M 4TT 512 SCENES FROM EVERY L^ND 1 -,^^^3 ^'J-^MJI^BHKi: '^inT^^^^^^^^^B; NATIONAL CEOGKAPHIC SOCILTY IN Siril.Y Phalt) 1)1/ W. von Glodrn SCENES FROM EVERY LAND SECOND SERIES A COLLECTION OF 250 ILLUSTRATIONS PlCTriUNG THK PK.Ol'I.K, NATIUAI. PHENOMENA, AND ANIMAL LIFE IN ALL PARTS OF THK WORLD. WITH ONE MAP AND A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF GAZETTEERS, ATLASES, AND BOOKS DESCRIPTIVE OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES AND NATURAL HISTORY GILBERT H. GROSVENOR MCMIX PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY WASHINGTON, D. C. U. S. A. t'upyrislu, 190!t, by the NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY PREFACE TO FIRST SERIES IN JANUARY, l'.»02. the House of Represeiitutivcs, by :i vote of ;U)7 to 2, passed the bill authorizing tlie eoustructiou of the Nicaragua Canal. The people had become impatient of the many years' debate as to which canal route should be selected, and it looked as if the Senate would also adopt the Nicaragua project and the country be detinitely committed to a canal lined i)y volcanoes. One morning when the Senate assembled the mend)ers were some- what surprised to behold several large maps hanging in prominent places in the Senate chamber. Senator Hanna, of Ohio, who had previously announced that he was to si)eak that day, presently appeared, and with a large ])ointer demonstrated the belt of volcanoes extending from Mont Pelee, Martinique, through Costa Rica, Nica- ragua, Ciuatemala, and Mexico. He pointed to no less than twenty- five bordering the Nicaragua Canal Zone, of which several were active volcanoes in the Nicaragua Lake or in the proposed canal itself. That foi-cible lesson in common geograj^hy was one of the most persuasive factors in determining the choice of the Panama route. The reader nuist not infer from the preceding introduction that this modest collection of illustrations has any great mission to j)er- form. They are simply a few of the pictures that have iippeared in the National Geographic Magazine during the past five years, and are reprinted in this volume in answer to the many requests received from readers. They serve, however, to emphasize the pur- pose for which the National Geogra])liic Society exists, namely, "the increase and diffusion of geographic knowledge." aiul to illustrate one of the means by which this remarkable organization accom- plishes its object. Its principal agent for diffiising geographic knowledge is the National Geckjhaphic Ma(;azine, in which it pub- lishes many substantial and thoughtful articles from its members, of whom it has many thousands, distributed in every part of the world. The Society endeavors to make geography interesting, and thus to stimulate the public to a better knowledge of the earth on which we live. Probably no other study is at once so entertaining and so beneficial, because of its broadening influence and practical value, as the study of geography. One reason that President Roosevelt has such a keen appreciation of the needs of all sections of the United States is that he has made it his business to study the geographical conditions of every section. From ge()grai)hical history he knows that ruthless devastation of forests and reckless overgrazing are followed by deserts, and that, therefore, forest reserves and grazing restrictions are neces- sary to protect our future prosperity. His devotion to the Isthmian Canal, to the government irrigation works, involving millions of dol- lars, to the development of our unrivaled waterways, and to the preservation of our natural resources, are largely inspired by his con- stant study of the map and geographical history and geographical relations. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY Great Britain's success in acquiring the choicest portions of the globe is partially explained by the fact that her statesmen have usually kept a good map and secret reports of reliable explorers before them when a "partition" or adjustment of boundaries was in progress; while the rapid development of Germany's foreign commerce in recent years emphasizes the truth that a knowledge of other nations and other peoples is as essential to the success of a nation nowadays as an under- standing of other men is necessary to the success of the individual. But geography has also its lighter side. The returned traveler always finds at home an audience appreciative of his tales of strange sights in foreign lands. That same trait in human nature which makes gossiping about our neighbor's fainily .so popular makes us eager to hear about the customs and manner of life of other peoples. The world has become so small that we are now " a family of nations," who gossip about one another, and if we cannot exchange visits, we can, at lea.st, read about each other, and, better still, barter photo- graphs. All the pictures in this collection have previously appeared in the National Geographic Magazixe; so that those who desire further information can turn to the original number of the magazine. The bibliography is intended merely as a guide to reliable books, which can be easily secured. The list aims to be convenient rather than exhaustive. Gilbert H. Grosvenor. October, 1907. PREFACE TO SECOND SERIES THE First Series of Scenes from Every Land was received with so nuich fa\'or, the entire edition being almost innnediately disposed of, that this Second Series is now presented. The illustrations in this new^ volume are all different from those in the first. While the large majority of them have previously appeared in the National Geographic Macjazine, a considerable number have not been hitherto published. G. H. G. Septendjer, l!)Ol). ^ SCENES FROM EVERY LAND [^=^ CHILDREN OF MESSINA, SICILY Photo by W. von Gliiden NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY IIl']315AUU MEMOlilAI. 11 SIXTEENTH AND M STREETS. W \>l WILLIS L. MOORE, . . . . President HK.MIN C \-\M.rr, . . . Vice-President O. P. AUSTIN, . . Secretary JOHN .]0\ EDSOX Treasurer GILBERT H. GROSVEXOR. . .Editor F. B. EICHELBERGER, . Ass' t Treasurer JOHN OLIVER LA GORGE, Assistant Editor BOARD OF MANAGERS Alexandek Ghaham Bkll O. P. Austin A. W. Greely Inventor of the telephone. Chief U. S. Bureau of Statistics. Arctic Explorer. Major-C.eneral , , . . rm> . C. M. Chester Charles J. Bell Hear .Ailrniral U. S. N.. Tornier- President American Security IIi;m;v (;an\f.tt Iv Supt. U. S. Naval Ob.serva- and Trust Co. (;,-..m;,plu.r of Conservation tory. T. C. Cmamberlin (.•oiiiini.ssion. F. V. COVILLE l'i..rrx.,.r of Geology, U.nvcr.sity J. Howard Gore Botanist. U.S. Depart menl iif nf Ch.raKO. Formerly Professor of Mathe- Agriculture. Giciiiiiao Davidson matics. The George Washing- ton University. Rudolph Kauffmann Professor of Geography. Vm- Managing Editor. The Evening versity of California. Gll.HKUT 11. GrOSVF.NOR .Sta?. .Idhn' .Joy Edson i;.litcjr of National Geographic T. L. .\lAr,„,.N-Al.h. .\I. I>. P,,.si,l,„l Wa.,hinglon Loan >\: .\la;;;unic. C.KORcao Otis Smith Wll.I.I^ 1,. M.Hilll: Dwll. I'MliCHILD Director of U. S. tienlogical (.'lucl 1 . S. U iMllii-i r.ui.-aii In lliai-c of Agricultural Ex- Survey. S. N. I). NouTi. pl,,i;,li<.ns. Dept. of Agric. O. II. Tittmann Formerly Director U. W. linretul A. ,J. Hk.nuy Superintendent of U. S. Coast of Census. Pn.fcss,)r of Meteorology. V. S. and Geodetic Survey. Henky F. Blount Weather Bureau. John M. Wilson Vice-President Ainerioan Secur- (". Hart Merriam Brigadier-General U. S. Army. ity and Trust Co. Chief U. S. Biological Snrv..y. Formerly Chief of Engineers. HES?C3 TKAV1-:LL\(. 1.