GIFT OF 
 

GIFT 
 
 AUG 7 1918 
 
 Library 
 Bureau of 
 
 Rai Iway 
 Economics .. > .':,:, '. 
 
 '.'-: 
 a>^Vj 
 
 A Li pt of References to Articles on 
 WHITER SERVICE ON \RAILROADS 
 
 
 
 CONSENTS: - 
 
 I Maintenance of way in winter in the 
 
 United States ,..,., .............. PP -I" 20 * 
 
 General discussions of problems 
 and methods., ..,.. .......... ..pp. 1-4. 
 
 Track protection methods in detailpp.5-11* 
 Snow fences ..... * ................ pp-5-6* 
 
 Snow hedges*. *.< -pp*6-7 
 Snow sheds-.* ....... ..... ..... ,,pp.7-ll. 
 
 Miscellaneous methods. *.*.<?* .11 
 Care of V/ater Stations ........... pp.11-12. 
 
 Switches .. .......... .*.%* .pp*l2-15, 
 
 Yards, Terminals, etc . * . .......... PP *15-20 
 
 II. Operation of railroads in winter in. 
 
 the United States ........... .. .. ,pp21-40. 
 
 General discussions.. .......*. .pp21 
 
 "Keeping the line open" during 
 blizzardsj floods, etc %.. ...... ..pp*21-30* 
 
 Locomotive performance under win- 
 ter coiiditions.o .... * ..... ,pp31 
 
 Thawing frozen cars, etc ,.. ....... pp32 
 
 f>no\v plows, spreaders, etc * , ,,.,pp*33-40. 
 
 y.i * S.ir.v ffjhting on Electric 'roads. pp41 -43. 
 
 inV-^r sorvice conditions^ Alaska 
 
 ano Canada, . ,.,,,......,..,..... ,pp44-46 
 
 V, Winter service conditions, European 
 
 railroads. . ...... . ..... . ,. .***.47-53 
 
 438:182 
 
/, : s *.**":.*:: 
 
 * 
 
Library 
 
 Bureau of 
 Railway WINTER SERVICE 
 
 Economics , on 
 
 RAILROADS, 
 
 June 11, 1918* 
 1* Maintenance of way in winter, in t.he United States of America. 
 
 GENERAL PTFriTSSI^r^ 0* T * OP LEI'S AND METHODS* 
 
 1867, Rocca, J. 
 
 Measures centre lea neigea. Expose* (Question 5,2d 
 session) 
 
 (Bulletin of the international railway congress, v.l: 
 698; August, 18 37) 
 French edition, 
 
 Question 5, "What are the precautions to take in order 
 to avoid blocking of tracks by snow and what are the 
 moat efficacious and most economical methods for clear- 
 ing tracks of snow - (snow fences, snow plows etc,)" 
 Chapter I. Preventive measures, p 690-712 
 
 II. Clearing away snow, p 712-740-741 (French, 
 Ger & Ruse, works only) 
 Note I. The use of Chloride of Sodium for clearing off 
 
 snow p. 742-43, 
 Note 2 Methods used on Eastern ry of France .p .7 44- 45 
 
 1890. Protecting tracks from snow storms. 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v*22: 232; April 4, 1890) 
 
 Paper before Northwestern track and bridge association, 
 St,Paul, by James Manning. 
 
 Permanent and portable fences, and willow hedges dis- 
 cussed,", 100 feet about the proper distance to locate 
 the permanent fence from the track.,.* 
 
 Permanent fences should be about 8 feet high, 
 
 Willow trees in rows 8 feet apart, the nearest row 100 
 feet from the track, afford a good protect ion. Board 
 gates , Cattle-guard wings, grass, Old material, etc., 
 should be carefully cleared off or burned. , The road** 
 master should constantly aim at getting rid of his 
 light cuts, using earth to fill in the low places and 
 trestles. %% " 
 
 "Mr. Nash of the Minneapolis, StPaul and Sault St. 
 Marie, thought 100 feet too far away, and had found 
 a distance of 60 feet to give the bast results * 
 
 MrMcMillan*thought that the distance should be 
 variable, different cuts requiring different treat- 
 ment. Where possible, cuts should be widened to 70 feet 
 and excavated 1 foot below the roadbed on both sides. 
 This would make most cuts snow-proof % Mr.Bauman, of 
 theGreat Northern, had lately sloped off some of the 
 smaller cuts with good results* the snow blowing across 
 u.Mr, Cop eland of 
 
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Winter 
 Service 
 
 the Chicago, St*Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha, found a corn- 
 field the best snow fence,..." 
 
 1892.Harkom, J JRL 
 
 Snow on railroads. 
 (Railroad gazette , v .24:856-59 ^November 18,1892) 
 
 Extracts from a paper in the Transactions of the Canadian 
 society of civil engineers, 
 Also in Engineering news, December 29, 1892, p ,602-03 . 
 
 1900 % Gerstner,F, 
 
 Report , no .4. [for all countries except Russia, Hungary 
 and Italy] on the question of the methods of dealing with 
 snow 
 
 (Bulletin of the International railway congress, v, 14:3609- 
 88; November, 1900) 
 
 Consideration of methods used and improvements made sines 
 
 Mr k JR.occa f s presentation tff-the subject in 1887* 
 
 Protective measures [embankments, screens , etc . Jp 4 361030. 
 
 Measures for "keeping the line open" , p*3 630-7 6 . 
 
 Cost tables, p. 367 6-78, 
 
 Appendix, p. 3 67 9- 88., 
 
 1901 % Internat ional railway congress. 
 
 Question 5, Methods of dealing with s now^Sect ional 
 d iscussion,, 
 
 (Bulletin of the Inte rnaltfonal railway congress, v. 15 :198?V 
 2011; August, 1901) 
 
 Report by J Gerstner for all countries except Russia, 
 Hungary and Italy. 
 
 A general discussion of methods used by railroads in 
 the United States, South America, and the principal 
 European countries. 
 
 1912Lewis,E,R. 
 
 Winter maintenance difficulties on northern railways**. 
 (Railway age gazette, v.52: 302-04;February 3.6,1912) 
 
 Preparations made by Maintenance and other departing Tits 
 for winter* 
 
 Discriptions of various types of equipment usred to clear 
 tracks of snow and ice, p303, 
 
 " % .The prevention of trouble to a railway (ro s.now 
 should commence with the location survey Th grade 
 should be so located that it will be at lea&V two feet 
 above the general ground level. "p,3C4, 
 
 1913 .Removing snow slides by blasting, 
 
 (Railway age gazette ,v % 54:349 jFebruary 21,1913) 
 Experience of a western railroad* 
 
 "Careful examination showed that the track had not been 
 damaged . , 
 
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Winter 
 Service 
 
 1913*Tanner,S % C. 
 
 Handling maintenance of way work in winter weather* 
 (Railway age gazette, v, 54:492-93 ;March 14,1913) 
 
 Second prize essay in Winter Maintenance Methods 
 
 Contest, 
 
 Various maintenance problems discussed, 
 
 1913 Plough, A.M. 
 
 Handling maintenance work in winter* 
 (Railway age gazette, v54:492 ; March 14,1913) 
 
 First prize in Winter Maintenance Methods Contest 
 Preparation of snow-f ight ing equipment* 
 Care of track* 
 
 1913.Foote, J.W % 
 
 Snow removal by steam radiation* 
 (Railway age gazette, v*54:497 ;March 14,1913) 
 Unloading frozen cars, etc. 
 
 Some methods of handling snow and ice* 
 (Railway age gaze tte, v ..54:494-95 ;March 14,1913) 
 
 ".*We plan for and usually get six months of winter 
 up here, and the snow when not falling is blowing 
 around,, We bogin to prepare for this in September by 
 seeing that all grass on the right of way is burned 
 and all weeds mowed % The next thing is to place the 
 portable sncw fence so as to protect all small cuts, 
 and see that all large cuts are protected in like 
 manner or by a six-foot permanent fence, built from 
 100- to 300 feet from the track* All switches and sid- 
 ings are protected in like manner.." 
 
 1913*Kell t F.A % 
 
 Winter track work, 
 (Railway age gazette, v*54: 495-96; March 14,1913) 
 
 Preparation of track for winter, and care during winter 
 season* 
 
 Winter track work* 
 
 (Railway age gazette, v54 :495 ;March 14, 1913)^ 
 Protection of cuts, etc* 
 
 1913 ,Hea ting the embankment along -{track pans* 
 
 (Railway age gazette, v,54: 496-97; March 14, 1913) 
 
 "One of the most serious maintenance problems encounter- 
 ed on roads using track pans at water stations is the * 
 removal of ice which collects in large quantities be- 
 tween the tracks, , .because of. water thrown from the 
 pans by engines thaking water when running at high 
 speeds .. , To eliminate this trouble by preventing 
 the formation of ice, a steam heating system "between 
 the tracks has been installed at Dola,0hio, and Davis, 
 B-Indiana, on the western division of the northwest 
 division of Pennsylvania lines*, ," 
 

 
 
 
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Winter 
 
 Se rvi 13 
 
 1913 .Patterson, F*W. 
 
 The utility of the winter force, 
 (Railway age gazette, v c 54: 493-94 jMarch 14, 1913) 
 
 Care of track and protective devices with a re- 
 duced force under winter weather conditions* 
 
 19 13 .Mark ley, A. S. 
 
 Concreting* in cold weather, 
 (Railway age gazette, v* 54: 494; March 14, 1913) 
 
 Ways and means of preventing freezing and protect- 
 ing work from elements* 
 
 19l4.Powers, J.W. 
 
 Handling and removing snow* 
 
 (Railway engineering maintenance of way v. 29:132-34; 
 March, 1914) 
 
 Preparation for northern winters* 
 
 Types of men needed for winter maintenance work. 
 
 Releasing stalled trains,,* 
 
 1915Lewis,E % R* 
 
 The winter's campaign, 
 
 (Railway age gazette , v*58 : 144-45 ; January 22, 1915) 
 Precautions, p, 144. 
 Early winter work. p. 144-45. '. 
 Midwinter operations, p\ 145 
 Late winter and spring operations, p, 145 
 
 1916VanAuken. Kenneth L 
 
 The Fall clean-up 
 (Railway review, v*59: 449 ;September 30, 1916) 
 
 Preparation of track during fall months for winter 
 season a 
 
 1917 .Protecting a line from snow troubles* 
 
 (Railway age gazette, v.62: 626-28 jMarch 23,1917) 
 
 The Southern Pacific maintains over 29 miles of 
 sheds and other precautions to insure continuous 
 operation* 
 
 Fire protection system, p. 627-28, . 
 Illustrate dU 
 
 1917 .Powers, J *W* 
 
 The problem of snow removal* 
 
 (Railway maintenance engineer, v13 :389-91;December, 1917) 
 IN Keeping the line open in winter 
 Track preparation, p. 396- 98 
 
 Recruting extra forces in emergencies p % 390. 
 Special problems, p 391. 
 
 
 
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 Service TRACK PROTECTION. 
 
 -5- Various Methods in Detail, 
 
 Fences , 
 1890. Protecting tracks from snow storms. 
 
 (Railimfd gate tie, v. 22:232 ; April 4, 1890) 
 .*By means of fences , permanent and portable , willow 
 hedges, etc. 
 
 fl *Mr Copeland, of the Chicago, St % Paul,Minneapolis and 
 Omaha, found a cornfield the best snow fence***." 
 
 1893* Railway track exhibit at Worlds Columbian Exposition. 
 (Engineering News v14;Sept 7,1893, p. 187-88 & 206-07) 
 
 1900. Association of railway superintendents of bridges and 
 build ings 
 
 Snow fences, stationary and portable* 
 (Railroad gazette, v,32: 697; Octobe r 26, 1900) 
 
 Methods of construct ioin, degrees of effectiveness, 
 cost, etc* 
 
 1900, Gerstner F. 
 
 Report, no % 4 (for all countries except Russia, Hungary 
 and Italy) on the question of the methods of deal- 
 ing with sncw 
 
 (Bulletin of the International railway congress, v 
 14: 3609-88; November 1900) 
 Timber screens ,p ^3 611- 19 , with diagrams, 
 
 1904. Blocking up track in severe cold weather* 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v 36* 169; March 11,1904) 
 Rules 4 
 
 1908, Latimer, James B 
 Snow fences,* 
 (Railroad gazette, v w 44: 694; May 22, j.908) 
 
 When adopted by railroad in United States* 
 
 1909 American railway engineering and maintenance of way 
 assoc lat ion* 
 
 Report of Committee on signs, fences, crossings and 
 
 cat tie- guards* 
 
 Appendix B-Report on snow fences, snow sheds and other 
 means to prevent snow accumulating, and the best methods 
 of clearing tracks and snow removal, 
 (ITS Proceedings, v. 10: part 2; 881-97 ; Chicago, 1909) 
 
 Various types of protective devices used by railroads, 
 
 p. 881-85. 
 
 Importance of location, p n -885 , 
 
 Conclusions and recommendations ,p*88687 . 
 
 Typical plans, p, 887-97. 
 
 1912, Railway and engineering re view b [Edito rial3 
 
 fSnow fence construct ionj 
 
 (Railway and engineering review, v A 52: 322;April 6,1912) 
 Necessity for protection against snow,etc* 
 
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Winter 
 
 Sorvi ce 
 
 6- 1913* King,A,H fc 
 
 Snow Fences. [Report of committee on subject nolO]j - 
 
 (American railway bridge and building associat ionProceed-ings Ji 
 ings, 23d annual convention; 267-78; October 21-23,1913) 
 "Your committee prepared and caused to be sent to 
 engineers of those railways which probably have 
 had experience with snow, a circular letter asking 
 for data regarding the practice and embodying the 
 views of these men with reference to the different 
 types of portable and stationary fences commonly 
 used...," 
 
 Reports from engineers of Union Pacific, p* 267; 
 Great Northern, p. 267; Oregon Short Line, p. 267*68} 
 Chicago & North we stern, p 268;Denver& Rio Grande, 
 p,268; Duluth & Iron Range, p 268; Intercolonial 
 railway, Canada, p* 268; Te rmoli-Campobasso Ry . , 
 Italy, p* 268. 
 Diagram3,p,269-76, 
 General discussion, p27 6-78, 
 
 1915. Snow fence of hollow clay blocks* 
 
 (Railway review, v, 57 : 694-95 {November 27,1915) 
 
 As builcft on the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul rail- 
 Way near Adel, la. 
 
 Also published in Brick and Clay record, Chicago, 
 May IS, 1915. 
 
 1912, Railway and engineering review. [EditorialJ 
 
 [Snow fence construction! 
 
 (Railway and engineering review, v52i 322) April 6,1912) 
 Necessity for protection against snow", etc* 
 
 Hedges. 
 1900, Gerstner, F 
 
 Report no, 4 (for all countries except Russia, 
 Hungary and Italy) on the question of the methods of 
 dealing with snow* 
 
 (Bulletin of the International railway co ngress, v14: 
 3609-88; November, 1900) 
 Quickeet hedges, p* 3619. 
 Plantations of trees, p. 3619-20. 
 
 w It is considered that the protection of a track 
 is materially improved by planting shrubs (particu- 
 larly acacias) on the sides of the slopes. The most 
 efficacious method consists in planting a double or 
 treble row of shrubs or of trees which grow rapidly 
 along the edges of the cutting; the shrubs should be 
 arranged quincuncially * . ." 
 
 1900, Reinisch,A* 
 
 Snow hedges for the semi-arid plains. 
 (Railroad gazette, v.32: 217; April 6, 1900) 
 
 "^JSleagnus angustif olia, or Russian olive, deserves 
 
 to be placed first in the list of -frees for snow 
 
 hedges*. ." 
 
 A suggestion from a landscape gardener of Lawrence, 
 
 Kansas. 
 
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 1917 . Smith, Hugh 
 
 Trees planted by new machine replace snow fences. 
 (Engineering news, March 15, 1917) 
 
 Machine used by Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. 
 Marie ry. 
 
 1918* Palmer,W.C. 
 
 Trees to keep the snow back. 
 (Literary digest, v.56: March 16, 1918, p .31-32) 
 
 Extracts from article in American forestry dealing 
 with benefits to be derived by railroads by tree 
 planting along right of way, 
 
 1918, Planting trees as protection against drifting snow, 
 (Railway age, v',64: 706; March 22, 1918) 
 
 Methods of Minneapol is,St .Paul and Sault Ste.Marie. 
 Kinds of trees used, and other kinds being tried out 
 as experiments* 
 
 1918, Palmer, W.C. 
 
