Big Flat Tunnel be constructed in two parallel stages, or bores, each being 35 miles in length. The first bore would have a capacity of about 3,200 second-feet and the second bore would have a capacity of 8,100 second-feet. Big Flat Tunnel would discharge into Kanaka Reservoir on Clear Creek in the Sacramento Valley. Trinity and Lewiston Dams and Reservoirs, which will make water available for diversion from the Trinity River to the Sacramento River, are presentlj under construction by the United States Bureau of Reclamation. This project, known as the Trinity River Division of the Central Valley Project, is a SUMMARY OF CAPITAL COSTS OF KLAMATH-TRINITY DIVISION, CALIFORNIA AQUEDUCT SYSTEM Item < lapital cost* Klamath Development 96.090.000 Happv Camp Power Plant. _ 17.210,000 1 :i S40.000 70,300,000 Relocation of state highway . 35.000,000 78.830,000 s;:;.-. l'SO.OOO Trinity Development 6 51 D.OO0 1, .-,0,1 II HI 17.050,000 7 280,000 7,630,000 44.S10.0O0 823.440,000 68,000,000 Clear Creek Development 2,000,000 S172.570.000 CRAM) TOTAL $2,315,100,000 Al 1955 price levels. PLANS FOR WATER DEVELOPMENT ir feature of The California Water Plan. The operation of this project would be coordinated with the Klamath-Trinity Division of the California Aqueduct System. Clear Creek Development The Clear Creek Development would involve con- struct inn of Kanaka and Saeltzer Dams on Clear Creek in the Sacramento River Basin, and an appur- tenant power plant at each of the dams. Kanaka Dam and Reservoir, impounding water delivered from Burnt Ranch Reservoir as well as runoff from Clear Creek, would be located on Clear Creek about 8 miles east of Redding. Water released from Kanaka Reservoir would flow through the Kanaka Power Plant, located near the base of the dam. into Saeltzer Reservoir located imme- diately downstream. Saeltzer Dam would be situated at the present site of the Saeltzer Diversion Dam. about o' miles upstream from the confluence of Clear Creek with the Sacramento River. Saeltzer Dam would function primarily for development of the re- mainder of the power head on Clear ('nek below Kanaka Dam. and the final generation of power by facilities of the Klamath-Trinity Division would be accomplished by Saeltzer Power Plant, located at the base of Saeltzer Dam. The water released from Saeltzer Power Plant would flow into Girvan Reser- voir, which is a part of the Sacramento Division of the California Aqueduct System. A summary of the general features of the Klamath- Trinity Division of the California Aqueduct System is shown in Table 79 and a summary of estimated capi- tal costs is shown iu Table 80. CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS The tremendous increase in population in Cali- fornia, since World War II, has brought with it numerous problems, not the least of which is the need for proper development of water resources to serve adequately the growth of water requirements of the State. Increased need for water, due to an ex- panding population and economy, has been concen- trated to a large extent in the southern two-thirds of California. This largely arid, and semiarid region, has been forced to think in terms of importing water from the more humid northern portions of the State to supplement its presently available water supply which is rapidly becoming inadequate. As pressure for such transfer of water has increased, it has be- come apparent that the water needs in the northern area should first be determined and plans made to satisfy these needs in order to prevent the detrimental effects which would result from indiscriminate and excessive export. This report has as its basic purpose a broad evalua- tion of the needs for water in the Klamath Kiver Basin, and a general plan of development that will serve as a guide towards meeting these water needs. It is evident that the estimates of water requirements, and the plans for meeting the requirements must be periodically reviewed and reanalyzed in the light of developing and changing economic conditions. SUMMARY The Klamath River Basin is located in northern and northwestern California, and in south-central Oregon, and includes an area of about 10 million acres, the major portion of which is essentially undeveloped at the present time. There are 6,400,000 acres in the California portion and 3,600,000 acres in the Oregon portion of the Basin. The Klamath River is the second Largest river in California, exceeded (inly by the Sacramento River. The Klamath River has a mean seasonal natural flow, at its mouth, of nearly 13,000,- 000 acre- feet. There is considerable variation in geological struc- ture, topography, and climate, thoughout the Basin. The wide upper valley area from Shasta Valley north into Oregon is basically volcanic in origin, while the lower portion of the Basin is composed of sedimentary materials. Several high, rugged mountain ranges are located within or bordering the area. Certain sections of these mountain regions have been declared "primi- tive areas" by the Federal government and are re- served for recreational purposes. On the other hand, many large and relatively Hat valleys are suitable for agriculture and stock raisin-. These valleys lie along the upper rivers and lakes in Oregon and California, and along the tributary Shasta and Scott Rivers. They are located at considerable elevations above sea level. The City of Klamath Falls in Oregon, for example, has an elevation of 4,190 feet and Yreka in California is 2,630 feet above sea level. The climate is typified by extremes. The mean sea- sonal precipitation decreases from west to east, with the heaviest concentrations in the coastal mountains and the lightest rainfall on the inland plateau area. In addition, the basin is subject to pronounced wel and dry seasons. Seasonal differences in climate be- come more noticeable as elevation and distance from the coast increases. In the Upper Basin there is a high percentage of snow, while along the coast pre- cipitation occurs almost entirely as rain. A wide range in temperature is prevalent in the area. The lowest recorded temperature at Klamath, located at the mouth of the Klamath River, is 24 degrees Fahren- heit, and at Klamath Falls the lowest recorded tem- perature is 24 degrees below zero on the Fahrenheit scale. The growing season covers about 206 days at Klamath, but only 130 days at Tulelake. In general, summers in the interior are hot, dry, and only a few months in length, whereas the winters are long and cold. About 600,000 acre-feet of water is presently con- sumed seasonally in the Klamath River Basin. The remaining flow is essentially unused and wastes t,, the ocean. This flow is considerably in excess of the estimated water requirements necessary for the full development of the resources of the entire basin, lie- cause of the pronounced seasonal wet and dry periods, as well as the variation of precipitation and stream flow from season to season, a system of storage res- ervoirs would be necessary to conserve and regulate firm water supplies for future Local development, as well as for export to water deficient areas of the State. The economy of the basin is based on agriculture, stock raising, and Lumbering. Presenl indications are that these principal existing industries will continue to he dominant in the future. Mining activity is not as extensive as in the early years, although it still has some significance in the economy and could become more important in the future The present production of hydroelectric power is only a fraction of the Basin's potential for energy generation. The present permanent population of the Basin is Onlv about 75,000 people scattered over 15,600 square miles, an average of about 5 to the square mile. Efow ever, it is expected that the population will increase two and a half times in the future. , 119) 120 KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION The Klamath River Basin is one of the import ant recreational regions of California. The recreational asped of living will become increasingly significant as the population of the State grows. It is, therefore, reasonable to assume that the number of recreational visitors will increase as the population of the State expands. Water, both for direct use of visitors and tourists and for recreational attractions, is an im- portant factor in this development. The Klamath River is an interstate stream and much of the supplemental water ultimately needed for full development of northern California lands orig- inates in Oregon. On the other hand, one stream, the Lost River, originates in California but is used pri- marily in Oregon. After it crosses the state line it flows in a wide arc back into Tule Lake in California. Thus both states use water from streams originating in the other state. Development of the agricultural and other resources of the Upper Klamath River Basin in California by use of the waters of the Klamath River will be accomplished by cooperation in the allocation of these waters with the State of Ore- gon. The economy of each state in this area is depend- ent upon the other, since they are not separated by natural boundaries. Both states have recognized this need for coopera- tive action and. in 1!I.Vi, each appointed a commission with the primary function of formulating an inter- state compact relating to the distribution and use of the waters of the Upper Klamath River Basin. The Klamath River Basin Compact, now in force, is an interstate agreement drawn up by the two commis- sions to promote the orderly and comprehensive de- velopment and iise of the water resources of the Klam- ath River Basin. It has been ratified by the States of California and Oregon and approved by the Congress of the United States. This compact provides for the distribution and use of water within the Upper Klam- ath River Basin, defined as the drainage area of the Klamath River and all its tributaries upstream from the boundary between Oregon and California, includ- ing the (dosed basins of Butte, Red Rock, Swan Lake, and Lost River Valleys, and Crater Lake. Terms of the compacl establish an order of prefer- ence for use of water within the Upper Klamath River Basin, with domestic and municipal use first and irri- gation use second, followed in turn by recreational use including requirements for fish and wildlife, in- dustrial use. and use for hydroelectric power genera- tion. Diversions of water outside the Upper Klamath River Basin, with minor exceptions, an 1 prohibited. The compacl makes available sufficient water from flic Klamath River in Oregon to the < 'alifornia portion of the Upper Basin for the future irrigation of 100.000 acres of land. A permanent commission has been established to administer the terms of the compact. In 1952, the California Legislature made the first of three annual appropriations for a comprehensive survey of the water resources of the Klamath River Basin. The investigation has been designed to satisfy, as far as practicable, the following major objectives: 1. An inventory of water supplies, both surface and underground, of the Klamath River Basin. 2. A determination of present and ultimate water requirements predicated upon the full develop- ment of all natural resources. :>. Determination of areas within the basin now. or ultimately, facing a deficiency in water supply. 4. An estimate of changes in the availability of water supplies caused by bringing under irriga- tion all lands potentially capable of full develop- ment . 5. Preliminary proposals for the development of the water resources of the basin to assure ample supplies for all uses within the basin. A summary discussion of the studies, results, and accomplishments of the Klamath River Basin invest) gation reported herein follows. Water Supply Water supplies are principally made available to lands in the Klamath River Basin by diversion of surface stream flow. However, some ground water is pumped in portions of the basin. An extensive analysis was made of the precipitation and runoff characteris- tics of the Klamath River Basin. The water supply studies also included investigation of the opportunity to store and use water in the ground water basins. The quantity of precipitation ranges from about 100 inches seasonally at Klamath on the coast to !l inches at Tulelake, and 13 inches at Klamath Palls. Precipi- tation varies considerably from month to month, but generally exhibits a similarity in distribution through- out the basin in any given season. About 75 per cent of the seasonal precipitation occurs during the 5- month period from November through March. The highly productive watersheds of the Cascade and Coast Ranees within the Klamath River Basin furnish nearly one-fifth of California's natural run- off. Runoff of the Klamath River at its mouth has ranged from a maximum of about 22,000,000 acre-feet in 1937-38 to a minimum of less than 4,000,000 acre- feet in 1923-24. The maximum instantaneous dis- charge occurred during the floods of December. 1955, when the recorded flow at the gaging station near the town of Klamath was 425,000 second-feet. The principal tributary streams of the Klamath River are the Trinity, Salmon. Scott, and Shasta Rivers. The approximate mean seasonal natural flow of each stream as it enters the main stem is 4,560,000 acre-feet, 1,310,000 acre-feet. 580,000 acre-feet and 170.00(1 acre-feet, respectively. Stream gaging stations on the Klamath River at Keno and at Spencer Bridge, both in Oregon, have recorded flows since 1904, and. for all practical purposes, measure the runoff of tile sr.ALMAItY. CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 121 stream as it niters California. The mean seasonal re- corded flow for the 48-year period from 1904-05 through 1951-52 at these stations is 1,150,000 acre-feet. Both rainfall and snowmelt provide the source of runoff for streams of the Basin. However, variations in topography, vegetative cover, and geologic struc- ture further affect the pattern of runoff. Many of the streams in the Upper Basin are fed by springs, and have relatively uniform seasonal flows. The tributaries near the ocean, on the other hand, are extremely sensi- tive to the pattern of rainfall. Ground water basins with adequate storage ca- pacity, and sufficient permeability to justify develop- ment for irrigation, exist in Butte and Scott Valleys. Presenl development of ground water in Butte Valley, in terms of seasonal withdrawals, is estimated to ap- proximate the safe seasonal yield of the basin. In Scotl Valley, the virtually undeveloped ground water basin could furnish sufficient water to meet the esti- mated ultimate requirements of that area. The geo- logic structure of most of the ground water basins underlying Shasta Valley is such that the resulting storage capacity and permeability is not generally favorable for development. The basin underlying the Pluto's Cave Basalt area, in the vicinity of Big Springs, is apparently suitable for irrigation develop- ment, The main ground water body of the Klamath River Basin in ( Iregon is continuous, both vertically between format ions and horizontally throughout the basin. It generally follows the alluvial valleys, through which the main rivers flow, and continues under Upper and Lower Klamath Lakes. In most instances, this ground water basin does not yield the quantities required for irrigation development, but does provide wells ade- quate for domestic use. Both surface and ground water supplies of the Klamath River Basin are generally of excellent min- eral quality. Exceptions occur in closed drainage sumps in Shasta Valley, Butte Valley, and Klamath Project areas. Present and Ultimate Water Requirements The present and ultimate water requirements of the Klamath River Basin are affected by the physical characteristics of the area and the land use pattern imposed by man. The significant factors considered in estimating the water requirements include: 1. The extent of lands now irrigated and capable of being irrigated in the future, and the character- istics of the irrigable lands with respect to soil types, profile, topography and drainage. ■_'. The pattern of land use as represented by the existing agricultural economy, and the probable ultimate land use pattern. 3. Consumptive use of water for irrigation, a vari- able item Largely influenced by climate and crop pattern. 4. The efficiency of irrigation water use. 5. Uses of water other than for irrigation, such as for domestic and urban requirements, industry. fish and wildlife maintenance, recreation, and hydroelectric power generation. Land Use. The area now irrigated in the entire Klamath River Basin has been determined, in field surveys made in 1953, to be about 474,000 acres, of which about 182,000 acres are in California. About 7,500 acres throughout the Basin are utilized for urban and suburban uses, and about 9,000 acres arc used for industrial areas and wildlife maintenance areas. Land classification surveys to determine the possible future uses of lands in the Klamath River Basin indicate that a gross area of about 1,070,000 acres could be classed as irrigable. About 80 per cent of the irrigable area is valley floor land of fair to good quality. The remainder is hill land, generally limited in its crop producing capability by topography and depth of soil. The gross irrigable lands include roads and rights of way, small areas of nonirrigable land, and land out of production for agricultural and economic reasons. It was esti- mated the gross figure woidd be reduced to a net area of about 875,000 acres which could be irrigated in any one season. Of the ultimate net irrigated amount, 470,000 acres would be in Oregon and 405,000 acres would be in California. Urban and miscellaneous water service areas are estimated to ultimately total about 28,000 acres in the two states. The present leading crops in the Klamath River Basin are pasture and hay supporting the dominant livestock industry. The next important crops are. in turn, alfalfa, grain, and potatoes. Based upon trends and the opinions of leading agriculturists in the area, it is estimated thai the principal crops in the future will be improved pasture, hay and grain crops, and alfalfa. It is probable that most of the increases in acreage devoted to alfalfa, truck crops, potatoes, and field crops will occur on better quality valley floor lands, and that much id' the pasture and hay will lie developed on hill lands and valley lands of limited capability. The estimated increases in the various crop cate- gories are given in Table 81. Consumptive Use of Applied Water. The con sumptive use of applied water on irrigated lands consists id' that portion of the applied irrigation water which is used in the processes of plant transpiration and soil evaporation. The remainder of the total - sonal consumptive use is supplied by direct precipita- tion during the growing season, and by the remainder of precipitation during the nongrowing season which is stored as available moisture in the root zone. Knit values of total consumptive use of water, in feet id' depth, were estimated both from field measurements oi consumptive use bj soil moisture depletion methods. 1 •_'•_■ KLAMATH RIVER BAS1X INVESTIGATION SUMMARY OF PRESENT AND ESTIMATED ULTIMATE CROP PATTERNS IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN Present irrigated in acres Ultimate irrigated area, in acres Possible future Increase i !rop acres per cent 245,700 140.400 61.300 26,500 100 371,400 224,900 181,600 64,900 32.200 125,700 84,500 120.300 38.400 32.100 Alfalfa and clover. 197 TOTALS--, ._.. 474,000 875,000 401,000 and by a method of computing unit values of use in relation to climatic factors. The seasonal volume of consumptive use of applied water in any area or unit was computed as the product of the unit value of use, in feet of depth, times the net irrigable area in acres. The present consumptive use of applied water on irrigated lands in the Klamath River Basin was esti- mated to be 638,000 acre-feel per season. < mi urban lands and on miscellaneous water service areas the present consumptive use of applied water was esti- mated to be about 24,000 acre-feet per season. Present consumptive use of applied water on swamps and marsh lands, and net evaporation from reservoirs, was estimated to be about 540,000 acre-feet per season. The total present consumptive use of applied water was estimated to be about 1,202,000 acre-feet per season. Under ultimate conditions, it was estimated that consumptive use of applied water on irrigated lands would increase to 1 .1(10,000 acre-feet seasonally. The amounts of water required for ultimate consump- tive use of applied water for urban, domestic, indus- trial and miscellaneous uses would be about 60,000 acre-feel per season. Additional ultimate consumptive use of applied water on swamp and marsh lands, and net evaporation from reservoir water surfaces, would be about 730,000 acre-feel per season. The ultimate consumptive use of applied water within the Klamath River Basin would total about 1,950.000 acre-feet per season. Efficiency of Water Use. The total quantity of water necessary to provide for irrigation and other consumptive use requirements is a function of the efficiency of water use. The amount of water necessary for a farm operation depends upon the method of irrigation, the soil type and slope of the land, reli- ability of service, and other separately significant items such as cost of the water. The unused water from a farm operation enters natural channels, drain- age systems, or adils to the ground water supply. In most contiguous irrigated areas of California, this unused portion of an individual's operation is reused by other farm operations. The result is reflected in a higher water service area efficiency than is the aver- age practice for individual farm operation. Uses of Water Other than for Irrigation. Uses of water for urban, suburban and domestic purposes are recognized as the highest priority of use. Although these, as well as uses for industrial and recreational purposes, will increase .substantially in the future, they are not significant in quantity as compared with the possible irrigation requirement. At present, the population of the Basin is about 75,000, of whom 32.000 live in California. Based on probable future development, it is estimated that the ultimate popula- tion in the Basin will be about 200,000. The future population of the California portion of the Basin was estimated at 140.001). "With recommended forest management procedures, the sustained yield of timber lands in the Klamath River Basin is estimated to be about one billion board- feet of logs annually, or about twice the present pro- duction. Plywood and fiberboard manufacture has recently become significant, and it is anticipated that paper pulp might be manufactured. Because of the noxious nature of the effluent waste of a pulp mill, it is generally thought that this industry will locate at tidewater unless other economic methods are developed to dispose of tic mill waste. The Upper Klamath River Basin is recognized na- tionally as an important area both for water fowl hunting and for refuges to protect and maintain water fowl. The refuges will require sufficient water supplies to provide for evaporation in the shallow lakes and marsh areas of Lower Klamath Lake and Clear Lake. Fisheries, hydroelectric power, and general recrea- tion will become important as time goes on. However. very little additional water will be consumed to sat- isfy these needs. Flow requirements to meet such needs will generally he developed incidental to other uses of water. Ultimate Water Requirements. "Water require- ments for all consumptive purposes within the Klam- ath River Basin, if provided at strategically located points from which the water could be served to the lands, were estimated to increase seasonally from about 1.600,000 acre-feet under present conditions to about 2.900,000 acre-feet under conditions of ultimate development. The ultimate water requirement within the California portion of the basin would be about 1.50(1.(10(1 acre-feet per season. Most of this require- ment would occur in the Klamath Project area in California, Oklahoma District, Butte Valley, Shasta Valley, and Scott Valley. Ultimate water requirements in the Klamath River Drainage Basin below Scott River, and in the Trinity River Basin, are estimated to be relatively minor. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 123 Areas of Water Deficiency in the Klamath River Basin At present no area of the Klamath River Basin appears to suffer a serious water deficiency when normal precipitation occurs. However, virtually all the irrigated basins and valleys in the Klamath River Basin within California are now utilizing the available summer stream flow to a reasonably full degree. A subnormal precipitation season results in a shortage of water supply for lands having low priority of right, except within the Klamath Project. In most cases, shortages result from a lack of storage facilities to conserve the 'winter runoff for late season use. Two areas, Butte Valley and Shasta Valley, have insuffi- cient local water supplies to meet their water require- ments under ultimate conditions of development. The Klamath Project area, which includes the Tule- lake Basin and Lower Klamath Lake in California, is the most highly developed agricultural area in the Klamath River Basin. The project is assured of ample water supplies at all times to meet present require- ments by the storage capacity provided by Upper Klamath Lake and Clear Lake. Studies made in this investigation indicate that improvements in the stor- age facilities in and above Upper Klamath Lake, and on the Lost River, could provide water to meet all Future water requirements. Unite Valley is an area where the adequacy of the present water supply to meet present demands is questionable. Consequently, imported water supplies are necessary to meet ultimate requirements. Present water supplies are obtained from unregulated diver- sions from Butte Creek and pumping from the ground water basin. Assuming that the local water supply is now developed to approximately its safe yield, the ultimate deficiency could amount to as much as 170.00(1 acre-feet seasonally. Butte Valley is so situated that water could be diverted from the Klamath River in Oregon and pumped into the valley. Plans for such a diversion are discussed in Chapter IV. In Shasta Valley, the presently developed water supply is normally adequate to meet present demands. Some of the irrigated lands are subject to water de- ficiencies each season since much of the development comprises diversion of unregulated streams. Surplus water available in Shasta Valley could be conserved in storage reservoirs to enhance present irrigation supplies as well as to irrigate new lands. However, full development of all water in Shasta Valley would not provide sufficient supplies to meet the probable ulti- mate water requirement of all lands classed as irri- gable. It is estimated that after development of local supplies, it would be necessary to import about 201 1,01 II I acre-feet from the Klamath River to satisfy all re- quirements. In addition, about '20, ()(!