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 AVXTU 
 
 APPENDICES: 
 
 BT 
 
 MAJOPt H. 13. LUMSDEN. 
 
 WITH SUPPLEMENTARY REPOUT OF TUE EXPEDITION INTO UPPER MEERANZYE 
 AND KOOBBUM IN ISoG. 
 
 CALCUTTA: 
 
 PRINTED BY C. B. LEWIS, BAPTIST MISSION PRESS. 
 1860. 
 
■-^; ■ 
 
 L.77 
 
 HENRY MOF^SE STEPHENS 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Resume of Events, ... ... ... ... .. Page 1 
 
 Future Prospects, ... ... ... ... ... 6 
 
 Character of Chiefs. The Amir,... ... ... ... ... ib. 
 
 Sirdar Muhammad Afzal Klian, ... ... ... 7 
 
 Sirdars Futeh Muhammad Khan and Jallaluddin Khan, ... ... ib. 
 
 Sirdars Shahsawur Khan and Shjihbaz Khan, ... ... ib. 
 
 The heir-apparent, ... ... ... ... ... ... 8 
 
 Sirdar Muhammad Azlm Khan, ... ... ... ib, 
 
 Sher All Khan, ... ... ... ... ... ... 9 
 
 Younger Sons of the Amir, ... ... ... ... 10 
 
 Distribution of Troops,... ... ... ... ... ... ib. 
 
 Strength of the Regular Army, ... ... ... 11 
 
 Recruiting, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ib. 
 
 Pay, ... 12 
 
 Punishments,.,. ... ... .. ... ... ... ib. 
 
 Desertions, ... ... ... ... ... ib. 
 
 Arms, accoutrements and clothing, ... ... ... ... ib, 
 
 Officers, ... ... ... ... ... ... 13 
 
 Generals, and their duties, ... ... ... ... ... ib. 
 
 Shere Mahomed Khan (Campbell,) ... ... ... ... ... 14 
 
 General Faramosh Khan, ... ... ... ... ... ib. 
 
 Rustum Khan, ... ... ... ... ... 15 
 
 Feeling of contingents towards each other, ... ... ... ib. 
 
 Cavalry, .. ... ... ... ... ... 16 
 
 Artillery, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ib. 
 
 General remarks on the Army, ... ... ... ib. 
 
 Jezailchis, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 17 
 
 Irregular Cavalry,... ... ... ... ... 18 
 
 Commissariat, ... ... ... ... ... ... ib. 
 
 «i> .1. .-i O !..> o 
 
[ IV ] 
 
 Magazines, 
 
 Page 19 
 
 Carriage, 
 
 ... ib. 
 
 Eemounts, 
 
 ib. 
 
 Arab Cross, ... 
 
 ... ib. 
 
 Affglian Horses, ... 
 
 20 
 
 Turkoman ditto. 
 
 ... ib. 
 
 Forts, ... 
 
 21 
 
 Fort of Khilat-i-Ghilzie, 
 
 ... ib. 
 
 Characters of the feudal nobility. 
 
 . ... 22 
 
 Sirdars Pir Muhammad Khan, Sultan Muhammad Khan and Kaundil 
 
 Klian,... 
 
 23 
 
 Sirdar Shere Ali Khan,... 
 
 ... ib. 
 
 Sirdar Shumsh-ud-din Khan, 
 
 .. ... 24 
 
 Shahdowlah Kban, 
 
 ... ib. 
 
 Sirdar Abdul Gyas Khan, ... 
 
 ib. 
 
 Sirdar Muhammad Asman Khan, 
 
 ... ib. 
 
 Amin-ullah Khan and sons,... 
 
 25 
 
 Muhammad Shah Khan, 
 
 .. ib. 
 
 Ikram Khan Achakzie, 
 
 ib. 
 
 Ilafiz-ji, 
 
 ... 26 
 
 Khan Sirdar Khan, 
 
 ib. 
 
 Nazir Nairn, ... 
 
 ... ib. 
 
 Effects of Barakzle rule on the country generally, 
 
 27 
 
 Law and Justice, 
 
 ... ib. 
 
 AfFghan provincial rulers, 
 
 . ... 28 
 
 Revenue Collections, 
 
 ... ib. 
 
 Taxes, ... 
 
 30 
 
 Population, ... 
 
 ... 31 
 
 Foreign Policy of the Amir, 
 
 32 
 
 With Belochistau, 
 
 ... ib. 
 
 With Persia, 
 
 ib. 
 
 With Herat,... 
 
 ... 33 
 
 In Turkistan, 
 
 ib. 
 
 With Bokhara, 
 
 ... ib. 
 
 Appendix A. 
 
 The Pinur Eoute from Kohat to Cabul and Ghazni. Tlie distances as 
 far as the Kurram fort, measured with a perambulator, by Lieut. 
 Garnett, Engineers, November, 1857. The remainder are approximate, 43 
 
' [ V ] 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 Some account of the Tribes through whose country tlie Paiwar route from 
 Kobat to Cabul passes, after leaving the British Border, ... ... 58 
 
 Appendix C. 
 Sketch of Affghan tribes bordering and occupying the head of Bolan 
 Pass, from information collected at Kandahar, ... .. ... 70 
 
 Appendix D. 
 A few notes on AfTghan field-sports ... ... ... 80 
 
 Appendix E. 
 Traders and Trade of Western Affghanistan, ... ... ... 91 
 
 Appendix F. 
 
 A description of Kaffiristan and its inhabitants, compiled from tlie ac- 
 counts by Mr. Elphiustone and Sir A. Burnes, as well as from informa- 
 tion gathered from KiifTir slaves in the service of different Affghan 
 Sirdars, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 112 
 
 A Vocabulary of the Kaffir Language as spoken in Traicguma and 
 Waigul, ... ... ... ... ... 124 
 
 Appendix G. 
 
 Routes from Farrah to Kirman, &c., 
 
 General and Medical Report of the Kandahar Mission : — 
 
 A Brief Description of the Country between Kohat and Kandahar, 
 Some observations on Affghanistan and the Affghans, 
 Repoi't on the Kandahar Charitable Dispensary, 
 
 1G8 
 171 
 ib. 
 200 
 229 
 
 Appendix I. 
 Notes on the Flora of Affghanistan, ... ... ... ... 247 
 
 SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 Report of tlie Expedition into Upper Meeranzye and Koorrum, ... 255 
 
 Appendix. 
 Some Notes on the Valley of Koorrum and its People, ... ... 277 
 
(Copy.) 
 
 From 
 
 Majoh H. B. Lumsden, 
 
 Ka n daha r Misa io ii, 
 To 
 
 The Secretary tctthe Chief Commissioner op the Punjab. 
 
 Dafid Pefihaicar, )i>t Jiihj, 1858. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 The oLjects of the Missiou to Kimdahar, with the charge of 
 
 ,,,. , , 4 n r" which Government was pleased to entrust 
 
 Av ith apiieiidices A. u. C. *^ 
 
 1). E. V. G. and II. and Dr. me, having been accomplished, I deem it 
 ' ■ my duty on return to Peshawar to offer a 
 
 few observations on Affghanistan, its Army and its Pulers. It would 
 be presumptuous in me to recapitulate what has already been so well 
 described, in that ablest work ever published on a serai-barbarous 
 country, "Elphinstone's Cabul,^* viz.: the History and Topography of 
 Affghanistan ; neither is it necessary for me to take up the subject of 
 the British occupation of that country, and our disasters in it; for 
 that narrative has been written from different points of view by many 
 eye-witnesses ; and, under the able authorship of a Kaye, is to be found 
 condensed in an interesting and historical form : suttice it to say that 
 a very large proportion of the names which figured on both sides in 
 that eventful struggle have passed away, and much of the asperity to 
 whicli it gave rise has been softened by time. 
 
 2. It may, however, be useful to make a rapid resumed of the prin- 
 cipal events which have taken place, siuce the return of the Amir to 
 his kingdom, and to bring the history of the country down to the 
 present date. 
 
 3. in 1848, Sirdar Muhammad Akbar Klian, heir-apparent to the 
 
 Amir's throne, died; and it was shortly 
 Resume of events. „ i • i , , -. , 
 
 aiterwartls proclanned to the world that the 
 
 Amir had selected Sirdar Gholam Hydar Khan (in preference to the 
 
 elder members of his family) as his successor; and every exertion has 
 
 B 
 
[ 2 ] 
 
 since been made on tlie part of the Amir to concentrate power and 
 influence in the hands of this Sirdar. 
 
 4. In 1850, the Amir annexed Balkh to his dominions, placing 
 Sirdar Muhammad AfzalKhan, his eldest son, in the Government of the 
 district. And four years afterwards (on the death of Sirdar Kohandil 
 Khan) he annexed Kandahar, being driven to this step (as the Barak- 
 zais allege) by the discovery that his brother Eahmdil Khan was 
 intriguing with Persia, and willing to make Kandahar a province of 
 that Empire. 
 
 5. It was on the completion of this step, and while the Amir 
 was still at Kandahar, that the Persians advanced from Mashad, 
 occupied Herat, captured and afterwards murdered Yusuf Khan, the 
 Governor, pushed their outposts forward to Aumardarrah, and threat- 
 ened an advance on Kandahar. 
 
 6. In the interim (on the 30th March, 1855) Sirdar Gholam 
 Hydar Khan, on the part of his father, entered into an amicable treaty 
 with the Bi^itisli Government, binding the Amir to be the friend of 
 our friends, and the enemy of our enemies ; " So that on his dominions 
 being threatened from without, the Amir naturally turned to his new 
 allies, who, he could not help seeing, had at worst, been the most 
 generous of his enemies." 
 
 7. The British representatives at Teheran, having, on the Persian 
 advance on Herat, suspended diplomatic relations, a British force was 
 pushed round from Bombay by sea to Bushire ; and it had to be decided 
 what part the Aflfghans would play in the coming struggle. The 
 Amir, evidently doubtful of his ability to hold his newly acquired 
 province of Kandahar, re- built the Fort of Khilat-i-Ghilzie and made 
 it, what the Affghans consider impregnable, — or at any rate sufficiently 
 strong to defy the efforts of any Persian force advancing on Cabul or 
 Ghazni to reduce it; and leaving Sirdar Gholam Hydar Khan in 
 charge of Kandahar, he himself returned to his capital; and shortly 
 afterwards (towards the close of 1856) met the Chief Commissioner of 
 the Panjab at Peshawar, and personally entered into the treaty of the 
 6th January, 1857, binding himself thereby, on consideration of receiv- 
 ing a monthly subsidy of one lakh of rupees, during the continuance of 
 hostilities with the Persians, to keep up a certain number of regular 
 troops for the defence of Afifghanistan, and agreeing that British 
 Officers should be deputed to any portion of his dominions to see that 
 
[ 3 ] 
 
 the subsidy was really applied to the purpose for which it was granted, 
 and to assist the Aflfghans in every way in military matters when called 
 on to do so. 
 
 8. A Mission composed of three British Officers, Major H. B. 
 Lumsden of the Guides, Lieut. Lumsden of the Quarter Master Ge- 
 neral's Department, and Dr. Bellew, assisted by Gholam Sarwar Khan 
 Khagwani, and accompanied by Nawab Faujdar Khan Bahadur, (who 
 was to be the Vakeel of the British Government at Cabul) left Peshawar 
 on the 13th March, 1857, and reconnoitring en route, the "Ispin 
 Ghawi'' and " Shutur Gardan," passes hitherto untrod by European 
 foot, and an account of which is given in Appendix A. and B. arrived 
 at Kandahar on the 2(3th April, and lost no opportunity of attempting 
 to regain the confidence of the Affghans generally, and of carrying 
 out the instructions of Government. 
 
 9. On the happy termination of the British expedition to the 
 Persian Gulph, and the outlines of the treaty of peace between the 
 British and Persian Governments (of the 4th March, 18-'37) becoming 
 generally known, great satisfaction was expressed by all classes of 
 Affghans ; but about the same time news arrived of the breaking out 
 of that fiery trial of British valour and energy, the mutiny of the 
 Bengal Army ; and for mouths all men's thoughts were concentrated 
 on Hindustan. As the storm thickened, urged by the preaching of 
 bigoted Muhammadan zealots, pressed on by the secret machinations of 
 the •' Peshawary Brothers," Sirdars Sultan Muhammad Khan and Pir 
 Muhammad Khan, the Affghan nation called on the Amir to put himself 
 at the head of the faithful, raise the green standard of " Islam," to 
 which thousands would flock, and pouring down the passes to sweep 
 the infidel Faringi from the contaminated soil of Plindustan ; and 
 thus once more re-establish Muhammadan supremacy throughout Asia. 
 The excitement throughout the country was intense, and the moinent 
 a most critical one, for the resolution of the aged ruler seemed for an 
 instant to stagger; and his better judgment was on the point of being | 
 swept along with the popular torrent, when his son Sirdar Muhammad 
 Azim Khan had the moral courage to come to the rescue, and exposing 
 himself to the full tide of popular disappointment, he reminded the 
 Sirdars of the power of the British nation, of the many storms which 
 had already burst harmlessly over their heads ; and that failure would be 
 to the Amir, the certain loss of his kingdom ; and openly accused the 
 
 B 2 
 
[ ^' ] 
 
 " Posliawavy Brothers" of getting up the agitation in the hope of ruin- 
 ing his father for their own aggrandizement. The step was a bold one, 
 and caused a momentary estrangement between the Amir and his 
 son ; but the former on a httle reflection recalled Sirdar Muhammad 
 Azim Khan to his councils, approved of and acted on his advice, and 
 being materially strengthened by the cool and determined bearing of 
 our frontier authorities in the Peshawar district, the Amir weathered 
 the stoi'm, which entirely subsided on the fall of Delhi. Throughout 
 that anxious period, I was in daily intercourse with the heir-apparent, 
 who having had the advantage of seeing the signs of our power during 
 his visit to Bombay, Madras and Calcutta, was fully convinced of the 
 necessity of controlling the hasty rashness uf his countrymen ; and 
 frequent expresses passed up, in hot haste, to Cabul, imploring the 
 Amir to pursue a determined policy, adhesive to the British Alliance. 
 
 10. On the 27th July, the Persians ostensibly evacuated Herat 
 in accordance with the terms of the treaty, placing that government 
 in the hands of a creature of their own, Sirdar Sultan Ahmad Khan, 
 better known as Sultan Jan, a son of the late Sirdar Muhammad Azim 
 Khan, and nephew of the Amir. He selected for his minister Sirdar 
 Sher Ali Khan, second son of the late Kandahari Sirdar Mihrdil 
 Khan ; and in October Colonel R. Taylor, with a British Commission, 
 arrived from Bagdad at Herat, and in the name of the British acknow- 
 ledged the de facto Government. The Persian forces all the while 
 hovered in strong masses about the Herat frontier; and it was generally 
 believed that under the pretext of concentrating preparatory to a move 
 against the Turkomans, they were only watching the progress of events 
 in India ; and it was not until the tide of fortune was seen to have turn- 
 ed decidedly in our favour that they advanced towards Shahrukhs. 
 
 11. Colonel Taylor's party left Herat about the 1st March, 1858, 
 although the Jews and Hazarahs carried off from Herat had not been 
 given up, and Lash Jowain still remained in the hands of Persia, and 
 Sirdar Sultan Jan acknowledged the sovereignty of the Shah over 
 Herat by having the " Khutbah" read, and coinage struck in the name 
 of the Shah ; and on the departure of these Officers the Sirdar gave out 
 that he had dismissed the Mission, having made up his mind to have 
 nothing to say to infidels. 
 
 12. Towards the end of February 1858, the clergy of Kandahar, 
 always a turbulent body of bigots, actuated by the belief that Sirdar 
 
[ o ] 
 
 Gliolam Hydar Khan had been bribed by the Hindus of Kandahar to 
 allow a young Hindu lad (whom the Miilahs alleged to have become 
 a convert to Islam) to return to idolatry, rose in open revolt, and being- 
 joined by the chiefs and the majority of the regular troops, demanded 
 from the heir-apparent the Hindu boy, who in the meantime had 
 escaped to Shikarpur. The Sirdar was obliged to give way, and put 
 the boy's father into confinement as a guai'antee that on the boy's re- 
 turn he would be delivered up. For a few days matters looked very 
 serious, and a general disturbance was imminent, till the confession of 
 weakness on the part of the heir-apparent temporarily settled things, 
 and affairs at Kandahar resumed their usual course. 
 
 13. Shortly after this Sirdar Gholam Hydar Khan proceeded to 
 join the Amir at Cabul, making over charge of Kandahar to Sirdar 
 Fateh Muhammad Khan. JMeanwhile the aspect of Persian aflairs had 
 materially changed, and the blustering valour of that army had been 
 made to succumb to the wily tactics of the wild Turkomans ; led on 
 by the expectation of plunder, the Persians after taking Shahrukhs and 
 leaving Shahdawlat Khan (a fugitive Affghan Sirdar) to rule the pro- 
 vince, pushed on to Marw, and encamped before it for upwards of a 
 month without making any impression on the garrison, until at last 
 Shahzadah Sultan i\Iurad Mirza finding his army starving, and reduced 
 to living on tlie baggage donkeys, ordered a retrograde movement on 
 Mashad, but had not proceeded many miles before the Persians found 
 themselves completely enveloped by Turkoman hordes, a situation 
 which caused a panic among his troops, in which the leader was one of 
 the first to consult his personal safety in flight, leaving the great mass 
 of his army to be taken prisoners and carried off into hopeless slavery. 
 About the same time a strong body of Persian re-inforcements advanc- 
 ing from Teheran under Jafir Kuli Khan, received a like check at 
 Mazenan, the leader himself escaping with difficulty. 
 
 14. On the 14th May Sirdar Kahmdil Khan, the Ex-ruler of 
 Kandahar, reached his capital en route to Teheran, having received the 
 Amir's permission to leave Atighanistan and given out that he was on 
 the point of proceeding on a pilgrimage to Mecca. As we had already 
 been informed that arrangements had been made by the Amir for the 
 return of the Mission by the same route which we had taken in enter- 
 ing Atighanistan, I thought it better for the interest of Govei'ument to 
 withdraw the Mission at once, as a matter of course, rather than, by 
 
[ ] 
 
 delaying, to get mixed up in any disturbance which would probably 
 follow the return of Sirdar Rahmdil Khan to Kandahar ; and therefore 
 the Mission left that town on our return journey, on the 1 5th Ma}^, and 
 arrived at Peshawur without the slightest inconvenience by the end of 
 June. 
 
 15. It is impossible for any stranger, from a study of the present 
 
 ^ state of parties in Affsfhanistan, to form a 
 
 i^uture prospects. '■ ^ ^ 
 
 probable conjecture as to who may succeed 
 to the throne of Cabul on the Amir's death, for even the best inform- 
 ed among Affghans themselves do not pretend to guess at it ; their 
 constant prayer is " that the life of the Amir may be preserved.'^ The 
 great elements of popularity in Affghanistan a:id of power in any 
 country, — money and troops, would lead one to speculate on the chances 
 of Sirdar Gholam Hydar Khan, or his family ; while personal courage 
 and qualifications as a leader, might collect the daring spirits of the 
 country round Sirdar Muhammad Afzal Khan ; but there is no certainty 
 that any of the Amir's sons will succeed ; for, as it has frequently hap- 
 pened in Asiatic States, some enterprising spirit may dash out of the 
 crowd, and by his own good sword and personal character alone, carry 
 off the prize. One thing, however, seems inevitable, and that is that on 
 the Amir's death, a struggle for power must ensue, and will probably 
 result in the total humiliation of one of the leading branches of the 
 Amir's family, or the dismemberment of the present AfFghan monarchy 
 into a number of petty states, when anarchy must prevail, commerce 
 cease, and this unfortunate country be once more deluged in blood. 
 
 16. The Amir Dost Muhammad Khan is now over seventy years 
 
 of a^e ; his carriao^e is slightly bent, but 
 Character of chiefs. The Amir. ,. .'','^ —,, -, , -, 
 
 his tall figure may still be observed tower- 
 ing above the crowd ; where strangers could not but remark the indi- 
 vidual whose master-spirit has ever carried him forward through the 
 most eventful of lives, and now points him out as the most remarkable 
 character in central Asia, The late Sir Alexander Burnes in his report 
 to Government has already well described his character ; and although 
 the Amir has all but lived out the average allotted years of man, his 
 mind still retains much of the vigour of his younger days ; and he dis- 
 plays the same quick perception of character, with the caution, and 
 promptitude of action, which marked his early career. As a Ruler, 
 judged by our European model, he would be considered a despotic 
 
[ 7 ] 
 
 tyrant ; but as a master-spirit over such a superstitious^ barbarous and 
 discontented race as tlie AfFglians have ever shewn themselves to be^ 
 he has proved himself equal to his position, and superior in clemency 
 to any of his predecessors. 
 
 17. Sirdar Muhammad Afzal Khan, whose mother was the daugh- 
 
 ter of a Mallik of the Tori village of Chil- 
 Sirdar Muhammad Afzal Khan. . ^ . . 
 
 layan in Kuram, is the Amir's eldest son, 
 
 and Governor of Balkh ; he is said lately to have given his daughter in 
 marriage to the eldest son of the Khan of Bokhara, and at the same 
 time betrothed his own son to the daughter of that chief; a circum- 
 stance which may afford some clue to the line of policy he proposes to 
 adopt on the Amir's death. Of Sirdar Muhammad Afzal Khan's clia- 
 racter, I have not had an opportunity of forming an opinion from my 
 own observations, but report makes him the bravest of the Amir's 
 sons, with a natural aptitude for a military life, and a character for 
 liberality, coupled with an unfortunate turn for dissipation of all sorts; 
 his talents for government, however, must be considerable, or he could 
 never have brought Jiaikh into its present comparatively promising 
 state. 
 
 18. Wazir Muhammad Akbar Khan was the favorite son of the 
 
 Amir, and died in 1848 leaving two sons 
 Sirdars Fateli Mulianunad cj- i t? a i ai i i I'l i i n i 
 
 Kl.an and Jalluludd.u Khan. Sn'dars Fateh Muhaumiad khan and Jallal- 
 
 ud-din Khan, the former Governor of Khi- 
 
 lat-i-Ghilzie ; and the latter of Zamindawar and Gharisk; these two 
 
 children of the late Wazir are now about twenty-live and twenty years 
 
 of age respectively, and are intelligent but noted as tyrannical rulers. 
 
 Considerable coolness exists between them and their uncle Sirdar Gho- 
 
 1am Hydar Khan ; who on his brother's death, married his wives 
 
 (according to Muhammadan usage) and appropriated all his property, 
 
 nevei*, until driven to do so, rendering the sh'ghtest assistance towards 
 
 promoting the interests of his nephews, who, on their part, lay claim to 
 
 the cash left by their father, and said by them to amount to seven lakhs 
 
 of rupees. 
 
 19. Sirdar Muhammad Ikrara Khan, who died some three years 
 
 ago in Balkh, has left two sons. Sirdars 
 Sirdars Slmlisawur Kiiaii and en „i , ,,„ r^i ,„ i oi i i iri ,, 
 
 ShahbizKhun Shahsawur Allan and Shahbaz Khan; the 
 
 former shows occasional symptoms of insani- 
 ty, and the other is but little thought of in the country generally. 
 
[ 8 ] 
 
 20. Sinlar GlioLim Hydar Klian^ who was appointed heir-appar- 
 ent on Wazir MuhaTmnad Akbar's death^ is 
 
 ilie lieir-appaient. 
 
 his full brother ; both being children of a 
 daughter of Haji Eahmat-ullah (whose sister was one of the wives of 
 the late Shah Sujah). The heir-apparent has no children of his own; 
 although^ for an Affghan, very intelligent and judicious iii matters 
 which are brought immediately before hira^ yet^ owing to the extreme 
 unwieldiness of his figure, he has the grestest dislike to anything like 
 bodily or mental exertion ; and consequently seldom troubles himself 
 more than is absolutely necessary with the administration of his district, 
 but confines his exertion to political finesse, for which he evidently 
 fancies he has a turn ; the result is, that the management of his afiairs 
 is left in the hands of his subordinates, whose chief aim, like that of all 
 others in the same position in this country, is to make money for them- 
 selves and to stop all channels through which complaints might possi- 
 bly reach the ears of royalty. The heir-apparent is now upwards of 
 thirty-five years of age, and spends the greater part of his tiiTie either 
 in his Harem, or in Darbar where he sits for hours daily listening to 
 the gossip of the place or in conversation with his chiefs, and gives 
 occasional orders in matters which may then be brought before him. 
 He is nervous, and wanting in personal courage, and has a strong taste 
 for dissipation and vice ; and with a few choice companions frequently 
 indulges in disgraceful midnight orgies, his figure alone preventing his 
 outstripping all his brothers in these practices. With more cash than 
 any other Sirdar in the country, he had not the , heart to turn it to 
 account, and has a very bad name throughout the country for this very 
 reason. He seems well inclined towards the British Government, and 
 speaks in the highest terms of the manner in which he was treated 
 while a prisoner in Hindustan, and regrets that he did not then avail 
 himself of the opportunity afforded him of visiting England. 
 
 21. Sirdar Muhammad Azim Khan is full brother to Sirdar 
 „. T ,^ , , . . ,„ Muhammad Afzal Khan, and governs Khost. 
 
 oirdar Muhammad AzimJxhan. ^ 
 
 Turmut and Kuram ; he has five sons, the 
 eldest of whom is Muhammad Sarwar Khan, a sickly lad of twelve or 
 thirteen. Sirdar Muhammad Azim Khan has a tall commanding figure, 
 pleasant address ; and from his constant residence at Cabul is well 
 versed in all the affairs of the country, and evidently has considerable 
 weight in the yiniir's counsels ; so much so indeed that when the heir- 
 
[ 9 1 
 
 apparent arrived at Cabul and wished to get Sirdar Slier Ali Khan 
 sent to Kandahar in his room, he wrote to Sirdar Muhammad Azim Khan 
 to come over and arrange matters for him. This chief is evidently well 
 inclined towards us, and has shown his good will, both in words and 
 deeds ; and the prominent position he took up in July last, when the 
 Aifghans clamoured for a descent down the passes, alone marks his 
 decided character ; he of course only pursued the policy which he con- 
 sidered advantageous to his o>vn future career, but in doing so, there is 
 little doubt that he also did good service to the British Government. 
 Unfortunately, like all Barakzais, he has a natural love for dissipation 
 and vices of the most degrading description. It would not be fair to 
 judge of Sirdar Muhammad Azim Khan's administrative talents (in com- 
 parison with his brothers) by the present state of Kuram and Khost, 
 as the revenues of those districts do not nearly cover the expenses of 
 the troops required to hold them ; but after all, he is the only Sirdar 
 who regularly pays his men a monthly quota, for he does give his men 
 two rupees regularhj, and then settles with them afterwards regarding 
 the remaining three rupees, after the usual Atfghan fashion. 
 
 22. Sirdar Sher Ali Khan is full brother to the heir-apparent, | 
 
 thoucjh a few years younger; he is said to 
 Sher Ali Khan. , ° , , p ,r^ 
 
 hav^e a great deal oi intelligence and apti- 
 tude for business, but is freijuently an invalid from attacks of gout, to 
 which all this branch of the Amir's family are subject. For some 
 time past he has not been on very cordial terms with Sirdar Gholara 
 Hydar Khan ; the quarrel originated at the time when Sirdar Fateli 
 Muhammad Khan claimed his fatiier's projjerty from the heir-apparent, 
 and being refused went to his uncle Sher Ali Khan, who at tirst 
 received him coldly but eventually appointed him Governor of the 
 Khilat-i-Ghilzie district, which is a dependancy of Ghazni ; thi^ at 
 once secured the good-will of his two nephews, but at the same ^me 
 crave mortal umbraofe to Sirdar Gholam Hydar Khan, who has n|ver 
 forgiven his brother ; and the feud lias lately been increased by Sher 
 Ali Khan's attempting to out-bid the heir-apparent in the farming of 
 the revenues of the Cabul and adjacent districts. He is a man of 1 
 violent temper and cruel disposition, and is well known to be but ill- 
 pleased with the British alliance ; and, in passing through his district, \ 
 we in several instances, saw signs of his ill-will towards us. Sirdar 
 Sher All Khan has now three sons ; — the two first Sirdars Muhammad 
 
 c J 
 
[ 10 ] 
 
 Ali Khan and Ibrahim Khan, are the children of a Popalzai mother, 
 while Muhammad Yakub Khan, the third, is a son of a daughter of 
 Saadat Khan Muhammad. 
 
 23. Of the younger sons of the Amir^ I need not take much 
 
 notice, as thev are at present of little poli- 
 Younger sons of the Amir. • , i i ^■^ i 
 
 tical value, and not nkely to come promi- 
 nently forward ; I shall therefore merely enumerate their names, present 
 employment, and the tribe of the mother of each, so that full brothers 
 may be easily picked out. 
 
 Wall Muhammad Khan. — Bangash mother. Governs Akcha, and 
 is full brother to Muhammad Afzal and Azim Khans. 
 
 Muhammad Amin Khan. — Popalzai mother. Rules in Kohistan, 
 and is brother of the heir-apparent. He has two sons, Muhammad Ishmail 
 and Zulfikar Khans. 
 
 Muhammad Sharif Kli an. — Popalzai mother. Governs Mukar and 
 Alikhel. 
 
 Ahmad Khan. — Saddozai mother. Has an allowance in Cabul. 
 
 Muhammad Asla^n Khan. — Persian mother, and Lord of Bamian. 
 
 Muhammad Zaman Khan. — Saddozai mother. Has an allowance in 
 Cabul. 
 
 Muhammad Hasan Khan. — Persian mother. Commands four 
 hundred men in Cabul. 
 
 Muhammad Hussain Khan. — Persian mother. Has an allowance in 
 Cabul. 
 
 Faiz Muhammad Khan, — Bangash mother. Commands all the 
 Artillery in Cabul. 
 
 Muhammad Karim Khan. — Persian mother. Resides in Cabul. 
 
 Faiz-uUah Khan. — Hazara mother. Also resides in Cabul. 
 
 Muliamm,ad Yusaf. — Is a son of the sister of Muhammad Aziz 
 Khan Ghilzi, and has an allowance. 
 
 Muhammad Asman Khan. — Saddozai mother. Has an allowance 
 in Cabul. 
 
 There are besides these, two small children, sons of the daughter 
 of Nazir Khair-ullah. 
 
 24. The power in the hands of each of these Princes will be best 
 
 seen from the following distribution state- 
 Distribution of Troops. . ,. ,1 * • J X •. 1 • 1 
 
 ment oi the Amir s troops, it being borne 
 
 in mind that each Governor of a province has only under his command 
 
[ n ] 
 
 his own particular regiments, and that these are never transferred to 
 other stations, except in cases of extraordinary emergency, when by 
 the upsetting of all the arrangements for their pay, clothing and 
 accounts, this might be for a limited time effected, 
 
 25. At BalJih are three regiments of infantry, two of regular 
 Cavalry, and sixteen guns, under Sirdar Muhammad Afzal Khan, who, 
 since the death of his General, Slier ]\[uhammad Khan (Campbell), has 
 placed his own eldest son in command. 
 
 In Bamian and Hazara, one regiment of Infantry with two guns, 
 under Sirdar Muhammad Aslam Khan. 
 
 In the Koh'istan, one regiment of Infantry, two Field and two 
 Mountain Train guns, under Sirdar Muhammad Amin Khan. 
 
 lu Cahul, two regiments of Infantry, eighteen field-pieces, two 
 heavy guns and a mortar. All the Artillery under Sirdar Faiz Mu- 
 hammad Khan. 
 
 In Ghazni, one regiment and four guns under Sirdar Shor 
 Ali Khan. 
 
 At Alccha, one regiment and two guns under Sirdar Wali Mu- 
 hammad Khan. 
 
 In Khxlat-i-Ghilzie, one regiment, three liglit and ono heavy guns, 
 under Sirdar Fateh Muhammad Khan. 
 
 In Kaiulahaf, three regiments of infantry, one of cavalry, not 
 yet completed, two heavy guns, two mountain-train and twelve field- 
 pieces under the heir-apparent. 
 
 Over Fo.rah, Zdinbuhiwdr, and G/inrisk, is scattered a regiment 
 of Infantry with four guns under Sirdar Jallal-ud-din Khan. 
 
 25^. The nominal strength of each of the above regiments is 
 
 eight hundred bayonets, but seldom are 
 Strength of the regular army. • i t i 
 
 there more than six hundred present with 
 
 the standard. The Cavalry Corps are supposed to be tliree hundred 
 
 strong ; and the total Affghan regular force may thus be calculated 
 
 at sixteen regiments of Infantry, three of Cavalry, wath an Artillery 
 
 Park of one mortar, five heavy guns, seventy-six field-pieces, and six 
 
 mountain-train s'uns. 
 
 o 
 
 26. The Infantry of this army is as fine a body of men in point 
 
 of physical power as is to be found in Asia, 
 and seems, at first sight, capable of under- 
 going immense fatigue ; but after seeing a good deal of these men, I 
 c 2 
 
[ 12 ] 
 
 considerably doubt their powers of endurance ; they are principally 
 recruited from the mountain districts ; and the best men are said to be 
 Ghilzies, Wardaks and Kohistanies. The system of recruiting, how- 
 ever, is the worst conceivable, for it is neither a conscription nor free 
 enhstment, but the forcible seizure of the able-bodied men from each 
 district, who are compelled to serve on pain of imprisonment and the 
 utter ruin of their families. 
 
 27. The pay of a foot soldier is nominally five rupees a month, 
 
 with two months in each year deducted for 
 
 Pay. 
 
 clothing and half mounting, but the distri- 
 bution of the remainder even is very irregular, and a considerable por- 
 tion of it is paid in grain, or what amounts to the same thing a certain 
 amount of revenue is remitted to their families at home on this account ; 
 and consequently the soldier often finds himself without the means of 
 purchasing the common necessaries of life in his quarters, and is thus 
 driven to recruit his finances by plunder and highway robbery, delin- 
 quencies at which the ofiicers are obliged to wink, they themselves 
 frequently sharing in the plunder. 
 
 28. Punishments too are very severe ; the men's pay for months 
 
 together is frequently mulcted ; and soldiers 
 Punishmeuts. . -, ^ ■ -, ^ t • n 
 
 are stripped, laid with their faces on the 
 
 ground, and beaten with sticks until they become insensible, or even 
 
 die. In cases of desertion, their families are seized, and sold as slaves, 
 
 and the individuals themselves when caught, either made to serve in 
 
 chains or hung. For selling a Government musket, I have myself known 
 
 a man hung ; and in short soldiers are so ill-treated, that fear alone 
 
 prevents men from mutinying : a crime, the slightest symptoms of which 
 
 are punished with instant death, without even the shadow of a trial. 
 
 29. The greatest precautions are taken at the Head Quarters of 
 
 Corps to prevent desertion ; notwithstanding 
 which one hundred and fifty or two hundred 
 men invariably abscond yearly from each regiment stationed at a dis- 
 tance from Cabul. 
 
 30. Most of these troops are armed with our old flint musket 
 
 and bayonet, or an imitation of them made 
 clofhmg'. '''°"^''"''"*' "^'^ at Cabul; but a few companies have two- 
 grooved rifles constructed from models car- 
 ried off by deserters from some of our frontier regiments. The 
 
[ 13 ] 
 
 accoutrements are of the very worst description, generally picked up 
 at auctions of condemned stores in our frontier stations, while a few 
 are made up in Cabul ; they are seldom cleaned and never fitted to 
 individual soldiers; the clothing too is all procured from the same 
 markets ; and native officers of all grades, even in the same regiment, 
 may be seen in every imaginable British habiliment, from a Navy coat 
 to a Whipper-in^s hunting coat and General's full dress, or a Civilian's 
 round beaver hat. Notwithstanding these drawbacks, the corps which 
 we have seen, are very tolerably drilled, and appear rough but ready 
 soldiers ; and the reason given for their being so fantastically dressed in 
 preference to their own picturesque costume, is not that the government 
 have not the money to expend on better clothing, but that the British 
 uniform carries with it, in Afighanistau, a prestige which it is vain to 
 look for under any other garb. The beards of the soldiers are also 
 shaven in imitation of our custom, as well as to render the recognition 
 of a deserter more certain. 
 
 31. These troops are never brigaded together, and the officers 
 
 know little or nothing of their dutv ; they 
 OfBcers. i /. 
 
 can go through a few parade mana^uvres, 
 
 but themselves confess that they cannot perceive any meaning or use in 
 them beyond mere display. Blank ammunition is never served out ; 
 and except when on actual service the men never fire a shot ; the con- 
 sequence is that with the exception of those few shikaris (hunters) 
 who have handled a jczail or matchlock from the time that they could 
 speak, none of the men have the slightest idea of using their arms 
 with coolness and precision, and there is scarcely a decent shot to be 
 found among them. 
 
 32. It is usual for each iSirdar to have an officer in command of 
 
 , , . , . all his troops, on whom devolves the no 
 
 Generals, and tlieir duties. 
 
 easy task of keeping the men contented on 
 
 the least possible amount of pay. The meu's accounts are intricate 
 
 in the extreme, even had they not to be systematically falsified : if the 
 
 men mutiny, his life is at stake ; and his peculiar study appears to be to 
 
 know the exact limit of human endurance ; for when it becomes no 
 
 longer possible to stave off pay-day, by further excuses to the men, he 
 
 is sure of being reprimanded in no measured terms by his master for 
 
 want of tact, and he is not even then sure of getting the amount 
 
 required, for every subterfuge is resorted to before anj-^ Affghan Sirdar 
 
[ 14 ] 
 
 will pay up the over-due arrears of his soldiery. Should this officer, 
 who usually receives the title of General, be an energetic, active soldier, 
 who contrives to keep matters tolei-ably straight, he has the powers 
 of life and death over the men, and after a few years it invariably 
 happens that he becomes supreme, and so useful to his master that in 
 the event of any accident befalling him, no man can be found to fill 
 his place. Such a man was the late Sher Muhammad Khan (Campbell), 
 
 who was once an ofiicer in the Company's 
 (Campbell)^''^'^"'"'^'^ ^^'^"^ service, afterwards in that of the Sikhs ; 
 
 he then came to Afighanistan with Shah 
 Sujah-ul-mulk, and was conspicuous for his personal bravery ; but 
 being severely wounded and taken prisoner in the battle lost by his 
 master near Kandahar, he renounced his faith and became a Muham- 
 madan, taking service with the Barakzais, for whom he laboured long 
 and faithfully, but of late years he had given himself up entirely to 
 drunkenness and debauchery ; he commanded Sirdar Muhammad Afzal 
 Khan's troops in Balkli, where he died last winter of fever. 
 
 33. Of the ofiicers at present commanding contingents, per- 
 haps Faramosh Khan, general of the heir-apparent's troops, is 
 the most conspicuous ; his character may be thus briefly described : 
 
 he is a native of Waigall, one of the di- 
 General Faramosh Khan. . . ^ . 
 
 visions of Kafiristan (for further particulars 
 
 of which see Appendix F.) and is now about thirty-five years of age ; 
 he was formerly a slave, the property of the late Wazir Muhammad 
 Akbar Khan, at whose death he was transferred to the late Sirdar 
 Muhammad Ikram Khan, whom he accompanied to the Panjab, in 
 the flying visit which the Aflfghans paid that district during the last 
 Sikh campaign. He is now in all military difficulties, the factotum 
 of the heir- apparent, and has perhaps, as much personal influence over 
 him, as any of his followers. If this man had received a tolerable educa- 
 tion, and his lot been cast in any other sphere, but among Affg-hans, 
 he might have turned out a very superior character, he is clear-headed, 
 intelligent, and possesses considerable energy, with an aptitude for 
 picking up and retaining all sorts of information; he was instructed 
 in the rudiments of the military art by Sher Muhammad Khan (Camp- 
 bell), and has studied the subject sufficiently to be able to manoeuvre 
 a regiment of infantry or cavalry tolerably ; and, being able to do so, is 
 looked upon by Affghans as a perfect soldier. Of war he knows nothing. 
 
[ 15 ] 
 
 and as he says himself is not Hkely to be called on to do so ; for when 
 AfFghans engage in such pursuits, they rely moi-e on diplomacy and 
 intrigue than on military strategy, and when driven to fight, every 
 petty chief supposed to have a drop of royal blood in him, supersedes 
 the general and has a voice in the matter ; — and as may be expected 
 on these occasions, the result is that in a multitude of such counsellors, 
 there is anything but wisdom. In petty affairs among the hill tribes, 
 Faramosh Khan is said to have displayed personal courage, an attribute 
 which is generally accorded to all his race. Affghans declare that, 
 being a slave, he dare not commit a serious mistake, for to do so would 
 cost him his head ; he receives one hundred rupees a month for his ex- 
 penses, and has horses and arms supplied by his master. Althouo-h 
 he may not have been so naturally, his disposition has become cruel, 
 revengeful, and cunning in the extreme, and this seems to be the usual 
 result of the conversion of any of the Kafir tribe to Muhammadanism, 
 of which the following instance is another sample. 
 
 34. When the late Wazir Muhammad Akbar Khan went up with 
 
 a force to Kunur, he sent on Eustara 
 Kustum Khan. 
 
 Khan, a converted slave (now commanding 
 
 Sirdar Jallal-ud-din Khan's regiment) with a company to occupy Chagar 
 Serai, from whence Kustara Khan sent a message to his own relations 
 and friends in Katar, whom he had not seen for many years, to inti- 
 mate that he was at Chagar Serai, unable to get away, but longing to 
 meet them all again ; on this some forty men and women, chiefiy his 
 own near relatives, came down to see him ; he conducted them in the 
 most tender manner inside the fort, where he had his company con- 
 cealed and ready, who on a given signal fired a volley into the party, 
 and closing, killed six Kafirs, taking the remainder prisoners to be 
 made slaves for life. General Faramosh Khan related this diabolical 
 story to me with evident exultation, and as an instance of the acumen 
 of his race when under proper tuition. 
 
 35. From their system as well as the nature of Affghans gener- 
 
 ally, great jealousies exist between the con- 
 JS'Sir""'""" '"■ «°g«°t» °f different S.rdars, which fre- 
 
 queutly break out into serious conflicts when 
 these troops are by any accident brought together. The subdued feel- 
 ings of the chiefs towards each other will invariably be found to pervade 
 their followers down to the smallest drummer-boy in a regiment, who. 
 
[ 1^ ] 
 
 though he does not hesitate to abuse his master soundly among his 
 companions, would consider it a personal insult for the follower of a 
 rival chief to do so. 
 
 36. Of the regular cavalry, I am not able to speak so confi- 
 
 dently, having only seen the incomplete 
 regiment belonging to Sirdar Gholam Hydar 
 Khan ; these are, in all respects, bad imitations of our Indian Light 
 Cavalry, copying even their hussar saddles and steel scabbards ; 
 their appointments like those of the infantry are of the very worst 
 description ; the men are perpetually kept at foot drill, but only 
 mounted during the cold season, as their horses are sent away to graze 
 in summer; they are all mounted on either Turkoman or private- 
 bred horses ; but from the want of knowledge of their duties in the 
 officers, this arm is almost a useless body ; by their shadow of disci- 
 pline, they have lost the individual confidence so requisite in irregular 
 troops, and yet they have no one among them who can handle them so 
 as to be useful as regular light cavalry. 
 
 37. From the Aflghan Artillery much cannot be expected, consi- 
 
 derinar that the officers have no scientific 
 Artillery. , ^ ^ ,. , 
 
 knowledge and very little practice ; hereto- 
 fore they did not even know the use of a tangent scale; the height of 
 their ambition being to give a regular salute, and to know the compo- 
 sition of a fuse, and how to fill it ; without being able to cut one the 
 proper length for any required distance. They are clothed in our old 
 cast ofi" artillery uniforms. The heir-apparent's troop is very well 
 horsed, with rather small but very compact animals, well suited to the 
 nature of the country in which they are expected to act. From the 
 numerical strength of the Amir's ordnance, a very false idea might be 
 formed of the actual state of his Artillery, for many of these guns are 
 useless, while for others there is no ammunition ; and the equipment 
 and carriages of the field guns generally are in the most inefficient 
 condition. 
 
 38. An army organized as that of Affghanistan now is, could not 
 
 for an hour oppose even a brigade of well 
 General i-emarks on the army. ,,-,-,..,.1 i ,i 
 
 handled disciplined troops ; but at the same 
 
 time it has always proved itself infinitely superior to the gatherings of , 
 
 wild tribes such as are to be met with in the Amir's dominions, and 
 
 against whom alone they have hitherto been called on to act. I 
 
[ 17 ] 
 
 39. Besides his Regular army, tlie Amir has always available the 
 
 Jezailchis, which were formerly the only 
 Jezailchis. . „ . , "^ . 
 
 infantry m the country ; they are tiralleurs 
 
 or light troops, armed with matchlock or jezail, and accustomed to 
 
 hill warfare ; and are perhaps as good skirmishers as are to be found 
 
 in Asia, being good judges of ground and distance ; instinct teaches 
 
 them almost to scent an ambush, and it is a current remark in the 
 
 country that a good jezailchi on a hill side will conceal his body 
 
 behind his own grass sandals. They are of two descriptions, those in 
 
 Government pay on a nominal salary of five rupees per mensem (paid 
 
 chiefly in grain) and armed by the State, and the jezailchis of the 
 
 different chiefs who generally have a piece of rent-free land assigned 
 
 them in lieu of pay. The Government jezailchis now muster some 
 
 three thousand five hundred men, are chiefly employed in holding forts 
 
 and thannahs all over the country, and are commanded by Sadbashia 
 
 and Dahbashis, or captains of hundreds, and heads over tens, who 
 
 receive a proportionate increase of pay and are divided as follows : 
 
 With Sirdar Muhammad Afzal Khan in Balkh, 400. Sirdar Mu- 
 hammad Azim Khan, 100. The heir-apparent, 1,000 (scattered over 
 Kandahar, Gharisk and Farrah). Sirdar Sher Ali Khan, 300. Sirdar 
 Muhammad Amin Khan, 200. Sirdar Muhammad Aslam Khan, 200. 
 Sirdar Muhammad Sharif Khan, 100. The Amir's own, 200. Dis- 
 tributed over different petty chiefs in bodies of thirty and forty, 1,000 
 Total 3,500. 
 
 The other jezailchis are the immediate followers of their respec- 
 tive chiefs, and may be considered as mere local militia, liable to be 
 called upon to follow their lords whenever the Government require 
 their services. Of the strength of the latter, it is difficult to form an 
 estimate ; but if we take the truest criterion, the numbers which have 
 on former emergencies been collected, I consider that from a thousand 
 to fifteen hundred is the utmost that could be got together at one 
 place, for we must remember that although it is natural for people 
 to talk of combinations to oppose common enemies, and the risino* of a 
 population en masse, yet an Affghan hates no one so sincerely as his 
 nearest neighbour if he be more powerful than himself, and that his 
 love of country or any other human tie will always give place to his 
 self-interest or love of revenge ; so that a collection of the whole male 
 population for any length of time, for a given object, is simply impos- 
 D 
 
[ IS ] 
 
 .sil)lfc% although a considemble mob might be got togethei' to make a 
 simultaneous rush for the sake of plunder. 
 
 40. The Irregular Aflfghan Horse are even more diflBcult to com- 
 
 pute than the jezailchis^ for it is notorious 
 
 Irregular Cavalry. , , . , i , , , i ■ ti 
 
 that they are never kept up to anything like 
 the complement required from each chief, and this is the true reason 
 for the practice of all great Sirdars sending out what is called a " Pesh 
 Khima/' or advanced camp, some considerable time before they march, in 
 order to give their feudal chiefs time to fill up their quotas of horse. Were 
 this not the case, Kandahar and its dependencies should furnish eight 
 thousand Jagirdari Horse ; Ghazni 5000 • Cabul, including Jellalabad, 
 Logar and the Koh-i-daman, 15,000 ; while Balkh with its Uzbegs could 
 give 10,000 more, making a total of 38,000. But if we consider the actual 
 state of affairs I think that 20,000 may be calculated as an extreme esti- 
 mate of this description of force in the country. These troops are equal to 
 any undisciplined horsemen in Asia ; mounted on small but wiry horses, 
 they are armed with every imaginable weapon, shield, spear, matchlock, 
 sword, pistol and knife ; and no Affghan Sowar seems altogether com- 
 fortable unless he is literally bristling with arms, one-half of which he 
 could never have time or occasion to use ; they are, however, rough 
 and ready soldiers, capable of undergoing great fatigue, terrible to a 
 flying foe, good hands at feeling for an enemy or foraging, and when 
 led by a determined chief, anything but a contemptible in a meloe. 
 
 41. The Affghans have no commissariat, and in fact pretend to 
 
 none ; in districts where the revenue is paid 
 Commissariat. . . . ... 
 
 Ill gram a certain proportion is allotted to 
 
 each fort, and parties receive orders (tankhds) on the headmen of 
 
 villages when marching. In this way all troops on the line of march 
 
 must be fed by the nearest villages, the latter getting credit for the 
 
 amount of grain, &c. supplied, when the revenue comes to be collected. 
 
 In disturbed districts, or foreign countries, Affghan troops always live 
 
 on their enemies and pay for nothing. On any great occasion of public 
 
 danger, when the whole available force may be collected en masse, 
 
 each district has to furnish a certain amount of grain, as well as its 
 
 contingent of militia, each soldier receiving a seer of flour daily from 
 
 the common store ; so long as this lasts, the militia consider themselves 
 
 bound to remain with their standards, but the day that this allowance 
 
 ceases, the whole retire to their respective homes. 
 
[ 19 1 
 
 42. There is no ordnance commissariat in AfFghanistan, nor any- 
 
 thing deserving the name of a magazine. 
 
 Each Sirdar has a few hundred rounds of 
 shot for his own guns, and a supply of lead for his small arm ammu- 
 nition, manufacturing his own powder on the spot as required, and 
 seldom having, at the most liberal calculation, more than twenty or 
 thirty maunds in store, most of which will be found old and damaged. 
 When, at any crisis, arms and ammunition are required, the Avorkmen 
 from the nearest town are seized and forced to do the needful, receiving 
 a seer of atta daily while so employed, and not unfrequently being 
 obliged to furnish material. If workmen are not to be found, supplies 
 are usually sent from Cabul. 
 
 43. In Affghanistan there are but two sorts of carriage iu general 
 
 use, — either camels or yabus. Of the first, 
 no great number could ever be procured, 
 unless forcibly seized from the Povindiah and Nomade tribes ; there 
 seem to be scarcely camels enough in the country to carry on the 
 limited trade, and many of these have been imported from Belochistan. 
 The most common beast of burden is the yabu, a powerful galloway, 
 possessing great endurance, combined with considerable activity. It will 
 thrive on almost any fare, and is often called upon to make long 
 marches, carrying heavy loads, or with two men on its back ; and it is 
 in this manner that the Aifghans and Turkomans contrive to make 
 such treinendous marches in their '^chapaos" or forays. 
 
 44. The supply of good horses in Atfghanistan is not so great as 
 
 is generally supposed, and is derived from 
 
 three sources : — the private bred, or those 
 
 from the royal studs ; the horses indigenous to the country ; and those 
 
 imported from Turkistan, Hazara and Persia. The first are generally 
 
 considered the most valuable, and are of the best Turkoman or Persian 
 
 , , stock, crossed with the Arab. The Amir 
 
 Arab cross. 
 
 alone is said to have five hundred mares, 
 
 located in the Hazara district of " Nur," where the grassy slopes of 
 
 the " Gulkoh" mountains afford luxm-iant pasturage; the produce of 
 
 these is annually distributed among his sons and chief Sirdars, while 
 
 they, in turn, have proportionate breeding establishments. These studs 
 
 have only been in operation a few years, but have produced such a 
 
 superior style of horses that all the chiefs have hcon iuoculaLed with au 
 
 D 2 
 
[ 20 ] 
 
 Arab mania^ and it is not difficult to foresee that in a very short time a 
 valuable breed of horses will be procurable from this country j but 
 AfFghanistan can never be calculated upon to supply India with any 
 considerable number of horses^ as the demand in the country itself is 
 always great^ and the trade attended with many risks, besides requiring 
 a capital which few can command. In addition to these drawbacks, the 
 demand in our army is generally for animals between three and five 
 years of age, while the best horses here are sold off as yearlings, the 
 breeders being anxious to recover their money as soon as possible. 
 
 45. The horse indigenous to Affghanistan is generally a heavy 
 
 shouldered, thick legged, soft animal, from 
 Affglian horses. 
 
 fourteen to fifteen hands high, with no 
 
 blood, and unfit for fast work, although they will get over incredible 
 distances at their own particular pace, which is an ambling sort of 
 shuffle a little more than four miles an hour ; but the worst feature in 
 this breed is that it cannot stand anything like excessive heat, and 
 when urged to extraordinary exertion I have known them tumble 
 down dead, while other horses were not distressed ; they are considered 
 by many people, however, as very good in draft, having a natural apti- 
 tude for a steady pull from the shoulder. 
 
 46. The Turkoman horses exported to Peshawar are brought 
 
 down via Balkli and Cabul from Andkho, 
 Shahbaghan and towards Bokhara, and are 
 characterised by a want of bone, and too heavy a carcass in proportion 
 to their legs ; they are purchased at from two to ten tomans on the 
 spot, and the profit on them at Peshawar is about thirty per cent, after 
 paying all expenses. Eadakshan also supplies a few animals, but as 
 the " khattaghani" breed is a very favorite one among Affghan Sirdars, 
 and likely to be appropriated by them in transit, dealers are shy in 
 bringing them down (although they are undoubtedly the best horses 
 procurable on this line of country), but prefer taking inferior breeds at 
 from eight to ten tomans, upon which they find they can make more 
 profit. The Sindh market is again supplied with a superior breed, 
 smaller in size but with more blood ; these come from Shahrukhs, Mai- 
 munnah, Hazara, and Mashad, and it is at this latter place that the 
 best breeds such as " Yamuts," Takhahs, " Chowdhur,^^ &c. are 
 procured, as well as Persian horses; but the reasons already given 
 also prevent dealers ou this line from speculating in the blood cattle. 
 
[. 21 ] 
 
 The higher cost horses are sent do^vn from Mashad to Bushire and the 
 coast where they are shipped for Bombay as Gulf Arabs. 
 
 47. While on the subject of the Aflfghan army, I might here 
 
 enumerate and describe the forts and mili- 
 Forts. - - . 
 
 tary posts, scattered over the country, trom 
 
 native information ; but never having visited many of them, and being 
 
 aware that plans and descriptions of them, as well as of the defences 
 
 of Kandahar, Cabul and Ghazni, are already in the office of the Quarter 
 
 Master General, I shall merely remark that Kandahar is now exactly 
 
 in the same state in which we left it; the same remark applies to 
 
 Cabul; and the defences of Ghazni have been repaired (wherever we 
 
 injured them) with *'puska" work, but are in such a state that it would 
 
 offer but little opposition to a regular force. Khilat-i-Ghilzie has been 
 
 enlarged and entirely rebuilt, and a rough sketch is here annexed in 
 
 Appendix H. which, with the following description, may afford some 
 
 idea of the present fort. 
 
 48. The present fort of Khilat-i-Ghilzie stands on an isolated 
 
 plateau, havinof a command to the south, of 
 Fort of KIiilat-i-Gbilzie. ^ , , i ^ p , , 
 
 several hundred feet above the surrounding 
 
 country; the slopes from which form the glacis, and are in places 
 
 exceedingly steep. The tracing is irregular, but affording generally 
 
 a strong defensive outline. The ramparts have been scarped to a 
 
 great height out of tlie face of the liill, and revetted with puska 
 
 (kneaded sti'aw and mud built in layers and allowed to dry in the 
 
 sun). A good substantial parapet surmounts this, and is carried all 
 
 round the works, which now embrace the whole plateau. Towards 
 
 the western face, a mass of conglomerate shooting up to the height of 
 
 some eighty or one hundred feet, affords a natural cavalier, upon which 
 
 a gun, en barbette, ranges over all the works ; under this mound, 
 
 on a level with the terreplein of the fort, is the old magazine, which 
 
 was screened on the exposed side by a substantial wall of puska ; but 
 
 a new one has now been built in a far worse position, immediately 
 
 to the south of the cavalier ; and from the mound, two copious springs 
 
 flow, affording an abundant supply of dehcious water for any garrison. 
 
 There are two gateways of the usual native construction, with the 
 
 road-way turning at right angles shortly after entering the place ; 
 
 the main one is to the south, the approach to it steep and well flanked 
 
 by the tracing of the works on the left. The other gateway is 
 
^ 
 
 ^v 
 
[ 21 ] 
 
 Tlie higher cost horses are sent down from Mashad to Bushire and the 
 coast where they are shipped for Bombay as Gulf Arabs. 
 
 47. While on the subject of the Affghan army, I might here 
 
 enumerate and describe the forts and mih- 
 Forts. 
 
 tary posts, scattered over the country, from 
 
 native information ; but never having visited many of them, and being 
 
 aware that plans and descriptions of them, as well as of the defences 
 
 of Kandahar, Cabul and Ghazni, are already in the office of the Quarter 
 
 Master General, I shall merely remark that Kandahar is now exactly 
 
 in the same state in which we left it; the same remark applies to 
 
 Cabul; and the defences of Ghazni have been repaired (wherever we 
 
 injui'ed them) with "puska" work, but are in such a state that it would 
 
 offer but little opposition to a regular force. Khilat-i-Ghilzie has been 
 
 enlarged and entirely rebuilt, and a rough sketch is here annexed in 
 
 Appendix H. which, with the following description, may afford some 
 
 idea of the present fort. 
 
 48. The present fort of Khilat-i-Ghilzie stands on an isolated 
 
 _ „ ^ plateau, haWng a command to the south, of 
 
 Fort of Khilat-i-Gbilzie. l ^ o > 
 
 several hundred feet above the surrounding 
 country; the slopes from which form the glacis, and are in places 
 exceedingly steep. The tracing is irregular, but affording generally 
 a strong defensive outline. The ramparts have been scarped to a 
 great height out of the face of the hill, and revetted with puska 
 (kneaded straw and mud built in layers and allowed to dry in the 
 sun). A good substantial parapet surmounts this, and is carried all 
 round the works, which now embrace the whole plateau. Towards 
 the western face, a mass of conglomerate shooting up to the height of 
 some eighty or one hundred feet, affords a natural cavalier, upon which 
 a gun, en barbette, ranges over all the works ; under this mound, 
 on a level with the terreplein of the fort, is the old magazine, which 
 was screened on the exposed side by a substantial wall of puska ; but 
 a new one has now been built in a far worse position, immediately 
 to the south of the cavalier ; and from the mound, two copious springs 
 flow, affording an abundant supply of dehcious water for any garrison. 
 There are two gateways of the usual native construction, with the 
 road-way turning at right angles shortly after entering the place ; 
 the main one is to the south, the approach to it steep and well flanked 
 by the tracing of the works on the left. The other gateway is 
 
[ 22 ] 
 
 immediately opposite to this to the north ; its construction is similar, 
 but it has no flanking defences. The approach to it is comparatively 
 easy^ and large masses of conglomerate lying scattered in the immediate 
 vicinity, would afford cover from which to keep down any fire which 
 might be opened on a party approaching the gate. Within the fort 
 and between the two gates is the bazar, containing at present some 
 thirty Baniah's shops. The quarters of the garrison are ranged 
 round the ramparts, and there are two extensive granaries, besides a 
 comfortable residence for the Governor. Outside the woi-ks, all round 
 this forti*ess, six or eight feet from the bottom of the wall, the hill has 
 been scarped perpendicular for a height of about eight feet ; it is 
 probable, however, that rain will before long smooth this down to a 
 more natural slope. The evident weak points of the place are. — First, 
 the long necked eastern bastion, which has no flanking support of any 
 description and could itself develop but a feeble fire ; immediately in 
 front of it on the opposite side of a deep ravine, and distant six 
 hundred yards, are two mounds affording excellent positions for 
 breaching this bastion ; while undulations in the slope of the hill give 
 good cover for the approach of light troops to within easy range. — 
 Second, a general want of flanking defences along the whole of the 
 northern face ; and lastly, the large masses of conglomerate already 
 referred to, which are scattered about the base of the works along the 
 whole of the western face, where a detached round tower and postern 
 have lately been made. 
 
 Such is the present state of this fortress, which without going back 
 to the days of Sultan Baber, who stormed and carried it after great loss, 
 has obtained a world-wide reputation from the gallant defence 
 conducted by Captain Craigie (now Lt.-Col. Craigie, C. B.) who in 
 command of a small garrison of young sepoys, held this position then 
 only covered by old dilapidated works, temporarily patched with sand 
 bags, against the combined Toran Ghilzies ; and finally when assaulted, 
 hurled them back at the point, of the bayonet, and obliged them to 
 retire leaving one hundred and forty bodies stretched on the glacis, 
 w^ithout a single casualty in its truly illustrious garrison ! 
 
 49. Having thus given a slight sketch of the character of the 
 
 Characters of the feudal Amir's SOUS, and of the forc^ at their 
 
 "obility. disposal, it is hardly necessary ibr me to 
 
 enter at any great length into the details of the petty factions compos- 
 
[ 23 ] 
 
 ing the mass of the feudal nobility of Affghanistan, especially as it is 
 composed of names with which Government must be already well 
 acquainted, and characters which may be individually and collectively 
 described as men, whose actions cannot be calculated upon, but who 
 are ready to grasp at any chance of bettering their own condition ; 
 obedient through fear alone ; treacherous by nature ; and pohtical 
 schemers from their birth. 
 
 50. At the head of this list may be placed the brothers of the 
 
 i^irdars Pir Muhammad ^^"' ' *^^ surWving children of Poyendah 
 Khan.Sultan Muhammad Khan Khan: — namely, SirdarsPir Muhammad 
 and Eahmdil Xhan. t t-. , t 
 
 Khan,bultan Muhammad Khan and Rahmdil 
 
 Khan. The two first are both older than the Amir. Pir ]\Iuham- 
 mad Khan has always been a money-making screw ; and yet blindly 
 led into any scheme by Sirdar Sultan Muhammad Khan, who has an 
 innate love for low intrisfue and falsehood ; without the couragfe to 
 carry out his own ideas, he is for ever leading other people into 
 mischief, and disowning his own counsels; and with whatever party 
 he allies himself, he is sure sooner or later to deceive them ; in short 
 I cannot better describe the man than as "monstrum nulla virtute 
 redein})tum." Old age is now creeping fast upon him, and he confines 
 himself much to his harem, where he has contrived to immure 
 upwards of a hundred wives. 
 
 51. Sirdar Eahmdil Khan whom I have already mentioned as 
 liaving gone, with the Amir's consent, to Teheran, is said to bo 
 afflicted with a loathsome skin disease, which renders his life a 
 torment, and would prevent his taking any active part in the govern- 
 ment ; he has a large family of his own, and there are some thirty 
 nephews, children of the other Kandahari brotliers, all of whom may 
 be supposed still to retain some little influence in western Affghanis- 
 tan. Among these. Sirdar Muhammad Siidik Khan, who died in 
 Cabul the other day, stood out prominently as a villain of the blackest 
 dye, as shown in his conduct towards General Ferrier. 
 
 52. Sirdar Slier Ali Khan, son of the late Mihrdil Khan, is said 
 
 to be intellii'ent and active, and is now the 
 Sirdar Sher Ali Khau. . . .*= ^ c- t c ^ 
 
 prime minister of Sirdar Sultan Jan in 
 
 Herat. The whole of the Kandahar family have long shown a strong 
 
 inclination to be on friendly terms with their Persian neighbours ; and 
 
 on the Amir's death^ no doubt many of them will bo found intriguing 
 
 with that power. 
 
[ 24 ] 
 
 53. Of the remaining families of the Amir's brothers, perhaps 
 
 r,. , o, ,11- -r-, Sirdar Shamsh-ud-din Khan and his brothers 
 
 bu-clar Shanish-ud-din Khan. 
 
 (sons of the late Muhammad Amm Khan) 
 are the best known ; they are kept at Cabul on allowances in cash, and 
 as may easily be fancied are anything but contented with their lot. 
 Sirdar Shamsh-ud-din Khan gained a character for enterprise among 
 our officers far above his desert ; and Affghans say that bis brother 
 (since dead,) was the master-spirit during the war with us ; this family 
 may be safely put down as ready for any change. 
 
 54. Next in importance come Shahdowlah Khan and his brothers, 
 
 „, , , , , ^, sons of the late Sirdar Muhammad Zaman 
 
 ohahaowlah Ivhan. 
 
 Khan ; this branch of the Barakzaie family 
 have been in difficulties ever since the murder of Shah Sujah-ul-mulk 
 by the late Sujah-ud-dowlah; and Shahdowlah Khan, now a refugee 
 with the Persians, may be considered in perpetual exile from his own 
 country ; he was put in charge of Shahrukhs while the Persians occupied 
 that district, but was obliged to quit on the latter being overthrown 
 by the Turkomans. 
 
 55. Sirdars Abdul Ghyas Khan and Abdul Ghanuni Khan (sons of 
 
 ^. , ., , , ^, the late Nawab Zabar Khan) are perhaps 
 
 Sirdar Abaia Ghyas L.han, . . . 
 
 in greater favor with the Amir than any 
 
 other of his nephews ; the first named is a great favorite and follower 
 
 of the heir-apparent, and is said to be intelligent and active. 
 
 56. Sirdar Muhammad Asman Khan and his brother (children of 
 Sirdar Muhammad Asman ^^^ ^^^^ Nawab Sammand Khan) are always 
 
 •^^^^°- to be found about the Amir^s Court, and 
 
 seldom leave Cabul ; they receive liberal cash allowances and appear 
 contented. The brother's names are Gholam Kadir Khan, Muhammad 
 Ghous Khan and Gholam Sadik Khan ; he himself has three sons, all 
 by separate mothers, namely : Muhammad Sarwar Khan, Muhammad 
 Hussein Khan and Gholam Muayyid-ud-din Khan. 
 
 57. It is now almost in vain to look for families and men of 
 influence in Affghanistan apart from the Amir's immediate relatives, 
 for they have been gradually but almost entirely swept away by the 
 Amir's policy. The principal difficulties in the path of all rulers of 
 this country appear to have ever been the smallness of the revenue 
 which can be collected in comparison with the number of chiefs wIjo 
 have to keep up their state and live upon that revenue ; and the 
 
[ 25 ] 
 
 Barakzais unblushiiigly affirm that as the country cannot support 
 both rich and poor, the latter must be sacrificed to uphold the 
 former. 
 
 58. xinother great obstacle to good government has always been 
 the power and influence possessed by each feudal chief, whose 
 authority in many instances equalled that of royalty itself; and as 
 formerly the army of Affghanistan was entirely composed of the Ulus 
 or clansmen of these chiefs, who were supposed to hold their lands in 
 jagir on conditions of service, but who were most frequently found 
 to go over to the enemy in the day of need, a counterpoise became 
 indispensable ; and the Amir commenced to put together liis regular 
 army. The gradual reduction of the power of the feudal lords, and 
 the transfer of it as far as possible into the hands of his own sons and 
 relatives, have therefore been the prominent features of the Aniii-'s 
 policy, and in no case has this been more marked than in that of the 
 once powerful Ghilzies (see Appendix B.). 
 
 59. The sons of the infamous and once powerful Amin-ullah Khan, 
 
 Hafiz-ullah, Nasar-ullah and Eahm-ullah 
 Amin-ullah Khaa and sons. 
 
 Khans are now but petty agents to the sons 
 
 of the Amir in Losfar ; that chief himself was smothered in a bathin<r- 
 
 r-ooiu, under a pillow, by the hand of Sirdar Gholam Hydar Khan 
 
 himself, shortly after the Amir's return from Hindustan. 
 
 60. Muhammad Shah Khan, oiice the head of the western Ghil- 
 
 zies, after a fruitless struggle of years 
 
 Muliammad Shah Khan. . i • p i a • i 
 
 agamst the authority of the Amir, has at last 
 succumbed, and lives a prisoner at large, though under strict surveil- 
 lance, at Cabul. His coteinporary JMallik Shahdad (son of Maizzu) 
 another of the same clan, still continues in the strongholds of Tuggao to 
 find shelter, and to defy the etibrts of the Cabul government either to 
 capture him or to restrain his lawless pursuits ; although they have 
 placed MuUik Bahrain, his nephew and rival, in possession of his 
 lands and chiefship. 
 
 61. Ikram Khan, better known as Ikram Jan, and his brothers, 
 
 sons of Abd-ullali Khan Achakzai, have 
 Ikram Klian Achakzai. 
 
 been hunted out ot the country, and are 
 
 now refugees in Herat, and it is said have difficulty in finding 
 
 subsistence. 
 
 E 
 
[ '-^(^ ] 
 
 62. Two old names still remain prominent in the city of Cabul, 
 
 Ilafiz-ji and Khan Sharin Khan; but the 
 ^ ^"•'^' Amir has a perfect control over both, and 
 
 at the same time finds them too useful to be put aside: although 
 he himself cannot quit the capital without taking them with him. 
 The first owes his influence chiefly to the holy character of his elder 
 brother Amir-ji, who is looked on as a saint by the Suni population 
 of Cabul and the Kohistan, who are proud to call themselves his 
 disciples. Hafiz-ji makes the most of this feeling in the people to 
 further his own political views. Some say that he is a staunch follower 
 of the heir apparent, while others as positively assert that he is only 
 watching his opportunity to befriend Sirdar Muhammad Afzal Khan. He 
 is at heart a bitter enemy of the British Government, and had a large 
 share in the excitement got up at the capital, which Sirdar Muhammad 
 Azim Khan so opportunely put down. 
 
 63. Khan Sharin Khan never dabbles now in political waters, 
 
 but exerts all his influence to keep together 
 
 Khan Sliarin Elian. ^ , i • t^ n i -? . • -t 
 
 and strengthen his Kassaibash taction ; and 
 
 it is impossible to guess what course he will take on the Amir's death. 
 
 In short, men dare not and will not express their opinions, (if they 
 
 have formed any), regarding the probable tendencies of political parties ; 
 
 but as few men are so intimately acquainted with Affghan habits and 
 
 customs, as the old Amir himself, whose whole soul is now bent on 
 
 furthering the interests of Sirdar Gholam Hydar Khan ; wherever the 
 
 iron hand of power is now found pressing, it may be safely regarded 
 
 as an undeviating indicator of danger hereafter. 
 
 64. Of the heir-apparent's immediate followers I need only here 
 
 mention Nazir Na'im, who is without excep- 
 Nazir Na'im. ^ • ,i ,■ ^ ^ i • -,-, 
 
 tion the most influential oi his adherents. 
 
 This man, as well as Abdul Eahman Khan (son of Mowladad Khan) 
 
 were in their youth engaged in trade as petty agents in the city of 
 
 Cabul, and from their activity and general aptitude for business, soon 
 
 attracted the attention of the late Sirdar Muhammad Azim Khan who 
 
 took them both into his service : where Nazir Na'im's shrewdness soon 
 
 became conspicuous, and on the death of his master, the Amir took him 
 
 under his own protection and subsequently made him over to the 
 
 heir-apparent. He is generally respected and even looked up to by 
 
 many of the Barakzai family. 
 
[ 27 ] 
 
 65. Having thus lightly sketched the principal characters which 
 
 Effects of Barakzai rule on stand out on the stage of Affghau public 
 
 the couutry, generally. ||fp^ J ^^^ j^o^ gknce at the effects of 
 
 Barakzai rule of late j'ears on the people generally. As might be 
 expected from the needy and tyrannical despotism of the Amir's sons, 
 at a distance from his control, quiet and industrious communities are 
 ground to the dust, and their rich and once cultivated lands fast 
 turning to wilderness ; while more turbulent races hold their own by 
 sheer force ; mercantile classes are ruinously and arbitrarily taxed, and 
 citizens under the cloak of municipal legislation, are fleeced of their 
 substance without gaining security in their homes, but on the contrary 
 their houses are frequently robbed and families dishonored by a 
 licentious soldiery — constantly on the verge of mutiny and let loose on 
 the community to make up the arrears of their own pay so unjustly 
 withheld from them. Add to this, the fact of all classes being blindly 
 priest-ridden by crafty, bigoted and supercilious ecclesiastics, and a 
 true picture is drawn of the present condition of the Affghau fixed 
 population. Such is the sad conviction which my every-day experience 
 of the country forces on me, although very different from the im- 
 pressions at first made on a stranger's mind. On his introduction to 
 Affghanistan, its chiefs and its people, he is naturally carried away 
 by the apparently frank, open-hearted, hospitable, though sometimes 
 rough manners of all around him in this theatrical region ; but he very 
 soon discovers that, as a Pathan friend of mine, when speaking of 
 Doranies, more truly described the real Affghan character, they '' are in 
 outward appearance and profession, the most religious, orthodox, and 
 just of Muhammadans, but, really in practice, without religion or faith, 
 and examples of oppressors to the human race.'' 
 Trade. 66. For particulars of the state of trade, sec Appendix E. 
 
 67. Justice in ordinary cases is supposed to be administered by a 
 Kazi, or chief Magistrate, assisted by 
 Muftis and Muta'assibs, (the latter a species 
 of detective officer) and regulated by laws, which if rightly acted on 
 would be tolerably equitable, but which are made respectable cloaks 
 for extortion, to support the rich at the expense of the poor. Wliat 
 else can be said of a system which admits of a Kazi taking a lease of 
 the fines of his office by paying so much into the Government 
 Treasury? The Mullahs again, are the inspectors of public and 
 E 2 
 
[ 28 ] 
 
 private morals^ and are assisted by the Muta'assibs. While the stranger, 
 
 peasant, or unprotected citizen, is mulcted of his little all, or publicly 
 
 exposed riding backwards on a donkey with his face blacked, for the 
 
 breaking of a fast, we find the most unnatural and disgusting crimes 
 
 debasing all society unchallenged, from the prince expectant of a 
 
 throne to the lowest menial privileged as a Government servant. 
 
 6S. The chief aim of Affghan provincial rulers is, not to find 
 
 themselves at the head of contented and 
 Affghan provincial rnlei's. 
 
 prosperous communities, but to extract from 
 
 them as much coin as can possibly be got hold of ; and year after year, 
 
 with a diminishing population, and more impoverished country, it is 
 
 marvellous how they still contrive to squeeze out the same amount of 
 
 revenue. The following sketch of the history of the division, and 
 
 farming of the Kandahar district, may be taken as a fair specimen of 
 
 the agriculturist's prospects in Affghanistan generally. 
 
 69. When Nadir Shah over-ran Herat and Kandahar, he is said to 
 
 have exported eighteen thousand Ghilzies 
 with their families to Teheran, and to have 
 distributed the lands of Kandahar among his Persian followei's. The 
 division was made into eight thousand shares, each of which required 
 about eighteen " Kharwars" of seed (equal to one hundred Company's 
 maunds) . 
 
 70. In Ahmad Shah's time a fresh distribution of these lands took 
 place into twelve thousand ploughs ; of which four thousand were 
 restored to their original Ghilzie owners, and the remainder given away 
 as follows : — 
 
 To the Achakzais of Dosang and Mushian, 700 
 
 Allizais of Zamindawar, 800 
 
 Nuzaies of Dehras, Kaddini, Garmsil, Khunjakuk 
 
 and Khuslikinakhud, 1500 
 
 Maku and Khagwani, 500 
 
 Barakzais of Maru and Kandahar, 1500 
 
 Allyzais of Arghandao, 1500 
 
 Popalzaies ofNesh, Ghowk, Arghasan and Daman, 1500 
 
 An Ahmad Shahi share (also called Tawili) requires three Kharwars 
 
 of seed (or about thirty maunds) and the revenue on each was formerly 
 
 fixed at the amount of seed ; or in other words, for every maund of 
 
 grain sown, government received a maund as revenue ; besides ten 
 
[ 29 ] 
 
 Kandahari rupees a share, in lieu of grass and stubble (tliis last too 
 was called " Kahboh"). 
 
 7] . These rates continued in force till the " Kandahari brothers'' 
 arrived at power, when they made the following revision. In 
 Khushkinakhud, Sangsir, Khunjakuk, Pangali and Argandhao, which 
 contained in the aggregate three thousand three hundred Tawili ploughs, 
 or three hundred ten Nadari, the revenue was left alone on account 
 of the power of the tribes holding these districts, but the remainder of 
 the country was taxed according to the water consumed, and each 
 village calculated as equal to so many karezahs and fifty rupees 
 charged per Karez. These, however, vary in every village, so that some 
 cultivators are charged double what their neighbours pay. Water is 
 not generally supplied from karezahs as the name would imply, but 
 from canals brought from the Arghandao. In most villages the 
 average supply of water per plough is calculated at as much as will 
 flow through an aperture an inch square, which is sufficient to admit 
 of each field being watered once in seven days. Water from karezahs, 
 where these exist, is distributed at the same rate ; but the owner of 
 the karez supplying water to fields not his own, exacts one-half the 
 produce of such irrigation, paying half the government demand. 
 
 71. A. In these rates, several modifications have been introduced 
 by Sirdar Gholam Hydar Khan, chiefly for his own advantage ; and in 
 the height of the hot weather, when water to the cultivator is worth 
 almost any money, the Sirdar frequently puts all the water in a canal 
 up to auction, and has been known to realize as much as seventy 
 Kandahari rupees for one day's supply of water to a promising vinery. 
 Such a system must shortly run its course, for no country however rich 
 its soil, could repay the cost of irrigation at such rates. 
 
 72. Most villages in Kandahar are farmed annually to contrac- 
 tors, who, with the assistance of soldiers, take all they can get in kind 
 from the inhabitants. Some villages are given away in lieu of pay 
 to Sirdars and chiefs, but one custom prevails in all. The government 
 share of produce is supposed to be one-half; the remainder belongs to 
 the owner of the land, or Daftari. If he employs others to cultivate for 
 him, but supplies bullocks and seed, he takes | of this, leaving the 
 remaining ^ for the actual cultivator (called Bozgash) ; but if the 
 latter furnishes bullocks and seed, one-half of the Daftari's share, 
 equal to j of the whole produce, becomes his. 
 
[ 80 ] 
 
 73. Besides the land-tax, a poll-tax of five Kandahari rupees is 
 
 collected from all but Pathans, and this tax is 
 Taxes. 
 
 common throughout Affghanistan ; Hindoos 
 
 in towns or country pay a separate tax called " Juz," which is said to 
 
 be specially set apart for the expenses of the Amir's cuisine, as 
 
 Muhammadan digestion is supposed to improve when pampered on 
 
 Hindoo poverty. 
 
 74 . If the payment of these taxes guaranteed the cultivator pro- 
 tection from further exactions he would he well off, and contented ; but 
 after this burden has been cleared off, shoals of hungry soldiers, and 
 followers of chiefs are let loose on the villages, and gather for them- 
 selves what they can pick up.. Not unfrequently while the ci'ops are 
 still standing, or during a season of drought and famine, while the 
 farmer is entertaining some faint hopes that he will be able to secure 
 grain sufiicient to preserve himself and family froin imminent starva- 
 vation, all these are suddenly blighted by the appearance of a host of 
 sowars with spare " Yabus," who, without farther ceremony enter the 
 field, clear off the crop, and cai-ry it away to fatten some Sirdar's 
 horses which are out of condition. Such and like arbitrary exactions 
 amount in the aggregate to quite as much as the fixed revenue. The 
 result is, that in the immediate vicinity of towns, and close to the ruler, 
 the agriculturist continues to till the land ; but in many parts of the 
 coimtry you approach large and apparently flourishing villages, enter 
 them, and no human voice greets or curses you there, as the case may 
 be. Once rich vineyards are dried up, and all around is desolation. 
 This is especially the case in the Kandahar district, where every fresh 
 change of rulers has only brought increased taxation, until the popula- 
 tion has been decimated ; and tax-gatherers enraged at not being able 
 to squeeze money out of mud walls, have seized and sold into slavery 
 the last wretched inhabitants of a once prosperous and influential 
 village, 
 
 74. The remaining population ai'e no longer the hospitable 
 Affghans mentioned by so many travellers. At the very sight of a 
 stranger the villager of Kandahar now slinks away. Ask for water, and 
 he tells you that he has no vessel to offer it in -, — judging from past 
 experience that if so much of a symptom of prosperity were visible, 
 it must lead to future ruin. 
 
 75. The chiefs certainly show hospitality, but how ? at the 
 
[ 81 ] 
 
 expense of all around tliem; they order everytliiug, and pay for 
 
 nothing ; and yet even among the veriest beggars, there still ma}'^ be 
 
 traced a little of the old leaven of intense family pride. I know an 
 
 instance of a man who, with scarce a rag on his back, with his wife 
 
 and children in a like predicament, riding on a half-starved donkey, 
 
 and they themselves without food to eat, were met by a Moula'sy and 
 
 asked out of sheer compassion who they were, and where going ? 
 
 when he haughtily answered, " Who are you, you dog, to interrogate 
 
 an Achakzai, the best blood of the Dur-i-Durans ?" 
 
 76. Of the amount of population in a country like Aifghanistan, 
 
 it is always difficult to obtain even an 
 Population. . r i -i i 
 
 approximate estimate ; tor while on the one 
 
 hand few men in the country have ever given the subject a thought, 
 
 and truth is rarely uttered unless by accident ; on the other hand 
 
 exaggeration and pure fiction are always ready on an Affghan's lips. 
 
 I have therefore had considerable trouble in preparing the following 
 
 incomplete table ; in general it will be found approximating the truth ; 
 
 but if anything, the numbers are rather over than under the mark. 
 
 Some few of the totals I have verified by comparison with the amount 
 
 of poll-tax levied. 
 
 Barakzais, ... ... ... ... ... ... 08,750 
 
 Dowlatzais, 
 Matatkzais, 
 Bamezais, . . , 
 Hussainzais, 
 Ismailzais, 
 Bashazaies, .. 
 Babakzais, 
 Mangalzais, 
 Bostanzais, . . 
 Shumarazais, 
 Kutbazais, . . 
 Massozais, . . 
 Sirkanzais, . . 
 Hussainzais, 
 Khallazais, . . 
 Pizais, 
 Daudzais, 
 
 30,000 
 20,000 
 10,250 
 14,500 
 12,500 
 
 9,500 
 17,000 
 22,500 
 47,500 
 
 2,500 
 20,000 
 25,000 
 10,000 
 28,000 
 24,500 
 25,000 
 100,000 
 
[ 32 ] 
 
 Dizzais, 
 Hydarzais, . . . 
 Moku, 
 
 Khagwaui, . . , 
 Acliakzais, . . . 
 Ghilzies, 
 Kohistanies, 
 
 55,000 
 30,000 
 5,000 
 10,000 
 74,000 
 200,000 
 99,800 
 
 Tajaks of Kolidamun, Grhazni, Cabul, &c., . . . 100,000 
 
 Kassalbaslies, 30,000 
 
 Mixed population of towns, ... ... ... 65,000 
 
 Povindiahs, 30,000 
 
 Momands, Sliiniwaries and Tugmanies, ... ... 1,50,000 
 
 Hazaralis undei" the Amir, ... ... ... ... 1,20,000 
 
 Total population of AfFglianistan,... ... ... 1,4,56,800 
 
 Add Mr. Elpliinstoue's estimated population of 
 
 'Balkh, 1,000,000 
 
 Total of the Amir's subjects, 2,4,56,800 
 
 For further details of many of these tribes, see Appendices 
 B. C. and E. 
 
 77. The foreign policy of the Amir may be described in a few 
 
 words. He and most of his sons have 
 Foreign policy of the Amir. . 
 
 evidently made up their minds to maintain 
 
 amicable relations with the British Government, and nothing but gross 
 
 mismanagement will now upset this determination. 
 
 78. With Belochistan, the Amir is cordial, considering that state 
 
 as an ally of ours : and Affghans in conver- 
 With Belochistan, . , , , 
 
 sation, generally speak now-a-days of Quetta 
 
 as our frontier. 
 
 79. The Amir's relations with Persia are marked by undisguised 
 
 hatred ; and his policy towards her coupled 
 
 With Persia. . . 
 
 with a certain amount of temerity; but his 
 proverbial caution also occasionally oozes out, and the late mission of 
 Aladad Khan Popalzai to Herat, for the express purpose of hearing 
 from Sirdar Sultan Jan the bearings of the policy of the different 
 Eui'opcan powers represented at Teheran, leads me to be quite prepared 
 
[ 33 ] 
 
 to liecar one of these days, that the old ruler has opened commuuica- 
 tions with either France, Turkey, or Russia, or perhaps, with all three, 
 not that he sees any immediate advantage in such a move, but as a 
 precautionary measure. 
 
 80. It is difficult to define the present relations between the 
 
 Amir and the new Herat government. 
 With Herat. ... . 
 
 That he is using his utmost influence to 
 
 detach Sirdar Sultan Jan from Persia is undoubted, but what the real 
 
 ideas of the latter fickle spirit may be on this subject, is as dubious 
 
 as his character. To advance his own interests at the expense of 
 
 integrity, appears his game, for we find him in the same breath 
 
 extolling the English and expressing his wish to be on the best of 
 
 terms with them, and yet declaring to his subjects that he will hold no 
 
 intercourse with unbelievers ! Again, while tlie evening is spent in 
 
 abusing the Amir, and inditing flowery cringing epistles to the Shah 
 
 of Persia, cursing the infidel Shiahs, and protesting that his filial 
 
 affection for his uncle cannot be obliterated by aught on this side tho 
 
 grave, " a slave of tho Amir's he was born and will remain to the day of 
 
 his death." 
 
 81. With Turkistan, Kunduz, and other independent adjoin- 
 
 ing states, the Amir pursues but one policy ; 
 In Turkistan. . 
 
 to take all he can irom them, keep it, and 
 
 look out for more. 
 
 Northwards he meets tho confines of Bokhara, and last year tho 
 
 Khan of that country, deemed it expedient 
 With Bokhara. . ^ . \, „• • i , 
 
 to enter mto a friendly alliance with the 
 
 Ruler of Cabul ; but a leopard will change his spots ere an Asiatic, 
 but more especially an Affghan, can forget or forgive an injury ; and 
 the Amir only requires an opportunity to avenge the insutting treat- 
 ment he received at the hands of Nasr-ullah Khan, when driven to 
 seek his hospitality. 
 