 Tree planting to control snow and wind. Protection 
 
 for the fanner and the railroad, 
 
 (Scientific American supplement, v.85: 356-57 ; June 8, 1918) 
 Machines used in tree-planting. 
 
 Further description 66 work being done by Minneapolis, 
 St. Paul and Sault Ste, Ma&ie. 
 
 Snow sheds, 
 1889. Curtis, W.G. 
 
 Snow sheds on the Central Pacific. 
 {Railroad gazette, v.21: 673 ;0ctobe r 18, 1889) 
 
 "...The maximum aggregate annual snowfall ( as measur- 
 ed from time to time during storms) on record since 
 1870 along the line of the Central Pacific Railroad 
 over the Sierra Nevada Mountains is 63 ft. After 
 thoroughly experimenting with various forms, sizes 
 and weights of the ordinary type of pushing snow 
 plow, it was found impracticable to keep the road 
 clear with such appliances, and the higher portions 
 of the Central Pacific line. ..were protected by 
 snow sheds constructed during the years 1868 and 
 1869. The total length of sheds built was about 37 
 miles, 30 miles of this distance being practically 
 continuous shedding* ..." 
 
 1890. Berg, Walter G. 
 
 Buildings and structures of American ra ilroads , No, 6. 
 Snow sheds. 
 (Railroad gazette, v.22: 717-18; October 17, 1890) 
 
 Types , ccrst, etc ., with diagrams. 
 
 1895, Snow shed fire protection* 
 
 (Railway review, December 7, 1895) 
 
 Description df fire trains and the system of preventing 
 and extinguishing fires in the southern Pacific aheds. 
 
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 1896* Snow sheds of the Central Pacific railroads. 
 (Safety Valve, February, 1896) 
 
 Illustrated description of the sheds, and system 
 employed to lessen damage by f i ro in the sheds and 
 consequent delay of traffic* 
 
 1898* Southern Pacific snov? sheds.. 
 (Railroad gazette, v.33-' 
 669; September 16, ;398) 
 
 Prevention of damage to shed from accumulations of 
 snow on top of sheds,*, 
 
 1904. Telescopic snow shotis on the Central Pacific, 
 (Railroad gazette, v.,36: 61-62; January 22, 1904) 
 
 Rev?ew of snow shed development. 
 
 Description and diagrams of telescopic sheds* 
 
 1905, Blum, , 
 
 Schneed'acher im wostlichen Nordamerika* 
 (Organ fur die Fortschritte des Eisenbahnwesen, ll.Heft , 
 p.? 81) 
 
 Discussion of necessity for, And use of snow sheds 
 on railroads in western United States and Canada, 
 
 1910^ Concrete and timber snowsheds on the Groat Northern 
 
 ra i Iway H 
 (Engineering news, December .15, 1910) 
 
 Illustrated and describes new protective work on the 
 Cascade Division, which aims to carry across .the 
 line the snow that comes- from the mountain slopes, 
 
 1911, Snowaheda on the Great northern* 
 
 (Railway age gazette, v.50: 82-85 ; January 13,1911) 
 Darger irorn slides, 
 
 Concrete si-.eci at Wellington, Washington, 
 Cost, tind. diagrams of construction details, 
 Note :- Account of snow slide mentioned, in article 
 on p, 
 
 1911.1 Concrete snow sheds, Great northern railway, 
 
 (Railway and engineering review, v - 51:833-34;September 
 23, 1911) 
 
 Further account, with diagrams, of Great Northern's 
 concrete snow sheds, 
 
 1911* Cost of snow sheds ,[Southe rn Pacific] 
 
 (Railway age gazette, v .51: 1069 ;N vember 24, 1911) 
 Extract from report to California State Railroad 
 
 commiss ion. 
 
 ",, K The Southern Pacific states that it has 35 miles 
 of snow sheds in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, 
 valued at $2,250,000. 
 During the past four years fires in the shed have 
 

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Winter 
 So rvi ~& 
 
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 1911. Cost of snow sheds .^Southe rn Pacific], cont'd. coat 
 
 '$186* / 262, an annual average of 46,565.. Renewals on 
 account cf wear. a.ar are placed at $67,000, and 
 repairs at C40.0GO per annvnu The total annual 
 expense, including patrolling, and fire trains, is 
 stated to be C2u3 , 63 5 *"[Ent 5 re extract quoted] 
 
 1914. Extensive Great Northern snow shed construction. Over 
 18, T00 feet of timber and ccnbinat ion concrete and 
 timber protection buill in the Cascade mountains, 
 (Railway age gazette, v*56: 902-06 ;Apri I 17, 1914) 
 Map, showing location of sheds ,p .902 . 
 Diagram of combination timber and concrete shed r p 
 
 903. 
 Diagram of timber snow shed for steep slopes on 
 
 loose material, p 90S,.. 
 Diagram of timber sheds for flat slopes. p .905. 
 
 " light timber snow shed at tunnel portal*, 
 p. 905* 
 Construction methods, p 904-05* 
 
 1914* Tunnel and snowsheds in the Cascades: Great Northern ry. 
 (Engineering news, v,71: 1225-31; June 4, 1914) 
 
 Photograph illustrating construction of a combination 
 timber and concrete snow shed, p. 1225* 
 
 Plan of double-loop development on the west slope 
 of the Cascade Range; Great Northern railway, show- 
 ing snowsheds and tunnels. 
 
 Windy Point tunnel, construction details ,p,1227 . 
 
 Diagram of combination snwwsheds with timber posts 
 and roof, and with backwall of reinforced concrete 
 or mass cement, p 1228, 
 
 Construction methods of combination sheds, p1229. 
 
 Typical timber snow shed, illustration of, on p % 1229 
 
 Construction of timber snow sheds, p. 1230, 
 
 1915, Cox, J. J. 
 
 Snow sheds* 
 
 (Railroad trainman, v. 32:255- 57; March, 1915) 
 Maintenance methods. 
 Sheds of the Southern Pacific railroad, 
 
 1916. Railway, engineering in the northwest. Rotary snow plows 
 
 and snow sheds ready for winter* 
 
 (Railway and locomotive engineering, v29: 1-4; January 
 1916) 
 
 Different types of snow sheds, p2.Diagrams and de- 
 tailed, description of each type* 
 Types of rotary snow plows, p,l, 3 , 4. 
 
 1917, Newlon, Homer T fc 
 
 Concrete snow sheds * [Union Pacific railroadj 
 (Literary digest, v. 55:24; September 22, 1917) 
 
 Use of concrete lumber in snow shed construction 
 
 in Wyoming* 
 

Winter 
 
 Service 
 
 -10- 
 
 1917 , Rear, George W. 
 
 The Southern Pacific's snow shed problem. 
 (Railway age, v.64: 1116; May 3, 1918) 
 
 In American railway bridge and building assoc iat ion T 
 
 1917 Proceedings, p, 167-74; Oct. 16-18,1917, 
 Reprinted in Railway age , v.64: 116 ;May 3, 1918. 
 Conditions necessitating sheds, types constructed, cost 
 and maintenance. 
 Photograph of Original snow shed, Serra Negada Mts., 
 
 1868, Southern Pacific. 
 
 917 fc Reinforced concrete snow sheds, Union Pacific railroad* 
 (Railway review, v.61: 545-47; November 3, 1917) 
 
 "..The general charecte ris't ics of the sheds are concrete 
 pedestals or piles for foundations; A-frames, acting 
 as braces on the sides; reinforced concrete girders 
 extending across the A-frames, forming the roof 
 support; reinforced concrete slab sidles and roof cover- 
 ing . >A p, 545. 
 Photographs, illustrating details of sheds, 
 
 Reinforced concrete snow sheds-, Union Pacific railroad. 
 (Railway review, v,6l: 597; November 17-fcl947) 
 
 Supplement to article in issue of November 3,p*545-47 
 
 Editorial comment,. p 711^ 
 
 917, Snow shed construction in the Cascades* 
 
 (Railway age gazette, v. 63: 1087-91; December 14, 1917) 
 
 Construction on the Great Northern. 
 
 "..The Great Northern has added 17 T 3 60 feet of new pro- 
 tection, 6.7 miles of line out of 9 now under cover." 
 
 Design and construction details, p * 1088-89. 
 
 Types of sheds tried, p. 1086. "..The early snow sheds 
 we we all of timber construction, but in 1910-11 a: 
 total of 2,462 ft. of double track reinforced concrete 
 sheds were constructed^ This type has not been used in 
 subsequent work because of its expense. In 1913, 14, 
 &94 ft, of snow sheds were built, of which 10,094 ft. 
 were of all-timber design and 4,500 ft. was of a com- 
 posite design, ,* ...In 1916, when a total of 14,560 ft. 
 of shods were built, 12,309 ft. were of the all-timber 
 design, . .Thus it is seen that there has fceen an almost 
 complete return to the original form of construction. 
 The prime reason for this is the high cost of rein*- 
 forced concrete as compared with timber at a point 
 located in tho heart of the Douglas fir region"... 
 
 1917 k Concrete snow sheds on the Union Pacific. 
 
 {Railway age gazette, v.63: 1159- 64 ;De camber 28,1917) 
 
 A new form construction has been provided to protect 
 
 this transcontinental line against drifting snow* 
 Map of location of snow sheds 7 p.ll59. 
 Design and construction details ,p .1160-61 . 
 Manufacture of units, p* 1162, 
 Erection methods, p. 1163. 
 Editorial commen: t p. 1157 ."Two tvces of snowsheds" 
 
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Winter 
 
 Se rvice 
 -11- 
 
 1918. A comparison of two forms of snow shed construction*. 
 
 (Railway maintenance engineer, v^!4: 21-25 ; January t 1918) 
 Union Pacific type for protection against drifts. 
 Great Northern type for protection against slides* 
 Materials, and construction methods in detail* 
 
 1918. Snow sheds on the Great Northern. 
 
 (Railway gazette, v.28: 254-57; March 1, 1918) 
 
 Discussion in English magazine of winter conditions 
 and types of sheds in use on Great Northern railroad* 
 
 Other Methods* 
 
 1912. Clough, AJi/U 
 
 Handling snow and ice with a spreader, 
 
 (Railway age gazette, v*52t 293; February 16,1912) 
 
 First prize article in "Track Kink" contest* 
 "Keeping the ice down, especially at our track water 
 
 pans M 
 
 1916* Wooden scrapers for handling snow on the C *A N.W % ry 
 (Railway review, v. 62: 882 ;. February 23, 1918) 
 
 Description of scrapers .used in Huron yards and 
 other points on the. Chicago and Northwestern* 
 
 Care of Locomotives and V/ate r stations* 
 
 1913. Mark ley, J,H % 
 
 Winter maintainance of water stations* 
 (Railway age gazette, v^54: 494; March 14, 1913) 
 
 "Experience has taught us some priceless lessons on 
 the care of water tanks during severely cold weather* 
 
 The practice used to be to wait until it became re ry 
 cold and then start out with a car load of rough 
 lumber and sawdust to box up the goosenecks and the 
 discharge pipes of the tanks, and fill the boxes with 
 sawdust* This did some good, but it was not a per- 
 fect success. We use no sawdust now and where we 
 have no return pipes from the tanks which must 
 stand full of water, vie use no protection whatever. 
 
 The discharge pipe runs up thru the center of the 
 tank to a point above the water line, when the tank 
 is full, and is drained as soon as the pump 13 shut 
 down. We drain these pipes whether thay 'are boxed 
 in or not*..." 
 
 1913^ Tanner, S.C* 
 
 Handlirg maintenance of way work in winter weather, 
 (Railway age gazette, v.54: 492-93; March 14, 1913) 
 
 "The maintenance of water stations in winter is very 
 important, as we cannot operate a railroad without 
 them, and if they are frozen up they are of no use 
 Our new water tanks are madd frost proof, and where 
 tank spouts are used, the outlet spouts are placed 
 at an angle of about 45 deg leading from the tank 
 
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 Service 
 
 Handling maintenance of way work in winter weathe r.contM 
 valve so that the water will not remain in the out- 
 let spout long enough to freeze...,.,. 
 
 1917, C lough, A.M., 
 
 Water stations in winter*. 
 
 (Railway maintenance engineer, v e !3: 46; February. 1917) 
 Car of track pans 
 Necessity for proper track drainage. 
 
 Switches , 
 
 1906, Heating devices to keep switches clear of snow and ice, 
 (Railway and engineering review, v46:893; November 
 17,1906) 
 
 Oil heating apparatus 
 Gas heating apparatus 
 D iagrams, 
 
 1906* Shaw, Francis G. 
 
 Devices to keep railroad switches from becoming clogged 
 
 with snow and ice, 
 
 (Engineering news, October 18, 1906) 
 Paper read before Railway signal association. Gives the 
 
 claims made for these devices, and describes the two 
 
 systems; one a gas burning device and the other an 
 
 oil burning device, 
 
 1908. Lang, James S, 
 
 Melting snow around switches,* 
 (Railroad age gazette, v, 45: 916; September 11, 1908) 
 
 "During the past year a new system of snow melting 
 has been used at several of the large terminals* Its 
 practicability has been demonstrated during the past 
 three winters at one of the busiest terminals in the 
 country, w:tn the result that delays due to snow and 
 sleet storn.'S have been almost entirely eliminated* 
 
 An extreme ly low cost, both- of installatinn and opera- 
 tion, is possible on account of the small amount of 
 apparatus required in demparison to the number of 
 switches p rotected . , .^The melting of the snow of 
 ice is effected by applying to it a flaming fluid 
 whr.ch continues to burn while in the snow, melting 
 and finally evaporating the greater portion of it* 
 
 The character of the fluid is such that the flame is 
 easily maintained regardless of high winds or drifting 
 snow. The fluid is applied by the regular 1rack force 
 by means of a safty distributing can, and the height 
 and extent of the flame can be regulated with ease* 
 lio injury to the track results, as the temperature of 
 Uho rails is not raised to the usual summer heat, 
 while the fluid being a hudrocarbon, acts as a pre- 
 servative of the ties,...,,* 
 
 Extracts frorri a pape r, "Practical snow melting", read 
 before Railway Signal Association at Chicago, 
 
. 
 
 r -; ,-.: :I . r- ' : - ; - - ^s 
 
 ft 8: 
 
 
V'inte r 
 
 Service 
 
 -13- 
 
 Melting snow around switches, cont'd 
 
 September 8, 1908* 
 Further extracts in Railway and engineering review, 
 
 v.48: 741-42 jSeptember 12, 1908. 
 Also in Engineering & Contracting, Sept. 2, 1906 
 
 1912, Melting snow at switches: Erie railroad* 
 (Engineering news, v68: 820-21; Octobe r 31, 19*12) 
 
 "*the Erie railroad uses loops of steam piping 
 placed under the rails and connecred to main pipes* 
 
 The general arrangement is shown in the accompanying 
 cut ...... " 
 
 General instructions as to installation and operation* 
 
 1913* Foote, J % W, 
 
 Snow removal by steam radiation. 
 (Railway age gzette , v54: 497; March 14, 1913) 
 On the Erie railroad* 
 
 "At a terminal where steam is available this system is 
 particularly effective and economical, and it ia in- 
 cluded in the standard practice of the Erie where 
 it is giving good results. The simplicity of the 
 arrangement commends itself,,.*," 
 
 1913. Fuller, F k W, 
 
 Some methods of handling snow and ice* 
 (Railway age gazette, v54: 494-95; March 14, 1913) 
 
 *'., Keeping switches in service is no small matter is 
 so cold a c limate[Minnesota3 , as we find the use of 
 salt in ero weather does more harm ffoan good* It 
 starts the snow to melting, which then freezes hard. 
 
 Cleaning switches by digging the dirt out all down 
 to the bottom of the tie in the fall gives some room 
 for loose snow* Then we leave at each switch a broom, 
 an old No2 shovel and a chisel made from an old file, 
 which is sharpened at one end and fitted to an ferrule 
 from scuffle hoe or fork, so that it will slip onto 
 a broom handle. This can be used to clean ice from 
 the switch point, and will save many calls on the 
 section forces at night as the train crew can clean 
 a switch so as to get through safely**. " 
 
 1914 % The Turner brazing machine* 
 
 (Railway age gazette, v : 387; February 20, 1914) 
 Description and diagram* 
 
 1916, Francisco, L.A 
 
 Steam piping protects Erie switches from snow and ice* 
 (Engineering record, v,73: 349; March 11, 1916) 
 Illustration and diagram. 
 