\ llil-, IMI'.i;iui; wl M Pholo hy Dr. Charles S. Rraddock, Jr. lartcrs in W; iriKt. 'xploration by moans of such Its expeditions to Alaska did THE NATIONAL CEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY was organized and incorporated under the hiws of the District of C'okimbia, January 27, 1888, for "the increase and diffusion of geographic knowledge." The Society accomplishes its object : 1. By the publication of maps, books, and an illustrated monthly magazine, which contains about 1,200 pages per year. All receipts from its publications are invested in the magazine itself (ir expended directly to jiromnte gengni|)Iiir knowledge and the study of geography. 2. By the uuiintenance of a geographic library at its h .3. By the award of gold medals. 4. By an annual series of addresses at the National Ca ."). By the encouragement of geographic science and financial grants as the resources of the Society will permit, much pioneer work in the exploration of that territory. In 1902 the Society sent an expedition to Mont Pelee and La SoufTridre to study the terrible eruptions of these volcanoes. The Society has assisted various Arctic expeditions, notably the last expedition of Commander Peary, which reached the North Pole, April 6, 1009. During the present year (1909) it has sent to Sicily a trained geologist to investigate the Messina earthquake; and it has also equipped and maintained during July, August, and September a large expedition in Alaska which has been examining the geograi)hic and cliinatic conditions of the magnificent glaciers of Yakutat Bay and Prince William Sound. The Society has many thousands of members distributed throughout every State in the I'nion, and in every foreign country. The handsome building which the A.ssociation occupies was erected by the family of its first President. lion, (iardiner Greene Hubbard, as a memorial U\ him and given In the Society for its hdinc. In April, 1909, the Society purchased a large \ai-ant lot ailjoining its property on Sixtcc-nth Street, to afford room for future expansion. ^x<\ NATIpTSAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY \^^^ 1, NEW HEBRIDES UA\\.\ii.\:. :.i:.Ai: fisherman The Hawaiians are the most expert swimmers in the world, and are nearly as much at home in the water as on land. This special adaptation for water life serves a most useful purpose when employed in connection with fishing, and has resulted in the development of a number of methods not to be seen elsewhere. These spirited photographs illustrate a unique way of speur fishing. On a rugged shore, where the waves are churned into foam, the hardy, skillful fisherman makes a prodigious plunge head foremost into the surf while holding fast to the long spear. Free-swimming fishes are thus captured, and the wily octopus and retiring spiny lobster hiding in the crevices of the rock are impaled. — Photo from C. G. Crane. [10] SCENES FROM EVERY I^ANDf [11] ^^h^? NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [12] ^x^ SCENES FROM EVERY LANEr NATIVE FIGHTINC MAN. MOEN ISLAND, TURK LAGOON, CAROLINE ISLANDS ^ jjATIQNAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY g^B 5 21 :S5 [14] ^x^ SC ENES FROM EVE RV LANi>~^n^^ < i [15] ^^ r^TlONAL'GEOGRAPHlC SOCIETY [>x^ A VILI.ACK. STKKKT IN I'lM'.Mii HI MHOLDT BAY. NEW GUINEA The women roll their curls with mud and wear many earrings. They are not allowed to use canoes with outriggers, as they might try to escape. No canoe without an outrigger could leave the sheltered bay without capsizing. The men frequently get their wives by raiding neighboring villages. The women consequently would run away if they got a chance. — Photo by Thomas Barbour, Harvard University. [16] ^=^ SCENES FROM EVERY LAND ^:^^ THE END VIEW OF A COMMUNAL '■LONG HOUSE '■ NKAK DOHEV. NEW- GUINEA These great "turtle-back" houses shelter from 8(1 to 100 people. They eat and sleep generally in a long corridor, which runs lengthwise through the building, while on each side lead off small rooms, in which private belongings of each family are stored. The men lounge regularly on the front piazza, often lying prone with spear or bow and arrow ready for any fish which may happen by. The people show most wonderful skill in striking or shooting into water; they seem to be able to allow for the refraction to a nicety. The decoration on the end shows the space for the .separate rooms. One wonders how it is possible to use the bridge; the poles roll about and there is no hand rail; still it is done, and even by young children. — Pholo by Thomas Barbour, Harvard I'liirersity. [17] ^^r IS' ATlONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY ^^ Hh \i-Ai\ KAKE PKt)ECHIDNA, OR EGG-LAYING AXT-EAlhK. i'HuH GRAPHED ALIVE PROBABLY FOR THE FIRST TIME, NEW GUINEA A CASSOWARY AT Sui.ij.-.u, ;,i,v, i.l .:,;,.. The young birds are driven into nets stretched in the woods; then they are kept tame near the village until a feast time. They provide food, feather ornaments, hair combs, bone daggers, and arrow-points of bone splinters and toe-nails. When the old birds are hunted, the people are very cautious in approaching them, for the kick of a big bird will do more harm than a wild boar can do with his tusks. — Photos by Thomas Barbour. Harvard University. SCENES FROM EVEI^Y lANE; A MAN OF DJAMNA, NEW GUINEA, STANDING BY THE BOW OF HIS CANOE The hair is worked up with clay so as to lie protecting the back of the neck from the sudden attack of a head-hunting neighbor. Note the difference in physiognomy of this man from the other Papuan tjijes. Note also the elaborately carved bow of the canoe. — Pholo hy Thomas Barbour, Harvard University. [19] >IAT (ONAJL • GpOGRAPH 1 C SOCIETY ii .ss '-" 1.2 1-^ III D.'S c ^ £ u [20] SCENES FROM E VERY : ; t,A!^t^ PAPUAN CHILDREN Thp children are at home in the water at a very early age. They often paddle about alone in tiny dug-out canoes of their own. PAPUAN CANOES The people re.st themselves by folding up; they never sit as we do. Note the tripod for holding the mast. — Photos by Thomas Barbour. Harvard I'niversity. [21] NAtlOlsfAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [^^ ONE OF OUR BEST PAPl'AN HELPERS This man was a good collector and may be seen her f\T DOKEY, NEW CllXEA proudly displaying: his pay. A knife, a tin can, and a key on a string he was almost as proud of as of his splendid head of hair and the decorated bone pin which he had thrust through his nose. New Guinea is the last great area remaining in the tropics which is still almost completely unknown. To be sure, its coasts have been, and are still, frequently visited, and settlements exi.st on parts of the island, but great stretches of seaboard still remain unmapped and all but a small part of the interior is a blank on our charts. Its length is about 1.400 miles and its maximum breadth is 430 miles. Its area is greater than that of Borneo, being about 300,000 .siiuare miles. — Photo hij Thomas Barbour, Harvard University. [22] SCENES F ROM EVERY LA NJ^^ _ [^x^ ONE OF THE SURLY MEN OF MEOSBOENDI, WIAK ISLAND, NEW GUINEA In the boxes was the dammar gum which these people collect and which the ship's crew pack up and take on board after it has been paid for in "trade." These people are one of the most dangerous in the whole region to have any dealings with. — Photo by Thomas Barbour, Harvard University. [23] NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [24] ^^ SCENES FROM EV E RY LAND 1^=^ THE GREAT TEMPLE AT THE VILLAGE OF TOBADL IN HUMBOLDT BAY Next to it may be seen the decorated shed where the elders of the tribe meet in council