UC-NRLF 
 
 LIPPINC0TT3 GEOGRAPHICAL gERIES 
 
 A 
 
 PRIMARY GEOGRAPHY 
 
 ON THE EASIb. OF TIIE 
 
 OBJECT METHOD OF INSTRUCTION 
 
 : 
 
 By FORBYCE A. ALLEN 
 
 
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 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Education 
 
 GIFT OF 
 
 Isabella Shinn 
 
 , 
 
 
LIPPINCOTT'S GEOGRAPHICAL SERIES 
 
 PRIMARY GEOGRAPHY 
 
 ON THE BASIS OF THE 
 
 OBJECT METHOD OF INSTRUCTION 
 
 ILLUSTRATED WITH 
 
 NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS ANJ3 PICTORIAL MAPS 
 
 By FORDYCE A. ALLEN 
 
 PRINCIPAL OF THE CHESTER COUNTY NORMAL SCHOOL, VEST CHESTER, PA. 
 
 Third Edition, Revised to agree with the Census of 1860, 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 J. B. LIPPINOOTT & CO. 
 
 1863. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 TEXT AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Suggestions to Teachers 4 
 
 The Five Senses , 7 
 
 The Seasons: Spring and Summer 8 
 
 Do. Autumn and Winter 9 
 
 Familiar Vegetation 10 
 
 Domestic Animals 11 
 
 People 
 
 A Ramble : 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 A Journey 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 12 
 
 Bodies of Water 13 
 
 Portions of Land, and Points of the 
 
 Compass 14 
 
 Distances, and Portions of Land 15 
 
 Villages and Cities 16 
 
 Railroads 17 
 
 Bridges and Canals * 18 
 
 Mills, Factories, and Iron Furnaces... 19 
 
 Mining and Lumbering 20 
 
 Ranges of Mountains, Tunnel, and 
 
 Steamboats 21 
 
 Waterfall, Steamboat, Rainbow, Lake, 
 
 Island and Shore 22 
 
 PICTORIAL MAPS AND DESCRIPTIVE TEXT. 
 
 MO 
 
 Journey Reviewed : Maps, States, and Capitals... 23 
 
 New England 24 
 
 The Middle States, Maryland, and Virginia 26 
 
 The Southern States, Tennessee, and Arkansas 28 
 
 The Western States, excepting Tennessee and 
 
 Arkansas 30 
 
 The Pacific States, Texas, Kansas, and the Territories 32 
 
 The United States 34 
 
 North America 36 
 
 South America 38 
 
 The Earth 40 
 
 Europe 42 
 
 Asia 44 
 
 Africa 46 
 
 Oceania 48 
 
 Animals and Plants 50 
 
 Review and Address 56 
 
 Education 
 
 GIFT 
 
 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1862, by J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO., 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 
 
 PRINTIO BY urflNOOTT I OO. 
 
G \25 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The preparation of the following pages involved a consideration of the learner's mental capacity, of 
 the means of developing ■ his understanding and reasoning power, and of the manner of using those 
 means. The task was undertaken with a knowledge of its difficulties. It has been completed with a 
 degree only of satisfaction. But I have endeavored to follow the teachings of nature and the dictates 
 of philosophy by the light of experience. 
 
 With lively perceptive faculties and active inquisitiveness, the young learner naturally commences to 
 study by observing the simple things which attract his attention. He begins to study Geography by 
 viewing the landscape, — its waters, its trees, its rocks, or its hills, the animals that enliven or the 
 structures that adorn it. The interest excited and sustained proves that this kind of exercise is what 
 the infant mind craves as pleasure and needs as nutriment. 
 
 Natural objects, the most effective means of imparting knowledge, are peculiarly adapted for the 
 illustration of Geography. They speak a various language. To the child they exhibit the beauties of 
 color and form, their sizes and easily-seen operations. To others they speak of their complexity and 
 of their manifold uses. They are indices of the conditions under which they exist, or of the phenomena 
 which attended their creation. 
 
 Truthful pictures are the nearest representatives of, objects. They have been employed in this work 
 to represent the configuration of the Earth's surface ; to associate with each country its most important 
 inhabitants ; to exhibit the chief occupations of the people, and the more important products, of the 
 United States ; and to illustrate the adaptation of animals to their localities, and the climates of differ- 
 ent regions of the globe. 
 
 By their aid I commenced with the pupil himself, — surveyed his common surroundings, — rambled and 
 journeyed with him from place to place, from State to State, from continent to continent, viewing note- 
 worthy objects, speaking of their uses, .mentioning leading facts about seas, lakes, rivers, mountains, 
 animals, and plants, in language to interest and in a manner to incite. 
 
 I have endeavored to lead gently, and to instruct carefully, — to unfold the subject as the pupil 
 increased in power of comprehension. 
 
 f 083 3 
 
SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. 
 
 When the first edition of the Primary Geography was published, it was 
 believed that the " Suggestions to Teachers" were sufficiently complete for all 
 practical purposes. But the many demands upon the author for a more 
 extended and definite method of conducting recitations, have induced him to 
 embrace the opportunity offered in publishing the second edition, to enlarge 
 upon these suggestions, and at the same time present several features not 
 contained in the first; also to introduce more fully the object method of 
 instruction. 
 
 These suggestions are for those only who feel that they need them. Each 
 lesson is here taken up, and materials furnished to the teacher to aid him in 
 conducting the recitation. Hints only can be given in this limited space. 
 
 Do not require pupils to commit the words of the lessons. Teach them how 
 to obtain the ideas contained in them. When called upon to recite, let them 
 state the facts learned, using their own language. Each pupil should partici- 
 pate in the exercise. After the pupils have exhausted their store of inform- 
 ation, it then devolves upon the teacher to clothe the facts thus given, and 
 impart vitality to them.* To do this to advantage, the teacher should read 
 the lesson to the class, commenting and questioning as opportunity presents. 
 Bear in mind that this book is a text-book. The discourses and sermons are 
 to be made by the teacher from the texts here given. The pictorial illus- 
 trations and suggestions are notes, or topics upon which to comment. 
 
 A very excellent teacher is now teaching from this book with a string tied 
 around the leaves of the part not studied, thus preventing pupils from seeing 
 the pictures before they come to them for study. It is a capital plan with all 
 books containing pictures. 
 
 Wherever a word occurs in the lesson that is not readily understood, break 
 it up by defining and explaining it. Question the class until the ideas in the 
 lessons are brought out. — Call especial attention to each picture. — Let the 
 pupils question each other. Get them to talking, then you will get at their 
 thoughts. 
 
 Introductory Lesson. — Show to the class that this is a beautiful world. 
 Point to out-door scenes. — Every such scene a real picturo ; — the best land- 
 scape-pictures are imitations only of nature. — Seeing. Many persons blind 
 all their days, — read with their fingers, — other senses more acute, — tell differ- 
 ent colors by touching, — blind schools called Blind Asylums. Telescope 
 used to see a great distance, — tele, distant, scope, a view. Microscope used 
 to see small things, — micro, small, scope, a view. Glass, transparent, — we 
 see things through it. Paper windows let in light, but objects cannot be 
 seen through them, — they are translucent. Window-shutters are opaque. 
 Define opaque. Show substances illustrating these words, as alum, glass, 
 stone, wood, etc. Hearing. — If born deaf, then dumb. Some persons deaf, 
 dumb, and blind. Laura Bridgeman, of Connecticut, was so ; yet she could 
 read, write, sew, and play the piano. Relate some of her history. (See 
 Barnard's Journal of Education.) Tasting. Taste in the mouth, — induces 
 us to chew the food more, — tastes better and is better. Smelling. — Tobacco, 
 snuff, and liquors injure these senses. 
 Lesson 2. — From one birthday to another is a year, — a day, from sunrise to 
 sunrise again, or twenty-four hours. Clocks and watches measure time, — 
 noon-marks and sundials used before these were made. King Alfred of 
 England, years ago, measured hours by burning candles that were notched. 
 — Spring, — grass, etc., springs from the ground, — buds and flowers spring 
 from trees and herbs. Autumn, sometimes called Fall, — leaves, fruit, and 
 grain fall, when ripe. Define odor, enliven, and rustles. All bees not honey- 
 bees. 
 Lesson 3. — Squirrels, mice, rats, and many other animals, store food in 
 autumn for winter's use. Birds fly off to warm countries before winter 
 begins. Come back in the spring. Robins are among the first to come. 
 Snow-birds stay with us. How do they live ? Birds of different kinds build 
 different nests. All robins' nests built in the same manner, — so with other 
 birds. In cold countries some animals clothed with fur, — in warm, with 
 hair. Finest-wooled sheep found in cold countries. Explain general effects 
 of sun's heat. — Small vials filled with different kinds of grain, such as 
 
 wheat, rye, oats, barley, corn, buckwheat, grass and clover seed, would 
 create much interest. The stalks with full ears should be shown. Thresh- 
 ing-process illustrated. Vegetation means vegetables and plants generally. 
 Trees and land rest during winter. 
 
 Lesson 4. — The fruit of trees is the seed. All trees have seeds. Sugar is 
 made from the sap of maple-trees. When the sap in spring goes from the 
 roots to the top, the trees are tapped and spouts inserted, and buckets 
 placed under the spouts. From a bucket of sap a pound of sugar can be 
 made. Explain how seeds, when planted, grow, — roots run down, sprouts 
 up, — roots take nourishment from the ground, sprouts and leaves from the 
 air. Tumblers of water containing cotton with different seed and grain 
 
 • growing upon it, will show this very nicely. 
 
 Lesson 5. — All animals useful, — even flies and mosquitos. Flies eat decaying 
 matter; mosquitos breed in impure water, — become wigglers first and 
 feed upon the impurities in the water, then change to mosquitos. Tortoise, 
 pronounced tor'tis. Snakes are serpents. Some poisonous, but most of 
 them harmless. Tell how leather is made. Wool is an animal product — 
 cotton, a vegetable. Eggs, how hatched, — warmth only needed, — eggs 
 hatched in ovens sometimes, — three weeks for hens' eggs to hatch, — turkeys 
 and geese, longer, — small birds, a shorter time. 
 
 Lesson 6. — The greatest difference seen in men, is color. If educated alike, 
 and live in the same country, color would be the chief difference. Indians 
 and negroes have no schools, — are ignorant; Chinese and Malays have a 
 few, but poor schools, — are ignorant and weak. Outer skin of all people 
 the same color. — Coloring-matter under the skin. Tail of hair is braided 
 and called a queue, pronounced hew. Exhibit vials of spice, pepper, cloves, 
 nutmegs, and cinnamon. Japanese were in this country in 1860. 
 
 Lesson 7. — Difference between learn and teach. Rivulet, a small river. Boy 
 sailing boat, — different kinds of boats. Define machinery. Water very 
 useful. Suited to all, — has no color, or taste, except its own, — "it tastes 
 like water," — quenches thirst, when wo are thirsty, better than any thing 
 else. Explain how ships can sail against the wind. Superiority of steam- 
 vessels. 
 
 Lesson 8. — Gold, silver, iron, and coal, found in mountains. — Mountains indi- 
 cate where these metals may be found. Ho-ri'zon. Have the class rise and 
 face the north, — turn to the south, east, and west. Practise this often. 
 Send pupils to the east, west, north, and south sides of the school-room. 
 Direction of each pupil's home from the school-house. 
 
 Lesson 9. — Villages, in some places, are called towns. A town is less than a 
 city and more than a village ; a village is larger than a hamlet. Township, 
 —corporation or district of a town. Tavern, inn, and hotel, — not exactly 
 the same. In this country, a hotel is a higher order of public house than a . 
 tavern and inn. In England, hotels lodge people; inns receive them to 
 lodge and feed ; taverns, feed only. Manufacture, — manus, hand, factum, to 
 make. Things made by hand, or by the aid of machinery, are manufactures. 
 Rivers fix the location of cities. Buying and selling, or exchanging articles, 
 enable men to follow different pursuits. One man raises grain, another 
 cattle, another makes shoes, another cloth, etc One man's surplus is 
 exchanged for that of another. 
 
 Lesson 10. — Explain supported. Tell the difference between pillars and 
 pillows. Show upon the board the length of a foot, inch, yard, etc. Have 
 a yard-stick, or measure, in the room. Measure the height of some of the 
 class. Let the class measure different things in the room and playground. 
 A rod is five and a half yards, — number of rods in a mile. Let the class 
 measure, by means of a rope measure, the distance from home to the 
 school. Rugged, rough, uneven. Exhibit a piece of lava (lah'vah). 
 
 Lesson 11.— We learn more by seeing things than by hearing about them. 
 We have every thing to learn. Children know nothing that they have 
 not learned. They have to learn to eat. Chickens and ducks, as well as all 
 others of the brute creation, come into the world knowing how and what 
 to do, to live. Chickens eat on the day they are hatched, and know the call 
 of the mother-hen. Very young ducks will go into the water ; chickens 
 
 
SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. 
 
 will not. Explain tho difference in their feet. Children, when old enough, 
 can reason; brutes never can. Brutes have instinct. Explain the difference 
 between reason and instinct. Brutes, guided by instinct, make no mistakes, 
 — man, although guided by reason, makes mistakes; brutes make no im- 
 provements, man does. — First railroad made in England, — cars drawn by 
 horses. First railroad in this country made in Massachusetts, in 1827, — 
 only three miles long. Second one, in Pennsylvania, in 1S28, — nine miles 
 long. Locomotives first used in this country in 1S29. Define locomotive., 
 extending, and improvements. 
 