 "*The steam is furnished by a locomotive which is 
 coupled on when the weather warrants it* The coil 
 sections are removed in summer 
 
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 Service M 
 
 -14- 
 
 Switches, cont'd, 
 
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 1917 * Burke , M % 
 
 Protecting switches and interlocking* . 
 
 (Railway maintenance engineer, v13: 45 46; February, 1917) 
 
 "It is very essential to make preparat ions ^ for the 
 handling of snow and ice at switches and interlock- 
 ing plants in the fall before the ground is frozen. 
 
 To this end track men are instructed to dig out the 
 ballast between ties at all switches three inches 
 below the base of rail, from the head block to the 
 heel of switch points and also at frogs and guard 
 rails and around the clips on detector bars, Thi f* 
 gives the man cleaning the seitch a chance to push 
 his shovel under base of rail and get the snow out 
 easily without any picking and greatly increases the 
 efficiency of each man's work, as he can get the sitch 
 rods free for ready operation with very little delay* 
 
 A force of 30 extra men is kept on steadily during 
 the winter months and is assigned to worlc ax 
 
 switches just as soon as snow storms begin. These 
 are experienced track men and are organized so that 
 each man knows just where be belongs, When more men 
 are needed an employment agency is called upon t*> 
 send extra menv 
 
 Interlocking plants where "pipe lines are exposed 
 give the most trouble in sleet storms. As the use of 
 salt on pipe lines is not permitted beeause it re- 
 sults in corrosion of the pipes, men are placed in th< 
 towers to keep the pipe lines moving so that the sleet 
 does not get frozen on them* A Hauck thawing outf; 
 has been very effectively and economically used for 
 this purpose | as one of these small outfi4s will 
 accomplish the work of two laborers* 
 
 1917, C,,W,G 
 
 Melting snow with a kerosene torch* 
 (Railway signal engineer, v 10: 47-48; February , 1917) 
 
 Description, 
 
 "The torch will burn in any position in any kind of 
 weather, no wind being strong enough t extinguish 
 it and it is not affected in its operations by ex- 
 tremely low temperatures* It has proved absolutely 
 safe and simple to operate* As a result, during the 
 worst snow storm of the winter of 1916, there was 
 onlya few moment's delay to trains in the whole 
 Detroit, Mich., terminal of the Michigan Central, of 
 which I have charge, and the saving effected in 
 labor was tremendous* No additional emergency labor 
 was required as one man could look after several 
 torches. ,** 
 

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 e rvice 
 
 15- Switches, cont'd, 
 1917 . Mock, H.F. 
 
 Preparing for winter. 
 
 (Railway signal engineer, v.10: 46-47; February, 1917) 
 Details of preparation in fall necessary to meet 
 winter emergencies, especially in regard to switching 
 and interlocking devices, 
 
 1918, Disposing of snow and ice with steam. 
 
 (Railway maintenance engineer, v.14: 92; March, 1918) 
 Diagram of typical steam layout for. switches * 
 ",,,The plant is operated continuously from the first 
 f'reesing weather until spring. As a result of its 
 operation manual labor is entirely dispensed with 
 for clearing the switches of ice and snow except at 
 times of unusually severe storms, when it becomes 
 necessary to employ small gangs chiefly for patrol 
 duty to make sure that the thawing apparatus is do- 
 ing all that is expected of it,."p,93 
 
 Yards.Terminals, etc. 
 
 1913, Fuller, F. W\ 
 
 r Some methods of handling snow and ice. 
 (Railway age gazette, v,54: 494;March 13,1914) 
 
 "...In cleaning around stations we find the use of a 
 team and a snow scraper such as is used to haul the 
 snow off the ice by ice cutting gangs, a very con- 
 venient and cheap tool, taking the place of fully a 
 doaen men with snow shovels. We also use the Jordan 
 spreader in cleaning up the passing tracks and yards, 
 using it in the same manner it is used on ballast. ." 
 
 1913. Sammet, ...Dr* 
 
 Influence cf bad weather on the work at sorting and 
 
 shunt ing yards fc 
 
 (Bulletin of the International railway congress, v27 : 
 414-26;May,1913) 
 
 Arrangements of the yards so as to cope with bad weather 
 
 p. 418* 
 The provision of special humps, so-called winter humps, 
 
 Special measures against cold, p* 419,. 
 Special measures against snow, glazed frost and haarr- 
 frost, p. 419-26. 
 
 1917* Robinson, J,S. 
 
 Fighting snow in yards, 
 (Railway maintenance engineer, v,13: 46-47 ] February) 
 
 "In the Chicago terminals of the Chicago & Northwestern 
 th6 system followed to secure the most effective snow 
 and icc> disposal during the winter is to prepare the 
 yards in the tall by having the regular section men dig 
 out the ballast between the ties at the switch and 
 connecting rods to make a space under and around them 
 
Winte r 
 
 Service 
 
 -16- Yards ,Te rminals , Etc ,Cont*d , 
 1917 . Robinson, J.S. " 
 
 for snow and to enable the men to remove the snow 
 quickly when it falls and to prevent ice forming around 
 the rods, thus preventing their moving,.* 
 A most important element in securing efficiency in an 
 organization of this work is a central point with 
 telephones radiating to important points in all yards, 
 where the roadmaster or some other tffficer can keep 
 in touch with the men, the train dispatchers, train- 
 masters and yardmasters at all times, to enable him 
 to direct his work intelligently... 
 
 1918, Wooden scrapers for handling snow in the Chicago & North- 
 western ry, 
 (Railway review, v.62: 2#2-} February 23, 1918) 
 
 ",,This style of scraper was gotten up mostly for 
 clearing snow from yard tracks, station platforms and 
 street crossings, but as is obivious, they may be 
 used with equal facility in other places about rail- 
 roads., The necessity for a device of this kind was 
 impelled by the difficulty in securing extra labor 
 for snow gangs, particularly when the thermometer 
 ranges as low as 40 degrees below zero, as it fre- 
 quently does in the northwest ....* 
 
 The scraper is drawn by a team of two horses, and it 
 can be used e/ither lengthwise or crosswise the tracks, 
 over switches, frogs or any other place where a 
 team may be safely driven.,*, 
 
 0-- 
 
 Terminals proper. 
 1912, Crabbs, F, E. 
 
 V/inter work on terminals* 
 (Railway age gazette, v.52: 308-10; February 16,1912) 
 
 Operation of a passenger terminal in winter. 
 
 Methods used to combat winter weather conditions at 
 the C. & N.F. terminal at Chicago* 
 
 "V.At the Western avenue crossing we are using hydro- 
 carbon for melting snow, and find that where there 
 is proper drainage its use has proved successful..* 
 F% 309. 
 
 An experiment last tried on our terminals this year 
 was to dip the rattan snow brooms in common, hot, 
 black oil before using. We have found that this re- 
 sults in from one-third to one-half greater wear from 
 the brooms,. By actual test we have found that a 
 rattan broom costing $2.85 per dozen, if dipped in 
 this oil before using, gives better results than one 
 costing C4 per dozen if not so treated. As out enfc- 
 pense for snow brooms alone exceeds ^3000 annually, 
 this one means a big saving, . . , ,p 309. 
 
 Work of the Safety Committee, p, 309-10. 
 

 
Winter 
 Service 
 
 Terminals proper, cont'd. 
 
 1914. The Turner brazing maching. 
 
 (Railway age gazette, v.56: 387; February 20, 1914) 
 Description of machine used for melting snow at 
 switches, etc. 
 
 1917. Byrnes, R. 
 
 Snow handling en a busy terminal division, 
 (Railway signal engineer, v13: 46; February, 1917) 
 
 Methods developed en a road enter- ing New York City* 
 "...Ths Track arid signal maintenance forces at each 
 interlocking cooperate to keep the plant working during 
 each snow storm.,. 
 
 After the first of November, the track gangs remove 
 the ballast from the spaces between the first three 
 ties of each switbh*At the same time the signal 
 maintainer applies the snow covers for the adjustments 
 on the switch throw rods. All plants on this division 
 are of the electric type -..Every section foreman is 
 supplied with a tank of hydro-carbon which, when receiv- 
 ed , io erected in a fireproof pit, and is made ready for 
 Use, Six sprayer cans' are a part of the tool equipment 
 of each section gang and are kept ready for use. There 
 is seldom more than one interlocking on each section, 
 so that the entire track gang is available for work 
 around the se itches ...," 
 
 1918 Demand for Mechanical handling of snow in terminals, 
 (Railway review, v k 62: 95; January 19, 1918) 
 
 "..The difficulty of clearing tracks of snow in yards 
 and? terminals is much greater than that of clearing 
 main tracks. . ..On yard and terminal tracks it is 
 usually the case that the pushing of snow off one 
 track simply covers up another, and the use of the ro- 
 tary is seldom, if ever, feasible * . . ,The slow but 
 sure method ot clearing tracks in terminals is tb. 
 load the snow upon cars and haul it away, and this is 
 ofgen re3orted to. The shoveling of snow by hand in 
 such work is expensive, and during these days the 
 labor cannot be had. 
 
 What is really needed for such emergencies is some 
 mechanism for quickly loading snow upon cars* Reasoning 
 from the variety of machines which are in existance 
 on railways for mechanically loading earth and 
 ballast, the development of a machine for loading snow 
 from track to car should not be difficult to work out.," 
 
 1918. Pulling the Chicago terminals out of the snow* What the 
 
 railroads were compelled to do in restoring traffic after 
 the January blizzards* 
 (Railway age, v.64: 369-71; February 15, 1918) 
 
 " .While not suffering any worse in the aggregate than 
 the other roads, the Illinois Central was subjected 
 to some of the more spectacular conditions thraout 
 th portion of its line exposed to the sweep of the 
 
Winter * 
 
 Service 
 
 Terminals proper, cont'd. 
 
 1918.. Pulling the Chicago terminals out of the snow, cont'd, 
 
 of the winds off Lake Michigan, The eight main tracks 
 of this railroad are bounded on the side away from the 
 lake for a considerable distance by a high retaining 
 wall and the snow which piled up against this wall com- 
 pletely bui-d the trwo adjacent tracks' and any equipment 
 star.dirg on them*.*." 
 
 ",^.1'n q;&;naral the chief difficulty was with the many 
 mi Ves of y-?-d tracks largely ^cc'ipjed by standing cars 
 th - rrov:. , L v/hicn at the earliest possible date was 
 
 imperative to ths v;elfaro ox not only the city but also 
 the na^-xon*., lf 
 
 "The ra \iioads f-mployad large forces of men in the removal 
 of tho snow and considering that their demands were com- 
 bined w:tn those of the city for men for street clean- 
 ing, ix is not surprising that the wage rates in some 
 caues attained almost unbelievable heights The re was, 
 however, a plentiful supply of labor, ... 
 
 "The administration of the work at the large terminal 
 ar^as in a manner that would insure most effective re- 
 sults and a thorough coordination of the efforts being 
 made by the various branches of the rapidly created 
 organisations was no simple task,..>,In this connection 
 th Baltimore & Ohio Chicago Terminal developed a most 
 interesting system* Men of known ability and who had 
 previous experience in fighting snow were placed in 
 charge of various subdivisions of the terminals and 
 made responsible for the progress within certain pre* 
 scribed limits* In order that the officers of the road 
 could be kept advised of the coiid it ions at all parts 
 of *-he terminals and the progress "being made in restor- 
 ing the tracks tc operation, as well as give the neces- 
 sary advice and despatch men, materials and supplies 
 were most needed, an intelligence bureau was established 
 ir_ the offir.e of the district engineer. All of the 
 telephones An the engineering office were assembled on 
 a single large table where a staff of men was kept 
 busy receiving and answering telephone calls, while a 
 record oi information given and received was kept on a 
 quicl'Iy devised chart With a knowledge of the situation 
 gained through this system the needs of the men in 
 charge of the varioun parts of the terminals were ful- 
 filled by different men detailed to look after certain 
 requirements* Thus some men were commissioned to gather 
 laborers, others to requisition of purchase tools, to 
 provide lunches for the men, etc." p. 3-69-7B 
 
 "By far the largest portion of the snow was handled by 
 shovels. Obstructions tended to preclude the use of 
 power equipment .\n many places', consequently the snow 
 was- largely .LO^.dod by hand on cars of all classes*. and 
 hauled to a crnvsnient point of disposal where they 
 were unloaded by hand.*. Of all the equipment available 
 the ballast spreaders we re the most ef f ective* , . ."p 
 371, 
 
' 
 
 
'' inte r 
 Service 
 
 Terminals p roper. , cont'd , 
 
 1918, Fighting snow in the Chicago terminals, 
 
 (Railway maintenance emgineer, v; 14: 89; March, 1918) 
 
 Illustrati ons 
 
 January blizzards compel railroads to employ large 
 forces of men to restore tracks to operation. 
 
 Work done largely by hand, p. 91, 
 
 " .Weather the tracks were cleaned by hand or with 
 sp readers, the most difficult task was to remove cars 
 that had occupied these tracks during the storm with 
 the snow in many cases well up under the car bodies. 
 
 These cars had to be pulled out in small cuts, using 
 one or more engines to three or four cars, a process 
 that frequently proved disastrous to the draft rigg- 
 ing". , % p, 92 
 
 "Special facilities at the Chicago & Northwestern 
 passenger terminal for the removal of snow, installed 
 at the time that this station was built served in 
 good stead during the storm* This embodied snow melters 
 installed at the ends of the train sheds and through-* 
 out the approch tracks* There are ten of these, con- 
 sisting of boxes about 3 ft, by 6 ft., equipped with 
 steam pipes and connecting with the city sewers. 
 Shoveling snow into these boxes solved the problem 
 of disposal here,".,p, 92, 
 
 1918, Breaking the snow blockade in Chicago terminals, 
 (Railway review, v w 62: 395-97; March 16, 1918) 
 
 " . . ,The work on the New York Central railroad and the 
 Indiana Harbor Belt at the Gibson hump yards illus- 
 trated the effort necessary to move traffic under 
 such conditions,,.," 
 
 ",,,0n January 12 an attempt was made to get an engin- 
 er out of the Gibson engine-house for snow plow duty* 
 It required 12 hours, from 9 a.m, to 9 p.m., to get 
 the engine coupled to the snow ploy ready for duty. 
 This seemingly uncalled for delay was caused by snow 
 clogged and frozen switbhes, combines with the bitter 
 cold and wind making it impossible to keep men at work 
 for more than a few minutes at a t ime , p ,396* 
 
 "On Sunday, January 13, progress was made possible 
 by the volunteering of railway employees of various 
 departments, including clerks from the hump yard 
 office, freight department, car accountants, auditors, 
 freight claim agents, l,c.l, freight transfer men, etc. 
 
 This force was increased January 15, by employes of 
 the surrounding local industries, ,The shovelers . 
 in the Gibson yards were assisted by two Russel 
 snow plows for main line work, two bulldozers, one 
 Jordan spreader, a clam shell derrick and one 3now 
 plow each from the C.& N,W. ry., and the Michigan 
 Central RR,.,,The use of this equipment did much to 
 clear the track for traffic.,,, A clam shell bucket 
 was employed in clearing snow from a highway inter- 
 section on which there wasr.also a three-track 
 
K'-- !.--. -. i - 
 
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 srit hri fev ' . ; i IB' 
 
 .-.**-' 
 '- ; ; 
 
 o- 
 
 'Vr-AC VO 
 
inter 
 
 3 rvico 
 
 Terminals, proper, Cont f d. 
 
 1918. Breaking the snow blockade in Chicago terminals* cont'd. 
 interurban railroad cross ing, ..By the use of the clam 
 shell bucket and self propelled derrick, as much work 
 was done ir> one hour as was accomplished by 30 men in 
 similar places with hand shovels in a day .... .Included in 
 in the apparatus for fighting snow was the Vulcan 
 Kerosene torch., 11 , p. 396, 
 
 "An outstanding feature of the stor.ii conditions on the 
 New York Central and Indiana Harbor Belt railroads is 
 the loyalty of the employes called from desks and inside 
 positions 10 assist in clearing the tracks of snow.... 
 p.396* 
 
Service 
 -21- 
 
 I. Operation of railroads in the United States under V'inter Conditions. 
 General references* 
 
 1910. Williams, Archibald. 
 
 The romance of modern locomotion. 
 London, ng., CA % Pearson, ltd.., 1910. 
 