The building, which looks as if it were made of three cones set one upon the other by some Titan's hand, is of great sanctity. The people here, who are as rough and noisy a set of savages as exist, become quite subdued when they enter it. and their voices fall to whispers as they converse. When we tried here, several times, to persuade the crowd to admit Mrs. Barbour a single gesture gave a final answer; that gesture was the swift passing of the hand across the throat. — Photo by Thomas Barbour, Harvard University. [ 25 ] Rf AHQNAL G&OCRAPHIC SOCIETY MEN OF TOBADI VILLAGE, HUMBOLDT BAY, NEW GUINEA Fond of ornaments, they wear boars' tusks in their noses, feathers in their hair, and in their ears almost anything. The boys, who are not yet full members of the tribe, have their hair cut as the picture shows. This is done by scraping the head with a splinter of shell from the giant clam (Tridacna). It is indeed a bloody operation. The Papuans do not believe in the occurrence of natural death, and it is quite impossible to tell who will be blamed by them for the causing of death by evil influences. Raids and bloodshed often arise from such causes, and many strange practices are used to discover the guilty party. In many localities the body of the deceased is slowly dried over a fire and the drippings are saved. These must he tasted by any stranger coming to the house, and should vomiting ensue, the party is considered guilty, as the cause of death. In other places this liquor is partaken of by the widow of the dead man as an evidence of her fidelity to him. After desiccation has taken place the body is generally bent to a sitting posture and, after it has been wrapped in a mat, is hung up among the rafters of the house. — Photo by Thomas Barbour, Harvard Uniirritiln. [26] SCENES FROM EVERY LAND BRINGING OUT THE MUMMY FROM ■IHK ■'HAMAI/ NEW HEBRIDES It appeared to be the stuffed skin of a man fastened on poles that ran through the legs and out at the shoulders. The fingers of the hands dangled loose like empty gloves. The hair was still on the head, and the face was represented by a rather cleverly modeled mask made of vegetable fiber, glued together with bread-fruit juice. In the eye-sockets the artist had placed neat little circular coils of cocoanut leaf, and imitation bracelets were painted on the arms. The face and a good part of the body were colored bright red. The ends of the stretcher-poles were carved into a curious likeness of turtle heads. Standing up there in the dancing light and shade of the trees, against the high, brown wall of the hamal, the creature looked extraordinarily weird and goblin-like. It had a phantom grin on its face, and its loose, skinny fingers moved in the current of the strong trade wind — it certainly looked more than half alive. - Photo from Beatrice Grimshaw. in " Fiji and its Possibilities." Doubleday, Page & Co. [27] ^g^ NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY 0) T3 C: ■" ^-O -5 rt 3 g> ., ?;rtJ2---Tit3ru•ood. NAT! ONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOClETy ^^ [ 30 ] £2-2 < a, D [37; m NATiaNA.1. GEOQRAPHIC SOCIETY [38] ^x^ SCENES FROM EVEJV_lAgD^_ gx^ [39] ^^^Jj^^tON^l^ pEOGRAPHlC SOCIETY ^^^ ■ v:^' ^Jt .^^, il^ • •ft ^ -:v m SCENES FROM EVE RY t A ND' 1^:^ NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY 4^m f^ &^^^^^ 1^ ■siff' '^ ■ ^; ^ p L. P/io/o a7id Copyright by H. C. White Co. For the past sixty years the French people have been estabhshint; colonies in Northern Africa that are to-day models well worth the serious study of nations sujiitosed to be the great colonizing forces of the world. The roadways of Tunis and Alt,Mri;i huvi' been projected by the most skilled engineers of France. There are few roads in Knii.h Nonli Africa that could not be used as the way of an electric or steam line without any ni^Tudiiij; or leveling. They are absolutely straight where the character of the country will permit. The bridges, tunnels, culverts, and, in fact, all stone work, is built for centuries. Some of the mountain bridges are master-works of engineering, .spanning gorges of great depth. All of the bridges are of stone, very little steel being used anywhere in the coldtiirs. Whercxcr it is necessary, a wall three and a half feet high and a foot and a half wi.lr ll;iiiks the ma.luny to prevent accidents. Between Bougie and Jijelli, a distance in a dinvt rc.usi line cif uImxii Km miles, a road has been cut out of the solid rock face of the clitf. and witli its winding and turning, as it follows each turn of the cliff, it has made the lengtli kvw lIoo miles, and forms, perhaps, the most wonderful corniche in the world. These roads arc iml merely near the larger cities nor are they confined to the seacoast, but they penctratr far into the great desert to accommodate the caravans coming in from the distant oascsof the south. Every few miles there is a watering trough where pure water is supplied to the traveler and to his animals. It is built so that even goatherds can obtain access easy. In the center a spout supplies the driiiking water for the people who desire it, and it is no unusual .sight, in the dry districts near the de.sert, to see natives bringing their sl.m \\ai. r-l.a;'s many miles to carry the water supply back to their houses. These trouglis aiv liuili d .onrnir or stone, and the supply of water is drawn from arte.sian wells or piped lioin ilir moiiiuanis. In the wilder districts the government had built a .sufficient number of foM m |,ini,, i the herds during the night. The American Government might well take the lesson alloiM^.l l.y the French as builders of roads, and, after sending a commission into the.se norili. rn Alri. m colonies build some national roads of our own. — Jamrs F. J. Arrh ibald . [42 ^x^ SCENES FROM EVERY .LA ?^0 b^^ HKADDKESS oF KILBKH WU.MKN oN THE XliiEK Pholo from A. Henry Savage Lamhr. in ".Across Wiikst Afriea." Scrihnei [«] ^^ NATIQNAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY \^=^ m . ' ^^^ GIANT BAOBAB THEE IN FRENCH CONGO, NEAR STANLEY POOL This is the typical tree of vast regions of tropical and sub-trn])ical regions. — Phola Ju James G. WhUeley. ENGLISH MISSIONAIUI.S AM From " The Congo and Coasts of Africa. .SOME OF THEIR (MiAHGES Copyright hy Hicliard Harding Davi ^x<] SCENES FROM EVERY -LA ■1lj>__;^^^ WOMAN WITH ELONGATED LIPS ON THE LOWER SHARI, TWO WOODEN DISCS WERE INSERTED IN THE LIPS "It was near Archambault (on the Shari River)." says A. Henry Savage Landor, "that I found the custom of elongating the Mps more exaggerated than in any other part of Africa, the women actually inserting small wooden or tin saucers in their upper lip and sometimes in both lips. It was most ludicrous to hear these young ladies talk, especially when they had two plates, one in the upper and one in the lower lip. as these clapped like castanets, and the voice became nasal and unmusical. These women were otherwise well formed anatomi- cally and quite statuesque when young. They adorned their ankles and arms with brass rings and wore shell ornaments round the neck. The plates in the lips were occasionally removed, when the upper lip hung down so low in a loop as to reach lower than the chin, and left a repulsive aperture under the nose through which one could see the teeth. As the .strain of the lip being pulled hurts them considerably, when they remove the disc or plate they generally licked the lip and the nose through this unnatural aperture. '— P/io/o Irom "Across Widest Africa," by A. Henry Sapage Landor. S!rribncrs. [ 4.-, ] ^^Ji-^-I^i^ClQJNji^bGEOGRAPHlC SOCIETY [^x^ igM^ ' -<^ /?