UC-NRLF 
 
 CAL AIDS TO THE 
 
 TEACHING OF Civics 
 
 S. D. WATERMAN 
 
GIFT OF 
 
 
Practical Aids 
 to the Teaching of Civics 
 
 By 
 
 S. D. Waterman 
 
 Ex-Superintendent of Schools 
 Berkeley, Calif. 
 
 San Francisco 
 
 IDfntafier & &ap^iggin Co. 
 1909 
 
COPYRIGHT. 1909 
 
 BY 
 WHITAKER & RAY-WIGGIN CO. 
 
 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Chapter Page 
 
 I. General Introduction 5 
 
 II. Public Schools 9 
 
 III. The Town Meeting 13 
 
 IV. The Direct Primary 15 
 
 V. Organization and Work of Political Parties Organ- 
 ization of Conventions 20 
 
 VI. General Outline Municipal, County, State, and 
 
 National Governments 25 
 
 VII. Events Leading to the Adoption of the Constitution. . 27 
 
 VIII. The Legislative Department 54 
 
 IX. Executive Department 69 
 
 X. Judicial Department 78 
 
 XI. U. S. Territory 83 
 
 XII. State Government 86 
 
 XIII. Origin and Meaning of the Names of the Counties of 
 
 California 95 
 
 XIV. Eevenue for Educational Purposes 100 
 
 XV. Eevenue and Taxation 104 
 
 XVI. Qualification for Voting in the United States 107 
 
 XVII. Statistics of the States 116 
 
 XVIII. Data with Reference to Our Presidents.. . 140 
 
 377854 
 
PREFACE 
 
 In preparing texts, the tendency has been toward sim- 
 plification and this has been carried to such an extent that, 
 often, the purpose of a text-book disappears. There 
 is no royal road. Inductive methods in languages and 
 short cuts to prepare for reading have come and gone and 
 teachers now are falling back upon the old plan of learning 
 the principles of the language. 
 
 In Arithmetic, constant and persistent drill upon the 
 fundamentals is essential. Short methods have been tried 
 and are still being tried, but the facts of mathematics are 
 still the same and there is no other way of gaining the 
 accuracy and readiness necessary than that of learning the 
 tables and combinations thoroughly and persistently prac- 
 ticing until the desired end is attained. The same is true in 
 Grammar, Literature, History, Geography and the other 
 branches usually taught in our elementary schools. In 
 Civics, supplementary readers have appeared in numbers, 
 having for their purpose the developing of good citizenship, 
 and as supplementary work they have an important place 
 to fill ; but if it is desired to give instruction in the science 
 of government, there must be a cartful study of the 
 Constitution of our country and of the laws under which 
 we live. 
 
 The purpose in the preparation of these pages is, to put 
 
4 PREFACE 
 
 the salient facts relating to the government in such a 
 concise form, simple yet thorough) as shall secure for those 
 who study them an accurate idea of the principles of our 
 government. 
 
 The general principles of government are the same in 
 all of the states. While a general outline is given that 
 will hold good for the entire country, references are made 
 especially to the state and county governments of Cali- 
 fornia. The general statement can be easily supplemented 
 for any state by any teacher who knows the subject. 
 
 A complete set of questions is given, as suggestive and as 
 furnishing suitable topics for reviews. The organization 
 of parties, the way in which conventions are managed, 
 the Direct Primary, the Recall, the Initiative and the 
 Referendum, have been briefly, but clearly explained. 
 
 The author hopes that the book may commend itself and 
 may prove to be suited to the purpose for which it is 
 intended. 
 
CHAPTER I 
 GENEKAL INTEODUCTION 
 
 The happiness and the success of the family and the 
 school come largely from a cheerful obedience to duly 
 constituted authority. Failure and unhappiness are the 
 result of disobedience. Respect for parental authority in 
 the home and for the authority of the teacher in the school 
 lays the foundation for good citizenship. For the welfare 
 of the individual and the community, laws are made by 
 the nation and the state. For civic betterment, ordinances 
 are passed by the legislative body of municipalities. Some 
 of these ordinances deal with crime, but most of them are 
 for securing better police and better fire protection, for 
 street improvements, for the light and water supply, and 
 for regulating all matters pertaining to municipal im- 
 provement. A cheerful compliance with these ordinances, 
 and a ready obedience to the laws of the state and of the 
 general government on the part of every citizen are duties 
 as truly as obedience in the home and in the school is a 
 duty on the part of the child. 
 