 367 p, / 8 
 
 Fighting the snow. Chapter 10, r, 164-73. 
 " " " on U.S .A. railroad? , p. 171-73 
 
 1911. Hungerford, Edward. 
 
 The modern railroad, 
 Chicago, A.C.McClurg & co., 1911. 
 476 p. 8 
 Keeping the line open, Chapter 16, p 256-75. 
 
 1911. Hartnell, FS. 
 
 All about railways. 
 London 6b Now York, Cassell & co ., ltd ., 1911* 
 
 374 p, 8 
 The Fight with the snow, Chapter 17, p. 254-62. 
 
 1916* Bacon, E,L. 
 
 Fighting the storm king, A big blizzard turns back 
 the clock of transportation a hundred years. Wireless is 
 railroader's sole working ally* One storm cost the 
 Pennsylvania two million. 
 (Railroad man's magazine, v,29t 401-05; March, 1916) 
 
 ".,. The re is only one inventor T * r ho ever lived whose 
 
 genius triumphed over the howling storm-Marconi. 
 For the first time in railroad history the blizzard 
 . found that at last had come a child of man's ingenuity 
 that it could not master % .,A new chapter in the his 
 history of railroading was added by the wireless,.., 
 From the tov;er of the V'anamaker building in New York 
 City the wireless flashed its messages through the 
 gale and furnished the only news over hundreds of 
 miles of hep less roads. [March 1 and 2, 1914] .. .p .402 
 Rotary plows are the West's weapons. p . 404, 
 
 .-0-- 
 "Keeping the line open" during various blizzards. 
 
 1871* Carter, Charles Frederick, 
 
 Big railror.ding-10^ (2d series). Joy riding on the 
 
 Overland trail,., 
 
 Andy Traynor reminisces of *71, when it took one train 
 23 days to get from Omaha to Ogden.%... 
 (Railroad man*s magazine, v. 36: 426-36; July, 1918) 
 
 fl . *, Rotary snow plows had not been invented; nor in- 
 deed were there any other really effective means of 
 bucking snow available. About 1 all the railroad 
 company could do was to start trains out and leave 
 the rest to P rovidence . . . p 432. 
 
 The train crew tried to keep out on the highest embank- 
 ments in reach when the going got too hard.. but even 
 

 
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 /'' - ";. ' ' 
 
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 '. * - - 
 
'/inter 
 Service 
 22- "Keeping the line open" Cont'd. 
 
 1871. Carter, Charles Frederick, Cont'd. 
 
 at that the train with 101 passengers on board was 
 hung up for thirteen consecutive days in one spot about 
 twenty five miles west cf Laramie, Wyoming,,." 
 
 1873 . Lewis, B,N, 
 
 Twenty five days making a round trip of one hundred 
 
 miles . 
 
 (Milwaukee railway system employes* magazine, v. 2: April 
 1914, p, 13-14) 
 
 Operation during the blizzard of January, 1873 fc 
 
 "In those days we had only the pilot plows, flat car 
 plows and shovels with which to fight the snow*.*" 
 p. 13, 
 
 "On the fourth day with a crew of two hundred men, four 
 engines and supplies, we tackled the main line and 
 this was the hardest proposition of snow bucking that 
 we had ever been up against* In some places the wire 
 on the telegraph poles was just visible. Three engines 
 and a big crew were working towards us from the east 
 and after three days we got together, took what 
 people they had and went back congratulating ourselves 
 that once more the main line would again do business 
 between the Twin Cities ,Prarie du Chien and Milwaukee.. 
 But before midnight it began again, almost as bad as 
 the first storm. We kept under cover until the worst 
 was over and then started out to do all over what we 
 had accomplished in digging out the road before..... 
 We had to dig out and load the snow on flat cars and 
 haul it out. to a fill where we shoveled it off*. 
 
 1887 Rocca, J. 
 
 Mesures centre les neiges. Expose. (Question 5, 2d 
 session.) 
 
 (Bulletin of the International railway congress, v. 1*689- 
 745; August, 1887) 
 
 Part II. Clearing away snow, p* 712-743* 
 "It is sufficient to reflect upon the great importance 
 that railways have acquired in the lives of peoples, 
 to be persuaded of the imperative necessity of assur- 
 ing continuation of the operation of trains by all 
 possible methods ...." 
 
 Types of snow plows and other track clearing apparatus 
 used by various important railway systems in different 
 parts of the world, comparative statements of cost of 
 keeping the lines open, etc.*.... 
 
 1890. [Snowfall and blocade of Central Pacific trains*] 
 (Railroad gazette, v,22: 53; January 24, 1890) 
 
 "Press dispatches for the past week have contained long 
 accounts of an unprecedented snowfall and blockade of 
 the trains on the Central Pac if ic . , , , .and the Oregon- 
 California line The trains all reached stations in 
 
 safety, but many of thorn wore delayed o*er a week,,.,. 
 
. 
 ' 
 
 iTtr'i^ ' Pit 
 
 ' . 
 
 
1890. [Snowfall and bloeade of Central Pacific trains,] cont'd. 
 
 The snow is 3 ft* deep on a level*%wwhile drifts of 10ft 
 are the minimum*. *In cuts 30 to 60 ft* is frequently 
 mentioned. . .Engines by the dozen are attached to plows, 
 but make little headway, and shovelers by the hundreds 
 have had their work constantly undone by fresh falls of 
 snow. The rotary "work wonders" * <. ." 
 
 1890* The snow blockade on the Pacific railroads. 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v. 22 i 74; January 31, 1890) 
 
 "The situation on the Central Pacific has grown worse 
 instead of better* ..*.*" 
 
 Dispatch from General Superintendent Fillmore of the 
 Centnal Pacific anent conditions on his line"The 
 storms we have had to contend with are unprecendented 
 in the history of the road* The rotary has been doing 
 most excellent work and we should not have known what 
 to do without it... ..The heavy work we have had to do 
 has fully demonstrated that the machine should have a 
 much larger heating surface, and that the shovel of 
 the plow should cut 8 inches wider on each side. It 
 would then be perfection*** 
 
 The rotary that we borrowed from the Union Pacific to 
 open up the west end of the Salt Lake division did the 
 work in six hours that it would have taken five hundred 
 men to do in one week* The Cyclone plow has but just 
 arrived and "we have not had an opportunity to thorough- 
 ly test it". An army of shovelers worked all night 
 where the rotary failed, and it was expected to open 
 the road on Thursday**..* 
 
 1890. The Work of the 3now plows. 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v.22i 109; February 14, 1890) 
 
 Performances of Jull excavators on the Union Pacific* 
 "The excavator came through drifts that were 8 ft. on 
 one rail and 25 or 30 on the other, and snow packed so 
 hard that one orould not make a foothold r but has to 
 crawl on hands and knees* .4 ft 
 
 1890. The Season's work of the Rotary snow shovel* 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v.22: 141; February 28, 1890) 
 Opening blockades on the western roads.*-. 
 Editorial comment, p. 146* 
 
 1890 % Competitive trials of the rotary and other machine snow 
 plows* 
 (Railroad gazette, v.22: 355-56; May 23, 1890) 
 
 Account of success of Rotary over Jull Excavator furn- 
 ished by the Leslie Brothers Manufacturing Company, 
 Manufacturers of the Rotary. 
 
 Illustrations of the work of the Rotary ,-p *-356-57 * 
 Rotary versus Cyclone plow, p. 357. 
 
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nter 
 rvice 
 
 4- "Keeping the line open" during various blizzards. 
 1890, Otis, Charles H. 
 
 Competitive trials of Machine snow plows, 
 (Railroad gazette, v.22: 371-72; May 30, 1890) 
 
 Reply to claims of Leslie Brothers as to supremach of 
 Rotary plow over the Jull excavator, by Treasurer of 
 Jull Manufacturing Co. 
 
 1890. Jull, t range. 
 
 Extracts from Mr, Jull*s report [concerning competitive 
 
 trials of machine snow plows..] 
 (Railroad gazette, v.22: 372-73; May 30, 1890) 
 
 Further .reply to Leslie Brothers by inventor of Jull 
 Excavator, 
 
 1891^ Railroad gazette, [Editorial] 
 
 [Snow blockades and the necessity of keeping the line 
 
 open] 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v.23: 748-4-9; October 23, 1891) 
 Necessity for efficient snow plows to meet various 
 operating- conditions and need for preparation for 
 winter emergencies, 
 
 1897. The Avalanche at Ophir, Colo. 
 
 (Railway age, v. 23 :' 228-29 ; March 19, 1897} 
 
 Accounts of the avalanche which overwhelmed the Rio 
 Grande Southern tracks and depot, February 20, 1897. 
 
 "*44A11 the country between the Silver Bell and Terrible 
 mines slid at once .... .From the mountain top, where the 
 slide started^ to the depot, is about 1 1/2 miles* 
 Nearly one-third the distance was heavy timber* The 
 snow varied from 15 feet in depth at the starting point 
 to three feet at the depot* The slide swept it all* 
 
 About 1.30 p.m., General superintendent W.D.Lee arived 
 with the rotary snow plow and four engines, and a shovel 
 force of 30 men, and began clearing the track, which 
 was completed after 38 hours of steady work. The trees 
 and boulders were removed by engines after being uncover* 
 ed by shovels. When these were removed the rotary was 
 brought in and the snow thrown out ... .This was the only 
 road in this section of the state that made efforts to 
 keep trains, running. .. " 
 
 Illustrated. 
 
 1897 , Had ley, E. ,W % 
 
 Fighting snow on the railroadsof the northwest. 
 (Scientific American, July 10., 1897) 
 Illustrated, 
 
 1898* The November snow storm on Long Inland. 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v.22: 889-90; December 16,1898.) 
 Troubles of the Long Island railroad. 
 Work of the Rotary and Russell plows, p. 890 
 Illustrations, showing drifts and plows pushing through 
 p. 890. 
 
""' '"''.',' f : 
 
 - ; - - - 
 
 . .. 4 i '. 
 
 .\ 
 
 ' *' ^ ,: 
 
 -, .- . 
 
 5?*-* -i::rv -- ::' 
 
Winter 
 ervice 
 
 25- "Keeping the line open" during various blizzards,, 
 1899. Snow blockades [ on western roads] 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v % 31: 214; March 24, 1899) 
 
 Opening the Colorado & Southern, Wyoming division, 
 
 1899. Stonaker, C. L, 
 
 A Rocky mountain snow blockade, 
 (Railroad gazette, v, 31: 275; April 21, 1899) 
 
 "..From the evening of January 27th to the evening of 
 April 14th, the railroad company fought to keep the 
 road open, but without success. In this fight two Jull 
 plows and a rotary, each propelled by a team of five 
 locomotives and assisted by large gangs of men, were 
 pressed into service. At one time one crew fought the 
 storm forty two hours without stopping, and at another 
 two engine crews were rescued from the mountain side 
 after having been in continuous service for 624 hours. 
 On the last day two locomotives were released that had 
 been frozen in for seventy- three days . ,*It is esti- 
 mated that the cost to the railroad was C60,000 in out- 
 lay of eash in battling with the snow. At one time 773 
 men were at work in fighting snow, and the February 
 payroll for this work alone was "26,000, Sixteen stand- 
 ard gange engines were used in bucking snow, and 1,000 
 snow shovels, and besides this was a great outlay for 
 food. The Jull plows borrowed from other roads cost 
 forty dollars a <day. The Julls proved of no great 
 service in nuch great drifts; the rotaries are much 
 more sat isf actory 5 * . % . The Colorado and Southern suffer- 
 ed almost as severaly [ as the Colorado Midland].,. * 
 The Denver and Rio Grande experienced its chief 
 trouble west of Leadville in the Canyort of the Grand 
 River-, . , " 
 
 1901, Floods and snowstorms, 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v, 33: 289; April 26, 1901) 
 In Pennsylvania and Massachusetts, resulting in part 
 from melting of snow, 
 
 1901, Floods, frosts and coal famines* 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v33: 893; December 27, 1901) 
 
 "A despatch from Wilkesbarre , Pa,, on the 17th, estimat- 
 ed that the losses on the Lehigh Valley railroad would 
 amount to over a million dollars,,,," 
 Flood damages thraaut New York and New Englnad, 
 Snow blockades in the western states. 
 
 Coal famines resulting from traffic tie-up due to floods 
 and cold weather, 
 
 1902 .Floods t in many states. 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v.34: 167 ;March 7, 1902) 
 
 Floods due to melting snow and ice doing great damage 
 in eastern states. 
 
'"' . .'.' . 
 
inter 
 Jrvice 
 
 26- "Keeping the line open w during various blizzards, 
 1902. The Ice gorge on the New York Central, 
 (Railroad gazette, v.34: 223; March 28, 1902) 
 
 "..,., The fall of temperature which followed the floods had 
 the effect of uniting the loose ice, which had drifted on 
 the track? in such manner that the workmen had to practically 
 make a cut through solid ice, which varied from t.-4 ft. to 
 12 ft. in depth. For a distance of three quarters of a 
 mile or more, it was necessary to rebuild the roadbed.' 
 
 1904. Blocking up track in severe cold weather 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v.36: 169; March 11, 1904) 
 Care of track to maintain normal speeds. 
 
 1910. He&rick, Paul. 
 
 The Northwest's railroad disaster. 
 (Harper's weekly, v.54: 27; March 19, 1910) 
 Snow slide at Wellington, Washington. 
 
 1909 * Wheatlyy, A. W, 
 
 Methods of snow fighting on railroads. 
 (Engi nee ring- Contract ing, May 26,. 1909) 
 "Keeping the line open". 
 Types and work of snow plows, 
 
 1911. Railway and ehgineering review. [Editorial] 
 
 [Keeping the line open.j 
 
 ^Railway and engineering review, v.51: 180; March 4, 1911) 
 Keeping tracks clear of snow. 
 
 1912. Lawton, L. C. 
 
 Fighting snow in Kansas.. 
 ( Railway Age gazette v.52: 910-12; April 19,1918) 
 
 Winter operation on the Santa Fe. 
 
 Illustrated. 
 Also in Railway gazette [London] , v. 17 : 744-45 ;Dec .27 , 1912 . 
 
 English account of winter operation difficulties in 
 United States. 
 
 1913. Foote, J.W* 
 
 Snow engineering. 
 (Railway age gazette, v.54: 354; February 21, 1913) 
 
 "...In spite of the large annual expenditures for the 
 removal of snow and ice, no consideration seems to be 
 given to the smew problem when new lines are con- 
 structed .. .Air currents are as real as water currents, 
 and in each particular location a study of them will 
 result in determining the direction of the prevailing 
 winter wind. .....It would repay railways about -to be 
 
 constructed through a country subject to snow, to 
 have a winter study made in addition to the usual lo- 
 cation, with a view to avoiding serious snow con- 
 ditions . .Years of battling with snow should be a strong 
 argument for the recognition during location of the 
 importance of making proper provision in the construc- 
 tion of a new railway for means to eliminate as far as 
 possible the snow hazards now encountered ... . ." 
 
V. ':-. . ' : '.-'- 
 
 8Ifi^ . .-;. 
 
 v ' '.. .' ,' : 
 
 :::,- : :. 
 
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Winter service 
 -27- 
 
 1913* Removing snow slides by blasting. 
 
 (Railway age gazette, v. 54: 349; February 21,1913) 
 
 "As a result of a slide across the line of one of the 
 western railways the snow was banked about 40 feet over 
 the rails for a distance of about 600 feet. ..It turned cold 
 and the snow froze hard. ..When the rotary reached this point 
 it was able to make little progress.. It was suggested that 
 the snow be moved by dynamite, and although there were some 
 fears of damage to the track, authority was given to try 
 this method,,. [Several] shots cleared... the slide in about 
 three hours 1 time so that the rotary could complete the 
 work and opne the line, -.Careful examination showed that the 
 track had not been damaged*.." 
 
 1913. Terr ant, T.U 
 
 Fighting the blizzard on the Cleveland division. 
 (Baltimore and Ohio employes' magazine, v. 2 ; Dec ember, 1913, p .39-41 ) 
 
 Illustrated with photographs of conditions to be met and 
 methods used to keep The^line open during the storm that 
 
 began November 9th, 1913, 
 
 1914. The Pennsylvania's fight with the snow. 
 (Railway age gaz ette,v. 56 ; March 27,1914) 
 
 Account of experiences and expense of restoring the New York 
 division after the heavy storm of March 1 and 2,1914. 
 
