HOLYROOD 
 
 PR.1CE ^/6 NET
 
 HOLYROOD 
 
 ITS PALACE AND ITS ABBEY
 
 HOLYROOD 
 
 ITS PALACE AND ITS ABBEY 
 
 AN HISTORICAL APPRECIATION 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM MOIR BRYCE 
 
 PRESIDENT OF THE OLD EDINBURGH CLUB 
 
 WITH 46 ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 OTTO SCHULZE AND COMPANY 
 
 20 SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH
 
 *DA 
 
 HOLYROOD 
 
 ITS PALACE AND ITS ABBEY 
 
 OF EDINBURGH, its ancient Castle, its historic Palace and Abbey 
 of Holyrood, its literary associations, and its picturesque and beautiful 
 situation, much has been written ; and, although at the Union of 1707 
 it abdicated much of its importance as the capital city of Scotland, 
 it still, even at the present day, vibrates with a distinct individuality 
 denied, perhaps, to any other city in the United Kingdom. Its life's 
 story is practically an epitome of the stormy history of our country. 
 Many a time and oft has it suffered destruction at the hands of our 
 "auld enemies of England," who, in the course of their ruthless 
 and savage incursions, spared neither age nor sex — they gloried in 
 their savagery; while, during our own internecine troubles, the 
 streets of Edinburgh have frequently resounded to the wild cries of 
 both noble and burgher in their sanguinary attempts to " cleanse the 
 causeway," when fleetness of foot formed the only security to the 
 weaker party. On occasion — a royal marriage or the state entry of a 
 sovereign into the City — scenes of barbaric magnificence have been 
 witnessed, and the fountain at the market cross has flowed with wine. 
 The old Castle, perched on a precipitous dark rock of solid basalt, 
 dates from the seventh century, and, in the defence of Scottish 
 independence, has withstood sieges innumerable. But the most 
 pathetic scenes in the history of our nation occurred in the Palace of 
 
 G29742
 
 HOLYROOD 
 
 the Stewart kings at ITolyrood. Although, in many respects, a 
 brilliant and distinguished race, the sad fate which overtook most of 
 the Stewart occupants of the Scottish throne forms a chronicle of 
 disaiiter without parallel in the history of any other royal family in 
 Europe. Of the five kings Avho all bore the name of James and ruled 
 successively from the year 1406 down to 1542, no fewer than four met 
 with violent deaths. Two, James I. and his grandson, James III., 
 were murdered ; while the Second James was killed through the 
 accidental bursting of a bombard during the siege of Roxburgh Castle. 
 The Fourth King James — the noblest of the Stewarts — was slain on the 
 fatal field of Flodden, and his son James Y. died at Falkland Palace 
 of a broken heart, induced through the misbehaviour of his turbulent 
 nobility at the battle of Solway Moss. It is, however, with the tragic 
 story of the unfortunate Mary, Queen of Scots, that the Palace of 
 Holyrood is most closely associated. After a residence in France of 
 thirteen years — the happiest period of her life — Mary returned to her 
 native land in 1561, to fill what in the interval had become an 
 impossible situation. The tragedy of her life then began, but her 
 high spirit and indomitable courage never failed her, and the attractive 
 personality which so charmed the courtiers of Henry II. of France 
 still maintains its glamour, after centuries of intervening years, over 
 the peoples of Western Europe and of America. 
 
 Both Palace and Abbey continued to be associated with the 
 declining fortunes of the Stewarts ; with Charles I. who was executed in 
 front of Whitehall ; with James II. who sacrificed his kingdom for the 
 sake of his Church; and with Prince Charles — the bonnie Prince 
 Charlie of Scottish song — who in 1745 attempted in vain to regain the 
 throne so foolishly lost by his grandfather. This formed the termina- 
 
 vi
 
 ITS PALACE AND ITS ABBEY 
 
 tion of an old and romantic story ; but the crown which the Stewarts 
 wore, their sceptre, and their sword of state, along with the other articles 
 forming what is now known as the regalia, are still preserved as of 
 yore in the Castle of Edinburgh. 
 
 It was the beautiful situation and lovely surroundings of his 
 favourite Abbey of Holyrood, or Holy Cross, as well as its close 
 proximity to Edinburgh, that caused King James IV. to erect his 
 Palace on its present site. The Abbey itself was founded by King 
 David I., who ascended the Scottish throne in the year 1124. He was 
 the son of the rugged and martial Malcolm Ceannmor, the founder of 
 Scottish nationality, and of the famous Queen Margaret who, one hundred 
 and fifty-seven years after her death, was canonized as Saint Margaret of 
 Scotland. At the battle of Hastings in 1066, the Norman invaders under 
 William the Conqueror defeated and slew Harold, the English king, and 
 within the short space of two years the Saxon royal family, then repre- 
 sented by Edgar Atheling and his two sisters, Margaret and Christina, 
 were forced to seek shelter in Scotland. Margaret was one of the noblest 
 types of womanhood that have ever adorned the pages of recorded 
 history, and her marriage with King Malcolm may be said to mark 
 the dawn of civilization in our country. Her husband was treacher- 
 ously slain, and her eldest son mortally wounded at Alnwick, and 
 the sad news, when announced to her by her son Edgar, broke her 
 gentle heart. She died in Edinburgh Castle on 16th November 1093. 
 
 Her influence was demonstrated in the beneficent reigns of three of 
 
 vii
 
 HOLYROOD 
 
 her sons, who, each in turn, succeeded to the throne ; and of these 
 David I. was the last and the most notable. He proved a capable 
 ruler, and his deep religious convictions found active expression in 
 the founding and endowing of religious houses. Indeed, as a builder 
 of churches and monasteries, he was probably without an equfil among 
 all the other princes, English or Continental, of his time ; and all these 
 institutions he liberally endowed with large tracts of land, etc., belong- 
 ing to the Crown. He thereby greatly impoverished the royal purse, and 
 it is not surprising that our Scottish Solomon, James I. (of Britain), 
 should have designated him with cynical humour as " ane sair sanct for 
 the Crown ! " Shortly after his accession. King David brought from St 
 Andrews a colony of Augustinian canons-regular, and established them 
 in the Castle of Edinburgh, which, during his reign, was known as the 
 Castle of the Maidens — the word " Maiden " being a corruption of the 
 Gaelic may-din, a fort — or, in Latin, Castellum Pudlafum. After a 
 residence of two or three years in the Castle, the inconvenience of its 
 situation as the site of a convent became apparent, and it was then that 
 the King fixed upon the present position for his new abbey. The 
 foundation charter is not now extant, but we learn from the Chronicle 
 of Holyrood, that it was in the year 1128 that the work of construction 
 was commenced— ce^'< fundari ecdesia Sancte Cnids de Edenesburch. 
 This Chronicle was written by one of the monks of Holyi'ood about 
 forty or fifty years after the above-mentioned date. Three deeds in 
 the Panmure charter chest, dated circa 1130, prove that it was at this 
 period that the canons transferred their residence from the Castle 
 to their permanent quarters at Holyrood. The first of these writs 
 is a confirmation by the Bishop of St Andrews, within whose diocese 
 Edinburgh was then included, of a grant by King David of their 
 
 Tiii
 
 ITS PALACE AND ITS ABBEY 
 
 old church in the Castle, and of those of St Cuthbert's, Corstorphine 
 and four others with all their possessions, as well as the lands of 
 Broughton and Inverleith. The building of their gi-eat church occupied 
 many busy years, and it is now believed that the choir with its apse 
 and crossing was the only portion actually finished during David's 
 reign. It was erected in the Norman style of architecture intro- 
 duced into Scotland by his mother, Queen Margaret ; but the only part 
 now remaining is a Norman doorway at the south-east angle of the 
 nave. Internally, the choir was originally 108 feet C inches in length 
 and about 73 feet in width ; while the total length of the church was 
 267 feet 4 inches. The first abbot was Alw^'n, the Confessor to the 
 King, and we obtain, from a seal appended to a notification by him in 
 1141, a representation of the little wooden church utilized by the monks 
 during the interval when the choir was in the process of erection. 
 
 Toward the Cross generally, as a symbol of Christian devotion, 
 David had, like his mother, a special regard, and he therefore 
 bestowed upon this abbey the name of the Holy Cross in its 
 Latinized version, or in our vernacular, that of Holy rood. It has 
 also been suggested that this title was derived from the famous 
 Black Rood of Scotland, a relic regarded by the Scots with awe 
 and veneration approaching almost to fear. Originally part of the 
 Saxon royal treasure, it was brought to this country by Queen Margaret, 
 and when on her death-bed in the Castle, it was the last object of 
 veneration on which she gazed. She bequeathed it as an heirloom 
 to her children, and when not carried about by our sovereigns in 
 their wanderings throughout the country, it was probably |)rescrvcd in 
 her little oratory in the Castle. It is unlikely, therefore, that the 
 Black Rood had any connection with the designation of King David's
 
