UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 AT LOS ANGELES
 
 A Collection of Examples 
 
 ILLUSTRATING 
 
 The Metrical Licenses 
 OF Vergil 
 
 BY 
 
 HAROLD WHETSTONE JOHNSTON 
 Sometime Professor of Latin in the Indiana University 
 
 SCOTT, FORESMAN AND COMPANY 
 CHICAGO ATLANTA NEW YORK 
 
 11 »• *
 
 Copyright, 1897, by 
 Scott, Foresman ik Co. 
 
 298.2 
 
 •• • • • •• •
 
 FA 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAOK 
 
 I. The Vowels I and U treated as Consonants . . 7 
 
 II. Synizesis (Synaeresis) ..... 12 
 
 III. Lengthening of Short Syllables in Thesis . . 19 
 
 IV. Shortening of Long Syllables .... 25 
 V. Varying Quantity before Mute and Liquid in Word . 27 
 
 VI. Varying Quantities in Proper Nouns ... 33 
 
 VII. Spondaic Verses ...... 35 
 
 \'III. Hiatus and Semi-Hiatus ..... 37 
 
 IX. Tmesis ........ 42 
 
 X. Hypermetrical Verses ..... 44 
 
 .Index I — \ ersuum ... . . 49 
 
 Index II — Rerum et Verborum .... 52 
 
 169964
 
 INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 
 
 ' I ""HE Metrical Licenses of Vergil are sufficiently explained, perhaps, in 
 the school editions and the school grammars. Teachers, however, 
 frequently feel the need of a more copious collection of illustrations, drawn 
 from Vergil exclusively, than these books afford, and such a collection 
 with a few helps in the form of notes is all that this pamphlet pretends 
 to furnish. 
 
 In the examples Ribbeck's text is followed strictly, even in orthog- 
 raphy and punctuation, except that I have begun each sentence and verse 
 with a capital letter. Teachers should turn to his lasi edition (Leipzig, 
 1894) for the explanation of unfamiliar readings. References are made 
 to the school grammars with the usual abbreviations, and also to Miiller's 
 Greek and Roman \'ersification, translated by Platner (Boston, 1S92), 
 Gossrau's Aeneid (Leipzig, 1846) and Wagner's \'ergil (Leipzig, 1830). 
 
 It should be understood that the marks of quantity in both examples 
 and notes refer to syllables, not vowels. 
 
 No .system has beeji followed in tin- arrangement of the several topics, 
 but the indexes will enable the teacher to provide without trouble for the 
 difficulties of each da^'Vs lesson. 
 
 These examples were collected in the first place for the Teachers' 
 Class in the Summer School of the Indiana University. 
 
 H. W. Johnston. 
 
 Thk Indiana Univf.rsitv. 
 Ueceinbcr. i.Soy.
 
 A COLLECTION OF EXAMPLES 
 
 iLi.usTRATiNr; 
 
 THE METRICAL LICENSES OF VERGIL 
 
 L THE VOWELS I AND U TREATED AS CONSONANTS. 
 
 A. 347 c (S3'naeresis) ; B. 367 4; G. 723 (Hardening); H. 60S HL N. 2 
 (Synaeresis) ; Miiller 31 (Synizesis).' 
 
 I. 
 abiesr § 1 
 
 Aen. n. 16: Aedificant sectaque intexunt abiete ' costas 
 
 V. 663 : Transtra per et remos et pictas abiete puppis 
 
 VHL 599: Inclusere cavi et nigra nemns abiete cingunt 
 
 IX. 674 : Abietibus iuvenes patriis et montibus aequos 
 
 XL 667 : Adversi longa transverberat abiete pectus 
 
 1 The use of the vowels I and U as consonants is included by most authorities (see 
 references above) under the head of Synizesis, or Synaeresis, and these two words are used 
 as synonyms. Synizesis should, however, be used of the slurring of two vowels, as deinde 
 (two syllables), dehinc (one syllable), etc. Synaeresis is properly a contraction of two vowels 
 with change of quantity, as co^o (for coago), etc. The consonant use of I and U differs 
 from these in affecting the quantity of the preceding syllable. For this reason it is here 
 treated apart from Synizesis (§§ 5-9). Notice that the converse use of V as a vowel does 
 not occur in Vergil. 
 
 2 For the quantity cf. 
 
 Ec. VII. 66: Populus in fluviis, ahies in montibus altis. 
 For the last syllable, see also .\. 348 9; B. 364 3 a)\ G. 709 2 i; H. 5S1 VI. i. 
 
 ••The first syllable is long by position (aOj'ete); see foot-notes i and 2. 
 
 7
 
 S THE METRICAL LICENSES OF VERGIL: 
 
 aries:' 
 
 Aen. II. 492: Custodes sufferre valent; labat ariete crebro 
 
 VII. 175: Hae sacris .sedes epulis, hie ariete caeso 
 
 XII. 706 : Moenia quique inios pulsabant ariete miiros 
 
 § 2 arieto:' 
 
 Aen. XI. 890: Arietat in portas et duros obice' postes 
 COnubium, see § 3, foot-note 5. 
 
 fliivius: 
 
 Geo. 1.482: Fluviorum^ rex Eridanus, camposque per omnes 
 
 Harpy iae, see § 3, foot-note 5. 
 
 Lavinia, see § 3, foot-note 5. 
 omnia, see § 3. 
 
 paries: 
 
 Geo. IV. 297 
 
 Aen. II. 442 
 
 V. 5S9 
 
 Parietibusque' premunt artis et quattuor addnnt 
 Haerent parietibus scalae, postisque sub ipsos 
 Parietibus te.xtum caecis iter ancipitemque 
 
 ^For the quantity cf. 
 
 Ec. III. 95: Crtuiitiir ; ipse ariii itiain nunc vellera sitiu/, 
 and the references in foot-note 2. 
 
 'The word having three sliort syllables in succession could not be used in he.\ameter 
 verse without lengthening the first syllabic. 
 
 - For the long o in I'l/n'rr, see A. ,^47 J. N. 2; W. 362 5; CI. 703, R. 2 N.; H. 36 4, foot-note i. 
 •'As It" ////?yV»;7//// (trisyl.), contrast ///(T/ri/vJw ((|ua(irisyl.): 
 
 Aen. XII. 142: Nymplia, (/cciis flirji<'n/»i, dniino j^rn/issiiiui nostro. 
 'This form and scansion (four syllables) only are found in Vergil.
 
 I AND II AS CONSONANTS. 9 
 
 omnia: § 3 
 
 Geo. 1\'. 221: Aetherios dixcre; dcuiu namque ire per omnia' 
 Aen. VI. 33 : Bis p.ilriae cecidcre maiius. Quia protinus (minia 
 
 Orithyia, see fool-note 5. 
 
 Paeonius: 
 
 Aen. \'n. 76c> : I'aeoniis revocatnni herbis et amore Dianae^ 
 XII. 401 : Paeoninni in nioreni senior snccinctns aniictu 
 
 precantia: 
 
 Aeu. VII. 2,^7: Praeferimns inauibn.s vitta.s ac verba precantia' 
 
 stelio: 
 
 Geo. TV. 243: Stelio et Incifugi.s con.e^esta cubilia Idattis' 
 
 'Flu.- words in this seclion dilTer from those above only in having ihe i i^receded by a 
 syllable already lung. The consonant force ot the / cannot, therefore, be detected by its 
 indnence upon the preceding syllable. 
 
 -The last foot is a trochee (-■.-), not a spondee ( — ). The older texts have oiniiis. 
 
 ^The first syllable is usually short in Vergil as here, but see § 20. 
 
 ■* .'\s the ne.xt line begins with a vowel, this is sometimes called an hypermeter verse, 
 see § 30, but Vergil has no examples of hypermetrical -a. 
 
 ^To this list some authorities would add the following words: 
 
 Conubium. Because in 
 
 Aen. IV. 316 : Per loniihia nostra^ per inceptos hymenaeos 
 the second vowel must be long by nature, and the second foot a dactyle {-ia cannot 
 be scanned long, see foot-note 2), it has been supposed that it was long also in Aen. I. 
 73 Conuhifl iungam, III. 136 Conitbiis arvis (Ribbeck even spells conubis here), VII. 96 Ne 
 ['cte lonubiis, 253 Quantum in conubio natae, t,t,^ Faina hno neu conubiis. To scan iai these 
 places with // long it was necessary to get rid of the short / (->.•-) by giving it consonant 
 force. Comparison with cognate words, however, has convinced most modern scholars that
 
 lO THE METRICAL LICENSES OF VERGIL- 
 
 U. 
 
 § 4 genu : 
 
 Aen. y. 432: Genua' labant, vastos quatit aeger anhelitus artus 
 
 XII 905 Genua labant, gelidus concrevit frigore sanguis 
 
 tenuis : 
 
 Geo. I. 397: Tenuia' nee lanae per caelum vellera ferri 
 
 the second syllable is common, and hence bv scannm^ <ih/u/>r - \n these p.issages the / may 
 preserve its vowel force. 
 
 Harpyia. This word is marked Harpyia, ni Lewis' dictionary and Greenough's vocab- 
 ulary, and the plural is marked Harpyiae in Harper's Classical Dictionary and in Harring- 
 ton and Tolman's Mythology, and Harpyiae in Smith's Class. Diet. As the letters .1/ are 
 simply the transliteration of the Greek diphthong ut the word should be marked Harpyia 
 (as Seyffert has it) or left unmarked as other diphthongs are, and / is not a consonant- See 
 Aen. VI. 289: G"'X,?//('s Harpyiai-i/i/r i-t forma tricorporis tnnbrai-. 
 
 Orithyia. This word is marked with almost as many variations as Harpyia. Lewis has 
 •' Orithyia (quadrisxl.)," Greenough '' Oni/iyia," Smith's Class. Diet. "Orithyia." In this 
 word yi again represents the flreek diphthong vi and exhibits no irregularity in the two 
 passages where it occurs 
 
 Geo. IV. 463 (see § 26): Attjue Getac atque He/nus el Artiai Orithyia. 
 
 -Aen. XII. 85 : Piliimiio ijiios ipsa dccu$ dfJlt Oritlnia 
 
 Lavlnia. In the verse 
 
 .\cn \. 2 . Jtaliam fato pro/ugus La"<'inia(jue vcnil 
 kibbeck reads Lamia and so does GOthling. Kloucek retains Lavima 
 ' .-Vs if ,^fiiva (dissyl.), contrast genHd (trisyl., one elided) 
 
 .\en. ^^ 468 ■ Ast ilium fidi ati/uales, genua aegra hiiluiiiein 
 
 - .\s if tfnvia, the only possible scansion for this form in luxameter verse, as even the 
 elision of the last syllable (cf. fool-note 1) would leave three successive short syllables 
 [teniifd).
 
 I AND U AS CONSONAXTS. ^^ 
 
 Gen, II. 121 : Velleraque ut foliis depectant tt-nuia Seres 
 
 i8o: Tenuis' ubi argilla et dnmosis calculus arvis 
 IV. 38 : Nequiquam in tectis certatim tenuia cera 
 
 'As if tem'i> (dissyl.). contrast tnn'iiujii,-, 
 
 Geo. II. 349: Inter rium liihnitiir (U/uar, teiiui.<:i/iir mhihit.
 
 II. SYNIZESIS. 
 
 A. 347 <: (Synaeresis') ; B. 367 i ; G. 727; H. 608 III. (Syuaeresis); Miiller, 
 p. 93; Gossrau, p. 640, § 10. 
 
 § 5 In Greek words ending in -eus." 
 
 Genitive: 
 
 .Ec. VI. 42: Caucaseasqne refert volucris furtinnque Promethei 
 
 78: Aut ut mutatos Terei narraverit artus 
 
 Aen. I. 120: lam validam Ilionei navem. iam fortis Achati 
 
 VII. 249: Talibus Ilionei dictis defixa Latinns 
 
 \'III. 3S3: Arma rogo genetrix nato Te filia Nerei 
 
 IX. 501 : Ilionei monitu et nniltuni lacrinianti.s Inli 
 
 X. 764 : Cum pedes incedit medii per maxima Nerei 
 
 XI. 262: Atrides Protei Menelaus ad usque colnnmas 
 
 ' See § 1, loot-note i. 
 