 1914., Fighting snow on the Ulster and Delaware railroad. 
 (Engineering news, v. 71: 769; April 9,1914) 
 
 "...Such expensive luxuries as rotary snow plows are so 
 seldom needed in this southern latitude that the road had 
 to be cleared with the ordinary push plow. To drive the 
 T>low through the drifts., three heaw locomotives were at* 
 tached to it; but notwithstanding this, the plow was stuck 
 five times at this point, and each time had to be shoveled 
 our before the outfit could back up and take another run at 
 the dift.., n 
 
 Illustrations. 
 
 1914. How the Pennsylvania fought the blizzard. 
 (Engineering record, April 11,1914) 
 
 Stoy of the tie-up of the New York division and methods of 
 overcoming snow and ice. 
 
 1914. How a great railroad copes with a blizzard* 
 (Railway world, v.58: 278-82; April, 1914) 
 
 Clearing the Pennsylvania tracks after the blizzard of 
 March 1-2,1914. 
 
 191 4* Schreiber, Martin* 
 
 Snow removal by the Public Service Railway Company between 
 Jersey City and Camden f NJ, 
 (Engineering and contractinf, May 6jl914) 
 
 Extracts from paper before Phila.snow removal conference. 
 Description of organization, equipment and methods pursued* 
 
tr 
 
 ; 
 
 i 
 
 ' 
 
 .*-. - - . - - " ' 
 
 " JK ' .' ' ' 
 
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 " . ' ' " ' . " - . ' ! - 
 
 
 
Winter 
 Service 
 -28- 
 
 1915* Clough.A.M. 
 
 Importance of organization in fighting snow* 
 (Railway age gazette, v.58: 146-47; January 22 t 1915) 
 
 ". Although conditions in different parts of the country 
 no doubt have something to do with the different methods 
 of handling snow on various railroads, the preparations 
 should be the same whatever method is used. Our first care 
 is to see that plenty of good equipment is provided, that 
 it is thoroughly repaied and tested, and placed at required 
 points and on tracks so ss to be easily available &t any 
 moment. ...We organize the men who are competent to handle 
 the different equipment with special reference to their 
 knowledge of the territory they are to run over, sending 
 these men over the different lines to familiarize themselves 
 with the different marks and obstructions before the winter 
 sets in. We also have a thorough understanding with the di- 
 vision superintendent's office and despatchers in regard to 
 furnishing locomotives and crews with the least possible de- 
 lay when called upon to man our snow fighting equipment.*..* 
 
 1915. Whitney,H.O. 
 
 The snow problem at its worst* 
 
 (Railway age gazette, v.58: 145-46 j January 22,1915) 
 Snow fighting in the Province of Alberta, Canada. 
 
 1916 
 
 Keeping the line open on the plains. 
 (Railway age -gazette, v*60: 118-19; January 21,1916) 
 
 "Fortunately the main lines in this part of the country have 
 been well located from a snow fighting standpoint ..The 
 most difficult problem in this section is to keep the branch 
 lines open.*. The rotaries are needed more for keeping the 
 branch lines open than for use on the main lines 
 
 1916. King, Coleman, 
 
 Fighting snow on Long Island. 
 (Railway age gazette, v.60: 11 7-1 8 j January 21,1916) 
 
 "....The first and most important essential is the proper or- 
 ganization of snow fighting forces, and the assigning of each 
 man or group of men to a different fixed locality. For several 
 years, the Long Island has been endeavoring year by year to per- 
 fect its snow fighting force until now all the men are pretty 
 thoroughly conversant with the best method of coping with 
 every kind of a storm. .. Early each winter a staff meeting of 
 the heads of the various departments is held, at which arrange-* 
 ments are made for any minor repairs to snow fighting equipment 
 and their locations determined at convenient points on the 
 system ready for immediate use..*...." 
 
 1916, The Great storms in the mountain states* 
 
 (Milwaukee ry. system employes* magazine, v.SiHarch, 1916, p. 32 -33) 
 Work of the C.M.,& StP. employes in keeping the lines open* 
 
i 
 
 ;.'".....: ' - 
 
 ; 
 
 , ' 
 
 , 
 
 ,i 
 
 i 
 
 : '* '':>?> : ' 
 
Winter 
 
 Service 
 
 1916. Ginet,J.H. 
 
 The Big snow, 
 
 (Milwaukee ry. system employes 1 magazine, v. 3: March, 1916, p9 -2l) 
 "*..0n the morning of February 3 f the entire Cle El urn yard was 
 
 under 6 \/Z feet of snow, and it was with the utmost difficul- 
 ty that wer able to keep a track open to the roundhouse**..* 
 
 Three of four men, usually w-ith a dog for company, day and 
 
 night were stationed at each switch and worked continuously 
 
 to keep it free from snow..,," 
 Illustration. ..p.20-21. 
 
 1916. St. Paul electrification tested by worst winter. Times when every 
 steam engine was frozen, but the electric locomotives went right 
 along. 
 (Wall street journal, April 4,1916, p3, col. 3 ) 
 
 Account of operation of electric locomotives during severe 
 winter weather. 
 
 1916. The Railways and the blizzard. 
 
 (Railway gazette, v.24: 394-95; April 7,1916) 
 "Keeping the line open" in England, 
 Illustrations. . N. 
 
 1916. The Pennsylvania's fight with the snow* 
 (Railway gazette, v.25: 656-59; December 15 r l916) 
 
 "To repair the actual damage done by the exceptionally heavy 
 snow and sleet storm cost the Pennsylvania Railroad more than 
 $500, 000.... The loss, direct and indirect, amounted to two 
 million dollars....*" 
 
 Wire troubles. p. 656-57* 
 
 Table of stalled trains, showing location of each f p658, 
 
 Taking care of passengers on stalled trains, p.658-59. 
 
 1917. The 1917 blizzards* 
 
 (Milwaukee railway system employes* magazine, v4, March, 1917, p. 16-18) 
 Snow fighting 'in the northwest* 
 
 1917* How railroad defeated snow. 
 
 (Railway and marine news,v*15; March, 1917, p. 12) 
 Snow blocakade on the Union Pacific* 
 
 1917* Alter, Cecil J* 
 
 Bucking the big drifts in Wyoming. 
 (Engineering news, March 8,1917) 
 
 How February snows were met by the Rocky Mountain railroads* 
 Also in Literary digest, v.54: 897; March 31,1917* 
 
 1917. Keeping the line open in winter* 
 
 (Railway maintenance engineer, v. 13: 3 89-91; Dec ember, 1917) 
 Importance of preparedness in combating snow and ice* 
 Department cooperation essential. 
 
I 
 
 
 
 . 
 %.,-.." i . 
 
 ... .... 
 
 
 
 
 (sx, 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
Winter 
 Service 
 -30- 
 
 1918. Record snowstorms paralyze transportation. 
 
 (Railway signal engineer, v .11:45 -47 j February, 1918 ) 
 
 Transportation industry through the entire central west Com- 
 pletely tied up. 
 
 Methods used by signalmen to move traffic* 
 
 ... Practically no traffic was delayed during these storms due 
 to the failure of operation of automatic signals and inter- 
 lockings* No attempt was made during any of the storms to Ij:eep 
 other than main line switches, or switches leading into yards 
 that were being used, open at the various interlockings in or 
 near Chicago.... "p. 46. 
 
 n . .Heretofore it has been found necessary during cold or freez- 
 ing woather when switches began to throw harder than usual under 
 ordinary weather conditions, to start up the generators for boos- 
 ting the Voltage on the storage batteries to care for the addi- 
 tional overload. This practice can be eliminated by the applica- 
 tion of a mixture of five gallons of keroses oil with three 
 quarts of black oil to all movable parts of the switch points 
 after the snow has been removed and the keroses blow torch 
 used "p47. 
 
 "...The Baltimore and Ohio southwestern and the Chi cago Burling- 
 ton and Quincy railroads fitted up some switch engines in 
 various terminals with steam hose to clear the switches and de- 
 rails around interlocking plants ..."p. 47. 
 
 1918. Snow and ice on the Pennsylvania. ' 
 
 (Railway mechanical engineer, v.92: 143; March, 1918) 
 
 A story of seven week's struggle during the worst winter the 
 Eastern roads ever experienced, 
 
 1918* The Pennsylvania's' fight with Jack Frost and the snow banks*. 
 - (Railway age, v.64:447-49;March 1,1918> 
 
 From a report of Elisha Lee regarding traffic conditions in 
 January ,,1918. 
 
 Similar extract in the Railway review, v.6 2: 307-10; March 2,1918) 
 , Among the miscellaneous results reported from the severe cold 
 fn all divisions, were air-h^ce freezing, trains stalling, trains 
 parting due to broken couplings, hot boxes due to journal boxes 
 being stripped off by snow and ice, broken rails* frozen signals 
 and signal wires, and failures of interlocking plant s."p .448-49. 
 
 *'The report deals in detail with the effect of exteme cold in 
 
 lowering the efficiency of unskilled and semi-skilled labor and 
 in making it impossible in many cases to hold men in the service." 
 Frozen aah pans, coal freezing in cars, lubrication in journal 
 boxes freezing, frozen roadbed, stalled cars, etc... p. 448-49. 
 
 1918. Fighting drifts on the railways* 
 
 (Scientific American supplement, v. 185: 164 j March 16,1918) 
 
 1918, Severe winter hampers railway operation. 
 (Railway age, v.64: 851-52; April 5,1918) 
 
 Weather conditions throughout country,pi^851-52. 
 Emergency measures to remove snow. p. 852. 
 
~ 
 
 -;-' .. .-: :.- ;-.:.. '. 
 
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Winter 
 Service 
 -31- 
 
 -koaomotive performance under winter conditions* 
 1909 Railway and engineering review^F^ditorial] 
 
 Engine failures in snow sto.rms f 
 
 (Railway and engineering review, y .49: 112; February 6,1909) 
 Causes of failures..... 
 
 1912* French.W.L. 
 
 Care of locomotives in cold weather* 
 (Locomotive firemen and enginemen f s magazine, v*52: 465-67 J Apr 1 912) 
 
 1915. Leland, Frank H. 
 
 Operating Shay locomotives* 
 
 (Engineering and mining journal^ v.99t729~30; April 24,1915) 
 Difficulties in operating this type of power especially 
 during winter* 
 
 1918* Railway review[ Editorial] 
 
 Locomotive operation in winter. 
 (Railway review,v,62: 66; January 12,1918) 
 
 Editorial comment on photograph of Soo Line locomotive 
 published on p63 of the issue* 
 
 ", President Pearson of the New York, New Haven and Hartford 
 R*R, comment ing on the interference of the weather with 
 freight movement on his line, states that because of the 
 crold, his freight engines are from 20 to 30 per cent less 
 efficient than normally, a figures that if anything, on 
 analysis, appears too small *" 
 
 *.. Depend ing on the severity of the weather, efficiency of 
 operation of the human machine is even more susceptible 
 to impairment than is that of the locomotive itself, and 
 the latter being entirely dependent on the former, suffers 
 many a set-back that, with more stamina on the part of the 
 crew, need never be charged up against it*"p67. 
 

 -'.- tffl - 
 
 to -'. 
 
 '-.', ' ... 
 
 .' % . 
 
 - : - 
 
Winter 
 Service 
 -32- 
 
 Cars, etc + t under winter conditions. 
 
 1912, Effects of cold weather on train resistance and tonnage rating. 
 (Rail\vay and engineering review t v.52: 651-53; July 12,1912) 
 
 Results of a series of experiments by the Engineering Experi 
 
 ment Station of the University of Illinois. 
 Charts showing resistances under varying conditions. 
 
 1913. Foote.J.W. 
 
 Snow removal, by steam radiation* 
 (Railway age gazette, v,54: 497; March 14,1913) 
 Thawing out frozen cars, pipes, etc. .. 
 
 1915. Thawing out frozen cars* % 
 
 (Railway age gazette, Mechanical edition, v. 89: 574; November, 1915 ) 
 Thawing houeg^ <vt* the 6hicago,and Western Indiana at 
 
 Chicago. 
 Processes described* 
 
 1918, Linn, Scott W. 
 
 A modern plant for thawing coal in cars. 
 (Railway age, v.64: 805-06; March 29,1918) 
 Description of plant at South Amboy,N.J 
 Proeeeses described.*. 
 
\ 
 
 ( : . fr 
 
 ]'.- 
 
j Winter 
 
 (Service 
 
 -33- 
 
 Snow shovels, plows, etc* 
 
 1870. Huntington, Willie m 0. 
 
 A Chapter en j now plows. 
 (Railroad gazette, v2: 146 -47; November 12,1070) 
 
 ".., There is nothing of equal importance connected with rail- 
 road management so generally neglected as the timely provision 
 of efficient apparatus for removing sncw*." 
 
 "...The annuals-reports of the Massachusetts railroads for the 
 five years erging in 1859 showed that the greatest expense 
 of removing snow was, for any year of the five, $68 per mile; 
 while for the* years attended with the least expense it was 
 $13 per m:le,,.My memory fails to giver the average but I be- 
 lieve it was "among the forties" . . 
 
 There are certain mechanical principles necessary in the con- 
 struction of a snow plow to secure efficiency It is a common 
 fault with Ptost snow plows that they are built wedge shaped, 
 with a view to push of throw the snow on one side r or rather on 
 both sides On a single track*,.A plow should be constructed 
 so as to jraisje the snow before throwing it on one side*..*.*' 
 
 n A s the requirements for a first-class "big snow-plow" differ 
 widely according to climate, locatior^-.otc, ,*. it is not best for 
 railroad n3n to follow strictly the design or principle adopted 
 by other. railroads, unless their railroads are similarly located 
 in regard to snow....." 
 
 1885* The Rotary ct ; arn snow shovel. 
 
 (Railroad gaz stte, v,17: 259; April 24,1885) 
 Description of an early model. 
 
 11387, Rotary snow plow* 
 
 (Railroad gazette, vJL8: 356; May 27,1887) 
 
 Further description of early models, and their effectiveness* 
 
 1887. The Rotary steam snow shovel- 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v.19: 810-11; December 16,1887) 
 Description of improved models* 
 
 1888, Nevon's flange scraper, 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v*20: 71-72; February 3,1888) 
 
 Diagrams and description of machine first used toy -the Maine 
 Central* 
 
 1888, CUse of rotary snow plows in keeping the northwestern lines openJ 
 (Railroad gazette* v.20: 127; February 24,1888) 
 
 ",.,0n the Northern Pacific the switchback over the Stampede 
 Pass was kept clear by the aid of one rotary, a feat which 
 was regarded impossible in the light of past experience. Many 
 of the Northern Pacific branches in Minnesota and Dakota had 
 been blocked for many weeks before the rotary shovels arrived 
 from the East, but though the snow had been blown hard and was 
 full of sand and dirt, and fr*sen nearly as hard as sandstone, 
 the rotary shovels successfully cut their way through and en- 
 abled traffic to be resumed ., .. " 
 
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inter 
 
 ervice 
 
 -34- 
 
 Snow shovels, plows, etc 
 
 1887 
 
 The rotary steam snow shovel* 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v,19: 128-29; February 25,188?) 
 Sketch of the dovolopment of the rotary. 
 Adoption of various changes in machine and why made* 
 
 18&^ The Railroad snow excavator. 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v.20: 219; April 8 t 1888) 
 Model patented by George Cox. 
 
 "...The essential feature of the machine is a revolving fan 
 wheel f abour 9 feet id diameter, mounted on a horizontal shaft. 
 The fan wheel carries longitudinal knives and vanes-" the 
 knives to the cut snow and ice, and the vanes to carry it back 
 into a chamber from which it is thrown out by the centrifugal 
 force and the aur current established..., ."p. 219. 
 
 1888* The Rotary steam snow shovel. 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v.20: 250-52; April 20,1888) 
 
 Description of improvements, with some account of the successful 
 performances of the rolary. 
 Illustrations. 
 
 1888* The Leslie rotary steam snow shovel. 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v.20: 664-65 ;0ctober .12,1888) 
 Description. 
 Diagrams. 
 
 "....The weight of the rotary in complete working order is 
 about 110,000 pounds...." 
 
