SYSTEMIZATION OF THE RUSSIAN VERB CAMBRIDGE UNIVEKSITY PKESS ?ioiU)on: FETTER LANE, E.G. C. F. CLAY, MANAGER 100, PRINCES STREET J3rr in: A. ASHER AND CO. Heists: F. A. BROCKHAUS ett> gork: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS Bombajj anto (fTalrutta: MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD. All rights reserved SYSTEMIZATION OF THE RUSSIAN VERB by W. H. LOWE Rector of Brisley, Norfolk Cambridge : at the University Press 1909 PRESERVATION COPY ADDED ORIGINAL TO BE RETAINED JAN 14 1994 fli Cambridge : PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. TO THE MEMORY OF MY FATHER 1960 PREFACE THE abnormal difficulty of Russian is invariably insisted on whenever that language is mentioned. Certainly it is not one of the easier languages. But the extreme difficulty experienced by persons in acquiring it (other- wise than orally) is, I am inclined to hold, caused by the lack of sufficient and trustworthy information in Grammars and Dictionaries, rather than by the intrinsic difficulty of the language itself. Taking into consideration the number of Moods and Tenses there are in Greek, and the few there are in Russian, one would be inclined to say that the Greek verb is more difficult than the Russian. But, then, the former has been thoroughly investigated. Where, one would like to know, would scholars be now, if instead of ransacking the treasures of classical literature they were still groping about after the TTTco^a aroi^la of the Greek verb ! Why, then, should students of Russian be so hampered ? The three chief difficulties in the accidence of the Russian verb are : First, how to determine the conjugation. Thus brosdt' to throw, pisdt' to write, and sosd t' to suck, are three infinitives, all dissyllabic, and ending in dt', who, then, could divine that they are conjugated all differently, viz. brosdyu, brosdyet etc., pishu, pishet etc., sosu, sosyot ? Secondly, there is that difficulty peculiar to the verb of the Slavonic languages, viz. the determination of the "Aspect," that is the speaker's mental point of view with regard to the completeness or incompleteness of the action. Thirdly, in many verbs there is a difficulty in knowing the form, or forms, taken by the Imperative Mood. Vlll The object of the following pages is to examine into the formation of the Russian verb, with a view to laying down rules for determining these three points. In carrying out these investigations I owe much to my Russian friends, who have kindly supplied me with many facts, and verified others for me. But I must say, that from the very beginning of my labours to almost the end I have received from them but little encouragement. They seem to have thought that because the verb had not been systematized, therefore it could have no system. They never failed to din into my ears the fallacy, that the Russian verb, indeed the whole language, was as absolutely without order as were the people of Russia, when the inhabitants of Kiev sent to invite Ryiirik to come and rule over them. But I did not believe them. I felt convinced that the verb of a language written to such effect by Pushkin, Turgenev, Gogol', Tolstdi and others, could not possibly be so lawless as it was reputed to be. So remembering Columbus, and the discouragement he endured in pursuing what we know now to have been a certainty, I held obstinately on my course until at last I touched land. In so wide a field of investigation I cannot hope to have avoided mistakes and omissions, but I can honestly affirm that I have not willingly or wittingly shirked any difficulty, nor have I perverted facts to fit in with preconceived opinions. On the contrary I have formed, and then rejected, theory after theory, when I found them to be inconsistent with facts. Indeed every rule that I have given for deciding the Aspect is the result of examining each verb, and, in the case of compounds, each verb with every possible prefix, over and over again, until I arrived at incontrovertible facts. And with facts I have contented myself. Theories, as to the reason why one compound verb is Perfective, and another Imperfective, may perhaps some day be deduced from a comprehensive consideration of these facts. Meanwhile all I claim to have done is to have made it possible for the unaided student to decide for himself the Conjugation, Aspect, and Imperative Mood of almost any Russian verb he may meet with. Without this knowledge, IX though he might read Russian, and understand the general meaning, he would lose altogether the peculiar nuances of the language, and certainly be unable to write a single sentence correctly. As a pioneer I cannot hope to have produced a work perfect in any respect. I therefore throw myself upon the indulgence of the critics, and frankly invite corrections and suggestions. But it must not be forgotten that, as a literary language, Russian is still in its youth, so that forms have not yet become stereotyped, and that therefore there may sometimes be a reasonable doubt as to the propriety of using some form or other in some particular sense. I am exceedingly indebted to Professor N. Orloff, M.A., for not only helping me to read the proof sheets, but also for looking through my MS. before going to press. W. H. L. BRISLEY RECTORY, 1909. CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGES I. Conjugations ... ..... xiii-xvi II. The Apocopate Preterite xvi III. Euphonic Ji and Mutation of Consonants . . xvii-xviii IV. Formation of Participles and Gerunds . . xviii-xix V. When to use Cfl, when CL . . . . . xix-xx VI. The Accent xx-xxii VII. Formation of the Imperative .... xxii-xxiii VIII. How to determine the Conjugation of a Russian Verb ......... xxiv-xxv IX. Aspects (Definitions of) ..... xxv-xxvi X. Formation of Iterative ...... xxvi-xxvii XI. Formation of Compound N and F xxvii-xxix XII. Formation of F Aspect in -HVTB . . . xxix-xxx XIII. Coincident It. Forms xxx XIV. Prefixes (their chief Meanings) .... xxx-xxxii XV. Weak Prefixes ....... xxxiii XVI. Some Imperfectives, which might be mistaken for Perfectives xxxiii-xxxiv XVII. How to determine whether a Verb is N or F . xxxiv-xxxix XVIII. Double Prefixes xxxix Table I. Some 975 Simple Verbs Conjugated ; with their Chief Compounds .... 1-53 Table II. Some Verbs used only in Composition . . 54-59 Table III. Compounds of -HHMai'L, -HHTB, &c. . . 60-62 CORRIGENDA PAGE COL. 15 4 For jKiurf read at MB. 23 1 *jH3*TB. Dele *. 28 1 and 3 For *iiaji;TB, -K), &c. read ^n^^ait, -aro, &c. 7 -^or na^TL read -na^TL. 31 4 ^or nofi read noi. 35 4 For pyinri reow? None. 6 Add paspfuiL, napfinn. 39 1 ^cnac^TL Dele *. This verb should probably have been placed in Table II. OF THE UNIVERSITY . - OF R^ CHAPTER I THE CONJUGATIONS ALL verbs take either e or IT as the conjugating vowel of the Present form 1 . These two conjugations suffice for Russians, but for foreigners several subdivisions are necessary. I conjugation has Infinitive in -axB, -f/rB, -STL, or -yxB (not -HJTL). It retains the vowel of the Infinitive, in the Present, and adds the terminations -10, -ex?