 All members of a well-regulated, happy family must be 
 interested in everything that tends to increase the happi- 
 ness and minister to the comfort of themselves and others. 
 There must be a pride which prompts to neatness, both in 
 and outside of the home. Smooth-cut lawns, clean 
 
6 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 walks, beautiful beds of flowers free from weeds, cleanli- 
 ness of the street adjoining the home lot, a tasteful arrange- 
 ment and adornment of the interior, all of these will be 
 a source of pleasure and will help to make the home "the 
 dearest spot on earth." 
 
 The same love of order and neatness may be developed 
 in the school. A proper school pride will secure neat and 
 attractive yards and streets adjoining the school premises, 
 as well as neat and well-adorned rooms inside the building. 
 
 The same spirit extending into the community results in 
 civic pride a desire to help in making the home town or 
 city beautiful. This desire and a spirit of obedience to all 
 ordinances passed for the benefit of the community will not 
 only be of great advantage to the town or district at large, 
 but will also do much in developing a fine type of citizen- 
 ship which will extend its influence to the larger and more 
 important citizenship of the state and the nation. 
 
 The government of a municipality is vested in a council 
 which is the Legislative Department, a mayor and his 
 appointees, which together with some of the other elective 
 officers form the Executive Department, a city attorney 
 and police judge, or justice of the peace, which form the 
 Judicial Department. Sometimes the last two are com- 
 bined in one person. 
 
 The council has to legislate upon everything relating to 
 the welfare of the community except, perhaps, educational 
 
TO THE TEACHING OP CIVICS 7 
 
 matters, which are usually given over to a separate board 
 known as the "Board of Education. " 
 
 Some of the matters that call for attention on the 
 part of the council are the fixing of license rates, the 
 establishing of fire limits, the creating of a police force 
 and a paid fire department, the appointment of a health 
 officer and a Board of Health, the supervision of the 
 streets, the opening and the improving of new thorough- 
 fares, the granting of franchises, the granting of build- 
 ing permits, the passage of sanitary ordinances and the 
 appointment of sanitary inspectors, the fixing of city tax 
 rates, and the apportionment of the money raised by taxa- 
 tion to the different funds. In most cities there are heads 
 of departments who report, either to the Council or to the 
 Mayor. Some of these are: 
 
 Marshal or Chief of Police 
 
 Chief of Fire Department 
 
 Superintendent of Streets 
 
 Building Inspector 
 
 City Engineer 
 
 Health Officer 
 
 Sanitary Inspector 
 
 The legislative enactments of the Council are called 
 " Ordinances." The legality of these ordinances is passed 
 upon by the city attorney, who is the legal adviser. In 
 fact, the city attorney is usually directed to prepare an 
 ordinance to include certain provisions. Violators of 
 
8 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 town ordinances are tried in the justice's or in the police 
 courts. The Mayor is the executive officer. He appoints 
 all committees of the Council, and is in reality at the head 
 of the government of the municipality. The people look 
 to him to see that affairs are conducted fairly and 
 economically and that the town ordinances are enforced. 
 What the Council does for the city or the town, the 
 Board of Supervisors does for the county. The work is 
 done largely through committees. 
 
CHAPTER II 
 PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
 
 All local management of schools in rural districts is 
 vested in a board of three trustees for each district, elected 
 by the voters of the district. These trustees elect teachers 
 and janitors for their respective schools. They also have 
 the power to fix the date of opening the schools, but the 
 date of closing will be governed by the provisions of the 
 state law. 
 
 In most of the states the general management of all 
 rural schools in the county is placed in the hands of the 
 County Superintendent and a County Board of Education. 
 
 The County Board prepares and adopts a course of 
 study. It adopts school library books and supplementary 
 books from a list recommended by the State Board. It has 
 the control of the certification of teachers in each county. 
 In cities, a city Superintendent and a city Board of Educa- 
 tion have the management of the schools. The Boards of 
 Education have their rights and duties defined in the state 
 law. In another section some light is given upon the 
 sources of school revenue, and the manner by which the 
 State and County funds are distributed to the different 
 districts. 
 