 Lessor 12. — Explain why we pay faro in cars, boats, and stages. Steam 
 takes tho place of horses in drawing cars; it is force, or power, — this power 
 seen in tho raising of the lid of the tea-kettle in boiling water. Water in 
 canals taken from ponds, lakes, or rivers. Several years ago, much travel- 
 ing was done on canal-boats. These boats were fixed up as nice as a house, 
 with kitchen, dining-room, parlor, and sleeping-rooms. The rate of travel, 
 slow ; but they went all night. 
 
 Lesson 13. — A small paddle-wheel, made by inserting pieces of thick paper 
 in a stick, will be of uso in this lesson. A bent pin put Into the end will 
 illustrate tho operations of tho pitman, or how tho motion and power of 
 tho wheel are communicated to the saw, in saw-mills. A little pains taken 
 at this point will make children fully acquainted with the manner of con- 
 necting machinery with power. Explain the difference between natural 
 and artificial things, — show the difference by exhibiting objects. Mention a 
 great many, and let the class decide which are natural and which artificial 
 objects. — Tolling grain at the mill, when grinding, — what for? Taking 
 toll for traveling on some roads and over some bridges, — why? Woolen 
 and cotton mills are generally called factories. Exhibit a piece of iron-ore ; 
 also a piece of mill or buhr-stone, used in grinding grain. Talk about 
 furnaces. From the ore, pig-iron is first made, — then melted and made 
 into bars, etc. 
 
 Lesson 14. — Pieces of coal of different kinds, including charcoal, should be 
 exhibited. Explain the kinds of coal. Charcoal, how made? — used for 
 what? Coal and iron, as well as other minerals, generally found in hills or 
 mountains. It takes a great heat to melt iron; lead melts more readily, — 
 
 . so do some other metals. Iron the most valuable of all metals. Explain 
 how rafts are built, — boards laid across each other in platfon. s, — each plat- 
 form is as long aud wide as a hoard is long, — from eighteen to twenty boards 
 iii tl' U-ue«,— many pja tfM ii« i joined, f<mn a raft. These rafts are kept in 
 tlio middle of the stream by means of oars on the ends of the rafts, — these 
 oars are worked by men, called raftsmen. Rafts are generally run during 
 the high water of spring and fall. 
 
 Lesson 15. — Explain the use of mountains, — affect the climate. They give 
 rise to, and nourish, rivers, — their summits take moisture from the clouds, 
 —often covered with snow perpetually, — water the valleys, and fertilize tho 
 plains. — Cars go slowly through tunnels. Define cinders, dingy. Large 
 quantities of lumber are run down the Alleghany into the Ohio. Explain 
 about wharves, — how built, and for what purpose. Pittsburg called the 
 " Iron City." 
 
 Lesson 1C. — Thousands of people visit tho Falls every year. So high, that, if 
 you stood at the foot of them, you could not throw a stone to the top. An 
 island is in the middle of the falls, — a monument on it; — see in the picture. 
 Several persons have been carried over the falls and drowned. The water 
 very rapid above, — a bridge from the shore to the island, some distance 
 above the falls. Tho little steamboat below the falls has been run down 
 the river, — none there now. — The snn shining through drops of water, or 
 round or square pieces of glass, exhibits tho colors of the rainbow, viz. : 
 violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red. Rainbows seen when it 
 rains and the sun shines. To see a rainbow, our backs must be toward the 
 sun. Why ? 
 
 Lesson 17. — Let tho pupil draw this map upon the board. Teach him how 
 to draw the outlines of the State in which he lives. Make a sketch of tho 
 school-yard or play-ground,— then of the town, village, or city, locating 
 houses, etc., as well as roads. Tell the class about the Governor, — how 
 elected, how often, how much salary. Capitol, the building in which the 
 laws are made. Capital, the city or town in which the building is located. 
 Question about his own State. Exercise the class on the points of compass 
 on the map, as well as in the school-yard. Define boundaries. States are 
 divided into counties, — counties into townships, — township* into towns, 
 villages, boroughs, and cities. Townships, counties, and States join each 
 other, just as one man's farm joins another. 
 4S=- Lesson 17 closes our journey with the pupil. Nearly all the defi- 
 
 nitions needed in Primary Geography have been given. They havo been 
 given only when needed, and where, by their relation to the text, they could 
 be readily comprehended and applied. Others will be given as needed, and 
 only where they can be used. Frequent reviews of definitions would be 
 profitable. Wherever they occur, they are printed in what printers call 
 "small caps." The mauner of presenting the subject in the following lessons 
 will be somewhat different, though not beyond the capabilities of the child 
 who has successfully studied the preceding. The teacher will need to explain 
 more, and fill up and enliven the facts given. Pupils somewhat advanced 
 could commence at this point of the work, and study it through with profit. 
 Before, however, entering upon the next lesson with a class of beginners, 
 the teacher should sketch upon the board a map of the school-room, locating 
 the stove, desks, benches, etc.; also a plan of the play-grounds, — then of tho 
 town or village, — then of the township, county, and State, — locating in each 
 case as many known and prominent objects as possible. Two or three lessons 
 could bo given in this way with advantage. Teach the geography of the 
 country immediately surrounding you, — points of compass, — hills, — streams, 
 etc. Namo tho townships lying north, east, south, and west of the one you 
 are in ; also tho adjoining counties. Let these be represented on the black- 
 board sketches. Teach the pupils to draw these outlines. Commend every 
 effort they make, however poor, if it has been a real effort. In this way they 
 become encouraged, and will succeed. 
 
 Lesson 18. — Call special attention to the outlines of this map, the boundaries 
 of each State, the rivers, lakes, ocean, mountains, capitals, etc. The pic- 
 tures upon the maps indicate the leading pursuits, or distinguishing 
 features, of each State and country. — These States called New England, 
 because tho first settlers came from Old England. Short descriptions of 
 the most of the plants and animals represented on the maps may be found 
 in the latter part of the book. These had better be embraced in each of 
 the lessons as they occur. Explain the difference between public and 
 private schools. Talk to the class much about commerce. Rivers, lakes, 
 and oceans very essential to commerce. States without these have very 
 little commerce. Why ? 
 Lesson 19. — The abbreviation of the name of each State and Territory is 
 given. These can be used at the discretion of the teacher. Tho most of 
 the lumbering done is among pine forests, where the trees grow large. 
 Ver signifies green, — mont, mountain. People living among mountains are 
 hardy, bold, and courageous. During the Revolutionary War, the soldiers 
 from Vermont were called " Green Mountain Boys." 
 Lesson 20. — Massachusetts named after the bay, — it is an Indian name. The 
 Pilgrims landed in this State in the middle of winter, amid snow and ice, — 
 trees covered the land, — no settlements except the Indians'. One ship, the 
 Mayflower, brought them across the ocean,— only ono hundred of them. 
 Describe the manner of catching codfish and mackerel; also how they are 
 dressed and put np (see Encyclopedia). Talk a great deal about exports. 
 Connecticut, an Indian name. Rhode Island named after an island 
 near it. 
 Lesson 21. — Ilave these outlines thoroughly noted and understood. Exercise 
 the class in boundaries witltout tho map. The three large lakes on the 
 N.W. part of the map empty into the ocean through the St. Lawrence 
 River. Large vessels and steamers go from the ocean up this river into 
 Lako Ontario. The Falls of Niagara, on Niagara River, prevent these ves- 
 sels and steamers from going into Lake Erie. Not many years ago, a large 
 ship-canal was dug from Ontario to Erie. Now vessels and steamers pass 
 from the ocean into Erie and the other lakes. Large tribes of Indians 
 formerly lived around these lakes. The names of the lakes are taken 
 from the Indian language. A few hundred Indians now live on the shores 
 of Ontario, in New York, and a few hundred of another tribo live on the 
 Allegany River in New York and Pennsylvania. They have some fine 
 houses and farms; also churches and meeting-houses. There are eleven 
 rivers with names given; also five mountains with names. New Jersey 
 is separated from Pennsylvania by the Delaware River. 
 Lesson 22. — New York is the great commercial State. She has great lakes 
 and rivers, and large canals. Through these channels boats are con- 
 stantly going, carrying the produce and manufactured articles of one sec- 
 tion to exchange for those of another. This is commerce. Talk much 
 about commercial trade. Railroads facilitate commerce. Explain how, 
 and why some people follow one kind of business, while others follow 
 another. Show how it would be if all men were merchants, or shoemakers, 
 or farmers.— Hudson River discovered by Henry Hudson. — If convenient, 
 show pieces of bituminous, anthracite, cannel, and char coal. Speak of 
 
SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. 
 
 their difference. Wood for fuel was in old time called coal,— char-coal is 
 charred wood. Oil-wells, — some spout oil to the height of eighty feet 
 when first bored; others are pumped. Long Island belongs to New York. 
 
 Lesson 23. — New Jersey has a railroad connecting Philadelphia and New 
 York Cities. Delaware has- large powder-mills. Powder-mills often ex- 
 plode, or burst. Thousands of cans of oysters are put up in Baltimore. 
 Hundreds of men are engaged every day through the oyster-season in 
 shelling them. Virginia named after Queen Elizabeth.«tMaryland, Hen- 
 rietta Maria, a queen also. Pennsylvania named after William Penn. 
 Sylva means woods. The State was called "Penn's Woods." Delaware 
 an Indian name. 
 
 Lesson 24. — Talk about the Rebellion — its causes — the destruction of life and 
 property in consequence of it. Slaves. Explain how mgar is made from 
 the cane. — Call attention to the pictures on the map. there are two capes 
 to be found, and twelve rivers with names ; there are also thirteen towns 
 noted on the map. Lot these be found, and described, by telling their 
 situation, in what State, etc. Steamships can go without sails and against 
 the wind. Speak of the blockade and its effects upon the people. Tell 
 why it was necessary. When people do wrong, their privileges are taken 
 from them. • 
 
 Lesson 25.— Tell how pitch is obtained, and how tar and turpentine are made. 
 — Cotton and rice, how cultivated, and by whom. — Sweet potatoes, how 
 differ from others. They grow only in warm countrfes and sandy soil. 
 Examine the descriptions of animals and plants in the latter part of the 
 book. 
 
 Lesson 26. — Talk about live-stock, apid what is meant by stock. What is 
 meant by commercial advantagflM^tfalk of prairies : they are natural 
 meadows. Mules, — how differ fro^Hforses, — stouter, hardier, need less care 
 and attention, keeping costs less. 
 
 Lesson 27. — The boundaries and capitals on each of these maps will con- 
 stitute review-lessons. When the three lessons on each page are learned, 
 then review the map for the fourth lesson. "Not how much, but how 
 well," should be impressed upon every teacher's mind. There are seven 
 lakes named on this map, and one bay; also one strait, ten rivers, and 
 eleven towns, or cities. When these are found, let the pupils write their 
 names on the blackboard. When this is done, let some one of the class 
 point to each name, calling upon any one to tell what it is, — whether lake, 
 river, bay, town, — and where it is. 
 
 Lesson 28. — Wine made from the juice of grapes. Copper and lead, for what 
 used. Iron most valuable. 
 
 Lesson 29. — Hemp grows like oats. The stalks laid in water to rot, then 
 taken and dried, then broken up under a hrake — the shives or husks of the 
 stalk are then hatcheled off the fibres — the fibre constitutes the thread. 
 Mammoth Cave has a river running through it — fish in it having no eyes — 
 could not see if they had, as it is dark — do not need them— nothing made in 
 vain. 
 
 Lesson 30. — See description of grizzly bear and goat, p. 52; also bison, or 
 buffalo, p. 50. Talk about Indians; — have been badly treated — once owned 
 this country — only a few left. This is the region of country called the 
 " Far West." Many tribes of Indians inhabit it. The mountains are very 
 high, and extend in chains from north to south. Many of the peaks are 
 covered with snow the whole year. There are ten rivers named ; also two 
 lakes, one gulf, one ocean, two mountain-chains, two mountain-peaks, and 
 five towns. 
 
 Lesson 31.— The gold-mines of California; — when discovered — caused the 
 State to be settled very rapidly— gold not so useful as iron. Talk about 
 the Mormons,— Salt Lake, etc.— Joseph Smith killed— have great temples. 
 
 Lesson 32.— In this lesson, the relative position of the States and Territories 
 should be fixed upon the mind. Two, three, or even more lessons may be 
 given on this map. Extemporize a lesson on the District of Columbia and 
 what is done there — Congress— who goes there ?— who from your district ? 
 —who President?— when elected?— when a new one? — This map is given 
 merely to show the relative position of the States,— how they are connected. 
 Reviews of boundaries and capitals can here he given, at the discretion of 
 the teacher. If the location of each State has been well learned in pre- 
 vious lessons, this review will be not only useful, but interesting. 
 
 Lesson 33. — Much talk may be given "with profit on this lesson. Speak of 
 
 the early settlers — their trials and hardships. The picture is an historical 
 one, showing the Atlantic on one side, and the Pacific on the other — the 
 Indians, and the landing of the whites. Much of history should be given 
 in this lesson. 
 
 Lesson 34. — Let the class define plain, lake, river, waterfall, and volcano. 
 Popocatepetl {pop-o-cah'tc-petl). Say nothing of the poles of the earth in 
 this book. It is enough to say that in going north we find colder weather, 
 and in going south, warmer, — so far as North America is concerned. Ex- 
 plain whale-fishing. Whalebone no part of the bones of a whale, but an 
 elastic or horny substance found in the upper jaw of the whale. 
 