>, -rorB, as: pa66xa|xB, pa66xaio, ^xaext, -dxaiox*. Similarly HMii|xB, pOHfl|xB, ji;y|xB. 1/2 conjugation drops the whole Infinitive termination -flXB, leaving a vowel-ending stem, and adds the terminations -10, -exT, -lOTt, as: cij|flTb, C'fcio, ctexT., ctiOTTb. Iy conjugation drops the vowel of the Infinitive termination, leaving a consonantal stem, which is modified when necessary (in accordance with Chap. iii). The terminations are -y, -exi., -yTi>, as : HCKO'TB, Jimf , rfmeTt, rfmyTt. Obs. 1. To this conjugation belong such monosyllables as BpaiB, The two following are slightly irregular : jraTB, jiry, jUKeii., Jiryxi). CJiaTB, IDJIK), UIJie'Tt, ffljnOTT,. Obs. 2. To this conjugation belong all verbs in -nyxB. i ]? orm " no t tense " because Present form in F Aspect has a Future meaning. XIV Obs. 3. If the characteristic letter be M or n, then euphonic ji is introduced, and the terminations are -16, -eii, -IOTI., as : ji,peMaTb, ji;peMJii6, .upe'MJieT'B, .HP^MJUOTB. Dissyllables with two o's belong to this subdivision, as : noJi6TL, nojiio, n6jreTi,, n6jnoTt. II conjugation has Infinitive in -HTB. (1) If, when -HTB is dropped, the stem ends in a vowel, Ji, H, or p, the terminations are -K), -HTT>, -art, as: no|rfxB, now, n6iiT r B, n6fli"B ; CTp6|nTB, cip6io, CTp6in"B, CTp6flT'B. Similarly xBaji|rfTB, HHH|rfiB, roBOp|ifTB. (2) If the stem ends in 6, B, M, or n, then ji is introduced, but not before n of the Present, and Imperative, or a of the Present, as : jno6jii6, jnoGin-B, jn66jrn>. Similarly 1 M6jiBHTB, (3) After the (in this connection) immutable consonants JK, H, in, HI,, the terminations are -y, -HTB, -axt, as : cjiyairixB, -atf, -f IKHTT., -fmaiT,. Similarly 1 3HdMHTB, cntmrfiB, coo6ni,JiTB. (4) After any other consonant the terminations are -y, -HTI, -HT"b, with the necessary mutation of consonant, as : rpysriiB, rpyatf , II fi is like II, only that the Infinitive ends in -aiB, -ijTB, or -HTB. Thus: (1) opiiTB, Plough, 6pro, 6pnrB, 6paTT>; spiiB, apro, apflTi.; 6oflTBCH, 6oi6cB, (2) rpeM^TB, -MJii6, - (3) jrejK^TB, -atf, - (4) CHAtTB, -ffif , -^IIT-B, -^HT-B. OBSERVATIONS. A. The third plural terminations -yra, -K)Ti> correspond with the conjugational vowel e ; but -JITT, and -aii> with H. Except in three verbs, viz. : (1) 6 r fejK^TB, 6i>rf, CiatrfiiiB, 6'fejK^Ti>, 6^X^11%, 6f.atrf r (2) xoxfiTB, xo^f, x6nefflB, x6iei'B, XOTJIMI, XOT^TB, (3) The plural Future of -jijaTB, To give, is The ictus, however, is so strong in Russian, that the vowel of an unaccerituated syllable becomes obscure, and therefore unaccentuated 1 The accent is treated separately, Chap. vi. XV -RTb may be written -IOTI,, as CTpoiOTi (locally), and especially for the sake of distinction, as 0161011,, They are worth, Hecx6K>m,iif, Unworthy, but CTOflTi,, They stand. B. Characteristic p takes y in I, K) in II : opxB, To bawl, opf (I), op^XB, To plough, 6pio (II). Ill conjugation has Infinitive in -osaxB, and -esaxB (never paroxyton). It changes -OBaxB, and -esaxB (after H or in) into -yio, -yexx,, -yrox'B, as : pdflOBaxB, pdiyio, pa'flyex'B, pa'.nyiox'B. Similarly KOHCB^XB, xfuiesaxB. But -esaxB after a vowel, Ji, H, or p, into -IOK>, -roex'B, - as : BoesaxB, BOI&IO, BOi&exT,, BO^IOX'B. Similarly mieBaxB, IV conjugation consists chiefly of monosyllabic Infinitives, and archaic Infinitives in if, with a few Infinitives which have two e's and one with two o's. They may be classed as follows : (1) Infinitives with characteristic CT, flT (TT, T), which in the Present form is K, as BecTrf, serf, Be^eii,, seji;ri, Beji-B, Bejirf, or T, as Mecxri, Meif , MexeTT*, -xtf, Me'jii,, Mej6. (2) Infinitives with ex, sx which have respectively c, and 3 in Present form, and lose ji in masc. sing. Pret., as : seaxrf, seaf , ; cnacx^ (F), cnacf , -cex'B, -cit, cnaci,, At least one verb retains ex, viz.: pacxrf, pacxf, -cxexi,, -cxrf, poci, (3) Two verbs in which the ex of Infinitive becomes 6 in the Present, and which lose Ji in the masc. sing. Pret., viz. : rpecxri, rpe6f, -ftex^, -6ri, rpedi), rpe6jiii ; CKpecxB, CKpe6f, -6exT>, -6it, cKpe^i,, CKpe6.nri. (4) Infinitives in -^IB, which lose Ji in masc. sing. Pret., and in Present have -rf , -mex-B, as : Gepe^B, -erf, -eatexi,, -erri, 6eperi,, 6eperjiri ; or -Kf , -HCXT,, as : BJIB^B, BJieKf, -enexx., -Krf, N.B. xoji6nB loses the second o in Present and Imperative, while 6epeMB becomes 6pe^B in composition with He, and nepexB becomes npaxB in composition with no. XVI (5) Monosyllabic Infinitives which take M or H in Present, as : queeze, atny, atMeii,, JKMH, , Mow, amy, ame, JKHH, (6) Infinitives beginning with two or three consonants, which take a vowel before the characteristic consonant in Present, as : 6paTB, 6epf, 6eperB, 6eptf, 6pajn>; jjpaiB, ,nepf, ^epei-b, flepif, ^pajit; CTjiaTB, CT6Jii&, cie'jieT'B, ciejitf, cxjiajit. (7) Dissyllabic Infinitives in -TB with two e's, the 1st of which they lose in the Present, and ji in the masc. sing. Pret., as : MepdxB, Mpy, MperB, Mpn, fMepi., ynepjid. (8) Monosyllabic Infinitives with Present stem ending in a vowel, or B, as: MBITL, n6io, M6eT-L, MOH, MBIJII,; CHTL, 6Bio, 6Bei'B, 6e8, 6nji'B. (9) Monosyllabic Infinitives which take B in Present, as : JKHTB, atiifif, JKHBe'T'B, JKHfirf, mnji-B ; and one with #: 6BITB (F), CHAPTER II APOCOPATED PRETERITE WHEN the ji is dropped in the masc. sing., the Preterite is called apocopated. Besides Verbs IV (2), (3), (4), (7), many verbs (in -HyiB) have apoc. Pret. 1. None in -nfxB have apoc. Pret. 2. Not all in -HVTB have apoc. Pret. 3. More compounds than simples have apoc. Pret. Thus flBrfHyji'B, but Boa^B^ri.; BrfcHyjn., but nofirfci. ; nfxHyjii, but pacnf xi ; and plural nf XJIH. (a) cxBinyTB makes Pret. CTBiHyji'B, but in composition it takes Pret. from CTBITB, as sacTBi.i'B. (b) oum6[rfTBCJi makes omH6cji, plural omrf6jnici>. The other compounds of -111116 tfiB (pp. xxv and 59) have also apoc. Pret. ort "V ^-BflHyxB has Pret. thus, " yBfljii> a 6e3T> cna," Lyermontov, and fern. "p6aa ne yBflJia," Dmitriev, but pastpartic. "yB^iiyBmee n6jie," Pushkin. (c) Sometimes for the sake of the metre the longer form is used in poetry, as: "Kaeniii CTHXnyjiTj," Lyermontov, whereas the general form in use is as in Biixepi CTIIXTE.. xvn CHAPTER III (A) USE OF EUPHONIC JT, AND (B) MUTATION OF CONSONANTS (A) THE following examples will show that though the use of euphonic ji follows definite rules, those rules are eccentric. 1. Whereas euphonic Ji is rejected before & of the 3rd plur., as: jr^flTt ; it is retained in the Infin., as : iVEimixb ; HCXOMJiHXb. 2. Whereas it is omitted before H of the Present and Imperative of the II conjugation, as : ocxaH6BHXCfl, jno6n ; it is retained before H of Imperative of ly, and in the It. form of both conjugations, as: jjpeMJirf, jjpe'MiiiBaxb, ocxana'BJiHBaxb (N). 3. Whereas it is inserted before e in the II conjugation after B, as nocxaBJieHHHH ; it is omitted before B in ly, and in IV, as (B) As in the language generally, so in the verb, the general rule is to soften a hard consonant before y, e, and a. But the manner of softening is not quite uniform. Since only ly, and II (H/3), and some IV have consonantal stems, it follows that these are the only conjugations in which mutation of consonants can take place. Characteristic consonant of Infinitive r In I y (nearly obsolete) becomes -aty, -atex-b, as : 6pti3raxb, (6pbi3aty), 6pbi3aiex r b. But in IV from Infin. in -*ib we have 6eperf , 6epeaiexi> and airy, atatexi; also in ly jiry, JUKe'Tb. K In ly becomes -aty, -JKe'fb, as : rjio^Tb, rjioatf , In II, II /3 -aty, -fluxi., as : xo^nxb, xoatf, x6,a,iix'b. atji, Remains unchanged as in ataaiji.axb and at,naxb. 3 In ly becomes -aty, -atexi,, as : Basaxb, Bjiaif , In II y becomes -aty, -3HXi>, as : pasnxb, paaif, CK In ly is changed into m( = ni T i), as : miecK&rb, XV111 c In Iy becomes in, as: niica"TB, niniif, nrfmeTt. But in cocdiB it remains unchanged. In II and 11(3 it is always -my, -CHTB, as: npocrfTB, npoinf, np6cHTt. T (pure) In Iy becomes -iy, -qexi,, as: npjfoaTB, npfoy, npaieTi,. In II and lift -qy, -THTX., as: inyTifaB, myif, uifxHT-B. But HTHTB makes gi HT In Iy becomes -im or -nm,, as: uieni^TB, me'iif exx. ; ponxa'TB, ponm,f, p6nin,eT'B. CT In 1/3 -my, -mex-B, as : XJIGCT^TB, xjiemif, xjidmexi. In II and lift -in,y, -CTHTT,, as: npocTrfxB, npoinf, XT In Iy becomes -XH, as : KJIOXT^TB, x In Iy becomes ni, as : nax&TB, nainf, niinieT'B. In one verb, -fexaTB, it becomes fl, i^y, i. CHAPTER IV PARTICIPLES AND GERUNDS PARTICIPLES are declinable ; Gerunds are indeclinable. Not all possible forms of Participles and Gerunds are formed from all verbs. It is a matter of usage. ACTIVE AND NEUTER. Present Participle may be formed from the 3rd pers. plur. Present by changing -T'B into -m,iii, as : cnflTT., cnaiiufi, Sleeping, Similarly BCTp-feiaioHUH, SKHsf ni,if[, cooTBtTCTByjoiiuii. Present Gerund