 HOLYROOD 
 
 Abbey of Holyrood. Owing to its proximity to Salisbury Crags, our 
 historian, Fordun, refers to the Abbey as the monastery of the 
 Crag of the Holy Rood or Cross, and even so late as the year 1237, 
 from its old connection with the Castle, it is described in a Papal 
 bull as the Monastery of the Holy Rood of the Castle of the Maidens. 
 Four years ago the outlines of the choir were traced under the 
 authority of his present Majesty George V., and in the course of the 
 work of excavation, there were laid bare the substantial foundations of 
 an ancient Celtic chapel. It was undoubtedly the veneration attached 
 to this little building that induced David to fix upon the site for the 
 erection of his Abbey, and to enclose its foundations within the area of 
 the choir, the most sacred portion of his church. In the course of 
 time a legend regarding the origin of Holyrood arose which was 
 ultimately engrossed in the pages of the old Service Book, or Holyrood 
 Ordinale — written probably in the first quarter of the fifteenth century 
 — and repeated in Bellenden's translation of Boece's history of Scotland. 
 It appears that the wide tract of land from the western boundary of the 
 Burgh Muir round to Holyrood was, in the twelfth century, " ane gret 
 forest full of hartis, hyndis, toddis (foxes), and siclike maner of 
 beastis," which was then known as the forest of Drumselch — the 
 hunting hill — and now as Drumsheugh. This was the favourite 
 hunting ground of King David when residing in the Castle. Now, 
 the Festival of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross — Holyrood Day, 
 in other words — was annually celebrated on the 14th September, and it 
 is related that on one of these occasions King David, after attending 
 mass, had been persuaded, contrary to the advice of Alwyn, his 
 confessor, to join a number of his younger barons in a hunting 
 expedition. Amid " sic noyis and dyn of rachis (hounds) and bugillis
 
 ITS PALACE AND ITS ABBEY 
 
 that all the beastis war raisit fra their dennys (dens)," the gallant 
 company rode swiftly through the forest until, on reaching the valley 
 at the foot of Salisbury Crags, the King, in the ardour of the chase, 
 found himself separated from all his companions. Here he was 
 fiercely charged by "the fairest hart that ever was sene . . . with awful 
 and braid tyndis (antlers)," and thrown to the ground. To save him- 
 self from injury the King endeavoured to seize the animal by the antlers, 
 but, instead, he found himself grasping a cross, at the sight of which 
 the stag — the Evil One, no doubt ! — fled " away with great violence and 
 euanist (vanished) in the same place quhare now springis the Rude 
 Well." The incident was followed by a dream in which the King was 
 admonished to build an abbey on the scene of his miraculous deliverance. 
 This mythical story was probably invented about two hundred years or 
 more after the King's death for the purpose of shedding over the 
 building the mystery of a divine origin. 
 
 II 
 
 The great charter, popularly, although erroneously, designated 
 the Foundation Charter of Holyrood, and now preserved among the 
 City archives, forms the best exponent of the munificence of the 
 King towards his new Abbey. It is undated, but was executed 
 somewhere between the years 1143 and 1147. In this deed there is 
 engrossed a long list of gifts of heritable and other securities of 
 almost every conceivable nature, together with three rights of great 
 importance. The first was " the right of battle, water, and hot iron, 
 so far as belongs to ecclesiastical dignity " : that is to say, the canons 
 
 xi
 
 HOLYROOD 
 
 were created a superior court of judicature, before which questions, 
 particularly of a criminal nature, were to be decided by the 
 wager of battle, by the dreadful ordeal of floating instead of 
 sinking in a river, or that of walking over red-hot iron. The next 
 important gift was the right of sanctuary within the walls of the Abbey 
 to all offenders, civil or criminal — even to murderers — fleeing from 
 justice ; and lastly, the canons were empowered to establish a burgh, 
 ultimately designated the Canongate, lying between the Abbey and 
 the King's burgh of Edinburgh. It is unnecessary to narrate in detail 
 the many other munificent benefactions, royal, clerical and lay, by 
 which the Abbey soon became the fourth wealthiest in the country. 
 
 The present ruins of what is now styled the Chapel Royal 
 constitute only the nave of the original Conventual Church of 
 Holyrood, and the Norman doorway on the south side marks the last 
 portion of the building erected during the lifetime of King David I. 
 After his death in 1153, building operations seem to have been 
 suspended for a period of nearly forty years, and it was probably 
 during the last decade of the twelfth century that the northern aisle 
 was erected. The transition style is here strongly marked by an 
 arcade of interlacing rounded arches springing from single shafts, 
 the capitals of which have richly carved foliage and square abaci 
 (see Plate No. IV.). Somewhere about the year 1250, the remainder of 
 the nave was completed in the Early English Gothic style with 
 pointed lancet windows ; but the glory of the building consisted in 
 the beautiful doorway flanked by two square towers — of which only 
 one now survives — at the western front. The cloister in which the 
 canons read and meditated, together with the domestic buildings, 
 stood on the south side of the nave — now partially occupied by the 
 
 xii
 
 ITS PALACE AND ITS ABBEY 
 
 eastern portion of the present palace; while of the chapter-house, 
 which was an octagonal-shaped building situated to the south of the 
 choir, only a portion of the foundations remains. According to the 
 rules of their Order, the canons occupied themselves day and night 
 in the celebration of the divine offices : hence their church formed 
 the most important part of the monastery. Of these ancient 
 monuments of Christian devotion Carlyle, our great Scottish moralist 
 and philosopher, remarks with sympathetic truth: "Had thou and I 
 then been, who knows but we ourselves had taken refuge from an 
 evil time, and fled to dwell here, and meditate on eternity in such 
 fashion as we could. Alas, how like an old osseous fragment, a 
 broken, blackened shinbone of the old dead ages, this black ruin looks 
 out, not yet covered by the soil, still indicating what a once gigantic 
 life lies buried there ! It is dead now, and dumb ; but it was alive 
 once, and spoke." 
 
 Ill 
 
 The last decade of the thirteenth century witnessed the com- 
 mencement of the dreadful War of Independence. Edward I. of 
 England, in the pretended guise of arbiter in the disputed succession 
 to the Scottish throne, entered Edinburgh on 10th July 1291, and 
 spent a night in the royal apartments in the Castle. Adam, then 
 Abbot of Ilolyrood, became an adherent of the English, and one of 
 their commissioners for examination of the Scottish records. In that 
 capacity he was a consenting party to the carrying off by the English 
 of many of our national muniments, treasures, and relics from the 
 
 h xiii
 
 HOLYROOD 
 
 Castle. Five years later, the English king made his second appear- 
 ance in Edinburgh, this time as a conqueror, and resided in the 
 Abbey of Holyrood from the 6th to the 13th of June. In the month 
 of August, Abbot Adam again took the oath of allegiance to Edward, 
 and, in return, was granted a restitution of the lands belonging to the 
 Abbey. In 1322 the Abbey received its first baptism of fire at the 
 hands of the English invaders. Five years later, the immortal King 
 Robert the Bruce held a Parliament at Holyrood, when arrangements 
 were made for an invasion of England ; and in 1343, his son and 
 successor, David II., specially recognized the Abbey Church as the 
 royal chapel, and appointed the Abbot his principal chaplain. During 
 the invasion by Edward III., at the head of an enormous army in 
 1355, many religious houses suffered, including in all probability that 
 of Holyrood. King David died in 13T1, and was buried in the choir 
 of the Abbey Church. At his death the crown went to Robert, the only 
 son of Walter the sixth Steward of Scotland by Marjorie, daughter of 
 Robert the Bruce. This Robert II. was, therefore, the first of the 
 unfortunate house of Stewart, and the grant by him of the site for a 
 house in the Castle of Edinburgh, to which the canons could fly for 
 shelter, may be accepted as a sign of the general insecurity of the 
 times. In 1381, John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, and fourth son of 
 Edward III,, was hospitably entertained by the canons when a fugitive 
 from England. Four years later the Abbey again underwent the 
 dread ordeal of fire at the hands of Richard II., but in the year 1400 
 Henry TV., in recognition of the kindness formerly extended to his 
 father John of Gaunt, generously restrained his troops from inflicting 
 any damage on the buildings. 
 
 The third of the Stewart line was James I., who, on his return, in 
 
 xiv
 
 ITS PALACE AND ITS ABBEY 
 
 1424, from a captivity in England of eighteen years, endeavoured to 
 suppress with a strong hand the appalHng disorders under which the 
 country suffered. One of the most powerful of his rebels was 
 Alexander, Lord of the Isles, who in 1429, during a service held in 
 the Abbey on the eve of St Augustine, suddenly appeared dressed only 
 in a shirt and drawei-s, which, as Mr Lang observes, was probably the 
 prevailing Highland costume of the period. Falling on his knees, and 
 holding his naked sword by the point, he presented it to the King in 
 token of submission. His life was graciously spared, but he was sent 
 a prisoner to Tantallon Castle. From this date Holyrood became the 
 favourite residence of the Stewarts, and it was here that the Queen 
 gave birth, in the following year, to twin princes, the elder of whom 
 died in infancy. King James was a poet of considerable distinction, 
 and, in the " King's Quair," his courtship with his Queen, Joan, 
 daughter of the Earl of Somerset, is porti'ayed in sweet verse worthy of 
 a true poet. After his assassination at Perth, his son, James II., was 
 anointed and crowned at Holyrood on 25th March 1437. The marriage 
 of this prince to the capable Mary of Gueldres was also solemnized at 
 Holyrood, and it was there, after the fatal accident in 1460 at the siege 
 of Roxburgh Castle, that his body found its last resting-place. 
 
 It was during the reign of his successor, the gentle and artistic 
 James III., that the Abbey Church underwent a complete course of 
 repair at the hands of the then Abbot, Archibald Crawfurd. On the 
 northern front of the nave he erected seven buttresses, enriched 
 with niches for statues and other carvings, from which flying arches 
 projected.to support the clerestory. On the southern side of the fabric 
 a series of buttresses were also built so as not to interfere with the 
 cloister walk, and from these flying arches were carried over the 
 
 XV
 
 HOLYROOD 
 
 cloister roof to the south aisle, from which, in turn, a second series 
 was projected to the clerestory. The Abbot is said to have had his 
 coat of arms plentifully bespattered over the building. 
 