 82. I now feel myself called on to express (although I do so with 
 the greatest diffidence) my opinion with regard to the policy to be for tho 
 future adopted towards AfFghanistan and in central Asia generally. 
 As might have been expected, the accounts of the mutiny in tho 
 Bengal army have spread in an exaggerated form from one end of this 
 great continent to the other, and crafty politicians have not failed to 
 make use of it, for their own purposes. Russian influence weighs down 
 
[ 34 ] 
 
 the balance against us in Persia, and the scales in Herat are thereby- 
 affected ; Muscovite policy has now reached Kokan ; Mongolia is her 
 province, and her legions are rapidly closing on China. Affghanistan 
 therefore stands isolated, as the only country free of the Russian taint, 
 and to keep her so, should be our great aim ; but how to attain such a 
 result, naturally becomes the question, and one on which I am fully 
 aware that many of our ablest diplomatists have greatly differed. My 
 own conviction is, that this object will be best attained by having as 
 little to say to Affghans as possible, beyond maintaining friendly 
 and intimate intercourse with the de facto government : by never, on 
 any occasion interfering with the internal politics of the country, nor 
 assisting any particular faction, but honestly leaving Affghans to manage 
 their own affairs in the way which suits them best. We should endea- 
 vour to prevent the interference of Persia, or any other power, in these 
 matters ; and be careful that all our political agents on the frontier are 
 fully instructed in the views of Government and carrying out a common 
 policy; for the slightest deviation in the opinions expressed by these 
 officers, will be eagerly caught at by designing intriguers in the country, 
 as a proof of sinister designs on our part, and to work out their own 
 ends. 
 
 83. Unless under the most pressing danger to Affghanistan, and 
 at the spontaneous and urgent demand of that government itself, no 
 proposition involving the deputing of British Officers into the country, 
 should, for a moment, be entertained ; for, (after the example of Burnes) 
 all such missions will ever be looked on with the greatest suspicion, no 
 matter how able the officers to be so employed, or what their object. 
 If the Rulers really wish for the services of such men, they will be 
 quick enough in asking for them, for modesty has never been an 
 Affghan weakness. 
 
 84. Of all schemes that England has ever undertaken, none have 
 cost her proportionately more, or have been altogether so unsuccessful, 
 as our attempts at establishing an independent state in Herat. Two 
 wars, — the first the most disastrous on record, — together with an expen- 
 diture of some 17 millions of money, have been the result of this project ; 
 and the effect produced is, that while a Persian nominee, supported by 
 Persian money and Russian counsels, acknowledges in words that 
 Herat is independent, (although he himself openly once a week con- 
 fesses the sovereignty of Persia by having the " khutba" read in the 
 
[ 35 ] 
 
 name of the Shah, and sees two provinces of Herat occupied by the 
 Persians) we are content. Surely it requires no demonstration to 
 prove that a continuance of such a policy would be an error. At the 
 same time I am convinced that had we, when masters of the Persian 
 shores, dictated our own terms, and insisted on Herat being given over 
 once for all to the Affghans, and their Ruler the Amir, the result would 
 have been far more satisfactory. 
 
 85. But after all, the question is, what is the real value of the in- 
 dependence of Herat to us ? Of course, had that state possessed the 
 vitality necessary to struggle for its own independence, it would have 
 been our interest to assist her in a moderate way, and thus to stave off 
 the evil day as long as possible ; but when we find Herat ultimately 
 the prey of Persians and Affghans, surely it is mere self-deception to 
 suppose that it can ever present the slightest obstacle to a Russian 
 invasion of India, whenever it may suit that power to enter on such an 
 undertaking ; and the position of that fortress, upwards of 500 miles 
 in advance of our border, precludes the possibility of our placing a 
 British garrison in it which is now the only sure way of securing the 
 place against all comers. 
 
 86. There are but three routes in this direction, by which an \ 
 army could possibly move towards Hindustan, even were Persia and 
 Russia to make common cause in such au enterprize. 
 
 1st. From Kirman through Siestan and Kandahar. 
 
 87. This is the route which was followed by Mir Veis at the 
 head of his Ghilzio and Affghan troops, about the commencement of 
 the last centuiy, when he attacked Persia. The want of supplies, and 
 arid nature of a portion of the country traversed, would prevent tliis 
 line ever being used by a regular invading army, though light Irregular 
 horse might go by it. Further particulars of this and the following 
 route will be found in Appendix G. 
 
 88. 2nd Route. If instead of following the above route, a force 
 should move by Nyband and Birjun, more water would be found, 
 and at the latter place it joins the road from Yezd, via Tabbas, a 
 sketch of which is laid down in Kennier's map of Persia ; aiul this is a 
 line which has frequently been adopted by Persian troojis, and is the 
 direct approach from Yezd on Siestan and Fairah. 
 
 89. ord Route. This is the direct road from Herat to Kand£.har, 
 which includes withhi the zoue of its operations, all the different routes 
 
 F 2 
 
[ 3G ] 
 
 concentrating on Farrah, and Gharisk, and radiating from Herat to 
 Marw, Sliahrukhs, Masliad, Naisliapur and KliofF ; and this was the 
 line contemplated by Napoleon, and which, since the days of the Mace- 
 donian Alexander, has been so often trod by armies in both directions. 
 The feasibility of this route is beyond doubt, and the resources upon it 
 have been so frequently detailed by men conversant with the subject, 
 that I need not here repeat them. By no other line can India be ap- 
 proached, save by an army crossing the Hindu Kush, or passing 
 Cabul, the difficulties of which are beyond calculation. 
 
 90. It will be remarked that all these routes lead via Kandahar 
 on the Bolan. It therefore strikes me that our obvious course now is 
 to discard all idea of Herat being an outwork of Hindustan; and in- 
 stead of squandering our resources on the doubtful friendship of distant 
 native governments, to fix on some really defensible line over which 
 we can have some control. 
 
 91. Providence has blessed us with a strong line of frontier, 
 covered by rugged and barren hills, through which there are but a 
 limited number of passes, by which any army could approach India ; 
 and the Military art teaches us, that the best position for the defence of 
 such ground is, on our own side of the passes, just where an army must 
 debouche on the plain. Here then is our true position ; which we are 
 of course in common prudence, bound to strengthen in every possible 
 way. Of the nature and extent of the preparations required, it is not 
 for me to speak, as they would be determined by the General and En- 
 gineer Officers entrusted with the defence of the frontier ; but the most 
 important and first to be attended to is, the opening up of our commu- 
 nications with the real base of all Military operations in India, the 
 sea; and connecting these distant jDoints with it by rails and steamers. 
 
 92. With Peshawar, Kohat and Sindh in our possession, and the 
 communication with our Indian provinces open by rail, and steamers on 
 the Indus, and a strong force of Europeans located in healthy canton- 
 ments all over the country — supported by a well organized native 
 army, I consider that we should really have the keys of India in our 
 own pockets, and be in a position to lock the doors in the face of all 
 enemies — white or black. 
 
 93. At the same time I would strongly advocate the carrying 
 out a conciliatory policy towards our hill neighbours : — but bearing in 
 mind the real Pathan character, whom the touch of money only renders 
 
[ 37 ] 
 
 more rapacious, who will swear to anything for filthy lucre, but only 
 respect that power which shows ability to punish with the one hand 
 and reward with the other. Our Peshawar authorities have, ever since 
 the Punjab became ours, pursued a policy towards the Afridi tribes, 
 the fruits of which are already ripening, and which, in a few more 
 years, must lead to the happiest results. The district of Tehrali at the 
 head of the Barrah river, is an independent country, where the prover- 
 bially lawless clans of the Khybar have their mountain homes, to 
 which they retire during the summer months, descending again in winter 
 to the lower ranges for forage for their cattle, and to escape the rigour 
 of the winter blasts. These tribes are allowed free access to our terri- 
 tory so long as they behave themselves, but the moment an individual 
 is found to have abused this liberty, his whole tribe is shut out until the 
 offender is given up or a heavy tine paid. These Afridis now enlist 
 freely into our frontier regiments, and, when taken young, make obe- 
 dient good soldiers. These tribes now consider our service as the great 
 field for all the young aspirants of their clans, and are day by day 
 being drawn closer to us, and must eventually see thatthcy really have a 
 common interest with us ; when (especially as we have the sons and 
 nephews of their chiefs as native officers in our corps) they may be 
 expected to join heartily with us in the defence of the Khybar should 
 any enemy ever attempt that line of road. 
 
 93. It is very remarkable that although the Amir of Cabul tries 
 to persuade us that these tribes are his subjects, still he has not a single 
 Afridi of any sort in his service, and they repudiate the idea and 
 say, " Do we pay the Amir tribute, or he to us ?" alluding to the allow- 
 ances the tribes receive for closing the Khybar. 
 
 94. In conclusion, I would beg respectfully to point to the pecu- 
 liar and difficult position of the mission entrusted to me, in extenuation 
 of the incompleteness of much of the information here offijred. We 
 were the first Englishmen who had visited the country since our occu- 
 pation of it, and, as such, have been watched with jealous suspicion ; 
 and if our task was considered delicate and dangerous before wo 
 started, the course of events in our own provinces has not tended to 
 smooth our path. It has been our constant study in accordance with 
 the instructions of Government, to impress on the minds of all around 
 us, that our Government has not the slightest wish to interfere in any 
 way, either with the country, its rulers, or its people, and have 
 
[ 38 ] 
 
 laboured^ I trust not altogether unsuccessfully, to convince the xifFghan 
 RulerSj that our assistance rendered during the Persian war, is an ear- 
 nest of our good-will towards them ; and that all we require in return is 
 their confidence. To avoid giving cause for suspicion, we have been 
 obliged to forego channels for gaining information which might other- 
 wise have been available. 
 
 The arrival of Colonel Taylor's mission at Herat, also circumscribed 
 our field of enquiry and confined our gleanings to ground which had 
 already been gone over by Burnes, Conolly, Leech and Ferrier, and 
 whose mouldy relics of antiquity even have been long since grubbed 
 up by a Rawliuson. 
 
 95. I cannot, however, close this paper without requesting you to 
 bring to the notice of the chief commissioner, the valuable and ready 
 assistance I have ever received from those officers associated with me. 
 
 96. The character of Lieutenant P. S. Lumsden as an ojSicer, is 
 already well known, and I need only add that on this occasion he has 
 displayed his usual zeal, tact and ability ; and to him I am indebted 
 for the beautiful map of the country between our border and Ghazni, 
 which will be found in Appendix A. 
 
 97. In Assistant Surgeon H. W. Bellew (whose interesting report 
 is hereto annexed) the Government have an officer, zealous in his 
 calling, a studious and able Hnguist, and one whose kind and affable 
 manners have gained for him the respect and esteem of all classes, and 
 from whom, on all occasions, I have received most ready assistance. 
 
 98. Of Nawab Faujdar Khan's services, as our representative at 
 Cabul, during the past eventful year, I have some hesitation in speak- 
 ing, as they must have already attracted your attention ; but it would 
 be unjust in me not to record my appreciation of them. His position 
 has been a most difficult one, requiring judgment, tact, and temper ; 
 and on all occasions he has proved himself quite equal to the situation, 
 and deserves some signal mark of Government approbation. 
 
 99. Gholam Sarwar Khan Khagwani, who accompanied me to 
 Kandahar, has, at all times, rendered his best services to the state, and 
 merits the highest approbation ; and I would strongly recommend his 
 being handsomely rewarded. 
 
 100. For the escort of guides and Multanis, horse and foot, 
 who accompanied the mission, I would also crave some mark of (go- 
 vernment approbation; for they have behaved nobly under most trying 
 
[ 39 ] 
 
 circumstances, and in bearing, without a murmur, tlie almost daily 
 taunts and jeers of a bigoted Aflfglian priestliood, who took a malicious 
 delight in trying to curse these faithful men out of our service ; and 
 I would suggest that the amount of 18 months batta given, not as 
 batta, but as a present from Government, would be a substantial reward, 
 as well as a sort of compensation to those men who, by volunteering 
 to go to Kandahar, lost opportunities of gaining promotion and rewards 
 which fell to the lot of their more fortunate brethren who did not come 
 forward. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) H. B. LUMSDEN, Major, 
 
 Late in charge of Kandahar Mission. 
 
APPENDICES, 
 

 JK^'' 
 
 W'l'l- 
 
 
 55' 
 
 K'!' ;;uK''rF: 
 
 .!larch 
 
 dMGZ:- 
 
70 
 
 '..t'lUag* trf Tacaa gt 
 
 
 /'' 
 
 ^' ^' .^^r^i 
 
 '% 
 
 ^kritJ, fJ,r \urudJfoh htuuje from tiu ViUagt i Hah U hiU^ 
 
 , ma^ hi rcu^hi* t4ii/naUd hr 
 
 NOTE 
 
 7'Ji/ yeiifrit/. tlcvaiiaif ut' fJie ivujjJry ihruuah whuh^ Out reuit. pa^n 
 iJu foUj'titni) .■Uliiiiilrs: cnlaiioh^ lf;<m liu builutff pewM ef taitr,. 
 
 Kei'iiun f-'crl aJiawL 6.000 Fat, ahrvt ih» m<v 
 
 MbfkJul^fHirryabJ 7.6SS D' 
 
 ShooturgurdoMieait ll.*6Z D' 
 
 Khoshie fm legurj IpS I/' 
 
 ffydurkhel 7^37 1 
 
 Shere£Um/t feus 9fi00>J/'' Gtrria^ 
 
 nhanU 7,726} 
 
 Tht pv«UuJnB m' t'abui and Ghtamt, in- tin^rm^ tlutiJt. aJid «/tfu pf-ru^n ef^f^^bOtat ik 
 from Ihe Surviyvr Gavroli ^ap uf Aff^MfaMan, ( SuH^ t JtHtf ic J huhi an3. du. CivUrj btbnan, 
 i/bnrvaiumtimavniudf/' the Ketiroutv ShdcK mode in. aS6 Ij- liod'^ tiamtU Stn^ 2s^wutf» AiJ , 
 7'fci A'tatral Tutl s}tattina tTuwt A* i 
 
 MurYV^LJ^JiVM''^' ;^u 
 
Dfiwn or. r^tcne by KomoTio'ii [lass, iui "LiOi 
 
APPENDIX A. 
 
 The Pinur Route from Kohat to Cahul and Ghazui. The distances 
 as far as the Kurram fort, measured with a perambulator, hij 
 Lieut. Oarnett, Engineers, November , 1857. The remainder are 
 aj)proxiniate. 
 
 First staffs fron Kohat to NasratTcliel, six miles. — No permanent road yet 
 completed ; the old road is over an undulating cultivated country ; crossing 
 the drainage which runs into the Tori or Bara, to the left of the road ; many 
 watercourses in which would impede the march of artillery unless previously 
 bridged or ramped : temporary bridges had been ei-ected for the passage of 
 the guns with the last Miranzai expedition, but this road of communication 
 will never be complete until permanent bridges are constructed. The road 
 passes the village of Muhammadzai at half way to Nasratkhel and at the 
 entrance of the pass to the Bezoti hills called " Ublan." The valley averages 
 from \\ to 2 miles breadth ; the hills to the nortli are in the possession of tlie 
 Bezoti and Ftrozkhel tribes of Arakzaies, and are barren, precipitous, and 
 rising up to a height of some 1500 feet above the level of the plain, but in 
 no place commanding the road. 
 
 Second stage. To Baiis, eleven miles. — For the first 3 miles the road is 
 
 similar to yesterday's march ; it then enters an 
 
 Total distance from Kohat to i. • <• • in i. i 
 
 Kail's 17 mil ■ extensive grove of sissu and mulberry trees known 
 
 as Fateh Shah's Ziarat, and crosses a stream that 
 
 comes down from Marai, a village of " Tappa" Samilzai, which pa3's revenue to 
 
 Government, this is one of the roads into the Samilzai valley, which is divided 
 
 from the llangu valley by a range of hills; another road into which strikes 
 
 off near the village of Ustarzi lower; the liills surrounding the Samilzai valley 
 
 (which is a complete amphitheatre) are held by the Sipah tribe nearest Kohat, 
 
 and the Bar Muhammad Khel and Shekhan Arakzaies. The road passes 
 
 through the lands of the villages of upper and lower Ustarzi which are the 
 
 most powerl'ul in the district, being able to turn out some 700 armed 
 
 men ; and at 9 miles from Kohat, the hills, closing in, leave only a gap for the 
 
 exit of the Bara ; this place which is on the boundary between the Kohat 
 
 and Hangu valley, is known as the Khojah Kiddar : over it on the left bank 
 
 of the stream the new road has been constructed. Although a work of great 
 
 difficulty it has been ably completed by the engineer officer in charge of tlie 
 
 same. At lOg miles from Kohat, crossed the Bara stream which has a general 
 
 course of from East to West, having its sources among the lofty mountains 
 
 G 2 
 
[ 44 ] 
 
 inhabited by the Arakzaies, and enters our territories near the vilhige of 
 Shahukhel about 6 miles from Raiis, at which place you arrive immediately 
 after fording this stream. The Bara is very subject to sudden rises caused by 
 heavy falls of rain in the hills above, which render it at times impassable. 
 The village of Eaiis can turn out some 200 men and is surrounded by a low 
 wall ; there is no good position for an encampment in the portion of the valley 
 in which the village stands, owing to its small extent and to its being com- 
 manded from all sides either by the higher hills or by spurs from them. The 
 hills are covered with a dense jungle of Pelu (wild) and Phulah which renders 
 them very difficult for military operations, and even the comparatively level 
 grounds are but partially cultivated and covered with thick bushes. The Tori 
 stream, which comes down from the direction of Thagu, joins the Bara at Raiis. 
 Third stage. To Ilangu, eight miles. — Road good all the way. At about 
 
 2 miles from our last encampment (which was 
 Total distance from Kobat to ^^^^^ ^ ^^-^^ ^^ ^j,^ rpj^ ^j^^ ^f ^^^^. j^ 
 
 Haugu 25 miles. ° ' ^ 
 
 the village of Ibrahimzai on the opposite bank of 
 
 the Tori ; this is the general encamping ground, but owing to the land being 
 covered with wheat, the force yesterday halted half way between Rails and 
 this : the new line of road to which does not cross the stream, but passes over 
 a small Kothal close to our last camp, and then traverses a succession of nan-ow 
 valleys within matchlock range of the heights on either side, which are very 
 precipitous and difficult to be turned. At the 6th mile passed a more open val- 
 ley known as the Hangu-kas which is intersected by a ravine which collects all 
 the water from the Hangu springs. The camp was this day pitched on an 
 open cultivated plain in the centre of the valley (which is here about 2 or 3 
 miles broad and contrasts wonderfully with the country passed through since 
 leaving Kohat,) and at about a mile on the Kohat side of the village. The 
 village of Hangu is situated in the plain ; it contains about 500 houses, but 
 is a place of no strength ; the hills in its vicinity are high but not so rugged 
 as those hitherto met with, and covered with jungle. 
 
 N. B. There is a direct road running from Koliat to Ibrahimzai in a valley 
 parallel to the Thagu one, it passes through the villages of Bar and Jalia ; it 
 is a shorter route, but the line of the present new Hangu road was prefen-ed 
 as it passes near some of the largest villages in the Kohat district. 
 
 Fourth stage. To Tori, eight oniles. — The road during the whole course of 
 
 this day's march ascends the Hangu valley, and 
 Total distance from Eohat ^.^^^ ^^ ^^^^ j^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^j^^ ^^^.. ^^ 
 to Ton 33 mues. ° 
 
 distance of from a half to one mile from it. On 
 
 the right of the road are low stony hills covered with brushwood, between which 
 
 are occasional patches of cultivation drained by numerous nullahs, which cross 
 
[ 45 ] 
 
 the road in several places, (and at a distance from and between the low pro- 
 longations of high spurs.) Towards the north, near the summit, and on the 
 slopes of the Samana range of hills (averaging 2,500 feet elevation above the 
 plain and about 6,000 feet above the sea) are seen the towers and villages of 
 the Kabhiakhel and Akhel Arakzaies, who, in that direction, border on the 
 Bangashes of Miranzai. Although no road has been made beyond Thagu, yet 
 the beaten way over this tract was found very easy for wheeled carriages. 
 Passed the villages of Baggattu Kotarzai and Bar. As you approach Thagu 
 the valley opens out to a breadth of about three miles. Good encamping 
 ground was found at about a mile on the Thagu side of the valley (which 
 was about the only portion not under cultivation large enough for this pur- 
 pose) and in the vicinity of the Tori from whence water was procured. From 
 Thagu, a long and very narrow glen runs up from the south of the villao-e 
 via Ueh Umar Khan Shaletem Khel and Mammu Khel to Daud Shah ka 
 Bandah, where it meets the main road from Kohat to Bannu. 
 
 Fifth stage. To Kaii, eight miles. — The road similar to that in yesterday's 
 
 march, crossing at about five miles tlie Tori, now 
 Total distance from Kohat to i ^^ ^^^ c ^ • ■, 
 
 Kaii 41 miles. merely a small nil of water, in many places en- 
 
 tirely disappearing, and during the hottest season 
 of the year, water here must be dug for. The village of Kail is situated on a 
 naturally strong position at the end of a low ridge of stony hills, with pieces 
 of rock cropping out in several places ; it is surrounded by a wall of about 
 eight feet high, the greater portion of the village being ni a hollow, with 
 portions running up in every direction to the top of the ridge, on which 
 are placed two towers ; and towards the north there is a knoll with a house and 
 enclosure which commands the whole of the interior ; on the last runs the 
 bed of a nullah, beyond which is a small garhi now in ruins, from near to 
 which the whole of the interior is exposed to view. The village is elevated 
 above the general plain about 300 feet. The descent from it towards the 
 south is by several horizontal ridges on which about 20 tanks have been con- 
 structed to keep up a sufficient supply of water for the inhabitants and their 
 cattle as well as to afford a supply for the irrigation of a few fields, but only 
 during the cold season ; in the hot weather water is very scarce. To the 
 west, the descent is rather steep, and the ridge of hills on which the village 
 is constructed, runs off in a north westerly direction. The camp was pitched 
 at a spot near a very small spring called Dupa, the water from which runs 
 down into Upper Miranzai, as the lands of Kaii are on the water-shed line 
 between the Kumni river and the Kohat Bara. The liills above Thagu and 
 the Khattak hills generally in this part of the valley are more accessible,* and 
 
 * Sic in oriji. 
 
[ 4.6 ] 
 
 covered with low jungle. The lands between Kali and the hills bordering 
 
 the valley on the South were entirely under cultivation, displaying one sheet 
 
 about three or four miles long from east to west by about two or three miles 
 
 broad. On this day's march, after leaving the lands of Thagu, we passed a 
 
 large village called Muhammad Khoja to the left of the road and situated 
 
 immediately under the hills. 
 
 Sixth stage. To Nariol, six milfs. N. B. a force going to Kurram icould 
 
 leave Nariol to the right and march on to Dar- 
 Total distance from Kobat to 7 t r. -7 /> t" • ' Ti. • l. 
 
 Nariol 47 miles. sammand 12 miles from Kaii. — It is not more 
 
 than 4 miles by the direct route from Kaii to 
 Nariol, but a force marching with artillery has to make a considerable detour 
 to avoid the low stony hills which run down from the right of the valley ; the 
 march is an easy one ; for the first mile from camp, we had to go round the 
 base of a solitary low hill that shoots up in the centre of the valley to the east 
 of Kaii, and commands the roads on each side of it, after crossing the ravine 
 which has its rise at the Dupa spring mentioned in the last march. The re- 
 mainder of the road to Nariol is skirted by low stony hills, covered with jungle, 
 on the right, having the open and cultivated Miranzai valley to the left. Im- 
 mediately before arriving at the village we crossed over the Nariol nuddi, in 
 which a small stream, having its rise in the adjacent hills, continually flows. 
 Seventh stage. To Darsammand, nine miles. — The baggage went by the 
 
 direct route over the plain to Darsammand, but 
 EG^miles^''^''''' *' Darsammand, ^.j^^ ^^.^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ y^^ ^j^^ ^.jj^^^^ ^f Torawari, 
 
 inhabited by Grymukht Affghans, tributary to 
 the British Government. There are three considerable nallahs to cross between 
 Nariol and Torawari ; and the country, excepting in the immediate vicinity of 
 these places is generally covered with jungle. The road from Torawari to 
 Darsammand is commanded for about half a mile by a projecting spur from the 
 Sanghar mountain ; it is also crossed by the Sarrobai nallah. The best 
 encamping ground at Darsammand is to be found near the ruins of the 
 village of Gandiaur, about a mile to the south of Darsammand, on the banks 
 of the Schalli nallah. Darsammand stands at the foot of a low spur from 
 the higher ridges running down from the Sanghar mountain, which are very 
 steep and diflicult of access. It is the strongest village in the whole of 
 Miranzai, consisting of three separate stone wall enclosures about 12 feet high 
 flanked by burjes, and connected between two of these is the bazar containing 
 some 30 or 40 shops, in a street, the ends of which are closed by gateways. 
 The village itself is commanded by low spurs in its rear, within matchlock 
 range. It is supplied with water from numerous springs in its vicinity, from 
 which flow streams not only suflicient for the use of the inhabitants, but also 
 
[ 47 ] 
 
 for the irrigation of their fields. There are several very fine clumps of chinar 
 and walnut trees between the village and the foot of the hills. 
 
 Eighth stage. To Thall, ten miles. — At about one mile from Darsam- 
 
 mand, opposite to the ruins of Gandiaur, a road 
 
 ^ Total distance to ThaU, 66 branches off to the. Khattak village of Dillan, over 
 
 whicli guns could be taken with their horses with- 
 out any very great difficulty. The Thall ro^d for the first three miles skirts the 
 low cultivated lands of Gandiaur and Mammu, and then crosses the Schalli, the 
 country to the right being high, undulating, and covered with dense jungle. 
 There is a knoll which commands the road and the surrounding country here, 
 on the left bank of the stream. The hills to the left are also covered with 
 jungle, and if occupied by matchlock men would have to be crowned before a 
 force could pass unmolested along the bed of the stream, where the road runs 
 for about half a mile before ascending the right bank, which is rather steep. 
 There is then a further regular ascent to the summit of the plateau between 
 the Sangroba and Schalli nullahs. The gun road turns off at right angles to 
 the northward, about half a mile from the first rise, and proceeds along the 
 Admeylah road until the auuunit of the plateau is attained, when it again 
 returns to the direct Thall road. The descent into the Sangroba nallali at a 
 little more than a mile from Thall is easy. It is hard to get a space of 
 ground, excepting cultivation, large enough for a camp of any size, except in 
 positions commanded by adjacent heights, or in others liable to be fiooded 
 by the waters of the river Kurram. Our camp was pitched on an open space 
 at a distance of about half a mile from Thall, down the river bed on the 
 right bank of the Schalli (the heights to the front and rear being held by 
 picquets,) and immediately above the junction of the Schalli with the Kurram. 
 
 The village of Thall is situated at the junction of the Sangroba nallah with 
 the Kurram, and being on the immediate high bank of the former, which is 
 being gradually washed away, it is probable that the people will have to 
 remove from their present position, which is now surrounded by a good stone 
 wall from 12 to 15 feet high, with two good gateways. There is a portion 
 of the village separated at a distance of about GO yards from the main village. 
 The river Kurram rises in the Safed Koh range, and after irrigating the valley 
 of the same name, enters the Bangash territories at a place called Akshaur, 
 about 10 miles above Thall, and from this point to the Bannu valley forms the 
 British boundary. At a distance of about 4 miles from Thall on the opposite 
 side of the Kurram and down the river, stands the village of Billand Khel 
 which is surroimded by a good loopholed wall flanked by 13 towers. Some of 
 these are more imposing than useful, for though lofty, they are not of a suffi- 
 cient size to contain above one or two men. This village is in the open plain, 
 
[ ^8 ] 
 
 and lias no natural defences. At a distance of about 1200 yards is a good 
 
 stone garlii with a tower. It is known as Rasul Khan's garhi. In Billand 
 
 Khel is to be found a mixture of men of all tribes, mustering about 800 or 
 
 1000 fighting men, who are on good terms with their Waziri neighbours. 
 
 The camp returned to Darsammand by the bed of the Schalli stream, along 
 
 which, there is a very fair road for guns. The steep heights to the right 
 
 being about 3 or 400 feet above the bed of the stream, appearing from 
 
 below to be a range of hills, are in reality but the sudden breaking of a long 
 
 elevated grassy steppe which runs for a distance of about 10 miles parallel to 
 
 the river and has a breadth of about 4 or 5 miles from east to west ; this is 
 
 known by the name of " Chapperi" and over it the Waziris graze their flocks 
 
 during the cold season. 
 
 Ninth stage. To SiriJcTirour or Ghilzai Bandali ten miles; or for Guns, 
 
 ten and a half miles. — Supposing a force to have encamped either on the ground 
 
 m , , T t f -ir 1 <. (. 0" the immediate rijrht bank of the Schalli or on 
 Total distance Irom Xohat to o 
 
 Siriklirour, 7G miles ; or for the left of the Sangroba nallah or the cultivated 
 ' * * lands immediately opposite the village of Thall, 
 
 the road passes the Sangroba nallah and round the village of Thall ; traverses 
 an elevated plateau and crossing several nallahs, the natural drainage from the 
 spurs coming down from the Khadi Mukh peak, at about 2 miles from Thall it 
 crosses the Kurram river, the passage of which is here commanded within easy 
 matchlock range by a strong position above it, on the left bank, where are the 
 ruins of a village constructed by the Yusaf Khel Bangashes, when they separ- 
 ated, in consequence of a feud, from the remainder of the tribe. The stream at 
 this season of the year (November) is very low, but still about 2 feet deep and 
 running with tolerable veloeit}- ; for about a month in spring when the snow 
 at the sources of the stream is melting, the passage across, as well as the 
 road along it, may be at times impracticable for a few days. At 4 miles, after 
 having proceeded up the right bank or along the bed of the stream, you 
 ascend the bank where there is but the foundation remaining of a nice, consi- 
 derable garhi known as Raja ka Killa. All this part of the road is very fine, 
 but the ascents of some of the cross nallahs are apt to be damaged and 
 rendered precipitous during floods, and should be looked to before marching up 
 the river with guns. At about 6 miles from Thall, upon arriving at the 
 Shabbakh nallah, the road for guns descends again into the bed of the stream 
 and follows it to the end of the march ; bub for the infantry, cavalry and 
 baggage there is a dry road, passing over a low ridge of hills which is shorter 
 than the river route by about half a mile, and which, if necessarj', could very 
 easily be made practicable for guns, the slopes being easy and soil composed of 
 slate rock ; but in its present condition, it is totally impracticable for guns. 
 
[ 49 ] 
 
 The encamping ground at the end of this day's march is on a sloping bank, 
 (with ample room for any number of men,) on the right bank of tbe Kurram, 
 but commanded on all sides by low hills ; grass, forage for camels, &c. abun- 
 dant, but no provisions procurable, as the only place in the shape of a village 
 near, is Ghilzai Bandali, wliere there are a few houses. This hamlet derives 
 its name from one Grhilzai, a Khattak, who was obliged to fly from Dillan on 
 account of the atrocious murders he bad committed there, and on this neutral 
 ground he formed the nucleus of a village which is gradually increasing. 
 
 Tenth stage. To ILazir Firs Ziarat : hy right hankfijteen miles, hi/ left bank 
 
 fourteen and a half miles. — There is no gun-road 
 Total distance from Koliat to i .1 • 1 i 1 i r xi • j ^i 
 
 Hazir Pir's Ziarat, 91i mile.. ^^'^"S ^^'^ ^'S^^ ^^"'^ ^^ ^^'^ ^^^<^''' »°^ ^^'^ ^'""S 
 
 have to go up tlie bed of tlie stream for about 
 2 miles and then get up on the left bank. Both roads are practicable for in- 
 fantry or horsemen, but that on the left bank is the best : the only disadvantage 
 is that if the river happens to rise, it will be dilHcult or even impossible to 
 cross. For the first 4 n»ilcs on the left bank the road is commanded by low 
 hills on the right, and then for the remainder of the distance runs along the 
 foot of the " Karewali" or elevated plateau which marks the boundary of the 
 irrigation on each side of the river ; and it is on the edge of this that most of 
 the villages are situated. If proceeding by the left bank, the river has to be 
 crossed again just opposite llazir Pir's Ziarat. The route by the right bank 
 is commanded within matchlock range, more or less along the whole road, from 
 spurs coming down from the range of hills which separates Kurram from 
 Khost : it crosses the drainage of this tract. For the last 10 miles both 
 roads traverse Ballyamin one of the divisions of Kurram ; the country is cul- 
 tivated for a distance of about from i to 2 miles on each side of the river, and 
 dotted over with numerous small square walled villages or garhis generally called 
 after the name of the head men in each for the time being ; there are about 20 
 of these in Ballyamin. Provisions of most sorts are procurable in the district, 
 for a small force, for a limited period. Encamping ground at Hazir Pir's Ziarat 
 stony ; camel-grazing in abundance, as well as grass ; water from the Kurram. 
 From Hazir Pir's Ziarat there are two routes to Muhammad Azim's Fort 
 in Kurram, the one by the Darwaza pass, and the other along the bed of the 
 river. The Darwaza route is as follows. 
 
 Eleventh stage. To South end of Darwaza pass, ten and a half miles. — This 
 
 „, ^ , ,. , , „ , distance is the one measured bv the route follow- 
 
 lotal distance from L-oliat to , 
 
 South end Darwaza pass, 103 ed by Brigadier Chamberlain's force; but if in- 
 stead of turning up the ravine that comes down 
 from the west we had gone up the one that joins it from the north, we should, 
 as wc afterwards learned, have gone by the " Sangalli rah" which is shorter, 
 H 
 
[ 50 1 
 
 Both routes are practicable and offer no difficulties to guns. The country 
 traversed is an undulating desert, covered with stones, grass, and thin jungle ; 
 the halting-place is where water is procured from a stream that comes out of 
 the Darwaza darra, but very soon loses itself in the soil. Camel-grazing only 
 procurable in the pass itself; grass is abundant. This part of the country is 
 held by wandering Jagi tribes who are not over nice in discriminating be- 
 tween their own and other people's property, and not given to stick at trifles 
 in the manner in which they possess themselves of what they covet. 
 
 Twelfth stacje. To Kot Mean-ji, ttoelve and a quarter miles. — This is a name 
 
 given to a spot where we encamped 2 miles south 
 Total distance from Kobat to ^ ^^ ^g^^ ^^^ f. .^ ^j^^ ^.j ^^^. ^^^^^ ^ ^j^^ 
 
 Kot Meaii-ji, 114| miles. => 
 
 river, "We encamjied here, as no fire-wood was 
 
 procurable on the other side of the river, without having to go a very long dis- 
 tance for it, and also because all the forage for horses had to be procured from 
 the Darwaza pass, where was also the best grazing-ground for camels. The 
 road for the first half ascends gradually along the bank of a small rivulet. 
 It is commanded by low hills on each side running parallel to it, but which 
 can easily be crowned. The present state of the road, owing to large stones 
 and narrow shelving banks on the edge of the river, is very bad for guns 
 (3 axles of gun-carriages were broken while going through the pass) but in 
 two or three days, it might, with the greatest ease, be put into very good 
 order ; the latter half towards Mean-ji is easy, with a gradual descent. 
 
 B// the Biver lioiite from Hazir Firs Ziarat. 
 
 Eleventh stage. To Ihrahimzai, eleven and a quarter miles. — For the first 
 
 9 miles of this march, the road is along the bed 
 
 Total distance from Kohat to c , i • i • i i t i i ^ 
 
 Tu 1 • mo-! -1 <^i the river, which lias to be crossed and re- 
 
 Ibrahimzai, 102j miles, ' 
 
 crossed ; the whole of this distance as far as the 
 large village of Suddah is through the Makhizai sub-division of Kurram, and 
 sprinkled with numerous walled enclosures, called after the malik or headman 
 at the time holding each ; at 6 miles is Durani, a village of about 200 houses 
 and the residence of the Deputy Governor of the Province ; from this, there 
 is a direct road through the Zymukht country to Toravari and Nariol in 
 Miranzaie, Makhizai consists of about 20 garhis on a strip of irrigated 
 land half a mile wide, bounded by a low ridge of hills on the right bank of 
 the Kurram river, with about a mile of the same description of land belonging 
 to 5 villages on the left bank, the latter bounded by the Karewah running 
 back to the Zymukht mountains, and down which the drainage of that coun- 
 try runs. At Suddah the Kurram river is joined by a tributary known as the 
 Kurramana, which flows down from the Arakzai mountain. While the guns 
 
[ ol ] 
 
 proceed along the bed of the river, there is a short cut through an opening in 
 tlie hills, wliich saves about a mile, for the infantry and cavahy ; the last 
 two miles of this route is open to marauding attacks from the Musazaies a 
 tribe who infest this road and occupy the adjacent hills. Ibrahinizai is a large 
 village but its lands are entirely cultivated for rice, and consequently it may 
 be difficult to find encamping ground on either bank. On the right bank there 
 is good grazing for camels and forage for cavalry. 
 
 Twelfth stage. To Kot Mean-ji, twelve and a quarter miles. — The gun 
 
 and cavalry road is along the bed of the river ; 
 Ko^Mean-tlS ^S.^""^''* ^'^ mi^x^Uy may either go by this or along tlie 
 
 high bank through the villages. Upon either 
 bank the hills generally run down to the water-edge ; on the right bank there 
 are only one or two villages with here and there small patches of rice cultiva- 
 tion. On the left bank the cultivation below the Karewah varies in breadth from 
 one to two miles, and is covered with large villages studded along the edge of 
 the Karewah; the largest of these are Tapakkie, Topil Sinalli, Andkot and 
 Agra, all in Kurram proper. The Fort of Kurrani, an account of which will 
 be found in Appendix B. is about 2 miles from tliis encamping ground, which 
 would make its total distance from Kohat about US miles. 
 
 Thirteenth stage. To llahih killa, seventeen and half miles. — All the way 
 
 from the Kurram fort, the road crosses the un- 
 Total distance from Kobat to i.- a i i i i i • v ft 
 
 Habib killa, 132 mUes. cultivated barren slope and drainage from the 
 
 Safed koli ; it passes three villages close to each 
 other called Kutch Kani, and at a distance of 4 miles from Shallozan, one of the 
 largest villages in the district, which embedded in trees can only be distinguish- 
 ed by the conspicuous shrine of Mir Ibrahim, perched upon a spur immediate- 
 ly above the village. Habib killa is a square enclosure detached about f of a 
 mile from the large village of Painar, of which it is an off-shoot, and is sur- 
 rounded by the richest cultivation, on which great care has been bestowed ; 
 the land is terraced and irrigated by a stream rushing down from the over- 
 hanging Safed koh. Forage for camels is plentiful, all the adjacent low 
 hills being covered with low oak jungle ; but grass for cavalry is scarce, the 
 people of the country feeding their horses on bhusa. More provisions can be 
 procured here, than perhaps any other spot in all Kurram, as Paiwar contains 
 an immense number of Hindus (in fact as many as there are Muhammadan.s) 
 carrying on a considerable trade. 
 
 Fourteenth stage. To Zahardast killa, ten miles. — There are two routes by 
 
 which a force marching from Habib killa may 
 
 Total distance from Kohat to proceed -.-either over the Paiwar, or the Ispingawi 
 Zabardaat killa, 142 nnles. » ' i o 
 
 Kothals. The first is the shorter of the two. 
 
 H 2 < 
 
[ 52 ] 
 
 ('I'he distances liere given are only approximate.) By the latter, instead of 
 going on through the village of Paivvar, tlie road turns sharp up to tlie 
 right along the bed of a deep ravine, east of the village which comes down 
 from the " Sikaram" peak. At 3 miles from Habib killa pass tlie Gnundi 
 khel ofF-shoot of the Paivvar village strongly situated on a spur of " Sikaram" 
 and containing about 30 houses. As far as this, the road is commanded within 
 easy matchlock range, by the heights on each side, and from this there is a 
 regular ascent to the summit of the Kothal. Leaving the bed of the nallah 
 hitherto traversed to the right, the road passes through a forest of pines, 
 deodars, oak and yews to the top of the range ; the gradient of the ascent is 
 not very difficult until near the summit, and guns upon elephants might be 
 taken over. There are no zigzags. On the Haryab side the descent is very 
 gradual, and road good, passing through a succession of beautiful glades as far 
 as Zabardast killa, a small Jagi tower where the Paiwar route joins with this 
 one. The road by the Paiwar Kothal after passing through the village of 
 that name, crosses several deep ravines running throngb broken ground covered 
 with oak tree jungle, and commanded in many places by spurs coming down 
 from the range separating this from the Ispingawi road, and in one of the 
 gorges of which is situated the small Mangal village of Gobarzan. At 5 miles, 
 pass a little cultivation belonging to the Mangals of Tarai and Kutarai, two 
 small villages behind a spur coming down from the Paiwar Kothal range, the 
 inhabitants of which are notorious thieves, frequently robbing kafilahs. At 
 about 7 miles from Habib killa (the road gradually ascending and latterly 
 along the bed of a ravine) you arrive at the foot of the Kothal, which is 
 about the saine height as the Kohat Kothal from the Peshawar side ; the 
 ascent is by a regular zigzag, the gradient not very steep : but there being 
 one or two large rocks in the road, some labour would be necessary to render it 
 practicable to take guns over even with drag-ropes. The hills are thickly 
 covered with pines, yews, &c. On the crest is a tower constructed for the 
 protection of the road and held by Mangals, the descent from this to Zabardast 
 killa is very gradual, along a glade in the midst of undulations covered with 
 a dense pine forest. 
 
 At Zabardast killa, there is plenty of open encamping ground to the north, 
 close to the vilhige under which runs the Keria stream from which alone water 
 is procurable. Forage of all sorts scarce, and little or no provisions procurable. 
 
 Fifteenth stage. To All khel, ten miles. — From Zabardast killa to the 
 
 village of Ali khel the road lies along the bed of 
 
 Total distance from Kohat to ji „ t' • i. i i.i i • i • i j i > /. 
 
 Ali khel, 152 miles. *"^ "^^^"'^ stream, along the high right bank of 
 
 which are situated the Jagi villages of Lehwani 
 Jaddran, Byram khel and Mallu khel. On the left, spurs run down and com- 
 
 % 
 
[ 53 ] 
 
 mand the road from different points along the wliole route. The encampinc; 
 ground for a force, would be on an elevated plateau upwards of a mile beyond 
 the village and near the junction of the Keria and Hazar-darakht streams. 
 Infantry and cavalry arrive at it by a road through the village, which after- 
 wards descends into and again ascends out of two very deep " alyads" or 
 ravines ; but guns would have to go down about half a mile and come up the 
 Hazar-darakht stream as far as the village of Shamu khel opposite the en- 
 camping ground, where there is a slope up to the plateau where the camp 
 would be pitched. Water here is from the Hazar-darakht stream. Ali khel 
 is a large village composed of some 50 enclosures, each in itself a little 
 fort ; the houses are of two stories, in the upper of which live the people, 
 while their cattle, &c. are sheltered below. Some small amount of provisions 
 might be procured here, but not without oppression to the people, who 
 can scarcely raise sufficient for home consunii)tion. Forage is scarce, and 
 there is very little grazing for camels : fuel is abundant. There is a road 
 leading over tlie hills from Ali khel into the heart of the Mangal country, 
 and it is much frequented by that tribe, who come over in bands to plunder on 
 this road. 
 
 Sixteenth stage. To Hazar-darakht, thirteen miles. — The road descends 
 
 from the plateau, on which any large camp at 
 
 Total distance from Koliat to ii- i i i i i i i -a i i • 4. 4.1 i j 
 
 Hazardarakht, 165 miles. ^^' '^'''"'^ "'^"'^ ^''''''' ^^^" pitched, into the bed 
 
 of tiie stream along which it continues, gradually 
 ascending for tlie rest of this day's march. The valU-y at the last ground 
 was about 2 miles broad ; but about four miles on, upon reaching tlie village 
 of llokian, it narrows into half a mile, with precipitous commanding peaks 
 upon each side, clad with pine forests, llokian contains about 30 houses, 
 and the route onwards from it for the next four miles runs due north, the 
 mountains closing in on each side until at last the stream is conlined to a gorge 
 of not more than 200 yards broad : at two miles beyond llokian there is a 
 glen shooting off to the right which contains a few houses, off-shoots from the 
 Eokian village. At the 8th mile from camp, the road turns sharp due west, 
 while another road called the " Ghariggi" crosses the hills direct to Cabul. 
 The country here consists of lofty ranges of mountains, high spurs from which 
 run down to the bank of the stream, entirely commanding the road, and their 
 slopes are generally very steep and in many places comi)osed of loose shingle, 
 in which many landslips have occurred ; pines and deodar cover the whole. 
 At Hazar-darakht there is no village, and although perhaps tlie broadest place 
 in this elevated glen, there is but just room for the encampment of one regi- 
 ment. Any force in camp here would have to be generally scattered, and the 
 place would be a nasty one to be attacked in : but no better ground is to be 
 
[ 54 ] 
 
 had. Guns would have great difficulty in this march owing to rocks and stones 
 which have been rolled down by floods and settled in the bed of this torrent. 
 No provisions nor forage of any description procurable here, not even for 
 camels. 
 
 Seventeenth stage. To Ochamarglia or Ilazra, eiglit miles. — The road for the 
 first two miles as far as Gajji thannah is similar 
 Total distance from Kohat to ^^ ^j^^ ^^^^^^ .^.-^j^ of yesterday's march ; Gajji 
 Ochamarglia or Hazra, 173 miles. ' j .1 ' m 
 
 thannah is a small square garhi, with two towers 
 
 flanking it, but is itself commanded in all directions by the hills about. Trom 
 this point as far as the foot of the Surkhai Kothal, the ascent is much 
 more gradual, and the bed of the torrent gravelly. A mile beyond this is 
 Kattasang, where there is a watch tower, opposite a gorge in the hills through 
 which travellers sometimes go via the Mangal country, Khost and Dur to 
 Bannu. This tower marks the boundary between the Jaggis and Ghilzies. 
 At 7 miles from Hazar-darakht is the Sirki Kothal, which is on the water- 
 shed of the Kurram and Surkhel streams. The Kothal is a short but very 
 steep one, the soil is a stiff red clay which after rain must become very slip- 
 pery, the ascent is commanded by the knolls on each side, and on the summit 
 is a tower held by Ghilzies. A slight descent, and after traversing for about 
 a mile further a comparative plain, you arrive at Hazra, a post similar to 
 that erected at Jaggi thannah. The encamping ground here is good ; heights 
 all round to be held. Water from springs, the sources of the Surkhel ; no 
 provisions ; and except at certain times in summer but little forage procurable ;. 
 the horses of the country are fed on " teikktra" or wormwood. The eleva- 
 tion of this encamping ground is about 13.458 feet above the level of 
 the sea, and the road is here generally blocked with snow from December to 
 April. 
 
 EigMeenth stage. To Dohandi, eight miles. — From camp the road, as far as 
 
 the summit of the Shutur Gardan pass, has a 
 
 Total distance from Kohat to .^j^^^j ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^^ commanded 
 
 Dobandi, xSl miles. ° o » o 
 
 from peaks all around for about 2 miles. The 
 
 descent of this pass towards Logar is exceedingly steep, with sharp zigzags 
 and very long; Artillery (1 believe 6 pounders) has been taken over this pass 
 by Sirdar Muhammad Azim Khan, but he carried the guns on the stout double- 
 humped Bokhara camels ; for wheeled carriage it is at present impracticable, 
 and it would take a vast expenditure of money and labour to make it passable. 
 The rugged nature of the mountains overhanging both sides of this pass with 
 huo-e masses of naked limestone rock cropping out in every direction, ofl'er 
 cover to an enemy from which it would be difficult to dislodge him without 
 great lo?s ; and it would be difficult to withdraw covering parties after the 
 
[ 55 ] 
 
 descent of the pass had been accomplished : in fact, supposing opposition to 
 be offered here, it would be difficult to conceive a worse pass for the passage 
 of an army; and it would be useless to attempt it, except as a diversion, with 
 a brigade of the best light troops, with mountain train batteries and field 
 howitzers on elephants ; but for these animals even, the procuring of forage 
 would be no easy matter. From the Fort of the Kothal to Akhun killa (a 
 small Ghilzi village) the road is along the bed of a small stream never more 
 than 100 yards broad witli huge cliffs towering up several hundred feet on each 
 side ; immediately before arriving at, and after passing this village, the gorge 
 narrows to 30 feet ; from this point for about 3 miles, the ravine continues very 
 steep until joined by a stream coming down from a northern direction ; on the 
 tongue of land between these streams there is room for a camp. On the high 
 karewah lands opposite the village are the remains of a large thannah, now 
 partially ruined. Here forage, fuel, and provisions are not procurable with- 
 out the greatest difKculty. 
 
 Nineteenth stage. To Khushi, nine miles. — The road for the first 2 miles, 
 
 as far as the small Ghilzi village of Babbar, 
 Total distance from Kobat to^^ i i^niii'ii i. 
 
 Khushi I'JO miles. proceeds along the bed ol tlie same stream as 
 
 that hitherto followed from the foot of the 
 
 Shutur Gardan Pass ; but here the water goes on through a narrow gorge, 
 
 and takes a sudden precipitous full down a cliff; while the road leaving its 
 
 bed, goes up to the right over a small, though rather steep, hill, with a few 
 
 hundred feet elevation known as the Shinkai Kothal, on the crest of which 
 
 is a tower or " I3urj" at present held by about 20 Ghilzies who protect this 
 
 portion of the road from the attacks of small parties of marauding Mangals, 
 
 who, coming over the hills from Zurmat used to render it dangerous for 
 
 travellers. Arrived on the higher karewah lauds (or elevated plateaus) of 
 
 Logar, the road continues gradually descending, and running parallel to the 
 
 high batdt of the same ravine down which we had come from the Shutur 
 
 Gardan; its bed having now widened to some 600 feet with banks 300 feet 
 
 deep. The whole country around presents the most barren, dreary aspect it 
 
 is pos:?ible to conceive, excepting the bed of the ravine itself, which smiles 
 
 with green fields and orehaids, and gradually widens to l of a mile at the 
 
 large village of Khushi, which contains about 300 houses in numerous walled 
 
 enclosures, or forts. Here is good encamping ground, plenty of water and 
 
 ])rovisions, but grazing for camels scarce. 
 
 Fro)n Khuslii to Cahul is !< marcJies, viz. 
 
 Zirgun Shahr, twelve miles. Safed Sang, twelve miles. Char Asseah, ten 
 miles. — All large villages situated in the open and extensive valley of Logar : — 
 
[ 56 ] 
 
 And to Cabvil, ten miles. — N. B. The measured distance b}' the Kybar route 
 from Peshawar to Cabul is 192 miles. 
 
 From Khushi to Ghazni. 
 
 Twentieth stage. To Hissaralc, ten miles. — Road over a most uninteresting 
 
 country along the bed of tlie Khushi ravine all 
 Total distance from Kohat to ii t •*. • j-- -li ii t i. 
 
 Ilissarak, 200 miles. *''*^ "''^^ ^^ ^^^ junction with the Logar stream. 
 
 On both sides is an extensive sandy sterile tract 
 of country affording meagre grazing for flocks of sheep, to within 2 miles of the 
 river bank where rich cultivation commences, and is carried as far as irrigation 
 from the stream can be taken to it. The district of Logar has at first sight 
 a striking appearance to a stranger, for the eye searches in vain for villages or 
 houses of any sort. But the green strip of cultivation following the windings of 
 the stream is interrupted every here and there by a succession of strong mud 
 forts, admirably built and flanking each other ; vfitli bastions at the angles, 
 connected by curtains 30 feet high, which enclose the habitations of the 
 peasantry. As the population is closely packed, every inch of available land is 
 cultivated, and the edges of the water-courses are thickly planted with rows 
 and groves of willow and poplar, which alibrd almost tlie only timber to be 
 met with here; the trees are kept carefully trimmed, and sliooting up straight, 
 are fit to cut after 12 or 14 years. There is a cross road from Hissarak to 
 Kurram, striking off iu a south-easterly direction,** passing through the large 
 *' Kassilbashi" village of Altimur, crossing the water-slied line of the Logar 
 and Kurram rivers into the Zarmat valley, and thence through the Mangal 
 village of Kasin, two coss above the junction of the Haryab with the Kur- 
 ram stream ; but this route is reported difficult and little frequented owing to 
 the predatory habits of the tribes through whose country it passes. 
 
 Tivcntij-Jirst stage. To Ilabih /cilia, nine miles. — About a mile from the 
 
 last ground cross the Logar stream, fordable al« 
 Total distance to Habib killa, ^ j ^^^ ^^j^- j ^j j^ j ,^ 
 
 20'J miles. '' ' 
 
 bridge, the piers of which are constructed of a 
 
 frame work of wood firmly mortised together, filled iu witli large stones and 
 
 connected logs of wood fixed across the top to support the road way. Tlie 
 
 road is narrow, and winds about the cultivation, it is seldom broader than to 
 
 admit of two horsemen going abreast, and passes through several villages 
 
 among which are the strong walled villages of Sainda and Bankibarak ; good 
 
 encamping ground is found at Habib killa on the edge of the cultivated lands ; 
 
 water from a cut from the Logar river ; provisions abundant ; fuel scarce and 
 
 forage for camels equally so. In Logar the population is extremely mixed, 
 
 consisting of Tagaks, Ghilzies, Kassilbashis, Mumands, Barakies and Wardaks. 
 
[ 57 ] 
 
 Tvoenty-seconcl stage. To Amir Killa, nine miles. — Through a couiitiT very 
 
 similar to that traversed in yesterday's march, 
 
 Total distauee to Aiuh- killa, \ l •l\ c u ^ ^ ,., i 4^1,, .,,11,^., 
 
 218 miles ^^^ with, fewer walled enclosures, aud the valley 
 
 gradually narrowing until at the halting place it 
 
 is little over GOO yards wide; about 4 miles from Hahib killa, a cross road 
 
 strikes off to the left through the village of Chillozan and over the Sirgawau 
 
 kothal, which is difficult, but practicable for a horseman, and by which Ghazni 
 
 can be readied (by a sowar) iu one day. Amir killa consists of 3 forts, which 
 
 completely cross the valley ; one of these is built in the form of an octagonal 
 
 bastion loopholed for musketry : if occupied, and the enemy at the same 
 
 time holding the hills which run down from each side, it would be a very 
 
 strong and defensible position. There is no ground here, or any where else 
 
 within the next three miles, extensive enough for the encampment of any 
 
 number of men : provisions might be collected from the villages as well as 
 
 fodder in the shape of " bhusa;" grazing for camels and fuel very scarce; 
 
 water from the Logar stream. 
 
 Twenty-third stage. To HydarJchel thirteen miles. — The first portion of this 
 
 march is along a very narrow valley, and the road 
 
 Total distance to Hydurkhel, commanded all the way by spurs running down 
 231 luiles, J J r o 
 
 on each side : at the 2nd mile (ron» camp, pass the 
 
 large fortified village of Tangi Wardak consisting of 3 forts built on the left 
 bank of tiie Logur stream, all with high well-built " pakka" (mud and stone) 
 walls, loopholed for musketry aud in echellon Hanking each other ; at the 4th 
 mile is the small village of Doabhe, at the junction of and between the Shiniz and 
 Logar streams. The road here leaves the valley watered by the latter, and turn- 
 ing up the bed of the Shiniz strikes acro^s and joins the great higiiway be- 
 tween Cabul and Ghazni at about G miles from Amir killa, and proceeding along 
 it through the cluster of villages called Syad-abad arrives at the large village of 
 Hydarkhel, from which point the route is described in the Quarter Master Ge- 
 neral's route by Major Hougli, &.<:. ite. tic. and consists of the foiiowiug stagers. 
 To Haft Asijah cJeocii miles. 
 
 Total distance to Haft Asyah 
 212 iiiilc3. 
 
 To Skash Gaw, eight and three quarter miles. 
 
 Total distance to Slia&li Gaw, 
 2o0i miles. 
 
 To Ghazni, thirteen and halj miles. 
 
 Total distance to Uhuzni, ^Glj 
 miles. 
 
APPENDIX B. 
 
 Wuziris. 
 
 Some account of the Tribes through tvltose country the Paiwar route from 
 Kohcd to Ccibul i^asses, after leaving the British Bonier. 
 
 The country inhabited by these wild tribes may be described as bounded 
 on the North, by Khost ; on the East, by that 
 portion of the Kohat District extending from Ba- 
 hadur Khel to Dillan in the Khattak hills and Thall on the Kurram ; on the 
 south, by Diar and the British Frontier at Tak ; and on the west, by an ima- 
 ginary line drawn about 20 miles east of and parallel to the Guleri Pass. But 
 it is not to be supposed that the Waziris are entirely confined to these limits, 
 for tliey often attack Kaffilahs proceeding by the Guleri route, and feed their 
 flocks in Morwanzai. They themselves consider their head quarters to be, during 
 tlie winter months, in Feraat-uUah, and in summer on the slopes of the Tur- 
 ghar mountains which seem to be the range connecting the Takht-i-Sulaiman 
 mountains with the Safed koh, at the head of the Kurram. 
 
 2. The Waziris describe themselves as descended from one Wazir, who, 
 when in difficulties, took refuge in the natural fastnesses of Feraat-ullah. He 
 begat a son Khidu, who in turn had a son Massu, from whom are sprung all 
 the different branches of Waziri tribes. 
 
 3. The portion of tribe located in this direction is called the Darwesh 
 Khel Waziris. It divided into Amazais and Atmanzaies, which are again sub- 
 divided into the following clans, of which the approximate strength in fight- 
 ing men is 
 
 Amazaies. 
 
 ... 1,000 
 ... 1,000 
 
 Taji Khel, ... 
 Khagal Khel, 
 Gangi Khel, 
 Sirki Khel, 
 Spirki Khel, 
 Pyndah Khel, 
 Zalli Khel, 
 Amrmiszan, .., 
 Badin Khel, 
 IShadeaki, 
 
 Total 
 
 400 
 
 500 
 
 2,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 500 
 
 200 
 
 10,600 
 
[ 59 ] 
 
 Atmanzai. 
 
 CabulKhel, 2,000 
 
 TuriKhel, 4,000 
 
 Warghanvali Khel, 3,000 
 
 Mallikshahi, 1,000 
 
 Muhammad Khel, 2,000 
 
 MaddarKhel, 1,000 
 
 Total 13,000 
 
 Grand Total, 23,G00 
 
 All these clans are again subdivided into numerous smaller khels, but all 
 are quite distinct from the other great division known as the Maiswud 
 "Waziris, whose lands border on the Bannu and Tank frontier. 
 
 Tlie Cabul Khel and Mallikshahi factions have their winter grazing grounds 
 on the lands of Billand Khel and Thall. The first is divided into Miami 
 700, Sifalli 800, and PipalU 500. 
 
 These Waziris all belong to the Samil faction of politics so well known on 
 this frontier, and have a blood-feud of long standing with the Turi tribes; 
 they are a wild wandering race, living in black tents called in their language 
 " Ghizilis ;" and their principal wealth is invested in herds of camels, sheep, and 
 goats ; they possess a very fine breed of horses, which are exceedingly hardy 
 and active, though small, when compared with the general run of our cavalry 
 horses, and often impetuous and vicious animals. These are ditlieult to pro- 
 cure in any numbers as the demand for them is great and they are numerically 
 scarce : it is said they have Arab blood in them which was introduced from 
 Nadir Shah's stables; one story is that, on that conqueror's return from the 
 plundering of Delhi, he presented the tribe with a number of Arabs for the 
 services which the tribe had rendered him, while another, and to my mind, 
 more correct, version is, that the tribe stole a number, of valuable Arabs out of 
 Nadir Shah's stables while his army was returning tlirough the Guleri pass. 
 
 In religion, the Waziris belong to the Sunni sect of Muhammadans and, al- 
 though of AfFghan descent, have many customs peculiar to themselves. For 
 instance, among Affghans it is customary to murder both parties in case of 
 adultery, whereas the Waziris kill the woman but only cut ofl" the nose of the 
 man. It is a most remarkable fact that internal clan-feuds are almost un- 
 known among these tribes, but on the contrary they are said to be so united, 
 that if an enemy contrives to plunder the cattle and goods of one portion of a 
 clan, it is not uncommon for the remainder to unite and make good the loss. 
 I 2 
 
[ CO ] 
 
 Fkom the village of 131iiigzai in Ballyamin, on the high road from Thall to 
 
 Kurram, a valley runs off in a westerly direction 
 Kliost and Kliostwalls. , i • i • ji i . i • i t-i j i 
 
 along which is the best road into 1\ host, as only 
 
 one small ascent ov Kothal has to be crossed and footmen can traverse the 
 
 distance in a few hours. 
 
 The inhabitants of upper Khost ai'e called Khostwalls by their neighbours, 
 while the lower portion of that valley is occupied by Waziris, with whom the 
 former are on perfectly good terms and make common cause against their 
 Tori neighbours. 
 
 This valley of Khost is said to be nowhere so broad as that of Kurram ; 
 it has, however, a greater breadtb of cultivation, but the most of it is unirri- 
 gated "lallani;" the soil is very fertile where irrigated from the three 
 streams which come down in a south-easterly direction ; the most northerly 
 from Shabarras, tlie middle one from the borders of Zurmat, while the most 
 southerly, called the Khetu, drains from the Jaddran country ; all three 
 uniting form one stream, which falls into the Kurram river at a place called 
 Zinnuni, 8 coss below Eilland Khel. 
 
 Khost is said to be about 40 miles long, bounded on the north and east 
 by Zurmat and Kurram ; to the south by three tribes of Wazii'is, the Gliar- 
 baz Maddar Khel and Mahanad, while the Jaddran country shuts it in on the 
 west. It contains no very hirge villages, but a vast number of small ones : the 
 largest, and which may be called the capital of the valley, is Sher Killa. The 
 total number of inhabitants of the valley, which is part of Sirdar Muhammad 
 Azim Khan's Jagir, is estimated at 12,000, paying a revenue of about the 
 same number of rupees j'early, collected every two or three years by a 
 strong force sent for the purpose, and which eats up all that comes within 
 its reach. 
 
 The counti'y of the Zymukht Affghans may be described as a tract about 
 
 25 miles long, lying between two ranges of 
 Zyuuikht Aflglians. . . ... - , 
 
 mountanis wlueh are connected by a water-shed 
 
 line, having three slopes each with its distinct line of drainage. The first forms 
 the Schalli stream, and lias on its banks the villages of Torawari, Danibakki 
 Yastai, Zowar, Spekeyt, and Tanail ; the second forms the Sangroba rivulet, 
 near the sources of which are the two largest villages in the district, Manattu 
 and Chinarik, besides Tannah, Sangrobah, Adhmeylah and Duraghah, sprink- 
 led along its banks ; while the third slope contains the villages of Gavvakhi 
 Lurahmela and Doleragah (the two last belonging to Arakzai tribes) on the 
 deep ravines which fall into the Kurram river in Makhezai. 
 
[ 61 ] 
 
 The Zjmuldit Affglians can, at their utmost need, only muster some 3,000 
 families ; but have always been supported by their Arakzai neighbours in any 
 struggle with other tribes.* 
 
 'J'heir country is generally covered with jungle, and cultivation is only to be 
 seen in the immediate vicinity of villages, owing chiefly to the number of 
 internal blood feuds in this clan which preclude the possibility of agricultural 
 operations being carried on at any distance from sujjport. Travellers save a 
 day's march by taking the route through this countr}^ in going from Kohat 
 to Kurram, but they have to pay heavily for a safe conduct through, (called 
 Badragga). The Zymukhts are physically, a fine looking, powerful race, forming 
 in this respect a striking contrast to their Turi neighbours. They are on the 
 Samil side of politics, and are said to be the descendants of a tribe of Tur 
 Tarins who immigrated from their own country and colonized this nook. 
 
 The general aspect of the district of KtUTain is picturesque and attractive 
 
 in the extreme to an European stranger fresh 
 Kurram and the Turies, „ , ,. rri- ^ i ■ -, • 
 
 Iron) tlie plains ot India: a clear and rapid river 
 
 which has its sources in the pine clad slopes of the Safed Koh mountains, 
 
 which shut in this valley on the west and north, rushes in a winding rocky 
 
 bed down the centre of a deep lillet of rich cultivation sprinkled with villages, 
 
 each having its clumps of magiiificent plane trees, while the distance is every 
 
 where closed by the ever-varying aspect of the noble mountains just meu- 
 
 tioiied, which tower over the valley in its whole length. 
 
 In the centre of this district and about 25 miles from the Paiwar Kothal, 
 stands the fort of Kurram, the residence of the local governor ; it is a square 
 mud enclosure, with faces about 100 yards long having " burjes" or round 
 towers at the angles and in the centre of each face. 
 
 There is but one gateway, towards the west ; around the interior of the 
 walls are built quarters for the garrison and a bazar, while a second square 
 with faces parallel to those of the extt-rior work, forms a citadel containing the 
 magazines and (juarters of the commandant ; a covered way, and ditch which 
 cau be made wet or dry at pleasure, runs all round the works ; the latter is 
 crossed by a draw-bridge consisting of a strong platform on small wheels, 
 running on two powerful beams thrown across the ditch ; the thickness of 
 the walls is not such as to resist artillery, although ample to present an in- 
 
 * Tlie Zj-mulilit are divided into the two factions of Mamuzi and Khwahdad Khel wliich 
 are subdivided and liave their present liead men as follows. 
 
 Mamuzi. Khvvadad Khel. 
 
 Mead Men. llctid Men. 
 
 Wattizai, Kliaiil, Kliaddu Kiicl, Pahlwan. 
 
 Manattu, Slialuiawa/. Babuko Kliel, Sliuril' Khan. 
 
 Mewdan, Mir Shah. Assan Khel, Mullah Khan. 
 
 Daugi, Abbas. I'lippij Mihimast. 
 
[ C2 ] 
 
 surmountable obstacle to any ordinary irregular AflTghan force. The present 
 garrison consists of two companies of regular infantry, five mountain-train 
 guns with their artillery men, some jazailchis and irregular sowars. 
 
 The district is part of Sirdar Muhammad Azim Khan's Jagir, and yields 
 about 60,000 Kupees per annum ; of which, some 12,000 Rupees are collected 
 as transit duty on kaffiUahs, and the remainder is land revenue. The Sirdar sel- 
 dom visits the country himself, but governs it through a Deputy or " Naib." 
 Collections can only be made by a considerable force, which is usually sent 
 over from Cabul, and when it does arrive, sweeps the whole country clean 
 before it. The soil produces both the rabbi and kharif crops ; the chief pro- 
 duct being rice, which is cultivated in sufficient quantities to admit of extensive 
 exportation to Cabul and neighbouring countries. Wheat, barley, Indian-corn 
 and a little cotton are also grown. 
 
 All the irrigated lands are close along the banks of the river, and whenever 
 extraordinary floods sweep away any portion of these fields it is a common 
 practice to plant rows of willows as tliiekly as they will stand and to keep them 
 cut down to two or three feet in heiglit, for some years : these, spreading, form a 
 very complete barrier, which in ordinary floods catches and retains a rich deposit 
 of alluvial soil ; as soon as it is di'y, a crop is sown on it, while each succeeding 
 flood only adds to the depth of the deposit ; the cultivator loses but one crop, 
 and, in a very few years, regains a fine field supported on a living willow wall. 
 
 Between this cultivated tract along the bank of the river, on the edge of 
 which most of the villages are placed, and the bottom of the lowest slopes of 
 the Safed Koh (called by the natives Tissin Ghar) mountains, lies an un- 
 culturable tract varying from two to ten miles in breadth and sloping down 
 towards the cultivation where it terminates in an abrupt bank having a com- 
 mand of from 20 to 60 feet above the irrigation. It is barren and strong, and 
 intersected by numerous deep ravines, down which flows the drainage from the 
 adjacent mountain ; at the head of these where they leave the hills are to be 
 found some of the largest villages such as Shallozan, Ziran and Kirman, built 
 in narrow gorges and famous for the luxuriant orchards of fruit trees, as well 
 as the silk grown by the inhabitants. 
 
 The large village of Paiwar, 7 miles from the Kothal, after which it is called, 
 is built in a similar position, and strange to say contains almost as many Hindus 
 as Muhammadans, engaged in a thriving retail trade of goods imported from 
 Cabul and the Panjab. Large piles of stones in the bed of a torrent now dry, 
 mark the spots where these Hindus have from time to time burnt their dead. 
 
 In former days when the Aflghans ruled supreme from the Indus west- 
 
 ^ ,. . . „,, ^ ward, this tract was divided generally into two 
 
 Former divisions of the country. , , 
 
 divisions known as Bangash-i-bala and Bangash- 
 
[ <33 ] 
 
 i-paiar. The latter included all the present Koliat district, and extended to 
 Tliall ; and the former all that country now called Kurraui, which was again 
 subdivided into the districts of Ballyamin, extending from Sirakhrour to Hazir 
 Pir's Ziarat ; Makhizai, from Hazir Pir's Ziarat to Suddah ; Darra-i Chamkam* 
 mi from the stream that comes down from the Paiwar village which falls into 
 the Kurrara river a little above the village of Eruknah, and upwards mitil the 
 country divides into naiTOW glens ; while the remaining portion was known as 
 Kurram khas. 
 
 From Kirman, a long " darrah" or glen runs up for 15 miles, between two 
 bold spurs, parallel to the general run of the Safed Koh range, and is inhabited 
 by an independant tribe called Paras who have numei'ous small villages scat- 
 tered along the glen, which is very narrow. 
 
 The shrine of Falim-i-aUim, the father of Nadir Shah, in Kirman, is cons^i- 
 dered very sacred by the Turi tribes, who are all of the Shiah sect of Muham ma- 
 dans. Little is known of the origin of these people ; they and their neighbours 
 the Jagis are supposed to be the descendants of two Mogal brothers, Tur and 
 Jagi, and are not considered Pathans, between them and whom there is a marked 
 ditference in physical appearance, dress and many customs. 'Jhey are generally 
 short, compact, though rather sickly looking men, with either a skulking or 
 cunning look about them ; they wear earrings, and dress in a sort of loose 
 frock coming down to the knees, either of a dark blue colour interspersed with 
 patches of white, or a white garment patched with blue : a common blue or 
 white turban and " Kamarbaiid," and breeches loose above, but fitting tight 
 from the knee down to the ancle, being shod with sandals. The Turis 
 are armed in much the same way as Affghans, and are supposed to be able to 
 muster some 3,0U0 footmen and oOO horse. The latter mounted on sorry look- 
 ing j;ides, small but very wiry animals, are adepts at border forays, and 
 have a great local reputation. The footmen are thought little of, though a 
 considerable number are to be found in the regiments of Sirdar Muhammad 
 Azim Khan, The Turia are divided into the 4 factions of Dupenzui, Sargalli, 
 Gundekhel and Allyzai. 
 
 This tribe have a peculiar custom of firing numerous shots with matchlocks 
 over the head of a newly born male child, as an introduction to the ordinary 
 scenes of this life, and to accustom him to the sound, so that he may not 
 shrink from the fire of his enemies in after life. 
 
 The Kothal of Paiwar and four small villages in the vicinity are held by a 
 
 portion of the Mangal tribes, of whom but little is 
 Maugal. , 
 
 known ; they have a tower on the kothal where they 
 
 levy a tax on all travellers frequenting this route, robbing the unprotected, and 
 
 skulking from the strong ; acting as guides and exacting safe-conduct money 
 
[ 04 ] 
 
 (Badarga) from Turis proceeding to Logar or Cabul. Those Mangals are a 
 
 considerable tribe, said to possess 250 forts and 500 black tents, scattered over 
 
 Zurmat : which they hold conjointly with the Sahnau Khel Ghilzies, and can 
 
 muster about 8,000 men. They ai'e divided into 
 The first three are found in r> n i ji /-ht- i t^i i t^i • • ^ ■• 
 
 the different glens, while in the ^^^ smaller clans, the (Mn'al Ivhel, Khajun, Zaub, 
 
 Chamkammi darrah which is en- Murghai, and Kamal kliale) ; of these the Miral 
 
 tirely held by Mangals are now 
 
 to be found the hostile fac- Khel are the most powerful, and the headmen of 
 
 tions of Murghai and Kamal this division are the chiefs of the whole tribe. The 
 
 khel (berter known as the Madda 
 
 khel), Kaimnazai, Bubu khel, Khajuris are almost all robbers, living at the ex- 
 
 b:^ and1li^:!X"^ ''^'' P-«« «f tl- --'^^ - general, and their neighbours 
 
 lu particular. The Mangals of Zurmat were in- 
 dependent till about 10 years ago, when Sirdar Muhammad Amin Khan reduced 
 them to submission to the Cabul authorities, and their country now forms part 
 of the Jagir of Sirdar Muhammad Azim Khan governor of Kurram, 
 
 In April 1858, Sirdar Muhammad Azim Khan, for the first time for 20 years, 
 collected the revenue of Chamkummi. He was strongly opposed and lost a 
 number of men in doing so. It seems they paid their revenue shortly after the 
 arrival of the troops with little demur ; but being driven to desperation by 
 tlie acts of the Aifghan soldiery, it was only in desperation that they fought 
 for the honor of their children. 
 
 ArTEE crossing the Paiwar Kothal from Kurram, the traveller finds himself 
 
 in an elevated valley down one side of which 
 '■^ ' flows the Keriah rivulet in a deep bed ; (being 
 
 the drainage of this portion of the Safed koh ;) the banks are very high and 
 along the right are situated most of the villages ; below Allykhel about 13 
 miles from the Paiwar Kothal it meets a broad mountain torrent coming down 
 from Hazar-darakht, and the t\vo combined flow on under the name of Haryab ; 
 all this tract is the home of the Jaji tribes. They are estimated at from 7 to 
 800 families, and divided into numerous smaller sections ; there are 8 divisions 
 called wans, as follows. 1st Lehwani, 2nd Addakhel, which contains the 
 Khwnjakhel and is the chief, 3rd Petla which is coupled with the AlHsemgeh, 
 4th Ahmadkhel who combine with the Byankhel, 5th Allykhel, Cth Jhamukhel, 
 7th Hussalnkhel and 8th Keriah Ahmedkhel. 
 
 The Jajis are greatly weakened as a tribe by internal feuds, and most of 
 their villages divided accordingly into numerous separate parts to suit these 
 factions, while rival towers shoot up side by side in every direction affording a 
 running commentary on the state of society. Some of these towers are of a 
 novel construction, being nothing more than a platform on poles about 18 or 20 
 feet high, with a loopholed mud parapet of about 3 feet, reached by a ladder, 
 thus 
 
[ 65 ] 
 
 /' 
 
 /-" 
 
 i. 
 
 
 I ! 
 
 1^ \s\v 
 
 LI i 
 
 y«^^ - .4< 
 
 at: 
 
 '.tsStOOt-mm: 
 
 '^.^.^^ 
 
 ^^''-v4 *:^^^^ii^#>fe> 
 
 v^ 
 
 ■'!i».S 
 
 I 
 
 All the villages are well built, and walltnl, and each quarter is a small fort in 
 itself, and the walls loopholed in every possible direction. The houses are mostly 
 two storied : in the upper live the family, while the ground floor is allotted to the 
 cattle and sheep. The climate of llaryab is exceedingly cold in winter, but 
 delightful during the summer months, as the valley has an elevation of 7,000 
 feet above the sea level. The people seem a prolific race, if one may judge 
 from the number of children to be seen about every village ; but they have 
 barely culturable land sufficient to produce subsistence for them ; many men of 
 this tribe are to be found doing work as day labourers along the British frontier 
 stations during the winter months. The village of Kokion is famous for the 
 honey produced there ; each house is said to have, at least, eight or ten hives in 
 it, and the bees are of a larger variety than tliose usually seen domesticated iu 
 the East. The greater part of their produce is exported. 
 
[ GG ] 
 
 BoRDEBllsro on the Jiijis and liolding the Surkhal and Sliutur-gardaii passes 
 are the Suhiiman-khel section of the Ghilzi trihes, 
 and as this is hut a fraction of that great clan, 
 the strongest in Affghanistan, it may he as well to give a general sketch of 
 the whole here. In A. D. 1712, tliese Ghilzies under their chief Mir Vis 
 were supreme in Affghanistan, and ruled the country from the Khybar pass, 
 on the east, to the province of Kirman in Persia westv,rard ; but they were over- 
 thrown by Nadir Shah in 1737. In 1802, they were again disastrously routed 
 out by the Duranies at the battle of Sajawan, and lastly on the 11th of 
 May in the same year their power was completely crushed by Wazir Fateli 
 Khan at Guljain where their chief Abdul-rahman Khan Utak with his two 
 sons, and Shah-ud-din Khan his prime minister w^ere taken prisoners and blown 
 away from guns; a pile of Ghilzi skulls still marks the field of battle, and 
 affords some idea of the terrible slaughter of that day. 
 
 The Ghilzies were originally a pastoral race, and many sections of the 
 tribe still retain their nomadic habits, for as surely as the " Gulbahar and 
 Sialihahur" (spring and autumn) come round, they will be found packing up 
 their worldly goods and chattels, and moving off to more congenial climes ; 
 on these occasions the sheep are sent on a month before, and followed at in- 
 tervals by the cattle and camels ; the women, children, and heavy baggage 
 being carried on the latter. The grazing grounds of these tribes both in the 
 hills and plains are apportioned off, and as well known even in the wildest 
 country, as the gardens and fields of more civilized races ; and as a Ghilzi is 
 always buried close to the encampment in which they may happen to die, it 
 becomes a point of honor among these tribes never to give up an inch of 
 ground which the clan has once occupied, as it may be the last resting place 
 of some of their ancestors ; and it is easy to imagine that this feeling alone 
 leads to frequent and bloody feuds. 
 
 In the days of Ghilzi supremacy the Sakzai section of the Utak clan, of 
 which Mir Alam Khan is the present head, w\as considered the " Badshah 
 khel," or that portion from which their hereditary chiefs were chosen ; but 
 after the Duranies came to power, the Ghilzies found themselves too much 
 scattered to depend solely on one head, and the Zabar-Uhel faction of the 
 Sulaiman khel was selected as the head of the eastern branch, while the re- 
 mainder continued under Mir Alam Khan, But since the death of Musah 
 Mehtar (who left a brother Khaniyar, the present chief of Zurmat) no one has 
 been allowed by the Amir of Cabul to a^^suuie the chiefship of even all the 
 eastern Ghilzies. 
 
 The Ghilzies are acknowledged by the Affghans to be the hardiest and bravest 
 of their race, and our own experience in Affghanistan confirms this opinion. 
 
[ 67 ] 
 
 On the occasion of a portion of the tribe attacking Colonel Wymer's force in 
 May, 1811, that officer paid a tribute of praise to the cool and deliberate 
 manner in which they advanced in the teeth of his artillery ; but perhaps 
 their bravery was still more conspicuous, in May, 1840, when they attacked 
 Captain William Anderson's detachment of 1200 regular troops with guns. 
 As recorded by Major Hough, " 2500 Gliilzies were, on this occasion, defeat- 
 " ed near Tazi. Though exposed to a well-directed and destructive fire of 
 " shrapnel and grape, the Ghilzies came down twice in a body of 200, riding 
 " up to the centre of Lieutenant Spence's company, and died on the men's 
 " bayonets. They had 200 killed, and 40 or 50 were cut up by the cavalry 
 " afterwards." (Hough, page 381.) 
 
 These tribes have two prinei[)ul divisions, Ibrahim and Turan, which are- 
 again split up into the following clans or " khels." 
 
 Ibrahim contains 13, viz : 
 
 1st. Zabar-khel (Klian-khel) of which the notorious Aziz Khan is the pre- 
 sent cliicf. His sister is married to the Amir of Cabul b}' whom she has 
 one son, Sirdar Muhammad Yusaf Khan. The main strength of this section 
 is located in Laghman, and migrate to the mountains above Hissarak on 
 the northern slopes of the Safe koh. 
 
 2nd. Ahmadzai, of which Dowlat Khan is chief; he has three sons, Babojan, 
 Badshah Khan, and Maiz-ullah Khan, whose sister is marrie<l to Sirdar Mu- 
 hammad Usnian Khan. The Ahmadzaies are the portion of tl)e clan who hold the 
 Sliutur-gardan kotlial,and that tract through which the I'aiwar route to Cabul 
 passes, and inhabit during summer the mountains of Surkln-l and Safcdkoh, 
 while in winter they will be found in Kurram and Mizzin. Dowlat Khan is 
 one of the heads of the Sulaiman Khels of which Khaniyar Khan (Zabar 
 Kliel) of Zurinat is another, and Muhammad Sliali Khan, (whose name figures 
 conspicuously as one of our bitterest enemies in the last Aff'iflian war, but who 
 is now under surveillance at Cabul), is the third. The latter has also some 
 considerable influence among the Kohistanis of Najraw, and was chief of the 
 Babikarkliel faction of tiie Sulaimankhel Ghilzies, which includes Sheripai and 
 Sak. These are again subdivided into Uriakhel, Utkhel (of which Sher 
 Muhammad Khan is head) Utarankhel, Kliaruti, Miralikhel, Edukhel and 
 the Umarkhel ; these generally occupy the lands about Gandamak, Tazin 
 and Jalal-abad, and are cliiofly engaged in pastoral pursuits, with the exception 
 of the Utkhel, and a few fellow spirits from among the others, who are 
 notorious throughout AlTghanistan as a pack of plundering villains, adepts at 
 cattle lifting and burglary, and the terror of the inhabitants of Cabul ; many 
 of the most daring robberies committed in the former days of Peshawur were 
 known to have been the handiwork of these miscreants, who like their fellow 
 £ 2 
 
 \ 
 
[ 68 ] 
 
 craftsmen the Zalikakhel AftViJies do not consider a child properly baptised 
 unless lie lias been passed backwards and forwards through a hole in a wall, 
 with an exhortation to become an expert thief, at the same time that he re- 
 ceives his name. I may here relate an incident particularly characteristic of 
 the reckless spirit of these people. One Allamur, a noted thief, of the Ut- 
 mankhel tribe, had cut a hole in the wall and worked his way into a house in 
 the city of Cabul, and having extracted a quantity of goods, which he passed 
 out to his accomplices in vpaiting, vras himself in the act of returning when 
 the owner of the house seized him by both his legs ; Allamur in this predica- 
 ment, half in, and half out of the hole, finding no hope of escape, gave 
 instructions to his companions (who were doing their best to drag him 
 out) to cut off his head and go off with it, to prevent his person from being 
 identified! his accomplices without hesitation carried out his instructions to 
 the letter. 
 
 3rd. TJmarkhel, of which Naib Gholam-Tlasul is chief, and who occupy 
 Maidan aud the country drained by the Surkhrud. 
 
 4th. Adramzai, who are all shepherds herding their flocks in Gumeran, 
 Safed sang and the lower portion of the Logar valley. 
 
 5th. Challozai, holding the Sajawan hills between Logar and Ghazni, with 
 Ibrahim Khan as their chief. 
 
 Gth. Chinzai occupying Bini Badam, with grazing grounds in Maidan and 
 
 on the eastern slopes of the Pagman hills. 
 
 7th. Shahmomalzai, "^ m i •: -i i t j.i v i • i. r 
 
 / These tribes wander about the districts ot 
 
 8th. Kyzarkhel, ( Ghazni, Dubba and Maidan. 
 
 9th. Khwazak. J 
 
 10th. Stanizai. This section is entirely agricultural, living in Logar and 
 Maidan, and are famed as good farmers, and the most experts hands in the 
 country at excavating karezahs. This portion of the Ghilzies alone, is again 
 split up into 21 subdivisions. 
 
 11th. Alikhel, another agricultural division located about Mukar. 
 
 12th, Andar is a powerful division, but without an acknowledged chief; 
 they are both agricultural and pastoral in habits, and occupy the Shelgarh be- 
 tween Ghazni and Zurmat, aud watered by a stream, the drainage of the 
 western slopes of the Zurmat mountains, which flows into the Bandi Muhain- 
 madi or Ghazni river. 
 
 13th. Tannaki, holding the country west of Ghazni between the Abis- 
 ladah Lake and the mountains of Nur ; and paying one lakh of rupees annu- 
 ally to the rules of Ghazni. They are known as the most respectable and well 
 disposed of their race. 
 
 In the Turan are 3 divisions^ viz. : 
 
r 
 \ 
 
 [ C9 ] 
 
 1st. Utak, (owning Muhammad A.lam Khan as chief, with his head-quartera 
 at Chowri three marches south-east of Khihit-i-Ghilzi,) is again divided into 
 Sakzai, Tunzai, Sautkhel and Shagri, and occupies all the country of Khilat-i- 
 Ghilzi and southward until it meets the independent Kokar and Tarin tribes. 
 The Utak and Tokhai combined are said to muster about G0,000 souls, having 
 the Sakzai as their Badshahkhel. 
 
 2nd. Tokhai. This large faction includes the Shah-alam-khel. Shah-ud-din- 
 kliel, Ivalu-khel, Miranzai, Julalzai, Bakarzai, Pirakhale, Likak and Amukhau 
 sections ; and is almost entirely pastoral, possessing but few houses, and living 
 in encampments of black tents along the banks of the Tarnak, Nawi, Mar- 
 glia, and Arghasan streams, as well as on the slopes of the mountains draining 
 into the Ab-istada. 
 
 3rd. Hotaki. This branch is more scattered than others, and is found 
 about Kandahar and Cabul, as well as Tazin and Jagdalak ; Azad Khan 
 Sherpai being the chief of the latter, while the section at Kandahar look ta 
 Sadu Khan of their own section as a chief. 
 
 Besides the above regular clansmen, there are several mixed families of 
 Ghilzies settled in the districts of Herat, Sabzawar and Browkah, who are 
 supposed to be the descendants of those families who were transported from 
 Kandahar by Nadir Shah to make room for his Persian followers ; tliese are 
 roughly calculated at 18,000 houses, and in case of emergency look to Abdul 
 Ghafar Khan, residing in the Herat district, as their head. 
 
 In a wandering tribe like the Ghilzies, scattered over so great a surface of 
 country, it is of course next to impossible to give even an approximate estimate 
 of their real numbers ; but the average of several accounts given us in different 
 localities, make the two great divisions nearly equal, and about 100,000 souls 
 each, from which perhaps 30,000 good fighting men might be taken as the 
 total defensive strength of the Gliilzios ; but as tlu-y can never be united 
 owing to the endless feuds in which all Affglian families are engaged, more 
 than 3 or 4,000 men could not be got together for offensive operations out of 
 their own country. 
 