() acre-feet im- ported from the Klamath River would be required to meet the ultimate requirements of the Ager Subunit, which is in the northern extension of Shasta Valley. In Scott Valley present irrigation development is predicated upon diversion of unregulated stream flows. As a result, the water supply is normally adequate, although deficiencies occur on much of the irrigated land during the latter part of the irrigation season. Such deficiencies are greater during seasons of below normal runoff. Regulation of tributary runoff could be provided by conservation reservoirs on several of the main tributaries, or by an extensive system of pumps utilizing the storage capacity of the under- lying ground water basin. Water requirements for the Klamath River Basin below the mouth of Scott River, and for the entire Trinity River watershed, are small in comparison to the available water supply. Any significant water requirements in these areas could be met by develop- ment of local water supplies. Probable Future Change in Flow of the Klamath River An evaluation of the effect of ultimate develop- ment and use upon the quantity of water flowing in the Klamath River was made. This included estimates of the flow of the river under natural conditions ; the historical flow of the river ; the historical flow as it would have occurred if present (1953) conditions of development had existed throughout the period from 1920 to 1952; and the probable flow of the river. during the period 1920 to 1952, assuming ultimate conditions of development. Such estimates were made for the Klamath River at Keno, and the Klamath River below the Shasta River. Estimates of probable ultimate flow were based on the operation studies of the Klamath River above Keno described in Chap- ter III. A summary of the seasonal flow estimates under the foregoing conditions is presented in Table 82, which indicates that there is adequate water in the Klamath River to meet the present and probable ultimate water requirements of the Klamath River Basin in Oregon and in California above the Shasta River. Full devel- opment of the basin and maximum utilization of water will reduce the flow of the Klamath River TABLE 82 AVERAGE SEASONAL FLOWS OF THE KLAMATH RIVER FOR THE PERIOD 1920-21 THROUGH 1951-52 (In acre-feet) Natural lluu I [istoi teal ■ recorded or ad- just. ■,! How i Historical Bow « >t>i given condition of • U-\ elupment Location Present Ultimate Klamath River at Keno Klamath River below Shasta 1,170.000 1.780.000 990,000 1.490.000 870.000 487.000 124 KLAMATH RIVER BASIN [NVBSTIGATION below the Shasta River by about 600,000 aere-feet per season. This reduction would have little effed upon the discharge of the Klamath River at its mouth. Plans for Water Development The Klamath River Basin Investigation included extensive preliminary studies of possible plans for water development to meet present and ultimate water requirements within the Basin. These plans are in- cluded in the California Water Plan as developments tn meet lueal requirements. The portion of the Cali- fornia Aqueduct System within the Klamath River Basin would provide works to export surplus waters from the Klamath and Trinity Rivers. A brief reca- pitulation of these developments is presented in the following summary. Upper Klamath River Basin. There is sufficient water in the Upper Klamath River Basin to meet the ultimate needs in both Oregon and California. This, however, is contingent upon the construction of sev- eral reservoirs in Oregon to conserve and regulate the available runoff. No increase in the storage capa- city of Upper Klamath Lake is proposed. It was determined that two reservoirs on the Sprague River would provide sufficient storage to meet both local demands along the Sprague River and ultimate de- mands below T Upper Klamath Lake. Beatty Reservoir on the upper reaches of the Sprague River, with a storage capacity of 150.000 acre-feet, would provide a firm seasonal yield of llli.O(H) aere-feet. The capital eost was estimated to be $4,700,000 and the annual eost would be $233,000. Chiloquin Narrows Reservoir on the Sprague River near its junction with the Williamson River would have a storage capacity of 44(1.000 acre-feet and would provide a firm seasonal yield of 280.000 acre- feet. The capital cost of Chiloquin Narrows Reservoir would be $7,100,000 and the animal cost would be $361,000. Boundary Reservoir, with a storage capacity of loo.ooo acre-feet, would be created by a dam on Lost River at the upper end of Langell Valley on the California-Oregon state line. This reservoir would provide a safe seasonal yield of 41.000 acre-feet as compared to a seasonal yield of about 22,000 acre-feet now obtainable from Clear Lake. It would also pro- vide Hood control protection to lands in the vicinity of Tulelake and increased water fowl habitat at Clear Lake. The capital cost would be about $4,000,000. and annual cost, including repayment with interest, would be al t $195,000. Additional works comprising the Klamath Project Extensions to serve water to areas bordering the ex- isting Klamath Projecl have been proposed by the United States Bureau of Reclamation. This agency lias also proposed a system of canals and pumping plants, referred to as the Butte Division of the Klam- ath Project, to serve water from the Klamath River to Butte Valley and the Oklahoma District. The capital cost of the Butte Division was estimated to be about $19,000,000. Shasta Valley. In this section is presented a sum mary of possible plans for water supply development prepared during the Klamath River Basin Investiga- tion. This summary does not reflect the changes in plans and costs developed during more detailed studies made in 1958 and 11159 during the Shasta Valley Investigation. Alternative possibilities for development of addi- tional water on Shasta River are Montague Dam and Reservoir, and Grenada Ranch Dam and Reservoir. Montague Reservoir, with a storage capacity of 87.000 acre-feet, could develop a firm seasonal yield of 84,000 aere-feet. This water would require pumping to make it available to irrigable lands. The capital cost of the Montague Project was estimated to be about $8,000,000 and the corresponding annual cost would be about $715,000. The more recent studies have shown that poor foundation conditions at Montague dam site would cause excessive increases in the cost of a dam tit this site. As an alternative, the Gregory Mountain Project has been proposed at a site about four miles upstream. Grenada Ranch Reservoir, with a storage capacity of 22,800 acre-feet, would provide a firm seasonal yield of 20,000 acre-feet, a portion of which would be pumped to serve irritable lands. This reser- voir could also provide water for municipal use in the City of Yreka. The Grenada Ranch Project would have a capital cost of about $2,030,000 and an annual cost of $120,000. Table Rock Reservoir on Little Shasta River, with a capacity of 10,000 acre-feet, would provide a firm seasonal yield of nearly 12,000 aere-feet. This would enhance irrigation practices in the area served by providing a firm water supply throughout the season. The capital cost of Table Rock Dam and Reservoir was estimated to be $2,700,000 and the corresponding annual cost would be $130,000. Iron Gate Dam and Reservoir on the Klamath River about 4 miles cast of ltombrook, could be con- structed to provide urgently needed regulation of releases from the California-Oregon Power Company's hydroelectric power development on the Klamath River. It would also provide a forebay for pumping irrigation supplies fur importation into Shasta Valley. This project, in conjunction with local developments, would supply the ultimate water requirements of Shasta Valley. It would provide for the diversion of 120,000 acre feet of water per season which would be conveyed to Shasta Valley by the Bogus Conduit. Two pumping lifts would be required along the route. The capital eost of Iron Gate Dam, Bogus Conduit, the two pumping plants, and Red School Reservoir was estimated to be about $20.(100.000. The SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 125 annual cost, including the cost of electric energy for pumping, would be about $1,937,000. Scott Valley. The present and ultimate water re- quirements of Scott Valley could be met by either additional ground water development or regulatory surface storage on several of the tributary streams. A plan for ground water basin development to meet the ultimate water requirements of Scott Valley has been formulated. This would involve a system of 64 wells and pumps, 4 booster pumping plants, and 160 miles of canals and ditches of various capacities. The system would provide a safe seasonal yield of about 50,000 acre-feet to serve supplemental water to lands now irrigated as well as to serve irrigation water to new lands. The capital cost was estimated to be about $3,300,000 and the corresponding annual cost would be about $300,000, including cost of electric energy. A number of alternative surface storage reservoirs were also considered. These are briefly listed in the following paragraphs. Eighland Dam and Reservoir on Moft'ett Creek with a storage capacity of 26,000 acre-feet would provide a safe seasonal yield of 9,800 acre-feet to meet sup- plemental water requirements in Moft'ett Creek area. The capital cost was estimated to be about $4,100,000 and the annual cost would be $195,000. Callahan Dam and Reservoir on the Scott River just downstream from the town of Callahan would provide a safe seasonal yield of 77,500 acre-feet if constructed to a storage capacity of 133,000 acre-feet. 15,000 acre-feet of storage space allocated to flood control would provide flood protection to areas down- stream. The capital cost was estimated to be about $11. 000, ()()() and the corresponding annual cost would be $522,000. Grouse Creek Dam and Reservoir on the East Fork of Scott River was considered as an alternative to Callahan Reservoir to avoid flooding the town of Callahan. If constructed to a storage capacity of 50.(100 acre-feet Grouse Creek Reservoir would pro- vide a safe seasonal yield of 20,000 acre-feet. It would provide only minor reductions in flood flows. The capital cost was estimated to be $4,100,000 and the annual cost would be about $200,000. Etna Dam and Reservoir on French Creek about four miles south of Etna would provide new water to lands on the west side of Seott Valley. This reservoir constructed to storage capacity of 12,000 acre-feet would have a safe seasonal yield of 11,000 acre feet The capital cost was estimated to be $2,600,000 and the annual cost would be $125,000. Mugginsville Dam and Reservoir on Mill (reek would impound local runoff as well as surplus water diverted from Shackleford Creek. With a storage capacity of 2:!, ooo acre-feet, this reservoir would have a safe seasonal yield of 16,000 acre-feet. Water would be released hy gravity to lands in Quart/. Valley, and would be pumped for conveyance to lands in Oro Fino Valley. The capital cost was estimated to be $6,700,000 and the annual cost would be $323,000. The unit cost of development of new water supplies for Scott Valley from ground water generally appears less than the cost of surface reservoir storage. How- ever, future engineering and economic studies may show a combination of surface and ground water de- velopment to be the most desirable. Developments on Trinity and Salmon Rivers. Layman Dam and Reservoir, located on Hayfork Creek just above its confluence with Carr Creek, would provide an irrigation supply to Hayfork Valley. Re- leases would be made to maintain summer flows to enhance the fishery in Hayfork Creek. With a storage capacity of 21.500 acre-feet, this reservoir would have a safe seasonal yield of 17,000 acre-feet. The capital cost would be about $.'{,400,000 and the annual cost would be $160,000. Morehouse Dam and Reservoir on the Salmon River would be primarily a hydroelectric power develop- ment, but would provide regulated releases to down- stream units of the California Aqueduct System. With a storage capacity of 910,000 acre-feet, the safe sea- sonal yield would he nearly 200,000 acre-feet. The power plant would have an installed capacity of 90,000 kilowatts and would generate an average of 365,000,000 kilowatt-hours annually. The capital cost would be about $55,000,000 and the annual cost would be about $3,000,000. Under the criteria used herein the annual cost would exceed the power revenues by a very small margin. The California Aqueduct System. In addition to incorporating the local developments proposed by the Klamath River Basin Investigation. The California Water Plan includes a number of regulatory reser- voirs within and adjacent to the basin. These projects are collectively termed the Klamath-Trinity Division of the California Aquedud System. When fully completed, the Klamath-Trinity Divi- sion would involve the construction of 15 major dams and reservoirs, with an aggregate active storage ca pacity of about 15,01)0,000 acre-feet; 7 hydroelectric power plants with installed power capacity of about 1,700,000 kilowatts; ■'< pumping plants with total in- stalled capacity of approximately 1,100,000 kilowatts; ami li tunnels with a total Length of about 76 miles. The works would make available over 9,000.000 acre- feet of water seasonally for export, including the ex- portable yield, estimated at 872,000 acre-feet, from the Trinity River Division of the Central Valley Project. The hydroelectric power generating facilities of the Klamath-Trinity Division would produce about 6.6 billion kilowatt-hours of electrical energy each year. Of this amount. 3.8 billion kilowatt-hours would be required to pump water to Burnl Ranch Reservoir, from which it would How through the Big Flat Tun- 126 KI..UIATII RIVER BASIN' INVESTIGATION i i.-l . beneath the Trinity Divide, into the Sacramento Valley. The facilities of the Klamath-Trinity Division would be susceptible of progressive staged construction as the need for water ami power in California develops. The major reservoirs would accomplish substantial local benefits in the North Coastal Area by providing facilities for control of the very large rain floods characteristic of the area. CONCLUSIONS As a result of field surveys and analysis of the data developed for the Klamath River Basin Investigation, the following conclusions have been reached: 1. Water supplies of the Klamath River Basin, if properly developed and utilized, are adequate to sat- isfy all estimated ultimate water requirements of the Basin. Providing adequate conservation works are built, the water supply within the Klamath River Basin above the California-Oregon state line will meet the ultimate requirements for municipal, domestic, irri- gation, and industrial uses on both Oregon and Cali- fornia lands, including Butte Valley and the Okla- homa District. It will also provide, under ultimate conditions, an average seasonal firm flow of about 200.000 acre-feet in the Klamath River at Keno for hydroelectric power development. However, there would be no excess water within the Klamath River Basin above the state line for export from the Basin. 2. The water supply of Shasta Valley is inadequate to meet local ultimate requirements. It can. however, be augmented by water imported from the Klamath River below the existing hydroelectric power develop- ments. This diversion would be benefited by regulation of water in the Klamath River Basin above the state line. 3. Water supplies originating within the Klamath River Basin below the mouth of the Shasta River are greatly in excess of all foreseeable local demands and will provide a major source of water that can be ex- ported to water-deficient areas throughout California. 4. Both surface and ground water supplies of the Klamath River Basin are generally of excellent min- eral quality. Exceptions to this general rule occur in closed drainage sumps in Shasta Valley, Butte Valley, and Klamath Project areas. 5. Ground water basins of sufficient storage capacitj and permeability to permit pumping of ground water for irrigation exist in Butte and Scott Valleys. Exist- ing development of ground water pumping in Butte Valley, in terms of seasonal withdrawals, is estimated to approximate the safe yield of the basin. Additional development may cause a draft thai would exceed the annual replenishment. In Scott Valley, the virtually undevelop ground water basin would furnish suffi- cient water to meel the ultimate requirements of the vallev. The ground water basin underlying Shasta Valley is of such a complex structure, with many variations in storage capacity and permeability, that the only portion deemed suitable for extensive irrigation de- velopment is the Pluto's Cave Basalt area in the vicin- ity of Big Springs. However, wells adequate for irri- gation can be developed in other places in Shasta Valley. 6. The present (1953) area of land irrigated each season in the Basin is about 474,000 acres, of which 182,000 acres are in California. Urban and miscella- neous lands occupy about 7,500 acres and 8,900 acres, respectively, with the area in each classification being about equally divided between the two states. The mountainous areas and undeveloped valley lands are used quite extensively for livestock range, timber production, mining, recreation, support of fish and wildlife, and for the natural storage of rainfall and snowmelt. 7. Land classification surveys indicate that about 875,000 acres could ultimately be irrigated. Of this amount, about 470,000 acres would be in Oregon and 405.000 acres would be in California. Urban and mis- cellaneous water service areas could ultimately total about 28,000 acres in the two states. The agricultural development is predicted to follow its present pattern with large acreages used for pasture and forage corps. Increased livestock raising is also anticipated. With proper forest management, the sustained yield of timber hinds in the Klamath River Basin could be brought up to about one billion board feet of logs annually, or about twice the present production. S. About 75,000 people presently reside in the Klamath River Basin, including about 32,000 people in the California portion. Based on estimates of the agricultural and industrial potential 200.000 people will ultimately reside in the basin, and of this amount 140,000 will be located in California. In addition, the area would be extensively utilized for recreational purposes by a large number of tourists and sportsmen. 9. The present consumptive use of applied water within the Klamath River Basin resulting from irri- gation of agricultural lands, use of water on urban and domestic areas, and use of water for industrial and recreational purposes averages about 662,000 acre-feet seasonally. Under probable ultimate condi- tions of development, the consumptive use of applied water for the foregoing employments would increase to an average of about P22O.OO0 acre- feet seasonally. Of this total amount, ahout 590,000 acre-feet per sea- son would be used within the California portion of the basin. Additional consumptive use of applied water on swamp and marsh lauds and on reservoir water surfaces would increase from the present 540,000 acre- I'eei per season to about 730,000 acre-feel per season. The total ultimate consumptive use of applied water within the Klamath River Basin for all purposes would thus be about 1,950,000 acre-feet per season. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 127 10. Mean seasonal water requirements for all bene- ficial purposes within the Klamath River Basin will probably increase from about 1,600,000 acre-feet under present conditions to about 2,900.000 acre-feet under conditions of ultimate development. The ultimate mean seasonal water requirement within the Califor- nia portion of the Basin would be about 1,500,000 acre-feet. 11. The natural runoff of the Klamath River at Keno would have averaged about 1,17(1,000 acre-feet per season for the period 1920-21 through 1951-52. The average seasonal recorded flow for this period is 990,000 acre-feet. ^Yater supply and consumptive use studies show that had the present (1953) level of water use existed throughout the above period, the average seasonal impaired flow would have been about 870,000 acre-feet. Based upon a plan of development for supplying the ultimate water requirements, the probable ulti- mate impaired flow of the Klamath River at Keno would be about 487,000 acre-feet. The seasonal im- paired flow of the Klamath River below the mouth of the Shasta River, estimated to be about 1,430,000 acre-feel under present (1953) conditions, would de- crease to about 876,000 acre-feet under ultimate con- ditions. 12. About one-half million acre-feet of additional reservoir storage capacity must be constructed in the Upper Klamath River Basin to provide sufficient yield to meet the ultimate requirements. Plans shown herein for Beatty and Chiloquin Narrows Reservoirs on Sprague River, as well as Boundary Reservoir on Lost River, would provide the required storage. A possible alternative to the Chiloquin Narrows Reservoir would be to increase the usable storage capacity of Upper Klamath Lake. 13. The flow of the Klamath River below the Shasta River, and the flow of the Trinity River system, will be significantly affected by the proposed works and operation of The California Water Plan. Under this development, the entire channel of the Klamath River would be contained within reservoirs, from the mouth of the Shasta River as far downstream as the proposed Humboldt Dam, about S m jles upstream from the town of Klamath. Also, the Trinity River channel would be inundated by a series of reservoirs from its mouth upstream to Trinity Reservoir, now being con- st nieled. About 9,000,000 aere-feet of water per sea- son would lie diverted into the Sacramento River Basin by the works of the ( lalifornia Aquedud System and the Trinity Division of the Central Valley Project. 14. In years of normal or above normal precipita- tion ami runoff, most irrigated lands have an adequate supply of water. In years of below normal water sup- ply, much of the land in Untie. Shasta and Scotl Valleys and in smaller areas throughout the Basin, is subject to severe summer and fall water shortages and reduced productivity. Lands with low priority water rights are operated in such a manner that a water shortag i these lands does not cause severe loss of production. Present supplemental water re- quirements were not determined. 15. The ultimate mean seasonal supplemental water requirements for the Oklahoma District and Butte Valley would be nearly 170,(100 acre-feet. Very little of this could be supplied by additional development of the local water supply. The United States Bureau of Reclamation's proposed plan to divert about 10(1.000 acre-feet seasonally from the Klamath River into the Oklahoma District and Butte Valley would serve water to most of the better quality lands in the service area. Preliminary studies by the Bureau of Reclamation indicate that the plan would be econom- ically feasible. 16. The ultimate supplemental water requirements of Shasta Valley would be about 270.000 acre-feel per season. The local water supply is not sufficient to meet this demand. Further development of the local water supply, although complicated by lack of reservoir sites above the areas of irrigable land, could supply a portion of the ultimate requirement. Opportunity to develop this additional water exists with the Mon- tague, Grenada Ranch and Table Rock Projects. The first two projects would require pumping to convey the water to irrigable lands. Full utilization of Mon- tague Project would be dependent upon importation lit wai.r from the Klamath River for irrigation in the area lying above Montague Reservoir. It should also be noted that development of Grenada Ranch and Table Rock Projects would reduce the yield of the Montague Project. "Without regard to possible alloca- tion of portions of the costs to nonreimburseable pur- poses, the annual cost of water would be about $8.50 per acre-foot for the Montague Project; $6.00 per acre-foot for the Grenada Ranch Project; and $11.00 per acre-foot for the Table Rock Project. These costs do not include additional design requirements found necessary following detailed geologic studies made in 1958. Supplemental water requirements for Shasta Val- ley could eventually be met by pumping from the Klamath River. Indications are that the cost for power and construction of facilities lor importing 120.000 aere-feet per season would be about $16.00 per acre-foot. This cost is greatly in excess of prices now paid for irrigation water. 17. The ultimate supplemental water requirements in Scott \'alle\ would be about 72.000 acre-feet seasonally. There is adequate surface runoff and suit- able storage sites so that the needs of Scotl Valley could be satisfied. Furthermore, this valley is under- lain by a ground water basin with sufficient Storage capacity and permeability to permit extensive ground water development. Prom a preliminary investigation, it was concluded that ground water development 128 KLAMATH KIVKK BASIN INVESTIGATION would eosl Less than surface water development. The cost of development of ground water would vary from aboul $3.00 to +11. no per acre-fool with an average eosl of about $8.00 per acre-fool for 53,000 aere-feel per season. This would include costs of main distribu- tion canals. Tin si of water developed in surface reservoirs would vary from about $7.00 to $20.00 per acre-foot, nol including distribution canals. 