^.va^ .■^ « Wki-' 'jte" 'r ;^3Bi ■uk;;^ "^^(Bfc*r'^PWi'»v-»*ti^^^^iWBB3B ''^^^^.T^ .>««««i ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H ■•w^- f-^ -^ria ■I _ ■>'ji These queer-looking storehouses are really giant mud jars, with a small aperture at the top which is covered by mats or thatch and another hole on the side for ventilation. The latter is also used as an entrance. All the storehou.ses rest on supports about one foot from the ground. riwIoK from ■■ AiriKX Widrxl .l/riVo," hij A. Ihiirii Siirdt/r Landor. Scrihm-rs. [ ■!(; ] [^^ SCENES FROM EVERY LA" Nl> i^i^ MAJOR POWELL-COTTON WITH TWO OF HIS I'YG.MY TUACKEUS IN THE GREAT CONGO FOREST A FOREST GIANT, WITH TIAT i;i:i\\l.l.\ I w - i KMHEDDED RUOTS Showing immense size of the trees and roots. PIiolos from Major Powell-Cotton. Geographical Journal, London. [47] m NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY jm^'^ M^amSX n 1' i 1 %^5^5H& § I ^ g ^ fc s ^ Slip's-! w e|^ E E ^'^ 5 S S >.'px| ? g 0--CX „ fc § 5 ri = = I ts^ 48 1 SCENES FROM EVERY- LAND ■^(^^ S^ §■1 [40 1 ■ Ny^TfONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY ^^ BOYS DRESSED IN REGALIA INCIDENT TO THEIR FIRST TRIBAL CEREMONY. RPJTISir EAST AFRICA BUS MONKEY The Colobus Monkey is found throughout the Uganda Proteclonit.' und much else of tropical Africa, wherever the forest is dense enough, no matter whether it ho cold of climate or always hot. The Andorobo who lurk in these forests live mainly on the flesh of t his creature, which they shoot from below with poisoned arrows. Having satisfied their hunger on its flesh, they sell the skin, with its long, silky black and white hair, and its tail, with the immense silky plume at the end, to the Ma.sai or other warlike races, who make it into head-dresses or capes, or else to the European or Swahili trader.— Pholos by Dr. C. E. Akeley. [50 1 SCENES FROM EVERY LAND SPI-:('IMK\S OF THE WART-HOG AM) HIPPOPOTAMUS SHOT IN EAST AFRICA The grotesque wart-hog. with his large, curling tushes is very numerous throughout the drier, sandier districts; their unsightly warts, two on each cheek, are much larger in the boar than in the sow, as are also the tushes, which in the former animal sometimes grow to such a size as to end their points up to a line with the eyes. They are very fierce when cornered. The body is of dark-reddish brown, and is an exceedingly welcome addition to the .sportman's larder. The common hippopotamus is still found in every river with water enough to cover his recumbent body, and in nearly every lake or marsh in the Uganda Protectorate. The animal is very dangerous to navigation at the north end of Lake Albert and on the Upper Nile. He is consequently not much protected by the game regulations (purpo.sely). as there is no immediate danger of his becoming extinct, for in the vast marshes he will be preserved from the white man's rifle, and will be out of the way of steamer routes. ^^ : NATiONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY ^^ X Indinr,,,,,! ^■ I' A HKI.I.H (IK MOMBASA Wri'Il llKli I'KT HKKi; rclcs on her chi'fks and dyes hiT hands purple, and is a rirognized model of ess. Antelope steak is a favorite dish in this region, but this particular ured favorite, safe from the hunter's rifle, — Pholo and ('opi/righl. 190!!, hi/ ihrinmil. Xrw York. ^^ SCENES FROM EVERY LAN O , i^?M IN THE CREAT RIFT VALLEY OF EAST AFRICA Plinto ami Copiirighl. \\nv.\, by Underwood & Underwood. New York. [53] NATKONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [54] SCENES FROM EV^ P.V . L A-N [? ; ^^:=^ [55 1 NAiT<:^ISAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [>x^ MOSSES ON THE HEATH TREES OF RUWENZORI, ELEVATION, 10,000 FEET A heath tree is a thing entirely unlike any of the trees of England ; the reader must imagine a stem of the common "ling" magnified to a height of sixty or seventy or even eighty feet, but bearing leaves and flowers hardly larger than those of the "ling" as it grows in Eng- land. Huge cushions of many-colored mosses, often a foot or more deep, encircle the trunks and larger branches, while the finer twigs are festooned with long beards of gray lichen, which giveto the trees an unspeakably dreary and funereal aspect. — Photo from "From h'uinnzori to the Congo," by A. F. It. Wollaston. John Murray. London. [56] [^x^ SCENES FROM EVElvY LAND" orr~^W^ (URL FRIENDS IN A VILLAGE OF EAS 1 Ia>I MoUlAL AFRICA Photo and Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, Xcw York. [57] ^Hr ^NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [>:=^ NATIVE BEE HIVES NEAR MOIXT KENIA, IN EAST AFRICA The bees are semi-domesticated and make their nests in the bark cylinders, suspended in the trees by the natives.— Pholo by C. E. Akeley. oS] ^x^ SCENES FROM EVrRY= LANb"'^'^[^^ A FOREST SCENE TYPICAL OF THE SLOPES OF MOUNTS KENL\ AND RUWEN- ZORI, WHERE PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT WILL HUNT Photo and Copyright by Underwood & Und-erwood, New York. [59; ^^ " NATlQKAlTGEOGRAPHlC SOCIETY \^=^ THE -MAKIMBO." THE NATIVE PIANO OF ANGOLA Note thul the WDixicn cylinders in the boy's ears liuvi' lu'i'ii iiiscrU'il in tlu' lobos of llio ear und are entirely supported by this means. — Photo Irom C. E. Akeley. [60] ^ SCENES FROM EVEPvY- LAND [^ A 7,1 1,1 U l;i;>l i.lM. .MAi< II \ \ 1 I til] NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY ^ 5 /} *j o — r ^- ^^ SCENES FROM EVERY LAND" [63] ^^ NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [^=^ [iii I ^xg] SCENES FROM EVERY LAND ^^ A KKOO WARRIOR WITH CHARMS AND FETICHES, DRESSED FOR A RELIGIOUS PERFORMANCE. LIBERIA Photo from Dr. A. P. Camphor. [65; ^x^ NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY ^^ QUAINT COSTUMES OF VILLAGE GIRLS ON THK WHAKF BESIDE THE FISHING BOATS, ZUYDEK ZEE I'lioldiiiid Copijriglilhii I'tidiTWOod S- rndtrifood, Mew York. [66] SCENES FROM EVERY LAND IS^ MAKING THE "FLAT BREAD" OF THE NORWEGIAN PEASANT This Norwegian woman is baking the well-known flat bread under a little shelter of dried branches. The dough for this bread is in the shallow dish in front and to the left of the woman and is made of coarse barley meal and water. After being rolled thin, it is removed to the round flat stone in the foreground, under which a fire of faggots is kept burning. Here it is baked, then laid on the pile on the opposite side of the picture. This barley bread is stored in a dry place for the winter, when it forms one of the chief foods of the peasants. Though made in the most primitive fashion, it is usually clean and palatable. — Copyrighlcd hy the Key- stone View Co. l^T] ^^. ■ NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [68] ^x<] SCENES FROM EVERY UMVP^ ^ CROSSING A SWISS LAKE Photo from. Mrs. Ciirdincr Cn-cne Hubhanl. [G9] g^ ^ JNATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [70] SCENES FROM EVERY LAND I- = ^ 2 o 1^ 3" -S Hi 2 ts^ 31 I 2l§ [71] ^?<1 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY f^r^ SCENES IN TAORMINA AND SYRACUSE, SICILY The poverty of Sicilians to-day is a sad contrast to the wealth of the islanders in ancient and mediEPval times. The soil is as productive as in the days when Sicily was the garden of the Mediterranean.— P/io(os by Mrs. George C. Hos.tnn. Jr.. and Madame Helene Philippe of Chicago. [72] SCENES FROM EVERY LANP_„^^^^ STONE QUARRIES OF SYRACUSE A corner of the stone quarries where 9,000 Athenians, the remnants of Nicias' army, were imprisoned by the Syracusans and left to die of thirst and starvation. La Latonia dei Cappuccini, Syracuse. The quarries cover many acres in extent, having been hewn from the living rock by multitudes of slaves. — Photo from Mrs. Alexander Graham Bell. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [74] SCENES FROM EVERY LAND Mm 'ijF f ■l' * .?'■■ ■■-■ ■ ■ ■ > i ■-■<.■■■ I Im^mm 1 *^'^V1H[ 1 i 1 '\^B|^9 \ ' jj i, ■ • -lei Q §11 ^^-s o cd o §5 o 3,2 C tilt v^S-^Q hi ^cgl^. JNA^ ^NAL GEOGRAPHIC SOQETY ]^^ PETTICOATS SEEN AT THE MAUKET OF ACiUAM, (TU)ATIA Photos by Felix J. Koch. [tg; PEASANTS AT AGRAM, CROATIA PEASANTS AT AGRAM, CROATIA Photos by Felix J. Koch. L77J ^g _ NATl NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [78] ^=^ SCENES FROM EVEF\Y l-AJS^,,-!!^^ ^8 u.\ THE KoAli NEAR PLKXNA, BL LUAKIA The woman is spinning the thread for the home-made dress as she walks to town. MUNTENEtiKlNS AT CETTINGE Photos hij Felix ./. Koch. [7<)] ^^!] NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY \>:^ SCENE IN THE MARKET PLACE OF SOFIA. THE t'AriTAL OF BULGARIA Photos from " The Balkan Trail." by Frederick- Moore. Macmillan. ^=^ SCENES FROM EVERY^ANI^ : j g^^ A M(JNTi:\EllIUN OFFICIAL. CETTINGE Photo by Marian Cruger Collin. ^^ . 'NAn-fCfNAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY f^x^] JAYCE, BOSNIA, A GREEK ORTHODOX BEAUTY Photo by Marian Cruger Coffin. [82] ^ SCENES FROM EVERY I A N D_ MOSLEM WUMAN, MOSTAR, HERZEGOVINA Photo by Marian Cruger Cofin. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [84] r^x^ SCENES FROM EVERY" LAND j^ TURKISH FOUNTAIN IN JAYCE, BOSNIA Photo by Marian Cruger Coffin. [85; ^^^ ^^ NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY \^^ TURKS IN BOSNIA TIKKISH WOMKN IN llKK/KlK )\1NA Photos by Felix J. Koch, [86] SCENES FROM EVERY LAfiD ^^z-~^. §y SCENES IX MACEDONIA Macedonia is noted for the picturesqueness and beauty of its scenery. Many of its moun- tains reach 10,000 feet in height, and are clad with magnificent forests. In "ancient times Macedonia was one of the best-known regions of the world, but during many centuries of misrule the records of its early civilization have disappeared. The archeologist i.s" sorely needed to recall the past, and would probably find rich relics of ancient grandeur throughout the province. Saloniki, the seaport of Macedonia, is said to be richer than any city in Greece in ecclesiastical remains, and its ancient structures, for the most part, have borne well the ravages of time.— Photos by Felix J. Koch. [87] •NAliONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY \^^ [88] SCENES FROM EVERY LAND [89] NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [90] SCENES FROM EVERY juAND [91] ^^ NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [^x^ A TYPICAL TURK Photo from Henry C. Corson. [92] ^x^ SCENES FROM EVERY LAND [^^ A TURKISH WOMAN CARRIED ON A NATIVE LITTER TO THE AMERICAN CHRISTIAN HOSPITAL. AINTAB I'hol,, hii II. II'. ///r;,s. A RAFT OF SHEEPSKINS WHICH AUK TAKK.N OFF ENTIRE AND INFLATED WITH Alii This raft was made of thirty such skins, like great bladders tied under a frame of poles. It was wonderfully buoyant and upon it Mr. Huntington and party floated down the Euphrates for several hundred miles. — Photo bij Ellsworlh Huntington. [93] ^^ NATrONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [^^ KURDISH MOSLEMS ON PLAINS OF SURUJ. NEAR AINTAB Mud houses of conical shape are found only in this region of Western Mesopotamia. TRAVELINC; IN ASIA WHERE THE ROADS ARK HAl I'holos h;i II. ir. //»/,s. [94] ^x^ SCENES FROM EVERY LAND ' \^ A VUUNC ARMENIAN COUPLE MOVIM) TO A NEW The cart wheels are set tight on the axle, which revolves instead of HOUSE the wheels. i'^\ 1 j3(^'' Jiff \^ w^i'^ "^uiii \m'» ^^H^ Bn^BiYy r^a J ll" ^rW' ' 1 mm i ^^B ''' --.3 ^ rmt mgtm B ' ^^ AN A1;M1:MAN I A.MII.Y, > oNSISITXi, (IF A I A I lli:i:. Si)N, MOTHER. AND SER\ ANT, IN ORDER FROM LEEl' [-V RIGHT The long sleeves of the undergarment are arranged in four different ways. In winter they are used in place of glove.s. The stone pestle and the gourds for water are common in remote districts. — Photo bi/ Ellsworth Huntington. [9.V NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY SCENES FROM EVERY LAND r^ ^m NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY § -g S .E £ '^ -^ ■-5 ^ S j; I J I "'■^ S fc S ^1 o c =s C_ g'E i a; -^^ T3 — 5gS|g^-s .> M rt g -2 m _> g ."S 0) w t3 tC 5 o, c ■§ o fc. " -r g oi S O.J .2 p. iz'Soo.J oj ca n, -e ^ o w S I |H|||s M g g & -S T o O „■ m O Ji " - J3 K rh; -^ m"o 0, § -S -g 5 J= o fe2 S"o >.'5 [!'«] SCENES FROM EVERY LAsHD [ '•'!• ] NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [. 100 ] SCENES FROM EVERY LAND TVATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [ 102 ] ^=^ SCENES F ROM^^^feV E M< '■ ' UA N D [103 1 NAT4£).NAL .GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [ 104 ^ SCENES FROM EVE I^V" LA-ND ^^ (KoWD (IF l'i:i;SIA\ KKVOLUTIONISTS Who, fearing the veiineaiu-f iif tlii' ru.\al troops, took refuge in the British Legation Teheran in 19UG. and insisted on remaining there until the Shah gave them a Parliament. - Photo and Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, New York. [ 10.^ ^ NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY ^^ V NURSE GIRLS IN KORi:.\ ■MKHRY WIDOW" HATS SIX FEET IN CIRCrMKKHKMK the well-to-do young of all classes and by middle-agod women of the hif;her class in Korea. — Photos by J. Z. Moon . I 100 1 ^^^ SCENES FROM EVERY LAND [^x^ ^%\ I BOYS OF HEATHEN SCHOOL. KOREA They use sand boxes in place of slates. In the study of Chinese characters, they make the character in the sand with a stick, then shuffle box and make another character. — Pholo hii David E. Hahn. NAflQNAL- GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY m 5 feci = M [ los 1 SCENES F ROM EV ERY LAND ^^ .m % I mo ^11 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY &bS 1. II" 1 SCENES FROM EVERY LAND 5 £ NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [112] ^=^ SCENES FROM EVERY LAND.:: T?^^ o 1 --ifct^:' w« ^ . 'f^iirj^^^^^^^J^ ^ '-«: * • r'^j ►■■"" S'g l^^ NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY ■Ss^ S M S a ^^ ^ ^ °-=' " i|:> 'it ^^=<] SCENES FROM EVERY ~LAMI>' l^^^ BARGAIN SALE OK JAPANESE CLOtiS AND SANUALS AT A SHOP IN TOKYO The sandals with straw soles cost only a few cents. The padded strap passes between the big toe and the rest of the toes. The wooden clogs, especially useful in muddy or snowy weather, are held in place by similar straps. This very slight attachment to the foot is prac- tically necessary, as all -shoes are removed on entering any temple, shop, or dwelling-house, even the humblest sort.— Photo and Copyright try Imlerwood & I'nderwood. \civ York-. ^?^1 NAfJONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [^x^ A BOUND FOOT. CHINA [IKi] SCENES F ROM EVERY LAND. ^M SHul-,> nl- KI\K Kill A\n .nII.K KM IIKi iI I >I:U ^ A . - U \ LADIKS OF THE UPPER CLASSES IN (ANION Photo and Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, Sew York. [117] ,^^ ^^:|j: NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY 1^;^ [lis: SCENES FROM EVERY iXnD l!! l!.fin!i!l!!i mm^L HI nm m III II »l I iiiiiiii lilii ls« gtl ''a 1 TUli 1 -L-' ^.^> 'tl <^fllH w Ti'i^^^^^^r [iiy; ^ . NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [^=^ [ 120 ] ^x^ SCENES FROM EVERY LAND -^^^ ^ 5 2 I 121 ] NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY ^11 H S [122] ^ SCENES FROM EVJ^RV: jANP \^::^ CHAPEL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY, NORTH CHINA CHAPEL OP" PEKING UNIVERSITY, FACULTY ON PLATFORM. PEKIN(; NORTH CHINA Photos from H. S. Ellioll. 