 During the Persian invasion of Herat in 1S3S, many of the Turan chiefs 
 were found to be in correspondence with the enemy for the purpose of over- 
 throwing Barakzai supremacy ; but on the British troops entering Affghanistan, 
 and during their occupation of the country, these Ghilzies generally displayed 
 a rooted hatred to foreigners, and great fidelity to the Amir Dost Muhammad 
 Klian. 
 
APPENDIX C. 
 
 Sicetch ofAffghan tribes bordering and occupying the head ofBolan Fasgf 
 from information collected at Kandahar. 
 
 The Achakzaies, Kahars and Tarins are all Affghan tribes, (though the two 
 latter are only partially subject to the rule of the Amir), and, from their posi- 
 tion, command considerable influence over the country through which the 
 Bolan route passes, and the following sketch of them may prove useful. 
 
 Achakzaies. 
 
 A great portion of the northern slopes of that range of mountains, the 
 highest summits of which do not rise to an elevation of more than 8 or 9000 
 feet above the level of tlie sea, and which, running in a north-east direction, 
 forms tlie water-shed line between the waters of the Ab-istadali Lake and 
 the Dori and other tributaries of the Urahandab, the Gonial, Ziiub and Lora 
 streams, is inhabitated by the Achakzaies, a branch of the Barakzai faction of 
 the great Zirak Dorani division of Aff^hans. 
 
 The Achakzaies are entirely nomatiic in their habits and their Gizdis or 
 small black tents are their homes, which during the winter months are found 
 sprinkled about the foot of the Kojak and Ghwaga hills, and over the sandy 
 tracts below Kozhani and Taklitapur. 
 
 About " Naui'oz" (21st March) they move up and graze their large herds 
 of camels, &c. in the Khojak and Mandrak darrahs, remaining three or four 
 weeks, and move gradually upwards with the melting snows, reaching tlie 
 higher altitudes of the Toba mountains shortly after the appearance of spring, 
 when they scatter over the face of the country each to his own allotted locality ; 
 a sufficient number of the tribe having been left below to collect and secure 
 the spring harvest. They thus contrive to obtain two crops yearly ; one from 
 the plains and the other on the mountains. 
 
 The Toba range is described by them as blest with the most salubrious of 
 climates: water from springs is abundant everywhere and the Tashrubat 
 stream, which irrigate the Kakaro country has its sources near Toba. In 
 the summer month cattle are said to tlirive wonderfully on a sort of flowering 
 grass called by the people " Kamalla" but to take an Aflghan's account of 
 his own home and tribe as entirely correct would be to descril)e the former as 
 a paradise, and the latter as all angels, with a frequent dash of the devil 
 
[ '1 ] 
 
 about tliem : so perhaps, the following remarks by Doctor Kennedy who accom- 
 panied the Bombay column when they traversed a portion of this tract in 1S39, 
 may give us a more correct idea of it. He says : '•' A more rugged or a more 
 *' desolate region can hardly be imagined than the district through which we 
 *' toiled our painful way betwixt the 12th and 26th October : range after range 
 *' of the rudest mountains were to be ascended and descended ; and the only road 
 " was the pebbly or rocky bed of some mountain torrent traced up to its 
 " source and a similar descent on the opposite side. Toba is a pitiful hamlet 
 " of not a hundred houses ; here we saw fine old trees of the yew kind covered 
 " with small purple berries ; the leaf and berry had a strong taste of juniper, 
 " their trunks were venerable knotted timber, and tlie spread of the branches 
 " broad and leafy. In the clefts of the hills along the water-courses we saw 
 " abundant thickets of wild roses covered with red tips ; suthem wood and 
 *' hedgehog plant covered the hills wherever there was a stratum of soil to 
 " nourish the plant." 
 
 The above account was written at a season when the Achakzaies had re- 
 moved to the lower lands, and " the small collection of huts at Toba is no 
 criterion of a population who live entirely in tents." The trees alluded to ia 
 the above extract are I believe not yew, but a species of sloe or black thorn 
 and the fruit when dried is called "Khinjak" by tbe natives and is supposed 
 by AfFghan Hakims to be very efficacious in kidney diseases. 
 
 It was to the sanitarium of Toba that Ahmad Shah Abdali, the founder 
 of the Durani dynasty resorted in 1773, to escape the summer heat of Kan- 
 dahar, and there died. 
 
 The Achakzaies state that they can muster 1-1,S00 families and divided into 
 the two great factions of Bahadurzai and Gujaazu, which is again respectively 
 subdivided as follows. 
 
 Divisions. 
 
 Present chiefs. 
 
 Inhabit. 
 
 Tents. 
 
 (iluibbezai, 
 
 Kakuzai, 
 
 Shamuzai, 
 
 Famzai, 
 
 Bakkarzai, 
 
 Ishdanizai, 
 
 Kakozai, 
 
 !Muddat Khan, 
 Samaud Khan, 
 Sliahuddin Khan, 
 Mullali Hasan, 
 Muddafc Klian, 
 Muddat Klian, 
 Dost Muhammad Khan, 
 
 Pez, 
 
 Arambeh, 
 
 liez, 
 
 Iscanfan, 
 
 Peisbin, 
 
 Ditto, 
 
 Takhtapur. 
 
 500 
 5000 
 1000 , 
 
 500 
 
 200 
 
 200 
 
 300 
 
 Families or Tents. 
 
 7,700 
 
 N. B. The Eez mentioned in the above table is the hilly and sandy desert 
 tract between the Dori and Lora streams, and country east of the latter, 
 north of the Khojak range. 
 
[ 72 ] 
 The Gajanzaies muster 7100 tents, as follows. 
 
 Divisions. 
 
 Present chiefs. 
 
 Inhabit. 
 
 Tents. 
 
 Ahmadzai, 
 
 Muhammad and Mirofzal Khan. 
 
 Dad, 
 
 1000 
 
 Asliezai, 
 
 Faiztallab Khan, 
 
 Kliojak Mandak, 
 
 500 
 
 Burhanzai, 
 
 Faiztallab Khan, 2nd 
 
 Pishin, 
 
 200 
 
 Sbanmakzai, 
 
 Akhbar Khan, 
 
 Kliojak, 
 
 200 
 
 Mallizai, 
 
 Muhammad Amin Khan, 
 
 Eez, 
 
 200 
 
 Kamilzai, 
 
 Ditto, 
 
 Eez, 
 
 200 
 
 Addazai, 
 
 Sayad Muhammad Khan, 
 
 Ditto, 
 
 300 
 
 Adrakzai, 
 
 Purdil and Kabir Khans, 
 
 N. Slopes Khojak, 
 
 300 
 
 llardozai, 
 
 Dadan Khan, 
 
 Joi Barkhodar, 
 
 300 
 
 Mallukzai, 
 
 Mulhih Misar Okkhan, 
 
 Ditto, 
 
 20O 
 
 Lalizai, 
 
 Baland Khan, 
 
 Ditto, 
 
 200 
 
 Mapizai, 
 
 Muhammad Khan, 
 
 Kaddunni, 
 
 300 
 
 Husainzai, 
 
 Haji Saifuddin, 
 
 Takhtapur, 
 
 300 
 
 tSulamanzai, 
 
 Majid Khan, 
 
 Ditto, 
 
 200 
 
 Abd-ullahzai, 
 
 Ahmad Khan, 
 
 Rebat, 
 
 200 
 
 Bazamzai, 
 
 bhahab Khan, 
 
 N. of Khojuck, 
 
 300 
 
 Allozai, 
 
 Darrah Khan, 
 
 Ditto, 
 
 400 
 
 Jullizai, 
 
 Uhis Khan, 
 
 Dad, 
 
 100 
 
 Mushkizai, 
 
 Nwv Muhammad Khan, 
 
 Peishin, 
 
 200 
 
 Badizai, 
 
 Arsullah Khan, 
 
 Zingili and Pishin, 
 
 600 
 
 Badizai, 
 
 Navvroz Khan, 
 
 Shorawakbandi, 
 
 200 
 
 Mallozai, 
 
 Jailall Khan, 
 
 Roghani hills, 
 
 ]00 
 
 Ahmadzai, 
 
 Muddat Khan, 
 
 Jhvvaga, 
 
 200 
 
 Shukarzai, 
 
 Sahab Khan, 
 
 Khojak, 
 
 300 
 
 Usmanzai, 
 
 Nur Muhammad andFaiztallab. 
 
 Ditto, 
 
 200 
 
 The Kakaes. 
 
 In looking over the account of their genealogies given by the Affghans 
 themselves, we find among the Patriarchs one Sharif-ud-din who was the son of 
 Saraband, the eldest son of Kaish who was made a Muhammadan by the great 
 prophet himself and thereafter called Abdul Easid until in a fight with in- 
 fidels at Mecca, he is said to have slain 17 men with his own hand and 
 received from Muhammad the title of Pret Khan since changed into Pathan, 
 of which race he is the reported founder. 
 
 Sharif-uddin is said to have had five sons, all founders of clans, viz.: Sherani, 
 Tarin, Miuni, Barrechi and Umarud-din. The mother of Sherani, the eldest, 
 was a Kakar, and finding that her lord intended to make Tarin his second 
 son, his heir, she left his protection and returned to her own tribe and her 
 father's house ; her descendants liave therefore been included among Pathans 
 and with them the whole of the Kakars under one name. 
 
[ 73 ] 
 
 These Kakars are found scattered over Aifghunlstan and a strong branch of 
 them now known as the Kakars are located on the banks of the Jhelum in the 
 Kashmir district, but it is not of these but of the main strength of the 
 clan occupj'ing the districts immediately south of the Toram Ghilzies that I 
 now propose to treat. This portion of the country is, I believe, as yet unex- 
 plored by Europeans, and it is lield by one of the few pure Pathan tribes who 
 still retain their independence, althougli in the case of threatened attack they 
 usually combine with their Turin neighbours. An example of this sort of 
 alliance was given when Muhammad Khan, the great grandfather of the late 
 jS'asir Khan, of Khillot attempted to invade the Kakar country at the head of 
 the Brabon and Beluch tribes, and advanced as far as Tliall, when he was de- 
 feated and obliged to retire by the combined Kalcar and Tarin tribes assisted by 
 some of the Ustaranics. 
 
 The Kakars occupy tlie elevated lands drained by the Jliobe (or Zhobe) 
 river, (a tributary of the Gound) and the fertile plains of liori, in the midst of 
 which stands their chief Tona of the same name : it is walled, and contains 
 several thousand inhabitants. Their country is extensive and intersected by 
 spurs coming down from the Toba and Sulaimani ranges, but which, owing to 
 the great elevation of the plains themselves rise to no great height al)0ve 
 them ; it is almost devoid of trees, and the few that do exist, have been 
 brought up witli considerable care in the immediate vicinity of villai^es. 
 
 Small portions of the land, here and there, are irrigated from karezns, but 
 the chief mass of the cultivation is " lallam" or dependant on rain, v.hieh, 
 however, seems to be more general here than in any other locality in these 
 parts. There is but one crop in the year, but this tribe possess largo Uoclca 
 and herds of camels, cattle, sheep, and goats, and export hides, ghee, wool and 
 goats to Peishin, the Derajat, and Kandahar. 
 
 The whole of the asaf'a>tida trade of Herat and the Xadull3' darrah, or more 
 properly speaking the collection of the gum from the wild }dant, is in the 
 hands of the Kakars, v.-ho send down from hve to six thousand people annually 
 to these localities, and pay considerable suras to the governors of Herat for 
 the privilege of the asaloetida collecting monopoly. 
 
 The present actual strength of the Kakar tribes and their divisions may be 
 gleaned from the following brief notice of each section. 
 
 Jelazai. — This is the most influential division of the Kakars, and Rasid 
 Khan, their chief, may be considered as the present head of tlie whole clan, 
 although the other factions do not, in ordinary times, recognise his authority. 
 The Jelazaies can muster some 2000 lighting men, and their main strength 
 lies about Khaissur and Bori. 
 
 JMusAiiiiEL. — Of which Bari Khan is chief, musters 3000 men, occupying 
 L 
 
[ ^-1 1 
 
 Sarai a place at Uie foot uf the mountains on the Marri frontier, with which 
 tribe tliis section have interminable feud. 
 
 KuDiZAi. — Numbers 2000 strong, and is headed by Simuttya ; this section 
 is rather looked down upon by the rest of the clan owing to their occupying 
 the country about Dirzi Karez, and being obliged to pay revenue to the ruler 
 of Peishin, to whose territory they adjoin. 
 
 UsTMAKKHEL. — Of this scctiou Dadey Klian is chief; they can turn out 
 about 2000 men. It was an offshoot of this section, which after assisting 
 Sultan Mahmud of Ghazui in his expedition to Hindustan, in A. D. 997, set- 
 tled in the hilly range, forming the northern boundaiy of the Peshawar valley 
 and to the north west of Ranezir, where they are to be found in the present day. 
 ABDULLA.ZAI. — Musters 2000, and are headed by Sirdar Khan, who resides 
 with the main strength of his section at Mayanna. 
 
 Kabbiza.1. — Who hold the lands of Tarbezai on the Zhobe road, are headed 
 by IMamur Khan, are chiefly shepherds and turn out 1000 strong. 
 
 Hamzazi. — Is headed by Dadu Khan and Kutu Khau, turns out 1100 men, 
 and occupies Shahraug. 
 
 SnABBOZAT, Tbnizai and Alizai : each musters 200 strong, with Khannan 
 Khan, Alam Khan and P.dikar Khan as chiefs. The Alizai have another 
 faction 300 strong under Khandi Khan at China. The head-quarters of the 
 first three are at Dirzi and Sazri. 
 
 Khidbarzai occui)ies Maskat, and has Shakkur Khan at its head,nmsterlng 
 200 strong. 
 
 The total fighting strength of the Kakars, including the Targhanni, and 
 Zhobe factions, would thus be, from 14 to 20,000 men ; to the former of 
 these sections belonged the infamous Hnji Khan Kakar. 
 
 The Kakars may be said to be on friendly terms with, and consider them- 
 selves brethren of, the Ghilzies ; their head mulah is Abd-ul-llasul, a native 
 of Bori, an intelligent grey-headed man, who for the last 20 years has been 
 the political representative of his clan at Kandahar ; he describes the climate 
 of his native plains as being the exact happy medium between the extreme 
 heat of Hindustan and cold of Kandahar; and tells the following anecdote 
 illustrative of the primitive simplicity of his tribe : When Shah Lajob-ul-Mulk 
 was driven to take refuge among the Kakars after his defeat at Kandahar, the 
 whole of the clan thronged round his camp to see a live king, and were utterly 
 astonished to find that Eoyalty possesses the same form and features as other 
 specimens of the human race. 
 
 Besides the Kakars above mentioned, there are some 400 families residing 
 in the villages of Kochkhana, Balakaz and Deh Khojah in the Kandahar 
 neiohbourhood ; these are under Malliks Shcr Khan, Azim Khan and Nur 
 Muhammad, respectively. 
 
[ 75 ] 
 
 From the extreme antiquity of tliis clan, there Is no end to the ramifica- 
 tions into which it has run, and tlie following trihes all claim connection with, 
 or descent from the Kakars. Arabia khel, or race of JMuUalis. The Tymunis 
 of Gour, the Ferozkobi Hazara and the Khanjanl tribe of iSirstan (who are 
 generally called Beluchis but are in reality and acknowledge themselves 
 descended from the Sangarkhel Kakara,) as well as the Utmankhels and 
 Kakars already noticed. 
 
 Tarins. 
 
 The Tarins are divided into two great divi;;ionp, known as the Safcd and 
 Tur Tarins : the former being independent, while the latter inhabit the valley 
 of Pi.ishin bordering on the Achakzaies, and are subject to the Kandahar 
 government. 
 
 The ISafed Tarins hold the country in which are the sources of the 
 Alamrud and its numerous tributaries : they, like their Kakar neighbours, are 
 generally engaged in pastoral pursuits and in the culture of just sullicient 
 cereals for home consumption, 
 
 I have already in this paper, in my remarks on the Kakars, remarked that 
 they are generally on friendly terms with the Tarins, but this statement 
 must be taken in the sense in which such an expression is used among Pathans 
 who take no account of the continual petty feuds going on between all neigh- 
 bours : but in the hour of danger these clans might be expected to com- 
 bine, as they have indeed frequently done, to oppose a comn)on enemy. Por- 
 tions of these clans are often doing so to make inroads against their inveterate 
 enemies the Marris, or to oppose such raids made against their own country 
 from the same quarter. 
 
 Upon the advance of the British troops into Affghanistan in 1838, by the 
 Bolan route, several plundering forays were made upon our camels at graze, bag- 
 gage on the march, &c. &c. by bands of marauders said to be Kakars and Tarins ; 
 but it must be remembered that it is always most convenient as well as a com- 
 mon practice among Affghans to give all the credit of such exploits, to some re- 
 mote tribe, or to one whom they know it would be inconvenient for the powers 
 that be, to punish ; though it will be almost invariably found that the real per- 
 petrators are among those living in the neighbourhood ; so that,notvvithstanding 
 the little intercourse we have ourselves had with the Tarins has tended to do any 
 thing but pre-possess us in their favour, I have given them credit for the char- 
 acter of general peacefulncss, which they hold among their neighbours. There i 
 are com[>arisons among thieves, and when in a country like AflTghanistan. 
 where an honest man is seldom if ever met with, one can only sj)eak compari- 
 tively ; for the very i)est of them would, in a civilized country, be eonsideied 
 as scoundrels of tlie blackest dye, and consigned to the 'joumion hangman. 
 L 2 
 
[ 76 ] 
 
 The Safed Tarius are divided into four sections; SnADOzai, Ml'upa'NI, 
 Laskani and Adwani, of the first of these Hazar Khan is chief, and resides 
 with the strength of his clan, amounting to some 800 men at Thall, which 
 although the capital of his district, is a mere collection of mud huts. 
 
 The MuEPANi muster 800 strong under Harun Khan, 
 
 The Lasrani are 1,200 men under Ashraf Khan, while the Abwani 
 acknowledge Aziz Khan as their chief, and are distrihuted over Thall, Sotali 
 and liaha, in the following proportions : 300 men in the first under Biland 
 Khan Attarzai ; 1,200 in Sotali, while Sirdar Gulzar Khan Umarzai with 
 1,500 men heads the Ilaha party. 
 
 The total number of fighting men which the Safed Tarins could muster 
 would thus be about 6000 ; their country is very similar in its physical 
 features to that of the Kakars already described. 
 
 There are two small off-shoots of the Ustaranies of the Derajat, together 
 with the Punni Lehvvanies settled in a few villages in the neighbourhood (be- 
 tween Thall and Bori ;) of these Nur Muhammad Khan, Umarkhel, and AH 
 Muhammad Khan Daudzai are ths most influential men ; they number about 
 500 families, all engaged in trade with the Derajat and Kandahar, and occa- 
 sionally going down to Sebi and Dadar. The routes usually followed by them 
 are as follows. 
 
 lloute from Kandahar to Dera Ghazi Khan. 
 
 Killah AbduUa, 91| miles, along the well known high road going down the 
 Bolan pass, viz. Khusbah 7 miles, 4 furlongs. 
 
 f -■ 
 
 Deh Haji, 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 Dori (river), 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 Nahal Mandah, 
 
 ]5 
 
 4 
 
 Killab Fateb-ullah, 
 
 ]2 
 
 
 
 Dandi Gulai, 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 Khojak Pass, 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 Killah Abdulla, 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 bp 2 
 1 5 '^ 
 
 *^ o 
 
 Total 9U 
 
 From this point, the route strikes off to Shahdad, 6 coss or three hours 
 march. 
 
 This is a Tarin village situated in a narrow valley ; the road in this day's 
 march is through the well cultivated and thickly inhabited valley of Peishin. 
 
 Maeghat, 2 marches, the first is 9 hours work to a village (name forgotten) 
 situated at the head of the same glen as Shahdad only higher up. Marghat 
 is inhabited by Siraantha Kakars, partially subject to the ruler of Peishin. 
 Water plentiful from harezaha and springs. 
 
 SiMANTHA, is the head-quarters of the section of Kakars who bear the 
 
[ 77 ] 
 
 same name. It is situated in a amphitheatre of hills, the soils producing 
 rich crops irrigated from karezahs and springs ; this is a very long march 
 through an undulating and partially cultivated country, with here and there 
 a cluster of houses. 
 
 DuHOAi, 8 hours, a difficult Kothal has to he crossed in this march, and 
 there is a great scarcity of water both on the road and at Durgai itself, where 
 it is only procurable from one karezah. 
 
 SiRi BoRi, 8 hours. This is atolenible road crossing several small Kothals ; 
 couutr}'', alternate hill and dale, the latter generally cultivated, and occupied 
 by Kakars. Siri Bori is the name given to the last village, situated at the 
 head of the Bori plain, water plentiful. 
 
 Bour, 8 hours. This is a large walled town and capital of the Kakars ; the 
 name is also given to the district generally, which is tolerably level, cultivated 
 and sprinkled with Kakar villages ; water from numerous springs and karezahs. 
 
 Makutar, 8 hours. Through a country very similar to that iu yesterday's 
 march. Makhtar is a small Kakar village or rather encamping place, for the 
 people are all nomadic, subsisting on the produce of their flocks and herds. 
 Water very scarce, and onl}' procurable from a brackish spring. 
 
 Bazuani, 9 hours. This is a Luni village, a little off the road, on the 
 side of which there is a tank where mercliants and travellers usually encamp ; 
 the road in this march is decidedly bad through a hilly district ; water every 
 wlicre scarce. 
 
 liUKHAn, 8 hours. A village belonging to the Kathran Bclucliis, without 
 whose protection and escort it is not safe to cross this district, infested as it 
 is by plundering parties of Marris. Couiitry, as in yesterday's march, with a 
 few scattered hamlets in some of thedarrahs. " Water at Ilukhar from a 
 good spring." 
 
 Makani, (also called Sakhi Sirwar's Ziarat.) This is a long and difficult 
 day's march. Immediately after leaving the last ground the road crosses a 
 stream which divides itself into two branches; (one of these goes dotvn the 
 Buzdar country and Sarragh pass, and by this road many of the difficulties 
 of this march can be avoided). Country, bleak and barren, water to be found 
 in occasional springs in the different " darrahs." A high steep range of 
 mountains have to be crossed by a path known as the Paiwat Kothal ; the 
 road is reported very difficult for camels and yabos. Makani is a small Ziarat 
 with one or two fakir's houses, and a few trees near a spring, at the entrance 
 to the hills and on our own frontier. 
 ' From Makani it is (as is well known) but two marches of 8 and 9 hours 
 respectively, passing through the village of Choti, to Dera Ghazi Khan. 
 
 I It will be remembered that this route from Dera Ghazi Khan as far as Bori 
 
[ 78 ] 
 
 (from which point we struck oft' for Ghnzni) was followed b_v the Emperor 
 Baber in 1505, ;uid he complained of liis cavaliy having- been starved for 
 want of grain. 
 
 EOUTE FROM TlIALL XO SeBC. 
 
 Parka, 9 eoss. Road for the greater part of the way through a narrow 
 " darrah," and then over a difficult Kothal, known as the Marri Parra. Parra 
 is a small village belonging to the Vensl Tarins, (a subdivision of one of those 
 already given,) water is procured from a spring. Wood and grass are both 
 plentiful, but no supplies can be expected. 
 
 Narkas. All this day's march, about the same distance as yesterday's, is 
 down the bed of a mountain-torrent ; the halting-place is at a small collec- 
 tion of huts occupied by a few syads and their disciples, water from springs. 
 
 Badra, 8 eoss. A Marri village in a tolerably well cultivated and open 
 tract, where water is procured from numerous springs; road as in last march, 
 along the bed of the stream. 
 
 Sebi is a well known Khojak settlement ; road difficult over broken un- 
 dulating countrj'. Water from the Beji road. Sebi is a walled town, and it 
 was from here that Colonel Wilson's detachment were obliged to retreat in 
 1841. Sebi pays revenue to Kandahar, and is about 40 miles north east of 
 Dadar. 
 
 The whole of this route is completely in the hands of the Marrls, and no men 
 can pass along it, without paying them for safe escort. Kallahs, if they ever 
 do take this road, have to pay one rupee in thirty on the value of their pro- 
 perty. 
 
 There is another route, somtimes followed, direct from Thall to Kakan, the 
 head-quarters of the Turis, of which the following is a brief sketch ; each 
 march is from 8 to 9 eoss. 
 
 From I'liall to Shinrud. At about three eoss from Tliall, arrive at a range 
 of hills which are crossed by sowars and footmen by the Khanmak Kothal 
 described as difficult and steep ; to avoid this, laden cattle are taken round along 
 the bed of the Abanrud, which joins Shinrud; this longer route is known 
 as the Rahi Pajjai ; Shinrud is a " darrah," with one or two hamlets in it, 
 watered from the bed of the stream. It is neutral ground, on the border 
 between the Marris and Tarins. 
 
 Mattutae, a spot belonging to the Marris, where the land is only occasion- 
 ally cultivated. The road crosses another range of hills i)y the Sundi Kotiial, 
 but which, like that in tlie last march, can be turned. Water procured from 
 springs. 
 
 Mahmud: this is a considerable sized Marri village, with a large extent of 
 
[ 79 ] 
 
 cultivation about it, all of which is unirrigated. Water from springs ; the 
 road in this march is said to b? good, but winding through hills by the Kalu- 
 hair pass. 
 
 Fatmah KA:!fDEE. Another large village with cultivation round it ; water 
 from springs. Country hilly and broken. 
 
 Tarikuux). Road good ; but still traversing the same style of country as 
 yesterday. Tarikrud is the name of a glen, sprinkled with hamlets, and 
 down which runs a small stream. 
 
 Kaiian. lload through occasional villages, and down the bed of mountain- 
 torrents. Country bleak and barren. Along the whole course of tliis route, 
 no supplies could be procured ; but grass is plentiful; and tlie nomadic Marris 
 possess large flock and herds. 
 
 The TuR Tarins are all cultivators, occupying the Peishin valley, paying 
 revenue to the rulers of Kandahar, (Sirdar Kallu Khan Barakzai is the pre- 
 sent governor of Peishin,) and muster about 3000 families divided into 15 
 khels, as shown in the following table. The Karballa division are somehow 
 connected with the well known Syads of Peishin, who arc co-jjartners with the 
 Tarins in that valley. These Syads are among the chief traders in western 
 Atighanistan, and are deeply engaged in the horse and slave-trade. 
 
 Tun Takixs. 
 
APPENDIX D. 
 
 Yellow- e 
 
 r Baz (( 
 
 ^'^- iBaslm 
 
 A few notes on Affghan field-sports. 
 
 It would be impossible for a stranger to live any time among Affgbans and 
 not to be struck witb tbeir passionate fondness for field-sports of many sorts, 
 but more especially hawking. The late Wazir Muhammad Akbar Khan spent 
 a great part of his leisure time in this diversion, and his sons as well as many 
 of the chief Sirdars follow his example ; his great delight was in deer hawking, 
 which must be placed at the head of this class of sport. 
 
 The birds usually trained in Affghanistan, are of two classes ; distinguished, 
 I believe, in Europe as the long and short-winged 
 '^^ "^^' hawks ; but whicli in the east are better known 
 
 by the color of the eyes, Avhich are either yellow or black : the female of both 
 varieties is the larger, and more valuable bird ; and the following are the 
 native names for the different species, in each of these families. 
 Females. Males. 
 
 Baz (Goshawks) Jurra. 
 
 lin (Sparrow hawks) Basha. 
 
 Shikra Chippakh. 
 
 f Chargh (Falco Cervialis) Charghelah. 
 
 I Balui (True coursing falcon) Balui Bacha. 
 
 Shahin (Peregrine Falcon) Koellah. 
 
 Lagar Jhagar. 
 
 Turmuti Tuni. 
 
 ^Regi (Falco shuter) Jlaknoni. 
 
 The initiatory training of all is the same, but the yellow eyed-hawk is 
 never hooded after its education is completed ; 
 unless it be in the case of a sparrow hawk, and 
 she only when at rest in the house. The black-eyed birds, on the contrary, are 
 never unhooded except at the instant when required to fly at game, or for 
 practice ; and it is truly wonderful to see the quickness with which these birds 
 will at once distinguish the quarry at almost incredible distances, on being 
 suddenly unhooded in the full glare of a tropical noonday sun. The former 
 are short-flighted, and seldom lost ; while the latter from the length of wing, 
 tower to an immense height and follow their game to any distance ; circum- 
 stances which often lead to the best of hawks being frequently lost, even iu 
 experienced hands. 
 
 Black-eyed. -^ 
 
 Pecular training of eacla sort. 
 
[ 81 ] 
 
 Tlie age of a bird is at once distinguishable from its phmnage and tbe 
 
 colour of the legs and beak ; so much so indeed 
 Age of Hawks. ■ , , , • • , i i !■ ^i ^ i. 
 
 that, to an inexperienced eye, a liawk ot the nrst 
 
 year (called chuz) would appear of a totally ditierent species from the same 
 
 bird a year older; (then culled tarenak). Birds of the first year are always 
 
 the fastest, but they are more liable to be lost than those which have been 
 
 longer domesticated. 
 
 All the hawk species moult during spring, while the female is sitting ou 
 
 her eLTgs ; and are again in full plumage about 
 Moulting. 1 . 1 1 • 
 
 the time that their young are three parts grown. 
 
 In a domesticated state, the moulting season (kuriz) commences about March 
 or April, when the birds are usuall}' placed in some quiet retired cool corner 
 of a room, tied by the jesses with about a yard of strong string to a low 
 perch, and within easy reach of a large vessel of water, in which they are ex- 
 ceedingly fond of bathing ; they are fed in the evening, but without being 
 handled or moved. About the 10th or 12tli day, the bird will be found to 
 liave shed the outer feather in each wing ; in G or 8 more the two next feathers 
 will be shed, and so the process (which is much slower in the domesticated 
 bird) goes on till the principal featliers of the wings have been renewed, when 
 the two outer ones of the tail are shed, as soon ab tlie tail is also renewed, all 
 the smaller leathers are thrown off' in handfuls daily. Should the hawk, how- 
 ever, be liandled in the least, or even moved from one corner of the room to 
 another, the moulting stops short for 12 or 14 days at least, and sometimes is 
 not recommenced, so that the bird has to work on for a second season with 
 tlie old feathers. During the moulting, butter is given in considerable quan- 
 tities with the food of the bird. 
 
 The liiiz and Jurra breed in the loftiest mountains, and are only captured in 
 
 such localities ; it is said by natives that the 
 Uaunts of hawks. • i i 
 
 higiier the range from which they are taken, 
 
 the better will the birds prove. These are considered by the Atfghans as the 
 most valuable of hawk tribes, and fetch when trained, from 40 to 100 Com- 
 pany's Rupees each. 
 
 The smaller yellow-eyed hawks frequent low hills and the banks of deep 
 precipitous ravines, (known in this country as " alguds)." Charghs build 
 on low mounds in any moderate climate like that of Kandahar, Balkh, &c., &c., 
 while Shahins and Lagars make their nests on the face of precipitous cliffs. 
 
 The Bahri is only found along the banks of rivulets or near niarslies abound- 
 ing with waterfowl ; and the smaller varieties of the bluck-eyed hawks fre- 
 quent deep ravines and low hills. 
 
 In Affyhaiiistan, there are four methods usually a^lopted to procure hawks 
 M 
 
[ S2 ] 
 
 for training. First, Charglis and Bahries, inteiuleil fur coursing deer, and 
 
 Si)aluns are taken from the nest when just ahout 
 
 Modes of catcliing hawks tOii •, -i i ij ii liii 
 
 , • " to leave it, and brouijht up by tiand : the lonjrer 
 
 train. ' ^ f .i > d 
 
 they are left with their parents the better, 
 provided tliey do not learn to hunt on their own account. 
 
 2nd. A net, called a dogazza, made of fine but very strong silk thread 
 (with large open meshes,) ahout 6 feet hy 4 deep, is suspended in a perpen- 
 dicular position on two slender reeds, and a pigeon or some smaller bird is 
 tied by the foot to a peg on the ground in front of and within about a foot 
 and a half or two feet of the bottom of the net, in such a position that it 
 may flutter about and attract the attention of the wild hawk ; the falconer 
 of course concealing himself at some little distance. Tlie hawk stoops at the 
 bird, which is too near the net to admit of her rising again high enough from 
 the ground to avoid it, and the velocity at which she strikes is so great as to 
 carry off the net from the slender reeds, enveloping the hawk under the net ; 
 the falconer instantly rushing up, secures the hawk by thrusting its head for- 
 most into a piece of cloth sewn in the shape of a cone, with just an aperture 
 sufficient to admit of the head passing out at the apex. The bird's eyes are 
 now closed, either b^^ having a hood placed on the head, or more frequently by 
 a thread being passed through each under-eyelid, and the two twisted toge- 
 ther on tlie top of the head, 
 
 3rd method. First catch a Jhaggar or Shikra in a dogazza, as above 
 described ; half close his eyes, fasten his beak so that he cannot peck, and 
 then tie a bunch of feathers thickly interspersed with strong horsehair nooses, on 
 to his legs which are tied together. (A bird so prepared is called a " Bairak) ;" 
 as soon as a Cliargh, Bahri, Shahin, or Lagar, is seen coursing in the air, on 
 the look out for game, the falconer seeking shelter in tlie nearest bush, tosses 
 the Bairak up as high as he can into the air ; the Jhaggar thus set free, soars 
 off, while tlie wild hawk, mistaking the feathers on his ieet for a captured bird 
 in his talons, dashes at and seizes them, entangling his own claws in the 
 nooses, and the two birds roll together to the ground, where they are secured. 
 
 The 4th method is nothing more nor less tlian four dogazzas, set back to 
 back in the form of a square, in the midst of which is pegged down a partridge 
 or chakor. This sort of trap is used exclusively for Bazes and Jurras, and is 
 generally set on some high and open hill ; the nets are, however, much larger in 
 every way than the one 1 have described, though acting on the same principle. 
 
 The chief points looked to in the selection of hawks besides species and 
 ao-e, are great leiigtli from crown of head to tip of tail, breadth of chest, 
 and extreme sjiaii of talons, with a brigiit clear eye. Besides these, each 
 falconer has his own fanciful ideas of particular spots and shades of colour, 
 
[ 8=^ ] 
 
 but these latter will be fouinl coiitradictecl, in ever}' day's experience, and in 
 
 each new district. 
 
 To train Charghs and Bahries to course deer it is necessary to give the food 
 
 of each bird daily on the stuffed head of a gazol 
 Training. . -^ , " . 
 
 (Cliikarrah or Ahu Dashti,) tiie crust being 
 
 placed in the eye-holes and when the young birds can fly they are called to 
 
 this line; when full grown and obedient, they are shown a young fawn, or kid 
 
 of the same colour, and if thej seize it, the anintal is killed for them, and a 
 
 little of the warm blood given to the birds. A greyhound is next set after 
 
 the fawn, and the hawk flown at it : if the latter strikes, all that is required 
 
 in the way of training has been accomplished, and the birds may be taken in 
 
 quest of wild game ; but if not, a few more kids are sacrificed as above, in 
 
 order to give the hawks confidence ; it is usu.il to train hawks to tl\' in pairs for 
 
 tliis sort of sport. Tlie greatest care, however, is necessary not to allow these 
 
 hawks ever to see other falcons flown at birds ; though they may when first 
 
 brought out, the second ykar, be allowed to kill a hare or two, to get 
 
 them into wind. The best laleoners in this line, are Turkistanis; Cliarghs 
 
 cannot, as a rule, kill deer without the assistance of greyhounds ; although 
 
 there are instances on record of their having done so. 
 
 Shahins taken from the nest, are always fed on a lure made from the dried 
 wings of the middle sized bustard, " Ubara ;" and when old enough and per- 
 fectly obedient, large fowls and a snared bustard or two are turned down for 
 them to kill ; which finishes their education. 
 
 These birds are, however, always most useful when trained in pairs, and 
 should be made to soar high before they are fed, for a want of such training 
 makes them low-flighted and spiritless. 
 
 As soon as a newly captured bird of any other description is brought home, 
 it is laid on the floor and allowed to roll about, being occasionally touched 
 with a stick, until it gives over all attempts to claw and peck ; its eyes are 
 now ojiened, anil a hood put on, the cloth also being opened sufliciently to 
 achnit of the bird's standing up ; jesses or small leather straps, about 18 in- 
 ches long, are fastened, one on each leg just above the claws; and a pair of 
 small bells fixed immediately above the jesses, which completes the dressing of 
 black-eyed hawks ; the yellow-eyed species require a strong silk loop adjusted 
 very loosely round the neck, with an end about 8 or 9 inches long left hanging 
 down the bi'east ; this string is held under the middle finger of the right- 
 hand, to balance the bird while in the act of being thrown off, for there is a 
 great art in casting off all short-flighted hawks so as to give them as good a 
 start as possible ; while the others are merely unhooded and start of their 
 own aeeoid as soon as they see their game. 
 
 M -1 
 
[ 81. ] 
 
 In a very short lime, tlie cloth is removed from the body, and the hawk 
 made to sit on the gloved liand. About the second day of its captivity, the 
 hawk will usually take a little food, although some refuse it for three or four 
 days. As a general rule, the sooner a bird feeds and the longer she takes to 
 subdue, the more valuable she will turn out. 
 
 In training j'ellow-eyed hawks, a small hole is next bored in the hood for 
 the bird to peep through, and daily enlarged ; the hawk is constantly handled, 
 carried about in bazars and crowded places to accustom it to people, and kept 
 awake day and night. For black-eyed hawks the hood is constantly removed 
 and replaced, (at first in the dark and by degrees in day light) for the same 
 purpose. As soon as the bird has become perfectly quiet and tame in hand, a 
 pair of dried wings of the quarry to which it is to be trained, are tied together ; 
 and the food always given on this lure ; the bird being induced to come a short 
 distance (from one hand to the other) for it ; when a greater distance becomes 
 necessary, a long string with a ring in it, to which is attached about 4 feet of 
 strong light string, tied to the jesses of the hawk, is used ; an assistant holding 
 the bird and one end of the long string, while the falconer goes to the other with 
 the food on the lure, calls the hawk ; on the hood being removed, the hawk flies to 
 the lure, while the ring traversing along the string, enables her to reach it where 
 she is fed, this practice is continued for several days ; after which the liawk is kept 
 very hungry, and let fly at large, the lure being now and then shown, to keep her 
 within bounds ; and after a short flight she is fed ; a few days of this practice 
 and the hawk is ready for a " bowli." This is generally a specimen of the 
 quarry the hawk is to hunt hereafter, turned down alive for her to kill, but 
 it the bird cannot be had conveniently, the largest fowls are used as bowlies ; 
 when the hawk has struck it, she is allowed a full meal (the first she has had 
 since she was caught) on the flesh and blood, and after this she is ready for 
 the field. It must be always borne in mind in training hawks, that it is easy 
 to bring any bird to kill small game after she has been broken in to large, but 
 that the reverse is almost impossible. 
 
 Any of these hawks can be easily tiained to kill small game, such as part- 
 ridges chakor, teal, quail and snipe; but the following is a list of the 
 quarry to which each sort is generally broken in. 
 
 Eaz for ducks; " ubara," jungal fowl, peafowl, pheasants and liares. 
 
 Jurra, ducks, pheasants, jungal fowl, and partridges of sorts. Charc^hs to 
 deer, herons, cranes, bustard, ubara, curlew and hares and kites. 
 
 Bahries, deer, ducks, herons, cranes, ubara, ge< se, curlew and hares. The 
 male of these two last can only kill partridges, plover and rooks. 
 
 Sliahins in pairs: bustard, ducks, haies, pheasants, jungal Ibwl, partrid"-es, 
 and rooks. Male as above mentioned in the case of Baliri bachas. 
 
[ 85 ] 
 
 A most murderous practice is to take a brace of Slialiins and let tlieni fly 
 over a small jliil covered with ducks, wliile the fowler shoots the ducks on 
 the water ; the hawks will not allow a single duck to leave the water, and 
 tiie la!«t one of the flock ma}' be thus secured provided that care be taken not 
 to shoot one on dry land. If this occurs, the hawks will instantly fasten on 
 the dead bird, and allow the remainder of the ducks to escape. 
 
 The lagar is chiefly kept for hares, crows, partridges and the like, and the 
 male bird for catehing larger falcons, as I have already shown ; all the smaller 
 Viiricties of hawks are kept for quail and partridges, except the Rezi which 
 is usually trained to hunt in couples and kills larks and small birds after a 
 long chase. 
 
 For an Englishman to follow this sport enjoyably, the best of trainers and 
 first rate horses are absolutely necessary ; for without the assistance of the 
 first his falcons will never be in trim for long flights, while the want of the 
 latter will invariably lead to the loss of his finest hawks ; for even with all 
 appliances of tlie very best description, it will frequently happen that a strong 
 ubara, or black curlew and a <;oud bahri will so far outstrip the speed of a 
 first rate horse as to get completely out of sight ; and if not Ibund at once, she 
 will soon gorge herself; and when in this state these black-eyed birds will 
 seldom look at a lure or obey anything but the dictates of their own wild 
 natures; althougli one or two rare instances are on record of their having 
 gone home to the spot where they were trained. Colonel Coke, C. 13. had a 
 chargh which got away in the neighbourhood of Nilab, on the left bank of the 
 Judas, and was found again on the top of his residence at Ivohat. 
 
 The feeding and physicking of hawks, and a knowledge of all their various 
 disorders, is in itself the study of a life-time ; and the latter a subject on which 
 each falconer professes to have, as a matter of course, some vei-y dark secrets ; 
 BO that I cannot pretend to give even an outline of their practice ; suffice it to 
 say that when a yoUow-eyed hawk is tno high in fle.sli, a small dose of white 
 sugar is given as a purgative ; while charghs and black-eyed birds have a 
 pinch of borax tied up in a piece of soft thin flannel, shoved down their 
 throats, which in half an hour, acts as an emetic. 
 
 But after all the great art in falconry is, so nicely to adjust the feeding of 
 each bird that it shall be in the very highest condition and flesh compatible 
 with hard work and wind ; but at the same time to have it so sharp set with 
 hunger as to be extremely keen after its quarry, and at all times obedient to 
 the call and lure. All hawks must have a certain portion of fur, bones, and 
 feathers given them with their food ; which will be all rolled up into a ball, 
 and thrown out of the mouth some 10 or 12 hours after they have been given ; 
 this ball is called in England, I believe, the casting of a hawk, and in Afighan- 
 
[ 86 ] 
 
 istan " iiaririorali." If tliis process is nut gone tlivougli, the bird soon sickens 
 and dies. 
 
 A sure sign of poor or improper feeding is a peculiar fine worm-eaten looking 
 line carried across the web of each of the larger feathers of a havvkj which will 
 not disappear till the next moulting season. When a bird is too fat, it will 
 not hunt ; and if too thin ; it cannot do so; in the first instance, the meat is 
 well soaked in water before given to the hawk, and in the latter more flesh 
 mixed with a little blood will soon fatten the bird. 
 
 Almost the worst accident wliich can happen to a hawk, short of breaking 
 a limb, is to get loose with its hood on ; for it will tlien frequently soar into 
 the air with a peculiar hovering fluttering stroke of the wing, until it is com- 
 pletely lost in the sky ; and at last falls down exhausted to die ; the only 
 chance in such cases being for the falconer, before the bird has got to any 
 great height, to keep striking the palms o( his hands sharply together, the 
 noise of which sometimes attracts the poor bird's notice and brings it down- 
 wards within reach. 
 
 Should any of the principal feathers of a hawk's wing or tail get broken, 
 from dashing against a bush or on the ground while she is in the act of killing 
 her quarr}^ the feather should be spliced ; and for this purpose all the good 
 feathers thrown ofi' at the time of moulting, or those of a dead hawk, should 
 be carefully preserved in a book or other convenient place, the splice is made 
 by cutting the feather in the bird's wing diagonally across, and adjusting 
 another feather cut exactl}' to fit it ; a needle is then pushed liead liist into 
 the pith of the stump in the hawk's wing, and the portion of the new feather 
 passed down over the point of the needle, till the splice is almost closed ; a 
 little good glue is now painted over both edges of the splice, and the feathers 
 pressed firmly together. If the operation is neatly done, the mended feather 
 is just as useful as the original one, and will last till the moulting season. 
 
 Natives generally prefer the yellow-eyed hawks, as they are never lost, and 
 give no trouble in following, while they will kill any number of partridges, &e. 
 tliat can be found in a day. But for real sport, there is nothing to equal the 
 chargh or bahri, and deer hawking is the cream of this sort of sport. 
 
 An Affghan has not the slightest idea of shooting moving objects, nor 
 
 indeed are the huge cumbrous weapons generally 
 Shooting. . . 11. 
 
 m use in the country adapted tor such practice ; 
 
 this class of field-sports is therefore more circumscribed than with us ; deer 
 
 stalking in the hills is only practiced by the enthusiastic professional shikaris 
 
 of the mountain ranges, whose whole lives are spent among the haunts of 
 
 ibex, " maskhore," thar and wild sheej' ; but birdars and men ui' .-ubstance 
 
[ 87 ] 
 
 have neither the physical energy nor perseverance required for such sport, so 
 that the only hill shooting in which they indulge is carried on by " haiikwa." 
 or as it is called here " Jirgha Shikar," and consists in having the shooters 
 placed in some pass or well known run of the game, which is driven towards 
 them by a host of shikaries and other attendants. Ahu Gardani, or deer- 
 
 ,, ^ . stalking in the open plain, however, is a very 
 
 Ahu Gardani. /. • 
 
 favourite amusement of the sirdars, and is con- 
 ducted in the following manner. 
 
 Three or four sportsmen, with their attendants, resort to the sandy open 
 plains where ravine deer abound, and the shooters having scattered out to the 
 distance of about two gun-shots from each other, lie down flat on the ground, 
 the flatter the better. The shikaries and attendants move off in quest of a 
 herd of deer, and endeavour by keeping at a very long distance from them, not 
 to frighten the animals, but by cautious and exceedingly quiet approaches, to 
 make them quietly browse towards the shooters ; and generally (9 times out of 
 10) succeed so well that standing shots are made at from 40 to 80 yards, 
 seldom over the latter distance. Practice on the part of the shikaries and 
 attendants, together witii extreme patience in the shooters, is all that is required 
 to secure ten or a dozen deer a day in this way ; but it is at best but nutive 
 sport. Wild hog are mobbed with dogs, cut down with talwars, shot, and 
 in fact murdered in every possible way, the poor aniijial never being allowed 
 the slightest chance for his life. As for spearing a boar in the open plain, an 
 Affghan cannot see the fun of such sport, but on the contrary considers the 
 whole proceeding as a tempting of Providence and an unnecessary exposure of 
 both men and horses. 
 
 Wild fowl shooting is practised by almost every person in the Kohistan, at 
 
 Cabul, and in the Kandahar district ; the usual 
 Wild fowl shooting. • - i -i i 
 
 mode 01 proceeding is to bund a small hut with 
 
 loopholed walls on the margin of some jhil or pond of water, and at about 
 some twenty yards from it a whole flock of stuffed ducks of all sorts is placed 
 out on the water to attract passing birds ; these decoy-ducks, or " bhiits" as 
 they are called, are merely the skins of ducks stufi'ed with a little straw, and 
 fastened on the top of a stick which is pushed into the soft mud at the bottom 
 of the jhil till the bird ajipears to float naturally on the water ; whole flocks 
 of ducks are thus allured down and shot ; on a good day, altt-r a shower of 
 rain, a single Affghan will frequently secure 40 or 50 ducks, Tlie wings of 
 cranes are also stretched on a stick, and placed standing separately and upright 
 in the water, and attract passing flocks of cranes from almost incredible dis- 
 tances. All the common modes of taking wild fowl practiced in Hindustan 
 are also resorted to here, but do not require explanation ; a novel method 
 
 b 
 
[ 88 ] 
 
 liowever, wliicli I have not heard of elsewhere, is adopted in the Kohistan. 
 An artificial tank is formed by damming up some small stream or rill, and a 
 small hut built at a sluice gate made in the dam, through the middle of which 
 the cut carrying off the water is carried ; a few decoy or tame ducks are placed 
 on the pond, and wild fowl allowed to visit the spot unmolested for several 
 days, till they get quite accustomed to all around them ; the fowler now gets 
 into the hut, and remains perfectly quiet till he sees a large flock of ducks 
 sleeping on the water, he then opens the sluice gate and the water gently 
 running out floats down the ducks quietly into the liouse by ones and twos, 
 where tliey are secured without those outside being any the wiser. I am told 
 that two men will thus capture over a hundred ducks in 24< hours ; sometimes 
 the middle of the day is best for this sort of wliolesale murder, and at others 
 night. The chakor and liessil are shot in flocks at springs in the hills, 
 during the hot season, and from behind a sort of shield made of two sticks 
 tied across each other and covered with cloth dyed a dirty yellow colour, having 
 black eyes painted all over it ; this strange object so astonishes the birds that 
 they all huddle into a small space, and by degrees approach closer and closer 
 till they arrive within easy range, and are knocked over six and seven at a 
 shot. Another form of this screen is made of two short sticks stuck into the 
 sportsmen's turban, with a piece of the same sort of yellow cloth fastened 
 between them, and allowed to hang down well over the face like a mask, 
 having two holes to peep through. The man's body is hid behind a rock and 
 tliis strange face presented to the birds while they are at some considerable 
 distance oft', which makes them pack close and come up to be shot, as in the 
 last instance, but both these methods of killing birds are most strongly con- 
 demned by all orthodox Muhammadans, who say that the poor birds mistake the 
 rags covered with eyes, for the face of the great prophet, and come up to pay 
 their respects ; and that all those which are killed under such circumstances, 
 become martyrs ; this is but a poor compliment to the personal appearance 
 of the arch imposter, but what will Muhammadan faith stick at ? Shikariea 
 with less theological ideas call the mask a " gedari." 
 
 Quails are usually netted, first by a net being thrown over a corner of a 
 
 corn field, and two poles on which are huncr 
 Netting. . => 
 
 several cages with calling quail in them being 
 
 stuck up immediately behind the net ; this arrangement is usually made very 
 early in the morning, and when the sun is up, a long rope is stretched across 
 the other end of the field by two persona, who work it backwards and for- 
 wards, so as to make a gentle rustling sound, and gradually carried forwards 
 towards the net ; when close to the latter, the fowlers rusli up and secure tlie 
 quails which have been driven under the net, hundreds are thus caught of a 
 morning in the height of the season. 
 
[ 89 ] 
 
 The second method, also a most successful one, is for several men to carry 
 the net over the fields ; two men holding the corners of the net ui front, and 
 keeping it up by stretching, while the remainder of the party form a lino 
 along the back of tlie net and act as beaters ; when a quail is put up under the 
 net, all let go and the bird is at once secured ; this is more generally practised 
 in the evening. 
 
 Another form of net is called a dogazza, and consists of a triangular piece 
 of net stretched between two long and strong reeds, which is carried b}' a 
 single individual before him, through the fields and secures a quail as it rises. 
 
 The dogs of Affghanistan, used for sporting purposes are of three sorts, the 
 
 greyhound, pointer and " khundi." The first 
 are not famed for speed, and would have little 
 chance in a fair course with a second rate English dog, but they are said to 
 liave some endurance, and when trained are used to assist charghs in catching 
 deer, to mob wild hog, and to course hares, foxes, &c., &c. AlVghans, however, 
 run every thing to kill ; and it is not an uncommon sight to see half a dozen 
 of these dogs after a single hare. 
 
 The pointers are obtained from the hills in the Jalalabad district, and the 
 Kohistan ; they are large, heavy, slow hunting, but very line-nosed animals, 
 and staunch to a fault, their heads are heavy and very square, and altogetlu-r 
 the dog reminds one very strongly of the old double-nosed Spanish pointer. 
 
 " Khundis," are the most useful, and at the same time the most cross- 
 bred animals in the country ; they have an undoubted cross of the pointer in 
 them, but the rest of their parentage is beyond conjecture ; but fur working 
 out game from thick cover, there is no breed of dog that I have ever seen 
 like tiicm. The training of a " khundi" commences from the day tliat it 
 can eat meat ; small pieces of flesh are roasted and trailed along the ground in 
 every direction, and at last thrust under thick bushes of thorns and buried in 
 holes; the J'oung " khundi" is then called, and has to hunt up each separate 
 morsel of its food ; this sort of practice every day makes them most deter- 
 mined hunters, and accustoms them to work their way through the thickest 
 bushes ; they are chiefly used for turning up quail, and partridges to hawks ; 
 and it is a beautiful sight to see a good khundi work out a black partridge, 
 which has been frightened by a hawk, from the middle of a tliick vinej^ard ; 
 and their endurance is such that they can work through the whole of a hot 
 day without showing the slightest signs of fatigue. 
 
 Afi*ghan sirdars have of late taken a great fancy to English dogs of every 
 description, and frequently amuse themselves baiting jackalls, badgers, &c. 
 with animals which they call " sag-i-tiger," but which are really nothing 
 more or loss than the various crosses of the bull dog which are always to be 
 
 N 
 
[ ^0 ] 
 
 found about the barracks of any European Regiment. These sirdars however 
 will never have a good breed of dogs as they do not take the slightest trouble 
 about them, but allow all to cross just as it may happen. Were it not for 
 this carelessness, the climate of Affghanistan is so exceedingly favourable to 
 the developement of the canine race, that I am quite confident, dogs equal to 
 the best imported English, could be bred from really good stock with the most 
 ordinary care. 
 
 Wolves, jackalls, foxes, and vermin of all sorts are hunted and trapped for 
 their skins, which are made up into clothing for the cold season ; but this is 
 more in the way of trade than sport. Wolves are taken in deep trenches cut 
 in the form of a circle, leaving a large island, as it were, in the middle on 
 which the carcass of some dead animal is placed as a bait. These trenches are 
 about 10 feet deep, four feet wide at top, and not more than one and a half 
 at bottom. Tlie wolf naturally drops into the trench instead of taking it at 
 a bound, and when once in, it continues to run round and round the circle, but 
 owing to the narrowness of the trench, has not a chance of working his way 
 up the bank. 
 
 The wolves during winter pack together, and while the snow is on the 
 ground are so sharp set with hunger, that they frequently attack single travel- 
 lers on the main roads or even horsemen. 
 
 In conclusion I may remark that Affghanistan affords a splendid field to its 
 native sportsmen, for on its mountains are to be found maskhore, ibex, thar, 
 wild sheep, and most of the deer common to the Himalaya ranges ; while in 
 the plains, ravine deer, " yews," a species of leopard, wild hog, and black lynx, 
 together with ducks, woodcock, partridges, &c., &c. are most abundant ; but 
 the people of the country are so extremely bigoted and jealous of foreigners, 
 that a stranger in these countries runs a much greater chance of being stalked 
 himself than of stalking any thing worth the trouble of taking home. 
 
APPENDIX E. 
 
 Traders and Trade of Western Ajf'tjhanistan. 
 
 Undee tills head I propose to give a sketch of the commercial classes of 
 Western All'ghaiiistan, soaie of the routes frequented by them, and the chief 
 articles of trade which may not be found in Doctor Bellew's report on the 
 products of the country ; and may commence with 
 
 TUE POVINDIAU AfFGHANS. 
 
 Although the disturbed state of Atfghanistan has, during the past century, 
 been unfavorable to the development of commerce, yet we know that at one 
 time large and valuable caravans used to carry the products of llindu.stai), the 
 Panjab and Cashmir to Cabul, Herat, Persia and Turkey ; and that although 
 at the present day the products of these countries flow through very different 
 channels to far remoter regions, still in Khorasan (by which name traders 
 almost invariably style the greater part of Atfghanistan and Persia) are to be 
 found mercantile races called Povindiahs, whose lives are spent in caravan 
 journies, carrying on the traffic between Hindustan, Khorasan and liokhara, 
 by means of their droves of camels and ponies. 
 
 The^e Povindiahs are pastoral, and migratory in their mode of life; during 
 the autumn months, they proceed down the Guleri, or Zadi passes; and 
 leaving tlicir families to graze the spare cattle in tlie Dcrajat, a portion of th^ 
 tribe goes on with goods to Delhi, Cawnpore, Sic. and arranges so as to be back 
 about the commencement of March, when the clans again pick up their (ami- 
 lies and worldly goods and move up the passes to the Ghazni and Khilat-i- 
 Ghilzi district, sending on caravans to Cabul, Bokhara, Kandahar, and Herat 
 (the Kharoti division carry on most of the trade with the latter place ;) the 
 whole returning in time to accompany the tribe down the passes again. 
 
 This move is effected in three divisions, proceeding invariably at stated in- 
 tervals ; and the respective migrations bear the names of Myakhel, Nasar and 
 Kharoti, after the branches of the tribe composing them. 
 
 The Povindiahs are divided into four clans ; Lehwani or Lohani, IS'asar, 
 Neazis and Kliarotis. 
 
 The LoiiANiES are again subdivided into three branches: Dowlatkhel, 
 Panui and Myakhel ; but the two lirst now no longer carry on the mercau- 
 N 2 
 
[ ^2 1 
 
 tile pursuits of their ancestors, having settled clown as agriculturists ; the 
 IJovvlatkhel on tlie lands of Tak, in the Derajat, with Sirbulaud Khan 
 (Kattikhel) at their head ; and tlie Panni (a much smaller division) ahout 
 Thall and Sutliali ; these latter are gradually mixing with the Tarins of that 
 part of the country. 
 
 The Myakhel (vith the exception of the Musazai faction, numbering some 
 
 400 families under Mir Alam Khan in Deaband,) live entirely in camps ; are 
 
 wealthy traders, and for the convenience of pasturing their flocks, divide 
 
 themselves into 12 khels or encampments mustering about 1010 families in all. 
 
 Khels. Present chiefs. Tents. 
 
 Warake Killa, Alladad Khan, 100 
 
 Umarzai, Din Muhammad Khan, 70 
 
 TJraarzai, Eozi Khan, 80 
 
 Panni, Attal, 80 
 
 Pasinni, Kattar Khan, 90 
 
 Belochkhel, Palak Khan, 100 
 
 33eloehkhel, Sher Muhammad Khan, SO 
 
 Bakhtyar, Feroz Khan, 90 
 
 Bakhtyar, Lai Khan, 100 
 
 Xiuni Mahi Khan, 50 
 
 Luni, Ali Muhammad Khan, ,,.., 80 
 
 Myani, Amir Khan, 90 
 
 These Lohanies pay six hundred Rupees annual tribute to the Amir, 
 (being at the rate of Rupees 50 per khel) for the privilege of grazing their 
 Hocks and herds in the Ghazni district during the summer months ; this is 
 of course exclusive of import and transit duties on goods brought up as mer- 
 chandize. 
 
 Many Povindiahs are wholesale merchants trading on their own account, 
 while others are mere carriers or small dealers ; the latter frequently take 
 goods for retail sale, on credit from their more wealthy brethren, running all 
 chances of profit or loss, and paying at the rate of 12^ per cent, per annum on 
 the value of the goods. 
 
 Tlie Povindiahs carry goods from Dera Ismail Khan to Cabul or Kandahar, 
 at from 15 to 25 Rupees a camel load, the cost depending on the supply of 
 cattle on the spot and the losses of each caravan while on the journey. 
 
 From Ghazni to Kandahar, 9 Rupees are charged for every 6 maunds. 
 Cabul, 3 
 
 Cabul to Peshawar, 12 ; the extra charge on this line of road is owing to 
 the danger in the Khybar and Tartarra passes. 
 
 TuE Nasks arc the strongest of the Povindiah clans, and their chief 
 
[ 93 ] 
 
 Shahzad Khan is acknowledged as the head of the whole fraternity ; they 
 number about 1S50 families, divided into encampments as follows. 
 
 KheU. Present cJiiefs. Tents. 
 
 Jalalkhel, Mallik Shahzad Khan, 200 
 
 Barkhel, Sirfaraz Khan, 100 
 
 Alam Begkhel, MajidKhan, 70 
 
 Chalakkhel, Shekh Khan, 80 
 
 Bannukhel, Eamzan Khan, 100 
 
 Yahiyakhel, Kasim Khan, SO 
 
 Zangikhel, Shumsh-ud-din Khan, 150 
 
 Kamalkhel, Nur-ud-din Khan, 200 
 
 Kamalkhel, Khaddar Khan, 50 
 
 Ushkliel, Lashkar Khan, 200 
 
 Daudkliel, Sladdat Khan, 250 
 
 Musizai, Bakshl Khan, 100 
 
 Musizai, Adam Khan, GO 
 
 Sarukhelli, Daud Khan, GO 
 
 Is^yamatkhel, Shahzad Khan, 70 
 
 Nyamatkhel, Syad JNlii- Khan, 80 
 
 These Nasrs pay three thousand rupees annually to Mir Alam Khan, the 
 head of the Turan Ghilzis, at Murgha, for the right of pasturage ; this sum 
 they divide over encampments according to the number of camels, cattle, 
 sheep and goats, belonging to each. The poorer members of this clan who 
 possess not more than half a dozen camels each, club together and carry on a 
 trade in salt, which they bring from the Bahadurkhel mines to Ghazni, or 
 the Khilat-i-Ghilzi districts, and barter it against grain, receiving three or 
 lour loads of the latter for every one of salt, according to the market value of 
 the mineral on the spot at the time. 
 
 Some of the Bokhara trade is in the liands of the Nasrs, but lilie other 
 Povindiahs, they generally prefer that of Hindustan which is more profitable 
 and safer. 
 
 The chief wealth of the Nasrs (excepting those located in Guraal and the 
 Kundar darrahs) is invested in trade and cattle ; they formerly, in common 
 with other Bovindiahs, possessed considerable lands on the Gumal, most of 
 which have been gradually taken from them, year by year, by the Waziris, 
 with whom they have a deadly feud ; and in their annual migrations down the 
 passes they are obliged to combine their strength and force their way down 
 against that tribe ; this however they have hitherto invariably contrived to 
 eflect. 
 
 The Neazies numbRr about 600 families, divided into four khels. 
 
[ 94 ] 
 
 Kheh. Present chiefs. Tents. 
 
 Manrezkhe], Mullah Ashak, 150 
 
 Nur Khan khel, Mullah All Muhammad, 200 
 
 Musandkhel, Mullah Ahmad Khau, 160 
 
 Alikhel, Mullah Sjad Nur Muhammad, 80 
 
 The remainder of this clan, located, (as is already well known) in the vici- 
 nity of ilsankhel, on the Indus, are our own subjects ; and belong to the 
 agricultural class. 
 
 The Khaeoties are divided into 
 
 Seven trading factions . 
 Khels. Present cliiefs. Tents, 
 
 Ahmadkhel, Muhammad, , 300 
 
 Ditto, Piru Khan, 200 
 
 Ditto, Hikmat, 200 
 
 Yahkhel, Gannu Khan, 200 
 
 Pasanni, Ganda Khan, 250 
 
 Hadyakhel, Maswat Kluin, 300 
 
 Narzik, Tur Khan, 50 
 
 Besides a few families residinar in Cabul. 
 
 Total, 1500 
 
 Tioo slieplierd divisions. 
 
 Marakzai, Suhuman, Kehrmeh, Malin, Nur Muhammad Khan, 100 
 
 Kokalzai, Nasr Khau, 400 
 
 These border on the Jaddran country, 500 
 
 Eleven Agricidtural divisions. 
 Khels. Present chiefs. District. Houses. 
 
 Umarkhel, Zarin, Shekh Muhammad, 
 
 Kamal Khan and Kasul Khan, Uspunna, 140 
 
 Saindkhel, Sirdar Khan, , Guraal, 50 
 
 Ditto, Muhammad Yar, Ditto, 30 
 
 Yahkhel, Yar Muhammad, Ditto, 80 
 
 Hybatkhel, Sahib Khan and Daud Khan, Ditto, 30 
 
 Zakukhel, Marwat Khan, Bablkhel, 40 
 
 Surabikhel, Sirurer Syad and Muhammad, Sarobi, 100 
 
 Yazi, Syad Khan, Yazil, 30 
 
 Langikhel, Sahibdad, Sarobali ]S^allah,-^ 
 
 Yuzarkhel, Mazzeh, Ditto, ^500 
 
 Tunikhel, Janneh, Ditto, 3 
 
 Total, 1,000 
 
[ 95 ] 
 
 The Sulaimanzai Povincliahs are all fakirs, wandering'about from encamp- 
 ment to village, and living on the industry of their neighbours ; they muster 
 some five hundred souls. 
 
 The Kharoties, like their neighbours the Jaddrans, are perfectly independent 
 excepting those residing in Saroba and Sinowzi, which are subject to tlie ruler 
 of Zurmat ; and pay, the former 140 Rupees, and the latter |210 Rupees 
 annual revenue. This tribe must not be confounded witb the Kharoti Ghilzies 
 which are perfectly distinct and quite a different race. 
 
 The Guliri pass traversed by these tribes in their annual migrations, has 
 
 already been described by an otiJcer from per- 
 Koutes. , , . , . , , ^ , 
 
 sonal observation, which must be far better than 
 
 any sketch which I could offer from native information ; but the following 
 routes (also used by them) from Kandahar, Khilat-i-Ghilzi, and Mukar by the 
 tract known as the llali-i-Maruf, may be useful ; the merchants proceeding by 
 it from Kandahar have first to pay Rupees 2-10 per camel to Sirdar Gholam 
 Hydar Khan at Cabul, besides G annas to Mir Alam Khan, the head of the 
 Utak Ghilzies at his fort at Margha. All Hindus coming up from Hin- 
 dustan by this route are taxed according to the circumstances of each, one 
 man paying 10 Rupees wliile a poorer person gets off by [laying 4 Rupees. 
 
 From Kandahar to 
 
 KiLLA Mom. VXD, 6 koss over the Kandahar plain ; the water here is from 
 springs, but brackisli ; a little cultivation in the neighbourhood. 
 
 Taiinak, G koss, over a sandy plain ; encamping ground on the bank of the 
 Tarnak river, from which water is procured. 
 
 WiLOAl, 5 koss. In this day's march a small kothal had to be crossed 
 no provisions procurable here, and water only from springs. 
 
 Jandae, Madat Khan, 5 koss. A village in the midst of a well cultivated 
 tract on the banks of the Arghusan. Road good. 
 
 LoBA, 6 koss. Road along the bed of the Arghasan ; here also are villa^'es 
 and cultivation and Lora itself is situated at the junction of a stream coming- 
 down from above Mukar, with the Arghusan. 
 
 SuRGHAZ KoTUAL, G koss. Still up tlie bed of the stream ; the road is 
 broken and rugged ; there are a few small villages in the neighbourhood 
 surrounded by small patches of cultivation ; the country generally mountainous 
 barren ; encamp at the foot of the Kothal. 
 
 7tu maech. This, though not a long march in actual measurement, is a 
 most tedious one ; the ascent and descent of the Surghaz mountain has to be 
 accomplished, which takes the greater part of a day. The encampinfi- o-round 
 is at a spring on the far side of the range, just crossed over ; no village, but some 
 tx'ees. 
 
[ ^6 ] 
 
 8tii march, 6 koss over an undulating broken country, gradually de- 
 scending down again to the bed of the Arghusan, on the bank of which is the 
 spot for encamping. 
 
 SniEKZAi, G koss, over a country undulating and hilly, though the banks of 
 the Arghusan are here and there cultivated, and have a good sprinkling of 
 villages. 
 
 Katt, 6 koss, same sort of road as yesterday. 
 
 llTn MARCH, to a Ghilzie encampment near some springs. The road leaves 
 the bed of the Arghusan and crosses the Ghwanza Kothal, which is neither 
 high nor difficult ; this is the last halting place in the Kandahar district. 
 
 SuRKHEL, 7 koss. A village belonging to the Tochi Ghilzies ; country 
 tolerable well cultivated, water brackish from springs. 
 
 Sturanisa, 7 koss, over an undulating plain ; no cultivation ; villages 
 deserted ; water procurable from wells ; this spot belongs to the Tochi 
 Ghilzies. 
 
 KiRSHTJTU KE KiiLA, G coss ; road good, country level, but only inhabited 
 by wandering Babars ; water from karezahs. 
 
 ToPAN, G koss, over a plain ; here is one well but no cultivation. The 
 country belongs to Babars. 
 
 LowANA KA REz, 7 koss, ovcr a plain ; Lowaua is a small village surrounded 
 by cultivation. 
 
 GuRABi DARRAH, G koss ; halting-ground at the entrance to the pass, 
 "Water procured by digging in the bed of a ravine where it is always to be 
 found close to the surface. 
 
 Lari, 6 koss ; the name of a plain where kaffilahs usually encamp ; it is 
 occupied by a poor and inoffensive tribe of Kakars. E-oad through a long 
 durrah flanked by low hills. Water from springs. 
 
 TRiicnanAZ, 7 koss. This place consists of 30 or 40 houses of the Jhuni- 
 rlan tribe. It was in the days of the Mogluil Empire, famous for the manu- 
 facture of weighing scales : made of raw hides ; and although this trade has 
 almost disappeared, yet the manufacture still exists. Country hilly and 
 barren. 
 
 MuKHAL ; an encamping ground G koss from the last; road passing through 
 a long defile ; water procured from a small stream, a tributary of the Gumal. 
 From this spot three darrahs open out: the Jhob ; Kundar and Gumal. 
 The Kakars hold Jhob, while the Khoraties, Appezies, Mundakhel, Sheranis 
 and Waziris, are to be found in the other two. 
 
 Mamukhani, 8 koss, a long and tiresome march ; for five koss through a 
 narrow defile, commanded by lofty heights ; the path then debouches on the 
 Mamukhani plain, occupied by Muudukhel and Nasrs. 
 
[ ^'" ] 
 
 KnuRKUUNDi, C kos3 ; here are a few villages in the midst of cultivation 
 belonging to Mundukhels and Nasrs. Eoad generally through a hilly coun- 
 try along the bed of the Kundar stream. 
 
 GusTA, G koss ; still along the bed of the stream ; this spot which is only 
 an encamping ground without houses belongs to the Mundukhel, described as 
 a pastoral race in alliance with the Nasrs, and generally able to defend their 
 own ; they never molest caravans passing through their country. 
 
 HusETN NiKA, 7 koss ; a halting-place at the Ziarat of Husein, where 
 the Kholdadkhel and other Sulaimankhel Ghilzies come down to trade and 
 barter with the Lahanies. lload as in yesterday's march. From here two 
 roads strike off, one to Guliri and the other to Zao. 
 
 Damaxda-K, 7 koss ; a halting-place watered from a spring, on the water- 
 shed line between the Kundar and Gomal streams ; this day's march is a 
 difficult one, through a rugged darrah, at the end of which a high kothal has 
 to be ascended. 
 
 Kanzue. The first halting-place in the Waziri country, on the banks of 
 the Gomal. Caravans are frequently attacked by the Waziris in all the 
 route through their portion of the country where there are no villages, but 
 only well known halting-places, named as here shown. The road in to-day'd 
 march is down a steep descent and then along the bed of the Gouuil river. 
 
 HaNMTAJ, 7 koss ; along the bed of the Gonial. 
 
 KoTGHi, 7 Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. 
 
 Kiekanni, 9 koss, along the bed of the Gomal. 2 koss from Kotghi is 
 the Tol darrah, a narrow but well cultivated glen, inlialiited by TaCtani 
 Povindiahs who are on friendly terms with the Waziris ; but the remainder 
 of this day's march is notoriously subject to Waziri raids. 
 
 GuLliiI, 1-i koss. Leaving the bed of the Gomal and crossing a very diffi- 
 cult kothal. Water is scarce at this stage. 
 
 Mashkanni, 10 koss, through low barren hills ; water from a brackish 
 spring. 
 
 ZEBNAElKAn, 8 koss. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. 
 
 Manjigaeh, 9 koss; at the ith coss the road passes out of the hills and 
 crosses to this village in British territory. 
 
 Caravans from Khilat-i-Ghilzie pay a tax of Rupees 2-8 to the ruler of that 
 district before starting, and a further sum of llupees 1-10 to Mir Alara Khan 
 and take tlie following route. 
 
 Mullahhad Akhun, 7 koss. Water from a karez : country tolerably culti- 
 vated, with occasional gardens ; inhabited by Utak Ghilzies, and the road 
 crossing the Tarmak stream, traverses a succession of small darrahs. 
 (J 
 
[ ^s ] 
 
 Baghat, 7 koas. Road over a plain : water from a karez ; here are numerous 
 almond gardens, and the country generally is well cultivated. 
 
 Peshi. a Glulzie halting-place, at the foot of a kothal, and a spring. 
 On the summit of tliis hill is a tower where the Ghilzie transit duty is collecti'd. 
 
 Chaoni, 8 koss. Road bad, and country broken and hilly ; two kothals 
 have to be crossed. Chaoni is the head-quarters of Mir Alam Khan, already 
 mentioned as ^the chief of the Utak Giiilzies. Water from a karez and 
 springs : country in the immediate vicinity, cultivated. 
 
 KiiANAN, 6 koss. An old Ghilzie fort : road good over a level country ; and 
 water from springs. 
 
 LoRGiiAi, 6 koss. Road tolerable ; this village is on the boundary line between 
 the Utak and Tochi Ghilzies, country undulating. At Lorghai are numer- 
 ous karezas and a stream. 
 
 MuEGiiA, 8 koss, over a plain ; some cultivation, water from springs and 
 karezas. 
 
 Dabwaza, 7 koss ; a Ghilzie encamping-ground where there are numerous 
 springs. 
 
 SiuGAEl, 5 koss ; over a plain. Water abundant. 
 
 Kassasa, 6 koss, road through low hills ; halting-place at some springs on 
 neutral ground between the Kakars, Mundukhel and Tochi Ghilzie tribes. 
 
 Chismuni, 8 koss ; in this march a small kothal has to be crossed ; remainder 
 of the road over an undulating country. Chisumni is a valley with several 
 small villages scattered over it, inhabited by Dhawi Ghilzies. Water plentiful. 
 
 Topan, already mentioned as the 15th stage in the Rah-i-Maruf from 
 Kandahar, 
 
 The third branch of this road joins in from JVTukar. Caravans proceeding by 
 it, have to pay 5 Cabuli Rupees to the Ghilzies as transit duty. The stages 
 irom Mukar are : — 
 
 Ghilan, G koss, through the villages and cultivation of the Taraki 
 Ghilzies. 
 
 DnA:ND, 6 koss, road good. Country cultivated and water from karezas. 
 
 Wastazi, 6 koss, over a plain country as yesterday. At this place the 
 water of numerous karezas, all brackish, disappears in the soil. 
 
 Utkan, 7 koss ; road through a narrow darrah, country undulating, hilly 
 and but partially cultivated. Water brackish from wells. 
 
 KiLLA Khan, 8 koss, country sprinkled with Taraki villages, and culti- 
 vation : water abundant. 
 
 Taezae ka Sir, 6 koss ; road along a darrah for the greater part of the 
 distance ; after coming out of which, arrive at an open spot of the above 
 name containing a few Taraki vilhiges. 
 
[ 99 ] 
 
 Zangalla, 8 koss ; one low kothal has to be crossed in to-tlay's march, 
 known as the ZangaUa ; the Tarakies of this place are all shepherds and 
 have little or no cultivation. 
 
 Shahduk, 8 koss ; a difficult kothal has to be crossed in this march ; 
 country mountainous. Water from springs : no cultivation to be seen. 
 
 Spedae, 7 koss ; this is the name of a halting-place, without inhabitants ; 
 water from springs ; country rugged ; and several very difficult ascents and 
 descents to be got over during this march ; this spot is the limit of the Ta- 
 raki Ghilzie country in this direction. 
 
 MuLiiAH MiTAK ZiAEAT, 8 koss ; tlus also is merely an encamping-ground, 
 in the country of the Jumiani Ghilzies ; water from a spring ; country much 
 the same as in last march ; road through a dilficult pass. 
 
 BozA, 9 koss, over a comparative plain. At the halting-place is a brackish 
 spring, but no inhabitants, but the Sulaimankhel village of Nasrs is only 
 two koss off to the northward. 
 
 LuRMUEGUA, 8 koss, an encampment of Taraki shepherds, near a spring ; 
 the road generally good witli the exception of one small kothal. 
 
 Guj:)AWAnnaii, 8 koss; tliis is a small place belonging to a colony of some 
 1500 Lohwauies, who are generally engaged in the salt trade ; considerable 
 quantities of salt are excavated here, and exported to AHghanistan ; the water 
 at this stage is brackish in the extreme ; there is a low kothal in this day's 
 march, but owing to its broken and angular surface it is ditlicult for camels. 
 
 Laei, 6 ko«s, already mentioned as the 18th march on the Kah-i-Maruf 
 route from Kandahar. 'Jhese routes are often taken by the Povindiulis iu 
 preference Lo the more beaten tracks on account of the abundance of forage 
 for cuttle and camels, which is often scarce elsewhere. 
 
 In the Kandahar district, the chief merchants are either Hindus, Sliikar- 
 
 puries or Persians ; of the lirst there are 350 
 Kandahar trade. i . •* i • ■ -i • 
 
 shops belonging to Uttaraillii,l)akliini and Ivbatri 
 
 castes, and 190 houses of Sbikarpuries and others. The Hindus are all cloth- 
 sellers, spice-dealers and shroffs. Tlie Shikarpuries are cloth-sellers, general 
 fruit-dealers and agents for large firms in Shikarpur (who have transactions 
 with most of the large cities iu A.^ia ;) in their hands are all the exchange 
 transactions, and much of the wool trade, which is daily growing into greater 
 importance in this part of the country. 
 
 Tiie following are a few particulars regarding this trade. At Birgand, 
 
 Hazara, Herat and Kandahar, when advances 
 are made to the nomads on the future crop, the 
 [■rice on the spot is about I'J Co.'s annas per Kandahari maund of 4 Co.'s 
 o 2 
 
[ 100 ] 
 
 seers ; but if purchased at the time of shearing, it costs Rupees 1-4 for 
 the same weight- and if taken on credit Rupees 1-8. A load of 48 maunds 
 Kandahari, or 192 Co.'s seers, is carried to Kandahar from any of the other 
 districts ahovementioned for Co.'s Rupees 12-8 ; and from this point to 
 Kurraehi for the same sum. The reduced rate for the latter distance is account- 
 ed for by the road being better, and, below Dadar, perfectly safe. The go- 
 wiashta or agent proceeding with the investment receives I- of the profits, 
 taking an equivalent share of risk ; but if the arrangement with him is made 
 on the Muharamadan principle (known as Mozaribat) when the agent runs no 
 risk, -i- of the profit is absorbed in his pay. 
 
 The agents in Kandahar say that the tariff of boat-hire from Kurraehi to 
 Bonabay varies so much, that it is impossible to give even a fair approximation 
 to the expenses of transit, but that the price in Bombay may be put down as 
 192 Rupees per kundi of 60 Kandahari maunds. Pure white v?ool is the 
 most marketable, but brown and white are frequently mixed. The wool of 
 Birgand and Herat is generally shorn twice a year, and if not exported is 
 manufactured into carpets, b;ila-zins, masnadi, namads and common felts. The 
 fine wool known as kurak is procured from goats in the Herat, Gazak, and 
 Hazara districts. 
 
 The Birgand and Herat carpets, sold in Hindustan as Persian, are woven 
 in looms by 6 or 8 men at each, much in the 
 same way that caq^ets are usually made in our 
 jails, but of a much finer texture ; and the wool is always dyed before being 
 spun into thread, which is said to make the carpets keep their colour much 
 longer. Carpets are purchased from the manufacturer at 10 Herati Rupees 
 (each 4 Co.'s annas) per square yard, and fetch in Hindustan 10 Company's 
 Rupees. 
 
 In making masnadi namads, the great art is in having the wool thoroughly 
 
 carded and cleaned first, and then liijhtlv made 
 Namads or Felts. .' n y ■, - r ^ n o j 
 
 up mto a sort of half-felt foundation, on which 
 
 are placed pieces of colored wool of the required pattern anointed with sonp ; 
 the whole is placed on a frame of reeds, and rolled up and out again till the 
 wool is worked thoroughl}'- into one homogenous sheet of the required firm- 
 ness ; the namad is now opened out, and well rubbed under tlie feet ; and 
 lastly after a second coating of soap, the whole is finished by hand-rubbing. 
 Each masnadi namad sells at from 7 to 15 Rupees on the spot. 
 
 Bala-zins or saddle cloths are made as above, but without figured patterns 
 of any sort, and are of the finest picked wool, or even coarse kurak, and 
 fetch 6 or 7 Rupees each at the manufactory. Kurak is procured from 
 goats by combing thera once a year, with fine iron combs, by which only the 
 
[ 101 ] 
 
 finer parts of the under coat is taken off; this wool is generally used for 
 
 making warm under-clothing for people of rank, and is worked up like ba- 
 
 lazins, but in much thinner sheets, being little, if at all, Inferior to pashminahs, 
 
 selling at from 7 to 20 Eupees each on the spot. 
 
 The great staple produce of Kandahar is dried fruit; of which apricots, 
 
 „ grapes and figs are the chief ; of the first, there 
 
 Dried fruit. ^ ^ ° , ' ' 
 
 are ten descriptions, namely, surkhah, charmags, 
 
 kaisai, pasrassi, sadhai, shamshi, phen, murzi, safedcha, pasrassi miranjani and 
 
 shakarpara. 
 
 Young trees of any of these descriptions are obtained from the stones of 
 the fruit, which are soaked in a water-pot for about 20 days, or until they 
 germinate, when they are taken out and planted on ridges, and so watered that 
 the moisture may reach the stones without wetting the shoots, which are liable 
 to rot. When these young trees are a year old, they are transferred to the 
 gardens, where they are to remain ; and the following year budded ; they 
 bear in the fourth year, and are said to last from 25 to 30 years. For jaiethod 
 of budding see Doctor Ucllew's report. 
 
 The pasrassi miranjani and kaisai are the most esteemed. 
 
 The fruit of the charmags, when perfectly ripe, is split ; the stone taken 
 out, and the two sides stuck together again, and thoroughly dried in the sun on 
 beds of straw ; when ready they are called " khistas" and sell at the rate of 
 16 Co.'s seers per rupee in Kandahar. 
 
 Tlie pasrassi miranjani, when thoroughly ripe, is also stoned ; but the 
 kernel is restored, and the fruit dried as above. When ready, they are called 
 " ustak" or khubanies, and fetch in Kandahar a rupee per 12 seers. 
 
 The other descriptions of apricots are also dried, but the above arc the 
 most approved varieties. 
 
 Of grapes there are 18 sorts, rocha, kalachanni, khalali ; all early sorts 
 of which, the last mentioned is the most esteemed ; siah, lal, sahibi, kismis- 
 i-safed, husaini, kismis-i-surakh, katta, ita, Shekh AH, Taikhuri, Kalaghuchak 
 Aimi, Kalamak, Khail, Ghalami, askari. 
 
 The vines are generally pruned about the beginning of March, and cuttings 
 planted for new vines ; these latter are carefully watched, and as soon as the 
 shoots appear, one only is allowed to grow ; the most promising being of course 
 selected ; a vine is only allowed to increase a branch a year, all other shoots 
 being pruned away. They are, in Kandahar, usually planted in a deep trench, 
 the earth from which is generally thrown up on the north side and forms a 
 bank upon which the vines are trained. The principal portion of the gardens 
 surrounding most villages in the Kandahar district, is taken up with vine 
 culture, and the total produce must be enormous. 
 
[ 102 ] 
 
 Bundles of the kismis-i-safed, Avhen perfectly ripe, are cut* and hung 
 each on a separate peg in the drying-house, which is a shed huilt for the pur- 
 pose ; the walls being perforated all over by loopholes from top to bottom to 
 secure a free circulation of air; here they remain for 40 days, and are then 
 talcen down, shaken from the stalks, picked, cleaned, and sent into the market 
 as raisins without seeds, called bedana or kismis-i-sabz, selling at about 16 
 seers per Co.'s Rupee. The siah, surkh and sometimes the ita, are dried 
 in the sun on beds of straw ; and when ready, become the common kismis or 
 kismis-i-surkh, fetching in the Kandahar market about a rupee for from 24! 
 to 28 seers. 
 
 The katta and ita, are sometimes dried ; but more frequently pressed for 
 their juice ; for this purpose they are placed in a series of pakka vats three in 
 number ; the first has a course grating at the bottom whicli allows nothing 
 but juice to pass into the second. The grapes when ripe are thrown into this 
 vat, trodden under foot, tlie juice accumulating in the second vat where it is 
 allowed to stand till the sediment subsides ; the clear portion is now drawn off 
 into cauldrons, and well boiled ; after which it is put out into the third vat 
 to cool, and call " doshab," selling at from 12 to 16 seers weight per rupee. 
 
 The ita, when perfectly ripe, is also treated in the following manner. Five 
 chittaks of slack lime are mixed with one seer of sujji (natram) in a garra of 
 water, well shaken, and allowed to stand for 24 hours ; it is then called tezab. 
 Then 10 maunds (Kandahar) of water are well boiled in a cauldron, and as 
 much tezab as a man can take up in both hands is thrown in. Two bunches 
 of itas are now taken, dij)ped into this hot mixture, stirred about, and quickly 
 withdrawn ; if the grapes be slightly cracked, it is a sign that the mixture is 
 perfect ; but if not, they are again dipped, or a little more tezab added, 
 according to circumstances. Grapes thus treated, and thoroughly dried on 
 straw, are called "abjosh," and sell at from 8 to 10 seers per rupee, most 
 other descriptions of grapes are consumed as fruit, and not dried as raisins. 
 
 Figs are of two sorts : black and white ; the first are never dried, but tlie 
 latter are picked when perfectly ripe and spread in the sun on beds of straw 
 till neaily dry ; each fig is then separately pinched in the centre, so as to turn 
 in the stalk and opposite end, and then thoroughly dried previous to stringing 
 on long strings ; after which they are sent into the market, fetching a rupee 
 for every 16 seers. 
 
 Fig trees are propagated from cuttings, but never transplanted. 
 
 Of pomegranates, there are 5 sorts : panjwai, basn, sherin, tuash, and be- 
 dana ; the first are by far the best, then the basn, &c. The panjawai and 
 bedana are those generally exported. 
 
 Alu bokharas are of two sorts, black and golden, of which the latter are the 
 
[ 103 ] 
 
 best ; the first when ripe are dried on straw in the sun, and sell at 20 seers 
 [jer rupee. N. B. All alu bokhara trees require to be grafted. 
 
 The following are the 8 varieties of mulberries found at Kandahar ; parikuk 
 kurma, kalulang, Ibrahimkliani, bedana, patavi, siahtul and danadar ; the 
 most esteemed of which are the parikuk, patavi and bedana ; all are grafted 
 except the danadar. 
 