18. The ultimate supplemental water requirements in uydrographic units on the Klamath River down- stream from Seott River and in Trinity River hydro- graphic units are small in quantity and scattered in location. Layman Dam and Reservoir on Hayfork ('reek was included iu the plans for development to provide a yield of 17.0(10 acre-feel per season to lands in Hayfork Valley. The cost of development of this project would be about $9.50 per acre-foot. Morehouse Dam and Reservoir on the Salmon River was included as a hydroelectric power project. However, under the criteria used herein, the cost of development would exi d estimated power revenues by a small margin. RECOMMENDATIONS It is recommended: i 1 ) That estimates of ultimate land use and water requirements be reviewed periodically as new data relevant to the relationships of soils, water, and plants is collected and analyzed. (2) That, in accordance with the policies under which The California Water Plan was formulated, continuing consideration be given to the development of water supplies to meet the needs of upstream areas of the Klamath River Basin in California in conjunc- tion with any plans for exporting water from the Klamath River Basin. Particular consideration should be given as follows : (a) in the event that development of water sup- plies for Butte Valley and the Oklahoma District. tentatively planned by the United States Bureau of Reclamation as the Butte Division of the Kla- math Project, is shown to be economically justified and financially feasible, all steps within State juris- diction be taken to aid in the construction of this project. (b) the results of further and additional studies of economic justification of water conservation proj- ects in Shasta Valley, now in progress and sched- uled to be completed in 1960, be used as a guide to future water development in that valley. (c) in the event that a need for local water development is demonstrated by local interests in Scott Valley, additional engineering study be made of surface and ground water projects to determine their economic and financial feasibility. (3) That stream gaging stations established during the field investigation, and new installations as re- quired, be maintained on those streams for which future construction of water conservation works is probable, in order to permit more reliable determina- tion of yields of future projects. (4) That the features of The California Water Plan for local development within the Klamath River Basin, as published in Bulletin No. 3, "The California Water Plan". May. 1957, be modified to include addi- tional plans presented herein. APPENDIX A GEOLOGY OF THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN TABLE OF CONTENTS i i Modoc-Oregon Lava Plateau — - 131 Cascade Range 132 Klamath Mountains 133 i 130 i APPENDIX A GEOLOGY OF THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN The Klamath lliver Basin includes parts of three of the principal geoinorphic provinces of the western United States. Geomorphic provinces are areas char- acterized by like earth forms and usually by similar geologic features. The three provinces represented within the Klamath River Basin are, from east to west, the Modoc-Oregon Lava Plateau, the Cascade Range, and the Klamath Mountains. The Modoc-Oregon Lava Plateau includes nearly all of the Klamath River Basin in California east of, and including, Butte Valley. The Cascade Range forms a north-south belt through the Basin, extending from beyond Crater Lake on the north to Mount Shasta on the south. It is bounded in part on the east by the western edge of Butte Valley and on the west by the edge of Shasta Valley. The Klamath Mountains province includes the entire remainder of the Basin lying west of the ( !ascade Range. The geological characteristics of Scott, Shasta, and Butte Valleys in California and the Klamath River Basin in Oregon were delineated and defined by the Ground Water Branch of the United States Geological Survey. This discussion is based on data furnished by the United States Geological Survey as a result of these investigations. "Open file" reports on the in- vestigations have been prepared by the Geological Survey, and the report on Scott Valley has been pub- lished in 1958 as Water Supply Paper 1462. Geologic maps and cross sections of the three valleys investi- gated in California, prepared by the Geological Sur- vey, are included in this report for reads - reference. MODOC-OREGON LAVA PLATEAU The Sprague River and Lost River hydrographic units, and parts of the Williamson River, Upper Klamath Lake, and Butte Valley units, are located in the Modoc-Oregon Lava Plateau geomorphic province. The Modoc-Oregon Lava Plateau is charac- terized by broad valleys, frequently containing marshy ground and, in many cases, shallow lakes. The surface drainage system is poorly integrated, most of the water draining finally into the Klamath River. The consolidated rocks of the Modoc-Orogon Lava Plateau are nearly all of volcanic and volcanic-sedi- mentary types. The principal formation occurring at and near the ground surface in Oregon is the one known as "volcanic rocks of the High Cascades," consisting of a thick group of lavas containing some sediments, and probably Pliocene to Pleistocene in age. These rocks principally occur as a basaltic lava rock which includes some tuff and sediments, and as a subordinate andesitic unit which apparently does not contain sediments. The andesitic unit occurs north of the latitude of Crater Lake, whereas the basaltic unit, covered in places by unconsolidated Quaternarj sediments, underlies almost the entire remainder of the drainage basin south and east of the volcanics surrounding Crater Lake. The basaltic unit can generally be subdivided into three members, the upper lava rocks, composed of a high percentage of fractured flow breccia; a central volcanic-sedimentary unit containing lapilli tuff, water-laid ash, sandstone, siltstone, and diatomite for which the designation "Tonna formation" has been proposed; and the lower lava rocks, c posed of flows which are somewhat more dense and less per meable than the upper lava rocks. Quaternary lava flows, cinder cones, and pyroclastic deposits occur in a number of places in Oregon, the most extensive being the fields of airborne and flow pumice erupted by ancient Mount Mazama, now occupied by Crater Lake. Quaternary alluvial deposits, consisting Largely of fine-grained elastic material, peat, volcanic ash, and reworked pumice, occupy some of the valley plains. A great number of normal faults, in which the most common trend is about 30 degrees west of north, cross the lava plateau in Oregon. This block faulting prob- ably occurred during the middle and late Pleistocene period. Fracture zones along which ground water is free to move occur along the faults, and hydraulic continuity is thus provided between upper and lower aquifers. Butte Valley in California is part of the Modoc- Oregon Lava Plateau, although the highlands to the west and south belong to the Cascade Province. The region contains three principal valleys, Butte and lied Rock Valleys and Oklahoma Flat, known locally as the Oklahoma District. Butte Valley proper is separ ated from the Oklahoma District and the Lower Klam- ath Lake marshland by Mahogany Mountain Ridge, a prominent northwest-trending fault block. The prin- cipal cones of the Cascades in this area lie to the west and south of Butte Valley. The oldest rocks of the Butte Valley region are volcanics of the Western Cascade series, winch are exposed where the Klamath River canyon cuts through the Cascades. This series is unconformably overlain by the High Cascades volcanics. which eon sist chiefly of basalts and basaltic andesites. The High Cascade and later volcanics form the bedrock in most of the Butte Valley region. Easl of the Cascade 132 KLAMATH RIVER BASIN [NVESTIGATION Range proper, volcanic rocks of similar lithologic character underlie most of Mahogany Mountain Ridge where they make up several large dome-shaped lava cones. Massive diatomite deposits of Pliocene age are ex- posed over a large area east of Mahogany Mountain ridge. Volcanic and sedimentary rock units of the Pleistocene include (from oldest to youngest) ba- saltic rlows near lower Klamath Lake, basalt near Sheep Mountain, moraine and fluvioglacial deposits, terrace deposits, lake deposits, Butte Valley basalt, and pyroclastic deposits. The lake deposits underlie a large part of Butte Valley. Butte Valley basalt oc- curs in the southeastern part of the valley and in the highland area farther to the southeast. Late Pleisto- cene and recent volcanic rocks and sedimentary de- posits include lava flows and cinder cones in the Cas- cade Range, extensive basaltic extrusions southeast of sharp Mountain, alluvium, talus debris, and sand dunes. Normal block faulting is the dominant structural feature of the Butte Valley region east of the Cas- cades. Vertical displacements vary up to perhaps several thousand feet with minor horizontal move- ment. The faults follow two principal trends, north and approximately northwest. Butte Valley is a com- plex down-faulted basin, deepest along its western side. It is separated from the Oklahoma District and the Lower Klamath Lake area, which compose another complex down-faulted basin, by the northwest-trend- ing Mahogany Mountain liorst. CASCADE RANGE Parts of the Williamson River, Upper Klamath Lake. Butte Valley. Shasta Valley, and Klamath River hydrographic units are characterized by very rugged topography, by chains of volcanic cones, and by a wide variety of volcanic rock types. The rugged Cascade Range includes Mount Shasta, elevation 14,- 161 feet, one of the highest peaks in the United States. Crater Lake, which lies just to the north of the Klamath River Basin, fills the collapsed ealdera of ancient Mount Mazama. This volcano once achieved a stature of almost 12,000 feet above sea level before the climactic eruptions which sealed its doom. During or immediately following these last-stage eruptions, the entile top of the mountain collapsed, leaving a tremendous pit or ealdera between five and six miles across and 4,000 feet deep. The lake itself is nearly 2.000 feel deep. It has no surface outlet. Such violent volcanic activity has apparently been a common thing in the Cascade Range throughout a considerable period of geologic time. Presently ex- posed rocks are essentially Limited to the Tertiary and Quaternary periods and indicate that most of the volcanisin of the range lias oennvd within the span of time thus represented. Many of the flows and pyroclastic materials show evidences of having spewed forth from the interior of the earth within the brief span of the last few thousand years. The Cascade Range contains shield cones, cinder cones, and composite cones. The shield cones are formed by up-welling lava flows and are generally broad with gentle slopes. The cinder cones, formed by the explosive ejection of fragmental lava, may rise from broad, plainlike terrain, or they may form con- ical protuberances on pre-existing volcanic mountains. Many volcanoes are a composite of the two types of cones. The two principal volcanic units of the Cascades are the Western Cascades and the High Cascade series. The volcanics of the Western Cascades consist of lava Hows and interbedded pyroclastics, in places somewhat altered, of Koeeiie to Miocene age. Their dip is generally eastward throughout the Cascade Province in the Klamath River Basin. Cascade volcanics in- clude the younger Pliocene and Pleistocene rocks of the Cascades proper, plus the lavas underlying the Modoc-Oregon Lava Plateau. Recent volcanics are present in many places. Shasta Valley lies along the western side of the Cascade Province in California, and is flanked on the west by rocks of Hie Klamath Mountains l'i-n\ ince Near Vreka, at the western margin of the valley, ma- rine LTpper Cretaceous sandstones and conglomerates unconformably overlie the older Mesozoie and pre- Mesozoic rocks. The Cretaceous rocks are in turn over- lain disconformably by the Eocene Qmpqua forma- tion, which consists mainly of shales. Some recent geologic studies indicate that Eocene rocks do not exist in this area, but that the formation here called Umpqua is actually Cretaceous in age. Volcanics of the Western Cascades underlie much of the floor of Shasta Valley, and High Cascade vol- canics bound the valley on the east. Mount Shasta itself, on the southeast, was built up mainly during the Pleistocene epoch. Volcanic rocks make up much of the floor of Shasta Valley from Montague south to Edgewood- The south- eastern part of the valley, flatter than most of the remainder, is occupied by the Pluto's Cave basalt, a vast How of lava erupted from the northeast Hank of Mount Shasta within the last few thousand years. The western half of the valley is largely occupied by vol- canic rocks of the western Cascade series which have I ii eroded into hillocks that range from a lew feel to 800 feel in height. Morainal and outwash deposits at the south end of the valley were formed during Pleistocene time by glaciers that descended the north- west flanks of Mount Shasta. Over much of the north- ern part of the valley, older alluvium covers the Cretaceous and Eocene rocks. Younger alluvium un- derlies the present stream channels and gently slop. ing fans built by streams issuing from the western mountains, the broad alluvial Hats of Little Shasta APPENDIX A 133 Valley, and the considerable portion of western Shasta Valley which is drained by Parks and Willow Creeks and Shasta River. Portions of the eastern and western margins of Shasta Valley are marked by narrow northwesterly- trending- fault blocks. The Snowden horst occurs at the northern end of the valley where it is traceable for about five miles. The Yellow Butte horst bounds the valley on the east in the Big Springs area and is traceable for about eight miles. It is by far the more important of the two horsts. The throw of the western fault of this horst is estimated conservatively to be on the order of 2,000 feet, KLAMATH MOUNTAINS Between the Cascade Range and the Pacific Ocean, the Klamath Mountains form a complex rugged range whose peaks and ridges reach some 6,000 to 8,000 feet above sea level. Hydrographic units within the Klam- ath Mountains geomorphic province include the South Pork of Trinity River, Lower Trinity River. Upper Trinity River, Salmon River, and Scott Valley units, and parts of the Klamath River and Shasta Valley units. The Klamath Mountains have been developed prin- cipally by stream erosion of an uplifted plateau. The mountain mass is transected by the Klamath River which, with its tributaries, often shows a succession of benches on the walls of the canyons. These benches are indicative of repeated rejuvenation of the whole region. Many of them were left covered with terrace gravels, some of which have proven to be auriferous as the streams cut deeper into the surrounding terrain. The Klamath Mountains Province is in a regional stage of early maturity, and the streams lie in deep, narrow-bottomed canyons. Only in a few places have flats developed in valley bottoms, these usually being either in areas of intersecting streams or where weaker rock zones occur. Scott Valley is considered to be the only basin of major importance in this province su- sceptible of ground water development. The remainder of the few flat areas are small and contain only shal- low, gravelly fill materials. The wide variation in the nature and occurrence of the rocks of the Klamath Mountains is marked. The rocks range in age from pre-Silurian to Recent, cover- ing an estimated span of more than 400, 000, ODD years. These rocks include Cretaceous and Eocene sediments on the east ; Paleozoic and pre-Silurian meta-sediments and meta-volcanics on the east and towards the center of the province surrounding a batholithic core; and Franciscan (Jurassic) and later sediments on the west. The granitic intrusive grades outwards from its center through areas of acidic (silicic) and basic rock to encompassing fringes of ultra-basic rock (peridotite, etc.). These are in turn bounded by the older metamorphics which were altered and folded during the Jurassic mountain-building upheaval. Faulting is only moderately important in the Klam- ath Mountains. Although relatively little is known of the detailed location or significance of individual faults, a series of important northwest-trending faults do occur near the west edge of the province near the northern end of the Coast Ranges. The bedrock in the Scott Valley area consists of schist, greenstone, consolidated sedimentary rocks, and intrusive rocks ranging from granodiorite to perido- tite (the latter now largely altered to serpentine |. The oldest rocks are the Salmon and Abrams schists, a series of completely recrystallized sedimentary and volcanic rocks of pre-Silurian age. Unconformably overlying these rocks along the eastern part of Scott Valley are the Chanchelulla beds, consisting of more than 5,000 feet of sandstone, chert, slate, and lime- stone of Silurian age. Along the northern part of the area, the Salmon and Abrams schists are unconform- ably overlain by andesitic and basaltic volcanics which have been altered to greenstone and greenstone schist. These altered volcanics may be correlative with either the Copley meta-andesite of pre-Middle Devonian age or the Applegate formation of Upper Triassic age. Intrusive rocks of late Mesozoic age range from peridotite. now largely altered to serpentine, to gran- odiorite. The granodiorite is the youngest of all the consolidated rocks in the area. The alluvial fill of Scott Valley consists of Recenl alluvium and a few isolated patches of Pleistocene alluvium found along the valley margins. The Recenl alluvium, which may reach a maximum thickness of more than 400 feet in the wide central part of the valley between Etna and Greenview, is the only forma- tion tapped l>y wells in Scott Valley. A northwest-trending normal fault extends along the mountain front on the west side of Scott Valley. The west side of this fault is upthrown, and the total amount of movement involved is many thousand feet. This fault is cut oil' north of Shackleford Creek by an east-west trending cross fault, and prominent cross faults are also encountered immediately to the south of Quartz Hill and in the hill northwest of Fori .lone- All these cross faults are upthrown to the north. A high angle reverse fault extends in a northeast-south- west direction through the Chanchelulla beds near the south end of Scotl Valley. The south side of this fault is upthrown. probably on the order of several hundred feet. APPENDIX B SOIL MOISTURE DEPLETION STUDIES TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLES Page B-l Location and Description of Soil Moisture Depletion Plots, Irrigated Crops 139 B-2 Location and Description of Soil Moisture Depletion Plots, Non-irri- gated Crops and Native Vegetation 139 B-3 Observed Consumptive Use of Water by Irrigated Crops at Soil Mois- ture Depletion Plots, 1953 and 1954_ _ 140 I ',-4 < Ibserved Consumptive Use of Water by Non-irrigated Crops and Native Vegetation at Soil Moisture Depletion Plots, 1954. _ _ 140 B-5 Example of Field and Laboratory Data Sheet for Soil Moisture Samples 141 B-6 Coefficients of Consumptive Use of Water by Irrigated Crops, Deter- mined Prom Soil Moisture Depletion Plot Studies During 1953 and 1954 142 PLATES B-l Soil Moisture Depletion and Accretion. Irrigated Alfalfa, Plot No. 30, Shasta Valley 142 B-2 Soil Moisture Depletion and Accretion, Native Vegetation, Plot No. 32, Shasta Vallev 142 (136) APPENDIX B SOIL MOISTURE DEPLETION STUDIES Soil moisture depletion studies were conducted as a phase of the Klamath River Basin Investigation to provide additional data to permit the more accurate evaluation of consumptive use of water in the north- ern mountainous agricultural areas of California. These studies would also provide a basis for using consumptive use data gathered elsewhere in Califor- nia. As a result, coefficients of consumptive use were developed for applying the Blaney-Criddle method of computing consumptive use of water for irrigated crops. The method of determining consumptive use of water from soil moisture depletion involves the reg- ular collection of soil samples from representative agricultural and native vegetation plots, determina- tion of both the sampled and oven-dry weight of the soil, reduction of resultant values of contained mois- ture to equivalent inches depth of water, and, finally, the determination of unit values of consumptive use of water during the intervals between successive sam- plings. Tn this discussion the following terms are used as defined : Consumptive use of water — This refers to water consumed by vegetative growth in transpiration and building of plant tissue, and to water evap- orated from adjacent soil, from water surfaces, and from foliage. It also refers to water con- sumed and evaporated by urban and nonvegeta- tive types of land use. Applied water — The water delivered to a farmer's headgate in the case of irrigation use, or to an individual's meter in the case of urban use, or its equivalent. It does not include direct precipi- tation. Soil sampling — The extraction of sod cores in the field, in six inch or 12 inch length by means of a soil tube or soil auger. Soil moisture — Water contained in pore spaces of the soil mass between the soil particles. It is expressed either as a percentage of the oven-dry weighl of the soil or as equivalent inches of depth of water. Field capacity — The water content of the soil when downward gravitational movement of water ceases following an irrigation or precipitation, expressed as a percentage of the oven-dry weighl of the soil. Moisture equivalent — An arbitrary measure of the water-holding capacity of soil defined as the amount of water retained by a saturated soil after one thousand revolutions on a centrifuge, ex- pressed as a percentage of the oven-dry weighl of the soil. In medium-textured soils, the moisture equivalent is a fairly accurate measure of the field capacity. Pennant nt wilting point — The water content of the soil below which plants cannot readily obtain water necessary for their growth, expressed as a percentage of the oven-dry weight of the soil. The response of all crops to the permanent wilting percentage of a given soil is approximately the same with some exceptions. Prunes, for example, in fine-textured soils, have difficulty in obtaining moisture considerably before the soil moisture content reaches the permanent wilting percent- age. Apparent speeijie graritij — The ratio of the oven- dry weight of a given volume of undisturbed soil to the weight of an equal volume of water. Equivalent inches depth of train- — An expression of the moisture content in inches depth of water of a given stratum of soil, computed by multiplying the depth of soil in inches by the apparent spe- cific gravity, and by the soil moisture expressed in percent, and dividing by 100. Numerous theoretical and practical problems arise in connection with the soil moisture sampling method. Theoretically, the existence or non-existence of deep percolation after the soil moisture content has reached field capacity is still undetermined. Likewise, the effectiveness of capillary forces in the upward move- ment of soil moisture has not been definitely de- limited. The ability of some plants, particularly native vegetation, to extract moisture when the soil moisture content is below the so-called permanent wilting per- centage is also a controversial point. Finally, whether the only factor affecting consumptive use is the species itself, or whether such factors as soil texture, tillage practices, soil fertility, and total amount of water applied affect consumptive use is similarly an un- decided question. By means of the soil moisture depletion method, unit values of consumptive use of water by crops and native vegetation are determined by measuring the changes in soil moisture content by soil sampling, as water is added by irrigation or precipitation and extracted by evaporation and plant transpiration. It has been found experimentally that soils have a usable moisture-holding capacity between the limits of field capacity and the permanenl wilting point. A condition ( 137 ) 138 KLAMATH WIYK BASIN INVESTIGATION approximating field capacity generally occurs two or three days following a rain or an irrigation Avhen significanl gravitational movement of water in the soil ceases. Therefore, it is assumed that loss of soil moisture determined by soil sampling while the mois- ture content is below field capacity may be attributed to plant transpiration and soil evaporation. Soil moisture sampling was carried on in the Klam- ath River Basin through two complete growing sea- sons from the spring of 1953 to the spring of 1955. Twenty-one plots on irrigated land and fifteen plots of Qonirrigated and native lands were selected in Scott, Shasta, and Butte Valleys. The location and description of these plots are shown in Tables B-l and B-2. Each irrigated plot was a definite area within the field, chosen as representative of the average soil type, crop, and agricultural and irrigation practices. These plots were not fenced or otherwise disturbed to interfere with normal cultivation, irrigation, or harvesting. Care was taken to select plots that had a full seasonal water supply, adequate drainage, and no high water table conditions. Field sampling was carried on actively during the growing season from about the first of April until the latter part of Octo- ber. Table B-3 shows the observed consumptive use on the irrigated plots. Native vegetation and non-irrigated crops were in- vestigated during the course of this study primarily to add to the general store of data available on con- sumptive use nf water. Non-irrigated and native vege- tation plots were selected to be representative of the area with locations on deep, well-drained soil, free from high water table conditions. Field sampling was conducted on these plots from about March 1 through October at convenient intervals of two or three weeks and immediately after each rainfall during the period. The observed consumptive use of water on non-irri- gated and native vegetation plots' is shown in Table B-4. As an example of the procedure followed in the soil sampling program to determine unit values of con- sumptive use, data from Plot 30. alfalfa irrigated by sprinkler in the Gazelle area of Shasta Valley, are utilized. The location and soil description of this plot are presented in Table B-l, the observed con- sumptive use is presented in Table B-3. Soil samples were taken from Plot 30 one to two days following each irrigation, whenever possible be- tween irrigations, and immediately prior to the next irrigation. Sampling at such times was done in order to obtain the soil moisture . •indent at or near field capacity after irrigation, and at the minimum point to which it was reduced by evaporation and plant transpiration prior to the next irrigation. The soil samples were obtained with the improved \ .Unilever soil rube, consisting of a nickel-steel tube, a detachable cutting point, and a driving head. The tube is forced into the soil bv blows from a 15-pound drop hammer, and is removed by hand or by a spe- cially designed jack. It extracts a core of soil approxi- mately J-iuch in diameter. At the time of each sampl- ing, cores were taken at one-foot intervals from at least three randomly selected locations on the plot. Total depth of sampling at Plot 30 was six feet, the effective root depth. On all plots, cores were taken either to or below the lower limit of the effective root depth. The soil samples were placed in covered cans upon removal from the soil tube, and were taken to the laboratory to be weighed and dried. The samples were carefully weighed to the nearest tenth of a gram be- fore and after oven drying. For the studies in the Klamath River Basin, two thermostatically controlled electric ovens were used for tin' purpose of drying the samples. The drying process required approximately '24 hours at a temperature of 110° C. This relatively low temperature for a long period assured complete drying without oxidation of vegetable matter in the soil or evaporation of molecular water. Table B-5 is typical of a field and laboratory data sheet for Plot 30. For computation and presentation purposes, the soil moisture content was expressed as equivalent inches depth of water. This computation necessitated knowl- edge of the apparent specific gravity of each soil depth zone. At several times during the irrigation season, in a manner similar to the previously described sampling procedure, soil samples were taken for the specific purpose of evaluating the apparent specific gravity of the soil. Greater care was taken in measuring the depth of the sample and in transferring the entire core to a sampling can, but otherwise the procedure of sampling, weighing, and drying was the same. The volume of the soil core was computed, and, by com- paring the dry weight of the soil core to thai of an equal volume of water, a measurement of the apparent specific gravity was made. The results for Plot 30 and the conversion of soil moisture content in percentage to equivalent inches depth of water is shown on Table B-5. After cadi sampling, the determined soil mois- ture percentages were converted to equivalent indies depth of water and plotted on graph paper. Plate B-l shows the soil moisture depletion graph for Plot 30 during the 1954-1955 season. The values of soil mois- ture at times of sampling as plotted on the graph are connected by lines. Dates of irrigation are indicated by vertical solid lines indicating increase in soil mois- ture content. The slopes of the lines following irriga- tion and precipitation indicate rates of consumptive use of water. Thus, the sum of the ordinates of the sloping lines represents the amount of total consump- tive use of water for any period. The graphical plotting of the sampled points permitted allowance for microvariations in soil texture, in water holding capacity, and in distribution of applied water, when- ever three or more points were obtained between Al'I'KXDIX I! 139 TABLE B-l LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SOIL MOISTURE DEPLETION PLOTS, IRRIGATED CROPS Location (referenced to Mt. Diablo Base and Meridian) a Sam- pling depth, Effec- depth, 7A, 7B Shasta Valley Orrin Heinke Orrin Heinke .. Orrin Heinke Glenn Barnes Howard Towne Tom Williams C. C. Dougherty & Sons __ A. N. Johnson Henry Silva Henry Silva Henry Silva Vera Burbank Henry Silva C. C. Dougherty & Sons Rex Gritzmaker Rex Gritzmaker Delos Mills Delos Mills ___ R. L. Meglasson Mr. Kandra.__ R. L. Meglasson Barley. Wheat - Pasture Alfalfa . Alfalfa and grasses Wheat Alfalfa Pasture Alfalfa Oats Pasture Oats Alfalfa Alfalfa Pasture Alfalfa... Alsike clover Barley Barley Oats. 1953 1953 1954 1953, 1954 1953, 1954 1954 1953 1953 1953, 1954 1953 1953, 1«I54 1954 1954 1953 1953 l'.i .-.:{. 