 On the 13th of July 1469, the marriage of James III. with 
 Margaret, daughter of Christiern I., King of Denmark, was celebrated 
 at the Abbey Church with great magnificence, and it was in connection 
 with this marriage that the Isles of Orkney and Shetland were pledged 
 by her father for payment of her dowry. Crawfurd's successor in the 
 Abbacy was the well-known Robert Bellenden, who gifted to the Abbey 
 the great bells, a font of brass, and several chalices of silver and one 
 of gold. 
 
 While the Abbey had become a favourite resort of royalty, it 
 appears from the Exchequer Rolls that about the time of the 
 coronation of James II. the accommodation had been found in- 
 sufficient, and that either a portion of the domestic apartments must 
 have been handed over for the permanent use of the Court, or new 
 buildings erected. At last, his approaching marriage with Margaret 
 Tudor, daughter of Henry VII. of England, caused King James lY. 
 to decide upon the erection of a suitable palace at Holyrood on the 
 site which had now become recognized as the seat of government. 
 Dr Thomas Ross, our present authority on architectural research, 
 is strongly of opinion that the great north-western tower, with its 
 four turrets, was, to a large extent, the handiwork of this king, who 
 may also have added certain of the other buildings. An arched 
 gatehouse was also erected over the entrance to the courtyard, and 
 
 xvi
 
 ITS PALACE AND ITS ABBEY 
 
 on it the royal arms were emblazoned in gold. Accompanied by a 
 large retinue under the charge of the grim Earl of Surrey, the 
 youthful Princess — she was barely fourteen years of age, and of 
 small physique — reached the Castle of Dalkeith on the 3rd of 
 August 1503, and four days later she made her state entry into Edin- 
 burgh. It was a day of great public rejoicing, because it was believed 
 that the long and ghastly feud between the two nations would now 
 cease for ever. On the following day the royal marriage was solemnized 
 in the Abbey Church by the Archljishop of Glasgow, and the wedding 
 festivities terminated on the 13th, when the English guests returned 
 to their own country laden with substantial proofs of the King's 
 generosity. One amusing incident remains to be mentioned. It 
 seems that the great length of his beard did not, in the estimation 
 of the English ladie.s, conform to the canons of good taste, and he 
 had only been a Benedict for one day, when he was forced to 
 submit to its curtailment at the hands of the Countess of Surrey 
 and her daughter, Lady Gray. From the Accounts we learn that 
 the King, in return for this service, presented these ladies with 
 pieces of cloth of gold to the value of £510, and this, as a recent 
 historian observes, forms probaljly the largest barber s fee on record ! 
 Towards the Earl of Surrey, the King displayed considerable fiiend- 
 ship, and thereby roused the jealousy of his poor little Queen, 
 who wrote from the Palace a somewhat pathetic letter of complaint 
 to her father, King Henry. It was through this marriage that tlu'ir 
 great grandson James VI., a century afterwards, succeeded to the 
 throne of England. 
 
 ZTU
 
 HOLYROOD 
 
 The Abbey Church of Holyrood was the scene of another 
 important ceremony in the year 1507, when King James was presented 
 by the Legate for Pope Julius II. with a consecrated hat, a sword of 
 state and its embroidered belt. The two latter are now preserved in 
 the crown room in the Castle. During the summer of the year 1513, 
 King James, at the instigation of France, declared war against 
 England. On the 19th of August he quitted Holyrood for the English 
 borders, and, three weeks later, was defeated and slain on the unhappy 
 field of Flodden. He is remembered in history as the noblest of the 
 Stewarts, and it was during his reign that Scotland enjoyed its solitary 
 gleam of prosperity from the year 1296 until after the Union of 1707. 
 He was a man of a romantic and chivalrous disposition, and never 
 forgave himself for the share he had unwittingly taken when a boy in 
 the rebellion of 1488, which terminated in the murder of his father. 
 As a penance and token of remorse, he wore an iron belt round his 
 waist up to the day of his death. 
 
 In 1524 the Queen Mother with the boy king, James V., 
 suddenly appeared in Edinburgh, and rode, amid the acclama- 
 tions of the populace, to Holyrood, where the King "tuik up hous, 
 with all office men requisite for his estate." Five years afterwards he 
 began the great work of extending and completing the Palace 
 founded by his father, and its appearance at the close of his reign 
 may be gauged from the drawing by an English officer during the 
 invasion of 1544 (see Plate No. YI.). He is credited with the erection 
 of the southern turret in which his own apartments were placed. 
 In the Accounts there is mention of a drawbridge, and there must 
 
 XTIU
 
 ITS PALACE AND ITS ABBEY 
 
 therefore have been a moat. King James established the Supreme 
 Courts of Justice in 1532, and it was his custom to visit these Courts 
 incognito. Under his bedroom window in the southern turret of the 
 Palace there was a small yett or door, through which he wa.s wont 
 to emerge on his midnight rambles; and the little cap preserved in 
 Queen Mary's bedroom is alleged to have been part of his disguise a.s 
 the "gudeman of Ballengeich." During his reign the progress of the 
 Keformation was marked by two important trials at Ilolyrood for 
 heresy, at both of which he was present. 
 
 King James V. was the recipient of many distinctions from 
 foreign courts, including the Order of the Garter, which was conferred 
 upon him in the Abbey Church on 21st February 1535. In Septenil)er 
 of the following year he sailed to France, where he married Madeline, 
 eldest daughter of Francis I. The young queen suffered from 
 consumption, and, to the grief of the nation, died within two months 
 after her arrival at Holyrood. On 22nd February 1539, King James' 
 second wife, Marie of Lorraine, daughter of the Duke of Guise and 
 widow of the Duke of Longueville, was crowned at Tlolyrood, with 
 great ceremony. One permanent improvement on the royal demesne 
 at Holyrood, was the purchase, in 1541, of the lands of Duddingston, 
 a portion of which is still included in the King's Park. The 
 misbehaviour of his nobles at Solway. Moss broke the King's heart, 
 and he retired to Falkland Palace, where he died on 14th December 
 1542, leaving his unstable throne to Mary, his infant daughter. 
 
 VI 
 
 In furthei-ance of what the English termed the "godly i)urpose of 
 
 marriage" between the two infants. Queen Mary and Prince Edward of 
 
 six
 
 HOLYROOD 
 
 England, Edinburgh was destroyed in May 1544, by a force under the 
 command of the Earl of Hertford, when both the Palace and Abbey 
 of Holyrood suffered in the general ruin. The brass font and the 
 lectern of the Abbey Church were also carried off by Sir Richard Lee, 
 and the latter now adorns the chancel of St Stephen's Church at St 
 Albans in England. It was, however, during his invasion of 1547 that 
 Hertford — now designated the Lord Protector Somerset — excelled. 
 English writers claim that he spared the already ruined Palace and 
 confined his destructive efforts to the Abbey ; but it is quite apparent 
 that, on his departure in 1547, the only portions left standing were the 
 north-western tower of the Palace, and the nave of the Abbey. The 
 buildings remained in this condition until the appointment in 1554 of 
 the Queen Dowager, Marie of Lorraine, to the Regency. This talented 
 lady restored the great tower and rebuilt the remainder of the Palace 
 after the French style, with large windows facing the west. The 
 drawing by Gordon of Rothiemay (see Plate No. YIII.) furnishes a fair 
 idea of the Palace as restored. Owing to the complete destruction of 
 the choir and transepts of the Abbey Church, Queen Marie confined 
 her efforts at restoi"ation to the nave, which, out of the ruined Norman 
 masonry, she was enabled to complete by erecting a large window 
 between the pillars at the east end flanked by other two of a smaller 
 size. The Reformers have been blamed for the mutilation of the 
 Abbey, but, from the statement of the Commendator in 1571, the 
 vandalism must be ascribed to the Protector Somerset. In 1559 the 
 Queen Dowager purchased from Dean James Abircrumby, one of the 
 Canons of Holyrood, "his yarde lyand in the north-west side of the 
 palice of Halierudehous maid in (into) ane garding for her Grace " ; 
 and in the middle of last century Queen Victoria re-erected in the 
 
 xz
 
 ITS PALACE AND ITS ABBEY 
 centre of this garden the remarkable sundial carved for the coronation 
 of Charles I. in 1633 by John Milne, the royal master mason, and his 
 two sons. The head, on which the initials of King Charles and his 
 Queen Henrietta Maria appear, presents twenty facets, each a dial, 
 although originally it had twenty-nine gnomons to indicate the hour.' 
 The ancient garden of the Queen Dowager still shines brilliantly with 
 the flowers of summer, particularly with the old Scottish pansies and 
 violas, which here find a congenial home (see Plate No. XXIX). 
 
 The destruction of the religious houses at Perth in May l.".Vj 
 signalized the practical opening of the Reformation untler John Kno.\, 
 and on the 30th June the Abbey Church was "purified"; that is to 
 say, the images and other monuments of the Roman Chuich were 
 destroyed. But in the autumn the frenzy of the "rascal multitude' 
 seems to have spent itself, and in this crisis Knox appealed to Queen 
 Elizabeth for military help. After some delay, an English force 
 entered Scotland, and on its approach in the spring of the following 
 year, the Queen Dowager quitted Holyrood and retired to the Castle, 
 where she died under pathetic circumstances at midnight on the 10th 
 June. Under the Treaty of Edinburgh the French troops (piitted 
 these shores, never to return ; and on the 24th of August 15(>0 the 
 Reformation was proclaimed by the Estates of Parliament. 
 
