UC-NRLF ■--''^'■"- ^"JTiiiiiiii B 3 12fi b25 mmmm 1lil}j|ii lli||ij||| irl'iU i;!i!''lPl' ■;1 1 i ^ iiiiiiiiliifc «ii .ifi iiiiir Ex LIBRIS ROY- NASH Roy Nsf^h EARTH SCIENCES LIBRARY AMERICANA GERMANICA MONOGRAPHS DEVOTED TO THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE Literary, Linguistic and Otiier Cultural Relations OF Germany and America EDITOR MARION DEXTER LEARNED University of Pennsylvania XXVI. THE GERMAN ELEMENT IN BRAZIL COLONIES AND DIALECT (Se>>« 9 > > > 3 > » , , J » » » > 1 , Atttfrtratta (Sprtnattita Number 26 Atttfriratta @rrmanira l^ttea Philadelphia 1917 GIFT OF EARTH SCIENCES LIBRARY YWF COPYWRIGHT 1917 BY Benjamin Franklin Schappelle. 45E&fiRitgaY^DSP.Ii RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED TO JOSEPH G. ROSENGARTEN, LL. D. ^~k j"^ L^Mi. iLjrtj fT ERRATA. P. 15, 1. 19 for "Leopolidina" read "Leopoklina". P. 21, 1. 17 for "estimate" read "estimating". P. 23, note 39 for "Consular-General" read "Consul-General". P. 27, 1. 2 for "with preserve" read "preserving". P. 35, note 15 for "Vieziichter" read "Viehziichter". P. 42, 1. 11 for "wereden" read "werden". P. 49, 1. 18 for ''Ibidr read "a'o". P. 56, 1. 22 for "Bratache" read "Bratsche". P. 60, 1. 1 for "and appearing" read "and arc appearing". TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Lied der Deutschbrasilianer 7 Preface 9 CHAPTER I. The Colonies. History and Location. The First Settlers " Colonization in Individual States. Introductory Remarks 12 Bahia ^3 Minas Geraes 14 Espirito Santo 14 Rio de Janeiro 14 Sao Paulo 16 Parana 17 Santa Catharina 17 Rio Grande do Sul I9 The Total Number of Germans in Brazil 21 CHAPTER II. The Brazilian German Dialect. Underlying Basis of the Dialect 24 Brazilian German Word Forms 26 Surnames 3i Baptismal Names 32 Terms of Family Relationship in Titles 34 Examples From Brazilian German Documents. The Written Language 35 The Spoken Language 40 Introduction to Glossary 42 Glossary 45 APPENDIX. The Brazilian German Press 58 Almanacs 58 Newspapers 59 Bibliography 61 (5) LIED DER DEUTSCHBRASILIANER. Rein wie hoch am Himmelsbogen Unsrer Heimat Sterne stehn, Machtig, wie die Meereswogen Gegen unsre Kuste gehn, Soil der Heimat Sang uns dringen Aus der treuen Brust hervor, Soil Brasiliens Preis erklingen Aus dem deutschen Mannerchor. Fiille liegt auf deinen Fluren, Gottgesegnet Vaterland; Leuchtend zeigst du noch die Spuren Von des Schopfers Meisterhand: In des Mittags blauen Fernen Wo die goldne Sonnenpracht, Mit des Himmels schonsten Sternen Schmiikt sie funkelnd deine Nacht. Deine fruchtgetrankte Erde Gibt uns Mut zu frischem Tun, Gibt uns Musse, um am Herde Sender Sorge auszuruhn. Aus des Bodens SchoUe ziehen Wir des Lebens bestes Mark, Aus des Bodens Kraft erbliihen Die Geschlechter frei und stark. Lasst uns schaffen mit der Starke Dessen, der die Heimat liebt, Lasst uns beten, dass zum Werke Gott uns das Gedeihen gibt! Ewig heilig, ewig teuer Bleibest du dem deutschen Lied, Heimatland, in dem das Feuer Unsres Herdes gastlich gliiht. O. Meyer in Uhle's Kalender for 1916, PREFACE. The primary purpose of this work is to give an idea of the dialect wliich has been developed by the German-speaking element in Brazil. As comparatively little is known by the English-speaking public concerning the history, location and relative importance of the German element in Brazil (judging from extant English pub- lications referring to the subject), the main part of the work has been preceded by a chapter dealing with these particular phases. This first chapter is also intended to prepare the reader to form a reasonable estimate of the comparative importance and extent of the dialect under discussion in the main part of the work. In connection with this study the author is particularly in- debted to the well-known authority on German American cultural relations and conditions, Professor Marion Dexter Learned, of the University of Pennsylvania. It was at his suggestion and under his constant help and advice that the plan was carried out. While on a trip of investigation in Brazil the writer was fur- nished important information and material by Friedrich Sommer, Direktor of the "Banco Allemao Transatlantico" of Sao Paulo; Henrique Bamberg of Sao Paulo ; Otto Specht, Chefe da Sccgdo de Piiblicidade e Bihliotheca of the "Secretaria da Agricultura" of Sao Paulo; Johann Potucek, Austro-Hungarian Consul in Curi- tyba; J. B. Hafkemeyer, S. J., of the "Collegio Anchieta," Porto Alegre; G. A. Biichler of the "Neue Schule," Blumenau; Cleto Espey, O. F. M., of the "Collegio St. Antonio," Blumenau; E. Bloch, Engenhciro Chefe da Estrada de Ferro Santa Catharina, Itajahy; Nikolaus Dechent, Direktor of the "Deutsche Schule,'' Joinville; Petrus Sinzig, O. F. M., of the "Convento dos Fran- ciscanos," Petropolis; Edmondo Hees, Editor of the "Nachrich- ten," Petropolis; Pastor Fr. L. Hoepfifner of the "Deutsch- Evangelische Gemeinde," Rio de Janeiro; W. Miinzenthaler, Kaiserlichcr General-Konsid, Rio de Janeiro ; and Fleinrich Lotz, Kgl. Bezirksgeologe a. D., Berlin. (9) 10 Preface Special thanks arc also due to Professor D. B. Shuinway, of the University of Pennsylvania, for valuable suggestions and assistance in the final arrangement of the manuscript. The above-mentioned persons are in no wise responsible for any errors which may appear in the text. CHAPTER I. THE COLONIES. HISTORY AND LOCATION. The First Settlers. The first reference to German settlers in Brazil we have from the pen of Hans Stade of Homberg in Hessen. Stade made two trips to Brazil; one in 1547 and one in 1549. In the latter instance he was shipwrecked but succeeded in landing safely near the present port of Santos in the state of Sao Paulo. As he was a skilled artillerist the Portuguese made him commander of the fort Bertioga, the ruins of which are an interesting landmark to this day. Later Stade spent several most trying years as the captive of a cannibalistic tribe. After his return to Germany, Stade published an account of his experiences. The first edition entitled "JVahrJiafftige His- toria iinnd beschreibung einer landschafft der IVilden, Nacketen, Grimmigen, Menschfresser Leuthen in der Newen Welt America gelegen . . ." appeared at Marburg in 1557-^ In this work Stade refers to two of his fellow-countrymen located in Brazil ; the one Heliodorus Eoban of Hessen, who had charge of a sugar- refinery on the island of Sao Vicente (near Santos) ; the other Peter Rosel, who was located in Rio de Janeiro as the representa- tive for a business firm of Antdorff.^ Next we come to Manuel Beckmann, the son of a German who had located in Lisbon. He is known in history as Manoel Bequimao and was the leader in the Maranhao revolution of 1684. This uprising, altho it came to grief, may be regarded as the first of a long series of protests against the home government resulting in the declaration of the independence of Brazil on the field at Ypiranga, September 2d, 1822. Beckmann died a mar- ' V. Tootal, p. XCV. ' V. Kliipfel, pp. 121 and 162. (II) 12 The German Element in Brazil tvr's death at Rio on November 2, 1685. His younger brother, Thomas Beckmann. who had also taken part in the revolution, was acquitted.^ In the 1 8th century there was another important German figure in Brazilian history; that of Lieutcnant-General Johann Ileinrich von Bohni. It was von Bohm who, at the head of Por- tuguese troops, recaptured the city of Rio Grande in Rio Grande d(> Sul from the Spaniards in 1777."' Von Bohm was assisted by two other German officers, i. e., the Count of Lippe and Marschal Funk. These three characters were in a sense the forerunners of the German battalions brought into Brazil by the First Empire in the early part of the following century. The first colonization of importance by Germans in Brazil did not take place until the early part of the 19th century. Beginning with that century there was a steady stream of non- Portuguese settlers into the country, and of these the Germans formed an important part. Colonization in Individual States. Introductory Remarks. The following is a resume of the German colonies ■''* in Brazil and a brief introduction to their history. For the sake of convenience, the colonies have been di- vided : First ; according to the states in which they are located. Second ; according to the date of founding. Third; according to the kind of colony administratively at the time of founding. As to this they fall under three cate- gories : a) Private colonies, i. c., founded by a private individual or corporation. ' C/. Sommer: "Manoel Beckmann." German American Annals. New Series. Vol. 14, Nos. 5 and 6, 1916, pp. 189-196. Also Pereira da Silva: Quadras . . .. p. in. * V. Ludwig, p. 27. ' It is emphasized that only colonies (state, provincial, or private) in which the German element forms an important part of the population are noted. The Gemian Elcinent in Brasil 1 3 b) Provincial colonies, i. e., founded by a particular state or former province. c) State colonies, i. e., founded by the central government, whether during the time of the Empire ^' or since the formation of the Republic. The word German as applied to colonists refers only to natives of Germany who became naturalized citizens of Brazil and to Brazilians of German extraction. Colonies located within the confines of other German colo- nies {c. g., Hansa, Sao Bento etc.) are not listed. Direct immigration signifies immigration from Europe. Indirect immigration signifies immigration from a South American country bordering on Brazil ; immigration from an- other Brazilian state ; or from another colony within the same state. Numerical statistics concerning individual colonies have been avoided except in a few cases where they are of sufficient comparative importance to be noted in a work of this scope. All the colonies coming in consideration (excepting some of those founded since 1890) have been "emancipated," /. e., they no longer receive special aid from the government and their special colonial directorates have been abolished. The states of Brazil which are important so far as German colonization is concerned are Bahia, Minas Geraes, Espirito Santo, Rio dc Janeiro (Federal District), Sao Paulo, Parana, Santa Catharina and Rio Grande do Sul.' . This is the geo- graphical order from north to south and the one according to which they will be taken up. BAHIA. In this state is located the first German colony founded in Brazil. It is Leopoldina, started as a private undertaking by Busch, Reycke and Freireiss in 1818.' 8 ° These are commonly designated as "Imperial Colonies." ^ A comparatively very small number of Germans are located in the northern and western states of Brazil. They primarily follow business or professional careers and can hardly be classed as settlers. Consequently they do not come in considertion in this work. "C/. Sellin. Das Kaiserreich Brasilien, Vol. II. p. 80. 