 Madder is extensively cultivated in the Ghazni and Kandahar districts, and 
 
 is said to be a very profitable crop, notwith- 
 Madder. ^ ,. , . , 
 
 standing that it takes three years to come to 
 
 maturity, and is even better if left in the ground for a fourth. The green tops 
 
 are generally eaten down by sheep till the last year, when the plant is allowed 
 
 to ripen. The bones of all sheep so fed are said to be coloured, but the flesh is 
 
 not in any way affected. 
 
 The following is a list of prices in the Kandahar market of articles imported 
 
 from various quarters. 
 
 From Bombay. 
 
 Imj)ort$. Prices. 
 
 I^^amcs of articles. JProm to 
 
 Long cloths, per piece, 7 8 6 8 
 
 Ditto unbleached,) 4 8 3 
 
 Madapollains (white,) ' 9 GO 
 
 Alwuu (shawl stuffs) (red,) 10 8 
 
 Ditto (orange,) 5) 5 
 
 Ditto (green,) J) 5 
 
 Ditto (white,) 8 5 8 
 
 Khasa, 3 2 
 
 Jaconet (grey,) 3 18 
 
 Ditto (white,) 3 8 2 8 
 
 Dimity (white,) 4 3 
 
 Ditto (rose,) 7 12 
 
 Flowered muslins (ali colour,) 3 8 18 
 
 Coloured muslins, 3 8 19 
 
 Net, peryard, 10 7 
 
 Drill (white,) per piece, 10 7 
 
 Flowered muslins (golden.) per piece, 6 3 
 
 Velvet (black,) peryard, 12 8 
 
 Ditto, (red,) Ditto,... 112 10 
 
 Majut(?), (Imported,) Ditto,... 7 8 5 
 
 Broadcloth, Ditto,... 7 8 5 
 
 Chintz Scarlet, (red,) apiece, 12 8 8 
 
 Ditto Ditto (black,) a piece, 8 6 2 
 
[ 104 ] 
 
 Chintz (Scarlet and rose Coloured,) apiece, 5 3 
 
 Ditto Ditto (white), apiece, 8 5 
 
 Chintz black and other colours, apiece, 5 8 5 
 
 Ditto Shakar kouz (a colour,) apiece, 9 GO 
 
 Khasa scarlet, , apiece, 5 3 8 
 
 Shawls, each, 6 4 8 
 
 Merino, per yard, 2 13 
 
 Molasses, per seer, 8 
 
 Sugar, per 3^ seers, 3 2 8 
 
 Black pepper, Ditto,... 2 
 
 Sal Ammoniac, Ditto,... 2 
 
 Cloves, Ditto,... 2 8 
 
 Green and black teas, Ditto,... 20 12 
 
 Turmeric, Ditto,... 2 
 
 Dry ginger. Ditto,... 2 
 
 Preserved ginger, per jar, 4 8 3 
 
 Orpiment (yellow,) per 3| seers, 2 
 
 Ditto (black,) Ditto,... 2 
 
 Cinnamon, Ditto,... 4 
 
 Cardamums (small,) Ditto,... 3 
 
 Ditto (large,) • Ditto,... 3 8 
 
 Thread (per bundle,) 6 
 
 Cocoanuts, per 3|^ seers, 3 
 
 Satin, per yard, 2 8 
 
 Flannel, Ditto,... 10 
 
 Russian satin, Ditto,... 18 
 
 Cambric, per piece, 5 3 
 
 Penknives two bladed 1-8 ; one blade 1 : large sailor's knives 4as. ; quantities of 
 pottery ware of all descriptions are imported, as also needles and thread, and 
 a few English medicines, which however kill many more than they cure ; for 
 being administered by a native hakim who knows nothing of their properties, 
 
 but tries the effect of the first which may be at hand, and regulates the quan- 
 tity given by the price. 
 
 N. B. The pieces of cloth above alluded to are of all sizes 40, 31, and 29 
 yards, and the Affghau gaz (or yard) is 3-3- English feet. 
 
 The following are the Kandahari weights : 
 
 A Kandahari seer weighs, Co.'s Rupees, 8 
 
 A Charak is 10 seers, or , „ ^ 80 
 
 4 CharaTcs are one maund. 
 1 Miskal is 4| masha. 
 1 Masha is 8 Euttis. 
 
Py 
 
 ■ices 
 
 
 From 
 
 
 to 
 
 2 4 
 
 
 
 
 1 S 
 
 
 
 
 [ 105 ] 
 
 Coins. 
 6 Cabuli rupees, 5 Co.'s Kupees. 
 
 1 Kandahar rupee, I „ 
 
 12 Shalii make 1 rupee Kandahar. 
 6 Piee Kandahar or 4 Company's piee, 1 Shahi. 
 
 2 Shahies Kandahari, 1 miskal. 
 4 Shahies Kandahari, 1 abhassi. 
 
 The whole of tlie copper coinage is called in every two or three months, at 
 the will of the ruler of Kandahar (who regulates the value of the shahi and 
 usually brings them dow'u to half price for a few days before they are called 
 in,) and taken at half price, stamped and re-issued at tlieir full value. All 
 which remain in the market of the old supply (unstamped) are called ghaz. 
 Impobts moji Amuitsau. 
 
 Names of articles. 
 
 Pashmina shawls according to quality, 
 
 Molasses per Kandahar maund, 
 
 Turmeric, 
 
 Punjabi shoes, Penholders, Luugiis, cloth, Cashmir shawls, Pattu Caslimiii, 
 zinc, saffron, Caslimiri 1(J Rupees a Kandaliari mauud and Peshawar Lungics. 
 
 Fkom iMULTAN. 
 
 Ptough cloth, per lUO yards,... 9 
 
 Colored sheets for women, 20 ditto, ]7 U 
 
 Chintz, Nasrkhani, 2l) pieces or lOU ditto, ... 20 U 
 
 Ditto Lalgurie, iJitto ditto, ... S 
 
 Alacha, -lyaids,... 1 
 
 13ulia!oe's hides, cured, , 20 (iO 
 
 (Joats, 20 17 
 
 Shoes according to (juality, 
 
 PjtOM POKIIAK.V. 
 
 liussian gold lace, per tola, 2 
 
 Pokhara silk, per Kandahar maund, 35 
 
 Labani, ... Ditto Ditto, 25 
 
 Kokani, ... Ditto Ditto, 25 
 
 Gardanzi,.. Ditto iJitto, 33 8 
 
 J>okhara Tomujabiii, ... Ditto, 2 8 
 
 G(dd lace (imitation,) .. l)er yard,... 4 
 
 ^ Gulbadau (a silk cloth,) Ditto,... 1 
 
 Kanawez, Ditto Ditto,... 3 
 
 Postius (fox ^kin.) each, ... 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
[ 106 ] 
 
 Postlns (rat skill,) eacli, .. 25 
 
 Sinjiif Postins, each, ...40 
 
 Sinabands and Postins Samui-i, 600 100 
 
 Choghas (Alghani,) 5U 
 
 Russian boxes of all sorts and prices, 
 
 From Masiiad and Khoeassan. 
 
 Naishapur Terozes (Turquoises,) at all prices, 
 
 Opium (Gunabad) per Kandahar niaund, 35 
 
 "Ditto (^ezd,) Ditto 45 
 
 Kanawez, per yard,... 18 P 
 
 Silk lungies, each,... 9 
 
 Ditto (Yezd,) 5 
 
 llazaies from Yezd, 3 
 
 Silk handkerchiefs, (black,) 4 
 
 Didghar skins, 15 
 
 Bala-zins, 20 10 
 
 Black booti^, a pair,... 8 7 
 
 Abrak (rahdar,) each, ... 280 
 
 Abrak (Mat^hadi, each, ... 50 15 
 
 Ditto Kirniani, each,.,. 9 
 
 Pittu, 12 
 
 Besides the above Mashadi double-barrelled guns, pistols, and swords, 
 choghas, namdas, sinabands of Kurk, white and grey drills, and chintz of 
 all sorts and prices. 
 
 Fkom Cabul. 
 
 Postins, each,.. 
 
 Sinabands, 10 
 
 Pditu, 30 
 
 Pice, per Kandahar maund,.. 
 
 Walnuts, Ditto, ... Ditto,., 
 
 Cabul Molasses, Ditto, ... Ditto,.. 
 
 Besides the above, Lungies, Barrak, and Janab, 
 
 FiiOM Akardarkaii, 
 
 From this district are brought the famous pomegranates, which are perhaps 
 the finest in the world, as also asafoetida ; this trade is chiefly in the hands of 
 the Tajaks and Kakars. 
 
 The Tajaks of Anardarrah are all under Mir Muhammad, Ahmed Klian, and 
 Syad Musa of their ovvn clan, who are respectively at the head of 800, 200 
 and 200 families. The lands of these Tajaks are all laid out in fruit gardens, 
 producing jujubes, pomegranates and figs, the value of which may be estimated 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
[ 107 J 
 
 from the fact of the tribe paying 12,000 Herati rupees (Rupees 3,000) to the 
 governor of the province annually. Almost the whole of their produce is ex- 
 ported. The low ranges adjacent to the Anardarrah hasin are the great 
 asafcetida producing tracts : during the t])ree hottest months in tlie year, 
 numbers of Kakars resort there to collect that gum. All parties, previous to 
 proceeding to the ground, are obliged to find security to the governor of the 
 province for the payment of 6 Rupees privilege duty per head and have to 
 pay a further tax of 3 annas per maund upon the asafcetida collected. 
 The following articles exported, cost in Kandahar. 
 
 EXPOHTS. 
 
 Almonds, per Kandahar maund, 10 
 
 Mashad and Herat silk (chatta,) Ditto, JO 
 
 (Twela,) Ditto, 35 
 
 (Tuni,) Ditto, 30 
 
 Anab (jujube fruit,) Ditto 10 
 
 Zerisk (a berry from Herat,) 18 
 
 Safron from Birgand, 90 IG 
 
 And dried fruits of all sorts in large quantities. 
 
 The import duties exacted at Kandahar vary exceedingly, and should any 
 articles be brought which the Sirdar fancies, tliey are taken as his share of 
 these dues ; it is therefore exceedingly difficult to procure anything like a 
 correct tarif, but from 5 to 10 per cent, on the value of the goods may be 
 assumed as about the charge. 
 
 On wheat, barley, atta, and rice, 2 annas per donkey load, or 4 annas per 
 camel load is charged. Gliee 1 ^ annas per Kandahari maund. Wood 1 anna a 
 load : fruit ditto ditto : ^ of all the oil brought is taken. In the city new skull 
 caps are taxed at 2 pice each, the kidney fat of every sheep or goat slaughtered 
 is the government share, and is sent to the royal soap manufactory, where it is 
 made into a coarse description of soap on the most economical principles, and 
 sold to the population ; each shoj) pays a tax of 1-i- Kandahar Rupees per 
 mensem, Syads, Mullahs and a few others being the only classes exempted. 
 Dyers pay Co.'s Rupees 1,500 per annum. Tanners 4,000 Rupees. Cap and 
 postin makers 600 Rupees. Butchers 700 Rupees. Silk-weavers 3,500 Rupees. 
 Gram-dealers Rupees 1,250. The Hindu tax called " Juz" (capitation) produces 
 3,000 Rupees. Cattle market 2,500. Gaming-houses 2,500 Rupees. Abkari 
 300 Rupees. Bakers have to present the governor with 30 Kandahar niaunds 
 of bread (15 maunds at each Eed). The whole number of tax-paying shops 
 in the city amoimt to 907. 
 
 The greatest merchant in Kandahar is Hyat Khan, who has agents in Herat, 
 Lahore and Sindh ; the chief Hindus are Ranjit Singh, the Government 
 p 2 
 
[ 1<^8 ] 
 
 Agent, vvl\o presides over all panchayets and collects the " Juz," Blianna 
 
 Clmr and Jairam, none of these now appear to have any dealings with Cabul, 
 
 and althougli bills can be easily negotiated on Shikarpiir, the Panjab or Herat, 
 
 orders on the capital are difficult to procure. 
 
 The Syads of Peshin, Kakars, Bakhtyars and Beluchis generally, are the 
 
 tribes chiefly engaged in the horse trade, which 
 Horse trade. ' . ' „ . i • i_i 
 
 usually flourishes for six months in the year, 
 
 but is stagnant for the hot months and during winter, when the roads are 
 
 partially closed by snow ; about 2 or 3000 horses are said to pass through 
 
 Kandahar annually ; tlie chief breeding districts drawn on by these traders 
 
 are Sarakhs, in Irak, Maimunnah in Turklstan, Nur and Ivillah now in Haza- 
 
 rah, Darya Gaz and Khilat-i-Nadir, in Mashad; Gulza and Ferozkoh in 
 
 the Herat district. Of these the horses from Sarakhs, Nur and Gulza 
 
 are most prized, and are purchased on tlie spot for, from 10 to 20 tillahs 
 
 (equal to 60 or 120 Co.'s Rupees). Animals of much higher blood and value 
 
 are to be found at these places, but they ai'e seldom purchased by traders as 
 
 there is a great chance of such liorses being picked out by the Durani Sirdars 
 
 (in transit) at their own valuation, and altogether the profit on blood horses 
 
 is not so great as that on the cheaper breeds. 
 
 Colts are allowed to run at the mare's foot until a year old, on the exten- 
 sive grazing grounds of these districts, and as soon as weaned are sold to 
 Hindus who keep tliem a short time and barter them against Indigo, chintzes, 
 &c. &c. brought for the purpose by regular horse-dealers. At Kandahar, 
 transit duty at from 15 to 30 Rupees is charged on each animal, and to escape 
 this tax the traders frequently take the desert routes through Siestan to Belo- 
 chistan detailed hereafter. 
 
 The Syads of Peshin and other small traders carry on the traffic in human 
 
 beings in Western Affs^hanistan, and some 4 or 
 Slave trade. ^= ,, ,. , Ir ^ , 
 
 500 are annually disposed of in Kandahar alone. 
 
 Some are purchased in Siestan, but most of them are kidnapped ; very few 
 
 Persians ai'e brought here as slaves, and those are chiefly purchased from 
 
 the Turkomans ; they are usually imported by the Siestan route. 
 
 Hazarah furnishes a large quota, frequently in lieu of arrears of revenue, 
 
 when there is any difficulty in realizing the Government assignments made on 
 
 different villages, — while some monsters in human sliape are found among 
 
 these Hazarahs who sell their sisters and daughters into hopeless bondage. 
 
 The price of slaves fluctuates according to the price of food. During seasons 
 
 of abundance, they fetch tolerable sums, but in time of fiimine or scarcity 
 
 they are a drug in the market ; for instance shortly after our arrival here, last 
 
 year, when the famine was great in Kandahar, two women and a boy were sold 
 
[ 109 ] 
 
 to one iiKlividual for Ttupces 120, and almost any numl'cr niiglit have been 
 purchased at the same rate. 
 
 The Hazarahs and negroes are most prized in Kandahar, as, when treated 
 well, they invariably make hard working, trustworthy servants, and, strange to 
 say, few Hazarahs ever attempt to escape to their own country ; the reason is 
 said to be that when there, they have great difficulty in getting sufficient food 
 to exist upon, whereas, when they are with Affghan Sirdars (so long as 
 they do their duty) they get well clothed and plenty of food ; they are 
 generally employed in the charge of horses. 
 
 There are a good many African slaves in Kandahar ; most of these, I find, 
 are brought by pilgrims from Muscat, through Persia and Herat or Siestan, 
 while some (though 1 am not aware of any arrivals during our residence at 
 Kandahar) are smuggled up with Kafillahs from Bombay. The principal 
 dealer on the Persian line is a Syad (Mir Syad Ali) who has an agent in 
 Herat, while Najak Shah, one of the Peshin Syads used to be notorious on 
 the Bombay route, but he is said not to have visited Kandahar for the last 
 three years : although I know of several slaves now in Kandahar who have 
 been smuggled up within that period by other parties. 
 
 The cows of Kandahar and Siestan are in general request, and are said to 
 
 give 20 seers of milk each per diem, being milk- 
 ed three times in 24 houis; they fetch about 
 Rupees 40 each, but the breed peculiar to the country about Gowdam are the 
 best and cannot be purchased under 50 liupees each. 
 
 Camels are anything but plentiful in the Kandahar di.^trict, and the supply 
 
 is scarcely adequate to meet the demands of the trading population, and many 
 
 are imported I'rom Bolochistan ; prices vary from 20 to 100 liupees. Siestan 
 
 appears to be a wretched country, for I can hear but of two articles brought 
 
 from that quarter, lieginahi, and eidei'-down, 
 Regmabi. 
 
 The former are a species of small sand lizard 
 
 (lacerta scincus) procured in great quantities from the sandy deserts border- 
 ing on Siestan ; they are caught, killed, and dried in the sun for exportation 
 to Hindustan, where they sell at the high rate of 4 for a rupee, being sup- 
 posed to possess some extraordinary strengthening properties in cases of nervous 
 debility and other infirmities of the same class. 
 
 Eider ducks are said to abound on the Siestan Lake, and the natives kill 
 
 them in great numbers in the following way. 
 Eider doven. -r^ . « • i , t i,> 
 
 Parties of men go at night and concealing 10 or 
 
 12 men in the long grass on the small islands in the lake, the remainder set 
 
 fire to the heavy jungal round the margin of the lake which so bewilders and 
 
 frightens the ducks that they flock in hundreds to the islands and are knocked 
 
[ no ] 
 
 on the head vvlLli sticks by the parties concealed there. The down, however, is 
 much adulterated. 
 
 Perhaps of all the districts round Kandahar, that lying between Siestan and 
 
 Belociiistan is the least known to us, and in the 
 Siestan routes. 
 
 absence of more precise information, tlie follow- 
 ing routes usually taken by Beluclii Kafillahs may prove useful as illustrative 
 of the inhospitable character of that tract of country. 
 
 The length of the different marches is not given, as the people frequenting 
 them, have little or no idea of distances, but each may be put down at an 
 average of 20 miles. 
 
 Route from Khilat (Belociiistan) to Killapiit in Siestan. 
 
 Kauez Naib Muhammad IIusseik. Country well cultivated along this 
 march, and water abundant from karezas : Beluch population. 
 
 Daurah. Population Barraks ; country arid and sandy, water from a karez. 
 
 Dehi Sirdar Sirfaeaz Khan. Inhabited by Beluchies ; road all the way 
 over sand ; on tliis march pass a quantity of " balut" (oak) jungal : water 
 from wells dug in the sand. 
 
 Chokani Jakt. Inhabited by Beluchies : Shah Pasand Khan (Beluch) 
 owns this village ; grass and forage are abundant, the population generally 
 following a pastoral life ; road as in last march : water from wells. 
 
 Daerah Shah Pasand Khan. Iload through a darrah, and encamp in 
 it near a spring : no village. Badshah nur killa. Over a sandy undulating 
 desert to a mined village on the banks of the Helmund, 
 
 In the next 3 marches to Killapat, by Kamal Khan, and Gumbut, the 
 route traverses the cultivated valley of the Hebnand, in the district of Siestan, 
 which even the wild Beluchl describes as infested by flies, and where the rays 
 of the sun strike with such vigor on the soil, that even the camel of the desert 
 is obliged to be housed to protect it from their all-powerful and destroying 
 beams. 
 
 Another route sometimes used by Beluchies is a direct road from Ghirisk 
 to Kharan. , 
 
 The first four marches follow down the Hilmand, encamping at Lirkar- 
 wallah ; Killa Bnz ; Hazar Guft, and Laki, all Bamekzi or Murzie villages; 
 from the latter Kafdlahs are conducted by guides aci'oss the desert : for tlie 
 first day no water is procurable for man or beast ; on the second day you arrive 
 
[ Jll ] 
 
 at a place called Haibu, where tliere are two wells resorted to by noniad 
 tribes during the winter mouths only. On the 3rd march, a desert is 
 traversed, and no water is to be had. The 4th day brings the caravan to 
 Shur Chahan where there is always some brackish water. The 5th march is 
 also through a howling wilderness without wafer. 
 
 On the 10th day from Ghirislc, arrive at some hills known as the Koh-i- 
 Is^hmail Khan, which are of quite as unattractive a nature as the desert just 
 crossed; at this spot are two wells. The 11th march is to Niski. After cross- 
 ing the hills mentioned in the last stage, the caravan debouches on to an 
 extensive open plain, on which stands the Belochi village of Niski, where 
 water is abundant from wells and springs, 12th village of Shah Pasand Khan, 
 mentioned as the 5th stage in the last route ; froni this point there are two 
 mai'ches in the Darrah Kharun, throughout which water from springs is pro- 
 curable at various points. The next stage is to Nawabi Arzad Khan, a Beluch 
 village in the midst of cultivation and supplied with water from springs. 
 One more march brings the caravan to the well known town of Kharan. 
 
 Although the innate suspiciousness and love for exaggeration of the AIT- 
 ghan's character render it next to impossible to collect anything like statis- 
 tical or even reliable information upon the most common subjects, I have from 
 time to time gleaned the above notes from individual merchants engaged iu 
 the trade of Kandahar. 
 
 The opening up of the resources of Sindh and the Panjab, together with 
 increased facilities for the transit of commerce to and from the port of Kurra- 
 clii, must, no doubt, in time have their usual effects on this part of Affglian- 
 istan, and considerably increase the exports of Kandahar. But the impover- 
 ished state of the Amir's exchequer, and the expedients which Governors of 
 provinces resort to, to make the required revenue, preclude all hope of reduc- 
 tion in tlie present heavy transit duties of All'ghanistan, during the present 
 reign ; nor is it likely that general political fermention which must in all 
 human probability ensue on the Amii's deatii, will inqirove matters in tliis 
 respect. 
 
APPENDIX F. 
 
 A description of Kajflristari and its inJiahitanis compiled from the ac- 
 counts by Mr. Elphinstone and Sir A. Burncs, as ivell as fro^n 
 information gathered from Kaffir slaves in the service of different 
 Affghan Sirdars. 
 
 Hindu Kush is the name generally given to the water-shed line between 
 
 . the rivers Oxus and Indus, or rather to that 
 
 Hindu Kush and KafEristan. 
 
 portion of it in which the Dehasrud, Kholu- 
 
 mab, the Kunduz and Kokehar streams take their rise, and flow northwards 
 to the Oxus, (called by the people east of Balkh the Panj) while its southern 
 slopes are drained by the numerous tributaries of the Cabul river, wliich falls 
 into the Indus opposite to Attok. The largest of these tributaries is known 
 as the Konour river, wliich is supposed to have its sources about Lat. 36° 
 30' N. and Long. 73* 20' E. and after draining the mountains on either side 
 of the Kashgar, or Chittral valley, where it is called Bailum, it is joined at 
 Ciiigurserai (about 48 koss above its junction with the Cabul river) by a con- 
 siderable stream coming down from the N. W. All tlie country drained by 
 this last mentioned tributary, which has different names in different localities, 
 is known as Kafliristan ; and, as shown in the accompanying sketch map 
 compiled from native information, comprises the entire possessions of these 
 tribes, excepting the portion held by the Kilties, the water from whose lands 
 runs in a northerly direction, and one or two smaller imtches detailed in the 
 sketch. 
 
 2. Kaffiristan may therefore be said to consist of an elevated plateau, 
 forming for a distance of about 80 miles, as already explained, the summit of 
 that elevated range called the Hindu Kush ; the drainage of tliis Ali)ine tract 
 in its higliest altitudes seems to be sometliing like the fingers of a man's 
 open hand, a number of small contiguous valleys concentrating their waters in 
 one point, from which the main stream Hows down a long deep glen and i:* 
 joined at intervals by others in valleys sliooting out at right angles from 
 either side : the different slopes drained by these small tributaries seem to 
 form the natural divisions of the country, and each valley or glen has its 
 own name and separate tribe, aud is again subdivided into many smaller 
 sections. 
 
w 
 
[ 113 ] 
 
 3. As might be expected in a country of tliis description, while the upper 
 
 _ , . , and more elevated portions afford nothinir better 
 
 Oreneral aspect of tlie country. _ 
 
 than grazing grounds to the pastoral portion of 
 
 these tribes, the lower slopes are generally found clad with dense forests of 
 pine ; and the narrow and well sheltered valleys are cultivated, and yield, in 
 addition to wheat and millet sufficient for the consumption of its inha- 
 bitants, rich supply of grapes, apples and other fruits common in cool 
 climates. 
 
 4. Tlie principal divisions of the Kaffir tribes are as follows, Traiegama, 
 
 ^. . . . ., , Waiegal, Waillegal, Kam, Kamuz, Katti.Rahrah, 
 
 Divisions of tribes and country. 
 
 Mundegal, Peh, and Kantor ; all of these are 
 
 again subdivided into endless sections, all of which it would be very difficult 
 
 and perhaps neither useful nor interesting to trace, but the following are 
 
 a few of them which, as already shown, are divisions of country as well as 
 
 of tribes. 
 
 1. Traiegama, divided into Gambhir, Kattar and Devi. 
 
 2. Waiegal, divided into Paintar, AVillwaie and P)aiigalli. 
 
 3. Kantor is the largest division and includes Kaymgal, Peh (again 
 divided into Bairkama, Pimichgram and Atargam) and Gadu. 
 
 4. The Kicth is also a very numerous faction, chiefly pastoral, and lias the 
 reputation of being the most ancient branch, as all the other divisions of the 
 tribe are said to have been offshoots from it. There are besides the above, a 
 great number of smaller tribes, to be found located along the bed of the main 
 stream, such as, Paj, Paintar, Pendesh, &c. 
 
 5. The form of government among the Kaffirs is a sort of patriarchal 
 
 republic, for there are certain families of ancient 
 Government and lands. 
 
 descent in eacli valley who are much looked up 
 
 to, and a conclave of the elders or white beards from among whom, settle all 
 matters of government, and when necessaiy make peace or war. Blood-feuds 
 are very prevalent, and bitter, both between individuals and tribes, and a very 
 common way of bringing about a reconciliation between families is to give a 
 daughter in marriage to some member of the opposition, but in such a case 
 it is understood that no dowry is exacted. Every Kaffir killing a Kaffir, no 
 matter what the provocation may have been, is driven out of his village for 
 three years, at least, after which time he may return with the consent of the 
 elders, but take his chance of being retaliated upon by the relatives of the 
 victim ; and in aggravated cases, he is not allowed to return at all. Vengeance 
 is considered a sacred duty, but in the event of two Kaffirs who have a blood- 
 feud between them, meeting under circumstances precluding their settling 
 accounts on the spot (such as one of them having a guest with him) the 
 
\ 
 
[ 113 ] 
 
 3. As might be expected in a country of this description, while the upper 
 
 „ , ^ , and more elevated portions afford nothincr better 
 
 General aspect of tlie country. '^ 
 
 than grazing grounds to the pastoral portion of 
 
 these tribes, the lower slopes are generally found clad with dense forests of 
 pine ; and the narrow and well sheltered valleys are cultivated, and yield, in 
 addition to wheat and millet sufficient for the consumption of its inha- 
 bitants, rich supply of grapes, apples and other fruits common in cool 
 climates, 
 
 4. The principal divisions of the Kaffir tribes are as follows, Traiegama, 
 
 ^. . . ^ ., , Waiegal, Waillegal, Kam, Kamuz, Katti.Rahrah, 
 
 Divisions of tribes and country. c a , , 
 
 Mundegal, Peh, and Kantor ; all of these are 
 
 again subdivided into endless sections, all of which it would be very difficult 
 
 and perhaps neither useful nor interesting to trace, but the following are 
 
 a few of them which, as already shown, are divisions of country as well as 
 
 of tribes. 
 
 1. Traiegama, divided into Gambhir, Kattar and Devi. 
 
 2. Waiegal, divided into Paintar, AVillwaie and Hangalli. 
 
 3. Kantor is the largest division and includes Kaynigal, Peh (again 
 divided into Bairkaina, Pimichgram and Atargam) and Gadu. 
 
 4. The Kieth is also a very numerous faction, chiefly pastoral, and has the 
 reputation of being the most ancient branch, as all the other divisions of the 
 tribe are said to have been offshoots from it. There are besides the above, a 
 great number of smaller tribes, to be found located along the bed of the main 
 stream, such as, Paj, Paintar, Pendesh, &c. 
 
 5. The form of government among the Kaffirs is a sort of patriarchal 
 
 republic, for there are certain families of ancient 
 Government and lands. 
 
 descent in each valley who are much looked up 
 
 to, and a conclave of the elders or white beards from among whom, settle all 
 matters of government, and when necessary malce peace or war. Blood-feuds 
 are very prevalent, and bitter, botli between individuals and tribes, and a very 
 common way of bringing about a reconciliation between families is to give a 
 daughter in marriage to some member of the opposition, but in such a case 
 it is understood that no dowry is exacted. Every Kaffir killing a Kaffir, no 
 matter what the provocation may have been, is driven out of his village for 
 three years, at least, after which time he may return with the consent of the 
 elders, but take his chance of being retaliated upon by the relatives of the 
 victim ; and in aggravated cases, he is not allowed to return at all. "Vengeance 
 is considered a sacred duty, but in the event of two Kaffirs who have a blood- 
 feud between them, meeting under circumstances precluding their settlino- 
 accounts on the spot (such as one of them having a guest with him) the 
 <i 
 
 i 
 
[ 114 ] 
 
 party wishing for delay, throws his dagger on the ground, puts his foot on it, 
 and gives his reasons, while the other party advancing also places his foot 
 upon the weapon and both turning their backs on each other depart on their 
 respective business. With all Muhamraadans, Kaffirs have a mortal feud, even 
 with converts from their own tribes, and a youth is not considered to have 
 arrived at manhood until he has killed one or two at least ; the greater the 
 number the more exalted his position in society. An oath of peace among 
 Kaffirs in time of hostilities is taken by licking a piece of salt. 
 
 6. Kaffirs are physically athletic, powerftd men, leading an indolent jovial 
 
 kind of life, and totally ignorant of literature of 
 ne^7mf ''^'^''''^''°° ^""^ '^^"' any description ; they have no written language, 
 
 and pass the greater part of their time in hunt- 
 ing, raids, dancing and wine, seldom if ever engaging in trade ; and the 
 working classes, such as blacksmiths, carpenters, &c., are all from a certain 
 sect known as " Bani" or " Shoillah," who are looked upon somewhat in the 
 light of slaves, and perform all sorts of menial offices ; and some of the tribes 
 especially those towards Farjghan even sell them to the Nimchas, who are 
 themselves half-bred Kaffirs and carry on any necessary intercourse between 
 them and their Muharamadan neighbours. 
 
 7. The entire cultivation of the land is in the hands of the women, who 
 
 till, sow and reap ; they have no ploughs, but 
 their chief implements of husbandry are, a 
 pointed stick of hard wood, a three pronged-wooden fork, and a reaping hook, 
 a rope is fastened to the fork just above the prongs, and while one woman 
 pushes the fork into the ground as far as she can, a second one turns the soil 
 by pulling the rope foi wards ; as soon as a field has been turned over, it is 
 manured, and the surface being once more slightly forked up, it is sown and 
 watered ; when weeds appear the pointed stick is used to eradicate tliem, much 
 in the same way as a gardener in England would use a Dutch hoe. 
 
 8. The only class of free servants known among these wild tribes are 
 
 shepherds, and whenever a Kaffir gets very 
 Shepherds and sheep. , ■, . . , 
 
 poor, he usually resorts to this occupation, the 
 
 general reward for such service is one sheep in twenty for six months attend- 
 ance, but should the shepherd contract to keep the flock for three years 
 consecutively, he is entitled to the fleece of the flock, their milk, and all the 
 he-goats born during that period, it being always understood that whatever 
 happens, the shepherd is expected to make over at least the same number of 
 sheep at the end of three years as he received upon assuming charge of them. 
 The common breed of sheep in the country is the Dumbah or fat-tailed 
 variety, with the exception of the Peh district, where large flocks of the long- 
 
[ 115 ] 
 
 tailed sheep are to be seen. Each sheep and goat in a flock knows its name, 
 and will come when called like a hound out of a pack. 
 
 9. Polygamy is common among the Kaffirs, and like the Jews and Mu- 
 
 hammadans the surviving brother takes the 
 ■^.-.^d^^^^ ^^ *^°" ^ '"'^ ° widows on the death of a brother : the landed 
 
 property of the family is always divided among 
 the widows, while the rest of the substance is equally distributed among the 
 sons ; daughters, being supposed to live with and assist the mothers until 
 disposed of by marriage) have no share in the inheritance. The condition of 
 women among these tribes is much less restrained than among Muhammadans ; 
 tliey do not conceal their faces, and wander about at pleasure, but are never 
 allowed to eat at the same table with men. 
 
 10. When a marriage has been determined upon between the members of 
 
 two families, a party of elders meet and arrange 
 Marriage ceremony. , . , . 
 
 tlie amount oi dowry, which is generally paid 
 
 in sheep or goats. On the day of the wedding, the friends of both parties 
 
 assemble at the house of the father of the bride, who provides a sumjjtuous 
 
 repast. The ceremony commences by the attendant priest sacrificing three 
 
 or four goats over bundles of dried juniper, or yew branches collected on the 
 
 ground ; some of the blood is waved towards the four corners of the earth, 
 
 supposed to be in the direction of the abodes of each of their deities, who are 
 
 called on by name, and a portion of the blood is then daubed on the forehead 
 
 of the bridegroom's father, the remainder being burnt on the dried bushes 
 
 just mentioned; the flame being increased by the oblations of the guests. 
 
 which consist of oil, butter and cheese thrown on the flume to feed the iiery 
 
 element. The repast is now served up upon round tables, while the guests sit 
 
 on three legged stools. This concluded, the bride is produced, bedecked in 
 
 all her finery, and accompanied by her husband, walks off" to her future home, 
 
 distributing dried fruits and confectionary to all whom she may meet on tlio 
 
 road; arrived at the threshold, the sacrifice of goats is again gone thiougli, 
 
 but the blood this time is sprinkled on the face of the bride's fatlier. Both 
 
 parties publicly accept each other as man and wife ; the priest invokes a 
 
 blessing on the union, and the ceremonv is wound up by the guests partaking 
 
 of a second sumptuous repast provided l>y the bridegroom's fiither. 
 
 11. Attached to each Kaffir village is a lying-in hospital, to which all 
 
 women are obliged to retire when about to be 
 confined, as the birth of a child within the pre- 
 cincts of a village is supposed to bring down the wrath of the gods in tho 
 ehapc of famine or pestilence : at the end of forty days tlie mother returns 
 to her home, a great feast is given, and the "little stranger" has a namtj 
 given him. 
 
[ 116 ] 
 
 12. Kaffirs like many more enlightened nations appear never tliorouglilj 
 
 to appreciate a man's deeds until he is beyond 
 Funerals. . ^ 
 
 all thanks, for the great event in a Kaffir's 
 
 history is his funeral : on this occasion the body is dressed out in its finest 
 attire and laid on a bed : the whole population of the village assemble at the 
 house, and keep up a perpetual round of dancing and singing, the men in one 
 party and the women in another, the body being taken up on the bed at in- 
 tervals and carried up and down the room ; in the case of a notable, tins 
 ceremony continues for eight or ten daj's, during which time all present are 
 feasted and regaled with wine, excepting the immediate relations of the 
 deceased who are supposed to be in too great grief to care for such things. 
 After the feasting is finished, the body is placed and nailed down in a box, 
 which is carried to the summit of a hill or other conspicuous spot, and placed 
 under some slielving rock sheltered from the weather, and the spot marked by 
 a cluster of flags mounted on long poles. If the man was a very great worthy, 
 his bones are treated to a new suit of clothes, a second commemorative feast, 
 and a new box at the end of five years. But should he have fallen in a quarrel 
 among his own tribe, he receives but a small portion of these honors. The 
 remains of ordinary folks are simply closed in a box and carried to the top of 
 some adjacent mountain, and there left without further ceremony. In the 
 case of a distinguished warrior who has fallen in battle at a distance from his 
 home, or under such circumstances that the body cannot conveniently be 
 brought home, his friends cut off his head and bring that home to receive the 
 honors, a body of straw being substituted in the clothing to complete the figure. 
 
 13. The religion of these tribes is a gross idolatry, though differing in 
 
 many particulars from that of Hindus. Their 
 Religion. . . i i i • > i i ,. 
 
 images are invariably moulded in tlie shape of 
 
 a man or woman, their chief deities are called Mahadeo, Paneo, Truskiu 
 
 Enmrai, Kaantar and Bruk, but the great god of which these are supposed to 
 
 be merely fractional parts, or incarnations, is known by the name of Dogan, 
 
 who is the creator of all things and wields the destinies of all mankind ; the 
 
 different incarnations having also some slight influence for good or evil. The 
 
 Kaffir has no belief in a future state of reward or punishment, but holds that 
 
 the principle of life is never extinct, for as soon as one eartbly body is 
 
 used up, the vital spark is immediately transferred to ainother of the same 
 
 species. 
 
 14. The priesthoods are invariably of a particular caste called " Utah," 
 
 one family of which is attached to each idol to 
 Priests. p i • 
 
 perform the services and receive offerings. 
 
 These men are generally wealthy, and looked up to by the Kaffirs, who, with 
 
 this exception, ignore caste and all Hindu ceremonies as well as their ideas 
 
[ 117 ] 
 
 of clean and unclean meats ; they will eat the flesli of cows and pigs and in 
 
 fact of all except carnivorous animals. Before 
 Dils or prophets. . • ■, i 
 
 undertaking an expedition, or indeed an^'^ matter 
 
 of great moment, a Kaffir generally sends for a " Dil" who is a sort of 
 hereditary prophet among them, and requires from him the oracular result ; on 
 these occasions the prophet seats himself mysteriously on the ground, 
 balancing a strong bow by the centre of the string between the fore-finger and 
 the thumb of both hands, placed close together, and calls on one of the deities 
 (but more especially Truskin) to declare what the result will be ; in about 
 quarter of an hour, should the bow oscillate in the direction of its length, the 
 answer is supposed to be propitious, but if sideways, the reverse. Should Tru- 
 skin not vouchsafe an answer, which is sometimes the case, another of the 
 deities is similarly applied to, the bystanders all the while throwing down 
 votive offerings before the Dil, for the god, to induce him to return 
 a favourable answer ; the Dil of course being the self-constituted purse- 
 bearer. 
 
 15. As the account of the religion of these tribes given by Mr. Elphinstone 
 somewhat differs from the above obtained by me from men of Trijuma and 
 Peh, I give it, he says. 
 
 " The religion does not resemble any otliur with which I am acquainted. 
 
 They believe in one god, whom the Kaffirs of 
 Mr. Elphinstone's account. - „- , -r-. 
 
 Kamdesh call Imra, and those of TsoUoi Dogan, 
 
 but they also worship numerous idols, which tliey say represent great men of 
 
 former days who intercede with god in favour of their worshippers. These idols 
 
 are of stone or wood, and always represent men or women, sometimes mounted 
 
 and sometimes on foot. Malla Najib had an opportunity of learning the arts 
 
 which obtain an entrance to the Kaffir Pantheon. In the public apartment of the 
 
 village of Kamdesh, was a high wooden pillar on which sat a figure with a 
 
 spear in one hand and a staff in the other. This idol represented tlie father 
 
 of one of the great men of the vilhige, who had erected it himself in his 
 
 lifetime, having purchased the privilege by giving several feasts to the whole 
 
 village ; nor was this the only instance of a man deified for sucli reasons, and 
 
 worshipped as much as any other of the gods. The Kaffirs appear indeed to 
 
 attach tlie utmost importance to the virtues of liberality and hospitality. It 
 
 is they which procure the easiest admission to their paradise, which they call 
 
 Bari-le-Bula, and the opposite vices are the most certain guides to Bari- 
 
 Daffiir-Bula, or hell." 
 
 16. When about to make a sacrifice to the gods, a Kaffir first takes water, 
 
 and pronouncing the name of the deity it is 
 Sacrifices. . ... 
 
 intended to pr(tpitiate, dashes a handful of it 
 
[ 118 ] 
 
 into the animal's ear, vvlien, if tlie victim shakes his head to get i id of the 
 water, it is supposed to be a sign that the sacrifice will be accepted, but if not 
 the animal is not killed. All cattle and sheep taken in battle with their 
 enemies are sacrificed to the gods and not one kept, while all arms, &c., 
 become the property of the captors. 
 
 17. These tribes are noted even among their Muhamraudan neighbours for 
 
 the faith with which they keep every compact 
 once entered into. A Kaffir before breaking a 
 truce, even when made for a stipulated time, invariably sends a brace of bullets 
 or arrows as a significant hint of his future intentions, but like most barbarous, 
 and some which consider themselves civilized, tribes, they consider any deceit 
 fair in love or war. This race looks upon hospitality as a sacred duty, and 
 when an old and intimate friend comes to a Kaffir's house, the host runs to 
 the flock and brings bis finest ram, which is killed, and a handful of the blood 
 sprinkled on the forehead of his guest, while the flesh is cooked for his dinner. 
 When a very celebrated character arrives in a village, the people turn out, 
 place him aloft on a charpai and dance about with him thus raised and 
 around him for two or three hours, with music and firing guns and pistols, 
 but these are honors seldom conferred ; perhaps once in ten or twelve 
 years. 
 
 18. Houses are usually built on the slope of a hill: the walls are formed of 
 
 stone, mud and wood fitted together, and rise 
 Houses. .,.,,. 
 
 two or three stones ni lieight, havujg under- 
 ground cellars for wine. The upper apartments are reached by stairs formed 
 of the trunks of three or four large trees, placed in a slanting direction, 
 side by side, having deep notches cut in them to answer the purpose of 
 steps. 
 
 19. Kaffir wines are of two classes, dark or light, according to the colour of 
 
 the grapes used in the manufacture, none but 
 W iiiGs 
 
 children are allowed by their laws of the land to 
 
 touch the vines before an appointed period, when the whole tribe set to work 
 and get in their vintage, this custom was adopted in order to ensure the 
 grapes being thoroughly ripe before they are made into wine, and secure its 
 being of the best quality. The fruit is trodden in a large wooden trough, 
 from which a small spout conducts the juice on to a grass sieve, placed over 
 the mouth of a large earthen or stone vat, in which the wine is allowed to 
 settle and ferment, the froth which rises being daily skimmed off. As soon 
 as the process of fermentation is over, the sediment is removed from the bottom 
 of the vat in wooden ladles, with the greatest care, to prevent tlie wine becom- 
 ing muddy, after which the mouth of the vat is closed with mud, and remains 
 
[ 119 ] 
 
 so for three or four months, when the wine is fit for use, but the longer it is 
 kept the more it is valued. When the whole of the wine has been used, 
 bread is soaked in the lees at the bottom of the vat, and in this shape forms 
 a recherche dish among Kaffirs. 
 
 20. In killing sheep for food, Kaffirs cut their throats by sticking the knife 
 
 through and cutting outwards ; bullocks are 
 Killing food. „,,,-, .,i i i -i 
 
 first knocked down with a pole-axe, and then 
 
 bled to death. Some of these tribes will not eat fowls owing to their alwaj-s 
 
 feeding on dungheaps, and consider them unclean, for which reason they are 
 
 scarce. 
 
 21. I cannot better describe the account of the Kaffirs given by themselves 
 than by extracting the following passage from Sir Alexander Burnes' Notes on 
 these tribes, which I have had corroborated by Faramosh Khan, a Kaflir slave 
 from Waigal, and General of the Troops of Sirdar Ghulam llydar Khan heir- 
 apparent of Cabul. 
 
 " In speaking of their nation, these tribes designate themselves as the 
 
 Muhanimadans do, Kaffirs, with which they 
 Kaffir account of themselves. 
 
 do not couple any oi)probnous meanmg, 
 
 though it implies infidel. They consider themselves descended from one 
 Kourhshye, and tlii-ir Muhammadan neighbours either corrupt the word, 
 or assign them a lineage from Koresh, one of the noblest of the tribes of 
 Arabia, to the language of which country they further state that of the 
 Kaffirs to be allied. Tliey have no distinctions of black and white Kaffirs 
 that I could hear of and one of my Kaffir informants assured me that his 
 tribe looked upon all as brothers who wore ringlets and drink wine. They 
 have no definite idea of the surrounding countries, Bajour and Kumar to 
 the south, being the limits of their geographical knowledge. They have no 
 books, nor is reading or writing knowri in the nation, so that they have no 
 recorded, traditions. Their country has many table-lands, some of which 
 extend for fifteen or twenty miles, and on these there are always villages. 
 Waigal and Kamdesh are on one of these plateaus. The winter is severe, but 
 in summer, grapes ripen in abundance. They do not appear to carry on any 
 combined operations against their neighbours, but they retaliate when an 
 invasion of their frontier takes place, and are very inveterate against the Mu- 
 hanimadans and give no quarter to captives. They possess great ability and 
 activity, qualities which their enemies accord to them, Muhammadans seldom 
 venture to enter their country as travellers, but Hindus go as mercliants and 
 beggars (fakirs) and are not ill-used. They are very fond of music and 
 dancing, but, as in eating, the men separate from the women, and the dance of 
 the one sex differs from that of the other. Both were exhibited to me : that 
 
[ 120 ] 
 
 of the men consists of three hops on one foot and leaps with both feet going' 
 round in a circle. They have a two-stringed instrument and a kind of drum 
 for music." 
 
 " The mode of life among the Kaffirs is described as social, since they 
 frequently assemble at each others houses, or under the trees which embosom 
 them, and have drinking parties. In winter they sit round a fire and talk of 
 their exploits. They drink from silver cups, trophies of their spoil in war. 
 Old and young of both sexes drink wine, and grape juice is given to children 
 at the breast. A Hindu who was present at a Kaffir's marriage informed me 
 that the bridegroom had his food given to him behind his back because he 
 had not killed a Muliammadan. 
 
 " Enmities frequently arise among them, but the most deadly feud may be 
 extinguished by one of the parties kissing the nipple of his antagonist's left 
 breast, as being typical of drinking the milk of friendship, the other party 
 then returns the compliment by kissing the suitor on the head, when they 
 become friends till deatli. The Kaffirs do not sell their children to Muham- 
 madans, though a man in distress, may sometimes dispose of his servant or 
 steal a neighbour's child and sell him." 
 
 22. Shakur, a Kaffir slave at Kandahar, related to me that when he 
 
 was taken, he had been enticed down by a pre- 
 Shakur Khan captive. i -i ,. • i ,. , • i t^t • i j 
 
 tended friend from his home at Waigai to a 
 
 border village near Chigar serai, on the pretence of some private business, 
 
 but on entering a house there, he suddenly found himself seized by a number 
 
 of Affghans who were concealed on the premises, was carried off by them 
 
 and forcibly converted to Muhammadanisin. 
 
 23. There has long been a feud between the tribes of Waigai and those of 
 
 Peh, and the inhabitants of these two districts are 
 "Pehduz." , . ... 
 
 constantly organising raids against each other, 
 
 which have resulted in Waigai being almost denuded of its flocks and herds. For, 
 while they have been exposed, the Peh tribe have constructed extensive subterra- 
 nean labyrinths, the passages of which are for the most part, only wide enough 
 for one person moving along at a time, into which they drive the sheep and 
 cattle on any signal of alarm being given, and when an enemy attempts to 
 follow them into these burrows he is sure to get bewildered, and by taking 
 wrong turnings exposes himself to attacks from all quarters. These caves are 
 known among the Kaffirs by the name of " Peh duz." 
 
 24. The general dress of these Kaffirs is made of tanned goats' skins, 
 
 cured with the hair on which circumstance has 
 Dress. 
 
 obtained, for these people the general name of 
 
 " Seah posh." In Peh, however, and some other districts, as well as among the 
 
[ 121 ] 
 
 riclier families, clotliing ia oftener made of a coarse woollen home-?pnn fabric. 
 Mr. Klphinstone saj's on this liead, " That Kaffirs in good circumstances and 
 those near the Affghans wear a shirt beneath their vest, and in summer the 
 shirt forms the whole of their dress, as it always does with the women. The 
 great do nut wear goat skins, but cotton cloth or black hair cloth, some also 
 wear the sort of white blanket, woven in the neighbouring country of Kashgar. 
 The blankets are put on like the Highland plaids, come down to near the knee, 
 and are fastened with a belt, they also wear cotton trowsers which, as well as their 
 shirts, are worked all over with flowers in red and black worsted. The trowsers 
 are slit at the bottom, so as to make a sort of frhige. They also wear 
 worsted stockings or perhaps worsted fillets rolled round their legs, and the 
 warriors wear half boots of white goat-skins. Mr. E. says that tliough ex- 
 asperated to fury by the persecutions of the Mumhammadans, the Kaffirs ai'e 
 in general a harmless, affectionate, and kind-hearted people. Though passion- 
 ate, they are easily appeased : they are merry, playful, fond of laughter, and 
 altogether of a sociable and joyous disposition." 
 
 25. While at Kandahar, I have taken considerable pains to get from 
 
 Kallirs any traditions which they may have ot 
 
 Oriizin of tliese tribes and .1 ■ • • i 1 1; ., 4.1 „«. <.i „ „,. . i-u 
 
 ., . p then- own ori<;m, and believe that they are noth- 
 
 tlieir lauguage. ° ' '' 
 
 ing more nor less than the aborigines of the 
 
 plain country, who refusing to change their religion on the advance of 
 
 ** Islam" were driven from the plain country by the Muhammadan fanatics 
 
 and took refuge in the inaccessible fastnesses of their present homes. For 
 
 they lay claim to the whole of AflTghanistan. And my endeavours to master 
 
 their language spoken in Trigania and Waigal (a vocabulary of which is to be 
 
 found at the end of this [laper) further strengtliens this idea from the evident 
 
 Sanskrit root ofmany of the words. Mr. El[)hin- 
 Mr. Elphinstone's account. 
 
 stone says, " Ihcre are several languages among 
 
 the Kaffirs, but tliey have all many words in common, and all have a near 
 
 connexion with the Sanskrit. They have all one peculiarity, which is that they 
 
 count by scores instead of hundreds, that their thousand (which they call by 
 
 a Persian and Pushtu name) consists of four hundred or twenty score. All 
 
 these observations apply also to the Lughmani or Dogani language, which 
 
 seems to be a Kaffir dialect, and gives reason to suppose the Lugiimanis 
 
 Uoganis to be Kaffirs converted to the Muhammadan religion. 1 imagine the 
 
 inhabitants of the Kohistan of Cabul to have the same origin, particularly as ^ 
 
 tlie name of Kohistani is that applied to all the lately converted Kalfirs. This j 
 
 derivation of their language seems fatal to the descent of the Kallirs from the 
 
 Greeks, and their traditions do not furnish us with any distinct account of their 
 
 i origin." 
 
i T22 ] 
 
 2G. When a Kaffir has killed five Muliammadans, he is considered a brave 
 
 __ , man (Bahadur) and when he can make the num- 
 
 A Heroe s monument or dal. ..... 
 
 ber up to sixty, he is entitled to set up a squared 
 
 pole with the figure of himself (sometimes only a head, at others a whole 
 
 figure or even the man on horseback) carved on the top of it, close to hia 
 
 village, and a peg of wood is put through the pole alternately from either 
 
 side, for every man he has killed; this monument is called a " dal," but, as 
 
 may readily be supposed, tliere are not very many of them. In the whole 
 
 Waigal district thei'e is only one, which stands on the bank of the river and 
 
 is in memory of one Janik. 
 
 27. Kaffir slaves are greatly sought after by the AfPghans on account of 
 
 . , „ , . their known courage and fidelity, and the pre- 
 
 KaiBr slaves m Aiiglianistan. . . \ • ^ ■^ \ n i • 
 
 sent reigmng Barakzai family have all their 
 
 confidential body servants from these tribes, as well as young boys who attend 
 upon the females of their " harem ;" the price of a Kaffir boy is from 40 to 
 200 Co.'s Ks. Kaffir girls when caught are brought up by rich families as 
 slaves, and fetch so much per span in height, according to their looks ; a very 
 pretty one has been known to sell at 100 Rs. per span, or almost her weight 
 in silver. They are said to be exceedingly fair, but like Circassians and Geor- 
 gians are wanting in animation. These slaves are generally procured through 
 tlie agency of rascally Nimchas (half breeds) in the neighbourhood of Faraj- 
 ghan and Chigarsarai. Nothing but the dilliculty of the approaches to their 
 alpine fastnesses, and their own well known bravery, could have enabled these 
 tribes to remain so long independent, surrounded as they are on all sides by 
 a bigoted Muhammadan population, with whose chiefs, right is might and who 
 are ever on the watch for opportunities of adding to their power or for turning 
 a penny. 
 
 28. The two most practicable routes into Kaffiristan seem to be that from 
 Jalalabad up the banks of the Kunur river to Chigarsarai, described as being 
 in many places exceedingly difficult, with several kothals or steep ascents to 
 be crossed, only practicable for lightly laden mules, with commanding heights 
 towering over the road. The other route has been described by Lt. Leech 
 in his report to Government on the passes of tlie Hindu Kush ; it goes from 
 Cabul to Farajghan and then to Darban ; " This route was adopted by Mir 
 Taimur in his attack on the Kaffirs, which was made at the instigation of the 
 inhabitants of Anderab, who had suifered much from the tyranny of the 
 former. He mentions tlie difficulty of these passes to have been so great that 
 his army was obliged to wait till the snow froze at night ; when they marched 
 on it, and in the daytime halted, spreading blankets under the horses' feet 
 to prevent them sinking in the snow ; and that to enter the valley of Kaflir- 
 
[ 123 ] 
 
 istan, they were obliged to tlismouiit and send their horses back, and to ^lide 
 down the mountain, the Mir himself being let down by a rope. Several fine 
 horses were ruined in an attempt to be let down in a similar manner. Sueh 
 enterprises might have been undertaken by Taimur, but he appears to have 
 belonged to a very different breed from the rulers of Affghanistan and the 
 countries round Kaffiristan in the present day." 
 
 29. The following is the route from Jalalabad to Chighar serai, followed by 
 a force which went up as far as Dauai under the late Sirdar Muhammad Akbar 
 Khan in the summer of 1844. 
 
 From Jalalabad to Bizzabik, 12 j- miles, road passing Besut and through 
 the Tangi Takchi Darrah. liizzarik is a fort in the Darya-i-Xur valley. 
 
 Getampue. — 16 miles, over a difficult road along the bank of the river. 
 
 NuRGAL. — 18 miles. This is a ver}' tiresome march, all up and down the 
 whole way, cro!^sing spur after spur, and winding down to the bed of tl»e 
 stream again. From A'urgal a path leads into the rich valley of Kumar 
 which is said to be covered with forts and villages and well cultivated (on this 
 line the Kumar river is crossed at the village of Paltan by a bridge.) the 
 river is exceedingly rapid and deep. 
 
 Dari choki. — 20 miles. Another difficult march of much the same 
 nature as yesterday. 
 
 Narang. — 14 miles. Cross a kothal on which is a tower called Kotihi 
 buij and tiirough the village of Kotihi onto Narang. This is a considerable 
 place ; on the opposite bank of the river are two villages in the small valley 
 of Posh ad. 
 
 Chigar Sarai. — IG miles, Eoad comparatively level until reaching this 
 town, where a considerable hill has to be got over. Throusirh Harang, Kafil- 
 labs of laden mules occa,sionally pass from Bajur to Cabul in order to avoid 
 the country of the Gigeonis. They cross the range of mountains of which the 
 Kowghai mountain is a prominent peak, by the MuUakaud pass, to the north 
 of that snowy point, and coming down by Siraki and Donai, cross the river to 
 Isarang. 
 
 The total distance fronj Jalulabivd to Chigar sarai by this route would thus 
 be about 97 miles. 
 
 R 2 
 
[ 121 ] 
 
 A Vocabulary of tie Kaffir 
 
 Abandon, to, v. a. 
 
 Abate, to, v. n. 
 
 Abide, to, v. n. 
 
 Abiding, 
 
 Able, to be, v. n. 
 
 Abode, 
 
 Abolisb, to, V. a. 
 
 Above, 
 
 Abscess, 
 
 Abscond, to, 
 
 Absorb, to, 
 
 Abstain, to, 
 
 Abuse, 
 
 Accompany, to, 
 
 Accomplice, 
 
 Accord, 
 
 Account, to, 
 
 Acbe, to, 
 
 Acid, 
 
 Acquaintance, 
 
 Active, 
 
 Admonition, 
 
 Advance, to, 
 
 Adversity, 
 
 Afar, 
 
 Afraid, to be, 
 
 After, 
 
 Again, 
 
 Agree, to, 
 
 Agreement, 
 
 Ailment, 
 
 Alarm, 
 
 Aligbt, to, 
 
 Alike, 
 
 Alive, 
 
 All, 
 
 Language as spohen in Traieguma and 
 Waigul. 
 
 Utawen. 
 
 A'pilok beasen. 
 
 Utiassin, 
 
 Puta ben. 
 
 Ben. 
 
 Sbea, or imi. 
 
 Otaivi. 
 
 Phuwah. 
 
 Mdki. 
 
 Shenstachun. 
 
 Neien. 
 
 Sukkan. 
 
 Yarrabiin. 
 
 Yarra. 
 
 Sens. 
 
 Eaien, 
 
 Ddeas. 
 
 Chukurlussfi. 
 
 Pullaie. 
 
 Kukka. 
 
 Chuchawista. 
 
 Nislipren prutta. 
 
 Dungova. 
 
 Sudiiwa. 
 
 Wediin. 
 
 Putaken. 
 
 Aumga bar. 
 
 Boien. 
 
 Sirazen. 
 
 Numutchid. 
 
 Widiassa. 
 
 ITcbiin. 
 
 Epegbr. 
 
 Ginta. 
 
 Supriik. 
 
 I 
 
[ 125 ] 
 
 Allot, to, 
 
 Alone, 
 
 Also, 
 
 Alternately, 
 
 Amass, to. 
 
 Ancestors, 
 
 Anger, 
 
 Annoy, to. 
 
 Answer, to, 
 
 Ant, 
 
 Antagonist, 
 
 Antelope, 
 
 Antler, 
 
 Apart, 
 
 Appear, to, 
 
 Appearance, 
 
 Appease, to, 
 
 Appetite, 
 
 Applaud, to, 
 
 Apple, an, 
 
 Appoint, to. 
 
 Apprehend, to, 
 
 Apprize, to, 
 
 Approve, to. 
 
 Argue, to, 
 
 Arise, to, 
 
 Arm, the. 
 
 Armed, 
 
 Army, an. 
 
 Arrogance, 
 
 Arrow, 
 
 Artful, 
 
 Amour, 
 
 Ascertain, to, 
 
 Ashamed, 
 
 Ashamed, to be, 
 
 Ashes, 
 
 Ask, to, 
 
 Asleep, 
 
 Ass, an, 
 
 Muttechun. 
 Poken. 
 
 r. 
 
 Par-e-par. 
 
 Suprun or Elaw Kriiu. 
 
 Illutta. 
 
 tfrush. 
 
 Tingabun. 
 
 Muttreri. 
 
 Pimlik. 
 
 Puchunna. 
 
 Murrung. 
 
 Singh. 
 
 Poken. 
 
 Weango. 
 
 Kunassur. 
 
 Sirdawen. 
 
 Awutta. 
 
 Sawaschiin. 
 
 Pultah. 
 
 Preshe. 
 
 Dumawi. 
 
 Shidaun. 
 
 Biisazin, 
 
 Melenchiin. 
 
 Oshtiin. 
 
 Di'isht. 
 
 Duckra or Ire. 
 
 Kuttuki. 
 
 Eollubuliik. 
 
 Kan or Kain. 
 
 Chun. 
 
 Irak. 
 
 AViimun. 
 
 Lejarah. 
 
 Lejarah Beush. 
 
 Ain ba Palal. 
 
 Muthaun. 
 
 Proshwa. 
 
 Guddah. 
 
[ 1^6 ] 
 
 Assail, to, 
 Assault, an, 
 Assay, to. 
 Assemble, to, 
 Assent, to, 
 Assistance, 
 Assume, to, 
 Astonished, 
 Augment, to, 
 Aunt, an, 
 Autumn, 
 Awake, 
 Aware, 
 Awe, 
 Awkward, 
 Axe. 
 
 B. 
 Back, the, 
 Back, ach. 
 Bad, 
 Bag, 
 Bake, to, 
 Bald, 
 Bandage, 
 Bare, 
 Barefoot, 
 Bareheaded, 
 Bark (of a tree), 
 Barley, 
 
 Barren (as a woman), 
 Base, 
 
 Bashful, to be. 
 Bathe, to. 
 Battle, 
 
 Beak, (of a bird) 
 Beam, 
 Bear, a. 
 Beard, 
 Beat, to. 
 Beautiful, 
 
 Wi. 
 
 Sunneh. 
 
 Itachun. 
 
 Suprokat. 
 
 Oi Shaw. 
 
 Bostakhon. 
 
 Tup Tapich. 
 
 Hiran. 
 
 Etchu Kunin. 
 
 Muchai or Shuri. 
 
 Sari. 
 
 "Wejista. 
 
 Swieddi. 
 
 Widih. 
 
 Digellah. 
 
 Chavi. 
 
 Dukka. 
 
 Puttaken. 
 
 Ulrah. 
 
 Kuchok. 
 
 Puchiin. 
 
 Alliil. 
 
 Sutituplawi or dam, Mochutri. 
 
 Nagusta. 
 
 Kur nagusta. 
 
 Schaf nagusta. 
 
 Ostum ba cham. 
 
 Eu or zu. 
 
 Slieshista. 
 
 Ulrah. 
 
 Lajarubiin. 
 
 Oyanchiin. 
 
 Shiich. 
 
 Nashu. 
 
 Ula oshtum. 
 
 Berew. 
 
 Duh. 
 
 Wiun. 
 
 Gadistii. 
 
[ 127 ] 
 
 Bedstead, 
 
 Bee, a, 
 
 Befall, 
 
 Before, 
 
 Beg, to. 
 
 Beggar, a, 
 
 Begin, to, 
 
 Begone, interj. 
 
 Beguile, to, 
 
 Behind, 
 
 Believe, to, 
 
 Belly, 
 
 Beneath, 
 
 Bend, to. 
 
 Bent, (crooked) 
 
 Beside, (near) 
 
 Bft, 
 
 Betimes, 
 
 Betrothal, 
 
 Between, 
 
 Big, 
 
 Bind, to, 
 
 Bird, 
 
 Bit, (piece) 
 
 Bitch, a, 
 
 Bitter, 
 
 Blaclc, 
 
 Blacken, to, 
 
 Blacksmith, 
 
 Bleed, to, 
 
 Blemish, 
 
 Bhnd, 
 
 Blood, 
 
 Blow, to, 
 
 Board, 
 
 Boasting, 
 
 Body, the, 
 
 Boil, a, 
 
 Boil, to, 
 
 Bone, 
 
 Prunalit. 
 
 Michi ba mshok. 
 
 Bun. 
 
 Nuchtari. 
 
 Wichiia. 
 
 Dungovah. 
 
 Eichiin. 
 
 Pip sik. 
 
 Duttan. 
 
 Putari. 
 
 Priii chiin. 
 
 Kuto. 
 
 Un. 
 
 Attuklaini, 
 
 AttukuUa. 
 
 Yerra. 
 
 Dani. 
 
 Oestuk. 
 
 Aeliiin. 
 
 Mariu. 
 
 iruih. 
 
 Griintun. 
 
 Nigussa. 
 
 Pisriik. 
 
 Seun. 
 
 Charra. 
 
 Kacha. 
 
 Kacha kuiaiin. 
 
 Chinia kura. 
 
 Lai virsiin. 
 
 Ubrah. 
 
 Serah. 
 
 Lai. 
 
 Peun. 
 
 Du. 
 
 irilabullak. 
 
 Git. 
 
 Powah. 
 
 Assahiin. 
 
 Utti. 
 
[ 128 ] 
 
 Bore, to, 
 
 Both, 
 
 Bough, 
 
 Bow, a, 
 
 Bowl, a. 
 
 Bowstring, 
 
 Box, 
 
 Boy, 
 
 Brackish, (as water) 
 
 Brandish, to. 
 
 Brave, 
 
 Bravo ! 
 
 Bread, 
 
 Break, to, v. a., 
 
 Breathe, to, 
 
 Breed, 
 
 Bright, 
 
 Bring, 
 
 Bring forth, to, (young) 
 
 Broad, 
 
 Broken, 
 
 Broom, 
 
 Brotlier, 
 
 Brother-in-law, 
 
 Brush, to. 
 
 Browse, to, 
 
 Buffalo, 
 
 Bug, a. 
 
 Bull, a, 
 
 Bullet, 
 
 Bullock, 
 
 Bunch, 
 
 Bundle, a. 
 
 Burden, (a load) 
 
 Burn, to, V. a.. 
 
 Burst, to, V. n., 
 
 Bury, to. 
 
 Bush, a, 
 
 Business, 
 
 Butter, 
 
 Soichun. 
 
 Yanbiin. 
 
 Ostum ba dow. 
 
 Driin or Shingdrii. 
 
 Dumli. 
 
 Gochi or Shingdii. 
 
 Tawanek. 
 
 Dubhah. 
 
 Chukurlusta. 
 
 Arraraun. 
 
 Simrusfa. 
 
 Sabris. 
 
 Aujdi or Eu. 
 
 Sapuii. 
 
 Sa de saiin. 
 
 Duri. 
 
 Julliassa. 
 
 Awetissa. 
 
 Ziiin (animals), Uljajauu (women). 
 
 T/la slid. 
 
 Supi. 
 
 Drill. 
 
 Brah. 
 
 Wawai. 
 
 Tukaiin. 
 
 Churrjiiin. 
 
 Mesli e Gah. 
 
 Gozah. 
 
 Beaunah. 
 
 Pransewik. 
 
 Ga or Tiirran. 
 
 Mandukka. 
 
 Bah. 
 
 Batra. 
 
 Dishkuu or Dcshchun, v. n. 
 
 Ulattangun. 
 
 Kacluiwie. 
 
 Durah. 
 
 Koedun. 
 
 Uuuu. 
 
[ 129 ] 
 
 Butter-milk, 
 Buy, to, 
 
 C. 
 Ciijole, 
 Calamity, 
 Calculation, 
 Call, to. 
 Camel, 
 Canal, 
 Capital, 
 Careful, 
 Careless, 
 Cat, 
 
 Catch, to, 
 Cause, 
 Cave, 
 Cease, to. 
 Certainly, 
 Chaff, 
 Chair, 
 Cheat, 
 Clieese, 
 Chew the cud. 
 Chicken, 
 Chide, to, 
 Ciiief, 
 Child, 
 Childless, 
 Chin, 
 
 Choose, to. 
 Churn, to. 
 Churn, a. 
 Circular, 
 City, 
 Claim, 
 Clan, 
 Claw, • 
 Clean, 
 Clean, to, 
 Clever, 
 
 S 
 
 Wuschip. 
 Wechiiu. 
 
 Duttauii. 
 
 Kakuslah, 
 
 Gaiin. 
 
 Chaiteh. 
 
 I7kh. 
 
 Shuelau or Shuelaw. 
 
 Mai. 
 
 Kushilah. 
 
 Bearh. 
 
 Fishau. 
 
 Dame. 
 
 Kussii. 
 
 Shii. 
 
 Suraun. 
 
 Bai. 
 
 Euss. 
 
 Sliingncshai. 
 
 Kuttaniush. 
 
 Killi 
 
 Ashalwensli. 
 
 Kilkil ba kd. 
 
 Lijarakriin. 
 
 Ifla munush or Salauiaiiash. 
 
 Dublah (M.) Dubli (F.) 
 
 Kutshista. 
 
 Duhutti. 
 
 Bostazaun. 
 
 Nokiiwi. 
 
 Moka. 
 
 Punrostah. 
 
 Des. 
 
 Sochchtin. 
 
 Duri. 
 
 Chuputta. 
 
 Pak. 
 
 Pak krun. 
 
 Chuchilusta. 
 
[ i30 ] 
 
 Cloak, a, 
 
 Clod, a, 
 
 Close, to, 
 
 Cloth, 
 
 Clothes, 
 
 Clouds, 
 
 Club, 
 
 Coat, 
 
 Coax, to. 
 
 Cobbler, 
 
 Cock, 
 
 Coerce, to. 
 
 Cold, 
 
 Colour, 
 
 Comb, a. 
 
 Comb, ta, 
 
 Come, to, 
 
 Comfort, 
 
 Command, 
 
 Commit, 
 
 Compact, 
 
 Companion, 
 
 Complain, 
 
 Complete, to. 
 
 Complexion, 
 
 Comply, with. 
 
 Comprehend, to. 
 
 Compute, to, 
 
 Comrade, 
 
 Conceal, to. 
 
 Concern, (busiuess) 
 
 Confess, to, 
 
 Confront, "^'^ 
 
 Conjecture, 
 
 Conquer, 
 
 Conscience, 
 
 Consider, to, 
 
 Constitute, 
 
 Contented, 
 
 Converse, to. 
 
 Choka. 
 
 Pullal to kunna. 
 
 Pipsi. 
 
 Piitch or Kamis. 
 
 Chullapech. 
 
 Zerrah or M^yar. 
 
 Dun. 
 
 Kfivvesh. 
 
 Pucliaun. 
 
 Wazai, Epawall^. 
 
 Kiiku. 
 
 Akachandate. 
 
 Euz. 
 
 Peghr. 
 
 Prowan. 
 
 Prowan e chiin. 
 
 Eas. 
 
 Satwi, 
 
 Mut. 
 
 Prutta. 
 
 Melakrun, 
 
 Yarrah. 
 
 Chiiuchas. 
 
 Buri. 
 
 Kuunsissa. 
 
 Boiezean. 
 
 Purojam. 
 
 Guankun. 
 
 Yarrah. 
 
 Chunavvin. 
 
 Tokussu. 
 
 Povakunawin. 
 
 Moka muk kawin. 
 
 Zam. 
 
 Katbim. 
 
 Sukan. 
 
 Echakuri. 
 
 Sukin. 
 
 Surazavvi. 
 
 Sacunchigo. 
 
[ 131 ] 
 
 Convey, 
 
 Convoy, 
 
 Cook, to, 
 
 Cool, to. 
 
 Corner, 
 
 Corpe, a. 
 
 Corpulent, 
 
 Cost, 
 
 Cotton, 
 
 Cougli, to. 
 
 Cough, a, 
 
 Count, 
 
 Countenance, 
 
 Counterpane, 
 
 Country, 
 
 Cousin, 
 
 Cow, 
 
 Cowardly, 
 
 Crack, to, 
 
 Crack, a, 
 
 Craftiness, 
 
 Create, to. 
 
 Created, 
 
 Crooked, 
 
 Cross, to. 
 
 Crow, 
 
 Cry, a. 
 
 Cry, to. 
 
 Cultivate, to. 
 
 Cunning, 
 
 Curds, 
 
 Cure, to, 
 
 Cup, 
 
 Curl, 
 
 Custom, 
 
 Cut, to. 
 
 Cut, (wounded) 
 
 D. 
 Dagger, 
 Daily, 
 
 s 2 
 
 vjruroge;iz. 
 
 Skomelago. 
 
 Puehawin. 
 
 Cliillawin. 
 
 Kunj. 
 
 Mosta. 
 
 Krulussa. 
 
 Mdl. 
 
 Poch or Pochi. 
 
 Kase chan. 
 
 Kassa. 
 
 Giin. 
 
 Muk. 
 
 Brustun. 
 
 Kullatur. 
 
 Goieta or Istri taw. 
 
 Masliilah. 
 
 Ulaliu or LTJul. 
 
 Spangoslii. 
 
 Leha. 
 
 Luttaiin. 
 
 Lutti. 
 
 Ullulla or Attukulla. 
 
 Juriin. 
 
 Wucl.yi. 
 
 Chah. 
 
 Cliaheclum. 
 
 Kukaehu. 
 
 Dotullah. 
 
 Truh. 
 
 BoibuQ. 
 
 Dumbi. 
 
 Chuuk. 
 
 Edat. 
 
 Saniin. 
 
 Cliiiba. 
 
 Kuttural). 
 WasuassuQ. 
 
[ 132 ] 
 
 Dance, to, 
 
 Danger, 
 
 Dark, 
 
 Daughter, 
 
 Daunt, to, 
 
 Day, 
 
 Dead, 
 
 Deaf, 
 
 Dearth, 
 
 Death, 
 
 Debate, 
 
 Debt, 
 
 Debtor, 
 
 Decrepit, 
 
 Deer, 
 
 Defect, 
 
 Defend, 
 
 Delay, 
 
 Delicate, 
 
 Delighted, to be. 
 
 Deliver, (to save) 
 
 Depart, to, 
 
 Descend, to. 
 
 Descendants, 
 
 Desert, a. 
 
 Desert, (as a soldier 
 
 Regiment) 
 Desire, to. 
 Desert, or Abandon, 
 Despicable, 
 Detain, to, 
 Detect, to, 
 DifFei'ent, 
 Difficult, 
 Dig, to, 
 Diminish, to. 
 Dip, to. 
 Direction, 
 Directly, 
 Dirt. 
 
 from 
 
 Nachiin. 
 
 Widik. 
 
 Tramacha. 
 
 Dubli. 
 
 Widikaun, 
 
 Gar ash. 
 
 Muvvn. 
 
 Boah. 
 
 Apilok. 
 
 Moviid. 
 
 Eattun, Melaechiin. 
 
 Dani. 
 
 Danibiin. 
 
 Chechiluttah, 
 
 Marang. 
 
 Abura. 
 
 Sumatun. 
 
 Puttubiin. 
 
 Simlistah. 
 
 Shahteun. 
 
 Sumcitaun. 
 
 Chu-iin. 
 
 U'achun. 
 
 Zugga. 
 
 Giil or Ghotad^. 
 
 Miikun. 
 
 Wachiin. 
 
 Utavven. 
 
 Ubrah. 
 
 Puttaban. 
 
 Purrajun. 
 
 Orunga. 
 
 Ivukah. 
 
 Kucluiun. 
 
 Apriikchun. 
 
 Unachun. 
 
 Ken. 
 
 Emullf. 
 
 Wavvo. 
 
[ 133 ] 
 
 Dirty, 
 
 Disclose, to, 
 
 Discontent, 
 
 Disease, 
 
 Disgrace, 
 
 Disguise, to, 
 
 Dismiss, to, 
 
 Dismount, to, 
 
 Disobedient, to be, 
 
 Dispel, to. 
 
 Displeasure, 
 
 Disposition, 
 
 Dispute, 
 
 Dissolve, to, 
 
 Distance, 
 
 Distant, 
 
 Distinct, 
 
 Distinguish, to, (recognize), 
 
 Distressed, (he was) 
 
 Distressed, to be, 
 
 Distribute, to, 
 
 Ditto, to, 
 
 Dog, 
 
 Door, 
 
 Doubt, 
 
 Down adv. 
 
 Duze, 
 
 Draw, to. 
 
 Dread, 
 
 Dread, to. 
 
 Dream, to, 
 
 Dress, to, 
 
 Drink, 
 
 Drive away, to, 
 
 Drop, a, 
 
 Drove, 
 
 Drunk, 
 
 Drunk, to be, 
 
 Dry, 
 
 Piy, to, 
 
 Negh, 
 
 Waun. 
 
 Tengawan. 
 
 Namachabu. 
 
 Wutchlants. 
 
 Arraraun. 
 
 Ottaun, 
 
 Uachun. 
 
 Mella na oechiiu. 
 
 Pissaun. 
 
 Haush. 
 
 Buah. 
 
 Shuch. 
 
 Willan. 
 
 Kitti. 
 
 Siidii. 
 
 Poken. 
 
 Zaun. 
 
 Chotanwah. 
 
 Chetanbun. 
 
 INIutti chuu. 
 
 Echiin. 
 
 T*iin. 
 
 Dii. 
 
 Bukemalias. 
 
 l/en. 
 
 Proshtchun. 
 
 Taun. 
 
 AVedik. 
 
 Wedikaiin. 
 
 Proshwaiin. 
 
 Amachun. 
 
 Peiin. 
 
 Dikaiin. 
 
 Epa, to drop, Sussuu. 
 
 Palle. 
 
 Beah. 
 
 Beahbun. 
 
 Sheshinslali. 
 
 Shechaun. 
 
[ 134 ] 
 
 Duck, a, 
 
 Zik. 
 
 Dumb, 
 
 Buah. 
 
 Dust, 
 
 Pussolahudu. 
 
 Dwell, to. 
 
 Teamish. 
 
 E. 
 
 
 Each, 
 
 Ek ek. 
 
 Ear, 
 
 Kar. 
 
 Ear, an, (of corn) 
 
 Eumka. 
 
 Early, 
 
 Uropuk. 
 
 Earn, to, 
 
 Push pall Luttaun. 
 
 Eartli, 
 
 Pullal. 
 
 Earthquake, 
 
 Chum or Chumme 
 
 East, 
 
 Soi Ken. 
 
 Eat, to, 
 
 Zeum. 
 
 Edge, 
 
 Ken. 
 
 Effects, 
 
 Mai. 
 
 ^SS, 
 
 Eow. 
 
 Eight, 
 
 l/st or Seht, 
 
 Eighteen, 
 
 Elash. 
 
 Eighth, the, 
 
 LTstum. 
 
 Either, 
 
 Eah. 
 
 Elapse, 
 
 Peturriin. 
 
 Elbow, the, 
 
 Ayah. 
 
 Elder, (senior) 
 
 Deshleun. 
 
 Eleven, 
 
 Zash. 
 
 Eleventh, 
 
 Zashm, 
 
 Elongate, 
 
 Driglachun. 
 
 Eighty, 
 
 Chatawasi. 
 
 Elsewhere, 
 
 Oumgalaw. 
 
 Employment, 
 
 Koridum. 
 
 Empty, 
 
 Suuh. 
 
 Enamoured, 
 
 Pakiin. 
 
 Enclose, or encompass. 
 
 Arrariin. 
 
 Encourage, 
 
 Emaboah tabiin. 
 
 End, 
 
 Puttiin. 
 
 Enemy, an. 
 
 Pachanah. 
 
 Enmity, 
 
 Sochwen. 
 
 Enough, 
 
 J3au. 
 
 Enquiry, 
 
 Kodaun. 
 
 Entangled, 
 
 Damagum. 
 
 
[ 135 ] 
 
 Entire, 
 
 Entrails, 
 
 Equal, 
 
 Equalize, to, 
 
 Erelong, (soon) 
 
 Erect, 
 
 Error, 
 
 Escape, to, 
 
 Escort, 
 
 Estimate, 
 
 Evening, 
 
 Every, 
 
 Everywhere, 
 
 Evil, 
 
 Ever, 
 
 Example, 
 
 Exceedingly, 
 
 Excellent, 
 
 Exchange, 
 
 Excuse, 
 
 Executioner, 
 
 Execute, to, (put to doatli) 
 
 Exert, (one's self) 
 
 Expectation, 
 
 Expel, to. 
 
 Expend, to. 
 
 Expensive, 
 
 Explain, to, 
 
 Explode, to, 
 
 Extent, 
 
 Extricate, 
 
 Extinguish, to, 
 
 Eye, the. 
 
 Eye-brow, 
 
 Eye-lash, 
 
 F. 
 Pace, 
 
 Face-to-face, 
 Faculty, 
 Faint, to, 
 
 Sapriik. 
 
 J hew. 
 
 Barabar. 
 
 Barabar echiin. 
 
 Eneri. 
 
 Utenishtah. 
 
 Ubrah. 
 
 Mokun. 
 
 Dungawi. 
 
 Gaun. 
 
 Awazas hekh. 
 
 Ekek ekek. 
 
 Akunieo. 
 
 Ubrah. 
 
 Jhuiii. 
 
 Seddt. 
 
 Echu. 
 
 Bostah. 
 
 Nemal. 
 
 Echuzari. 
 
 Jdinlah Maudsb. 
 
 Jain chiin. 
 
 Kat chiin. 
 
 Prash Butariu. 
 
 Siidii euk. 
 
 Suehdiin. 
 
 Echu kukka. 
 
 Paun. 
 
 Uin. 
 
 Vritti. 
 
 Surraiin. 
 
 Jeiin. 
 
 Achi. 
 
 Achinshai. 
 
 Piitiik. 
 
 Mukh. 
 
 Miikh-a-mukh. 
 Jicliich. 
 Clietta buD. 
 
[ 136 ] 
 
 Fair, 
 
 Kushurah, 
 
 Fall, to, 
 
 U'suruUin. 
 
 Fallen, 
 
 Miringistah. 
 
 Fallow, 
 
 Gul. 
 
 False, 
 
 Laolulti. 
 
 Family, 
 
 A'man. 
 
 Famine, 
 
 Welaisutter. 
 
 Fan, 
 
 Pakkah. 
 
 Far, 
 
 Sodii. 
 
 Fast, (as a horse) 
 
 . ~ Sunulussa. 
 
 Fast, a, 
 
 Omjjah. 
 
 Fasten, 
 
 Grontiin, 
 
 Fat, adj. 
 
 BuUawiih. 
 
 Fat, of meat, 
 
 Sikiih. 
 
 Fate, 
 
 IVasib. 
 
 Father, 
 
 Fa ra or Falla. 
 
 Fatigue, 
 
 Krussuri. 
 
 Fatte-n, 
 
 BuUawuh chun. 
 
 Faultless, 
 
 A sin. 
 
 Fear, 
 
 Wedik. 
 
 Fear, to, 
 
 Wediliaiin. 
 
 Fearlessly, 
 
 Newedias. 
 
 Feast, a. 
 
 Wedeshah. 
 
 Feather, 
 
 Putai. 
 
 Fee, 
 
 Shtik kah paun 
 
 Feeble, 
 
 Kat nudustah. 
 
 Feed, to, 
 
 Zenun. 
 
 Feign, to, 
 
 Laiehiin. 
 
 Felt, 
 
 Islah. 
 
 Female, (animal) 
 
 Ishtri kishli. 
 
 Ferry, 
 
 Petuuui. 
 
 Fetch, to. 
 
 Aun. 
 
 Felter 
 
 Jingir, 
 
 Feud, 
 
 Pucbnurrah. 
 
 Fever, 
 
 Teiah. 
 
 Few, 
 
 Apelok apelok- 
 
 Field, 
 
 Tol. 
 
 Fiend, 
 
 Papenah. 
 
 Fifteen, 
 
 Cbadesb. 
 
 Fifty, 
 
 Dowesbi dosh. 
 
 I 
 
[ 137 ] 
 
 Fig, 
 
 Kumith. 
 
 Fight, 
 
 Soch. 
 
 Fight, to, 
 
 Sochun. 
 
 Fill, to, 
 
 Burah diit pure 
 
 Finally, 
 
 Puttum. 
 
 Fine, 
 
 Sumlustah. 
 
 Finger, 
 
 Ungii or Azua. 
 
 Finish, 
 
 Bull. 
 
 Fire, 
 
 Ain or Ai. 
 
 Firelock, 
 
 Topuk. 
 
 Firm, 
 
 Kukah. 
 
 First, 
 
 Nushtari. 
 
 Fish, 
 
 Musha. 
 
 Fist, 
 
 Musht. 
 
 Five, 
 
 Flinch. 
 
 Fix, 
 
 Dungjiiin.. 
 
 Flame, (of a fire) 
 
 Shuttah. 
 
 Flat, 
 
 Barabar. 
 
 Flea, a, 
 
 Prunch. 
 
 Flee, to, 
 
 jMiikun. 
 
 Fleece, 
 
 Wuruk. 
 
 Flesh, 
 
 Unudli. 
 
 Flint, 
 
 Ain paier Diu. 
 
 Flock, 
 
 Pali. 
 
 Flour, 
 
 Braf. 
 
 Flow, to, 
 
 Chu un. 
 
 Flower, a. 
 
 Push. 
 
 Flurry, to, 
 
 Wedikailn. 
 
 Fly, to, (as a bird) 
 
 Puttai wendh. 
 
 Fly, a. 
 
 Mushuck. 
 
 Flash, a, 
 
 Prubiii. 
 
 Foam, 
 
 Shala A chun. 
 
 Fodder, 
 
 Fis. 
 
 Follow, to, 
 
 Puttari bda. 
 
 Food, 
 
 Enun. 
 
 Foot, 
 
 Kor. 
 
 Forbid, to. 
 
 Nowtaien. 
 
 Force, 
 
 Kilt. 
 
 Forcibly, 
 
 Kat a uiilli. 
 
 Ford, a, 
 
 Pitartjn taw. 
 
 T 
 
 
[ 138 ] 
 
 Forefathers, 
 
 Forehead, 
 
 Foreign, 
 
 Foremost, 
 
 Forest, a, 
 
 Forget, to, 
 
 Forgive, 
 
 From, to. 
 
 Former, 
 
 Forsake, to, 
 
 Foot, 
 
 Forthwith, 
 
 Forty, 
 
 Four, 
 
 Found, 
 
 Fountain, 
 
 Fourteen, 
 
 Fowl, 
 
 Fox, a, 
 
 Fraud, 
 
 Free, 
 
 Friend, 
 
 Friendship, 
 
 Frighten, to, 
 
 Frog, a, 
 
 Frost, 
 
 Fruit, 
 
 Fry, to. 
 
 Fugitive, 
 
 Full, 
 
 Fur, 
 
 Funeral. 
 
 Garment, 
 
 Gather, to, 
 
 General, 
 
 Generation, 
 
 Gently, 
 
 Genuine, 
 
 Get, 
 
 G. 
 
 Tala-e-lultah. 
 
 Tulliik ro Taluk. 
 
 Orungah. 
 
 Mishtarl. 
 
 Dahpeti. 
 
 Pramushtun. 
 
 irtai. 
 
 Surazaiin. 
 
 Nushtalli. 
 
 Utavvi. 
 
 Kullah. 
 
 Enari. 
 
 Doweshi. 
 
 Chutta. 
 
 Luttaiinhun. 
 
 Surdurrah. 
 
 Trdnsh. 
 
 Cukun. 
 
 Lawasha. 
 
 Dutaiin. 
 
 Surazawi. 
 
 Soli. 
 
 Soli biiu. 
 
 Wedaun. 
 
 Aromokek. 
 
 Zeus. 
 
 Deraz. 
 
 Puchaun. 
 
 Mukauuchas. 
 
 Burri. 
 
 Kench. 
 
 Tavvauik. 
 
 Chullapech. 
 
 Tnikaiin. 
 
 Ulla munus. 
 
 Durri. 
 
 Astak. 
 
 Seall. 
 
 Luttua. 
 