11^3] ■NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY SEEN ON THE STREETS OF SHANGHAI Photo by O. P. Austin. WHEELBARROW CARRYIN(; FREIGHT AND PASSENGER IN SHANGHAI Photo by O. P. Austin. A ■•PUSH-ri Sll' DK INDIA A very common menus ul' tiMvil, tlu' cart being pulled by men for hundreds of miles, while the passen- ger or jiassonfiers are fairly comfortable inside. — Photo by Rev. T. S. Wyncoop. of Allahabad. [124] SCENES FROM EVERY LAN^ I'lTlLS OF A MISSIONARY SCHOOL IN CHINA Photo and Copyright Itij I'lidrrwond X- t'wUrwood. Sew York. NA7F0NAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY (B= li^<; ^^ SCENES FROM fVjiRY- J-ANL) |^x^ II 2; 2-? 3 -^ 0- ■sb M -a ■" ££ i [ 127 ] ^x<] NA-nQNAL GTO SOCIETY [B=^ A BULLOCK CART USED BY LADIES OF RANK IN INDIA CROSSINC A RIVER IN INDIA ON A RAFT OF INFLATED Bl'LLOCK SKINS Photo by Uyidenvood A- Underwood. Xcw York. I 128 ] SCENES FROM EVERY LAND. . [^=^ INDIA OF TO-MORROW Ihindsome school boys of Amritsar at the Golden Temple beside the Hoi; Copyright hij Underwood & Undenvood, New York. Tank.- I'liolo and \ l:i;' 1 ^^^T N AtlgNAlTGEOGRAPHlC SOCIETY [>::^ ^xg] SCENES FROM EV^X^-^fj^r j^^ PROBABLY THE ODDEST SHoKS IN Till'; WoUI.H, l;i:i\(, A II. AT HUH Iv WITH A LARGE KNOB WHICH SLIPS BETWEEN THE FIRST AND SECOND TOES This shoe is worn by the low classes in India. — Photo and Copyright by Underwood & Under- wood. Xew York. [ 131 ] NATlOrJAU GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [ i:5-i ] SCENES FROM EVER.Y LATVfD ^^S 11 It II MS [133: m NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY ^^ S CENES FROM EVE PLY LAND ^^^ [ 135 ] ^^ NATiONAjTcEOCRAPHlC SOCIETY [^x^ SCENES FROM EVERY 'LAND HIMHH) S.\Ais.E CllAlC.MKKS Itinerant snake charmers are met with in all parts of India. They perform clever sleight-of-hand tricks, but their principal attractions are cobras, which they pretend to charm. The snakes, however, have been rendered harmless by the extraction of their fangs. Photo from If ugh M. Smith. Bureau of Fisheries. [137] NATIONAL- GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY SCENES F ROM EV ERY LAND 1>:=^ [ 139 ] ?^S=F--^^=^f^^-= ^=^ NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [^^ -"^jk THE FRUIT WHICH LOOKS LIKE A WATERMELON IS IN REALITY A LEMON Weight, seven and one-half pounds; grown in the State of Tamaulipas. Mexico. — I'hnio from Mr. Russdl H. MUlward. Amcricnn Vice ("omul. Tnmpico. Mexico. [ 140 ] SCENES F ROM E V E RY L, A IS & ^g MAMMOTH OIL OUSHER ON FIRE AT SAN GERONIMO, MEXICO During its fury the flame mounted to heights ranging from 800 to 1,400 feet, measuring forty to seventy-five feet in width and presenting the most .spectacular fire ever witnes.sed in the oil industry. Newspapers could be clearly read at a distance of .seventeen miles, headlines at thirty-three miles, and ships' officers reported that the light w-as visible for more than 100 miles at sea. — Photo from Russell Hastings Milhrard. [141] m^ NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [ u> ] SCENES FROM EVERY LA-ND i 14:? ] ^::S] -JM A TI QtVAL G EOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [^x^ I M-l ] SCENES F ROM E VE R^^ LAl^ R' • [^x^ 5-a °^ = •25^^! S '^ S g c g -< |2 E gJ -•^ -c o S r^ 1^ *" " 2 o I. ^ ° " I ! 11 I NATIONAL QE OGRAPHIC SOCIETY \^^^ c i: 8 i^ 2 l^ Oh ;c >. a; "" M <; 2:1 M O [146] SCENES FROM EVERY LAND S3 > o ^ c to - O C Is o w a -S M-s " g — T3 -S: 3-a S o c O 5 o •" m g _g 5 -B o ^ ^ -S I fc" .S =1 "" t- ■f 2 2*^ hftc [147] NAtlONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY y'i H s « t •5 ta; rt — o o ££ I I I. III O OJ =« ■^^ B c- ^ ^ ^ I " "c j^ ^isi: [148] ^=<] SCENES FROM EVERY LAND (^^B ^-\..-M A FULL-BLOODKH (i\ Kill A I H ,m IIM i.w l tH' \ ri.Mii.i, Ullo 1,A1I TUKSK CKKA'I' STONES, CLI/CO. I'KKl I'hoto hij Mrx. Harriet Chalmers Adains. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY to — 3 — Pi g 3 £ 3 K ^ <" ti -^^ O i^. Li.v.j ^x$] SCENES FROM EVERY LANP' [ i-'i ] NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [i.-,>] ^=<] SCENES FROM EVERY LAND? I ir>3 1 m^ NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [ 154 ] [^x^ SCENES FROM EVERY LANPf 1^^:^ i SAILING ON THE LAKE OF THE CLOUDS, 12,500 FEET The boat and its sail are constructed of reeds.— P/joto by Mrs. Harriet ChalmerK Adams. [ 1-- ] NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY 9^ [1. -,.■,] ^^ SCENES FROM EVERY LAND ;^^ .fi w' — ; — 1^ s mr ' J g r 1 , ;l ^i r i ^ gi 4 1 u. !■§ ^■^9! ~ -"^ ..^i^^MHII^^L i2 » ^■IHI^k 511 ^.^^■iiw^HK. ^IS I^^Hi^gitii -Sl r- .titc ~^^i^^' 1 H w ^ tc a -J -g o !t^^^... '^ - ____^ S 'i< ■E'^:?'^* H i"o [ 157 ] ^:^^^^TO[1^lQr>lAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [^=^ TWKIAK-SIDKI) Sl'oNK I\ OLD INCA WAI.I, IN CUZCO. PERU No mortar was used, yet these walls have stood through the centuries and will outlive the sixteenth century buildings which rise above them. The stones vary in length from one to eight feet, in thickness from six inches to two feet, the larger at the bottom, graduating as they rise. The most remarkable fact concerning these stones is that the quarries were many miles from Cuzco. Without iron or steel to shape them, with no device now known to us to aid in their transportation, these huge rocks were carried great distances by men over steep mountain trails. I'holns Uij Mrs Ihirrhi Chalmcra Adiioin. ^=5l SCENES F ROM EVERY LAND [^x^ SCENES IN While the London "Arriet" sp.'iuls lu-r earnings on her bonnit and Ihe Eastside New- York damsel pines for imitation jewelry, the Chola's petticoats are her pride and wealth. She wears one over the other, each of a different brilliant hue — twenty-five, it is said, being the record. Stately, silent-footed, wearing an expression of great curiosity, the llamas, with their big cousins, the camels, are the only burden-bearers with pride unbroken. They carry their heads with a regal air. In coloring they are black, brown, tan, or white, often wearing a brighter touch in ear ribbons and small ornamental bags hung about the neck.— Photos hij Mrs. Harriet Chalmers Adams. ^^ NA TIONAL G EOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [^x^ Z ita. < 'E SCENES FROM EVERY LAND CLOSE GROUP OF YOUNG KKDWUODS SI Klioi Eleven Sequoias on one-third acre. 6. 5, 5, 8, 7, 5, 6, 7. 3, ing about 240 feet tall. Sequoia National Park, California. of the central tree. — Photo jrom United States Forest Service. NDKIi BY WlinE KIHS ). 4 feet in diameter and measur- Note the man standing at base [Ifil] ^x^ NA TIONAL G EOGRAPHIC SOCIETY ^=^ VERY LARGE CARIBOU STAG, TAKEN IN ROUGH WATER AND ON A DARK DAY CARIBOU STAG WITH SYMMETRICAL HORNS, PHOTOGRAPHED AT EIGHT FEET. NOTE BEAUTIFUL WHITE COLLAR CARRIED BY STAGS ONLY Photos taken in Xcwfoiimlldtid hij George Sliiras. Zd. 1 Ui2 ] SCENES FROM EVERY. LAJ^b' MINK TAKINC ITS OWN PICTURE BY FLASHLIGHT BY rULLI\( STRING BAITED WITH FISH, WHITE FISH RIVER, MICH. Photo by George Shiras, 3rf. KC NATIGNAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY SMALL BAND OF DALL'S SHEEP NEAR THE HEAD OF THE NABESNA. A TRIBUTARY OF THE COPPER RIVER, ALASKA This sheep is slightly smaller than the Rocky Mountain sheep. It has also more slender horns and is pure white in color. They are very keen of vision and depend little upon scent for warning of danger. — Plioto from. F. H. Mofflt. United States Geological Survey. A GREAT BROWN BEAR KILLED ON THE ALASKA PENINSl'LA The unstretched hide of this bear measured eleven feet, four inches from the lip of the nose to the base of the tail. His standing height was five feet. He had a rear foot measuring sixteen and five-eighths inches from the heel to the base of the second toe-nail, and the forepad was eleven and one-half inches broad. He weighed about 800 pounds. A grizzly bear weighs about half as much. The brown bears of Alaska are larger than all other bears except the Polar bear, and similar bears found in Kamchatka. They will doubtless become extinct in Alaska very soon as they are being killed at a rate greatly in excess of their increase. — Photo from George Mixter, 2d. I I'il I ^x<] SCENES FROM EVERY LA^D '-^ A SAPSUCKER MAKING FRESH SAP BASINS IN BARK, WHERE IT ALSO CATCHES FLIES ATTRACTED BY THE SWEET FLUID, JULY 26, 1907 .AH(;E cow moose detecting scent from camera BLIND, RED BROOK CREEK. NEW BRUNSWICK Photos hy George Shiraa, 3d. ^^i NATIDNAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY ii p.