 The youthful Mary Queen of Scots, who had been taken to France 
 when only five years of age, was married in April 1558 to the Dauphin 
 Francois, son of Henry II., and in the month of July, the event 
 Avas celebrated by a pompous service at Holyrood. Francois succeeded 
 to the French throne on 10th July 1550, ami dieil at Orleans on 5th 
 December 1560. The French Queen Mother, Catherine de Medici, 
 was opposed to Mary Stewart as a daughter of the House of Guise, and,
 
 HOLYROOD 
 
 in response to a request from home, Queen Mary resolved to return to 
 Scotland. 
 
 VII 
 
 At six o'clock on the morning of 19th August 1561, two French 
 ships under the command of her uncle Francis of Lorraine, Grand 
 Prior of the Knights of St John of Jerusalem in France, cast 
 anchor in Leith Roads, and announced by their guns the return to 
 her native land of Mary Stewart, at that time Queen Dowager of 
 France. Among her escort were other two of her uncles, the Dukes 
 d'Aumale and d'Elboeuf, Brantome the French historian, and 
 Chatelard a young French poet. Her arrival was unexpected, and 
 after some delay she and her retinue rode to Holyrood, where she 
 found one of her illegitimate brothers. Lord Robert Stewart, awaiting 
 her. He was the Commendator or lay Abbot of Holyrood, and Mary 
 took up her abode, for the time, at his house, which was attached to 
 the northern side of the Palace. Of Holyrood Brantome speaks 
 with much enthusiasm, and declares that it was undoubtedly a fine 
 building and not in keeping with the country. The large western 
 windows and the internal fittings were constructed after the latest 
 French fashion by the French master masons introduced in the 
 time of James V. and the Queen Dowager. There was also a well- 
 filled library carpeted with green cloth, as well as a richly furnished 
 chapel. Of the Queen, who was only eighteen years of age and, 
 therefore, in the bloom of her youth and beauty, few authentic 
 contemporary portraits have been preserved ; and it is to be 
 remembered that, prior to the beginning of the seventeenth century,. 
 
 xxii
 
 ITS PALACE AND ITS ABBE^ 
 
 a portrait painter laboured under great disadvantages. He bad to 
 be content with only one, or at most very few, sittings— just sufficient 
 to enable him to make a careful drawing in outline of the features, 
 figure, and dress of his sitter, and to depend, in finishing the 
 painting, upon rough notes as to the colour of the eyes, hair, costume, 
 etc. It is not surprising that, under these circumstances, the 
 portraits of those days should fail, as in the case of Queen Mary, to 
 convey any idea of the individuality, character, or expression 
 of the sitters. From the contemporary portraits we gather that 
 her features may be thought handsome rather than beautiful ; but 
 it was the winning vivacity that beamed through her eyes, and her 
 high joyous spirit, that formed her greatest attraction. Her eyes, 
 according to the latest authority, were "decidedly brown, sometimes 
 of a yellowish hue (hazel), but more frequently of an absolutely 
 reddish colour like chestnut and the paint known to artists as 
 burnt sienna," and there was no question as to their "starlike 
 brightness." Her hair was of a "yellowish auburn hue with dark 
 shades in it, such as might be expected from the daughter of a 
 Stewart and the grand-daughter of a Tudor on the one side, and the 
 daughter of the fair-haired Marie de Guise on the other." Brantome, 
 by whom Mary was greatly beloved, described it as blonds et cendrez. 
 Owing to her misfortunes and long imprisonment, her hair turned 
 grey at the early age of thirty-five, and she made use of false hair 
 or of perukes of a dark colour approaching even to black. At her 
 execution she wore an auburn peruke. She delighted in donning the 
 Highland costume as then worn by ladies, and had her portrait 
 painted in that garb. Brantome, who had seen her in that dress, 
 tells us that she looked like a goddess — une vraye dcesse. This garment,
 
 HOLYROOD 
 
 as described by Bishop Leslie— and which he assures us was very 
 l)econiing— consisted of a long loose cloak of damask, usually em- 
 broidered, thrown over a gown which reached to the ankles. Of 
 these Highland mantles the Queen had three— one white, another 
 blue, and the third of black frieze passemente with gold, and lined with 
 black taffeta. Randolph, the English ambassador, seems to have 
 been much impressed by the youthful buoyancy of the Queen's spirits, 
 and, in the autunni of l'>62, he wrote that although Mary had a 
 coach— a rarity in those days— she preferred to ride on horseback, 
 with a steel bonnet on her head and a pistol at her saddle-bow, 
 reiirettiuij: onlv, as she declared, that she was not a man to learn 
 " what life it was to lie all night in the fields, or to walk upon the 
 causeway with a jack and a knapscull, a Glasgow buckler, and a 
 broadsword ! " Rut, withal, she conducted herself with prudence and 
 propriety to the despair of Knox, who, says a recent biographer, was 
 conscientiously "resolved to ruin or to rule her." 
 
 Unfortunately the country was in the throes of a religious 
 revolution. The general body of the people was fiercely attached to 
 the reformed doctrines as exi)ounded by John Knox, while she 
 herself favoured the old Roman faith. Another source of danger 
 lay in the unstable and selfish character of her nobility ; and, across 
 the border, there was a silent opponent, Queen Elizabeth, whose 
 secret, and latterly open, enmity Mary could never appease. On the 
 Sunday after her arrival from France, the first mutterings of the 
 tragedy of her life were heard. The celebration of mass in the 
 Royal Chapel in the Palace roused the populace to anger, and it 
 was only the action of her illegitimate brother, the Lord James, 
 afterwards the well-known Earl of Moray, that prevented an 
 
 XXIV
 
 ITS PALACE AND ITS ABBEY 
 
 outbreak. On the second of September she made her state entry 
 into Edinburgh. Accompanied by a large cavalcade of her nobility 
 she rode from Holyrood by way of the Lang Gait, now represented 
 by Princes Street, and the north castle bank to the Castle, where 
 she dined in the noble banqueting hall. At the Castle-hill she found 
 the citizens impatiently awaiting her arrival, and, escorted by a 
 company of young men dressed in Moorish garb, with a canopy of 
 purple held over her head, she and her cavalcade rode slowly down 
 the High Street to Holyrood. The central figure of the Reformation 
 in Scotland was John Knox, and with this rugged reformer Mary 
 had altogether five unsatisfactory interviews. Indeed, of the fourth, 
 Knox tells us with great exultation, that her French valet could 
 scarcely get napkins " to hold hyr eyes drye for the tearis ! and the 
 owling (howling), besides womanlie weaping, stayed her speiche." The 
 Reformation constitutes the great memorial of Knox's life, but his 
 methods towards his youthful sovereign, and, indeed, towards many of 
 those from whom he differed in opinion, cannot be recalled without 
 regret. At this period, the ministers asserted a personal right of 
 control over both Church and State that far exceeded in violence the 
 demands of the clergy of the Roman Church which they had supplanted. 
 But history only repeats itself In all ages and among denominations 
 of every shade of religious opinion, the same phenomenon has been 
 witnessed ; and, in this way, the protest of the Protestants for tolera- 
 tion was, for the time, swamped in Scotland by the craving for 
 domination. One exception our Reformers did grant, perhaps grudg- 
 ingly, in favour of the Queen. The ancient Abbey Church wa.s handed 
 to the parishioners of the Canongate ; but Mary was permitted to exer- 
 cise the rites of her own religion in the Chapel Royal of the Palace. 
 
 XIV
 
 HOLY ROOD 
 
 VIII 
 
 Toe first few years of Mary's life at Holyrood were passed 
 pleasantly in a round of gaieties with which she strove to amuse her rude 
 nobility ; and it may be mentioned that her annual jointure as Queen 
 Dowa«^er of France was 60,000 livres, a sum subsequently estimated 
 by her English jailors as equivalent to £12,000 sterling. In addition, 
 she had brought with her to this country, as her own personal 
 property, what has been described as the finest and most valuable 
 collection of jewellery to be seen at that time in Europe. We learn, 
 also, from the inventories now extant that in 1562 she possessed no 
 fewer than sixty gowns made of cloth of gold, or of silver, velvet, 
 satin, or silk, as well as various other articles of apparel, including a 
 specimen of the famous farthingale. The Queen delighted much in 
 dancinii and in music, and her entertainments consisted of balls, 
 banquets, musical parties, and, in particular, of the holding of 
 masques or masquerades which in those days had become a common 
 form of amusement in Western Europe. The words for these masques 
 were written in Latin verse by George Buchanan, the great Scottish 
 humanist. She also made excursions on horseback to different parts 
 of the country, and greatly enjoyed going to the hunt in the wilds of 
 the Highlands. When free from these engagements, Mary spent her 
 time among the ladies of her court in her private apartments at 
 Holyrood, where she was attended by Mademoiselle de Pinguillon 
 and her four Marys — Mary Fleming, Mary Beaton, Mary Seton, and 
 Mary Livingston. These ladies had formed "the four maidis of 
 honour cpiha passit with hir Ilieness in France, of hir awin aige, 
 bering the name, everie ane, of Marie." The Queen was a famous 
 
 llVl
 
 ITS PALACE AND ITS ABBEY 
 
 needlewoman, and here she worked at embroidery and other needle- 
 work to the strains of music, or to the recital from a book of some 
 interesting story by one of her ladies. Randolph reported to Cecil, 
 Elizabeth's chief minister, that Mary " readeth daily after her dinner, 
 instructed by a learned man, Mr George Buchanan, somewhat of 
 Livy," and the records prove that she possessed a well-stocked library 
 and was a great lover of books. There were two gardens belonging 
 to the Palace in which she also spent many pleasant hours — the one 
 on the south side, of which her grandfather, James TV., was the 
 creator, and the other, her mother's garden already referred to, on 
 the north-western side of the Palace. At the former were butts for 
 archery, in which she excelled, and near the latter was the tennis 
 court with the picturesque little building now known by the absurd 
 name of " Queen Mary's Bath." It was probably erected in connection 
 with the tennis court as a retiring room for the ladies. 
 