 -Of these words we may take as a type Orphfus. declined as follows: Orpheui. 
 Orpheos or Orphii. Orphro or Orph,i\ Orplua'-' Oiphfii, Orphco. In Vergd the endings -i-vs. 
 -ft. -Ill and -tu are monosyllabic (except Piiuiii, .\en, II. 4-5). -«'' 'TI^I -li being taken 
 together by Synizesis, and -cu in the nominative and vocative being a diphthong '{"he fnl 
 lowing is a list of the nominatives found in the .Aeneid : Aconleui XI. 612. Antluiis. X II 
 443, Biiariiis \'\. 287, Catiuis \' I 448, Caphereus XI 260, C/ilortus XI 768, Cissciis \' . 537. 
 Jiioiiitiiciis III. 401. Ilioiiiiis I. s^i. Miust/ieiis V. 116, JVircuf II. 419. Orp/ifus VI. iiq. 
 Penthfus \\. 469, Phi-^fus V. id},. Rhoft:-iis X. 402, Ripheui II. 339. The vocatives are 
 Crithtu Xll. 5j8 and Orphfu Geo. IV. 494. Examples of the nominatives and vocatives aie 
 omitted as showing no irregularity. For the accusative, see foot-note 5.
 
 SYNIZKSIS. 13 
 
 Aen. XI. 265: Idomenei ?' Lib3'coiie habitantis litore Locros 
 
 Dative : 
 
 Ec. IV. 57: Orphei Caliopea, Lino formonsus Apollo 
 
 Geo. I\'. 545 : Inferias Orphei Lethaea papavera raittes 
 
 553 : Inferias Orphei niittit lucumque revi.sit 
 
 Aen. IX. 716: Inarime lovis imperils imposta Typhoeo' 
 
 Accusative : § 6 
 
 Ec. VI. 30: Nee tantum Rhodope miratur et Ismarns Orphea 
 Geo. I. 279: Coenmqne lapetumque creat saevomque Typhoea^ 
 
 ^Contrast the di^^syllabic -<V. 
 
 .A.en. II. 425 : Priuiii Jcx/ra divac <ir)>iipotnilii aJ iiiturr. 
 Ill the verse 
 
 .\en. I. 41 : Uniiis ob niKxatn «./ fiirias Aiacii Oilii. 
 Kibbeck writes Oili. 
 ^In the verse 
 
 Aeii. V. 184: Seii^islo M/iest/nii/ur, Gyan su/^iiarc- iiiorantem. 
 Ribbeck lias Mne^thi. 
 
 •'A.s Vergil does not elsewhere admit Syriizesis in the case of two short vowels unless 
 the second is long by jjosition, it is probable that he mnsidered the final n long, Orphea, 
 Typlwca, and the last foot a spondee, not a trochee. This is the regular form of the accu- 
 sative in Greek, but Homer ha'^ another form -Tja (= ,;i), which Vergil has imitated in 
 two verses : 
 
 Aen. I. 611 : JlioHdi petit dr.xtra lacvaqiic Snestioii, and 
 III. T22 : Jilonicina Jiuiin, c/cscrldi/iic litcra Crelae. 
 A third form, in -ai, is given in the grammars, and editors give tlic following examples 
 from Vergil : 
 
 Ec. III. .}6 : Orpluaqiie in iiinlio pi'siiit si/vasqi/c s<-</ittiitis 
 VI. *35 : Tii/n Jinarc s<>/inii et iliuiuiicrc Neica poiito 
 Aen. I. *iSi ; Prosf't-Ltiim Ijtr p,/,i^o f^rtit, Aiithra siqiiei/i
 
 J 4 THE METRICAL LICENSES OF VERGIL. 
 
 ablative : 
 
 Aen.VIII. 292: Rege sub Eurystheo fatis lunonis iniquae 
 
 X. 129: Nee Clytio genitore minor iiec fratre Menestheo 
 
 In Latin words ending in a Cretic' 
 
 Anthea Sergestumquc vidct Jortcniqiic L'loavtiium 
 Mnesthea Sergestumquc vocat fortemque Scristitm 
 Itque rcditque viam totiens. Quid Thcsea wagnurn 
 Accepisse latu nee Thesea Pirithoumque 
 Vidi et oudclis danfeiii Salmonea poenas 
 Ortigium Caeneus, victorcm Caenca Turnus 
 Addit Halyn comitem et confixa P/iegea parma 
 Lyncea tendcntem contra socinsque -•Oiuntem 
 Et Clytiuin Aeoliden et aiiueum Ciethea Musis 
 Crethea Musarum comitem, eui carmina semper 
 Quo licuit parvo ? N^ec /oiiga Cissea durum 
 Turn Pa/las h'iugis fugientem Rhoetea praetcr 
 Tereaque Harpalycumque et Deiiiopkoouta Chroniinque 
 Chloreaque Sybarimque Daretaque Thersilocliumque 
 Mnesthea Sergestumquc vocat fortemque Serestum 
 It will be observed that the ending -ed is not necessary in any of these examples: 
 in all, the ending -ed. may be scanned as one long syllable by Synizesis as it must be 
 in the two verses, Ec. VI. 30, and Aen. I. 279, quoted above. The objection is that in 
 nine (marked above with an asterisk) out of the eighteen examples the resulting spondee 
 would occur in the fifth foot (see §§ 21, 22). On the other hand it is at least very remark- 
 able that Vergil nowhere shows that he felt the short e apart from the a, as he might 
 have done by a verse beginning : Mnesthea et Anthea. 
 
 1 The cretic (-u-) may be the last three syllables of a single word {aurea, Aen. I. 
 C98) or composed of two words (iina cddcm, Aen. X. 487). The terminations most common 
 are -ea, -ei, -id, -ets and -iis, in some of which the final syllable may be removed by elision. 
 Many of the shortened forms similar to these were usual even in prose (cf. dts for dits. 
 
 
 510 
 
 IV 
 
 288 
 
 VI. 
 
 *I22 
 
 
 393 
 
 
 *585 
 
 IX. 
 
 *573 
 
 
 ♦765 
 
 
 768 
 
 
 *774 
 
 
 775 
 
 X. 
 
 
 
 *399 
 
 XI. 
 
 675 
 
 XII. 
 
 363 
 
 
 56.
 
 SYNIZESIS. 
 
 aerei : 
 
 Aen. VII. 609 : Centum aerei claudunt vectes aetemaque ferri 
 
 XII. 541 : Pectora, nee misero. clipei mora profuit aerei 
 
 alveo : 
 
 Aen. VI. 412: Deturbat laxatque foros; simul accipit alveo 
 
 VII. 33 : Adsuetae ripis volucres et fluminis alveo 
 
 303: Profuit? Optato conduntur Thybridis alveo 
 
 IX. 32: Cum refluit campis et iam se condidit alveo' 
 
 aurea : 
 
 Aen. I. 698 : Aurea composuit sponda mediaraque locavit 
 
 VII. 190: Aure'a percussum virga versumque venenis 
 
 aureis : 
 
 15 
 
 §7 
 
 Aen. I. 726 
 
 V- 352 
 
 VIII. 553 
 
 Atria ; dependent Ij'chini laquearibus aureis 
 Dat Salio, villis onerosum atque unguibus aureis 
 Pellis obit totum, praefulgens unguibus aureis 
 
 the ending -urn for -ium and -urn for -uum, etc.), and being so printed in the te.\ts of 
 Vergil cause the student no difficulty. For -um for -ium cf. 
 
 Aen. XI. 887 : Exclusi ante octilos lacrumantianque era panntum ; 
 For -urn for -uum (regular when a doubled consonant precedes) cf. 
 
 Aen. ^ I. 653 : Per campum ptisiuntur cqui. Quae gratia currum. 
 -Three commonly quoted examples of Synizesis are not found in the best te.xts. In 
 
 Geo. II. 453 : Corticibusque cavis fitiosaeque iiicis alvea 
 Ribbeck has alvo, deriving the form from alvus (see Harper's Lat. Diet. s. v. 11. C) mstead 
 01 alveus. So, too, in 
 
 Geo. I\'. 34 : Seu lento fuerint alvearia vimine texta 
 he has alvaria as a derivative from the form adopted in the passage just cited. In 
 
 Aen. VII. 436: Ore refcrl : ' C/assis invectas Thybridis alveo 
 he writes undam for alveo on very little MS. authority.
 
 l6 THK METRICAL LICENSES OF VERGIL. 
 
 baltei : 
 
 Aen. X. 490 ; Exauimcin, ra]Men? immaiua pondera baltei 
 
 ferrei : 
 
 Aen. \'I. 280 -. Ferreique Eumeniduin tlialami et Discordia denicns ' 
 
 eadem : 
 
 Aen. X. 4S7 . Una eademque via sanguis' animusque secuntur 
 
 eodem : 
 
 Aen. XII. S47 . I'no endcuique tulit partu panbusque revmxu 
 ij 8 Words unclassified.' 
 
 deerro : 
 
 Ec. \'II. 7 \'ir ,!L,n-e>;is ipse ca])er deerravcrat , atque e.i^n Daphnmi 
 
 dehinc : 
 
 Aen. I. 131. Euruni ad se ZephjTunique vocat, dehinc talia fatur 
 256". Oscula libavit natae dehinc t.alia falnr. 
 YI. 67S: Desu])er ostenlat; dehinc suinnia cacumina Imquoiit 
 IX 480: Telornmque inemor; caelum dehiuc qnestibus implet " 
 
 'All late editions print the shortened form l<inni for fiiiniis in 
 .■\en. y. 269 ; Piiniceis ihiiiil aim/i lri>i[<ora hiniiis. 
 See foot-note i. 
 
 'For tlie quantity of the last syllable (j<j/;i;«/j) "see §■'• foot-note 6. 
 •'■ I'o this list should, perhaps, he added ocn-ds, Aen. VII. 6^. ipioted in § -•;, where 
 see foot-note 2. 
 
 ' No account is taken here of licin, (hiiidc, and pnmuir, which were pronouiued in prose, 
 as they are always scanned in Vergil, as of one, two and three syllables respectively 
 2 Notice that dehinc is also scanned ilchim : . 
 
 Geo. HI. 167: Cm'iii iiihntili'; ,/i'/iini, uhi lihtra lolla 
 Aen. 111.464: Dii'iii di'liini nino j^raiua ifdoifue tiff'liiiiilo
 
 SYNIZESIS. ^7 
 
 deesse : 
 
 Geo. II. 200: Non liquid! gregibus fontes, non gramina dcrunt 
 
 233 : Si dCM'unt, raruni pecorique et vitibus almis 
 
 Aen. VII. 262 : Divitis iiber agri Troiaeve opulentia dcrit 
 
 X. 378: Dcst iain terra fugae: pelagus Troiamnc petemus 
 
 reice : 
 
 Ec. III. 96 : Tityre. pasceutes a flumfne reice capellas 
 
 scio : 
 
 Ec. VIII. 43 : Nunc scio. quid sit Amor. Duris iu cotibus ilium 
 
 Aen. III. 602: Hoc sat erit. Scio me Dauais e classibus unum* 
 
 So-called Interual Elision.' § 9 
 
 anteeo. 
 
 .A.en. XII. S4 : Qui candore nives anteirent, cursibus auras 
 
 .■\en. V. 722 : I^isa dehinc caelo fades delapsa parentis 
 Aen. \'III. 337. Vix ea Jicta : di'hiitc progresstis movstrni et aiam. 
 For the quantity of the last syllable of gravid in Aen. III. 464, see S 15 
 •*This case occurs only in those parts of the compound where the verb begins with e. 
 Ribbeck spells with but one e. 
 
 ■*The final o of scid is elided in 
 
 Aen. X. 904 : Corpus humo paiiare tegi. Scio cicerha meoruin. 
 'The following examples are found in almost all our te.xts. Ribbeck included (e.\cei)t 
 where noted), but it is more than doubtful if they are to be considered here. The Roman 
 can scarcely have admitted Synizesis between the inseparable coni]iound srmi- and a word 
 beginning with a vowel. It is probable that we should write and pronounce simanimiis 
 (-mis), semlwmo and si-nuistus. In the same way we should write unlircTjt for anteirent 
 (Aen. XII. 84), as well as circueo (.Aen XI. 761 : Circuit et quae sit fprtufia facillima, 
 teinptat) for eircumeo.
 