may be formed from the same person by changing -flT'B, -yTi, -TOT-B into -fl, as : BCTp-feia'fl, JKHBH, CH^H, cna, but -axt into a, as : MOJna", In silence. [There is also an archaic gerund in -y*iH and -ro^H, as : Past Participle is formed from the Preterite by changing - into -BUiift, as : C'tjiJi'B, ciftBmit. Past Gerund by changing -JIT, into -BT. or -BIIIH, as : XIX Obs. When the Pret. is apocopate, the final T> is changed into -mill, as : poet, pocmifr. But BejiT,, BejjiiiiFi ; meat, uie^uiift ; HE-kit, ijE-feTinifi; najrb, PASSIVE PARTICIPLES. Present Participle Passive happens 1 to be identical with the 1st person plur. Pres. Act., with the mere substitution of the adjectival terminations -nii, -aa, -oe, &c. for i>, as : ^irrdeMHH, that which is readf'tfnRmiuu, that which is seen. Obs. Present Part. Pass, is formed only from active transitive verbs; except two, 6HB^eMHH, which takes place; o6iiT^eMLiS, which is inhabited 2 . Past Participles Passive may be formed from N or F Aspect, and end in -HHHH, or THH, as: nfrnyTHft (F), and nfraHHtiif (N); 6ponieHHHil (F); jjepraHHtni (N), jjepnyTLiM (F); naJie'HHHH (N). Obs. 1. Present Participle Passive is used with the present gerund, as : 6f,ny i ni XBdjiiiMt, On being praised. Obs. 2. Past Participle Passive is used with past gerund, as : dtiBt XBaJie'Ht (or noxBajieHi), On having been praised. Obs. 3. The verb 6HTB has the only Future participle in the language, viz. 6f jiiymiH, Which is about to be ; others are formed by periphrasis, by means of HMtiomiH (txaTL, noJiy^HTt, 6HTt napa- &C.). CHAPTER V WHEN TO WRITE ca, WHEN ct THESE are abbreviations of ce6fl. Ca is written (1) after L and it, as : xBaji^TLca, xBa'jniiiiLCfl, 6p6cLCfl, BiiKynailcfl. (2) Arid is sometimes put after H of Imperative, as : Ch. SI. for 1 By a coincidence it is the same in Greek rvTrro/tuv, TV7rTo//,i/-o9. 2 06nTaTb in Intrans. like Fr. "demeurer," not Trans, like Engl. inhabit." XX (3) It always replaces i, in the Present form, and Pret. ; and is used with all forms of the Participle, as: MBI XB&tHMCfl, fl nox- Ba.iHJiCfl ; CMOTptBiiiiiiCfl He who was contemplating himself (in a mirror) (Norn. sing, masc.) ; noiuarafBiiiieca Which tottered (Nom. plur. masc.); IIOCTH mil MUCH By those who are fasting (Inst. plur. com.). CL is used (1) after a vowel, as: noxBajirijiiiCB, He xBajirfcB, noKaTnecB, o6o,npiicB, MOJII&CB. (2) After all gerunds, as : CMyracB, KOJiBixa'flCB. Obs. In poetry -ca is often used with the gerund, for the sake of the metre. CHAPTER VI THE ACCENT 1 (CHIEFLY) IN THE PRESENT FORM THE accent is either Fixed, Shifting, or Optional. (A) The Fixed Accent. (1) Throughout the whole (simple) verb in I and I/?; in II and III when the Infinitive is not oxyton, the accent remains fixed on the same syllable as in the Infinitive, as: pa66TaeTi>, (2) Trisyllables of III conjugation oxyton in Infinitive are paroxyton 2 throughout the Present, as : BOGB&TB, BOIOIO. (3) Dissyllables of III conjugation oxyton 2 in Infinitive are oxyton in Present, as : KOBO'TB, KJI&, Kye'Ti. Exceptions. One ^HeB^TB is par ox. in the Present, viz. JJHI&K), ftHroerB; and two COB^TB, njieB^TB have the optional accent in the 1st person cfro, HJII&K). (B) The Shifting Accent. By shifting accent (Sh.) is meant that the verb is oxyton in Infinitive, and 1st pers. sing. Present ; but par oxyton in the other persons of the Present. 1 For the contents of this chapter I am indebted in great part to Grothe's <})iiJio.iorimecKm pasBiCKamfl. Not being a Russian, I dis- claim any independent knowledge of the subject. 2 When using the words oxyton^ parox., proparox., the final e of the second pers. plur. is not counted. XXI (1) All dissyllables of Iy (oxyton in Infinitive), which soften the characteristic letter, or take euphonic i, have the shifting accent, as: HCK&TB, nmf, ^meit, flpena'TB, flpeMJii&, flpe'Mjrerb. (2) A few dissyllables are paroxyton throughout the Present, viz. ci6Hy, t6pe'iny, and the archaic (or uncommon) forms fiHy, tcTpdawy, txp^Mjiro, 366.110, 3Bi6jno, srfa^y. Also one of the II conjugation, op^Tt, Plough-, 6pro, 6pin"B; 6pn, 6pirre; opa'ji'B, opdjin. (3) Two compounds which do not occur in the simple have the shifting accent: o6MaHf, o6Ma"He r r'B (F), noMHnf, noMflHCTB (F). The only verb in -HB which has shifting accent is Morf , M6aceT'b. (4) Trisyllables of Iy conjugation which are oxyton in the Infinitive have the shifting accent, as : XOXOT^TB, -o^f , -6HerB. Kojie6jno is paroxyton throughout the Present, and possibly also mutiny. (C) Accent of the II conjugation. (1) About 50 dissyllables in -rfiB have the shifting accent, as : BOJI^TB, B05ftf, BOtfim. N.B. These verbs are for the most part primitives. Moreover, of these 50 verbs, 22 have o in the first syllable, some 14 have y, leaving only about 14 to be divided among the other vowels. (2) About 50 dissyllables in -rixB have the optional accent (but not in the 1st person), as : rac^TL, raiuf, (preferably) r^cirrb. N.B. These are for the most part denominatives. Of them 7 have o, and 17 have y in the first syllable. (3) Of dissyllables on II J3 conjugation, only 5 have the shifting accent, viz. BepitTt, ^epm^TB, CMOip-fm,, ^Hin^TL, TepniiTB. Of these one admits of the optional accent, viz. Be'pTHT'B. (4) There are scarcely more than 20 trisyllables in -rfiB. Of these 12 have the shifting accent, and of these 12 there are 7 which admit of the optional accent, especially in composition, viz. ropo,nri TB, SOIOT^TB, KOpOTilTB, T6pe6^TB, ineB6JI^TB, 06-JTOKOTrfTBCfl, CTaHOB^TBCfl. (D) The following rules are without exception. (1) BBI as prefix of the F Aspect is accentuated. (2) Third plurals in -JHOT-B or -piox-B are not accentuated on this syllable. (3) In the first three conjugations (with subdivisions) the Preterite of simple verbs follows the accent of the Infinitive, as f This sign is used to mark those verbs which have (or have had) two forms of Present, I and Iy. XX11 (E) A prefix, or a suffix, often changes the position of the accent. Thus: (1) Ca^irrb, but caflrfTCfl. (2) -jr6jKHTi> when compounded with no, npn, upo, &c. ; but with suffix without prefix jroatrficfl. (3) Ciy.nrfT'b, but when compounded with npo Cfl it is npo- (4) ^HHrfib, Repair, when simple, always shifts the accent, but ) always keeps the accent on the last syllable. (6) HojiyH^TL shifts the accent, but pasjiynrfTb has the optional accent. The future of npucjia'Tb is sometimes pronounced nprimjieT'L, according to Grothe. (7) So strong is the effect of some prefixes that they affect the accent even in the Infinitive mood, as BHC^TL, but (F) Effect of the accent on the meaning. Some verbs change their meaning according to the position of the accent, as : 6jraroB'fecTiiTL, Ring the bell (for church service) ; 6jiaroB r fecTriTL, Preach the gospel; Kp^CTiirb and Kpe'cTHTCfl when speaking of Making the sign of the cross, but KpecTltTi), KpecxfiTCfl when referring to Baptizing; K6cHTi>, Cuts grass; KOC^Tt, Squints. Some are quite separate verbs, as: ndxHyib and CHAPTER VII FORMATION OF THE IMPERATIVE THERE are three classes. (A) Those which are regular, viz. verbs of all the conjugations except ly, and II not oxyton. Thus I, II and II/3 oxyton, and III follow the accent of the Infinitive, as : pa66TaTL, -dxafi ; IIM^TB, Hiril; 5Kaji,HniaTi>, jKajuni^afi; BoeBdit, Bot&ii ; ctTOBait, c-fjxyii; norfxb, nori ; sy^ib, ayflri (but ,a,orfTb, (pi.) j^Kie); while verbs 1/8, whether oxy. or parox. in Infinitive have the accent on the root- vowel in the Imperative, as: CMf,flTbCfl, CMiulcfl ; naflTb, Haiixe (pL); and verbs IV follow the accent of the Present form, viz. those in -f take -if, as 6epf , 6epri ; in -y take -b, as 6fny (F), 6y^b (but jniry xxm makes jumi,, or jmrB 1 , the only Imperative with the hard sign); those in -K) impure take -IT, as TOHI&, ronrf ; in -ro pure, it, as M6io, MOH; while -BK> becomes -eft, as 6BH), 6efi. (B) Those which are in the main regular: this class consists of verbs of