 The general government has always fostered the public 
 school. Early in the colonial times provision was made, 
 
10 
 
 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 in most of the colonies, for the public education of the 
 children. After the colonies had ceded their surplus terri- 
 tory to the United States Government, and after the 
 acquisition of territory by purchase and treaty, means 
 were at once inaugurated for completing an accurate 
 survey of all government lands. Base and meridian lines 
 were established and the Ranges and Townships were 
 mapped off from these lines Eanges East and West, 
 Townships North and South. Each Township according to 
 United States survey is six miles square and contains 
 thirty-six square miles, each of which is known as a 
 section. These sections are numbered, commencing at the 
 N. E. corner across to the N. W. and then below across in 
 the opposite direction back and forth until the last or thirty- 
 sixth section is at the S. E. corner of the Township thus 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 IS 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 20J21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 30 
 
 29 
 
 28 
 
 27 
 
 26 
 
 25 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 Each of these sections contains 640 acres. By an early 
 act of Congress the 16th section was set apart for the 
 schools, and by a later act the 36th section was also re- 
 served. The proceeds of the sale of this land were set aside 
 as a permanent fund the interest of which, with money 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 11 
 
 obtained from the rents of unsold lands, forms a part of 
 the annual state school fund in every state in which the 
 government had public lands. The following section taken 
 from the State Constitution gives the legal statement of 
 this, as far as California is concerned : 
 
 "The proceeds of all lands that have been or that may 
 be granted by the United States for the support of grammar 
 schools which may be or may have been disposed of and 
 the 500,000 acres of land granted to the new states under 
 an act of Congress distributing the proceeds of the public 
 lands among the several states of the union, approved in 
 1841: and all estates of deceased persons who may have 
 died without leaving a will or heir, and also such per cent 
 as may be or may have been granted by Congress on the 
 sale of lands in this State, shall be and remain a per- 
 petual fund, the interest of which together with the rents 
 obtained from unsold lands and such other means as the 
 State Legislature may provide shall be inviolably appro- 
 priated to the support of the common schools throughout 
 the State/' 
 
 So the general government, the state, the county and the 
 municipality or the entire district unite in providing funds 
 for the maintenance of the common schools. 
 
 If we look a little further we shall see that the general 
 government aids, financially, the State Universities. By 
 an act of Congress adopted July 2, 1862, the United States 
 Government declared that "all money derived from the 
 
12 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 State public lands donated by this act shall be invested as 
 provided for in the act, and the interest of said money shall 
 be inviolably appropriated to the endowment, support and 
 maintenance of at least one College of Agriculture, etc." 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 THE TOWN MEETING 
 
 The Pilgrims were the most democratic people in the 
 world. All their Church officers and other rulers were 
 elected by themselves. The choice of these rulers, and the 
 discussion of all questions of taxation and law-making came 
 before all the men of proper age in a town meeting where 
 every one had the right to speak and to vote. This custom 
 established at so early a date (1621) has been continued 
 with slight variation throughout the entire New England 
 section. The town meeting is a Direct Primary and an 
 election combined. 
 
 "All public matters were discussed and decided in the 
 town meeting. There every man met his neighbor on equal 
 terms. There the laws were made. It was a pure govern- 
 ment by the people, such a government as was known 
 nowhere else in either this country or in Europe, except, 
 perhaps, in a few districts of Switzerland. The nearest 
 approach to it in America was the Virginia House of 
 Burgesses, but that was made up of representatives of 
 plantations and later of counties, and was not a meeting of 
 the whole people. The laws the Pilgrims made, they 
 enforced. ' ' Montgomery. 
 
 "The inhabitants of the town and the members of the 
 congregation were the same persons. Where they met for 
 
14 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 church business, as to choose a minister or to admit new 
 members, it was a parish meeting ; when they met for civil 
 business, as for instance to appropriate money for making 
 a road or building a school-house, it was a town meeting. 
 In either case it was a meeting of free people who governed 
 themselves. ' ' Fiske. 
 
 ' ' The town meeting was a training in public affairs. At 
 one of these meetings the people, in addition to many other 
 powers, could levy taxes and direct the purposes for which 
 the money thus raised could be expended ; could elect dele- 
 gates to the legislature of the Colony; could elect the 
 officers for the town and direct them as to their duties, and 
 could also provide for the support of free schools. ' ' Doub. 
 