 1 8 THE METRICAL LICENSES OF VERGIL. 
 
 semianimis r 
 
 Aen. IV. 686 : Semianimemque sinu germanatn amplexa fovebat 
 
 X. 396 : Semianimesque micant digiti ferrumque retractant 
 
 404 : Caedit semianimis Rutulorum calcibus arva 
 
 XI. 635 : Semianimes volvontur equi, pugna aspera surgit 
 
 XII. 356 : Semianimi elapsoque supervenit et pede collo 
 
 semihomo : 
 
 Aen. VIII. 194 : Scmihominis Caci fades quam dira tenebat 
 
 semiustus : 
 
 Aen. Ill, 578 : Fama est Enceladi semustum fulmine corpus 
 
 V. 697 : Implenturque super puppes, semusta madescunt 
 
 XI. 200: Ardentis spectant socios semustaque servant' 
 
 - To this list is sometimes added graveolens, but the two words should be written 
 separately: 
 
 Geo. IV. 270 : Ceciopiumque thymum ct grave olentia centaurea. 
 Aen. VI. 201 : Inde uhi vencrc ad fauces grave oleiitis Averni. 
 Vergil avoids the compound circnmago, separating the parts (Geo. II. 392; Aen I 117) 
 by Tmesis, see § 28.
 
 III. LENGTHENING OF SHORT SYLLABLES IN THESIS.' 
 
 Diastole: A. 1^9/' B. 367 2; G. 721; H. 608 V. Gossrau, p. 638; 
 Wagner, Vol. IV., p. 528; Miiller, p. 117, §47. 
 
 I. The Enclitic -que.' § 10 
 
 Ec. IV. 51 : Terrasque tractusque maris caelumque profundum 
 
 Geo. I. 153: Lappaeque tribolique, interque nitentia culta 
 
 164: Tribulaque traheaeque et iniquo pondere rastri 
 
 352 : Aestusque pluviasque et agentis frigora ventos 
 
 371: Eurique zephyrique tonat domus: omnia plenis 
 
 III. 385: Lappaeque tribolique absint; fuge pabula laeta 
 
 IV. 222: Terrasque tractusque maris caelumque profundum' 
 
 ' Authorities are not agreed upon tlie explanation of all the e.xamples of Diastole 
 exhibited in the text of Vergil, and the classification given here is to be regarded as 
 suggestive only. It should be observed that there is a close connection between the 
 conditions under which Diastole is found in Vergil and his use of Hiatus : of. espe- 
 cially cases 3, 4 and 6 below, with the examples quoted in foot-note i to § 23. 
 
 - Vergil use.s -que as a long syllable only [a) when a correlative -c/uf follows, (b) 
 in the second thesis, except .\en. IX 767, where it occurs in the fifth, {t-) before a 
 word beginning with a mute and a liquid (eleven times), or a double consonant (twice) 
 or a liquid (twice) or an s (twice), and (J) when preceded by a dactylic or spondaic 
 word and followed by the metrical group — ^- or ^^-^. Some authorities think that 
 -<)ue was long in early Latin and would include these examples with those under 2, 
 but the lengthening is beyond doubt an imitation of Greek usage. 
 
 3 Repeated from Ec. IV. 51, just quoted, see § 16, foot-note 2. 
 
 >9
 
 20 
 
 THE METRICAL LICENSES OF VERGIL. 
 
 Geo. I\'. 
 
 
 Aen. III. 
 
 91 
 
 IV. 
 
 146 
 
 VII. 
 
 IS6 
 
 VIII. 
 
 425 
 
 IX. 
 
 767 
 
 XII, 
 
 S9 
 
 
 181 
 
 
 363 
 
 
 443 
 
 Drumoque Xanthoque Ligeaque Phyllodoceque 
 Liminaquc laurusque dei, totusque moveri 
 Cretesque Dryopesque fremunt pictique Agathyrsi 
 Spiculaque clipeique ereptaque rostra cariiii.s 
 Brontesque Steropesque et nudus membra Pyracmon 
 Alcandrumque Haliumque Noemonaque Prytanimque 
 En.semque clipeumque et rubrae corniia cri.stae 
 Fontisque fluviosque voco, quaeque aetheris alti. 
 Chloreaque Sybarimque Daretaque Thersilochumque 
 Antheusque Mnestheusque ruunt omnisque relictis 
 
 § 1 1 2. Shortened Syllables restored to their Original Quantity.' 
 
 Nouns and Adjectives : 
 
 Ec. X. 69: Omnia vincit Amdr't et nos cedanuis Amori 
 
 Aen. XI. 323 : Considant, si tantus amor, et raoenia condant 
 
 XII. 668 : Et furiis agitatus amor et conscia virtus 
 
 XII. 422 : Quippe dolor, omuis stetit imo volnere sanguis 
 
 550: Et Messapus equm domitor et fortis Asilas 
 
 Geo. III. 118: Aequus uterque labor, aeque iuvenemque magistri 
 
 IV. 92: Nam duo sunt genera: hie nielior insignis et ore 
 
 Aen. VI. 768: Et Capys et Numitor et qui te nomine reddet 
 
 'Some of the examples under this head might be |)ut under 6 below. 
 
 -Nouns and adjectives in -(i;-, gen. -i^m, are scanned with long o in the nominative by 
 Ennius and Plautus, as the quantity of the o in the genitive would lead us to expect. 
 By Vergil's time the b had become short in the unaccented final syllable of the nomina- 
 tive, but the use of the ancient quantity gives to the verse a flavor of the antique. 'I'he 
 lengthening of short syllables in -r occurs in Vergil only in the second, third and fourth 
 theses.
 
 LENGTHENING OF SHORT SYLLABLES. 21 
 
 Aen. V. 521 : Ostentans artemque pater' arcumque sonantem 
 XL 469 : Concilium ipse pater et magna incepta Latinus 
 XII. 13 : Congredior. Per sacra, pater, et concipe foedus 
 II. 369 : Luctus, ubique pavdr ct plurima mortis imago 
 Aen. 1.478: Per terrain, et versa pulvts^ inscribitur hasta 
 
 X. 487 : Una eademque' via sanguis'' animusque secuntur 
 
 Verbs: t^ 12 
 
 Ec. I. 38: Tityrns hinc aberfit.' Ipsae te, Tityre, pinns 
 
 Aen. V. S53 : Nusquam uinittebat oculosque sub astra tenebat 
 
 X. 383 : Per medium qua spina dalwt, liastamc|ue rcccptat. 
 
 Geo. II. 211: At rudis enitutt' impulso vomerc campus 
 
 Aen. VII. 174: Regibus omen ennt, hoc illis curia tem])him 
 
 Aen. I. 651 : Pergama cum peteret ' inconcessosquc hvinciiaeos 
 
 XII. 772 : Hie hasta Aeneae stabat, hue impetus illam 
 
 VIII. 363 : Alcides subiit, haec ilhim regia cepit 
 
 ^Vergil retains the original quantity as shown in the Greek naTyjp. 
 
 *Ennius had used pulvis in hexameter verse (.A-en. 286). Vergil lengthens short syl- 
 lables in -.f only in the second, third and fourth theses. 
 
 ^On the Synizesis eddein, see §7. 
 
 '^Sanguis occurs in Yergil sixteen times. In twelve places the quantity of the vowel / 
 cannot be determined, as it stands either at the end of the verse ((."leo. H. 484; III. 221; 
 Aen. III. 30, 33, 259; X. 452 ; XII. 51, 422, 905) or before a word beginning with a con- 
 sonant (Aen. V. 415 ; VI. 835 ; X. 819). In three plates the final syllable is short (Geo. 
 HI. 508; .Aen. II. 636; V. 397). It is long here only, but it was long originally and is 
 always so scanned by Lucretius. 
 
 ^It is generally agreed that the termination -at was originally long, that -ft was found 
 in the pres. ind. of the 2d conjugation and in the subjunctive of all, and -ft in the 
 present ind. of the 4th conj. and the perfect ind. of all. Vergil lengthens these syllables 
 in -/ only in the second, third and fourth theses.
 
 22 THE METRICAL LICENSES OF VERGIL. 
 
 Geo. IV. 137: Ille comam mollis iam tondebat* hyacinthi 
 
 Aen. I. 30S : Qui teneant (nam inculta videt), hominesne feraene' 
 
 §13 3 Before a Greek Word.' 
 
 Ec. VI. 53 : Ille latus niveum molli fultus hyacintho 
 
 Geo. I. 138: Pleiadas, hyadas, claramque Lycaonis arcton 
 
 Aen. X. 720: Grains homo, infectos linquens profugus' hj^menaeos 
 
 VII. 398 : Snstinet ac natae Turnique canit hymenaeos 
 
 XI. 69 : Sen mollis violae sen languentis hyacinthi 
 
 4. Before a Molossus ( ) at End of Verse.^ 
 
 Geo. II. 5 : Muneribus, tibi pampineo gravidus autumno 
 Aen. IX. 9: Sceptra Palatini sedemque petit Evandri 
 
 "* Cf. also heading 3 below. 
 
 ^To this list some authorities, believing that the endings -iir, -us and -/'/ (in the 
 future) were anciently long, would add the examples given below in § 14 from Ec. III. 
 97 enl; Geo. III. 76 ingrcditur; Aen. I. 668 iactctur; II. 411 obniimur; IV. 222 adloquitur; 
 V. 284 datiir; and IX. 610 fatigamiis. 
 
 1 Compare the Hiatus before the s.ime words, §24, foot-note 2. 
 
 2 It is thought by some scholars that the lengthening of nominatives in -us from o 
 stems is due in Vergil to imitation of the similar treatment of the corresponding nouns 
 in Greek poetry. 
 
 'Compare the cases of Hiatus in the same position: Aen. I. 617; III. 74; VII. 631; 
 IX. 647; XI. 31. In Geo. II. 5, gravidus may be explained by note z above, but no other 
 explanation for Aen. IX. 9, petit seems tenable. 
 
 * This explanation (Miiller's) has hardly gained general acceptance. Invalidiis may be 
 explained as in note 2 above, and there is some evidence for -hus in early Latin. To 
 the two examples here given might be added Euryalus V. 337, which is put under head 
 6 below.
 
 LENGTHENING OF SHORT SYLLABLES. 
 
 5. When Three Short Syllables close a Word.' 
 
 Geo. III. 189 : Invalidus etiamque tremens, etiam inscius aevi 
 Aen. IV. 64 : Pectoribus inhians spirantia consulit exta 
 
 6. Before the Caesura. 
 
 Ipse, ubi tempus erit,' omnis in fonte lavabo 
 Versibus ille facit) aut, si non possumus omnes 
 Desine plura, puer, et quod nunc instat agamus 
 Altius ingrediti'ir,' et mollia crura reponit 
 Sicubi magna lovis antique robore quercus 
 Non te nullius exercent numinis irae 
 Litora iactetur' odiis lunonis acerbae 
 Nostrorum obruimur,' oriturque miserrima caedes 
 Et direpta domus et parvi casus luli 
 Idaeumque nemus; hinc fida silentia sacris 
 Atque idem casus, unani faciemus utramque 
 Turn sic Mercurium adloquitur' ac talia raandat 
 Olli serva datur, operum haut ignara Minervae 
 Emicat Euryalus,^ et munere victor amici 
 Terga fatigamus hasta; nee tarda senectus 
 Tela manusque sinit. Hinc Pallas instat et urget 
 Siquis ebur, aut mixta rubent ubi lilia multa 
 Te sine, frater, erit'? O quae satis inia dehiscat ^ 
 
 1 See foot-note 9 to S i;; for another explanation of this case. 
 
 "^ Euryalus might be explained under head 5) or by foot-note 2 to § 13. 
 
 * Most cases of Hiatus occur after the principal Caesura, § 23, foot-note 1. 
 
 23 
 
 Ec. 
 
 III. 97 
 
 
 VII. 23 
 
 
 IX. 66 
 
 Geo. 
 
 III. 76 
 
 
 332 
 
 
 IV. 453 
 
 Aen. 
 
 I. 668 
 
 
 II. 411 
 
 
 563 
 
 
 III. 112 
 
 
 504 
 
 
 IV. 222 
 
 
 V. 284 
 
 
 337 
 
 
 IX. 610 
 
 
 X.433 
 
 
 XII. 68 
 
 
 883 
 
 S14
 
 24 THE METRICAL LICENSES OF VERGIL. 
 
 §15 7. Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 Ec. V. 68 : Craterasque duo ' statuara tibi pinguis olivi 
 
 Aen. III. 464: Dona dehinc' auro gravia ' sectoque elephanto 
 
 702 : Immanisque Gala* fluvii cognomine dicta 
 
 V. 163: Litus ania et laeva* stringat sine palmula cautes 
 
 VI. 254 : Pingue super'' oleum fundens ardentibus extis 
 
 VIII. 98 : Cum muros arcemque procul ' ac rara domorum 
 
 X. 394 : Nam tibi, Thymbre, caput ' Evandrius abstulit ensis 
 
 XI. iix; Gratis "*? Equidem et vivis concedere vellem 
 
 'So Ribbeck, but many good editors write duos, considering this an error of Haplog- 
 raphy. See Johnston's Latin Manuscripts, p. 87, § 134. So, also, in Aen. V. 163, quoted 
 below, lacva stringat is corrected by most scholars (not Ribbeck) to laei'as stringat. 
 