§ Z Q -S t^ £ » >!r [ 1«'! ] ^^ SCENES FROM EVERY tANP 1^ J c ^ s > -S s •£ "S ~ ^ NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY ^^^ [168] SCENES FROM EVERY LANDi [^ [169] National geographic society L 17U ] SCENES FROM EVERY L AJV1>! - [^^^ [171] :^m' NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [ iT> ] ^ SCENES FROM EVERY LANi> • [B^ §1 Z O L 173 J ^^ ^^ "national GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [^=^ YOUNG MAN-O'-WAR BIRD AT CLOSE RANGE, CAY VERUE, BAHAMA The man-o'-war or frigate bird has a greater expansion of wing in proportion to the weight of the body than any other bird, and in power of flight is unsurpassed, soaring for hours at a great height, often far out at sea. It lives on flying fish or by robbing the boobies, gulls, and terns. The long, narrow, powerful bill has at the end a horny hook, in appearance and sub- stance like a talon, while the feet, from lack of use, are small and atrophied. The inale is a brilliant black and has a concealed pouch of red skin which, when inflated, resembles a toy ballodn; the female is brownish black with a splotched breast of white. The single young is white with black wings, and always stands erect in the nest. — Photo hi/ George Shiras, 3 ■i'^x^ PARENT BOOBIES COVERING YOUNG FROM DIRECT SUN HEAT OF 130 DEGREES The booby or black gannet is a maritime bird found on both oceans, with a range on the Atlantic coast confined to tropical and sub-tropical America. It inhabits lonely islets and in flight resembles both the cormorant and the gull, but in fishing strikes the water at a low angle, emerging against the wind. The adult has a white breast and the rest of the body is a beautiful soft, dark brown; the young are white at first, shading gradually into gray and the final brown of the parents. The feet are webbed, of yellowish hue, and the odd wedge- shaped bill is a green-yellow or a pink-yellow, according to sex. When approached closely they bow in a dignified manner and manifest great affection for their young. Cay Verde is a small island in the Bahamas of about thirty acres in extent. When Mr. Shiras visited it, in the company of Frank M. Chapman and Alfred G. Mayer, it was the breed- ing place of more than 4.000 boobies and 500 or 600 man-o'-war birds. The booby nest usually contains two eggs which hatch ten days apart. — Photos by George Shiras. 3rf. I n--. ] : m^ NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY NOT DEAD BUT PLAYING POSSUM COYOTE PUPS AT MOUTH OF BREEDING DEN IN WYOMING In some regions successful sheep raising is practically impossible because of the destruc- tive raids of the coyotes. Experiments are being made by the Biological Survey and Forest Service to discover a cheap method of fencing by means of which depredations upon sheep may be prevented. Where the coyotes can be kept away from the sheep they are of great assistance to the ranchman, because of their destruction of rabbits, prairie dogs, and other rodents.— Pholos by Vinh MrCnlm nnd Vcrnnn Bailey. VniU-d Slntis liiolngkal Slurvey. I 17'' 1 ^ SCENES FROM EVERY L AND;- • [^ HUNTING BEARS ON HORSEBACK IN WYOMING The bear seen in this picture was seeking escape from a pack of hounds and terriers which led the chase.— From a photo hy Alan D. Wilson of Philadelphia. [177] i^:^:^1VATl.QNAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [^^ YOUNG FlSH-HAWKS ABOUT TO LEAVE THEIR NEST, GARDINER'S ISLAND. NEW YORK Photos by Frank M. Chapman, and from his hook "Camps and Cruises of an Ornithologist." Copi/ritihlcd. lf)09. />// D. Appkton S- Co. I 178 1 I^x<] SCENES FROM EVERY LAND B^ FISH-HAWK RETURNING TO ITS NEST ON THE SHORE OF GARDINER'S ISLAND, NEW YORK, PHOTOGRAPHED FROM A BLIND THIRTY FEET AWAY I'linto hji Frank- M ('hnprnan, and from his hook "Camps and Cruises oj an Ornilliologisl." Copyrighted. I!t0!t, bii D. Applelon S- Co. [ 17!. 1 ^x<3. "national geographic society THREE ADULT PETREL SHOWING THE GREAT EXPANSK oK TIIK AlMl.l' I'KIKKI.S WINGS While the shores of the Bay of Fundy are the principal nestin{;-places for this bird, Little Duck Island, nine miles south of Northeast Harbor. Mount Desert Island, Maine, certainly does its share as a nursery for the Leach's petrel. Thousands and thousands of these birds return to rear their young where they themselves were hatched. One marvels at the instinct which guides them on a foggy night, from several hundred miles out at sea, to a small spot on the ocean scarcely half a square mile in size, and on a course straighter than any ship could be steered. Upon arrival, each (lies .straight to his own burrow, although there are a hundred next to bis, and to the human eye all look alike. Perhaps it is this same instinct which brings liark the young another year to liuikl their nests, as their ancestors have done, on the cliffs and fields of Little Duck" Island. - I'lioton jrom ArnoUt Wood. I l«lt ) ^ ^x^ SCENES FI\OM EVERY ■L.AND [fe^ YOUNt; FLAMINGO EATING SHELL OP THE EGG FROM WHICH IT WAS HATCHED "The young stay in the nest until they are three or four days old. During this time they are brooded by the parents, one or the other of which is always in attendance. With a bill as large as their nestling's body, it was of special interest to observe how the latter would be fed. The operation is admirably shown in the above picture. What in effect is regurgi- tated clam broth, is taken drop by drop from the tip of the parent's bill. This is the young bird's first meal. His next attempts at eating are of special interest. It will be observed that the bill in a newly hatched flamingo bears small resemblance to the singular, decurved organ of the adult. In the chick the bill is short and straight, with no hint of future curvature; and at this stage of its existence the bird feeds in a manner wholly unlike that employed by the old birds. It picks up its food. The second meal. then, consi.sts of bits of the egg-shell whence the chick has lately emerged. When the bird is about three weeks old the bill first shows signs of convexity, and the bird now feeds after the singular manner of the adult, standing on its head, as it were, the maxilla, or upper half of the bill, being nearly parallel with the ground. Contrary to the rule among bircU, the lower portion of the bill is immovable, but the upper portion, moving rapidly, forces little jets of water from each side of the base of the bill, washing out the sand and the mud through the strainers with which the .sides of the bill are beset, and leaving the shells on which the bird subsists. Or. as Peter expressed it: 'It seems to me. sir. when de fillj-mingo feed dat de upper lip do all de wuk. sir. when he chomp, chomp, chomp, and grabble in de mud.'"— Photo /ly Frank M. Chapman, and from his hook "Camps and Cruises of an Ornilhologtsi:' Copiiright, 1909, by D. Appelton & Co. 181 g^xji ~"n"ationa1. geographic society [g=^ .