1954 1953, 1954 1953 1953 1954 T43N, R9W, S2E._ T43N, R9W, S3A_. T43N, R9W, S3A.. T40N, R8W, S17D T40N, R8W, S24H_ T45N, R6W, S13C_ T43N, R6W T , S22F_ T45N, R5W, S20L_ T44N, R5W, S34H. T44N, R5W, S34G. T44N, R5W, S34J.. T44M, R6W, S15G. T44N, R6W, S34K. T43N, R6W r S22L . T46N, R2W, S13Q. T46N, R2W, S14Q_ T45N, R2W, S3F__ T45N, R2W, S3G__ T46N, R1E, S7C___ T46N, R1W, S33F_ T46N, R1E, S7H... Fur; Wild flooding _ Wild flooding. Wild flooding _ Sprinkler Wild flooding- Border check . Border check . Border check . Wild flooding. Border check _ Border check Border check Border check Border check Border check Sprinkler Bon lor check Vina loam Vina sandy loam Vina sandy loam Altamont loam Altamont gravelly loam.. Montague clay loam adobe Elder gravelly sandy loam Agate sandy loam Vina fine sandy loam Vina sandy loam Vina fine sandy loam Altamont loam Vina sandy loam Elder gravelly sandy loam Hard sand over hardpan . Fine sand o Shasta gravelly sand Shasta gravelly sand Ager sandy loam Modoc sand Ager sandy loam plots subdividing a section. Letters advance alphabetically, except for I and 0, from northeast quarter of northeast quarter in the same manner LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SOIL MOISTURE DEPLETION PLOTS, NON-IRRIGATED CROPS AND NATIVE VEGETATION Plot number Species or crop Period of sampling Location (referenced to Mt. Diablo Base and Meridian) a Soil type Effec- tive root zone, in inches Average soil depth in plot area, in inches Ground slope at plot, per cent Scott Valley 3 Spring '54-Spring '55 _. Fall '53-Spring '55 Fall '53-Spring '55 Fall '53-Spring '55 Spring '54-Spring '55 ._ Spring '54-Spring '55 _. Fall '53-Spring '55 Fall '53-Spring '56 Fall '53-Spring '55 Fall '53-Spring '55 1 all '53-Spring '55 Fall '53-Spring '55 Fall '53-Spring '55 Fall '53-Spring '55 Fall '53-Spring '55 T42N, R9W, S12K T41N. R8YV, S36N T42N, ROW. S13G T41N, R9W, S6K 1 i:.V R5W, Slf.F T45N, R5W, S16C T45N, K7\Y. S2 !M T45N, R7W, S3K T42N, R7W, S26E.... T42N, R7W, S27Q T45N. R.-.W . S6 T46N, H1W. S15A 1 16N, R1W, S14D T4I1N, R1W, SI ID TI.'.X. R2W. S35N Modoc gravelly loam Mavmen clav loam 60 36 48 60 36 30 60 48 48 36 24 24 48 60 48- 18-24 18-24 IS-.' 1 24-30 36- 36- !-' 36-42 18-24 36- 18-24 18-24 48-60 0-5 11 10-15 12 10-15 13 Siskiyou gravelly loam — day loam Lassen clay loam Lassen clay loam. - Maymen loam - Sites gravelly loam . Laughlin gravelly loam Montague clay loam adobe Lassen olay loam Lassen loam, wind modi- Bed 50-60 Shasta Valley 27 15-30 28 Oats 15-20 31 32 33 Ceanothus and mountain mahogany 25-30 34 35 Ponderosa pine and Garry oak. 25 year. 40-50 Butte Valley 51 Wheat 52 56 57 Sagebrush and rubber rabbit brush 0-5 Letters advance alphabetically, except fur 1 anil 0, fr< n quartet in the same manner 140 KLAMATH KIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION TABLE B-3 OBSERVED CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER BY IRRIGATED CROPS AT SOIL MOISTURE DEPLETION PLOTS, 1953 AND 1954 Observed consumptive us , in inrhes depth of water Valley in Num- ber Sam- pling Plo1 num- which plot of irri- depth, April Sep- Octo- ber Season Crop gations inches 15-30 May .lune July August tember ber 1-15 Totals 7 A Scott 1953 Alfalfa 5 72 1.3 2.7 3.5 7.6 5.6 3.9 1.0 25.6 7B Scott Shasta - 1954 19S3 Alfalfa... 4 7 72 30 1.0 1.5 5.2 3.0 3.3 3.7 5.7 5.7 4.6 5.8 3.2 3.1 0.6 0.3 23.6 22 Alfalfa 23.1 24 Shasta Shasta Shasts Butte Butte ... 1953 1954 1954 1953 1953 Alfalfa 6 6 3 4 60 60 72 30 60 0.9 1.7 1.0 0.6 0.9 6.0 5.9 3.2 4.9 6.2 5.1 1.7 3.7 5.2 9.7 8.2 6.9 6.6 6.3 8.0 6.8 5.3 3.6 5.5 5.1 4.0 4.3 3.4 4.4 0.9 0.5 1.3 0.4 0.8 33.0 24 Alfalfa 32.3 30 Ahalfa 26.4 43 Alfalfa... 21.5 46 Alfalfa 28.0 Average, alfalfa _ 26.7 1A Scott 1953 Pasture.. 9 60 2.0 4.0 6.1 7.1 7.1 6.2 0.6 33.1 6 Scott Scott 1953 1954 9 13 30 36 1.7 2.5 3.5 5.7 5.4 5.2 7.0 5.6 3.8 6.9 2.7 4.8 0.9 1.2 25.0 6 Pasture _ - 31.9 23 Shasta 1953 Pasture . 9 60 1.6 4.1 4.8 7.8 6.8 4.6 1.3 31.0 26 Shasta 1953 Pasture ._ 14 36 0.6 3.6 5 _' 8.6 6.8 6.2 0.9 31.9 26 Shasta 1954 Pasture 15 36 1.8 4.1 4.4 5.6 5.6 4. 1 1.1 26.7 44 Butte 1953 Pasture- Average, pasture 5 24 0.5 1.2 4.4 7.2 5.2 4.4 0.2 23.1 29.0 2 Scott 1953 Barlev 2 60 2.8 3.2 6.8 2.3 15.1 49 Butte 1953 3 60 0.4 1.6 4.9 1.8 8.7 53 Butte 1954 4 60 2.8 5.9 4.7 1.0 14.4 2B Scott Shasta Shasta Shasta Butte __ 1954 1954 1953 L954 1954 2 2 3 3 6 60 60 60 60 60 ... 3.7 1.9 0.5 1.8 4.8 3.2 8.6 5.0 3.9 4.5 1.6 3.6 9.1 6.9 1.0 0.1 2.1 4.4 2.4 ::; 12.8 21 8.6 25 16.2 29 19.0 54 15.0 Average, grains . 13.7 20 Shasta 1953 Seed Grasses and alfalfa 4 60 2.2 3.6 5.9 8.2 6.0 2.3 0.2 28.4 47 Butte 1953 Seed Alsike clover 7 60 0.6 3.4 5.1 7.2 6.3 2.9 0.5 26.0 47B Butte 1954 Seed Alsikeclover Average, seed crops 8 60 1.6 4.1 5.5 6.3 4.5 3.7 0.1 25.8 26.7 OBSERVED CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER BY NON-IRRIGATED CROPS AND NATIVE VEGETATION AT SOIL MOISTURE DEPLETION PLOTS, 1954 Valley in which plot 1- !',r;tP'.l Species :ii <■ n[ previous irrigation: March 5, 195// Weight of sample, in grams Loss of water. Soil i 1 in in percent of dry Hole number Stratum Can number Wet soil 1 )ry soil in grams weight of soil 0-1 145 181.8 165.0 16.8 10.2 1-2 146 205.5 187.3 18.2 9.7 2-3 147 164.4 153.9 10.5 6.8 3-4 148 177.3 168.4 8.9 5.3 4-5 149 182.8 172.9 9.9 5.7 5-6 150 190.6 181.2 9.4 9.4 0-1 151 196.9 176.4 20.5 11.6 1-2 152 172.2 156.7 15.5 9.9 2 2-3 153 184.2 172.0 12.2 7.1 2 3-4 154 152.5 145.0 7.5 5.2 2 4-5 155 153.5 146.0 7.5 5.1 2 5-6 156 131.2 123.5 7.7 6.2 3 0-1 157 199.6 182.5 17.1 9.4 3 1-2 158 180.0 165.8 14.2 8.6 3 2-3 159 165.9 155.8 10.1 6.5 3 3-4 160 173.2 165.7 7.5 4.5 3 4-5 161 188.7 179.6 9.1 5.1 3 5-6 162 174.0 165.1 8.9 5.4 EQUIVALENT MOISTURE CONTENT, AVERAGE FOR ALL HOLES SAMPLED Equivalent moisture content. Stratum Soil moisture, percent of dry v eight Apparent specific gravity inches depth of water 0-1 10.4 1.29 1.61 1-2 9.4 1.42 1.60 2-3 6.8 1.36 1.11 3-4 5.0 1.32 0.79 4-5 5.3 S 1.48 0.94 5-6 5.6 1.45 0.97 irrigations. Whenever precipitation occurred during the sampling period an adjustment was made graph- ically to allow for moisture placed into the soil. When the plots were not within the vicinity of a standard precipitation gage, precipitation gages were main- tained near the pint by State field personnel. The procedure for determining unit values of con- sumptive use of water by irrigated crops is discussed in Chapter III of this report. This procedure involved the use of the formula U = EOF: where I' equals con- sumptive use of the water iii inches for any period, K equals an empirical consumptive use of water coeffici- ent, and P equals the sum of the monthly consumptive factors for the period (sum of the products of mean monthly temperature and monthly per cent of annual daylight hours). Using the observed consumptive use of water on irrigated plots for the growing season as shown in Table B-:i, the mean monthly temperature at a nearby weather station and the monthly per cent of annual daylight hours at the latitude of the plot, the consumptive use coel'licient tor the growing season was determined for each plot. These values and the aver- ages for each crop investigated are shown in Table B-6. In conclusion, the results of the consumptive use studies under this investigation agree favorably with previously established data. The average consumptive use coefficients were determined herein to be (I s ' 1 for alfalfa. 0.85 for improved pasture. 0.80 for alfalfa mixed with grasses and 0.85 for Alsike clover. These values agree with consumptive use coefficients pub- lished in the United states Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service bulletin. ''Determining Water Requirements in [rrigated Areas from Climato- logical and Irrigation Data." by Harry F. lilanev and Wayne 1). ('riddle. 1950. Coefficients Listed for irri- gated crops include 0.80 to 0.85 tor alfalfa. 0.75 for grass pasture, and 0.80 to 0.85 for ladino clover pasture, studies over a period of years at Davis, Cali- fornia, show the normal consumptive use of alfalfa during the growing season, April 1 to October 31, to be about 45 inches whereas these studies in the 1 12 KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION Klamath River Basin show average "rowing season consumptive use of alfalfa to be about 27 inches. In the Klamath River Basin, a growing season shorter by about one month and the generally cooler tempera- ture, may account for this difference. Consumptive use coefficients were determined in this study for irrigated small grains to be 0.55 for barley, 0.40 for wheat, and 0.65 for oats. These values are considerably less than the general coefficient rang- ing from 0.75 to 0.85 for small grains as listed in the above Department of Agriculture publication. A coefficient of 0.68 based on a consumptive use of 12.0 inches during a three-month period is listed in the above bidletin as the result of studies at Davis, Cali- fornia. COEFFICIENTS OF CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER BY IRRIGATED CROPS, DETERMINED FROM SOIL MOISTURE DEPLETION PLOT STUDIES DURING 1953 AND 1954 Crop Improved pasture.. Alfalfa and grass - Alsike clover Location of plot 1953 1954 1953 1953 1954 1954 1953 1953 1953 1953 1954 1953 1953 1954 1953 1953 1953 1954 1953 1954 1954 near Callahan. ._ near Callahan near Montague. . near Big Springs near Big Springs near Gazelle near Macdoel - near Macdoel Ur;il I nil .Imir- near Callahan... near Callahan near Big Springs near Grenada near Grenada near Macdoel — near Fort Jones . near Macdoel. .. near Macdoel near Fort Jones . near Gazelle near Big Springs near Big Springs near Macdoel near Montague.. near Macdoel... near Macdoel Type of irrigation wild flooding, wild flooding. '.<. ilil H lint! border check, border check. sprinkler border check, border check. border check wild II hug wild flooding. I I< i check " ll'l tl IlllL' wild flooding, border check. furrow border check. sprinkler sprinkler . border check border check border check wild Hooding border check border check i 15-10 1". 4/15-10/15 I IS in 1". 4/15-10/15 1 15-1(1 IS 4/15-10/15 1 1.V1II 15 4 15-10, 15 i r :. 4/15-10/15 4/15-10/15 4/15-10/15 4 15 HI 15 1/15 HI 15 4 15-1(1 15 5 i 8 :;i 5 1-8 31 :, I s .11 5 1-S 31 5, 1-8/31 5/1-8,31 5/1-8 31 5/1-8/31 I 15-10 15 4/15-10/15 Effective root depth. Observed consump- tive use of water, in inches of depth: J", <, 23.6 23.1 33.0 32.3 26.4 21.5 28.0 31.0 31.9 15.1 8.7 14.4 16 _' 19.0 15.0 26.0 25.8 Consump- tive use factor for Consump- corre- tive sponding use .. -W.TI r ,. [in i.Mll F K 34.3 0.75 34.3 0.69 35.0 0.66 35.0 0.94 35.5 0.91 35.5 0.74 30.9 0.70 30.9 0.91 34.3 0.96 34.3 0.73 35.4 0.90 35.0 0.89 35.0 0.91 35.5 0.75 30.9 0.75 24.3 0.62 21.8 0.40 22.5 0.64 25.1 11.51 25.7 0.33 24.7 0.66 25.7 0.74 22.5 0.67 35.0 0.81 30.9 0.84 30.7 0.84 Approxi- average 0.70 0.80 0.85 f^\ 1 ^ -l^r- S \- — r- — ._ -t- ^^ — *=-_£-! h— ^F^ ~i — ■ ■^ — -i - u I 1 | -^X— Q r~ i - ° 1 u u HT" 1 .. „ .. _ . 1 ' J_^ ....4^- —-4--1 1 — l 1 ■-...» «| l 1 1 — 1— r ^° \ | M.Y | JUNE , .UCUST 1 " te " beb 1 OCTOBER | ...».« | DECEMBER | „»,«» | f "" u "- 1 -" c " 1 l 'Si issSe ssStt'sStS'fS s^rr^r | \ IS \ \ 1 V \ V fs 11 *b \ "~~8 \, "■^-j- \ N 1. *J 1 1 T " "■— -— i\ "^ ; s 1 s 1 ~~ -4 1 " " -» ~ 1 " j"* ~ r AUGUST | SEPTEMBER | OCTOBER 1 NOVEM.e" |° "oECEMBEr" "..NUMy" «».,»»" " " MARCH " 1 " -«. * "] SOIL MOISTURE DEPLETION AND ACCRETION PLOT 30, IRRIGATED ALFALFA :_r— £= — f==^ ■ tu -o £= y — i __ — \^_ — :^: SOIL MOISTURE DEPLETION AND ACCRETION PLOT 32. NATIVE VEGETATION. CEANOTHUS AND MOUNTAIN MAHOGANY APPENDIX C MUNICIPAL WATER CONSUMPTION TABLE OF CONTENTS Pagi C-l Municipal Water Consumption in the Klamath River Basin 145 (144) APPENDIX C MUNICIPAL WATER CONSUMPTION TABLE C-l MUNICIPAL WATER CONSUMPTION IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN Total Per capita annual Total consump- consump- tion, in of tion, in gallons Period million | iCI'SOIIS per Cityjor'town Company of record gallons served day Remarks California Fort Jones 1 lunsmuix Watei 1 -oj p. 1953 32.3 500 177 Master meter on pump which fills reservoir; data includes 1952 33.4 500 183 distribution losses 1951 33.5 500 184 1950- 1953 355.6 3,200 301 include distribution losses 195 1 9 1 52 9 1 53 90.0 '38.3 1,800 000 137 175 Montague.. . Municipal Meter on chlorinator, data include distribution losses July, August, September, 1953 4(18 127 Don is Municipal. 1952 164.6 951, 472 Estimates of gross pumpage by city engineers; data include distribution losses 7 1 5<)--:: Counts of Salmon and Steelhead at Shasta Racks, Shasta River 153 D-4 Estimated Number of King Salmon Spawning Annu- ally in the Klamath River Drainage — 154 D-5 Estimated Minimum Stream Flows to Maintain Game Fish Populations Near Their Present Levels at Selected Points on the Klamath River 155 D-6 Estimated Minimum Stream Flows to Maintain Game Fish Populations Near Their Present Levels on Four Klamath River Tributaries 155 l>-7 Minimum Stream Flows to Be Released to Maintain Game Fish Populations Near Their Present Levels in the Trinity River P.elow Lewiston 155 D-8 Klamath Basin Upland Came Habitat loT I) -9 Estimated Upland Came Take in Siskiyou and Trinity Counties in 1955 158 D-10 Estimated Minimum Daily Bis; Game and Upland Game Drinking Water Requirements in Siskiyou a ml Trinity Counties 158 D-ll Normal Watering Places of Upland Game in the Klamath Basin 158 D-12 Present and Ultimate Seasonal Water Requirements for Waterfowl at National Wildlife Refuges in the Klamath River Basin in California 159 D-13 Far Catch in Siskiyou and Trinity Counties Coin- pa red with the Total California Fur Catch. 193S- 39 through 1955-56— 160 D-14 Value to the Trapper of the 1955-56 Fur Catch in Siskiyou and Trinity Counties . 160 D-15 Estimated Recreational Use of Public Facilities in National Forests Located in the Klamath River Drainage Area in California During 1955 .. 161 D-16 California Water Plan Export Reservoirs Proposed in the Klamath River Basin ._ 162 D-17 Local Development Reservoirs Proposed in the Klamath River Basin __ 103 D-18 Summary of Estimated Use by Those Who Utilized the Wildlife and Recreational Resources of the Klamath River Drainage Area in California Dur- ing 1955 165 PLATES Deer Ranges. .Migration R Salmon Spawning Areas and Principal 165 I Us , APPENDIX D FISH, GAME, AND RECREATION IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN OF CALIFORNIA INTRODUCTION The Klamath River Basin is one of the most widely known fishing, hunting, and recreational areas in the United States. Klamath River, from Copeo Dam for 185 miles to the sea, is an outstanding sport fishing stream and, along- with its principal tributary, the Trinity River, is world famous among sportsmen for its excellent salmon and steelhead fishing. Deer and migratory waterfowl hunting excel in the upper basin. The Klamath River system also encompasses two of the few remaining primitive recreational areas in California — the Marble Mountains Wilderness Area anil the Salmon-Trinity Alps Wilderness Area. Great numbers of sportsmen and tourists come from all sections of California, other states, and even from other countries to fish and hunt in the Klamath River system. These people contribute substantially to the economy of the basin and California . Although recreational use of the Klamath River Basin is considerable at present, there is still a tre- mendous potential use to be developed. As the State's population grows, the Klamath River will assume an increasingly greater role in furnishing outdoor recre- ation. By contrast, many sections of California are rapidly approaching a condition of maximum use, as Ear as hunting and fishing are concerned, due pri- marily to limited available area and to water scarcity. In recent years California has experienced a phe- nomenal increase in population. The 1950 census showed that 10,586,000 people were living in the State, a 100 per cent increase in two decades. In 1955 the population passed 13,000,000, and by 1960 it is estimated that California's population will be 15,650,- 000. Time spent by Californians seeking outd ■ sports and recreation is almost twice the national average according to surveys. The same ratio would probably hold true for cash expenditures by those seeking outdoor recreation. The annual harvest of fish and game throughout the State has increased 30 times that of 40 years ago. Total angling license sales dou- bled between 1935 and 1941, and then promptly re- doubled between 1941 and 1948. In 1955, 1,800,000 licensed California anglers spent 22,700,000 angler- days fishing in California waters — 15,600,000 of these days were spent on fresh-water streams and lakes. The nearly two million hunters and anglers who now purchase licenses in California are estimated to be spending more than $250 each annually in pursuit of fish and game. Fishing and hunting pressures within the Klamath River drainage probably increased at least in proportion to that of the State as a whole, and it is assumed that these figures indicate, more or less. the increased hunting and fishing pressure within the Klamath Basin as well as within the whole of Cali- fornia. Table D-l shows the increase in hunting and fishing in California between 1920 and 1950 based on hunting and fishing license sales, compared with in- creases in the State's population over the same period of years. TABLE D-l HUNTING AND FISHING LICENSES SOLD IN CALIFORNIA COMPARED WITH POPULATION INCREASES, 1920 TO 1950 Ratios of Hunting and fishing licenses to Year Populati 3n census licenses sold and issued population 3,427,000 Increase 383,785 Increase 1920 i :9 2,250,000 96.494 1930 5,677.000 1,230,000 480,279 201.570 1:12 1940 6.907.000 3,679,000 681,849 792 594 1:10 1950 10,586.000 1,474,443 The people of California are well aware of the im- portance of the Klamath River as a recreational area, and in 1924, by an initiative measure adopted by an overwhelming majority of the ballots cast, voted to create a special fish and game district of this river from its confluence with the Shasta River to the sea. The provisions of this law prohibit construction of dams on this section of the Klamath River proper. (Pish and (lame Code Section 11036.) Commercial fishing for salmon and steelhead was halted in the Klamath River by the State Legislature at the end of 1933. (Fish and Game Code Section 8434.) This river has thus been set aside for the recreational enjoymenl of all the people. Purpose and Scope of Report The purpose of this report is to presenl available data concerning the fish and game resources, in- cluding their importance and water requirements, and recreational use of the Klamath River Drainage Area in California. The importance of this area from a recreational use standpoint is discussed; however, a complete economic evaluation of the wildlife resources is not intended and is beyond the scope of this report. The figures presented give some idea of the magnitude of these wildlife resource values. Estimated water requirements to maintain fishing and hunting are dis- eiissed generally for the entire area. Specific minimum water requirements for fish in the more important streams and for migratory waterfowl refuges are also presented. !.-)() KLAMATH RIVER LASIX INVESTIGATION A section discussing proposed local development reservoirs is included, as is a discussion of tin- export plans proposed I'm- the Klamath River Basin. _ . „. . FISHING Early History The Klamath River and its largest tributary, the Trinity River, have been fishing- grounds for Indian tribes I'm- many years. In the past, thousands of salmon and steelhead were caught annually by In- dians living in the Klamath and FJoopa territories. A dipnet fishery, principally for salmon, existed at Ishi 1'ishi Palls, just above the mouth of the Salmon River. Quantities of candlefish were also netted in the lower river. The Indians constructed fish weirs of logs, poles, and brush across the Klamath and Trinity Rivers, then speared or netted the upstream migrant salmon, steelhead, and even Pacific lampreys. Some id' these weirs, such as those constructed by the Iloopa Indians on the Trinity River, remained in the stream as virtually impassable barriers until the first rains of autumn replenished river Hows sufficiently to wash them away. Others, such as those constructed by the Yuroks across the Klamath River at Kelpel, were re- moved by the Indians after an exact number of days in place. Year after year these weirs were installed according to strict ritual and procedures. In more modern times fish weirs have disappeared entirely on the Klamath River, with the one across the Trinity River at Hoopa being the last to disappear. A vigorous commercial fishery for salmon began on the lower Klamath River shortly after gold mining started. Early fishing efforts were for local supplies. Later, however, canneries began operating on the Klamath Estuary and reached a high state of devel- opment by 1912. Very little exact information exists concerning commercial fishing operations on the Klamath River previous to 1912, and no dependable statistics are available relating to catches before that time. Early records indicate that a historical peak in the Klamath River commercial fishery occurred in 1912 when over 1.3S7.000 pounds of fish were packed. The commercial fishery for salmon and steelhead was abolished by legislation at the end of 1933. Two dams on the Klamath River about 12 miles downstream from the Oregon border, one forming Copco Lake and another one-quarter mile farther downstream, prevent migration of anadromous fishes to the area upstream. There are about eight miles of stream between the head of Copco Lake and the Oregon border. In accordance with the provisions of law which require owners of dams to ereel hatcheries in lieu of fishways when dams are too high for the successful operation id' a fish way. or when for other reasons it is impractical to install a fishway i Section 5938 fish and Cane- Code), the California-Oregon Lower Company, owner id' Copco Dams, was required to build and equip a salmon hatchery on Kail Creek in 1924. Fall Creek hatchery was operated bj the California Department of Fish and Game until 1948, when its production was taken over by other hatcheries. Further water and power development projects were blocked on Klamath River proper in 1924 by an initiative measure sponsored by the California Fish and Game Commission. The text of the act is as follows : "Section 1. The Klamath River Fish and Game District is hereby created and shall consist of the Klamath River and the waters thereof, following its meanderings from the confluence of the Klamath River and the Shasta River in the County of Siski- you to the mouth of the Klamath River in Del Norte County. "Section 2. Every person, firm, corporation or company who constructs or maintains any dam or other artificial obstruction in any of the waters of said Klamath River Fish and Game District is guilty of misdemeanor and upon conviction must be fined not less than five hundred dollars ($500) or be imprisoned in the county jail of the county in which the conviction shall be had not less than 100 days, or both such fine and imprisonment, and any artificial obstruction constructed, placed or main- tained in said district is hereby declared a public nuisance." Present Conditions Streams id' the Klamath watershed, like many of our coastal streams, are subject to considerable natural fluctuation due to the existence of a wet winter season and a dry summer season each year. Unfavorable con- ditions due to natural low water are greatly accentu- ated by the operation of diversions for irrigation, power, and domestic use. Irrigation ditches are the most common diversions and create the greatest prob- lem at present. They are operated mostly during spring and summer when young steelhead and salmon and surviving adult steelhead are on their downstream migration to the ocean, or the remaining fish are struggling for existence in drying streams. In the past, many diversions were also used in connection with gold mining operations. At present gold mining activity is greatly reduced iii the Klamath River Basin and is negligible except for dredge mining in the Trinity River near Minersville. Present dams and power plants on the Klamath River proper have created fluctuating flows detrimen- tal to fish life as well as a threat to human life, a situation which requires remedial action in the near future. Game Fishes of the Klamath River System .Most important streams in the Klamath River drain- age are accessible by road or trail somewhere along their courses. Tin- greatest amount id' angling in streams of the Klamath watershed is for three species APPENDIX I) 151 of fish — steelhead rainbow trout, king salmon, and silver salmon. During spring and early summer, fish- ing is carried on for young steelhead and to some extent for young silver salmon. Then during the summer and autumn there is considerable angling in the Klamath Estuary and lower reaches for both spe- cies of adidt salmon and for adult steelhead. Adult king salmon enter the Klamath River from the ocean in two well defined runs, one in spring and another in fall. The spring run begins in late March, reaches a peak in May, and diminishes to the vanish- ing point by the end of June. At present this run is small. The summer (fall) run usually begins entering the Klamath Estuary about the first of July. It in- creases gradually throughout that month, reaches a peak in August, declines steadily through September, and practically disappears by the beginning of winter. As spawning runs of salmon and steelhead proceed up the Klamath River and branch out into its tribu- taries, great numbers of sportsmen come from all over California, and from other states as well, to fish for them. The sport fishery for adult steelhead is most intensive on the lower Klamath River in early fall, but is pursued throughout the basin, particularly in the Trinity River, over the entire open season — May through February. Other species are also sought by anglers in the Klamath River drainage and they contribute sub- stantially to the recreational value of the area. Coast cutthroat trout, an anadromous form, are taken in lower tributary streams such as Panther, High Prairie, and Hunter Creeks. The Klamath Mountains encom- pass a large number of streams and natural lakes which offer excellent trout fishing. Included in the Klamath Mountains are the Marble Mountains Wilder- ness Area and the Trinity Alps ami Trinity Divide Areas, whose streams and lakes are noted for then- fine fishing. Eastern brook trout and resident rainbow trout predominate in these higher lakes and streams. Brown trout are also present in the Klamath River and in many tributaries. There is some angling for brown bullheads in min- ing dredge holes along the Klamath River, particu- larly during the winter months. Shasta River, espe- cially in Shasta Valley, is a very popular stream for bullhead anglers. Green sunfish, bluegill, and pump- kinsecd sunfish are also caught by fishermen, and make a small contribution to the angler's catch each year. Yellow perch, a comparative newcomer to the Klamath River in California, enters the sport fishery in various numbers, usually during the warm summer months. Yellow perch were introduced into tributary waters of the Klamath River in Oregon and have gradually worked their way downstream. Largemouth bass also arc present in the river, but not plentiful. They arc found in Copco Pake on the Klamath River and have also been taken in mining dredge ponds directly con- nected to the Klamath River in the vicinity of Horse Creek. Shad also enter the Klamath River and support a minor fishery during certain years- Klamath River: Numbers of Anadromous Fishes and Their Spawning Areas The principal salmon spawning beds in the Klamath River proper are located from the mouth of the Shasta River to the upstream limit of migration at Copco Dam, a distance of approximately 22 miles (Plate 1). Spawning on the main stem of the Klamath River. downstream from its confluence with the Shasta River, is scattered and does not involve large numbers of fish. Larger tributaries, including the Trinity. Salmon, Scott, and Shasta Rivers, as well as a host of excellent smaller tributaries, such as Blue. Clear, Elk, Indian, Beaver, Bogus, and Fall Creeks, contain important spawning beds utilized by salmon and steelhead. Some of these streams have annual spawning runs of both king and silver salmon as well as steelhead. Spring salmon migration in the Klamath River system was once very great, but it has now become reduced and is of considerably less economic importance. As the streams came to be used more and more by man. summer conditions were often made intolerable to the spring run. So even though conditions have re- mained suitable for fall run fish, spring runs have vanished from some streams and have been greatly diminished in others. Studies during the lf»2()'s indicated that salmon runs of the Klamath River system as a whole were diminishing, and that further investigation should be made to find means of remedying this condition. Counts of upstream migrant king salmon began in 1925 at Klamathon Racks on the Klamath River. 