 - For dehinc, see foot-note 2 to § 8. 
 
 3 No adequate e.xplanation is as yet given for the long -a in an adjective of the third 
 declension. 
 
 ■* It is thought that Vergil has here merely transliterated the Greek name with the 
 Greek quantity of the last syllable retained. It is not -a retained. See Lindsay, 
 Short Hist. Gram., p. 43, foot-note 2. 
 
 5 See note i above 
 
 *So the MSS. The quantity is une.Kampled and editors generally emend the te.xt. Rib- 
 beck writes supciujue. 
 
 'No adequate explanation has been suggested. 
 
 *Miiller ascribes the Diastole to the full stop after the word Cf. the examples of 
 Hiatus, Ec. II 53; .Aen. I. 405, quoted in §23.
 
 IV. SHORTENING OF LONG SYLLABLES. 
 Systole: A. 351 N. ; B. 367 ;>,, a ; G. 722; H. 608 VI. § 16 
 
 Geo. II. 129: Miscueriintque ' herbas et 11011 iiinoxia verba 
 
 III. 283 : Same verse." 
 
 Aen. II. 774 : Opstipui, steteruntque comae et vo.x faucibus liaesit 
 
 III. 4S : Same verse. 
 
 1 The ending -cruiit was probably originally short. 
 
 -The number of verses repealed either in whole or in large part is very great. The 
 following examples will be helpful : 
 
 Aen. I. 30, III. 87; 73, IV. ij6; 313, XII. 165; 434, Geo. IV. 1O7: 435. Geo. IV. 
 168; 530, III. 163; 531. III. 164; 532, III. 165; 533, III. 160: 571. VIII. 171; 609, Ec. 
 V 78; 744, HI 516. 
 
 II. 54, Ec. I. 16; 498, Geo. I. 4S2; 774, III. 4S; 773, III. 133. \'III. 33; 79;, 793, 
 7^4, VI. 700, 701, 702. 
 
 III. 471, VIII. 80. 
 
 IV. 177, X. 767; 2S5, 286, VIII. 20, 21; 418. Geo. I. 304: 443. 446, Geo. II. 291, 292; 
 482, VI. 797. 
 
 V. 143, VIII. 690; 600, IX. 2. 
 
 VI. 306, 307, 308. Geo. III. 475, 476, 477; 429. XI. 28; 43S, 439, Geo. IV. 479, 4S0, 
 625, Geo. II 43. 
 
 VII. 641, X. 163; 784, IX. 29; 804, XI. 433. 
 
 VIII. 284, XII. 213; 449, 450, 431, 452. 453, Geo. IV. 171, 172, 173, 174, 175. 
 
 IX. 104. 103, 106, X. 113, 114, 113. 
 
 X. 745, 74('. -'Vll- 309. 310- 
 
 XI. 831, XII. 952. 
 
 XII. 105, 106, Geo. III. 233, 234.
 
 26 THE METRICAL LICENSES OF VERGIL. 
 
 Aen. III. 68 1 : Constiterunt, silva alta lovis lucusve Dianae 
 
 X. 334 : Torserit in Rutulos, steterunt quae in corpore Grainm ' 
 
 3 Most examples of Diastole and Systole are due to the difficulty of fitting the regular 
 form into the verse, or to the desire to give to the epic poem a flavor of antiquity by the 
 introduction of archaic forms. For the same purpose Vergil used many ancient forms of 
 nouns and verbs, of which the following are examples: Gen. in at for ac : aulai .\en. III. 
 354; aiirai VI. 747; aquai VII. 464; pictai IX. 26; Gen. of Jiis : Jii- Geo. I. 20S, dii 
 Aen. I. 636. Gen. in -tun for -drum: magtiaiiimum Geo. IV. 476, .\en. Ill 704. \'\ 307; 
 superum Aen. I. 4; Jivom (0 for u after v) Aen. III. 5, VI. 125, IX 6, X. 2. 65; coclicolum 
 Aen. III. 21; socium .\en. V. 174; Massylum Aen. VI, 60; Tiiioum .Aen \'III. 513; 
 Dardaiiidum Aen. X. 4; Grai'um Aen. X. 334; Jcum Aen. XI. 4; fiimiliim .\en. XI. 35; Dat. 
 in -Ti for -///.• victu Geo. IV. 15S; concubitu Geo. IV. 19S; nu-lu .\en. I. 257; curni .Aen. III. 
 541; venatti Aen. IX. 605; Abl. in -/ for -e : sorti Geo IV. 165; .Aen IX. 271; classi .Aen. 
 VIII. 11; Pronouns: olli for illi Aen. I. 254; IV. 105; V. 10, 2S4 ; W. 321; VII. 45S, 505; 
 VIII. 94; ollis for illis VI. 730; ijuis for quibus Geo. I. 161; Aen. I. 95; X. 168, 366, 
 435; Verbs: -tbat for Ubat : lenibant .Aen. IV. 52S; lenibal VI. 468; ttutribant VII. 4S5; -bat 
 XI. 572; insif^iiibaf VII. 790; vestibat VIII. 160; polibant VIII. 436; rclimibat X. 538; Pass, 
 Inf. m -ier : inmiscerier Geo. I. 454; accingier Aen. IV. 493; itominaricr VII. 70; dcfciidier 
 
 VIII. 493; admittier IX. 231; farier XI. 242. Third conj. for second; /envre Geo. I. 
 456; .Aen. IV. 409; 567; VIII. 677; IX. 693, but cf. fervet Aen. IV. 407; effencre Geo. 
 IV. 556; fulgere .Aen. VI. 826; cffulgcre VIII. 677; Peculiar forms: ausim Geo. II. 289: 
 accestis .Aen. I. 201; extinxem IV. 606; (xtinxti IV. 682; traxe V. 786; derexti VI. c^-j; faxo 
 
 IX. 154; ?'/A<r/ XI. 118; /««(' XI. 4O7.
 
 V. VARYING QUANTITY BEFORE MUTE AND LIQUID IN 
 
 THE SAME WORD., 
 
 A. 347 d\ B. 5 3, N. ; G. 704; H. 57S ; Gossrau, p. 637.' 
 Mute followed by L. § 17 
 
 Cyclopes : 
 
 Aen. III. 647 : Lustra domosque traho, vastosque ab" rupe Cyclopas 
 Aen. VI. 630: Adceleremus' ait: 'Cyclopum educta caminis 
 
 duplex: 
 
 Aen. I. 93 : Ingemit, et duplicis tendens ad sidera palmas 
 Geo. III. 87 : At duplex agitur per lumbos spina, cavatque 
 
 ' The pronunciation of syllables containing a short vowel followed by a mute with 
 I ox r was never settled by the Romans. Two pronunciations were current, depending 
 upon the syllabification. Some persons pronounced the mute and liquid together, as 
 du-pli-cant in the fifth example ; by this pronunciation the two consonants took no more 
 time than a single consonant, there was nothing to lengthen the syllable and it remained 
 short from the nature of the vowel. Others pronounced the mute and liquid separately, 
 taking each with the nearest vowel, as dup-li-cat in the sixth example ; the additional time 
 required by this pronunciation lengthened the preceding syllable. The poets took advan- 
 tage of this variation to adapt such words more readily to the scheme of their verses, 
 but the student should be careful to give m each instance the pronunciation represented 
 by the given quantity. There is an interesting discussion of this matter by Professor 
 Greenough in the Harvard Studies, Vol V. (1894), p. 57. 
 
 -When the mute and liquid were in separate words (ah rupe here), or in different ele- 
 ments of a compound word (e. x-, (ib-rum(<ti), they were always pronounced separately and 
 always made position. 
 
 i7
 
 28 THE METRICAL LICENSES OF VERGIL. 
 
 duplico: 
 
 Aen.VIII. 556: Vota nietu duplicant matres, propiusque periclo' 
 
 Ec. II. 67 : Et sol crescentis decedens duplicat umbras 
 
 recludo: 
 
 Aen. XII. 924 : Exitium dirum hasta ferens orasque recludit 
 
 Geo. II. 175: Ingredior saiictos ansus recludere fontis 
 
 repleo: 
 
 Geo. II. 235 : Ira loca et scrobibus superabit terra repletis 
 
 Aen. XI. 140: Evandrura Evandriqne donios et moenia rcplet 
 
 triplex: 
 
 Aeu. VI. 549 : Moenia lata videt, triplici circumdata muro 
 
 X. 202 : Gens ilH triplex, populi sub gente quaterni 
 
 jj 18 Mute followed by R. 
 
 ager: 
 
 Aen. XI. 206 : Finitimos tollunt in Sgros iirbique remittunt 
 
 209: Certatim crebris conhicent igiiibus agri 
 
 agrestis: 
 
 Aen. IX. 11: Lydorumque manum collectos armat agrestis 
 
 XI. 682 : Agrestisque nianus arniat spams; ipse catervis 
 
 3 For perkfilb. Such syncopated forms are common enough in prose and are freely- 
 employed by Vergil in order to adapt to his verse forms which could not otherwise be 
 used. Here the full form would give a cretic {-<>-, see § 7, foot-note i), and the synco- 
 pation gets rid of the short syllable. So pfriiluin .\en IX. 174: gubcinaclo V. 176, 850; 
 Pi-adum III 143; repostcis (-loi) III. 364; VI. 59, 655; jim/,' {-da) IV. 16; VII 16; and 
 several others.
 
 VARYING QUANTITY BEFORE MUTES AND LIQUIDS. 29 
 
 aper: 
 
 Aen. IV. 159: Optat aprum ant fulvum descendere monte leonem 
 Ec. VII. 29: Saetosi caput hoc apri tibi, Delia, parvos 
 
 Atridae: 
 
 Aen. II. 104 : Hoc Itbacns velit et magno raercentur Atridae 
 415: Et gemini Atridae Dolopumque exercitu.s omnis 
 
 barathrum:' 
 
 Aen. III. 421: Obsidet, atque imo barathri ter gurgite vastos 
 VIII. 245 : Pallida, dis invisa, superque ininiane barathrum 
 
 cerebrum: 
 
 Aen. X. 416: Ossaque dispensit cerebro permixta crueuto 
 XL 698: Congerainat: volnus calido rigat ora cerebro 
 
 coluber: 
 
 Aen. VII 352 : Auruin ingens coluber, fit longae taenia vittae 
 329: Tarn saevae facies, tot pullulat atra colubris 
 
 Etruscus: 
 
 Aen. VIII. 480 : Gens, belle praeclara, iugis insedit Etruscis 
 503 : Externos optate duces : tuni Etrusca resedit 
 
 feretrum: 
 
 Aen. XI. 149: Sed venit in medios. Feretro Pallanta reposto '' 
 VI. 222: Coniciunt.'' Pars ingenti subiere feretro 
 
 * Notice that // between the mutr .iiicl liquid does not change their influence upon 
 the vowel 
 
 "'For the form, see g 17, foot-note 3. 
 
 " For the quantity of the first syllable, see § 2, foot-note 2.
 