 1888. The Leslie rotary steam snow shovel. 
 
 (Scientific American supplement, v.26:10791-92 ; December 15,1888) 
 Furthar description of the Leslie model* 
 
 1889, Snow plows and flangers. 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v.21: 18-20; January 11,1889) 
 
 Discussion before the Northwest railroad club on types, effec- 
 tiveness, improvements proposed ....*. 
 
 1889. Rail flangers. 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v. 21: 105-06; February 15,1889) 
 
 Continuation of discussion before the Northwest railroad club..- 
 
 1889. lull's centrifugal snow excavator. 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v.21:209;March 29,1889) 
 
 **.. It will be seen that the excavating apparatus is a 
 radical departure from the form made familiar in the rotary. 
 The cutting plates are placed spirally on a cone which stands . 
 diagonally across the hood. These blades have a sharper pitch 
 towards the apex than at the base of the cone, and are concave, 
 so as to carry the snow back as it is cut off. The snow is dig- 
 charged through openings at the top of the hood in the same way 
 as it is from the rotary, and may be thrown out en either side 
 of the track, according to the direction of the wind...**" 
 
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Winter 
 
 Service 
 
 -34- 
 
 Snow shovels, plows, etc, 
 
 1889, The Cyclone snow plow. 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v*21:274-75$ April 26,1889) 
 
 "..-.This snow plow is double acting- that is, it bores intc 
 the snow bank -and throws the snow to one side by two distinct 
 mechanisms. In front there is a large expanding spiral, like 
 the end of a gimlet magnified, which bores into the snow bank 
 in advance of the fan or discharging wheel, to which it deli- 
 vers the snow, which is then ejected to either side of the>- 
 track as may be desired; a large damper in the discharging pipe 
 controlling the direction of the stream of snow. The spiral 
 auger is driven by a pair of mandarin engines mounted at right 
 angles on the same shaft and revolving always in the same di- 
 rection..,.* ,"p,274. 
 
 1889, Cyclone snow plow* 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v.2l: 304-05; May 10,1889) 
 Description and diagrams of model. 
 
 89, The Jull snow excavator on the Rome, Water town and Ogdensburg. 
 (Railroad r~zette,y.21:613 ; September 20,1889) 
 
 Statements by G.H.Hazelton, Superintendent of Motive Power, as 
 to results of trials of the Jull machine* 
 
 1890. The Jull snow excavator, 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v.22: 12 3 -2 4; February 21,1890-) 
 
 Performances of excavator in clearing the Union Pacific lines. 
 
 1890* The season's work of the rotary snov, shovel* 
 (Railroad gazette, v.22: 141; February 28,1890- 
 Its work in Clearing various lines of snow, 
 
 1890 % The Rotary snow plow, 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v. 22: 208; March 28,1890) 
 Description of improved models. 
 
 1890, Competitive trials of the rotary and other machine snow plows* 
 (Railroad gazette, v.22:355-56 ;May 23,1890) 
 
 Jull, Rotary, Cyclone and other machines in competition. 
 
 1890, Otis, Charles H, 
 
 Competitive trials of machine snow plows. 
 (Railroad gazette, v.22: 371-72; May 30,1890) 
 
 Statement by Treasurer of the Jull manufacturing company, 
 concerning claims made by Leslie Borthers manufacturing 
 company about supremacy of the rotary over the Jull exca- 
 vator. 
 
 1890. Jull, Orange. 
 
 Extracts from Mr. 
 
 lull's report 
 
 (Railroad gfcette, v.22:372-73 ;May 30.189O-) 
 
 Report on performance of Jull excavator during competitive 
 trials. 
 
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Winter 
 Service 
 -35- 
 
 Snow shovels, plows, etc... 
 1891. The Jull snow plow. 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v,23: 186; March 13,1891) 
 
 "A correspondent. . present at the tial of the Jull snow plow 
 <*n the Union Pacific Short Line,March 1, writes, as follows:- 
 "I caanot speak too highly of the action of the plow; it went 
 through everything and came back without a scratch or break 
 and without a hot box...." 
 
 1891. The Russell snow plow. 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v,23: 742-44;October 23,189l) 
 
 "...The plow is built in threa styles of three sizes each- 
 the single track, th-3 double track and the plow with '. 
 elevator wiiu^vir. ..The first is, as the name indicates, in- 
 tended for clearing a single track road, and throws the snow 
 equally on each side of the roadway. The second is to clear 
 double track roads, throws the snow entirely -to the right, and 
 can also be successfully used in clearing side cuttings on a 
 hillside. The third has a peculiar form of elevator wings on 
 the ?ide f which widen the cut and throw the snow out at the 
 top, as will be expalined later.. .,.* w 
 Diagrams, p. 742 -43, 
 
 1891, Improvements in the Rotary snow plow. 
 (Railroad gazette, v. 23: 912-13; December 25, 1891 ) 
 
 New wheel and other improvements. 
 Diagrams, 
 
 1892. The Jull snow plow. 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v. 24. 39*40; January 15,1892) 
 
 "....During the last winter, this plow has received hard usage 
 in the West, and advantage has been taken of all the experience 
 gained to improve the machine...." 
 Descriptions of latest improvements, with illustrations.. 
 
 1892. The Jull snow excavator, 
 
 Railroad gazette, v.24: 215; March 18,1892) 
 Concerning prices, 
 
 1893. Rotary steam snow plows at the Columbian Exposition. 
 
 (London Engineer, Sept ember 1,1893, p. 26 9) 
 
 Illustrated descriptions with dimensions and cost of operation. 
 Also in Engineering news, September 14, 1T>93, pp.206-07 ) 
 
 1893, The Russell snow plow. Full details and description of the Russell wing 
 elevator snow plow .Exhibited at the Columbian exposition. 
 (London Engineer, October 13, 1893, p. 446 ) 
 
 1893. The Russell snow plow. 
 
 (Railway review,v.33: 299; May 13,1893) 
 
 1894. Michigan Central snow plow and flanger. 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v,28: 405 ; June 8, 3694 ) 
 
 "..This t>low was designed bv Mr. A.G.Dailoy, Supt .of Tracks and 
 
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Winter 
 
 Service 
 
 -36- 
 
 Snow shovels, plows, etc., 
 
 1894,, New Ergland roadmasters* association* 
 , Snow plows and flangers* 
 (Railroad gazette, v, 26:576-77 jAugust 24,1894) 
 
 Report, of a committee on preparation for use of snow plowa^etc..* 
 ".JThe committee does not discuss the rotary or other machine 
 plows as they are not thought essential in New England*.." 
 
 1894* A Compressed air ice plow* 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v, 24:666; September 28,1894) 
 
 "v.The idea of replacing the pilot of a locomotive by an ice 
 plow or flanger and operating the same by means of air pres- 
 sure- is, we believe, somewhat nove^v T Hit the idea hag been 
 ingeniously worked out is shown by the accompanying illustra- 
 tion, and that the arrangements is a practical success was 
 proved by the good work done by it last vinter.,It gave en- 
 tire satisfation both in removing the. ics from near the rail 
 on the inside and in removing the comb that forms midway be- 
 tween the rails.* ..." 
 
 1395* Snow flaa ger mounted on flat car* 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v.27:64;F e bruary 1,1895) 
 
 "...The illustrations show an inexpensive, strong and service- 
 able snow flanger*,,.." 
 
 1895, The Rotary snow plow on ths New York Central* 
 (Railroad gazette, v.27: lI?*l*^ifcu2riy,:23^1QS$) 
 Performance in clearing lines of deep snow. 
 
 1895* Tho Russell snow plow on the New York Central. 
 (Railroad gazette, v.27: 197-98 jMarch 29,1895) 
 
 "*.The main peculiarity of this plow is the "power bar" of 
 white oak timber 12 i'n. x 12 in, in section, and as long as 
 the body of the machine. The front end of this bar is con- 
 nee tod to the frams over the center of tho forward truck, and 
 it abuts against the "backbone" of the inclined front endjits 
 rear end extends to and beyond the rear end of the plow., and 
 is coupled directly to the engine. The power of the locomotive 
 is therefore always applied at the front end of the plow and 
 not at the rear. ..." 
 
 18%. Snow plow. Grand Trunk railway. 
 
 (Railway master mechanic .November, 18%) 
 
 Illustrated description of a plow made in the shops of the 
 cpmpany, which successfully clears the tracks,. 
 
 18%. War man, Cy. 
 
 The battle of the snow plows. 
 (McClure's magazine, November, 1896 ) 
 
 Illustrated descriptiffc f >f a snow plow contest in the Rocky 
 Mountains, with a brief account of pilot plows and bucking snow. 
 
 1896* Hydraulic attachment for raising rotary snow plows- 
 Railway review, v.36: November 21,18%) 
 
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37-/ 
 
 Snow shovels, plows, etc . 
 
 1897. Antz, Oscar. 
 
 Snow flanger operated by air- Lake Shore and Michigan Southern 
 railway. 
 
 (American engineering and railroad journal, March, 1897') 
 Illustrated detailed description* 
 
 1897, A Snow flanger operated by compressed air. 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v. 29: 813; November 19,189?) 
 
 Decsription of the Q.& C. Priest snow flangsr* 
 
 1899. A Russell snow plow. 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v.31: 331; May 12,1899) 
 Type used on the New York Central. 
 
 900. Machine snow plows on the Colorado Midland railway. 
 (Engineering news, no. 34; August 23,1900 f p.l33) 
 Discussion of t.he various types used. 
 
 1900. Wilder's snow plows. 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v. 32: 469; July 6,1900-} 
 
 "..The Wilder double end plow, for single or double track work, 
 can be run with either end forward, and therefore saves the - 
 time and trouble of turning ...,." 
 
 1900. Snow ploughs. 
 
 (Railroad^ gazette, v.32: 498; July 20,1900) 
 
 Communication with i-^pect to Wilder snow plows from the 
 
 Russell snow plow company* 
 
 "...,We claim that Mr. Wilder owns nothing in the snow plow line 
 worth building.. .."Statement by Russell snow plow company. 
 
 1900. Machine snow plows on the Colorado Midland railway* 
 (Engineering news, August 23,1900) 
 
 Gives the results obtained by this road in trials of the two 
 kinds of excavators used in this country. 
 
 1900. Eastern maintenance of way association. 
 
 [Discussion on "Recent improvements in handling snowj 
 (Railroad gazette, v,32: 631-32; September 28,1900) 
 
 Discussion of the relative merits of snow plows 1fif various 
 types, and of flangers. 
 
 1900. Snow plow, Vermont Valley railroad 
 
 (Railway and engineering review, v.40: 562-63 ; October 6,1900) 
 
 Illustrated description of the type built to meet various con- 
 ditions on the Valley line. 
 
 1901. The Use of snow plows and flangers, Union Pacific railroad. 
 (Railway and engineering review, v*41: 799;December 14, 1901 ) 
 
 Types used and effectiveness discussed* 
 
 1901, The Uss of snow plows and flangers. 
 
 (Engineering news, no .5, January 31, 1901, p. 84) 
 
 Where and why used. Discussion of types, with illustrations- 
 

 
 
 . : ;. . 
 
 f 
 
 ff 
 
iter 
 -vice 
 
 Snow shovels, plows, etc. 
 
 1901. Snow upon railways. 
 
 (Scientific American supplement, March 30,1901) ^ 
 
 Discusses methods used to remove accumulations of snow. 
 From L'lllustration. 
 
 1902. Self-turning snow plow on the Del aware, Lac kawar.-na & Western RR 
 (Railway and engineering review, v.42: 114-15 {February 22,1902) 
 
 Describes car with self-contained turntable arrangement for 
 turning tho plow end at any point without having to use 
 stationary tuimtable. 
 
 1903. Fawcett,Waldon. 
 
 Winter obstacles to transportation. 
 (Scientific American, January 3,1903) 
 
 Discusses various devices used in the United States for clear- 
 ing tracks: -of snow, and breaking ice in the pathway of 
 steamers* 
 
 1904. The Russell snow plow. 
 
 (Railway and engineering review, v. 44: 2 91; April 16,1904) 
 
 Special fleatures-typess f or single- and double-track work. 
 Illustrations of sach type. 
 
 1905% Rotary snow plow,C.,N.W. & P. r. 
 
 (Railway and engineering review, v-45: 87 ;February 11,1905) 
 
 Special features for. conditions along this railroad described 
 ^Illustrated. 
 
 1905. A Novel ice flanger. 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v.38: 353; April 14,1905) 
 
 ..specially designed for the Boston & Maine* 
 Illustrations, 
 
 1905. Haverkamp Begemann,E.P, 
 
 Beschuttingtegen sneeuw in de Sierra Nevada, in gebruik bij de 
 spoorwegen der Southern Pacific company, 
 (ingenieur, no. 41; October 14, I905 t p.659) 
 
 Discussion of types used and conditions to be mat on the 
 Southern Pacific. 
 
 1906, Effect of snow on New York Central third rail, 
 
 (Railway and engineering review, v. 46: 11 9; February 24,1906) 
 
 "...The entire results Cof the experiments to determine the 
 effect of snow on third rail] were taken to show that the 
 third rail as adopted by the New York central is the most 
 favorable type now at hand; and that the usual form of snow 
 plow should receive some modifications on the thirs-rail 
 roads. 
 
 1906. The Battey railway ico cuttor and track flangar. 
 
 (Locomotive firemen's magazine, v. 40^ 7 41-43 ; June, 1906 ) 
 Description. 
 
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 If. 
 
 ISnow shovels, plows, etc* 
 
 1906, Root locomotive snow scraper, 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v. 40: 184, General News Section, June 29,1906) 
 
 ..It consists of two scrapers made of spring steel* carrisd 
 by a broad spring which is attached to a shaft carried in 
 hangers from the front fork of the locomotive frame* A lever 
 arm is mounted on the shaft just inside the frames,and to the 
 end of this lever arm is fastened an air cylinder; also bolted 
 to the frame .*....." 
 
 1906. Rotary snow plows on the Denver, Northwestern and Pacific* 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v.51:578;December 28,1906) 
 "the largest in the world..." 
 Illustrations. 
 
 1907, Rotary snow plow for the Denver, Northwestern and Pacific* 
 (Railroad gazette, v.42: 114; January 25,190?) 
 
 Improved models of .the lai-gest snow plows in the world. 
 Illustrations of the plows in action. 
 
 1907. Large rotary snow plow,DN < .W.&P railway. 
 
 (Railway and engineering review,v. 47: 63-64; January 26,1907) 
 Another description of tho improved models. 
 
 1907, Tho Rotary in the Rockies. 
 
 (Railway and locomotive engineering, v*20: 99-102 ;March, 1907 1 
 
 Described the large rotaries used and what they accomplish. 
 
 1908% Chasse-neige americaine a action centrifuge- 
 
 (Revue generale-des chemins de f or, no. 3, March, I908,p253) 
 * discussion of American snow plows* 
 
 1910. Claudy,C.H* 
 
 How a railway shovels snow. 
 (St ^Nicholas, December, 1910, p, 147 -51 ) 
 
 Processes described in non-technical language. 
 
 1910 V Rotary snow plow. 
 
 (Railway master mechanic, v.34:527-31;December, 1910) 
 
 Results obtained by its use on various railways, with sugges- 
 
 tions as to improvements and special types* 
 Illustrated* 
 
 1911. Gnow flangers* 
 
 (Railway age gazette, v.50: 1484; June 17,1911 ) 
 
 "..a new development. .The flanger.,is mounted on a truck which 
 is equipped with means for raising and lowering the flangerk 
 blades by air.. .[this] type of flanger is the Ray self-con- 
 tained flanger...," 
 Illustrations. 
 
-- ~ : - 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Bll 
 
jlnter 
 jrvice 
 -40- 
 
 Snow shovels, plows, etc, 
 
 1913. Vaughn, H.H. 
 
 Rotary snow plows. 
 (Railway master mechanic, v.,37; January, 1913, p. 9-13) 
 
 "The rotary snow plow was originally invented by J.W.Elliott, 
 a dentist f Toronto, who in 1869, took out a patent on a "com- 
 pound revolving snow shovel" -...No practical use was, however, 
 made of this invent ion, but the idea was later taken up by Jull, 
 who improved the ^Elliott wheel by placing a knife or cutting 
 wheel in front of it. This knife wheel was intended to cut the 
 snow from the bank and pass it into the fan wheel behind it, by 
 which it could be discharged through the top of the casing.The 
 Jull invention was taken up by the Leslie Brothers, of Orange- 
 ville, Ontario, who proceeded to construct a full sizeworking 
 model.. ..The first working model of this plow was erected on 
 the end of a flat car during the winter of 1883*-84 at the Cana* 
 dian Pacific Railway shops at Par kd ale...*" 
 
 Historical sketch of the development of th 3 rotary* - 
 
 Illustrations* 
 Also in Engineering record, January 11,1913. 
 