 IX 
 
 The spring of the year 1563 was clouded by the insane behaviour 
 of the French poet, Chatelard, a youth who possessed none of the attri- 
 butes of his illustrious ancestor, the famous Bayard, the Knight saris 
 peur et sans rep^-oche. His poetical and musical accomplishments had 
 gained for him some consideration among his patrons, and, encouraged 
 by the Queen's condescension, the young blackguard, during her absence, 
 concealed himself under the bed in her chamber at Holyrood. In this 
 ignominious position he was soon discovered by her attendants, and 
 Mary, when informed next morning of the occurrence, ordered him 
 
 xxrii
 
 H O L Y R O O D 
 
 to quit the Paliico and never again to appear in her presence. Mis- 
 understanding the Queen's generosity, the vain and presumptuous 
 fool had the audacity to repeat the offence at Rossend Castle near 
 Hurntisland, but this time with l\ital results to himself. He was taken 
 to St Andrews, where, after trial before the usual tribunal, he was 
 executed on 22nd February 15G3. 
 
 It is remarkable that the destinies of both England and Scotland 
 should have fallen into the hands of two female sovereigns, and that 
 Mary, in the event of Elizabeth having no lawful issue, should have 
 also occupied the unique position of heir to the English throne. In 
 the course of time the English queen had developed a strange infatua- 
 tion for Robert Dudley, whom she created Earl of Leicester, and the 
 oi)portune and mysterious death of his wife, the hapless Amy Robsart, 
 had greatly shocked Europe. It was necessary that Mary should re- 
 enter the married state, and it was her wish, before doing so, to arrive 
 at some agreement with Elizabeth as to her rights of succession to 
 the English throne ; but the virgin Queen was obstinate and unwilling 
 to recognise Mary as her successor. It also became her policy to 
 prevent Mary's marriage, or, at least, to force her into wedlock in 
 some direction that could in no way endanger her o^vn sovereignty. 
 During the years 1563 and 1564 a series of intrigues ensued, with 
 the object of obtaining either Don Carlos of Spain or a member of 
 the Emperor's family as a consort to the Scottish Queen ; and at 
 last, in March 1564, Randolph, on Elizabeth's behalf, laid before Mary 
 the farcical offer of Robert Dudley, her own special favourite. The 
 proposal was too absurd even for consideration ; but the return, after 
 twenty-two years of exile in England, of Matthew , Earl of Lennox and 
 father of Lord Darnley, sealed the fate of the unfortunate Mary 
 
 xxTiii
 
 ITS PALACE AND ITS ABBEY 
 
 Stewart. Darnley, through his mother, was the next claimant, after 
 Mary, to the English crown. 
 
 On 19th January 1565 the Queen left Holyrood for St Andrews, 
 whence, after a short residence, she journeyed slowly homewards through 
 Fife. At Wemyss Castle she had her first interview with Darnley, whom 
 Mary humourously described to Sir James Melville as the " properest 
 and best-proportioned long man that she had ever seen." He was 
 then nineteen years of age, and, therefore, four years younger than 
 the Queen. On her return to Holyrood, Darnley became a regular 
 visitor, and on 2Gth February he was entertained to supper by Moray 
 in his house, known as Croft-an-Eigh, adjoining the palace, where he 
 met and danced with the Queen. In the following month their 
 betrothal took place, and with the consent of her uncle the Cardinal 
 of Lorraine, fortified by a dispensation from the Pope, the marriage 
 was celebrated in the old Chapel Royal of the Palace after the Roman 
 Catholic form of ritual on Sunday, the 29th of July. Darnley placed 
 three rings, one of them ornamented with a rich diamond, on the 
 Queen's finger. The ceremony was followed by a splendid banquet 
 and ball ; a largesse in money was liberally distributed among the 
 domestics of the palace, and the rejoicings continued for three or 
 four days. On Monday, the 30th, Mary granted Darnley the title of 
 King, although she was careful to exclude the powers usually attached 
 to that dignity. The bestowal of this nominal title became the 
 genesis of all her subsequent troubles. It displeased Darnley, who, 
 although wholly unfit for the position, never ceased to intrigue for the 
 
 xxu
 
 IfOLYROOD 
 
 " orown-matriinonial," while it was the cause of much otfeiice to the 
 nobility. A powerful coalition, headed by the Earl of Moray, was 
 formed; l.ut ultinuitely this Earl and several of his conspirators were 
 compelled to tly into England for shelter, and at this juncture the 
 notorious Earl of Bothwell, with whom Moray was at feud, took 
 advantage of his absence to return to Scotland. The Queen and her 
 husband remained in Holyrood during the winter of 1565-6, and, in 
 the beginning of February, Darnley was invested in the Chapel 
 Royal with the French Order of St Michael. In the meantime two 
 consi)iracies were in active i)rogress, having as their o])ject the 
 dethronement of the Queen, and the murder of David Riccio, her 
 secretary, who, from being a singer in the royal choir, had gradually 
 risen through sheer ability to this important position. Mary's dream 
 of hai)piness through her marriage with Darnley was soon shattered. 
 He proved to be both a drunkard and a profligate, and his wild 
 excesses outraged her feelings as a woman and a queen, and estranged 
 her love; wliile his haughty and insufferably insolent bearing 
 towards the nobles roused against him numerous enemies. But the 
 conspirators skilfully secured his adhesion by exciting his jealousy of 
 Riccio, and, above all, by a promise, which they had no intention of 
 fultiilinu, of the crown-matrimonial. Mary was then more than six 
 months pregnant, and, as the murder was to be carried out in her 
 apartments, if not actually in her presence, her death would also in all 
 probability follow. If she survived the outrage, she was to be sent a 
 prisoner to Stirling to nurse her infant. Bonds for the due fulfilment 
 of the dastardly scheme were signed by each of the plotters, and 
 Darnley undertook to protect them from the evil consequences of their 
 act. The Earl of Moray, Mary's bastard brother and ringleader of the 
 
 XXX
 
 ITS PALACE AND ITS ABBEY 
 
 assassins, signed the bond in England. Now, Randolph, the English 
 ambassador, enjoyed the confidence of at least some of the con- 
 spirators, and had reported the names of the signatories to the bonds 
 some weeks before the execution of the foul deed. And yet, Queen 
 Elizabeth not only remained silent ; but, to aid the cause against her 
 sister Queen, large sums of English gold were secretly distributed among 
 the Scottish nobility. For this base act Randolph was formally dismissed 
 by Mary, and escorted across the border. Darnley became impatient 
 at the delay in carrying out the plot, and complained to Ruthven ; but, 
 then, he was unaware that the date of its execution depended entirely 
 upon the movements of Moray, whose journey from England was to be 
 so timed that he should only make his appearance at Holyrood tiventy- 
 four fuyurs after the commission of the crime. 
 
 About seven o'clock on the evening of Saturday, 9th March 1566, 
 Mary, with five others — among whom was the unfortunate Italian— was 
 seated at supper in the little boudoir attached to her bedroom in the 
 north-west wing of the Palace, when Darnley, in a semi-drunken 
 condition, entered the room, and in pretended affection placed his arm 
 round her waist. He and his fellow conspirators made use of the 
 private staircase that connected the two royal bedrooms. The appear- 
 ance of Lord Ruthven, dressed in a suit of armour and pale from 
 severe illness, roused the Queen to anger, and, with that dignity which 
 she could so well assume when necessary, she ordered him to leave the 
 apartment ; but at this moment the room was quickly filled by the 
 plotters. The table was knocked over and fell upon the Queen, and 
 Riccio in his fear sprang behind her and clutched her gown. Darnley 
 thereupon endeavoured to unfasten his grasp ; and, while the brutal 
 Ker of Faldonside presented a threatening pistol at Maiy, George 
 
 XXXI
 
 HOLYROOD 
 
 Douglas, snatching the King's dagger from its sheath, plunged 
 it over the Queen's shoulder into tlie body of the wretched victim. 
 Here it was left sticking with the object of compromising the King. 
 The unfortunate Italian was then dragged to the door of the audience 
 rhainbor, where he expired after receiving no fewer than fifty-six 
 wounds. The Queen's friends, perceiving the impossibility of effecting 
 any resistance against so numerous a band, made their escape, but 
 next morning the alarm reached the city. The bells were rung, and a 
 number of the citizens proceeded to the Palace, only to be assured by 
 Darnley that all was well. Then, acting as if he were in possession of 
 the crown -matrimonial, the infatuated youth ordered the Estates of 
 Parliament to disperse. In the evening, as pre-arranged, Moray and 
 the exiled nobles arrived at Holyrood, and, on seeing him, Mary 
 embraced and kissed him, declaring that had he "bene at hame he 
 wald not have sufferit hir to have been sa uncourtesly handlit." At 
 this time she was ignorant of the part that this man, her own half- 
 brother, had secretly played in the murderous conspiracy against her 
 life. He pretended to be greatly moved at the sight of her distress, 
 and we are assured that "tearis fell from his eyn!" On the Monday 
 she extracted from Darnley the main facts of the plot, and the weak 
 traitor not only disavowed his confederates, but ended by deserting 
 them. The conspirators became alarmed for, their own safety, and, as 
 an inducement to her to sign a general pardon in their favour, they 
 all quitted the Palace. The guards were removed, and under the cover 
 of night the Queen, accompanied by her husband, Arthur Erskine the 
 Captain of her guard, and a lady-in-waiting, slipped out by the north- 
 eastern doorway to the stables, where they took horse and rode to 
 Dunbar Castle, a distance of twenty-five miles. 
 