 30 THE METRICAL LICENSES OF VERGIL. 
 
 flagrans: 
 
 Aen. II. 6S5 : Nos pavidi trepidare metu crinemqiie flagrantem 
 
 VII. 397 : Ipsa inter medias flagrantem fervida pinum 
 
 integer: 
 
 Aen. 11.638: Exiliuraque pati. Vos O, quibu.s integer aevi 
 
 Geo. IV. 302 : Tun.sa per intcgram solvontur viscera pellem 
 
 latebrae: 
 
 Aen. X. 663 : Turn levis haut ultra latebras iam quaerit imago 
 
 II. 38 : Aut terebrare cavas uteri et temptare latebras 
 
 niger: 
 
 Geo. IV. 126: Qua niger umectat flaventia culta G^laesus 
 
 29 r : Et viridem Aegyptum nigra fecundat liarena 
 
 § 19 nigrans: 
 
 .•\en.VIII. 353 : Credunt se vidisse lovem, cum saepe nigrantem 
 
 IX. 87 : Nigranti picea trabibusque obscurus acernis 
 
 pater: 
 
 Aen. II. 663: Gnatum ante ora patris, patrem qui obtruncat ad aras 
 
 pharetra: 
 
 Aen. VIII. 166: Ille mihi insignem pliaretram Lj'cinsque sagittas 
 
 VII. 816: Auro internectat, Lyciani ut gerat ipsa pliaretram 
 
 retro: 
 
 Aen. X. 7 : Versa retro tantumque animis certatis iniquis 
 
 IX. 539 : Velle fugam. Dum se glomerant rctroque residunt
 
 VARYING QUANTITY BEFORE MUTES AND LIQUIDS. 3 1 
 
 sacer: 
 
 Aen. II. 167 : Corripuere sacram effigieni manibusque cruentis 
 
 230 : Laocoonta feriint, sacrum qui cuspide robur 
 
 sacro: 
 
 Aen. X. 419: Iniecere nianum Parcae telisque sacrarunt 
 
 VIII. 600: Silvano fama est veteres sacrasse Pelasgos 
 
 scaber: 
 
 Geo. II. 214: Et tofus scaber et nigris exessa chelydris 
 
 I. 495 : Exesa inveniet scabra robigine pila 
 
 supra: 
 
 Aen. \'II. 32 : In mare prorumpit. Variae circumque supraque 
 
 381 : Curvatis fertur spatiis ; stupet inscia supra 
 
 supremus: 
 
 Aen. XI. 25 : Hanc patriam peperere suo, decorate supremis 
 
 61 : Alille viros, qui supremum comitentur lionorem 
 
 tenebrae: 
 
 AenA'III. 259: Hie cacum in tenebris incendia vana vomentem 
 
 IX. 425 : Couclamat Nisus, nee se celare tenebris 
 
 Trinacria: 
 
 Aen. III. 440: Trinacria finis Italos' mittere relicta 
 
 554 : Tum procul e fluctu Trinacria cernitur Aetna 
 
 utrumque: 
 
 Aen. II. 61 : Optulerat, fidens animi atque in utrumque paratus 
 
 V. 469 : lactantemque utroque caput crassumque cruorem 
 
 ' For the quantity of the first syllable, see § 20.
 
 32 THE METRICAL LICENSES OF VERGIL. 
 
 volucer: 
 
 Aen. X. 440: Turnum, qui volucri curru medium secat agmen 
 
 XII. 251 : Arrexere animos Itali, cuiictaeque volucres
 
 VI. VARYING QUANTITIES IN PROPER NOUNS.' 
 Asia: §20 
 
 Aen. III. i: Postquam res .A-siae Prianiique" evertere gentem 
 
 Vn. 701 : Dant per colla niodos, sonat amnis et Asia longe 
 
 Diana: 
 
 Aeu. XI. 582 : Optavere nnruni : sola contenta Diana 
 
 I. 499 ; Exercet Diana choros, quam mille secutae 
 
 Eous: 
 
 Aen. II. 417: Confligunt, Zephyrusque Notusque et laetus eois 
 
 I. 4S9 : Eoasque acies et nigri ' Memnonis arma 
 
 Italus: 
 
 .\en. III. 396: Has autem terras Italique hanc litoris oram 
 
 VII. 643 : Complerint campos acies, quibus Itala iani turn 
 
 'The quantity of certain s_\-llables ul proper nouns (especially ("ireek nouns) was not 
 li.xed by general usage, and where two or more forms were recognized the poet felt at 
 liberty to use the one best fitted to his verse (cf. S 17. foot-note i). Some other nouns, 
 whose pronunciation was established by general usage, could not be brought into the verse 
 at all, or only in certain cases. For such nouns the poets often used descriptive terms, 
 '■ X-, Alcidfi (.\en. \' 414 and often) or Tnynthius (Vll. 60.'; \' 1 1 1 2i)>) for the impossible 
 Hnculi-i, or even boldly altered the accepted proninni.ition Of course when a change m 
 quantity had once been made for metrical reasons, the arbitrary form might afterwards be 
 used where no such excuse for it e.xisted, 
 
 -For the quantity of the first syllable (regular here), see t)elow. 
 
 3 For the quantity of the first syllable, see § 18.
 
 34 THE METRICAL LICENSES OF VERGIL. 
 
 Lavinium: 
 
 Aen. I. 258: Fata tibi; cernes urbem et proniissa Lavini 
 
 2 : Italian! fato profugus Lavinaque ' venit 
 
 Orion: 
 
 Aen. I. 535 : Cum subito adsurgens fluctu nimbosus Orion 
 
 \'II. 719: Saevos ubi Orion" hibernis conditur uudis 
 
 Priamus: 
 
 Aen. II. 56: Troiaque nunc staret, Priamique arx alta maneres 
 
 III. 346: Priamides multis Helenus comitantibus adfert 
 
 Sicanus: 
 
 Aen. \'. 24 : Fida reor fraterna Erycis portusque Sicanos 
 
 I. 557 : At freta Sicaniae saltern sedesque paratas 
 
 Siculus: 
 
 Ec. II. 21: Mille meae Siculis errant in montibus agnae 
 
 IV. I : Sicelides Musae, paulo niaiora canamus 
 
 Sidonius: 
 
 Aen. I\'. 75: Sidoniasque cstentat ope.s urbemque paratam 
 
 XI. 74 : Ipsa suis quondam manibus Sidonia Dido 
 
 Sychaeus: 
 
 .Ven. I. 348: Quos inter medius venit furor. Ille Sychaeuni 
 
 343 : Huic coninnx Sychaeus erat, ditissimus auri 
 
 ■• For the more common readinj,' l.avinia, see g ;,, foot-note 5. 
 
 'The penult of Orion is always long in \'ergil, though common in Greek.
 
 VII. SPONDAIC VERSES. 
 A. 362 a\ B. 368 2; G. 7S4, N. II ; H. 610 3: Miiller, p. 82. 
 
 Ec. 
 
 Geo. 
 
 IV. 49 
 
 V. 38 
 
 VII. 53 
 
 I. 221 
 
 n. 5 
 III. 276 
 
 IV. 270 
 
 Cara deiim suboles, magnum lovis incrementum 
 Pro molli viola, pro purpurea narcisso 
 Stant et iuniperi ' et castaneae "' hirsutae 
 Ante tibi Eoae ^ Atlantides ' abscondantur 
 Muneribus, tibi pampineo gravidus ' autumno 
 Saxa per et scopulos et depressas convallis 
 Cecropiumque thymum et grave olentia '' centaurea ' 
 
 ' Spondaic verses are comparatively rare in Vergil, thirty-two examples only being 
 generally recognized (but see § 22, foot-note 8, below), while Catullus has a larger number 
 in one poem about half as long as one book of the Aeneid. The more careful poets are 
 said to have required that in such verses the fourth foot should be a dactyl, and then 
 the last two feet were usually a single word. So far as the last two feet are concerned 
 Vergil disregards this "rule" twelve times (Ec. V 38; VII. 53. Geo. II. 5. Aen. I. 617; 
 III. 12; VII. 631; VIII. 402, 679; IX. 9, 647; XI. 31; XII. 863), and has a spondee in 
 the fourth place three times (Geo. Ill 276. Aen. III. 74; VII. 634). The "rule," there- 
 fore, amounts to little in his case. These verses, moreover, show many irregularities which 
 are indicated in the foot-notes. 
 
 - Full Hiatus, see § 23, foot-note 6. 
 
 ' For the quantity of the first syllable, see § 20. For the Hiatus, S -6. 
 
 ■• For the short -es, see .\, 348 9; B. 365; G. 709 2 Exc. 4; H. 581, VI. 3. 
 
 '' For the quantity here of final -us, see § 13. 
 
 " On grave oleiitia as separate words, see § 9, foot-note 2. 
 
 ' In this word the c before </ stands for a Greek diphthong. 
 
 35 
 
 21
 
 36 
 
 THE METRICAL LICENSES OF VERGIL. 
 
 Geo. 
 
 lY. 
 
 463 
 
 Aen 
 
 I. 
 
 617 
 
 
 II. 
 
 6S 
 
 
 III. 
 
 12 
 
 74 
 
 517 
 
 549 
 
 
 V. 
 
 320 
 761 
 
 
 VII. 
 
 631 
 634 
 
 
 VIII. 
 
 54 
 167 
 
 Atque Getae" atque Hebrus" et Acteas Oritli3'ia' 
 Tune ille Aeneas ' queni Dardanio '" Anchisae 
 Constitit atque oculis Phrygia agmina circumspexit 
 Cum sociis gnatoque peuatibus et niagnis dis " 
 Nereidum rnatri '" et Neptuuo Aegaeo " 
 Armatumque auro circumspicit Oriona" 
 Coruua velatarum obvertinuis antemnarum " 
 ^22 y. 320; Proximus liuic, longo set proximus intervallo 
 
 Ac lucus late sacer additur Anchiseo 
 Ardea Crustumerique et turrigerae ' Antemnae 
 Aut levis ocreas " lento ducunt argento 
 Pallantis proavi de nomine Pallanteum 
 Discedens chlamvdemque auro dedit intertextam 
 
 ** The first syllable of HchiKs is always long in Vergil, although unmarked in Greeii- 
 ough's vocabulary and Lewis' dictionary. 
 
 " For this word, see § 3, foot-note 5. 
 
 '"These two words with Hiatus are found also in .\en. IX. 647, below. 
 
 "The last four words, repeated in .Aen. VIII. 679, are borrowed from Ennius. 
 
 '-Double Hiatus as in Ec. \'II. 53 above, see S jjj, foot-note 6. 
 
 '^ The penult of Oiu>n is always long in \'ergil, although common in Greek; for the 
 first syllable (here long) see S 20. 
 
 '* No other verse in \'ergd contains so few words e.xccpt Aen. I\'. 542. 
 
 ' Hiatus, see S 26. 
 
 2 The first syllable of ocreas is short according to Lewis and (}reenough, but may lie 
 scanned long here, in the Moretum 122, and in Juv. 6, 258, if we take the ne.\t two syllables 
 together by Synizesis (S 7). It is, perhaps, better to take it as long here (so the German 
 editors) than as short (Conington), and to consider the ver.se as consisting of si.x spondees; 
 the only one of the sort in ^■ergil.
 
 SPONDAIC VERSES. 37 
 
 Aen.VIII. 341: Aeneadas magnos et nomine Pallantenni ' 
 
 345 : Nee non et sacri monstrat nemus Argeleti 
 
 402 : Quod fieri ferro liquidove potest electro 
 
 679 : Cum patribus populoque penatibus et magnis dis 
 
 IX. 9 : Sceptra Palatini sedemque petit * Evandri 
 
 196: Posse viam ad muros et moenia Pallantea 
 
 241: Quaesitum Aenean' et moenia Pallantea 
 
 647: Antiquom in Buten ' (hie Dardanio" Anchisae 
 
 XL 31: Servabat senior, qui Parrhasio " Evandro 
 
 659 : Quales Thraeiciae cum flumina Thermodontis 
 
 XII. S3 : Pilumno quos ipsa decus dedit Orithyia 
 
 863: Quae, quondam in bustis aut culniinibus desertis ' 
 
 ^ The last words are repeated from v. 54, above. 
 
 ■* For the quantity of the last syllable oi petit, see S 13. 
 
 * For final -an {-i'n) see .\. 37 ; B. 22 ; G. 65 ; H. 50. Notice that the last three words 
 are repeated from v. 196, above. 
 
 ^Hiatus, see ^ 25. Compare v. 647 with Acn. I. 617, above. 
 ''For Orithyia cf. Geo. IV. 463, above, and see § 3, foot-note 5 
 
 * To this list it is possible to add the nine verses marked with an asterisk in S 6, foot- 
 note 5, but such a scanning is hardly \'ergilian. 
 
 169964
 
 VIII. HIATUS AND SEMI-HIATUS. 
 
 A. 359 e\ B. 366 7 a; G. 720, R. i ; H. 608 II. i, 2, N. 3 ; Miiller, p. 
 106, 107 ; Gossrau, p. 634.' 
 
 § 23 After a short vowel : ' 
 
 Ec. II. 53: Addam cerea prunaf (honos erit huic quoque porno 
 Aen. I. 405 : Et vera incessu patuit dea.f Ille ubi matrem 
 
 After a long vowel : 
 
 Ec. VI. 44 
 
 VIII. 44 
 
 Geo. IV. 343 
 
 Clamasseut, ut litus 'HylafHyla'* omne sonaret ' 
 Aut Tmaros aut Rhodopef aut extremi Garamantes 
 Atque Ephyref atque Opis et Asia' Deiopea 
 
 1 There are about forty cases of Hiatus in Vergil and ten of Semi-hiatus. In common 
 with most Latin poets he allows Hiatus after the principal Caesura, and he also allows it 
 before a stop {e. g., Ec. II. 53, where most editors put a semicolon after cerea : .Aen. I. 
 405 ; IX. 291), after words having an anapaestic ending {e. g., Ec. VII. 53 ; VIII, 44 ; 
 Geo. I. 4 ; IV. 343) and before Greek words (e. g., Ec. II. 24 ; Geo. III. 60 ; Aen. I. 617 ; 
 IX. 647) and a molossus (see § 13, foot-note 3). Vergil does not, however, have Hiatus 
 after syllables in -m. Hiatus is allowed by all poets after the interjections O and A 
 {e. g., Geo. II. 486 ; .\en. X. 18) and examples are not quoted below. In the following 
 list Hiatus is marked by an obelisk (f) and Semi-hiatus by an asterisk (*), and the examples 
 are arranged in order of the vowels. Notice that u is always elided. 
 