1 1 miles below Copco Dam. Five years later a counting rack was installed on Shasta River, near its confluence with the Klamath River, and counts were obtained there also. The average annual number of king salmon reach- ing Klamathon Racks during the 22 years in which counts were made is about 12,000. No counts were made during the war years. The bulk of the king salmon utilizing- areas upstream from Klamathon usually spawn from October 1 through the early part of November, and the seaward migration of young salmon commences in the latter part of December and continues into early April. Table D-2 gives the counts of adult king salmon at Klamathon Racks from 1925 through 1955. Very little is known concerning the vize of silver salmon runs in the Klamath River. Recently, however, the Department of Fish and Game has accumulated considerable evidence which shows that silver salmon are more abundant than has been generally supposed. Silvers spawn in most tributaries to the Klamath, from those near the mouth, such as High Prairie, Hunter, Turwar. and Blue Creeks, to Pall and Bogus Creeks just below Copco Dam. They Utilize mau\ 1 52 KLAMATH RIVEE BASIN [NVESTIGATION smaller streams qoI used by king salmon. Two or three hundred silvers are counted through the Klama- thon Racks each year. No attempt has been made to gel a i plete count of silver salmon at Klamathon, bul those that pass through the gates during the king salmon rim are counted. Steelhead utilize practically all tributaries of the Klamath and are without doubt the most widespread of the anadromous lishes in the drainage. The major portion of the steelhead run at. Klamathon comes after November 15 and usually after the counting racks have been removed for the season, so no complete accounts are available. Trinity River: Numbers of Anadromous Fishes and Their Spawning Areas The Trinity River is the Largest and most important tributary of the Klamath River. The lower course of this river is within the Hoopa Indian Reservation. Salmon formerly furnished a considerable and im- portant part of the Hoopa Indian's food along the Lower Trinity, although steelhead and Pacific lam- preys were also eaten. Lampreys were sought at a time when other fish wen- not easily taken. Salmon were caughl by means of spears and traps, as well as by weirs placed across the river each year. Gravel of suitable quality for salmon and steel- head spawning is comparatively scarce in the Trinity River proper, downstream from the mouth of the COUNTS OF SALMON AND STEELHEAD AT KLAMATHON RACKS, KLAMATH RIVER -i eai Period of count King salmon Silver salmon Steelhead 10.420 9,387 in, count no count 4,031 2,392 12,611 13,740 I nut 10,340 14,051 III I'.s 33,144 16.340 tin r. Mill 1 1,965 11,204 13.038 no count no count no count no count mi , nl 5,821 11, .-,(14 21,584 17.857 6,591 r,.i.'.-,7 2,037 14,946 ».-, 1 1 *254 *331 *8 1948 1949 er, ii ei.M 1952 .-. 1 ; Nov. 17 1 .. i 28 10-1 let 29 Vug 19-Ocl 29 *2,83fi *747 ♦1.002 ■.-,_'l »2«7 IV.-, 1 1955... \n *1 •161 *465 Incomplete counts North Porkj due to steep gradient, deep pools, and a boulder-strewn bottom. The numbers of salmon spawning in this lower reach of the Trinity are imi known. However, king salmon are known to spawn in Hoopa Valley. Almost without exception, salmon migrating into the Trinity River above the South Fork spawn in the ~'2 miles of river between the North Fork and Ramshorn ('reek 7 miles north of Carrville, as well as in several tributaries. Approximately 80 per cent of the natural spawning area lies above the mouth of Browns Creek near Douglas City, and 50 per cent lies upstream from Lewiston. The most im- portant king salmon spawning tributaries are Stuart Fork. East Fork. South Fork, and Cold Creek Adult king salmon migrate past Lewiston enroute to their spawning grounds in what appear to be three seasonal groups; one in spring, one in summer, and another in fall. The spring migration passes Lewiston during June and July; the summer migration during August and September; and the fall migration during October and November. The South Fork of Trinity River has both spring and fall runs of king salmon each year. Tl stimated spawning escapement of king salmon in the Trinity River above Canyon Creek in 1955 was nearly 40, 000 fish. Further studies in 1956 indicated a run of approximately the same magnitude. Counts by the F. S. Fish and Wildlife Service at the Lewis- ton Weil- between 1942 and l!)4(i indicate that an average annual run of 12,000 king salmon spawn up- stream from Lew 7 iston. The Department of Fish and Came estimated the 1955 king salmon run above Lewiston to be approximately 17,500 fish. No figures are available on the numbers of king and silver salmon utilizing the South Fork and other tributaries of the Trinity River although use of such streams is known to be considerable. Tin' first signs of spawning activity of spring and summer run salmon are noticeable on the main stem of the Trinity River, usually between the mouth of Crass Valley Creek and the mouth of Stuart Fork. during the first week in October. By the middle of October, activity in this area has usually increased to include all suitable riffles in the Trinity River between the mouth of the North Fork and the mouth of the Last Pork of Trinity. Spawning usually reaches a peak during the first two weeks of November when many of the fall run fish are also depositing their eggs. V ig king salmon start emerging from the gravel in January and continue through May. The seaward migration of fingerlings begins to intensify in March and reaches a peak in .May and June at Lew- iston. tapering off to practically nothing by the end of .Inly. Most young king salmon do not spend their tirst year in streams as do young silvers. Adult silver salmon enter most lower Trinity River tributaries to spawn. Until recently they were not known to migrate past the mouth of the South Fork; APPENDIX I) 153 however, during the summers of 1949, 1950, and 195] silver salmon fingerlings were recovered from fish screen installations near the mouth of Ramshorn Creek ; in a Stuart Fork diversion in 1953 ; and from a fish screen installation on the East Fork in 1954. Spawned-out adult silvers were recovered in Cold Creek in 1955. Silver salmon migrate up the South Fork of the Trinity River to at least the area near Hyampom. Silvers are inclined to spawn in smaller tributaries rather than main streams. Many adult steelhead utilize the main Trinity River at and above Lewiston as spawning ground. Gener- ally speaking-, tributaries rather than the main Trin- ity River proper are used by steelhead for spawning- purposes. Since steelhead spawn in winter and early spring, practically all tributaries have sufficient flows and are available to them in most years. Major steel- head spawning tributaries below Lewiston are Rush, Indian. Reddings, Browns, and Canyon Creeks, and the North and South Forks of Trinity River. Steel- head enter the larger Trinity River tributaries, such as North Fork, Browns Creek, and Stuart Fork, fol- lowing the first fall rains. Smaller tributaries are entered during the first rains in February, after which these streams maintain a flow sufficient to insure adequate spawning conditions. Prom limited data obtained on early segments of the runs in 1944, 1945, and 1946, it is estimated that the run of steelhead past Lewiston averages at least 10,000 fish annually. No data are available on the sizes of steelhead runs in other streams of the Trinity River drainage. Steelhead spawning begins in the upper Trinity River during the last part of February and reaches a peak about the first of April, continuing scattered into June Adult steelhead, which do not necessarily die after spawning, start a return migration to the ocean after spawning is completed. Young steelhead start emerging from the gravel in late April. The bulk of young steelhead do not move toward the ocean until they are at least one year old. Resident rainbow trout are distributed in fairly large numbers throughout the drainage. Brown trout are also well distributed but are fewer in number and more conspicuously absent from the upper ex- tremities of the river and its tributaries than are rainbows. Definite spawning migrations of brown trout occur in the Lewiston area but the size of these runs is unknown. Populations of eastern brook trout occur in colder waters of the upper extremities of the Trinity River and its tributaries. Shasta River: Numbers of Anadromous Fishes and Their Spawning Areas Irrigation districts were formed in Shasta Valley in l!t"24. initiating large-scale irrigation, since then. water from the several tributaries and from the main Shasta River lias I a used extensively for agricul- tural and domestic purposes. This practice, no doubt, contributed to the decline of salmon and steelhead runs in the Shasta River. Runs of king salmon in the Shasta River were very large in the past, fur even in 1931, when the Shasta was considered to be in poor shape, 81,000 kings utilized the spawning beds. This may be as greal a number as has ever been known to enter a similar California stream ! A fish counting rack was built on the Shasta River near its confluence with the Klamath River in 1930 by the California Department of Fish and Game. This rack was moved upstream six miles in 1938, and from then on an unknown number of salmon has spawned in the river below. In 1937 it was demonstrated that about one-third of the total Shasta River king salmon run spawned in the six-mile gorge section of the river below the counting rack. The number of fish spawn- ing- below the racks no doubt varies from year to year ; however, by adding one-third to the run in years since 1937, the totals will probably be reasonably close to the true figure for the entire Shasta River. Table 3 shows actual fish counts on the Shasta River from 1930 to 1955. During this period the average annual run of king salmon counted in the Shasta River was a little over 120.000. Partial counts of silver salmon and steelhead, in addition to the king salmon count, wen' kept in the winters of 1948-49 through 1955. but in most previous years counts were of king salmon alone. These counts are also shown in Table D-3. TABLE D-3 COUNTS OF SALMON AND STEELHEAD AT SHASTA RACKS, SHASTA RIVER Year Period of count King salmon Saver salmon Steelhead 19,338 SI SI I 34.689 11.. ".711 48.668 74.537 48,115 33,255 **9,090 28.169 55,155 1.1.252 11,425 10,022 i i 198 IS ISl 7 590 341 :17 139 - 2,036 1,605 2,624 1,807 ♦8.513 .172 312 •160 *16 •22 1948. 1949 \,i... 30 1948 Ipril 1 1 1949 Sept. 1.".. 1949-Jan. 19, 1950 •4'.n 195) Aug. 2-Oct. 30. 1951. •mi •103 •128 1954 Aur. 31-Oot. 29, 1954 •112 •77 1 Incomplete count. ■Racli moved from mouth to sto miles upstream In :■ - imbera m king salmon spawning below rack estimated to be one third of numl ■ tag rack, 154 KLAMATH RIVER liASIX IXVESTH I ATH >N Imporfance of Sport Fishing Postal card surveys conducted by the California Department of Pish and Game give valuable tnforma- n ioneerning trends in angling pressure and an- gling .success for important sporl fisheries in Cali- fornia. During 1955, a questionnaire form was sent to a selected number of anglers and much valuable information was obtained. Although in most cases results are based on a limited number of respondents and are subject to considerable error, they yield the best information available at this time. It was estimated that approximately 368,000 angler- days were expended during lit.").") in Siskiyou and Trin- ity Counties to catch an estimated 2,477,000 trout. Trout fishermen average 11 days annually in pursuit of trout. It is therefore estimated that approximately 33,500 anglers participated in the taking of trout in Trinity and Siskiyou Counties during 1955. Results of the survey indicate that approximately 60,000 steelheail were taken by anglers in Trinity and Siskiyou Counties in 1955. Many steelhead in addi- tion to these were taken in the lower Trinity and Klamath Rivers in Humboldt and Del Norte Counties, but the ex! cut of this catch is not known. A prelimi- nary estimate of 40.000 steelhead caught in the sec- tion of the drainage seems not unreasonable. Assum- ing the steelhead catch to be 100,000 fish, and using the statewide average of 8.4 steelhead per successful angler per season, it is estimated that approximately 12,000 anglers participated in the steelhead catch from this drainage in 1955. Using the statewide average of 5.8 as the number of days fished by each steelhead angler, approximately 69,000 angler-days were ex- pended in the Klamath drainage in 1955. The 1955 survey listed the spurt salmon catch in inland waters according to river system instead of by county; therefore, a more truly representative figure was obtained. It was estimated that 72,500 salmon were landed in the Klamath River and 22,500 salmon landed in the Trinity River, for a total of 95,000 salmon in the Klamath drainage. A creel check con- ducted m the Klamath River estuary indicated 10,500 fish landed with '.'.2 man-days expended for each tish caught. Using the same success ratio for the entire drainage, approximately .".(14.000 angler-days were ex- pended on salmon fishing in 1955. Anglers, and hunters also, seeking fish and game in the Klamath River Basin conn' from all sections of California and also from other states. A study con- ducted near the mouth of the Klamath River in 1951 revealed that the anglers were residents of 48 different California counties. Los Angeles County was the leader in anglers represented, claiming 55 per cent of the total fishermen. There were also anglers from Oregon, New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, Washington. and Florida. A year-long study in 1949 and 1950 on the Klamath River between ( 'oped I lain and the mouth nf the Salmon River produced similar results. In this upper river section 41 per cent nf the anglers were from f:; California counties and 4 per cent were from 8 different states including Hawaii. The remaining anglers were from nearby communities. Imporfance of Ocean Commercial Salmon Fishing and Ocean Sport Salmon Fishing The average annual spawning run of king salmon in the Klamath River system is estimated to be at least 109,000 fish. This figure is based on actual counts of fish passiug weirs on the Shasta and Klamath Rivers; a tagging study on the upper Trinity River; and estimates of annual runs in other streams based on observations of biologists of the California Depart- ment of Fish and Game and the U. S. Fish and Wild- life Service. No estimates are available concerning the size of silver salmon runs in the drainage as a whole and only scattered data are available on individual streams. Table D-4 shows the average annual sizes of king salmon runs in principal streams of the Klamath drainage, along with the method used to obtain these figures. Fish marking and tagging experiments have shown that Klamath River king salmon are caught by com- mercial fishermen at sea alone- the California coast as far south as Monterey and as far north as the coasts of Oregon and Washington. This would also hold true for sport fishermen catches at sea. Thus, aside from supporting a valuable inland sport fishery. Klamath River salmon also contribute to a commercial as well as a sport fishery at si 'a. On the basis nf a 2 : 1 spawning escapement (two salmon taken by fishermen at sea for each one return- ing to spawn), approximately 218,000 salmon which were reared in the Klamath River Basin are taken by commercial and sport fishermen in the ocean each year. Records of sport and commercial salmon land- ings in California's ocean waters during 1955 show that approximately 1,1 IS, 000 salmon were taken by both sport and commercial fishermen. One hundred and ninety-seven thousand salmon, or 18 per cent, were landed by sport fishermen and 921.000 salmon TABLE D-4 ESTIMATED NUMBER OF KING SALMON SPAWNING ANNUALLY IN THE KLAMATH RIVER DRAINAGE 31 r- .in: Number cf king salmon How count was obtained 20,000 40.000 2,000 5,000 12.000 10.000 109.000 Trinity River (above South B\ Salmon Rivei rk) through 1955 Tagging Btudy in 1955 and 1956 Klamath River at Klamathon Averageoi weii counta 192S tin. ugh 1955 APPENDIX D 1 55 (11,977,697 pounds at 13 pounds per salmon), or 82 per cent were landed by commercial fishermen. Of the 218,000 salmon contributed to ocean fishermen by the Klamath Eiver system each year, approxi- mately 39,000 are caught by anglers and 179,000 are landed by commercial fishermen, based on the ratio of sport to commercial salmon landings of ocean caught fish in 1955. The retail value of the 179,000 salmon taken by commercial fishermen is estimated to be $1,303,000 based on a retail price of 70 cents a pound and an average weight of 13 pounds for each fish landed, minus 20 per cent of the weight landed for cleaning losses. Wafer Requirements for Fish The value of water for fisheries, wildlife, and rec- reational purposes should be carefully considered in planning water resource developments. Every effort should be made to expand and not merely attempt to preserve fish life and recreational values which might be adversely affected by the construction of water projects. "Water resource development is essen- tial to the economy of the State, but much resulting damage to fish and game can be minimized or elim- inated with proper planning. Stream flow estimates to maintain fish populations near their present levels are presented for several streams in the Klamath drainage in Tables D-5 through D-7. Streams so selected are the larger ones in the watershed — the ones most likely to be subjected to studies by those planning water projects. It does not follow that streams not included in these tables are unimportant and that there are not water require- ments for fish and game in them. Existing fish popu- lations could be maintained with the flows presented but in most instances more water would be required to increase populations, probably in conjunction with other habitat improvement. These stream flows should lie relatively stable for maximum fish production. ESTIMATED MINIMUM STREAM FLOWS TO MAINTAIN GAME FISH POPULATIONS NEAR THEIR PRESENT LEVELS AT SELECTED POINTS ON THE KLAMATH RIVER TABLE D-6 ESTIMATED MINIMUM STREAM FLOWS TO MAINTAIN GAME FISH POPULATIONS NEAR THEIR PRESENT LEVELS ON FOUR KLAMATH RIVER TRIBUTARIES Minimum Minimum flow flow April-Sept. Oct.-Mar. Stream Area (cfs.) Icfs.t Klamath River 1.21X1 Klamath River.. Above Qonfluence with Trinity River. 650 Klamath River.. Above confluence with Salmon Rivor... Klamath Rii er Above confluence with Scott River. 500 1,000 Klamath River At Confluence with Shasta River \\ ithuiit daily fluctuation 1,000 1,000 Willi daily fluctuation (high) 1,500 1,500 (low) 500 500 Minimum Minimum flow flow April-Sept. Oct. -Mar. Stream Area (cfs.) Salmon River... At confluence with Klamath River 150 3O0 Scott River. At confluence with Klamath River 100 250 Shasta River At confluence with Klamath River 50 200 Trinity River... At confluence with Klamath River 250 1,000 TABLE D-7 MINIMUM STREAM FLOWS TO BE RELEASED TO MAINTAIN GAME FISH POPULATIONS NEAR THEIR PRESENT LEVELS IN THE TRINITY RIVER BELOW LEWISTON Dates (all dates incl.) Mn mi How (cfs.) 200 250 200 150 Widely fluctuating flows, such as those below power plants that are utilized for peaking purposes without reregulation, would have a fish carrying capacity approximately equal to the lowest flow of the cycle. Increasing Fish Spawning Areas Many dams were built in the Klamath River drain- age in Trinity and Siskiyou Counties during the past 80 or 90 years for the purpose of diverting water for domestic and mining uses. All of these dams formed partial or complete obstructions to migrating fishes on their spawning runs. Some of them blocked salmon and steelhead from miles of spawning gravels farther upstream, thus confining the fish to the stream sections below the dams. Over a period of years, sizes of fish runs in these streams where dams formed complete blocks were reduced to numbers consistent with the available spawning area. The California Department of Fish and Game began removing known abandoned dams about 30 years ago. This program has recently been stepped up, and in the past few years 22 dams have been removed in the Klamath River system in Trinity and Siskiyou Counties. These removals, pins two dams in Siskiyou County which recently washed out. have made at least 210 miles of additional spawn ing gravel available to steelhead and salmon. &.CI SS to this additional spawning gravel will result in a gradual increase in fish populations. HUNTING Big Game Animals of fhe Klamath River System Rocky Mountain mule deer and Columbian black- tailed deer are the principal big game animals in 56 KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION the area. Deer migrations are the rule rather than the exception for this drainage. The interstate deer herd, which exists within the confines, spends winters in California and summers in Oregon. Tin' north- south migration route lies primarily easl of Clear Lake in Modoc County. However, some deer migrate from Oregon to California by the west side of Clear Lake. Deer inhabiting the summer range of Glass Mountain also move into this "Devil's Garden" win- ter range. The deer migration pattern along' the Klamath River, below Copeo, is one of dropping- from higher areas to the Hats beside the Klamath and trib- utary streams. This is particularly noticeable near Copco, Hamburg, and Scott Valley. These patterns can be seen more clearly on the accompanying map i Plate 1), which covers all of the area except the Upper Klamath. Black-tailed deer migration patterns along the coast are not as clearly defined as are the migrations of mule deer in the eastern portion of the drainage area. Stream-side deer winter ranges are, for the most part, very limited in area. Any reduction in width of these ribbon-like ranges by the creation of large water impoundments could easily bring about a serious problem of deer food scarcity. This refers, of course, to areas of significant snow precipitation and where dense timber stands grow almost to water's edge. A dense timber type is not a producer of deer browse until logged off. Other big game species in the Klamath River drain- age area are pronghorn antelope and black bear. Antelope are hunted only when a population increase provides the necessary surplus. The two most impor- tant bands are those inhabiting the area south of Clear Lake and around Mt. Dome. These bands wan- der back and forth and may share a common winter- ing area just northwest of Clear Lake. North of Clear Lake the antelope range extends well into Oregon. with the bulk of the population in this range occur- ring along a strip averaging about 12 miles in width. The antelope population is presently at a low ebb and hunting is not permitted. Little is known of tin' hunting effort expended in pursuit id' black bear, but there are good numbers of these animals along the Salmon River and west of Hamburg along the Klamath River. Humboldt County is the number one bear county in the State, while Trinity County usually ranks second in numbers of bear bagged. It is estimated that between 15 and 20 per cent of the reported 1,600 bears taken in Califor- nia during l!i.")o were bagged in the Klamath River drainage. Importance of Big Game The deer population of tin- Klamath River drainage was estimated to be 128,000 between PUT and 1949. There is no reason to believe that this figure has changed significantly either up or down to the present time, as ranges have been well stocked with deer for the past lit years. During the 1955 deer hunting season, the Klamath River Basin produced 11 per cent of the statewide deer kill, or about 7.750 deer. More than three- quarters of the deer kill in Siskiyou County and most of the deer kill in Trinity County was made in those portions contributing to the drainage of the Klamath River. The average annual take for the period 1948- 1952 was slightly in excess of 1.000 antlered deer. Tliis increased to about 5,750 in 1955, with an addi- tional 2.00S antlerless deer taken during a special shoot held in the Devil's Garden area of Modoc County. This area is within the Klamath River drainage. The Klamath River drainage supports very heavy deer hunting pressure. Hunters from all parts of Cali- fornia swarm into this area each fall in pursuit of deer. Many hunters consider it one of the few areas in the State where they stand a chance of bagging a trophy buck. During 1955, 410,205 licensed hunters in California bagged 71,126 legal deer. This amounted to one suc- cessful hunter in six. If 11 per cent of the State's deer kill was made in the Klamath River Basin, then approximately 11 per cent of the State's licensed hunters, or 45,000, probably participated. Using an average of seven man-days per hunter, it is estimated that approximately 315.000 hunter-days were ex- pended in the deer kill in this basin in 1955. Upland Game Birds and Mammals of the Klamath River System Representatives of all of California's upland game families occur in the Klamath River Basin. Several species of upland game birds inhabit the Klamath River drainage area. Coast California quail are found in the humid lower portion of the Klamath Basin from the vicinity of Orleans on the Klamath River and Salyer on the Trinity River westward to the Pacific Ocean. The valley California quail's range begins at the eastern end of the coast California quail's range, where the two races intergrade, and extends eastward throughout the Klamath Basin in all areas suitable to the bird's requirements. The type of territory inhabited is much more arid than that of the coast bird, being primarily chaparral in broken patches, as well as riparian willow situations. The coast mountain quail inhabits about the same general area as the coast California quail, but its distribution extends a little farther inland up the Klamath River to the vicinity of Seiad Valley and South Fork Moun- tain in Trinity County. Its range locally, however, is quite different since it primarily inhabits mountain- side brushland, often in continuous unbroken belts. The Sierran mountain cpiail intergrades with the coast form along the eastern border of the hitter's APPENDIX D 157 range. It extends eastward in suitable habitat throughout the entire Klamath drainage. Chukar partridges and ring-necked pheasants dre found prin- cipally in the Tule Lake-Lower Klamath Area. Chukars are also distributed on the western side of Shasta Valley and between this valley and Scott Val- ley, while pheasants are found iu fair numbers in Shasta Valley and in lesser numbers in Scott Valley. Three species of grouse, including the Oregon and Sierra sooty grouse and the Oregon ruffed grouse are also found in sections of the Klamath River drainage while the sage hen's range reaches into the eastern edge of the Klamath Basin in Modoc and eastern Siskiyou counties. Band-tailed pigeons are found along the entire length of the Trinity River, and along the Klamath River from the sea to Hornbrook, as well as in all of the Klamath River's tributary drainage areas west of Shasta Valley and the Ooose Nest Range on the east side of Shasta Valley. The mourning dove is found throughout the Klamath River Basin except in the humid coastal timber and in the higher mountains to the east. Table D-8 in- cludes a list of upland game species and the types of habitat each occupies within the Klamath River drain- age area in California. Several species of upland game mammals are also represented in the Klamath Basin. The California gray squirrel is found in the pine and oak belts throughout the Klamath drainage, principally east of the Coastal redwood belt. Nuttall cottontail rabbits are found from Shasta Valley eastward, while pigmy rabbits and while-tailed jack rabbits are limited to the extreme portion of the basin