 nxii
 
 ITS PALACE AND ITS ABBEY 
 
 On the 17th the conspirators left Edinburgh, and their leaders again 
 sought refuge in England. John Knox, also, thought it prudent, "with 
 ane great murnyng (mourning) of the Godlie," to efface himself for a 
 time in the wilds of Argyllshire. On the following day, the Queen, 
 escorted by Bothwell, Huntly, Seton, and a cavalcade of two or three 
 thousand of their followers, entered the city in trimnph. Here she took 
 up her residence in the High Street until the month of June, when she 
 removed to the Castle to await her confinement which she seems, 
 perhaps not unnaturally, to have viewed with considerable apprehen- 
 sion. Assembling her nobles round her, she made her testament or will, 
 but, although three copies were executed, not one is now known to be 
 extant. The original Testamentary Inventory of her jewels attached 
 to the principal will has fortunately been preserved, and from it we 
 learn that it was her desire to die on charitable terms with every 
 one. Two hundred and fifty-three articles are enumerated in this 
 document, and on the margin the Queen has written with her own hand 
 the name of the person to whom each was to be given in the event of 
 the death of herself and her child. To both Darnley and Moray she left 
 valuable gifts, and the bequests to the former included a diamond ring, 
 enamelled in red, against which she wrote — " It was with this ring that 
 I was married ; I leave it to the King who gave it to me." It was to 
 the Scottish Crown that she bequeathed her choicest gems, of which the 
 "Great Harry with the letter H containing a great diamond and a 
 great ruby " — gifted to her by her father-in-law, Henry II. of France — 
 was the most important ; while seven of her largest diamonds were to be 
 preserved as ornaments for the queens of Scotland. 
 
 XXXIll
 
 HOLYROOD 
 
 (//Uq^^, 
 
 ^hu^'^dynmz 
 
 
 Ifote in Qittrn Uarys handioriting on the Teatamentarv Inventory of her Jewels. 
 
 " Tons m*8 ouuraHgea inachea el coU^ls au8 qualie Maries a lene Stuart a Mark Arsquin 
 
 Sondei-Iand et a toutes les filles." 
 
 At last, on the 19th June 1566, the guns of the Castle saluted the 
 l)irth of the prince who was ultimately to unite in his person the two 
 kingdoms which had so long been separate. 
 
 History has preserved few details of the murder at Holyrood of 
 the unfortunate Friar Black on the same night that witnessed Riccio's 
 death. Black was a learned Dominican who had roused considerable 
 animosity against himself by his stout advocacy of the ancient faith, 
 and it was at the hands of some of the followers of the Earl of Morton 
 that he met his death. 
 
 XI 
 
 Now, although the French ambassador had effected an apparent 
 reconciliation between Mary and her husband, it was impossible she 
 could ever forgive his share in the dreadful outrage. The prudent 
 Moray had carefully retained in his possession the original bond to 
 
 xzxiT
 
 ITS PALACE AND ITS ABBEY 
 
 which Damley had appended his signature ; and his co-consi)irators 
 lost no time in exhibiting this compromising document to the Queen. 
 His treachery had provoked them to wrath, and a new plot with Darnley 
 as its victim began to take shape. The Queen felt her position acutely, 
 and on the 20th of November she removed to Craigmillar Castle, 
 situated about a couple of miles south-east of the City, where she 
 remained for a fortnight. It was here that the plot against Darnley 
 may be said to have crystallized, with Moray — who had already given 
 Mary his promise not to join any further conspiracy — and the Secretary, 
 Maitland of Lethington, as its originators. After discussion with Huntly, 
 Argyll and Bothwell, the four earls with Lethington as spokesman 
 submitted their proposals to the Queen. Divorce, as a means of 
 relief both to Mary and the whole nation, was finally dismissed as 
 endangering the legitimacy of the infant prince ; and Lethington 
 then boldly assured her that "we shall find the means that your 
 Majesty shall be quit of him (Darnley) without prejudice of your 
 son," and that Lord Moray ''imll look through hit,- fingers thereto, and 
 will behold our doings, saying nothing to the same." To this wily 
 proposal, Mary answered by strictly forbidding them to do anything 
 whereby " any spot may be laid upon my honour or conscience." But 
 there can be little doubt as to their private intentions towards 
 Darnley, and, indeed, the plot soon thickened. 
 
 On 17th December 1566, the infant James was baptized at Stirling 
 by Archbishop Hamilton, assisted by the "haill college of the Chapell 
 Royall " ; but Darnley, although present in Stirling, deliberately absented 
 himself, either through fear or shame, from the ceremony. He returned 
 to Glasgow, where he fell ill of the small-pox, and was attended by the 
 Queen's personal physician. On Christmas Eve Mary generously— too 
 
 XXXV
 
 HOLYROOD 
 
 •generously, alas, for her own happiness— signed at Holyrood the pardon 
 of tlie Karl of :Morton and more than seventy others implicated in the 
 murder of Riccio. Later, on *^Oth January, she joined her husband at 
 Glasgow, and, by the end of the month, she had him conveyed to 
 Edinburgh and established in the Prebendary House of the Collegiate 
 Clnnrh <jf St Mary in the Fields, colloquially known as the Kirk-o'- 
 Fields— "a plaice of gud ayre," says the pawky Melville, "wher he 
 mycht best recover his health ; hot many ane suspected that the Erie 
 Bodowell had some enterpryse against him." This house stood at the 
 angle now formed by the South Bridge and Drummond Street, and 
 there was a doorway to it in the Flodden wall which was within 
 a few yards of the building. Here he was regularly visited by the 
 Queen, who slept two nights in the lower room below that occupied by 
 her husband. Early on the morning of Sunday, 9th February 15G7 — when 
 the plot against Darnley was arranged to reach its crisis — the pious Moray 
 received news of his wife's illness, and at once hurried off to Fife, from 
 which distant point he could, with complacency, "look through his 
 fingers " at the approaching tragedy. After supping with the Bishop 
 of Argyll, Mary remained some hours at the Kirk-o'-Field, and only 
 returned to Holyrood at a late hour to attend the wedding masque of 
 her valet, Bastien Pages. At two o'clock in the morning the City was 
 shaken by a heavy explosion, and it was then found that the Pre- 
 bendary House had been totally destroyed by gunpowder, and that the 
 bodies of Darnley and Taylor, his English chamber boy, were lying 
 in a field on the south side of the City wall, uninjured by either powder 
 or fire. It is believed that they were both suffocated, and then carried 
 through the doorway in the City wall to the spot where they were 
 found. The discovery of the crime created great excitement, and bills 
 
 ZXXTi
 
 ITS PALACE AND ITS ABBEY 
 
 and broadsides were issued charging Bothwell as the author of the 
 foul deed ; while the Queen offered by proclamation a large reward for 
 information that would lead to the apprehension of the perpetrators. 
 On the 12th of April Bothwell was placed on his trial and acquitted 
 by the jury in the absence of evidence ; although he was, beyond the 
 shadow of doubt, the principal actor in the dreadful crime. A week 
 later, our versatile Scottish nobility entered into a league to support 
 Bothwell against all his slanderers and calumniators, and " upon our 
 Honours and Fidelity " to promote the marriage of Bothwell to Queen 
 Mary. Their plan was, says Nau, to persuade her to marry him, " so 
 that they might charge her with being in the plot against her late 
 husband and a consenting party to his death. This they did shortly 
 after, appealing to the fact that she had married the murderer." 
 Moray did not sign this bond, having departed two days previously for 
 England, Events then moved with extraordinary rapidity. Mary 
 left Holyrood on the 31st to see her son at Stirling, and on the 24th, 
 when a few miles west of Edinburgh, she was forcibly seized by 
 Bothwell at the head of a large band of armed followers, and carried 
 off to his Castle of Dunbar. On 3rd May the Countess of Bothwell 
 obtained a civil decree of divorce against her husband, and on the 7th 
 a Catholic Commission pronounced the marriage null on account of the 
 want of a Dispensation, although it is now known that such a writ was 
 then in existence. Eight days later, on the 15th, Bothwell was married 
 to the Queen in the old chapel at Holyrood by the Bishop of Orkney, 
 according to the rites of the reformed religion; but, on her bridal 
 morn, she wept and declared she wished she were dead. The wretched 
 honeymoon only lasted three weeks when, in face of a hostile gathering, 
 they were forced to leave Holyrood ; and, on the 15th June— exactly 
 
 e, xixvii
 
 IIOLYROOD 
 
 one month after her^ ill-omened marriage— the unhappy Queen sur- 
 rendered at Carberry Hill to the confederate lords. She was first 
 taken to a house in the High Street and then to Holyrood, whence 
 she was hurried off at midnight to the lonely Castle on the little island 
 at Lochleven, and placed under the charge of Sir William Douglas, 
 Moray's half brother. 
 