 1913. Lewis,E.R. 
 
 A pilot snow plow. 
 (Railway age gazette, v.54t 255-56 j February 7,1913) 
 
 "...Every locomotive which is expected to make a trip in such 
 weather [blizzards and storms] should carry its own protec- 
 tion against drifting snow. The ideal equipemtn is the com- 
 bined pilot plow and flanger,one style of which is shown in 
 the accompanying illustration.. ..They will handle snow in 
 drifts from 6 to 10 feet deep...." 
 
 Diagrams. . 
 
 1915. Machine replaces shovel gangs* 
 
 (illustrated world, v.24: 550-52 j Dec ember, 1915) 
 Use of spreader... 
 
 1917. Rotary snow plow the invention of an 0-W.RR.and N. employe. 
 
 (Pacific semaphore t v. 5: 2; December 15,1917) 
 Sketch of development. 
 Photograph of track clearing equipment of Ore-Wash.RR.&N. co. 
 
 1918. Widening cuts through the snow drifts with a spreader. 
 
 (Canadian ry. and marine world, no .235: 2 98; July, 1918) 
 Results obtained. 
 Illustrated* 
 
L 
 
 . ' . " 
 
 - i * ' 
 
 '. '. 
 
 '- T ; 
 
 ' 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 . 
 
Winter 
 Service 
 
 -41- 
 III. Gnow fighting on Electric Railroads. 
 
 1891. An Electric snow sweeper. 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v. 23: 713; October 9,189l) 
 
 Description of tho Thomson-Houston snow swweper for 
 electric railroads . 
 
 '2. Electric snow sweepers. 
 
 (Railroad gazette, v.24: 249; April 1,18.92) 
 
 Effective work of the Thomson-Houston snow sweeper during 
 Severe storms in Duluth,Minn- 
 
 *92* Snow sweeper for electric street railroads. 
 
 (Scientific American supplement, Dec embe" 31,1892) 
 
 T ype designed by the General Electric GO,, Boston, Mass. 
 
 1895, Snow plow for electric railroads, 
 
 ^Railroad gazette, v.27: 83; February 8,1895) 
 
 Description of -plow built by Taunton locomotive construction 
 company for city and suburban work. 
 
 1895, Taunton sprinkler*! and snow plows for street railroads. 
 [Kailroad gazette, v.27:673;0ctober 11,189S) 
 
 Description of share plow for double track work. 
 Illustrations. 
 
 1895. Electric snow plow for street railways of Pennsylvania traction co, 
 Lancaster, Pa. 
 
 (Street railway journal, January, 1895 ) 
 Illustrations. 
 
 18%* Tho Rotary snow plow on Buffalo street railroads* 
 (Railroad gazette, v.28: 233; April 3,1896) 
 
 Description of Ruggles rotary track cleaner. 
 Illustrations. 
 
 1897. A Pneumatic snow plow* 
 
 (Street railway review, March 15,1897) 
 
 Description of pneumatic snow plow used on the At^nta 
 
 consolidated street railway. 
 Illustrations* 
 
 1899. Fighting snow. 
 
 (Street railway review, January 15,1899} 
 
 Description, with illustrations of methods used by roada in 
 several western cities. 
 
 1899, Donner, William Herbert. 
 
 Snow-bound str 3et car systems* 
 (American electrician, February 1899) 
 
 Suggestions for keeping the line open^with details concerning 
 ma nag ement . 
 
 1899* The Massachusetts street cleaning- law. 
 
 (Railroad gazette t v.31: 9-10; January 6,1899) 
 How it applies to street railroads* 
 

 I 
 
 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 ; ; ." . _ 
 t .' 
 
Winter 
 Service 
 -42- 
 
 Electric railroads, confd. 
 
 1900. Smith, Joseph H, 
 
 A four motor snow plow, 
 (Street railway review, February 15,1900) 
 
 Illustrated description of a powerful snow plow built for 
 "the Interstate consolidated street railway company of 
 North Attletoro.Mass, 
 
 1901. Snow clearance. 
 
 (Electric revi ew, London, June 21, 1901 ) 
 
 Discusses methods used to keep street railway tracks cleared in 
 locations where th^re is heavy snowfall. 
 
 1902. Reed,W.Boardman. 
 
 Removal of snow and ice in the Borough of Manhattan. 
 (Street railway journal, Sept ?,mber 13,1902) 
 
 Paper read at convention of the N.Y. State street railway asso- 
 ciation. 
 Discusses methods in New York City to jreep tracks and streets 
 
 clear of snow. 
 Also in Street railway review, November 20,1902. 
 
 1902. Conway,J.F, 
 
 Equipment and organization for properly handling snow storms, 
 (Street railway journal, November 2 9,1 $0.2) 
 
 Paper before New England street railway club* 
 Suggestions and directions* 
 
 1902, The Removal of snow in New York City, 
 (Engineering record, December 13,1902) 
 
 Explanation of form of contract by which snow is to be removed 
 this winter.. with discussion of advantages of system* 
 
 1903. Snow fighting in Buffalo, 
 
 (Street railway j our nal f March 28,1903) 
 
 Illustrates and describes apparatus used. 
 
 1905. A Novel snow compressing machine. 
 (Engineering news, July 27,1905) 
 
 Description of a machine for dealing with snow in the city* 
 
 1905* Connette,E.G, 
 
 Snow removal in Syracuse. 
 (Street railway journal, January 28,1905) 
 
 Illustrated account of methods found successful in a city 
 subject to heavy snow storms* 
 
 1907. Snow plows for electric railway s* 
 
 (Railway and engineering review, v .47: 975-76 ; November 9,1907) 
 Types for various kinds of work. 
 
 "% ..In the constrcution of these plows the latest MCB practice 
 is followed in preparing and assembling timber and material.*.. 11 
 

-43- 
 
 Electric railroad 3. cont'd. 
 
 1910. Snow fighting methods and organization fo the Metropolitan street 
 
 ra ilwuy c ompany 
 (Electric railway jourr.al, v, 35:731-35: ApriO 23,1^10) 
 
 Explanation o. the. organization and methods of the New York 
 \,c cope with winter condition.. 
 ar:l illustrations. 
 
 1911. Snow-fighting equipment for the Brooklyn rapid trasit system. 
 (Electric railway j our nal,v, 36 ; February 11, 1911 ) 
 Description, of lone-broom snow sweepers. 
 Illustrated, 
 
 1911. Snow fighting, on a single phase electric railroad. 
 (Railway and engineering, reviev,v$ 1: 1124; December 30, 1911 ) 
 
 Keeping op ^n the Spokane and Inland riilvcad* 
 Illustration* 
 
 1912. Jones, Charles J. 
 
 Winter troubles on electric railways- 
 (Engineering news, October 10,1912) 
 
 Abstract of paper before Illinois electric railway association, 
 Discusses snow fences, plows, methods of fighting, etc, 
 
 1914, Mullett,H.A, 
 
 Snow fighting equip^em*, of Milwaukee company* 
 (Electric traction, Mcv^abcr, 1914} 
 
 Description of snow plows, ewe spers and oth^r equipment used 
 by the company ir fighting snow 
 
 1915- A Solution for the sncw proclem* 
 
 (Electric railway journal, February 13,1915) 
 
 Doscriptioii o* a new form of snow sweeper which clears a 
 tweive'-fojt path beside the rails* 
 
 1915. Gaboury,A. 
 
 Fighting the storm king in Montreal, 
 (Electric tract! en, November, 1915) 
 
 Methods and equipment for snow removal, 
 Illustrations, 
 
 1917. Frost causes electric railways* hold-up. 
 (Railway gazette, v, 27 {January 26 f 1917) 
 
 Trouble on London transit facilities due to^ coating of 
 ic-3 on the conductors, 
 
 Addenda: - 
 
 1895, Snow plow and rail scraper used by Richmond City ry, co. 
 (Street railway j ournal, January, 1895) 
 
 1895. Hirt's patent electric steel snow plow, made by J,LWhite mfg*co 
 (Strsct railway journal, January, 1895 ) 
 
 ..Similar article in Electrical engineering, January 2,1895. 
 Illustrated, 
 
Winter 
 
 Service ^ 
 
 -44- 
 
 2V, Winter service conditions in Alaska and Canada. 
 
 Alaska* 
 
 1900, Fighting sriow in Alaska.. 
 
 (Railway and en^in -.crin? review, v4C: 185 j April 
 
 "..In anticipation of trouble from deep snow a narrow-gage 
 snow plow of the ordinary rctary type. special ly constructed 
 for the road, had teen t>rov:lded in season; and owing to the 
 drjfitng of th sr.ow., which had bean the principal sounce of 
 t.rruble,; ty> s'T'.-'.cen o f tMs machine hav-? been 
 to train operation*.,** 1 
 
 Fhotogr?phs of uh : rotary at work on the White Pass and 
 ra i Iway 
 
 1913. Hurja,EmilF 
 
 Farthest north in railroading* 
 (Technical world, v*20:244-45 ; October, 1913 ) 
 
 Account of the operation of the Tanana valley railroad, Alaska, 
 
 1914. Hurja t Emil E ft 
 
 Bucking snow in southern Alaska* 
 (Technical world, v.20: 754-55 ; January-, 1914) 
 
 "The difficulties of railroad operation probably are nowhere 30 
 great as on tin Copper river and Northwestern railway in south- 
 ern Alaska* . -Because of the enormous snowfall in th Copper 
 river valley, several rotary snow plows are kept in constant 
 readiness in the winter for use on the road There are numerous 
 snowslides and, to increase the difficulties of railroad opera- 
 tion t water overflov/s from the frozen river, and "glaciers" over 
 *.he tracks,* During the v/j.ntsr of 1 912 -1 3 1 dynamite was necessary 
 to remove the ice sheet from the track* . In some places the 
 snow was forty feet deep* Some of the oil-burning rotaries were 
 stalled on the road without fuel, making it necessary to trans- 
 port oil wi th dog t earns ." 
 
 Photographs of the rotaries at work, and being thawed out of 
 drift s.>*. > 
 
 1915. Operating an Alaskan railway in winter* 
 (Popular mechanics, v*23: 238-39; February ,1915} 
 
 Account of difficulties to be overcome,. 
 

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 "''!),:: 
 
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Winter 
 Service 
 -45- 
 Canada , 
 
 1880-82. Lavoinne,douard.... 
 
 Les chemins der fer en Amerique,par ELavoinne. -et E. 
 Pontzen, 
 
 Par i s , Dunod , 18 80 -82 a 
 
 v, 24-25 czru, and 2 atlases of 77 pl u (diags* and maps). 
 Plates. 
 
 Volo l*Constr\5ction 
 Vol 2* Operation* 
 
 Chapter 8 f *rclI ^Protection against snow. 
 Considsrs physical conditions and various types of 
 protective devices* 
 
 1892. Harkom,JW. 
 
 Snow on railroads* 
 (Railroad gazette, v.24: 858-59; November 18,1892) 
 
 Extracts from a paper in the Transactions of the Canadian 
 
 society of civil engineers* 
 Also in Engineering news, Dec ember 29^1892, p.602-03. 
 
 1905. Hutchinson,E,B. 
 
 Fighting the snow on a Canadi&n Railway, 
 (Railway magazine, nc -.102, December^ 1905, p*475) 
 
 Description of methods, and various weather condtionc* 
 
 1908- Type of snow plow used on the Quebec and Lake St*John, 
 (Railroad gazette, v.44? 506; April 10,1908) 
 
 During the winder of 1907#<,,when neighboring railroads 
 were closed for days at a time, the Quebec and Lake St*John 
 maintained it regular service* This was accomplished by 
 the efficiency of ths snow plows used*.. They were designed 
 and built by men on the road, .<, These plows have been used 
 exclusively during the last 20 years and have done fine work."* 
 Illustration^ 
 
 1913.. Rotary snow plow, Canadian Pacific Railway, 
 
 (Railway and engineering review, v*53: 58-5 9 {January 18,1913) 
 
 Extracts from paper before Canadian society of civil engineers* 
 sketch, noting .virious improvements* 
 
 1913. Vaughn, H.H, 
 
 Rotary snow plows* 
 
 (Railway master mechanic, v37: 9-13 ; January, 1913 ) 
 Primarily an historical sketcho 
 
 1914 Ice-breaking car ferry for StLawrence river at Quebec* 
 (Railway review, v.55:32l-23;September 12,1914) 
 
 "....to carry freight and passenger trains across the Stu 
 Lawrence." 
 
... 
 
 
 
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Winter 
 
 Service 
 
 -46- 
 
 Canada, cont f d. 
 
 1914, Monroe, R,J, 
 
 The handling of snow and care of track in winter* 
 (Railway world, v. 58: 986-87; December, 1914) 
 
 Special precc.utionsand conditions prs^ailing in Canada* 
 
 1915,. Whitney, H.O. 
 
 The snow problem at its worst* 
 
 (Raileay age gazette, v. 58: 145-46; January 22,1915) 
 ..in northwest Canada, 
 Preparations in the Fall, 
 Beeping the line opar. during winter weather, 
 
 1916, Snowplow types on Canadian railways. 
 
 (Commerce reports, December 21, 1 916 ,p .1102) 
 
 "%.,In the new snow plows the large drawbar castings on ths 
 front are extended to enable them to be coupled together, i 
 necessary, "nose- to nose". The side wings are remodeled and 
 have curved plates instead of straight ones* An ice cutter 
 is fitted to the forward truck*..*" 
 
 1917 
 
 Snow ploughs for Canadian government railroads* 
 (Canadian ry, and marine world, no .2 31: 176; May ,191?) 
 
 Description of improved type. 
 Illustrations. 
 
 918, Widening cuts through snow drifts with a spreader, 
 
 (Canadian ry . and marine world, no *235: 298; July, 1918 ) 
 On Canadian Pacific main line,- 
 Illustrated, 
 
- : 
 
 
 .- 
 
 . 
 , 
 
 '- - 7 01J5 ' 
 
 ^0 
 
 . 
 
 
Inter 
 
 ervice- 
 
 47- 
 
 V. Winter service on European railroads* 
 General. 
 
 1910. Williams, Archibald. 
 
 The romance of modern locomotion* 
 London, C.A.p e a5on,ltd., 1910, 
 367 p. 8 
 
 Chapter 10, p.164-73, "Fighting the snow". 
 Popular account. 
 
 1911, Hartnell,F.S. 
 
 All about railways* 
 
 London and New York, Cassell and co. ltd., 1911, 
 Chapter 17,p,254-62,"The fight with the snow". 
 Popular general account. 
 
 Specific articles* 
 
 185 9 Perdonnet, Auguste..,* 
 
 Notions generales sur les chemins de fer*-.. 
 Paris, Lacroix- et Baudry, 1859. 
 452 p* illus. fold .pi., tables, 18 1/2 cm. 
 
 It is important... in studying the layout of railroads to 
 
 into account the action that winds might be able to 
 have on the progress of trains. ."p k !17 r vol. I. 
 It is necessary, in mountainous countries especially, to direct 
 the layout of the lines in a manner [that will] protect them . 
 as much as possible, from snow masses. . ."p117,vol%I. 
 Methods used on the railroads in Bavaria and Wurttemberg r p.H7 f 
 
 % . 
 
 Methods used on the StPetersburg to Moscow line, p. 117-18, v. I. 
 
 Precautions taken or about to be taken against snow and drifts 
 on various German railroads as reported by Goschler, Chief en- 
 gineer of the Eastern railway of France. . .p%65 9-61, vol. i 
 
 Resume: Influence of snow, p. 803-04, vol.11. 
 
 * * 
 
 1887^ Rocca,M. 
 
 Expose de la question des mesures contre les neiges (Art.V. du 
 questionnaire de la deuxiB* session du Congres) 
 
 (Bulletin of the International railway congress, v. 1:6 90-7 41; August, 
 1887) 
 
 An intensive study of methods of snow protection, and clearing 
 railway lines, made by the then Engineer and sub-Inspector of 
 tho Mediterranean railway lines of Italy, in answer to Question 
 5, "What are the precautions to take in order to avoid blockades 
 of railways by snow, and what are the most efficacious and eco- 
 nomical systems for clearing away snow Cfrom the linesTJ 
 Preventive measures > Part I, p.6 90-712. 
 