 At first the church and the "town house " were the same. 
 Notices of the annual town meetings were given at the 
 proper time, and at the appointed day all the voters of the 
 town met and voted for the men of their preference for 
 "Select-men" and for other officers. The principal man- 
 agement of the affairs of the town was and still is entrusted 
 to a board of three men called ' ' Select-men. ' ' All matters 
 of public interest may be discussed and voted on. The 
 nearest approach to this method of choosing officers is seen 
 in the election of school trustees in the rural districts in 
 our State. 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 THE DIRECT PEIMAEY 
 
 In early days in the New England colonies, there was 
 established a pure representative democracy. This was 
 exemplified in the town meeting, at which all of the business 
 of the town was transacted. It was a combination of a 
 primary and a general election, each voter voting for his 
 own individual choice for every office without the necessity 
 of a nominating convention to determine the persons for 
 whom votes should be cast. In this era of our history 
 purity in government prevailed, but with the growth of the 
 country in population and power, political parties gradu- 
 ally assumed control of the general elections, though even 
 to the present time in New England the local officers are 
 elected at the annual Town Meeting just as they were two 
 hundred and fifty years ago. Gradually the people have 
 lost control and the political manipulators have gained the 
 ascendency. To this ascendency the present corruption in 
 state, county and municipal politics is largely due. An 
 effort has been made during the last twenty years to con- 
 duct the Primary elections in such a way as to neutralize 
 the influence of the machine. This, however, has thus far 
 been practically a failure, and it is now proposed to bring 
 about purity in politics, as far as the nomination of can- 
 didates is concerned by using what is known as the * ' Direct 
 
16 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 Primary." This allows voters to express their preference 
 as to candidates before the nominating convention meets. 
 It has already been adopted in some form in many of the 
 States. Governor Hughes of New York speaking of cor- 
 ruption in politics and the Direct Primary says : ' ' Experi- 
 ence shows that under the present system the voters of the 
 party, except there is some mighty upheaval, have very 
 little to say, as one or two in control virtually appoint 
 those who will stand as the representatives of the party. 
 This is not a representative government 
 
 ' ' If we elect a governor by direct vote of the people, how 
 is it a subversion of representative government for the 
 enrolled voters of a party to choose their candidate for 
 Governor by direct vote ? ' ' According to Governor Hughes 
 "The direct primary is but a step in the evolution of 
 popular government. ' ' 
 
 To illustrate we cite the recent direct primary in the 
 State of Oregon. This resulted in the election of a Demo- 
 cratic United States Senator by a Republican Legislature. 
 The candidates for the legislature pledged themselves before 
 the election to support for United States Senator the person 
 whom the people should select in a direct primary to be 
 held at the time of the general election. Although Oregon 
 is usually a Republican State, it had at the time a Democrat 
 in the Governor's chair, Governor Chamberlain, and such 
 was his popularity with the people, that he was elected 
 by the Direct Primary as the People's choice for Senator. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 17 
 
 The members of the Legislature, true to their ante-election 
 promises, promptly elected him to the upper house of Con- 
 gress for the full term of six years. They did this, to their 
 honor, be it said, in spite of the protests of the Republican 
 bosses in the State lobby. Much can be said in favor of 
 the "Direct Primary" little against it. It gives the 
 people an opportunity to say definitely whom they wish to 
 govern them. It does away with the corrupting influences 
 that always appear in the ordinary nominating convention. 
 
 It bids fair to be one of the most effective means that the 
 people are trying in order to purify the political atmos- 
 phere. It does not do away with political conventions 
 not at all. The convention in some forms seems to be a 
 necessity. The convention can formally place a ticket in the 
 field if necessary, ratifying the choice of the people as 
 expressed at the primary. It can adopt a platform, 
 provide funds for the campaign and take the general man- 
 agement, but it must nominate for the different offices those 
 only whose names have received the approval of the voters 
 at the primary. This plan is sure to prevail in some 
 form all over the country. The people everywhere are 
 coming to the front and are taking an interest in public 
 affairs that they have never taken before. 
 
 Among other means that are being proposed to bring 
 people into closer touch with the Government in the man- 
 agement of affairs, may be mentioned the Recall, the 
 Initiative and the Referendum. When these plans are 
 
18 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 perfected the people will again assume the control. Let us 
 briefly consider each of these. 
 