 XII 
 
 Mary never again entered the portals of her old palace, and 
 only a reference can now be made to the story of her subsequent 
 misfortunes and sufferings. On 24th July she was forced by Lord 
 Lindsay — a bully, expressly chosen for the role — to abdicate in favour 
 of her son, and to nominate Moray as Regent. In October Moray 
 secretly sent an agent to London and sold to Queen Elizabeth, for a 
 small sum, a choice selection of some of her finest jewels, including her 
 famous pearl necklace. Mary effected her escape from Lochleven on 
 2nd May of the following year by the aid of the youthful William 
 Douglas ; but, eleven days later, her adherents were defeated at 
 Langside, and, against the entreaties of her kneeling followers, she 
 crossed the Border and sought the hospitality of the English Queen. 
 A long and wearisome imprisonment of nearly nineteen years ensued, 
 and at last, on 8th February 1587, she was decapitated at Fotheringay 
 by command of her cousin and mortal enemy. Queen Elizabeth. 
 It is the memory of her dauntless courage and proud spirit, her 
 matchless beauty, her personal charm of manner and disposition, and 
 her kindness and generosity to all, friend or foe, combined with her 
 unparalleled misfortunes, that has shed a lustre over her ancient
 
 ITS PALACE AND ITS ABBEY 
 
 Palace of Holyrood, and made it an object of pilgrimage to peoples 
 of every clime. 
 
 About the end of September 1579 the young King James VI. 
 made his first public entry into Edinburgh ; and at a meeting of the 
 Privy Council, held at Holyrood in the month of December of the fol- 
 lowing year, the Earl of Morton was denounced as one of the murderers 
 of Darnley. Six months later, in spite of the entreaties — coupled with 
 the threat of invasion — of Queen Elizabeth, he was beheaded at the 
 Cross of Edinburgh by the instrument known as the Maiden, now 
 preserved in the National Museum. During his term of office as 
 Regent, Morton rescued the " Great Harry " and six other jewels 
 belonging to Queen Mary from the clutches of Moray's widow. The 
 quaint side of King James' character was vividly displayed in 1587. 
 It was a time Avhen mere killing was not placed in the same category 
 as murder, and James sought to eradicate this spirit of evil by inviting 
 his quarrelsome nobility on 14th May to a " love feast " at Holyrood. 
 "The King dranke to them thrice," says the chronicler, "willed them to 
 mainteane concord and peace, and vowed to be a mortall enemie to 
 him who first brake." On the 6th of May 1590 he brought his 
 Queen, Anne of Denmark — his "new rib" as he facetiously termed 
 her — to Holyrood, and, on Sunday the 17th, she was crowned and 
 anointed in the Abbey Church. Twice, in 1591 and again in 1593, 
 the Earl of Bothwell, nephew of the notorious Earl, broke into the 
 Palace with the intention of capturing the King, and extorting from 
 him certain concessions. 
 
 Shortly before midnight of Saturday, 26th March 1603, James was 
 roused from his slumbers and hailed by Sir Eobert Carey as King of 
 England. Through his sister Carey obtained early intimation of Queen 
 
 xxxix
 
 HOLYROOD 
 
 ?:iiz;ibeth's death, and he accomplished the long Journey of 400 miles— 
 in si)ite of a fall from his horse— in the short space of sixty-two hours. 
 On Sunday, the 3rd of April, the King attended service at St Giles, and 
 after the sermon he addressed the people, and promised to visit his 
 native country every third year. But he was eager to take possession 
 of his new kingdom, and on Tuesday, the 5th, he quitted Holyrood 
 amid "grate lamentatioun and murneing among the comons for the 
 loss of yair daylie sicht of yair blessit Prince." Holyrood was bereft 
 of much of its contents, including Queen Mary's jewel, the Great 
 Harry, which James carried off' to London, where it was incorporated 
 with other gems to form what was called the " Mirror of Light." 
 
 XIII 
 
 Contrary to his promise, fourteen years elapsed before James 
 again saw his native land ; and, in the meantime, in 1610, the King 
 had grafted Episcopacy upon our Presbyterian Church. Moving 
 slowly northwards, James crossed the Tweed on 13th May 1G17, and 
 on the afternoon of Friday the 16th he made his formal entry into 
 his ancient capital amid a perfect sjmte of rhetoric and other signs 
 of public rejoicing. He was accompanied by a retinue of more than 
 4000 persons, and his visit, therefore, partook largely of the nature of 
 a demonstration. Its eff*ect on the country was evanescent, except 
 as regarded religion. During his residence at Holyrood a High 
 Church Anglican form of service was conducted at the Abbey Church 
 — now treated as the Chapel Royal— and thereby roused among the 
 people a feeling of intense bitterness, which was destined in after 
 years to bring an aftermath of sorrow to his son. 
 
 I
 
 ITS PALACE AND ITS ABBEY 
 
 Eight years after his coronation as King of England, Charles I. 
 crossed the Border to be also crowned at Holyrood as " King of Scots." 
 On Saturday 15th June 1633 he made his state entry into Edinburgh, 
 and, two days later, after conferring dignities upon certain gentlemen, 
 he proceeded in a coach privately to the Castle, where he spent the 
 night. On the morning of Tuesday, the 18th, he rode to Holyrood, 
 preceded by a great procession of nobility, Scottish and English, the 
 officers of state, and other public functionaries. At the Chapel Royal 
 he was solemnly crowned and anointed by Archbishop Spottiswoode 
 amid a scene, according to the contemporary chronicler, of considerable 
 pomp and circumstance. To the rash and ill-considered attempt by 
 Charles, acting under the advice of Archbishop Laud, to enforce High 
 Church Anglicanism into Scotland, only a brief reference can here be 
 made. It eventuated in the signing of the National Covenant in the 
 Greyfriars — now the Old Greyfriars — Church, and the people flew to 
 arms in its defence. King Charles again visited Holyrood in August 
 1641 ; but times had changed. His royal prerogatives were now 
 usurped by the Scottish Parliament, and he was forced to conform 
 to the Presbyterian form of worship. After his execution in front 
 of Whitehall on 30th January 1649, the Covenanters proclaimed his 
 son, Charles, King of Scots, and against them came Cromwell and 
 his Ironsides. The defeat at Dunbar was quickly followed by the 
 occupation of Edinburgh, and on 13th November the major portion 
 of the Palace of Holyrood, in which a contingent of Cromwell's troops 
 had been lodged, was destroyed by fire. By his orders the great 
 building Avas restored in 1658. 
 
 At the Restoration the Palace was occupied by the Earl of 
 Middleton as the Royal Commissioner to the Scottish Parliament. 
 
 xli
 
 HOLYROOD 
 
 Personal governnient by the King, with the Privy Council for his 
 
 mouthpiece, was re-established, and Episcopacy again assumed its 
 
 alleged rights over the consciences of the people. One feature in 
 
 Charles ll.'s reign was the restoration and alteration of the Palace to 
 
 the condition which it presents at the present day; but the King's 
 
 original intention, fortunately frustrated by the attendant expense, 
 
 meant the erection of an entirely new building. The work was entrusted 
 
 in 1G71 to the care of Sir AVilliam Bruce of Balcaskie, an architect of 
 
 considerable note, and was carried out by Robert Milne, the King's 
 
 Master Mason. The old Abbey Church was also officially constituted 
 
 the Chapel Royal, " wherein his Majesty and those of his family at his 
 
 Palace of Halirudhous may worship God." The work of reconstruction 
 
 having been finished in 1679, the Palace was occupied for a time by the 
 
 Duke of Monmouth, who commanded the royal forces at Bothwell Brig, 
 
 and, later, in October of that year, by James Duke of York — afterwards 
 
 James VII. and II. — as Lord High Commissioner. In the following 
 
 year the latter again took up his residence at Holyrood, and on this 
 
 occasion he was accompanied by his Duchess, Mary D'Este, daughter 
 
 of the Duke of Modena, and by their daughter the Princess Anne, 
 
 afterwards Queen Anne. These ladies maintained a splendid court, 
 
 and their entertainments consisted of balls, plays, and masquerades ; 
 
 while tea, for the first time heard of in Scotland, was dispensed to their 
 
 lady visitors. The Duke, however, was a Papist, and the picture 
 
 gallery was set up as a private chapel for his use. "The Merry 
 
 Monarch " died on 6th February 1685, and the Duke was proclaimed at 
 
 the Cross of Edinburgh under the title of James YIL, King of Scots. 
 
 Among his first acts was the establishment at Holyrood of a College of 
 
 Jesuits, and of a printing press for the production of propagandist 
 xlii
 
 ITS PALACE AND ITS ABBEY 
 
 literature. On 29th May 1687, King James founded the " Most Noble 
 and Most Ancient Order of the Thistle," and orders were issued to 
 adapt the Chapel Royal to the Roman ritual as the chapel of the 
 knights of this Order. The Prince of Orange landed at Torbay on 
 5th November 1688, and, when the news became known in Edin- 
 burgh, the mob proceeded to attack the Palace, which was garrisoned 
 by a company of about sixty men under a Captain Wallace. The 
 first assault was repelled by Wallace, who caused his men to fire 
 from the windows on the mob ; but, on the appearance of the City 
 Guard and the Trained Bands, he drew up his company outside 
 the Palace Gates. This position he maintained for some time, 
 until, on being attacked from the rear as well as in front, he was 
 compelled to surrender. Immediately the mob rushed in and stripped 
 both the King's Chapel and the Chapel Royal of every emblem of the 
 Catholic faith. They also rifled and desecrated the royal tombs. 
 