[ 139 ] 
 
 Get up, to, 
 
 Ghee, (clarified butter) 
 
 Gibber, 
 
 Gift, 
 
 Girl, 
 
 Give, to, 
 
 Glad, 
 
 Glitter, to, 
 
 Glove, 
 
 Go, 
 
 Goat, a, 
 
 Goat, (the wild) 
 
 Goblet, 
 
 God, 
 
 God forbid, 
 
 God knows. 
 
 Gold, 
 
 Good, 
 
 Goose, 
 
 Governor, 
 
 Grain, 
 
 Granddaughter, 
 
 Grandfather, 
 
 Grandmother, 
 
 Grandson, 
 
 Grape, 
 
 Grass, 
 
 Gratis, 
 
 Grave, 
 
 Graveyard, 
 
 Gray, 
 
 Graze, 
 
 Grease, to. 
 
 Great, 
 
 Green, 
 
 Grief, 
 
 Grine, 
 
 Grind, 
 
 Grindstone, 
 
 Gripes, 
 
 T 2 
 
 Ushtun. 
 
 Unuu. 
 
 Tilaon. 
 
 Prutu. 
 
 Dubbulli. 
 
 Pruttun. 
 
 Satias or Melessah. 
 
 PuUakun. 
 
 Dosht punnii. 
 
 Chiin. 
 
 Wussoi, 
 
 Sew. 
 
 Wovai. 
 
 Dogan. 
 
 Dogan Nech&bii. 
 
 Dogan Piassa. 
 
 Sun or Sone. 
 
 Bostah. 
 
 Auni. 
 
 Multalcan Wai. 
 
 Unn. 
 
 Nawahsi. 
 
 Elutta. 
 
 Ellai. 
 
 Nawdh. 
 
 Drass. 
 
 Eniis. 
 
 Edah. 
 
 Davvat. 
 
 Jyamtah. 
 
 Xushurah. 
 
 Cherraua. 
 
 Sipaiin. 
 
 U'llah. 
 
 Pullishta or Zuz. 
 
 Chitan. 
 
 Chitan chiia. 
 
 Pissiin. 
 
 Zeonpisso. 
 
 Shaulaw. 
 
[ UO ] 
 
 Ground, 
 
 Bhum. 
 
 Grove, a, (as of trees) 
 
 Chokajullah, or Bun. 
 
 Guess, 
 
 Binniah. 
 
 Guest, 
 
 Widesha. 
 
 Guide, a, 
 
 Zumastah. 
 
 Guitar, 
 
 Wans. 
 
 Gum, 
 
 Joe, 
 
 Gun, 
 
 Topak. 
 
 Gunpowder, 
 
 Ushai. 
 
 Gunsmith, 
 
 Chinnakurrah. 
 
 H. 
 
 
 Hail, 
 
 Usshen. 
 
 Hair, 
 
 Chok or Kens. 
 
 Half, 
 
 Emullah. 
 
 Halve, to, 
 
 Eniulla chiin. 
 
 Hammer, to. 
 
 Tuckaun. 
 
 Hand, 
 
 Dosht, or chapal pain 
 
 Handful, 
 
 Emut. 
 
 Handle, a, 
 
 Mut. 
 
 Handsome, 
 
 Gadistah. 
 
 Happen, 
 
 Bun. 
 
 Happy, 
 
 Sail. 
 
 Hard, 
 
 Kukkdh. 
 
 Hare, 
 
 Soce. 
 
 Haste, to, 
 
 Suppkurrvvin. 
 
 Hatred, 
 
 Puchunnah. 
 
 Hawk, 
 
 Pagi, Wurna. 
 
 Head, 
 
 Shai. 
 
 Healthy, 
 
 Sarra Biiin. 
 
 Heap, 
 
 Kiit. 
 
 Hear, to, 
 
 Priinslah. 
 
 Heart, 
 
 Zi'i or Zudrusan. 
 
 Hearth, 
 
 Ivorah. 
 
 Heat, 
 
 Tuppi. 
 
 Heat, to, 
 
 Tuppiehun. 
 
 Heavy, 
 
 Galah. 
 
 Heel, 
 
 Kuttawa. 
 
 Heifer, 
 
 Asluinliih. 
 
 Heir, 
 
 Naislah. 
 
 Helpless, 
 
 Tiiigah. 
 
[ HI ] 
 
 Hemp, 
 
 Henceforth, 
 
 Heuna, 
 
 Herbage, 
 
 Here, 
 
 Heretofore, 
 
 Hid, or Hidden, 
 
 Hide, 
 
 High, 
 
 Hill, a, 
 
 Hillock, 
 
 Hire, to, 
 
 Hire, 
 
 Hold, to, 
 
 Hole, 
 
 Home, 
 
 Honest, 
 
 Honey, 
 
 Hoof, 
 
 Hope, 
 
 Horn, 
 
 Horm^t, 
 
 Horse, 
 
 Horseman, 
 
 Hot, 
 
 House, 
 
 How, 
 
 However, 
 
 However many, 
 
 How long. 
 
 Humbug, to. 
 
 Humbugged, 
 
 Humility, 
 
 Hundred, 
 
 Hunger, 
 
 Husband, 
 
 Husk, 
 
 I. 
 
 1, 
 Ice, 
 
 Bompai. 
 
 Enareput. 
 
 Dojawaiin. 
 
 Eus. 
 
 Atteu. 
 
 Nusshlek. 
 
 Chiinah. 
 
 Cliiinawihun. 
 
 mniah. 
 
 Dah. 
 
 Duk. 
 
 Shantchun. 
 
 Shiint. 
 
 Dummun. 
 
 Dus. 
 
 Ammah. 
 
 Poramatrun. 
 
 Mechy. 
 
 Bakhiirah. 
 
 Batera. 
 
 Singh. 
 
 Bumah. 
 
 Goah. 
 
 Goah nishasta. 
 
 Tuppi. 
 
 A'unna. 
 
 K Unas tab. 
 
 Edadba. 
 
 Kus be chit. 
 
 Kuinosht. 
 
 Dotunchun. 
 
 Dotawin. 
 
 Dungorahbu. 
 
 Ponchwisi. 
 
 Uwutta. 
 
 Mach. 
 
 Liis. 
 
 Ye. 
 
 Shin or A'chama. 
 
[ 142 ] 
 
 Identifj, 
 
 ZMn. 
 
 Idiot, 
 
 Beah. 
 
 Idle, 
 
 Jegalustah. 
 
 Ignominy, 
 
 Attaruh. 
 
 Ignorance, 
 
 Nassaillah. 
 
 III, 
 
 Namuchwah. 
 
 Illness, 
 
 Namuchabun. 
 
 Immediatelj, 
 
 Eneri. 
 
 Immersed, 
 
 Akkoi. 
 
 Implements, 
 
 Dumleh Kuttaf. 
 
 Impossibility, 
 
 Metanabiin. 
 
 Impression, 
 
 Bunduchiin. 
 
 Improper, 
 
 Utturrahken. 
 
 Inclined, 
 
 Wechun. 
 
 Inconvenienced, 
 
 Umlawi. 
 
 Increase, 
 
 Echui. 
 
 Increase, to. 
 
 Echuchun. 
 
 Indebted, 
 
 Denabosta. 
 
 Indioro, 
 
 Nil. 
 
 Indubitably, 
 
 Doven. 
 
 Industrious, 
 
 Koiedub chillah. 
 
 Infant, 
 
 Junna munna. 
 
 Inferior, 
 
 VVishtuk. 
 
 Infidel, 
 
 Sutterah. 
 
 Infirm, 
 
 Akilttah. 
 
 Inform, to, 
 
 Sudichiin. 
 
 Informed of, 
 
 Sudevvuni. 
 
 Inhabit, to, 
 
 Puttabun or TJttlbun 
 
 Inhabited, 
 
 Puttabusta. 
 
 Injure, to. 
 
 Malpussaun. 
 
 Ink, 
 
 Kachl 
 
 Innocent, 
 
 Ubburoh no kunstaii. 
 
 Inquire, to. 
 
 Kudaiin. 
 
 Insect, 
 
 Gowuk. 
 
 Insert, to. 
 
 Uttenchun. 
 
 Inside, 
 
 Uttraken. 
 
 Instance, for. 
 
 Sedat. 
 
 Instantaneously, 
 
 Enari. 
 
 Instead, 
 
 Wepuschi. 
 
 Instruct, to, 
 
 Pa<in. 
 
[ 143 ] 
 
 Instrument, 
 
 Bunkiin. 
 
 lusulb, 
 
 Abruk Kurawi Emalli. 
 
 Intellectual, 
 
 Kushillah. 
 
 Intention, 
 
 Edat. 
 
 Interest, 
 
 Yean. 
 
 Interrogate, to. 
 
 Vindaun. 
 
 Interview, 
 
 "Wida. 
 
 Intestines, 
 
 Kauuka. 
 
 Intimidate, to, 
 
 Wedaiin. 
 
 Invent, to. 
 
 Surazdun. 
 
 Invert, to, 
 
 Asbiataun. 
 
 Invented, 
 
 Asbiah. 
 
 Investigate, to. 
 
 Puvencbua. 
 
 Invite, to. 
 
 Saicbiiu. 
 
 Involuntarily, 
 
 NabenuUah. 
 
 Iron, 
 
 Cbimarb. 
 
 Itch, to. 
 
 Kucbaiiu. 
 
 J. 
 
 
 Jackal, 
 
 Lawastra. 
 
 Jar, 
 
 Sba. 
 
 Jaundice, 
 
 Pucblalu. 
 
 Jaw, 
 
 Deatti. 
 
 Jest, a, 
 
 Miisb. 
 
 Jewels, 
 
 Pucbpah. 
 
 Jeweller, a, 
 
 LTwakurrab. 
 
 Join, to, 
 
 Eawchiin. 
 
 Joint, 
 
 Urrow. 
 
 Joke, 
 
 Mush. 
 
 Journey, 
 
 Wedesh. 
 
 Joyful, 
 
 Sbabii. 
 
 Judge, 
 
 Deal. 
 
 Jug, 
 
 Sbeah. 
 
 Juice, 
 
 Udii. 
 
 Jump, to, 
 
 Plpabun. 
 
 Joy, 
 
 Sbahteun. 
 
 K. 
 
 
 Keep, to, 
 
 Sumatun. 
 
 Kick, 
 
 Koteb wi zean. 
 
 Kid, 
 
 Prabuiah. 
 
 Kill, to, 
 
 Jiun. 
 
Kind, (sort) 
 Kindness, 
 Kindle, 
 Kindled, 
 Kinsfolk, 
 Knee, 
 Knife, 
 Knock, to, 
 Knot, a, 
 Know, to. 
 Known, 
 
 L. 
 Labour, 
 Lad, 
 Ladder, 
 Lamb, 
 Lame, 
 Lamp, 
 Land, 
 Lane, 
 Language, 
 Lap, 
 Large, 
 Last, 
 Last, 
 Late, 
 
 Laugh, to. 
 Laughing, 
 Law, 
 
 Lay down. 
 Lead, 
 Leaf, 
 Leak, to, 
 Lean, 
 Leap, to. 
 Learn, to, 
 Learned, 
 Least, 
 Leather, 
 Leave, (of absence) 
 
 [ 14-1 ] 
 
 Kanastah. 
 
 Narchu, 
 
 Ean duttdn. 
 
 Ean Salah. 
 
 Tuttaburrah, or zawar. 
 
 Zuko. 
 
 Kuttai. 
 
 Kuttaiin. 
 
 Ooi'un. 
 
 Purrasun. 
 Sudi. 
 
 Kiiidum. 
 
 Dublah. 
 
 Tru. 
 
 Chullah. 
 
 Kiitah. 
 
 Luppa. 
 
 Bhiim. 
 
 Gdld. 
 
 Allah. 
 
 Dummun. 
 
 UUih. 
 
 Puttari. 
 
 Destaubun. 
 
 Cheraw. 
 
 Kunniinchun. 
 
 Kunnun. 
 
 Lachun. 
 
 Priist chiin. 
 
 Sik. 
 
 Piith. 
 
 Sasun. 
 
 Untukullah, 
 
 Pepalun. 
 
 Zamabun. 
 
 Kushullah. 
 
 Wastuk. 
 
 Guchf. 
 
 Muthiin. 
 
[ 145 ] 
 
 Leave, to, 
 
 Left, (opposite to right) 
 
 Leisure, at, 
 
 Lend, to, 
 
 Length, 
 
 Leopard, 
 
 Lessen, to, 
 
 Lessen, a. 
 
 Level, to. 
 
 Level, 
 
 Liar, a. 
 
 Liberal, 
 
 Lick, to, 
 
 Lie, a. 
 
 Life, 
 
 Lift, to. 
 
 Lie down, 
 
 Li<^ht, (not dark) 
 
 Light, (not heavy) 
 
 Lightning, 
 
 Like, 
 
 Like, to, (approve) 
 
 Likewise, 
 
 Limbs, (of a man «fcc.) 
 
 Lime, a. 
 
 Lip, 
 
 Listen, to. 
 
 Little, 
 
 Living, (alive) 
 
 Load, a. 
 
 Load, to, 
 
 Loaf, a, 
 
 Loan, 
 
 Lodge, to, 
 
 Lofty, 
 
 Loins, 
 
 Long, 
 
 L ok out, to, 
 
 Loose, (not tight) 
 u 
 
 U'tawi. 
 
 Kowriah. 
 
 Puniir, 
 
 Arraiin. 
 
 Dunniprun. 
 
 Drigilla. 
 
 Junt. 
 
 Apeliikchun. 
 
 PuttC muttrdn. 
 
 Govalla e chiiu. 
 
 Govallah. 
 
 Dotunnah Manus. 
 
 Banu, or Prallah. 
 
 Suttiin. 
 
 Dotti. 
 
 Jiula bun. 
 
 LHchun. 
 
 Nurragun. 
 
 Weaus. 
 
 Ullullstah. 
 
 Popelus, Proboi, PuUak. 
 
 Sechit. 
 
 Poizaiin. 
 
 Urn. 
 
 Arroh. 
 
 Leh. 
 
 l/sht. 
 
 Pioustahun. 
 
 Wustiik. 
 
 Jaintah. 
 
 Bah. 
 
 Bahehun. 
 
 Eaw. 
 
 Dani. 
 
 Tawichiin. 
 
 TTtillah. 
 
 Dukka. 
 
 Drigullah. 
 
 Etakiin. 
 
 Geerelek. 
 
[ 146 ] 
 
 Loosen, to, (set free) 
 
 
 Surrartn, 
 
 Loose, to, 
 
 
 Possawi. 
 
 Looser, a, 
 
 
 Dani. 
 
 Lost, 
 
 
 Pus. 
 
 Lot, (chance) 
 
 
 Onshai. 
 
 Love, to, 
 
 
 Pakdn. 
 
 Louse, a, 
 
 
 W6h. 
 
 Low, 
 
 
 17 win. 
 
 Lower, to. 
 
 
 Uwinchun. 
 
 Luggage, 
 
 
 Adicham. 
 
 M. 
 
 
 
 Mad, 
 
 
 Deal Mands. 
 
 Madness, 
 
 
 Deal. 
 
 Maid, a, (unmarried) 
 
 
 Dubbli. 
 
 Maize, 
 
 
 Borigum, or Tezazti. 
 
 Make, to. 
 
 
 Echiin. 
 
 Male, a, (opposite to 
 
 female) 
 
 Nasta. 
 
 Malice, 
 
 
 Puchunnah. 
 
 Manage, 
 
 
 Kuchiin. 
 
 Mane, (of a horse) 
 
 
 Kocha. 
 
 Man, 
 
 
 Manus or Nawista. 
 
 Manly, 
 
 
 Dubblahchu. 
 
 Mantle, a, 
 
 
 Shulliaimi. 
 
 Manure, 
 
 
 Pullall. 
 
 Many, 
 
 
 Echu. 
 
 Mark, (to shoot at) 
 
 
 Kan tah-u-kanli. 
 
 Marriage, 
 
 
 Lash. 
 
 Marry, to. 
 
 
 Lashchiin, Istri cluin 
 
 Mason, a, 
 
 
 Shuwulla. 
 
 Mat, a. 
 
 
 Pewvi. 
 
 Matter, (from a wound) 
 
 Agurrah. 
 
 Matter, a. 
 
 
 Melah. 
 
 Mean, (low) 
 
 
 Kukkurah. 
 
 Measure, to, 
 
 
 Talunchiin. 
 
 Meet, to. 
 
 
 Sumtiun. 
 
 Melon, 
 
 
 Kunkwnii 
 
 Melt, to. 
 
 
 Witaiin. 
 
 Memory, (to commit to) 
 
 Nachun. 
 
 Menace, to, 
 
 
 Widaun. 
 
 Mend, 
 
 
 Sirzaun. 
 
[ 147 ] 
 
 Merchandize, 
 Mercy, 
 Mid-day, 
 Middle, the, 
 Middling, 
 Midnight, 
 Milk, 
 Milk, to, 
 Mill, a. 
 Mine, a, 
 Minute, 
 Mine, 
 Miser, 
 Mix, to. 
 Mixed, 
 Moist, 
 Money, 
 Monkey, 
 Month, 
 Moon, the, 
 Move, 
 
 Morning, the, 
 Morose, 
 Morrow, 
 Mother, 
 Move, to, V. n. 
 Move, to, V. a. 
 Mount, to. 
 Mountain, 
 Moustache, 
 Mouth, 
 Mouthful, a, 
 Mucli, 
 Mud, 
 Mule, 
 Musket, 
 Murderer, a, 
 Musquitoe, 
 N. 
 Nail, (of the hand) 
 u 2 
 
 TVepachu. 
 
 Purun. 
 
 Doburrah Gurrash. 
 
 Minean. 
 
 Tuk pa tuk. 
 
 Doburrah, Zheat. 
 
 Ziid. 
 
 Diin. 
 
 Doshoi. 
 
 Bh6mnar. 
 
 I shall. 
 
 Lipii. 
 
 Kukkurah Manns. 
 
 Mosharaun. 
 
 Moshawi. 
 
 Trifullah, or ushaia. 
 
 Urai, or Chelah. 
 
 Muku. 
 
 Mds. 
 
 Mas. 
 
 Oumnah. 
 
 Wuturik. 
 
 Lilabrd. 
 
 Jemeh. 
 
 Ai, or Hai. 
 
 Ahlun. 
 
 Ahaiin. 
 
 Neschiin. 
 
 Gucha. 
 
 Ash. 
 
 K^vva. 
 
 Echii. 
 
 Truplah. 
 
 Kuchar. 
 
 Tupuk. 
 
 Lichuttah. 
 
 Goesh. 
 
 Nochah, or Nuiicha. 
 
[ 148 ] 
 
 Nail, a, 
 Naked, 
 Name, 
 Narrow, 
 Near, 
 Necessary, 
 Neck, the, 
 Needle, 
 Need, 
 Negligent, 
 Nephew, 
 Nest, (of a bird) 
 New, 
 News, 
 Next, 
 Nice, 
 Niece, 
 Night, 
 Nimble, 
 Nine, 
 Ninety, 
 No, 
 Noise, 
 No one, 
 Nose, 
 Nose, my, 
 Nostril, 
 Not, ' 
 
 Nothing, 
 Now, 
 
 Now-a-days, 
 O. 
 Oath, 
 Obey, to, 
 Observe, to, 
 Obtain, to, 
 Obtainable, 
 Occur, to, 
 
 Of, (the sign of the genitive) 
 Oflf, (become) 
 
 Kocutcha. 
 
 Nechittah. 
 
 Nam. 
 
 Awauslah. 
 
 Turrentch. 
 
 Kunat ba kunat. 
 
 Murek. 
 
 Sakunch or chdnch, 
 
 Kunat. 
 
 Nabenullah. 
 
 Tultabrah. 
 
 Nealameh. 
 
 Nungah. 
 
 Sewdi. 
 
 Orungah. 
 
 Bostah. 
 
 Bragii. 
 
 Zheat. 
 
 Lowillah. 
 
 Non. 
 
 Charlawichi dush. 
 
 Nah. 
 
 Chu chah, or chah, 
 
 Ker. 
 
 Nasu. 
 
 Kas kera. 
 
 Natfgosh. 
 
 Nah. 
 
 Kussii. 
 
 Enari. 
 
 Enii. 
 
 Degariln. 
 
 Pateiin. 
 
 Waintosh, 
 
 Luttun. 
 
 Luttibeas. 
 
 Baiin. 
 
 Skd. 
 
 Edat. 
 
[ 149 ] 
 
 Offspring, 
 
 Zaggah. 
 
 Oil, 
 
 Unnu. 
 
 Old, 
 
 Diggah. 
 
 Older, (senior) 
 
 Destd. 
 
 Omit, to, 
 
 Uttadn. 
 
 On, or upon, 
 
 l/epiin. 
 
 Once, 
 
 Epar. 
 
 Only, 
 
 Tup Tup. 
 
 Onset, 
 
 LTipulliin. 
 
 Open, to. 
 
 Siraun. 
 
 Openly, 
 
 Miika Muk. 
 
 Opinion, 
 
 Gir. 
 
 Original, 
 
 Nosht pren. 
 
 Other, 
 
 Oumpgah. 
 
 Overcome, to, 
 
 Uuacluiu. 
 
 Overset, to, 
 
 Arraraiiii. 
 
 Out, (abroad) 
 
 Birken. 
 
 Out, to come, 
 
 Biraken A cliun 
 
 Outcry, 
 
 Opof bu. 
 
 Outside, 
 
 Biramoken. 
 
 Owe, to, 
 
 Dun mi bun. 
 
 Own, 
 
 Tunnu. 
 
 Owner, 
 
 Emah. 
 
 P. 
 
 
 Pace, a, 
 
 Epah. 
 
 Pain, 
 
 Doas or Doala. 
 
 Pain, 
 
 Doatachun. 
 
 Paint, to, 
 
 Zuaun. 
 
 Painter, (of pictures) 
 
 Chitrawulkh. 
 
 Palm, 
 
 Doshp^iu, 
 
 Paper, 
 
 Dati. 
 
 Pardon, to, 
 
 Utaun. 
 
 Parrot, a, 
 
 Sirara. 
 
 Partner, 
 
 Sajah. 
 
 Pass, to, 
 
 Turrun. 
 
 Past, 
 
 Noshtari. 
 
 Pasture, to, 
 
 Churraun. 
 
 Path, 
 
 Piiut. 
 
 Pattern, 
 
 Zernah. 
 
 Pause, to, 
 
 Uteun. 
 
[ ir.o ] 
 
 Pawn, to, 
 
 Bonataun. 
 
 Pay, 
 
 A'lla. 
 
 Peace, 
 
 Soli. 
 
 Peach, 
 
 Arii. 
 
 Peg, 
 
 Kakiicha. 
 
 Pendent, 
 
 Utamdwestah 
 
 Penetrate, to, 
 
 Pelworun. 
 
 Penitent, to be, 
 
 Tobaclmn. 
 
 People, 
 
 Echi Manu3. 
 
 Pepper, 
 
 Miivuc. 
 
 Perceive, to, 
 
 Paiin. 
 
 Perform, to. 
 
 Kun. 
 
 Perfume, 
 
 Giind. 
 
 Period, (of time) 
 
 Setun. 
 
 Perpendicular, 
 
 Otinistah. 
 
 Perplex, to, 
 
 Hiranbun, 
 
 Person, 
 
 E Manus. 
 
 Perspiration, 
 
 Udop. 
 
 Pewter, 
 
 Turup. 
 
 Piebald, 
 
 Chitturah. 
 
 Piece, 
 
 Tokunnah. 
 
 Pig, 
 
 Sur. 
 
 Pigeon, 
 
 Huri. 
 
 Pilgrimage, 
 
 Delan. 
 
 Pillage, 
 
 Villuchiin. 
 
 Pillow, 
 
 Bod. 
 
 Pin, a, 
 
 Kokhchu. 
 
 Pincers, 
 
 Slianach. 
 
 Pine, a, (tree) 
 
 Chow, 
 
 Pipe, a, 
 
 Tumuksuri. 
 
 Pay, to, 
 
 Paichun. 
 
 Place, 
 
 Taw. 
 
 Place, to. 
 
 Tdwiin. 
 
 Plaintiff, 
 
 Pussumurra. 
 
 Plank, 
 
 Kounah. 
 
 Plant, a, 
 
 Dovah, Wunni. 
 
 Plant, 
 
 Wunni datun. 
 
 Plaster, to. 
 
 Lipun. 
 
 Play, to, (sport) 
 
 Moshun. 
 
 Pleased, 
 
 Shahterrah. 
 
[ 151 ] 
 
 Plain, 
 
 Plough, 
 
 Plough, to, 
 
 Plunder, 
 
 Point, a. 
 
 Poison, 
 
 Polish, to, 
 
 Pollute, to. 
 
 Ponder, 
 
 Poor, 
 
 Populous, 
 
 Porcupine, 
 
 Possession, of. 
 
 Possible, to be, 
 
 Post, to, (as a sentry) 
 
 Pond, 
 
 Pot, a, 
 
 Potsherd, 
 
 Potter, a. 
 
 Poverty, 
 
 Pour, to, 
 
 Pound, to. 
 
 Powder, (Gun) 
 
 Powder-horn, 
 
 Power, 
 
 Powerful, 
 
 Praise, 
 
 Praise, to, 
 
 Pray, to, 
 
 Prayer, 
 
 Precipice, a, 
 
 Precipitate, to, 
 
 Prefer, 
 
 Pregnant, 
 
 Prepare, to, 
 
 Present, 
 
 Presence, to, 
 
 Pretence, 
 
 Pretty, 
 
 Prevaricate, to, 
 
 Gululah. 
 
 Koch. 
 
 Kochun. 
 
 Villuchiin. 
 
 Sir or Shair. 
 
 Wish. 
 
 Makun. 
 
 Wirraiaiiu. 
 
 Bernun. 
 
 Dungorah. 
 
 Wurrushadesh. 
 
 Shpai. 
 
 Kunna. 
 
 Bun. 
 
 Utaun. 
 
 Dund or Xrza. 
 
 Kutli or Siri. 
 
 PuttuUa. 
 
 Mekurrah. 
 
 Dungiuihwok. 
 
 Chain Chun. 
 
 Wachiin. 
 
 ITshai. 
 
 Kisbut. 
 
 Edat. 
 
 Kaatadah. 
 
 Istakuun. 
 
 Istakauuchun. 
 
 Namaz chun. 
 
 Namaz. 
 
 Dukkah. 
 
 Unachiin. 
 
 Bostaziin. 
 
 GiUi. 
 
 Surazdson. 
 
 Aslah. 
 
 Ettachun. 
 
 Medii. 
 
 Gaidi. 
 
 Doi ken menchun. 
 
[ 152 ] 
 
 Price, 
 
 Mul u bi. 
 
 Prick, to, 
 
 Sakunchwiun. 
 
 Pride, 
 
 Atsurpa. 
 
 Priest, 
 
 Deal or Deshtan. 
 
 Print, (of a foot) 
 
 Pa-pu. 
 
 Private, 
 
 Chiind. 
 
 Procurable, 
 
 Luttu. 
 
 Procure, to, 
 
 Luttiish or Luttiifhun. 
 
 Produce, (bring forth young) 
 
 Zai. 
 
 ProHt, 
 
 Maltaun. 
 
 Project, 
 
 Edat. 
 
 Promise, to, 
 
 A'llachun. 
 
 Proof, 
 
 Beniin. 
 
 Property, 
 
 Bankiin. 
 
 Prostrate, 
 
 Narungistah. 
 
 Protect, to. 
 
 Erechun. 
 
 Proud, 
 
 ItakuUah, 
 
 Prove, to, 
 
 Beniinchiin. 
 
 Pull, to, 
 
 Kasteiin. 
 
 Puncture, to, 
 
 Kakinchwaun. 
 
 Pungent, 
 
 CheluUah or cheluUistah 
 
 Purchase, to, 
 
 MulwechuQ. 
 
 Pure, 
 
 Kesherrah. 
 
 Purposely, 
 
 Uburrah Koi. 
 
 Pursue, to, 
 
 Puttuken sunni damun. 
 
 Push, to, 
 
 Dummakaiia. 
 
 Put, to. 
 
 Paun. 
 
 Put on, to, 
 
 Amichun, 
 
 Q. 
 
 
 Quarrel, 
 
 Such. 
 
 Quarter, a, (fractional part) 
 
 Chutta Mutta. 
 
 Question, to, 
 
 Kustiiun. 
 
 Quickly, 
 
 Sap or Duppadu. 
 
 Quilt, a. 
 
 Seph or Brastan. 
 
 Quit, 
 
 Tail litaun. 
 
 R. 
 
 
 Race, to, 
 
 Sunnaiin. 
 
 Rafter, 
 
 Luah, or Pruttachiit. 
 
 Rain, 
 
 W6sh. 
 
[ 153 ] 
 
 Rain, to, 
 
 Raise, to, 
 
 Raisin, a, 
 
 Ram, a, 
 
 Rat, 
 
 Rate, 
 
 Ravage, to, 
 
 Ravine, a. 
 
 Raw, 
 
 Reach, to, 
 
 Read, to. 
 
 Ready, 
 
 Real, 
 
 Reap, to, 
 
 Reaping-hook, 
 
 Rear, to, (bring up) 
 
 Resembling, 
 
 Receive, to, 
 
 Recent, 
 
 Reckon, to. 
 
 Recline, to. 
 
 Recognize, to. 
 
 Recover, to, 
 
 Red, 
 
 Reflect, to, 
 
 Refresh, to, 
 
 Refuse, to. 
 
 Regret, 
 
 Rein, a. 
 
 Rejoice, to, 
 
 Relate, to, 
 
 Relation, a. 
 
 Relationship, 
 
 Release, to, 
 
 Reliance, 
 
 Remain, to, 
 
 Remaining, 
 
 Remember, to, 
 
 Remind, 
 
 Remove, to. 
 
 Washun. 
 
 TJtuUachun. 
 
 Estun Dras. 
 
 Gurosh. 
 
 Pussah. 
 
 Nirikh, 
 
 Nachiin. 
 
 Shukura. 
 
 Ammastah. 
 
 Prutchiin. 
 
 Pulti Mahiin. 
 
 Sarazistah. 
 
 Porai. 
 
 Lethchiin. 
 
 Choi. 
 
 SummatuD. 
 
 Sedat. 
 
 Wichuu. 
 
 Nungab, 
 
 Gurriin. 
 
 Nurungun. 
 
 ZurriiD. 
 
 Lutton. 
 
 Jhuttah. 
 
 Benun. 
 
 Westramichuu. 
 
 Lamuttriin. 
 
 Jelavv. 
 
 Uskurra. 
 
 Shingaruu. 
 
 Allahmuttrun. 
 
 JUUDU. 
 
 Junniibun. 
 
 Surraiin. 
 
 Bawarchun. 
 
 Wussiin. 
 
 Urratun. 
 
 Nachiin. 
 
 Naricb. 
 
 Suduchua. 
 
[ 154 ] 
 
 Renowned, 
 
 Report, a, (as a gun) 
 
 Beproach, a, 
 
 Reprove, to, 
 
 Request, to, 
 
 Rest, 
 
 Retain, to, 
 
 Retaliation, 
 
 Retreat, to, 
 
 Return, to, 
 
 Revenue, 
 
 Reward, a. 
 
 Rheumatism, 
 
 Rise, 
 
 Rich, 
 
 Ride, to, 
 
 Rider, a. 
 
 Right hand, 
 
 Right, (proper) 
 
 Right, 
 
 Rind, a bark. 
 
 Ring, a, 
 
 Ripe, 
 
 River, 
 
 Road, 
 
 Roast, a, 
 
 Rob, to, 
 
 Robbery, 
 
 Rock, a, 
 
 Room, a. 
 
 Root, a, 
 
 Rope, a. 
 
 Round, 
 
 Ruin, to. 
 
 Ruined, 
 
 Run, to, 
 
 Rust, 
 
 S. 
 Sacrifice, to, 
 Sad, 
 
 Naragu. 
 
 Chah. 
 
 Istankiin. 
 
 Japuwi. 
 
 Muttrdn. 
 
 Aram. 
 
 TJrratun. 
 
 Ivurren. 
 
 Mukiin. 
 
 Puttumatiin. 
 
 Sham. 
 
 Buka. 
 
 Narillah. 
 
 Mai. 
 
 Erah. 
 
 Aguanechun. 
 
 Giiandah. 
 
 Muldush. 
 
 Char. 
 
 Emah. 
 
 Cham, 
 
 Ungusta. 
 
 Puchistah. 
 
 Gulmulla or Muddi. 
 
 Flint. 
 
 Upuloachark. 
 
 Kuttamucluin. 
 
 KuUamuch. 
 
 I/Uah drenh. 
 
 Umma. 
 
 Kd. 
 
 Kuturek or Utterek. 
 
 Tokunnah. 
 
 Masshun. 
 Masshistah. 
 Sunnun. 
 Nezah. 
 
 Deseaw. 
 Silan. 
 
[ 155 ] 
 
 Safe conduct, a, 
 
 Safety, 
 
 Salt, 
 
 Saltpetre, 
 
 Sand, 
 
 Say, to. 
 
 Scales, 
 
 Scar, a, 
 
 Scatter, 
 
 Science, 
 
 Scissors, 
 
 Scorpion, 
 
 Scratch, to, 
 
 Scream, to, 
 
 Screen, to, 
 
 Scull, 
 
 Seal, a, 
 
 Search, to. 
 
 Second, (the) 
 
 Secret, 
 
 See, to. 
 
 Seed, 
 
 Seize, to. 
 
 Select, to, 
 
 Self-praise, 
 
 Sell, to. 
 
 Send, to. 
 
 Send for, 
 
 Senior, 
 
 Sense, 
 
 Separate, 
 
 Separate, to. 
 
 Servant, a. 
 
 Service, 
 
 Seven, 
 
 Seventeen, 
 
 Seventy, 
 
 Sew, to. 
 
 Shade, 
 
 Shadow, 
 
 ■r <> 
 
 Prugustaiin. 
 
 Nultu. 
 
 Wuh. 
 
 Shov. 
 
 Shew. 
 
 Mala run. 
 
 Trukri. 
 
 Chagh. 
 
 Tataich, 
 
 Kushirial. 
 
 Kachi. 
 
 Toku or Hupu. 
 
 Koschaun. 
 
 Shahchiin. 
 
 Chunaun. 
 
 Shetullah. 
 
 Mohur. 
 
 Laiin. 
 
 Putiimb. 
 
 Chiin. 
 
 Wiutun. 
 
 Bi. 
 
 Dummun. 
 
 Botahzaiin. 
 
 Eh. 
 
 "Winshahiin. 
 
 Pureshun. 
 
 Chachun. 
 
 Peshtii. 
 
 Kushurial. 
 
 Mokullah. 
 
 MokuUaun. 
 
 Nokur. 
 
 Kiii. 
 
 Sont. 
 
 Sontdiis. 
 
 Trawisidiis. 
 
 Siun. 
 
 Achur. 
 
 Achur. 
 
[ 156 ] 
 
 Shame, 
 
 Share, 
 
 Shark, 
 
 Sharpen, 
 
 Sheath, 
 
 Shepherd, 
 
 Sheep, 
 
 Shield, a, 
 
 Shine, to. 
 
 Shirt, 
 
 Shiver, to, 
 
 Shoe, a, 
 
 Shoemaker, 
 
 Shoot, to, 
 
 Shoot, 
 
 Shoulder, 
 
 Show, to. 
 
 Shout, to, 
 
 Shred, (of cloth) 
 
 Shut, to, 
 
 Sick, 
 
 Sickness, 
 
 Side, (direction) 
 
 Side, the. 
 
 Sight, 
 
 Silent, 
 
 Silly, 
 
 Silver, 
 
 Silversmith, 
 
 Sing, to, 
 
 Single, 
 
 Sister, 
 
 Sister-in-law, 
 
 Sit, to, 
 
 Six, 
 
 Sixteen, 
 
 Sixty, 
 
 Skilful, 
 
 Skin, 
 
 Skin, (for holding water) 
 
 Laj. 
 
 Mutta. 
 
 Loillah. 
 
 Loillachun. 
 
 Supah. 
 
 Pashka. 
 
 Wummi or rami. 
 
 Kerah or Karai. 
 
 PuUakun. 
 
 Kamiz, or natperan. 
 
 Didikaiin. 
 
 Vachai. 
 
 Chuwullah. 
 Topuk, or kan w{un. 
 
 Tawarasuk. 
 KumtuUa. 
 
 Waun. 
 
 Saiechun. 
 
 Epe truk chiel apech. 
 
 Pepsaun. 
 
 Namuchiabun. 
 
 Namuchiabun. 
 
 Ehen. 
 
 Ponakin. 
 
 Wiun. 
 
 Tupchist. 
 
 Beah. 
 
 Chitta or borai. 
 
 Uraikunah. 
 
 Alli'il muttiin. 
 
 Poken. 
 
 SUs. 
 
 Bea be Istri. 
 
 Nechun. 
 
 Sh{. 
 
 Sullaish. 
 
 Trewishi. 
 
 Kushilla. 
 
 Zuch, or cham. 
 
 Mokah. 
 
[ 157 ] 
 
 Sky, the, 
 
 Slander, 
 
 Slanting, 
 
 Sleep, to, 
 
 Slender, 
 
 Slip, to, 
 
 Slipping, 
 
 Slowly, 
 
 Small, 
 
 Small-pox, 
 
 Smartly, 
 
 Smell, 
 
 Smell, 
 
 Snake, a, 
 
 Sneeze, to. 
 
 Snow, 
 
 Soft, 
 
 Soldier, a, 
 
 Some, 
 
 Somewhere, 
 
 Son, 
 
 Soon, 
 
 Sordid, 
 
 Sore, a, 
 
 Sorrow, 
 
 Sort, (what sort was it) 
 
 Sour, 
 
 Sow, to. 
 
 Space, 
 
 Spade, a. 
 
 Sparkle, to, 
 
 Sparrow, 
 
 Speaking, 
 
 Spear, 
 
 Specimen, 
 
 Spectacle, 
 
 Spectator, 
 
 Speech, 
 
 Spit, to, 
 
 Spit, to, (place on a spit) 
 
 Adilu, or Dillu. 
 
 Biita. 
 
 Uttillah. 
 
 Pnischiin. 
 
 Lamustah. 
 
 Siskaun. 
 
 Siskistah. 
 
 Achak Achak. 
 
 Wustiik. 
 
 Piiah. 
 
 Sap Sap. 
 
 Gun. 
 
 Giinechun. 
 
 Chumas, 
 
 French I'ln. 
 
 Zim. 
 
 Gejalek. 
 
 ITatta. 
 
 Moshi. 
 
 Akinizou. 
 
 Put or Dublah. 
 
 Asarbu. 
 
 Utcherak. 
 
 Doiis. 
 
 Chitan. 
 
 Kunas wimi. 
 
 Chuckurlusta. 
 
 Binachun. 
 
 Tau. 
 
 Chawdi. 
 
 PuUakiin. 
 
 Mingussa, or Minga chuku. 
 
 Melachias. 
 
 Shel. 
 
 Yevrah. 
 
 "Waun. 
 
 Wench uUah. 
 
 Muttriin, 
 
 Thoi chtin. 
 
 Lipaon. 
 
[ 158 ] 
 
 Spite, 
 
 Urush. 
 
 Spontaneously, 
 
 Tunmi. 
 
 Spotted, 
 
 Tikartin. 
 
 Spring, the, 
 
 "Washtnuk. 
 
 Squeeze, to, 
 
 Chipallun. 
 
 Stage, a, 
 
 Ewas, 
 
 Stand, to. 
 
 U'tibun. 
 
 Standing, 
 
 Utirristah. 
 
 Star, 
 
 Tavrah. 
 
 Start, to. 
 
 Chuiin. 
 
 State, 
 
 Kunast. 
 
 Stay, to. 
 
 Puttabun. 
 
 Steal, to, 
 
 Kuttamuschiin. 
 
 Steep, a. 
 
 U'n. 
 
 Step-mother, 
 
 Punah. 
 
 Sterill, 
 
 Slsistah. 
 
 Stick, a. 
 
 Donek. 
 
 Stomach, 
 
 Kutch. 
 
 Stone, a, 
 
 Drenh. 
 
 Stool, a. 
 
 Neshain. 
 
 Stoop, to, 
 
 Saiiinachun. 
 
 Storm, a. 
 
 Echu Dummu. 
 
 Straight, 
 
 Golah. 
 
 Strange, 
 
 U'rungabah. 
 
 Stratagem, 
 
 Lah. 
 
 Strength, 
 
 Kaat. 
 
 Strict, 
 
 Kukka. 
 
 Strike, 
 
 Biiin. 
 
 String, 
 
 Siiturek. 
 
 Stumble, to. 
 
 Tingabiin. 
 
 Stump, 
 
 U'stum Kun. 
 
 Subdue, 
 
 l/nachmi. 
 
 Suck, to. 
 
 Zurprun. 
 
 Sufficient, 
 
 Bai. 
 
 Sugar, 
 
 Shakar. 
 
 Summer, 
 
 Vasant. 
 
 Summit, 
 
 Udda be Shai. 
 
 Sunrise, 
 
 Sui ba Nisstin. 
 
 Sunset, 
 
 Sui Neshun. 
 
 Sunshine, 
 
 Burbura gurrusb 
 
[ 159 ] 
 
 Superior, 
 Supposition, 
 Surety, 
 Surround, to. 
 Survive, to. 
 Suspect, to, 
 Swallow, to, 
 Swear, to. 
 Sweep, to. 
 Sweet, to, 
 Swift, 
 Swell, to, 
 Swim, to. 
 Switch, 
 Sword, a, 
 
 T. 
 Tail, 
 Take, to. 
 Take away, to, 
 Take off, to. 
 Talk, to, 
 Tall, 
 Tame, 
 Tanner, 
 Target, 
 Taste, to. 
 Tear, to. 
 Tear, a. 
 Tease, to. 
 Teat, a, 
 Tell, to, 
 Tempest, 
 Temple, a, 
 Tent, a, 
 Terrify, to, 
 Terror, 
 Test, to, 
 Than, 
 That, 
 Thaw, 
 
 Deshtu. 
 
 Eua bon. 
 
 Purrah. 
 
 Urratun, or urrardn. 
 
 Durren. 
 
 Ubiiali wenun. 
 
 Turrailn. 
 
 DegaruD. 
 
 Shiniin. 
 
 Mourstah. 
 
 Sunnullah. 
 
 Upsiin. 
 
 Ean biin. 
 
 Lustawah. 
 
 Tarwali. 
 
 Domch. 
 
 ITichuu. 
 
 Goragun. 
 
 Bersaiiu, 
 
 Milaechun. 
 
 Dungulustah. 
 
 Zuuia bustah. 
 
 Shoellah. 
 
 K^ntdh. 
 
 Suttua. 
 
 Trokaun. 
 
 Trokanbcslash. 
 
 Tuppaiin. 
 
 Chiichu. 
 
 ]\Juttrun. 
 
 Echii dummu. 
 
 Deahma. 
 
 Pochabama. 
 
 Widekaiin. 
 
 Wik. 
 
 Ettachun. 
 
 Tokunnuh. 
 
 Seh. 
 
 Wiliin. 
 
[ 100 ] 
 
 Theft, 
 
 Then, 
 
 There, 
 
 Therefore, 
 
 Thigh, the, 
 
 Thin, 
 
 Third, 
 
 Thirsty, 
 
 Thorn, a, 
 
 Thorns, (bushes) 
 
 Thousand, 
 
 Thread, 
 
 Threaten, to, 
 
 Three, 
 
 Threshold, 
 
 Throat, 
 
 Through and through, 
 
 Thoroughbred, 
 
 Throw, to, 
 
 Throw away, to, 
 
 Throw down, to, 
 
 Thrust in, 
 
 Thumb, 
 
 Thunder, 
 
 Thus, 
 
 Tidings, 
 
 Tie, to. 
 
 Tiger, a. 
 
 Tight, 
 
 Tighten, to. 
 
 Till, 
 
 Till, to, 
 
 Time, 
 
 Time, 
 
 Tired, 
 
 To, 
 
 Tobacco, 
 
 To-day, 
 
 Toe, 
 
 To-morrow, 
 
 Kuttamus. 
 
 Situn. 
 
 Sitaii. 
 
 Ekakeaw, 
 
 Pakancha. 
 
 Degah. 
 
 Tream. 
 
 Awchit. 
 
 Kachlk. 
 
 Wah. 
 
 Hazar. 
 
 Suth. 
 
 Zullakaun. 
 
 Tre. 
 
 Durshahi. 
 
 Gurrunna and Murrik. 
 
 Wipaturrun. 
 
 Se^l. 
 
 Wiun. 
 
 l/nachun. 
 
 Naruugavin. 
 
 TJtturnashun. 
 
 Ulah ungu. 
 
 Trankyas. 
 
 Edah. 
 
 Slmdi. 
 
 GruutuD. 
 
 Si. 
 
 Ivukkah. 
 
 Kukkachun. 
 
 Setaunsht. 
 
 K^kiichachdn. 
 
 Ehpar. 
 
 Par. 
 
 Kasarem. 
 
 Setaunsht. 
 
 Tamakii. 
 
 Enu. 
 
 Kiira ba ungu. 
 
 Jamek. 
 
[ K-'l ] 
 
 Tongue, 
 
 To-night, 
 
 Too, 
 
 Tooth, 
 
 Top, the, 
 
 Torch, a, 
 
 Touch, to, 
 
 'JVain, to, 
 
 Treacheiy, 
 
 Treacle, 
 
 Tree, 
 
 Trouble, to, 
 
 Trial, 
 
 Tribe, 
 
 Trouble, 
 
 True, 
 
 Try, to. 
 
 Tumble, 
 
 Turban, 
 
 Troop, 
 
 Turn back, 
 
 Twelve, 
 
 Twenty, 
 
 Twice, 
 
 Twist, to, 
 
 Two, 
 
 XJ. 
 Ugly, 
 
 Ulcer, 
 
 Unanimity, 
 
 Unawai'e, 
 
 Uncle, 
 
 Unclean, 
 
 Uncommon, 
 
 Undeceive, to. 
 
 Under, 
 
 Understand, to. 
 
 Undoubtedly, 
 
 Undress, to, 
 
 Unemployed, 
 
 Y 
 
 Jip. 
 
 Enu Awmza. 
 
 Urn. 
 
 Diint. 
 
 Sliai. 
 
 Luppah. 
 
 Diish dungauu. 
 
 Zamakurauu. 
 
 Lah. 
 
 Meclii. 
 
 Ushtdn. 
 
 Didaekaiin. 
 
 EttachuQ. 
 
 Duni. 
 
 Cliittan, or TingaUiiu. 
 
 Poron. 
 
 Ettacliiin. 
 
 Orcsurluu. 
 
 Pagrai. 
 
 Kalaki. 
 
 Pultari chiln. 
 
 Bash. 
 
 Washi. 
 
 Du'par. 
 
 A'lUiiiu. 
 
 Du'. 
 
 Uchurrah. 
 
 Nuswran. 
 
 Sunazuu. 
 
 Nasuddi. 
 
 Kench tantiilii. 
 
 JN'apureishlah. 
 
 Nahittu. 
 
 Pawiiu. 
 
 Un. 
 
 Paun. 
 
 Kanat be kanafc. 
 
 Chullapech bersaun. 
 
 Koiduu. 
 
[ 163 ] 
 
 Unfortuniitp, 
 
 Ubrah Melultah. 
 
 Ungird, (the loins) 
 
 Dulvka Surraiin. 
 
 Unhappy, 
 
 Silanchullah. 
 
 Uninformed, 
 
 Nasuddi. 
 
 Unite, to, 
 
 Etaw chun. 
 
 Unless, 
 
 Ugur. 
 
 Unmarried, (bachelor) 
 
 Isti noaddah. 
 
 Unripe, 
 
 Napuchistah. 
 
 Unsheath, to, 
 
 Wishaun. 
 
 Until, 
 
 Kiltiusht. 
 
 Untrue, 
 
 Duttila. 
 
 Unveil, to, 
 
 Chadur Oshaiin. 
 
 Up, 
 
 Ui tean. 
 
 Upon, 
 
 Uipun. 
 
 Upright, 
 
 Uitenistah. 
 
 Useful, 
 
 Koi. 
 
 V. 
 
 
 Vacant, 
 
 Sun. 
 
 Vain, 
 
 Ubrah. 
 
 Valiant, 
 
 Simrustah. 
 
 Valley, 
 
 Shu. 
 
 Valuable, 
 
 Echii Mul. 
 
 Vanquish, to, 
 
 Unachun. 
 
 Vapour, 
 
 Diim. 
 
 Variegated, 
 
 Chitturrah. 
 
 Vegetable, 
 
 Kunkuru. 
 
 Vein, a, 
 
 Laishing, 
 
 Vengeance, 
 
 Kurran. 
 
 Venom, 
 
 Wesh. 
 
 Verdant, 
 
 PuUushah. 
 
 Vessel, a. 
 
 Dumli. 
 
 Vex, to, 
 
 Tubbaun. 
 
 Vexed, 
 
 Tubba, or Tengah 
 
 Victuals, 
 
 Euni. 
 
 Vigilant, 
 
 Bugislah. 
 
 Village, 
 
 Desh. 
 
 Villager, 
 
 Deslimilli. 
 
 Violence, 
 
 Kaat. 
 
 Violin, 
 
 Warij. 
 
 Virgin, a, 
 
 Dubli ilrti. 
 
 i 
 
[ 163 ] 
 
 Voice, 
 Vomit, to, 
 
 W. 
 Wager, to, 
 Waist, 
 Waist, to. 
 Wake, to, v. n. 
 Waken, to, v. a. 
 Walk, a. 
 Walk, to, 
 Walking stick, 
 Wall, a, 
 Walnut, a, 
 Wander, to, 
 Want, to. 
 War, 
 Warm, 
 Warm, to. 
 
 Warn, (to admouisli) 
 Wash, 
 Watchful, 
 Water, 
 Water, to, 
 Water-course, 
 Water-melon, 
 Water-mill, 
 Water-pot, 
 Wave, a, 
 Wax, 
 Way, 
 Weak, 
 Wealthy, 
 Weapons, 
 Wear, to, 
 Weariness, 
 Water-wagtail, 
 Weave, to, 
 Weep, to. 
 Weeping, 
 Weigh, to, 
 
 Y 2 
 
 Chah. 
 LTi duttuu. 
 
 Bonahtadn. 
 
 Dukka. 
 
 Nashun. 
 
 Biigiia. 
 
 Biigaun. 
 
 Mashuu. 
 
 Chun. 
 
 l)ouek. 
 
 Barkant. 
 
 Zoun. 
 
 Kuttiin. 
 
 Sachun. 
 
 Such. 
 
 Tuppi. 
 
 Tu[)pauii. 
 
 Chusauu. 
 
 Muspek. 
 
 E16ch. 
 
 An. 
 
 Anprun. 
 
 Aknutah. 
 
 Hondvvana. 
 
 Doshai. 
 
 Kumruch. 
 
 Kiugir. 
 
 Puppak. 
 
 Puut. 
 
 Diggiih. 
 
 Maldah, or Erah Mauus. 
 
 Showash. 
 
 Ummachiin. 
 
 Hussarda. 
 
 Gadiilik. 
 
 Zenchun, or V/iiiiu. 
 
 LTnin. 
 
 Urassah. 
 
 Tulliiu. 
 
[ 'G4 ] 
 
 Weight, 
 
 Well, a. 
 
 West, 
 
 "Wet, 
 
 Wheat, 
 
 When, 
 
 Whence, 
 
 Whenever, 
 
 Where, 
 
 Wherefore, 
 
 Whether, 
 
 Whet-stone, a. 
 
 Whirlpool, a, 
 
 While, 
 
 AV hither. 
 
 Who, 
 
 Whole, 
 
 Why. 
 
 Wide, 
 
 Width, 
 
 Widow, 
 
 Wife, a. 
 
 Wild, 
 
 Will, 
 
 Wind, 
 
 Wind, to, V. a. 
 
 Window, 
 
 Wine, 
 
 Wing, (of a bird) 
 
 Wink, 
 
 Window, to, 
 
 Winter, 
 
 Wipe, to, 
 
 Wisdom, 
 
 Wise, 
 
 Wish, to. 
 
 With, 
 
 Within, 
 
 Wither, to, 
 
 Withdraw, 
 
 Sul. 
 
 Awwi saiin. 
 
 Soi poi le ken. 
 
 Tripullah. 
 
 Glim. 
 
 Koi wai. 
 
 Akane ba. 
 
 Koi pa koi. 
 
 Akinawa. 
 
 Kasi kitti an. 
 
 Za. 
 
 Kirumwat. 
 
 Girum. 
 
 Kashirah. 
 
 Akinnii. 
 
 Ki. 
 
 Supperokeboi. 
 
 Kussah. 
 
 Witchti. 
 
 Witchtabiin. 
 
 Kukur. 
 
 Mewchi. 
 
 Uddatellah. 
 
 Chft. 
 
 Damti. 
 
 Tuptaiin. 
 
 Daii. 
 
 Chiikri (new), Pan (old.) 
 
 Dramul. 
 
 Atehiputuk. 
 
 Kotiin. 
 
 Zain. 
 
 Makiin. 
 
 Kushilla. 
 
 Paillah. 
 
 Wichtin. 
 
 Meli. 
 
 Uttaken. 
 
 Che chenbeon, 
 
 Bersadn. 
 
[ 1^>5 ] 
 
 Witness, 
 
 
 Sakh. 
 
 Wolf, a, 
 
 
 DiUah. 
 
 Woman, 
 
 
 ]Mu>hai. 
 
 Wonder, 
 
 
 Kurarat. 
 
 Wood, 
 
 
 Dew. 
 
 Wooden, 
 
 
 Dewbah. 
 
 Wool, 
 
 
 Wurruk. 
 
 Word, a, 
 Work, 
 
 
 Melah. 
 Koi. 
 
 World, 
 
 
 Dunya. 
 
 Worm, 
 
 
 Gowruk. 
 
 Worthy, 
 
 
 Sluip. 
 
 Wound, a, 
 
 
 Chup. 
 
 Wrap up. 
 
 
 Tuptiiiin. 
 
 Wretch, 
 
 
 Ubrah Merultah 
 
 Wring, to, 
 
 
 Siptaun. 
 
 Wrist, tlie, 
 
 
 Gorek. 
 
 Will, 
 
 
 Chittariin. 
 
 Y. 
 
 
 
 Tear, the. 
 
 
 Weh. 
 
 Yeast, 
 
 
 Dru. 
 
 Yellow, 
 
 
 Urrelah. 
 
 Y^es, 
 
 
 Ah. 
 
 Yesterday, 
 
 
 Di'is. 
 
 Yesterday, (the 
 
 1 day hefore) 
 
 Kutrcm. 
 
 Yesternight, 
 
 
 Awsiza. 
 
 Young, (of an 
 
 animal) 
 
 Wushtuk. 
 
 Younger, (junior) 
 
 Kcnslitii. 
 
 Youth, a, 
 
 
 Lut. 
 
 A few Sentences in this Language. 
 
 Has your illness abated ? 
 Where is your house ? 
 God is above, 
 He gave me much abuse, 
 He accounts me a friend, 
 
 Kaniachea apilok bii ? 
 Toba amah akenew wii ? 
 \Iti Dagon Wii. 
 Sika echu sukkun ch;iza. 
 Ede ema pullare zan. 
 
[ 1C6 1 
 
 You would say that another sun was 
 
 produced above the sun. 
 Abstain from flesh, 
 Be not afraid of me, 
 After spring. 
 Agree to this proposal, 
 Is your father alive ? 
 Hast tliou come alone ? 
 It behoves you to go, 
 What is your name ? 
 Do you drink wine ? 
 In your country, do they dance ? 
 Is the road bad ? 
 Are there bears in Kaffiristan ? 
 How many towers are there ? 
 
 Eleshek sore kua urungah sore litilla 
 
 bera. 
 Unnah new. 
 Ekunna ha wedi. 
 Shure kua pulaken. 
 Eu mela boi. 
 Tviba tata ginlah wa ? 
 Tu poken ash ? 
 Tusa emella echun bostah. 
 Tti ba nam av ? 
 Chukri piash ? 
 
 Ema ba desh ukna nali chast ? 
 Punt abraiwa ? 
 Ema badesh akna berew wa ? 
 Kitti shuhr war ? 
 
 tri ma tawi shorn 
 l/i ma tawi drum 
 Andre shahr gigaien 
 Kuchun muttrungoba 
 Wellu wassii astan 
 
 Kaffir Song. 
 
 1 
 
 Gull lid i shad a* 
 
 Gulliidi .shtidir 
 
 Chud 
 
 Shall wisha 
 
 Shins: chiid ema ba. 
 
 Deh pruttum 
 Deh dosh pruttum 
 Ema loa woras 
 Asur shl nishi shaii 
 Ema zumuri san. 
 
 Slim punni 
 
 Slim puuni 
 
 Ema ba du sussumma bulchiid 
 
 Ba kru child ema ba 
 
 Shurik bulll na buUi. 
 
 Enar VVaie dublik 
 Suttrin dublik, 
 Ude deh gunush. 
 
 Emar suthin dublik 
 Charka dosht emalle ge 
 Assonkela add melawi. 
 
[ 167 ] 
 
 Literal translation of the ahove. 
 
 I have won that which is fairei* than a " monal" pleasant 
 
 1 have won that wliich is fairer than a fairy 
 
 la the city is a tinkling of hangles 
 
 The nomades have been outstripped by me in wealth 
 
 As if there had been a clattering of horns at my door for years and days, 
 
 2 
 
 God has given me a lump of gold 
 
 God has given me in my hand a lump of gold 
 
 My steel gun !* there shall be constant sounds of joy at my door, 
 
 And when I am seated at a spring my head shall nod to the sound of my feet, 
 
 My places of pleasure are the envy of ray enemies. 
 
 3 
 
 I am loved by a Waie girl. I am loved by a Pathan girl, 
 Tlie Pathau girl at her wheel gave me a sign, 
 And at noon we embraced on the plain. 
 
 * A steel gun is the most valuable thing a Kaftlr knows of in this world. Tlic sound of 
 h'jrns in the last line of No. 1 is the sound of sheep or goat hoi'us striking together as they 
 play in a flock. 
 
APPENDIX G. 
 
 Sjad Nur Muliamuiad on his way back from Tehran, considering it possibl^i 
 that a British force might be pushed in that direction via Kandahar, made 
 especial inquiries on the various routes ; especially with regard to supplies and 
 water for an army ; and I have taken advantage of these notes to detail the 
 following, irrespective of the great road by Mashad and Herat, by which 
 Kandahar may be approached ; as all these concentrate upon Farrah, perhaps 
 it will be most convenient to make it our starting point. 
 
 The routes from Farrah to Semmun and Naishapur, are given in Ferncr's 
 Caravan Journeys, and agree with the Syad's account. 
 
 From Farrah to Benjun. 
 
 Killa-i kah, ten parasangs. — A small Nurzaie encampment with plenty of 
 water. 
 
 Chah-i-dum. eight parasangs. — At about four miles from the last ground, 
 the Hara road has to be forded. Water of the encamping ground from springs, 
 
 Darogh, five parasangs. — This is a considerable place iu the midst of culti- 
 vation ; a strip of this sort of country, some two or three miles in depth, runs 
 along the whole way to Birgiin, parallel to the range on the cast forming the 
 water-shed line of the Hara road. 
 
 Sir-i-l>esha, four parasangs. — Has sixty houses, and water from wells. 
 
 Mut, four parasangs. — A fort on a mound, surrounded by a village ; water 
 from wells. 
 
 Birgun, four parasangs. — A considerable town of Khorasan. 
 
 From Birjun to Tun, is fifteen parasangs, or three short marches, over a 
 cultivated country covered with villages. Some years ago a Persian army 
 marched from Tiin to Tehran in seven days. Tun is a considerable place and 
 supplies are abundant, but the population are principally pastoral, possessing 
 large herds of camels and goats. Water from karezes. 
 
 From Tiin, roads strike off to Mashad, Tehran, and yezd ; to the latter 
 town the following is the route, and is known as the kah-i-kegi Shuturan ; it 
 runs along a partially cultivated country between a range of hills running 
 N. E. and S. W. and an immense desert stretching southwards towards 
 Khabbas and Kinnan ; the marches are — 
 
[ 169 ] 
 
 Robali Shove, seven parasangs. — Just on the border of the desert, but has 
 plenty of water. 
 
 Bushruea, seven parasangs. — Water abundant, 
 
 Deh Muhamn)ad, ten parasangs. — 'Ibis place contains about one hundred 
 houses, and has a good supply of water. 
 
 Tubbus, ten parasangs, in the midst of a comparatively well cultivated 
 tract ; it contains about two or three thousand houses, and must not be 
 mistaken for the Tubbus Ghozan to the east of Birjun. 
 
 Turali, six parasangs. — Small place, water fi-oni wells. 
 
 Kulnaiz, eiglit parasangs. — Ditto, water from springs. 
 
 Hobat-i-Khan, fifteen parasangs, three of which are through heavy sand ; 
 this portion of the road is frequently unsafe owing to occasional predatory 
 visits from marauding Beluehis. 
 
 Pista Cadon, eiglit parasangs. — Water scarce. 
 
 Allahabad, five parasangs. — Tolerable place, water scarce. 
 
 Saghan, fourteen parasangs. — Here again there is cultivation, and water 
 from karezas ; but a large force would find water scarce. 
 
 Karamuk, six parasangs, water plentiful. 
 
 Anjira, six ditto ditto. 
 
 Yezd, six ditto. — Yezd is a great place for Par»{s, many of whom have come 
 from Bombay ; the city is larger than Kandahar. 
 
 From Kirinan to Yezd is seventy-one parasungs ; the country varies in 
 width from two to ten parasangs, and road runs along a valky between two 
 raiiii;es but crossiiifj several Kutlials. 
 
 From Kirman to Birjun, the encampments are almost all in places generally 
 occupied by Khorassani and Iraki herdsmen. The names of the marches are 
 as folluws : — 
 
 Khost, six parasangs. 
 
 Hamlin, six ditto. 
 
 Hullali, four ditto. 
 
 Baghalicha, four ditto. 
 
 Naibaud, sixteen ditto. — No water on this march. This is a walled town 
 with a good deal of cultivation about it, population mixed, Persian and 
 Belluchi ; country hilly, water plentiful from springs at base of hills. 
 
 Chilpya, twelve parasangs ; water only for one kafilah at a time. 
 
 Darband, eight ditto. — No water on the road. 
 
 Rohawa, eleven ditto. — This place contains five or six hundred houses in 
 the midst of groves of trees — water plentiful from karezas. 
 
 liohamat Abibad, ten parasangs ; water enough for one kafilah at a time. 
 z 
 
[ 170 ] 
 
 Sri-i-Assiali, ten parasangs ; country cultivated, water plentiful and some 
 supplies. 
 
 Kirman, seven parasangs. 
 
 N. B. — The above is the only route by which water is procurable for any 
 thing like a body of men ; the otlier route to Kirman from Farrah via Sansh, 
 Jowain, Selim and Khubbus, you have to go thirty parasangs at a time 
 without water: JN'adir Shah attempted to dig wells along this line, but failed 
 to obtain water. 
 
 One more route remains from Farrah to Kirman, or rather from Siestan, and 
 which was the one traversed by the conquering force of the Ghilzies, who 
 under Tlir Weis, one hundred and thirty years before Nadir Shah marched 
 and captured Kirman by this route. 
 
 From Sekulia, in Seistan to — 
 
 Wurmul, four parasangs. — A small Beliichi village with plenty of brackish 
 water. 
 
 Sir-i-Shela, eight parasangs. — The Shela comes out of the Siestan lake but 
 only flows when the latter is full. 
 
 Gulabuk, six parasangs. — A spring on the neutral desert between Kirma- 
 mand Belfichistan. 
 
 Durwaza-i-Nadir.— Here is a plentiful supply of water but no village. 
 
 Giirg, sixteen parasangs ; over a barren hilly country. 
 
 Nurmasher, ten parasangs. — A tolerable city inhabited by Beluchis, who 
 are Shiahs, subjects of Persia ; they are forcibly converted. 
 
 Kirman, seven short marclies, each from four to five parasangs ; water 
 sufficient at each for a large katilah. 
 
[ 171 ] 
 
 GENERAL AND MEDICAL REPORT OF THE KANDAHAR 
 
 MISSION. 
 
 The following matter is divide'l into three sections, viz. : — 
 1. — A brief description of the country traversed bv the Mission on its 
 march from Kohat to Kandahar. 
 
 IL — Some observations on Affghanistan and the AfFghans. 
 III. — Report of the Kandahar Dispensary. 
 
 A Brief Description op the Country betweex KcmAT a>-d Kaxdahar. 
 
 The country lying between Kohat and Kandahar, though of a mountainous 
 nature throughout, may, for convenience of description, be divided into an 
 eastern and a western portion, differing from each other in physical cliaracter- 
 istics, the high ground in the vicinity of Ghazni being taken as the watershed 
 line between tliem. The waters of the eastern division flow tliroufjh a country 
 abounding in small fertile valleys and well-wooded hills, and ultimately join 
 the great stream of the Indus, or l>y reason of the quantity drawn off for 
 purposes of cultivation, lose themselves in the soil. Those of the western 
 division on the other hand traverse a country characterized by low ranges of 
 bare rocky hills separating and bounding extensive sandy and gravelly plains 
 or steppes and flow into the Lake Hamun in Sistfin. 
 
 Eastern Division. — The eastern division extending from Kohat to Ghazni 
 comprizes the districts of Mirwdnzai, Kurram, Hanab, Haziirdaraklit, and 
 Logar. The general aspect of the country presents an intricate net work of 
 small valleys and dells, whose elevation above the sea increases as they approach 
 Hazardarakht, where they attain their highest, and which are separated from 
 each other by elevated plateaus or table lands, the summer pasture grounds of 
 several nouiade tribes. 
 
 The rock formation of the country' is the mountain limestone, presenting in 
 some places outcroppings of a friable grey slate, the strata of which are much 
 distorted, and overlaid at intervals by extensive formations of conglomerate, 
 which are sometimes found occupying the highest elevations. 
 
 The vegetation varies with the elevation above the sea, and is briefly noticed 
 in the following concise description of the several disti icts. 
 z 2 
 
[ 172 ] 
 
 Mirivdnzai. — Mirwanzai presents a very irregular aspect. The lower division 
 consists of numerous small circumscribed and well cultivated valleys in which 
 the plane, poplar, willow, the fig, and the mulberry, together with the apple, 
 the apricot, and other orchard trees, flourish abundantly ; whilst on tlie other 
 hand the raviney wastes of the upper division are covered with a brushwood 
 of the wild olive, the wild privet, the jujube or "hair," mimosa, and other 
 thorny bushes, broken here and there by grassy tracts, the summer grazing 
 grounds of the Waziiis, who wander from one to the other with their families 
 and flocks. This tribe possesses a noted breed of horses, distinguished by a 
 peculiar twist and curve of the ears. Tlie breed is of medium height, wiry, 
 hai'd}', hiyh-tempered, and inclined to be vicious, and is said to have sprung 
 from stock orii^iiuilly brought from Persia by Nadir Shall. Their acquisition 
 by the Waziiis is attributed by some accounts to their dexterity in thieving 
 whilst others ascribe it to the liberality of Nadir, who dispersed his gifts with 
 a free hand during his march into Hindustan. 
 
 The dwarf palm, a variety of chamcerops called by the natives " mazari," 
 abounds all over " Mirwanzai," and is applied to a variety of useful purposes 
 by the inhabitants, Hand-punkhas and mats are plaited from the leaf cut 
 into strips : the fibres of the leaf and its stalk, separated from each other and 
 their parenchyma by maceration and braising in water, are twisted into cords 
 and ropes. The former are used for making baggage nets, the " trangar" of 
 the natives, the net-work of " charpaies," &c., and the latter for fixing the 
 apparatus of their Persian wheels, &c. Sandals "chapta" universally worn by 
 these Highlanders, and admii-ably adapted for walking over rocky ground, are 
 made from the strong fibres of the leaf stalk. In the axil of the sheathing 
 petiole, a fine downy wool is found, this is used by the natives as tinder, and 
 they assert that when prepared by steeping in the sap of the mulberry tree 
 and dried, it never fails to burn throughout. The white embryo leaves in the 
 centre of the leaf bud have a sweet astringent taste and are often used as a 
 remedy for diarrhoea, &c. When the young leaves begin to be developed they 
 lose their sweet taste and become sour and astringent, and are then used as a 
 purgative, chiefly, however, for horses and cattle. 
 
 The wealth of the inhabitants of Mirwanzai consists principally of cattle, 
 goats and slieep, of these the cows are a lean and dwarf breed and produce 
 but little milk. The soil which is for the most part gravelly, with only a 
 scanty deposit of alluvium, is not much cultivated, owing to constant feuds 
 among the inhabitants, who are " Bangashes" or " Bangakhs," as well as the 
 scarcity of water. Since it has been under the British rule, however, a much larger 
 portion of land has been brought under the plough than previously, a pleasing 
 instance of the confidence inspired by a just and protecting Government. A 
 
[ 173 ] 
 
 considerable portion of the cultivation is " lallam" that is dependent on 
 the rains for irrigation. That which is " a&i" or regularly irrigated by 
 artificial means, is watered by streams issuing from springs, or from tanks of 
 rain-water in the neighbourhood. Wheat, barley, and pulse (" masur^') are 
 gathered in the spring harvest, and millet, madge, pulse ("" mong'^) and cotton 
 in the autumn harvest. The cotton is said to be of inferior quality, yielding 
 i fibre to f seeds, whilst that grown in Peshawar yields \ fibre to f seeds. 
 From the same plant, however, three and sometimes four crops are realized^ 
 In the spring the dry and apparently dead plants of the preceding year, are 
 cut down close to the ground, which is then plouglied and freely watered. 
 The plants sprout in due time and produce, it is said, a better crop each 
 succeeding season under similar treatment, until the fourth year, after which 
 they perish. A principal occupation of the inhabitants and a source of wealth 
 is the manufacture of turbans (''lungi"). These are largt ly produced through- 
 out Miruanzai, but especially in Hangu which vies with Peshawar in the 
 quality of its manufacture. 
 
 The mission started from Peshawar on the 13th Marcli, 1S57, and leaving 
 Kohat on the 15th, entered the Mirwanzai country and marching through it 
 arrived at Thai on the river Kurram, its boundary on the west, on the 20th 
 March. At this season of the year the climate of JMirwanzai is cool and 
 pleasant. The bracing morning air, the beautiful scenery of green valleys 
 and well wooded hills in Lower Mirwanzai with a distant view between them of 
 a bleak brown-backed moor in the upper division of tlie district brought to 
 mind the scenery of the south-west of England. The average of six days' 
 temperature, from the 15th to the 20th March inclusive was 4 A. M. 51 F. ; 
 1 P. M. sun 108; tent 80; 8 P. M. 67 F. The months of July, August, 
 September and a part of October are described by the natives as very 
 hot and unhealthy, and it is not uncommon at this season for whole villages 
 to be at once prostrated with fever. In the natural formation of the 
 country — small valleys shut in on all sides by hills which, by obstructing the 
 free circulation of winds, and by reflecting the solar rays add greatly to the 
 intensity of the heat, and thus facilitate the liberation without the dissipation 
 by winds of the obnoxious gasses given off from decaying animal anc^ vegetable 
 remains, — and the filthy dwellings and dirty habits of the peo[)le, a sulK- 
 cicnt cause for disease will be found. Intennittents are common throusrh- 
 out the year though they prevail in the autumn and are remarkable for the 
 frequency of the tertian form. Impetiginous afi'ections of the scalp and 
 allied skin diseases appeared to be very common amongst the villagers, who 
 did not impress me as being a very healthy or robust race. 
 
 Kurram. — On the 21st March the mission having been joined at Thai by 
 
[ 174 ] 
 
 the Affghan escort, consisting of some companies of a regular Affghan regi- 
 ment dressed in the ragged cast-off clothing of our Indian army, and a posse 
 of wild looking sowars habited in a variety of Affghan dresses, armed with 
 almost every kind of weapon from a lance to a blunderbuss and mounted on 
 wiry shaggy little horses that had as wild a look as their riders, we forded the 
 river Kurram a little way above the village of Thai and entered the district of 
 Kurram. 
 
 Winding for about eighteen miles by a difficult path over a wilderness of 
 irregular stony hills presenting here and there outcroppings of micaceous 
 slate and without a sign of habitation or animal life, whilst the vegetable 
 kingdom was but sparely represented by a few hardy mimosse, jujube, and 
 other thorny bushes, we again reached the river and marching henceforward 
 along its course, fording it several times " en routt?" encamped at the village of 
 Habib Kila, near Paiwar on the 28th March. The distance is about sixty 
 miles from Thai and the country rises all the way. Tlie scenery here is gi'and 
 indeed. Ever hoary " *Spm ^7mr" looks down in grave majesty on the rich 
 fields and pleasant orchards stretched at his feet and cleft by the noisy 
 bubbling Kurram, whose waters are as clear and crystal as the snows from 
 which they proceed. " Spin ffhar^' or " Sufed koJi' (white mountain in Pukh- 
 stau and Persian respectively) stretching east and west, separates the valley 
 of Kurram from that of Jelalabad. Its southern face presents three distinct 
 ranges rising one above the other, separated by narrow elevated valleys and 
 up to the snow itself on the highest range is thickly clothed with forests of 
 mao'nificent pines, cedars, the arbor vitse, the walnut, the wild almond, and, lower 
 down, oaks and ash trees, &c. At different spots in the openings of the forests 
 are rich grassy slopes, watered by numerous springs, the neighbourhood of 
 which abounds in several genera of the ranunculus and composite orders and 
 wliich afford pasture to the herds of mountain deer, wild goats and ibex, which 
 with hears, leopards and wolves, are the principal wild inhabitants of this 
 mountain. 
 
 Kurram is well cultivated and contains a large number of villages in close 
 propinquity along the course of its river. Each is enclosed by a square mud 
 wall with a»to\ver at two of the diagonal angles, flanking the sides. The gate 
 is in the centre of one side and usually the top of the wall all round is armed 
 with a " cheveux de frize'' of thorn bushes as a protection against robbers 
 at night. 
 
 Rice is the principal crop raised in this district, tliough wheat, cotton, and 
 barley, &c. are also cultivated. The grain is generally stored in caves, the 
 apertures of which are then built up, and being always in the sides of small 
 conglomerate hillocks on which the villages are built or in their immediate 
 
[ 175 ] 
 
 viciiiitv, are easily defended. Water is abundant every where (except at tlie 
 base of Sufed-koh which is occupied by a stony and uncultivated plateau 
 some twenty miles hj five), and irrigation is rendered facile by the water of 
 the river and that of the numerous streams flowing from the adjacent moun- 
 tains towards it, being led ofi" in watercourses in all directions and at various 
 heights. 
 
 Many of the villages in Kurram are ornamented by stately " cliinaor" or 
 plane trees of great height and beauty. A few miles east of the Kurram 
 Fort, (the head quarters of Sirdar Muhammad Azim Khan, Governor of Kurram 
 and Khost) is an extensive grove of fine old mulberry trees said to have been 
 planted by order of the Emperor Shah Jehan, who laid out a pleasure garden 
 at this spot and called it " Faiz JSagh." The name and these weatherworn 
 old " tuts" are all that now remain of the once charming and beautiful garden, 
 whose former terraces and parterres have long since been obliterated in rice 
 Bwamps. 
 
 The climate of Kurram at this season is very bracing and agreeable. For 
 a month or six weeks m midwinter, the weather is described as very severe, 
 owing to the elevation of the valley above the sea (about feet, accord- 
 
 ing to Prinsep's tables, at the Kurram Fort, water boiling here at F. 
 with the temperature of the atmosphere at F) and its proximity to the 
 snowy range, but on the other hand the hot months are tempered by cool and 
 refreshing breezes from that region. The average of seven days' temperature 
 from the 22nd to the 2Sth March inclusive was at 5 A. M. 5J; 20 F. 1 P. M 
 sun 98.20. tent 75. 8 p. m. 58.30 F. On the return of the mission later in the 
 season, the average of six days' temperature, from the 11th to the 16th of June 
 inclusive was at 3 A. M. 63 F. 1 p. m. sun 118. tent 65.15 8 P. M. 73 F. 
 
 The chief tribes inhabiting Kurram are the " Turi'* and *' Zimukht," gener- 
 ally speaking a healthy and hai-dy peuple. Though at every encamping 
 gi'ound my tent was surrounded by a motley crowd of men, women and children, 
 eager ap[)licants for medicine, which they swallowed with undisguised avidity 
 and many sneaked into my tent a second time in hopes of not being recognized 
 and getting a second dose. Fever of the intermittent type with its ordinary 
 sequelae, more particularly enlarged spleen — and in some cases it was enormously 
 so, — was the prevailing form of disease. Fevers are said to be most prevalent 
 during the months of July, August, and September, the season during which 
 the rice harvest is gathered. They commence with the quotidian form and 
 soon changing to the tertian, cling to the patient for two or more years, ulti- 
 mately completely destroying his health by the derangement ensuing to the 
 abdominal viscera, the liver and spleen. Thoracic aEfections also appeared 
 common, a few cases examined with the stethoscope revealed much organic 
 
[ 176 ] 
 
 derangement, attributable, however, more to previous acute attacks of inflamma- 
 tion on the lungs and its membranes than to tubercular phthisis. 
 
 The dress of the Turi consists of a red conical skull cap about six inches 
 high, loose trovFsers of coarse cotton, gathered in and fastened close for about 
 four inches above the ankle, and a loose shirt of coarse cotton sometimes dyed 
 blue. In the winter a large sheepskin cloak reaching from head to foot is 
 vvorn in addition, tlie wool being turned inwards except in exposure to rain 
 when it is reversed. And sometimes a turban or " lungi'^ in which blue, red 
 and yellow are conspicuous colours, is worn round the head. 
 
 The " Tiiris" never move out without being armed to the teeth : most carry 
 the Affghan knife and jazail. Tor every Tiiri labouring in the field there are 
 usually three or four keeping a sharp look out to prevent surprise by an enemy. 
 We frequently passed small bands of men returning from the fields, all of whom 
 were armed with offensive weapons whilst but one or two carried the imple- 
 ments of industry. This tribe observe a curious custom among tliemselves 
 indicative of the wild and contentious life they lead. On the advent of a 
 young " Tiiri" into the world, he is at once taken from his mother and passed 
 several times through a hole in the wall of the house, whilst a salute of nine 
 shots is fired over him in order to accustom him from birth to a sound he is 
 destined to hear constantly through life without flinching. The unconscious 
 infant is at the same time exhorted to follow in the steps of his father and with 
 heart and hand to be a thief. The Turis being "_^Mas" are naturally the 
 hereditary enemies of their " Sunni" neighbours the " Jdc[is" with whom as 
 well as amongst themselves, they are eternally at enmity and petty warfare. 
 
 Haryhh. — Our direct route by the Paiwar Kotal having been barricaded 
 with rocks and felled trees by the hostile Jagis to oppose our progress, tlie 
 mission made a detour to the north and ascended the " Spin Gaice''' (white 
 cow) Kotal on the 29th March, it having been previously taken possession of 
 by the infantry and some mountain guns of our Affghan escort. This Kotal 
 is a few miles north of the Pewar pass though on the same spur of the Sufed 
 Koh, and which rising about 1000 feet above the valley runs north and south 
 and separates the district of Kurraui from that of Haryab. The ascent was 
 by a steep stony path (easier, however, tlian the Paiwar, by which route the 
 mission returned) covered at intervals with patches of frozen snow on which 
 our horses' hoofs left no impression, and wound through a labyrinth of splendid 
 pines, cedars (cedrus deodara) and oaks, among which the Arbor Vitae (Thuja 
 orientaUs) was thickly scattered, whilst the descent by the equally steep and 
 more stony bed of the Haryab, a rapid little mountain-torrent a tributary of 
 the Kurram, led us through an Alpine country to our camp at AUikhsl a large 
 and scattered village about 18 miles from Paiwar. The villages passed during 
 
[ 177 ] 
 
 this marcli are of peculiar construction, seldom containing more than four or five 
 houses, usually situated on commanding eminences or in retired little glens. 
 Those in the latter situation are provided with a detached tower of observation, 
 in some instances supported on poles of pine wood and ascended by a ladder. 
 Each house is detached, and forms a little fort of itself. The thick walls of 
 stone and mud are pierced by numerous holes that serve the threefold pur- 
 poses of ventilators, chimneys and loop-holes for firing through. The strong 
 wooden door occupies the centre of one side, whilst the flat roof communicates 
 by a trap door and ladder (formed of the trunk of a tree, notched so as to 
 form steps when the wood is fixed in a slanting position) with the interior, an 
 open space sunk below the level of the ground and with galleries all round 
 that shelter the family as well as their cattle, consisting of a few cows, goats, 
 and horses, together with stores of grain, fodder and fuel, the Jagis beino- 
 accustomed to be constantly beseiged either by the snow or by enemies. 
 
 At Alikhel we bad an opportunity of observing how the Jagis prepare them- 
 selves for the fight, without however fighting. During the march we were 
 passed by several bands of men armed with Aflghan knives, jazail, &c. who, 
 as they passed us, indulged in many menacing actions and afterwards collected 
 round our camp to upwards of a thousand men and till CTening treated us to a 
 variety of hostile demonstrations, and with jeering yells, war-songs and dances 
 accompanied by the native fife and drum (the former has much the sound of 
 the Scotch bagpipe) worked themselves up to a degree of excitement barely 
 restrainable. Tlie heights around camp were crowned by large bands of Jsl^is 
 (from 200 to 300 men in each) who, stamping round and round in a circle, o-esti- 
 culated and flourished their great knives in harmony with the pathos of 
 some exciting war-song, at the conclusion of which, giving a shrill and pro- 
 longed yell that reverberated from hill to hill, they ranged themselves in a 
 column two or three abreast and proceeded slowly round our camp chauntino- 
 an impressive and passionate war-song varied at regular intervals by a chorus 
 " look lioh ah hah'' repeated in different keys by several voices in a peculiar 
 hollow bass tone. At the last syllable of the chorus, each man sprung up on 
 one leg and flourished his knife overhead, skipped a step forwards, whilst the 
 numerous powder-flasks and other paraphernalia of his jazail suspended 
 around his waist, dangling in the air, and his long loose hair blown about in 
 confusion, added greater wildness to his features and actions. In the evenin"" 
 the crowds dispersed and left us on the look out for a night attack, which did 
 not however occur. 
 
 At Alikhel water boils at 198 F. with the temperature of the air at IS F. 
 This, according to Prinsep's tables, gives an approximate elevation above thy 
 sea of about 750j feet. 
 
 2 A 
 
[ 178 ] 
 
 At daylight on tlio SOtli March we struck camp amidst the yelllug and 
 howling of largely increased bands of Jagis who indulged in similar demonstra- 
 tions to those of 3'esterday. After a delay of some four hours caused by the 
 road two miles ahead of us being closed by a body of several thousands of Jagis 
 (the whole tribe having united under the banner of an " Akhunzsida" of the 
 " GJidmuiiMeV clan) we advanced, an arrangement having been sworn to on 
 the Kuran, between the commandant of our Affghan escort and the leader of 
 the Jagis that we should proceed in peace. Our road traversed a rugged 
 country of a coarse gravelly soil, and cut up by numerous deep and wide 
 ravines and led through several detached hamlets crowded with armed Jagis 
 (who remained perfectly quiet in observance of their oath) and at the sixth 
 mile brought us to the village of Eokyan near which we encamped. 
 
 Rokyan is a good sized village consisting of many scattered houses sur- 
 rounded by a few fruit trees and corn fields ; the former were already in blossom, 
 and the latter well advanced with their spring crops of wheat, &c. The main 
 portion of Kokyiiu is situated at the entrance of the Haziirdarakht defile and 
 is overhung by the abrupt shoulder of a towering rocky spur of the Sufed 
 Koh. Honey is produced here in abundance, almost every house possessing 
 its bee-hives. 
 
 Bronchocele is not an uncommon disease in this district, and it is said to be 
 equally prevalent in the valley of Jalalabad on the opposite side of the Sufed 
 Koh. I observed several cases of this disease during the day and in Eokyan 
 alone three cases applied to me for relief, among a crowd of other applicants 
 for medicines, &e. who surrounded my tent the greater part of the day, and 
 amongst the number very many who in the morning all bristling with arms, 
 had opposed our progress. All in real need of medicine were supplied without 
 distinction, provided they applied for it unarmed and in a proper manner. The 
 Jagis are a lean hardy and healthy race, though at first the sight of their oily 
 and smoked skins, caused by their constant contact with the smoke of pine 
 wood, their only fuel, tends to disparage the idea, but the great number of 
 hale grey beai-ds or rather smoked beards met with, fully supports the 
 character for healthfulness assigned to the climate of this district by its 
 inhabitants. This tribe though subjects of the Cabul government, lead a 
 wild and partially independent life. They are desperate robbers and cultivate 
 only sufficient ground to supply their wants. Rice and corn are their chief 
 crops. They are not reckoned a brave race, nor are they feared by their 
 neighbours the Gilzais, who often make a raid into the country and carry off 
 all the women and cattle, they can lay hands on and chop up the men. 
 