 THE RECALL 
 
 The provisions of the Recall as already established vary 
 as to details, but the principal point in the plan is this: 
 If any elective officer fails to "make good" an election 
 must be held to elect his successor, on the petition of 
 twenty-five per cent of the voters who voted at the preceding 
 election. 
 
 In preparing the ballot the name of the officer whose re- 
 call is demanded shall appear as well as the names of others 
 who have the right to run for the office either by petition 
 or nomination. If a majority vote is cast against the in- 
 cumbent he must vacate his office and give way to the one 
 who has received a majority of the votes cast. If the 
 incumbent whose Recall has been asked shall receive at this 
 election- a majority he shall be considered as vindicated and 
 shall continue in office. The theory of the Recall is correct 
 and if conducted squarely it may be of great service in 
 doing away with corruption and fraud. 
 
 THE INITIATIVE 
 
 This simply means that the people may signify to the 
 legislative body the kind of legislation that they desire, and 
 it is then the duty of the legislative body to carry out the 
 wishes of the petitioners by suitable legislation. It is in- 
 
TO THE TEACHING OP CIVICS 19 
 
 tended that the people in this way shall have a direct voice 
 in making the laws and ordinances under which they are 
 to live. 
 
 THE REFERENDUM 
 
 This is another means of bringing the people in close 
 touch with the law-making power. It is the opposite of 
 the initiative in this, that the law-making body proposes the 
 law or ordinance, as the case may be, and submits it to the 
 vote of the people before passing it in final form. If it is 
 rejected by the people the rejection is final. If accepted 
 by the people a bill is introduced containing the provisions 
 voted on by the people, and this bill becomes a law on being 
 accepted in the legal manner. 
 
CHAPTER V 
 
 ORGANIZATION AND WORK OF POLITICAL PARTIES 
 ORGANIZATION OF CONVENTIONS 
 
 In the complete organization of any political party there 
 is a close connection extending from the precinct, through 
 the county and state to the nation in other words, there 
 is a wheel within a wheel. Each party has its precinct or 
 ward clubs. Each has a central committee in each county, 
 composed of members from different precincts or districts. 
 The management of the party as far as the politics of 
 the county are concerned is vested in this committee, 
 which is duly organized by having a Chairman, a Secretary, 
 and other officers elected or appointed. The members of 
 this committee are selected from the different precincts of 
 the county and are chosen by the County Convention of 
 the party for a term of two years. The representatives 
 are named by the delegates from the precincts, but their 
 appointment rests with the Convention which usually 
 ratifies the selection of the precinct delegations. 
 
 The management of the affairs of a party so far as the 
 politics of the state are concerned is vested in a State 
 Central Committee. This committee is composed of mem- 
 bers from each county chosen by the State Convention for a 
 term of four years. These members are selected by the 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 21 
 
 delegation from the respective counties, and their selection 
 is usually ratified by the convention itself. 
 
 When it comes to the management of national politics 
 we must look to the National Committee of the party. This 
 committee is composed of members from each state and 
 territory appointed for a term of four years. The mem- 
 bers of the committee are selected by the delegates from the 
 several states and their selection is usually ratified by the 
 National Convention itself. 
 
 The number of delegates to which each precinct, county 
 or state is entitled in the county, state or national conven- 
 tion is in proportion to the vote of the party at the last 
 general election. 
 
 The initiative in a national, state, county or municipal 
 campaign rests with the Chairman of the regular Execu- 
 tive Central Committee. He calls the Committee together 
 and they select the time and place for holding the con- 
 vention. 
 
 To illustrate the organization outlined above and to ex- 
 plain how complete this organization is and show the part 
 which each voter may have in the politics of the country 
 we will suppose that the present year is the year for the 
 election of President and Vice-President. 
 
 Early in the year, the chairman of the National Com- 
 mittee of each party calls a meeting of the Committee. 
 This is made several weeks in advance of the meeting so 
 that as many of the members as possible may be present. 
 