14 The German Element in Brazil Frankenthal, another private colony, was founded in 1822 by Peter Weyll and Saueracker.^ Of all the states mentioned, Bahia is the least important so far as German colonization is concerned. This is largely due to the fact that its climate is too tropical to favor such colonization on an extended scale. MINAS GERAES. The private colony Theophilo Ottoni,^^ in the north-eastern part of the state was founded by a German stock-company in 1851. Recent state colonies where Germans form a considerable part of the population are Nova Baden, Francisco Salles, Ita- juba, Joao Pinheiro, Constanga, Vargem Grande, and Rodrigo Sylva.^^ Germans form a considerable part of the population of the capital of the state (Bello Horizonte) and of the important city of Juiz da Fora. ESPIRITO SANTO. The state colony Santa Izabel was founded in 1847. The first settlers were composed chiefly of Rhenish Prussians. Santa Leopoldina, another state colony, was founded in 1857. A suggestion as to the origin of the first settlers is offered by the names of the different districts into which the colony was first divided; viz.; Schweiz, Sachsen, Pommern, Rheinland, Tirol and Holland. The two above-mentioned are the most northern of the im^ portant German colonies in Brazil to-day. RIO DE JANEIRO (Federal District). Nova Friburgo, the oldest state colony in Brazil, was founded in 18 19. The first settlers were Swiss, but since Ger- • Ibid. " Formerly called "Philadelphia." " Cf. Report of Pedro Rache, Inspector do Serviio de Povoamento, in Relatorio. The German Element in Bradl 1 5 mans immediately followed them and formed the larger part of the subsequent influx, Nova Friburgo is properly classed as a German colony. Petropolis was made a state colony in 1845. In reality it had its origin as a German colony in 1838. The first settlers were German emigrants originally bound not for Brazil but for Syd- ney, Australia. On account of the bad treatment they received on the French sailing vessel "Justine," they revolted and com- pelled the captain to land them at Rio de Janeiro on December 2d 1837. Here the Brazilian Imperial Government assisted them and at the suggestion of Major Julius Friedrich Koehler '' gave them employment on the construction of the Serra road between Estrella, located a short distance above Rio, and Para- hyba do Sul, located near the border between the Federal District and Minas Geraes. They formed their settlement at what later became Petropolis. On account of the satisfaction which the government found in these immigrants it turned the settlement into a state colony in 1845, as above mentioned. As in the case of Santa Leopolidina, the origin of indi- vidual groups of colonists to Petropolis is indicated by the names of some of the sections into which the colony was divided, vi^., Bingen, Ingelheim, Moselthal, Nassau, Westphalen, Unteres- Rheinthal, Mittleres-Rheinthal, Simmern, Castellaunerthal, Un- tere Pfalz, Obere Pfalz, Oberes Rheinthal, Wostadterthal, Schweizertiial, Wormserthal. Darmstadterthal, etc. Since 1850 there has been but little German immigration into the Petropolis colony. On the other hand, this particular colony has been a rich source for indirect German immigration into the more southern states. . , t • .u , ( Among the recent state colonies of Rio de Janeiro that of Visconde de Maua is largely populated by Germans.^^ >« Koehler was born in Mainz in i8ia At the age o^ f^e'enteT/the --Jl^eit ^eTvi^rand l^s'^^^^frJ^^^n.^lr in the engineer- governmcui a Petropohs m 1847- '"'.«:;«■ of te inspector Antonio Ribeiro de Castro Sobrinho in Relatorio. 1 6 The German Element in Brazil SAO PAULO. The oldest German settlements in the state are the provincial colonies founded in 1827. On November 13th of that year the first levy of settlers, all South Germans, landed at Santos. These were apportioned into two colonies; one located at Santo Aviaro and the other between Penha and Nossa Senhora dos Garulhos. The provincial colony of Quilombo, located between Itape- cerica and Contia, was founded in 1828.^'^ In 1847 the private colonies of Ybicaba and Angelica were founded by the Senador Vergueiro. They were put on the basis of mciagCw,^^ the later abuse of which, by others than Ver- gueiro, paved the way for the famous Heydt rescript ^^ of No- vember 3d, 1859. In the following more recently established provincial colo- nies the population is largely made up of German settlers : Cam- pos Salles, founded in 1897; Jorge Tibiriga, founded in 1905; Nova Europa, founded in 1907; and Bandeirantes, founded in 1908. In addition to these, the provincial colonies of Mongao and Pariquera ASSU also contain important quotas of Germans. In the state of Sao Paulo the Germans form to-day an urban rather than a rural population. They are very strongly repre- sented in Sao Paulo (the capital), Campinas and Santos. The following towns and their vicinities are also important centers of German population: Riberao Pires, Sao Bernardo, Rocinha, Vallinhos, Helvetia, Nova Friburgo, Salto de Ytu, Sorocaba, Botucatu, Riberao Preto, Sao Joao da Boa Vista, Villa Ameri- cana, Pires, Araras, Leme, Rio Claro, Sao Carlos do Pinhal, Santa Rita do Passo Quatro, Santa Cruz das Palmeiras. Brotas, Dous Corregos, Jahu, Villa Raffard, Piracicaba. and Jacarehy.^^ '* V. Marcondes de Souza : O Estado dc Sao Paulo; p. IQS- Cf. state- ment by Ernst Heinke in Jahrbuch, Erstes . . ., p. 250. "/. e., lease of a section of land for the return of one-half of the yearly products. "A Prussian ministerial decree (also adopted by other German states) forbidding the emigration of German citizens to Brazil. In 1896 it was revoked for the three most southern states of Brazil, ('. c. Rio Grande do Sul. Santa Catharina and Parana. "C/. statements by C. F. Scheler in Jahrbuch, Erstes . . ., p. 17.S ff- The German Element in Brazil 17 Excepting the older colonies first mentioned, the German ele- ment in Sao Paulo is largely made up as the result of indirect immigration ; in the early years from the Petropolis district, and later from the more southern states and from Argentine. PARANA. The state colony of Rio NegTO was founded in 1829,^^ while this section of Brazil was still within the limits of Sao Paulo. ^^ Shortly after its founding the colony was increased by the location of members of the mustered-out German legion of the Imperial army.^° Subsequently many settlers from the Sao Bento district in Santa Catharina moved over to this colony. The following provincial colonies are settled largely by Germans or German-speaking Austrians : Jesuino Marcondes, Ivahy, Iraty, all founded in 1907; Itapara and Tayo, both founded in 1908; and Vera Guarany, founded in 1909. ^^ By far the most important center for Germans in the state is the capital, Curityba. There are some 12,000 German-speaking residents in this city. In addition, a large number are located in the important cities of Lapa, Ponta Grossa, Porto da Uniao and Castro. ^^ A large part of the German element in Parana is due to in- direct immigration from Santa Catharina. SANTA CATHARINA. Sao Pedro de Alcantara, a state colony, was founded in i828.-'' Its first settlers came mainly from the Rhine district. Itajahy -^ and Santa Izabel, two other state colonies were founded in 1835 and 1846 respectively. " In 1828 according to Grossi, p. 168. " Parana was separated from Sao Paulo in 1853. =" r. Sellin, Das Kaiscrreich Brasilicn, Vol. II, p. iii. *^ Cf. report of the inspector Manoel F. Ferreira Correia in Relatorio. " Information furnished by Johann Potucek, Austro-Hungarian Consul in Curityba. "This is commonly referred to as the iirst colony in Santa Catharma. However, Grossi (p. 168) refers to a Colonia Alemda Conselheiro Pedreira (state colony) founded in 1B27. ="Lacmann (p. 8) states that Gross Itajahy was founded in 1829. 1 8 The German Element in Brazil Blumenau, a private colony (originally), Avas founded in 1850 by Dr. Hermann Blumenau. ^^ The first settlers were mainly natives of Pomerania and Mecklenburg. Blumenau is the most widely known (largely because of its German name) and one of the most important German colonies in Brazil to-day. According to Carvalho "Blumenau constitue dans TAmerique du Sud le type Ic plus parfait de la colonisation europeenne."^° The area of the "municipio"^^ covers 10,725 square kilometers and is populated by about 60,000 inhabitants, the great majority of whom are of German descent. ^^ The "Stadtplatz"''-* is composed mainly of one street 5^ kilometers in length (including Altona) and is most beautifully situated on the right bank of the river Itajahy-Assu. It contains about 3,000 inhabitants, nearly all of whom are Germans. Dona Francisca was founded in 185 1 as a private colony by the "Hamburger Kolonisationsverein von 1849." It comprises the territory given as a marriage dot by Dom Pedro II. to his sister, Dona Francisca, at the time of her marriage to the Prince of Joinville of the French House of Orleans. The "Stadtplatz" of the colony was named Joinville in honor of the prince. Dona Francisca was founded under favorable circum- stances at a time when many Germans, including members of the "upper classes" were leaving the Fatherland on account of the general political discontent during the latter part of the forties of the past century. This fact is reflected in the German lan- guage as spoken in Joinville to-day. It is perhaps more free from dialect than in any other German colony in Brazil. The " Born 1819 at Hasselfelde in Braunschweig. Specialized in pharmacy. In 1849 came to Brazil and laid out plans for a colony. From 1850 to 1880 he was primarily occupied in directing the colony which bears his name. This colony was emancipated in 1880, but Dr. Blumenau remained on the scene of his former activities until 1884, when he returned to Germany. Died 1898. " V. Le Bresil Meridional, p. 309. " The term "municipio" denotes a city or town together with the sur- rounding districts coming under the same jurisdiction; frequently (as used in this work) an emancipated colony. "According to census of 1907 and calculations to date (September, 1916) in the archives at Blumenau. " The term "Stadtplatz" as used by the colonists designates the seat or governmental center of a particular colony. Portuguese "sede." The German Element in Braml 19 general cultural status of the inhabitants of Germanic origin is relatively high. The entire colony (municipio) of Dona Francisca contains more than 30,000 inhabitants; the "Stadtplatz" about 6,000. In both, the inhabitants of Germanic origin form the great majority. The colony of Brusque 3" was founded in i860. Its early colonists were composed largely of former inhabitants of the Rheinland, Westphalia, Oldenburg and Baden. Next to Blu- menau and Dona Francisca, Brusque is to-day the most important German colony in Santa Catharina. In the territory not included in the "municipios" mentioned above, the larger part of the inhabitants of the following centers are of German descent: Angelina and Santa Thereza, both founded in 1853; Therezopolis, founded in i860; Palho^a, Brago do Norte and Pedras Grandes. Important numbers of Germans are located along the fol- lowing rivers of Santa Catharina: Rio Itajahy do Sul; Rio das Tijucas; Rio Bra(;o do Norte; and Rio Capivary.