 Lesson 35. — The finest and richest furs are found in the coldest countries. 
 All animals are clothed to suit their place of living. Explain icebergs. 
 Tell how people live in these cold countries. Iceland, the land of ice. 
 Boiling springs, near volcanoes. Newfoundland (NW fund-land). Mexican 
 War, speak of it. Exhibit coffee — tell how it grows. 
 
 Lesson 36.-^-T» animals and plants on the map of South America will re- 
 quire some lifflKime, as well as close attention. Tupungato (to-poon-gah'to). 
 Llama (la'ifian).— Ter-ra del Fu-e'go. Terra means land; del, of; Fuego,fire. 
 Magellan, the great navigator, discovered it in 1520. He named it " Land of 
 Eire," from the fires he saw on the coast during the night, supposed to be 
 volcanic. The Anfcon River at its mouth is about as wide as the State of 
 Pennsylvania is frijm^oorth to south. There are four capes on this map, 
 two chains of mornuains, three rivers, three towns, and two peaks, one of 
 which — Chimborazo-=-is a volcano. Some two years since, a terrible earth- 
 quake happened near where the picture is. Some 12,000 inhabitants were 
 destroyed. 
 
 Lesson 37. — Describe the effects of earthquakes. Tell how wild cattle are 
 caught. Terra del Fuego— land of fire. Talk of diamonds. 
 
 Lessons 38 and 39. — Say nothing about the earth's rotundity. It is not 
 essential now. Pupils can comprehend it only as a vast plain. Have the 
 different countries and bodies of water fixed iu the mind of each pupil. 
 Talk of Columbus and his voyage. Several map-lessons should be given 
 at this point. It took Columbus about seventy days to sail across the 
 Atlantic Ocean. Now steamships cross in about ten days. Nearly three- 
 quarteis of the earth's surface is water. All tho oceans join each other, 
 forming one great body of water, or ocean. All the rivers run into the 
 ocean or into inland seas. On page 12 is the lesson on "People." The 
 teacher can now show where each of lieso people live — or their native 
 country: Indians in North and South America; Negroes in Africa . r id 
 many of the islands of the ocean ; Chinese and Japanese in Asia and tho 
 islands adjoining it. 
 
 Lessons 40 and 41. — Slight oral descriptions of these countries may be given 
 here with profit. Speak of the great armies and navies. Call attention to 
 iron-clad boats in our country — the Monitor and the Merrimac. Speak of 
 the great manufacturing cities; splendid palaces; rich and poor people; 
 bays aid commerce; great extent of coast. There are three cities marked 
 on this map, six rivers with names, three mountain-chains, six seas, one 
 ocean, and several islands. Africa and Asia join Europe. 
 
 Lessons 42 and 43.— Himalayas (him-a-lay'as). Speak of the great use of the 
 camel. Our tea comes from Asia. Upon this map ten seas are named; also 
 one gulf and one bay, two chains of mountains, six rivers, two capes, and 
 three islands. Speak of the "Great Wall." It is 1500 miles long, took 
 several millions of men to build it, and ten years of time. It is about 
 twenty or twenty-five feet high, and so wide that six men on horseback 
 can ride abreast upon it. This Great Wall was built as a defence. 
 
 Lessons 44 and 45.— Relate the story of Moses— Joseph in Egypt— crossing 
 the Red Sea — drowning of Pharaoh and his host. Two seas, two oceans, 
 four mountain-chains, and two rivers named on the map; also one island, 
 five capes, and one isthmus. On the western coast, near Cape A'erd, mis- 
 sionary stations, or towns, have been located, and a few white people and 
 educated negroes have erected buildings for worship, and have established 
 schools. They also print a newspaper. 
 
 Lessons 46 and 47.— Exhibit a piece of coral. See Gazetteer for interesting 
 description of this country, for oral exercise. When these lessons are 
 finished, the pages of Animals and Plants will have been pretty well 
 learned. Review these, and then review the book. Twice through is 
 enougli. 
 
 Note.— Teachers will find in the text very many answers for which they can readily make questions; so that those who have been accustomed to the 
 "question and answer" method may apply that mode to this book, if they prefer it, or while practising and becoming more familiar with the oral method. 
 The Address should be read to the class when the pupils have mastered the book, the map of the Earth being used to illustrate it in part. 
 
We live in a beautiful world! We« 
 see the blue sky, the clear waters, and 
 the green trees. We smell the fragrant 
 flowers and scentef ^hrubs. We hear 
 the joyous songs of birds, the charming 
 sounds of music, and the voices of those 
 we love. We taste delicious fruits and 
 wholesome food. We feel the chilling 
 snows, the passing winds, and the warm- 
 ing fires. 
 
 Seeing, smelling, hearing, tasting, and 
 feeling are our five senses. Nearly 
 all our knowledge and pleasures come 
 through these senses. 
 
 We learn most through sight; and 
 this book, with its pretty pictures and 
 easy lessons, has been made to please 
 and instruct us. 
 
 •:* 
 
LESSON II. — MONTHS AND SEASONS. 
 
 SPRING. 
 
 ■■■■■ ^p^r^V^ ^ 
 SUMMER. 
 
 A year is a certain period of time : the child who reads this book may be 
 ten years old. It usually means the time from a certain day in one winter to a 
 certain day in the winter following. 
 
 The year begins with the first day of January, and has -three hundred 
 and sixty-five and one-quarter days. These days are divided into twelve 
 months of about thirty days each. These months are January, February, 
 March, "Ap^ivlayr June, July, August, September, October, November, and 
 December. 
 
 There are* four Seasons' of the year, — Spring, Summer, Autumn, and 
 Winter. March, April, and May form Spring. June, July, and August form 
 Summer. September, October, and November form Autumn. December, January, 
 and February form Winter. 
 
 The land during these Seasons has many different and beautiful appear- 
 ances. In Spring the trees put forth their buds and flowers. Fruit-trees 
 blossom and fill the air with sweet odors. Birds come from warm countries 
 far South of us, and enliven the air with their joyous songs. The farmer 
 plows the ground, sows grain, and plants corn and potatoes. 
 
 In Summer the trees are covered with green leaves, the corn is in full 
 growth and rustles in the breeze, cattle feed upon the fresh grass, the birds 
 rear their tender young, the farmer washes and shears his sheep, the little 
 lambs skip joyfully over the hills, and the bee lays up its store of honey for use 
 when the flowers are gone. 
 
LESSON III. SEASONS, continued. 
 
 AUTUMN. WINTER. 
 
 In Autumn, many kinds of fruit and grain ripen, and, with other products 
 of the farm, are gathered into houses and barns for the use of man and beast 
 during the coming Winter. 
 
 The young birds have grown strong, and some are flying toward the South. 
 The young lambs have grown large, and the sheep which were sheared are 
 again covered with a growth of wool, to protect them from the cold and snows 
 of winter. The leaves fall from the trees, withered and dead, enriching the 
 ground upon which they decay. 
 
 In Winter, man and beast feed upon the food which has^ been gathered 
 during Summer and Autumn. The domestic animals, warm and well-fed, look 
 out from their barns and sheds upon the falling snows. Snow falls and 
 enriches the ground, while protecting it from severe cold. Some wild animals, 
 covered with thick coats of fur, seek their dens. The frogs bury themselves 
 in the mud and go to sleep. The squirrels feed upon the nuts which they have 
 taken from the forest- trees ; and the honey-bees eat the sweets which they 
 have gathered from many flowers. 
 
 The farmer thinks of the year which has passed, and thanks God for his 
 great goodness. The young enjoy the cold air and storms of snow. The old 
 remember their youth, and say they are now in the winter of life. Their gray 
 hairs are the frosts of age, and their tottering steps show the decay of strength. 
 
 Oh, be kind to the aged ! Once young and strong, but now infirm, soon 
 they will pass to the grave. 
 
10 
 
 EESSOIST IV. VEGETABLES. 
 
 If we were standing upon a hill, a small elevation of land, on a bright sum- 
 mer morning, we might see around us large fields of growing grain and grass. 
 
 We should see trees growing in the fields and along the roads. Trees 
 upon which apples, peaches, pears, plums, and nuts grow are called fruit trees. 
 Those which do not bear fruit, when standing by the road-side and about our 
 houses, are called shade trees : in summer we love to sit or play in their shade. 
 
 The fields we see around us were once covered with a great number of 
 trees, forming a wood or forest. The forest has been cut down and the land 
 cleared. Boards, timbers, and shingles are made from trees, and are used in 
 building houses and for other purposes. 
 
 In the spring of the year the farmer plants the cleared land with corn and 
 potatoes, and sows grain, such as wheat, oats, rye, and barley. Every thing 
 growing from the ground is a vegetable. Corn, potatoes, grain, gi'ass, and 
 trees are all vegetables. Vegetables, however, usually mean cabbages, pota- 
 toes, beets, turnips, and similar articles used as food. 
 
 Grass is cut down in summer and dried in the sunshine. It is then called 
 hay, upon which cattle, horses, and sheep are fed. Grain and fruits, and other 
 things grown upon farms, are gathered or harvested in summer and autumn. 
 
 Trees shelter the ground and increase its warmth and fertility. The rose and similar plants are called shrubs. 
 Fruits, grains, and grasses supply man and beast with most of their food. The Indians grew corn when white people 
 first came to this country ; but wheat was brought here. Oil is obtained from the seeds of some plants. A delicious 
 drink is made from the roasted seeds of coffee. Wine is made from the juice of grapes. 
 
LESSON V\ ANIMALS. 
 
 11 
 
 Every thing that walks, or creeps, or runs, or flies, or swims, or eats, is 
 called an Animal. There are a great many animals in the world. Some are 
 called domestic animals, because they are tame and live about our homes. 
 Others are wild, and live in the fields and woods and waters. 
 
 All feathered animals are called Birds or Fowls. Oxen, cows, and calves, 
 are called Cattle. Horses, sheep, and all other animals having four legs and 
 feet, are called Quadrupeds. The Tortoise, Lizard, Serpent, and Frog are called 
 Keptiles, because they creep along on their bellies or on very short legs and 
 feet. Hogs and pigs are called Swine. 
 
 Domestic animals are of great value to us. Some are killed to furnish 
 us with meat to eat. Leather for boots and shoes is made from the skins of 
 some animals. 
 
 Sheep are sheared every spring. Cloth is made from their wool. Cows 
 supply us with milk, from which butter and cheese are made. Horses and 
 oxen draw loads, and are called beasts of burden. The horse is the noblest 
 domestic animal. The domestic fowls furnish us with eggs and feathers. 
 
 Animals having two feet are bipeds. The flesh of cows or oxen is called beef. The flesh of calves is called 
 veal. The flesh of swine is called pork. The flesh of sheep is called mutton. We obtain furs, oil, and ivory from 
 the wild animals. Reptiles lay eggs, but do not hatch and nurture their young as do the fowls. The ox is the 
 most valuable animal. It was tamed after the sheep, but long before the horse or the dog. The horse, in a wild 
 state, lives in vast herds, which sometimes dash over the country very swiftly. The smaller feathers of geese are 
 used for the filling of beds; and the larger ones, called quills, are used for writing-pens. Vast deposits of the eggs 
 of wild fowls have been found in many places. 
 
12 
 
 LESSON VI. PEOPLE. 
 
 Having learned about vegetables and animals in the last two lessons, let 
 us learn about Man, who is also an animal. Man is the only animal having 
 reason, which enables him to know right from wrong, and to know about God. 
 
 Men, women, and children are called People. There are many different 
 kinds of people. Some are nearly white. White people have the greatest 
 amount of knowledge, and are the most powerful. 
 
 Others are nearly yellow, and shave the hair from their heads, leaving 
 only a long tail of hair hanging from the back part. The Chinese and the 
 Japanese are of this kind of people. 
 
 Others are black, and have woolly hair. They are called Negroes, and are 
 often employed as servants. 
 
 Others are nearly red, or copper-colored. They are wild, and live in rude 
 huts made of brush and skins. They live in the woods, many miles west from 
 us, or toward the place where the sun sets. They are called Indians, and, 
 when white people first came to this country, lived where we now live. They 
 generally feed upon wild animals and fish. 
 
 There is another kind of people, who live far, far away, in lands where the 
 fragrant spice-trees grow. They have coarse black hair and brown skins. 
 They live near water, upon which they spend much of their time in boats. 
 Some of their houses are built over the water. Some of their boats are ele- 
 gantly made. These people are called Malays. They gather most of the spices 
 that we use in food. The Malays rarely come to this country. 
 
LESSON VII. A. EAMBLE. 
 
 13 
 
 How much there is for us to learn ! In the view from the hill-top, of 
 which we spoke in a former lesson, we could see only a very small part of all 
 the land. Let us take a ramble over the land, and notice the objects that 
 meet our view. Look at the above picture. 
 
 Here is a Spring, a place where water comes out of the ground. The 
 water from this spring runs along in a small stream called a Rivulet. Several 
 rivulets united form a larger stream, called a Brook. A stream of water flow- 
 ing down a steep place forms a Waterfall. 
 
 Here is a Pond, a small body of water surrounded by land. Boys are 
 sailing little boats and ships upon it. At the Outlet of the pond, the place 
 where the water runs from it, a boy has placed a wheel so that the running 
 water strikes it and turns it around. How pleased the little fellow appears! 
 He thinks, no doubt, that his little water-wheel is turning the machinery of 
 a great mill, in which many persons are at ^work. 
 