Iy, making Imperative in ri, n, or L. (a) Some 30 (simples) which have Infin. oxyton, and the shifting accent in the Present, have the accent of the Infin. in the Imperative, as 6opMOTa"TB, 6opMOitf ; so too 6pexdxb and KOJILIX^TL (see YI. B 4) make -IHH. Obs. Those which take euphonic ji retain it before A or \\, as : KJienjirf, Tpemrri, ^peMJi^, KOJie^jiPi. (6) Of verbs wliich are (or were formerly) conjugated in I and Iy conjugations, the majority have an Imperative in -aft, and some have two forms, as: ^BftraTt, .HBHraft; KanaiB, itdnaft ; Ky,i,axTaTB, Meidft and Meiri ; njrecKaiB, miecKaTi and (c) Dissyllable par >oxy 'tons , which are not also conjugated in I, mostly end in B preceded by the modified consonant, as: KJIHIB and KJiriKaii; MaaaiB, MaaiB; npaxaTB, npa^B (d) Oxytons in -nyTB make Imperative in ri, as : ^aBnf TB, MaxnfiB, Maxuri. Paroxytons mostly make Imperative in unaccentuated H, as : ia"xHyTB, I^XHH; np^rnyTB, nptirHii ; M6KHyTB, M6KHH. (e) But a few paroxytons take B, as : OKriHyTB, OK^HB ; KJii6HyTB, KJIIOHB; npanyTB, np^HB; cfnyiB, cyHB; pHHyiB, PHHB; Tp6Hyi&, TPOHB; xjitlnyTB, XJIBIHB. (C) This class consists of verbs II not oxyton, making Imperative in B or H. (a) Of some 65 such simple verbs, about 40 have Imperative in B, as : ndpiiTB, napB. (b) About a dozen in H unaccentuated, as: ii6MHHTB, n6MHii; 1 I have met with the word only in Nikitin's ^Kena" viz. "JlflrB, ycHri, ji,py3K6KT>." XXIV CHAPTER VIII HOW TO DETERMINE THE CONJUGATION OF A RUSSIAN VERB (1) OP I conjugation are all Iteratives and compound N's (except two or three mentioned Chap, xi, ft 2); verbs in -6aTb as xjie6axB, and xjifl6axB, Wriggle (but KOJie6aTb is Iy); in -rari> (but 6pBiaraxB and flBriraxBt); most in -,naxB (but rofldxB Iy, and cxpa- ; in -jKflaxB as HyjK,naxBCfl and POJK^TL (but atda^axB and are Iy); in -psaxB as .nepadxB, xepaa^B; some 50 simples in -KaxB (but CKaK^XB, njiaKaxB Iy, H), and ajiKaxB formerly made a\iry, now ajiKdio; in -cKaxB (but HCKdxB, luecK&rB, nojiocKdxB are Iy, m); in -jiaxB and -MaxB (but .upeMaxB is Iy); in -naxB and -naxB (but ; and xpenaxB, menaxB, mmiaxB are Iy); in -paxB as nrp^xB, MapdxB; in -caxB (but HHC^XB, xeca"xi>, njincaxB, necdxB are Iy, in, and cocaxB retains c); dissyllables in -xaxb pure (but MexdxB is Iy, ^); three in -xaxB impure, 6ojixaxB, MenxdxB, BepcxaxB (but 6jnicx^XBf); I too are pa66xaxB, ne^iaxaxB, KOpox^ixB (but most other dissyllables and trisyllables in -xaxi> are Iy); verbs in -xaxB as 6jiaroyxdxB, 6fxaxB, HioxaxB, mejinxaxB (most others are Iy, in); those in -naxB which are I are either denominatives, as BejiHMaxB, or N Aspect of compounds, as Bcxptiaxb ; all in -Hii^axB; some half- dozen in -maxB ; most of those in -maxB ; all neuters in -ixB derived from adjectives, also BJiaj^xB, roB-fexB, rp-fexB, MJI^XB, noxtxB, nptxB, and CM^XB ; in -HXB impure ; of those in -HXB pure, rather more than half are 1/3, the rest are I (except 6oflXBCH, CXOJIXB, 6a"flXB, which are II/3). N.B. Two verbs in -BaxB drop this syllable in the Present form, cxafidxB, cxai6 ; A^B^XB, ,nai&. (2) Of conjugation Iy (besides those mentioned in the preceding section) are pmaxB, peB^xB; naxdxB, nuxaxB, KOJiBixdxi, (in), and MaxdxB (ra)t; also BpaxB, at;i,axB, psaxB, atpaxB; all verbs in -OXB, and -nyxB ; and opdxB, opf , Bawl ; verbs in -aaxB pure ; trisyllables in -xaxB, especially onomatopoeia. XXV (3) Of conjugation II are all verbs in -nib except omn6[rfTbCH, -6eTCfl ; and a few monosyllables such as CniTb which are IV. Other compounds of -ran6[riTb are II, viz. oT, noji;, c, y, 3a, npii, nepe. (4) Of conjugation II /? are about 30 verbs in -i5Tb ; about nine in -Haib; about half-a-dozen in -ataxb ; two or three in -in,aTb; three in -flTb ( 1 fin.); also ro^TL, flbimdTb, and cnaxb; xorfcib is I y in sing, (i), and II/2 in plur. (5) Of verbs in -xaib, besides those which are I and Iy, is 4xaib, *^y, iaerb. (6) Verbs III and IV, see Chap. i. CHAPTER IX THE ASPECTS THE Aspect is a peculiarity of the Slavonian languages. It defines the degree of completion or non-completion of the act. The Aspects are essentially only four, viz. Iterative, Imperfective, Perfective, and Semelfactive or Unitive. (1) The Iterative denotes that the action has taken place several times, as OH'b xdaiiiBaJH) He used to walk 1 . N.B. The Iterative proper is used only in the Past tense. But some Iterative forms are also Imperfective in meaning, in which case they may be used in the Present tense, as aac^aHia 6biBdK>T r b no iuiTHnn,aM r b Meetings are held on Fridays. (2) The Imperfective (N) denotes that the action has not altogether ceased, or will not have ceased, at the time of speaking, as BO Bpe"Mfl nporfjiOK'b KOi6pBia a coBepma'ji'b Kdm^Bifi .neHb... During the walks which I have taken every day...; a. 6f&y imca^rb / shall be writing. KB. The future of the Imperfective is formed with the auxiliary, and may be used even when the N is compound, as a 6f ,ny sacxerHBaTb / shall button up (e.g. my uniform). (3) The Perfective (F) denotes that the action is quite complete, or will definitely cease, or in the case of Inchoatives (mostly compounded with aa-) that the action has been, or will be, definitely 1 Dearth of Tenses in Russian is to a considerable extent made up for by wealth of Aspects. XXVI begun, as OHT, piliiirfji'i, He decided, a naniiinf 7 shall finish writing, a. 3anrp-K) (-Jit>) / shall begin (have begun) playing. (4) The Unitive (U) denotes that the action has taken, or will take, place once and that rapidly, as & cifKHyju. 7 gave a knock, a cif KHy 7 shall have given a knock. N.B. The Present form of F and U has a Future meaning, because to the eye of the mind the future act is already present. These Aspects have no Present tense. SIMPLE VERBS May have all four Aspects, but never more than three in one verb : thus 6pa"cbiBaTb (It.), 6poca"Tb (N), 6p6cHTb (F) ; BepiiTi, (N), (U). COMPOUND VERBS Can have only two Aspects, N and F. But they may possibly have more than one form of these, e.g. N F ) Jtemove J though as a matter of fact, when one form of the compound N is in use, the other is superfluous. Obs. The verbs Boatfxb, BO^TL, nociiTb, XOJI^TL, IGJK^TB, CTOHTB may be termed "Indefinites," since in composition they are some- times N and sometimes F. See Chap, xvii, (B), (8). CHAPTER X FORMATION OF THE ITERATIVE (1) VERBS of I conjugation in -aTL, and verbs of Iy form Iterative by changing -ait or -OTB into -HBaxL. Accentuated o generally becomes a, and the characteristic consonant of the Infinitive usually remains unchanged, as HirrdTB, H^TBiBaTb; KOJIOTb, KaJTblBaTb. (2) Dissyllable Iteratives (or pro-Iteratives, Chap, xi, 1) are oxyton, and thus formed, psaxb, -pbiBa'Tb ; .nyib, - XXV11 (3) After r, JK, K, CK, HK, H, in, in,, x, and H (from na), and ji (radical or euphonic) BI becomes H, as 6traTB, 6'fcriiBaTi>; MlmaTB, MtHHBaTB; BaJIflTB, Ba\HHBaTB ; ApeM&Tb, flpe'MJIHBaTB. (4) Verbs I/? change -STB into (-B&TB, or) -HBaTB, and verbs in -tiB (I and II (3) sometimes change -TB into -B^IB, as : na JITB, -na'HBaTB; c-fc|jiTB, (-C^B^TB), -ctiiBaTB; iipiiTB (I), -npiiB^TB (II/3), -BeJiisd-TB. Analogously TMHTB, -TMi}BdTB, and MHHTB, BaiB. (5) Conjugations II and II J3 usually make -HBaiB, and generally change 6 into a", as KporfxB, Kp^iiBaxB. Obs. The change of vowel is sometimes optional, as y-CTp(6)- and sometimes does not take place, as pa3-p63HHBaxB, (6) In II, II y8 (unlike I, Iy) the characteristic consonant is modified, generally to the same letter as that of the 1st pers. sing. Present, as TOCT^TB, romf, rdmiiBaiB. (7) After 6, B, M, and n euphonic ji is introduced (Chap, iii (2)). (8) But there are several exceptions to the above-given rules, especially in the II, and II /? conjugations : e.g. CKOJIBB^ITB, -CK^JIB- 3HBaTB; KpHXTtTB, -KpflXTBIBaTB ; B^^TB, B^^BIBaTB ; BepT'tlB, and -B^p^HBaTB; rjfl^TB, rifl^BiBaTB ; xpan^TB, xpdnti- ; cnaiB, -CBIH^TB; ap-ETB, -SHP^TB; and as a denominative even no36pHTB (N) Disgrace. (9) III