 2 This Hiatus is found in these two verses only. 
 
 ^ There are in Vergil two other examples of Hiatus and Semi-hiatus in the same verse: 
 Geo. I. 281, 437. Each case is given twice in this list. 
 
 * For the quantity of the first syllable (here long), see § 20. 
 
 38
 
 HIATUS AND SEMI-HIATUS. 39 
 
 Aen. IV. 235: Quid struit ? aut qua spe '' f inimica in gente moratur 
 Ec. III. 6: Et sucus pecori. I et lac subducitur agnis 
 
 63 : Munera sunt, lauri t et suave rubens h3aciuthus 
 VII. 53 :' Stant et iuniperi j et castaneae f hirsutae 
 VIII. 41 : Ut vidi, ut perii:t ut me nialus abstulit error 
 X. 13: Ilium etiani lauri, i etiam flevere myricae 
 Geo. I. 4 : Sit pecori. + apibus quanta experientia parcis 
 
 281:' Ter sunt conati + imponere Pelio * Ossani §24 
 
 341: Turn pingues agni f et turn mollissima vina 
 
 II. 86 : Orchades et radii f et aniara pausia baca 
 
 III. 60: Aetas Lucinam iustosque pati' f hymenaeos 
 155: Arcebis gravido pecori, f armentaque pasces 
 
 Aen. III. 74:^ Nereidum matri f et Neptuno f Aegaeo 
 
 IX. 291 : Hanc sine me spem ferre tui : + audentior ibo 
 
 X. 156: Externo commissa duci. f Aeneia puppis 
 XI. 480: Causa mali tanti, f oculos deiecta decoros 
 
 Ec. II. 24: Amphion Dircaeus in Actaeo -f- Aracintho 
 
 Geo. I. 437:' Glauco-f et Panopcae * et Inoo Melicertae 
 
 ^ Hiatus is not elsewhere found after a monosyllable ending in a lonj^ vowel, except 
 the regular Hiatus after O and A mentioned in foot-note i, above. 
 
 8There is but one other verse in Vergil, Aen. III. 74, showing double Hiatus (cf. foot- 
 note 3, above). For the spondee in the fifth foot, see § 21. 
 
 ' For the full and Semi-hiatus, see foot-note j on § 23. 
 
 -With this Hiatus before Greek words may be compared the Diastole before like 
 words, § 13. Other examples are given below, Ec. H. 24; VI. 44; Aen. I. 617; III. 74; 
 IX. 647; X. 156, etc. 
 
 •• See foot-note 6 on § 23. 
 
 ^ The only hexameter verse known with Hiatus after a spondaic word. For the accom- 
 |)anying Semi-hiatus, see foot-note 3, § 23.
 
 40 THE METRICAL LICENSES OF VERGIL. 
 
 Aen. I. i6: Posthabita coluisse Samo;+liic illius arma 
 
 617:^ Tune ille Aeneas, quern Dardanio f Anchisae 
 III. 74:' Nereidum matri f et Neptuno f x^egaeo 
 
 606 : Si pereo/' f- hominuni manibus periisse iuvabit 
 §25 IV. 667: Lamentis gemituque et feniineo' f ululatu 
 
 V. 735 : Concilia Elysiumque colo. f Hue casta Sibylla 
 \'II. 178: .\utiqua e caedro, + Italusque ' paterque Sabinus 
 226: Sunimovet oceano f et siquem extenta plagarum 
 IX. 477: Evolat infelix: et femineo' f ululatu 
 
 647:' Autiquom in Buten (hie Dardanio + Anchisae 
 X. 136: Inclusum buxo f aut Oricia terebiutho 
 
 141: Maeonia generose dorao, + ubi pinguia culta 
 XII. 31: Promissam eripui genero, f arma impia sumpsi 
 535 : Ille ruenti Hyllo f animisque immane frementi 
 
 §26 .\fter the diphthong -ae : 
 
 Ec. MI. 53: Stant et iuniperi + et castaneae + hirsutae 
 
 X. 12: Ulla raorani fecere, neque Aoniae' f Aganippe 
 Geo. I. 221: Ante tibi Eoae f Atlantides abscondantur' 
 
 5 For the spondee and Hiatus in the fifth foot, cf. Ec. VIL 53, above. 
 «The Hiatus may be due to the long pause after the thought of death, or to the ana- 
 paestic word, see foot-note i to § 23. 
 ' Hiatus after an anapaestic ending. 
 
 2 For the quantity of the first syllable of /talus, see § 20. 
 'See foot-notes 5, § 22, 2 and 5, § 24. 
 
 1 See above, in § 23. 
 
 2 Hiatus before a Greek word or after anapaestic ending. 
 'See the notes on this line in § 21.
 
 HIATUS AND SEMI-HIATl'S. 
 
 41 
 
 Ec. 
 
 Aen. 
 
 Geo. 
 
 Geo. II. 144: Implevere ; teiient oleuc + arnicntaque laeta 
 
 IV. 463: Atque Getaef atque Hebrus et Actias Orithyia' 
 Aen. \"II. 631: Ardea Crustumeriqiie et turrigerae" f aiitemnae 
 
 SEMI-HIATUS. 
 
 Ec. VI. 44: Clamassent, ut litus 'H^-laf Hylfl ' * omne sonaret' 
 
 III. 79: Et longum ' formonse, vale vale'* inquit, 'lolla' 
 Aen. VI. 507: Nomeu et arma locum servant: te.''' amice, nequivi 
 Ec. VIII. loS : Credimus? An qui'^' amant, ipsi sibi somnia finguut 
 Geo. I. 2S1 : Ter sunt conatif imponere Pelio" Ossam' 
 
 II. 65: Te Corydon, O"" Alexi: trahit sua quemque voluptas 
 
 V. 261 : Victor aput rapidum Sinioeuta sub Ilio"" alto 
 
 I. 437: Glauco' f et Panopeae'* et Inoo Melicertae 
 
 IV. 461 : Implerunt montis; flerunt Rhodopeiae* arces 
 .•\en. III. 211: Insulae''' lonioMn magno, quas dira Celaeno 
 
 ■* See the foot-notes on this line in § 21. 
 
 = See foot-note 5, § 24; the Hiatus is after the anapaestic ending. 
 
 1 See- foot-note 3, § 23. 
 
 - Full Hiatus is regular after O and A ; Semi-hiatus is found here only after these inter- 
 jections. For the short final -i in Alcxi, see A. 348 6; B. 365: G. 707, 4 E.\. 2; H. 
 581, I. 2. 
 
 * See foot-note 4, § 24. 
 
 •'As -ae is the only diphthong admitting Hiatus, so it only admits Semi-hiatus. 
 
 ^ lomiis is marked A? in Harper, Lewis, and Heinichen; Greenough has 16; Gepp «S: 
 Haigh, Ginn's CI. Atlas and George's Worterb. have the correct To; the last (s. v. 
 Vol. II. sp. 374) says this (To) is the only scanning in Latin poets. 
 
 §27
 
 IX. TMESIS. 
 
 A. 385; B. 367 7; G. 726; H. 636 V. 3. 
 §28 Circumr 
 
 Geo. II. 392 : Et quocumque deus circum caput egit honestum 
 Aen. I. 117: Torquet agens circum, et rapidus vorat aequore vortex 
 412: Et inulto nebulae circum ^^la. fudit araictu 
 
 cumque: 
 
 Aen. I. 610: Quae me aimque vocant terrae. Sic fatus amicum 
 XII. 203: Quo res cnmquc cadent; nee me vis ulla volentem 
 
 hactenus: 
 
 Aen. V. 603 : Hac celebrata tenus sancto certamina patri 
 
 in-: 
 
 Aen. IX. 288: /«que salutatam linquo: nox et tua testis 
 
 X. 794 : Ille pedem referens et inutilis /V/que ligatus 
 
 inter: 
 
 Geo. II. 349 : Inter enim labentur aquae, tenuisque subibit 
 366 : Carpendae manibus frondes ////^rque legendae. 
 
 praeter: 
 
 Aen. X. 399: Tum Pallas biiugis fugioitcni Rhoelea praeter^ 
 
 ' I'Or the quantity of the first syllable of biiugis, see A. 347 d, N I.; B. 362 4; G. 703 
 R. 2; H. 576 II. 2. For R/ioilc'it, see g 6. foot-note 5, and § 22, foot-note 8.
 
 TMESIS. 43 
 
 septentrio: 
 
 Geo. III. 381 : Talis hyperboreo septem subiecta trioni 
 
 super: 
 
 Aen. II. 567:" lamque adeo stiper unus eram cum limina Vestae 
 VII. 559: Cede locis: ego, siqiia stiper fortuna laboruni est. 
 
 usque: 
 
 Aen. V. 384: Quae finis standi? Quo me decet usque teneri 
 
 'This verse is considered doubtful by Ribbeck and editors generally.
 
 X. HYPERMETRICAL VERSES. 
 
 Synapheia: A. 359 r R. ; B. 367, 6; G. 72S ; H. 608 I. N. 5. 
 
 §29 Syllable in -w .• ' 
 
 Geo. I. 295 : .\ut dulcis musti \"olcann decoquit umorr;;/ / Et 
 
 Aen. VII. 160: lamque iter emensi turris ac tecta Latinor/^w ' Ardua 
 
 Hypermetrical -qiir : ' 
 
 Geo. II. 344 : Si noil tanta quies iret frigusque caloreni^»^ / Inter 
 
 443 : Navigiis pinus, domibns cedrunique cupressos^?/^' / Hinc 
 
 III. 242 : Omne adeo genus in terris hominumque ferarum^w^ / Et 
 377 : Otia agunt terra cougestaque robora totasyw^ . Advolvere 
 
 Aen. 1.332: lactemur, doceas; ignari hominumque locorum^w^ . Erramus 
 
 448: Aerea cui gradibu.s surgebant Hmina nexae^w^ / Acre 
 
 II. 745: Quem non incusavi amen.s hominumque deorum^z^^ / Aut 
 
 IV. 558: Omnia Mercurio similis, vocemque colorem^w^ / Et 
 
 629: Imprecor, arma armi.s : pugnent ipsique nepotes^w^ / Haec 
 ^ 30 V. 422 : Et magnos membrorum artus, magna ossa lacertos^w^ / Exuit 
 
 ' In tlu; L-xamples the liypermeincal syllable is italicized and followed by a vertical 
 line and the first wortl of the next verse. 
 
 - \'ergil is fond of ending verses with the particle -<//ir. He joins it to the two clos- 
 ing words fifty-four times (c. ^ frangunlque feruntque (leo. II. 441) He has it three 
 
 times in one verse twenty-eight times {e. ^., Una Eurusqiu' Noliisi/uf yiuint creherque pro- 
 cellis Aen. I. S5), and four times in one verse five times (c. g., Fataque fortunasqiie virvn 
 moresque manusque Aen. \'\. 683).
 
 HVPKRMF.TRICAI, VKRSES. 45 
 
 Aen. V. 753 : Robora navigiis. aptant remosque rudentis^w*" / Exigui 
 
 VI. 602: Quo super atra silex iam iani lapsura cadentif/wc / Imminet 
 
 VII. 470: Se .satis ambobus Teucrisque venire Latinisywr / Haec 
 
 VIII. 228 : Ecce furens aniniis aderat Tirynthius omnemy?^^' / Accessuni 
 
 IX. 650: Omnia longaevo similis, vocemque colorem^rw^' / Et. 
 
 X. 781 : Sternitur infelix alieno volnere caelum^?<^ / Aspicit 
 
 895 : Clamore incendunt caelum Troesque Latini^//^ / Advolat 
 
 XI. 609: Substiterat: subito erumpunt clamore furentis^7/^/Exhortantur" 
 
 * The last words are repeated from Aen. IV. 558, quoted above; see toot-note 2 to § 16. 
 
 ^Some few other verses, formerly called hypermetrical, are now otherwise explained or 
 emended; for Aen. VII. 237 . . . precantia ! Et, see § 3. In Geo. II. 69, and III. 449, all 
 modern editors alter the ancient text.
 