 Many streams united form a River, a large stream of water flowing 
 on the land. Rivers are very useful. Boats and ships, carrying people and 
 goods, often go upon them. 
 
 Some boats are forced along by paddles, others by oars, and others by 
 sails against which the wind blows. Ships have very large sails, attached to 
 tall masts, and, when there is a strong wind, they go along very swiftly. 
 
 Rivers and other streams flow through valleys : their waters come from the 
 rain and snow, a part of which sinks into the ground and forms springs. 
 
 2 
 
14 
 
 LESSON VIII. A. EAMBLE, continued. 
 
 The farmer's house in the picture is in a Valley. A Valley is land 
 
 BETWEEN HILLS OR MOUNTAINS. A Mountain is LAND RAISED TO A GREAT HEIGHT 
 ABOVE THE SURROUNDING COUNTRY. 
 
 The farmer tills the ground, and raises cattle, horses, swine, and sheep. 
 Amid the beauties of field and forest, he is generally contented and happy. 
 Around his dwelling may be seen domestic fowls, — geese, turkeys, hens, ducks, 
 
 AND PIGEONS. ' 
 
 The girl is looking upon the great Plain at the left. A Plain is a tract 
 of land nearly level. Some vast plains are so hot and dry that nothing will 
 grow upon them. These barren plains are called Deserts. 
 
 Far in the distance we see the line where the sky seems to meet the land 
 and water. This line is called the Horizon. The sun is just setting at the 
 Horizon. It sets in the West at* the close of the day. It rises in the East 
 in the morning. 
 
 With your right hand pointing toward the East, and your left hand toward 
 the West, your face will be toward the North and your back toward the South. 
 You may point to the east, west, north, and south. 
 
 Before we travel much, we should learn how to find the direction of 
 places from us. If we go toward the setting sun, we go in a westerly 
 direction. If we go toward the rising sun, we go in an easterly direction. 
 Toward the north, in a northerly direction. Toward the south, in a southerly 
 direction. 
 
LESSON IX. A. EAMBLE, continued. 
 
 15 
 
 While traveling a distance of several miles, we may pass Tillages. 
 Villages are small collections of houses. They have a few stores, churches, 
 school-houses, and workshops, and, usually, a tavern. Travelers stop at 
 taverns and hotels. Some of the people of a village are engaged in manu- 
 facturing or making useful articles. 
 
 If the village is situated near a stream, it may have mills and fac- 
 tories, in which flour, meal, rakes, chairs, cloth, yarn K and other articles 
 are made. 
 
 A City is a large collection of houses and people. Cities are usually 
 built near a river or other body of water. We should be much astonished, 
 on visiting a city for the first time, at the great number of houses, people, 
 and different kinds of business followed. Along some of the streets or roads 
 of a city are a great many stores and shops, where the people are trading 
 continually. 
 
 The produce of the farm, and useful articles from the workshop, are bought 
 and sold in cities and villages. The farmer carries eggs, chickens, potatoes, 
 grain, beef, and pork, and sells them. With the money he gets he buys rakes, 
 hoes, clothing, sugar, and all needful articles which he does not raise or cannot 
 make upon his farm. 
 
 Persons engaged in buying and selling in stores and shops are called mer- 
 chants or traders. Articles raised by the farmer are called produce. The 
 articles of the workshops and stores are called wares and merchandise. 
 
16 
 
 LESSON X. A. RAMBLE, continued. 
 
 The porch of the house in the above picture is supported by pillars. 
 These pillars are about twelve feet high, or about three times as tall as boys 
 and girls from eight to ten years old. 
 
 A school-room is about eight, ten, or twelve feet high. Your teacher will 
 tell you the height of your school-room. When a little boy walks, he goes only 
 about the distance of one foot at each step. In a mile there is a great number 
 of feet or steps. It would take you half an hour to walk a mile, and an hour 
 to walk two miles. 
 
 The mountain in the above picture is northeast from the farmer's house, 
 and about twelve miles from it. Northeast is half-way between north and 
 east. How many hours would it take you to walk from the farmer's house to 
 the mountain, if you were to walk two miles in one hour ? 
 
 Some mountains are so rugged and high that we could not reach their 
 tops in a week. The top of a mountain is called its Summit. Many moun- 
 tains are so high that their summits are always covered with snow and ice. 
 
 Some mountains are called Volcanoes, because they send forth fire, smoke, 
 ashes, and melted earth and stones. The light from volcanoes is sometimes 
 seen many miles from them. The dull rumble of their fiery torrents is often 
 heard a long distance. They have sometimes spouted forth melted stones and 
 earth in such quantities as to bury large numbers of houses. The mouth of a 
 volcano is called its Crater. The melted matter sent forth by a volcano is called 
 Lava. Streams of lava are sometimes a mile wide and ten miles long. 
 
LESSON XI. A. JOUENEY. 
 
 17 
 
 The farms, plains, mountains, ponds, rivers, lakes, villages, cities, people, 
 animals, and plants, which we have seen in the pictures, are only a few of the 
 many wonderful things in the world. But to see every thing in the world 
 would require many years. Let us describe what we saw in only a few days' 
 travel. 
 
 We desired to go a long distance and to see a great many things in a very 
 short time. To do this, we traveled by railroad, which is the quickest mode of 
 traveling. A Eailroad is a road on which iron rails are laid for wheel-car- 
 riages to run on. The rails are placed end to end in two rows, and form a 
 track extending from one end of the road to the other. 
 
 The cars are long carriages, with many windows on each side. They 
 resemble long low- houses on wheels. Several cars fastened together, end 
 to end, form a Train. The Train is drawn along by a locomotive, — a car- 
 riage having wheels turned by steam-power. James Watt made great 
 improvements in steam-engines. George Stephenson made the first loco- 
 motive. 
 
 As we took our seat in the cars, an old gentleman said that when he was 
 young there were no railroads, and that the only ways of traveling then were 
 by stage-coach, horse and wagon, on horseback, or on foot. 
 
 Instead of passing over hills and mountains, the railroad is often made 
 straight through them. More frequently parts of the hills are cut down and 
 the low valleys partly filled up to form the road. 
 
18 
 
 LESSON XII- A^ JOUENEY, continued. 
 
 When the passengers were all seated, the conductor of the train «told the 
 engineer to start. Persons who travel by railroad, stage-coach, or other regular 
 conveyance, are called Passengers. Conductors manage the trains and collect 
 the fares. 
 
 The Engineer is the person who has charge of the locomotive and stops 
 and starts it. The locomotive is sometimes called the "Iron Horse/' because 
 it is made of iron and draws the train. 
 
 We soon passed over a Bridge, — a structure raised over rivers or other 
 places for the passage of men and animals. Some bridges are made of wood, 
 others of stone, and others of iron. 
 
 We soon came to a part of the country where there were no rivers or streams 
 large enough for boats to sail upon, or, if there were, they did not flow in the 
 direction in which the people desired to carry their goods. Here was a canal. 
 A Canal is a long ditch or trench made in the land and filled with water. 
 
 There were large boats upon this canal, called canal-boats. They were 
 drawn by horses and mules. The horses and mules are attached to the canal- 
 boats by ropes. They walk along one side of the canal. The path on which 
 they walk is called a Tow-path. Boys often ride on these animals, to guide 
 them and to hurry them along. 
 
 Canal-boats go only about four miles an hour, or about as fast as a 
 man can walk; but they carry great loads. But few persons now travel by 
 canal. 
 
LESSON XIII. A. JOURNEY, continued. 
 
 19 
 
 Passing a stream of water, we saw a Dam, which had been built across it. 
 Dams are structures of earth, stones, and timbers, to stop rivers or other 
 streams of water. The water thus stopped forms an artificial pond. What 
 man makes is artificial ; what God makes is natural. The pond we had pre- 
 viously seen was a natural pond. In this instance it was called a Mill-pond, 
 because the water was used at a mill. 
 
 The mill had a large wheel at its side, against which the water was made to 
 strike as i$ flowed fro^ the pond, thus turning it around. The mill was called 
 a Gri^t-mill or Flour-mill, because corn and other kinds of grain were ground 
 n: it. The grain is placed between two great, rough stones, one of which whirls 
 around above the other, crushing the grain and making it into meal and flour. 
 
 Near the grist-mill we saw a Factory, a building in which goods are made 
 or manufactured ; also a Saw-mill, a mill for sawing logs and large pieces of 
 timber. The machinery of some factories and mills is driven by steam, in a 
 manner similar to the turning of the wheels of a locomotive. 
 
 In the distance we saw an Iron-furnace. It was a structure of stone and 
 brick, in which a fierce fire melted the iron ore which was taken to it in small 
 cars. Iron ore is a hard substance dug from the ground. A part only of this 
 substance is iron, but, by melting, the pure iron is separated from the other 
 parts* A great smoke and blaze of fire issued from the top of the furnace, 
 which reminded us of a volcano. All the iron articles in use — such as railroad- 
 tracks, locomotives, stoves, shovels, axes, and knives — are made from iron ore. 
 
20 
 
 LESSON" XIV. A. JOURNEY, continued. 
 
 We soon saw a train of cars loaded with coal, which had been dug from the 
 ground. Coal is used to burn in stoves and furnaces. It was used in the iron 
 furnace which we saw. The gas in general use in cities for lighting houses is 
 made from coal. Coal is placed in iron ovens over hot fires, and the gas which 
 arises from it is collected and passed through iron tubes under ground to build- 
 ings in which it is burned. 
 
 How strange, thought we, that coal and iron can be dug from the ground, 
 and that a fire hot enough to melt the iron can be made with the coal ! 
 
 The places from which iron-ore, coal, and other minerals are taken are 
 called Mines. Digging for Minerals is called Mining. Coal and iron generally 
 are found in hills and mountains. Mines are sometimes entered by small 
 openings in the side of the hill or mountain. They are, in many cases, great 
 rooms having pillars to support their roofs. In these rooms the miners place 
 the ore or coal upon small cars which convey it from the mine. 
 
 We afterwards saw men engaged in lumbering. Lumbering is cutting down 
 
 TREES, CONVEYING THEM TO SAW-MILLS, AND SAWING THEM INTO TIMBERS, BOARDS, AND 
 
 shingles. Of these timbers, boards, and other kinds of lumber, great rafts 
 are made, and floated down the river to places of sale, called Markets. 
 
 Sometimes small houses, in which the lumbermen eat and sleep, are built 
 upon the rafts. The rafts generally are floated down when the rivers have 
 become swollen by rains. Sudden rises of the water in rivers, caused by rains or 
 melted snow, are called Freshets, and commonly occur during spring and autumn. 
 
LESSON XV. A. JOURNEY, continued. 
 
 21 
 
 Not far from the lumber-making scene which we witnessed, was a Kange 
 of Mountains. Mountains in rows form Chains, or Eanges, of Mountains. As 
 we came near to the mountains, we thought the cars would be obliged to stop ; 
 for we knew they could not go up the steep sides. 
 
 In a few minutes, however, a man came through the cars, lighting all the 
 lamps. We then knew we were about to enter a dark place ; and in a moment 
 we were moving along a great passage through the mountain. The noise of 
 the cars was very great, and, had it not been for the lamps burning in them, 
 we should have been in darkness. 
 
 "We were glad to get out of this Tunnel. A Tunnel is an artificial arch 
 
 OR PASSAGE FOR CONDUCTING CANALS OR RAILROADS UNDER GROUND OR WATER. This 
 
 tunnel was nearly a mile in length, and the greater part of it was made through 
 a solid rock. It would take a little boy half an hour to walk through it. 
 
 A few hours after leaving the tunnel, we arrived at Pittsburg, a city where 
 there are very many iron-furnaces constantly in operation. The smoke and 
 cinders sent forth by these furnaces have given the city a dingy appearance. 
 
 Pittsburg is situated where two rivers unite and form another large river. 
 A meeting or junction of two or more streams is called a Confluence. Pittsburg, 
 then, is situated at the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela Eivers. 
 The river formed by this confluence is called the Ohio Eiver. 
 
 A great many steamboats were at the landing. Steamboats have wheels 
 which are turned against the water by steam-power. 
 
22 
 
 LESSON XVI.— .A JOIJENEY, continued. 
 
 At Pittsburg we met a traveler who was going to Niagara Falls. He came 
 a great many miles to see these Falls, which are sometimes called the "Wonder 
 of the World." We went with him. A daring man had placed a steamboat in 
 the river below the Falls. It was called the "Maid of the Mist." 
 
 This was a small steamboat, yet it carried many persons. Some steam- 
 boats are large enough to carry several hundred passengers, horses and wagons, 
 and great quantities of goods. Kobert Fulton made the first steamboat. 
 Steamboats go about twelve miles an hour. The person who has control of a 
 boat or ship on a trip or voyage is cabled the captain. A Yoyage is a long trip 
 
 BY WATER. 
 
 The captain of the "Maid of the Mist" invited us on board to take a trip 
 to the Falls. When we looked up to theHop of the Falls, we were terrified by 
 the thought of being overwhelmed by the falling water. 
 
 The sun shone upon the cloud of mist which arose from the water, and 
 formed a rainbow. We then learned more fully that the rainbows we often 
 see in the clouds are caused by the sun shining on falling rain-drops. 
 