just reaching the area on the northwestern corner of Devil's Garden in Modoc County. Of the two black-tailed jack rabbits found along the Klamath, the California black-tailed jack rabbit is distributed from Shasta Valley westward, while the "Washington black-tailed jack rabbit is found east of Shasta Valley. Oregon snowshoe rabbits inhabit a narrow area east (if the more humid coastal belt, in- cluding most of the brush and timber country in Trin- ity and western Siskiyou Counties, from the western site of Butte Valley westward throughout most of the Marble and Siskiyou mountains east of the Happy Camp-Waldo road. Redwoods brush rabbits are found in a narrow strip along the coast and do not extend their range eastward past Happy Camp mi the Klam- ath River. Importance of Upland Game According to the 1955 postal card survey made by the California Department of Fish and Game. 1.7 per cent of the State pheasant kill was bagged that year in Siskiyou County. Most of these birds were taken in the Klamath River drainage. Jack rabbits, cotton- tail rabbits, brush rabbits, and tree squirrels were the most sought after upland game mammals, with ap- proximately 17,800 of these game annuals being taken in Siskiyou and Trinity Counties in 1955. Quail, pheasants, doves, and pigeons contribute greatly to the hunter's bag of upland game birds. Table 9 gives estimates of the number of upland game birds and mammals taken in Siskiyou and Trinity Counties in 1955, based on the Department of Fish and Game postal card survey. In 1955 there were (534,107 licensed hunters in Cali- fornia. It is estimated that SO per cent of the total licensees, or 507,286 hunters, participated in the har- vest of 6,405,800 upland game birds and mammals in California during 195."), including 59.700 in Siskiyou TABLE D-8 KLAMATH BASIN UPLAND GAME HABITAT Upland game Humid coast Interior coniferous timber Interior chaparral and oak Open slopes and \ ;illr\ -■ Riparian willows alilers Sagebrush juniper Birds Coast California quail Vallev California quail * * * * I x X X \ \ Mammals X X \ California black-tailed jack rabbil Washington black-tailed jack rabbit.. X 158 KLAMATH RIVEE BASIN [NVESTIGATIOM TABLE D-9 ESTIMATED UPLAND GAME TAKE IN SISKIYOU AND TRINITY COUNTIES IN 1955 Spi i ii - Trinity < ' i1 J Siskij ou « lounty Total 8,500 I in in -',7110 1,400 1,800 7,700 7.300 9.700 1.200 2,800 3,400 11,500 700 15,800 10,700 3,900 4,200 5.200 11,500 Tree squirrels _ 8.400 TOTALS 23,100 36,fi00 59,700 and Trinity Counties. These figures include pheasants, quail, doves, pigeons, Chukar partridges, sage liens, brush and cottontail rabbits, jack rabbits, and tree squirrels. On the basis of statewide average figures, i,728 hunters were accessary to take the estimated 59.700 upland came animals killed in Siskiyou and Trinity Counties in 1955. Using an average of x •"> days per hunter, it is estimated that about 40,000 man-days were expended on upland game species. Water Requirements for Big Game and Upland Game Even though the total amount of water required for maintenance of game species in the Klamath drainage is small compared with thai of other beneficial uses, a definite requirement is present. The needs of game species, exclusive of waterfowl, are best expressed in the form of small quantities measured in gallons rather than acre-feet. The supply, however, must be widespread and scattered over the range of these animals in proper relation to basic food and cover sources. Eight gallons of water a day for each square mile, if distributed on the basis of 800 gallons located on one section, leaving 99 sections dry, would be of little use to game. Ideally, where, populations of small game species are present, there should be available water for every quarter section or at least for every sect inn iii drier areas. Areas of high potential game populations thai abound in cover and desirable foods, have higher water needs than do areas of low game productivity. Within the generality above, areas that are desert or semi-desert in climate have higher needs for free water than do coastal areas. Table D-10 lists the estimated minimum daily water requirements in Siskiyou and Trinity Counties for upland game and big came animals. Table I'll includes a list of upland game species and their normal watering places iii the Klamath Basin, Migratory Waterfowl: Importance of Klamath Basin The United States Pish and Wildlife Service is cooperating with the states, including California, in formulating a waterfowl management program for the Pacific Flyway which is based on provision of a sys- tem of properly located refuge areas sufficient to meet the needs of the birds and to prevent excessive crop depredations. The two Klamath Basin refuges. Tide Lake and Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuges, are used almost year-long by waterfowl and are the key to the TABLE D-10 ESTIMATED MINIMUM DAILY BIG GAME AND UPLAND GAME DRINKING WATER REQUIREMENTS IN SISKIYOU AND TRINITY COUNTIES Area, in square miles Average gallons per square mile Total - pel county Siskiyou 6.078 : 276 22 8 26 jus TOTAL TABLE D-ll NORMAL WATERING PLACES OF UPLAND GAME IN THE KLAMATH BASIN Can- Flat- Up- Min- yon Small land land eral I pland ga me Rivers bottoms streams water springs ■ ; ■ :• Birds 1 i ' California quail x X x X x \ alli'v ' lalifoi nia quail X x x x x X ountain quail.. _ X X X x Sierran mountain quail X X X \ x I 'hukai pai bridge . X x x n >use X X x x Sierra sooty grouse. _ X x X Oregon ruffed irrouse X X x Ring-necked pheasant x Band-tailed pigeon X X X X X Mourning dove x x X X X Mammals 1 ':iliti ii oia '■ ! a v -« i ' lirrel x x X X X Nuttall cottontail x x X X Redw Is bi nab rabbil x x X X u int. tailed jack rabbit .. X X x i California black-tailed Washington black-tailed Oregon snowshoe rabbit _- x x X APPENDIX D 159 management plan. The bulk of this use is during the fall migration, which begins in late July and usually ends in early December. During this period the num- bers id' waterfowl on the refuges vary considerably. There are usually about 175,000 in late July, 1,000,000 in late August, 2,500,000 in late September, 4,000,000 in October, and 1,500,000 in late November. The num- ber during all of October and early November usually levels off at over 4,000,000 birds. The Tule Lake-Lower Klamath waterfowl areas are also quite important as nesting habitat, and over 75,000 young birds are pro- duced here each summer. The Klamath Basin is the best location along the Pacific Flyway to provide a waterfowl stopover. It is attractive, effective, and with maximum opportunity to control local depredations while delaying the water- fowl migration enough to be of substantial benefit in reducing damage to Central Valley crops. In addition to being essential to the maintenance of Pacific Flyway populations of waterfowl, the Tule Lake-Lower Klamath waterfowl areas are absolutely essentia] to maximum crop production in the Central Valley. There is no stopping place for ducks between this area and the Central Valley that is capable of holding more than a handful of birds. Should the carrying capacity for the millions of ducks that stop over in this area in the fall be jeopardized, losses to rice Farmers and permanent pasture growers partic- ularly, as well as other agriculturalists in the Central Valley, woidd lie considerable. Importance of Migratory Waterfowl The 1955 postal card survey by the California De- partment of Pish and Came indicated that 135,800 ducks, 4.1 per cent of the State's duck kill, and (i2, o()() geese, 18.5 per cent of the State's goose kill, were taken ill Siskiyou Count}-. Tule Lake and Lower Klamath refuges are located in Siskiyou County and most of the ducks and geese bagged ill this county are taken in the Klamath P>asin. The statewide average bag of ducks and geese combined, for hunters using state-owned areas, was 2.8 birds per hunter-day. As- suming that this degree of success also holds true for hunters outside the areas. 71.01)0 hunter-days were ex- pended in the take of 198,400 ducks and geese in Siskivou County in 1H55. Very few migratory waterfowl are bagged in the Klamath Basin in California outside of Siskiyou Countv. L is estimated from the Department of Pish and Came postal card survey that only 1.400 ducks were bagged in Trinity County in 1055. Water Requirements for Migratory Waterfowl The Fish and Wildlife Service does not plan any new waterfowl management refuges in the Klamath Basin, but it does plan to expand both the acreage and water use of both present refuges, Table D-12 gives a summary of available data concerning preseiil TABLE D-12 PRESENT AND ULTIMATE SEASONAL WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR WATERFOWL AT NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGES IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN IN CALIFORNIA Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge Tule 1 ak. National \\ ildlife l tei ■ ■■• Usage Acres watered < 'i>M-iiin|'- tive use anc-leel Acres watered ( Jonsump- ti ve use acre-feet 16,600 30,000 80,600 94,000 13,200 32,200 78,000 Estimated probable ultimate _ 91,000 and probable ultimate water requirements for migra- tory waterfowl at government-operated refuges in the Klamath River Basin. The California Department of Fish and Game main- tains no migratory waterfowl management areas or refuges within the basin, nor are any anticipated in the future. No data are available concerning water requirements for private gun clubs in the area. TRAPPING Fur Animals of the Klamath River System Principal fur bearing animals in the Klamath River Basin, with regard to numbers taken and cash returns to trappers, are muskrat and mink. Other fur bearers, including river otter, fisher, marten, coyote, bobcat, ringtail cat, badger, skunk, grey and red fox. and raccoon are also present and increase in importance from time to time depending upon market demands for the various types of furs. Muskrats are now the most important fur animals taken in the Klamath River drainage area. Commenc- ing with the original plant of HO pairs of muskrats in Tule Lake and Shasta Valley in 1930, the entire drain- age was opened to their colonization and it was only a few short years until compulsory reports from li- censed trappers revealed, as early as 1940, that an annual catch of over 38,000 "rats" was made in Siskiyou County alone. Klamath River from Copco Dam downstream contains very little suitable muskrat habitat, lint the upper drainage and its adjacent sloughs, swamps, lakes, and waterways, is one of the leading producers of muskrat in California. Although muskrat is the most valuable fur animal in the Basin, considering gross returns to the trapper, other water-loving fur bearers including mink and Otter are also quite important, their pelts from this region being of exceptionally high quality. Importance of Fur Animals Each trapper in California is required bv law to fill out and return to the Department of Pish and 160 KLAMATH RTVER BASIN [NVESTIGATION Game at the end of each trapping season a record of activities, including the number of fur animals caught and the prices received for the furs. During the 1955-56 season 912 trapping Licenses were sold in California. The fur buyer's demand was for short- haired fur species such as muskrat, mink, beaver, and river otter. Long-haired types, including coyotes, badgers, skunks, raccoons, etc., sold for comparatively low prices. The estimated total value to the trappers of the entire 1955-56 Eur catch in California was $100,168- -a decrease of -'il per cent from the 1954-55 season. The main reason for this decrease was the occurrence of 11 1 conditions during the trapping season. During the 18 years of available record between 1938-39 and 1955-56, Siskiyou and Trinity Counties have produced an average of 20,939 furs annually, or over 25 per cent of the total California fur catch. Siskiyou County is by far the larger producer of the two counties. Approximately 96 per cent of the aver- age annual catch in Siskiyou County is muskrat, while in Trinity County almost 20 per cent of the catch consists of highly prized mink. Table D-13 shows the Eur catch in Siskiyou and Trinity Counties based on licensed trapper reports, compared with the total state catch for the trapping seasons of 1938-39 to 1955-56, inclusive. During the 1955-56 season there were 71 licensed trappers in Siskiyou and Trinity Counties. The value to the trappers of the 15,030 furs of all types taken in these two counties during the 1955-56 season was approximately $15,870. The retail value of this fur TABLE D-13 FUR CATCH IN SISKIYOU AND TRINITY COUNTIES COMPARED WITH THE TOTAL CALIFORNIA FUR CATCH, 1938-39 THROUGH 1955-56 Siskiyou County Trinity County- California Year Total furs Number of muskr&ta Total furs Number of mink Total catch 19 18 59 12,689 38,772 153 28.643 10,922 28 982 - 15,659 13,606 14,741 5 872 8,118 13,434 10,720 21,835 25 241 i i 830 12 305 38 239 33.703 27,641 10,520 27,962 31 7UI 1 I 249 12,063 13.486 5.589 5,458 7,638 12,807 10,194 .■i 137 .'i 386 1 1,461 356 991 538 804 436 788 1,221 818 622 350 317 151 351 345 176 234 282 2(10 88 116 91 93 35 80 170 125 211 35 101 56 92 128 32 88 141 103 60.235 101.874 108.720 112.789 1942 1 1 v. vi:; SS.6I1K 1944-45-.. V! :„-,2 74,169 1946-47 i.i s:..i 1947-48.-- 59.871 1948-49..- :.s:;.s.; 1949-50--- 47,190 1950-51 59,081 Sli :is2 1952-53 ..11.266 107.435 L954 112,409 87,581 TOTALS 367 9] 5 i n 353.824 19,657 8.980 499 1.785 99 1,485,057 82,503 catch is, of course, many limes greater. Table D-14 gives a breakdown of the 1955-56 fur catch in Siski- you and Trinity Counties and the value of this catch to the trappers. RECREATION Recreational Use of National Forests Klamath. Shasta-Trinity, and Six Rivers National forests, all or parts of which are located within the Klamath River drainage area in California, provide in roiis camp sites, picnic grounds, wilderness trails, etc.. for those seeking outdoor recreation. Esti- mates of the recreational use of these national forests. including 15 separate recreational activities, are made annually by the United States Forest Service. In 1955, Forest Service records indicate that 98. 863 people spent 366,289 recreational-use days (man-days in national forests within the Klamath River drainage areas of California. These figures do not include people who used recreational facilities provided by private resorts, motels, private camp grounds and pri- vate trailer units, etc., in national forests; nor in the basin outside national forest boundaries. There are gaps in the recreational-use figures presented here for the lower Trinity River from Hoopa to Weitchpec and along the lower Klamath River from Weitchpec to the ocean, as well as most of Scott and Shasta Valleys and oilier sections of the upper Klamath drainage not included in national forests. Table I)-l."> shows the estimated recreational use of public facilities within the national forests involved during 1955. Included are the numbers of people participating in such activi- ties as hunting, fishing, camping, picnicking, swim- ming, organization camping, wilderness travel, gen eral enjoyment and sightseeing, gathering forest products for pleasure, scientific study and hobbies, and other activities. It is of significance to note that TABLE D-14 VALUE TO THE TRAPPER OF THE 1955-56 FUR CATCH IN SISKIYOU AND TRINITY COUNTIES Fur bearer Number caught in Siskiyou County Number caught in Trinity ( '..U!ll\ Average price to trapper Total value Beaver 5 40 86 17 1 107 14. 161 86 3 3 12 7 2 6 3 8 103 47 15 6 ■1 8 v. 20 1.72 2.93 $46.00 79.00 261.57 e 23 15.91 0.82 0.95 1.13 12.50 0.45 0.88 0.29 2.04 3.342.80 11.858.02 126.89 Ringtail cat 20.34 112.50 Spotted Bkunk Striped skunk 7.16 13.23 0.58 TOTALS 14,830 200 $15,870.23 APPENDIX D 1(51 ESTIMATED RECREATIONAL USE OF PUBLIC FACILITIES IN NATIONAL FORESTS LOCATED IN THE KLAMATH RIVER DRAINAGE AREA IN CALIFORNIA DURING 1955 National Forest Number of visitors Number of recreational use days man da.\ - Number of hunters and fishermen 52,245 26,175 17,943 170,467 132,000 63,822 34,810 19,834 5,475 us, 363 366.289 over 60 per cent of the people using United States Forest Service facilities in this area indicated the primary purpose of their visit was to go hunting or fishing. Importance of Recreation During 1955 an estimated 38,250 people, exclusive of hunters and fishermen, spent approximately 77,200 recreational-use days (man-days) on national forest lands encompassed by the Klamath River drainage area in California. These were only the people using the public facilities, as no records are available con- cerning the recreational use of private resorts, motels. trailer parks, etc. WATER DEVELOPMENT PLANS I'.y virtue of abundant water supplies the Klamath River Basin will play an important part in the future development of California's water resources. Plans have been developed for exporting large quantities of surplus Klamath River water to deficient areas in central and southern California, and plans are pre- sented in this bulletin for the development of water to satisfy requirements within the basin. All water projects proposed would have definite effects upon fisheries and wildlife resources, and upon outdoor recreational facilities as well. These projects are shown on Plate 16 of this bulletin. Studies of these re- sources, and of the effects of the proposed develop- ments upon them, must necessarily be a part of further investigation of the proposed projects if fishing, wild- life, and recreational values involved are to be de- veloped and maintained. Only through such integrated planning can damage to these resources be minimized or eliminated and benefits to them developed to the maximum possible extent. Large-scale development of water resources in the Klamath River Basin has been limited when compared with other portions of California. The Copco Dams, constructed on the Klamath River by the California Oregon Power Company in the early 1920's, and Shasta River Dam (Lake Dwinnell), constructed on Shasta River in 1926 by the Montague Water Con- servation District, represent the only major develop- ments existing in the California portion of the Klam- ath River Basin at the present time. Trinity Dam and diversion, currently under construction by the Bureau of Reclamation will, when completed, lie the largesl water project in the basin. Both the Copco Dams and Dwinnell Reservoir have had detrimental effects upon fisheries resources in the Klamath River Basin. In the case of the Copco Dams, all upstream migration of salmon and steel- head beyond Copco Dam Number 2 was stopped when the project was constructed. Of greater detriment to fisheries have been the fluctuating flows released from Copco Dam Number 2 Power Plant. Water releases from the power plant correspond to the amount of power generated, the requirements for which chance frequently during the course of each day. Fluctua- tion in water releases are especially critical in years of deficient water supply. The Department of Fish and Game attributes the drowning of 18 persons in the past eight years, and the loss of over 2,000,000 game fish each year, to fluctuating releases from the Copco Dams. On July 27. 1959, the California Oregon Power Company and the Department of Fish and Came and the Fish and Game Commission entered into an agree- ment intended to solve the fluctuation problem. The agreement provides that Copco 's Iron Gate develop- ment on the Klamath River will be so operated as to control, insofar as possible, fluctuations in the river. Copco 's application No. 17527 to appropriate 3,000 cubic feet per second of water annually from the Klamath River for power purposes at the Iron Gate site was protested by the Department of Water Re- sources. The Department stipulated with Copco on January 26, 1960, that its protest before the State Water Rights Board should be dismissed if certain conditions are included in the permit to the Company on application No. 17527. They are that the water rights granted by the permit are subordinate to other water rights from the Klamath River for use in the Shasta Valley-Ager area for higher uses, up to an annual quantity of 220,000 acre-feet. Until March 1. 2006, a maximum annual diversion amount of 120,000 acre-feet and seasonal rates of diversion applicable to such higher uses must be observed. Compensation fixed by agreemenl or eminent domain proceedings for use of Copco's facilities in making such uses may be required. These conditions arc contained in permit No. 12259 based on application No. 17527, which was granted by the state Water Rights Board on April 12, I960. Detrimental effects to fisheries caused by Dwinnell Reservoir stem from a reduction in natural down- stream Hows in the Shasta River, particularly in the fall and early winter during salmon migration ami spawning periods. Also, some spawning areas were blocked bv construction of the ,1am. 162 KLAMATH RIVER BASIN ENVESTIGATION Fisheries problems connected with the Bureau of Reclamation's Trinity Projed have been studied by the Departmenl of Pish and Game and the Pish and Wildlife Service and appear susceptible to solution. The fish protection program at this project currently includes releases of water to satisfy downstream re- quirements, and a salmon and steelhead hatchery below the clam. During the construction period salmon and steelhead will be trapped below the dam site and transported to upstream areas to spawn. Agencies of the States of Oregon and California currently developing the Klamath River Compad have recognized the importan f fisheries, wildlife, and recreation in this river basin. Various drafts of the proposed compact, and hearings thereon, have made special recognition of the great importance of anadromous fishes and migrating waterfowl to the economy of the basin. Plans to Export Water from the Klamath River Basin Plans to develop and export large quantities of surplus water from the Klamath River Basin are de- scribed in Bulletin No. 3 of the California state Water Resources Board, entitled "Report on The California Water Plan". The envisioned development consists of a series of large dams on the Klamath and Trinity Rivers, and diversions into the Klamath Basin of water from the Smith, Mad. and Van Duzen Rivers. All export water developed in the basin and received from other basins would How or be pumped to Burnt Ranch Reservoir, from where it would flow by tunnel through the Trinity Divide into the Sacramento Valley. The very extensive developments proposed in the export plans r..r the Klamath River Basin would have profound effects upon existing fisheries, wildlife, and recreational resources. Mos1 obvious would be the al- most complete elimination of salmon and steelhead habitat in the Klamath River Basin. The Departmenl of Pish and Came recommended in their official com- ments on Bulletin No. '■'>. "The California Water Plan", that fisheries, wildlife, ami recreational prob lems receive thorough investigation as the various units of the Klamath River Basin exporl plans are studied in detail. It was painted out that fish hatch- eries and releases of satisfactory quantities of water would be required to proted anadromous fish popula lions. The Department specifically recommended that the upstream dams included in the plan be considered for initial construction and that subsequent construc- tion proceed downstream in series, with the lowermost dams being the last constructed. In this manner sal- mon and steelhead fisheries would be maintained in the remaining unobstructed portions of streams for as lone- a period as possible. Moreover, technological advancements in reclaiming waste water or desalting sea water, or water requirements smaller than antici- pated, might preclude Hie necessity of constructing the downstream features of the plan. Table D-61 shows tin 1 reservoirs proposed in the export plan for the Klamath River Basin as described in California State Water Resources Board Bulletin No. :!. Local Development Plans for the Klamath River Basin The projects proposed for local development within the Klamath River Basin involve much smaller dams and reservoirs than those considered in the exporl plan. Their accomplishments include the provision of water for agricultural, municipal, and hydroelec trie power purposes, and in sonic cases for the mainte- nance and enhancement of fisheries, wildlife, ami rec- reation, 'fhe proposed local development reservoirs and some of their characteristics are shown in Table D-17. Iron (late Reservoir is proposed on the Klamath River seven miles downstream from Copco Dam to reregulate the releases from Copco Power Plant and to serve as a forebay for the Bogus Conduit, which would convey water to Shasta Valley. The reservoir would be of major value to fisheries ami recreation in that it would release constant flows to the Klamath TABLE D-16 CALIFORNIA WATER PLAN EXPORT RESERVOIRS PROPOSED IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN Stream and reservoii Height of dam, in feet St i i ■ in acre-feel Water surface area, \\ cr :iiz<- annual fluctuation of water surface, in feet Minimum i 1 (.■-.■i \ attOIlS, i Feet Klamath River 145 625 775 llll 730 :;:>:, 575 420 1,850,000 4.120,000 i 1 SI 1.1 11 III 1,940,000 7,760,000 146,000 3,050,000 1,260,000 11,100 18,200 21,000 10.300 24,600 2.170 16,300 6,300 42 in 33 50 III 17 38 47 .'8 in 632,000 3,914,000 i ,l is Trinity River 6,162,000 210,000 382.000 -si i APPENDIX I) 163 TABLE D-17 LOCAL DEVELOPMENT RESERVOIRS PROPOSED IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN I [eight of dam, in feet Storage capacity, in acre-feet Average annual fluctuation, in feet Minimum pool Mole in acre-feet Shasta River Montague- - - Grenada Ranch Little Shasta River Table Rock Willow Creek Red School Klamath River Iron Gate--. Scott River Callahan Moffett Creek Highland Salmon River Morehouse Trinity River, South Fork Smokey Creek Hayfork Creek Layman ... 