22 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 At this meeting the time and place for holding the con- 
 vention are determined and the call is issued to the Central 
 Committee of each State. This call is in general, like the 
 following : 
 
 "A convention of the party of the United 
 
 States is hereby called to meet on the day of , 
 
 19 , in the city of , for the purpose of 
 
 placing in nomination candidates for President and 
 Vice-President of the United States and for the ap- 
 pointment of a National Committee to serve for the ensuing 
 term of four years, and for the transaction of any other 
 business that may properly come before the convention. 
 
 The following, based upon the vote at the last 
 
 presidential election shows the number of delegates and 
 alternates to which each State is entitled." Then follows 
 an alphabetical list of states beginning with Alabama. 
 
 On the receipt of this call by the Chairman of the various 
 State Central Committees the same action is taken as out- 
 lined above for the National Committee. A meeting of 
 the Committee is called and, at this meeting, the time and 
 place for holding the State Convention is determined, and 
 a call is issued to the Central Committee of each county. 
 This call shows the number of delegates allotted to each 
 county based upon the party vote in the county at the 
 last general election. The general form of the call is 
 similar to the one issued by the National Committee. 
 
 The Chairman of the County Central Committee issues a 
 
TO THE TEACHING OP CIVICS 23 
 
 call for a County Convention. This call shows the number 
 of delegates that each precinct or district is entitled to, 
 based upon the party vote at the last election. 
 
 When the County Convention meets delegates and 
 alternates are chosen to the State Convention, and a County 
 Committee is appointed to serve for two years. 
 
 The State Convention meets and appoints the delegates 
 and alternates to the National Convention, and also a State 
 Central Committee to serve for four years. 
 
 Besides the National, the State, and the County Commit- 
 tees, every Congressional District has a special Congress- 
 sional Committee to look out for the campaign for 
 Congressmen, and every City, unless otherwise determined 
 by its Charter, has a City Central Committee which manages 
 the political affairs of the party as far as the City is 
 concerned. 
 
 Delegates to the County and City Convention are usually 
 selected by a primary election. 
 
 ORGANIZATION OF CONVENTIONS 
 
 The method of procedure in the organization of all con- 
 ventions is the same. 
 
 The chairman of the Central Committee calls the dele- 
 gates to order, and, after announcing the purpose for 
 which they have been called together, he proceeds to organ- 
 ize the convention by the election of a temporary chairman 
 
24 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 and other temporary officers. The temporary chairman 
 appoints the following committees : 
 
 1. On Credentials. 
 
 2. On Permanent Organization, and Order of Busi- 
 
 ness. 
 
 3. On Kesolutions. 
 
 An adjournment is then taken to give these committees 
 time to report. In a National or State Convention the Com- 
 mittee on Credentials is a very important one sometimes, 
 as this committee, in cases of contest, has to decide which 
 of the contestants are entitled to seats in the convention. 
 
 On reassembling after adjournment, the organization of 
 the convention is completed by receiving and adopting the 
 report of the three committees mentioned above. 
 
 The report of the Committee on Resolutions in a National 
 Convention forms the "Platform" of the party for the 
 campaign. This report should specify clearly the policy 
 of the party upon every important public question. 
 
 The campaign of 1832 is noted for originating national 
 ' ' nominating conventions ' ' and party ' ' platforms. ' ' After 
 Washington's time candidates had, until then, been nomi- 
 nated by members of Congress in Caucus. 
 
 The "Anti-Masonic" party held the first National Nomi- 
 nating Convention ever held in the United States, in 1821. 
 
CHAPTER VI 
 
 GENERAL OUTLINE MUNICIPAL, COUNTY, STATE, AND 
 NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS 
 
 If we look for a moment to the organized governments of 
 towns, counties, states and the nation as a whole, we shall 
 see the three departments of the government extending 
 through all of these. Thus in the town or city we have the 
 Mayor executive 
 Council legislative 
 The Justice's Court 
 The Police Court ^judicial 
 The City Attorney J 
 In the County we have 
 The Board of Supervisors legislative 
 The Sheriff and His Assistants executive 
 The Justice Court 
 The Supreme Court \-judicial 
 The District Attorney J 
 In the State we have 
 The Legislature legislative 
 
 The Governor and other 1 
 
 V executive 
 State Officers J 
 
 The Superior Courts 
 
 The Court of Appeals 1 
 
 The Supreme Court > judicial 
 
 The Attorney-General J 
 
26 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 In the nation we have 
 Congress legislative 
 
 The President and ^ ,. 
 