conjugation makes -BHBaiL, without change of 6 into , as plICOB^TB, pHc6BBIBaTB; KOB^TB, K6BBIBaiB ; IIJieB^TB, (10) IV conjugation in -HTB makes -BIB^TB, as PBITB, - The commonest form in this conjugation is that of JKHB^TB and -MHpdiB. There are also such forms as -MCT^TB, oa'.HBiBaTB, and (see Table I, col. 7). CHAPTER XI FORMATION OF THE COMPOUND IMPERFECT1VE AND PERFECTIVE ASPECTS (a) IMPERPECTIVE ASPECT. (1) THIS is formed by prefixing a preposition to the Iterative, whether (a) actually in use, or (6) used only in composition, or to (c) a dissyllabic form in -aiB or -HTB coined for this purpose, and L. d XXV111 which I name "pro-Iterative" or "Compositive"; as (a) ii BaiL Read through] (b) nepeKOpdiHBaib; (c) noima'Tb Honour; (2) The mutation of consonants in the formation of the "pro-Iterative" generally follows the rules given in Chap, iii (B). But occasionally not so, as Myif, CMymaTL. Also euphonic Ji is inserted in accordance with Chap, iii (A). N.B. npOMl&CJiHTB (trans.) makes upOMHiiuiflTB. For this change of CJI into iiui we may possibly compare cjiaiL, num. (p) PERFECTIVE ASPECT. (1) It is very usual to form a "Compositive" from a N in -Hit or --ETL, as (above) -Kyn&TB from KynriiL. But it is comparatively rare for the form in -aiL (I or Iy) or -JITL (I) to be alone in use in the simple, and for the n-form to appear as compound F, as : N F N BpamdTL B03BpaTrfTb BOSBpailtflTL pOHHTL BrfpOHIITL BLIpOHflTL (Ch. SI.) onoBicT^Tt TJIOT^TL M^HflTt and perhaps a few others. (Some of the above are similarly used with some of the other prefixes.) (2) The following verbs have something more or less remarkable in their formation, especially those in -afidifc, -efi^Tb, -OBaib, which would seem to point to a "Compositive" with these terminations. N F Bequeath 3aB'kmdTL F and N (III) Order sanoBt^axi, F and N Exhort (I, but Manage None III in partic.) (I) Be proud (I) Intend coo6pw*ib Conform, consider p6pa30Bi T B (III) . IcooSpasifTt XXIX N (I) o6ypeB^TL (I) OTurom.a'TB OKpOBa'BJIIIBaTB OTOIII.eBa'TB yBOJILHflTL Toss about Be lost Overload Ensanguine Grow thin with fasting Lisp Set free, let of F o6ya TL None JsanponacT^TLCH lnpona~CTB OTOma'TB yB6jIIITB (I) (I) CHAPTER XII FORMATION OF THE F ASPECT IN -HVTB. (1) -aTB of N is changed into -HVTB, as: 3iBiTB, MaxaxB, MaxnfTB. (2) Often fl, r, K or T is dropped, as : KII^TB, KliHyiB ; .nepraiB, ji,epHyTB; njiecK^TB, njiecnfTB; xjiecidiB, xjiecnfTB, but more com- monly XJieCTHfTB. (3) The harder consonant is preferred in this form, as : Kpn^TB, KptfKHyTB; TpflCTH, TpflXH^TB. (4) The MflrKiH anaKT. (B) is often introduced between two labials, as : KOJi6TB, KOJiBHfTB. (5) Dissyllables of III add -nyiB to the Present stem, as: , KJII&HyTB. (6) Sometimes a change in the radical vowel takes place, as : , pifnyxB; Kaca"iBCfl, KOCHf TBCH ; noMimaTB Mention, (7) Especially is radical H changed into o, as .UBixarB, (8) Sometimes BI disappears, as TBlKaiB, TKHyTB. But both forms cnoxBiKHfTBCfl and cnoTKiifTBCfl are used. (9) Compounds of HOMHIITB Remember make -noMflHfxB, with N -noMHH^TB, as though from IIOMIIH^TB in (6). N.B. An overwhelming number of the F forms in -HVTB are from verbs in -aTB (I). XXX The correlative of this seems to be that when the only compound F (in general use) is in -HyxB, then the corresponding N form is (usually) in -BiBaxB as though from the I conjugation, although the simple verb (if any) be II/?, e.g. BLiBepnyxB, BtiBepxBiBaxB ; Barjifl- HfxB, Baofl^tiBaxL. With no simple OKynfxB, OKfimBaxB; o6ManfxB (Sh.), CHAPTER XIII COINCIDENT ITERATIVE FORMS BY the necessary mutation of vowel and consonants it sometimes happens that the It. form of several verbs is the same. Thus -BaJKHBaiL is It. form of BO^TL Lead, BOsrfxB Drive, B^HTL Entice, and of -BajKHTL (compare Germ. Wa$en) Dare ; so that noBaJKHBaxB (N) means Lead a little ; drive a little ; accustom ; and oxBaiKHBaxB (N) means Unaccustom; dare (with -en). Similarly -pBisaxB is It. of psaxB and pBm>; xa^HBaxB of xa^dxB and xo^rfxB ; -cundiL of ctinaTL and cnaTL ; ndxiiBaTL of naxdxL and naxnfxt; -K^nHBaxB of K^naxt and KOH^XB, &c. CHAPTER XIV PREFIXES WITH THEIR CHIEF MEANINGS THE prefixes may be divided into three classes with reference to their power to raise the Aspect of the verb. First, 6es, He, npoxiiBO which have no such power. Secondly, weak prefixes, which often do not raise the Aspect (Chap. xv). Thirdly, the majority which are strong. 6ea- is privative, denoting in-, dis-, &c. To form the F Aspect o6e3- is used, as o6e3HOK6HXB. B-, BO-, BT>- is strong, denoting in, to, up, &c., as B6iiXB Inculcate ; BCxaxB Get up. B03-, BOC-, B3-, BC-, B30-, 831.- is strong, denoting up ; back, un- ; upon, &c. ; as B03Hecxri Lift up; BOCKpeci. He is risen; BCKplSxB Uncover. XXXI This prefix is often used to form the F Aspect of verbs denoting blazing, exploding (lit. and fig.), as BOdiBiJia'TB (Ch. 81.) Become inflamed (with)] BCHHJirfTB (Russ.) Fly into a passion. BBI- is strong, denoting out ] get out of, gain ; thoroughly, C1113*, &c. ; as BtiTacKaxB Drag out] BBiiirpaTB Win ; BL!IIHTB Drink up. When the verb is F, B&i always has the accent. #0- is strong, denoting up to, till ] to, for ; completion, &c. ; as flOJE^TB Live till; jjOBiipiiTB Trust to; flojrfjiaTL Complete. 3a- is strong, denoting inception ] together ] in passing ', after, for- ^^] away; slightly] too long, &c. ; as saroBOpiiTL Begin to talk ; saTBOpriiB Close saBesTri Drop (a person) in passing 3a6i$TB forget, for glemme (Danish), ttercjejkn; 3a6paTB Take away. H3-, lie-, H30-, 113^- is strong, denoting out, ex-, e- ; utterly, all over, &c. ; as IISJI^TB Pour out ] HSBHH^TB Excuse ] ii36pdiB Elect ] H36po,ii;HTB Wander all over. na- is strong, denoting on to ; enough] as Ha;i,f.TB Put on ] nasBa'TB Call by name ; Hannx^TB Sate. This prefix is much used in forming the F of verbs denoting writing, &c., as HaiiHC&TB; napucoB^TB; nane^TaiB; Hau,apnaiB ; naopocnTB. naji;-, naji,o- is strong, denoting over, super- ; down ; a little ] as HaftCMa'TpHBaTB Supervise] Ha^niicdTB Superscribe, endorse] Ha^oicxB Bore (a person). He- is privative, as HeBejitTB Forbid. HUB-, HHC- is strong, denoting down, de-, &c., as HHCHOCJI^TB Send down ; HH3Jio;KrfTB Depose. 06-, 0-, 060- is strong, denoting round] all over] out, un-] as o6c r fynrfTB Surround] o6jiHHjtTB Unmask. The 6 of 06- sometimes absorbs an initial B, as in o6pai^TB, OT-, OTO-, OT-B is strong, denoting away back, un- ] completion ] escape by means of] as OTOHTif Go away ] OTnpaHB Unharness ] OTKy- n&rBCfl Pay a fine ] ox^JiaTBCJi Get out of some irksome business or duty. nepe- is strong, denoting trans- ] interchange ] over again ; all ' over, through] all, one after another] overmuch] a little] as nepeB63Tli Transport; neperoBOp^TB Negotiate] Exhaust the subject of a talk ; nepeHecitf Carry over, endure nepecrijiHTB Overmatch ; nepeKyciiTB Take a snack. no- is strong, denoting a little, or often. It is the commonest XXX11 prefix for raising the Aspect, without changing the meaning, as nofiTrf Go ; or changing the meaning, as B^^aTB Know ; noB'fc.naTb (KOMy) Tell (to some one). ITO,H-, noji;o- is strong, denoting up, down, sur-, sub-, suspicion ; approach ; matching, &c. ; as noflHflTb Hoist ; nojjn^CTb Fall under (a victim to) ; no^^epm^Tb Support ; noji.osp'b'BaTb Suspect, surmise ; no^CTyniiTb Come near; approach; nofloftTrf (neut.) Match. npe- (which in origin is identical with nepe-) is vieak, denoting over, trans-; excess, pre-; and especially opposition-, as npe^dxt Deliver over, betray (nepe^Tb Transmit) ; iipesp^Tb Disdain ; npeo6jia r a;a % rb (N) Prevail; npenaTCTBOBaxb (N) Prevent. npeji;-, npe^o- is weak, denoting before, pre-, pro-; as npeji.B^^'BTb (N) Foresee; npeflmic^Tb (F) Prescribe; npewoJK^Tb (F) Propose. npii-, npi- is strong, denoting approach, ad-; addition, excess; as npifiTH Arrive; npHBJie'Hb Attract; DpHtf&BHTB; npumicaTb; npime'Hb. npo- is more often strong than weak, denoting through ; through- out a period ; thoroughly ; as npo i ie'cTb Read through ; iiporocTiiTb Stay as guest for some time; npOBt^aTb Find out (o, Inst.). npOTHBO- denotes opposition; as npOTHBOp'feiiiTb (N) Contradict; npOTiiBOCTOHTb (N), npOTHBOCxa'Tb (F) Resist. pas-, pao, paao-, pa3 f b is strong, denoting separation ; opening, un-, re- ; cessation ; (Fr.) abandon ; thoroughly, well ; as paaciiflTb Clear up, disseminate; paaraj^Tb Unriddle; paajnodriib Cease to love ; pacinyTHTbca Give oneself up to joking ; pascjitlinaTb Hear well. The 3 of pas- is absorbed in pasiisdib, pasrinyTb. C-, co- is weak, denoting down; together, con-; as cofixli Come down; coitTricb Come together; co^epm^Tb (N) Keep (Chap. xv). C- is sometimes used simply to form the F Aspect, as cji^JiaTb. cy- stands for ci + y, as cf 3HTb Make narrow ; and for co, as coMH'EBa'TbCfl (N) Doubt, ycy(o)MHJiTbCfl (F). But cy- is more common in substantives and adjectives, where it has also other meanings. Very rarely in stands for c, as in omndpiiTb Scald. y- is strong, denoting away ; down ; in ; as y6i>Hvd,Tb (F) Run away; yHflTb Put down, repress; yndcib Fall down; yiKHyxb Jam in. Y- is much used to form F of active verbs derived from adjectives (as o- is with neuters); thus yKpinrixb; yKOpoxHTb, yMHjirfib; yflJIIIHHHTb. Russian prefixes may be used with foreign verbs, as cnacosaTb J (F) Pass (at cards). XXX111 CHAPTER XV WEAK PREFIXES I CALL npe, npejL, (npo), and co weak, because in the following verbs they fail to raise the Aspect : though in many verbs they do ; i.e. they are comparatively weak. ITpeo6jiaji,a"TB Prevail; npeiiH- pdiLCfl Quarrel ; npeKOCJi6BiiTL (Ch. SI.) Contradict ; npenflTCTBOBaiB Impede; npecjrfctfOBaTB 1 Prosecute ; npe^BiU'fcTB (II J3) Foresee; npeji,- CTOHTB (11)8) Be on the eve of; npeji,cfy(iJ(o)ffet) ; **CMBicjiiiTB Understand; **CMBinuiflTB Meditate; *ynoB^TB (I) Trust in; ^yidcxBOBaTB Par- take; &c. CHAPTER XVII HOW TO DETERMINE WHETHER A VERB IS IMPER- FECTIVE (N), OR PERFECTIVE (F) (A) SIMPLE YERBS. (1) A FEW simple verbs (not in -HYTB) are F: these are most of them: 6tiTB, #aTB, JTGIB, KyniiTB, naciB, cxaiB, C^CTB. (2) Verbs in -HyxB fall into three classes, (a) Those essentially F ; (b) essentially N ; (c) F of N verbs, which are very numerous (see Table I, col. 5). (a) These are F: BepflfiB, rpanyTB, flOxufxB Give a puff of breath, HfiKfHyTB, oiflfTBca, naxiifrB, XJU&HVTB, inapdxHyiB(cji) (and perhaps a few more). (b) These are N: BrfcHyiB, rdcnvTB, ,a;6xHyTB Die (of animals), .irfimyiB, MepanyiB, ndxnyiB, nfxnyxB, caKHyxB, qdxHyiB, all of which are paroxyton and neuter; together with TflnfiB which is oxyton and trans. : and intrans. verbs derived from adjectives, as M6KHVTB, XXXV (3) When a simple dissyllabic verb has one form of I conjuga- tion and another of II or II /?, they are generally N in I conjugation and F in II conjugation as p'Eiiia'TB Decide nycK&n, Allow N.B. Occasionally they are separate verbs, both N, as JIOM^TB, (4) P^HHTB Wound is both N and F. (B) COMPOUND VERBS. (a) General rules. (1) The almost universal effect of a strong (Chapters xiv, xv) prefix is to raise It., or pro-It., to N ; and N of all the conjugations to F, as Ha6pa"cLiBaTB (N), Ha6pocdib (F); cra(o)pa"TB (N), crop-fcxB (F); B03HlIKa"TB (N), B03HrfK[HVTL (F) ; H3MOKa~TB (N), H3M6K[HVTB ; OK^HIHBaTB (N), OK6H^HTL (F). (2) When the preposition is prefixed before the formation of the verb. i.e. when the verb is a denominative, the Aspect is not raised, although the verb sounds like a compound. Thus BSftOpiiTt (N) from Bstfop'b; yHa"cTBOBaiB (N) from yia"cTie ; 3a66THTBCfl (N) from 3a66xa; saBriflOBaxB from 3d,BHCTL. This, though the true explanation of the phenomenon of many compound verbs being N, cannot be regarded as a means of differentiation, since who can say, in most cases, whether a verb is denominative or vice versa 1 (3) Compounds of class A (3) follow the analogy of the simples, as nocTyndxb (N), nociynrfTB (F), (a) And that too even when the simple verb is not in use, as BHpyia"TL (N), BripyiHTB (F). (b) Sometimes, however, the Iterative form is preferred in the compound N, as pasBOpa^HBaiB (N), passopOT^TB (F). Obs. 1. When, by reason of the meaning, the F Aspect is hardly admissible, the compound N in -aTB, -JITB, is only in use, as : ynpaJKHflTB Practise, exercise, nojiipa^dTB Imitate, no6jiajKa'TB Connive at. Obs. 2. Sometimes however the absence of the F Aspect is a mere omission of the Dictionaries, as : o6oJKd,TB (N) Deify, 060- JKtiTB (F) Adore as God, ysajK^TB (N) Respect, yB^JKHTB (F). (4) All compounds of the following verbs, whether in -aTB or -HTB, are F : rniBaiBCfl (N), nrEBrfiB (N) ; Kaxa"TB (N), KairfTB (N); (N), jiOMrfxB (N); BajiflTB (N), BajirfTB (N); TacidTB (N), (N) ; Kyca"TB (N), [-KycrfxB] ; 6poca % rB (N), 6p6cniB (F) ; (N), xBairfxB (F); KOHI^TB (N), K6HHHTB (F); paBHflTB (N) Level has no simple form in -HTB, but in composition cpa(o)BHHTB (F) Level, and cpaBHrfxB (F) Compare. (5) In composition the following verbs are paroxyton in F, and oxyton (when used) in N: 6i>raxB; flBiiraxB; KyinaxB; KJifoy, laaneTT,); MBiitaxB 1 Hackle ; HyKaxB; npaji,aTB Leap- } ctinaTB; THKaTB, -aio, -aeii. Tutoyer; Bi^y, TBineTt Thrust; yandio (F), y3Hai6 (Pres.\ and so other compounds of snaTB. It is doubtful whether pa36yxa"iB (N), pa36fxnyTB (F), is to be connected with 6fxaiB. (6) Verbs of class A (2) (6) usually have a compositive or pro-It. form in -a*TB, as: noBHcdiB (N), noBric[HyTB; OKHCO'TB, OKrfcnyTB. (a) A number of verbs which have no simple (see Table II) follow this analogy, as: aaMOJiK^TB, 3aM6jiK[HyTB; BOCKpecdiB, BOCKp^c[nyTB; ncnes^TB, (no F form in use). (b) To these may be added saiiKa'TBCH (N), saHKHfiBCfl (F); iispBira'TB (N), nspBirnf TB (F), also in composition with OT-. Whereas other verbs in -aiB denoting peculiar sounds are F in composition, as saxpi&KaiB. But PLIK^TB has another form pEmdiB (II /?), whence sapHH^TB (F). So too cif KaiB and ciyia'TB (II ft) give F nociyia'TB (F). On the other hand, MOJIWTB (II (3) makes saMOJiK^TB (N), (F). (p) Verbs of the 1st conjugation, which in composition are sometimes N, sometimes F. (1) KHJ^TB (N), KrfnyiB (F) makes HOKIJ^TB (N) Forsake, HOK^ji,BlBaTB (N) Cast backwards and forwards, CKHJ^TB (N) Divest, BCKriftBiBaTB (N) Throw up ; but BBlKHji,aTB, and KH^TB with 3a, na, o, nepe, npo, pac are F ; while npnKii^TB is both N and F. (2) All compounds of jterfiTB (II ft) are F ; so too are cJieia'TB (F) Go there and back in no time, and iisJreT^TB (F) Fly all over ; but CJIGT^TB, Hajiei^TB Alight, and BBMeia'TB Fly out, are N. Similarly compounds of BJia^tTB (I) are F. While -Biax^TB has o6[B]jia,na'TB (N) Be possessed of, and coBJiajii^TB (F) Manage. 1 But (-MBIK^TB) To press has F -MKHyiB as CMBIK^TB, XXXV11 (3) M-feHflXB is F with Bti, Ha, no, npo, and has meaning Exchange or barter in exchange ; but N" with B, sa, us, 06, OT, nepe, iipir, and c ; with F -M'EHH'XB; but nojprfcniiBaxB (N) Substitute. (4) The Ch. SI. B'fein.a'xB in composition with aa- (bequeath) is N or F, with N form aaB'EinaBa'xB ; with y- (exhort) it is F, with N form as in Chap, xi (4), where is also aanoB^OBaTL (III). But N with the other prefixes, and having a F form -B'ECXH'XB, as : HaB'fcin.a'xB (N) Pay a visit, HaBl>cxrfxB (F). (5) poHHXB takes the form -ponrixB for F in composition with sa, 06, y, npo ; but napOHHXB, pasponaxB, -and also saponaxB are F ; while BBipOHHXB and BBip&ftiiBaxB are N ; and BLiponaxB Let fall (many things), BtiponiiXB Let fall (one thing) are both F. (6) Also yBSsaxB (N), yBasnyxB To stick (in the mud), while all compounds of Basa'xB To tie are F. (7) no6HBaxB Visit is F ; but other compounds of 6BIB&TB are 1ST. (y) Verbs of the 1st conjugation which are NEVER F in composition. Bpam^xB; IMOTO'TL; roHfe; .naBdTB; Kac^TBca; KOPOT^TB; (pop.); nd^aiB; Hyat,ii;dTB(cn) ; ca^TB; CBepKaiB; CB^T^TB; (archaic); isjKaiB; verbs of class A (3), such as nycK^TB, nycxrixB; also BHxdxB has o6[B]nxdxB (N) Inhabit. (8) Verbs