 A number of miles from the Falls is a Lake, — a large body of water 
 surrounded by land. It is an enormous pond. There are islands in the lake. 
 An Island is a portion of land surrounded by water. 
 
 We were glad to reach the shore in safety. A Shore is the edge of land 
 
 NEXT TO A RIVER, LAKE, OR OTHER BODY OF WATER. 
 
LESSON XVII. — MAPS. 
 
 23 
 
 ^Niagara Falh 
 
 When we had reached home, Ave looked u#on a map which represented 
 many things we saw during our journey. ^ 
 
 A Map is a picture of the whole qjt a part of the earth's surface, fey 
 the Earth we mean all the land and water in the world. Toward the top 
 of a map is North; toward the bottom, South; toward the right side, East; 
 toward the left side, West. K . 
 
 Our journey, from Philadelphia io Pittsburg, was alt in one State, called 
 Pennsylvania. Niagara Falls are partly in a State called New York. A State 
 
 is A CERTAIN PART OF A COUNTRY, Iljj^HIflJl' THE PEOPLE ARE UNITED UNDER ONE 
 GOVERNMENT. $ ' 
 
 Each State in this country haSy a J&overnor, who is chosen by the people 
 to execute the laws. The town or 6$^ in a State where the laws are made is 
 called the Capital. Who is the Governor/of your State? In what State 
 do you live ? 1 
 
 There are thirty-four States in bur country. If we have seen so many 
 things in only one or two States, how, many things must there be in all the 
 thirty-four States ! 
 
 
 The States and Countries spoken of in ^future lesson? will be represented by maps. The maps will show us the 
 form of each State and Country, and their great rivers, lakes, and mountains. 
 
 Many of tbeHfomndaries of States and Countries, like the boundaries of play-grounds or farms, have been made 
 by man. Boundaries of States and Countries are not indicated by fences, however : they are sometimes indicated 
 by stones marked and placed in the grounding distances apart. Sometimes a part of a boundary is formed by a 
 range of mountains, a river, lake, or other body of water. 
 
THE NEW ENGLAND STATES. 
 
 25 
 
 LESSON XVIII. 
 
 4S~The Teacher is here referred to the Remarks preceding Suggestions on Lesson XVIIT. (page 5). 
 
 The map on the opposite page represents the part of our country farthest toward the 
 East. It is called New England, and comprises six States. The names of these States 
 are printed upon them on the map. The black dotted lines show the extent of each 
 State. Five of them are partly bordered by the Ocean, the great body of water which 
 surrounds all the land. The water of the Ocean is salt. 
 
 New England is noted for its public schools, manufactures, and commerce. Com- 
 merce, means buying and selling. Hay, corn, oats, rye, potatoes, and fruits are grown 
 upon the farms. ^ 
 
 MAP EXERCISE. 
 
 A Bay is a part of the ocean extending into the land. It is also a part of a lake or other body of water partly 
 inclosed by land. Bays are sometimes called Gulfs or Seas. What Bay partly borders the eastern part of Massachusetts ? 
 A Cape is a point of land projecting into the ocean or other body of water. Describe the Capes represented on the 
 map. Mountains. Rivers. Lumbering. Manufacturing. Grazing. Farming. What of the Moose ? Bear ? Deer ? 
 
 LESSON XIX. 
 
 Maine (Me.) is the largest of the New England States. 
 It has a great extent of coast. A Coast is land border- 
 ing on the sea or ocean. The Sea-shore is the edge of 
 
 THE COAST WASHED BY THE WAVES. 
 
 More lumber is manufactured, and more ships are 
 built, in Maine than in any other State. The forests of 
 pine are very extensive. The Penobscot is the largest 
 river. 
 
 Augusta is the capital. Capitals are represented on 
 the map by the mark <$>. 
 
 New Hampshire (N. H.) is noted for its mountain 
 scenery. Mount Washington, one of the White Moun- 
 tains, is visited during summer by a great number of 
 persons: its summit is covered with snow during the 
 greater part of the year. 
 
 This State has only eighteen miles of sea-coast. The 
 people are engaged in manufacturing and farming. Cot- 
 ton and woollen goods are the chief manufactures. 
 
 Concord is the capital. 
 
 Vermont (Vt.) contains a range of mountains called 
 the Green Mountains. It has no sea-coast. The valleys 
 among the mountains are excellent pasture-lands for 
 sheep and cattle. Horses, cattle, and sheep are raised. 
 The people are chiefly engaged in farming. Great quan- 
 tities of maple-sugar are made from the sap or juice of 
 the sugar-maple tree. 
 
 Montpelier is the capital. 
 
 LESSON XX. 
 
 Massachusetts (Mass.) is the oldest of the New Eng- 
 land States, and has the greatest number of people. 
 The manufacture of boots and shoes, cotton and woollen 
 goods, and iron wares, is very extensive. More than one- 
 half the boots and shoes, and nearly a third of the wool- 
 len and cotton goods, made in our country are manufac- 
 tured in Massachusetts. A great many men and vessels 
 are engaged in the cod and mackerel fishery, and, in 
 distant parts of the ocean, in taking whales. 
 
 Boston, the largest city of New England, is the capital. 
 Many railroads connect Boston with all the other great 
 cities in our country. Flour, fish, ice, cotton goods, and 
 boots and shoes are exported. Export means to carry 
 out of a state or country. 
 
 Connecticut (Conn.) is noted for the variety of its 
 manufactures. Cotton, woollen, and India-rubber goods 
 and iron wares, clocks, and pistols, are made. The first 
 school in this country for educating the deaf and dumb 
 was established in this State. Here boys and girls who 
 cannot hear or speak are educated. 
 
 Hartford and New Haven are the capitals. 
 
 Rhode Island (R. I.) is noted for manufactures. It is 
 the smallest State. The 'first cotton-factory in our country 
 was built in this State. Newport, a city on the coast, is 
 visited in summer by many persons for the purpose of 
 bathing and enjoying the air from the ocean. 
 
 Newport and Providence are the capitals. 
 
MIDDLE STATES, AND MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA. 27 
 
 LESSON XXI. 
 
 The map on the opposite page represents seven other States of our country. Observe 
 how each State is bounded, or what portions of land and water touch its sides. On the 
 eastern side we see a part of the New England States and a part of the ocean. The 
 part of the ocean here seen is a part of the same great ocean which washes the coast 
 of New England. These States contain nearly a third of the people of our country. 
 Their manufactures amount to much more than those of New England. 
 
 MAP EXERCISE. 
 
 Mountains? Rivers? Niagara Falls? Capes? Bays? Lakes? Islands? Commerce, — how carried on in New York ? 
 Grazing? Mining? Manufactures? Fruits? Tobacco? Animals? Oil- Wells? Rafting? Virginia, — rebellion? Capitals? 
 Note. — For D. C, see page 35. 
 
 LESSON XXII. 
 
 New York (N. Y.) contains more people, is more ex- 
 tensively engaged in commerce, raises more domestic 
 animals, and makes more butter, cheese, leather, and 
 maple-sugar, than any other State. Great quantities of 
 flour are made. There are salt-springs, from which salt 
 is made. More feooks and newspapers are printed in 
 New York than in all the other States. 
 
 The Hudson is its largest river. An immense canal 
 extends from Lake Erie to the Hudson, making an arti- 
 ficial river nearly four hundred miles long, and connect- 
 ing the lake with the ocean. 
 
 New York City is the richest, largest, and most beauti- 
 ful city in our country. It is a commercial city. Here 
 are vessels bringing goods from nearly all parts of the 
 world, and taking away with them the products of New 
 York and other States. Bringing into a country or 
 state, is Importing. 
 
 Pennsylvania (Pa.) has mines of coal and iron, which 
 are more extensive than those of any other State: more 
 than one-half the iron and coal used in our country 
 (jpmes from these mines. Railroads and canals cross the 
 State in various directions. Pennsylvania has more 
 miles of canal than any other State. 
 
 Iron, cotton, and woollen goods, flour, lumber, and 
 liquors, are the chief manufactures. Great quantities of 
 oil are obtained from wells in the northwestern part. 
 The Susquehanna is its longest river. 
 
 Philadelphia is next to the largest city in our country, 
 and is noted for the variety and extent of its manu- 
 factures. 
 
 LESSON XXIII. 
 
 New Jersey (N. J.) is so much engaged in growing 
 fruits and garden-vegetables as to deserve the name of 
 "The Garden State." These products are sold mostly 
 in Philadelphia and New York. Peaches, melons, toma- 
 toes, Irish and sweet potatoes, are grown abundantly. It 
 has factories, railroads, and canals. 
 
 Delaware (Del.) is the smallest State except Rhode 
 Island. The people are chiefly engaged in farming and 
 manufacturing. The peaches of Delaware are the finest 
 in the country. Gunpowder-is made in large quantities. 
 
 Maryland (Md.) is nearly divided by the Chesapeake, 
 Bay. Besides this bay, it has railroads, canals, and 
 rivers, upon which goods, and passengers are carried. 
 Tobacco, oysters, cotton and woollen goods, manufac- 
 tured iron, flour, and leather, are exported. 
 
 Baltimore is the largest city. 
 
 Virginia (Va.) is the birthplace of the great and good 
 George Washington, the "Father of his Country." Salt 
 from springs, iron, and coal, are the principal minerals. 
 Flour and iron are the chief manufactures. More to- 
 bacco is grown than in any other State, and a great deal 
 of flax. The Potomac is the largest of the many rivers. 
 There are canals and railroads. 
 
 West Virginia (W. V.). This State was a part of Vir- 
 ginia until the rebellion broke out. The people were 
 loyal, and did not wish to be governed any longer by the 
 secessionists of the rest of Virginia: so they formed a 
 new State. 
 
SOUTHERN STATES, & TENNESSEE & ARKANSAS. 29 
 
 LESSON XXIV. 
 
 The map on the opposite page represents the part of our country farthest toward the 
 South : nine States are represented. The people are chiefly occupied in farming : the 
 chief productions are cotton, rice, tobacco, sugar, mules, and hogs. Most of the farms are 
 very large, and are called plantations : the owner is called a planter. The plantations 
 are worked mostly by negroes who are slaves. These negroes are bought and sold as 
 property : they are, mostly, ignorant and degraded. The wealthy people are generally 
 well educated, polite, and hospitable. There are large rivers and many railroads. Few 
 articles are manufactured. The locomotives, cars, carriages, tools, and most of the other 
 manufactured articles are made in the Northern and Eastern States. 
 
 MAP EXEKCISE. 
 
 Mountains? Rivers? Gulfs? Ocean? Capes? Negroes? Pictures? Rebellion? Capitals? 
 
 LESSON XXV. 
 
 North Carolina (N. C.) contains mountains higher 
 than the White Mountains : theTiighest is called Mount 
 Mitchell. Tar, pitch, and turpentine are obtained from 
 the extensive pine-forests. Tobacco, corn, and great 
 quantities of sweet potatoes are grown. 
 
 South Carolina (S. C.) resembles North Carolina in 
 soil and productions. This State grows cotton, and more 
 rice than all the other States. Rice grows in the un- 
 healthful swamps. The best cotton, called sea-island 
 cotton, grows upon the islands near the coast. 
 
 Georgia (Ga.) contains more miles of railway than any 
 . other of the nine States on the map. This State grows 
 cotton and rice, and more sweet potatoes than any other 
 State. 
 
 Florida (Flor.) is a Peninsula, a portion of land 
 nearly surrounded by water. It has a great many 
 swamps, in which alligators live. Near the coast are 
 coral islands made by a little animal called the Polyp. 
 Live-oak for ship-building grows here luxuriantly. 
 
 LESSON XXVI. 
 
 Alabama (Ala.) resembles Georgia in soil and produc- 
 tions. It grows nearly as much cotton as Mississippi. 
 Sugar-cane, from which molasses and sugar are made, is 
 also grown. 
 
 Mississippi (Miss.) grows more cotton, peas, and beans 
 than any other State. It has extensive swamps. 
 
 Louisiana (La.) produces nearly all the sugar and 
 most of the molasses made from the sugar-cane grown 
 in the country. Cotton is grown extensively. This 
 State— through which the Mississippi River flows— has 
 great commercial advantages. New Orleans is the largest 
 city. 
 
 Arkansas (Ark.) abounds in plains called prairies. 
 Corn, cotton, and live-stock are raised, and lumber is 
 manufactured. It is remarkable only for its Gypsum, or 
 plaster, of which it has more than all the other States. 
 
 Tennessee (Tenn.) produces more home-made manu- 
 factures, and raises more mules, than any other State. 
 Tobacco, corn, cotton, and hogs are raised. 
 
BRITISH AMERICA 
 
 
 M w \ > / 4r ST / 
 
 EH \ J ( P B /^ 
 
WESTERN STATES, EXCEPTING TENN. AND ARK. 31 
 
 LESSON XXVII. 
 
 The nine States represented on the opposite map are a part of the Western States : 
 they are a great many miles from the coast, but are partly bordered by great lakes. 
 
 Lake Superior is larger than the State of Maine: Lakes Superior, Michigan, and 
 Huron together are larger than New England. Their waters are fresh, and so deep that 
 ships and steamboats go upon them. The Western States have great rivers and long 
 railroads. 
 
 Their people are mostly from New England and other States toward the East, and 
 are enterprising and well educated. They are chiefly engaged in farming ; raise cattle, 
 hogs, and sheep ; and grow such great quantities of corn, wheat, and other grains, that 
 these States are sometimes called the Granaries of the West. 
 