300 1,000 River, eliminating the peaked and irregular Hows that presently exist. Iron Gate Reservoir itself would be of little recreational value since it would often undergo rapid fluctuations in water surface elevation. The Bogus Conduit, between Iron Gate and Red School Reservoirs, would be a hazard to local and migratory deer herds. The length of the conduit would be 20 miles, and throughout mosl of I his length it would be an open canal. Its capacity would be 840 second-feet; it would be 30 feet wide and 10 feet deep; and ils side slopes would be 1:1. Experience elsewhere in California has shown that canals with side slopes steeper than 1^:1 and widths greater than eight feet — the latter depending on the steepness of the sidehill slope — warrant the use of protective measures. Present practices call for the fencing of canals where deer might enter them, and the provision of bridges so that the animals might cross the canal. Tunnels or (dosed conduits would he preferable in areas of deer concent rat ion or at migra- tion route crossings. Deer fencing should he at least seven feet high, with the lower live to six feel being six inch wire mesh, and the lop to two feet being barbed wire strands eight inches apart. Deer crossings should he bridges of planking about six to eight feet wide, and fenced on either side so deer will not have access to the canal waters. A detailed study ami field inspec- tion of the entire Bogus Conduit route would lie nec- essary to determine where fencing and bridges are required. Red School Reservoir on Willow Creek would be an afterbay to the Bogus Conduit, and would receive Klamath River water pumped up from Iron (late Reservoir. This small reservoir would undergo fre quent and rapid water surface fluctuations, and would be of little recreational value. Table Rock Reservoir on Little Shasta River, pro- posed to develop water for agricultural purposes, would be of some value for recreational purposes. It would fluctuat dy moderately and should support a population of resident game fish. Grenada Ranch Reservoir is proposed on Shasta River approximately three miles south, ■ast of the town of Grenada, and a few miles downstream from the existing Dwinnell Dam. The reservoir would supply the municipal requirements of the City of Yreka ami would provide irrigation water to downstream lands. The average fluctuation of Grenada Ranch Reservoir would he only L'il feet annually, which is uoi a severe fluctuation. The reservoir, however, is located in gently rolling land, and only a few feet of drawdown would expose large areas ,,f the reservoir basin. For this reason it is not expected that Grenada Ranch Reservoir would he particularly desirable for recre- ational development and us,'. However, it could he expected to support a resident population of game fish. Montague Reservoir, located at the outlet of Shasta Valley, would complete the development of tile water supply of the Shasta River Basin. It would he formed by a relatively low dam. only Ills feel in height, and 164 KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION its water surface fluctuation would average only 15 fret annually. The reservoir would be attractive for recreational purposes, and it should support a good population of game fish. Montague Dam would have a detrimental effect on salmon and steelhead in thai it would prevent them from reaching spawning areas in Shasta Valley. If Montague Dam were built while salmon and steelhead still had access to Shasta River the fish would suffer a large Loss of spawning area. If, however, salmon and steelhead were previously blocked by dams down- stream on the Klamath River, the damage would al- ready have been done and Montague Dam would cans,' no further harm to these species. As mentioned in a previous section, the California Department of Fish and Game operates a rack each year on Shasta Unci- where counts of upstream mi- grant king salmon are obtained. Since 1938 this rack has been at a location very near the site of the pro- posed Montague Dam. Therefore, counts of king sal- mon passing the Shasta racks since 1938 will indicate almost exactly the numbers of these fish that would be blocked by the dam. During the last is years the king salmon counts have averaged almost 10,1)00 fish annu- ally at the Shasta racks. In addition, an unknown number of silver salmon and steelhead pass this point on their upstream migrations, but are not counted because their migrations occur later in the winter after the racks have been removed. The portion of the Shasta River downstream from the counting racks supports about one third as many king salmon as that above, and an unknown number of silver salmon and steelhead as well. To protect the fish spawning downstream from Mon- tague Dam, releases from storage amounting to 2,500 acre-feel per month would be made from October through March, and 1,200 acre-feel per month during the remainder of the year. The fish spawning upsl ream from the Montague Dam site would be lost unless some means wen' provided to protect them. Two possibilities for protecting these runs are apparent at the presenl time. A fish hatchery could be built below Montague Dam and fish propagated artificially, or a fishwaj could be built over the dam to enable fish to spawn naturally upstream. In the latter case, natural spawn- ing areas would be greatly reduced due to inundation by Montague Reservoir and due to the presen f other dams upstream. Additional detailed study would be required to determine the feasibility of either the hatchery or fishway. Two reservoirs are proposed in the Scotl River Basin to satisfy water requirements within the basin. Callahan Reservoir would be formed by a 276 foot- high dam constructed below the confluence of the Easl and South forks of the Scott River. Water would be released from it to be used for irrigation downstream, and to provide suitable minimum flows 'Hcs. A quantity of 10,000 acre-feel annually from Callahan Reservoir has been reserved for stream How maintenance. The reservoir would fluctuate through a wide ranee each year and would not be well-suited to recreational development and use. It would, however, undoubtedly support some fishing and recreational use. Highland Reservoir on Moffett Greek would be uti- lized to meet downstream irrigation requirements in Scott Valley. It would block no major spawning areas and would have little effect on salmon and steelhead. The reservoir would fluctuate to such a degree that it would be of only minor recreational value. Morehouse Dam on the Salmon River, approxi- mately 15 miles above the mouth, is proposed to de- velop hydroelectric power. This project would be destructive to salmon and steelhead fisheries in that the dam would block many miles of spawning area. If, however, major export dams on the Klamath River downstream had already blocked the runs of these fish, Morehouse Dam would do no further harm to salmon and steelhead. The reservoir, when full, would form an attradive recreation pool. However, large fluctuation in water surface elevation would prevent its develop- ment and use as a major recreational attraction. Layman Reservoir, on Hayfork Greek, is proposed to meet the water requirements of Hayfork Valley and would offer recreational benefits as well. A reservation of 3,600 acre-feet per year has beeu made for recrea- tional purposes. This water could be used as an in- terim enhancement to anadronious fisheries, or to support trout fisheries if downstream dams were to block salmon and steelhead. Smokj Creek Reservoir, well upstream on the South Fork of Trinity River, is designed primarily for rec- reational purposes. It would provide considerable iu- terim enhancement to salmon and steelhead fisheries, or if these lish were blocked by downstream projects, its water could be released for stream trout fisheries or be held within the reservoir for fishing and other recreation. Smoky Greek Reservoir would provide 16,500 acre-feet per year for recreational purposes. SUMMARY Many of the values associated with wildlife re- sources in the Klamath River drainage are intangible, making an economic evaluation almost impossible. The amount of time and money that people are willing to spend enjoying the recreational activities associated with fish and game merely reflects the importance of these wildlife resources. Benefits derived from com- mercial fishing at sea. supported by Klamath River reared salmon, are more easily approximated since a market price is placed on the harvested product. Even then the exact contribution of Klamath River fish to the commercial salmon catch along the Pacific Coast is not known. Businesses and people benefiting from recreational use, hunting, and sport and commercial fishing, either in the Klamath River Basin or attrib- APPENDIX D 1G5 utable to the Basin, are so greatly varied and widely distributed that a survey of considerable magnitude would be required to even approximate these values. It is estimated that at least 1,197,000 man-days were spent hunting and fishing in the Klamath Basin dur- ing 1955. The commercial ocean catch of king salmon from the Klamath River system had a retail value of about $1,303,000 during 1955. An average of 21,000 fur bearers are caught in the Klamath Basin each season. The 1955-56 fur catch brought an estimated $15,870 return to trappers. The retail value of this catch would be many times greater. Those using United States Forest Service picnic areas and camp- grounds for recreational purposes, such as hiking, swimming, camping, etc., comprised 38,250 people in 1955, who spent an estimated 77,200 man-days in the area. Table D-18 gives a summary of the estimated use by those fishing and hunting and by those using TABLE D-18 SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED USE BY THOSE WHO UTILIZED THE WILDLIFE AND RECREATIONAL RESOURCES OF THE KLAMATH RIVER DRAINAGE AREA IN CALIFORNIA DURING 1955 Resource Number of man-days use Number of fish and game taken Commercial value Fresh-water fishing, sport 437,000 304.000 30.000 2,577,000 95,000 39,000 179.000 7,750 200,000 59,700 15,030 Salmon Ocean fishing 1 Big came hunting 315,000 71,000 40,000 Migratory waterfowl hunting i pland game hunt rag I'm trapping 9 15,870 l;.'. leal ional i . ■ Camping, picnicking, etc 77,200 ANNUAL TOTALS 1,274,200 3,063,480 Sl.318,870 commercial caught salmon attributable ' The estimated annual retail value of In the Klamath Hirer llasin v - l|p| c "i 1 1n- run Trial lnr catch is based on prices paid to trappers onlv. ■ Hrrrratinnal use injures include the use made, exclusive of hunters anil fishermen. of public facilities „nly. within the liatimral funst boundaries. United [States Forest Service campgrounds and public facilities in the Klamath drainage area of California in 1955. Extensive plans have been made to develop the water resources of the largely undeveloped Klamath River Basin. California State Water Resources Board Bulletin No. 3, entitled "The California Water Plan," presents a plan to export over 8,000,000 acre-feet an- nually from the Klamath River Basin to water defi- cient areas in central and southern California. The effects of the proposed developments are discussed in Appendix E of Bulletin No. 3. The ultimate develop- ment of this export plan would result in the almost complete elimination of salmon and steelhead in the Klamath River Basin. During the interim period such measures as adequate water releases to stream beds and the operation of fish hatcheries would be required to maintain these valuable anadromous fisheries. The present report is concerned primarily with local development projects in the Klamath River Basin. A total of ten reservoirs has been proposed for satisfying municipal, agricultural, hydroelectric, and recrea- tional requirements. Insofar as recreation and fish- eries are concerned, the projects would have varying effects. Salmon and steelhead fisheries would be en- hanced in some instances by augmented summer flows, and by the reregulation of flows in the Klamath River below Copco Dam. These same species would likewise be threatened by the reduction of spawning areas in some cases, particularly in Shasta River. The proposed reservoirs would all be of some recreational value through boating, water skiing, swimming, etc., and could be expected to support resident populations of game fish. Fishing and aquatic recreation would be hampered in most instances by fluctuations in water surface elevation, bill some recreational use would be made of the reservoirs. .Montague Reservoir on Shasta River appears best suited to recreational development and use due to its comparatively stable water surface. Facilities required to proted fisheries and wildlife include the provision of some means to preserve the salmon and steelhead thai presently spawn upstream from the Montague Dam site. Further investigation would be required to determine the most feasible method of accomplishing this Further study must also be given to the protection of ilf^v along the Bogus ( londuit. DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION WINTER DEER RANGES, MIGRATION ROUTES PRINCIPAL KING SALMON SPAWNING AREAS 1956 APPENDIX E RESERVOIR YIELD STUDIES TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLES Page E-l Seasonal Summary of Monthly Yield Study. Beatty Reservoir on Sprague River 169 E-2 Seasonal Summary of Monthly Yield Study. Chiloquin Narrows Reservoir on Sprague River 170 E-3 Seasonal Summary of Monthly Yield Study, Upper Klamath Lake Willi Ultimate Conditions of Development 171 E-4 Seasonal Summary of Monthly Yield Study. Montague Reservoir on Shasta River With Present Impaired Flow of Shasta River 172 E-5 Seasonal Summary of .Monthly Yield Study. Montague Reservoir on Shasta River With Accretion From Water Imported Prom Klamath River 173 E-(i Seasonal Summary of .Monthly Yield Study. Grenada Ranch Reser- voir on Shasta River 171 E-7 Seasonal Summary of Monthly Yield Study, Table Rock Reservoir on Little Shasta River 175 lv> Seasonal Summary of Monthly Yield Study. Iron Gate Reservoir on Klamath River With Ultimate Impaired Inflow 176 E-9 Seasonal Summary of .Monthly Yield Study. Highland Reservoir on Mnffetl Creek ' 177 E-10 Annual Summary of Monthly Yield Study. Callahan Reservoir on Scott River 178 E-ll Seasonal Summary of Monthly Yield Study. Grouse Creek Reservoir on Scott River 179 E-12 Seasonal Summary of Monthly Yield Study. Etna Reservoir on French Creek 180 E-13 Seasonal Summary of .Monthly Yield Study, Mugginsville Reservoir on Mill Creek__ 181 K-14 Seasonal Summary of Monthly Yield Study, Layman Reservoir on Hay Fork Creek __. 182 E 15 Annual Summary of Monthly Yield study. Morehouse Reservoir on Salmon River 183 i 168 I Appendix E RESERVOIR YIELD STUDIES TABLE El SEASONAL SUMMARY OF MONTHLY YIELD STUDY, BEATTY RESERVOIR ON SPRAGUE RIVER (In 1,000 acre-feet) Storage capacity: 150,000 ;ici-e-feet Seasonal yield: 110,000 acre-feel 1920-21... 21-22. 22-23 23-24 24-25 1925-26 211-27 27-2S 28-29 29-30. .- 1930-31 _. .. 31-32 32-33 33-34 34-35--- 1935-36 3(i-37 37-38 38-39 39-40.. 1940-41.. 41-42 42-43_. 43-44.. 44-4.1 1945-46. 46-47 47-48.. 48-49 49-50 1950-51 51-52 Average seasonal 80.3 158.2 234.6 161.9 100.9 75.8 120.4 103.4 70.9 124.0 147.7 111.6 253.7 95.6 K',4.0 123.7 173.9 180.3 98.3 156.6 133.4 146.4 201.4 305.5 Storage at end of season 108.4 94.8 86.3 32.8 110.2 85.8 64.3 37.5 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 31.4 18.3 97.1 62.0 78.7 72.6 97.0 102.2 87.1 56.6 -20.7 -20.1 -19.7 -16.8 -18.9 -15.8 -21.0 -19.9 -18.4 -16.5 -11.8 -13.1 -11.9 -19.8 -21.1 -20.9 -20.1 -20.8 -20.5 -18.8 -19.7 -20.4 -20.8 Irrigation release 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 1 10.0 110.0 '.II .5 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110. 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 18.4 152.0 4.6 3.2 66.0 i n;:i i 17(1 KLAMATH RIVER IUS1X INVESTIGATION TABLE E-2 SEASONAL SUMMARY OF MONTHLY YIELD STUDY, CHILOQUIN NARROWS RESERVOIR ON SPRAGUE RIVER (In 1,000 acre-feet) Storage capacitj : i40,000 acre-feet Seasonal yield: L81,200 acre-feel Historical Bow ,,i Sycao River Accretions below Sprague and Sycan Rivers Return flow from Bi at! irrigation release Inflow From Sprague Basin Storage at end of season Evaporation Release from Chiloquin Narrows to Upper Klamath Lake Spill 139.3 86 5 12.7 12.5 in', 5 14.4 165 9 89.7 28.2 28. 3 5.8 57.4 30.5 7.9 ■„s 1 80 3 43.4 L82 2 27.2 108.9 53.5 94.6 224.5 30.0 ..I ': L08 i 20 2 63 : 61.9 ?:: s 132.6 189.4 111.2 III 9 117.7 102. 1 119.2 102.5 189.1 153.4 117.8 128.9 95 6 114.4 105.6 98 I 116.1 141.7 1 HI 1 201.4 106 '.i 153.8 134.6 177 9 215. S 125 1 1 53 . 7 167. 1 118.0 1 15 6 L31.1 134.5 214 2 258.9 47.7 47.7 47.7 47.7 47.7 47.7 47.7 47.7 47.7 47.7 40.8 44.1 HI 6 30.2 46.1 47.7 17.7 47.7 47.7 17 7 47.7 47.7 47.7 47.7 47.7 47.7 47.7 17 7 47.7 17.7 17 7 47.7 364.2 325.3 209 2 162 :; 273. 1 164 6 428.9 347.2 193.7 204.9 1 1-'..' 215.9 176.7 136.2 220 H 269.7 201.2 17 1 9 182.9 327. 1 235.8 338 6 640.0 207 . 4 268.9 389.3 185.9 257.0 '1 1.9 263.6 169 5 651 8 165.4 271.9 159 ii 32 :: 103.4 10.0 165.9 289 I 262.4 247 . 1 176 5 180.0 148.3 si .-, 74.6 137 9 113.8 359 . 9 108 'i 344.1 III il 371.3 382 1 327.6 364.1 359 1 313.0 341.0 351.5 31.3.1 159.5 389.7 —27.6 —37.6 —38.9 —32.7 21.1 —18.9 —32.1 12 5 —39.5 —39.0 —31.0 —30.0 —27.8 —21.8 —20.4 —24.4 —47.6 — 16.4 —50.5 —49.0 —52.2 —52.3 —46.7 —51.2 —50.8 ^6.6 ^7.8 —51.2 —50.5 —50.9 - 52 2 181.2 181.2 183.2 350.3 181.2 239.1 240.9 181.2 181.2 181.2 181.2 181.2 181.2 181.2 207.1 181.2 200.9 181.2 181.2 181.2 181.2 181.2 181.2 181.2 181.2 181.2 181.2 181.2 181.2 181.2 181.2 181.2 12-23 24-25 26-27 27-28 .. 3 9 29-30 . . o 1930-31 . 31-32 . 32-33 33-34 .... II 3 l-:s:. 1935 16 36-37.... 37-38 38-39 6.3 39-40 60 2 1940-41 15.7 !.' I.I 395.4 i:i 1 l 34.3 44-45 "I . 16 . 162.1 16-47 4.4 47-48 48-49 19-50 20.3 1950-51 241.0 51-52 388.2 76.0 1 lii 8 16.6 286 i: —39 . 3 191.8 43.0 APPENDIX E 171 a g-s a a 3 ?o < -a - _■ ~ CCCCO CC'COC 1+5M rt 4. « - - cc -r - + I Szo r - r 3 " i ' " C O 00 O < Ihl-SN 00 e ^ o co o — - MM M M I Ml M M M I " Ml I co O Q to tii Hi z° o u :££ If o c 0< | = D *•* £.£ g ,a 5 S 3 on g O O O O O ) o occ~z - ~ - - - cccco O O O O O 0( > C O O O O O O t- C r- os o o c OOOOO OOOOt JOOO ococo oo T •* C» OS < C C O ■- : « CO ^ o c ■ cs © OS C )O(DC0 2,000 2.000 2.000 J 01)0 2.000 2.000 2,000 2.000 2,000 2.000 ' 2.000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 .'.on,! 62,000 62,000 62.000 62,000 62,000 ,,-•111111 ,,JIIIII1 62.000 62,000 62.000 62.000 ,,-,000 62,000 62.000 62,000 62.000 112.000 112.000 62,000 62,000 62,000 ,,_'iniil 62.000 62.000 62,000 i; _'.iil in 62,000 62.000 62.000 1,2.0(111 62.000 62,000 17,200 13.000 20.400 21,300 27,800 103,700 70.000 5,300 65,900 32.5011 39 600 105,100 116.300 26,100 : 34,800 7,800 3.900 28.400 16,100 66,700 66,700 97,000 APPENDIX E 17:; TABLE E-5 SEASONAL SUMMARY OF MONTHLY YIELD STUDY, MONTAGUE RESERVOIR ON SHASTA RIVER Storage capacity: 87,000 acre-feet WITH ACCRETION FROM WATER IMPORTED FROM KLAMATH RIVER (In acre-feet) Seasonal yield : 105,000 acre feel 1921-22 22-23 23-24 24-25 1925-26 26-27 27-28 28-29 29-30.-. 1930-31 31-32 32-33 33-34 34-35 1935-36 36-37 37-38 38-39 39-40 1940-41 41-42 42-43 43-44 44-45 1945-46 46-47 47-48 48-49-_ 49-50 1950-51 51-52 52-53 Average seasonal Present impaired flow 81,100 78,300 61,900 134.200 84,600 191,700 114.500 71,300 77,100 63,400 65,500 63,800 55,600 63,000 75,100 65.500 196.700 72.400 129,800 189,700 183.800 89,800 58,700 78.100 100,200 72.400 90,100 93,700 84,500 140.400 149,000 170.900 Accretion from development and imported water 75,900 75,900 75,900 75,900 75.900 75,900 75,900 75,900 75,900 75,900 75,900 75,900 75,900 75,900 75,900 75,900 75.900 75,900 75,900 75,900 75,900 75.900 75,900 75,900 75,900 75,900 75.900 75,900 75,900 7 .-,.'.H 111 75,900 7.-,. !H III Storage at end of season 87,000 76,600 68,600 37,200 83,700 64,400 84,700 58.000 47,500 53,500 46,200 48,300 49,700 47,200 47.800 48,300 53,600 83,300 46,400 59,200 53,900 47.300 53,800 56,400 70,100 6,100 5,900 4,500 6,600 5,900 6,500 6,000 5,100 5,300 4.800 5,200 5,200 4,900 5.200 5.200 5.500 6.600 5.000 5,800 6,600 6,700 6,100 5,500 5,300 5,000 5,000 5,200 5,300 6,000 6,000 Stream flow maintenance 22,000 22,000 22,000 22,000 22,000 22,000 22,000 22,000 22,000 22,000 22.000 22,000 22,000 22,000 22.000 22.000 22,000 22, 22,000 22,000 22, i 22,000 22.000 22,000 22,000 12,000 22,000 22,000 22,000 22.000 22,000 22.000 105,000 in." ii 1(1.-,, 000 III II 105,000 in:,, hi in 105.000 105,000 105,000 Id.-,, iii in in.-,, hi in 105.000 105,000 I".-. I 105,000 in.-, in in 105,000 in:., i id.-,, Ill III 105,000 105,000 [OS 000 105.000 105.000 111-,, l 105,000 105 105.000 105,000 in", nun 105.000 34,300 29,300 37,700 30.000 113.800 84.100 13.700 14.800 7.10(1 6,100 2.100 6.100 18.300 3.600 109,300 53,200 is too 119.700 130.700 40.000 15.200 Jl. Mill 19,400 23,100 18,300 43.300 30,900 81.400 78.200 HIS 'HIM 174 KLAMATH RIVER LASIX iXVESTKJATH >X TABLE E-6 SEASONAL SUMMARY OF MONTHLY YIELD STUDY, GRENADA RANCH RESERVOIR ON SHASTA RIVER (In acre-feet) Storage capacity : l'l'.nOO acre-feet Seasonal yield: 20,000 acre-feet Season Inflow Storage at end of season Evaporation Release for di iw nst ream \\ ater rights Irrigation , i-li asi' Spill llfi.300 112,900 110,100 hi:; ;;iim 111. .700 107,900 128.20(1 11 1,700 108.200 109.S00 100.400 Ills : 108,500 HM 1 HIS 1 110,300 114.200 134,100 llli, Mill 123 i,iiii 132.800 120,600 116,200 IMS Mill 114,700 1 15,400 108,900 118.200 I i . : si in 111,100 1 17,300 I 26 800 1,400 2,600 5.500 3,100 1,900 3,300 2.71 III 8.400 5,400 2,700 3,500 1,900 2,800 2,800 2,300 1 Hill 3,900 6,500 10,500 3,600 7,000 10,500 8.900 4.800 3,200 6,600 6,500 3,500 0,1(10 5,300 4.300 5,200 1,700 1,900 1,800 1,500 2,000 1,800 2,300 2,200 1,800 1,700 1,800 1,700 1,700 1,700 1.S00 2,000 2,300 2,700 1,800 2,800 2,700 2,500 1,900 1,800 2,300 2.400 1.900 2,300 200 2,300 :,000 2,900 77.300 75,500 7 1 si n i 70,100 79.800 73,300 78,500 76,200 74,300 74,800 73,500 74,300 74,300 71,400 73,900 74,100 75,700 76,900 72,1 75,900 79,100 77.-'im 7:, 200 7 1 21 « i 76,100 75,800 7 1 200 76,500 75,100 74,800 74.500 77,100 20.000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20.000 21 1 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20,C 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 21 ' 1 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20.000 20,000 16.100 12,000 15,900 12,900 13.500 13,400 21,700 19,300 14,800 12,500 12,700 11,600 12,500 12,300 11,400 14,400 16 17 13,600 37-38.- . . 30,500 18 39 19.900 39 Hi 21,500 1940- 11 27,500 41-42 22,500 42-43 ...... 23,200 43-44 14.100 44-43 12,900 17,300 15.80(3 47-48 .. 13.800 48-49 20.300 ig 50 15,000 1950-51 19,900 22,400 Average seasonal _ 1 14,300 2,100 75.200 20.000 16,800 APPENDIX E 175 TABLE E-7 SEASONAL SUMMARY OF MONTHLY YIELD STUDY, TABLE ROCK RESERVOIR ON LITTLE SHASTA RIVER (In acre-feet) Storage capacity : 10,000 acre-feet Seasonal vii'M : ]f ,800 acre-feet Season Inflow Storage at end of season Evaporation l :ition irlr;i>r Spill 19,000 18.000 8,000 28,000 14,500 43,000 23,000 13,000 15,500 10,500 13,500 13,500 10.500 12,500 15,000 14,000 42,000 11,000 26.200 37,300 31,500 28,500 13,000 20,500 21,000 13,500 26.000 20,000 16,500 32,000 38.500 9,000 5,900 4,400 100 8,500 5,200 9.800 5,500 3,800 2,300 400 1.400 2,300 400 400 2,700 3,800 5,900 2,700 3,200 4,600 5,700 6,400 3,600 5,000 4,900 2,700 6,800 5,500 6,000 5,000 600 800 500 900 000 800 700 900 900 600 700 800 600 700 900 900 700 900 800 700 700 800 800 900 700 900 800 700 900 600 600 11,800 11,800 1 1, SI III i 1,800 11,800 11,800 11.800 11.800 11,800 11.800 1 1 Kill 1 11,800 11.800 11.800 11.800 11.800 11.800 1 1 .800 11,800 1 1 ,800 11,800 II. SI II) 11,800 11.800 11.800 11.S00 1 1 .800 1 1 .800 11.800 11,800 11.800 9,700 6,900 6.900 5,400 25,800 14.800 2.000 4.300 200 27.400 1.500 13.100 23.400 17.900 15,200 3.200 6,400 8,600 3.000 9,300 8.800 3.300 20.000 24.200 24-25 28-29 . 32 33... _ 33-34 34-35- 36-37.-. 37-38 _ 38-39 42-43... 47-48... 20,400 700 11.800 8,200 176 KLAMATH RIVER R.ASIN LWESTK i ATK >X TABLE E-8 SEASONAL SUMMARY OF MONTHLY YIELD STUDY, IRON GATE RESERVOIR ON KLAMATH RIVER WITH ULTIMATE IMPAIRED INFLOW (In acre-feet) Active storage capacitj : 35,400 acre-feet Seasonal yield: 122,000 acre feel 1920-21 21-22 JJj:: 23-24 24-25 1925-26 26-27 27-28 28-29 29-30 1930-31- 31-32 32-33 33-34 34-35 1935-36 36-37 37-38 38-39 39-40 1940-41 41-42 L2-43 43-41 44-45 L945-46 46-47 ._ 47-48 4*49 49-50 1950-51 _ 51-52 Average seasonal- Ultimate inflow to Copco Lake s::; Mm 795.500 581 urn 427.700 470,600 417,200 532,600 557,700 195,100 472,000 404,500 166, mil 467,300 416.300 Hi'. .rim 537,900 492,100 991,600 526,600 700.500 537,100 71.->. 7(ill 1,426,900 734.100 549.000 906,800 555.400 556.600 .-,sii:! TABLE E-15 ANNUAL SUMMARY OF MONTHLY YIELD STUDY, MOREHOUSE RESERVOIR ON SALMON RIVER (In acre-feet) Storage capacity : 010,000 acre-feet Average annual yield : 799,000 acre-feet Calendar year Storage at end of year I'nuri ri'l<:i !■ 1921. 1922. 1923. 1924. 1925. 1926. 1927. 1928. 1929. 1930. 1931. 1932. 1933. 1934. 1935. 1936. 1937. 1938. 1939. 1940. 1941. 1942. 1943. 1944. 1945.. 1946. 1947. 1948. 1949. 1950. 1951. 1952. 1953. Average annual. 1,184,100 678,400 595,900 393,900 1,091.600 937,200 1,190,200 793.000 528,700 587.300 402,700 775,000 791.600 545.400 760,800 848,900 1.064.400 I .ISS (1(111 ,-,.-,) ;,l)(l 1.030,900 1 ,078,800 1,140,400 1,045.500 522,200 1,054,800 981.600 572,100 977.300 667,200 1,348,800 1,158,100 1,314.700 1,520.300 630,200 629,600 630,200 630,200 429,300 630,200 694.700 630.200 630,200 572.500 595.000 409,800 619.000 630.200 525.000 624.000 590,700 754.500 630.200 593,600 630.200 693,200 748,600 630.200 579.700 705.200 630.200 605,500 630,200 616,000 844.900 712,700 630.200 15,600 15.100 15.200 12.900 15,300 15,000 15,600 15,400 13.700 15.200 13,000 15.000 15,300 13,600 15,300 15,500 15,000 15,600 15.000 15.600 15.200 15,200 15,600 14.400 15,300 15,300 14.900 15.300 15.300 15.300 15,600 15 ill II i 15.600 910,900 647.000 580,700 581.900 813.300 857,700 938,200 768.300 572 Tim 549.600 574.900 550,800 688,900 637,000 646,500 866,700 885.600 876.200 576,100 839,400 075,200 1,069 sun 915.500 558.300 914.000 1,041.300 581.900 907.700 666.100 1,104.600 962.300 [,006,100 [,307,600 300.900 9.900 312.400 375.500 197.100 APPENDIX F ESTIMATES OF COST TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLES Page F-l Estimated Cost of Montague Dam and Reservoir 187 F-2 Estimated Cost of North and South Pumping Plants 187 F-3 Estimated Cost of Grenada Ranch Dam and Reservoir 188 F-4 Estimated Cost of Grenada Ranch Pumping: Plant and Conduit to Yreka 188 F-5 Estimated Cost of Table Rock Dam and Reservoir 189 F-fi Estimated Cost of Iron Gate Dam and Reservoir _ 190 F-7 Estimated Cost of Iron Gate Pumping Plant 190 F-8 Estimated Cost of Bogus Conduit 191 F-9 Estimated Cost of Ager Pumping Plant 191 F-10 Estimated Cost of Red School Dam and Reservoir 192 I-'-ll Estimated Cost of Highland Dam and Reservoir 192 F-12 Estimated Cost of Callahan Dam and Reservoir—. . 193 F-13 Estimated Cos1 of Grouse Creek Dam and Reservoir— 194 F-14 Estimated Cost of Etna Dam and Reservoir 193 F-15 Estimated Cost of Shaekleford Creek Diversion into Mugginsville Reservoir 195 F-l(i Estimated Cost of .Muytiinsville Dam and Reservoir and Oro-Fino Project . 196 F-17 Estimated ( 'ost of Layman Dam and Reservoir 197 F-18 Estimated Cost of Morehouse Dam and Reservoir _ 198 F-19 Estimated Cost of Morehouse Power Plant 198 Appendix F ESTIMATES OF COST TABLE F-l ESTIMATED COST OF MONTAGUE DAM AND RESERVOIR (Based on prices prevailing in Spring of 1956) Elevation of crest of dam : 2.515 feet, U.S.G.S. datum Elevation of crest of spillway : 2,500 feet Height of dam to spillway crest, above stream bed : !)3 feet Storage capacity of reservoir i Discharge capacity of spillwi second-feet spillway crest : 87,000 acre-feet with 6-foot freeboard: 7,200 CAPITAL COSTS Dam Diversion and care of stream Stripping and prepara- tion of foundation Embankment Impervious Pervious Grouting Spillway Excavation Concrete Reinforcing steel Outlet Works Excavation Concrete Reinforcing steel Steel pipe, 72-inch diam- eter Butterfly valve, 72- im-li diameter Howell-Bunger valve, 36-inch diameter Inlet structures and trashracks 226,000 cu.yd. 1,223,100 cu.yd. 212.100 cu.yd. 97,500 cu.yd. 2,550 cu.yd. 191,100 lbs. 4,800 cu.vd. 2,400 cu.vd. ISO, hs lump sum $0.75 1.50 60.00 0.14 .30 11,250 7,500 lump sum $ 10,000 169.500 917,300 636.300 25,000 J 1.758, 100 146.300 153,000 26.800 $326,100 24,000 72,000 25,200 90,000 22,500 7,500 $20,000 $261,200 CAPITAL COSTS— Cont. Reservoir Land and improvements Public utdities Clearing Subtotal--- Administration and en- gineering, 10% Contingencies, 15% Interest during const ruction TOTAL-. -- ANNUAL COSTS Interest, 3.5% Repayment, 0.76%.-- Replacement, 0.07% . . . General expense, 0.32% Operation and maintena TOTAL 1 .440.000 1.021.000 30.000 S2.491.000 483.600 725.400 211,600 4.400 20.100 11,200 TABLE F-2 ESTIMATED COST OF NORTH AND SOUTH PUMPING PLANTS Discharge (Based on pr capacity of pumping plants: North, !H) second-feet South, 169 second-feet tiling in Spring of 1956) Maximum pumping head: North, 221 feet South. 224 feet Item Quantity Unit price Cost Item Quantity 1'nit price Cost CAPITAL COSTS CAPITAL COSTS Cont. North Pumping Plant 17,500 gpm units Discharge conduit, 36- inch diameter welded steel pipe.. - South Pumping Plant 10,000 gpm units 10,000 gpm units Valves .. 3 each 2 each 1 020 lin. ft, 3 each 2 each 3,080 lin. ft. $170,200 1 17.000 lumps 17 10 96,600 72,600 I 1 Hi $510,600 mi 000 30.000 To i $844,600 289,800 145,200 30,000 14,400 $509,400 $1,354,000 Id listration and en- gineering, in' , ( lontingencies, 15' , Interestduring construction nil \1 ANNUAL COSTS Interest, :<.:>', !;<-|':i\ unlit. 0.76' , Replacement, 1.20' , Insurance 1 -" Genera! expense, 0.329! 1 1| iei a1 ion and maintenance Electrical energy TOT \l $135,400 203.100 29.600 $1,722 mo 20.700 Discharge conduit. 30- inch diameter welded steel pipe Subtotal 2 100 5.500 in 700 134 300 $410,700 188 KLA.MATII RIVER BASIN IXVESTK IATIOX TABLE F 3 ESTIMATED COST OF GRENADA RANCH DAM AND RESERVOIR (Based on pri Elevation of crest of dam : 2,590 feet, O.S.G.S. damn. Elevation of spillway crest : 2,580 feet Height of dam to spillway crest, above stream !..■•! : ."".!' I'.