 HazdrdaraTclit. — March 31st from Eokyan to Hazar or JNeba-Margha, a 
 Ghilzai thauuah situated on an elevated table laud occupying the summit of 
 
[ 1"9 ] 
 
 one of the main spurs of the Sufed Koh. Tsventj miles ; our road for the 
 first sixteen miles ascended through the narrow winding defile of Hazardarakht 
 so named from a small forest of pines, cedars and the arbor vita? occupying 
 its centre. Near this spot is a small thannah that marks the limit between 
 the Jagis and Ghilzais. The heights bounding the deflle on either side are 
 formed mainly of limestone, much broken on the surface and presenting, here 
 and there, outcroppings of soft grey slate in vertical and distorted strata. 
 Except where the defile branches off in little glens that winding northward 
 between the hills convey their drainage into the maiu channel, the opposite 
 heights are nowhere more than six hundred, nor less than eighty yards apart, 
 whilst their steep, and in many places perpendicular sides are thickly covered 
 to the very bottom, with pines, cedars, the arbor vitae and a few oaks, and on 
 the return journey of the mission, about ten weeks later in the season, yellow, 
 white and pink dog roses, the dwarf laburnum and a variety of umbelliferous 
 and labrite plants variegated the hill-sides with their many-colored flowers. 
 The interval between, forms the stony bed of a mountain torrent, at this date 
 but of small calibre ; the raging violence of its stream at certain seasons, 
 however, is indicated by tlie great fragments of rocks and the enormous 
 uprooted trees that strew its surface. Near the end of the defile we ascended 
 the short but steep Surkhai Kotal so named from the red colour of its soil, and 
 by a gradual descent emerged on the tableland of H:izar. This plateau is 
 buried under snow for about half the year, although at this season only a few 
 detached snow fields conceal the summer grazing grounds of the Ghilzais, 
 who collect here in large numbers with their families and flocks during the 
 spring and summer months from April to August, for the sake of the pasture, 
 a short sweet grass and a stunted growth of Artemisia, both of which are 
 grazed indiscriminately. The numerous grave-yards scattered over the plain 
 indicate considerable mortality amongst the visitors of this bleak and dreary 
 region. Each grave yard is enclosed within a low wall of loose stones whilst 
 poles fixed upright within them and ornamented with pendent ibex and wild 
 goat's horns and coloured rags point out their position on the extensive level. 
 At this season the snowy heights around Hazar present but a scanty growth 
 of vegetation. A few arbor vitae and juniper shrubs, scattered here and there 
 just suffice to deprive them of a totally barren aspect. And except a stunted 
 growth of absinth, thistles, orchids and lilies, readily eaten by hungry cattle 
 and horses, there is no forage for man and beast for twenty or thirty miles 
 around. The young and succulent leaves of the orchis and lily were cooked 
 and eaten as pot herbs by our camp followers. 
 
 At Hazar water boils at 195 F. with the temperature of the air at 55 F. 
 Approximate elevation above the sea abuut 93S2 feet, this is according to 
 Prinscp's tables. 
 
[ 180 ] 
 
 April 1st, sir lick camp nt 5 a. m. at which hour the thermometer stood at 
 26 F. in the open air. The night was searchingly cold and four of the horses 
 of our party died from its effects during the night. Water brought from a 
 neighbouring spring froze at once on being poured into a metal basin. At 
 5.30 A. M. proceeded on our march and by a gradual rise of three miles 
 ascended the Shutur-gardan (camel's neck) a term applied generally to any 
 easy ascent, whilst Kotal signifies a steep and difficult one. The height of 
 Shutur-gardan Kotal is about 1000 feet above the valley of Hazar and the 
 height of the surrounding peaks is about 800 feet still higher. This peak on 
 the return journey of the mission on the 8th June was dotted here and there 
 with patches of snow. At this date also in the adjoining Hazar valley the 
 thermometer stood at 30 F. at 4* A. M. From the summit of Shutur-gardan 
 we obtained a grand view of the wildly precipitous mountains around, already 
 fast parting with their snowy covering and exposing their nearly entire naked- 
 ness of vegetation. Far away to the north, Hindu Kush sparkled in the 
 morning sun : in the distant west the confused and tangled ranges of the 
 Hazarah mountains spread their snowy network ; and to the south of these in 
 pleasing contrast shone the green valley of Logar, whilst immediately below 
 us and at a depth of some fourteen hundred feet wound a narrow tortuous 
 gorge through which our road passed and into which we descended by a 
 difficult zigzag path in the almost perpendicular side of the mountain. This 
 little valley is constructed in its centre by the approximation of the opposite 
 limestone rocks, forming a natural gateway, the sides of which ascend abruptly 
 to a height of about one hundred feet whilst the passage is about as many 
 long with a width of less than thirty feet. Some wretched looking hamlets 
 were scattered here and there in sheltered nooks that also afforded protection 
 to a few apple and apricot trees. The inhabitants are Ghilzais who cultivate 
 only small patches of unfertile soil, subsist on the produce of their flocks and 
 are occupied for the most part in pillage and I'obbery. The valley is traversed 
 by several sparkling little rills through which shine with increased colour the 
 variegated lines of hornblende, porphyry and syenite, fragments of which strew 
 the surface everywhere. 
 
 We quitted the valley by a low but steep Kotal of mica schist. The 
 surface here also was strewed with blocks and lumps of hornblende and syenite, 
 the latter in a variety of shades from yellowish green to greenish brown, of 
 vitreous lusture and fracture. In some places the slopes of the hills were 
 covered with powdered mica, that much resembled wood ashes, but the glitter- 
 ing of its scaly particles in the sun at once showed its identity. 
 
 Descending the Kotal and traversing an extensive " dtimaii" or skirt of the 
 mountain we encamped at " Khushi" about 18 miles from Hazar. Khushi as 
 
[ isi ] 
 
 its name implies is a Heaven of delights to the wayworn traveller, who 
 reaches it after traversing the bleak and inhospitable regions of Haiyab and 
 Hazardarakbt. 
 
 The village is embosomed in extensive orchards and meadows that occupy 
 the bed of a wide ravine opening on the Logar plain, and which, at this season 
 in the bloom of spring, render the place doubly deserving of its name. Kative 
 provisions of all sorts both for man and beast are to be obtained here in 
 abiuulance. The principal trade of the place is in preserved apricots and 
 madder, though wheat, barley, clover, lucerne, &c. are also extensively cul- 
 tivated. At Khiishi water boils at 198.10 F. with the temperature of the 
 air at G3 F. Approximate elevation above the sea 7829 feet. 
 
 From Pewar to Khushi is a distance of about GO miles by the ordinary 
 route, crossed in every direction by spurs and ridges of the Sufed Koh, which 
 are for several months in the year, covered with snow and in many parts pre- 
 sent obstacles that are with difficulty overcome by laden animals. The glens 
 and valleys are inhabited by hardy robber tribes, the Jiigis and the Ghilzais. 
 The climate of this region though described by its inhabitants as a paradise 
 during the spring and summer months is for a considerable portion of the 
 year extremely rigorous and grain and other necessaries of life are raised only 
 in quantity sufficient for the scant wants of its wild and savage inhabitants. 
 The average of 5 days' temperature from the 29th March to the 2nd April 
 inclusive was 5 A. 3i. 39 F. ; 1 P. m. sun 93.20 tent 09.0 ; 8 r. M. 50.15 F. 
 
 Logar. — On the 3rd April after a day's halt at Khushi the mission proceeded 
 through Logar along its quiet stream, crossing it several times by native 
 rustic bridges, though at this season of the year this portion of the river is 
 fordable every where and at an average depth of two feet has a firm pebbly 
 bottom. Logar is an extensive open valley or plain of a shingly, and for the 
 most part uncultivated, soil. A strip, three or four miles across along the 
 course of the river however, is well cultivated and densely populated. The 
 villages are situated close to one another and each is enclosed by thick long 
 walls of a square form built of a hard and tenacious clay and flanked towers 
 at tbe angles. The inhabitants are of several different tribes and consequently 
 eternally at enmity with each other. The chief tribes here are the Wardak, 
 Tiijik, Ghilzai, Kuzzllbash and Muhammad. Their chief occupation is agri- 
 culture. Every patch of ground that can be supplied with water is brought 
 under cultivation and the soil near the river all along its course is a succes- 
 sion of green fields and poplar and willow copses, the freshness and brightness 
 of whose hues called to mind the meadows of England. Wheat, barley, rice, 
 Indian corn, pulses, beans, carrots, turnips, cabbage, mustard, clover, lucerne, 
 &c. are produced here in great abundance, and the three first are supplied to 
 Cabul in considerable quantity. 
 
[ 182 ] 
 
 The cultivation of rice as practised here is a much less unhealthy occupation 
 tlian as practised in Bengal and other parts of this country as in Kurram and 
 Lughmant, &c. In the former instance the seed is sown broadcast, C" par- 
 haVC) whilst in the latter the young rice is transplanted in the ordinary 
 method, C'' nilidUr) The following is the method pursued in Logar. Soon 
 after the winter snows have disappeared from the fields, the ground is ploughed 
 several times in every direction and exposed to the influence of the atmos- 
 phere for a period of three weeks more or less. About a week before the 
 ground will be ready for the reception of the seeds, the latter placed in a 
 large earthen vessel or hole in hard ground, they are then well moistened with 
 water and covered over with a heap of filth, skins, &c, in order to keep in the 
 heat generated and to favour germination. At the end of this time the seeds 
 having sent forth numerous slender radicles an inch or more long and a well 
 developed plumule, are taken out and at once sown broadcast over the fields 
 which have been flooded three or four days previously and in wliich sticks have 
 been fixed at regular distances as guides to the sower to new ground. 
 
 This process over, the irregularities of the ploughed earth are levelled by a 
 sort of rake termed '^ glialclilchov'''' dragged by a couple of men, and con- 
 trolled by a man following behind. The " gliaklihlior'''' is formed of a short 
 and stout beam, about three feet in length through each extremity of which 
 passes an upright post about two and a half feet in height. These are con- 
 nected by a cross piece above, parallel with the beam below. The beam itself 
 is pierced by a row of holes at intervals of three or four inches into which aro 
 fixed wooden teeth that project downwards about six inches, the terminal 
 teeth being formed by the projection downwards of the upright posts. The 
 implement is yoked by three ropes, one fixed on each side to the upright imme- 
 diately above and below tlie beam and the third loosely to the centre of the 
 upper cross piece by which the labourer steadies and depresses the machine 
 whilst by slakening or tightening this rope, he renders the teeth inclined or 
 perpendicular according as the inequalities of the ground are slight or great. 
 After this a constant supply of water is all that is required till the crop be ready 
 for the sickle about four or five months after sowing. 
 
 A kind of leek called by the natives '■'■ gandanna''' is largely cultivated in 
 Logar and Cabul. The plant is not allowed to flower as a rule, but its 
 young fresh leaves are used as a pot herb ; from the plants two or three crops 
 comnaonly are obtained annually for a long series of years. At Cabul is a 
 field of ^^ gandanna" said to have been sown in the time of Nadir Shah ! 
 
 There are no fruit gardens or orchards in Logar, but a few vineyards are 
 met with. The produce of these both in the fresh state packed in cotton and 
 as raisins arc articles of export. 
 
[ 1S3 ] 
 
 Poplars and willows are grown in plantations along the course of the river 
 and watcr-courses, for their timber which is fit for use in the 8th or 10th 
 year, and is used in the construction of houses and the manufacture of thin 
 boxes or drums in which the fresh grapes are packed for exportation. 
 
 Whilst marching through Logar, quantities of rhubarb were daily brought 
 into camp for sale. There are two kinds, viz. bleached and unbleached, called 
 respectively " raicusV and " cliakriy Both sorts are largely consumed by 
 the natives both raw and cooked. In the latter form, it is a favorite relish 
 added to meat dishes. Both kinds are dried in the shade and so preserved 
 for use when the fresh stock is out of season. The plants are never cultivated, 
 but grow wild in the mountains around and especially in the Highlands of 
 Cabul. The leaf stalks are gathered where they grow, and are brought down 
 to the plains for sale by the hill people near whose abodes it grows, the 
 " raicdsh'' has a very delicate flavour, produced by covering the young loaves 
 just as they sprout from the soil with a loose heap of stones or an empty 
 earthen jar. The roots are sometimes dug up and sold to drug vendors by 
 whom they are used for adulterating the China root, and in outward appearance 
 they much resemble that produced in England for a similar purpose. 
 
 Quitting Logar by the Tangi Wardak pass we ascended to the high road 
 between Cabul and Ghazni near the village of Shekh-abad on the Gth April 
 and encamped at Ghazni on the 8th. At this season this elevated tract has 
 a barren aspect and bleak climate, and the country still clothed in its winter 
 garb presents a striking contrast to the green plain of Logar, now in the full 
 bloom of spring. The hills around are bare and rocky, but their slopes afford 
 a good pasture to the oxen and sheep of the Wardaks. The soil is stony and 
 gravelly, and at this date variegated with scarlet and yellow tulips, blue 
 Hags, orchids and many other common English flowers. These, howevei-, and 
 a few poplars and willows on the " Shinas," an insignificant stream that joins 
 that of Logar, together with the half dozen fruit trees that surround the 
 villages, hardly relieve the forlorn and empty look of the country. But in 
 the summer what is now an apparent waste, is covered with corn-fields and 
 other crops and freely irrigated by numerous " kdrezas''^ that cross the road 
 at frequent intervals on their way from the heights to the fields below. 
 The " kdrez'^ is a subterranean aqueduct uniting the waters of several springs 
 and conducting their united volumes in one stream to the surface at a lower 
 level. They are very common in Affghanistan, and have retrieved large districts 
 from the wilderness. 
 
 The country from Shckhabad towards Ghazni rises gradually as far as 
 ''Bahun i SJier" (the Lion's mouth) whence it falls to Ghazni about twenty- 
 four miles distunt.j /Tlie " Sher Dahan" as it is more commonly called, forms 
 
 I 
 
[ 184 ] 
 
 the entrance to a narrow gorge, through which the road leads hy a steep 
 descent, and is the point I have selected to divide the country lying between 
 Kohat and Kandahar into an eastern and western division for the conve- 
 nience of description, as well as its being on the high ground that forms the 
 water-shed line between them. Ghazni is one of the oldest cities of Afghanis- 
 tan. The ancient city now in ruins, and to which fabulous dimensions are 
 assigned, was founded by Sabaktagi in the latter part of the tenth century, 
 and formed the seat of empire of his son and successor Mahmud Ghaznawi. 
 Arising from the midst of these ruins that occupy the ground east of the 
 present city, are two lofty minars that stand about 350 yards apart, and are 
 said to have formed the limits of the '' Beioan Khana" or audience hall of 
 Mahmud. They are built of large flat red bricks still in an excellent state 
 of preservation, and ranged in ornamental designs, and in some parts covered 
 with ancient Arabic (Kufic) inscriptions. The one on the east by far the 
 finest of the two as well in regard to the quality of the material as the 
 ornamental decorations, is pierced in its upper part by a large hole said to 
 have been done in the Chighatti wars by a cannon shot. Among these ruins 
 are also the crumbling remains of the Mausoleum of Mahmi'id Ghaznawi, and 
 his two sons Sultans Muhammad and Masiiiid. All are objects of great vene- 
 ration to the natives, and are visited by hosts of devotees. The tomb of 
 Mahmud is held the most sacred, and has lost nothing of its sanctity, though 
 desecrated by the most civilized nation waging war with one of the most 
 barbarous. 
 
 The present city after having been frequently overwhelmed as well by 
 physical as by political misfortunes, was finally taken by storm by a British 
 army on the 23rd July, 1839, and its fortifications blown up. Ghazni is now 
 a place of no importance, and has all the appearances of a decayed city. New 
 fortifications have been raised on the foundations of the old ones and built of 
 their debris and fresh clay, &c. The environs contain many villages, and 
 abound in " ziarats'" or holy shrines, the number of which is said to amount 
 to 197, only a few short of rendering Ghazni a place of pilgrimage as holy as 
 Mecca. These are for the most part surrounded by orchards, vinej^ards and 
 corn-fields, through the midst of which, on the west of the city, flows the 
 Ghazni river on its way south-westwards to the lake Ab-istada, and turning 
 several water-mills "en route." Wheat, barley and madder are raised in this 
 district in great abundance. Of the two first, Cabul draws its chief supply 
 hence. In fact Logar and Ghazni may be considered as the southern gra- 
 naries of Cabul. Madder is largely cultivated throughout this district, and 
 is exported to Hindustan. The plant requires four years to reach maturity 
 and till the third year, sheep, &c., arc allowed to graze its leaves and stems. 
 
[ 1S5 ] 
 
 whilst in tlie fourth year they are proteefceJ for seed and the rooU Collected 
 and dried in the sun. The well known action of the colouring matter of this 
 plant on the earthy constituents of bone, forming an insoluble compound with 
 them, has not escajjed the notice of the Affghans, who also declare that the 
 colour of the meat too is reddened by it. Maize, millet, pulses and carrots 
 and other vegetables are largely cultivated here, whilst the orchard fruits of 
 Ghazni are famous, and its melons are celebrated throughout tlie country. 
 The climate of Ghazni for several months of the year is very cold. iSnow 
 lies on the ground i'rom November to February. In summer the heat is said 
 not to equal that of Cabul or Kandahar, though it is rendered disagreeable 
 and injurious by constant dust storms, whilst the bare rock}' heights of 
 Balal that arise immediate!}' to the north of the city radiate their heat into 
 it and render the night air close and oppressive. 
 
 During the summer and autumn months, fevers of the typhoid or 
 bilious type are said to be very prevalent and fatal, wliilst in winter, the 
 mortality among the million is greater than in other cities of Aflghanistan, 
 owing to the severity of the cold and the scarcity of fuel. Wood is not 
 usually to be had for fuel, and its place is supplied by thorny shrubs that 
 grow in the surrounding country, thougli every available combustible is also 
 used by the poor. 
 
 Western Division. — The western division extending fiom Ghazni to 
 Kandahar, presents two open elevated plains or steppes, those of Ghazni and 
 Kandahar connected by a narrow interval, the valley of the river Tarnak. 
 The plains of Ghazni and Kandahar resemble each other in natural features. 
 In both, the soil is sandy or gravelly and encroached on at intervals by off- 
 shoots from surrounding mountains.. 
 
 Plain of Ghazni. — Excepting along the course of its river to the vicinity 
 of which tlie cultivation and villages are mostly confined, the plain of 
 Ghazni has an enipty and bare aspect. The streams of " karezas" cross 
 the road at intervals of eight or ten miles on their wa\' to the few villages 
 that are widely scattered over the plain country. 
 
 Tlie distant hills extend in low ranges of bare rock, and the country 
 skirting them is a raviney waste, wandered over by a vagabond section of the 
 Ghilzai tribe called Koehi (a term applied generally to all true nomades in 
 Affghanistan) whose immense Hocks of goats, sheep and camels, share the 
 pasture with herds of wild deer (gazelles) which with wolves, foxes and 
 hares, are the wild denizens of this wilderness, in which also tortoises and 
 several species of lizard abound. The black hair tents (" klieghdi") of these 
 Israelites of the desert are seen dotting the country at frequent intervals, and 
 always occupying the sheltered hollows in its surface for protection from the 
 2 B 
 
[ 186 ] 
 
 keen blast of the wost wind, which blows with considerable violence during 
 the spring, iUid, till llie sua be well risen, is very bleak and numbing in its 
 effects, and injurious to tlie eyes Irom the force with which it drives particles 
 of dust before it. A stunted brush-wood seldom exceeding three feet in 
 height, and usually not so high, is scattered over the dreary waste. Legumin- 
 ous plants of the Papilionaceous d'vision, such as the camel's thorn (Hedy- 
 sarum Alhazi) several varieties of Astragalus, spiny, rest harrow (Ononis 
 spinosa) &c., the sensitive Mimosa, togetlier with a plant of the rue family 
 called by the natives " lipaud,'" and the common Absinth (Artemihia Judaica), 
 orchids, &c., are the most generally distributed, whilst the dwarf tamarisk 
 preferring a sandy soil, is found where such prevails. The wild rue and 
 absinth are, in general use, as domestic medicines among the natives. 1'he 
 former for rheumatism and neuralgic affections, and the latter known by the 
 names " lukha''' and " talkh,'''' (" Pukhshti" and Persian terms, expressive of 
 its bitterness) ; is used in cases of fever, debility and dyspepsia and also as 
 a vermifuge. The lipaud, owing to its heavy nauseous odour, is supposed to 
 keep off' evil spirits, and is therefore to be found in every house. It is burned 
 on all occasions of joy or sorrow, at the bed side of the sick or wounded, at 
 the birth of a child, at the celebration of a wedding, &c. In towns ^^ fakirs'^ 
 armed with a bason of tire burn the seeds on the approach of a Khan or Sirdar, 
 and as he passes waft the smoke towards him at the same time invoking a 
 blessing on his head in hopes of some pecuniary reward. 
 
 Valley of the Tarnak. — This stream arising from some springs that issue at 
 the base of a high rock near Umkur, Hows south-westwards through an open 
 raviney country as far as Kilat-i-Gliilzi. Beyond this point, the river follows 
 its course through a more contracted valley, tliat I'alls rapidly in elevation as 
 it proceeds westward, and coming out on the plain of Kandahar, passes six or 
 eight miles south of that city and afterwards joins the river Argandab, which 
 further on uniting with the river Halmand, Hows into the lake Hamiin in 
 Sistan. At Kilat-i-Ghilzi the country presents a remarkable appearance. At 
 different distances from each other, varying from two to six or more miles, and 
 separated by low raviney ground, rise sevei-al table-like elevations which all 
 appear of about the same height, viz. about two hundred feet. They are 
 formed of indurated clay and round pebbles or gravel, and have perfectly flat 
 summits, the edges of which slope rapidly and directly to the base. Khilat-i- 
 Ghilzi itself occupies the summit of one of these. They appear to indicate 
 the level of some former plain that stretched twenty-five or thirty miles 
 between the mountains that now close the distant view to the north and 
 south. Whilst the raviney ground between them which consists of similar 
 materials, marks the action of former floods, now altered and increased by the 
 effects of time and seasons. 
 
[ 187 ] 
 
 The Tarnak is dammed up at intervals in its course and the water led off in 
 canals for purposes of irrigation : consequently in the hot season the river is 
 almost entirely exhausted. There is considerable cultivation along the banks 
 of the river, but few villages, which is accounted fur by the high road between 
 Cabul and Kandahar at this point following the course of the river. The 
 villagers to escape the onus of hospitality, prefer living in secluded dells four 
 or five miles from their fields, rather than part with their substance on the 
 unequal terms of one-sided hospitality. 
 
 Kandahar. — Kandahar is situated on an open plain in the angle formed by 
 the junction of the rivers Tarnak and Argandab, and about eight miles distant 
 from the one and six from the other, though separated from both by low 
 mountain ridges. 
 
 Occupying the base of a bare rocky hill about four miles to the west of 
 Kandahar are the ruins of the ancient city, " ^hahr-i-Konalt^ also called 
 " Shahr-i-Husain Shah" after its last king. The remaiLs of its former exten- 
 sive defences crown the height of the rock, and were supplied with water from 
 adjacent reservoirs partially cut out of the rock and ))artially built up. It is 
 said to have been founded by Alexander the Great, and to liavo been several 
 times destroyed and rebuilt by its Arab, Persian, Tartar, Turkoman and Uzbek 
 conquerors, and was finally taken by surprise and sacked and destroyed l)y 
 Nadir Shah about 1738 A. D. who removed its site to tiie open plain about 
 two miles south-east and called the new city Nadirabad. This was hardly 
 built before it was destroj^ed by Nadir Shah's successor in Affghanistan, Ahmad 
 Shah Abdul, who founded the present city in IT-l?, and called it Ahmad Shahr 
 or Ahmad Shahi. 
 
 The ruins of the old city are very extensive and without apparent dimi- 
 nution have been delved for years and carried away as manure for the fields. 
 They are also frequented searched for sulphur and nitre, both of wliich are met 
 with in small quantities, as also coins, gold and other precious things, especially 
 after heavy falls of rain. 
 
 Half way up the north-east face of the hill on which this city is built, and 
 situated between the ruins of two towers, is a flight of forty steps (chihal zina) 
 leading to a recess in the ruck ; at the entrance to which on each side is the 
 figure of a crouched leopard, nearly life size. The whole is carved out of the 
 solid limestone rock, and is said, in native histories of tlie place, to have 
 occupied seventy men for nine years before it was completed. The chamber 
 in the rock is about twelve feet liigh and eight wide, while its depth equals its 
 height. The sides of the interior are covered with Persian inscriptions carved 
 in relief. Tliey are said to have occupied the hthogra])her four years, and are 
 to the effect that on the 13th of the month Shawal, 928 A. H. king Babar 
 2 B 2 
 
[ 188 ] 
 
 conquered Kandahar, and appointed his sons Akbar and Humdyiiii successively 
 as its rulers. A long list of the cities of Babar's empire then follows, and 
 most of the large cities between Cabul and Burdwan are mentioned. 
 
 The present city of Kandahar is enclosed by fortified walls of an oblong 
 form about three and a half miles in circuit, and surrounded by a deep ditch. 
 Its length lies north and south, and tbe walls are pierced by six gates, viz. ; 
 the Badurani and Cabul on the east, the Shikarpiir on the south, the Herat 
 and Topkhana on the west, and tlie Tdgah gate on the north. This last how- 
 ever has for many years been built up and to all intents became a portion of 
 the surrounding wall, the northern portion of the city being selected and 
 occupied by the " Ar^g''^ which contains the citadel, the governor's residence, 
 barracks, &c. The two main streets which run one from the Cabul to tlie 
 Herat gate and the other from the Shikarpur gate towards the citadel, cross 
 each other at right angles about the centre of the city under an arched dome, 
 the " c/i(:!r6«," beneath whicli is a reservoir formerly kept in repair for the use 
 of the citizens, but long since covered over and neglected ; these streets con- 
 tain tlie four bazars which are named after the gates by wliich they are 
 entered from without, and that leading to the " ^r^" being called the " Shahi 
 Bazary These present a busy scene being thronged the greater part of tlie 
 day, by a mixed crowd of Aff'j;hans, Biliichis, Persians, and Hindus, &c. who 
 meet here to exchange their merchandise. The Hindus are the moht numei'ous 
 and the wealthiest merchants and carry on a very profitable trade, (if they 
 were but allowed to enjoy the profits of their industry without tyrannous 
 exactions) with Bombay via Shikar[)ur and Kurachi. They iin[)ort British 
 produce, viz.: silks, calicoes, muslins, chintzes, merinos, woollen and broad 
 cloths, &c. knives, scissors, needles, threads, papers, &e. and Indian produce 
 such as indigo, spices, sugar, medicines, &c. They export productions of 
 AflFghanistan to India and the Paujub, viz. : madder, asafoitida, wool, preserved 
 fruits, quince-seeds, pomegranate rinds, tobacco, felts, silk (raw), rosaries, &c. 
 the produce of Kandahar ; and horses, " yuhus'^ or baggage ponies, Birgan 
 carpets, copper utensils, silk, &c. the produce of Persia. 
 
 The traile between Kandahar and Herat and Mashad is carried on princi- 
 pally by Persians, who bring down silk, raw and manufactured, copper 
 utensils, guns, daggers, swords, precious stones, (torquoise), brocade, gold and 
 silver braiding, Brigian ducats, horses, kuvks, carpets, &c. and take back wool, 
 ftlts, postins, and skins, viz. : fox, wolf, &c. &c. 
 
 Kandahar is a mean city and does not possess any building worthy of notice 
 except the tomb of its founder Ahmad Shah. This is an octagonal structure 
 overlaid outside with coloured porcelain bricks, and surmounted by a gilded 
 dome, surrounded by small minarets. It overtops all the surrounding build- 
 
[ 389 ] 
 
 ings, and its dome attracts the attention of the traveller approaching the citj 
 from a distance. It occupies an open space between the citadel and the 
 Topkhana gate. A similar though smaller space between the citadel and 
 the Badurani gate is occupied by the " ganf^ or mart for all the grain and 
 live stock entering the city for sale. The city in its general aspect presents 
 an irregular collection of mud huts, (some of which are two stories high), and 
 domes. The streets and lanes are everywhere filthily dirty and taint the air 
 with their noxious effluvia. Water conducted in canals from the river Argan- 
 dab circulates freely through the city in small channels ; but it is polluted at 
 every step by all manner of ofTil and street filth,, notwitlistanding wliieh it is used 
 commonly and without compunction by the inhabitants for all domestic pur- 
 poses. There are, however, wells of excellent water in various parts of the 
 city. The houses of the rich are flat-roofed, two and sometimes three stories 
 high, and usually surrounded by courts and gardens. Those of the poor, are 
 on the other hand low domed chanibers or mean huts crowded close together 
 and very filthy. The inner walls of the better houses are plastered with 
 gypsum which, whil>t moist, is stamped with ornamental patterns and sprinkled 
 with powdered talc or mica, which imparts to the whole a very chaste ajtpear- 
 ance much resembling frosted silver. This gypsum is found in great quantity 
 on the plain, east of the city at from six inches to as niariy feet below the 
 surface. It is dug out in crystallized fragile coralline masses, and is calcined 
 previously to being used as a cement. The heat in this process i.s generally 
 carried to too high a degree, and destroys much of the cohesive properties of 
 the gypsum as a cement. Kandaliar is divided into seventy-eight " mahallas" 
 or districts, named after the chiefs of the several tribes inhabiting them. 
 Some tribes occupy four or five " mahallas" under a separate chief in each. 
 The following list gives an approximation to the number of houses of each 
 tribe: — 
 
 ]iarakzaie, 910 Kharoti, 200 
 
 Murzai, GOO Ghilzai, 100 
 
 Alikozai, G50 Ijiunizai, 400 
 
 Popalzui, GOO Sarkane, , 200 
 
 Ishakzai, GOO Ismailzai, 100 
 
 K&kar, 550 Banj.iian (shop keepers), 100 
 
 Alizai, 200 Dum (musicians), 40 
 
 Khagwani, 150 Pathan, 200 
 
 Makuzai, 100 Turk, 50 
 
 Badurani, • 150 Eabar and Babi, 200 
 
 Saddozai, 100 Aehakzai, 150 
 
 Kulizai, 350 Bisakzai, 100 
 
[ 190 ] 
 
 Maddozai, 150 Kashmiri,.. 100 
 
 Parsuran, 1,240 Kulalan (potters), 100 
 
 Pirian, 100 Massali (sweepers), 100 
 
 Doulat Shahi, 50 Eeslim Farosh (silk vendors), 100 
 
 Arab, 50 Ghasrlaram (dairj'meii), 100 
 
 Aakzikliel, 50 Jatt (barbers), ... 40 
 
 Hindu, 300 
 
 Total, ... 9,310 
 
 No correct estimate of the population can be formed from these data, for 
 several hundred houses are uninhabited, and fully a third part of the whole 
 city is in a deserted and ruinous state. The general estimate however is 
 between 1G,000 and 20,000. The former number is probably near the truth. 
 Por reckoning at five souls per house for two-thirds only which are inhabited, 
 the population would be 31,030. From this deduct nearly half for exagger- 
 ation on the part of my informant, and the real probable population will be 
 found about 15,515. Of late years the population has greatly diminished 
 owing to various causes, the frequent ravages of pestilence and famine and the 
 hard rule of the vicious governors of the country, being the chief. For the 
 latter reasons all manufactures are effectually cruslied in their development, 
 and the various industrial occupations usually pursued in cities, are in a very 
 sluggish state. 
 
 The production of silks and the manufacture of felts, postins and rosaries 
 are the principal industrial products of Kandahar exclusive of agriculture. 
 
 Silk is produced in considerable quantity at Kandahar both in the city and 
 in the villages around. The entire produce of the district is engrossed by 
 Sirdar Gholam Hydar Khan who is said to realize half a lakh of Rupees per 
 annum by its sale. He has a filature adjoining his own residence in tlie 
 " Ar," from the superintendent of which the following details have been 
 obtained. The eggs commence hatching about " Nau roz''' the 21st March. 
 For five or six days previously they are carried about the person in small bags 
 which are at all times in warm and dry places. As soon as it is ascer- 
 tained -that the worms are emerging from their shells the eggs are spread out 
 on a sheet stretched by the four corners at a convenient height from the ground 
 in a clean airy and wliitewashed room, and as the worms are hatched they are 
 removed into an adjoining room prepared for them. Tliis is long, lofty and 
 airy, and the windows are supplied witli screens to keep out flies and prevent 
 too much glare. Along its centre extends a frame work of wood about four 
 feet high and covered with mats (chatti.) On these the worms are placed and 
 regularly snp[)lied with young and fresli mulberry leaves. The worms are 
 never touched with the hand, all handling is carefully avoided ; tlx y are 
 
[ 191 ] 
 
 transferred from tlie sheet ou which they are born to the platform on wiiioh 
 they are finally to entomb themselves in their cocoons together with the twigs 
 or leaves on which tliey have crawled, a supply being always strewed on the 
 sheet. The eggs continue hatching during a period of two or three weeks and 
 those which are later than this usually do not hatch at all. As soon as the 
 caterpillars are born they commence eating and with little intermission con- 
 tinue the process for nine days, at the conclusion of which they sleep conti- 
 nuously for three days, and on waking again continue eating for three days and 
 so on alternately sleeping and eating for periods of three days. In this man- 
 ner the time is passed till the 60th day, on which the cateri)illar commences 
 and completes his cocoon. Some spin their cocoons dxiring the eight or ten 
 days preceding the 60th day from that of their birth, but seldom later. 
 When all the worms have spun their cocoons the latter are collected in heaps in 
 a third room. From these, those intended for seed are then separated and the 
 remainder stored in heaps according to size, colour, and quality. The cocoons 
 intended for breeding are strung on threads carefully avoiding injury to the 
 chrysalis, and suspended over a clean sheet stretched beneath them in the 
 breeding room. During eight or ten days the moths continue to come out 
 of the cocoons and collect together on the sheet, where after a time the 
 females lay their eggs, and then die in the course of a week or ten days. The 
 eggs are collected in bags and kept in boxes or jars till the approach of the 
 next " Nau Uoz," all moisture being avoided and guarded against. The 
 greatest cleanliness is always observed iu all parts of the building and no 
 sick man especially any aillicted with disease of the skin, is permitted to 
 attend the worms, and all noise or anything tending to alarm them is care- 
 fully avoided, whilst great pains are taken effectually to exclude Hies, at the 
 same time providing a free access of air and light. During the night the 
 building is hgbted with lamps, and several attendants keep watch for the 
 safety of the worms. In the still of night the noise made by several thou- 
 sands of worms feeding at the same time is described as very loud and aston- 
 ishing and resembling the sound of continuous sawing. 
 
 The cocoons collected for their silk are spread out in the sun for two or three 
 hours by which the chrysalis are killed and the cocoon rendered soft and 
 pliant, and when taken iu the hand feels hot and steamy. They are then cast 
 into a large copper boiler containing a sufficiency of hot water, in which they 
 are boiled and stirred about briskly with a slender rod called " ahukh glrdak'^ 
 till the fibres become loose and free in the water. A bundle of the fibre is now 
 caught up on the point of the stirring rod and attached to a wheel on which 
 it is wound oft'. Four seers of fresh cocoons after exposure to the sun lose 
 2^ seers of their weight. From the remaining i\ seers of dry cocoons are pro- 
 
[ 193 ] 
 
 duced 10 " clattaks'" of silk and 10 " chattaks'' of clirysalis. The 10 
 chattaks of silk, lose two cliattaks in weiylit by treatment in tbe boiler, the 
 loss consisting of dirt, greasy matter, &c. The eight chattaks left yield two 
 sorts of silk in equal proportions, viz. " Charkhi resJimti'^ and " sarnak 
 resJiam." The first is the best and almost entirely exported to Bombay. 
 The price in Kandahar is 12 Company's Eupees for four " chittaks." The 
 Sarnak resham or that wound off on the fingers as the former is on the 
 wheel, as their respective names express, is of inferior quality and entirely 
 consumed in the district, and is chiefly used in the ornamental embroidery 
 of cloaks, saddle clotlis, &c. &c. Its price varies from four to seven Company's 
 Rupees for four " Ghittaks''' according to quality. The silk prepared from 
 the cocoons from which the moths have escaped is called " Pila'^ resham 
 or '^ Kattjiii,''^ and is inferior to the " Sarnak" resham though used for similar 
 purposes. 
 
 The silk produced at Kandahar is capable of much improvement. The 
 cocoons are small and of unequal size and of different colours, yellow, white 
 and bluish according to the thickness of tlie silk ; tlie majority of the worms 
 are reared in the villages around, but principally in those along the river 
 Argandab, where also the mulberry trees are most abundant. In Kohan Dil 
 Khan's time, the mulberry trees around Kandahar were estimated at a lakh, 
 and the number has not since diminished. The whole of the silk produced 
 in the district is monopolized by the Sirdar, to whose agent alone may the 
 producers sell their silk. Some in return receive cash, but the great miijority 
 have their names and amount of silk brought entered in a book, and a 
 corresponding remission is made in their quota of the revenue in return. 
 Eggs are supplied by the Sirdar's Agent to all applicants " gratis." The 
 villagers however not profiting by the work take little interest in it, and 
 the numbers of breeders diminish yearl}^, and consequently tlie quantity of 
 silk produced, whilst its quality, rather than improving, deteriorates owing to 
 the quality of I'ood the worms are sujiplied with. In Herat where the worms 
 are reared in greater or less quantity in almost every house, the mulberry tree 
 is described as being cultivated in plantations of young bushes for the purpose 
 of supplying the worms with a tender and juicy food, on which diet the health 
 of the worms is maintained, whilst their peculiar productive qualities are 
 greatly increased. In Kandahar no pains are taken with regard to the 
 quality of the diet of the silkworms, but the extremities generally of the 
 branches of old and young trees alike are lopped off for their food. And the 
 trees are generally let out on hire by their owners to two parties at the same time, 
 to the silk producer for the leaves and to the fruiterer for the fruit. Besides 
 the silk-trade, several others are pursued in Kandahar, and afford occupation 
 
t 193 ] 
 
 and support to limidrcds of families. The principal are the nianufacture of 
 felts, rosaries and copper vtssels of all sorts, whilst dyeing gives occupation 
 to a large class also. Sheep skin coats are also extensively manufactured. A 
 few notes with regard to some of these may not here be out of place. 
 
 Felts are extensively manufactured at Kandahar, whence they are distributed 
 throughout the country and exported to the Panjab and Persia, to the latter 
 country in exchange for her own felts. 
 
 The mode of manufacture is apparently very simple, and the beauty and 
 accuracy of the patterns in the finer kinds is astonisliing. A large mat called 
 " chappar^^ formed of the stems of the Guinea-grass, bound together with 
 thin cords and crushed is the principal instrument used in their production, 
 and for the finer kind?, a large knife is us-ed for mowing down the surfiice, to 
 an equal level and developing the clearness of the pattern. The " ITw," which, 
 ill the best sort of felts, consists entirely of sheep's wool, is usually a mixture 
 of wool with goat's and camel's hair picked and cleaned. This is spread out 
 evenly on the " chappar" which is then rolUd up with firm pressure with the 
 feet (the Peshawaries employ the back of the forearm in this work) unrolled 
 and rerolled from the opposite end. This process of rolling backwards and 
 forwards, which occupies a considerable time owing to the slow and continued 
 * to and fro' action that accompanies tlie rolling and unrolling and revolving, 
 is continued i'or lour or five hours, by which time the fibres have become firmly 
 and intimately interwoven. The felt is now taken up, washed with soap and 
 water, dried, and again stretched on the " cliappar,^' when coloured patches of 
 wool are arranged according to pattern on its surface, and the whole is then 
 again submitted to the rolling process for four or five hours, after which the 
 Felt is completed and fit for u.se. The finer kinds are trimmed with a mowing 
 knife which greatly improves the appearance and brings out the distinctness 
 of the colours. These felts are commonly used as car[)ets, cushions, bedding, 
 horse clothing, &c. and by nomades as a warm lining for their hair tents. They 
 vary in price from one or two llupees to fifty or sixty per piece according to 
 pattern, size and quality. 
 
 Rosaries are extensively manufactured at Kandahar from a soft crystallized 
 silicate of magnesia (chrysolite) which is quarried from a hill at Shahmaisdd 
 about 30 miles north-west of the city, and where also a soft soap-stone (stea- 
 tite) and antimony are obtained in considerable abundance. The stone varies 
 in colour from a light yellow to a bluish white and is generally opaque. The 
 most esteemed kind, however, is of a straw colour and semi-transparent, and 
 much resembles amber ; some specimens are of a mottled greenish colour, brown 
 or nearl}'^ black, and are used for the same purposes as the lighter varieties. 
 From all kinds, rosary beads and charms of various sorts are made and largely 
 2 c 
 
[ 19'i ] 
 
 exported especially to Mecca. They vary in price from a cou[)le of annas to a 
 hundred Rupees in Kandahar. The dust and debris produced in turning the 
 beads, &c. when reduced to powder is used by native physicians as a remedy for 
 heart-burn. 
 
 The " post in" or sheep skin coat, the ordinary winter dress of the people is 
 made up here, as well as in Ghazni and Cabul, in considerable numbers. 
 The following is the process pursued. The skins as soon as removed (with the 
 wool in its integrity) are stretched out to dry and in this state are sold by 
 the owners to the curers ; by whom the dried skin is moistened with water 
 and rubbed with a mixture of equal parts of wheat or barley flour and rice- 
 flour with the addition of a little salt. This mixture is rubbed in daily for a 
 period of four or five days, during which the skin is pulled and stretched in 
 every direction till rendered perfectly soft and pliant. At the end of this 
 time the meal mixture is scraped and the whole skin is washed in running 
 water, and the wool is at the same time cleansed. The skin is then dried and 
 handed over to the tanners who, after scrapmg off" all the cellular tissue, &c. 
 with a large and sharp-edged iron scraper, supplied with a projecting handle 
 on each side, moisten the inner side of the skin only with water and rub into 
 it the tanning mixture which, owing to the properties of its principal ingredi- 
 ent also dyes the skin yellow. This mixture consists of the following in- 
 gredients, the aggregate of whose proportions is suflicient to tan 100 sheep 
 skins, viz. 
 
 Pomegranate rinds dried, 9 ibs. 
 
 Alum, 2 lbs. 
 
 Eed ochre (from Herat,) 4 oz. 
 
 These are all finely powdered and intimately mixed and then two pints of 
 sweet oil, or sufficient to render the mixture of the consistence of a thick 
 syrup, is added. This mixture is spread over the skin with the hand and 
 allowed to dry for three days, after which it is carefully scraped off" and the 
 skin is rubbed with firm pressure with a wooden rubber and thoroughly cleared 
 of the tannino- mixture by crumpling between the hands and shaking and 
 beatino' which also make the skin soft and supple. This completes the curing 
 as well as the dyeing of the skins which are now passed over to the tailors by 
 whom they are cut and sown into short coats or " postincha'^ requiring two or 
 three skins ; into long coats or " postaJci" requiring five or six skins ; and into 
 long-sleeved coats " fOstirC^ reaching from head to heel and requiring eight or 
 ten skins. The silk embroidery and other ornamental finishing is added by 
 women. The price of one of these varies from one to forty Co.'s Eupees or 
 more according to size and finish. The postin is admirably suited to the 
 climate of this country and to the out door life led by the mass of the people. 
 
[ 195 ] 
 
 Those prepared in Cabul are most esteemed. They are soft and supple and do 
 not stiffen or harden after being wetted. Those prepared at Kandahar are 
 not free from this last fault. The postins of this country are far superior to 
 those worn by the Tartar population of the Crimea in all the above qualities. 
 Agriculture. -^-The country round Kandahar is covered with orchards, vine- 
 yards, and corn-fields and other crops, and considerable attention is paid to the 
 cultivation of the soil. To supply it with the material for the nourishment of 
 the seed committed to its care, and to realize the greatest possible produce in 
 the season is the aim of the cultivator who, with these objects in view, dresses 
 the mould with manures, freely supplies it with water and at every oppor- 
 tunity exposes the earth to the influences of the atmosphere. A favorite 
 manure is the earth about the mines of the old city, mixed with stable refuse 
 and street sweepings. Cultivated land is of two kinds viz. " aii" and " lal- 
 lam." Abi land is always irrigated by artificial means, and three methods are 
 in vogue, viz. : — 
 
 1. In hilly districts the waters of springs issuing on the surface are led in 
 channels into the cultivated grounds. These often course many miles along 
 the slopes of intervening bills on their way to the fields. 
 
 2. Canals conducting the waters of rivers, from a convenient height in 
 their course are led into the cultivated districts, often situated twenty or 
 thirty miles from the origin of the canals. Where many canals are led off 
 from the same river and the current becomes lazy, the stream is dammed up 
 at intervals; the weirs being built just below the origin of tlie canals. 
 
 3. The " kcirez.'^ — This is a subterraneous aqueduct uniting several wells 
 and conducting their water in one stream to the surface of the earth at a 
 lower level. They are very common in the southern and western portions of 
 Affghanistan, where they have redeemed large districts from the wilderness. 
 They are thus made. A shaft five or six feet in depth is sunk at the spot 
 where the stream is to issue on the surface, and at regular intervals of from 
 20 to 50 or more paces, in the direction of the hill, whence it has been pre- 
 viously ascertained that a supply of water will be obtained, other shafts are 
 sunk and the bottoms of all connected together by slightly sloping tunnels. 
 The depth of the shaft increases with their distance from the original one 
 according to the slope of tlie ground. Tlieir number and so the length of the 
 " karez" depends on the supply of water met with, the quantity required, and 
 the distance of the spring from the habitable or culturable spot. The position 
 of the shafts is marked by ciicular heaps of earth on the surface and their 
 orifices are usually closed, the covering being removed at intervals of a year or 
 more for the purpose of cleaning and repairing the shafts and tunnels. Much 
 experience is required to select a spot from which a plentiful and lasting supply 
 
 2 C 2 
 
[ 19G ] 
 
 of water will be obtained. Not unfrequently, the water is brackish and unfit 
 for drinking, from the large quantity of nitre it holds in solution. And many 
 are largely impregnated with carbonate of lime, which is sometimes seen 
 deposited along the margins of the stream in the form of "travertin" or 
 calesinter. Some karezas afford a constant supply of water for ages, whilst 
 others become exhausted before they have paid for the cost of their construc- 
 tion. The most ancient karez in Affghanistan is at Ghazni. It is said to 
 have been made by Sultan Mahmud Ghaznawi, and it now waters the garden 
 of his tomb and the fields around. On the other hand, it is not an uncommon 
 occurrence to see once flourishing villages and gardens deserted and in decay, 
 owing to the exhaustion of their only source of water. Of this there are 
 several instances in the Kandahar district. The villages between Khel-i-Akhua 
 and Mamund Kila have of late years, it is said, been deserted owing to this 
 cause. " Kaiezas" are occasionally, though rarely, constructed at the 
 government expense ; sometimes at the cost of some noble of the land, (though 
 now-a-days this is as rare as the former case) ; but most commonly at the 
 expense of the villages that are to profit by its use, between whom the cost 
 and the use of the water is equally divided, or proportionally so according to 
 the circumstances of relative numbers, &c. The infringement of previously 
 settled stipulations is but too frequent a cause of enmity and bloodshed be- 
 tween the members of adjacent villages, when the government steps in and 
 takes the control of the water supply into its own hands, of coui'se making a 
 very profitable arrangement for itself. 
 
 " Lallam'^ is the term applied to cultivated land solely dependent on the 
 rains for its supply of water. The fields are usually banked all round, so as to 
 keep and contain all the water that falls or flows into them from higher 
 ground. A considerable portion of the land in the Kandahar district is 
 " lallami;^^ the " dbi" land being principally confined to the vicinity of the 
 rivers Tarnak and Argandab, which, during the hot season, are almost entirely 
 exhausted for purposes of irrigation. In Kandahar, wheat is principally 
 " lallam" crop, and returns in average years from 40 to 50 fold, whilst the 
 same grain raised in " abi' yields from 30 to 40 fold. Barley is chiefly 
 raised in " abi" land, and yields on the average 60 fold. " Jtiar'" or Indian 
 corn also requires irrigation, and in good seasons is said to yield 80 to 100 
 fold. 
 
 In Kandahar, as in most parts of Affghanistan, two harvests are realized in 
 the year, viz. the spring and the autumn. 
 
 The spring harvest or " rabhv" produces : — - 
 Wheat, Gandum, Barley, Jou. 
 
 Beans, Bagri, Pulses, Ghannah. 
 
 Lentils, Masur, Madder, Bodang, &c. <fec. 
 
[ 197 ] 
 
 The Autumn harvest or " kliarif produces: — 
 Maize, Juar Pulses, Mong. 
 
 Beans, Lobian, Rice, Shall. 
 
 Tobacco, Tamaku, Carrots, Giijar. 
 
 Turnips, Shalgham, Eggfruit, idJfl/y'rtrt. 
 
 Beetroot, Tomata, &c. &c. 
 
 Abi land when well attended to, frequently yields four or five different 
 crops in the year, and in particular instances as in that of clover (shaftal) and 
 lucerne (Rishta) (largely cultivated and used as fodder,) so many as 10 or 11 
 crops are realized annually from the same plants, and this for from six to eight 
 or nine years, in succession. In the former case the ground is sown with 
 wheat or barley in November ; this lies dormant during the winter and sprouts 
 in February. In March and April belore the flowers have formed, the crop 
 is cut twice and sold under the name of " kasil" as fodder lor cattle and 
 horses, and then the stalks are allowed to grow and mature grain which ia 
 gathered in June. After this the ground is ploughed and manured and laid 
 out in tobacco fields. These yield two crops at intervals of six weeks. The 
 ground is then prepared for carrots, turnips, &c., which are gathered in 
 November and December. 
 
 Tobacco. — The tobacco produced in Kanda]\ar is celebrated for its good 
 qualities among the natives, and is exported to Hindustaii and Bukliara. 
 Tliree kinds are cultivated at Kandahar, viz.: Kandahan, whicli sells at nine 
 annas per " maumV^ 3 lbs. Tabriz Balkhi sells at ten annas per maund. 
 Mansurabadi sells at one rupee four annas per maund. From the same phmts 
 two crops are always obtained in the season. The first called sargul is the 
 best, the leaves having a mild and sweet flavour. The second crop called mundhai 
 is strong and acid, and is used chiefly by tlie poor aud in the manul'acture 
 of snutf. 
 
 During April the plants are reared from seed in small beds well dressed with 
 manure, and the earth of wliich is finely comminuted. In May and June the 
 seedlings are transplanted into fields prepared for them, the earth of which 
 having been ploughed and manured is laid out in a regular series of ridges, 
 into the sides of which the young plants are fixed and freely watered till the 
 roots be well attached to the soil. In about six weeks the crop is cut. Each 
 plant is cut off at about three or four inches from tiie ground, five or six leaves 
 only being left, and laid flat on the ridge, and eacli side is exposed for a night 
 and day to the effects of the dew and sun, by which they lose their green and 
 assume a brown colour. They are tlien collected in large heaps in the field, and 
 covered over with mats or layers of straw, &c. and allowed to remain so for 
 ei^ht or ten days, during which the stems shrivel and give up their moisture 
 
[ 198 ] 
 
 to the leaves. After this the heaps are carried into the village, where the 
 leaves are separated from their stalks, dried in the shade and tightly packed 
 in bundles about fourteen inches square, and thus sold for exportation. Aa 
 soon as the first crop is cut, the ground between the plants is turned with a 
 spade, manured and freely irrigated. The old stems soon put forth fresh 
 leaves, and in six weeks the second crop is gathered. Sometimes a third crop 
 is realized but the quality of tl)e tobacco is very inferior. The young seedlings 
 of Kandahar tobacco, packed in moist clay and bound in cloth or straw, are 
 carried away by villagers three and four day's journey into the country for 
 transplantation at their own abodes, but the produce it is said does not equal 
 that of Kandahar. 
 
 Melons. — Both musk and water melons are largely cultivated, and there are 
 several varieties of each kind, viz.; musk melons or " kharbuza," 1, garma ; 
 2, herati ; 3, ghaznichi tappadar ; 4, habshi ; 5, tappadar sufed ; 6, tappadar 
 sabz ; 7, baghtani ; 8, khurd ; 9, sarda ; 10, garmsera, &c. of these the sarda 
 ia esteemed the best. They require considerable attention during growth, a 
 free supply of water and daily turning of the fruit, which is covered over with 
 earth to prevent the ravages of worms, and on each plant but three flowers 
 are allowed to fructify, the rest being nipped off as they form. 
 
 Water melons or " Idndiiwana^'' (of which the mustafi ; 2, mur, melangi ; 3, 
 kirmani; 4, kaddu; 5, siah kuthur ; and 6, surkh hutbur, are the more common 
 varieties,) require a sandy soil, little water and little care, and the buds are 
 not nipped off as in the other kind of melons. 
 
 Potatoes. — Potatoes are grown to a small extent only, having been but just 
 introduced from Cabul, where they are said to be largely cultivated and much 
 appreciated by the natives. They were introduced into the latter place by the 
 British during their occupation of the country, 1839-40, &c. Those raised at 
 Kandahar are very small, but no doubt they will improve both in size and 
 flavour as their cultivation becomes better understood. 
 
 Fruits. — Kandahar is celebrated for its fruits, especially the apricot, the 
 pomegranate, the quince, and the fig. And considerable attention is paid to 
 keep up a good stock by grafting and careful training. Tliree methods of 
 grafting are practiced, viz. : 1, bud-grafting ; 2, tube-grafting, and 3, trunk- 
 grafting. The first mentioned mode of grafting is the one in most general 
 use. With the apricot tree the following is the practice pursued. About a 
 month before " nau roz^^ (21st March) the seeds are placed haulon downwards 
 in ground previously prepared for them. Soon after " nau roz,^'' the young 
 plants begin to shoot above ground, and are allowed to grow here for a year, 
 at the end of which time they are transplanted into orchards and allowed a 
 twelvemonth to fix themselves firmly in the soil, being at regular intervals, 
 
[ 199 ] 
 
 freely irrigated. At the 4!th " nau roz" or third year of the plant, the young 
 buds from approved varieties are removed together with a margin of bark, and 
 placed in water till applied to the stock, in the bark of which, a few inches 
 above the part up to which the plant is immersed in water, a slit is made and 
 the bark separated from the wood by bending the pliant stem on itself at the 
 spot. The graft is inserted beneath the edges of the slit, and bound above 
 and below the bud with thin stripes of bark from poplar and willow twigs 
 (bast). The branches and twigs of the stalk are then bent on themselves 
 into a bundle till on a level with the grafts, which seldom exceed three on the 
 same stock, around which they are loosely bound as a protection from the sun. 
 As soon as it is ascertained by the growth of the bud that the graft has 
 succeeded, the bindings are removed and the leaves and branches of the young 
 tree pruned off. The stocks are then supplied with manure, and water at 
 regular intervals, and bear fruit in the third year after being grafted and the 
 fifth of their age. Hardy but inferior varieties of apricot, known as surkhcJia 
 and sufedcha, are the trees used as stocks and the kasi and other approved 
 varieties supply the grafts. 
 
 Apricots. — Ten varieties are cultivated at Kandahar, viz. : 1, kasi ; 2, char- 
 baghi. These are the most esteemed. Considerable quantities are dried and 
 exported to Hindustan. The ripe fruit is sliced ojien on one side, the stone 
 removed, split, its kernel extracted and replaced in the tleshy part of the fruit, 
 which is then laid out on mats or straw in the sun to dry. The sweet ones 
 prepared from overripe fruit are called ashJdak, whilst the subacid ones pre- 
 pared from the nearly ripe fruit are called, ^' khubani.'^ The pasras so named 
 because it is the last to ripen, is of two varieties, viz. : p. kalan and p. khurd, 
 the great and small pasras. The surkhcha, sufedcha, plan, shams, and shakar- 
 para are inferior varieties, dried without removing the stone (putamen) and 
 are known as lai^. They are very acid and are generally used as a relish in 
 many dishes and in sharbats. Gold and silversmiths use a hot infusion of 
 them to clean their metals and give them a bright lustre. 
 
 flums. — 'i'hese are the gurja, ghwara, and alabukhara. They are allowed 
 to dry on the trees, and then shaken off. 
 
 Peaches. — Tirmai and bahri. The former are of great size and excellent 
 flavour. The peach is usually grafted on the apricot stock. 
 
 Cherries. — A small, black, acid, and inferior variety called '• atubalu." They 
 make good preserves. 
 
 Apples. — The shakar, khuluk, labon, and sabzseb are the more common 
 varieties. 
 
 Quinces. — Shakar, miana, and tursh. Cut in slices and dried for use iu 
 winter. The seeds are sold separately and used for medicinal and other 
 
[ 200 ] 
 
 sharbats ; largely exported. The fruit is often preserved whole on account of 
 its agreeable smell. 
 
 Pears — Nalc. — An inferior variety. 
 
 Fomegranates — Anar. — 1, panjwai ; 2, bam; 3 bedana ; 4, habshi ; 5, khu- 
 luki ; 6, gulnar, &c. The first are of great size and excellent flavour and are 
 exported. The rinds of all the varieties are dried and exported, used by 
 tanners and dyers. The bark the root of bam is used as a remedy in diarrhoea 
 and dysentery by the natives. 
 
 Figs. — Two varieties. Makhai, large and black, in the dry state exported 
 to Hindustan. Sada, a small white variety consumed at home. 
 
 Ifulberries — Tw^.— Bedana, ibrahim khana, danadar, tor, kalauz, shah, tut, 
 pahlawi, are the common varieties, sometimes dried for use in winter season. 
 
 Grapes — Angur. — Sometimes trained on frames of woodwork, but most 
 frequently on ridges of earth eight or ten feet high, the vines growing in the 
 trenches between. Nineteen varieties are cultivated at Kandahar, viz. : 1, 
 kishmish sufed ; 2, k. surkh ; 3, lal sufed ; 4. 1. surkh ; 5, sahibi surkh ; 6, s. 
 ablak ; 7, rocha surkh ; 8, r. sufed; 9, khalili ; 10, hosaini ; 11, mehri; 12, 
 aeta; 13, shekh kalli ; 14, toran ; 15, peshangi ; 16, khairogolamani ; 17, 
 kliatin ; 18, amir mahumdi ; 19, iskri ; khatin grapes produce mannakha 
 raisins. The 5ffl7a'6i5 produce sun-dried raisins of inferior quality consumed at 
 home. The rochas and toran are inferior varieties, and consumed fresh by the 
 poor. Hosaini and shekh Ichalli are packed when ripe in cotton, and thus 
 exported, Aeta produces the doghi or abjost raisins and correspond to the 
 bloom raisins at home. They are thus prepared. The fresh ripe branches are 
 dipped for a moment two or three times into a hot alkaline solution of lime 
 and potashes, and then hung up in the shade to dry. The other varieties 
 produce the common shade dried raisins, which are largely exported. Wine is 
 made in small quantity, but the favorite drink of the Kandaharins, who indulge 
 freely in the forbidden liquor, is a strong spirit distilled from the varieties 
 of kismis. 
 
 Some Observations on Aefghanistan and the Affghans. 
 
 The following remarks it is hoped may not prove out of place, though 
 deprived probably in a great measure, of new intelligence by the researches of 
 so many able predecessors. The subject is considered in five paragraphs, viz. : 
 1, historical sketch ; 2, limits and inhabitants ; 3, climate ; 4, productions, 
 natural and industrial ; 5, a brief history of the origin of the Affghan people 
 according to their own account of themselves. 
 
[ .^oi ] 
 
 Historical Sketch. — The early history of Affghanistau is enveloped in mystery, 
 and but scattered fragments are ascertained of the events concerning it that 
 occurred antecedent to the time of Nadir Shah, about a century and a quarter 
 ago. 
 
 The earliest knowledge, however, that we have of the region now known as 
 Affghanistan, dates about 536 B. C. At this period it fox'med the extreme 
 eastern portion of the Medo-Per.-ian Empire founded by Cyrus, and whose 
 boundary in that direction was the Indus, beyond wliich the world was sup- 
 posed to terminate in a vast desert. On the fall of the Medo- Persian dynasty 
 by the defeat of Darius about 330 B. C. by Alexander the Great (the Sikaiida}' 
 zu-l'Jcarnain of the Muhammadans, by whom he is classed among the prophets 
 of God) this country became a satrapy of the Grecian monarchy. At the 
 period of Alexander's journey tlirough tliis region on his way to India, the 
 inhabitants though not absolute barbarians, since tlie}' lived in houses and 
 cultivated the soil, were perfect strangers to tlie wealth and civilization that 
 existed on either side of tliem, among the Medes and Persians on the one 
 hand, and the Hindus on the other. After Alexander's death at Babylon and 
 the subsequent dismemberment of the Grecian empire, the country, or at 
 least the western portion of it came under the dominion of the Salukide 
 dynasty, founded about 312 B. C. by Salukas Nicator, Alexander's successor 
 at Babylon. The Parthians under Arbaces about 250 B. C displaced and 
 succeeded the Salukides, and themselves about 226 B. C. gave place to the Sas- 
 saindes, who, after a long dynasty, were overthrown about 651 A. D. by the 
 Arabs, or Saracens, who soon after overran Afghanistan with tlieir inevitable 
 concomitants the sword and the Koran. From this period the history of 
 Affghanistan emerges somewhat from the darkness that shrouds it since the 
 time of Alexander. The Arabs continued in power till overthrown by Sabuk- 
 tigin, a Tartar chief, who having conquered the northern portion of the country 
 afterwards founded Ghazni about 975 A. D. He was succeeded at Ghazni by 
 his son Mahmud, surnamed Ghaznawi, about 997 A. D. Mahmud vastly 
 increased the kingdom of his father, by the conquest of Hindustan and cap- 
 ture of Delhi al)Out 1011 A. D. and by a proportionate extension of his arms 
 westward, so that at his death Ghazni formed the metropolis of an empire 
 extending from the Tigris on the west, to tlie Ganges on the east. Mahmud 
 died at Ghazni after a victorious reign of thirty years, and was buried in the 
 city under a magnificent mausoleum at the entrance of which were placed the 
 celebrated sandal wood gates of Somnath, which he himself had brought off in 
 triumph from the great Hindu temple of that name. These, after braving 
 safely all the successive troubles, sackings, burnings, devastations and wars that 
 during eight centuries swept over old Ghazui were finally in 1639-40 aftei' the 
 2 D 
 
[ 202 ] 
 
 storm antl cfipfcuve of that foitress bj a British army, deported into Hindustan 
 and left to rot in a Government Magazine at A^'ra. " Sic transit gloria mundi !' 
 The Sabuktigin dynasty lasted one hundred and eighty-seven years, and was 
 overthrown by that of Ghor in the person of Mahmud Ghori, who in IIS^, 
 A. D., sacked and burnt Ghazni. During the ascendancy of tlie Sabuktigin 
 dynasty, the AfFghans gradually rose to power. Mahmud tlie Ghazniviteat 
 the commencement of his triumphant career largely employed them as soldiers, 
 and after his successful invasion of Hindustan, established many chiefs from 
 among their tribes in the government of the difficult newly acquired provinces. 
 Mahmud's successor continuing his policy, placed excessive power in the hands 
 of the Affghans, And this continued increasing till during the early part of 
 the reign of the house of Ohor, when it reached the cuhninating point. The 
 Affghans from being the subject race, became the ruling one, and at the very 
 commencement of tlieir career, subdued Hindustan and established a dynasty 
 of their own at Delhi, or Indrapat the ancient Hindu capital about 1193, 
 A. D. The Affi^han or Pathan dynasty though interrupted by the Tartar 
 invasions under Cliingl>iz Khan in 1222 A. D., and Taimur Lang in 1389 A. D., 
 and their dominions greatly curtailed, (their native country, Affglianistan liaving 
 become a possession of the victorious invaders) was not entirely overthrovvu 
 till 1525, A. D. when Babar, having twelve years previously, conquered 
 Affghanistan, took Delhi and established the Moghul dynast}' in Hindustan. 
 Babar Badshah died at Delhi in 1530, A. D. and in accordance with his 
 commands before death, was buried at Cabul, wliere to this da}' his tomb is 
 held in as much veneration by the Aifghans as if he were one of their own 
 saints. After this event, Affglianistan became more tlian ever an object of 
 contention between the rival Moghul and Persian sovereigns, and frequently 
 passed from the possession of one to that of the other, sometimes in the midst 
 of political distractions of greater importance enjoying a brief interval of 
 independence under native chiefs, till the time of Nadir Shah who, having 
 conquered Affglianistan in 1736, raised the Persian power to the highest by 
 the capture of Delhi and massacre of its inhabitants in 1739. But Nadir's 
 conquests were too rapid and too extensive to be of long duration. He himself 
 was murdered near Mashad in 1747, soon after his return from India laden 
 with its wealth and riches. At this time Ahmad Khan, an Affghan chief of 
 the tribe of Abdul, and an officer in Nadir's army, having seized the murdered 
 sovereign's treasure near Kandahar, had himself there proclaimed king of 
 Affghanistan under the title of Ahmad Shah " Burr-i-Durran'" (pearl of 
 pearls), a metaphorical expression for the acme of excellence. He was sup- 
 ported in his pretensions by the neighbouring Hazara and Beluch chiefs, and 
 many of the Affghan tribes allied to him by clanship and who have since been 
 
[ 203 ] 
 
 disthiguislietl by the cognomen oV^ DurranV whilst '' Bardurrani^ was applied 
 to the other Affghan tribes, who supported his claims but were of different 
 olans. The ceremony of Ahmad iShah's installation in the government of his 
 newly-made kingdom, took place on an eminence overlooking the extensive 
 plain of Kandaliar (Ibe spot is now marked by an ordinary looking domed 
 edifice held sacred as a shrine), on wliich at a distance of about four miles 
 from the spot on which he was declared king, he founded the present city of 
 Kandahar, named it Ahmad Shahi, and made it the seat of his government, 
 and in which also his bones were deposited under an elegant domed buildino-. 
 During the reign of Ahmad Shah, Afliyhanistan tlirowing off the political 
 trammels from which, during the vicissitudes of centuries she had never been 
 free, became a distinct kingdom, and acquired more independence than she had 
 ever before enjoyed. All mad Shah the regenerator of his country, died in 
 1773 after a very successful reign of twenty-six years, and was succeeded by 
 his son Taimur. In 1793, after Taimur's death his son Zaman ascended the 
 throne. Zaman Shah as weak and cruel a prince as his father, fell a victim 
 to the plots of his rivals, and alter a brief reign was deposed and blinded by 
 his half-brother Malimud, who was himself shortly alter dej)rived of his ill- 
 acquired ])ouer and imprisoned by Shah Shuja-al-Mulk, the full-brother of 
 Zivman Shah. Shah Shnja, after a brief enjoyment of power, was forced to 
 abdicate and llee the country in 1809, owing to the dark consj)iracies and 
 rel)ellion of his enemies headed by Fatteh Khan, tiie Barakzai cliief. The 
 fugitive monarch at first sought refuge among the Sikhs, but being disap- 
 pointed ill his ill-foanded hopes, and with diiUculty escaping from the restraint 
 put u[)on him b}' the Sikh chieftain Ranjit Singh, threw himself on the pro- 
 tection of the British Government at Ludianah, though not until relieved by 
 Kanjit of tiiat precious burthen the koh-i-nur diamond. 
 
 Mahmud in the interim having escaped from his imprisonment, was reinstated 
 in the sovereignty by Fatteh Khan, who, for his services, was appointed 
 Wazir and his brothers Dost Muhammad Khan and Kohii Dil Khan, &c. were 
 placed respectively in the governments of Cabul and Kandahar. 
 
 Fatteh Khan whose power and influence were objects of envy and jealousy 
 to the heir-apparent, was assassinated in 1818 at Uaidrkhel near (Jhazni by 
 Kamran, Muhammad's son. This foul deed raised Muliammad's enemies tiirough- 
 out the countiy, who, under the plea of disapprobation of a crime that was 
 of daily occurrence and a national custom, took the opportunity to throw off 
 subjection to an usurped and tyrannous authority. Tlie whole country pre- 
 sently became convulsed with discord and rebellion, and divided into indepen- 
 dent chielships. Muhammad died at Herat, which was all that remained of 
 his usurped kingdom, and was here succeeded by his son Kamran who, after a 
 2 D Si 
 
[ 204 ] 
 
 long and tyrannous exercise of power was murdered by his AVazir, Yar Muham- 
 mad Khan, Alikozai in 1842. 
 
 Kandahar after Fatteh Khan's death became an independent chiefship 
 under Kohn Dil Khan, and his brothers, who shared with him the profits of 
 the government: whilst Cabul at the same time fell into the hands of Dost 
 Muhammad Khan, all brothers of the murdered Wazir. 
 
 Such continued to be the condition of Affghanistan till 1839, when a British 
 army entered the country and reinstated the fugitive Shah Shuja on the throne 
 of his ancestors. The regenerated monarch after a very brief career was 
 murdered at Cabul during the rebellion and disasters that occurred there in 
 1841-42. Dost Muhammad Khan (who on the dispersion of all his hopes of 
 regaining power had surrendered himself a prisoner) on being released b\' the 
 British Government, hastened to his recovered principality Cabul, and having 
 restored order and firmly re-established his authority there, gradually extended 
 his power. In 1850 he brought Balkh under his rule, and in 1854 Kandahar 
 also sharing the same fate, became a possession of the Amir, Dost Muhammad 
 Khan. 
 
 Herat on the other hand, after the death of Yar Muhammad Khan in 1852, 
 was governed by his son Syad Muhammad Khan for three years, when he 
 was displaced by Muhammad Yusuf Khan, Saddozai, wlio after three months' 
 reign was dethroned by Isa Khan a Bardurrani chief. Isa Khan being threat- 
 ened by the Atf^hans, called in the Persians who took Herat in 1856. This 
 infringement of a previous treaty witli the British led to the Persian war of 
 1856-57 : on the conclusion of which, in accordance with tlie terms of a new 
 treaty, the Persians evacuated Herat about the middle of 1857. On their de- 
 parture, it fell into the hands of an AflTghan chief, Sultan Ahmad Khan 
 Barakzai, a prominent actor in the rebellion and ensuing disasters that occurred 
 at Cabul in 1841. 
 
 Limits and Mj7»«5j7rt?2if*.— Affghanistan, by which is here meant the country 
 of the Aff^'han people, and those allied to them by manners and customs, in 
 contradistinction to its political limits, is bounded on the east by the Indus 
 from Swat and Boner on the north, to Mittan Kot on the south, inclusive of 
 those districts. The southern boundary is formed by the Beluch districts of 
 Kach Gandawa, Sarawan and the Washai mountains, which last separate 
 Beluchistan from the great sandy desert that forms the south-western portion 
 of Affghanistan. On the west it is bounded by Persia and Persian Khoras- 
 san the sandy and for the most part desert region of Sistan encroaching on 
 the southern portion of this border. On the north, Affghanistan presents an 
 
[ 205 ] 
 
 extremely ill-defined border, along which from west to east, lie the indepen- 
 dent chiefships of Maro (a dependency of Khiva) Bokhara, Kundoz, Badakh- 
 slan, and Kafiristan, whilst the country of the Hazaras (the Paropamisan 
 mountains) occupies a very considerable tract in the north-west of the coun- 
 try. The Hazaras are an independent (the border tribes only being subject 
 to the AflPghans) nomade people of Tartar origin, their features and general 
 bodily conformation coinciding with the type of that race. They speak, how- 
 ever ; a dialect of the Persian language, and like that people belong to the Sliia 
 sect of Muhatnmadans. They have no knowledge of tlieir origin or history, 
 but usually declare themselves of Moghal descent. Tiieir wealth consists in 
 vast flocks of horses, camels, goats and slieep. From the hair and wool of the 
 camel and goat, they weave a variety of warm fabrics, suited to the climate of 
 their country. These are known as barak, kurk, &c. which are hereafter 
 mentioned again. These together with sulphur and lead, the produce of their 
 mountains, are a source of considerable profit to the Hazaras, who largely 
 barter them with their neighbours the Uzbeks, Persians, and Affghans for the 
 products of their respective countries. The Hazaras are said to be a brave, 
 healthy and hardy race. I have, however, observed a frequency of leprosy 
 among tliose of tliis race who have settled in Affghanistan, they are usually 
 emploj-ed as grooms, labourers, &c. and earn but a precarious livelihood, and 
 consequently live on the hardest fare, rarely tasting meat and not always 
 ol)taining a sutHcient supply of bread. In their own country where also this 
 disease is said to be not unfrequent, they live entirely on the produce of their 
 flocks, and cultivate none of the vegetables common in Atfghanistan, though 
 they have abundance of wheat and barley. 
 
 Inhahilants. — Affghanistan within the above described limits is inhabited by 
 many distinct tribes exclusive of the Hazaras. 
 
 Several of these have no national or kindred affinity whatever to the Afighans 
 whilst others, though they resemble the Affghans in language, features and 
 many of their customs, are rejected by them as brethren, and assigned a 
 separate origin, their names not being found in the genealogy of the Affghans. 
 To the former class belong the Kazzalbashis, Parsiwans, Tajiks and other 
 Parsizabans. The two first are Persians and entered the country with Nadir 
 Shah. The Kazzalbashis serve as soldier?, and form the greater portion of 
 the cavalry and artillerj' branches of the Affghan forces. The Parsiwans 
 dwell for the most part in towns and cities, and are occupied as merchants, 
 shoplveepers and the various trades, whilst those who live in village communities 
 are husbandmen and shepherds. The Tajiks, though of a different race, 
 resemble the former in occupation as well as language, but they principally 
 lead an agricultural life, and settled in villages cultivate the soil. 
 
[ 206 ] 
 
 To tlie second class containing those who call themselves Pathans, though of 
 a dift'urent origin from the Atfghans, belong to the tribes of Karani, Ashtarani, 
 Mashwani, Wardak, &c. The Karani division contains the Orakzai, Afridi, 
 Mangal, Kliattak and Khagyani tribes. This last is divided into the Zazi, 
 Tori and Paria sections, and the Waziris are sometimes included among these. 
 
 Each of these tribes is again divided into nunierous Ichels and zais or clans, 
 and each tribe possesses its own territory. 
 
 All the tribes known as Karani are found on the slopes and the eastern 
 ramifications of the Sufed Koh. Thus the Afridis and Orakzais occupy the 
 hills drained by the Bara river (a tributary of the Cabul river.) The Khat- 
 taks occupy the range of hills extending from where the Cabul river joins 
 the Indus to the Kafir Kot on the Kurram river near Bannii. The Zazis, 
 Toris and Parias occupy the southern slopes of the Sufed Koh, and its spurs 
 in that direction, which are drained by the Kurram river. Still further south 
 of these are found the Mangals and Waziris. The Khagyanis are separated 
 from these by the Cabul river, they occupy the Mawzi hills between Lalpura 
 and Bajour. The Dalaziks sometimes included among the Karanis, are dis- 
 persed throughout the country in small communities, they possess no lauds 
 but usually act as the servants of the Aifghans. 
 
 The Ashtaranis and Mashwanis are principally found in the Derajat. The 
 former are chiefly occupied as merchants, and carry their merchandize from 
 India to Bokhara, through Cabul and vice versa. The Mashwanis are 
 husbandmen, nomades and shepherds. The Wardaks occupy the narrow western 
 defiles of the Logar valley and the hills drained by the sources of that river. 
 They are fixed in villages and cultivate the soil. 
 
 Of the AfFghans, the Ghabzais, Durrdnis and Kokars are the three main 
 divisions. No correct estimate of the numbers of these tribes can be arrived 
 at, at present, though of the aggregate population of the country, they do not 
 number a half, but rather I believe less. In all the populous districts a large por- 
 tion of tlie population is made up of Parsi-zabans, viz. Kazzalbashis, Parsiwans, 
 and Tajiks, which last are the most numerous. There are besides many 
 Hindustanis and some Hindus. In the Kohistan (Highlands) of Cabul, are 
 found many tribes who, in features and to some extent in language, resemble 
 the Kafirs, though they profess Muhammadanism. Of these, the cliief tribes 
 inhabit the district of Logman and are known as Nimcha (half caste) Sadu, 
 Kawal, &c. The two last mentioned are gypsies, are very poor, lead a roving 
 life, tell fortunes, and are adepts at petty thieving, and have a language of 
 their own. Of the other tribes some speak a dialect of the Persian language, 
 and others a mixed patois of Pukhshtu and Kafir languages. 
 
 The total population of the country may be divided from their different 
 
[ 207 ] 
 
 modes of life into two great and antagonistic classes, viz. those who have 
 fixed abodes, and those who have no fixed abodes but lead an erratic life, 
 migrating from the low to the highlands and vice versa, in accordance with 
 the changes of the season. The latter, the nomade population, though they 
 sometimes cultivate a sufficiency of corn for their own consumption, live for 
 the most part on the produce of their flocks, and beyond the attention requir- 
 ed by these have no other occupation than that of robbers. And when 
 victims are not to be found within their own territories they seek them in 
 those of their neighbours, who at once resent the trespa-s, and thus the 
 ordinary monotony of a pastoral life is varied by the excitement of a retaliative 
 warfare and surprisals. 
 
 The fixed population dwelling in the towns and villages, are occupied in tlie 
 cultivation of the soil, the various trades and other industrial pursuits. But 
 among these, the Affghans (except only the poorest of the poor) from their 
 positions as masters, deem it derogatory to their honor to engage in any of 
 the occupations pursued by their companions. And on being asked the reason, 
 with an air of offended dignity deign no further reply than " ze Fulclitun rjam''^ 
 (I am a Pukhtun). The Aifghan beyond serving as a soldier, or cultivating 
 the ground for his own su[)i)<jrt, or engaging as a wholesale merchant follows 
 no other useful occupation. The merchant or the poorest of liis class will 
 not keep or serve in a shop. Tiie villager who grows his own corn looks down 
 on the market garduiier, and would himself on no account raise vegetables. 
 An Affghan who has had patience and perseverance sufficient to master the 
 orthography of the Koran, not to say its interpretations, for though the 
 number of those capable of reading (apart from the priesthood) is few, that 
 of those who understand what they read is still less, has no exercise for his 
 calling among his own tribe. They will not follow him in his devotional 
 geimflexions, nor will they emplo}' him to perform the burial ceremonies of 
 their dead ; neither will they entrust the education of their children in thiir 
 prayers, &c. to him, lest, they say, by his taking advantage of his influential 
 position, we should have a cause of enmity against him, and by injury to him 
 become sinners before God. In fact the priesthood in this country, though a 
 very powerful body, and in most cases for evil, are, with comparatively few 
 exceptions, in like manner as the mercantile community, manufacturers, mecha- 
 nics, &c. mostly foreigners, that is Persians, Hindustanis (Punjabis and Kash- 
 miris) Arabs and others. 
 
 The Affghans in fact are essentially a rustic or nomad people, and like all 
 uncivilized mountaineers inveterate and savage robbers, though at the same 
 time they are hospitable to strangers seeking their protection ; but of late 
 years, this ancient custom has, to a considerable extent, become obsolete. To 
 
[ 208 ] 
 
 the cireurastanoes of their mode of life may be attributed their aversion to all 
 settled or civilized occupations ; whilst on the other iiand, their frugal and 
 temperate alimentary habits in this state, combined with an active open air 
 life, renders them hardy and athletic. Thej are generally a well made hand- 
 some race of middle stature, and always cherish long and patriarchal beards. 
 They are fond of field sports, such as hunting and sliooting, and of music, 
 which is of two kinds, martial and anacreontic, and though not devoid of 
 pathos is brought out with the full power of the lungs. With regard to the 
 latter, the curious stranger on enquiring their meaning, soon learns to his 
 disgust that the love-songs of the Affghans are an index to their brutal vices, 
 indulged in by all classes alike from the king to the scavenger. They are 
 addressed to boys ! 
 
 The Affghans are extremely superstitious, and have unbounded belief in 
 miracles ; and their priests by pampering these traits in their character, have a 
 very powerful hold on the control of their actions and conduct, and which 
 they not unfrequently use for the advancement of their own designs. Every 
 village has its zidrat or holy shrine, with its attached legend of some mira- 
 culous power. The greater the impossibility of this, the larger the number of 
 devotees, and the profits of the miraclemonger usually a cunning mullah or 
 fakir. They believe firmly in fairies, genii, astrology, alchemy, &c. and not a 
 few spend their wealth and years of toil in search of the philosopher's stone, 
 which they believe the British possess, and are thus enabled to make gold 
 and silver ad libitum. 
 
 Climate. — A country whose surface is diversified as that of Affghanistan, 
 presenting every variety of mountain and steppe scenery, must needs offer a 
 corresponding variation in its climate ; and the opinion of its inhabitants 
 formed from experience is a safe criterion in the absence of personal observation. 
 
 The northern portion of the country, more particularly that occupying the 
 hilly ranges that skirt the southern base of Hindu Kush, is considered by the 
 Affghans as the most favored spot on the earth, the land of milk and honey. 
 Here are produced in lavish abundance all the fruits and grains common to an 
 European country, together with sugarcane and many Indian pulses, &c., 
 whilst with regard to the climate, the people themselves offer the best proof 
 of its excellence. A fair, tall, muscular and well proportioned people, they as 
 much excel the natives of Hindustan physically as does the European. 
 ]n<leed, occasionally some of these highlanders when equipped in the cast off 
 uniform of our British array, of late years adopted by the Affghan govern- 
 ment as the clothing of their regular troops, (the prestige of the British 
 soldier having impressed the people generally with a wholesome awe of his 
 prowess) much resemble in outward appearance their noble superior, whom 
 they ape with such pains. 
 
[ 209 ] 
 
 During tlie summer months, the rays of a fervent Indian sun in tliis regioa 
 are tempered by cool breezes from the adjacent snowy ranges : whilst the 
 rigors of the winter are braved in clothing of sheepskins, furs, and fabrics of 
 camels' and goats' hair, &c. The climate of this region, though lauded as the 
 finest in Affglianistan, has its sickly season however. This lasts from July to 
 October, and during this period the mortality from fevers and bowel-complaints 
 is described as very great. The people are predisposed to these diseases by 
 reason of the great and immoderate quantities of fruit all classes consume 
 during this season. In the winter months acute pulmonary affections prevail, 
 es[)ecially among the poor who are more exposed to the severities and vicis- 
 situdes of the weather. Pthisis and scrofula are common diseases, and 
 bronchocele and stone in the bladder are often met with, the former especially 
 among those inhabiting the slopes of the Sufed Koh. 
 
 Southern Affglianistan on the other hand presents in its general aspect, a 
 series of sterile elevated plains or steppes, traversed, mostly in a south-westerly 
 direction, by bare rocky ranges, the terminal prolongations of offslioots from 
 the Sufed Koh and Hazara mountains. The greater proportion of this tract 
 forms a good grazing country inhabited by several pastoral tribes of Alfghaus 
 (of which the Ghilzais are the most numerous) called from tlieir vagabond 
 liabits " /i;«c/ti," who with their families and llocks roam from place to place 
 in searcli of pasture. The towns and villages are for the nnjst part conlined 
 to the vicinity of tlie rivers that tlow thrjugh tliis part of the country. 
 These are the Ghazui river that flows into the lake Ab-istada, and tlie rivers 
 Tarnab and Argaudab which, uniting beyond Kandahar, afterwards join the 
 Halmand. These streams, with the exception of tlie last named, are almost 
 entirely absorbed during the summer months for purposes of irrigation as well 
 as by evaporation. 
 
 The climate of this portion of Affghanistan, viz.: from Ghnzni to Farrah, 
 is not very salubrious as evidenced by the physical appearance of its inha- 
 bitants, who suffer much from fevers, (chiefly tertian intermittents) and liepatic 
 affections and their sequelae, general and abdominal dropsies, enlarged spleen, &c. 
 This is more especially the case in the Halmand district, where the subjects 
 of these diseases may be counted, it is said, by the score in each village : skin 
 diseases chiefly of the herpetic class, and stone in the bladder, are common 
 diseases. There are other diseases of a diflerent class and owing their origiu 
 to the degraded and vicious habits of the Affghans, which here, as in other 
 parts of the country, are extremely common and need no further mention here. 
 
 The hot season in this region lasts from June to September. Severe in 
 itself it is rendered more trying by frequent dust storms, and a fiery west wind 
 that prevails during the period, whilst the bare rocky ridges that traverse the 
 2 E 
 
I 210 ] 
 
 country, by absorbing the solar rays and again radiating them, cause the night 
 air to be close and oppressive. This circumstance has given rise to the here 
 universal custom of sleeping on the house-tops in tlie open air, which when the 
 heavy dews that fall at this season are considered, will account for the fre- 
 quency of rheumatic complaints and catarrhs. The autumn, winter and spring 
 months last from October to June. From September to November, the end 
 of summer and commencement of autumn, the sickly season prevails. During 
 tliese three months fevers and bowel complaints are verj^ rife and cause much 
 mortality. The winter, during which a cold biting easterly wind prevails, 
 varies in severity with the elevation of the country. Eigorous in the Ghazni 
 district, and diminishing in severity as the country falls, it is mildest at 
 Kandahar where snow falls in the plain only in severe seasons. The mountain- 
 ous network occupying the south-eastern portion of Affghanistan is described 
 by the natives as very healthy, except during the height of summer, when 
 fevers prevail. The south-western portion of the country is occupied by a 
 great sandy and almost uninhabited desert, over which during the summer 
 season, a deadly hot wind blows. 
 
 Productions . — Varied as is the surface of Affghanistan its natural produc- 
 tions, mineral, animal and vegetable, are equally so. 
 
 At the end of this paper I trust to be able to add an account of some of 
 the members of the last named kingdom met with in tl)is country, which 
 may serve in a slight degree as an illustration of its flora. In the mean- 
 while, a few words on the ordinary productions, natural and industrial, which 
 serve as articles of food of general use, or of commerce. And first of the 
 mineral kingdom. It is necessary, however, here to premise that the position 
 of this mission has been so secluded from all around ; information elicited by 
 enquiries has been so unwillingly given or altogether withheld ; and our actions 
 have been watched w'ith such suspicious vigilance, that, with a due regard to 
 the instructions of Government, a full or thorough investigation of the subject 
 has not been practicable. The following matter, however, has been obtained by 
 an examination of the bazars. 
 
 Mineral. — There is no doubt of the existence of abundant mineral wealth 
 in Aff"-hanistan, especially in its northern and eastern portions where igneous 
 rocks overlaid by secondary oolitic strata form its principal geological 
 features. But these hidden treasures are little profited by, owing as much to 
 the want of energy and skill in the people, as to the unsettled state of the 
 country. Iron, lead, copper, antimony and other metallic ores, sulphur and 
 several of the earthy alkaline and metallic salts, are iTiet with in greater or less 
 abundance in various parts of the country. Coal is found in Zurmat and 
 Surkhab and near Ghazni, on the surface of the ground. Its inflammable 
 
[ 211 ] 
 
 properties are well known to the natives near whose abode it is found, and by 
 whom it is called " kira,''' but not used as fuel. 
 
 Iron exists in large quantity in the Parmali district ; whence Cabul re- 
 ceives its main supply. 
 
 There are no copper mines worked in this country. But I have seen 
 some specimens of the peacock variety of copper ore, said to have been found 
 on the surface of the ground in the Koh-i-Asmai, a few miles west of Cabul. 
 I was also told that, owing to the jealousy of the owner of the land in which 
 these fragments were found, the fact was kept as secret as possible. Native 
 sulphate of copper is said to be found in the Gul Koh, about forty miles west 
 by north of Ghazni. I was unable, however, to obtain any specimens. 
 