 ".The engineer should acquaint himself , before the construction 
 of the line even be commenced, with the conditions it will have 
 to meet with reference to snow, and he should study out the best 
 means to protect the line against the snow and to assure its 
 operation Tin winter], p.6 90, . 
 Protection against heavy snowfall, p. 6 93 -94. 
 Protection against drifts, p6 94-711. 
 
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-Service 
 -48- 
 
 Europe, cont'd* 
 
 1887. Rocca,M.(cont'd) 
 
 Expose de la question des mesures contre les neiges*- 
 (Bulletin- of the International Railway congress, v.l: 6 90-7 41; 
 August, 1887) 
 
 Protection against drifts, p. 6 94-711* 
 
 Conditions met with on various railroads throughout the 
 world, types of hedges, fences, etc. used to protect railway 
 lines in several countries, discussed in detail. 
 Protection against avalanc hes.p .711-712 . 
 Clearing away snow, Part II, p. 712-7 40. 
 
 Different types of snow plows, and other snow fighting devices 
 
 a s used on railways of Europe and America, discussed, p.713-27. , 
 Hand shoveling, p, 727-31. 
 Use of salt, p. 731-32.. '!We believe that the use of salt... is not 
 
 to be recommended for railway lines, and crossings*. 
 Recruiting of,p.732-33. 
 Expenses, p. 735-40. 
 Bibliography, p. 740-41, refarring to French, Swiss, German and 
 
 Russian books and periodicals.. 
 Note by Administration of the Southern railway of Russia f p 
 
 993-1003, Aug., 1887m4th fascicule, dealing with snow headges 
 
 as used in Russia. 
 Discussion by Section of the International Ry -Congressp.l431- 
 
 1447, December, 1887 .[is sue of Bulletin] 
 Discussion by entire Congress, p.1448-50, December, 1887* 
 Appendix by M.Pogrebinsky,p.l4Sl-55: Notes on expenses of clear- 
 ing away snow in Russia]] cover ing period of 20 years for each 
 
 railway] Dec ember, 1887 issue. 
 
 1888. Snow screens on Russian railroads. 
 ^Railroad gazette, v,20: 176; March 16,1888) 
 
 "...Russian railways only use to a limited extent the steam snow 
 ploughs and appliances in vogue in Russia, and for the most part 
 reliance is placed on large detachments of laborers drafted 
 into the districts where the drifts prevail. ...Alongside those 
 sections of the line where the snow has a tendency to drift, of 
 late years it has been the custom to erect rough screens of 
 wood, consisting of palisades 2 in. apart, and extending some- 
 times for miles. This is found very serviceable for the pro- 
 tection of cuttings. Still better are hedges formed of fir trees 
 planted closely together and kept .well trimmed..... 1 
 
 1891, Pollack, Vincenz. 
 
 Avalanches in Austria and Switzerland. 
 (Railroad gazette, v.23: 671; September 25, 1891 ) 
 
 Extracts from a paper published in the Journal of the Austrian 
 engineer's and architect's club* 
 
 Measures for .protection. 
 
 "..The paper begins with an account in detail of the avalanche 
 localities and an historical review of the effects produced. 
 Herr Pollack has visited most of the sites in question. He 
 has furthermore made a fundamental study of the whole question 
 and started a system of snow observation in the High Alps of 
 
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 I3ervi.ce 
 -49- 
 
 Europe, cont *d. 
 
 1691. Pollack, Vincenz..*(cont'd) 
 
 Avalanches in Austria and Switzerland-,. . 
 (Railroad gazette, v.23:671; Aeptember 25,189l) 
 
 Austria by readings on a gauge, accompanied by meteorological 
 observations, in hopes of getting ta the causes tending to 
 a valanches, and aioio to enable the railroad suthorities to 
 know of the BM? stance of specially dangerous conditions ." 
 In Switzerland, protection against avalanches has been of 
 three kindr,rr Fi.r<?t t arches over roads to let the snow pass 
 over; .sec ond, masonry bvcast w&J.ls or jetties to stop or de- 
 flect the current of the avalanches; and third, apparatus for 
 the purpose of preventing the snow from sliding on the fields 
 from which it starts ...," 
 t 
 
 1898, Snow fences in France 
 
 (Railroad gazettt , v-30: 813 j November 11,1898) 
 
 Thres stylos on the Paris,Lyon & Mediterranean**.* 
 Russian type, English type and Danish type, in imitation of the 
 fences used in those countries, respectively. 
 
 1899^ Birk,A, 
 
 Schneebag^er von Paullts^hko,, 
 
 (Organ fur d^e f ortschri tbe des eisenbahnwesens. ,no-10 & ll,0ctober- 
 Novomber, IS 39, p 233 <. 
 
 Description of a German type of snow shoveling apparatus. 
 
 1900, Kareiscba % oarge ? 
 
 Mesur'j.' CLr.;ti9 les nef.ges sur les chemins da fer russesRapport 
 et di^cu^s.) DVU:* 
 (Glleznod 01 o j noye Di elo r no ^ v v<. p a ?.6'.l ) 
 
 - Proactive devices on Russian railroads. 
 
 1900 . [Gelesncdoro j ncy e Dielo] 
 
 - x Tables des articles,, observations et rapports inseres dans "I'Art 
 du chamin d.e fer" relatif? ai^x mesiires centre les neiges." 
 
 1900* Fietser, J. . 
 
 Report no -I.' Hungary) on the question of the fcathods of dealing 
 vith snrwo 
 
 ("Bulletin of the International Railway congress, v. 14:648-84; April, 
 1900) 
 
 English e-ition* 
 
 A report on the question, "Means adopted for preventing the accu- 
 mulation of snow on the line and for clearing it away *Consi dera- 
 tion of the results obtained since the Milan session(l887)[SEE 
 1887,Rocca,M] from the point of view of safety and economy.* 1 
 Consideration of the physiography of Hungary, p ,649-51* 
 Methods of investigating causes of drifts, etc. and of obtaining 
 
 storm warnings, p. 653-54. 
 
 Description of protective works, p, 655-56. 
 Diagrams and illustrations, p.658-59, 661-64. 
 

 
 
 
 
 Q V 
 
Winter 
 
 Service 
 
 -50- 
 
 Europe, cont'd, 
 
 1900. Fletzer,!. 
 
 Report, no* I, (Hungary) on the question of the methods of dealing 
 with snow. 
 
 (Bulletin of the International Railway Congress, v. 14: 648-84; April, 
 1900) 
 
 Methods used for clearing away snow, p. 665-72. 
 
 Diagrams and illustrations,?, 667-70. 
 
 Rotary snow plows and their work on Hungarian railways,p*^ 72< " 74 - 
 Financial results, p.674-80. 
 
 1900* Vorkehrungen urn den Schnee zu entfernen* 
 
 (Organ fur die Fortschritte des Eisenbahnwesen, Heft 5,May,l900 t 
 p-117) 
 
 MethoqLs of removing snow. * 
 
 From the Bulletin fo the International Ry.cong.,no,l, Jan.,l9< 
 
 1900. Blum, 
 
 Erfahrungen uber Schnee schutz-Massnahmen auf den russichen 
 eisenbahnen, . 
 
 (Centralblatt der Bauverwaltung, no. 70, 5 -September, 1900, p*427 ) 
 
 From the Bulletin of the International Railway Congress, no.4 f 
 April, 1900,2d fascicule. 
 
 1901* Kareischa, Serge de. 
 
 Report, no* 2 (Russia) on the question of methods of deaSng 
 with snow<, 
 
 (Bulletin of the International railway congress, v15s 1087 -1365 J 
 June, 1 901 ) 
 
 Resume of operating conditions during a number of severe storms, 
 
 p. 1089-92. 
 
 Preventive measures, p*1092 -1205, 
 
 First group: To plan the course of the line according to the 
 natures of the ground. To adopt a cross section of form and 
 dimensions calculated to diminish or completely counteract 
 the injurious effects of snow, p .1092-1126 . 
 
 Meteorological observation service, adapted to the special re- 
 quirements of railway service/.p. 1093-1112,wi th tables* 
 Influence of local conditions on the possibility of railways . 
 becoming snowed up, p, 1105-1112, with tables and maps 
 Influence of the course of railways on the possibility of any 
 
 obstruction on the line, p. 1112 -1113. 
 
 Influence of the dimensions of the cross section on tfte 
 possibility of snow accumulations, p.H14-1127 t with tables, 
 maps and diagrams* 
 
 Second Group: Special arrangements independent of the ; lin<5 
 to prevent the accumulation of snow on the t rack, p112 8-l267. 
 Special arrangements for carrying the snow over the track with- 
 out previous accumulati on, p .,1127-1133) 
 

 
 -. ' ~ . 
 
 . 
 : :-'. 
 
 T ' 
 
 ' 
 
 
Winter 
 Service- 
 -51- 
 Europe t cont f d, 
 
 19QL Kareij-cha, Serge de. 
 
 Peport,no.2. (Russia) on the question of methods of dealing with 
 
 snow. 
 
 . 
 
 (Bulletin of the International Railway congress, v.,14: 1087-1365} June, 
 1901) 
 
 Special arrangements for the purpose of accumulating the snow in 
 fron of the track and in certain cases of carrying it over the 
 same, p1133-1260, with numerous illustrations, tables and diagrams. 
 [.This section discusses snow fences, hedges, etc.of all kindsj 
 Protection against the formation of accumulations on railways 
 
 by means of the precautions included in Group II, p1260-67, 
 
 w ith illustrations. 
 Snow clearing on railways* 
 
 Th'ird Group-Removal of snow accumulated on the Iine,p*l268-1338 
 Proper maintenance of parts on the ground level,p*1268-70 
 General remarks in refernce to the clearing away of accumulations, 
 
 p.1271-73, 
 
 Traffic organization in winter t p. 1273-83, with illustrations. 
 Lina claaring by means of the snow plough, p. 1283-1311 r with 
 
 numerous tables, diagrams and illustrations* 
 Clearing accumulations by shovel, p. 1311-12 
 Types of snow ploughs, p. 1312-18 f with tables. 
 Cost of clearing the Iine,p.l318 f with tables* 
 Estimate of the cost of maintenance of line in winter and of 
 
 regards for savings affected therefrom, p. 1318*1338, with tables 
 
 and diagrams, 
 Summary ,p133 9-42 , 
 List of papers and works consulted in drawing up the report, 
 
 p. 1343-45 ,[Note:- All of these documents were written or printed 
 
 exclusively in Russian*] 
 
 1302, Schubert, E, 
 
 IHe form und grosse der Schneeablagerungen an SchneezSunen* 
 (Organ filr die Frotschritte des eisenbahnweseas,! Heft,l902 fr p*l) 
 Consideration of snow deposits and snow hedges* 
 Illustrations. 
 
 1902. Schubert.E* 
 
 Uber Schneeschutzenlagen auf russichen eisenbahnenV 
 (Organ fur die Fortschritte des eisenbahnwesens. .2 Heft, 1902, p. 2?) 
 Consideration of measures and principles set forth in MrSerge 
 de Kareischa's artcile in the Bulletin of the International 
 Railway congress, Arpil,1900) 
 
 1902, T 6 cherniavsky,A. 
 
 ^ Les encombrements de neige sur les chemins de fer et les mesures 
 a prendre pour les eviter, 
 (Geleznodorojnoye' Dielo, no.2-3,1902 t p.25) 
 
 Snow blockades on railroads and preventive measures* 
 
 Illustrations. 
 
 Continued in Geleznodorojnoye Dielo,no.7, 1902, p, 75 
 

 
 
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Winter 
 Service- 
 -52- 
 
 Europe, cont'd. 
 
 1903. Der Scneesturm am 19. vmd 20 April, d.J. im Eisenbahn direktion- 
 bezirk Stettin. 
 (Zeitung des Vereins, no, 38: May 16, 1903, p. 594) 
 
 Effects of great snow storm on railway operation in a German 
 state* 
 
 1904* Schmedes.K. 
 
 Schneepflug fur vollspurige Bahnen sum Gebrauch bei Schneever- 
 wehungen bis zu 2M H<5he 
 
 (Zeitung des Vereinr,no,91, 19,November,l904,p.l425 ) 
 Description of u special type of snow plow. 
 Illustration, 
 
 1905* Chasae-neise automcteur du chemin de fer electrique de Saint-Gall 
 a Trogen (Suisse) 
 (Genie civil, no .1233: 428;0ctober 28,1905) 
 
 Description of an electric snow plow used by road in Switzerland. 
 Illustration* 
 
 1907 ^ Snow plough for tli Caledonian railway 
 (Engineering [London] March 8,1907) 
 
 Illustrated 3escription of an improved form of wedge-shaped 
 plow* 
 
 1908, [Snow fences ur.ed in France] 
 (Railroad gazo-tte, v.44t 636 ; May 8jl909> 
 
 Tupes of yci'table snow fenced Used on French railways. 
 
 1909, Herzenstein^r. 
 
 Masuros -:ontre les neiges. ficran des bois de type nouveau* 
 (Bulletin du comite perman% des- confer* consult* des agents des- 
 dif ferei.-ts services des chemins de (*t russes,no.i f 1909^p.29> 
 Description of a new type of snow screens* 
 Illustration 
 Continued in Bull*de comite perman.CetcJ,no2,p.llO- 
 
 1909* Conte,M, 
 
 A rotary snow plough on the Orleans railway .[Chasso-neige ro- 
 tatif a vapeur de la compagnie d*0rl3ans] 
 (Revue genorale des chemins de fer,May t !909) 
 Illustrated description* 
 
 1909, Recenti tipi di carri spartinsve e spazzaneve meccanici, 
 (ingegneria f erroviaria,no.3,Fberuary l,1909 f p,34) 
 Mechanical snow plows discussed, 
 
 1911. Kreisel-Schneeschauf el 
 
 (Organ fur die Fortschritte des eisenbahnwesens.,Hef t 17,1, Sept., 
 1911,5,297) 
 
 Decsription of a type of snow shovel, 
 
 1911, Gysel.E* 
 
 Die Schneeschleudermaschine der Borninabahn. 
 (Schweizerische Bauzeitung,no,5,29 Juli,1911,S.59) 
 Description of heavy rotary snow plows. 
 
*-' 
 
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Winter 
 Service 
 -53- 
 Europe,cont*d. 
 
 1912* Robinson, TJE* 
 
 Fighting snow on the NER, 
 
 (Northeastern railway magaz ine, v.2:55-57;March,l9l2) 
 Methods used on Northeastern rai Iway, England. 
 
 1912. Imhof,K. 
 
 Die Lawin-3nverbauungen der Berner Alpenbahn Bern-Lotschberg- 
 Simplon. 
 
 (Zeitschrift des Osterreichischen Ingenieur- und Architekten- 
 Vereines[Vienna] f nos51 and 52, December 20,27 t l9l2,p801,l7 ) 
 Avalanche protection on Swiss railways. 
 Illustrated. 
 
 Describes the extremely heavy construction required on this 
 road with precautions taken to prevent slides. 
 
 1913. Bur ri, Franc is Xavier. 
 
 Gebirgwaldes und eisenbahnen* 
 (Schweizerische bauzeitung, February 15,1913) 
 
 A study of the interrelation of the protection afforded by 
 forests. 
 
 1914* The Lotschberg snow plough* 
 
 (Railway ga zette, no -4 f January 23, 1914, p. 106 ) 
 
 Doecription of the special type, used on this famous Alpine 
 
 1914. Sanio. 
 
 Die Hilfsmitte} d^r Eisenbahn im Kampf gegen Schneeverwehungen* 
 (Deutsches Eisenbahnwesen, no. 2 .February, 1914,5. 25 ) 
 Methods used by railways in fighting snow. 
 
 1914. Rotary snow plough- Lotschberg railway* 
 
 (Engineering [London]v.ll7: 460 ; April 24,1914) 
 Type used on this famous Alpine railway. 
 
 1916* The railways and the blizzard. 
 
 (Railway gazette, v, 24: 394-96; April 7,1916) 
 
 Operation difficulties on English railroads during a severe 
 blizzard. 
 Illustrated*. 
 
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