 The corollary to the Revolution of 1688 was the Union of the two 
 kingdoms of England and Scotland in 1707, and during the fiercely 
 contested debates, Holyrood was occupied by the Duke of Queensberry, 
 the Royal High Commissioner to the Scottish Parliament. With the 
 Union the ancient glories of the Palace may be said to have departed. 
 The rebellion of 1745 brought Prince Charles, grandson of James VII., 
 and his Highlanders to Edinburgh, and on 17th September he was 
 marshalled into the Palace of his ancestors by James Hepburn of 
 Keith, who had been " out" in the rebellion of 1715. That night there 
 was a ball held in the picture gallery, and the handsome young Prince 
 won all hearts by his gracious manner. On the afternoon of the 19th 
 he marched out to oppose Sir John Cope, who was advancing towards 
 Edinburgh from Dunbar, and on the 21st he gained at Prcstonpans an 
 
 xliii
 
 HOLYROOD 
 
 amazing victory over the disciplined and better-armed soldiers of King 
 George. There was much gaiety at Holy rood until, on 31st October, he 
 left to continue his impossible march on London ; and, six months later, 
 the hopes of the royal Stewarts were finally extinguished on the bloody 
 fit-id of Culloden. Sir Walter Scott in his great novel of " Waverley " 
 has vividly portrayed the story of this disastrous campaign, and the 
 residence of " Bonnie Prince Charlie " at Holyrood has added another 
 romantic chapter to its eventful history. 
 
 It was on the night of the 2nd December 1768 that the great disaster 
 to the Chapel Royal occurred. The roof, which had been rebuilt ten 
 yeai-s previously by an incompetent builder, suddenly gave way, bring- 
 ing down in its fall the clerestory, the roof of the northern aisle, and 
 most of the flying arches. The Bourbons of France gave shelter to 
 the last of the Stewart kings, and, in return, Comte d'Artois, after- 
 wards Charles X., found a place of refuge in the Palace of the Stewarts 
 in 1795, and again in 1831. Under the inspiring influence of Sir Walter 
 Scott, the visit in 1822 of George IV. to Scotland, and in particular his 
 levees at Holyrood, roused intense enthusiasm among all classes of the 
 community. Queen Victoria and the Prince Consort visited Edinburgh 
 in 1842, and in 1850 for the first time dwelt within the walls of the 
 ancient Palace. The refined taste of Prince Albert brought about 
 many changes in the surroundings and in the approaches to the Palace. 
 King Edward VII. held a levee there in 1903, and his son and 
 successor George V., accompanied by Queen Mary — the second of that 
 name to live in Holyrood — resided in the Palace on the occasion of 
 their state entry into their ancient Scottish capital. 
 
 xliv 
 
 I
 
 r. 
 
 2 7. 
 
 ■r. 
 
 /.
 
 11. 
 
 THK WESTERN DOORWAY OF THE ABBEY CHURCH (circa a.d. 125(t) 
 
 Tlic lowiT portion of tin- lintel of angels" heads was replaced, in IfilS, by an oaken beam hearing 
 n shield with the initials of Charles I.; while the tyni])aniiin above, consisting of a series of small arches 
 and shafts, was also inserted at this dale, probably ont of the mined stonework.
 
 III. 
 
 'nil: w i;sii,i{N luosr oi' riii: ahmkv cinui ii ^rim, a.d. \-2:,o) 
 
 "'riw west wall, Willi il^^ ^|)l(■lulill ilimi \\ ay hftwi'fii I lii' I wo wcslcni liiwcis, iiiusl ]\;\\r |in>sciili il a.s Ixilil anil 
 "iiiatc 11 piiTc of airhitcitiiiv us wiis to l>c I'omiil in Scotlaml " (M'tlililmn A' liuss). The two nomlfM-ript winiUiWH 
 al)ovi' the iloorway witi' iii.sfftt'il in MKi liy CliarU's I., who also plact'il lu'lwwn llu-ni tlif fnllnwiuK inscriiition, 
 which. howrviT, suhscinicnt events failed to eiinllrni : -" IIk miIAI.I. liril.K .\XK IlufsK KoH MY NA.MK. AM> I Wll.l. 
 li^iTAIlLl^^ll Till-: TllltllNK i)V Ills KlNHDO.M 1-UU liVint. UasILU A.M lIAXr 1'AKOl.lS KkX Ol'lLMlS INSTAVHA HI! I'CC).'
 
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 XIV. 
 
 [Inglis 
 
 yUEKN MAUVS WORK-BOX (ALLEGED) 
 
 O" 'he lid ot this box is a seved-woi k picture of Jacob's Dream, believed to be the handiwork of 
 
 Queen Mary. In the right-hand corner is the stone on which Jacob slept— associated by tradition with 
 
 the Coronation Stone of Scotland— guarded by the lion and the Stag of Hoiyrood. The cap is alleged 
 
 lo have been that um d by James Y. when in disguise, and the glove is said to have belonged to Darnley.
 
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 STATE APARTMENT ADJOINING MORNING URAWING-ROOM, CHARLES II. PERIOD 
 
 See note under Plate No. XXIII. as to ceiling.
 
 XXV. 
 
 mat 
 
 ti i/'i r -" *•'' '" h^^" '■'■^■■"' ■'■''■' 'i--<'*A<f ' <-';-" * -■; Tj'- 
 
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 FOUNTAIN AT llOl.VUOOl) F.KIX TKl) n\ Kni'A.S \l( lOUIA
 
 XXXII. 
 
 SEAL OF yUEEN lAIARY OF GUELDKES 
 
 lO.M.MON SEAL OF Till 
 ("ONVENT OF HOLY 
 
 UOOl), A. II. l:2i»(i 
 
 ABBOT ADAM'S SEAL 
 
 i A. I). 1296 
 
 
 PllIVV SEAL OF JAMES I, 
 
 SEAL OF ROBERT STE\VART, 
 COMMENi:)ATOR OR LAV 
 ABBOT OF HOLYROOU 
 
 COMMON SEAL OF CON- 
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 Fabric and Curtain Specialists 
 
 CARRIAGE PAID TERMS 
 
 LISTS AND PATTERNS FREE 
 

 
 Gerrard Brothers 
 
 Expert Manufacturing Furriers 
 
 and Skin Merchants 
 
 Largest and 
 
 Best 
 
 Appointed 
 
 Exclusive 
 
 Fur 
 
 Establishment 
 
 in Britain 
 
 Established 
 
 over 
 30 Years 
 
 Shopping 
 
 done with 
 
 Comfort 
 
 Unrivalled 
 
 Selection of 
 
 Furs and 
 
 Fur 
 
 Garments 
 
 >'■ >'■ 
 
 Prices most 
 moderate 
 
 NEW PREMISES IN GEORGE STREET. EDINBURGH 
 UPHOLSTERED IN UNIQUE STYLE 
 
 Two Establishments :: Two Complete Stocks 
 
 EVERYTHING IN FURS 
 
 GERRARD BROTHERS 
 
 39 George St. ^ 134 Princes St., EDINBURGH
 
 iHilitarj' anb Court ©utfitterfi 
 
 Tailors, Breeches & Shirt Makers 
 Highland Dress Outfitters 
 
 N every class of tailoring Civilian, 
 
 Highland, or Military the experience 
 
 gained in making clothes for well-dressed 
 
 men gives us confidence in offering perfection 
 
 in style, ht, quality, and workmanship, to the 
 
 minutest detail. 
 
 I 
 
 WM. ANDERSON & SONS, Ltd. 
 
 TELEPHONE 
 CENTRAL 77 
 
 G L A S Ct O W 
 
 14 George Street 
 Edinburgh 
 
 T f: L E G R A M S 
 " Uniforms, Edinburgh " 
 
 106 H 1' K ST R E E T
 
 GEORGE PRE8C0TT I GO. 
 
 (J, H. MURRAY) 
 
 Specialists in SPECTACLES 
 
 100 LOTHIAN ROAD 
 EDINBURGH 
 
 GLASGOW ----- 52 Queen Street 
 LONDON, W. - \9 Duke Street, Oxford Street 
 DUBLIN ------- t Duke Street
 
 fe 
 
 vv 
 
 r 
 
 By Special Appointment 
 
 ^ 
 
 Hamilton & Inches 
 
 JEWELLERS & DIAMOND MERCHANTS. 
 
 Clock & Watch Makers to His Majesty 
 
 in scotland 
 
 THE FAMOUS 
 
 QUEEN Mary Heart Pendant, 
 
 THE "HEART CROWN" PENDANT 
 
 AS WORN BY 
 
 MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS. 
 
 (? 
 
 S 
 
 IN CAIRNGORM OR AMETHYST. 
 
 CROWN IS OF GOLD EITHER 
 
 PLAIN OR STUDDED WITH 
 
 PEARLS, DIAMONDS, ETC. 
 
 Reproductions in Silver 
 
 of 
 
 METHER 
 
 Ancient Scottish 
 
 Drinking 
 
 Vessels 
 
 LUGGIE 
 
 COGGIE 
 
 QUAICH 
 
 S^ Princes Street 
 
 EDINBURGH 
 
 Telegrams— "INCHES. EDINBURGH. 
 
 Telephone No. 2388. 
 
 ^
 
 i837 
 
 1914 
 
 By Royal Warrant 
 
 Costumiers 
 Milliners 
 Mantle-Makers 
 Silk Mercers 
 Lacemen 
 Linen Drapers 
 
 and 
 Complete 
 House Furnishers 
 
 Telegrams : Jenner's, Ekilnburgh 
 
 Telephone: 7400 Central 
 
 (Private Branch Exchange) 
 
 1914 
 
 THE MOST FASHIONABLE 
 
 SHOPPING CENTRE 
 
 IN SCOTLAND 
 
 FOR EVERYTHING 
 CONNECTED WITH 
 
 LADIES' AND CHILDREN'S DRESS 
 
 PRI'NCES STREET 
 
 EDINBURGH 
 
 1837
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
 Los Angeles 
 
 This book is DUE on the last date scamped below. 
 
 net 1>^"' 
 
 *g FEB U 
 
 
 ctciucoi 
 
 Form I.!>-42m-s,'.(fl(BS573)444 
 
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