^^ In point of numbers, Santa Catharina is next to the most important state in Brazil so far as German colonization is con- cerned. RIO GRANDE DO SUL. Sao Leopoldo, a state colony, was founded in 1824. The first settlers came from the Hunsriick section. To-day its popu- lation is estimated at more than 50,000, mostly of German descent, ^^ We may designate Sao Leopoldo as the center of the "Deutschbrasilianerthum" of Rio Grande do Sul. The state colonies of Tres Forquilhas and Sao Pedro de Alcantara das Torres were founded in 1826. The former was settled by German Protestants, the latter by German Catholics. Santa Cruz, a state colony, was founded in 1849. Its first settlers were mainly from Pomerania and the Rheinland. '" So named in honor of the president of the state at the time, Dr. Araujo Brusque. " Information furnished by E. Bloch, Engcnheiro Chefe da Estrada de Ferro Santa Catharina. " Grossi, p. 162, 20 Tlic German Element in Brazil Next in order there followed an important period of private colonization. As a result of this we have Rincao d'El Rei, founded in 1850 by Dr. Israel R. Barcellos; Mundo Novo, founded in 1850 by Tristao Jose Monteiro; Conventos, founded in 1853 by Baptista F. Pereira e Cie. ; Estrella, founded in 1856 by Santos Pinto; Mariante, founded in 1856; and Marata founded in 1856 by Andreas Kochenborger and Pedro Schreiner. In the year 1857 two provincial colonies were founded, i. e., Santo Angelo and Nova Petropolis. The year 1858 marked the second period of private coloniza- tion. In that year Sao Lourengo was founded by Jakob Rhein- gantz. The first settlers of this colony were Pomeranians and natives of the Rheinland. In the same year Teutonia was founded by a group of capitalists of Porto Alegre.^^ The last period of strictly provincial colonization is marked by the founding of Monte Alverne in 1859 and of Sao Feliciano in 1867. In the most recent period a number of colonies supported by both the state and central governments have been founded. Of these the following have been settled largely by Germans; Guarany, founded in 1891 ; Ijuhy,^* founded in 1891 ; and Ere- chim, founded in 1909.^^ In addition, Dr. Hermann IMeyer's private colonies of Xingu and Neu Wurttemberg were founded in this period; the former in 1897 and the latter in 1899. The German element is very strongly represented in the im- portant cities of Porto Alegre and Pelotas as well as in the "muni- cipios" of Sao Joao de Montenegro, Sao Sebastiao do Cahy (now includes Nova Petropolis), Venancio Ayres, Lageado, Taquara, Cruz Alta and Palmeiro. "" Cj. Ludwig, p. 84. "A particularly strong current of German settlers has in recent years been moving into Ijuhy, mostly by indirect immigration. " Cj. report of the inspector C. Lila da Silveira in Relatorio. The German Element in Brazil 2i Rio Grande do Sul has a much larger population of German descent than any other state in Brazil. The main reason why so .many Germans settled in this state we may attribute to the clim- atic conditions which are here more favorable to Germanic peoples than in any other section of the country. An Estimate as to the Total Number of Germans in Brazil. It is impossible to make an exact statement as to the total number of Germans in the coimtry. The reasons for this are not far to seek. The fact that an accurate census for Brazil does not exist is not surprising when we consider the enormous expanse of territory.^*' The greater part of this is but sparsely settled and largely covered with primeval forests. Official statistics, where they do exist are apt to have been carelessly compiled and often are entirely untrustworthy. "Paciencia," has been the watchword here as well as throughout all other walks of life in Brazil. If we restrict ourselves to estimate, among the total of Brazilian citizens, those of any particular European origin, the difficulty increases. Here the census reports offer practically no help because all persons are listed simply as Brazilians, no refer- ence being made as to their origin. The primary sources in making up the estimates are fur- nished by the immigration reports as they are found in the "Ministerio da Agricultura" in Rio and the "Secretaria da Agricultura" of several individual states. Even here the statis- tics are inadequate for our purpose. As a rule only such colonists as came in third class on ships from Europe are listed. ^^ In addition, it is impossible to determine how many colonists came ■'° About equal to that of the United States without the colonies and Alaska, but with the state of Texas doubled. " The study of emigration reports in European archives does not help us much because hv no means did all persons listed as emigrants for Brazil finally arrive in the latter country. 22 The German Element in Brazil by land (indirect immigration) from adjoining South American countries such as Uruguay, Paraguay or Argentine. The secondary sources, and the ones which in this instance are most vakiable, are embodied in the estimates of former colo- nial directors and other officials, as well as private persons having first hand knowledge concerning the different European elements in Brazil. The official data offered by the Bureau of Statistics of the "Ministerio da Agricultura" in Rio concerning immigration directly from Europe begins with the year 1820. That concern- ing immigration from Germany in particular begins with 1827. Official figures are available as to the number of immigrants from Germany from that date to the present excepting the years 1830-1836 inclusive, 1838, 1839, 1843, 1844, 1846, 1848 and 1849. The total is 128,233 up to the end of the year 1915.^^ In order to determine the approximate numerical value of the German element in the population of Brazil, many estimates worthy of consideration have been compared. The estimates which in the opinion of the writer have the strongest claim to accuracy, are listed below. As will be seen, those determined upon by Friedrich Sommer, Direktor of the "Banco Allemao Transatlantico" of Sao Paulo are largely followed. This author- ity has for years been making a careful study of the subject and consequently his conclusions bear particular weight. ^ In order to enable the reader to put a correct valuation on the popular bugaboo, the "perigo allemao" (German peril), the following facts are noted by way of comparison : According to the statistics above referred to, the German immigrants occupy fourth place in point of numbers for the period 1820-1915, inclusive. They are superseded by : a) Italians. First mentioned in the records 1836. Total to 1862 209 Total to and including 1915 1,348,777 b) Portuguese. First noted in 1837. Total to and including 1915 977,524 c) Spaniards. First noted 1841. Total to 1868 274 Total to and including 1915 470,107 The German Element in Brazil 23 Taking up the states in the order as previously, we have : Bahia. No reliable estimates except as contained below in "Northern and Central States." Minas Geraes 5,ooo. Sommer. Espirito Santo 25,000. Ludwig.^^ Rio (Fed. Dist.) 18,000. Sommer. Sao Paulo 32,000. Ibid. Parana 35,ooo. Ibid. Santa Catharina 100,000. Miiller von Konigswinter Rio Grande do Sul 250,000. Ibid. Northern and Central States (including Bahia) 10,000. Sommer. Total 475,000. Making a fairly liberal allowance for underestimates, we may regard the number 500,000 as representing the total num- ber of citizens of German descent in Brazil to-day.^'^ '" Dr. Ernst Wagemann, of the Kolonialinstitut, Hamburg, recently esti- mated the German population of Espirito Santo at 20,000-30,000, according to statements by W. Miinzenthaler, German Consular-General in Rio. " The above estimates refer to conditions at the end of 1915. The esti- mate for the total population of the country for that year was 23,000,000. CHAPTER II. THE BRAZILIAN GERMAN DIALECT. The Underlying Basis and Reasons for the Formation of THE Dialect. As may be inferred from chapter I, the German immigra- tion into Brazil antedating the nineteenth century was quite in- significant. Beginning with the early years of that century, how- ever, there was a steady current of new settlers from the German-speaking sections of Europe into the southern part ot the country. The people who made up this current settled, par- ticularly during the early years, in small, widely separated colonial nuclei where they found themselves more or less thor- oughly cut ofif from the outside world and its influences. It is not surprising, therefore, to find that these people have devel- oped a new dialect which we may call "Brazilian German." The Germanic settlers from Europe who had come to Brazil found themselves located in surroundings radically different from the ones to which they had been accustomed in the land of their nativity. Physically they had to adapt themselves to a new climate. From the moment of their arrival on the parcel of land allotted to them they were in contact with many objects for which their mother tongue offered no designation. The animals, plants, insects and even the agricultural implements in the new home land had, to a large extent, names for which the German language offered no equivalent. As a result, many non-germanic words had to be immediately adopted. In reference to the older colonies, the German-speaking im- migrants from any particular section of Germany, Switzerland or Austria would more or less settle in a particular section of Brazil. Thus we have Petropolis in Rio de Janeiro settled by (24) The German Element in Brazil 25 former inhabitants of the Coblenz district and Blumenau in Santa Catharina settled largely by Pomeranians. In a general way it may be stated that the older colonies were in this respect relatively homogenious, while those founded since the middle of the past century drew their settlers to a larger extent from dif- ferent German-speaking sections of Europe. The settlers, largely drawn from the agricultural class, naturally brought with them from Europe a variety of German dialects. These