of conjugations II and II (3, which in composition are sometimes N, sometimes F. The " Indefinite " verbs BO,HHXB, BOS^XB, HOC^XB, xojt^XB, and two of II (3 JiejKdxB and CXOHXB vary their Aspect with different prefixes, and with different meanings. (1) When BOJUITB in composition is N it has F -Becxii (or -XB); when BOflHXB in composition is F it generally has N -BaJKHBaxB. Most of the compounds of BOJUIXB are N, viz. B, B3, flo, sa, H3, Ha, 06, ox, nepe, no,n; no, Move about (Intrans. e.g. pyicaMii), npejr, npii, npo, pas, c, y; o63a, Supply. But at least three are F: Lead about all over ; no- or C-BOJJ,^XB (Trans, e.g. flnxeit no npOBO^HXB Exercise a horse ; see home. (2) B03HXB in composition is generally N with a F -B63xrf(-xB), viz. B, B3, BBI, ,no, 3a, na, 06, ox; nepe, Carry across, remove (by cart, boat, &c.), no,n, npn, pas ; CBOSHXB or yB03HXB Carry away, off. But CB03HXB Take (in a vehicle) to is F, and so too is HOBOSHXB Drive a little, nOBaJKiiBUXB (N). (3) HOCHXB in composition is more often N than F. When N xxxvm it has a F -HecTrf(-Tb), viz. B3-, B-, BH- ; flo- Inform, aa- Leave in passing, Ha- ; 06- Enclose, nepe-, nofl- ; no- Traduce, npesoa- Extol, npii- Bring] iipo- Carry by, pas- Hawk about, c- Take down to: endure, y- Take away. But when HOCHTB means to wear, it is F in composition, with N -HdimiBaiL, as : aanocHTL or H3- Wear out, 06- Render easy by wearing, OT- Cease wearing, nepe- Wear too long, npo- Wear some time, wear through, pa3- Make wider (boots) by wearing. Also JJOHOCHTL Go her time (woman), and CHOCHTL Bring together. (4) XOKHTB when N in composition has generally F -furi ; when F it has generally a N - Bring up Go through and through Walk up and down a N (Ch. SI.) Ascend', BCXOAHTL (Russ.) Rise BHXO.n,rfTB Go OUt ,H;OXOJI,HTB Reach Proceed (Ch. SI.) Find 06x0,3; HTB Go all round; Elude OTXO.HHTL Depart, die (of person) ; leave, start (of steamer, &c.) Be like Come near; suit npeBOCxo,HHTL Excel Cross over Arrive HPOXO.HHTL Pass through pacxo^HTLca Separate CXOJI;HTL Go down Go away (of a person) N (5) N.B. Those compounds which refer to literal lying are F, and vice versa little npoxojuiTL Spend time in strolling pacxo^HTLca Go in thoroughly for CXOJUITL Go to (call) yxaauiBaiL (N) Nurse; court Spend, do for, kill F nepejieatai'L XXXIX (6) N COCTOflTB OTl o6/ CTO * TB paSCTOflTL npOTHBOCTOflTB Oppose (Dat.) F IIOCTOHTL BBI] OT CTOflTB HaCTOflTB nepecTOHTB ycTOflTB Withstand (npOTHB'B) There seems in the compounds of CTOHTB to be a tendency on the part of the N to be intrans. ; but not vice versa. Obs. A few compounds are both N and F, e.g. coieia'io, safiiiiii.a'io ; (N) He npnn6MHio ero HMGHH / dorit remember his name ; (F) a saM'B 8TO npHn6MHK) I'll make you remember it /; npHKH^TL Throw in addition. It must also be remembered that in the popular language the Present is often used for the Future, and vice versd. N.B. Many verbs which might be mistaken for F, but which are really N, are given in Chapters xv, xvi. CHAPTER XVIII DOUBLE PREFIXES THE double prefixes most in use with the verb are : BOBCO, ECHO, 3ano,n, aanpo, H3Ha, nanoji;, micno, HHcnpo, o6e3, onpe, oc, nepec, npe^na, npeji;no, npeanpn, npejiiy, npe^o, upeno, npenpo, npnco, npncno, nposo3, upona, no with many prepositions, pacno, pacnpo, conpii, conpo, cno, ypaa, yco. (1) In most cases a double prefix, as far as the Aspect is concerned, may be regarded as a simple one ; thus N F (o6HOBJTflTL Renew o6noBHTb 803 ( yKpamaTL Adorn Eat all Weary out Ha Get into debt \ xl (2) But not always so, since no before another prefix sometimes raises the Aspect, as B3,niJxaTL (N) Sigh, noB3ji;HxaTB (F) Sigh a little ; and o very generally before 6ea, as 6e3Jn6^HTL (N) Depopulate, o6e3Jn6,HHTi> (F) ; and so too BOC, BC, as HeHaBrfji/fcTB (N) Hate, B03HeHaBrf,a, r fcTL (F) Ch. SI. npeKOCJOBHTL (N) Contradict, Bcnpe- KOCJIOBHTL (F). So too other prefixes, as CMirraxL (N) Compute, but o6cHHTaTB, , iiepecqiiTaxb, npoc^HTa^rL are all F. TABLES TABLE I SOME 975 SIMPLE VERBS CONJUGATED; WITH THEIR CHIEF COMPOUNDS N. denotes Iiuperfective, F. Perfective, It. Iterative Aspect. Col. 1 gives the Simple Verbs in the Infinitive Mood. They are all N. unless otherwise marked. All Verbs in this column, if used at all with the prepositional prefixes given in col. 5, form the F. aspect, unless marked with an asterisk * which refers to Chap. xvii. t denotes that the Verb has, or at one time had, two forms of the Present (viz. I and Iy, Chap, i, vi, and viii). The form now in use is the one given in this table. [ denotes that the apocopated form of the Preterite is used, as Col. 3 gives the 1st and 3rd pers. sing, of the Present Tense, which, when the Verb is F., is Future in meaning. Col. 4 gives the 2nd sing. Imperative. Col. 5 gives the simple F. form, when in -Hyif,, and the chief prepositions with which the Verb in col. 1, or this form in -Hyib (as the case may be), is used in composition. Col. 6 gives the Imperative F. Col. 7 gives (1) Iteratives as far as their use can be conceived of by Russians, as 6tniBaTB, 6piiBdTi>; (2) Pro-Iteratives (or Com- positives), as -6'fcra'TL, -naji.a'TL, -Kynari,; (3) Indefinites as xoflriTL; and (4) an occasional N. form as KacaTLCfl, Kii,naTB. All in this column form in composition the Imperfective. When, in a few cases, there is a choice of vowels, the optional ones are in brackets as iuia(6)TiiT r b. A vertical line before JITL distinguishes the 1)3 conjugation from I. CO 03 o3 a a a w a E^S. * I 02 I \0 i \0 ja 03 1 I ^ a PS H " 35s Ill I -O H o J? F v-> V* rt -O ^_, a g . I tl 4i NTS a 5 p< <^ o3 c3 vs c3 \0 \0 VD T \0 10 a a o o o > a & & & a & . 03 O a a oooo a a a H co 03 o3 pq co to H S*^ o3 o3 ^ n mom a o a ^ o" 3- a g fill $ a! ol-O o3 O O H co I ^ 2 tlffSil ||||4f|| H| CQ uQ H jj *lfi B ^^ g^ g P, 03 NS O S l-fi Wai >3 I H g ^g g XO O >< O o^ O a H o3 03 -03 SI ^_i p>^ O O ^ > f N^G^^C^C^C^C^C^ N^ VO \O ^O ^O \O ^O XO VO I 3 CO to B >-. p, o3 ^ o B W S A OH S O" O O B B *" H H o * B* ~ ^ ft O O o o3 B B B B gf SI 43 SS \O if oS os s SB- os vo 'T ^ oS >^ SS >r? H -{a SS fcr 1 ^ pq o PP P. i i i i i i oS >-> !1 CO li i ^ tfl tfl e H 1 o s-^ ^ S ^K h|J -CTHTT, -CTrfrB O V> g * H sa PH EO, -CTByET ), -BjiaeTt N?3 > J, S>-> e * : * N H 3. 1 fcA v>^ ? ? a "S ^2 i fr-a s 2" N^ X 1 >-> PQ S V 2" 2 v 0) *=J \o ij ^ rf H hQ ^ H -1 II PQ 03 sa ft O O ^ O \O O O ef G co vo vo* ^ e 7 1 S co K SS f=- ^ ^ VO vo ^ M5 H g G PH W K CO CO ^^^ vo VO vo OH ft \0 \0 ii a H .. \o o i CO = = CO "S \o - * s^ s. OS IT CO H K ^CD >o & tP ft ft^ H ft \O \O ft xfi- \0 \0 1^ 5^2 CO sa ft \o t>^ g m H ^ r< %> r , V 1 ? |" ft*fli 02 B ft ft ft >> ^ >- \o \o \o HQ li *s g a = = CO 8. H O PQ vo ^ H 03 O 1O cS w - vo vo o g B s- a *l > RS -i g OS ^S OS vaj J^VB, lld^I-l -1 9 o s <8 -S W o Jq 1 S .3 ' <^ 2 co v g ^ - ^ ^^> ^* Q} ^2 *-xTD HH r e ^.^^3 Sg ^ -g VO VD ' 14 1 ( H *s ^ I .H V^ -^C 5 8 J vo vo vo S g|- S J PP A t|.ljBiiis e 1 s| g s g ^SSS'SJSHOH CONS n 2 ft ft ft .& >> S ''' P S s s ft & ^ g ^ c3 M5 H S SS NB 8- K 0> ^ B co ft hC ^O 03 O co* R B O VO c3 O CO 1 >-> vgg O) (4 . G 5 3 S 5 SS O ^ sa H H S ft S S w PQ S ^^ PP CO I eP B ! H ^S J S s^ ^cS tr 4 - 1 i S s 1 1 1 1 -II ^cS^^^^ ^5 V H co Ss*, - - - ill! s s ss s PQ PQ PQ PQ >= - H H ^08 o5 ^ PQ pq 111 ? ? s I o> M PQ NJS O N3 pq pq os *B \o O o :! i B S 8 a*& a K B - | O " H e o o r a of ta PQ PQ pq =! O O ^ PQ O I W B vo O PQ "S I I B 'B o o 1 1 oB s ? TB CO O O PQ PQ oB B B CO CM 6 -8 t"^ O H xg |s " 2 *i^a t fcO H B PQ ^ I PQ g <% 2 N^ 1 g "^t*-. B a s>- W -^f, BOJIO^HTl, tr 1 -0 i S>^ a o 6 ^ v t H ^a B PQ ^ >4 B PQ g ^OOO& H H3l=C^c3S r 'S pHpHpHP0>>f=- pqpqpqpqp;pqpqpqpqpqpQpqpq * H ua ^j ^ B If S 45 S s4 J 5 ^ S v pq pq pq pq pq pq ^ ^3 H lill N35 -*$ ffii^ *JB? H M H ^5 e 5 O ^>-> >-. 