 MAP EXERCISE. 
 
 Lakes ? Rivers ? Indian fur-traders ? Lumbering ? Mines ? Farming ? Animals ? Missouri, — rebellion ? Capitals ? 
 
 LESSON XXVIII. 
 
 Ohio (0.) produces more horses, wool, and wine, than 
 any other State, and one-sixth as much tobacco as Vir- 
 ginia. Ohio has more miles of railroad than any other 
 State. Coal and iron abound. Flour, meal, and salt are 
 largely produced. Cincinnati is the largest and most 
 commercial city of the West. It is the greatest pork- 
 market of our country. 
 
 Indiana (Ind.) is the smallest of the Western States, 
 yet it is larger than Maine. Coal abounds, and iron is 
 found to some extent. More hogs are raised than in any 
 other State. 
 
 Illinois (111.) is noted for its fine rivers and great 
 plains, called prairies. Large herds of cattle and flocks 
 of sheep graze upon the prairies. More wheat and corn 
 are grown than in any other State. In the northwestern 
 part extensive lead-mines are worked. Chicago is a very 
 large and beautiful city. 
 
 Michigan (Mich.) is divided into two parts by Lakes 
 Michigan and Huron. These lakes are united by 
 Mackinaw Strait. A Strait is a narrow passage of 
 water connecting two bodies op water. In the north- 
 western part are the richest copper-mines in the world. 
 Iron and coal are found. Copper, grain, lumber, wool, 
 salt, and fish are exported. In the northwestern part 
 the winters are very cold. 
 
 LESSON XXIX. 
 
 Kentucky (Ky.) produces more hemp than any other 
 State, nearly as much tobacco as Virginia, besides many 
 hogs and much corn. Bagging and ropes are manufac- 
 tured from the hemp and flax. 
 
 Missouri (Mo.) is noted for its prairies, fruits, and 
 minerals. The coal, lead, and iron will probably last 
 forever. More lead is mined than in any other State. 
 Corn, hemp, and tobacco are grown, and many hogs are 
 raised. 
 
 Iowa (Io.) has rich prairies and lead and coal mines. 
 Grain, flour, lead, pork, live-stock, and avooI are ex- 
 ported. More sorghum-molasses is produced than in 
 any other State. 
 
 Wisconsin (Wis.) has the richest lead-mines in the 
 world. Many of its rivers have falls which afford excel- 
 lent water-power. The southern half is a fine farming- 
 region. The winters are cold, but pleasant. Lead, lum- 
 ber, grain, flour, and wool are exported. 
 
 Minnesota (Minn.) is a delightful State. The winters 
 are cold; but the steadiness of the cold and the dryness 
 of the air render them agreeable. Rice, currants, and 
 plums grow wild. Pine-lumber is exported. 
 
STATES AND TERRITORIES. 
 
 33 
 
 LESSON XXX. 
 
 The opposite map represents the part of our country farthest toward the West : it 
 comprises States and Territories. A Territory is A vast tract of our country owned 
 by all the States. The people of the States choose their Governors ; but the people of 
 a Territory are too few to have the right of choice : their Governors are appointed by the 
 President. 
 
 There are many rivers in this part of our country : the Missouri River is the largest, 
 and rises in the Rocky Mountains. Some of the rivers in the Territories are nearly dry 
 during summer. 
 
 The Rocky Mountains are grand and lofty: many of their summits are always 
 covered with snow. The loftiest summit in our country is called Fremont's Peak. It is 
 twice the height of either Mount Mitchell, in North Carolina, or Mount Washington, in 
 New Hampshire, being nearly three miles high. Pike's Peak is near famous gold-mines. 
 The fierce grizzly bear, and wild sheep and goats, climb around these mountains. 
 
 Many tribes of Indians roam over the Territories, killing the bison or buffalo and 
 other wild animals. The skins of the buffalo, called " buffalo robes," are used to keep 
 persons warm while riding in cold weather. 
 
 MAP EXERCISE. 
 Mountains? Rivers? Gulfs? Ocean? Capes? Capitals? Pictures? 
 
 LESSON XXXI. 
 
 Texas (Tex.) is larger than New England, New York, 
 Pennsylvania, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, and Ohio 
 together ; but it has fewer people than Vermont. Wild 
 cattle, horses, and buffaloes roam in the northwestern 
 part : many varieties of beautiful birds, and prairie-dogs 
 and other animals, live in the unsettled parts; and 
 along the coast are alligators, snakes, swans, and 
 pelicans. 
 
 Cotton, sugar, tobacco, cattle, and hides are exported. 
 Different kbnds of grain, also oranges, lemons, figs, and 
 pine-apples, grow luxuriantly. 
 
 Kansas (Kan.) is a newly-made State. It is adapted 
 to cattle and sheep raising, and to grain-growing 
 
 California (Cal.) contains gold-mines which are next 
 to the richest in the world. Most of its people lived 
 in the other States a few years ago, but went to Cali- 
 fornia to get riches. This State produces more wine 
 and larger vegetables and forest-trees than any other 
 
 Oregon (On.) has forests of gigantic pines, from which 
 lumber is extensively manufactured. Salmon and other 
 fine fish abound in the rivers. Lumber, flour, live-stock, 
 and provisions are exported to California. 
 
 Utah (Uh.) is a Territory. It contains a salt lake. Most 
 of its white people are called Mormons. They are the 
 followers of Joseph Smith, who pretended to have found 
 an addition to the Bible, called the "Book of Mormon." 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 35 
 
 LESSON XXXII. 
 
 The map on the preceding page represents all the States and Territories in our 
 country : it also enables us to learn how they are situated in regard to each other. 
 
 On the eastern side we see a part of the ocean which borders New England, New 
 Jersey and other States, as shown by previous maps. On the western side is a part of 
 the ocean which borders California and Oregon, also shown by a previous map. These 
 parts are only small portions of the great Ocean. The part on the eastern side is called 
 the Atlantic Ocean ; the part on the western side is called the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 How many Gulfs, Bays, Lakes, and Rivers there are ! The rivers run in all direc- 
 tions. See the Mountain-chains ! 
 
 Between Maryland and Virginia, on the map, you will observe a square portion of 
 country : it is called the District of Columbia. In this District is Washington City, the 
 capital of the United States, where the President resides. Here, too, the general laws 
 of our country are made by Congress. Congress is a meeting composed of persons chosen 
 by each State to make the general laws. Some of these persons are called Senators ; 
 others are called Representatives. 
 
 The duty of the President is to see that the laws are obeyed. A President is elected 
 every four years by persons chosen by the people of all the States. These persons are 
 called Electors. 
 
 LESSON XXXIII. 
 
 About two hundred and fifty years ago, dense forests 
 covered most of the land now occupied by the United 
 States. Where our cities now stand, the wigwam of the 
 Indian then sent up its smoke from burning twigs: 
 where steamboats now swiftly glide upon our rivers, then 
 the bark canoe of the Ked Man was paddled from place 
 to place : where our locomotives whistle as they dash 
 past hill and valley, the whoop of the Indian, rushing to 
 battle with hatchet of stone, then broke the silence of 
 me woods. 
 
 The Indians are fast disappearing : a great portion of 
 
 their forests in the East having been cut down and 
 the wild animals destroyed, they have been driven to 
 the West, — to the land of the buffalo, bear, and other 
 game. When their new hunting-grounds are settled 
 by the white people, the Indians will have departed 
 forever. 
 
 One of the first settlements by the white people was 
 made by the "Pilgrims" at Plymouth, Mass.: from this 
 settlement, and from those made by the Dutch in New 
 York and the Quakers in Pennsylvania, education and 
 industry have been spread over our whole country. 
 
 MAP EXERCISE. 
 
 Mountains? Rivers? Gulfs? Oceans? States,— how situated ? New England States,— how join the others? Middle 
 States, — how join both ? Southern, — how join ? Western ? Historical picture at the bottom ? 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 37 
 
 LESSON XXXIV. 
 
 North America is more remarkable than all other lands for the number and size 
 of its plains, prairies, lakes, rivers, and waterfalls. 
 
 The United States occupy the middle part of North America. We learn from this 
 map that although our country is very large it forms but a third part of North America. 
 How much land there is ! 
 
 Near the western coast is the Rocky Mountain chain : it seems to have been created 
 to strengthen the land, and might be called the " back-bone" of North America. In the 
 southern part is Popocatepetl, — an active volcano and the highest mountain in North 
 America. Flowing into the Gulf of Mexico is the great Mississippi, — the longest river 
 in the world if we consider the head-waters of the Missouri River its true source. 
 
 The parts farthest north are always frozen and covered with ice and snow : here the people live in huts made 
 of snow, ice, or skins, or in dens in the ground, and feed upon fish, and upon animals caught on the land. 
 
 Dr. Kane spent several months in these icy regions. Whales are taken in the ocean near these parts, — more 
 than half of them by whalemen from New England. 
 
 The most southern parts are quite warm : here trees grow luxuriantly, fruits of all kinds abound, pretty birds 
 fill the woods with life and song, serpents and alligators live along the shores, and sea-tortoises or turtles warm 
 themselves in the sunshine. 
 
 The middle part — our country — is neither freezing nor burning ; it is often cold and often warm, and is there- 
 fore called temperate. 
 
 MAP EXERCISE. 
 
 Mountains ? Rivers ? Gulfs ? Bays ? Oceans ? Islands ? Capes ? Volcano ? Fremont's Peak ? 
 whale catching ? Mahogany-tree? Kane's vessel ? Tell of Dr. Franklin. 
 
 Animals ? Seal and 
 
 LESSON XXXV. 
 
 Kussian America is the northwestern part of North 
 America. Marten, sable, and otter skins, and other furs, 
 come from this country. It has several volcanoes. 
 
 Greenland is the coldest country in the world. Many 
 mountains of ice, called icebergs, float from its coast 
 through Baffin's Bay into the ocean. 
 
 Iceland has many volcanoes, and springs of boiling 
 water. 
 
 British America is only partially settled, because it is 
 so cold. 
 
 Canada is a part of British America: it is divided into 
 two parts, called Lower Canada and Upper Canada. It 
 resembles New England in its productions. The people 
 are engaged in lumbering, manufacturing, and fishing. 
 It has railroads and the finest canals in the world. 
 Ottawa is the capital. Montreal and Quebec are noted 
 cities. Toronto is the most flourishing city, and has ex- 
 cellent colleges and schools. 
 
 New Brunswick and Nova Scotia resemble Maine. 
 Lumbering, ship-building, and fishing are carried on 
 extensively. 
 
 Newfoundland is near the famous fishing-banks, or 
 the shallow water in which codfish are caught. It is a 
 somewhat barren and dreary island. 
 
 Mexico contains very rich silver-mines. It has several 
 volcanoes. The people are divided into different parties, 
 and have fought each other for so many years that their 
 country is nearly ruined. 
 
 Central America resembles Mexico : it is a very un- 
 healthy country. 
 
 The West Indies are the most valuable islands in the 
 world. Sugar, coffee, cotton, tobacco, oranges, and 
 lemons, are among the productions. Cuba is the largest 
 of these islands. 
 
&tip in a Storm 
 
SOUTH AMEEICA. 
 
 39 
 
 LESSON XXXVI. 
 
 South of North America, and connected with it by a narrow neck of land, is another 
 vast extent of land, called South America : it is bordered on the east by the Atlantic 
 Ocean, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. It is about three-fourths the size of North 
 America, but has higher mountains, larger rivers, and more extensive forests. 
 
 The Andes chain of mountains extends from the most northern to the southern part 
 of South America: they appear more like xi "back-bone" than do the Rocky Mountains. 
 Mount Tupungato is the highest, being about four and one-half miles high. Some of 
 these mountains are volcanoes. 
 
 The Amazon River is the largest in the world. The immense valley through which 
 the Amazon flows is but little settled : it is covered with, forests of trees and vines fre- 
 quently matted together, and is inhabited by birds, monkeys, alligators, lizards, serpents, 
 and other wild animals. The Amazon pours into the ocean a flood of water, the force 
 of which is felt for two hundred miles from the coast. 
 
 The forests are the largest in the world, and cover nearly two-thirds of the whole 
 surface. Many of the largest trees are adorned with flowers : the passion-flower-tree 
 grows to the size of the oaks of North America. The palm and many other valuable 
 trees flourish. 
 
 Among the domestic animals is the Llama, a wool-bearing quadruped used as a beast 
 of burden : it is particularly useful in crossing the Andes by the narrow and dangerous 
 roads. Among the wild animals is the Condor. It soars around the highest summits of 
 the Andes. 
 
 LESSON XXXVII. 
 
 The northern part is always warm ; but the southern 
 part is cold and dreary : here but few stunted trees 
 and scattered shrubs and mosses deck the barren rocks 
 and sand. 
 
 Earthquakes are frequent, and often destroy whole 
 towns and their inhabitants. 
 
 South America has the richest diamond-deposits in the 
 world ; but the coffee produced is worth much more. 
 The silver and gold mines are very rich. 
 
 Over many of the plains which occupy the interior, 
 wild horses and cattle roam in gre^it numbers. The cattle 
 are hunted and killed for their hides, horns, and tallow. 
 
 Grain, potatoes, sugar-cane, and coffee are grown. 
 Diamonds, gold and silver, delicious fruits, coffee, sugar, 
 hides, horns, and tallow, are exported. 
 