were more or less preserved depending on the relative isolation of the colonies. In cases where a considerable and constant influx of settlers either by direct or indirect immi- gration was kept up after the first years of the history of any particular colony the original dialect largely gave way to a modi- fied form of High German, due primarily to the normalizing in- fluence of the German school and church. Such is the case in the "Stadtplatze"^ of Dona Francisca, Blumenau, Santa Cruz and Sao Lourengo. The preceding statements are intended to present, as it were, the background or basis on which the new dialect was developed. We now come to the most potent influence in the formation of that dialect. It is the Brazilian Portuguese, a language which has no connection with the Germanic group. In this point, there- fore, our case differs radically from that of the student of the German dialects which have been developed in North x\merica. The degree of linguistic influence exerted by the Brazilian Portuguese on the High German or its various dialects as spoken by the immigrants varies again according to the relative isolation of the settlements. We have degrees ranging from that of the old settlements in the Santo Amaro district of Sao Paulo,^ where the German language has practically in its entirety given way to the Brazilian Portuguese, to that of some of the sections of the "municipios"^ of Blumenau in Santa Catharina and Sao Leo- poldo in Rio Grande do Sul where a modified German has not ' V. note 29, p. 18. '/. e., Pedreiras, Parelheiros, M'Boy, Colonia Velha and Itapecerica. ' V. note 27, p. 18. 26 The German Element in Brazil only held its own among the inhabitants of German extraction, but has also become the language of parts of the Luso-Brazilian '' and negro elements as well/"' About half way between these two extremes we might range the case of Petropolis in Rio de Janeiro. Brazilian German Word Forms. The following general principles are observed in connection with the dialect which has been developed by the German element in Brazil. Nouns form by far the greatest number of words taken over, followed next in order by verbs, exclamatory words and phrases, adjectives and adverbs. The last two appear relatively rarely. Observations on Words from the Brazilian Portuguese. I. Nouns. A. Masculines. i) In the case of masculines the vowel ending is as a rule dropped, e. g., Brazilian Brazilian Portuguese. German. English. abatimento abatiment discount. campo camp field,*plain. facao fac hunting-knife. intendente intendent administrator. pasto past pasture. */. e., Brazilian of Portuguese extraction. ' In den Schneizen [of Santa Cruz and Sao Lourengo] sprechen sogar die dort aufgewachsenen Neger Hunsriicker Dialekt. . . . Ein Musterreiter bcreiste einst ... die Rio Grandenser Kolonieen. Als er an einen Kreuzweg kam, sah cr zwei Schwarze am Wege im Felde hocken. Er fragte sie auf Portugiesisch um den richtigcn Weg. "Wat seggt de Kirl?" fragt ein Scluvarzer den andern. "Ah, ihr sprecht deutsch?" . . . "Ja," war die Antwort, "mir sein deitsche Neger." E. Niemeyer in "Deutsche Siedler und Siedlungen im Urwald." Uhle's Kalender for 1912, p. 76. The German Element in Brazil 27 2) The same holds for words of the following type where there have been further orthographical changes with preserve, however, the same phonetic values. B razilian B rasilian Portuguese. German. English. macaco makak monkey. trapiche trapisch warehouse (on the wharf). 3) Internal phonetic changes have taken place in such words as : Brazilian Brazilian Portuguese. German. English. kaschero kaschor shop-man, clerk (in a store), municipio munizip district. B. Feminines. In feminines the final vowel '-a' is as a rule weakened to 'e; e. g., Brazilian Brazilian Portuguese. German. English. capoeira capoeire copse. carreta carrete cart. garaffa garaffe bottle. lancha lanche barere. larancha laranche orange. mula mule mule. persianna persianne Venetian-blind. picada picade lane (through a forest). pimenta pimentc pepper. pipa pipe barrel, tun. roga ,rosse clearing (of a forest). sanga sange ditch. tolda tolde cover, hood (of a wagon). traga trace track, design. venda vende inn, store. 28 TJic German Element in Brand C. Change of gender in nouns. I ) Masculine to feminine, e. g., Brazilian Brazilian Portuguese. German. English. barranco m barranke / slope. cabresto in cabreste / halter. cachimbo m kaschimbe / tobacco-pipe. camarote m camarote / box (in a theater). cangalho w cangalhe / packsaddle. charuto in charute / cigar. f arelo m f arelle / bran. hiate m jatte / yacht. portreiro m portreere / pasture-ground. rio VI rio /. (rarely in.) . stream, river. 2) Feminine to masculine, e. g., Brazilian Brazilian Portuguese. German. English. cachaga / cachass m gin, brandy (of sugar-cane), troca / troc in change (of money). 3 J Masculine to neuter, e. g., Brazilian Brazilian Portuguese. German. English. doce in doss n candy, confectionery. fosforo in fosforo n match. tatu m tatu n armadillo. xarque in xarque n jerked beef. 4) Feminine to neuter, e. g., Brazilian Brazilian Portuguese. German. English. canoa / kanoe n monoxylon, dugout. f arinha / f arin n flour. From the above examples it will be observed that the gender of the Brazilian German noun is, where there has been a change The German Element in Brazil 2<) from that of the original Brazilian Portuguese, as a rule, the same as that of the High German word replaced, e. g., Brazilian German. High German. barranke / Boschung /. cachass m Schnaps m. camarote / Theaterloge /. charute / Zigarre /. doss n Konfekt n. farelle / Kleie /. farin n Mehl n. fosforo n Streichholz n. kaschimbe / Tabakspfeife /. portreere / Weide /. troc m VVechsel m. D. Nouns of mixed origin are quite frequent, e. g., Brazilian German. English. aboboramus stewed (and mashed) pumpkin. korbgarrafao demijohn. miljekolben cob (of corn). mesclahosen trousers (striped). ochsencarrete ox-cart. palhazigarrette cigarette (with cornhusk wrapper). polizeidelegado inspector of police. puschochse draught-ox. rocewirtschaft agriculture, farming. sellofiskal revenue agent. vendaschuld drinking-score, debt for drink. II. Verbs. Brazilian German verbs are commonly formed by adding a weak ending, '-en' or '-ieren,' to the Portuguese stem, e. g., Portuguese. Brazilian German. English. amolar amolieren to grind, sharpen. capinar capinen to weed. 30 The Gcniiau Element in Brazil Portuguese. Brazilian German. English. cobrar cobrieren tt) cash, take in (money). lagar lassen to throw the lasso. puxar puschen, pusscn. .to pull. rcpousar posen to rest. rcquerer rekerieren to request. ro<;ar rossieren to clear of weeds. sellar sellieren to stamp. tocar tocken to beat, strike. trocar trocken to change (money etc. ) . In pronunciation the Brazilian German differs still more from the Portuguese than the printed forms would indicate. The main additional differences in this case are the following: I ) The noun ending '-ao' has the value of '-ong' instead of the Portuguese sound represented by '-do.' Thus, by phonetic spelling we would have, e. g., Brazilian German. Portuguese. algodong for algodao. capong capao. garrafong garrafao. patakong patacao. questong questao. sertong sertao. violong violao. 2) The ';' instead of remaining sonant as becomes surd.^ Thus Brazilian German. Portuguese. feschong for feijao. schakare 11 jacare. Schwong << Joao. " This rule holds for the Portuguese, but not for the German 'j,' as e. g., where the latter replaces the 'li in jaltc (from hiaic), the 'i' or '31' in aija (from cuia, cuya) or the 'Ih' in cangalje (from cancjalho). In such cases the '/' has the phonetic value of the English 'y.' The German Element in Brazil 31 3) In the case of infinitives the final '-«' is not sounded, particularly in sections influenced by the Hunsriick dialect. These forms are therefore pronounced, e. g., Brazilian German. Portuguese. amoliere for amolieren. kapine " kapinen. pusche " puschen. tocke " tocken. Surnames. As a general rule German family names are retained in their original form in all sections where the German language held its own among the colonists. This is especially true where such names offer no difficulty in their pronunciation to people having Portuguese as their mother tongue. On the other hand, where such names could not be readily pronounced by Luso-Brazilians,^ they underwent changes to greater or less extent even in com- munities where the German element is most strongly represented. Where the German language disappeared the German family name as a rule disappeared with it, or was retained in such a form as to be hardly recognizable. By way of example a number of modifications in surnames are noted below ; first, from a section where the German lan- guage has almost entirely given way to Portuguese,^ and second, from one of the strongest German-speaking sections of Brazil.'-^ I) Emmich became M'. The Portuguese could not pronounce the "-ich" and consequently it dropped off, resulting in the formation of what is prob- ably one of the shortest family names in existence. ^° ' See note 4, p. 19. ^ The outlying districts of Santo Amaro in Sao Paulo. V. note 2, p. 19. ° Joinville in Dona Francisca, state of Santa Catharina. '*For a further example of a short proper name compare the one com- monly applied to the small town "O' " (contraction of "Nossa Senhora do O'"), located a short distance to the northwest of Sao Paulo. 32 The Gcniian Eloncni in Brazil Felippoffsky became Felippe, Franz, or Frango. In this instance one branch of the family adopted the first part of the original family name and other branches made surnames out of the Christian name of the first immigrant, I. e., Franz Felippoffsky. Glaser became Frittenmaku. The first immigrant was Fritz Glaser. One of his characteristics was lameness. The new family name is equivalent in meaning to "der lahme Fritz." Gottfried became Gottcsfried, Gottesfrid or Gottesfritz. Helfenstein became Hclfcstein. Hessel became Essel. Klein became Cleene. In this instance a German dialect variant of the original became the new fam- ily name. Reinberg became Remherg. Rochenbach became Rocumhak or Rociimhaque. Roschcl became Rocha. Toll became Doll or Doro. Weisshaupt became Sapateiro. In this instance the first Weisshaupt was a shoemaker. The trade name translated into Portuguese became the family name. Ziillich became Sills. 