 INDEXES.
 
 INDEX I — VERSUUM. 
 
 I. 
 
 38 
 
 II. 
 
 21 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 53 
 
 
 65 
 
 
 67 
 
 III. 
 
 I 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 46 
 
 
 63 
 
 
 79 
 
 
 95 
 
 
 96 
 
 
 97 
 
 IV. 
 
 49 
 
 
 SI 
 
 
 57 
 
 V. 
 
 38 
 
 
 44 
 
 
 68 
 
 VI. 
 
 30 
 
 
 35 
 
 
 42 
 
 
 53 
 
 
 78 
 
 VII. 
 
 7 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 *9 
 
 
 66 
 
 
 53 
 
 VIII 
 
 4' 
 
 
 43 
 
 
 44 
 
 EC LOG A E 
 
 >5 
 
 23. 
 
 21. 2 
 
 REFERENCES ARE TO THE 
 
 '4 
 25 
 23 
 I I 
 
 23^ 
 
 13 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 29 
 
 24 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 27 
 
 2 
 
 19 
 21 
 30= 
 24 
 
 4 
 16 
 26 
 17 
 
 4 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 8 
 
 '7 
 29 
 
 28 
 49 
 
 1 
 
 IX. 
 
 66 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 X 
 
 1 z 
 
 
 IZ 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 '3 • 
 
 
 24' 
 
 
 69 . 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 GEORGICA 
 
 27 
 
 I 
 
 4 . 
 
 . 
 
 •7 
 
 
 138 . 
 
 • 
 
 20 
 
 
 •53 • 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 164 . 
 
 . 
 
 6» 
 
 
 221 . 
 
 21 
 
 23 
 
 
 281 . 
 
 24 
 
 27 
 
 
 295 • 
 
 
 3* 
 
 
 341 . 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 352 • 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 371 • 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 397 • 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 437 • 
 
 24 
 
 5 
 
 
 482 . 
 
 
 21' 
 
 
 495 • 
 
 
 27 
 
 II 
 
 5 • 
 
 13 
 
 '5 
 6 
 
 
 69 . 
 
 
 6' 
 
 
 86 . 
 121 . 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 129 . 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 144 . 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 «7S • 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 180 . 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 211 
 
 
 |2 
 
 
 214 . 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 ^33 ■ 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 235 ■ 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 344 • 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 349 • 
 
 
 SECTIONS AND NOTES. 
 
 366 . 
 
 . 28 
 
 392 • 
 
 
 28 
 
 441 . 
 
 
 292 
 
 443 ■ 
 
 
 29 
 
 453 • 
 
 
 7' 
 
 484 ■ 
 
 
 ii« 
 
 III. 60 
 
 23^ 24 
 
 76 
 
 .29, .4 
 
 87 . 
 
 • 17 
 
 118 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 155 
 
 
 24 
 
 .67 
 
 
 82 
 
 189 
 
 
 13 
 
 221 
 
 
 II« 
 
 242 
 
 
 29 
 
 276 
 
 
 21 
 
 283 
 
 
 16 
 
 332 
 
 
 14 
 
 311 
 
 
 29 
 
 381 
 
 
 28 
 
 385 
 
 
 10 
 
 449 
 
 
 30- 
 
 508 
 
 
 II« 
 
 IV. 34 
 
 
 f' 
 
 38 
 
 
 4 
 
 92 
 
 
 . II 
 
 126 
 
 
 . 18 
 
 »37 
 
 
 . 12 
 
 221 
 
 
 • 3 
 
 222 
 
 
 . 10 
 
 243 
 
 
 • 3 
 
 270 
 
 9^, 2 1 
 
 291 
 
 
 . 18 
 
 297 . 
 
 2 
 
 302 . 
 
 . 18 
 
 336 . 
 
 . 10 
 
 342 
 
 • 23» 
 
 343 • 
 
 • 23 
 
 453 • 
 
 • 14 
 
 461 . 
 
 • 27 
 
 463 . 
 
 i^, 21, 26 
 
 468 . 
 
 • 23' 
 
 545 
 
 • 5 
 
 553 
 
 • 5 
 
 AENEIS. 
 
 2 
 
 3. 20 
 
 16 
 
 . 24 
 
 41 
 
 ■ 5^ 
 
 81 
 
 . 6'i 
 
 93 
 
 ■ 17 
 
 117 
 
 9'. 28 
 
 120 
 
 • 5 
 
 i3« 
 
 . 8 
 
 256 
 
 . 8 
 
 258 
 
 . 20 
 
 308 
 
 . 12 
 
 332 
 
 • 29 
 
 343 
 
 . 20 
 
 348 
 
 20 
 
 405 
 
 • 15*. 23 
 
 412 
 
 . 28 
 
 428 
 
 . 1 1 
 
 448 
 
 • 29 
 
 489 
 
 . 20 
 
 499 
 
 . 20
 
 50 
 
 INDEX I— VERSUUM. 
 
 II. 
 
 
 
 REFERENCES ARE 
 
 TO THE SECTIONS AND NO 
 
 TES. 
 
 510 . 
 
 . 65] 
 
 143 • 
 
 17' 
 
 414 • 
 
 20» 
 
 535 ■ 
 
 . 20 
 
 211 . 
 
 27 
 
 415 • 
 
 116 
 
 557 • 
 
 . 20 
 
 259 • 
 
 116 
 
 422 . 
 
 30 
 
 610 . 
 
 . 28 
 
 346 . 
 
 20 
 
 432 • 
 
 4 
 
 611 . 
 
 . 65 
 
 364 . 
 
 if 
 
 469 . 
 
 '9 
 
 617 . 
 
 13I21I24 
 
 396 . 
 
 20 
 
 521 . 
 
 1 1 
 
 648 . 
 
 • 7 
 
 421 . ■ . 
 
 18 
 
 589 • 
 
 2 
 
 655 • 
 
 . 12 
 
 440 . 
 
 19 
 
 603 . 
 
 28 
 
 668 . 
 
 129,14,24'^ 
 
 464 . 8= 
 
 . '5 
 
 663 . 
 
 I 
 
 726 . 
 
 • 7 
 
 504 . 
 
 14 
 
 697 . 
 
 9 
 
 16 . 
 
 1 
 
 517 ■ 
 
 21 
 
 722 . 
 
 82 
 
 3S • 
 
 . 18 
 
 549 • 
 
 21 
 
 735 • 
 
 25 
 
 56 . 
 
 . 20 
 
 554 • 
 
 19 
 
 753 • 
 
 30 
 
 61 . 
 
 • '9 
 
 578 . . 
 
 9 
 
 761 . 
 
 2= 
 
 68 . 
 
 . 21 
 
 602 . 
 
 8 
 
 853 • 
 
 I 2 
 
 104 . 
 
 . 18 
 
 606 . 
 
 24 
 
 859 • 
 
 xf 
 
 167 . 
 
 ■ 19 
 
 647 . 
 
 17 
 
 VI. 33 • 
 
 3 
 
 230 . 
 
 • 19 
 
 681 . 
 
 16 
 
 59 ■ 
 
 if 
 
 3('9 • 
 
 II 
 
 702 . 
 
 '5 
 
 122 . 
 
 65 
 
 41 1 . 
 
 12", 14 
 
 IV. 16 . 
 
 173 
 
 201 . 
 
 9= 
 
 -I'S 
 
 . 18 
 
 64 . 
 
 «3 
 
 222 . 
 
 18 
 
 4'7 
 
 . 20 
 
 75 • 
 
 20 
 
 254 • 
 
 15 
 
 4-5 
 
 • 5' 
 
 146 . 
 
 10 
 
 280 . 
 
 7 
 
 442 
 
 2 
 
 159 • 
 
 iS 
 
 289 . 
 
 3' 
 
 492 
 
 I 
 
 222 . 12 
 
 », 14 
 
 393 ■ 
 
 65 
 
 563 
 
 • 14 
 
 235 • 
 
 23 
 
 412 . 
 
 6 
 
 567 
 
 . 28 
 
 288 . 
 
 65 
 
 507 • 
 
 27 
 
 638 
 
 . 18 
 
 558 . 
 
 29 
 
 549 • 
 
 17 
 
 639 
 
 . It"- 
 
 629 . 
 
 29 
 
 585 • 
 
 65 
 
 685 
 
 . 18 
 
 667 . 
 
 25 
 
 602 . 
 
 3° 
 
 745 
 
 . 29 
 
 686 . 
 
 9 
 
 653 ■ 
 
 7' 
 
 774 
 
 . 16 
 
 V. 24 . 
 
 20 
 
 655 • 
 
 ,73 
 
 1 
 
 . 20 
 
 163 . 
 
 >5^ 
 
 678 . 
 
 . 8 
 
 12 
 
 . 21I 
 
 176 . 
 
 .73 
 
 683 . 
 
 . 29= 
 
 30 
 
 . ii« 
 
 184 . 
 
 • 5* 
 
 768 . 
 
 . 1 1 
 
 33 
 
 . ii« 
 
 26 r . 
 
 ■ 27 
 
 • 835 
 
 . ii« 
 
 48 
 
 . 16 
 
 269 . 
 
 • 7' 
 
 VII. 16 . 
 
 . 17' 
 
 74 
 
 .133,21', 24 
 
 284 . i: 
 
 .8,14 
 
 32 • 
 
 • '9 
 
 91 
 
 . 10 
 
 320 . 
 
 . 22 
 
 33 ■ 
 
 • 7 
 
 112 
 
 ■ 14 
 
 337 . 
 
 • 14 
 
 96 . 
 
 • 3-' 
 
 122 
 
 . 6'* 
 
 352 • 
 
 • 7 
 
 160 . 
 
 . 29 
 
 •36 
 
 • ■ 3^ 
 
 397 • 
 
 . ii« 
 
 174 . 
 
 . 12 
 
 VIII. 
 
 175 • 
 
 I 
 
 .78 . 
 
 25 
 
 186 . 
 
 10 
 
 190 . 
 
 7 
 
 226 . 
 
 25 
 
 237 • 
 
 3 
 
 249 . 
 
 5 
 
 253 • 
 
 3' 
 
 262 . 
 
 8 
 
 303 • 
 
 6 
 
 329 • 
 
 18 
 
 333 ■ 
 
 y 
 
 352 • 
 
 iS 
 
 38. . 
 
 >9 
 
 397 • 
 
 18 
 
 398 . 
 
 •3 
 
 436 . 
 
 7'^ 
 
 47° • 
 
 3° 
 
 559 • 
 
 28 
 
 609 . 
 
 7 
 
 631 I3^2l^2 
 
 2,26 
 
 634 .75,21 
 
 1,22 
 
 643 • 
 
 20 
 
 701 . 
 
 20 
 
 719 . 
 
 20 
 
 769 . 
 
 3 
 
 816 . 
 
 ■ 19 
 
 54 . 
 
 . 22 
 
 98 . 
 
 • 15 
 
 166 . 
 
 ■ 19 
 
 .67 . 
 
 . 22 
 
 194 . 
 
 9 
 
 228 . 
 
 • 30 
 
 245 • 
 
 . 18 
 
 259 • 
 
 • 19 
 
 292 . 
 
 . 6 
 
 337 • 
 
 . 82 
 
 341 • 
 
 . 22 
 
 345 • 
 
 . 22 
 
 353 ■ 
 
 • 19 
 
 3(>3 • 
 
 . 12 
 
 383 . 
 
 • 5
 
 INDEX I — VERSUUM. 
 
 51 
 
 402 . 21' 
 
 , 22 
 
 774 
 
 425 • 
 
 10 
 
 775 
 
 480 . 
 
 18 
 
 794 
 
 5°3 ■ 
 
 18 
 
 X. 7 
 
 553 • 
 
 7 
 
 18 
 
 556 . 
 
 17 
 
 129 
 
 599 • 
 
 I 
 
 136 
 
 600 
 
 >9 
 
 141 
 
 679 . 
 
 22 
 
 ■S^i 
 
 . 9 • '3.2 
 
 ',22 
 
 202 
 
 1 1 
 
 18 
 
 317 
 
 32 • 
 
 7 
 
 334 
 
 196 
 
 2 2 
 
 378 
 
 241 . 
 
 22 
 
 383 
 
 288 . 
 
 28 
 
 394 
 
 291 
 
 24 
 
 396 
 
 425 • 
 
 19 
 
 399 
 
 477 • 
 
 25 
 
 404 
 
 480 . 
 
 8 
 
 416 
 
 SOI . 
 