^;^r^!a. [182] SCENES FROM EVERY LAND ^ i [183] •NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY ilii 1 SCj [184] SCENES FROM EVERY LAND t>x^ h4^\J[^^^^^^ . ' <• '*»^^^^^^^^H WM Sa^^B '' ^"^^^l ^^^H ^HB • ''H^^^**™ ^^ I^m- ^. ^H ■ t'i'; jP ^ y^ ^ ' v'V 1^ ^^^ ^^B>4i' J ii ^^^^ JKiV-'-* ■ f '• K "'^^ i ■ - ^^K- f .^Si y J £ .2 ^ 2 £ 2 ° rt . -^ 2 ^ ^- g ^ E . E ^ O X c w g .§ = ^2 a ^ "O '" o ^ "O '" • -^ - .1 fe £ -S S 5 ci:;^2.!5 E c g cL »■ ~- E O w D3 II 22 g i 'I = i c ° ° 5i £ S- =^ 1 1 1 l^'S ^ ^1 1185] NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [18fi] ^=^ SCENES FROM EVERY LAN^ [187] NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY K. VAN DER AARDE AND ONE OF HIS WINESAP APPLE TREES In the vale of plenty, Yakima, Washington.— Photo from United Stales Reclamation Service. [1R8] ^ SCENES FROM EVERY LARD" f^x^ DATE TREE IN SALT RIVER VALLEY. NEAR MESA. SHOWING THE ENOR- MOUS CROP OF DATES ON ONE TREE. SALT RIVER VALLEY PROJECT. ARIZONA Plioto from Cniled States Reclamation Servirc. [ 189 ] ^p^ N ATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [>:=^ SEEDLESS SULTANA GRAPES GROWN BY IRRIGATION NEAR CARLSBAD. NEW MEXICO The democracy of the irrigated sections always impresses the newcomer. It is due to the small farm, the independence of the owners, and the social equality of the people. Condi- tions compel association and organization in the harvesting and marketing of high-priced products. The narrow provincialism which has marked life where farms are large is not found here. Rural delivery of mails, with daily papers, the county telephone, traveling libraries, centralized schools, and trolley lines to the towns are all serving to bring the desert farmer within the stimul:itin<; currents of the world's thought. One of the most prominent farm editors in Americii nrcnily said : "In thr irrifjatcd West there will be developed in time the most nearly ideal cciiiclilions of rural life ami I hi' lirst types of men and women the world has ever seen." — Phoh, Jnnii I'liilul Shtlrt! i;,,hniialij ./. .1. Douijlu.-i McCurdy. SCENES FROM EVERY LAHJ> j^^ Small round CIRRO-CUMULUS CLOUDS of clouds, usually at an elevation of four or five miles above the earth's surface. These clouds are typical of fair weather. CIRRUS CLOUDS Light. fcuthiTV clouds that float at an elevation of four or five miles aliove the earth's surface. When in' the form of plumes with frayed and torn edges increasing cloudiness and „,i„ «^ c^^,.. „..,. \nA\n,^tr,rl l'li„l,,.- I.,, I'r,,l' \lfrr,l T IllHril I' S, . WldDur HurCUU. Mfrrd J. Ihnnj, V. S. Wmtlur liura [ 1SI5 ] NA510NAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY f % If I I t ^V .w K* Som This cliff on the rope has :i t h( necessary obsiTvati MAHKIN he difficulties of I Imosl llio feet hit;h. uiid affords the only FHE ALASKAN BOUNDARY Kulation. Climbing an almost ;)n his back. This ascent had t( nost vertical clilT by a rope. reach the summit. The man >e made five times b(>fore the jmpk'ted. — Photo hij E. H. Martin. Akiskun Houmlori/ Survey. ^^ SCENES FROM EVERY LANjD g^C-^ This very beautiful flower, commonly called Indian Basket Crass. i;rc>us i of our Northwest coast, from Southern British Columbia to Northern ralilun to Western Montana. The long, tough and lustrous leaves of the plant arr ih. as an overlaying material to make the white patterns of their baskets. It.s b Xerophyllum Tenax, and it is also known by the names of Pine Lily. Bear C. Grass.— Photo by Asahel Curtis. ml "Mstward tin- Indians icul name is and Squaw j^^_ NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [^x^ [l!l.S] ^x^ SCENES FROM EVERY LAN'D D^::^ [ 199 ] ^x^ NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [^^ ELIOT GLACIER, AT NORTHEAST SinK OF MOUNT HOOD Plidlograph taken at base of summit to show the deep crevasses at the limit of the sla Casoade National Fori'st, Ore^Ton. I'holo jnim liiitrd SInlcit FonsI S,rrir,\ I 2m ] SCENES FROM EVERY LAND A YUCCA, SEEN ON THE SLOPES OF MOUNT WILSON. CALIFORNIA In Mount Wilson, Los Angeles and vicinity possess what may be justly termed the greatest pleasure mountain of any populous section of the globe. Towering at an altitude of 6.000 feet above Pasadena, Los Angeles, and the many towns and verdant ranches of San Cabriel ^■alley. this remarkable mountain has gained distinction in the world of scicnti- as th<> lionn- of the largest lens in existence. It is doubtful whether as great a variety of iippialiii'„' \ iiws ran be enjoyed from any other mountain of the world, but it is the wonderful aoccssibility of Mount Wilson to the thousands of beach and valley homes outspread beneath its pine-clad summit and the remarkable climatic and physiographic change possible within half a day that makes it "the magic mountain" in the people's fancy.— Photo by E. B. Gray, Azma. California. NATiOWAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [ 202 SCENES FROM EVERY iLAPiD' [ 203 ] ON THE THAVEKSE UF THE (iREPUN ill one' cif the most difficult climbs among theChamonix Aiguilles. First ascended, in ISSl, l)y A. F. Mummery niintn Itij C. ['. Ahrnlidm. [204] ^ SCENES FROM EVfPLY LA"ND ^^ THE CREST OF SINIOLCHUM IN THE HIMALAYAS. 'ia.Odd FEET Regarded by connoisseurs as the most beautiful of snow pealss- Tellephoto hi/ Vitlorio Sella. [ 205 ] ^:^ " NAtioNAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY [^ T3 O c 2 ;lcton. IXuKl. M.uil cS: Co. Switzerland, Unknown. Victor Tissot. |;inus Pott & Co. Syria and Palestine, lo-day in. W. K. Curns. F. II. Revell. Tibet and Nepal. .\. Henry Savage I.and.n. Macmillan. Tibet and Turlce.stan. Oscar Terry Crosby. Putnam. Tibet, Central Asia and. S\in I Kdiii. Scrib- ner. 2 vols. Tibet, The Opening of; An Account ot' Lbasa and the Country and People of Central Tibet, 1003-1904. Percival Landon. Doubleday, Page & Co. Tibet the Mysterious. Sir 'Thciriias lloldich. V. A. Stokes. Tibet. S^e "Land of the lamas." W . W. Rockhill. Century. Tibet. 5ff" In the Forbidden Land." A. Henry Savage Landor. Harper. Tibetans, Among the. L U. liisjiop. !■ . II. Revell. Touraine, Old. T. A. Cook. Scribner. 2 vols. Travellers, Hints to. Edited by p.. A. Reeves. Royal Geographical Society, London. 2 vols. Tunisia and the Modern Barbary Pirates. Herbert Vivian. Longmans. 'Turk and His Lost Provinces, The. W. F. Curtis. F. H. Revell. Turkestan. J. Schuyler. Sampson, Low. i vols. Turkey Described by Great Writers. Com- piled by Esther Singleton. Dodd, Mead & Co. 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United States: Steps in the Expansion of Our Territory. Oscar P. Austin. Appleton. United States, The Heart of Our Country. E. Murray-Aaron. Geor.re F. Cram. Venezuela and Ctmia. .luicm. in. R. H. Davis. Harper \nierica. Three Gringos Ml. K. H. Davis. Harper. N'enezuela. See "Colombian and Venezuelan Republics." W.L.Scruggs. Little-Brown. Venezuela. W. E. Curtis. Harper. Venice. Painted by M. Menpes. Macmillan. Vienna and the Viennese. Victor 'Tissot. John C. Wmston. N'lkint; Age, The. Paul U. l)u (.■haillu. Scnb- Wales, Highways and Bywa>s in North. A. G. Bradley. Macmillan. Wales, Wild. G. H. Borrow. Scribner. West Indian Neighbors, Our. Frederick A. Ober. James Pott & Co. West Indies, Cruising in the. .Anson Phelps Stokes. Dodd, Mead & Co. West Indies, Round the, and up the Amazon. Richard Arthur. E. P. Dutton. West Indies, Storied. F. Ober. Appleton. West Indies, Two Years in the French. Lafca- dio Hearn. Harper. West Indies. See "The Butterfly lliiiuer in the Carribees." E. 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