2) Wachter became Walter. Werner became Vierne. From the above examples it will be noticed that the new- family names show, as a general rule, an adaptation of the original to Portuguese pronunciation. Baptismal Names. So far as baptismal names are concerned, the case is quite different from that applying to surnames. While the latter have been modified to a great extent only where the German language The German Element in Brazil 33 gave way to the Portuguese almost entirely, as stated, the former have been replaced by their Portuguese counterparts, as a rule, in all parts of Brazil. ^^ Probably the chief reason for this is senti- ment, or, to use what is in this case perhaps a more accurate term, patriotism. The Portuguese Christian name in the country in question distinguishes the individual as a Brazilian, not as a German. The people under discussion regard themselves first of all as Brazilians.^- While, according to their idea the retention and cultivation of their "Deutschthum" makes them better and more valuable Brazilian citizens, they carefully differentiate be- tween "Deutschthum" and (to use their own expression) "Deutschlanderthum. " The following are examples of Portuguese baptismal names which are commonly substituted for their German counterparts by Brazilian Germans. Portuguese form. German form. Adolfo for Adolf. Alberto " Albert. Augusto " August. Bernardo " Bernard. Carlos " Karl. Edmundo " Ednumd. Eduardo " Eduard. Emilio " Emil. Ernesto " Ernst. Estevao " Stephan. Ewaldo " Ewald. Francisco " Franz. " This commonly applies to naturalized as well as to native-born German Brazilians. ^^ Political propaganda literature intended to lead the unwary to draw different conclusions has been copiously spread before the public during the last decade. Whatever the ideas on the subject may be in foreign countries, the German Brazilians themselves are the only ones who can speak on it with authority. Strange to say, they never seem to be consulted or studied at first hand by those who speak most loudly about the "German peril" in Brazil. Porto Alegre, Blumenau, Joinville and Curityba can furnish more accurate information on this particular subject than Berlin, Paris, London and New York. .^4 TJic Ccrnuui Rlnncnt in Brazil Portuguese form. Gi crman form. Freclerico for Friedrich. Germano Hermann. Giiilhermo Wilhelm. Gustavo Gustav. Henrique Pleinrich. Ignacio Ignaz. Joao Johann, Jorge Georg. Jose Joseph. Julio Julius. Leopoldo Leopold. Luiz Ludwig. Maxiniiliano Maximilian Paulo Paul. Pedro Peter. Ricardo Richard. Roberto Robert. Rodolfo ( Rudolf o) Rudolf. Theodoro Theodor. Terms of Family Relationship in Titles. For the terms of family relationship in titles (business, etc.) the Portuguese forms are commonly used where the German forms would naturally be expected (/. c, in exclusively Brazilian German publications, etc.). Among the forms most frecjuently used in this manner (in full or abbreviated form, singular or plural) are the following :^^ Portuguese form.. German form. Filho tor Sohn. Irm.ao (t Bruder, Sobrinho >( Neffe. Viuva i( Witwe. " Several specific examples will be noted in the specimens from advertise- ments in almanacs and newspapers, pp. 36-39. The Gcrtnan Element in Bra::il 35 Examples of Brazilian German From Documents. The Written Language. The following is an excerpt made from a short story en- titled "Unrecht schliigt seinen eigenen Herrn."^^ Der reiche Estancieiro ^"^ Joao Rodrigues sass eines Ta- ges unter der grossen schattigen Figueira/'' welche das Wahrzeichen der Estancia ^" Sao Manoel bildete. Er be- rechnete eben, wie viel Schlachtvieh er dieses Jahr ver- kaufen konnte, und fand, dass es mindestens 700 Stuck seien. Das gab ein schones Haufchen Geld ; denn die Vieh- preise waren dieses Jahr hoch. Unter 6o$ooo ^^ sollte ihm kein Stiick aus der Invernada ^^ fort ; das machte rund 42 Contos ^" aus, "Compadre,-^ ich habe einen Auftrag, fiir eine benachbarte Charqueada -- rund 1000 Stiick Schlachtvieh aufzukaufen. . . ." . . . Damit war der Handel abgeschlossen, und die beiden Conpadres verabschiedeten sich, jeder zufrieden; Der Estancieiro, weil er ein gutes Geschaft gemacht hattc, und der Tropeiro,"^ weil er morgen ein noch besseres zu ma- chen hoffte ! Des anderen Tages stellte sich unser Estancieiro bei guter Zeit im Geschiiftshause ein und fand daselbst seinen Compadre Bento schon in angeheiteter Stimmung in der Venda ^^ sitzen. . . . *'Noch fiir einen Augenblick," stotterte da wie- der der betrunkene Tropeiro. "Unter uns beiden braucht's " By P. Th. Amstadt, S. J. The story appears in the Familienfreund for 1917, P- 39 ff- '^ Vicsiichter. " Feigenbaum. " Landgut, " Read 60 Milreis. ^^ Winter quatier. "^ Conto = 1000 milreis. " Freund. "' Schldchterei. ^ Viehhdndler. '* Schcnke. 36 The Gcnuan lilciiioil in Brazil zwar keiiie Quittiing, ich habe dein Vieh und du hast mein Geld ; damit ist unsere Sache erledigt. Aber bei den Hcrren von der Charqucada muss ich etwas Schwarz auf Weiss vorweisen; . . ." , . . So wolUe er gleich heute die ein paar hiindert Milreis betragene Vendaschuld begleichen. . . . "Einen Moment Gedult, Compadre Joao, gleich ists prompt. "^^ Und wirklich, es dauerte nur einige Minu- ten, so hatte der Estancieiro seine Rechnung zu Handen, sie betrug 765$ooo. Er zug 4 von den funkelnagelncucn Zweihunderten heraus und reichte dieselben dem Geschafts- manne hin. Der beschaute sich die Dinger genau, holte aus seinem Geldschrank einen Schein derselben Estampa -" heraus, befiihlte das Papier, schiittelte nachdenklich den Kopf und sagte nur das eine Wortchcn "falsch"! Examples From Advertisements. Advertisements in almanacs, newspapers, etc., appearing in German and intended only for the German reading-public offer a rich source to the student of Brazilian German words and phrases. The following examples are by no means unusual. They set forth the principle which obtains in practically all Ger- man publications in Brazil. I, )From Almanacs. (For meanings of terms V. Glossary.) Luchsinger E. Co. . . . Import von Fazendas und Molhados. . . .^^ Selbach e Cia. . . . Internationale Vcrlags- u. Sorti- ments-Buclihandlung, Buchdruckerei, Buchbinderei und Kartonnagen-Fabrik. . , /^^ " Fertig. ^ Geprdge. " Uhles Familienkalendcr, 1916, p. 318. '^ Ibid., p. 300. The German Element in Brazil 37 Fraeb e Co. , . . Export von . . . Haar, Wolle, Xarque, Gorduras, etc., eic.^^ Otto Niemeyer. Seccos e Molhados. . . . Eigenes Armazem und Trapiche. . . .^^ . . . Jose A. Picoral . . . Papier- und Palhaziga- retten. . . . Leichte und starke Charutcn. . . .^^ Fraeb e Co. . . . Import : Fazendas, Miudezas, Molhados, Ferragens, Salz u. s. w. . . .^^ Vva. Jose IMiiller e Cia. Geschaftshaus in Fazendas, Louga, Miudezas, Seccos und Molhados, Kolonie-Produk- ten.^^ . . . Sattlerei von Jorge Pedro Grub . . . Zug- geschirre fiir Aranhas, Zaume, Caronas, Peitschen u. s. w. 34 Paulo Grotzner. Biscoutosfabrik "Lucinda."' . . . Leistungsfahigste Fabrik in Biscontos. Bolachas, Bonbons, Konfituren und alien besseren Backwaaren. Escriptorio und Verkauf en gros : Alto Cabral. 35 " Ibid., p. 315. *" Ibid., p. 297. 31 Familienfreund, 19^7, P- xxv. ^' Ibid., p. xxvii. '^ Riograndcnser Marienkalcnder, I9i7i P- 128. ^* Rotermund's Kalcnder fiir die Deutschen in Brasilien, 1915, p. 410- " Uhle's Familienkalender, 1917, p. 170. 38 The German Element in Brazil 2.) 1''koai NEWsrATEKS. (For meanings of terms V. Glos- sary.) Comp. Nac. de Navegagao Costeira. Der neue Doppel- schraubendampfer Itajuha am Trapiclie der Costeira . . . Befordert Passageire, Frachten, Encommcndas, etc.^^ Antigo Hotel Koch. . . . Bevorzugtes Haus der Musterreiter. Eigenes Portreiro. Sorgsame Verpflegung der Reittiere. Joao Spitteler, Eigentiimer.'^' Hotel do Sul von Felippe Werb Filho. Wird dem rei- senden Publikum . . . empfohlen. . . . Gute Stallun- gen.^® Kolonisten pflanzt Aipim, Mandioca, Araruta! 39 Aranha in bestem Zustande mit vorziiglichcm Pferd zu verkaufen.^*^ Lageado. Carlos Genehr, Zahnarzt, empfiehlt sich den Bewohnern dieser Villa und der umliegenden Pikaden. . . /^ . , . zwischen der Eisenbahnstation und der Villa ge- legcn, fiir Kolonisation vermessen und in Lotes von 4 bis 25 Alqueires einteilen lassen ... der darauf befindliche IMatebestand ein ganz hervorragender. . . . Der Eigen- tiimer Bernardo Olsen. . . .^" '"Deutsche Zcitung, Porto Alegrc, July 20, 1916. " Vaterland, Porto Alegre, September 18, 1916. "" Ibid. " Bhimcnaucr Zcitung, August 22. 1916. *" Briiskcr Zcitung, August 12, 1916. '^Deutsches Volkshlatt. Porto Alegre, July 5, 1916. *^ Kolonic-Zcitung, Joinville, August 17, 1916. The German Element in Brazil 39 2 Pferde zugelaufen (i Baio und i Zaino) Gegen er- stattung der Unkosten abzuholen bein Inspektor Jakob Neu- haus, . . .^^ Poetry. A great deal of excellent poetry has been written by repre- sentatives of the German element in Brazil. These writers have, however, primarily used High German as their medium of ex- pression and consequently their works do not come in considera- tion in this study of a dialect. On the other hand, we frequently come across poems where Brazilian German forms are more or less in evidence. The following, in which the Hunsriick dialect forms the Germanic basis is presented by way of example. ^^ (Apologies to Goethe!) Gutes Gcschdft oder eine Pechincha^^ Wer reit' lo dorch Storm un Wettergeriesel ? Das is der Schrauber auf seime Isel. Der Hut is gebunne fest unner dem Kinne, Der Musterranze bammelt ihm hinne. "Freund Michel, was machst fiir ein banges Gesicht ?" " 'Sein Sie's wahrhaftig? Ich glaabten es nich ! " 'Der Schrauber wirklich mit Mala ^^ un Ranze ? " 'Das is lo die reine Pikadewanze!' "^' "Mein lieber Freund mach' Platz mal hier ! "Die schonsten Muster zeige ich dir : "Algodao,'*^ Riscado ^^ und Druckkattun — " " 'Laassen Se zu! Was soil 'ch mit dem Krempel lo tun?' " "Die Serra-Post, Ijuhy, Rio Grande do Sul September 15, 1916. "From Funke's Atts Deutsch-Brasilien, p. 167. " Unverhofftes Gewinn. *' Rcisetasche. " Waldpfadswanse. ^ Baiimwolle. *" Gingan. 40 The German Element in Brazil Dau, Vadder ! raunt Mutter, loss 's Hannele scin ! Der Schrauber seift dich e siinst jammerlich ein. " 'Halt dei Mund un scher' dich rein in dei Kich,' " 'De Schrauber kenn' un seine Schlich!' " "Willst, lieber Freund. du das Neueste sehn? "Hier hochfeine Ponchos ''^^ und Kasemir schon, "Korsetts und bunte Striunpf zum Prasent — "Bei Bahrzahlung zelin Prozent Abatinient."^^ Dau, Vadder! raunt Mutter, loss ja dich nit schnappe, Du hast noch genug an de Meier ze berappe ! "Still!" murmelte Herr Michel, "un schwiitze mer nit! "So'n Mann als wie eich, der hat je Kredit." Der Michel kauft und Herr Schrauber notiert, Drei Monate drauf hat der Michel falliert. Der Schrauber hort es: "Sie fassen ihn an! Sie gehen ihm an seine Venda ^^ heran!" Herrn Schrauber grausset's. er steigt auf die Mule,^^ Ihm ist's urn zehn Contos ^* am Herzen so schwule, Er tat im Galoppe "zer Venda reite," Er kam, sagt bom dia!