63 <^ a CD t=j ^ ^ ^ a o a 10 U) U5 H H CS 1? g a NTS S g I PQ PQ a 5 s ND S3 PH PH 2 2 uQ - - H v H N3 B PH tf o 9 OH co oa B :- Ss g o B B O . ft B ^ B O ~ O O H ft O O B O B tS O O Ssj O vg B ^j V g ? > JjH O f H =2 e E B -s i S S -s ^ s>^> 3 I* ^ S g ^ ll "2 2 PH-^Q tf 2 -o ^t^ STI O ^ -S it* 1 uT ^ o S-i S-- ^ ^ 1 S -4C fcH O B H \O ^ fj. ^ M O fc^ X 2 ^ & -o S ', 1-? * e e S * 15 &&<<-> ^"2 ^ w ft & 1 1 1 4 H 1 is o ll CM o * g* 1 CO 11 I 10 P\ (D a o a O PH B 1 ce H t H cT O 08 a B CO a 1 c ^ ^ < H =3 0 S a G O 13 " oS . . o e ^sa NTS s j 2 A 5t M H ? ? T R K CO sa 151 li.E p=t s >-, c5 s ^ T >-T 2 v g 2 ^o PQ 5^ - -= H H vg- v(a o o t? si st * S S s ^ K R R (< i=c 13 1 1 PH PH o ^ a N: B 1 K 1 PQ S i A 1 A 1 K f=f K a *& pq J co N-'S a VO I a H PP C? 2 co a a ^2 PH ^ 8 S S? H" o o a g 3 Srf a PH a o a \ a PH a K co K a ^ * " ^ - - ^ a" pq t vl - a v vo PH CD PH K K K oa oa CO e e CQ a ^ ^ V Sn ^ ftq ^ ^3 H VO 1 E- 1 O co H \O S ^SS Pi c3 c3 CD CD O O PH PH PH PH H ^ a N^ ft \O &H O -05 63 Pi a o 14 3 B i . a t9 :f= : a g| s 1 a & NoJNjSwNjSrtcSKajajaJvija^ tdtdbStdSdJiiSdfdtdfeSfri^ WreWRfsJsEsKPSPSPS'^ 15 * B sa B * H H 1 I g 5 co PQ co CO ^ PQ B III 1 3 ^ CO vcT I "! J 1 1 s I s i 1* ^sa ^ >-o o *8 S o g &S vT O O, o O < H B o S ^a w a Ci, PQ -* CO CO 00 t4 ^ H 42 4S & K PQ VD >-. >tf v co co co 1 17 5 4S w w CO B B I I CO c3 ft g. B o" =5 c3 B B o | B 8f cf goo' ^ i. K S - a !> s | & S EH o c3 CO '1 tf Pd * o o o o *J r a g O B c3 CO o a W rA 0) s K cT cS CO fc B B N M S r ^ * 1 8 1 ?f 1 ? , g & ; s 1 ! cl CO ot- OS fcfl g H sa sj-S B 3 >- , a 2 - 5 2 N3 N?3 * 2 c3 NJS O vgj '7 f .4 o M 1* 2 ^ ^ ^ o o > O O O g ^ B N?3 W E 18 CO BCfl I 5 ^ Qfl 1 1 -sis - - II 3 S :o> sa 8 3 10 hp a a a o a a | a sa 3 r -i * -, h K o a . 1 1 & o> a a sa M P3 g PQ G cT g a a a PQ ce a P< - as" "i. o> a G o Ql a of CO o> a ^ o a ..r H W vNg o g 1 " H sa K o i^ a n CO ^ Cw a a c? CO a ce a cf CO cT Hp^ a IX a o c r a a c3 a o S ^ g sf sa ^ M S S ' S a 8 o" c8 5 e8 co M co < CO hJ3 ^^ & a M * I a sa^ ^S S 5 CO I g C Nl> * 3 i.: e tp ^ a S - 1 3 ? a a ? S 1 V 2 xo g 2 ^ o3 c CS1 I? ^ ^ t l fiq ftq ^ ^ " S g| Nfl 0> A H | H N^ =3 li o o o 19 -o o I sa B lO B * c8 a o B S A H ^^^ B X O g CO ft A g ,^ 1 , 8 H B" ^~ H ** 1 o" B cT B o B O ft B BLLILHJ ^ B ft PQ o PQ a w o B in c5~ rt CO A H s>-. B ^ i^ 4^ B B >- i=j O B cf CO ft B O W ^ 1 ^ rA s TO O W -> I v s, - M PH O sa a &rf u-r S f cS o i PH O a sa o^ a ^ o^ e . sf -g O N> ^ta o & a >-, 4 (N 3. I 8 1 I 54 .ft ll O O a jd * a H 5 i, - I* * Z^ ^ ' KM .ft M f i&l-l Ml a I >< sa 4j 3 ^ , s >-, >-> s^> >> >- 22 U3 ^ H H H C3 u3 03 ed H pa B NS g s - a II ^ =s C3 PQ 43 g - vo a H ^ s s ? o> *^ OX : ^ S ^ 8 ' sa H S CO 41 4 S eQ 1r s *"* R i -3HTT> c5 ^ fa fa M fa H ^ ? 4 V S M O ^ V v^J s d -3 | H e i JT! ^ If 2 ? 2 N3 a N3 t=5 ^ 2 3^ ^ P 2^ V 4^ t 2 ^ s^ 2^ sn x i i S^ y t~> Tl ^ => . I fc, Be, O >dd H H S3 1T12 23 S -a a I CD ss w lO & \O - B A O e8 H - H-J eo -T "B B~ * B a ft g S o & S S g B. B CO CO x O co a ft 2 o> B B c B cJ e3 CO a ft , K o cT B B c8 cf CO CO s i-Q H A OS >^ B C^ C^ B B ^B oS \O ^^ i ' ^> oS PQ Ntf 1 1 i & os -2 N3 n ^B B oS NSJ a a OS NJ3 a oS OS fcp x ft H 1 g "S S ^v^ ^ X 2 >a B >=S ff B i=S ' e 1^ ^ ^ >=s s>- 11 I=J *=S H PQ o <% 1 2 "? 3 4 s c B A H O) S i O> 6 ^ S 2 2 11 H s cJ a 4 1 a 4 o 2 f i S 7 :o 3" ft ' S* B S i ^ _.. ^ ^ 55 ? - >tf *>* Sr* c3 tr" ^ 9 X^K ^P < >^^ ^a pS 4J 2 i s ^ s 9 f? '4 l S ^ - < r^> nq ^ 1 i " i ti i 1 1 i s 5^ GC ^^ | q S A 1 O PQ ^ 0? H o S i A H g H Jl^HllXBC JI-BII^XB H PQ VNg ^ VO XO 2 2 n n i - it 1 v n A g 4i S Bl fl I s i A H ^ 1 i4 H ft A H H 3 a OJ QJ a a 25 t OH P< (D 0> 43 PH = >W > a II O e8 K O ^- c3 O ~ a a CO Pi a _d^ 0M a a" 0^ B ^ o" U5 H >-> B tT M^ PC r-" O i cf CO rf 0^ a sa W P4 O H S>- B i-C O o" B H "*>-> a g CO H O5 g C8 N 1 a a "g ^ a a ^a v a B oa" tr 1 1 :l a i i x 15 " g oa N?3 oa oa x >-> oa oa ^ s>~, ^>-, PH V na ^a i O 03 fit 3 2 ! 1 H hP >^ H B ^ i 1 CO CO -O -O s s ^ ss H H 1< IS H O O ^O O O O O 26 1 liss l|ll|l ft &J3 ^ F g a; a "a "a H 13 a a PQ CO ft a 0> a c3 *. w o PQ ft K a * 8 * 8 * " g ^ C K pq o ft a a 05 o H a | s" | a ^ i 2 ft " O) a" "1 S 1 S g & gf g S oa ^ N?S ft a a ? i CO 1 s>^ tn i tf H . a O o J "ft g B a ^ss is e S V S !'-- if! 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S K^ ^ Sri w" a " S I 1 I O * B ^ K a o f=t fo f ^J a ^ =3 ^ g N3 a ^' I o4 ? a H L- -2 X -^-N?3 ft ft ft N^ s < M CD 03 O> 43 a ft H3 H SS3 If il 50 I I 5 ^ Ml a H 5d tr 1 xo o o o ^ a a a o K O & 2 * e^if Ifll lf 1 I I 3 1 x s a H 1 c3 a 1 a a g o> 3 d 3 a ufl H S>^ )-H H c CO 4 X a s>-> o a s 3 a QJ * t c3 CO a CO <3 H i * s H 2 ^ . g ^s a ^ " s X S K >-> tn 1? o 8-8 fcH s^ tn tP H ^s - 7 14 a . ^ S c3 1 tf^ d c5 ^ ^ iiijraaain e 3 i i v ' * a |g a 5 3 a ^? c3 ^ ^ 0^ H HM ^ >; NO H tr 1 tr 1 ^^ s -S ^5^ S s*-. t^ S3 3~ ? v ^ ~. a NS ^ 3 3 s 3 f 2 S NJS v < 1 1 S2 n s^ 3 s 5 N*S ^ tt i * o o w o F-l S on nQ 2 ^ ja H g H H g ^ ^ H o a x a x H ^> "^ S S.JS. 111 PQ i=j n a a a Q} C^ O O O O 3 g 51 CO -UIHpflTb c, B, npn, no,n, nepe UIIIB^TL yTb, aa, pac -HH uurenHBaib ifib, no niMrfmBaTb Hyib ] mapdnniBaTb UIHTbJ H mnHJIHBaTb O IIlfHHBaTb inyuifKiiBaTb i 4 f as B W H ,_, ^ pq :o> 3 a c3 & 3 c3 CO 1 sf I S 1 ce B 3 68 O co ss g Q eg I c3 CO ft oa oiS S "5 M4 sa "5 os tt: r*" f- * ^ ~ V 52 r-> H H Cv r"^ E^ S c3 - ^r* V D> H^ i i i ^ g tQ . 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PH o a H 21 o ^> 55 g M K o o If I 111 - & H S ^ H PQ PQ >O ^^ ? s I s -I & H x T -THTTb < 11" v^L ^ ^s ^s sp H s c^ C^"*^* 1 1 # H ^S : f s v s N C ^S CO e ^ea &^ 2 >-. PQ H S3 OH >^ tr* $$1 s-. s s> s^ ^>- N: 2 or -fa S>- K S"- K ^>^ N "^ Sri s 'S 5? * '"^ Vj^ ^ 1 g > S *- e ^ <^i^ ^ $ NS e g - A E B I PQ ^ g 5 -s ^ PH S >, X ^ P, A * N: ^[ * ft >- PQ O PQ 2 H ^ O ?"? >, o> A a N: 56 57 8' 6" ao 1 c3 CO cT a a ft A H a a i ft 1 O) a o a " a o s - O o a O tA o pq a c3 a ft a ft a e t^ PQ t=C o a A ! % vfl > w ua H N^ ^ A K H S CQ *-M i i - - us a 43 vis H ^" i 2 a a ? l^ill llll IS ft"!" i i i A a ^ ^ |s ^ ^a a a i a >M P^ rS ^0 1 t I ^^- vi-^ V C5 ^rH ^^ NT^ ^ 5 a ci,^ i-Q^a g^avjjg pq^ftKft^^^aE^ a , , , vfi- ^ o a o .2 N3 B pa o a 1 V a NTS & -KH6TT> t9 2 v 5 o o ||| g S a liilllllil *a v o> H V V S^ 1 ' ' H v . * 1 s tA a a s>^ a i - ^ ^ -o i i i a pq ftftKfttr* & a atT T^T .1 | "i S 1 1 Mention by n |.S it n ^ - T! * 53 ^ S -^ 03 a JS^^e K> 5 1 g* J 'i 1 g C 1 s f^l^j^K^^^^^^fe! Bedew Belch Oversweeten A 1 >5 C_l 1 * $ g -a^^^ ^^"K^. H ' H S>- 1 '1 rt CO a | 5 A s s 4a 5 * s s s CO i I o \o o o o o < N*J5 p^ hjH ^ Q^ vpH oo at f\o c r l VOcs pqeapqpQoooac: ill a i ft ^ & i *i* o^ o a a 58 0? O a a - I I 1 lit! TV"? v OQ -O \o I I is 1 Hvy. T 3 -- - I S >?s^ N 2 >eP 5 g e a vS ,.i ii a H ^ a o a "83 II Jle a 43 ^ ^ H fi * 'i? gj td w ^ o a v i i i i li 1 1 t i-s-t I !i* o ^ ft^ ttj ^ ^ft^ A 2 ^g p^ vfl , 4^ ^ H M H H M H 2 ^ Li^-f 5 ^s S a fl a tH a \o a H ^^ a & s/t, ^tS H O H H H . , _ r o o o o o a o a pq pa 59 vo o CD =J & 0> U5 fl H A ^ M ^ (7; H N S ^ ^ ^ta i=j H S?? O o O 03 S B 60 K TAB 6 and Methodius translated the Bible and Church Services in The most important of these, because it brought about the me of Alexis 17th century. This last revision brought the ,y. Being the language of religion, it is naturally used, in sions, such as of Court Ceremonial. On account of some ts with other Slavonian dialects. Jjllll S * S -S -3^ C 3 G co ^ *ac ^-^43 p :ii ;t .lisiu 1 a A 45 * S BJ K C x ** - iiiioi i J lrn ^^-v ' v 1 i S ^ ^ 13 8 g 1 ' 5 j5 "S S F-pf! a = CO ^^2 ^d ."tn jj 3 * '+* ^ *-! 61 4i M J o npofiMeiT, " & - ^ ^^ S. 2 ^ 2 | 2 J3 s= -S o- ^s 62 OD - I CO JUDAS ISCARIOT, by L. N. ANDREYEV. Translation from the Russian, by W. H. LOWE. [In the Press. ;. y ' , < ... ,: , THIS BOOK *S DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAGED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $1.OO ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. DEC 6 1946 %UN 4 1945 29Veb'60GO FEB 6 1948 J LI ay 9 1S&Q . . <%5^ I Octo'48)o - . 0Feb'49Pf? APP 9? tqpi A .v ^7P ' *x 1 f M 1 ?) < 2' \^ N s$- u , 5 t , , ., D 21-100m-12,'43 (8796s) U.C.BERKELEY LIBRARIES CD4314SSSD THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNiA 1JBRARY