 • 5 
 
 419 
 
 539 • 
 
 19 
 
 433 
 
 572 • 
 
 65 
 
 440 
 
 610 . 12 
 
 », .4 
 
 487 
 
 647,i3'.2i', 2 
 
 2,25 
 
 496 
 
 650 
 
 • 3° 
 
 663 
 
 674 . 
 
 I 
 
 720 
 
 765 . 
 
 65 
 
 764 
 
 767 . 
 
 . 10 
 
 781 
 
 768 . 
 
 . 65 
 
 
 REFERENCES ARE TO THE SECTIONS AND NOTES. 
 65 
 65 
 
 28 XI. 
 
 >9 
 ,31 
 
 6 
 
 25 
 25 
 24 
 
 •7 
 65 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 12 
 15 
 
 9 
 ,28 
 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 '9 
 
 14 
 "9 
 
 4N7 
 
 7 
 
 18 
 
 '3 
 
 S 
 
 30 
 
 819 . 
 
 Tl" 
 
 890 
 
 2 
 
 895 • 
 
 30 
 
 XII. ,3 
 
 1 1 
 
 25 ■ 
 
 '9 
 
 31 
 
 • 25 
 
 3' •i3'.2 
 
 ',22 
 
 68 
 
 • '4 
 
 61 . 
 
 19 
 
 83 
 
 35, 22 
 
 69 . 
 
 13 
 
 84 
 
 9 
 
 74 • 
 
 20 
 
 89 
 
 10 
 
 III. 
 
 '5 
 
 142 . 
 
 2' 
 
 140 . 
 
 •7 
 
 181 
 
 10 
 
 189 . 
 
 18 
 
 203 
 
 . 28 
 
 200 . 
 
 9 
 
 25' 
 
 • '9 
 
 206 . 
 
 18 
 
 356 
 
 ■ 9 
 
 209 . 
 
 18 
 
 363 
 
 6'', 1 
 
 262 . 
 
 5 
 
 401 
 
 ■ 3 
 
 265 . . 
 
 5 
 
 422 
 
 . 1 1 
 
 323 • 
 
 TI 
 
 443 
 
 . 10 
 
 469 . 
 
 I I 
 
 535 
 
 • 25 
 
 480 . 
 
 24 
 
 54' 
 
 ■ 7 
 
 582 . 
 
 20 
 
 550 
 
 1 1 
 
 609 . 
 
 30 
 
 561 
 
 . 6= 
 
 635 • 
 
 9 
 
 668 
 
 1 1 
 
 659 • 
 
 22 
 
 706 
 
 I 
 
 675 • 
 
 65 
 
 772 
 
 . 12 
 
 667 . 
 
 I 
 
 847 
 
 7 
 
 682 . 
 
 . .8 
 
 863 
 
 21', 22 
 
 698 . 
 
 . 18 
 
 8H3 
 
 • 14 
 
 761 . 
 
 • 9' 
 
 924 
 
 • «7 
 
 887 . 
 
 7' 
 

 
 INDEX II — RERUM ET VERBORUM. 
 
 A, interjection, not elided 
 
 -a not hypermetrical 
 
 diies 
 
 accestis . 
 
 adloquitnr, systole 
 
 -ae, in hiatus . 
 
 in semi-hiatus 
 aeret, synizesis 
 -ai, genitive . 
 alvaria, for alvearia 
 alveb, synizesis - 
 alvo, for alveo 
 amor, diastole 
 —an (-fn) 
 Archaic -forms 
 dries, i consonant 
 drietare, i consonant 
 -dt (-it, -ft), diastole 
 aurrd (-(''',(), synizesis 
 ausim 
 
 baltei, synizesis 
 -bus, diastole 
 
 Caesura and diastole 
 
 and hiatus 
 caput, diastole 
 casiis, nom. sing., diastole 
 Changes in text 
 circum, tmesis 
 circuma^o, avoided . 
 conubium, i consonant 
 Cretic endings, avoided 
 -cumque, tmesis 
 
 REFERENCES ARE TO THE SECTIONS AND NOTES. 
 
 Dative, archaic forms 
 
 3*, 30^ deeriare, synizesis . 
 
 I- deesse (desse), synizesis 
 
 16^ dehinc, monosyllable 
 14 dissyllable . 
 
 26 dein, monosyllable . 
 
 J7, 27* deinde, dissyllable . 
 
 7 derexti . 
 
 16' Diana 
 
 7- Diastole, see Lengthening 
 
 7 die (dii), for diei 
 
 7^ do/or, diastole 
 
 II (/is'/w//^/-, diastole 
 
 22^ domits, nom sing , diasto 
 
 i62 Double hiatus 
 
 i* dup, diastole . 
 
 7^7 
 
 ■5' 
 
 7 
 I 63 
 
 7 
 ■3* 
 
 14 
 -'3' 
 •5 
 14 
 
 15"- 30= 
 28 
 
 9- 
 3' 
 
 7, 17^ 20 
 28 
 
 -e, for Greek diphthong 
 
 -ea (ea, -ea) ace. sing. 
 
 -eddeni, synizesis 
 
 -et (-ei), in nouns in -eus 
 
 -en {-an), Greek ending 
 
 -eo, synizesis . 
 
 -eddem, synizesis 
 
 -ere for ere 
 
 crit, diastole . 
 
 -erunt, systole 
 
 -et {-at, -it), diastole 
 
 Euryalus, diastole . 
 
 -eus, forms of Greek noui 
 
 ex tin. rem (-xli) 
 
 facit, diastole • 
 fatigamUs, diastole . 
 
 1 63 
 8 
 83 
 8 
 82 
 82 
 
 82 
 l63 
 
 3^ 20 
 10-15 
 1 63 
 1 1 
 1 1 
 14 
 23" 
 •S. is' 
 
 21 ' 
 6,6^ 
 7 
 5.5' 
 
 22^ 
 
 5,6 
 
 7 
 I 63 
 
 14. 14' 
 16, 16I 
 I 2 
 
 14 
 5'.6 
 1 63 
 
 14 
 14 
 
 5»
 
 INDEX 11 — RERUM ET VERBURUM. 
 
 53 
 
 REFEREN'CKS 
 
 faxo 
 
 ferret, synizesis 
 fiuvius, u consonant 
 fultus, diastole 
 
 Gela, nom. sing. 
 Genitive, archaic forms 
 genua, dissyllable . 
 genua, trisyllable 
 grave o/ens, two word? 
 gravid, diastole 
 gravidus, diastole 
 Greek names 
 
 and diastole 
 
 and hiatus 
 
 hactenus, tmesis 
 Haplography 
 Hardening, see Diastole. 
 Harpyiae, trisyllable 
 Hcbrus, e long in Vergil 
 Hiatus 
 
 after a and o 
 
 allowable in Vergi 
 
 double 
 
 full and semi-hiatu 
 
 semi-hiatus 
 Hypermetrical verses 
 
 / (//) consonantal 
 -/ in Greek wOrds 
 -i for -e in abl. sing 
 iactetur 
 
 -ibat for -iebat 
 -ier, infinitive 
 in-, tmesis 
 Infinitive in -ier 
 ingreditur, diastole 
 inter-, tmesis 
 invalidiis, diastole 
 lovis, diastole 
 -it {-at, -ef). diastole 
 
 13 
 
 15-15^ 
 I 63 
 
 iS> IS" 
 13 
 
 13 
 23^24' 
 
 28 
 15' 
 
 3* 
 
 218 
 
 23-27 
 23' 
 
 2^1 
 236 
 233 
 
 27 
 29-30 
 
 1-4 
 2^2 
 
 I 63 
 
 14 
 
 1 63 
 1 63 
 28 
 1 63 
 
 14 
 
 28 
 
 ARE TO THE SKCTIONS AND NOTES. 
 
 63 -it in (77/, diastole . 
 
 i/issi> .... 
 
 labor, diastole 
 lacvd (nom. sing.), diastole 
 Laviniuni, i consonant 
 Lengthening of short syllables 
 before a Greek word 
 before the caesura 
 before a molossus 
 connection with hiatus 
 original quantity . 
 -que 
 unexplained examples 
 
 -w, always elided 
 hypermetrical 
 miscuerunt, systole 
 Mute and liquid 
 
 nemiis, diastole 
 nulliiis, diastole 
 Numitor, diastole 
 
 O, not elided 
 
 shortened . 
 obicere, quantity of o 
 obruimiir, diastole 
 ocreds or ocreas 
 Oili, for Oilei 
 omnia, i consonant 
 
 trochee not spondee 
 oralis, diastole 
 Orion, penult long 
 Orithyia, yi diphthong 
 Orpheus, declension 
 
 Paeonius, i consonant 
 paries, i consonant 
 paler, diastole 
 paivr, diastole 
 pectoribus, diastole . 
 petit, diastole 
 
 13. 13 
 14 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 128, 14 
 1 63 
 
 I r 
 
 10-15 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 '3 
 
 loi 
 II, 12 
 10 
 '5 
 
 23 
 29 
 16 
 
 '7- 
 
 14 
 14 
 II 
 
 23' 
 
 27- 
 
 14 
 
 75, 22^ 
 
 ' 5^ 
 
 15 
 2,n 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 '3- '3 
 
 '3> '3
 
 54 
 
 INDEX II — RERUM ET VERBORUM. 
 
 REFERENCES ARE TO THE 
 
 28 
 
 3 
 ■5 
 '3 
 
 81 
 
 20 
 
 "4 
 II, 11' 
 
 P/eiai^ds, d'\a.s\.o]e 
 praeter, tmesis 
 prccantia, i consonant 
 procul, diastole 
 profugus, diastole . 
 proinde, synizesis 
 
 Pronouns, archaic forms 
 
 Proper names, quantities 
 pui'r, diastole 
 piilvis, diastole 
 
 Quantity, see Diastole, Systole. 
 
 -ail {-<y') 
 
 -a, plural 
 
 -/ in Greek words 
 
 -dbicere 
 -que, hypermetrical 
 
 repeated in same verse 
 -que, diastole 
 -quis for quihus 
 
 reicere, quantity 
 Repeated verses 
 
 sanguis 
 
 sew, scio 
 
 sem- for semi- in compounds 
 
 semianiinis 
 
 Semi-hiatus 
 
 and full hiatus 
 semihomo 
 semiustus 
 
 septcntrio, tmesis 
 Short syllables lengthened, see Diastole. 
 Shortening of long syllables, see Systole. 
 sinlt, diastole . . . 14 
 
 Spondaic verses . .21,22 
 
 general principles • . 21' 
 
 stelio, i consonant . . . .3.3' 
 
 26 
 
 29. 30 
 292 
 
 10, lo' 
 
 1 63 
 
 I 62 
 
 II, 118 
 
 8, 8< 
 
 9' 
 
 9 
 
 27 
 
 n' 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 28 
 
 SECTIONS AND NOTES. 
 
 stetenint, systole 
 
 super, tmesis . 
 
 super, diastole 
 
 Synaeresis 
 
 Synapheia, see Hypermetrical Verses 
 
 Synizesis 
 
 second vowel long 
 
 Greek words in -cus 
 
 Internal elision 
 
 Latin cretics (- v -) 
 
 Miscellaneous words 
 Systole . 
 
 taeiiis, for taeniis 
 
 tenuis, u consonant 
 
 tenuis, trisyllable 
 
 -tis, diastole . 
 
 Tmesis . 
 
 traxe 
 
 Tribrachs scanned anapaests 
 
 U, always elided 
 
 consonant 
 -u, for -ui, dative . 
 -um for -ium, -oruin, -iiu 
 -Hr {its), diastole 
 -us, o stems, diastole 
 
 verbs, diastole 
 -usque, tmesis 
 
 Verses, hypermetrical 
 repeated 
 spondaic 
 of four words 
 of six spondees 
 
 7'i.xet 
 
 17, for Greek diphthong , 
 
 16 
 
 28 
 
 ■5. -5" 
 
 5.9 
 65 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 IS 
 
 
 163 
 
 13. 
 
 13^ 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 23. 
 
 
 I 63 
 
 7', 
 
 1 63 
 
 129, 
 
 14 
 
 
 ■3^ 
 
 ,2«, 
 
 14 
 
 
 28 
 
 28, 
 
 29 
 
 
 16= 
 
 21,22 
 
 21^ 
 
 22, 22- 
 l63 
 
 1)8 8
 
 i
 
 '»•
 
 This book is DUE r 
 
 58 00993 0487 
 
 UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 
 <l||l| 
 
 "IP 
 
 AA 000 418 490 9 
 
 I 
 
 ' TTt^^rr^iAriyri