^^—Der Michel war pleite!" The Spoken Language. The dialect under discussion, as spoken in the "pikaden" is practically incomprehensible to the German-speaking person trav- eling in Brazil for the first time. To the uninitiated it is even harder to understand than the German dialects of North Amer- °° Reitermdntel. " Preiscrmdssigting. " Kaufladen. " Matilesel. " 10,000 milreis. "Gut en Tag! The German Element in Brazil 41 ica. The latter developed under the influence of a related lan- guage, as has been stated, while the former came into being be- cause of linguistic influences entirely foreign. In order to give an idea of the spoken Brazilian German the following "Sprachprobe" by Breitenbach ^^ is reproduced. While of somewhat peculiar composition, the example below quoted is a good representation of spoken Brazilian German. Ein Kolonist fahrt in seinem mit einer Tolde'"^" ver- sehenen Wagen aus, der mit einem Tupiano ^^ und einem Zebruno ^^ bespannt ist, welche er von einem Tropeiro ^° von der Serra ^^ gekauft hat. Er will seinen Compadre ^^ besu- chen, findet die Porteira ^"^ zur Pikade ^'^ verschlossen, offnet sie und erfahrt von der ihm entgegenkommenden Frau sei- nes Compadre, der ?^Iann sei in die Rosse ^^ gegangen, um einige Miljekolben ^^ fiir die i\'Iule *'' und einige Bobres ^^ fiir die Schweine zu holen, welche im Poteiro ^^ seien. Wenn er den Compadre aufsuchen wolle, so wiirde er ihn leicht finden, jenseits der Sange,'^ die aber steile Barankas '^'^ habe, so dass man beim Ueberschreiten derselben vorsichtig sein miisse. Da unser Freund seinen Compadre in der Rosse nicht findet, so geht er in den nahen Wald, aus dem Hundge- °* V. Breitenbach: Aus Sild-Brasilien, p. 247. " Verdeck. '' S check. " Falhe. °" Tierhdndler. " Hochland. " Gevatter. " Tor. " Waldstrasse. *' Lichtung. " Maiskolben. *' Maul tier. ** Kiirbisse. " = "portreiro" {Weideplats, Koppel). " Graben. 11 Boschungen. 42 The German Element in Brazil bell ihm entgegen schallt. Mit seinem Fakong '- schlagt er cinige Taqnaras '^ und Zipos ^"^ nieder, urn sich den Weg zu bahnen. Bald trifft er denn audi seinen Compadre, der so- eben ein Tatu "'•' ausgegraben mid mit seinem Fuchs ''*'' er- sclilagen hat. Nach den iiblichen BegriJssungen begeben sicli bcide ins Haus und beschliessen, sich am Nachmittag die Carreira ~'' anzusehen. Gleichzeitig wiU der Compadre ei- nige Sacke Farin ~'^ mitnehmen, um sie dem Vendisten ''•' zu verkaufen. Zu diesem Behuf muss eine Mule eingefangen werden was aber nicht ganz leicht ist. Die Mule ist namlich sehr storrisch und muss gepusst ^^ und getockt ^'^ wercdcn. Beim Hause angelangt, wird dem Tiere die Cangaije ^- auf- gelegt und die Ladung befestigt. Dann geht's fort. Introduction to the Glossary of Brazilian German Terms. For reasons previously stated, the language or dialect of the German settlers in Brazil underwent an almost immediate change, not in its syntax, but in its vocabulary. Had the immi- grants and their descendants only adopted such words as had no equivalent in their mother-tongue, our case would be much simpler. They went, however, much further, and, as a result even many of the commonest words dealing with the household or farm were replaced at an early date by Brazilian Portuguese terms, or by new formations based on them. In the following representation of Brazilian German words and phrases an attempt has been made to select only such as have " IValdmesser. " Bambus. " Lianen. " Giirteltier. " Duschsichel. " IVcttrcnnen. " Mehl. " Klcinhiindlcr. ^ Gc::ogen. *' Gcschlagen. " Packsattel. The German Element in Brazil a^ been adopted by German-speaking citizens in all parts of the country in question. In the few cases where words or phrases noted seem characteristic of any particular section of Brazil that lact IS nidicated. The glossary, moreover, makes no claim to completeness. The sources ^^ of the expressions listed are Brazilian Ger- man newspapers, books, almanacs, pamphlets, advertisements "Festschriften," etc.^' as well as conversation with colonists. In the latter instance only such terms as were repeatedly used to the exclusion of tJie corresponding German terms were noted.«^ In the glossary is given first the Brazilian German term (in certain cases with variations), followed, by way of comparison as well as definition, by the corresponding High German form. If the Brazilian Portuguese «« equivalent differs in form or gender it is given in parentheses. If no such parenthetical form appears It signifies that both languages are in the particular instance identical.^' The German element in mixed compounds being self-evident, such words are treated as the simple Brazilian Ger- man forms. Gender is indicated except in the case of masculine nouns ending in '-o' and feminines ending in '-a.' Terms dealing with weights, measures and coinage have not been noted except in cases where the Brazilian German form »^ Of the words appearing in the GLOSSARY the writer acknowledges as his source for the following the Verdeutschungsheft by G. A Biichler Blu- menau 1915. Backcljau, balse, kaschimbo. lelong, multe, mtdtiercnorsament pxkarettc. rekencren, rossicrcn, sellieren, strupiat' wolte, ^ise. ^'^•^^'"^"^ ■"It is to be remembered, however, that High German is the norm in ordinary news articles in almanacs, newspapers, etc., as well as for lite^aS tivefy'r^ardy^^"^' nistances Brazilian German forms appear rela- "All words or phrases thus noted have since been observed in print in Brazilian German publications, with the exception of agriao and bond .u '*T'^^ simple word "Portuguese" is particularly avoided here (as well as throughout this work generally) because the language as spoken by he Jenera public m Brazil frequently differs from the language of Portugal While the same m form, the words often have a different meaning. Also many Ind an B^^zlLrSi^a/Sr.'^ ^"^^^"^^ -'' ^"^^ languages%re embodie^d inVh^ " This applies to the written, but not always to the spoken language. ^4 The German Element in Bracil shows a luodification of the original and in inslances where the terms refer to units no longer currcnt.^^ Special abbreviations: R. =: Rio de Janeiro. R. G. = Rio Grande do Sul. "'I. c, like the use of the word "sou" in France, "Groschen" in Germany, or "penny" in the United States. GLOSSARY. A. Brazilian German. High German. ' abacaxi m Ananas. abatiment w. (abatimento) .. .Preisermassigung. abobora or abobra Kiirbis. abobora-mus n Kiirbis-mus. agriao Brunnenkresse. R. aipim m. (aipim, aipii m.) . . .Maniok (siisser). aldeamento m Indianersiedlung. R. G. aldeia (aldeia or aldea) Dorf, Weiler. alfandega Zollamt, Steueramt, algodao • • • • Baumwolle. amolieren (amolar) schleifen, scharfen. aranha Gig {vehicle). araruta Pf eilwurz. armazem m Kaufladen. arroba, arrobe /. (arroba) .. . .14.689 Kg. {Weight.) arroio Bach. ate a volta bis zur Riickkehr ! ateloge n Aufwiedersehen. {From ate logo. Not used as noun in Portuguese.) ate logo auf Wiedersehen ! B. baio Pferd (castanienbraunes). bakeljau m. (bacalhao) Stockfisch, Kabeljau. balse / ..Fahre, Floss. banhado Sumpf. baradi m. V. cachaga baranca Boschung, Uferboschung. baranke /. V. baranca barracao ..Baracke, Einwandererhaus. barranke /. V. baranca (45) 46 The GcDHcni Element in Brazil Brazilian German. High German. barre /. (barra) Hafcneinfahrt. barricaria Bottcherei. batata, batate /. (batata) . . . . Kartoffcl (brasilianische). {The term "batate" is at times applied to the "Irish" potato, altho the latter is generally called "Kartoffel" or "europaische Kar- toffel.") batate doce /. (batata doce) . . Siisskartoffel. becco Gasscheii, kleine Gasse. benzedor in Wunderdoktor. benzedura Besprechung der Krankheiten, Beschworung. bicho Insekt, Tier. biscouto Zwieback. boa noite gute Nacht ! guten Abend ! boas tardes guten Tag ! guten Abend ! bobre /. V. abobora bolacha Schiffszwieback. bom gut ! bombilha Materorchen {i. e., Rorchen zum Mate-trinken). bombacha (bombachas /./j/i^. ) .Pluderhose, R. G. bom dia guten Tag ! bond m. (bonde m.) Tram, Strassenbahnwagen. botina Halbstief el. brasse /. (braga) 2.20 M. {Measure of length.) buger m. (bugre m.) Indianer (Botokude). 0. cabo Unteroffizier. caboclo Indianermischling. {Portuguese and Indian.) cabreste /. V. kabreste cachaga m., cachass m. (cachaga) Zuckerrohrschnapps. The German Element in Brazil 47 Brazilian German. High German. cacique m Indianerhauptling. cadea, cade /. (cadea, cadeia) .Gefangniss. camarao, camarong m. (camarao) Krabbe. camarote /. (camarote m.)- • • -Theaterloge. campamento ( acampameiito ) . . Feldlager. campanha Ebne. campo, camp m. (campo) . . . .Grassland, Fltir. caneca Wasserbecher. caiigalje /. (cangalho) Kreuzbocksattel, Packsattel. canna m. V. cachaga canne /. (canna, cana) Zuckerrohr. canoa, n., canu n. (canoa /. ) . .Einbaum. capa Mantel. capao, capoes m. plu Wald (kleiner, ausgerotteter). capataz m Vorabeiter, capinen V. kapinen capitao Hauptmann. capivara Wasserschein. capoeire /. (capoeira) Gebiisch. {Land which had been cleared, but zvhich is again cov- ered zvith underbrush.) caramba potztausend ! Donnerwetter ! carapato (carrapato) Zecke, Holzbock. carcereiro Kerkermeister. careje / Materosterei. cargueiro Lasttrager, Lasttier, Lasttierfiih- rer. carona Sattelkissen. carreira Pf erderennen, Wettrennen. carrete /. (carreta) Karren. carreteiro Fuhrmann, Karrner. carroga Karosse, Kutsche. carroceiro Fuhrmann. carteira Brief tasche. catuno Dieb. caspite potztausend ! Donnerwetter ! 48 The Gennon Element in Brazil Brazilian German. High Gcj^man. cautela (cautela, cautella) .... Einschrcibczettcl. cavalheiro Herr, Edelmann. {Gentleman. ) caxeiro Ladendiener. caxoeira (cachoeira) Wasscrfall, Stromschnelle. chacara (chacara, chacra) . . . Grundstiick, Landhaus. chapco republicano Hnt (der Gauchos). R. G. charque n. V. xarque charqueada /. V. xarqueada . . . charute /., cherrute /. (charuto, cherruto) Zigarre. chilena Spore. {As zvorn by gauchos.) R. G. chimarrao (chimarra) Ervatce. {Without sugar.) R. G. churasco (churrasco) Spiessbraten. R. G. cigarro . . -. Zigarette. ( Usually wrapped in "palha.") cinema m Lichtbilderhalle. cipo m Liane, Schlingpflanze. cobranga Einkassierung. cobrieren V. kobrieren cochilha Hiigelkette, Hiigelland. cochinilhos m. plu Kochcnillewaren. compadrc m Gevatter, Freund. companheiro Gcfahrte, Kamerad. coronel Oberst. corral m Viehhof. couveflor n. (couveflor /.) Blumenkohl. (R.) coxemaLade /. (coxo = lame and melado = sap of sugar cane) Lecksyrup. coxinilhos V. cochinilhos cuia, cuja, cuya (cuia, cuya) . .Matebecher. {Made of a hollozved gourd. ) D. delegado Tnspektor, Abgeordneter. despaschicren (despachar) . . abfertitgen, aus dem Zollamt ho- len. The German Element in Brazil 49 Brazilian German. High German. devolut (devoluto) vakant, brachliegend. (Devolutcs Land = Regierungsland.) diligencia Postwagen, Diligence. dispaschieren V. despachieren . doca (doca) Hafendamm, Landeplatz. doce n., doss n. (doce m.) Siissigkeit, Konfekt. dona ;Fi-au, Fraulein. E. egua (egua, egoa) Stute. encommenda, encommende /. (encommenda) Seudung (per Post, Balm oder Schiff). enfin (enfin, emfini) niit einem Worte, endlich. engenho m Zuckermiihle. erva Paraguay thee (ilex paraguayen- sis). erva mate ui Jbid. escriptorio Bureau. eskadron m. (esquadao) Schwadron. esta bom . es ist gut ! estampa Geprage, Abdruck. estancia Landgut, Viehziichterei. estancieiro Viehzuchter. e tanto und so und so viel. F. fac m. (facao) Waldmesser. fakong m. F. fac farello, farelle /. (farelo) . . . .Kleie. farinha, farin n. (farinha) . . .Mehl, Mandiocamehl. farrapo, farrape /«. (farrapo).Revolutionar. {Of 1835-) R- ^^• fazenda Landgut. f azendas Schnittwaren, Stoffe, Waren. Landgiiter. f azendenloge /. ( f azendas and loja) • • .iWarenladen. 