 The people consist of whites, negroes, and Indians: 
 the white people rule; the negroes are mostly slaves; 
 most of the Indians are savages or barbarians. 
 
 MAP EXERCISE. 
 
 Mountains? Rivers? Capes? Islands? How united to North America? Animals? Pictures? Earthquakes? 
 
& y a Q o 
 
 
THE EAKTH. 
 
 41 
 
 LESSON XXXVIII. 
 
 The map for this lesson represents all the land and water in the world. On the 
 western side are North and South America : we now see the narrow neck of land by 
 which they are joined. A neck of land that joins two larger portions of land is 
 called an Isthmus. On the eastern side is a vast formation of land which has not been 
 mentioned in previous lessons, and which is even larger than all America. It is divided 
 into three great parts, each of which is called by its name as printed on the map. 
 
 The largest formations of land are called Continents: there are but two Conti- 
 nents, — North and South America forming one, called the Western Continent; and 
 Europe, Asia, and Africa, forming the other, called the Eastern Continent. Look upon 
 the map and say which is the Eastern and which. the Western Continent. 
 
 The earliest homes of mankind were on the Eastern Continent. There nearly all 
 the people lived many thousand years without knowledge of any other land, until, about 
 four hundred years ago, Christopher Columbus determined to make a voyage toward the 
 West. He sailed from Palos, in Spain, in the year 1492. After many storms, he arrived 
 at San Salvador, an island near the coast of North America. Overjoyed at the discovery, 
 Columbus and his men fell on their knees and gave thanks. 
 
 Columbus found the island inhabited by a kind of people he had never before seen. 
 He called them Indians. About seven years afterward, Amerigo Vespucci visited South 
 America, and the Western Continent was called "America" in honor of him; though it 
 should have been called "Columbia" in honor of Columbus. 
 
 About a hundred years after this discovery of the Western Continent, people from 
 Europe began to make their homes upon it. Others are still crossing the ocean for the 
 same purpose. 
 
 LESSON XXXIX. 
 
 The map represents the whole of the Atlantic and 
 Pacific Oceans. The extreme northern and southern 
 parts of these oceans are covered with ice and snow, so 
 that vessels cannot visit them ; but the other parts are 
 constantly sailed upon, especially the parts between 
 Europe and North America and near their coasts. Sail 
 and steam ships, which are constantly passing from the 
 United States to England and France, sometimes en- 
 counter the icebergs that float down from Baffin's Bay. 
 
 There is nearly three times as much water as land ; 
 but only those who spend most of their lives upon the 
 ocean can realize this fact. 
 
 The animals of the ocean are as numerous and in- 
 teresting as those of the land ; but we can mention only 
 a few of them here. In the colder parts, the Common 
 Whale, the Walrus, and the Seal abound ; while in the 
 warmer parts, the Sperm-Whale, — the largest living ani- 
 mal,— 4he Turtle, and the Oyster are found. 
 
 REMARKS ON THE MAP. 
 
 The white parts are the snowy regions. The lightest shade is the lowest land ; the darkest shade is the highest land ; 
 and the white dots are the snow-covered and lofty summits. 
 
 The rivers flow in all directions ; yet they all flow from the high parts down the sloping land to the ocean or inland seas. 
 
 Water never flows up-hill, but always downward. For this reason, the mountain-ranges and other land-elevations fix the 
 direction of rivers by shedding the waters on one side or the other into the valleys through which they flow. 
 
E U E P E. 
 
 43 
 
 LESSON XL. 
 
 Were we to visit the Eastern Continent, we should probably leave New York or 
 Boston, on board a steamship, and reach Europe in ten days ; or if by a sailing-vessel, in 
 about thirty days. 
 
 Europe comprises the most powerful countries in the world. The principal countries 
 are England, France, Russia, Prussia, and Austria. Their navies and armies are the 
 largest in the world. 
 
 The cities of Europe are more numerous, more populous, and more magnificent than 
 those of America : they surpass all others in their Museums, Libraries, Universities, and 
 Hospitals; in the size and splendor of their churches; in their manufactures and commerce. 
 
 London, in England, is the largest city in the world : it is three times the size of 
 New York, and four times the size of Philadelphia. Paris, in France, the second city 
 of Europe, is surrounded by walls : its people are very polite and gay. From Paris we 
 import — bring into the country — most of the silks, ribbons, and laces used : " Paris 
 fashions" are followed by many gentlemen and ladies. 
 
 The people of Europe are of many different races or kinds ; but nearly all belong to 
 the white race. Although Europe is not half the size of North America, it contains seven 
 times the number of people. 
 
 The mountains are not so high as those of America, but their scenery is more 
 sublime : the loftiest are the Alps, and the highest of these is Mont Blanc, which rises, 
 covered with snow, far above the clouds. It is three times the height of Mount Washing- 
 ton, considerably higher than Mount Shasta, but only three-fourths the height of Mount 
 Tupungato, in South America. Neither are the rivers so large as those of America. 
 
 LESSON XLI. 
 
 The first railroad was made in England : now they are 
 used in many other countries of Europe. 
 
 Most of the vessels of Europe are built in England and 
 France : some of them are built mainly of iron. Some of 
 the ships of war are covered with steel four inches in 
 thickness. 
 
 The mines are the most extensive in the world : 
 coal, iron, lead, copper, tin, quicksilver, and salt, are 
 abundant. In England are mines extending under 
 
 the ocean : the miners hear the roar of waves over- 
 head. 
 
 The soil produces the different kinds of grain, fruits, 
 and potatoes. Indian corn is called maize in Europe: 
 the seed was originally brought from America. In the 
 warm and genial southern parts, the grape, olive, orange, 
 lemon, fig, date, and other fruits flourish : rice is also 
 cultivated here. A few fir-trees and mosses constitute 
 the vegetation of the cold and dreary northern part. 
 
 MAP EXERCISE. 
 
 Mountains ? Capes ? Islands ? Seas ? Animals ? Pictures ? 
 
ASIA. 
 
 45 
 
 LESSON XLII. 
 
 Asia is the largest division of land in the world ; being four times the size of Europe, 
 or larger than North and South America together. It contains more than one-half the 
 people of the world. It was the home of Adam and Eve ; and was also the scene of our 
 Saviour's birth, life, labors, and crucifixion. 
 
 The mountains of Asia are the loftiest in the world. Mount Everest, one of the 
 Himalayas, is more than five and one-half miles high, — a mile higher than Mount 
 Tupungato ! The rivers of Asia are large and numerous ; but none of them are two- 
 thirds the length of the Mississippi. 
 
 Asia is the native land of the Camel, and, probably, of the Horse. The camel is 
 called the " Ship of the Desert ;" and, were it not for him, large parts of Asia could not 
 be crossed by man. 
 
 The people mostly belong to the yellow race. They are ingenious, but lack energy. 
 The Great Chinese Wall and the Grand Canal are the only great improvements ; and these 
 were made during a past age. Nearly all are Pagans, — idol-worshippers. 
 
 Asia is rich in precious minerals : gold, silver, and diamonds abound. 
 
 China and India are the most important countries. From China we import tea, silks, 
 and china-ware. 
 
 The Japan Islands — on which the Japanese live — and the Malay Islands — on the 
 shores of which the Malay people reside — are near Asia. 
 
 LESSON XLIII. 
 
 The northern part of Asia is so bleak and barren, 
 that only a few hardy shrubs and coarse grasses will 
 grow there. The middle part has high mountain-chains 
 and ridges, between which are fertile plains and valleys, 
 producing different kinds of grain and affording fine 
 pasture. 
 
 The southern part is much the finest: the bamboo, 
 banyan, and palm tree grow luxuriantly ; fruits in great va- 
 riety, tea, coffee, rice, millet, cotton, cinnamon, nutmegs, 
 
 cloves, and camphor, are produced in great quantities. 
 This part abounds in ferocious animals and beautiful 
 birds. 
 
 Upon the slopes and in the valleys of the Himalaya 
 mountains the Cashmere goat is raised, from the wool of 
 which the famous Cashmere shawls are made. Many 
 people of the interior are engaged in raising sheep, cattle, 
 camels, and horses. The same pursuit was followed by 
 the early inhabitants of Asia. 
 
 MAP EXEECISE. 
 
 Mountains ? Rivers ? Gulfs ? Bays ? Seas ? Oceans ? Capes ? Islands ? Jerusalem ? Animals ? 
 
Cape of Good *** 
 
AFRICA. 
 
 47 
 
 LESSON XLIV. 
 
 Africa is the native land of the Negro. It has a very extensive coast, but no 
 great bays, and few large rivers. The Nile is the longest and most important of 
 the rivers. 
 
 The people are mostly ignorant and degraded : the hot climate tends to prevent their 
 improvement. They chiefly live in rude huts, but in most cases have fixed places of 
 residence ; are generally kind and cheerful, and are not so cruel as the American Indian. 
 They pay some attention to gardening, but use very rude tools : some of the tribes make 
 leather and cotton cloths. 
 
 The sale of negroes forms a large part of the commerce of Africa. Several hundred 
 boys, girls, men, and women are frequently driven from place to place until sold. Many 
 thousands of them are taken to South America and the West Indies every year. The 
 negroes of the United States are the descendants of Africans who were forcibly taken from 
 their own homes. 
 
 In the northeastern part is Egypt, where now live the descendants of the ancient 
 Egyptians mentioned in the Bible. Here are vast stone pyramids and other monuments 
 erected by the powerful kings who reigned in Egypt many thousand years ago. One 
 of the Pyramids covers thirteen acres of ground. 
 
 LESSON XLV. 
 
 ab c 
 
 Africa surpasses all other lands in the number of wild 
 animals. Among the domestic animals are the camel, 
 having feet resembling cushions, by which he steps upon 
 the dry sand without sinking; oxen with enormous 
 horns ; and sheep with tails so long and fat that they 
 have to be attached to little wagons to prevent dragging 
 on the ground. 
 
 The palm-tree grows in all parts except the southern : 
 wheat, corn, rice, and cotton are grown ; the olive and fig 
 trees and lotus-plant flourish. The Baobab-tree grows to 
 
 the size of thirty feet in diameter, — as large as many 
 cottages, — but only twelve to fifteen feet high. 
 
 A vast region of Northern Africa is a desert called 
 Sahara. It is the largest desert in the world: over its 
 hot sands, which shift with every wind, the traveler rides 
 upon the "Ship of the Desert." 
 
 Gold abounds in the hills and streams ; iron, copper, 
 and salt also abound. 
 
 The exports are slaves, palm-oil, gold, ivory, hides, 
 and feathers. 
 
 MAP EXERCISE. 
 
 Mountains? Rivers? Capes? Seas? Desert? Isthmus? People? Slave-sale? Animals? Trees? Tell of the 
 Israelites and the Red Sea. Tell of Joseph in Egypt. Moses and his boat of rushes. Madagascar, where ? 
 
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ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 61 
 
 The Condor (con'dor) is the 
 most lofty-dwelling bird. Like tho 
 hyena and some other animals, it cats 
 dead bodies which would otherwise 
 poison the air. It is hatched on tho 
 bare rock, with no nest to protect it 
 from wind and cold. We do not wonder 
 that it is so hardy and strong. It in- 
 habits the regions of storm and earth- 
 quake. 
 
 The Cork-Tree is an oak. Its 
 outer bark is made into stopples. All 
 large oaks are very valuable : they aro 
 used for ship and other building where 
 strength and durability are required; 
 and the bark of one kind, called quer- 
 citron, is used in tanning leather and 
 in coloring yellow. Oaks aro found 
 chiefly in North America, Europe, and 
 Asia. 
 
 The Cotton-Plant, first found 
 in India, is grown in many other warm 
 lands. There aro three kinds of cotton- 
 plants, — the yearly, tho shrub, and the 
 tree. Tho yearly is grown most ex- 
 tensively, and from .seed. The seeds, 
 surrounded by tho soft, downy cotton, 
 grow in a pod. When the^pods burst, 
 the cotton and seed are picked from 
 them and separated. It rivals wool in 
 clothing mankind. 
 
 Crocodile.— See Alligator, (No. 4.) 
 
 (19) The Date-Palm grows in 
 Africa and Asia. Its wood is used in 
 building houses; its fruit is used for 
 food; its juice is made into wine; its 
 leaves, into hats and baskets ; and tho 
 date-stones are ground to make oil. 
 
 (18) The Python (pi'thon) is 
 found in Asia and Africa. Like the 
 boa-constrictor, after coiling around 
 animals and crushing them, it covers 
 them with slime and swallows them 
 whole. 
 
 The Deer— See No. 46. 
 
 The Eagle is found in nearly all 
 parts of the world, but mostly in wild 
 regions little settled by man. It was 
 called the "King of Birds," and a noble 
 animal, by tho people of olden times, 
 who were apt to think that tho most 
 powerful rulers were the most noble, 
 even if very cruel. It is very strong, 
 and can see a long distance. It feeds 
 on the small animals which it kills, 
 and on those it finds dead and de- 
 caying. 
 
 (22) The Elephant, (el'e-phant,) 
 the largest and strongest laud-animal, 
 is found in India aud Africa. It lives 
 in lonely forests, and eats parts of trees 
 and roots plowed up by its ivory tusks. 
 It feeds itself with its long nose and 
 upper lip, called its trunk. When 
 tamed, it is very useful in carrying 
 people and loads. 
 
 (21) TheBird-of-Paradise(par'- 
 a-dise) is very proud and careful of its 
 beautiful feathers. 
 