-cl liling in Spring of 1956) Storage capacity of reservoir to spillway crest : 22,800 acre feel Discharge capacity of spillway with 4-foot freeboard: 12,000 second-feet CAPITAL COSTS Diversion and care of stream Stripping and prepara- tion of foundation Embankment Pervious, salvage - Impervious Grouting . Spillway Excavation, used i I loncrete Reinforcing steel i (routing Auxiliary Dams Stripping and prepara- tion of foundal ion Embankment Riprap - __- — ' irouting Exca' ation Backfill... Concrete Pipe encasement. Structural 33,600 cu.yd. 1,365 cu.yd. 102,5110 lbs. I l. sou cu x.l 39,000 cu.yd. 4,800 cu.yd. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 sum s| no 1 .00 35.00 0.15 1 .00 0.60 2 50 M ,.(10(1 41.300 28,500 55.000 70,000 3:5.000 47,800 15,400 12,000 14,800 23,400 12,000 27,000 CAPITAL COSTS Cont. Reinforcing steel Steel pipe Slide gate, 36-inch di- ameter and manual controls. ( cite valves, 9-inch di- ameter and controls Reservoir Land and improvements Public utilities ( Hearing . . Subtotal Administration and en- gineering, 10% Contingencies. 1 .V , Interest during construc- tion Total ANNUAL COSTS Interest, 3.5' , Repayment. (I 7C . Replacement, 0.07%... Operation and maintenance Total | lump i 1 p E lump f 4.800 12,500 4,000 841,800 665,000 35,000 15,000 715.000 $1,152,600 115.300 172.500 50.600 $1,491,000 S52.200 1 1 ,300 1.200 5,000 TABLE F-4 ESTIMATED COST OF GRENADA RANCH PUMPING PLANT AND CONDUIT TO YREKA (E ased on prices preva ing in Spring of 1956) Item Quantity Unit price Cost Item Quantity L T nit price Cost CAPITAL COSTS Pumping Plant Pump, motei and startei 900 g] init I titration plant and 2 each 57. 000 lin.ft. ' , Interest dui ing stt ui $62,500 TOTAL... $539,000 Valves and special items Conduit Steel pipe, 1 1-inch di- ter, in gage Vah es ami speci ANNUAL COSTS Interest, 3.5' , Repay nt 0.76<2 $18,900 4.100 si 111. SOI) ( Inei at ion .mil maintenanci 12.000 administration and en- L'lUeel III'.' Ill' , Electrical energy 9.500 $41,700 TOTAL $49,900 APPENDIX V 189 TABLE F-5 ESTIMATED COST OF TABLE ROCK DAM AND RESERVOIR (Based on prices prevailing in Spring of 1956) Elevation of crest of dam : 2.900 feet, U.S.G.S. datum Storage capacity of reservoir to spillway crest : 10,000 acre-feel Elevation of crest of spillway : 2,800 feet Height of dam to spillway crest, above stream bed : SO feet Discharge capacity of spillway with 6-foot freeboard: 7.">(l sec- ond-feet Mem Quantity Unit price Cost Item Quantity Unit price Cost CAPITAL COSTS Dam Diversion and care of 381,700 cu.yd. 1,255,500 cu.yd. 143,700 cu.yd. 14,300 cu.yd. 1,255,500 cu.yd. 143,700 cu.yd. 15,000 cu.yd. 14.300 cu.yd. 5,600 Hn.ft. 17,000 cu.yd. 124,800 cu.yd. 2,200 cu.yd. 124.800 cu.yd. 2,200 cu.yd. 23,000 cu.yd. 730 cu.vd. 54,800 lbs. 3,563 cu.yd. 847 cu.yd. 63,500 lbs. lump sun, $1.00 0.35 1.00 1.00 0.20 1.50 0.40 3.00 10.00 1 .10 0.4(1 1.20 0.30 3.00 2.50 60.00 0.14 2.50 60.00 0.14 SI 0,000 381,700 439,400 143,700 14,300 251,100 215,600 6,000 42.900 56,000 Jl,560,700 IS, 7011 49,900 2,1300 37,400 6,600 $115,200 57,500 43,800 7,700 $109,000 8,900 50,800 8,900 CAPITAL COSTS— Cont. Steel pipe 12-inch diameter 30-inch diameter Trashrack _ _ . — High pressure slide gates, 2.5 feet x 2.5 feet 1.0 feet x 1.0 feet Howell-Bunger valves, 30-inch diameter 12-inch diameter Miscellaneous metal work Reservoir Land and improvements Public utilities Clearing — Subtotal - - . Administration and en- 5,980 lbs. 26,600 lbs. .' each 1 each 2 each i each 100 acres $0.30 .30 lump sum 6,000 2,000 9,000 2,000 lump sum lump sum lump sum 100.00 (1 BOO 8.000 1.000 12.000 2.000 18.000 2,000 5,000 100.000 66.000 10,000 Stripping and prepara- tion of foundation Excavation $118 100 Saddle Dam -17'. nun Stripping and prepara- tion of foundation Excavation $2,079,300 207 '.«"i Embankment Contingencies, 15% _ _ Interest during construc- tion. _ _ 11 l ! 91,000 Spillway Excavation $2,690,100 ANNUAL COSTS Reinforcing steel -,l 200 Outlet Works Excavation -_ Concrete, pipe encase- Repayment, 0.76% Replacement, 0.07% General expense, 0.32% Operation and maintenance TOTAL 20 100 1 ,900 8,600 5,000 $130,100 I'M) KI.A.MATII RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION TABLE F-6 ESTIMATED COST OF IRON GATE DAM AND RESERVOIR (Based on prices prevoiling in Spring of 1956) Elevation of crest of dam : 2,305 feet, U.S.G.S. datum Elevation of crest of spillway: 2,280 feel Height of < 1m in to spillway crest, above stream 1 >«■i el sion and care of 1 liveraioD tumid., 15- fool dia meter 610 Im.t'i. Stripping and prepara- tion of foundation 31,821 cu.yd Concrete Mass I 16,600 cu.yd Outlet Works 200,600 lbs. Mfi 1 i '11.1- 48-inch diameter _ _ 12,000 lbs. 1 L'd-im'Ii diameter 665,000 lbs. Slide gate, 4 fee* x \ feel Regulating valve.. .. Butterfly valve. 120- inch diameter. ._ 80,000 lbs. $20, 128,100 95.500 1.332,000 lli,(l(l(l 25,000 $2,616,600 70,200 3,000 199,500 25,1 1,110(1 •llll 5,000 40,000 S366.500 CAPITAL COSTS — Cont. Reservoir Land and imp] o\ ements i bearing Subtotal Administration and en- gineering, 111' , Contingencies, 15' , - - Interest during construc- tion TOTAI __ ANNUAL COSTS Interest, 3.5' , Repayment, 0.76' , Replacement, 0.07' , General expense, 32' , ' Iperal ton and maintenance TOTAL lump sum lump sum 19.000 76,000 $139,400 30,300 2.800 12,700 6.800 $182,000 TABLE F-7 ESTIMATED COST OF IRON GATE PUMPING PLANT (Based on prices prevailing in Spring of 1956) Discharge capacitj oi p imping plan! : 840 seconi -feet Maximum pumping 1 ead : :«<5 feet Item Quantity Unit price 1 lost Item Quantity Unit price Cos! CAPITAL COSTS Pumping plant 75,000 gpm units 5 eai h i 830 lin.ft. $640,1 i psurr, 200 on $3,200,000 75,1 366,000 53,641,000 ANNUAL COSTS Repayment, 0.76' , Replacement, L.20 1 , i ieneral expense.O 32' Opei i1 ...II and maintenance $164,900 3.V Mill 1 discharge conduit, 10- diametei welded steel I. - . 5,600 $3,641,000 364,100 546,200 159,300 TOTAL \'li' 3tra1 nd en- ( Contingencies, 1 5' I iit.-i. 'st ,l,ii ing , ,,ri. trui TOTAL APPENDIX F 101 TABLE F-8 ESTIMATED COST OF BOGUS CONDUIT (Based on prices prevailing in Spring of 1956) Length of lined canal : Length of tumid : Length of sted pipe siphon : Discharge capacity of conduit : 840 and 770 second-feel Item Quantity Unit price Cost Item Quantity Unit price Cost CAPITAL COSTS Canal 140 ac. 547,0011 ,u yd. 121.000 eu.yd. 264,000 sq.yd. 204,000 sq.yd. 2,100 lin.ft. 4,550 lin.ft. S100.00 4.00 0.25 2.00 2.50 319.00 185.00 $14,000 2.1SS,00II 30,200 528.000 600,000 $3,420,200 669,900 841,800 CAPITAL COSTS— Cont. Administration and en- Contingencies, 15% Interest during construction TOTAL ... 7 ;■• son 215.800 $6,380,700 Tunnel 12.5-fniit diameter lined ANNUAL COSTS J223 300 Repayment, 0.76% 48,500 13.000 10.0-foot diameter welded steel pipe General expense 0.32% Operation and maintenance 20,400 57,000 14,931,900 $362,200 capacity of pumping plant : TABLE F-9 ESTIMATED COST OF AGER PUMPING PLANT (Based on prices prevailing in Spring of 1956) 7ti second-feel Maximum pumping head: 234 feel Item Quantity Unit price Cost Item Quantity Unit pj ice Cost CAPITAL COSTS 4 each 2,400 lin.ft. $575,000 lump sum 140.00 $2,300,000 60,000 336,000 $2,696,000 ANNUAL COSTS $122, UK) Repayment, 0.71V"; Replacement, 1.20% General expense, 32' , Insurance. 0.12% Operation and maintenance j,, 500 Valves Discharge conduit, 9.5 foot diameter welded steel pipe 11,200 4,200 136.000 207,000 S2,li!H'.,OIIO 269,600 404,400 118.000 - .is ! Administration and en- gineering, 10% Contingencies, 15% Interest during construction TOTAL. $3,488,000 192 KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION TABLE F-10 ESTIMATED COST OF RED SCHOOL DAM AND RESERVOIR (Based on pri Elevation of crest of dam : 2,810 feet D.S.G.S. datum Elevation of crest of spillway : 2,800 feel Height <>f dam to spillwaj crest, above stream bed: 70 feot liling in Spring of 1956) Storage capacity of reservoir to spillway crest : 2,100 acre-feet Discharge capacitj of spillway with 5-foot freeboard: 1.500 second-feet CAPITAL COSTS Dam 1 >i\ ersion and care of Btri am. Stripping and tion of foundation Embankment Impervious Pervious Grouting Spillway 1 A'-:i\ ation Racktill < '..terete Reinforcing steel Outlet Works Excavation Concrete Reinforcing steel Steel pipe, 78-inch di- ameter Slide uate, 5 feet x 5 feet MisielklllCUIlS ruetLll Will k L'l.-l Ml III en.\d 217,300 cu.vd. 2,400 lin.ft. !.".,! M.V.I. 5,600 cu.yd. 1,023 cu.vd. 76.700 lbs. 1,120 cu.yd. 600 cu.yd. 45.000 lbs. 108.000 lbs. 30,000 lbs. lump sum lump sum SI. 00 0.90 2.50 10.00 15, 38,900 220,500 343,300 24.000 5,600 1,1 (HI I 10,700 2.800 36,000 6,300 32,400 15,000 9,000 CAPITAL COSTS— Cont Reservoir Land and improvement Subtotal Administration and en- gineering, 10% Contingencies. 15% Interestduring const i ucl ion TOTAL. __. ANNUAL COSTS Interest, 3..V , Repayment, 76' , Replacement 0.07' , i h ii, ■ml , M" ii-,v 1 1 :;_" , Operation and maintenance TOTAL 4,000 S4.000 1 10,200 165,400 24,100 si" urn 10.700 1,000 4,500 400 $65,700 TABLE F-ll ESTIMATED COST OF HIGHLAND DAM AND RESERVOIR (Based on prices prevailing in Spring of 1956) Elevation of crest of clam : ."..4(15 feet, D.S.G.S. datum Elevation of spillway cresl : 3,394 feet Height of dam to spillway crest, above stream bed : 1-4! » feet Storage capacity of reservoir to spillway crest : 26,200 acre-feet Discharge capacity of spillway with 0-foot freeboard : 4,500 second-feet CAPITAL COSTS Dam Diversion and care of stream Stripping Rock Unclassified Embankment Pervious - Impervious t {routing Spillway ii [i hi n "'l. used n dam Trimming and cleanup i mi, n-ti Reinforcing steel Outlet Works i < i.lHTrte Encase at icturaL.. Reinforcing .steel Trash rack steel I I 7 11(111 i n Ml '■I ■ i. nl 5,700 lin.ft. 13,100 sq.yd. 1,930 cu.yd. [61 000 II 60,900 lbs. 1 15 eu.yd. 64,000 lbs. 2,100 lbs. 1 .90 0.75 7.50 30 oo 7(1 00 .' ms.'ion 461,300 12 sun |2 16,400 67,600 24,200 [2 500 15.700 9,600 ..on CAPITAL COSTS— Cont. High pressure-slide gate, 2 feet x 3 feet Howell-Bunger valve, 30-inch diameter Reservoir Land and improvements Public utilities Clearing Subtotal.. Administration and en- gineering. 10% Contingencies, 15 ( ", Interest during construction TOTAL ANNUAL COSTS Interest, 3.5% - Repayment. 0.76' , Replacement. 0.07' , ( ,.n, I ill expense O 32' Operation and maintenance TOTAL 12.500 lbs. 12,300 II-. 0.50 0.90 lump sum lump sum lump sum 6,300 11,100 81,000 26.000 22,000 129.000 312,500 468,700 105.000 $143,200 31.100 2.900 13,100 5.100 $195,400 APPENDIX F 193 TABLE F-12 ESTIMATED COST OF CALLAHAN DAM AND RESERVOIR (Based on prices prevailing in Spring of 1956) Elevation of crest of dam : 3,360 feet, TJ.S.G.S. datum Elevation of spillway crest : 3,355 feet Height of dam to spillway crest above stream bed : 265 feet Storage capacity of reservoir to spillway crest: 133,000 acre- feet Discharge capacity of spillway with 5-foot freeboard : 12,900 second-feet CAPITAL COSTS Dam Diversion tunnel, 12- foot diameter Care of stream Stripping, excavation and preparation of founda- tion G rou ting Embankment Impervious Pervious Spillway Excavation Concrete Weir Walls Slab.. Reinforcing steel Outlet Works Steel pipe, 48-inch di- ameter Concrete Tunnel plug Intake structure Reinforcing steel S360.00 lump sum 3,400.000 cu.yd. 0,100,000 eu.yd. 343,000 cu.yd. 308 cu.yd. 1,278 cu.yd. 2,130 cu.yd. 278,800 lbs. 370 cu.yd. 100 cu.yd. 10,000 lbs. 60.00 30.00 0.14 30.00 100.00 0.14 J612.000 10,000 1,870.000 3,080,000 517.500 10,800 76,700 63,900 39,000 11,100 10,000 1,400 CAPITAL COSTS— Cont. Butterfly valve, 48- incli diameter Howell-Bunger valve, 48-inch diameter Reservoir Land and improvements Public utilities Clearing Subtotal Administration and en- gineering, 10% Contingencies, 15% Interest during construction TOTAL ANNUAL COSTS Interest, 3.5% Repayment, 0.76' ; Replacement, 0.07% General expense, 0.32' i . Operation and maintenance TOTAL lump £ lump £ lump sum lump sum lump sum 12.000 22,500 294,000 90,000 196.000 580,000 828,100 1,242,200 543,500 S3S1.300 82,800 7.600 34,800 15.000 $521,500 194 KLAMATH RIYK1. P.AKIN INVESTIGATION TABLE F13 ESTIMATED COST OF GROUSE CREEK DAM AND RESERVOIR (Based on prices prevailing in January, 1957) Elevation of crest of dam: 3,675 feet, U.S.G.S. datum Elevation of crest of spillway : 3,666 feet, U.S.G.S. datum Elevutii f stream bed : 3,500 feet Height of dam to crest of spillway above stream bed: 166 feel Storage capacitj of reservoir ti> crest of spillway: 50,000 acre- feel Discharge capacitj of spillway with 4-foot freeboard: 6,000 sec l-feet CAPITAL COSTS Dam Care and diversion of stream. Stripping and prepara- tion of foundation Embankment 1 1 n per vious Pervious Riprap Grouting Miscellaneous items, 5% Spillway Excavation Overburden Rock Trimming and clean up _ Concrete Walls Bottom and Weir Flip bucket Reinforcing steel Miscellaneous items, 10^ Outlet Works I ation Backfill Steel pipe, 42-inch di- ameter Concrete Pipe cover St r UCl U'al Eteinfoi cine steel ______ Trashrack 240,925 cu.yd. 1.. 578,01(1 cu.yd. 348,326 cu.yd. 48,333 cu.yd. 36,016 cu.yd. 80,200 cu.yd. 34.130 sq. ft. '.128 ru.yil. 957 cu.yd. 51 cu.yd. 193 600 lbs. |-,,38(l i ii y.l. .5.1140 cu.yd. lump sum SI. 59 2.93 up sum 31.00 50.00 0.20 0.40 40.00 7.'. (Ill ll 20 lump sum 810,000 383,000 1,390.000 394,000 141,800 50,000 118,200 is i 172.4011 2.730 09,700 29,700 2,550 38,720 33,200 34,100 17.800 12,800 2,600 2,000 CAPITAL COSTS— Cont. Slide gate, 36-inch di- ameter Howell-Bunger valve. 18-inch diameter Miscellaneous items, 1.5'; Reservoir Land Improvements. . Clearing Roads Public Utilities Subtotal Geological investigations. Administration and en- _nii'i i in_ Hi' , Contingencies, 15',' Interest during construction: TOTAL _ ANNUAL COSTS Interest, 3.5"^ Repayment, 0.76% Replacement, 0.07' < leneral expense 12 ' Iperation and maintenance Lump sum lump sum SS0.O0 lump sum 25.00 15,000.00 lump sum TOTAL. 3,000 14.900 $113,! 40,000 20.000 20,000 00.000 5.000 311,300 407,000 82,600 - 1 1 1 :,( ii i 31.400 2 13.200 7,500 II! 10 APPENDIX F 195 TABLE F-14 ESTIMATED COST OF ETNA DAM AND RESERVOIR (Based on price Elevation of crest of dam : 2,1)42 feet, TJ.S.G.S. datum Elevation of crest of spillway : 2.032 feet Elevation of stream bed: 2,855 feet Heigh I of dam to crest of spillway above stream bed: 77 feet liling in January, 1957) Storage capacity of reservoir to crest of spillway: 12,000 acre feet Discharge capacity of spillway with 4-foot freeboard: 12..",iki second feet CAPITAL COSTS Dam Diversion and care of stream Stripping and prepara- tion of foundation Embankment Impervious Pervious Riprap G routing Miscellaneous items Spillway Excavation, unclassified Excavation, rock Concrete Walls Bottom Weir Reinforcing steel Miscellaneous items Outlet Works Excavation Concrete Pipe cover Structural Welded steel pipe, 42- inch diameter High pressure slide gale, 42-inch diameter Howell-Bunger valve, 32-inch diameter 823.217 cu.vd. 173,258 cu.yd. 43,403 cu.vd. 41,812 i 157,910 ( 1,317 cu 2,741 cu 240 cu 429,800 lb lump sum SI. 00 lump s lump s 0.74 0.53 2.62 2.00 41.00 31.00 35.00 0.20 0.32 Lump sum lump sum $10,000 187,300 609.000 91,800 113,800 25,000 51,800 $1,088,700 39.700 315,800 54.000 85,000 8,400 86,000 58,900 15,000 8,000 14,000 CAPITAL COSTS— Cont. Trashrack Reinforcing steel 80,000 1b. Riprap 164 cu. Miscellaneous items Reservoir Land 295 acr Improvements Clearing 295 aci Roads Public utilities. ! Subtotal Geologic investigations, 5% Administration and engi- neering, 10% Contingencies, 15% Interest during construc- tion TOTAL... ANNUAL COSTS Repayment, 0.76%''-—'-'- Replacement, 0.07% ' < Operation and maintena nee General expense, 0.32% TOTAL. Lumpsum $0.20 4.00 lump sum 100.00 lump sum 50.00 lump sum lump sum 13.700 $105,100 S29.500 50,000 14,300 40,000 15,000 $148,800 $1,990,400 99 500 192 LOO 20,100 1,800 2,400 8,400 $125 100 ESTIMATED COST OF SHACKLEFORD CREEK DIVERSION INTO MUGGINSVILLE RESERVOIR (Based on prices prevailing in January, 1957) CAPITAL COSTS Diversion Dam Strip and prepare site.. Kxruvation Concrete Reinforcing steel Flashboards, timber Deck and railing Appurtenances Diversion Canal Excavation Embankment Trimming Lining Miscellaneous items Subtotal : it yd 350 cu.yd. 35.000 lbs. 2.8 MBM 3.0 MBM 9,200 cu.vd. 7,400 cu.yd. 16.600 sq.yd. i vl 0.15 300.00 450.00 $2,000 1,200 26,200 5,250 840 1,350 3,500 27,600 1,500 12,500 80,000 12,460 CAPITAL COSTS— Cont. Geological investigations, .V, Administration and en- gineering, 10% Contingencies, 1 5% Interest during const i ac- tion TOTAL.. ANNUAL COSTS 17 700 26,600 $8,200 - 200 .' 100 196 KLAMATH LIVER LASIX IXVEKTKi ATK >X ESTIMATED COST OF MUGGINSVILLE DAM AND RESERVOIR AND ORO-FINO PROJECT (Based on prices prevailing in January, 1957) capacity of reservoir to crest of spillway : 23,000 acre Elevation of crest of dam : 2,956 feet, U.S.G.S. datum Elevation "f cresl of spillway : 2,946 feet Elevation of stream bed : 2.S53 feet Height of dam to crest of spillway above stream bed : 93 feet Storagi feet Discbarge capacity of spillway with 6-fool freeboard: 6,000 second-feet CAPITAL COSTS Dam Diversion and care of stream Excavation Overburden Cutoff trench, un- classified Cutoff trench, rock... Embankment Impervious Pervious Riprap, spillway sal- vage. Grouting Miscellan.-. m* iii Hi- Spillway Excavation Overburden Rock Channel Trimming and clean up. ( Concrete Walls Bottom Weir Reinforcing steel Miscellaneousitems, 10% Outlet Works Excavation Welded steel pipe, 42- inch diameter Concrete Reinforcing steel Submerged inlet and trashracks Slide gate, 36-inch di- :i in. tor Howell-Bunger valve, 18-inch diameter M isci-llalu-ous iti-nis I -V , Pumping Plant 3,000 gjiin unit, pump, on and electrical equipment I ,500 Bpm unit, pump, in. iii. i and electrical i i |iii|iin. to 1 ii-i liai in- ponstork, 24- inch diameter 93,420 cu.yd. 10,380 cu.yd. 1,243,000 . 535,900i .v.. I I.",' I ,u v.l 312,031 cu.yd. 7'. .Vis .'ii v.l 68,200 sq.ft. 1,054 cu.yd. 1,471 cu.yd. 140 cu.yd. 200,000 lbs. 120.000 Ihs. 770 cu.y 57,000 lbs. 1.00 2.00 ii 50 2.00 0.70 0.08 41.00 31.00 35.00 0.20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 sum 85,000 120.200 303.000 ! i ii i 130.100 S2,! 27.600 624.100 55,600 5 ! 43.200 45.600 4,900 10,000 13. :,00 860.000 36,000 .;n sun 8,500 2.000 2.000 CAPITAL COSTS-Cont. Gate valves. 12 and 14- inch diameter Check valves, 12-inch diameter Miscellaneous piping. Outdoor installation base, and crane Miscellaneous items Oro-Fino Canal Excavation i uiilialiklti. Ill Trimming Lining Miscellaneousitems, 10' Oro-Fino Tunnel 7-foot diameter horse- shoe concrete lined _ _ Miscellaneous items Reservoir Land Public Utilities— Clearing Improvements, dwell- ings Highway relocation Subtotal ( leological Investigations, Administration and en- gineering, 10% Contingencies, l.V , Interest during construc- tion TOTAL ANNUAL COSTS Interest, 3.5% Repayment, 76% Replacement, 0.07% i leneral expense, 0.32%.. ( tpi-ration and maintenance Electrical energy Shackleford Creek Dh TOTAL 10.300 cu.yd. o, HI ill ,,,,,! 7 sun sq ,.,1 650 cu.yd. 750 acres 4 miles 750 acres 20 each 5 miles s I 0.30 lump sum lump sum 3.00 0.60 0.75 42.00 lump sum 181.00 lump sum 100.00 5,000.00 5.000.00 2.5.OO0.0O 8,500 6,600 S72.300 30,900 3,800 5,900 27,300 6,800 75,000 20,000 18.800 100.000 125,000 ISO L'llO 733,800 1227,100 49.300 4,500 20.800 4.400 4,700 12,600 APPENDIX F 197 TABLE F-17 ESTIMATED COST OF LAYMAN DAM AND RESERVOIR (Based on prices prevailing in Spring of 1956) Elevation of crest of dam : 2,650 feet. U.S.G.S. datum Elevation to crest of spillway: 2,638 feet Height of dam to crest of spillway above stream bed : 1 18 feel Storage capacity of reservoir to crest of spillway: 21,500 acre- feet Ilischarge capacity of spillway with ."5-fi.iot freeboard: ln.lMMl second-feet CAPITAL COSTS Dam Diversion and care of stream 6-foot diameter diver- sion tunnel Stripping and prepara- tion of foundation Embankment Impervious Pervious Grouting Spillway Excavation Concrete Weir and slab Walls Reinforcing steel Outlet Works 36-inch diameter welded steel pipe Trash rack steel. __ Slide gate, 36-inch di- ameter Regulating valve, 36- inch diameter 750 lin.ft. 97.300 cu.yd. 1,440 cu.yd. 4.100 cu.yd. 484,000 lbs. 58,500 lbs. 2.100 lbs. 20,000 lbs. 16,000 lbs. lump sum 176.00 0.30 0.30 0.50 0.90 85,000 132,000 194,600 469.600 893,600 52.000 $1,746,800 50.400 246.000 67.800 503,000 10,000 14,400 CAPITAL COSTS— Cont. Concrete, structural Reinforcing steel Reservoir Land and improvements Public u t ilit Clearing and timber Subtotal Administration and en- gineering, 10% ( Jontingencies, 15% Interest during construc- tion TOTAL ANNUAL COSTS Interest, 3.5% _ Repayment, 0.76% Replacement, 0.07% General expense, 0.32%... Operation and maintenance TOTAL lump s lump s 156.000 70,000 271,000 117.10(1 25,400 2.300 10.700 4,700 SI 00,200 L98 KLAMATH RIVER BASIN [NVESTIGATION TABLE F-18 ESTIMATED COST OF MOREHOUSE DAM AND RESERVOIR (Based on prices prevailing in Spring of 1956) Elevation of crest of dam: 1,545 feet, LT.S.G.S. datum Elevation of spillway crest : 1,530 feet Eeight of dam to spillway crest above stream bed : 560 feel Storage capaeitj of reservoir to spillway crest: 910,000 acre- feet Discharge capacity of spillway with 5-fool freeboard: 55,000 second-feet CAPITAL COSTS Dam Diversion ami care " stream . - - - Tunnel, 29-foot diam eter, circular. - - . Stripping and prepara tion of foundation Cutoff excavation Grouting and cutoff. - Embankment Impervious Transition .__. Pervious Spillway Trimming and cleanup Concrete. Reinforcing steel Outlet Works I ' Ml' Structural Tunnel plug - Reinforcing steel Trash rack, steel \\ elded steel pipe 12- foot diametei 267 600 i 1 [6,500 c 1,160,000 c 1,632,000 i 13,592 hum i 8.500 cu.yd. 1,660 cu.yd. 83,000 lbs. 900 cu.yd. 1,210 cu.yd. 90,000 lbs. 20,000 lbs. 730 lin. ft. lumpsum 1.170.0(1 3.0(1 7.00 1.50 2.00 1 60 100.00 .-,u 00 0.15 ii 30 650 00 $50 000 3 088 800 802 800 815,500 340.000 1,740.000 3.264,000 21 7 17 200 90.000 60,500 13 " 6,000 474 ,500 CAPITAL COSTS Cont. Butterfly valve, 12-foot diameter Reservoir Land and improvements Public utilities Clearing Subtotal Administration and en- gineering. 10' ( .___. . . Contingencies, 15% Interest during construc- tion TOTAL ANNUAL COSTS lmii i-i, :;.',' , Repayment, 76' I Replacement, imi7' , General expense. 0.32' . Operation and maintenance TOTAL lump sum lump sum lump sum 500,000 800.000 500,000 1,800.000 3 I 16 -'"" S.ln9,300 TABLE F-19 ESTIMATED COST OF MOREHOUSE POWER PLANT (Based on prices prevailing in Spring of 1956) I n si a 1 leil capacity of power plant : 90,000 kilowatts I lependable capacitj uf power plain : mum mi kilowatts Item Quantity Unit i" ice Cost Item Quantity I'nit price Cost CAPITAL COST Power Plant 100 1 ilowal 1 D sum 56,840,000 ANNUAL COSTS Repayment , 0, 76' , Replace at, 1.20' , i leneral expense, o.:t2' , Insurance, 0.1L" ; .. i lp> ration and maintenam i TOTAL - 109 700 67.300 IMC JOII 28,300 10.600 321.000 Subtotal \,in.ihi ' i at ion and i n Contingeni ii during construc- tion 86,840,000 us! 000 1,026,000 299,000 $843,100 Ii 1 1 \l $8,849,000 DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION LOCATION OF KLAMATH RIVER BASIN ► c Xc/v x N yP? iVx XJNb ,.\f?$& / X? XX °P )K °h sSr* ^x r >k m> r\5^ /S^^V' \ /■■< -X. yW ^x i\J/y^ «CwnS -y^ Xf I^Xx \ S^ 4 / /5^j* S?Tx^\ X> X^S/e^X^ J^C\ v^siK / xf <, X/W \.r 4' 1 /yg* \?y*S£^xiy / J ' I-lKr \ >yfX jp\ 'j? s$ty/\ Pm / /vi (yilSv V\6 l^&i \ /^/J^( /id wlXLv^ 4 \|/^ 7 >< /flc^x^jj!/) "Mx SM/l W/ ,^x i/X% / *s^y?/ ^t2\ ^r^-^ i * /St* ^/Xrc^X> Z/' ^ ~-&C / ^)? x^yC^KKJ]r rS -v WEAVERVILLE RECORDED AND ESTIMATED SEASONAL PRECIPITATION AT SELECTED STATIONS IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN SHASTA RIVER NEAR YREKA SCOTT RIVER NEAR FORT JONES I 1 1 1 I — 1 1 Al j 1 UWt 1 IjjjJK SALMON RIVER AT SOMESBAR TRINITY RIVER NEAR HOOPA KLAMATH RIVER AT KLAMATI- ESTIMATED SEASONAL NATURAL RUNOFF AT SELECTED STATIONS IN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION GEOLOGIC MAP OF BUTTE VALLEY s s * * * s . Coarse- gained phase* ~„^*^~ - — _ ? - «»'» level 3prin^ J ---"-T?54' I I ■: d. —•----- 111 Butte IJJIIJI Vol ley bosal In this area test holes — HL |§[ ' J drilled by Butte Valley Irrigation District encountered only gravel, sond, and clay to depths ot lOO feet Lake deposits EXPLANATION NH Sail □ Sand \^iA\ Sond and gravel §g Cloy with sond EZlciay □ Chalk 11 Butte Valley basalt HI Volcanic rocks of the High Cascades GEOLOGIC SECTION A-A IN BUTTE VALLEY GEOLOGIC SECTION B-B IN BUTTE VALLEY GEOLOGIC SECTION C-C ACROSS BUTTE VALLEY REGION DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION GEOLOGIC SECTIONS OF BUTTE VALLEY 1959 KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION EQUAL ELEVATION OF GROUND WATER IN BUTTE VALLEY SPRING OF 1954 «] KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION GEOLOGIC MAP OF SHASTA VALLEY Western Cascades $ \ 0»ol____ X Kc^ = ^Tj^ p-^^ TV. pK ~- -JM txicr^^rz^' — ' • ._ kTIC SECTIONS B-B' AND C-C ACROSS SHASTA ILLUSTRATING GEOLOGIC STRUCTURE DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION GEOLOGIC SECTIONS OF SHASTA VALLEY 1959 DEPARTMENT OF WA I RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION -*? ■'•:- LONGITUDINAL SECTION ALONG TROUGH OF SCOTT VALLEY FROM NEAR ETNA TO FORT JONES -■ Ty v ^v; "' ^ Y^-lit DIAGRAMMATIC SECTION ACROSS SCOTT VALLEY ILLUSTRATING STRUCTURE OF THE BEDROCK UNITS DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION GEOLOGIC SECTIONS OF SCOTT VALLEY 1959 Altitude of the water level Prepored by the Ground Woter Branch, US Geolog.c Survey, >n cooperohon with the State of Coliforrtio, Oiv of Water Resources Preliminary edition, subject tor DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION LINES OF EQUAL ELEVATION OF GROUND WATER IN SCOTT VALLEY SPRING OF I9S4 1 DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION PRESENT AND PROBABLE ULTIMATE WATER SERVICE AREAS AND INDEX TO SHEETS 1959 ON /F - "^ ' ' ! -\-^^ j^L DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION FEATURES OF THE CALIFORNIA WATER PLAN WITHIN THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN 1959 DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION EXISTING AND POSSIBLE FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS UPPER KLAMATH RIVER BASIN 1959 GENERAL PLAN ,u .... FS J - / v PROFILE OF DAM FN Jrr- \ ■^r^^ -' -^r K~^c.ix%ztl£ - ~~^\^^ / n-- trrrr- "=F~a -rr~ I t n „....,... PLAN OF SADDLE DAM PROFILE OF DAM SECTION OF DAM SECTION OF DAM MONTAGUE DAM TABLE ROCK DAM PROFILE OF SADDLE DAM DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION MONTAGUE DAM ON SHASTA RIVER TABLE ROCK DAM ON LITTLE SHASTA RIVER 1959 SECTION OF DAM -\ \ /I A = \ A /' \ Mri S„ ,* V ^ ,- "S f «. ^1 h. 1 v . --' PROFILE OF DAM DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION GRENADA RANCH DAM ON SHASTA RIVER 1959 ■ V 3S / \ - PROFILE OF DAM IRON GATE DAM ' — ' ■ ■ ■ — — ' — ' :■'.■"-.- SECTION OF DAM r / / 'J ^ ^j. " —^~^^ ^ ir>-^ /\ -R 1 1 pT -' " r^'+" '' ^T — -t <*« W Js™. 1 _- ■" / si -' < o !OFILE OF DAM SCHOOL DAM DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION IRON GATE DAM ON KLAMATH RIVER RED SCHOOL DAM ON WILLOW CREEK 1959 1 \ \ \ /' l) \ PROFILE OF DAM HIGHLAND DAM GROUSE CREEK DAM CALLAHAN DAM CALLAHAN DAM AND GROUSE CREEK DAM ON SCOTT RIVER HIGHLAND DAM ON MOFFETT CREEK 1959 SECTION OF DAM PROFILE OF DAM MUGGINSVILLE DAM DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION ETNA DAM ON FRENCH CREEK MUGGINSVILLE DAM ON MILL CREEK Ik A - °Kv:::r..Z7::; MOREHOUSE DAM PROFILE OF DAM SECTION OF DAM LAYMAN DAM v y , , ■Z'SiT. 7 1 PROFILE OF DAM DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES KLAMATH RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATION MOREHOUSE DAM ON SALMON RIVER LAYMAN DAM ON HAYFORK CREEK THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW RENEWED BOOKS ARE SUBJECT TO IMMEDIATE RECALL f L C ftP^ "61981 MAR 2 5 pHYS -"- JUL 5 1983" FHYSSCI I • i JAN 7 199 MAR 7 LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS Book Slip-20m-8,'61(C1623s4)458 ?L0^11 Call Number: TCP2lj •"ornia , water resources - . Ckillotir Of C2 A2 nn. PHYSICAL SCIENCES LIBRARY UbKAKY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Davis 240511 3 1175 00641 4166