50 The Gcnnan Element in Bracil Brazilian German. High German. f^U^o Schminkbohne, schwarze Bohne. feitor m Vervvalter, Auf seher. f erragens /. pin Eisenwaren. fig^eira Feigenbaum. foice/. (foiga, foice, fouce, ^ouxe) Buschsichel. ^^^^^ Streitkraft, Revolntionarbande. fosforo n. (fosforo) Streichholz. freguez m Ktinde. f reguezia Kirchspiel. fuchs m. V. foice fumo, fum m. (fumo) Tabac. g^^ta Dudelsack, Zieharmonica. gallinha Huhn. galpao Schuppen, Hutte. garaffe /. (garaffa) Flasche. garga Reiher. garomie /. (garonna) Reitdecke, Satteldecke (aus Le- der). garrafao, garafao (garrafao) .grosse Flasche. garupa Kriippe. gateado schwarzgefleckt (von Tieren). gazose /. (gazosa) Branselimonade. gordura Fettware {i. c, Schmalz, etc.). governador m Statthalter. gramme /. (grama) Weidegras, Hundgras, Quecken. guisada (giiisado) Ragout, Wiirzspeise. I. intendent m. (intendente ?/i.). .Ver waiter, Landrat, Intendant. invernada Winterquartier. (For cattle.) J. jacare m Krokodil, Kaiman. jaguatirica Tigerkatze. jatte /. (hiate m.) Segelschiff, Jacht. Zweimaster. The German Element in Brazil 5 1 K. Brazilian German. High German. kabokler V. caboclo kabreste /. (cabresto) Halfter. kadee /. V. cadea kamp V. campo kangalje /. V. cangalje kanoe n., kanoh n. V. canoa . . . kapinen (capinar) gaten, jaten. karrete V. carrete kartonnage /. (cartonnagens /. plu.) Pappware, Pappschachtel. kaschass ni. V. cachaga kaschero, kaschor m. V. caxeiro kaschimbe /. (cachimbo) Tabakspfeife. kobrieren (cobrar) einkassieren, einnehmen. korbgarrafao (garaffao) Korbflasche. L. lago Schlinge. ladeira Abhang (eines Berges), steiler \Veg. lagarto Eidechse (grosse). lancha, lanche /. (lancha) .. . .Lastkahn, Boot, larancha. laranche /. laranje /. (laranja) Orange. lassen (lagar) Schlinge werfen, mit der Schlinge fangen. late /., latte /. (lata) Blechbiichse, Dose, Kasten. lelong /. (leilao) X'^ersteigerimg, Auktion. loge /. (loja) Kaufmannsladen. lote / Grundstiick, Landparzelle, Lose. louQa Taf elgeschirr. M. macaco Affe. macho Maulesel. 52 TJic German Element in Brazil Brazilian German. High German. mais oil mcnos 'iiehr oder weniger, ungefar. makak ;;/. [ \ macaco mala Reisetasche, Mantelsack. mamong m. (mamao) Rizinus, Wunderbaumfrucht. mandioca Maniok. mandul)i /., ;//. (mandubi m., anicndoim m.) Erdnuss. manga Hofplatz (fiir Tiere). mangeira (manjeira) Futterstatte, Viehhof. marchador in langsamem Trapp. mascato (mascate m.) Hausierer, Trodler. mata-bicho (Slang) Schnapps. matimgo Klepper. mellado Syrup. mercado Markt. mesclahosen /. pin. (mescla = Mischung) gestreifte Hosen. mestizo (mcstigo) .Mestize, Mischling. mico Pf eif affe. milho Mais. miljekolben w. (miljo) Maiskolben. miudezas /. plu Kleinigkeiten, kleine Gegenstande. mula, mule /. (mula) Maulesel, Maultier. multe /. (multa) Geldstrafe. multicren (multar) zu einer Geldstrafe verurteilen. munizip n. (municipio) Kreis, Teil eines Staates. N. no e? (nao e?) nicht wahr? no senhor! (nao senhor!) nein, mein Herr! 0. o de fora heida, du draussen ! orsament m. (orgamento) . . .Anschlag, Bauanschlag, Kosten- anschlag. The German Element in Brazil 53 P. Brazilian German. High German. paciencia Geduld ! paiol m Proviantkammer, Vorratskam- mer. palha, palje /. (palha) Maisstroh. palhazigarrette / Zigarette (mit Maisstroh ge- wickelt). palla leichter Reitermantel. palpite m Ahnung, Herzklopfeii. pancare m hellbraunes Pferd. past ni. (pasto) Weide. pataca, patak /., patake /. (pataca) 320 Reis. {Old coin.) patacao Zweimilreistiick. {Old Spanish silver dollar.) patrao Prinzipal, Vorgesetzter. patte /. (pata) Ente. peao Fiissganger, Reitknecht. pcchincha gutes Geschaft, unverhoffter Ge- winn. periqtiito Sittig, kleiner Papagei. persienne /. (persianna) Sommerladen, Jalousie. peril m Truthahn. picago lunkelgefarbtes aber weissfiissi- ges Pferd. picada, picade /., pikade /. (picada) Waldpfad, Urwaldweg, Kolonie- strasse. picapau m Vorderlader, mit Vorderlader be- waffneter Soldat. pikarette /. (picareta) Picke, Spitzhacke. pimente /. (pimenta) Pfeffer, Nelkenpfeffer. pinga Tropfen (Schnapps). pipa, pipe /. (pipa) Tonne, Pass. pohzeidelegado PoHzei-inspektor. poncho Reitermantel. 54 The German Element in Brazil Bra::;ilian German. High German. portao, i>ortong m. (portao) . , Haiiseingang, Torweg. porteira Eingangator (zur "Pikade"). portrcere /. (portreiro) Koppel, Weideplatz, Vichrauni (eiiigefriedigter). posen (repoiisar) '-asten, riihcn lassen. potro Fiillen, jiinges Pferd. praqa Platz, Marktplatz. prima Base, Kousine. primo Vetter. prompt (prompto, pronto) . . .fertig, bereit. puschen (piixar) siehen. puschochse m Zugochse. pussen V. puschen Q. quero-quero Kiebitz. questao /. (questao) Frage. R. rancho Kolonistenhaus, Lehmhiitte, Hiitte. rapadura Zuckerkuchen, brauner Ziicker. rebankieren (arrebanhar) ....in Herden versammeln, zusam- menscharen. rekerieren (requerer) auffordern, bitten, ersiichen. riberong m. (riberao) Bach. rio /. {sometimes ui.), (rio) . .Fluss. riscado Gingan, gestreiftes Baumwollen- zeug. roga, roce /. (roga) Pflanztmg, Lichtung. rocemachen Land urbarmachen. rocewirtschaft / Landwirtschaft. rodeiro Umweg, Ausflucht. rosse /. V. roga rossieren (rogar) ausjaten, urbarmachen. The German Element in Brazil 55 s. Brazilian German. High German. sabia m Amsel (brasilianische). salto m Wasserfall. sange /. (sanga) Graben (wasserhaltiger). scharute /. V. charute scheegen ( chegar ) geniigen. schikott m. (chicote m.) Peitsche. seccos und molhados Kolonialwaren (^. e. trockene und nasse Waren). selHeren (sellar) stempeln, besiegeln. sello Freimarke. serra Gebirge, Hochland. sertanejo Einwohner der Wildnis. sertao Wildnis, Einode, Kiistenwalder. si, senhor! (sim, senhor) . . . .ja, mein Herr! sitio Grimdstiick, kleines Landgut, sobrado Stockwerk, Geschoss. stanz /. V. estancia strupiat (estropiado) lahm, verkriippelt. suspensories m. plu Hosentrager. T. tamandua m Ameisenbar, Ameisenfresser. taqiiara Bambus. tarraffe /. (tarrafa) Wurfnetz. tatu n. (tatu m.) Giirteltier. 'te logo ! V. ate logo tenente m Leutnant terral m Landwind. thesouraria Schatzkammer, Zahlamt. tocken (tocar) schlagen, antreiben. tokaio (tocaio) Namensvetter. tolde /. (tolda) Verdeck (aiif einem Wagen). tostao 100 Reis. trace /. (traga) Spur, Entwoirf. 56 The German Element in Brazil Bracilian German. High German. trapiche m., trapisch m. (trapiche m.) Lagerhaiis (am Ha fen), Kai. troc ;;/. (troca) W'echsel, Tausch, Kleingeld. trocken (trocar) wechseln, tauschen. tropa Trtipp, Maultiertrupp, tropeiro \^iehhandler. tiipiano Scheck. {Dappled horse.) u. urubu m ..Geier. V. vamos vorwarts ! vaqueano Fi'ihrer, vendaschuld /. (venda) Zechschuld. venda, vende /. (venda) Kaufladen, Kram imd Schankla- den, Schenke. vendeiro, vedist m. (vendeiro) Gastwirt, Kleinhandler. ventin m. (vintem m.) 20 Reis. {Coin.) villa Stiidtchen. vintem m., vinten m. V. ventin . violao Bratache, Bassgeige. viva Vivat, Lebehoch, w. wenlin m. V. ventin woke /. (volta) Spaziergang, Windung (eines VVeges oder Flusses). X. xarque n. (xarque m.) Dorrfleisch. xarqueada Schlachterei. Tlic German Element in Brazil 57 Z. Brazilian German. High German. zaino ungeflecktes Pferd {e. g. gan/. schwarz). zebrimo Falbe. zigarro V. cigarro zipo V. cipo zise /. (sisa, siza) Accise, Verbrauchssteucr APPENDIX. The Brazilian German Press. Among the many things the German agricultural colonist in Brazil had to dispense with so far as a supply from abroad was concerned, was reading matter. Even to this day books are a relative rarity in the home along the "picada." Only in the more important centers is there a general access to publications of this type. Almanacs. As has been the case for centuries in German-speaking com- munities both in Europe and North America, where there has been a general lack of books, the want of reading-matter has largely been filled by that most important medium, the almanac. The same condition applies to Brazil. We might call the alma- nac the colonist's encyclopedia. It is his agricultural guide, med- ical adviser, compendium of short stories and poetry, moral guide, diary, and a thousand and one other things in addition to being the source of the information which an almanac is ordi- narily supposed to furnish, i. e., list the change of seasons, days and months of the year, feast-days, eclipses, etc. To persons acquainted only with the folk-almanacs in Europe and North America, the entire lack of weather-forecasts in the Brazilian German editions is striking. Among the best known and most important German folk- almanacs in Brazil are: Rothermund's Kalender fur die Deutschen in Brasilien, pub- lished in Sao Leopoldo and Cruz Alta, R. G. do Sul ; Uhle's illus trier ter deutsch-hrasiliunischer Familien-Kalen- der, published in Rio and Curityba ; Der Familienfreund, published in Porte Alegre ; Riograndenser Marienkalender, published in Porto Alegre; and Musterreiters Neu-Historischer Kalender, published in Porto Alegre. (58) The German Element in Brazil 59 Rothermund's and Uhle's almanacs are perhaps the most im- portant as well as the most voluminous. To them one might well apply the statement found in the preface to one of the well-known reading-texts published for use in the "Pikadenschulen" : "Da- rin ist alles enthalten, was fiir gebildeten Kolonisten zu wissen interessant und lehrreich ist."