 Lead is found in several places in Affghanistan, though the greater portion 
 entering the country comes from Hazara, where it is described as being 
 gathered in many places on the surface of the ground. A vein of this metal 
 combined with antimony has lately been discovered at Kila IMullah Hazrat, 
 Ivoh-i-Patao, Argandab, about 32 miles north-west of Kelat-i-Ghilzi. The ore 
 is smelted in a large cauldron supplied with a horizontal lateral eliimney in which 
 the antimony sublimes, whilst the lead sinks to the bottom. A superficial mine 
 is also worked at Nekpai Kol, Koh-i-Wardak, about 21 miles north of Ghazni. 
 
 Antimony is obtained in considerable quantity at Shahmaksud, a hill about 
 30 miles north of Kandahar. The rock here is magnesia, combined with 
 silica, and in it are several quarries whence are obtained the chrysolite and 
 serpentery from which charms and rosaries are manufactured, as also soap 
 stone used by the natives in the place of soap. 
 
 Sulphur is found in small quantity at Herat. Here it is dug out of the soil 
 in small amber-like fragments the size of a pea or walnut. Such irregular 
 grains of sulphur are also often met with below the debris of the ruins of the 
 old city of Kandahar by those who delve its soil for manure. But here it is 
 more frequently met with in small dirty yellow cakes, much resembling clay, 
 but which on burning evolve abundant sulphureous vapours. 
 
 Kandahar receives its principal supply of sulphur from the Hazarah country, 
 and from Pir Kishri on the eastern confines of Siestan. In the district of Pfr 
 Kishri there is said to be an active volcano called by the natives " chaJi-i- 
 dudi'^ or smoking well, from which smoke and ashes are said to issue. My 
 informant was a drug-seller from whom I obtained some fragments of sulphur 
 and sal-amoniac fused together, as also fragments of pure fused sulphur, and 
 alum, which has evidently been subjected to the influence of great heat. On 
 enquiring the history of these articles, he said they were at intervals brought 
 to Kandahar for sale by the Beluchis from Pir Kishri about a month's journey 
 for camels in the direction of Beluchistan. The natives of this place, he said, 
 2 E 2 
 
[ 212 ] 
 
 obtain these things by approaching the base and slopes of the " chali-i-diuW^ 
 hill, armed with verj^ strong handled shovels, and clothed in felts as a protec- 
 tion from the hot ashes and sulphureous vapours which choked those who 
 approached too close, whilst with the shovels they scraped away the sulphur 
 and sal-amoniac from the surface. I could not engage a man to visit the spot 
 for specimens, owing to the general dread the Beluchis inspire in this part of 
 the country. The specimens above referred to, however, are herewith for- 
 warded. 
 
 Zinc, in the form of its silicate, called " zdlc^ by the natives, is met with 
 in the district of Zoba in the country of the Kakars. It is dug out from the 
 soil in earthy nodular fragments of a reddish yellow colour and arenaceous 
 structure easily divided by a knife. It is chiefly used by sword makers for 
 polishing new blades. 
 
 Nitre is abundant all over the south-western portions of this country, 
 where it frequently renders the waters of karezas undriukable ; it is generally 
 of excellent quality, and is, with little trouble, obtained in beautiful crystals 
 from three to four inches in length. The usual method of purifying the salt 
 is to boil its solution (the salt having previously been separated from the soil 
 by lixiviation) in water with the contents of several new eggs. This, as it 
 hardens, collects in its substance all foreign matter in suspension, and bears it 
 up to the surface. This scum is constantly removed, and the contents of 
 fresh eggs added to the solution till it becomes quite clear. The solution is 
 then evaporated at a slow heat for crystals to form. The nitre found in the 
 ruins of old cities is the most esteemed, and that produced at Herat is con- 
 sidered the best in this part of the world. 
 
 Vegetables. — Tlie cultivated vegetable products of Aflfghanistan are wheat, 
 barley, maize, millet, rice, pulses, peas, beans, carrots, turnips, cabbages, 
 onions, lettuces, cucumbers, melons, egg-fruits, tomata, beet-root, &c. and iu 
 some districts, as in Cabul, Jalalabad and Kandahar, potatoes (introduced by 
 the British) are raised. 
 
 The cultivation of oats is confined to the northern borders, but they are 
 often seen in the wild state in the corn fields in all parts of the country. 
 Madder and tobacco, both articles of export, cotton, opium, sessamum, mustard 
 and other special crops are raised in certain districts. Indian hemp (bang) is 
 grown around the towns and cities solely for its intoxicating properties. Clover 
 and lucerne are every where cultivated as fodder crops. 
 
 The fruits of Affghanistan, viz. : the apple, the pear, almond, peach, quince, 
 apricot, plum, cherry, pomegranate, grape, fig, mulberry, &c. each of which 
 lias many varieties, are produced in profuse abundance and of excellent quality 
 in all the well cultivated districts of the country. They form the principal food 
 
[ 213 ] 
 
 of a large class of the people throughout the year both in the fresh and 
 preserved state, and in the latter condition are exported in great quantities. 
 The walnut, the pistacia (in the northern borders only) the edible pine, and 
 rhubarb, grow wild in the northern and eastern highlands, and with the excep- 
 tion of the last are also articles of export. The fruit of the mulberry in the 
 Cabul district is dried and packed in skins for winter use ; masses of this cake 
 are often reduced to powder and used for the same purposes as corn flour. 
 
 Of the uncultivated vegetable products, asafoetida is one of the chief. The 
 plant yielding this gum retain the naitJiex asafoetida, grows wild most plenti- 
 fully in the sandy and gravelly plains that form the western portion of the 
 country. It is never cultivated, but its peculiar product is collected in the 
 deserts where it grows, and is for the most part exported to Hindustan and 
 the Panjab, &c. 
 
 The asafoetida trade of western Affghanistan is almost entirely in the hands 
 of the Kakars, an Alfgliau tribe occupying the Bori valley and tlie hills iu 
 the vicinity of the Bolan. During the collecting season in April, May and 
 June, about four or five weeks after the new leaves have sprouted from the 
 perennial root, many hundreds of Kakars are scattered all over the country 
 from Kandahar up to Herat. The plant is met with in greatest abundance in 
 Anar-darrah and the Halmand districts; though found more or less in all parts 
 of the country. The gum resin is obtained in the following manner, and all 
 collected at Kandahar, whence it is carried into the Panjab, Sindh, &c. 
 
 The frail vaginated stem or the low cluster of sheathing leaves, the former 
 belonging to old plants and the latter to young ones, is removed at its junction 
 with the root, around which is dug a small trench about six inches wide and 
 as many deep. Three or four incisions are then made round the head of the 
 root, and fresh ones are repeated at intervals of three or four days ; the sap 
 continuing to exude for a week or fortnight according to the calibre of the 
 root. In all cases as soon as the incisions are made, the root head is covei-ed 
 over witi> a thick bundle of dried herbs or loose stones as a protection against 
 the sun ; where this is not done, the root withers in the first day and little or 
 no juice exudes. The quantity of asafoetida obtained from each root varies 
 from a few ounces to a couple of pounds' weight, according to the size of the 
 roots, some being no bigger than a carrot whilst others attain the thickness 
 of a man's leg. The quality of the gum differs much and it is always adul- 
 terated on the spot by the collectors, before it enters the market. The extent 
 of adulteration varies from one-fifth to one-third, and wheat or barley flour 
 or powdered gypsum are the usual adulterants. The best sort, however, which 
 is obtained solely from the node or leaf-bud in the centre of the root head of 
 the newly sprouting plant, is never adulterated, and sells at a much higher 
 
[ 3H, ] 
 
 price than the other kinds. The price of the pure drug at Kandahar varies 
 from four to seven Indian Rs. per " man-i-Tahriz'^ (about 3 lbs.), and of the 
 inferior kinds from one and a half to three and a half Indian Rs. per " «?«?*." 
 The asafoetida is commonly used by the Muhammadan population of India 
 as a condiment in several of their dishes, and especially mixed with " dal." 
 It is not an article of general consumption in AfFghanistan, though often 
 prescribed as a warm remedy for cold diseases by the native physicians, who 
 also use it as a vermifuge. The fresh leaves of the plant, which have the 
 same peculiar stench as its secretion, when cooked are commonly used as an 
 article of diet by those near whose abodes it grows. And the white inner 
 part of the stem of the full grown plant, which reaches the statui'e of a man, 
 is considered a delicacy when roasted, and flavored with salt and butter. 
 
 Among the numerous other indigenous wild plants whose fruit, secretions, 
 or the entire herb, are used by the natives as domestic medicines, food, or for 
 other useful purposes, my space permits the mention of a few only. 
 
 Tlie wild rue and wormwood have already been mentioned, as also the orchis. 
 Several species of this genus are met with, and one (orchis onascula) yields 
 the dried tuber known as " salih misri ;" it is found only in certain spots in 
 the mountains. There are two sorts met with in the bazars, and both are 
 known by the same name ; one is imported from Russia and Persia, and the 
 other is the produce of the indigenous plant. The imported article is most 
 esteemed, the tubers being of larger size, proportionally heavier and of better 
 quality than the home root. As sold in the bazars, however, both kinds are 
 often found mixed with each other, and always with the dried bulbs of a 
 mountain squill. The camel's thorn (hedgsarmii alhagi) which abounds 
 throughout the country is said to yield a kind of manna, the " ^MrajyaiiV 
 of the bazars. At Kandahar I have watched many patches of camel's thorn 
 through the year, but never succeeded in finding any signs of exudation of 
 sap, or of the tears of manna. Those who sell the drug, however, sa}' that it 
 is only found in sandy wastes, where tlie plant grows in great patches often 
 mingled with the dwarf tamarisk, from which also manna is sometimes 
 obtained. Such sandy regions are also the habitats of a species of fly which 
 by piercing the bark for the deposition of its eggs is probably the cause of 
 the exudation of the manna. There are two kinds of manna met with, viz. : 
 " turanjabin and sirhliislit." The camel's thorn and perhaps the tamarisk are 
 the usual sources of the " turanjabin,^^ for as sold in the shops, its small round 
 grain or tears are mixed with the withered red papilionaceous flowers of the 
 camel's thorn together with its leaves and thorns, whilst the " sirkhishf which 
 is in large grains, irregular masses or flat cakes mixed with little black or 
 brown and rough fragments of broken twigs, is obtained from a tree that 
 
[ 215 ] 
 
 grows in the highlands of Cabul, and is called by the natives " sidh cJioh" 
 (blackwood) which is probably from its description a fraxinvis or ornus. 
 
 In the eastern highlands are found many species of the jujube tree (zizyphus) 
 called by the natives ber and " anah.^'' They yield edible fruits, which in 
 the dried state are used as cooling adjuncts to purgative drafts, and as sharbats 
 in catarrh and bronchial affections. The larger variety of " anaV^ is culti- 
 vated as an orchard tree in many districts. Generall}' distributed are the 
 takhum (pistacia rahulica) and the khinjak (pistacia Ichinjalc). The fruit of 
 botli are eaten by the natives, and yields an oil used for burning and culinary 
 purposes. The khinjak yields quantities of a very terebinthinate gum or 
 mastic, called by the natives " mastak-i-kliinjalc,''' and which, as also the 
 dried fruit, are exported to the Panjub, Sindh, &c. 
 
 The mastic is used as a masticatory, and in various medicinal unguents and 
 plasters ; and the fruit, bruised, is used in sharbats, &c. as a warm stimulaut 
 and antispasmodic. The Achakzais, an Aflghan tribe inhabiting the Taba 
 mountains, where these trees are very plentiful, use the I'ruit (preserved in 
 skins and mixed with their resin) as an ordinary article of diet ; a favorite 
 combination being made with curds of milk and khinjak paste. The true 
 pista tree (pistacia orientalis), though occasional trees are met with, does not 
 grow in Atfghanistan. Tiie pista nuts enter the country from Tash-kargan. 
 Another tree yielding edible fruit is the "sanjit" of the Persians and the 
 *^ sauzilleh" of the Alfghans. (Ela'arjuns orientalis). It is found along the 
 banks of water-courses in most districts, but is more plentiful in the western 
 part of the country. The trees are remarkable for their silvery lepidote and 
 aromatic foliage. The fruit (onqie) is usually eaten boiled with rice in the 
 same manner as apricots, in the dried state, or else it is consumed fresh. A 
 tree known by the vernacular term " amlak'^ (of which I liave not succeeded 
 in obtaining the flower) yields a small berry about the size of a gooseberry. 
 There are besides several species of edible berries that grow wild in the hills ; 
 they are genei-ally classed under the comprehensive term " gurgura" by the 
 natives : two or three that 1 have seen belong to the gesner family of plants. 
 A great variety of wild herbs, such as plantains, fumitory, marjoram, basil, 
 borage, buglass, «&c., &c., &c. are used as medicines by the native phy- 
 sicians, and some of them, as the chicoiy or wild endive, are cultivated for 
 this purpose. Mushrooms in gi'eat variety and other fungi may be here 
 mentioned, as being gathered as food in most parts of the country. They 
 are known by the Affghan and Persian terms " AVmrere" and " samarogh,''' 
 and constitute a considerable portion of the food of some classes of the 
 peasantry, the nomads, and especially of the Hindu population of towns, &c. 
 to whom they supply the place of meat. 
 
[ 216 ] 
 
 Animals. — The ordinary domestic animals such as the horse, the camel, the 
 cow, and occasionally the buffalo, the sheep, the goat, &c. constitute the 
 main wealth of the major portion of the inhabitants of Affghanistau, 
 
 Horses form one of the staple exports of the country. The indigenous 
 species is the " ^abu,^' or baggage pony; a hardy, active and stout animal 
 of about fourteen hands, used mainly as a beast of burden, though also for 
 riding. They supply also the remounts for a considerable portion of the 
 Affglian Irregular Cavalry and Artillery. The breed of horses known in 
 India as Cabul horses are principally from Maimanna and Mashad, whilst 
 those bred in the country are out of the mares of the country by Persian 
 horses, or rather a mixed breed between the inferior varieties of the Turkoman 
 horse, the Persian and Cabul horses indiscriminately. 
 
 The breed of horses in Affghanistau is said to have improved greatly since 
 the acquaintance of the Affghans with the British. The present ruler Amir 
 Dost Muhammad Khan has taken considerable pains to diffuse Arab blood 
 throughout his territories, and has now several extensive breeding establish- 
 ments in which the horses as well as many of the mares are picked specimens 
 of the Arab, Persian, and Turkoman breeds. (This last is said to have a 
 large share of Arab blood first introduced by the Arabs, when they overran 
 this country in the early part of the eighth century, and since maintained 
 by careful breeding.) The offspring of these, the Amir divides among his 
 chiefs and adherents, thus insuring their distribution throughout the country. 
 Too great a proportion, however, are speedily worn out or rendered unsound 
 by overwork at a tender age, the usual custom being to work colts at sixteen 
 or eighteen months of age. Spavin and splints &c. are the most prevalent 
 consequent diseases. The country horse or "^a&w," the camel, and mules, are 
 the great means by which the entire transit trade of the country is carried on, 
 carts being unknown in, and unsuitable to, the country. 
 
 Oxen, though generally usued for agricultural purposes, in the plough, and 
 for treading out the corn (which they do unmuzzled) &c. are also used as 
 beasts of burden. 
 
 The cow, and in some places the buffalo, are kept for the milk they yield. The 
 former are usually of a small breed, but those of Kandahar are of a better 
 kind, and more resemble the English animal both in size and tlie quality of 
 the milk they yield. Milk and its components in their separate states form 
 an important portion of the diet of the Affghans, especially of the peasantry 
 and those who lead a nomadic life. After the separation of the fatty portion 
 of tlie milk in the form of butter, which is consumed fresh as " maska'^ or 
 boiled for keeping as " gJii,'" the remaining butter-milk is either consumed in 
 the fresh state (in which form it is considered a very noujishing and strength- 
 
 Jl 
 
[ 217 ] 
 
 cning diet, with a slight narcotic action when not followed h}' exercise) oris set 
 aside to allow the curds to form. This happens as soon as the fluid becomes 
 acid, which occurs spontaneously after standing 10 or 12 hours. Sometimes 
 the congelation is hurried by the addition of a few drops of the milky sap of the 
 lig tree, which is collected and dried for this puri)0se ; and this or the " panir 
 had,^' the dried fruit of a solanaceous plant (Paiireria coiiguhiris) is also used 
 to congthite milk in the preparation of cheese. On the formation of the 
 curds, the clear supernatant whey is {)Oured olF, and the curds deprived of 
 nearly all their water by firm pressure in a cloth. To this, a little salt is 
 added, and then handfuls of tlie mass are shaped into small cakes about the 
 size of a hen's Q^'^. These are dried in the sun, and soon become as hard as a 
 stone and keep lor any time. Tiiev consist of nearly pure casein, and are 
 called " kuri" by the Allghans. Wlien required for use, several of these cakes 
 are steeped in hot water, and when soft are reduced to a paste in a wooden 
 bowl (" hrut mal") and thus eaten with breail, meat or vegetables, fust a 
 quantity of boiling " ghV^ being poured over the mixture, which though very 
 sour, astringent and greasy, is eaten with great relish by AiTghans, with whom 
 it is a national dish. For this [)eculiarity of taste, they are ridiculed by their 
 more refined Per.sian neighbours, who for the special behoof of the AUghans, 
 have parodied the usual Arabic phrase expressive of surprise into " La honla 
 tea Id ilJc'ih hrutit khitri.^'' Butter is made by shaking the milk backwards and 
 forwards in a suspended leathern bag or " manuk.'^ in thrifty families the 
 women fasten the " inasak'^ across the shoulders when grinding the corn, the 
 to and fro action caused by which at the same time churns the milk. 
 
 The shee}), which is entirely the fat-tailed variety, is of two kinds, that 
 graze in separate flocks. The one always has a white fleece, which is manu- 
 factured into various home-made stuff's, and is also exported of late years to a 
 considerable extent. The other kind has a russet brown or black wool, these 
 are called ^os<e« sheep, their skins being made xnio post ins, whilst their wool, 
 the produce of the shearing season, is used in the manu(acture of felts of 
 various kinds and other fabrics. Tlie sheep is a source of considerable profit 
 and constitutes the main wealth of the nomad population; who use tin'ir 
 milk as also that of the goat and camel for the same purposes as that of the 
 cow and buffalo. Their flesh forms the main animal food of the Alf'ghans, 
 who are great meat-eaters when they can aff'ord it, and prefer mutton to all 
 other meats. The produce of the shearing season finds its way via Bombay 
 and Karachi to Bradford, &c. whence it is returned in a considerably altered form 
 as broad-cloths and other woollens. A portion of the wool which is exported 
 to Persia (ghain and biojan) re-enters the country as Persian carpets, khur- 
 jines, fells, &c. During the autumn months, large numbers of sheep are 
 2 i' 
 
[ 218 ] 
 
 slaughtered tliroughout tlie country : their earciises, cut into convenient sizes, 
 are rubbed with salt, dried in the sun, and stored by for winter use, the people 
 during this season moving little out of their houses. The meat thus prepared 
 is called by the natives Idnde. Cut in slices and fried with eggs, it tastes not 
 unlike salt pork or bacon ! oxen and camels also are slaughtered at the same 
 season, and their flesh preserved in a similar manner. And frequently an old 
 horse who is not likely to weather the winter, shares the same fate, the AfFghan 
 peasant considering all meat nourisliing so long as it is not forbidden by law. 
 
 Many of the wild animals of Affghanistan are hunted or trapped for tlie 
 sake of their furs, wliich are sometimes made up into clothing in the country 
 or are exported to Russia. Of these the more common are the wolf and fox, 
 met witli in all parts of the country. The other (sagulah) found in most of 
 the rivers. The jebra (mash-i-dopa) found in the Ghazni, Cabul, and 
 Jalalabad districts. The squirrel (mash-i-parran) found in the Kohistan of 
 Cabul. A tortoise-shell ferret (mash-i-klior mar) found at Kandahar. This 
 animwl is often domesticated to keep vermin out of houses. A species of 
 ha.(]ger (f/orkao or gorkan) found in grave 3'ards, more commonl}'^ at Cabul. 
 A small leopard (ziiz.) found in all pai-ts of the countr}^, but in greatest 
 abundance in a sandy district south-west of Kandahar. Its skin is used as a 
 covering for saddles, &c.. The Persian lynx (siah gosh) is found at Kandahar 
 and other ])arts of western Aifghanistan, where, also the wild iiss (ffora khar.) 
 antelo[)es, and wild bears abound. The hills contain the ibex, the wild goat, 
 in the eastern part, the wild sheep, the " bara singha," bears, &c. and occasionally 
 the tiger is met with. Porcujiines and hedgehogs are common, as also in 
 some parts, as in the Kohistan-i-Cabul, the '''■ doracja^'' a hybrid between a male 
 wolf and the female of the wild dog. 
 
 In the desert sandy waste south of Kandahar abounds a sort of li/ard, or 
 snake, called " reg-maliV by the natives by whom also they are consideied a 
 very invigorating remedy in nervous debility and allied conqjlaiuts. They 
 are dried and exported, and being highly esteemed, sell at a high price viz.: 
 from one to three Rupees a piece at Kandahar. 
 
 Industrial. — The industrial productions of Aifghanistan (exclusive of the 
 produce of agricultural and agri-horticultural labour, such as madder, tobacco, 
 the various cultivated grains and fruits, &c. which, together with horses, some 
 silk, furs and, of lale years, sheep's wool, constitute the staple export trade 
 of the country) consist of various warm fabrics suited to the climate, and of 
 articles of domestic and general use in the country. 
 
 Of the first three there are three principal kinds viz. 1. harrak manufactured 
 from the wool of the harra or postin sheep, which is of a reddish brown 
 colour and used exclusively in the manufacture of barraks and felts. Some 
 
[ 219 ] 
 
 biirraks are woven from the wool of the white sheep ; this, however, is princi- 
 pally used in tlie manufacture of pashmina shawls, white felts, &e. At 
 Kandahar (the villages around) a sort of white blanked felt, called kJiosai, is 
 made from this wool, and made up into winter cloaks (khosai chogah) which 
 are water-proof and very warm. 
 
 2. Shuhiri. — This cloth is manufactured from the woolly down and hair of 
 of tlie balkt or bactrian camel. 
 
 3. Kurk is woven from the soft wool that grows at tlie roots of the hair 
 of the goat. 
 
 Of each of these fiibrics there are many varieties, differing in the fineness 
 of texture and material, and consequently in price, which ranges from -i or 
 5 ilupees to 50 or 60 Kupees for a piece seven or eight yards lung by one 
 yard broad, or sufficient to make a native cloak or " chorjuh.''' None of these 
 fabrics are ever dyed, but they always have their natural culour, which varies 
 from white to high grey, reddish grey, brown and dark brown. 
 
 Silk is produced in more or less quantity in Cabiil, Jalalabad, Kandahar, 
 Herat, &c, and is lor the most part consumed in the manufacture of home- 
 made stuffs, though the best sorts are exported to the Panjab and Bombay. 
 
 Cotton is cultivated iu some districts, but the supply is small and used in 
 the manufacture of coarse native cloths, lungis, &c. 
 
 Among the. articles of general and domestic use may be reckoned the produce 
 of the various handicraft trades usually [)ursucd in cities, which here need no 
 further mention than that they are in a very depressed state. 
 
 In the same category of domestic articles may be included the Affghan 
 rifle or jazail, and the charah or Aftghan knife, the possession of one or both 
 being considered indispensable by every household in the country. They are 
 manufactured not only in the tjwns and cities, but also in the villages, and are 
 often turned out with very superior finish and workmanship, and are often 
 damasccened. Tim Jazail carries with remarkable accuracy up to three hundred 
 yards, but from its length and weight is always fired from a rest, which 
 consists of a long iron prong attached by a binge to the woodwork of the 
 barrel about a foot from its muzzle. Some jazails are supplied with a very 
 long and permanently fixed baj'onet. The charah or Affghan knife, a weapon 
 peculiar to these people, (though used to some little extent by the Persians, 
 just as the Affghans use the Persian dagger or '^ pesh-kahz") is, in hands that 
 know how to use it, a formidable one in close quarter fighting among them- 
 selves. The blade is usually two feet in length, and tapers from its short 
 handle where the blade is about two and a half inches in depth to a fine 
 point. The edge is always kept as sharp as a razor, and from it the blade 
 gradually thickens to the back which forms a broad rib of steel. The 
 2 F 2 
 
[ 2-20 ] 
 
 '' charaW'' is never used with a tlirust, Imt always with a straight blow usually 
 dealt at the head or outer surface of the limbs, aud in this case as the 
 imi)ortant nerves and vessels run along the inner surface, the wound is more 
 frightful in appearance than really dangerous. The Persian dagger on the 
 contrary is only used with a thrust, usually dealt at the chest or abdomen, and 
 is therefore more dangerous and likely to be fatal in its effects. 
 
 Origin of the AJfghans. — The Affghans call themselves " Ban-i-Israil " or 
 children of Israel, and claim descent in a direct line from Saul, the Benjamite 
 king of Israel. They adduce, however, no authentic evidence in support of 
 their claim, which it may be here mentioned is not an exclusive one, since they 
 admit all other Muhammadans, Jews and Christians to be children of Israel, 
 excluding only idol worshippers and the heathen. All the records of the 
 Affghans (and they are mostly traditionary) on the subject of their origin and 
 descent are extremely vngue and incongruous, without dates and abounding 
 in fabulous and distorted accounts of the deliverance of the Israelites from 
 •Egypt under Moses, of the ark of the covenant (Tdhut-i-sakina) of their 
 fights with the Amalakites, Philistines, &c. aud they are moreover so mixed up 
 with Muliammadanism as to give the whole the appearance of fiction or 
 uncertainty. As an exami)le the following accounts of the Ark of the cove- 
 nant are taken iroin one of their histories of the doings of the Israelites in 
 Palestine. 
 
 "The ' tahut-i-sakinn,^ the oracle of the ' Jja?ii-IsrdiV is described by 
 some as a coiKn oi ' shamsJiad' wood, in which were figured the forms of all 
 the prophets of God, Its length was three ' arsh'' (cubits) and the breadtli 
 of two ' a^'^/i.' It was given by God to Adam in paradise, and Adam at his 
 death bequeathed it to his son ' Sish^ (iSeth) and so on, it was handed down 
 to Moses. 
 
 "Ibni-Abbas says it was an image in the form of a cat. It had ahead 
 and a tail, and each eye was like a torch, aud its forelu^ad was of emeralds, 
 and no one had power to look on it. In the time of battle it travelled like 
 the wind, overpowered its enemies, and when Ban-ilsrdil heard its soniul, 
 they knew that victory was on their side. On the day of battle they placed 
 it before them and when the oracle advanced, they advanced, and when it 
 stood still Ban-i-Israil also stood still. 
 
 " Habb-bin-Mania says that it was an order from the will of God th:it 
 spake words, and that whatever difficulty arose before any of the Baii-i-Isrdil, 
 they represented the circumstance before the oracle and waited a reply to 
 guide their actions. According to the statement of Ibn-i-Atta, taken from tlie 
 Koran it was two tables of the Mosaic Law, tlie staff of Moses, and the turban, 
 shoes and staff of Aaron, contained in a coffin." 
 
[ 221 ] 
 
 The following account of the origin of the Affghans is compiled from a 
 careful perusal of several (seven) Atfghan histories on this subject, kimlly lent 
 me by the heir-apparent Sirdar Gholam Hjdar Klian. The:;e books date 
 from 70 to 252 years ago, and profess to give the true origin of the Atfghan 
 people and the cause of their settlement in the country that now bears their 
 name ; and are, it is almost needless to say, implicitly and reverently believed 
 by the Affghans themselves. 
 
 Sdriil or Saul they say, who on becoming king of Israel was called Malik 
 TiodUt on account of his height, had two sons, viz. Baralchia or Baracliait, 
 and Irajnia or Jeremiah. 
 
 Both were born in the same hour, after the death of their father (wlio 
 togetlier with ten other sons, were killed fighting with tlie Mlidin) and of 
 different mothers, both of wliom were of the tribe of Zw/f/ (Levi) and lived 
 under the protection of Daiid (David) Sariill's successor. IJarakhia and Iraniia 
 rose to exalted positions under the government of Daud. The former prime- 
 minister and the latter Commander-in-Chief of the army. Barakhia had a sou 
 named " Assaf^ and Iramia had a fon named AJghanna. These, after the 
 death of their father, filled tlie same exalted positions under the government of 
 /SwZeiWJOTi (Soloman) that their fathers did during the reign of Daiid. Assaf 
 had eighteen sons, and Algliannahad forty sons. Afghanna under the directions 
 of Suleman superintended the building of the Bait-ul-Mukaddas (tem|i]e of 
 Jerusalem) whieli Daud had commenced. At the death of Suleiman the 
 families of Assaf and Afglianna were amongst tlie cliiefest of the Israelites and 
 greatly increased after the deaths of Assaf and Alghanna. 
 
 At the time that " Baitul- Mukaddas'^ was carried into captivity by 
 " lihuka-nnasr^^ (Nebuchadnezzar) the tribe of Afghanna adhered to the 
 religion of their forefathers, and on account of the obstinacy with which they 
 resisted the idolatrous faith of their conquerors, were, after the nuissacie of 
 many thou.<ands of Israelites, for this reason, banished from Sham (Palestine) 
 hy ordtn- o( '^ J3Ituka-n-)iasr.'" After this, they took refuge in tlie mountains 
 of " Ghor'' and the "Koh-i-Ferosah." Here they were called by the neigh- 
 bouring people AJjyJidn and Ban-i-Isrdil. In these mountains they multiplied 
 and increased greatly, and after a protracted period of fighting, at length 
 subdued the original inhabitants and became possessors of the country and 
 gradually extended their borders towards the Kohistan-i-Cabul, Kandahar and 
 Gliazni. 
 
 At this time, and till the a[)i)earaiice of Muhammad, this people, the Affghans, 
 were readers of the Peutiiteueh and observed the ordinances of the Mosaic 
 law. In the ninth year alter Muhammad announced himself as the pro- 
 phet of God, and more than 1500 years after the time of Solomon (this 
 
[ 222 ] 
 
 liistorj dates upwards of a century ago) one " Klialkl bin Waller^ an inha- 
 bitant of Arabia and an Israelite, and one of the earliest disciples of the new 
 prophet, sent and informed the AfFghans of the advent of tlie " last prophet of 
 the times," and exhorted them to accept his doctrine. (KJialidhin-WaUd is 
 claimed by the Arabs as of their own people, WaliiVs maternal grandfather 
 " Abd-ul's7iams" being a rich man and a cliief of the famous tribe oi' Koresh, 
 wliilst others assert that he was an Arab by his father's side, his mother only 
 being an Israelitisli woman). The Affghans on the receipt of Xhalid's letter 
 held a conference of their elders and deputed one " Xais or KaisW^ together 
 with several other chiefs and learned men among them to Khalid at Medina. 
 These, on tlieir arrival there embraced the new faith on Klialid's exposition, 
 and with him vigorously aided the prophet in diffusing his doctrines by slaying 
 all its opposers, Kais and his companions ia the height of their religious 
 zeal are said to have slain seventy unbelieving Koreshites in one day. And 
 on being presented before the prophet, he treated them with distinction and 
 enquiring their names and finding them all Hebrew ones, the prophet as a 
 mark of his favour changed them for Arabic ones, and promised them that the 
 title malik (Icing) wliich had been bestowed on their great ancestor Suriil by 
 God, should never depart from them, but that their chiefs should be called 
 MaliJcs till the last day. And for the name Xais, the prophet substituted 
 Ahdur-rasliid whom afterwards on his departure for his own countiy he 
 surnanied Filitan or Pahtan or Bitan or Batan (which in the language of 
 Syrian seamen is said to signify a rudder), at the same time drawing an apt 
 simile between his now altered position, as the pilot of his people in the new 
 faith, and that part of the ship that steers it in the way it should go. This 
 term has been corrui)ted by the lapse of time into " Batlian" and has been 
 adopted by the Alfghans or rather the descendants of Kais as their national 
 title, and is the appellation by which they are known in Hindustan. The real 
 national name of this people is Pulchtan individually and Pukhtana collectively. 
 Tliis word is described as of Hebrew, some say Syrian, derivation, and signifies 
 "delivered," '"set Iree." The terms Pukhtan and Affglian are quite foreign 
 to many tribes inhabiting the country, but all three, viz., Pukhtan and Pathan 
 and Afighan, are properly applicable only to the descendunts of Kais. 
 
 Tlie genealogy of Kais is traced by thirty-seven generations to Malik Twalut 
 or Sarul, by forty-five to Ibrahim and by sixty-three to Adam. The writer of 
 the Majmu ^ul insah or " collection of genealogies" (this book is referred to 
 by all authors of Affghan history, but is, as far as I can learn, an extinct, if 
 not an imaginary work) traces the lineage of Kais thus, — 1, Kais was the son 
 of 2 ; 'Ais the son of 3 ; Salal the son of 4 ; 'Abta son of 5 ; N'aim son of 6 ; 
 Marah son of 7 ; Jaudar son of S ; Iskandar son of 9 ; Ifania son of 10 ; 
 
[ 223 ] 
 
 A mill son of 11; Malilol son of 12; Slialam son of 13 ; Salafc son of 14; 
 Quariid son of 15; 'Azim son of 16; Fahlol son of 17 ; Karam son of 18; 
 Mahal son of 19 ; Kliadifa son of 20 ; Maubul son of 21 ; Kais son of 22 ; 
 'Alum son of 23 ; Islionuil son of 2-i ; Harun son of 25 ; Kanirod son of 20 ; 
 Alalii son of 27 ; Salinab son of 28 ; Twalal son of 29 ; Lawi son of 30 ; 
 'Anal son of 31; Tarij son of 32; Arzand son of 33; Maudol son of 3i ; 
 Ma:^alira son of 35 ; AfFgliana son of 36 ; Iiaraia son of 37 ; Sariil son of 38, 
 Kaisli son of 39 ; iMalialab son of 40: Aklnioj son of 41 ; Sarogb, son of 42 ; 
 Yahuda son of 43; Yakiib (Israil) son of 44; Iskbak son of 45 ; Ibrahim son 
 of 46 ; 'J arij Azliar son of 47 ; Nakhor son of 48 ; Sarogb son of 49 ; Sarogh 
 son of 50 ; Hiid son of 51 ; 'Abir son of 52 ; Salakh son of 53 ; Afraklishad 
 son of 54 ; Sam son of 55 ; Nob son of 56 ; Nalang son of 57 ; Matosliakh 
 son of 58 ; Joris son of 59 ; Yazd son of 60 ; Matalail son of 61 ; Anos son 
 of 62 ; Shish son of 63, Adam. 
 
 Kais is said to have married a daugliter of Kbalid, and by whom be had 
 three sons in Ghor, viz. : Saraban, Batan, and Gharghasht. He dii'd at 
 eigbty-suven years of age in 41 H. (662 A. D.) in Ghor. Ficm the above- 
 named three sons of Kais, the whole of the present existing tribes of Aflghan- 
 istaii trace their immediate descent. But strangely enough the Ati'gban 
 historians make no mention of the rest of the " Ban-i-Israil" contemporaries 
 of Kais, treating them as if they liad never existed. In one book I have seen 
 written by Mullah Akhtar in 1163 H. (1741, A. D.) it is stated that picviuus 
 to the time of Kais, Balo, whose ull'spring are called Baluch, Uzbak, and 
 AB'ghan were brethren ! The descendants of Saraban, Batan and Gharghasht, 
 represented respectively in the present day by the Durranis, Ghilzais, and 
 Kakars, are traced into almost an iutinity of branches in the genealogical tree, 
 many of which have become decayed and extinct, whilst on the other hand 
 the number is kept up by the continual production of new ones which spread 
 out into an intricate network of tribes, clans, families and houses. Some of 
 tliese are appended in a tabular form at the end of this paper. 
 
 The offspring of Kbalid bin Walid who was an Israelite, and of the same 
 lineage as Kais, are settled in the neighbourhood of Baghdad in the country 
 of Diarbakar (Mesopotamia) and are called Khalidi Aff'ghans or simply Kha- 
 lidis. And a portion of them who are settled in Afi'gbanistan are known as 
 Bargakh or Bangash. 
 
 Without considering the foregoing imperfect and doubtful data, which with 
 hundreds of like traditions, are handed down for the most part orally from 
 generation to generation, and stored by every village priest in the country, 
 tliere are several cogent reasons for believing this people to be of Israelitish 
 origin. 
 
[ 224 ] 
 
 Tlie striking pliysiognomic resemblance of the Aifghans to the Jews, whom 
 though they recognize as brethren, and the lineage of Kais their ancestor 
 being traced through Judah, tliey despise on account of their hardened 
 infidelity, and regard their name as one of reproach, tlie law of equity, that 
 is blood for blood, &c. ; a man marrying his deceased brother's wife ; the 
 inheritance of land and its division by lots ; the settlement of important 
 matters or disputes by a reference to the elders of a village or tribe ; the 
 offering of sacrifices and the sprinkling the blood upon the lintel and side 
 posts of the doors of the house in order to avert pestilence or impending 
 calamity from its inmates, (typical of the Passover), and for similar reasons the 
 ceremonial tran.-ference of tlie sins of the community to the head of an heilc'r, 
 slieep, or goat, and after leading it througli and round the village or camp, 
 slaughtering it beyond its limits, or, as is sometimes done, driving it into the 
 wilderness (typical of the scape goat), the giving service for a specified time 
 in order to claim a wife, as did Jacob of old, &c , these and many other similar 
 customs all tend to substantiate the claim of the Aff'ghans to an Israelitisli 
 orio'in. In connection with this subject, may be mentioned a remarkable trait 
 in the AfMian character, equally participated in by the Muhammadan inha- 
 bitants generally, and one very much resembling the continually denounced 
 and obstinately persevered in, sin of the Israelites of old. This is tluir 
 superstitious veneration of " zidrafs^' or holy shrines. These are almost 
 innumerable and occupy every hill top in inhabited districts, and are also 
 abundant in the highways and byeways, where they are usually surrounded 
 by a clump of trees. May not these be considered analogous to the "high 
 places," and groves so frequently mentioned in the Scripture history of tl:e 
 Israelites? As an instance of their frequency, I may mention that the city 
 of Ghazni and its environs (and which from this circumstance is considered a 
 peculiarly holy place) contains one hundred and ninety-nine of these shrines 
 of greater or less sanctity. Each is kept in order by a Fakir or Mullah, and 
 has its own history of the holiness and miraculous powers of the, in many 
 instances, fictitious dead, whose memory it commemorates, whilst the history 
 itsell', if not entirely fabulous, is owing to the wily policy of the priesthood. 
 The fear and reverence with which these ziarats are regarded by the mass of 
 the people of this country is really astonishing, and much greater I believe 
 than in other IMuhammadan countries, and they seem to hold a higher place 
 in their estimation than, in practice at least, the Koran or the leading precepts 
 inculcated by it. The most careless of Musalmans, understood in its litci-al 
 sense, that is an observer of the pi'ccepts of Muhammad, with however light a 
 conscience he may omit his prayers and other religious ordinances, &c. would 
 on no account leave a place he was sojourning in, without visiting its more 
 
[ 225 ] 
 
 favorite or fashionable ziarats and paying his respects to the saints whose 
 memories they commemorate. To visit all tlie chief ziarats in the country is 
 considered a meritorious reUgious duty, second only to the pilgrimage to 
 Mecca. The ziarat is not only visited as a religious duty, but is resorted to 
 by the subjects of disease, by those who liave matters of importance in hand, 
 and by those who have been overtaken by misfortune. Tlie mediation of the 
 defunct saint is besought on behalf of the sick, whilst for the remainder liis 
 blessing is believed to ensure success in the one instance and alleviation in 
 the other. 
 
 How the Atfghans cnme into the country they now occupy, seems to be 
 involved in mystery, tliougli, on considering the subject, no insuperable objec- 
 tions to the practicability of their transportation from Palestine to Afghan- 
 istan present themselves. 
 
 The Affghans, according to their own account, after expulsion from Sham by 
 order of" Buktu-n-nisr" settled in the Kohistan-i-Gor and the Koh-i-Ferozah. 
 This last, it appears, is a range of mountains extending along the northern 
 border of the Hazarah country, and connecting the eastern ])ri)loiigations 
 of the Aburz range of Persia with the western spurs of the Hindu Kush. 
 Though how or when they don't know. Probably their emigration to these 
 parts was the work of time, and was gradually performed. We know by the 
 2nd Kings, cliap. 17, verse 0, that " In the 9th year of Hosea, the King of 
 Assyria took Samaria and carried Israel away into Assyria, and placed them 
 in Halah and Habor, and by the river of Gozan and in the cities of tiie Medes." 
 This occurred under Shalmaneser, King of Assyria, about 722 B. C. Two 
 years previous to this, Tiglath Pileser took Gilead and Galilee and all the land 
 of Naphthali and carried the Israelites into Assyria. And subsequently 
 about 587 B. C. after a long series of adversities, previously foretold, the 
 Jewish nation was destroyed, and the Jews carried in captivity to Babylon by 
 Nebuchadnezzar. In 53G B. 0. Cyrus issued his famous edict liberating the 
 Jews and all Israelites. During the long period of IS8 years that elapsed 
 from the first carrying away the Israelities by Tiglath Pileser to their final 
 restoration by Cyrus, it may be fairly assumed that they became distributed 
 throughout the Medo-Persian Empire, at least throughout its populous 
 part. Indeed we know by Esther chap. 3, verse 8 and chap. 8, verse 9 that 
 the Jews were scattered throughout the provinces of the Medo-Persian 
 empire from India to Ethiopia. Now it is not impossible that after Cyrus 
 issued his edict liberating the Israelites, many of them instead of availing 
 themselves of their emancipation to return to Jerusalara or Palestine, seized 
 the op[>ortunity, through dread of future adversities, to escape from tlio 
 degraded treatment they had so long en>.lured at the hands of their cuuijuerors, 
 2 G 
 
[ 2'>r, ] 
 
 or else they were forced by subsequent dynastic and political changes occurring 
 in the Medo-Persian empire, to collect together for their own protection 
 from the persecution that met them on every hand, and in either case under 
 such circumstances a difficult mountain country would naturally be chosen 
 as a place of refuge and retreat. I may here digress to mention that 
 the custom of casting the " pur" or " lot" referred to in the text above 
 quoted is still in common practice among the Affghans under the names of 
 " P'ura" " Piiiclia''' in different districts. The Affghans also have a tradition 
 that tlie Kliaibar was at one time inhabited by the Jews, And tliis is 
 referred to in the following ci'eed and denunciation of the Sunis against all 
 heretics. It runs thus : 
 
 " Saram Khak-i-rah-i-har chahar Sarwar Abubakr, ' Umr,' Osmjin wa 
 Haidar. 
 
 " Abubakr yar-i-ghar, 
 
 " 'Umr Mir-i-durradar. 
 
 *' 'Osman Shah Sow^r. 
 
 " 'Wa 'Ali Path lashkar ast. 
 
 " Har ki az in chahr yakira khailaf diiuk kamtar(n-i-khars wa kliuk wa 
 " Jahu(lan-i-khaibar ast." 
 
 Which literally translated runs thus: 
 
 " My head is the dust of the road of the four lords, Abubakr, 'Urns, 
 'Osman and Haidar. 
 
 " Abubakr, the friend of the cave. 
 
 " 'Umr, lord of peail possessois. 
 
 " 'Osman is a royal knight and 
 
 " 'Ali (Haidar) is a conquering army. 
 
 " Whoever denies one of these four is least of the bear, the hog and the 
 " Jew of the Khaibar." 
 
 To return from this digression from the Aflghan account. The Affghans 
 continued to occupy the Kohistau-i-ghor till the time that the Ghoride dynasty 
 succeeded that of Sebuktagin the Tartar chief on the throne of Ghazni about 
 573 H. (1170 A. D.) And although many of them accompanied Muhammad 
 Ghaznavi in 1011 A. B. on his victorious march to Delhi and Somnath, and 
 remained behind in Hindustan, thus laying the foundations of the colonies of 
 Pathans that were afterwards established there, the Affghans did not then 
 occupy Affghanistan as they do now. It was during the reign of Shahab-ud- 
 din a Ghoride sovereign and by his orders, that the provinces around Ghazni viz. 
 Kandahar, Cabiil, Bajawar, Swat, 'Ashnaghar, Koh-i-Suleiman and the country 
 as far as Bakkar and Multan were colonized by Affghans, who, for this purpose 
 were brought with their families and flocks, &c. from the Kohistau-i-Ghor. 
 
[ 227 ] 
 
 And the first spot colonized by them is said to be the Koh-i-Kassi or Kassi 
 Ghor. (Persian and Pukshta) a spur of the Taiiht-i-Suleiiuau range. The 
 country occupied by the provinces above mentioned, that is extending from 
 Eajawar on the north to Bakkar on the south, and from Kandaliar on the 
 west to the Indus on the east, was called " Saicah" or " Eoli,''^ that is 
 Highlands and its inhabitants " Bohilla'' or Highlanders. 
 
 The Yusufzai Affghans on being questioned as to whence they originally 
 came, always mention " Ghivara Marghd"^ which they say is in Khorassan. 
 This latter term applies to two different countries, viz. to the Persian province 
 of that name, and also to all tlie country lying between Persia and the Bolau 
 in one direction, and Bukhara and Beluchistau in the other. I have not met 
 with the name " Ghwara Murglid" in any book describing the origin of tlie 
 Affghans that 1 have been able to peruse, but learn that there is a district of 
 this name extending from near Mukur to Kilat-i-Ghilzai, south of and paral- 
 lel to the valley of the Tarnak. The name " Ghicara Mnrgha'^ is said to be 
 descriptive of tlie country to which it is applied, viz. that it is a good grazing 
 country. In Pukhshtan ghwara means good, nourishing, &c. and murglia is 
 tlie name of a grass well suited for pasturing. 
 
 There are many tribes in Affghaiiistan, exclusive of the Kazzalbashies, Turks, 
 and Tajiks, wliose register not being found in tlie genealogy of the Affghans, 
 excluded by them from the right to the titles Ban-i-Isiail, Affghan or Pukhtun* 
 though from having adopted their language, the PuUhshtu, and to some 
 extent their customs, tiiey have been admitted into the nomenclature of tribes 
 known as Pathan in common with Affghans, to whom alone the title is properly 
 applicable. The origin of these tribes is very obscure. But the Affghan 
 historians with a happy knack for invention, account for them all by special 
 legends. For instance according to them at some indefinite period past, two 
 men of the " Ormur" tribe went out in search of game. The tribe " Ormur" are 
 described as having been fire-worshippers, and received their name from this 
 custom. Once a week they congregated for worship, men and women indis- 
 criminately. At the conclusion of the ceremony the priest extinguisiiiiig the 
 fire called out Onnur. (In Pukshtii or means " fire" and mur "dead.") At 
 this signal, each man seized the woman nearest him, and whoever she was she 
 became his wife till the next meeting, when chance changed the lot. The 
 two men who went out in search of game were named Ahd-ullah and Zakaria. 
 As they proceeded they came upon the late encamping ground of an army. 
 Here the former found a Karahi (the Pukshtu term for an iron cooking pot) 
 and the latter a little boy, who had been left behind by the unknown army. 
 Zakaria had many children but Abdullah had none, and they accordingly- 
 agreed to change their recent acquisitions. Abdullub adopted the child as his 
 2 G 2 
 
[ 238 ] 
 
 son, and from tlie ennoxis occurrence attending his possession of liim named 
 him Karrhe, and in due time found him a wife from his own tribe. The de- 
 scendants of this Karrhe are called Karrhe Karani or Karaldm't, and are divided 
 into several tribes, each of which is in turn subdivided into numerous Kheh 
 and Zais. Tlie chief tribe, included under the name Karrhe are " OrakzaV 
 Afridi, 3£angal, KhattaJc, and Khagydnl from which last sprung the tribes 
 Zuzi, Tori, Pari and Kharhaure. The Waziiis are also sometimes included 
 among the Karrhes, and the Dalazaks though generally described as the 
 original (Hindu) inhabitants of the eastern portion of the country are 
 sometimes classed with tlie Karrhes. 
 
 The tribes Ashtardni or Staruni, Mashioani or Masliuni, JIanni, and 
 Wardah are described as of Aral) descenb, their ancestor Syad Muhammad 
 surnamed Oesii, dardz from his long ringlets, being a lineal descendant by 
 eleven generations of the Kalif AH. All these are to be found in Afghanistan 
 except the Hannis who at an early period emigrated to Hindustan. 
 
 The genealogical tables of the Affghans, that is the lineal descendants of Kais, 
 though they all agree in the main particulars are frequently at variance in the 
 particulars regarding the smaller subdivisions and verifications of the different 
 tribes. The}^ all agree, however, with regard to the origin of their finest tribe, 
 the pride of the nation, the Ghllzuis. These are by their own accounts and 
 as their name implies a misbegotten people, the descendants of an illegitimate 
 son of a Ghoride Prince. Their acciuuit runs thus. At the time the Arabs 
 conquei'ed Persia and Khorassan, (about the close of the itrst century of the 
 Muliammadan era) and entered the territory of Ghor, Shah Hussain a youthful 
 prince of that country and an ancestor of the Ghorides, Sliab-ud-din and 
 Mahmiid, fled from his own country and sought refuge in the mountains 
 skirting Ghor. Here he found an a«ylura under the roof of Batan the second 
 son of Kais, and at whose hands he received all hospitality, which he repaid by 
 seducing his host's daughter Bibi IMattu.. The parents in order to avoid the 
 disgrace that was predicted precipitated a formal marriage between the couple. 
 The son that was shortly after born was named " Ghalzoe" from the attendant 
 circumstances. In Pukshtu '■'■ ghaV means a thief and" zoe" a son. Mattii boi'e 
 Shah Hussain a second son named liiraliim, who was surnamed " Zoe" great. 
 This term became corrupted into " iof?i" and was adopted by the elder branch of 
 Ibrahim's descendants, who supplied many of the kings of the Pathan dynasty at 
 Delhi. The rest were from the tribe of Sur another branch of Ibrahim's offspring. 
 By a second wife named 'Bihi Maid, Shah Hussain had a third son Sarwani. But 
 Shah Hussain not being an Affghan, his offspring took the name of their res[)ec- 
 tive mothers. Thus the tribe springing from Bibi Mattu's offspring were called 
 Mahizai and those from Mattu's were called Mattazai. In the course of time, 
 however, this fell into disuse, and all were included under the term Ghalzai. 
 
[ 229 ] 
 
 Eepokt of the Kandahar CnAniTABLE Dispensaky. 
 
 Introduction. — On the arrival of the Mission at Kandahar, in accordance 
 with the instructions of Government, I proposed to establish a charitable dis- 
 pensary in the city. The |>roposition was at first received with much suspicion 
 and evident distrust, and the crowds of applicants for medicine and advice of 
 both sexes and all ages who daily besieged the gate of the residency were 
 warned off by the sentriv^s in true Aifghan style. Stones flew freely amidst 
 the crowd, whilst those within reach were literally served with the butt end of 
 the musket, and even the " cold steel" was not entirely dispensed with, for on 
 the subsequent establishment of the dispensary one of the earliest applicants 
 was a sufferer from a bayonet wound in the back, received at the door. Ir» 
 the course of a few weeks, mutual confidence having beeu established between 
 the Mission and the heir-apparent Sardar Gliolam Hydar Khan, the latter 
 through the kindly exerted influence of Major Lumsden, assigned an old 
 empty serai adjoining the court of our residence for use as an hospital. At 
 first the applicants were entirely from among the heir-apparent's soldiery, but 
 gradually, as suspicion wore off, the city people and villagers were admitted, 
 and at the end of the second month after the arrival of the Mission the 
 dispensary was in full work. This news having gone abroad, people flocked iu 
 from all parts of the country, from Cabul, Ghazni, Farrah, Ilalmaiid, &c. 
 Until the last however large numbers were refused admittance by the Affghan 
 officials on the plea of their belonging to hostile tribes or being suspicious 
 characters, and a confidential agent of the Sirdar was in constant attendance 
 at the dispensary with the professed object of keeping the heir-a[)parent'3 
 unruly subjects in proper order. The particulars concerning the dispensary 
 being represented by the accompanying formular returns, I propose after the 
 foregoing preliminary remarks to note a few observations. 1st, on the climate 
 of Kandahar. 2nd, on the diseases which may be attributed to it. 3rd, on 
 the diseases caused by the habits and mode of life of the people, and 4th 
 concluding with some account of the healing art as practised by the All'ghans- 
 
 Climate. — Kandahar has not a very salubrious climate. The mass of its 
 inhabitants compared with those of the northern and eastern portions of the 
 country are blear-eyed, fever stricken and rheumatic, and suffer in a remarkable 
 deo'ree from hfemorrhoidal affections. Indeed so prevalent is this disease, that 
 in the city of Kandahar most families possess a domestic enema syringe, a 
 mode of treatment usually extremely repugnant to Affghaus. 
 
 13y the Affghans the climate of Kandahar is compared to that of Balk 
 wbicli is notoriously unhealthy. This, however, is probably an exaggeration. 
 In a native work descriptive of the different districts in Aftghanistan, the old 
 city of Kandahar or Hussain Shalir (which was destroyed about a century 
 
[ 230 ] 
 
 and a quarter ago by Nadir Shah) is described as having from an early period 
 acquired a notoriety for unhealthiness, its inhabitants being plagued with 
 bloody fluxes and frequent visitations of epidemic cholera, and as an instance 
 Babar Badshah is said to have lost forty soldiers of the city guard in one year 
 from bloody flux alone. Shah Tamasah, as a sanitory measure planted willow- 
 trees on the banks of the canals that supplied tlie city with water, but it 
 would appear without much resulting benefit, as afterwards it was the custom 
 to transfer culpable governors of other districts to this one as a punishment. 
 
 The present city is in no wise free from the morbific character assigned to 
 its predecessor. About twelve years ago the city, in common with tlie whole 
 district was visited by a severe outbreak of cholera, and again three years ago 
 «, similar epidemic ravaged the country and carried off great numbers. The 
 people remember these visitations with horror, and point to a graveyard about 
 three miles east and west on the plain, north of the city (and which did not 
 previously exist) as a proof of the magnitude of their liavoc. On the arrival 
 of tlie Mission at Kandahar (25th April, 1857) an eiiidemic small-pox of the 
 confluent kind was raging in the city, and a famine that prevailed at the same 
 time added to tlie horrors of the pestilence. Indeed so great was the suff"er- 
 ing during the height of the epidemic, that our necessary ride through the 
 city before reaching the open country and again on our return was quite a 
 painful ordeal. 
 
 Every house had its doomed, dying, or dead, whilst the houseless lay naked 
 in the public thoroughfares in the silence of death, or filling the already foully 
 tainted atmosphere with their moans, the ravings of delirium, or the pangs 
 of starvation, a feast to myriads of flies who, whilst gorging themselves, filled 
 the body with worms, and hastened away to disseminate the plague. The 
 epidemic continued in its violence for about six weeks after the arrival of the 
 Mission. Alter this it gradually subsided, but continued in a sporadic form 
 until our departure, more than a twelvemonth later. la fact the disease is 
 endemic, and it is difficult to see how, in common with other infections or 
 contagious diseases, once having occurred it should be otherwise, considering 
 the utter negligence of all sanitary precautious, even the slightest. On the 
 contrary the numerous watercourses that circulate through the city are polluted 
 with all manner of filth and offal with which the streets abound, whilst the 
 inhabitants instead of " going about" outside the city, use the housetops and 
 streets, even to the very threshold of their own dwellings. 
 
 During the hot weather, intermittents and bilious remittent fevers were very 
 rife, though the mortality was not extraordinary. These were followed in 
 autumn by epidemic bowel-cornplaints which carried off many victims. And 
 finally in winter, during December, January and February, the city as well as 
 the district generally was visited by an epidemic and contagious continued 
 
[ 231 ] 
 
 fever, of the typlioid type with regard to its asthenic character, but remark- 
 able for the great frequency of hepatic complication and jaundice. The 
 mortality from this epidemic was very great, owing to want of proper care 
 and protection from the unusual severity of the weather. For upwards of a 
 month dtiriug the height of the cold weather the deaths in the city of Kandaliar 
 from this cause alone ranged, as far as I could accurately learn, between 12 and 
 15 daily (though common report raised the number to six or seven times this 
 number) and the mortality was proportionately great in the villages around. Af- 
 ter the epidemic had raged in its violence for about six weeks during tlie coldest 
 period of the winter, it changed its character with the weather and in the begin- 
 ning of February when all the snow had disappeared tlie fever in a measure lost its 
 typhoid character, and occasionally the continued was replaced by a remittent* 
 fever. But throughout, the presence of hepatitis and jaundice cliaracterized the 
 epidemic. During the latter stage of tlie epidemic, the fever usually came on 
 suddenly, in the same manner as ordinary cases of common continued fever, 
 headache, giddiness and lassitude, &c. being the precursory symptoms. At 
 first the fever was always high, exhibiting much excitement of the sanguife- 
 rous system. These symptoms continued live six days, when the hepatic 
 symptoms manifested themselves with more or less severity. In some cases 
 the pain of the hypochondrium was hardly noticed by the i)atient though 
 deeply jaundiced, wbilst in others with a similar sign ol the suppression of bile 
 the pain in the hepatic region was very acute and afiected the respiration, 
 which became short and hurried ; and unless the inllauimation was speedily 
 reduced, it extended itself to the duodeimm, causing distressing hiccough and 
 vomiting, under which the patient sank between the 8th and 14th days of the 
 fever. About the time that the hepatic symi)toms appeared, viz. between the 
 5th and 7th days, the fever assumed a low character marked by increased 
 rapidity of pulse and loss in its force, extreme exhaustion, delirium or entire 
 inditference to all that passed around or concerned the patient himself, a dry 
 brown or black and often immoveable tongue and abundant sordes ; and ia 
 many cases the peculiar odour so often observed in typhus cases, poisoned the 
 whole room with its stench. The bowels in those cases attended with jaundice 
 were with rare exceptions entirely inactive, and required regulation by aperi- 
 ents. At the beginning of the ei)ideniic the typhoid character manifested 
 itself very early, on the 2iid or 3rd day, and not unfrequently from the very 
 commencement of the attack this form of fever prevailed. But after the 
 change in the character of the weather and the epidemic (ali-eady referred to) 
 occurred, the fever during the first week of its course presented a distinct 
 synochal character succeeded by typhoid symptoms of now diminished severity. 
 During the early period of the epidemic the tendency to death in the great 
 majority of cases was by asthenis and coma combined, the latter owing to 
 
[ 232 ] 
 
 the presence of bile in the blood, but the former exercising the preponderating 
 influence. But during the latter weeks of the epidemic on tlie contrnry the 
 latter was the most frequent mode of death, though not eutii'ely free of the 
 asthenic influence, as indicated by cold extrenuties and the symptoms already 
 described. 
 
 My native doctor Yakub Khan visited many cases in the city, and of 40 he 
 took notes. Of these 18 had pneumonia or other thoracic or pulmonary com- 
 plication, this predominance is justly attributable to the severity of the 
 weather and want of protection from its inclemency. 12 cases were complicat- 
 ed with hepatitis and jaundice and 10 cases had diarrhoea and dysentery. 
 
 Further particulars were not obtainable, as Yakub Klian, a zealous and 
 enthusiastic student of his profession, was himself attacked by this fever in a 
 severe form, from the efi"ects of which I much regret to say, he died. He was 
 the first of our party (wliich had hitherto escaped infection) attacked, and 
 being much respected and a favorite on account of his gentle manners and 
 kindness towards tlie sick, had many visitors during Ids illness. These, one after 
 the other, took the fever, so that within a period of three weeks the whole 
 of the native establishment of the dispensar}'^, five in number, and several 
 sepoys of our guard who lived under the same roof with him, were laid up 
 with the fever, and many of the attendants of these again in their turn were 
 attacked. The annexed tabular view will explain the characteristic particulars 
 of the various cases that occurred among our party, and who were consequently 
 under observation throughout their illness. 
 
 Disease. 
 
 No. 
 14 
 
 4 
 2 
 
 4 
 24 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 C 
 a> 
 C^ 
 
 a' 
 < 
 
 O 
 
 i 
 
 Total 
 cases, ... 
 
 Chai'acterized 
 
 by 
 
 Period of Con- 
 valescent. 
 
 Hepatitis and 1 week, 3 
 
 jaundice. ,2 ditto, 9 
 
 :3 ditto, 2 
 
 Dysentery. 2 weeks, 1 
 
 3 ditto, 2 
 
 4 ditto, 1 
 
 rueumonia. |2 wcelis, 
 3 ditto, 
 
 Without com- 1 week, 2 
 
 plication ter- 2 ditto 2 
 
 minating 
 sweats. 
 
 Date of Death. 
 
 Treatment. 
 
 On the 15th and Cal. and Op. Local 
 12th days of abstractionofblood 
 the fever. 
 
 abstractionofblood 
 and blisters, qui- 
 nine and acid 
 Bulpb. stimulants. 
 
 Mild opiates, Plum- 
 bi acct. al. Keimi 
 and P. ojjii. 
 
 Col. op. and acct. 
 blisters and local 
 heeding. 
 
 Quinine and acid 
 sulph. 
 
 Diet. — Supporting 
 broths and jellies. 
 
[ 233 ] 
 
 The fever usually ran its course in sixteen duys or three weeks. Relapses 
 were frequent, from ri>ing too soon, or from the slightest excess in diet. 
 
 During the early part of April, after having lasted for upwards of four 
 months, this fever disappeared, but was followed by a few scattered cases of 
 bilious remittent fever which, it appears, always prevails at Kandahar during 
 the hot weather. 
 
 The following synoptical table of atmospheric changes, formed from daily 
 observations at Kandahar, will convey a correct idea of its climate. The year 
 here contains four .reasons of nearly ecpial duration, viz. : 
 
 Winter. — December, January and February. Cloudy weather and storms ; 
 snow, sleet and rain. Hard I'ro.-ts, most severe in January and February. 
 Wind northerly, varying between the east and west points, and easterly. 
 
 Max.... I 6 A. M. open air 52 
 lied.... ditto 36.8 
 
 Temperature of the air. 
 
 1 p. M. 6un 115 SliJide 59 
 
 ditto 78.45 ditto 49.15 
 ditto 36.30 ditto 42 
 
 8 V. M. open air 61.30 
 ditto ^l-.M 
 
 ditto 31.00 
 
 Miu. ... I ditto 15 
 
 Spring. — March, April and May. Cloudy and fair weather. Occasional 
 rain and thunderstorms during first half of the season, in which also the niglits 
 are cold and frosty. In the latter half of the season the weather warms, 
 dews fall at night and occasional dust storms occur. Winds westerly and 
 south-westerly. High easterly winds, cold and bleak, prevail in March. 
 
 Temperature of the air during this season. 
 
 Max.... I 4 p. M. open air 78 
 Med..., I ditto 56.23 
 
 Min.... I ditto 31 
 
 1 p. M. sun 139 Sliade 85 
 ditto 114.50 ditto 70.8 
 ditto 78 ditto 53 
 
 8 P. M. open air 85 
 ditto 69.35 
 
 ditto 44.45 
 
 Summer. — June, July, August and part of September. The hot season 
 commences about the 20th June, and lasts till about the 20th September. It 
 consists of two periods of 40 days each, separated by an intervening fortnight 
 of cloudy and cooler weather, during which thunder storms occur in the 
 mountains, though rain rarely falls on the plain. During this season a pestilen- 
 tial hot wind often passes over the country. It blows from the westward and 
 frequently strikes travellers on the road. It is called " garamhdd" by the 
 natives, who have a lively dread of it, and describe those struck by it as rarely 
 recovering, but dying in a comatose state or becoming paralized. 
 
 The most prevalent wind during this season blows from the west during the 
 day, but during the night, and till the sun be risen a couple of hours, it blows 
 from the opposite direction. Dust storms arc fitquent and severe. 
 Average temperature of the air during this season. 
 
 Max. 
 Med. 
 M in. 
 
 4 a. m. open air 86 
 ditto 74 
 
 ditto 63 
 
 'i H 
 
 1 1'. M. sun l.'O lloiisp 96 
 
 ditto I3fi.20 diitu 87.10 
 ditto 1U5 ditto 82 
 
 8 P. -\r. o]ieii air 94 
 ditto ht;.i5 
 
 ditto 77 
 
[ ^^34 ] 
 
 During tliis season the wind in the evening and in the earlj morning fre- 
 quently blows in warm and unrefreshing gusts, heated by the radiation from 
 the many bare reeky ranges tliat traverse the country. 
 
 Autumn. — Part of September, October and November. Sun powerful. 
 Occasional dust storms and cloudy weather towards the close of the season- 
 Heavy dews. No rain or rarely. Winds variable. High north-easterly and 
 north-westerly winds blow towards the close of the season. 
 
 Temperature of air. 
 
 Max.... 
 
 Med.... 
 Min.... 
 
 5 A. M. open air 65 
 ditto 50.57 
 
 ditto 32 
 
 1 p. M. sun 148 Shade 82 
 
 ditto 123.50 ditto 70.44 
 ditto 70 ditto 58 
 
 8 P. M. open air 85 
 ditto 69.15 
 
 ditto 51 
 
 It is necessary here to observe that these observations were noted in a small 
 court-yard in the centre of the city. The morning and evening indications of 
 the thermometer were for this reason some degrees higher during the cold 
 weather than the actual temperature of the air in the open country. Indeed 
 we often noticed that when tlie thermometer early in the morning in winter 
 stood at several degrees above the freezing point, severe frosts prevailed at the 
 same time outside the city. The indications marked as noted in the shade 
 were registered daily in an ordinary flat roofed room of small dimensions with- 
 out any mechanical means for raising or lowering the temperature. 
 
 Diseases attributable to the cUrnate. — Foremost amongst these stand fevers, 
 principally intermittents and remittents, whilst continued fevers and small-pox, 
 though at all times met with in a sporadic form, are epidemic in particuhir 
 seasons only. Tlie first named fevers are prevalent throughout the year, 
 though more so in the spring and autumn, and are remarkable for the frequency 
 of the tertian form. 
 
 To the west of Kandahar in the Halmand district, these fevers prevail to an 
 extraordinary degree, and the inhabitants there sutfer greatly from their 
 sequelse, ascites and anasarca. The former in advanced cases produces extreme 
 distension of the abdominal walls, from which the navel projects in the form 
 of a large serai-transparent globe full of water and intestine. In this district, 
 and apparently confined to its limits along the banks of the river Halmand 
 the anasarca produced by long continued intermittent fever assumes a very 
 peculiar form. At first general and slight, the anasarca at length settles in 
 one or other of the lower extremities, sometimes in both. Here the odema 
 extendino" as high as the knee becomes permanent and somewhat increased, the 
 inteo-uraents thicken and become hard, and present coarse horizontal cracks and 
 fissures. The disease at first sight has the appearance of elephantiasis, but 
 the skin pits distinctly on firm pressure, and on wounding it, some thin watery 
 blood slowly exudes. The patients have a sickly sallow look with a yellowish 
 
[ 235 ] 
 
 tinge in their skins. The lips and conjunctivse are i)ale and bloodless. The 
 spleen is occasionally enlarged, sometimes smaller than usual, but inore fre- 
 quently without appreciable change in its size, and tender under pressure. 
 Many patients from the Hahnand district suffering from this disease sought 
 relief at the Kandahar dispensary. On being questioned, all asserted that this 
 disease was very common in their country, and they knew of others in their 
 several villages, similarly afflicted. The natives attribute tliese diseases to the 
 water of the river Halraand, which is described as ill-flavored and often very 
 muddy, and generally bears a bad repute. The soil is described as sandy and 
 gravelly, and covered near the river with a brush-wood of tamarisks, camels' 
 thorn, reeds, &c. The hot weather is said to be of long duration and fearfully 
 severe ; so much so, that lead placed in the sun is soon rendered soft, and e<''<'s 
 similarly exposed speedily become poached. 
 
 Of an epidemic continued fever that ravaged Kandahar in the beginning of 
 1858, I Lave already given a description, and, as far as I can learn from 
 enquiry, the disease there described is the I'orui that continued fever usually 
 assumes in this part of the country. 
 
 Diseases of the eye are numerous and extremely common, anil though nut 
 all attributable to the climate, may be mentioned here togetlier. Cataract and 
 amaurosis are more prevalent in some districts than in others, and as regards 
 the former, the Hahnand district is one of these. 
 
 The inflammatory diseases of the eye in tlicir numerous forms and various 
 results are very common, and are to be met with every where. Acute con- 
 junetivitis and corneitis (as often arising from strumous predis[)osition a.s from 
 climatic changes) are the most prevalent eye diseases, and generally have an 
 unfavourable termination too often leading to total blindness. But this is 
 not to be wondered at, considering the antagonistic modes of treatment the 
 patient is at the same time subjected to. Though bled freely from the aim, 
 purged and starved in order to reduce the inflammation, the good effects of such 
 treatment are completely nullified by the local ap|)licatioiis. Fresh urine is 
 the collyrium most in vogue, with this the eyes are washed morning and 
 evening, whilst, during the intervals, layers of raw onions are applied over the 
 inflamed eye, or instead of this, powdered turmeric made into a paste vvitli tiie 
 white of an egg is substituted. The consequence is that intense chemosis is 
 produced, the cornea sloughs, the humours escape, and the eye collapses or 
 becomes completely disorganized. Among the numerous other diseases of the 
 eye only Fterygo and Entropion may be mentioned on account of their 
 frequency. The latter or inversion of the eyelids and lashes, is more frequently 
 observed among females, and, through neglect or bad treatment, genm-ally 
 produces intense pannus. The only treatment adopted consists in charms, 
 i> II 2 
 
[ 2:3G J 
 
 and tlic actual oautpry applied to tbo temples or crown of the head. Even 
 the alleviation of the disease by rooting out the inverted eye-lashes is not 
 attempted. 
 
 Skin disease, an aggravated form of Lepra, is met with in the steppes 
 occupying the western portion of Affghanistan and is principally confined to 
 the nomad population. I saw but four such cases, though I hear the disease is 
 common among the men of the desert. The cases referred to were nearly all 
 equally badly diseased, and they certainly were most repulsive objects of 
 humanity. With little exception, the entire integument of the body was 
 affected. The cuticle was generally thickened and traversed by large irregular 
 fissures mostly in a horizontal direction, especially around the joints where 
 they were deeper, and penetrated the cutis, from which a thin bloody fluid 
 exuded at every movement of the joint. The cuticle adhered in large, loose, 
 white or brownish and blood-stained scales, that fell off by the mere friction of 
 the clothes, which themselves were full of their debris. On enquiry I learnt 
 that this disease prevailed more or less among the nomads of the desert 
 (Slialuira nishiii) whose chief occupation is tending flocks, and whose substitute 
 for water lor purposes of ablution, as enjoined by their religion, is sand or 
 earth ! Lnpetiginous diseases of the scalp and herpetic affections, more 
 especially Lupus, are met with every where. This last is far more frequent 
 than the otliers, and from its aggravated character and disfigurement of the 
 features, renders its unfortunate victims at once hideous objects of compassion 
 and aversion. 
 
 Rheumatism and neuralgic affections a,re very generally prevalent through- 
 out the year, and seiatica especially so. To these the natives are predisposed by 
 the open-air life they lead and their consequent exposure to the vicissitudes 
 of the weather, not to omit the habit of sleeping in the open night air, which 
 deposits a heavy dew upon and around them. Another disease common in 
 this country, and owing its origin to an opposite influence of the climate, is 
 apoplexy and paralytic seizure. They attack young and old alike, and often 
 occur without any appreciable cerebral disturbance. One or other of the 
 extremities, or one side of the face or body, is all at once seized with a numb- 
 ness, sometimes accoxiipanied by vertigo, followed by paralysis and a slow and 
 gradual atrophy of the limb ensues. The natives attribute these diseases, as 
 also St. Vitus' Dance and epilepsy, to the evil influence of Genii, and observe 
 that they are more prevalent at the time that apricots ripen, that is about 
 June and Jul}', than at other seasons. 
 
 Stone in the bladder is a common disease in all parts of the country. 
 
 Diseases caused hij the habits of the 'people. — Though the habits and mode 
 of. lil'e of the people of this country, and cspeclully of that portion who are 
 
[ 237 ] 
 
 settled in large communities, tend in a great measure to predispose tliem to 
 the influences of the diseases alread}^ mentioned, tliey are, apart from all 
 climatic influence, the exciting cause of a large and very frequent class of 
 diseases, among which, one, that needs no particular mention here, despite the 
 Affghan's eternal boasting of the religious and orthodox life he leads, and the 
 strict laws that prohibit prostitutes from plying their trade, stands forward 
 as a public witness against his moral delinquencies, were any needed in the 
 face of the universally and openly practised crime of sodomy, which may " par 
 excellence" be styled an Affghan vice. 
 
 Some particulars of the huWits and mode of life of the people of Kandahar 
 will explain how these circumstances afl'cct the character and prevalence of 
 certain diseases. 
 
 At Kandahar (and other cities of Affghanistan do not difier materially 
 from it in the following particulars) tlie inhabitants lead a very sedentary 
 life. The majority of them rarely go outside the city wall for months toge- 
 ther. The air they live in is rarely free from the elUuvia of liunian deposits and 
 all sorts of decomposing animal and vegetable remains that are scattered over 
 the streets and house-tops in every direction. Alter rain, the stench arising 
 from these renders the air of the city almost unbearable, whilst during the 
 hot months every gust of wind raises clouds of this abomination that beats 
 against the face and exposed portions of tlie body, and is a very frequent 
 cause of opthalmia and skin diseases. The water that circulates through the city 
 in numerous channels is every where defiled by all manner of filth, and yet 
 is generally used for drinking and domestic purposes. The i)eople themselves, 
 as might well be expected, are equally dirty in tlieir own persons ; and though 
 baths are numerous and much frequented, notwithstanding the questionable 
 combustibles with which they are heated, their effects do not last half an 
 hour, for the bathers always come out of the bath in the same filthy clothes 
 with which they entered it. 
 
 To account in a measure for this wretched state of things, it is necessary to 
 state that the citizens are very heavily taxed (with the exception of straw, 
 fuel and manure, not a thing is allowed to enter or leave the city without 
 paying a toll,) and oppressed by their rulers, who monopolize all the profitable 
 occupations, and force the products of these on the people at an enhanced 
 price. The ill-paid soldiery also look upon the citizens as fair game to make 
 up deficiencies in their pay, and fully act up to these views, as their burglaries 
 &c., are of necessity passed over unpunished by government. The inhabitants 
 are, in consequence, hard worked, ill-fed and generally poor. In passing 
 through the main bazar, the observer is struck with the dirty and wretched 
 appearance of the mass of the population, who are in fact quite in keeping 
 with the filthy state of the roads and the mean look of the shops and houses. 
 
[ 238 ] 
 
 Amono; tlie many diseases arising from such a state of affairs, scrofula 
 stands in the first rank on account of its pi'evalenee in its various forms winch 
 here need no further description, except that its subjects, owing to their dirty 
 personal habits, the effects of carelessness and ignorance combined, and other 
 circumstances over which they have no control, are more than ordinarily 
 wretched objects to behold. 
 
 Syphilitic diseases are extremely common, and often met with in disgusting 
 and repulsive forms. A peculiar skin disease owing its origin to a taint of 
 this poison is found affecting most of the Kandaharis. It is said also to 
 prevail at Cabul. This disease is chariicterized by a warty eruption that 
 appears in solitary patches in all parts of the body. The patches are of an 
 oval or circular shape, from half an inch to two or three inches in diameter. 
 The diseased grovvth is raised above the skin, which is red, and rises gradually 
 to the edge of the diseased structure. The surface of the warts is covered 
 with a dry yellowish white crust corresponding with the extent of warty 
 surface. On its removal, the red blunt papillo of the warts are exposed 
 through a thin layer of watery lymph that covers them, and which is a 
 contagious poison communicating the disease by contact with an abraded 
 surface. At Kandahar the class of diseases to which the above is referred, 
 is so prevalent in its various forms that young and old of both sexes are 
 equally affected, not even excluding infants ; and the native medical men 
 themselves admit that hardly one in twenty of the whole population is free 
 from the taint of this disease in some form or other. 
 
 Hemorrhoidal affections, as already mentioned, are very prevalent, and 
 attributable to the effects of a hot and dry climate, on the inhabitants already 
 predisposed to such diseases by the circumstances of their lives previously 
 mentioned, viz. want of exercise or recreation, bad air, hard work, indifferent 
 food, mental oppression, and beastly vices. 
 
 Such are the principal diseases at Kandahar, which are worthy of note on 
 account of peculiarity or frequency of occurrence. The following notes will, 
 to some degree, indicate the manner in which their alleviation or cure is 
 attempted. 
 
 Healing art among the Afghans. — The Affghan " haJcims^^ profess them- 
 selves the disciples of the '^Yiiiidm hikmat'^ the theories of the ancient Greek 
 physicians Galen, (-^ JdJiaus") Hippocrates C Bolcrat"') ki. However this 
 may be, they divide all diseases into an arbitraiy classification of hot and cold, 
 dry and moist, and treat them respectively with remedies of an opposite 
 character, which are for the most part also abitrarily assigned, the majority of 
 them being demulcent, aromatic, narcotic, others vegetable simples. 
 
 They know nothing either of anatomy or pathology of diseases, and their 
 
[ 239 ] 
 
 acquaintance with surgery is even less than that with medicine, and often 
 really dangerous. 
 
 Layers of raw onions and turmeric, made into a paste with urine or the 
 white of eggs, is the universal application, after stitching, to wounds of all 
 sorts ; and once applied is rarely removed before the expiration of 10 or 12 days, 
 the access of air to the wound being considered very detrimental. Water in 
 any shape is looked upon as positive poison, and its contact with the wound 
 is religiously' guarded against. 
 
 The actual cautery, both by iron and moxa and the lancet, is in constant 
 use for chronic pains and swellings of all kinds and other diseases, wliilst in 
 all cases, charms and certain forms of prayer form an important part of the 
 treatment. The cautery is a ver}' favorite remedy, and its patrons are to be 
 recognized everywhere. A man has neuralgia of the scalp, a row of half a 
 dozen eschars, each the size of a rupee, are at once burnt into the head from the 
 forehead over tlie crown to tlie nape of the neck. The sufferer from sciatica 
 applies the hot iron, and is soon covered from hip to heel with its marks. The 
 subject of ascites, in the vain hope of relief, has his abdominal walls burnt by 
 the moxa, five or six great scars on each side, the middle line commemorating 
 the fiery ordeal. The aneient dunie, sightless by cataract, expects the i-estora- 
 tion of her vision witli the application of the hot iron to her temples. The 
 rheumatic patient resorts to the cautery as the remedy for his pains. Tlie 
 owner of a tumour expects it to vanisii before fire, so he resorts to the hot 
 iron. And even the crook-back submits to tlie cautery, and lias the entire 
 hide of his back almost replaced by the scars of the searing iron or moxa. 
 Indeed the cautery is a universal remedy, and the perseverance of the All'glians 
 in its use is really astonishing and deserving of better results. 
 
 In gun-shot wounds, the track of the bullet is always stuffed with a firm 
 bougie of rolled cloth, which is often, with occasional new substitutions, kept in 
 for two years or more. In cases of compound fracture, the broken ends being 
 forced into place, the wound is crammed with sugar. The diminution of this 
 by the discharges is replaced by fresh supplies, till the ends of the broken 
 bone are thrown off, or the patient dies. 
 
 The vis medicatrix naturte and the tenacity of life, which, among all semi- 
 barbarous people exposed to a hardy and open air life, exert a great influence 
 towards the resolution of diseases and healing of wounds &e. are often, among 
 the Affghans, counteracted by the reckless manner in which their " hakims^' 
 dose them with European drugs and other remedies, of the properties of which 
 they have not the remotest idea. Among many others, corrosive sublimate, 
 strong sulphuric acid, Worcestershire and other hot sauces, Eau-de-Cologne, 
 Macassar oil, and such like things, were frequently brought to me at Kandahar 
 
 I 
 
[ 24.0 ] 
 
 to enlighten their owners as to their therapeutical effects and proper closes, as 
 in their hands they proved anything but successful remedies ! 
 
 These hakims are confined in their sphere of action to the towns and cities. 
 But among the rural population their place is supplied by the village priest 
 (mullah) or else the patients doctor themselves, and their case is far better 
 than that of the towns-people. 
 
 The priest-doctors naturally place most reliance in charms, prayers and 
 pilgrimages, though at the same time they use the lancet and cautery in a 
 fearless manner. 
 
 Among the peasantry, the mode of treating fevers is as follows. The patient 
 is placed on the lowest diet, for he gets little or no food, and is vigorously 
 shampooed and plied with warm diluents in order to produce perspiration, 
 which is then ke[)t up by excess of clothing. Where this method proves unsuc- 
 cessful, the " posf^ or sheep skin is resorted to, and it is thus managed. A 
 sheep is killed and quickly skinned, and the patient stripped to the loins, puts 
 on the still warm skin as one would a coat ; that portion of the skin covering 
 the sheep's shoulders serving as the sleeves. The inner surface of the removed 
 skin is in contact with that of the man, whose body from the neck to the hips 
 is closely and completely enveloped in it. This is kept on for two, three or four 
 days, till the stench from its decomposing cellular tissue is no longer bearable. 
 The skin commences to putrify in a few hours after it is put on, and before 
 long the already close and heated atmosphere of the room (caused by the 
 numerous attendants and guests who flock in for a share of mutton preparing 
 for them) is soon loaded with its stench, which is neither concealed nor better- 
 ed by the disagreeable nauseous fumes of burning " sipa7td," a species of wild 
 rue which, as I have already mentioned in another place, is always burnt at the 
 bedside of the sick, &c. in this country. This use of the sheep's skin is not 
 confined to cases of fever only. It is also put on in acute inflammatory 
 attacks of the thoracic and abdominal viscera. And in other local pains, the 
 skin, or enough of it to envelope the affected part, is usually allowed a tiiul 
 before resorting to the cautery. 
 
 The Aflghan peasant's practice of domestic surgery, though rather rough, is 
 quite as original and sensible (both being founded on experience) as that of 
 his domestic medicine. For example, when a man happens to dislocate his 
 thigh bone, the following is the method by which the reduction is attempted, 
 and, as far as I can learn, generally with a successful result. For three days 
 the patient is kept on very spare diet indeed, and a constant state of nausea is 
 maintained by plying him with frequent and copious draughts of lukewarm 
 water. During this period an ox or cow, whicii is to bo the chief though 
 unconscious operator in the reduction of the dislocation, is tied up, allowed 
 
[ 2M ] 
 
 only a scanty supply of of straw, but no water. At the end of three days (or 
 before, accordiug to circumstances) both the patient and cow being reduced 
 respectively to a proper state of debility and thirst, and well fitted to perform 
 their separate parts in the reduction, the former is brought out and mounted 
 " au Cavalier" on the latter's back, previously covered with a blanket of felt. 
 His legs are then well pulled down, and the ankles, drawn towards each other 
 under the animal's belly, are here firmly secured by cords. All the apparatus 
 being properly adjusted and the arrangements complete, the famished cow is led 
 off to a neighbouring stream and allowed to drink, which she does with avidity 
 and to excess, swelling visibly with each draught. The gradual extension, 
 caused by ttie regularly increasing barrel of tlie cow, often, it is said, reduces 
 the dislocation before the animal has satiated herself. 
 
 In dislocation of the ankle, the injured limb is buried in the earth and then 
 hauled out forcibly. 
 
 Dislocation of the shoulder is reduced by placing an empty " masak'^ or 
 water skin in the armpit, securing the hand up to tlie opposite shoulder and 
 then filling the skin with water. Its weight is said to reduce the dislocation. 
 
 The AfFghans have a curious idea, and their hakims know no better, that all 
 the nerves and vessels of the body centre in the navel. A favourite modo 
 therefore of treating many diseases is to pour a little almond oil or other 
 medicine on the navel as being the " Fons et origo malis." A very common 
 complaint among the debilitated and dyspeptic is "displacement" or "falling 
 down" or " unsteadiness" of the navul, as tlu-y idiomatically express it, and 
 their mode of treatment is as eccL'ntrio as the disease itself. 
 
 The patient lies down on his back, whilst the operator seizing the navel 
 tightly between the tips of his thuinh and finger, twists it with a screw-liku 
 motion, and then pressing it down to the spine draws it up again and repeats 
 the screwing. This process is repeated on each side of the abdomen, and 
 finally the navel is pressed down to the spine us at first, and tlie o[)erator 
 feeling the excited pulsations of the abdominal artery (aorta) now declares 
 that the navel " leaps" in its right place, and calls on the bystanders to feel 
 and judge for themselves, and verify or otherwise his assertion. These, on 
 feeling the pulsations mentioned, in astonishment at his skill, give their 
 verdict in favour of the operator. But the cure does not end here. The 
 "straying fountain of all evil" being declared in its proper place, something 
 must be done to prevent its again wandering, or at least the patient's imagining 
 it does, and the process adopted ans.vers admirably. 
 
 The operator seizing one hand of tlie patient by the wrist, grasps the 
 rtesliy part between the thumb and forefinger with the grip of a vice between 
 the joints of his own thumb and middle finger, and tortures the patient for 
 2 I 
 
[ 21.3 ] 
 
 several moments witli n rapid " to and fro" gnawini^ aolion ; this is repeated 
 on the other hand. Then the great cord of vessel* and nerves of each arm 
 just as they issue from the armpit are alternately caught up between the 
 o[)erator's thumb and fingers, pulled away from the bone like the string of a 
 bow and gradually allowed to escape with a grating movement from the tight 
 grip of the operator. The patient, now faint, perspiring and hewildered by all 
 the acutely painful twangs that have so rapidly shocked liim, has a charm, 
 with some verses from the Kuran written on it, tied about his loins, and is 
 assured that the refractory navel has returned to its place. It is long before 
 he resorts to this treatment again, though the charm is often changed, and the 
 cautery applied to the navel to stop its vagrant propensilies. 
 
[ 243 ] 
 
 Ileturn of j)atieiits treated in the Charitable Dispensary at Kandaliar from 
 the 1st May, 1857 to the 30th April, 1858. 
 
 Dated Kandahar, \st May, 1858. 
 
 Diseases. 
 