 The Elephant-Seal.— See Seal, 
 (No. 79.) 
 
 (23) The Elk and (24) The Ante- 
 lope (an'te-lope) aro found in both 
 continents. The horns of the elk fall 
 off yearly, but those of the antelope are 
 permanent. Like all animals of their 
 kinds, they help in removing too luxu- 
 riant vegetation, while they themselves 
 are the food of other animals, including 
 man. Somo of them like to roam over 
 lands somewhat barren. 
 
 (25) The Emeu (e'mew) inhabits 
 Oceania, and feeds on grass, buds, 
 berries, and roots. It has no wings for 
 flight, but it runs very swiftly. Its eggs 
 are laid on the ground, no nest being 
 prepared, but commonly among bushes. 
 Birds which fly most build better nests 
 than thoso which move on foot; for 
 their young must remain longer in 
 them for their wing-feathers to grow. 
 
 (26) The Lyre-Bird has a tail re- 
 sembling a musical instrument. 
 
 The Esquimau Dog (esTce- 
 mo) is the most valuable animal in 
 those far-northern regions near ice 
 where the reindeer finds no pasture. 
 Where winter prevails three-fourths 
 of the year, the people could hardly 
 live without it. It faithfully draws 
 sledges over the snowy deserts, and 
 often while suffering from intense 
 hunger. Dogs are found in all parts 
 of tho world. 
 
 The Flamingo.— See No. 5. 
 
 (29) The Flax-Plant is grown 
 from seed. When full grown, it is 
 pulled, bundled, dried, soaked in water 
 to partly rot the stems, dried again, 
 beaten or brtiised, and combed. The 
 fibers or threads thus obtained are spun 
 into yarn and made into linen cloth. 
 Linseed-oil is obtained from its seed by 
 pressing. 
 
 (28) The Hemp-Plant is taller 
 than the flax, aud is made into rope, 
 and coarse, strong cloth, called canvas, 
 and used for sails. 
 
ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 The Grape-Vine has been culti- 
 vated many thousand years. The first 
 vineyard mentioned in the Bible was 
 that planted by Noah. It is very long- 
 lived, sometimes reaching the age of 
 several hundred years, and growing to 
 .the size of a man's body. It thrives 
 in warm countries. The grapes are 
 dried, and called raisins ; the juice is 
 made into wine. The currants of 
 commerce are dried grapes. 
 
 The Grass-Tree supplies the 
 natives of Australia with a part of 
 their food. 
 
 The Giraffe, (ji-raff',) the tallest 
 of animals, is found only in Africa. 
 Its elegant long neck enables it to feed 
 from the tops of tree*. It takes hold 
 of the leaves with its long tongue. Its 
 appearance in a grove is magnificent. 
 It kicks with terrible swiftness and 
 force, often killing the lion. It can 
 leap fifteen feet, and the swiftest race- 
 horse can hardly overtake it. 
 
 The Gnu.— See No. 83. 
 
 (32) The Grizzly Bear is the 
 
 most powerful and ferocious of all bears 
 except the polar; still, it feeds much 
 on vegetables. Bears prefer to live in 
 wild stormy regions, where the smaller 
 animals on which they feed are killed 
 in the tempests and snows. 
 
 (33) The Bocky Mountain 
 Sheep is not covered with wool: it 
 would be if it were tamed and well 
 cared for in places neither too cold nor 
 too warm. 
 
 The Hemp-Plant— See No. 28. 
 
 The Hippopotamus (hip-po- 
 pot'a-mus) is found only in Africa. It 
 lives in the rivers and on their muddy- 
 shores, and can stay under water five 
 minutes. It feeds mostly on water- 
 plants; but in the evening it enters 
 fields and destroys crops with its ugly 
 mouth and clumsy feet. It eats more 
 than any other animal. Its great duty 
 is, like that of the Manatee, to destroy 
 vegetation and to clear streams. 
 
 (35) The Hyena, (hy-e'na,) now 
 found only in Africa and Southern Asia, 
 eats dead animals and the bodies which 
 it digs' from graves. It often lives in 
 rocky dens, and prowls about at night. 
 
 (36) The Bamboo (bam-boo') 
 grows mostly in Southern Asia. It is a 
 bunch of reeds rising from one root. 
 The Chinese cultivate it, and make 
 paper, sails, rigging, and many articles 
 of furniture from it. 
 
 The Jaguar (jag-u-ar') is the 
 most ferocious of the cat tribes of 
 South America. Although it gene- 
 rally lives away from settlements, it 
 sometimes enters them and makes 
 sad havoc. It seeks its prey in the 
 night, and lies in hiding-places till its 
 victim can be reached by jumping. It 
 kills with great energy, but not in 
 anger; for it was created to remove 
 animals which would otherwise become 
 too numerous. 
 
 The Kangaroo (kang-ga-roo') 
 is found only in Oceania. It feeds on 
 grass and low trees, and leaps from 
 place to place very swiftly. - It is 
 mostly found in parts of Australia 
 where the land is covered with green 
 grass and trees at one season and is 
 parched at the next; bo that it is 
 obliged to move about a great deal in 
 search of food, and frequently to carry 
 its young at the same time. 
 
 The Llama (la'ma) is found only 
 in the mountainous parts of South 
 America. It carries loads, in that 
 wild region, over natural bridges, 
 along frightful precipices, across foam- 
 ing waterfalls, and where snow-storms 
 darken the air and drive so furiously 
 that no other animal can stand or even 
 live. It resembles the camel, but has 
 no hump, for there are no deserts for 
 it to cross. 
 
 (41) The Lion, the "King of 
 Beasts," is found in Aft „a auu Asia. 
 Its roar is deep and solemn, and is 
 often heard amid the sounds of thun- 
 der-storms. It springs from hiding- 
 places upon men and animals, and can 
 carry off an ox in its mouth. It assists 
 in destroying animals which would 
 otherwise become too numerous. 
 
 (40) The Baobab-Tree (ba'o-bab) 
 bears a fruit which the natives call 
 " monkey-bread." Its bark is made 
 into cloth. 
 
 The Live-Oak-Tree.— See No. 
 
 78. 
 
 The Lyre-Bird.— See No. 26. 
 
 (1) The Marten (mar'ten) end 
 (2) The Sable (sa'ble) are found 
 in the northern and wooded regions of 
 North America, Europe, and Asia, and 
 feed on such animals as mice, rabbits, 
 and partridges. Some of them have 
 hair under their toes to keep them 
 warm. 
 
 (3) The Otter, (ot'ter,) found on 
 both continents, lives mostly in the 
 water, and commonly feeds on fish. 
 
ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 53 
 
 The Mahogany-Tree (ma-hog'a- 
 ny) grows mostly in Central Ame- 
 rica. From there it is sent in ships to 
 various parts of the world. The wood 
 is much used in the manufacture of 
 house-furniture. The best mahogany- 
 trees grow where it is difficult to cut 
 and haul them ; so that much of the 
 finest timber is not used, the people 
 where it grows not having the skill 
 and energy to move it to market. 
 
 ' The Manatee, (man-a-tee',) or 
 Sea-Cow, is found mostly in the warm 
 waters of South America. It feeds in 
 the water or on the shore, and removes 
 many plants which would either choke 
 up shallow streams, or decay and poison 
 the air, in a region where the land is 
 flooded at one season and parched the 
 next, or where the vegetation is so 
 dense and tangled that no large* vege- 
 table-eating quadrupeds can live. 
 
 The Monkey (mungTce) inhabits 
 the forests of tho warmest parts of 
 both continents, and some of the warm 
 islands. It feeds mostly on fruits, but 
 is fond of insects. It is very lively 
 and mischievous, and moves from tree 
 to tree on the branches with great 
 swiftness,— often with its young cling- 
 ing to it. The monkeys of America are 
 the most noisy and lively. 
 
 (47) The Moose is found in the 
 northern forests of North America, 
 where it feeds upon roots and the bark 
 and tender branches of trees, and on 
 the grasses growing in shallow water. 
 Its flesh, called venison, resembles 
 beef. Its horns fall off every year. 
 
 (46) The Deer, found mostly in 
 North America, Europe, and Asia, is 
 very shy and runs very swiftly. It 
 eats the tender sprouts of trees, roots, 
 and herbs. Its horns are shed yearly. 
 The flesh of all animals of the deer kind 
 is called venison. 
 
 The Musk-Ox inhabits the north- 
 ern part of North America. The win- 
 ters of this region are long and cold, 
 and the lands are nearly barren. Still, 
 the musk-ox thrives in the short sum- 
 mer upon the scanty grass, and in 
 winter on the mosses, and supplies 
 tho Esquimaux with much of their 
 food. A fine downy wool grows among 
 the long hair. 
 
 The Orang-Outang, (o-rang'- 
 o-tang,) a four-pawed animal, is found 
 mostly in Malaysia. Like all other 
 apes, it has no tail. It is sometimes 
 seven feet tall, and is very strong, and 
 exactly fitted to climb trees and to 
 move from limb to limb for the fruits 
 on which it feeds. It lives in dense 
 warm forests where fruits are always 
 ripening. 
 
 The Owl.— See No. 62. 
 The Otter.— See No. 42. 
 
 The Olive-Tree thrives in mild 
 countries, but is mostly grown in the 
 region of Europe southward from the 
 Alps. The fruit of some of tho trees 
 yields two hundred quarts of oil, which 
 is used by the people as butter, or ex- 
 ported. The traveler, on crossing the 
 Alps range from the north, is surprised 
 to find on the sunuy side of those 
 mountains groves of olives and blossom- 
 ing orange and lemon trees. 
 
 The Ostrich, (os'trich,) found 
 chiefly in Africa, is the largest of 
 birds. It outruns the horse, and can 
 carry a man upon its back. The 
 plumes of its wings and tail are valued 
 as ornaments of dress. Its eggs weigh 
 three pounds each, and are laid in 
 nests scratched in the sand. The na- 
 tives make'drinking-cups of the egg- 
 shells. It feeds on grass, fruit, and 
 grain. 
 
 The Platypus, (plat'i-pns,) or 
 Orni thory nchus, (or-ni-tho-riu'eus,) 
 is found only in Australia. It bur- 
 rows in the ground, near deep and 
 sluggish water, and feeds on little 
 animals found in the mud and water. 
 Its burrow has one entrance under 
 water, and is a long, winding way, 
 ending in a roomy place lined with 
 leaves and moss. Its bill resembles 
 the duck's, and its fur the otter's. 
 
 The Penguin (pen'gwin)ls found 
 mostly on the southern coast of South 
 America and the islands of the cold 
 ocean near by, and still further south. 
 It lives on the lonely shores, never going 
 far from land; for, having no wings 
 with which to fly, it might not live to 
 swim ashore during tho storms which 
 so often occur in the region it in- 
 habits. 
 
REVIEW AND ADDRESS. 
 
 Children : — We have now reached the end of this book. As we should look back upon 
 every act we do and every hour and day we spend, and ask, What good have we done? 
 so let us look back upon the lessons we have studied, and ask, What have we learned 
 from them ? 
 
 The things we see about us daily have their uses. The trees supply us with wood to 
 burn, with lumber and timber for house and ship building, and with fruits to eat. The 
 animals yield articles of food, and skins and wool for clothing. The ground produces 
 many different kinds of plants and vegetables without which we could not live ; and the 
 earth contains treasures of coal, iron, lead, and other minerals. Other countries, too, have 
 animals, plants, and precious ores, for the food, clothing, and welfare of their inhabitants. 
 
 To whatever part of the earth we go, we find animals, plants, and people exactly 
 suited to the places they occupy. The regions farthest north and south are frozen and 
 dreary ; yet we find in them the polar bear, the common whale, the walrus, the seal, the 
 auk, and the penguin, passing comfortable lives amidst the snow and ice along the lonely 
 shores. Midway between the two frozen wilds is a vast region where summer never ends, 
 where dense woods of great trees and tangled vines swarm with animals of many sorts, 
 and where warm waters are the homes of wonderful living things. 
 
 More than all this : we have seen Man, the master of all the animals, visiting every 
 region, for some object of value, or to fix his home. He pursues the whale on the mighty 
 deep, and the fur-bearing animals on the frozen land. He tills the soil of mild countries, 
 and builds splendid cities and works of art. He captures the great elephant in the warm 
 woods of the Eastern continent, and pursues the ostrich for its elegant feathers. 
 
 Wherever man is, he is guided by reason in making himself comfortable. He has 
 no fur; yet he strips the polar bear and crawls into his skin. Jf.e can grow no vegetable 
 in the frozen ground, yet finds the best food in the animals he captures. He lives cheer- 
 fully among the silent snows, or in dens and huts warmed and lighted by animal oil. He 
 also adapts himself to hot regions, where he needs little dress to cover him and little meat 
 to eat. Here he feeds on the fruitful trees and plants which grow wherever rain falls, and 
 makes use of the camel and llama in crossing hot or rugged wastes. 
 
 The animals, too, perform their duties. The shark swims the ocean, devouring as 
 it goes, while the hyena, the vulture, and the lion destroy dead and living animals on the 
 land. The hippopotamus, manatee, and crocodile clear the warm rivers and streams, and 
 many different animals remove the leaves of rank plants and trees. 
 
 What do we observe in all this ? We observe the wisdom of God ; and we think 
 of the words of the Bible :• — 
 
 "And God saw every thing that he had made, and, behold, it was vert good." 
 
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