^^ The almanacs mentioned above have for years been appear- ing regularly. In addition there have been many others, appear- ing, as a rule, only for a year or sporadically. Their influence has been of minor importance. In addition to being an indispensible source of information to the colonists, the Brazilian German almanacs are also most valuable to persons living outside of Brazil who want to form an idea of the life of those colonists. Newspapers. The history of the German newspapers in Brazil has its be- ginning in the early fifties of the past century. In October, 1852, Der Kolonist appeared for the first time in Porto Alegre. This journalistic effort w'as short-lived. From December, 1853, to July loth, 1861, Der Deutsche Einwanderer, appeared in the same city. Beginning with April i6th, 1853, Der Deutsche Beobach- ter, edited by B. Goldschmidt and G. F. Busch appeared in Rio de Janeiro. This, like the preceding, soon turned from an ordinary newspaper into a propaganda-sheet for the solicita- tion of colonists and accordingly went out of existence. In 1858 the Brasilia, a weekly, appeared in Petropolis. It lasted about one year. Beginning with January 17th, 1864, the Ger- rnania, a weekly edited by Peter Miiller, appeared in the same city. This was a most important paper in its time and enjoyed a wide circulation. It lasted, however, only a few years. From i860 to date the number of German newspapers with an ephemeral existence published in Brazil is legion. Ex- cepting those above mentioned, we shall only concern ourselves with the ones which had a continual existence from the time V. Grimm-Riicker : Lehr- und Lesehnch, p. iii. 6o The German Elcmcnl in Brazil of their foiuidiii^ and appeariii"^ to this day. They are included in the following list. In this list is indicated in each case the title of the paper, the place of publication, the number of times it ap- pears weekly and the year in which it was founded. Deutsche Zcititng, Porto Alegre. Daily. 1861. Kolonie Zeitung, Joinville. Semi-weekly. 1862. Deutsehes Volkshhitt, Porto Alegre. Daily and weekly, 1870. Germania, Sao Paulo. Daily. 1877. Deutsche Post, Sao Leopoldo. Daily. 1880. Bhimenauer Zeitung, Blumenau. Semi-weekly. 1881. Neiic Deutsche Zeitung, Porto Alegre. Daily and weekly. 1881. Der Beohachter, Curityba. Thrice weekly. 1889. Kolonie, Santa Cruz. Thrice weekly. 1890. Der Urzvaldsbote, Blumenau. Semi-weekly. 1892. Nochrichten, Petropolis. Semi-weekly, 1892. Deutsche Zeitung fiir Sao Paulo. Daily. 1897. Vaterland, Porto Alegre. Daily. 1901. Der Kompass,C\xv\iyh2.. Thrice weekly. 1901. Volks-Zcitung, Sao Bento. Weekly. 1908. Die Serra Post, Ijuhy. Semi-weekly. 1910. Brusquer Zeitung, Brusque. Weekly. 191 1. Deutsche Wacht, Pelotas. Semi-weekly. 19 14. Deutsehes Tagehlatt,l\\o do. ]7anderer. Deut- sche KolonialgeseUschaft. Rio Grande do Sid. Berlin, 1904. {Pamphlet.) Ave-Lallement, Dr. Robert: Reisc durch Siidbrasilien im Jahre 1858. Leipzig, 1859. {2 vols.) Bastos, Travares: Questdes de Immigragdo. {Manuscript in National Library. Rio.) Blumenau, Dr. Hermann : Siidbrasilien in seinen Bcziehungen su deutschcr Ausivandcrung und Kolonisation. Rudolstadt, 1850. Breitenbach, Dr. W. : Aus Siid-Brasilien. Erinnerungen und Aufzeichnungen. Brackwede i/W., 19 13. Breitenbach, Dr. W. : Die Provinz Rio Grande do Sid Brasiliens und die deutsche Ausn'andcrung. Heidelberg, 1885. Burton, Richard F., V. Tootal, Albert. (61) 62 Tlic German Element in Brazil Canstatt, Oscar: Kritischcs Rcpertorium der Deutsch-Brasilia- nischcn Litcratur. Berlin, 1902. Carvalho, C. M. Delgado de: Le Bresil Meridional. Paris, 1910. Cunha, Dr. Jose Bonifacio da: Commcmoragao do 50° Anni- versario da Fundagao de Blumenmi. Bliimenau, 1900. Dechent, N.: Festschrift cnr Jtibelfeier des Schidvereins su Joinville am 14. August ipi6. Joinville, 1916. Dettmann, Eduard: Brasiliens Aufschwung in deutscher Be- leuchtung. Berlin, 1908. Dilthey, R. : Die deutscJien Ansiedelungen in Siidbrasilien, Urii- giiay und Argentinien. Berlin, 1882. Dorffel, Dr. O. : Die Colonie Dona Francisca in der Siidbrasili- anisc/ien Provinz Santa Catharijui. Joinville, 1882. Elliott, L. E. : Brazil Today and Tomorrow. New York, 191 7. L'Btat de Sao Paulo. Renseignements utiles. Antwerp, 191 4. {Sao Paulo State publication, ^d ed.) Festschrift zur Erinnerung an den Ost mark enab end. Sao Paulo, 1916. (Apr. 13th.) Festschrift zuni jojdhrigem Jubilaum der Pfarrei Sao Jose do Hortencio. Porto Alegre, 1899. Fonseca, Antonio, — et Angeranii, Domingos : Guide de I'Etat de St. Paul. Sao Paulo, 1912. Funke, Alfred: Aus Deutsch-Brasilicn. Bilder aus dem Leben der Deutschen im Stable Rio Grande do Sid. Leipzig, 1902. Funke, Alfred: Deutsche Siedelung itber See. Ein Abriss ihrer Geschichte und ihr Gedeihen in Rio Grande do Sul. Halle a/Saale, 1902. Gernhard, Robert: Dona Francisca, Hansa und Blumenau. Breslau, 1901. Gerstacker, Friedrich : Achtzehn Monate in Siidamerika. Jena, 1862, and Leipzig, 1863. Giesebrecht, Franz: Die deutsche Kolonie Hansa in Siidbrasi- lien. Berlin, 1899. Grimm, M., und Riicker, A. A. : Heimatkunde von Brasilien. Porto Alegre, 1914. The German Element in Brazil 63 Grimm, M., unci Riicker, A. : Lehr- und Lcscbuch fitr Schiile und Haus. Porto Alegre, 1914. Grossi, Prof. Dott. Vincenzo: Storia della Colonismzione al Brasile e delta Emigramone Italiana ncllo Stato di S. Paulo. Milano-Roma-Napoli, 1914. Handbuch des Deutschfhunis im Auslande. Herausgegeben voin Allgemeinen Deutschen Schulverein zur Erhaltung des Deutschthiims im Auslande. Berlin. (Dietrich Reimer.) Historia da Immigragao. Dados para a Historia da Immigra- gdo e da Colonizagdo em Sao Paido enviados pela Seccdo de Informagoes do Departamento Estadual do Trabalho a Di- rect oria do Servigo de Povoamento. Sao Paulo, 19 16. {Govt, publication.) Imperio do Brazil. O Imperio do Brazil na Exposigdo Universal de i8'/6 em Philadelphia. Rio de Janeiro, 1875. {State publication. ) Impressoes do Brazil no Secolo Vinte. London, 191 3. (Lloyds Greater Britain Publishing Company.) Jahn, Adalbert : Die Kolonien von Sao Leopoldo in der kaiser- lich brasilianischen Provinz Rio Grande do Sul sozvie allge- meine Betrachtungen iiber freie Einwanderung in Brasilien. Leipzig, 1 87 1. Jahrbuch. Erstcs Jahrbuch fiir die deutschsprcchendc Kolonie im Staate Sao Paido. Sao Paulo, 1905. Jannasch, R. : Land und Leute von Rio Grande do Sul. Berlin, 1905. Kliipfel, Dr. Karl: N. Fedcrmanns und H. Stades Reisen in Siidamerica 152Q bis 1555. Stuttgart, 1859. (Bibl. des litt. Vereins in Stuttgart. No. 47.) Koseritz, Carl von: Bilder aus Brasilien. Leipzig and Berlin, 1885. Krauel, Dr. R. : Deutsche Interessen in Brasilien. Hamburg, 1900. Kultur-Pionier. Der Ktdtur-Pionier im Staate Sao Paido. (Sonder-Ausgabe der Deutschen Zeitung.) Sao Paulo, 1913- Lacmann, Dr. Wilhelm : Ritte und Rasttage in Siid-Brasilien. Reisebilder und Studien aus dem Leben der deutschen Siede- lungen. Berlin, 1906. 64 TJic GcrDinn Elnnciit in Brazil Lange, Henry: Siulbrasilicn, uiit Ri'icksiclit auf die dcutschc Kolonisation. Leipzig. 1885. {2d cd.) Langendonck, Madame van: Unc Colonic an Brcsil. Recits Historiqucs. Antwerp, 1862. Learned, M. D. : Guide to the Manuscript Materials Relating to Avierican History in the German State Archives. Washing- ton, 1912. Lehmann, EmiL Die deutsche Answandcriing. Berlin, 1861. Leyfer, H. : Deutsches Kolonistcnlchcn im Staate Santa Catha- rina in Siidhrasilien. Leipzig, 1900. Lima, Oliveira: Dom Joao VI no Brazil, 1808-1821. Rio de Janeiro, 1908. Ludwig, A. : A colonizagdo nos paizcs da America do Sid. Porto Alegre, 1916. Lufft, Dr. Hermann: Das poriugiesischc Siidamerika. Berlin and Leipzig, 19 13. (Sammlung Goschen. No. 672.) Marcondes de Souza, T. Oscar: O Estado de Sao Paulo. Sao Paulo, 191 5. d'Oliveira, Luiz Rodriguez: Algumas Idcias sobre a Colonisa- gdo do Brazil Paris, 1871. {Pamphlet.) Orlando, Arthur: Brazil. A Terra e Homem. Recife, 1913. Pereira da Silva, J. M. : Ouadros da Historia Colonial do Brazil. Rio de Janeiro, 1895, Perrin, Paul : Les Colonies Agricoles an Brcsil d'apres Ics docu- ments ojfi-ciels les phis recents. Paris, 191 2. Piccarolo, Dott. Antonio : L'Emigrazione Italiana nello Stato de S. Patdo. Sao Paulo, 191 1. Pompeu, Julio: Vier Staaten Brasilicns. Four Brasilian States. Rio de Janeiro, 1910. Prospekt dcr Hanseatischen Kolonisations-Gcscllschaft. Ansie- delungen im Staate Santa Catharina, Siidhrasilien, Kolonie "Hansa." {Pamphlet.) Hamburg, 1898. Ratschlagc fiir Auswandercr nach Siidbrasilien. (Jannasch, Koseritz, Dorffel, Sellin.) Berlin, 1897. (jd cd.) Rclatorio. Ministerio da Agricultura. Serviqo dc Povamento em Ipio. Rio de Janeiro, 191 1. The German Element in Brazil 65 Riicker, A. A. V. Grimm, M. Schanz, ]Moritz: Das Heutige Brasilien. Land, Leute und' wirtschaftliche Verhaltnisse. Hamburg, 1893. Schiller, Heinrich : Brasilien. Ein Land der Zukunft. Stutt- gart and Leipzig, 19 12. Sellin, A. \V. : Brasilien und die La Plata-Staaten. Munich. (J. F. Lehmann's Verlag.) SelHn, A. W. : Das Kaiserreich Brasilien. Leipzig, 1885. (_' vols. ) Selhn, A. W. : Landeskunde der Vereinigten Staaten von Bra- silien. Hamburg, 1909. Sievers, Wilhehn: Siidamerika und die deutschen Interessen. Stuttgart, 1903. Simon, Alex. : Ausivanderimg und deutsch-nationale Kolonisa- tion V. Siidamerika. Bayreuth, 1850. Sommer, Friedrich: Das DeutschtJmm in Sao Paulo unter be- sonderer Beri'icksichtigung seiner Entzuickelung und seiner heutigen zuirthschaftlichen und kulturellen Bedeutung. Sao Paulo. {Still in manuscript at the time the present work went to press.) Stade, Hans: IVahrhafftig Historia und Beschreibung einer Landschafft der wilden, nacketcn, grimmigen Menschfresser Leuthen, in der newen Welt America gelegen. . . . Franck- furt am IWm, 1556. (F. Kliipfel, Dr. Karl.) Telles, Moreira: O Brazil e a Emigragdo. Lisbon, 1913. Tootal, Albert, and Burton, Richard F. : The Captivity of Hans Stade of Hesse, in A. D. I547-I555> among the Wild Tribes of Eastern Brazil. London, 1874. Tschudi, Johann Jakob von: Reisen durch Siidamerika. Leip- zig, 1866-1869. (5 vols.) Urwaldsbote. Der Urivaldsbote. Kalender fiir die Deutschen in Siidbrasilien. Heraiisgegeben zum ^ojiihrigen Bestehen der Kolonie Blumenau. Blumenau, 1900. Vallentin, Dr. W. : Das Deutschthum in Siidamerika. Berlin, 1908. Wagemann, E. : Die deutschen Kolonisten im brasilianischen Staate Espirito Santo. Schriften des Vereins fiir Sozialpo- 66 The German Element in Brazil litik (Bcitrag zur Enquctc iibcr die Ansiedeluiig von Euro- paern in den Tropen). 191 6 [?]."*' Wappaus, Dr. J. E. : Deutsche Aitswanderung und Kolonisation. Leipzig. 1846 and 1848. { J parts.) Wernicke, Hugo: Deutsch-evangclisches Volkstum in Espirito Santo. Eine Reise zu deutschen Kaffeebauern in einem tropischen Staate Brasilicns. Potsdam, 1910. {2d ed.) Wright, Marie Robinson : The Neiv Brazil. Philadelphia, 1907. Zoller, Hugo: Die Deutschen im Brasilischen Urwald. Berlin and Stuttgart, 1883. ** Because of existing conditions it has been impossible to determine whether this work has as yet appeared in print. AMERICANA GERMANICA Monograph Series. T. Translations of German Poetry in American Magazines 1741-1810. By Edward Ziegler Davis, Ph. D. 234 pp. Price $1.65 2. 7 he Harmony Society. 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