 Abscessus, 
 
 Amaurosis, 
 
 Anibustio, 
 
 Amautia, 
 
 Anasarca, 
 
 Anajinia, 
 
 Aneurisma, 
 
 Antliorax, 
 
 Apoplexia, 
 
 Aptliae, 
 
 Ascites, 
 
 Astluna, 
 
 Dronchitis, 
 
 Calculus Vesicae, 
 
 Cancer, 
 
 Cataract, 
 
 Catarrhus Acutus, 
 
 Caries Vertebrje, 
 
 Cephalalgia, 
 
 Chlorosis, 
 
 Ciiolera, 
 
 Chorea, 
 
 Colica, 
 
 Conjunctioitis, 
 
 Constipatio, 
 
 Contractura, 
 
 Corneitis, 
 
 Debilitas, 
 
 Diarrluea, 
 
 Dislocatio, 
 
 Dracunculus, 
 
 Dyscnteria, 
 
 Dyspepsia, 
 
 Eozenia, 
 
 Eutropion, 
 
 Epilepsia, 
 
 Epsitaxis, 
 
 Erysi|)elas, 
 
 Febris coin, continua, .. 
 Ditto Int. quotidian,., .. 
 Ditto ditto Tertian, .. .. 
 Ditto Puerpera, 
 
 131 
 
 28 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 34 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i244 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 16 
 18 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 25 
 80 
 
 3 
 40 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 •) 
 
 31 
 
 530 
 
 228 
 
 12 
 
 112 
 
 45 
 
 95 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 119 
 
 205 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 70 
 
 699 
 
 50 
 
 -i 
 
 9 
 
 > 
 
 134 
 
 134 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 34 
 
 28 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 c 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 244 
 
 233 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 :J1 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 530 
 
 517 
 
 
 
 228 
 
 228 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 112 
 
 88 
 
 ]0 
 
 45 
 
 42 
 
 3 
 
 95 
 
 91 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 119 
 
 111 
 
 4 
 
 205 
 
 199 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 J 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 70 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 699 
 
 695 
 
 2 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 6 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 •> 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 
 -<-i 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 -TS 0) 
 
 
 
 
 CO -.^ 
 
 TS 
 
 w C^ 
 
 ZJ 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ') 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 3 
 2 
 11 
 (» 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 () 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 0' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 o 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 (J 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 'Z 1 
 
[ 2U ] 
 
 Diseases. 
 
 Febris Typhus, 
 
 Fistula Ani, 
 
 ])itto Laelirymalis, .. .. 
 
 Ditto Perinei, 
 
 Ditto Urethra, 
 
 Fractuia Simplex, 
 
 Ditto Coniposita, 
 
 Gaiigreua, 
 
 Glaucoma, 
 
 Gonorrhoea, 
 
 FIsemorrhagia, 
 
 Hsemorrhois, 
 
 Hemicrania, 
 
 Hemiplegia, 
 
 Hepatitis, 
 
 Hernei Inguinalis, .. .. 
 
 Herpes, 
 
 Hydrocephalus, 
 
 Icterus, 
 
 Impetigo, 
 
 Iritis, 
 
 Laryngitis, 
 
 Lepra, 
 
 Leprosy, 
 
 Lumbago, 
 
 Lupus, 
 
 Morbus Cordis, 
 
 Ditto Cosarius, 
 
 JS^ecrosis, 
 
 Nephritis, , 
 
 Neuralgia, 
 
 Odontalgia, 
 
 Opthalmia, , 
 
 Orchitis, , 
 
 Otitis, 
 
 Palpitatio, 
 
 Paralysis, 
 
 Parotytis, 
 
 Periostitis, 
 
 Phthisis pulmonalis, . .. 
 
 Pleuritis, 
 
 Pneumonia, 
 
 Podagra, 
 
 Polypus nasi, 
 
 Pronasis, 
 
 Peryguim, 
 
 S 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 1 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 14 
 4 
 3 
 1 
 110 
 3 
 53 
 
 21 
 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 64 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 55 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 34 
 
 63 
 
 63 
 
 19 
 
 104 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 37 
 
 2 
 
 27 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 , 73 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 110 
 
 3 
 
 53 
 
 21 
 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 64 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 55 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 34 
 
 63 
 
 63 
 
 19 
 
 104 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 37 
 
 2 
 
 27 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 73 
 
 7 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 107 
 
 2 
 
 43 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 31 
 
 63 
 
 59 
 
 18 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 34 
 
 
 26 
 
 10 
 2 
 5 
 
 70 
 o 
 
 •T3 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 6 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 'si 
 
 CD 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
[ 245 ] 
 
 Diseases. 
 
 Ptyalionius, 
 
 Klieumatitimus, . , 
 
 Siibies, 
 
 Sciatica,. 
 
 Scorbutus, 
 
 Scrofula, , 
 
 Spermatorrhoea,. . , 
 
 S|jleiiitis, 
 
 Staphyloma, 
 
 Strictura Urethra, 
 
 Subluxatio, 
 
 Syphilis Primifc. . 
 Ditto Coiisec. . . . 
 
 S3iiovitis, 
 
 Talipes Equinus, . 
 Ditto Verus, . . . . 
 loenia Solium, .. . 
 
 I'on.^illitis, 
 
 Tumor, 
 
 Ulcus, . 
 
 Ditto Phagedcenie, 
 
 Varicis, 
 
 Vulu Contusum, . 
 Ditto Iiicisum, . . . 
 Ditto Sclopitorum, 
 Wart, 
 
 Total . . . 
 
 1 
 
 296 
 
 38 
 
 22 
 
 44 
 
 26 
 
 5 
 
 59 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 61 
 
 76 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 38 
 
 42 
 
 21 
 
 161 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 37 
 
 64 
 
 15 
 
 53 
 
 o 
 
 1 1 
 296 291 
 
 38 
 22 
 44 
 26 
 
 5 
 59 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 64 
 76 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 38 
 
 42 
 
 21 
 
 161 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 37 
 
 64 
 
 15 
 
 53 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 34 
 
 19 
 
 42 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 64 
 
 69 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 42 
 
 19 
 
 160 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 37 
 
 63 
 
 7 
 
 51 
 
 
 5 
 2 
 3 
 2 
 22 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 I 
 
 -Z3 
 
 o 
 
 4907 1907 445S: 221 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 7 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 68 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 106 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
I 246 ] 
 
 Operations 'perfornied in the Kandahar Dispensanj from 1st Mat/, 
 1857 to Ibth May, 1858. 
 
 Calculus VesifcB. — Three cases were operated on by the lateral incision, with 
 a successful result in each. The only case deserving' of notice is one in which 
 there were two stones in the bladder united by a slender arm that broke on 
 seizing for extraction, thus simplifying the process. In a fourth case, a small 
 stone the size of a bean, escaping from the bladder, lodged in the membranous 
 portion of the urethra, whence its ejection was caused by the use of the warm 
 hip bath and diuretics. A fifth case resembled the last, but there were four 
 small stones each the size of a pea; they were also voided by the same 
 treatment as that pursued in the previous case. 
 
 Cataract. — Sixteen cases were operated on ; in every instance depression of 
 the lens was attempted. Seven of these cases were cured, tolerable (in two 
 cases very good) vision resulting. In five cases vision was but imperfectly 
 restored, two cases failed entirely, and two ceased to attend. 
 
 Necrosis. — In six cases of this disease of the bones of the upper and lower 
 extremities, the necrosed portions were removed by operation, and with a 
 successful result in all. There was no peculiarity wortli}'' of mention. 
 
 Tumors. — Nineteen tumors of greater or less size were excised from various 
 parts of the bod3^ Of these three were fibrous, five fatty, two encysted and 
 nine atheromatous. No case presented any peculiarity worthy of mention. 
 
APPENDIX I. 
 
 Noff'.<t on the Flora of Ajj'<jhanistcni. 
 
 In submitting the following remarks on the botany of Affghanistan, T am 
 constrained in apology for its incompleteness to premise that they are the 
 result of very limited opportunities of observation in that portion only of 
 the countr}'^ traversed by the mission. Tlie subject Is arranged in two parts 
 in accordance with the diflerent habitats of the plants. Tlius, in the first part 
 are mentioned some of those plants more commonly met with on the plains, 
 and in the second some of the principal plants and forest trees found in the 
 hills and mountains. But before entering on this description it will be as well 
 first to dispose of a number of those common but widely distributed herbs that 
 are found to occupy similar soils in different localities, and the general 
 characters of which may be inferred from the following brief enumeration. 
 
 Plants of cultivated districts. — In all cultivated districts and occupying 
 the cornfields, meadows, garden and orchards, and the roads and water- 
 courses about them, exists a rank vegetation of herbs which may be included 
 under the comprehensive term ' weeds.' Among these may be mentioned the 
 common buttercup (ranunculus), the pasque flower (anemone), the mouse ear 
 ohickweed (myosurus), the larkspur (delphinium) and other genera, as also 
 the nlgclla sattlva of the same family of plants, together with the plantaiu or 
 ribbed grass, the corn blue bottle, the fumitory, caperspurge, bindweed, &c., 
 as commonly found in the cornlields. The root of a variety of caperspurge 
 with j^ellow inflorescence, is in common use among the peasantry as a 
 purgative. 
 
 The yellow or millefoil, used as an aromatic bitter medicine by the natives 
 under the name of " bu-i-mdddrdn," the wild chicory, often cultivated for 
 the sake of its seeds which are extensively used in medicinal and other 
 sharbats ; and other composite plants such as the ox-eye, hawkweed, dande- 
 lion, ragworts, thistles, &e., mint, thyme, basil and other labiate herbs, abound in 
 the clover and lucerne titlds, and chequer them with the varied hues of their 
 flowers. The seeds of most of them are used in sharbats as medicines: those 
 of basil are called " tukhm-i-raiJidn,^' and are the most favourite of the 
 " Khunulciuna'^ or "cold" remedies of the native physicians. Several varieties 
 
[ 248 ] 
 
 vieium, ervum, astragalus and other small herbs of the leguminous order are 
 met with in the same situations as the above. The lesser orobanche is a 
 common parasite in the fields on the roots of the clover and lucerne, and it is 
 also frequently seen in the tobacco plantations. 
 
 The scurvey grass, the shepherd's purse and other cruciferse, as the wild 
 mustard, wild turnip, &c., are trod on at every step, on the road sides, where 
 also saxifrages, dwarf mallows, the wild carrot, &c. abound. 
 
 In the gardens the dock and tlie common sorrel luxuriate ; the latter is 
 used as a pot herb by the natives. The shady banks of the water-courses are 
 adorned by the star wort, the ragged robin, the campion, the goose grass, or 
 cleavers, as also by the cranesbill and other pelargoniums, and occasionally tlie 
 clematis or traveller's joy is met with. 
 
 On the outskirts of cultivation are met the datura, the seeds of which are 
 used by the natives as a remedy in some forms of dyspepsia, tlie deadly niglit- 
 shade called " anabu-s-mlit^'' and whose berries under tlie name of" sag-augurk''^ 
 are commonly used as a sedative medicine ; and another plant of tlie same 
 family the " bdd-i-panlr'' (puneeria coagulans) the berries of which are eaten 
 as a carminative and also used for coagulating milk and making cheese, 
 whence its name ; there are other plants of a similar kind. 
 
 Rushes, duckweeds, &c., abound in tlie stagnant wet ditches, where also the 
 fool's parsley, hemlock and other umbellifers, and some ranunculi, &c. are 
 found. 
 
 Lowland plants. — The plains of western Aflfghanlstan or that portion of 
 them contained between Ghuzni and Girishk, (my observations being limited 
 within these points, though as far as I can learn the botanical character of 
 the country does not differ materially so far westward as Herat) consisting as 
 they do of sterile, gravelly and sandy expanses, curtailed and cut off from one 
 another by mountain ridges of bare rock, are neither tliickly populated nor 
 well clothed with vegetation. The cultivated districts present the only 
 really green spots in this region, the rest is a wild desert, supporting scattered 
 patches of brushwood, but no large trees. 
 
 In the cultivated districts the mulberry, tlie willow, the poplar, and the 
 ash (fraxinus excelsior) are the principal trees, and their presence here is 
 owing to the agency of man. 
 
 In the desert wastes, on the other hand, the vegetation is scant, trees are 
 rarely or not at all met with, and at scattered and distant intervals only a 
 stunted brushwood prevails. This, in sandy spots, is principally made up of 
 the dwarf tamarisk, growing from the roots of which is often seen the scaly 
 leafless stem of the greater orobanche. The tamarisk is a source of the fuel 
 used for domestic purposes in this region. 
 
[ 249 ] 
 
 Its thin long twigs are worlveJ into baskets and coarse mats, &e. In such 
 situations are also found several species of salsola, which are burned for the 
 soda and potash they yield. In other places the brushwood consists chielly of 
 scattered plants among wliich the camel's thorn (which is often seen choked 
 by the dense meshes of the parasitic dodder and is the source of the manna 
 known as " turaujahiii" the spiny resh harrow (ononis spinosa) and many" 
 other genera of leguminous plants, armed witli spines and bearing papiliona- 
 ceous flowers, are tlie most com.mon. The long and fibrous root of the resh 
 harrow is often used by tlie natives as a tooth brush, and is hence called bv 
 them " luta-i-maswah.'''' Tiie slender climbing stem of another plant found 
 ill the hills, but of wliich I have not succeeded in obtaining a specimen, is also 
 used for a similar purpose. The sensitive mimosa and varieties of acacia, 
 known by the term " hahul,^' and belonging to the same order of plants as 
 the above, are also occasionally met with, especially in the south-western 
 portion of tlie country. As also the bair, jujube and other species of 
 zj'zyphus. The Z.jnjuba is often cultivated in orchards for its edilile fruit, 
 which are also used as medicine in bronchial alfections, Ac. In some i)laces 
 occupying the sides and hollows of ravines are found the rose bay (nerium 
 oleander) called by the natives " JcJ/arzarah'" from its poisonous effects on 
 horses, asses, &c., the wild iaburnum and various species of inJigofera which 
 more or less abound in all moist situations in the country. 
 
 lietween tiiesc patches of stunted brushwood, the country is thinly clothed 
 with grass}' tufts and many herbs that alford pasture to the (locks that visit 
 this region in the winter and spring months. Deserving of mention (thouj'h 
 already described in another place) are the absinth and wild rue on account 
 of their prevalence and universal distribution here. Besides the absinth many 
 other composite plants are met with, but principally the thistle or carduus 
 genus, and mingled with these are found the orchis, J3lue Flags and other 
 species of iris. Such are the principul plants nc'^iced by the traveller, and 
 will serve as an illustration of the kind of vegetation met with on the plains 
 of Affghanistan. 
 
 To sum up then, the flora of this region comprises many genera of the 
 Botanical orders Leguniinoste, Compo.^ita', Crucifenr, Umbellifera;, Labiatae, 
 Boraginacea?, Solanacca^, &c. and of each of which orders several genera are 
 cultivated. Thus of the first named, clover, lucerne, &c. and various kinds of 
 pea, bean, pulse and Icntin, &c. are cultivated as food for man and beast. Of 
 the Cruciferae the Cabul cabbage, celebrated for its size and flavour, and species 
 of sinopis called " sarsham" raised for the oil yielded by its seeds, wliiJst the 
 young leaves are used as greens, are the chief members. The carrot, fennel, 
 cummin, coriander among the cultivated species, and the asafolida anr 
 2 K 
 
[ 250 ] 
 
 "TiomaV^ (Praugos pabularia) &e. among wild species, represent Umbelliferae. 
 The last named is found in great abundance in the iiilly country at Ghuznee, 
 and is said to extend through Hazarah to Herat. It is stored up as a very 
 nourishing fodder for cattle and horses during winter. Besides tlic orders 
 mentioned, some fumitories, malvacca?, saxifrages, orchids and galiacete are 
 common. Of this last order the madder (rubia tinctorum) is largely cultivat- 
 ed and exported. The borage order is represented b}' the " forget-me-not ;" 
 borage, comfre}', alkanet, varieties ofcynoglossum, Symphytum, &c. But these 
 are more abundant in the higher ground.-. 
 
 Mountain flants. — The peculiar and characteristic distribution of vegetation 
 in the mountains of Affglianistan is worthy of notice. The great mass of the 
 vegetation is confined chiefly to the main mountain ranges themselves and 
 their immediate offshoots, and gradually diminishing in abundance with tlie 
 extension of the spurs starting off from these main ranges, is almost altogether 
 wanting on their distant or terminal prolongations. This is well exemplified 
 in the " Sufed-koh" range. 
 
 Here on the " white mountain" itself and on its immediate branches, and at an 
 elevation of between 6000 and 10,000 feet above the sea, the vegetation is 
 characterised by an abundant growth of large forest trees, among which 
 conifers are the most noble and prominent. And several genera are met witli ; 
 of the following, I obtained specimens, viz. deodar (ccdrus deodara) the 
 spruce (abies excelsa) the long-leaved pine (pinus longifolia,) the cluster-pine 
 (pinus pinaster,) the edible pine, (p. pinea,) which yields the nut known as 
 " chah/lioza,^^ and the larch (p. larix). The hazel, the yew, the arbor vita^ 
 (tliuja orientalis,) and tlie juniper, are also here met with, together with the 
 walnut, the wild peach and almond, which last is the source of the bitter 
 almonds met with in the bazars. Growing under the shade of these are found 
 several varieties of tlie rose, the honey-suckle, the currant, the gooseberry, 
 the hawthorn, rhododendron, &c. and a luxuriant herbage vegetation in which 
 the ranunculus family holds an important place on account of the frequency 
 and number of its genera. 
 
 The lemon and wild vine are also met with here, as also the " amhilc ;'''' but 
 these are more common in the northern mountains. Tlie walnut and oak 
 descend to the secondary heights, where they become mixed with the ash, the 
 alder, the khinjak (pistacla khinjak) the arbor vitse, juniper and species of 
 phaca and astragalus. Various indigoferfje and the dwarf laburnum are also 
 here met with. Three varieties of oak are met with on the Sufed-koh, viz. 
 the ever-<'"reen, the holly-leaved and the kermes oak. 
 
 Lower than these again, and at an elevation of about .3000 to GOOO feet 
 above the sea, the wild olive, species of rock rose, the wild privet, acacias, 
 
[ ^oi ] 
 
 mimosas, the Barberry and species of zyzyi)iui>, Sic. are met with ; and iu tho 
 eastern ranges as in the Mxranzai and Afridi bills, the dwarf palm (canuerops 
 liumilis) the acacia, the bignonia or trumpet flower, the sissoo, the saloadora 
 persica, verbena, acanthus, &c. variety of gesnus, &c. are also met with. 
 
 The lowest or terminal ridges, especially towards the west, present a bare 
 aspect, and support but a scanty vegetation, which is for the most part 
 entirely herbal ; shrubs are only occasionally met with, but trees rarely or 
 never. The plants here met with comprise most of those that form the under- 
 growth or herbal vegetation in the higher ranges. Labiate, compound and 
 umbelliferous plants, are the most common. Violets, various species of del- 
 phinium, and otlier genera of ranunculaeeiu are met with in the moist or 
 sheltered portions of the hills. Whilst the rhubarb or " ravdsW^ plant, and 
 many spiny and thorny species of the order cyophylleio, abound in the opposite 
 situations. Hare-bells, blue-bells and other campanulacea3 are sometimes here 
 met with, but they are more abundant in the higher regions ; the same mav 
 be said of the jointed fir bush, a variety of genctum. Orchids in great 
 variety abound in the hills, as well as the higher plains ; and in spring their 
 flowers clothe the country, with a white carpet chequered by the varied hues of 
 the red, white and yellow tulip, lilies, hyacinths, dalfodils, &e. Ferns and 
 mosses are conlined for the most part to the highest ranges, not finding sulli- 
 cient moisture in the lower ones. 
 
 Such are the more familiar plants tliat attract the attention of the traveller 
 amongst a number of others, that cannot be recognized at this season of the 
 v'-ar (June), their flowering period having passed by or not commou'-ed. 
 
 L' n 2 
 
SUrrLEMENT. 
 
No. 167 of 1857. 
 
 From 
 
 LIEUT.- COL. n. B. EDWARDES, C. B. 
 
 Commissioner and Superintendent, Pesliawur Division. 
 
 To 
 
 CAPTAIN H. R. JAMES, 
 
 Offij. Secretary to tlie Chief Commissioner for the riinjah, 
 
 Peshawur, i)th Fehruary, 1857. 
 
 Politiral. 
 
 Sir, — By letter No. 27 of 11th August, 185G, (conveyed in No, 095 
 
 of 29tli August, 185G from your office) instructions wore received from 
 
 the Secretary to the Government of India for tlio jMilitary expedition 
 
 in October into Upper Meeranzye and Kurram, to make an example of 
 
 the refractory village of Dersuramund, compel an understanding with 
 
 the Zymooshts, and obtain satisfaction from the Toorees, subjects of 
 
 Cabul, for raids made into our territories, I now proceed to report how 
 
 far these objects have been carried out. 
 
 2. — While the question of an expedition was before Government, 
 
 sundry changes took place in Meeriiuzye, some for the better, and some 
 
 for the worse. 
 
 3. — The loyal faction* in Dersummund (headed by MuUik Bungee) 
 
 assured of a coming expedition, took 
 * As an instance of the general rule that ^ ^ • ^ ^ t •% 
 
 it is tlie weakest party in wild tribes courage and rccolonized an abandoned 
 which sides with us, for obvious purposes hamlet Called Mummoo, which is an 
 
 of their own, 1 may lierc mention that 
 
 out of the 400 sliares of land into wliich important outpost of Dcrsummund, 
 
 the land of Dersuninmnd is divided, tlio ,, p. c •• ^ ^ -\ ^ 
 
 proprietors of only 30 pai.l their revenue "nd the rctractory taction hcadod by 
 
 with Eungee; while those of 370 stood Mullik Mulkhaio Or "the locust" 
 out aud were uned with Jilullihaie. 
 
 became sufficiently alarmed to come 
 in to Captain Henderson at Kohat and compound for tlier rebellion by 
 paying a fine of 1000 Rupees, in addition to the arrears of their 
 revenue. 
 
 4. — This left only the Toorees and the Zymooshts to be dealt with. 
 
 5. — The Toorees continued their raids in a very daring manner, and 
 excited popular indignation in one of them by murdering a little girl 
 of the Khuttuk village of Kurboga, because she would not mount 
 behind a horseman. 
 
 G. — On the 2ud of September Naryab, one of the most important 
 villages of Upper Meeriinzyo, was thrown into confusion by a deed of 
 
[ 256 ] 
 
 cold-blooclecl atrocitj. Influence in Naryab had long been divided 
 between the rival families of Anar Khan and Bostan Khtin. Anar 
 Khan had strongly espoused the side of Government; and Avas 
 chiefly supported by his nephew Tumeez. This yonng man Avas a fine 
 specimen of a border yeoman, and I remember him in the expedition 
 of ] 855 on his large bay mare, with a tremendous lance, conspicuous 
 among the horsemen of the valley. He had been fitly selected by 
 Captain Henderson to be jemadar of the Meeranzye Sowars ; and in 
 that capacity, had shown a determination to enforce the orders of 
 Government among his countrjanen. He committed the two great 
 crimes of arresting criminals, and collecting revenue. This estranged 
 his own party and strengthened Bostan^s ; and Bostan seized upon the 
 opportunity to compass Tumeez's death. First an ambush of the 
 Mummazye hill men was tried ; but it failed. Domestic treachery was 
 then resorted to; and Tumeez was seized from behind by liis own 
 ploughman, a Zymoosht named Ali Shah, and stabbed deliberately 
 through and through from side to side, and from back to breast, by 
 his own cousin Alum Shah. Bostan and his followers had all been in 
 readiness, and immediately attacked Mullik Anar Khan, who was 
 taken by surprise and deserted. They pulled down his tower, and 
 became masters of the village. 
 
 7. — Naryab remained in rebellion till troops began to assemble at 
 Kohat for the expedition. Bostan and his accomplices then fled to the 
 hills, and a large body of Zymooshts from Torawuree helped thorn to 
 cany off their crops. 
 
 8. — On 22nd October, a force of nearly 5000 men (detailed in the 
 Troops. No. No. margin) rendezvoused 
 
 of men. of guns. '' 
 
 Detachment Peshawur monntain train, 56 4 at HungOO in Lower 
 
 Ditto K„. I P„.J»b Lt. KoM^^Batte,,, ..........,.^59 4 Mcoran.yo, undor the 
 
 4Mi Punjab Cavalry, 4u7 personal Command of 
 
 Petacliment Ist ditto, 'J7 ^ -r> • t at -n 
 
 Khuttuk Sowars of Khwajuh, Muhammad Khan, 150 Brigadier JNevlile 
 
 ])etaehme.it^6Gth Goorkhas, 680 Cliamberlain,and there 
 
 1st Punjab Infantry, 77» ' 
 
 2nd ditto ditto, 'J'69 I joined the expedition. 
 
 3rd ditto ditto, 747 ,, , «. • , 
 
 6th ditto ditto 688 13.— A more elhcieut 
 
 No. 2 Coun^any Punjab Sappers, 40 ^ ^^ ^^ , ^^^^_ 
 
 European Olhcers, <1U U ' i 
 
 liitto Non-Commissioned ditto, 5 bers, perhaps uever 
 
 Native ditto 73 
 
 Brigadier and Staii;"".".* 4 took the field m In- 
 Grand Total, !a700 14 *1'^»; ^^^^ it is worth 
 
[ 257 ] 
 
 observing, as illustrative of the Irregular system, tliat tliere were not 
 fifty Europeans in the camp. 
 
 2nd. — On the 23rd October the force marched to Togh, and on 24th 
 to Kahee, the border village of upper and lower Meerunzye, a great dif- 
 ference was perceptible m the feeling of the people. In ISoo, the walls 
 and houses had been covered with armed men. Now all was quiet, no 
 notice was taken of the arrival of the troops, and the men and women 
 of the village pursued their usual avocations. They had already paid 
 their revenue; and having defied no orders, seemed perfectly to under- 
 stand that they were safe, though 5000 soldiers were encamped under 
 their walls. 
 
 11. — Nothing had tended more to create this confidence, than the 
 strict discipline which Brigadier Chamberlain invariably enforced. 
 
 12. — At Kahee Captain Henderson received intelligence that a large 
 number of Meerunzye criminals had taken refuge in the village of 
 Torawurree, which the Chief Commissioner will remember is inhabited 
 by Zymoosht settlers from the hills north-west of Meerunzye. In the 
 expedition of 1 855, greater consideration had been shown to Torawurree, 
 than to any of the other villages, through the good offices of Khwajah 
 Mahomed Khan, the chief of Khuttuck, who, to gain the friendship 
 of the Zymoosht clan, went so far, I understand, as to pay the most of 
 the Torawurree revenue. In consequence of this prompt payment, the 
 force had then no occasion to encamp at Torawuirec even for a single 
 day. But, as usual, mild treatment was attributed to weakness; and 
 not only the Zymooshts, but their Bungush neighbours, came to regard 
 the tumble-down wall of Torawurree as an impregnable fortress. Hence, 
 every runaway blackguard in the valley, as our force again approached, 
 sought and received asylum in this redoubtable Zymoosht village. 
 
 13. — Amongst these refugees was a special rufliau named Meer, who 
 got his livelihood by catching Hindu traders in bypaths and hanging 
 them up by the heels till they were sufi'ocated into delivery of their 
 money. It was for the sake of paying off this gentleman that a 
 Bunya found courage to tell Captain Henderson of the criminals 
 hiding at Torawurree. 
 
 14. — It was at once decided to surprise them; and the plan was 
 
 secretly arranged between Brigadier Chamberlain, Captain Henderson 
 
 and myself: neither the officers of our own force nor the most friendly 
 
 chiefs in camp were informed. Orders were given out for the usual 
 
 2 L 
 
[ 258 ] 
 
 uiarcli to Nnriab next morning. The Nuriiib road wa.^ reoonnoitered 
 by the engineers and improved by the sappers, and ground at Nuriab 
 was selected for the camp. The criminals of Nuriab no doubt con- 
 gratulated themselves that they were snug at Torawurrec. 
 
 15. — An hour before the time appointed in the order books, the 
 morning bugle sounded. The Brigadier's watch was supposed to have 
 gone wrong. It was pitch dark and bitter cold, and there was every 
 temptation to consider it a mistake. But Captain Adams, the staff 
 officer, came round and put the Brigadier's orders into the hand of 
 every commanding officer, and soon each troop and regiment was 
 hurrying to its place. 
 
 16. — From Kahee to Torawurree is about 9 miles, and for half the 
 distance the road is the same as that to Nurijib. Up to this point, the 
 whole force proceeded leisurely, and none but commanding officers 
 knew what was going to happen. Now, however, the troops broke 
 into two columns ; one keeping the road to Nuriab, and the other 
 striking off to Torawurree. The friends of the Zymooshts became uneasy, 
 but no man was allowed to go ahead. 
 
 The cavalry pushed as rapidly across the plain as its broken and 
 bushy surface would allow ; and it seemed almost hopeless to expect 
 that the resounding hoofs of the horses would not alarm the whole 
 country round ; but guided by the tall peak behind Torawurree, which 
 stood blackly out among the stars, we soon came upon the village and 
 found all still. Not a dog barked. The cavalry divided ; half going 
 round to the left, and half to the right ; and threw a long chain of 
 horsemen between Torawurree and the hills. Day faintly broke Avliile 
 this was doing, and the Zymooshts and their guests awoke to find them- 
 selves in a net. 
 
 17. — So entirely helpless were these boasters now, that not a sign of 
 resistance was made. The headmen were summoned from the villaire 
 to hear the terms dictated to them ; and unable to believe that the 
 plan had been kept secret from our most loyal Khans, they passionately 
 reproached Khwajah Mahomed Khan Khuttuck, iu our presence, 
 with not having saved them from such a day, by a word of timely 
 warning. 
 
 18. — We then told the Mullicks that we had come simply to appre- 
 hend the offenders, to whom they had given asylum ; and we allowed 
 half an hour for their surrender. 
 
[ 259 ] 
 
 19. — Meanwhile two regiments of infantry and tlie mountain guns 
 came up^ and took their stations, ready to act, if wanted. 
 
 20, — The half hour expired without compliance.^ Messenger after 
 messenger was sent in to urge them ; and every forbearance was ex- 
 hausted. But the Zymooshts were sulky and dogged. They would 
 neither fight nor obey orders. At length they were warned to send 
 away their women and cliildren, as the guns were about to be opened. 
 Even this they would not do. The guns were opened with blank 
 cartridge, in hope of intimidating them, but without effect. At last 
 shells were thrown into the village ; and after about thirty rounds (to 
 which not even one Juzail replied) the women were seen bursting out 
 of the village and running towards our position, waving cloths, and 
 holding up the " Koran." The guns were instantly silenced, and the 
 women sent back to tell the men that they must now come out and lay 
 down their arms, or the battei'ies would re-open : slowly and angrily 
 they came out, and threw their swords, daggers, pistols, and muskets 
 down upon the plain, but only by twos and threes ; and still there was 
 no sign of giving up the criminals. A regiment of infantry was ordered 
 into the village to search for arms and refugees. A soldier was 
 wounded in a house, and the Zymoosht assailant killed upon the spot. 
 vStill the criminals were concealed. At length the stacks of winter 
 fodder for the cattle were fired ; and the wind carried the flames from 
 house to house, setting off loaded muskets that had been hidden in 
 the straw. Then, one by one, the criminals were brought ; each with 
 protestations that he was the last. But Captain Hcndersun had the 
 list of them in his hand, and patiently demanded the remainder. Last 
 of all came the villain Meer. 
 
 21. — The soldiers were then recalled from the village, and the 
 
 Zymooshts allowed to extinguish the flames, which had destroyed about 
 
 one-third of their houses. The arms* 
 
 * MittfliloL-ks, ''0 , , , ^ , -, ^ ^ ^- 
 
 S„oids, 170 that had been surrendered, and tno 
 
 ^'*!'^^*' ^i thirteen criminals who had been cap- 
 
 Iviuves, » '^ ' 
 
 Shields, 21) tured, wcre all sent off to our camp 
 
 aud man V more destroyed by fire. ^^ .,, -i -, ,^n -i , ^.^ . 
 
 at Nuriab ; and 100 hostages, witli two 
 or three hundred head of cattle, were also carried away as security, 
 till a fine of Eupees 2,000 shoakl be paid for the long-standing scores 
 of Torawurree. 
 
 22.— Two or three lives only were lost on the side of the Zymoosht ; 
 2 L 2 
 
[ 260 ] 
 
 and none on ours. Two of our soldiers were wounded in the scuffles 
 in the vilhige. 
 
 23. — The prisoner Meer had an old counterpane given him for a 
 covering. Between the folds of it he found the bowl of an iron spoon, 
 with which he prized open his fetters in the night and escaped, 
 though several shots were fired at him as he ran. " His luck was 
 great \" said the natives, " for on reaching Torawurree he found a hoard 
 of plunder safe in the wall of his house, though the roof was burnt ; 
 and his wife delivered of a male child V 
 
 24. — The force halted at Nuriab from 25th October till the 4th 
 November, adjudicating cases, realising revenue balances, and con- 
 structing a new fort for the protection of Mullick Anar Khan and his 
 supporters ; at which the whole population of Nuriab were made to 
 work, as they had permitted Bostan to demolish the old man's tower. In 
 addition to this punishment, they were made to pay the revenue shares 
 of Bostan, and the thirty other partizans, who being more or less con- 
 cerned in the murder of Tumeez, had fled to the hills before our arrival. 
 
 25. — On the 4th November, we marched to Dersummud, every roof 
 in this powerful village was loaded with the produce of the autumn 
 harvest, and had not the refractory spirits made a timely submission 
 some weeks before, we should have inflicted immense loss upon them. 
 
 26. — On the 5th we pushed on to Thull, our frontier village, where 
 for three days we waited for some satisfactory communication from the 
 Deputy Governor of Koorrum, who had received orders long ago from 
 the Ameer of Cabul, to bring the headmen of the Tooree tribe to me in 
 Meerunzye ; there to answer for their own raids, and make any coun- 
 tercharges in their power against our subjects. I had myself written 
 from Meerunzye, to beg the Deputy Governor to do so ; but he seemed 
 unable or unwilling to carry out his instructions, and it only remained 
 for me to cross the Koorrum and exact satisfaction from the Toorees, as 
 ordered in para. 7th of Mr. Edmonstone's letter. No. 27 of 11th 
 August, 1856. 
 
 27. — This being decided. Brigadier Chamberlain formed a depot at 
 Thull, and placed all the sick and weakly men, spare camp equipage, 
 and superfluous camp followers therein, in a well chosen position on 
 some low detached hills, which the force in three days so fortified with 
 walls, that the 500 men left behind would have been secure against 
 any attack, though none was apprehended. 
 
[ 261 ] 
 
 28. — On the 8tli November, the force crossed the Koorrum ; and 
 proceeding up the right bank through a country without a single 
 village, encamped at Sirakhoa, ten miles from ThuU. 
 
 29. — In this march, I first became aware that the lands of our 
 village of Thull are not limited, as I had supposed, almost entirely 
 to the left bank of the Koorrum, but extended to Sirakhoa. 
 
 30. — Here we found the well-known refugee Khuttuks of Dullund, 
 Mullick Ghilzye and his brother Meer Must, established in a thriving 
 village on the border of Koorrum, under the protection of the Toorees. 
 These men had, at my request, been pardoned by the Chief Commis- 
 sioner on condition that they left the Toorees (to whose raids they were 
 constantly giving the aid of their courage and local know^ledge,) and 
 settled down quietly in our territory. This condition they did not 
 fulfil, objecting to every plan which Captain Henderson proposed, and 
 showing a resolution to settle no where except in the neighbourhood 
 of Dullund. But they are believed to have entirely stood aloof from 
 the raids since they were pardoned ; and as this was the main point, 
 I felt reluctant to insist on their abandoning such good lands as I 
 found them enjoying. It afterwards appeared, however, that they were 
 by no means at ease among the Toorees, with whom differences had 
 lately arisen ; and before we left Koorrum, Ghilzye was very urgent 
 to be provided for elsewhere. The matter may well be left to work 
 itself out in Captain Henderson's hands. 
 
 31. — On the 9th November we mai'ched fourteen and half miles to 
 the Ziarut of Hazir Peer. We had now entered the valley of Koorrum. 
 
 32. — Here we met a Dooranee officer, deputed by the Deputy 
 Governor of Koorrum, to attend our camp. He said the Toorees were 
 '' perfect demons," and it Avas no wonder that Gholam Jan (the Deputy) 
 could not control them. 
 
 33. — Some chief men of the Toorees and Bungushes of Koorrum also 
 began to come in ; and behaved very politely. It became clear that 
 they had decided on not fighting till they saw what terms were to be 
 imposed. For the present they contented themselves with protesta- 
 tions of innocence, and loud complaints against our subjects. 
 
 34. — From this place we had a choice of two roads, one up the river 
 bank, through the cultivated country, and one over an upland waste 
 leading to the Durwazuh Pass, and so regaining the Koorrum river. 
 We chose the latter for our advance ; made a march of ten and half 
 
[ 262 ] 
 
 miles on the 10th November to a suitable opening in the waste ; and 
 emerged from the Durwazuh on the 11th at a spot called Kote Meajee. 
 
 35. — Gholam Jan, the Deputy Governor, met us on the 10th. He 
 appeared to be, as we had heard, a debauched Dooranee, whom it was 
 impossible for the people to respect, and not often necessary to obey. 
 
 36. — The Durwazuh Pass road is for the first, or eastern half, a 
 splendid one for guns ; and in the second half, presents no difficulties 
 which are not removable by a working party going on in advance of the 
 artillery. But two cast iron axles of the nine-pounder guns were 
 broken in this march; and at first gave the officers of the force a 
 strong impression that nine-pounder guns must be too heavy for hill 
 countries, if they could not surmount so little formidable a road as the 
 one we had traversed. On examination, however, it proved that the 
 axles had both been cracked nearly through for a long time previously; 
 and on due consideration, I should say that it would be better to 
 provide each nine-pounder gun with a spare axle, than to deprive 
 a frontier force, whose duty it must often be to attack small forts and 
 hill side positions, of a piece so superior to the six-pounder in batter- 
 ing power, elevated range, and certainty of aim. 
 
 37. — We were now in Upper Koorrum, and the scene was a grand 
 one. Beneath our camp at the foot of the Durwazuh Pass ran the 
 deep blue river, rushing on as if it knew that it had two hundred 
 miles of cultivation yet to fertilize before it rested in the Indus. 
 Before us lay the valley about eight miles in breadth, shelving upwards 
 to the base of the " Sufed Koli" or white mountain, which here 
 springs abruptly from the plain, and rises to a height of about 15,000 
 feet above the sea. A veil of snow was thinly spread over its sum- 
 mit on the southern slope. (The northern side is, I believe perpetually 
 and deeply covered, and is conspicuous at Peshawur, above the Kliy- 
 buri-ange.) The distance was shut in by a spur running down from the 
 mountain at right angles to the river ; and we learnt that this was the 
 Peywar Pass to Cabul, of which wc had so often heard. The plain was 
 dotted here and there with Cheuar trees, which once must have been 
 noble ; but the Dooranee soldiers in the fort had lopped most of them 
 for firewood. Still they were a new and picturesque feature to eyes 
 accustomed to Indian foliage ; and the bracing cold of the climate, with 
 the thermometer below freezing point at night, and seldom reaching 
 summer heat at noon, gave us a sense of European (Mijoymcut. 
 
[ 263 ] 
 
 38. — The valley of Koorrum is under the Government of Sirdar 
 Mahomed Azim Khan, one of the sons of the Ameer of Cabul ; and 
 is supposed to be controlled by a small rectangular mud fort in this 
 pai't of Upper Koorrum. The Deputy Governor wished us to encamp 
 near it ; and on proceeding- to the spot, I found Mahomed Sirwur 
 Khan, a son of Sirdar Mahomed Azim, about 12 years old, and 
 fairer than most European children, waiting to welcome us. His 
 carpets were spread under some trees by the side of a reservoir of 
 water ; and he did the honors of the reception with as much gravity 
 as if he had been a grey beard. His mother is a native of Koorrum, 
 of the Bungush clan, as was also the mother of Sirdar Mahomed 
 Azim Khan ; and it is good policy letting the boy grow up in this re- 
 mote valley, rather than at the court ; for it makes him hardy, and 
 enlists the feelings of the neighbouring races on his side in the event 
 of a civil war. 
 
 39. — The fort was originally only a walled enclosure : but a few years 
 ago the Toorees rose and destroyed it ; since which it was rebuilt and 
 surrounded with a fausse-braye and ditch. It is much out of repair, 
 and had only a garrison of about one hundred and fifty Jezailchees. 
 
 40. — Having thus arrived at the head-quarters of the local Govern- 
 ment, I proceeded to the business of the expedition. The Deputy 
 Governor brought up the headmen of the Toorees ; and Captain Hender- 
 son produced the plaintiffs from our border, supported by their re- 
 spective witnesses. Chiefs and Mullicks. We then heard openly before 
 the assembly every claim which our subjects had to bring against the 
 men of Koorrum ; to which the accused party was called on to reply. 
 Sometimes the Toorees totally or partially denied the claim, or declared 
 that the raid had been committed previous to the first settlement made 
 with them by Major Coke, (which was fixed as the limit of enquiry) 
 and these doubtful cases were set aside, to be subsequently decided by 
 the Mahomedan oaths which were mutually binding on the parties. 
 But in general the accusations were acknowledged not only without 
 shame, but with obvious relish and enjoyment ; and as a plaintiff 
 called over the list of his lost property, the Tooree robbers nodded assent 
 to article after article, and grinned at the recollection of its capture. 
 Occasionally when an old cloak, or turban, or weapon of any kind, was 
 over-valued, the thief would turn up his eyes with submission and 
 exclaim, "Tobah! Tobah 1" shameful ! shameful! that worth two 
 
[ 264 ] 
 
 rupees! " Hazarbar-tobah !" a thousand shames! is this justice? 
 The thing was absolutely worthless. 
 
 41. — When all the claims of our subjects had been heard, the Toorees 
 produced their counter-charges, which were similarly dealt with. 
 
 42. — Lastly, the doubtful cases were submitted to the ordeal of the 
 oath ; and I am afraid the Toorees were not over particular in reducing 
 their bill by this process. The most notorious perjury was, however, 
 received with profound gravity. It would have been scandalous to the 
 whole assembly to suppose that a Mahomedan could put his hand on 
 the Koran and lie. The utmost that any plaintiff ventured on when 
 sworn out of the field was a pinch of snuff and a sigh. 
 
 43. — There was one claim made by the Wuzeerees for five hundred 
 sheep carried off within the last two months, which the Toorees resisted 
 violently. " The Wuzeerees," they said, " ai-e not your subjects ; and 
 your honor is not concerned in their losses. We have been at war with 
 them for generations, and shall remain so for generations more. To 
 make us pay for Wuzeeree cattle is to put a knife to our very throats V 
 But the cattle had been carried off from our territory, and therefore 
 was under our protection, and I wished to estabhsh the principle that 
 the Toorees must not cross our border to rob any one. So I compromised 
 the matter by agreeing to take half the price of the Wuzeeree cattle 
 this once. 
 
 44. — Finally, the account stood thus. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 Plaintiffs .... 
 
 Loss proved. 
 
 Reprisals and 
 remissions. 
 
 Balance due. 
 
 Realized in 
 Koorrum. 
 
 Guaranteed 
 by Deputy 
 Governor. 
 
 Khuttuks, . 
 Bungushes, 
 Wuzeerees, .. 
 
 6,959 
 6,771 
 3,279 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,731 
 
 reprisals. 
 
 60 
 reprisals. 
 
 ],639 
 remission. 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4,228 
 6,711 
 1,639 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 602 
 
 2,706 
 
 911 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3,626 
 
 4,005 
 
 728 
 
 12 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total . . 
 
 17,010 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 4,430 
 
 12,579 
 
 4,219 
 
 
 
 8,630 
 
 
 
 The settlement of the first four columns, with all the incidental 
 disputes, occupied a week, and a day or two were then given to the 
 Toorees to arrange for payment. 
 
 45. — During this interval we determined to reconnoitre the Peywar 
 
[ 265 ] 
 
 Pass; and at 3 A. M., on 21st November, Brigadier Chamberlain, Cap- 
 tain Henderson and myself, with a large party of officers, started for 
 that purpose. We were four hours, at a smart walk of the horses, 
 getting to the village of Peywar. There are two villages of this name, 
 upper and lower, the former having the irrigated, and the latter the dry 
 lands. The road to tliis point was across a hard plain, through no 
 cultivation. From Peywar to the crest, or " Kothul" of the pass, we 
 were one hour and forty minutes. Here we found a roofless tower 
 occupied by two armed Jajees, dignified with the name of the Ameer's 
 'Jlianah ! From the crest to the village of Lewunnee, at the Jajee foot of 
 the pass, we were half an hour. The total distance was estimated as 
 follows : 
 
 To the village of lower Peywar from the mouth of") 
 the Durwazuh pass 3 
 
 From lower Peywar to the crest 6 ditto. 
 
 On to Lewunnee at the (Jabul end of the pass 2 ditto. 
 
 Total 25 miles. 
 
 46. — The country rises all the way to Peywar ; but ra])idly from 
 I'eywar to the Kothul, up a shelving plain of loose stones, through a 
 jungle of dwarf oaks (ilex). The hill itself is thickly covered with 
 firs of many kinds. Captain Strachey of the 66th Goorkha regiment 
 collected specimens of six, among which were the deodar, the common 
 Hpruce, the juniper, and the cypress. The road up the Kothul was 
 choked with an immense caravan of wandering Ghilzyes with their 
 camels, sheep, goats and grand stern dogs. Children were perched on 
 the tops of the loads, and many women carried jezails over their 
 shoulders or swords in their hands. The ascent, as at present traced, 
 winds now and then so sharpU' as to prevent guns from being dragged 
 up by horses; but 9-pounders could certainly be dragged by hand up 
 the pass with facility ; and with a little making, the road would admit 
 of horses. Water flows down the pass all the way, indeed, both ways 
 towards the Koorrum and towards the Jajee countries, ice covered the 
 rivulets even at noon ; and some of our party made slides on the 
 top of the pass. The air was very bracing and cold, but not disagree- 
 ably so. We all had great coats on, and were glad to button them up. 
 From the crest to the Jitjee enti-auce is comparatively nothing ; the 
 2 M 
 
[ 266 ] 
 
 Jajee valley being much higher than Koorrum. From a mouud near 
 the village of Lewunnee we looked over the Jajee country, here called 
 Huryab ; and many Jajees who had worked in the Engineer's Depart- 
 ment at Kohat, came up and asked " if there were any forts to be 
 built ?" Two or three thousand workmen could be got from them at a 
 few days' warning. The Peywar hill is dry and stony, and has no 
 underwood whatever. The timber on it is fine, but not of the largest 
 size. The dense black shade of the deodars under a bright blue sky, 
 and the boldness of some of the rocks, gave a grandeur to the scene 
 not unworthy of a gate to central Asia. 
 
 47. — The onward road to Cabul was said to be as follows for an 
 army : 
 
 From Peywar village to Alikheyl of the Jajees, about miles 16 
 
 To Sirkye alias Uzzrah of the Ghilzyes, „ 16 
 
 To Khwakee alias Khooshee of the Farseewans, „ 14 
 
 To Speersuug of ditto, „ 16 
 
 To Cab u], „ 16 
 
 Total miles,. 
 
 But we were told that for a horseman, or a cossid, it is only two 
 days' journey ; and an old Vakeel of the Ameers, who met me at the 
 pass, said afterwards that he had been five days coming to our camp, 
 but should return in three ; so I think the distance must be less than 
 calculated above. 
 
 48. — Besides the Peywar, there are two other Passes on this road to 
 Cabul, but of less importance ; and as far as I can make out from 
 description, quite insignificant in comparison to the Khoord Cabul Pass, 
 which lies between Cabul and the Khyber. The first is at Sirkye, so 
 called from its red earth. The second is before reaching Khwakee. 
 These two " Kothuls" with the space between them, are collectively 
 called the " Dobundee" pass, or the " Shootur Girdun" (camel's neck.) 
 It is very winding and narrow ; through a jungle of trees, which has 
 given this part of the road the additional name of " Hazar durukht," 
 or thousand trees. I mention all those names, because tliey are very 
 puzzling to an enquirer till he finds that they refer to the same march. 
 And I should add that in the middle of the Shootur Girdun, about two 
 koss from Sii'kye (towards Cabul) there is a Ghilzj^e village called 
 Akhoond Kheyl. 
 
[ 207 ] 
 
 49. — The elevation of the Peywar Pass was estimated by Captain 
 Strachey to be 7,0U0 feet above the sea, but as a hill, it is inferior to 
 the Kohat pass.* 
 
 50. — Its western slope belongs to the Jajee tribe ; its eastern to the 
 Toorees of Koorrura. But the Muuguls, who liv^e over the back of the 
 hill, have secured an interest in the pass by building a village called 
 " Mungul," at the northern side of the foot of the ascent from Koorrum. 
 
 51. — The Peywar Kothul is many miles to the north of the Koorrum 
 river ; but there is another road from the Koorrum valley to that of the 
 Jajees, which follows the course of the stream. It does not go up the bed 
 of the river but over another, " Kothul,'^ which is more difficult and 
 winding than that of Peywar. Sirdar Mahomed Azim Khan onl}'' 
 brings his regiments by that road to Koorrum when the Peywar villages 
 are in rebellion. 
 
 52. — On the whole, this reconnoissance left on my mind no doubt that 
 though the actual roadway of the Khyber Pass may contain no ascent 
 so great as the Peywar Kothul, yet that the Peywar Pass would have, 
 for a British Indian army, the following advantages : 
 
 1st. — That it is a single hill to be fought up one side and down 
 the other, and there is an end of it. It would be an operation of a 
 few hours if well defended : whereas the Khyber has two full marches 
 of the most defensible ground in Affghanistan. 
 
 Sndly. — This route turns the whole of the Afreedee mountains — 
 experience has shown us that the Afreedees are the stoutest and most 
 blood-thirsty of the tribes on this frontier. We have had much colli- 
 sion with them, and the hostility has become inveterate. The people 
 of Koorrum have committed raids in Meerunzye ; but our expedition to 
 demand compensation led to no collision, and ended rather in good 
 feeling than otlierwise. 
 
 3rdly. — The route would lie through our own Kohat district as far as 
 the Koorrum countr}', so that our communications would be good. The 
 Koorrum valley is open, and atiords supplies of every kind. If going 
 up as enemies to Cabul, we should occupy the fort in Koorrum, and 
 make that another link in communication with ]\ohat. 
 
 53. — Were a large force going into Affghanistan, it must either 
 
 * Our camp in Koorrum hnd been found by actual experiment to be 4,500 feet above the 
 sea J and it was roughly calculated that the crest of Tuvwar was 2,500 t'c-et higher. 
 
 O 
 
 Z ^l z 
 
 ■^ i 
 
[ 2^« ] 
 
 niarcli througli the Kliyber in two divisions, as Generals Pollock and 
 Nott returned, or find another route for one column. Such a route is 
 afforded by the Peywar line ; and great strategical advantages in a war 
 might result from a double advance, dividing the resistance. 
 
 54. — It remains, however, to explore the rest of the Peywar route 
 from the Jajee valley to Cabul ; and this will to a great extent be 
 effected by Major Lumsden and Lieutenant P. Lumsden on their way 
 to Kandahar. We shall then be able not only to compare the Peywar 
 with the Khyber pass, but the passes above Peywar with those above 
 the Khyber, and so ascertain the merits of each line. 
 
 55. — The question occurs, " Why should armies have used the Khyber 
 pass, if the Peywar pass be easier V I have heard, that on one 
 occasion Nadir Shah did take the Peywar route, though I know of no 
 authority for the tradition. The Emperor Baber who several times 
 invaded Hindustan undoubtedly enumerates the Peywar route as one 
 of the four known to him. His words are, " from Hindustan there are 
 four roads which lead up to Cabul. One of these is by way of the 
 Lunghanat, and comes by the hill of Khyber, in which there is 
 one short hill pass; another road leads bi/ Bui/r/usJi ; a third by 
 Kaghz, and the fourth by Fermul. In all these roads there are passes 
 of moi'e or less difficulty. ^^ The Bungush country we know to consist 
 of Kohat and Hungoo, in our territory, and Koorrum in the Ameer's. 
 The Peywar hill is in fact the Bungush boundary. Tlie Toorees have 
 now got the better of the Bungush in Koorrum ; but the Bungush still 
 equal them there in numbers. Further on, in the same passage, Baber 
 writes that " Those again who cross'' (the Indus) " at Dinkot take the 
 Bungush road," which shews that the route was in common use. The 
 Editor says, "Dinkot is probably at or near the present Khooshialgurh."* 
 
 56. — In one part of this passage the Emperor says, that those who 
 take the Khyber route cross the Indus " at Nelab" (between Attok 
 and Khooshialgurh) adding, " that in the winter season, however, they 
 cross the river Siud, the river of Sewad,t and the river of Cabul, 
 above the conflux of this last river with the Sind.| In most of the 
 
 * For the text of tliese quotntions, see the " Events of the year 910" in the " Memoirs 
 of Zuhoor-u(l-deen Malionied liaber, Emperor of lliiidustiin, written bj himself in the 
 JaQ;hatai-Turki, aid translated partly by the lute John Leyden, Esquire, M. 1). partly by 
 William Erskine, Esquii'e, p. 140. 
 
 t The Swat river. 
 
 i The Indus. 
 
[ 269 ] 
 
 expeditions which I made into Hindustan, I forded these rivers in this 
 way, but the last time when I invaded that country I crossed at the 
 Kilab passage in boats.* Except at the place that has been men- 
 tioned/' (that is above the conflux) " the river Sind can no where be 
 passed unless in boats." From this account it may be gathered that 
 one reason of coming by the Khyber or most northern route, was to 
 let the army ford all the rivers which unite at Attock, and if the season 
 did not allow fording, boats were procurable at Niliib, which was once a 
 place of importance, though now a ruin. 
 
 57. — But I should say that the chief reason why native armies 
 (which are not provided with commissariat) have usually taken the 
 Khyber route, is, that it leads through the more important valleys of 
 Jellalabad and Peshawur. 
 
 58. — Again, to Affghan armies rolling down to the plunder of the 
 Punjab and India, the Khyber was an open door, and its strength or 
 weakness a matter of no moment. To us it is a question of importance 
 in Avhich pass we should find the most determined enemies ; and there- 
 fore I have given it so much space in this report. 
 
 59. — The presence of Brigadier Chamberlain's force in KoorruTn 
 conferred no little strength on the Deputy Governor; for it was well 
 known, and we took care to give it out, that we came as friends, not as 
 enemies, of the Cabul government. Gholam Jan freely gave the people 
 to understand, that if they did not pay up their arrears of revenue, he 
 would be compelled to let our battalions loose on them ; and this spell 
 had such effect that he made a very good thing of our visit, and 
 instead of hastening the collections of our dues, attended chiefly to his 
 own. It is probable that we should have been detained many more 
 days in the valley by this manceuvre, had not the Ameer of Cabul him- 
 self interfered, and sent Akhoonzadah Soorajoodeen nominally as a 
 Vakeel to me, to beg me not to be too hard on the Toorees, but really 
 to Gholam Jan to make him dis])atch our business, and get us out of 
 the country before the Ameer left Cabul for Peshawur : thus urged, the 
 Deputy Governor agreed to march back with us towards Thull, collect 
 all he could on the road, and give us a note of hand for the balance, 
 which he would collect when troops reached him from Cabul. I would 
 rather have waited to collect the whole ; but being anxious to join the 
 
 * Going of course from Nao.shera over the Kliuttuk hills at Kunuakhejl, aa shown in 
 LieuteiKint Waliier's Map " as the old road to liiudustan." 
 
[ 270 ] 
 
 Chief Commissioner in time for the meeting with the Ameer, which he 
 had led us to expect in the first week of December, I consented to this 
 arrangement; and on 2.3rd November we marched to Ibrahimzye, 
 twelve miles lower down the Koorrum river, on our way home. 
 
 61. — On the 24th we marched eleven and half miles to our old camp 
 at the Ziarut of Hazir Peer. 
 
 62. — Thus we found the distance from Hazir Peer in lower Koori'um, to 
 Kote Meajee in upper Koorrum, by the Durwazah Pass road was twenty- 
 one and quarter miles, while by the river route it was twenty-three 
 and half miles. The former is not only the shorter, but the easier line ; 
 as crossing and re-crossing the river is bad both for men and camels. 
 
 63. — Oq the 27th and 28th we made the old marches to Sirakhoa 
 and Thull, and were once more in our own territory. 
 
 64. — Here we met with our first casualty ; some Wuzeeree thieves 
 coming down and cutting up four grasscutters for the sake of carrying 
 off their ponies, which, after all, the pursuit prevented them from 
 doing. How this crime was punished, will be seen by Captain Hender- 
 son^s supplementary report. 
 
 65. — With the above exception, it is a singular fact that throughout 
 this expedition in which we surprised, disarmed, and severely punish- 
 ed, the most turbulent of all the villages of Meerunzye, aud marched 
 from our own frontier half way to Cabul for the avowed purpose of 
 exacting satisfaction from the predatory Tooree tribe, not only was no 
 opposition offered to us by day, but not a single shot was fired into 
 the camp by night. I attribute it to going in strength, and behaving 
 with moderation. It might have been the shortest way to the realisa- 
 tion of our demands, and it might have read a severer lesson to the 
 Toorees, had we entered into no enquiry or discussion, but taken all 
 we wanted by the sword. But it was impossible to do so. The Toorees 
 met us at once as friends, and during our stay among them, never 
 committed an offence against us. When we visited their pass, the 
 Mullicks of Peywar guided us over it, and feasted both officers and 
 men. In short they bore themselves like men, ready to defend 
 themselves if we attacked them, but desirous to keep on good terms 
 if possible ; something, too, was due (though after his conduct 
 perhaps not much) to the Ameer of Cabul. We were inviting him to 
 leave his capital and come down to Peshawur to meet us. It would 
 have harmonised ill with such a position of affairs to have fired one of 
 
[ 271 ] 
 
 his vollej's and driven a whole tribe into rebeUion. The Deputy 
 Governor trembled for his revenue, which was already wretchedly in 
 arrears, and he often said, that if a blow were struck, every Tooree 
 would put his corn and mat upon a bullock, and march into the moun- 
 tains for the winter ; " and then,^^ said he, " where am I to get my 
 revenue from ?" 
 
 66. — Under these circumstances, I trust the more moderate course 
 that we adopted may be approved by the Chief Commissioner and by 
 Government, and bear fruit upon that frontier not unworthy of the 
 expedition. 
 
 67. — One peaceful, but very valuable, trophy I beg to lay before the 
 Chief Commissioner ; it is the enclosed beautiful and accurate map of 
 Koorrum and Mecruuzye, the joint labour of Lieut, Garnett of the En- 
 gineers, and Lieut. Peter Lumsden of the Quarter Master General's 
 department ; two officers, whose zeal in adding to our knowledge of the 
 border has, for several years, been conspicuous. A map like this, of 
 wild and rugged countries, is not accomplished without great personal 
 exertion, devotion, and self-denial ; and I venture to claim for these 
 indefatigable explorers the thanks of Government. 
 
 68. — Every opportunity was seized by Brigadier Chamberlain of 
 reconnoitering the Upper Zymoosth country, with his staff and officers ; 
 establishing the fact that it is accessible both from the Meerunzye 
 and the Koorrum side with much less difficulty than was previously 
 supposed. Sketches of these reconnoissances were made, for future 
 use, by Captain Walter Fane of the Punjab Irregular Cavalry, and 
 Leiutenants Garnett and Lumsden. 
 
 69. — The Chief Commissioner is aware that every year whole tribes 
 of independent Wuzeerees come down from their own mountains in Aff- 
 ghanistan to pasture their flocks and herds in the lowlands of Meerun- 
 zye and Khuttuk. The Chief of Khuttuk (Khwajah Mahomed 
 Khan) has always been in the habit, like his ancestors, of taking a 
 small tax from these interlopers called " Chuhl-o-yek" or " one in 40,'' 
 usually however commuted to a money payment. As we had hterally 
 no administrative power in Meerunzye, we did not demand or receive 
 this tax ; but the Khan of Hungoo picked up a little from those within 
 his reach, and powerful zemindars were conciliated by a small present 
 called " Seekhkuwab," or the roasting spit. My attention was drawn to 
 it by hearing the following conversation between Mullick Bungee of 
 
[ 272 ] 
 
 Dersummund in Meeruiizye and Mullik Malimood^ a Cabul Klieyl 
 Wuzeeree. (Bungee.) " Now that Meerunzye pays revenue, it occurs 
 to me that the soil is divided into arable and pasture land. We Bun- 
 gushes pay for the arable, and I propose that you Wuzeerees pay for the 
 pasture." (Mahmood.) " There are two crops on the earth, and two 
 kinds of men. You Bungushes have seen many governments, and you 
 have paid to them all. You are accustomed to it. Now, we Wuzeerees 
 have seen kings coming and kings going, but we never saw the king 
 that took revenue from us [" 
 
 I thought there was much justice on Bungee's side, and much 
 arrogance on Mahmood's ; and for the sake of marking that the coun- 
 try is ours, not theirs ; that they the Wuzeerees are admitted by favor, 
 not by right ; that they have come into territory at last where there 
 is government and law ; and that they must submit to it or go else- 
 where ; I instructed Captain Henderson to impose on the Wuzeerees 
 the same rates of grazing tax as (in spite of their boasting) they have 
 always paid to the Khans of Khuttuk. It has been already reported 
 (in para. 43 of this letter) how we recovered from the Toorees com- 
 pensation for Wuzeeree cattle stolen from our territory ; and I think 
 both sides of the question have been now put on the right footing. 
 A settled Government cannot permit one tribe of independent barba- 
 rians to exercise irresponsible rights within its border, and another 
 tribe to follow them up, and commit deeds of violence for which its 
 own subjects would be hanged or imprisoned. 
 
 70. — During the past year it had been found that the Meerunzye 
 sowars were useless against Tooree raids from being allowed to live in 
 their own separate villages ; and I therefore directed Captain Hender- 
 son to build a post for them at Gundiour, the point where Major Coke 
 and myself had formerly recommended that a fort, if deemed advisable, 
 should be located. Gundiour is a lui^h mound commandins!' an exten- 
 sive view of the country, with a spring of water at its foot. It is only- 
 three miles from the Khuttuk frontier village of Dulluud, and the one 
 can therefore help the other. It was formerly a hamlet of Dersum- 
 mund, but abandoned on account of feuds. The old stone wall still 
 remains, and has been made available by Lieut. Garnett, who kindly 
 undertook the construction. The work is nearly finished : towers have 
 been erected at two of the four corners of the wall, and one on the 
 mound in the centre ; also a large gateway that will admit ol" guns 
 
 i 
 
[ 273 ] 
 
 being run in and fired from the centre mound. This gateway is also 
 to be the barrack of part of the garrison. The whole enclosure will 
 be capable of holding about 100 horse and 100 foot; but the usual 
 garrison is to consist of the 25 Meeranzye Sowars, 25 of Khwajah 
 ^Nfahomed Khan's Khuttuck horsemen, and a few footmen drafted from 
 the Police of the District, as a temporary measure, till we can see 
 what is required. 
 
 71. — Should this arrangement be approved of, I request the Chief 
 Commissioner's opinion on the point whether the Khuttuck horsemen 
 on duty in the Guudiour Chowkee will be entitled to the pay of 4 
 annas each per diem, which has been fixed for them when employed 
 for more than a month beyond the Khuttuck country. In point of 
 fact, the Guudiour post is just a rifle-shot from the foot of the Khut- 
 tuck hills ; but the post is as much for the protection of the Khan's 
 Villages of Dullund, Kurboga, &c., as of the Meeranzye villages ; and 
 I do not myself think that the Sowars, while on this duty, will come 
 under the spirit of the order for daily pay. If, however, the Chief 
 Commissioner should think otherwise, the expense will be only Rupees 
 187-8-0 a month, or Rupees 2,250 a year. 
 
 72. — Captain Henderson has given the Jemadarship of the Meer- 
 anzye Sowars to Mahomed Ameen Khan, of the family of the chief 
 Tehseeldar of Hungoo, so as to strengthen their hands and extend 
 their influence ; and I am sanguine that this Gundiour post, without 
 the expense of a regular Fort, will be found a great assistance to the 
 Deputy Commissioner in administering Meeranzye. 
 
 7o. — I authorized Captain Henderson to apply the fines taken from 
 the refractory villages in this expedition, to the building of the post ; 
 and believe they will amply cover it. 
 
 74, — Lastl}', I have to solicit a reconsideration of our boundary on 
 the Koorrum side. The Chief Commissioner is aware that Upper 
 Meeranzye comprised, when we acquired it, the village of Billund Kheyl, 
 trans Koorrum ; but the Governor General of India, for the sake of a 
 distinct boundary, directed that Billund Kheyl should be given up, 
 and the British frontier line be drawn at that point on the Koorrum 
 river.* After the treaty negotiations of 1855 with Sirdar Gholam 
 Hyder Khan, this decision w^as communicated to him in reply to his 
 
 * See Paras. 4, 5, aud 6 of No. 3816 of 12tli December, 1851, from Secretary- to Govern, 
 meut to the Board of Adiuiuist ration. 
 
 2 N 
 
[ 274 ] 
 
 inquiries ; and to remove doubt a pen-and-ink sketch was handed to 
 him, in which our boundary was so marked with red ink. The Sirdar 
 asked if his father might then consider all on the other side the Koor- 
 rum as liis ? We distinctly and carefully told him that we did not 
 make over Bill und Kheyl to him ; but simply left Billund Kheyl to 
 make its own arrangements. Then followed the Meeranzye expedition 
 of May, 1855 ; in which Major Coke, then Deputy Commissioner of 
 Kohat, was a warm advocate for the retention of Billund Kheyl, he 
 having received a petition from the Bungushes of Billund Kheyl that 
 they might not be excluded from our territory. On looking at the 
 border, I saw no reason for regretting this definition ; but, on the 
 contrary, thought it decidedly better to have given up Billund Kheyl 
 than to risk collision with the Vizeerees about its revenue.* 
 
 75. — In giving that opinion, I believed Billund Kheyl to be all that 
 we were giving up ; and I was not aware that the lands of our Cis 
 Koorrum village of Thull extend nearly 10 miles across the Koorrum, 
 I do not think that this was ever stated to me by Major Coke ; and on 
 reference to his letterf No. 30 of 8fcli April, 1855, (remonstrating 
 against the abandonment of Billund Kheyl,) I see that no mention is 
 there made of any portion of the land Trans-Koorrum, between 
 Billund Kheyl and the Cabul boundary, belonging to our village of 
 Thull. It is possible, therefore, that even Major Coke was not aware 
 of it, or he probably would have urged it as an additional argument for 
 keeping the old boundary. 
 
 76. — In this present expedition, (as stated in Para. 29) I found a 
 threshing-floor of the Thull men some miles across the Koorrum ; and 
 this first opened my eyes to the fact that, in giving up the Trans- 
 Koorrum, we had not simply given up Billund Kheyl, which we did 
 not want, but had dismantled Thull, which we professed to keep. 
 When therefore we were about to leave Koorrum, and the Deputy 
 Governor, by direction of his master Sirdar Mahomed Azim Khan, 
 asked me if he might proceed to claim revenue from Billund Kheyl, 
 I begged him not to do so, as I wished to report these circumstances 
 to my own Government, and take fresh orders upon thorn. The Deputy 
 Governor did not for a moment dispute the fact that the Thull 
 lands ran up to Sirakhoo, which is a march of 10 miles ; but he said 
 
 * See Paras. 42, 43, 44 of my first Mecraiizyo report No. C. lUli of Gth October, 1855. 
 t Copy of wliicli was uauLxcd to my former report. 
 
[ 275 ] 
 
 that we had resigned the Trans-Koorrum^ and therefore he was at 
 Hberty to take it ; and rather than that the interests of Thull should 
 stand in the way, he would agree to purchase the Trans-Koorrum Thull 
 lands. 
 
 77. — To put all doubt at rest, however, I made enquiry from four 
 men of local influence, but of different interests, viz. : 
 
 1. — Mullick Ghilzye, our refugee Khuttuck subject, now settled at 
 Sirakhoo, among the Toorees of Koorrum. 
 
 2. — Mullick Kassim of Bulliameen, the chief Tooree in Lower Koor- 
 rum. 
 
 3. — Akhoonzadah Nujeeb-oollah of Billund Kheyl, who holds a 
 Jagheer under the Cabul Government. 
 
 4. — Akhoonzadah Huzrut Noor of Thull itself. 
 
 All these men concurred in testifying that — 
 
 Istly. — On crossing the Koorrum, you enter on land called " Bootah- 
 kuss,^' which is cultivated by the men of Thull to this day. 
 
 2ndly. — That beyond " Bootah-kuss,'^ lies " Tootee-kuss,^' which is 
 cultivated sometimes by Zymooshts, who then pay the Thull men a 
 share as proprietors of the soil ; and at other times liy the Thull men 
 themselves. 
 
 3rdly. — That beyond " Tootce-kuss," lies the land called " Isup- 
 perai," which is unirrigatcd and cultivated by no one. 
 
 4thly. — That above " Tootee-knss " lie the lands called " Akashooa 
 and " Ahmud Shamee" on the left and riglit banks of the Koorrum 
 river; and these join on to the Koorrum laud at Sirakhoa, which is 
 the boundary between Thull and Koorrum. These lands, however, 
 are cultivated by the Hotizye Zymooshts, who pay to nobod}'^. 
 
 78. — AVhen the Governor General in 1851 fixed our boundary on the 
 Koorrum, and ordered Billund Kheyl to be excluded. His Lordship 
 certainly did not know that he was dividing Thull in two ; and whether 
 Government now think it right to keep the new boundary or the old, 
 it is proper that I should submit these facts for consideration. 
 
 79. — In doing so, I beg to add that my own opinion is altered by 
 these new considerations ; that I think we ought not to give up the 
 lands of Thull, because the Thull people will not themselves on any 
 account give them up,* whether we do so or not ; and if we do give 
 
 * One of tlie two divisions of Bungiislies in Thull, (tlic Esupklicyl) is actually about 
 to remove to the other side of the Koorruiu, now that order is somewhat restored. 
 
 2 N 2 
 
[ 276 ] 
 
 them up, the Cabul Government has declared its intention of taking 
 them, so that Thull will have two sovereigns, and whatever modei'ation 
 we show on this side will go into the pocket of the Affghans on the 
 other side ; so that the village must inevitably be ruined ; and as a 
 consequence from these premises, that if we keep the old Trans- 
 Koorrum boundary, as far as Thull is concerned, we had better keep 
 Billund Kheyl also. I had no time to consult the Chief Commissioner ; 
 and it was necessary to keep out the Koorrum authorities till this 
 question should be decided. I therefore took a single year's revenue 
 (either Eupees 1^000 or 1,200) from Billund Kheyl; and told Captain 
 Henderson to hold it in deposit till the pleasure of Government could 
 be known. At the same time, at the request of the people, a " Tuc- 
 cavee'^ advance of about half that amount was made to them for the 
 purpose of restoring some old irrigation canals, which had been 
 abandoned from feuds, and which, under the present improved aspect 
 of affairs in this corner, they are now prepared to re-construct ; so 
 that the cash account between us will be very simple and easy of 
 settlement, should Government not approve of adhering to the ancient 
 boundary of Meeranzye and Koorrum. On this point, however, I beg 
 to solicit orders. 
 
 80. — On the 30th November, I took leave of Brigadier Chamberlain, 
 to repair to Peshawur ; and made over the political duties to Captain 
 Henderson, who will furnish a supplementary report of the operations 
 of the last two or three weeks that the force was in the field. 
 
 81. — In closing my own report, I have great pleasure in assuring 
 the Chief Commissioner, that all I have seen of Captain Henderson's 
 administration of the Kohat District, his judicious management of the 
 tribes bordering on it, and his arrangement for the supply of the force 
 in the field, has caused me the very greatest satisfaction. A marked 
 improvement in the tone of Meeranzye has taken place during the 
 past year ; and I believe that a sound and right policy is being steadily 
 pursued. 
 
 82. — Subjoined are a few notes on the Koorrum valley and its people. 
 
 I have, &c., 
 (Signed) H. B. EDWARDES, 
 
 Commissioner. 
 Pcsltaivur Division, Gommr.'s Office, 
 htli February, 1857. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 Some Notes on the Valley of Koorrum and its people. 
 
 Isfc. — Koorrum is a moclern name borrowed from the river that flows 
 through it. The old name was Bungush, from the tribe that possessed it. 
 Bungush was divided into " Ooleah" or Upper, extending from the Peywar 
 Pass to Billund Kheyl, and " Siflah" or Lower, extending from Billund 
 Kheyl to Gundialye below Kohat. 
 
 2nd. — The Emperor Baber in his memoirs of the year 910 Hegira, (Anno 
 Domini 1504) enumerates Bungush as one of the fourteen " Toomuns" or 
 Provinces then dependant on Cabul ; so that the settlement of the Bungush 
 tribe is of very ancient date. 
 
 3rd. — Upper Bungush, however, or Koorrum, is now less the property of the 
 Bungush than of the Toorees. 
 
 4th. — The Toorees are " Koochees," or a wandering tribe. Their seat was 
 at Neelab on the Indus, and they moved to and fro between that point and 
 Cabul, with tlieir flocks and herds. By the Bungush accounts it was about 
 four generations back when the Toorees first took root in Koorrum. The Bim- 
 gush had rebelled against their Cabul sovereign, who sent a force, reduced them, 
 and imposed on them a tux ; to pay which they sold the village of Burrookye 
 near Peywar, to the Toorees. After that the Toorees got Peywar by another 
 bargain, by which they were bound to supply Ussud Khan, a Bungush chief 
 of Thilufzan, with wood. Thus, little by little, the Toorees availed themselves 
 of Bungush dissensions to seize new villages, until the Bungushes say they 
 liave now only the villages of Shilufzan and Zeran, under the hills, and Uzza 
 Kheyl in the plains, which are free. The rest of Koorrum is in the hands of 
 the Toorees, who have reduced the Bungushes to the condition of " hum- 
 sayuhs" or dependants. 
 
 5th. — Every Bungush is obliged to attach himself to a powerful Tooree, 
 who is called his " naick," and who protects him from other Toorees. 
 
 6th. — If a Bungush leaves a son or a brother, the property is generally 
 allowed to descend by inheritance ; but often not, the Bungush naick declar- 
 ing it a lapsed estate. 
 
[ 278 ] 
 
 7th. — There is war between the Toorees and Bungushes of Shilufzan and 
 Zcran ; but tlie latter are strong from numbers and situation, and hold their 
 own. But no man of theirs can travel about the rest of Koorrum without 
 taking a Tooree " budrugga" or safe-conduct. 
 
 8th. — Still the conquered Bungushes outnumber the conquering Toorees, 
 as will be seen below : — 
 
 Bungush. 
 
 Toorees. 
 
 Villa2;e or Parish. 
 
 Numbers. 
 
 Division. 
 
 Numbers. 
 
 Sliilufzan, 
 
 2,000 
 1,500 
 
 200 
 120 
 lUO 
 200 
 
 1 1,500 
 
 1. Goondee Kheyl, 
 
 1,000 
 
 Zeyran, 
 
 2. Alizye, 
 
 500 
 
 Bogukkee (of FuttehooUah 
 
 Khan,) 
 
 Jalundur, 
 
 3. Mustoo Kheyl, 
 
 1,000 
 
 4. Humza Khevl, 
 
 1,000 
 
 5. Dopuzzve 
 
 1,500 
 
 Shukkurdurrah, 
 
 
 
 Azee Khevl, 
 
 
 Bulliameen, 
 
 
 Mukkazye, 
 
 
 Buijzve 
 
 
 
 
 Total, 
 
 5,G20 
 
 Total 
 
 5,000 
 
 
 
 
 9th. — It will be observed that the Toorees are divided into 5 branches ; 
 (" Puiijpudree," or five-fathered, they call themselves ;) and when they first 
 got possessions about the Peywar pass, they parcelled each out into 5 equal 
 portions, to each branch a portion ; a custom which they have strictly follow- 
 ed with each successive acquisition in the valley, without any reference to 
 the comparative numbers of the 5 brandies ; and possession continues in this 
 manner at the present day, except in individual cases of sale or other volun- 
 tary transfer. 
 
 10th. — Tliose Toorees who chose, took to building houses on their hinds, but 
 there are still a large number who remain " Koochees," living in tents all the 
 year ; in winter about Buliameen (in Lower Koorrum), and in summer in the 
 Sufeyd Koh. 
 
 11th. — Subjoined is a statement of the sub-divisions of the 5 branches of the 
 Tooree tribe and the number of fortified villages in which they are settled. 
 
[ 279 ] 
 
 Branch. 
 
 Guudee KJiejl,. 
 
 Alizye, 
 
 Mustook Xhcyl, 
 
 Humga Khcjl,. 
 
 Dopuzzyc, . 
 
 Five branches. 
 
 Sub-divisions. 
 
 N umber 
 
 of 
 Forts. 
 
 1. Alum Kheyl, .. .. 
 
 2. Roostum Kheyl, . . 
 
 3. Esau Kheyl, .... 
 
 4. Eesup Kheyl, . . . . 
 
 5. Mahmood Kheyl, 
 
 6. Nuuder Kheyl, . . 
 
 7. Sumsee Khev], .. 
 
 8. Toneh Kheyl, .... 
 
 9. LaikKhoyl, 
 
 10. MeerwuUee, 
 
 11. Alizye, 
 
 1. Mooluk Kheyl, . . 
 
 2. ChogeKlieyl, 
 
 3. Shermo Kheyl, .. 
 
 4. Musree Kiieyl, . . 
 
 5. Khodadad Kheyl, 
 
 6. Mayeh Kheyl, . . . . 
 
 1. Feroz Kheyl, .. .. 
 
 2. MullaKole, 
 
 3. Boogeh Kheyl, .. 
 
 4. Uzzee Kheyl, .. .. 
 
 5. Murroo Kheyl, .. 
 
 6. (Wanting,) 
 
 7. Dreywundee, .. .. 
 
 8. Joonee Kheyl,* .. 
 
 9. Tui-kal Klicyl,* .. 
 
 10. Ghureebzye,* .... 
 
 11. Munna Kheyl,* .. 
 
 12. Seen Klieyl, 
 
 1. Speen Kheyl,*.. .. 
 
 2. DiTvplareh',* .... 
 
 3. Aka Kheyl,* .... 
 
 4. Janoo Klieyl,*.. .. 
 
 5. Buddee Kheyl,*.. 
 
 6. Puree Kheyl,*.. .. 
 
 7. Kheshgee, 
 
 8. Shukoor Kheyl,*.. 
 
 9. Shuttce Kheyl,*.. 
 
 10. SirraguUah,* ..., 
 
 11. Jajce* 
 
 Shiblan, 
 
 Sooroh Kheyl,.. .. . 
 Meeandad Kheyl, . 
 Meerdad Kheyl, . . . 
 Dowlut Kheyl, . . . 
 Keemeh Kheyl, . . . 
 Dreyplareh, 
 
 8. Tar Kheyl, t . 
 
 9. Khirlussee, 
 
 10. Poi Kheyl, 
 
 11. Umbur Kheyl, 
 
 12. Kuch-keena Kheyl,. 
 
 13. Jaffir Kheyl, 
 
 45 
 
 31 
 
 27 
 
 60 
 
 53 Sub-diTisions. 
 
 Number 
 of 
 Men. 
 
 1,000 
 
 500 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,500 
 
 170 
 
 Forts. 
 
 5,000 
 men. 
 
 N. B. All those Sub-divisious marked M'ith au asterisk thus* are " Koochees" with uo 
 fixed rcsidcucus. 
 
[ 280 ] 
 
 12fch. — The Deputy Governor told me that the revenue fixed on the 
 Koorrum valley is 1,20,000 Cabulle Rupees, but that he collected 1,40,000.* 
 Syud Meerza Gool, the most powerfurand intelligent man in Koorrum, told me 
 that the revenue under the Kings of Cabul was always reckoned as follows : — 
 
 Koorrum was declared to be 29 miskals. One miskal equals 1,440 Jureebs. 
 Three hundred and sixty Jureebs are consequently a " pao" or ith, and each 
 " pao" was assessed at Rupees 600 Cabulie. At this rate, 29 miskals would 
 give a land tax of Rupees 69,600, which was the olden revenue. The 
 Baruckzyes have, however, raised it by various devices. 
 
 Firstly, there is the " Jezzia" tax, 3 Rupees a year on every Hindoo person ; 
 and 3 Rupees a year on every house of artisans (Mahomedans.) 
 
 Secondly, there is the " Doodh," or chimney tax of 1 Rupee a house per 
 annum, which is a permanent fine on the people for destroying the fort. 
 
 Thirdly, all waste lands (called Meerat) belong to the crown, and if any 
 one chooses to cultivate them, he pays in kind ^rd of produce, the cultivator 
 providing himself with every thing. (In exposed places on the border ^th is 
 taken ;) Meerza Gool declared that one half of Koorrum had been escheated as 
 " Meerat." 
 
 13th, — The present mode of assessing the lands in Koorrum which are not 
 " Meerat" is this ; a Jureeb measure is fixed at 25 spans of a man's arms 
 square ; and every Jureeb of land pays R. 1-8-0 Cabulie in cash. On every 
 5 Jureebs an extra rupee is put, and called " Soorsant." 
 
 14th. — Meerza Gool considered the valley to be easily capable of yielding 
 one lakh of revenue per annum to a good government ; now more is taken 
 with violence and wrong. He said there was no sort of justice administered, 
 and that the Deputy Governor (Gholam Jan) himself causes people to be 
 assassinated. All wood and grass consumed in the cantonment is brought by 
 the people without remuneration. 
 
 15th. — Meerza Gool said he was deputed by the Tooree Jeergah or council 
 to say that whenever we wished to take their country they were ready to 
 welcome us. 
 
 16th. — The Toorees are all of the Sheah sect, and this is a constant source 
 of resentment between them and their Dooranee rulers. Koorrum used to be 
 under the six brothers Ukbur Khan, Ghulam Hyder Khan, Shere Alii Khan, 
 Mahomed Ameen Khan, Mahomed Shureef Khan, and Ukrum Khan, sons 
 of the Ameer ; but they bullied the Toorees so, on the score of their being 
 Sheahs, that the Toorees petitioned the Ameer to change them, and the country 
 was made over to Mahomed Azim Khan. 
 
 * In the same way lie said the I'cveuue of the adjoining valley of Khost is Itupees 
 70,000 but he collects Rupees 80,000. 
 
[ 281 ] 
 
 17th. — On one ocoaslon the Toorees defeated Shore Alii Khan, and Mahomed 
 Ameen Khan, and killed 500 Dooranees, on the Jajee horder ; and would have 
 killed more, had not a nephew of Khan Shereen Khan, named Sooltan Ahniiid 
 Khan, a Kuzzilbash and Sheah, come between them, and begged for quarter. 
 
 18th. — When the Tooree thieves were lurking about the Dooranee camp to 
 steal horses, the Kuzzilbashes used to call out from inside their tents the 
 Sheah war cry, " Yah Alii ! Yah Hjder !" on hearing which the Toorees left 
 that part of the camp, and went on to plunder the Atfghans. 
 
 19th. — The Bungush join the Toorees in all wars, but not often in raids. 
 If they are summoned and fail to join, they are fined when the expedition 
 is over. 
 
 20th. — Snow falls in Koorrum about the middle or end of December, and 
 lies two months on the ground about three feet deep. On the Peywar Kothul 
 it lies as deep as a man's shoulder ; but the pass is never closed. Traffic keeps 
 it open : the Dooranee troops come over it when the snow is on it. 
 
 21st. — The chief crop of the Koorrum is rice, and one Jurceb yields 
 7^ Peshawur maunds. Next to rice comes wheat; one Jureeb yields 80 
 " tuttees."* Then comes the cotton crop ; of which one Jurceb yields IGO 
 seers (of 85 Cabulie liupees to the seer). Selling prices are: — 
 
 Cotton per Rupee, ... 8 or 10 seers. 
 
 Wheat, ditto, 20 "tuttees." 
 
 Barley, ditto, 40 ditto. 
 
 Jowar, ditto, 25 ditto. 
 
 Only the Yizeerees buy and eat Jowar. The fruits are apples, pome- 
 granates, walnuts, umlok, melons, quinces, apricots and excellent grapes. 
 But the soldiers have spoilt the gardens. The vegetables are pumpkins, 
 cucumbers and turnips. 
 
 22nd. — The Toorees are not in general large men, and their dark com- 
 plexions mark their Eastern origin ; but they are strong, hardy, and cou- 
 rageous. The dress of the common people consists simply of a Idanket shirt. 
 As horsemen, they are as superior to their neighbours, as the Yizeerees are on 
 foot. A mounted Tooree is a perfect model of a moss-trooper ; his horse is 
 small, but active and enduring, and carries his own clothing under the saddle, 
 while at the saddle bow in leathern wallets hang food for man and horse, 
 spare shoes, nails and a hammer in case of accidents, and an iron peg and rope 
 to picket the horse any where in a moment. The object of horsemanship 
 with them is to commit distant and daring raids, rather than for defence, and 
 any distinguished highwayman earns the honorable title of a "Cluck!" or 
 crack man. The present " Clucks" of Koorrum are : — 
 
 * 3 tuttees eqxial 5 seers of Peshawur vreiglit. 
 
 2 o 
 
[ 282 ] 
 
 1. Nuzzuree, Alizye. 
 
 2. Timoor, Mustoo Klieyl. 
 
 3. Meer Hoossein, Dopuzzye. 
 
 A profusion of arms cover every laorsemau ; one or two short brass bound 
 carbines at bis back, two or three pistols and knives of sizes and sorts all 
 round his waist belt, and a sword by his side. The introduction of " revol- 
 vers" would save them a good deal of weight. 
 
 23rd. — I asked Meerza Grool to tell me who were the worst enemies of the 
 Toorees. He said — " Vizeerees, Khuttucks, Zymoosht, Alisherzye, Mussooz^'e, 
 Parye, Ningrahar, Jajee, Mookbul, Myndan Jajee, Khooties, and, above all, 
 the Naib ! (Meaning Gholam Jan, the Deputy Governor). 
 
 (Signed) H. B. EDWARDES, 
 
 Commr. Sf Superintendent. 
 .Feshawur Division, Commr^s Office, 
 "itli Felrmry, 1857. 
 
 m:x 
 
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