 I executive 
 Cabinet J 
 
 The Courts and "i 
 
 Attorney-General j 
 
 The most enlightened countries have a legislative body 
 composed of two houses. They also have courts and all of 
 the machinery necessary to carry on successfully the work 
 of the judicial department. The ruler, whether his title be 
 king, emperor or president, together with his cabinet form 
 the executive department. The purpose of two houses 
 forming the legislative department is that one may serve as 
 a check upon hasty legislation. In our Congress the 
 senators represent the State as a whole, while the Repre- 
 sentatives represent the people directly. 
 
CHAPTER VII 
 
 EVENTS LEADING TO THE ADOPTION OF THE 
 CONSTITUTION 
 
 There were three forms of government in the Colonies. 
 The character and nature of each of these may be learned 
 from any history. 
 
 Khode Island and Connecticut were governed under a 
 charter. 
 
 Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland were proprietary 
 governments. 
 
 Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Virginia, 
 North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia were ruled by 
 a governor appointed by the King hence they were called 
 Royal Provinces. 
 
 On July 30th, 1619, the General Assembly of Virginia 
 was organized in the little wooden church in Jamestown, by 
 Governor Yeardley and his advisers. This was the first 
 Representative Assembly in America. 
 
 "This picture is worth remembering. The Governor and 
 his council, keeping their hats on, took the front seats, while 
 the burgesses occupied those in the rear. The session was 
 opened by prayer, after which each member took the oath. 
 The burgesses were elected by the people, two from each 
 neighborhood. When the Revolution came 150 years later, 
 the Virginia House of Burgesses furnished a larger list of 
 able men than any other assembly in America." 
 
28 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 No definite plans or even attempts at united action on 
 the part of these colonies were made until 1754. During 
 this year the First Colonial Congress met at Albany, N. Y. 
 This is sometimes known as the Albany Convention. 
 Twenty-five delegates from New England, Maryland, Penn- 
 sylvania and New York met to determine some course of 
 action to be followed during the struggle between the 
 English and French, for supremacy in America; also, to 
 meet delegates from the six nations (Indian tribes) whom 
 they hoped to win over to the sides of the English. A 
 plan of union was drawn up by Franklin. This was called 
 the Albany plan. It was not approved by either the Eng- 
 lish government or the Colonies. Each claimed that the 
 other derived too much power from it. However, this was 
 the first step toward the permanent union that came a 
 score of years later. 
 
 In 1765 the Second Colonial Congress met in New York, 
 to protest against the passage of the "Stamp Act" and 
 other oppressive measures which had been adopted by 
 Parliament. This Congress is sometimes known as the 
 "Stamp Act Congress." Delegates from nine Colonies 
 were in attendance, New Hampshire, Virginia, North Cai- 
 olina and Georgia being unrepresented. A ' ' Bill of Rights ' ' 
 was passed and a petition to the King for redress of 
 grievance was prepared. 
 
 In 1774 the First Continental Congress, proposed by 
 Virginia, met in Philadelphia, Sept. 1st. Five acts of 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 29 
 
 Parliament had been passed, aimed directly at the colonies. 
 These acts were: 
 
 The Boston Port Bill. 
 
 The Transportation Bill. 
 
 The Massachusetts Bill. 
 
 The Quartering Act. 
 
 The Quebec Act. 
 
 There were forty-four delegates from eleven colonies at 
 first, and, later, eleven more delegates came and all of the 
 colonies except Georgia were represented. 
 
 In 1775 the Second Continental Congress met in Philadel- 
 phia. The management of affairs during the greater part 
 of the Revolutionary War devolved upon this Congress. It 
 was this Congress that passed the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence, July 4th, 1776. In 1777 Articles of Confedera- 
 tion were adopted and ratified by the required number of 
 Colonies before 1781. The Articles went into effect in 1781 
 and were the guide in matters of government until 1789. 
 The Articles were so unsatisfactory that in 1787 a Con- 
 stitutional Convention was called in which all the colonies 
 except Rhode Island were represented and after a prolonged 
 session of four months the present Constitution was adopted 
 on Sept. 17th. It was ratified by the requisite number of 
 states by the year 1789, and Washington was elected the 
 first president. 
 
 In the year 1787 Congress passed an Ordinance affecting 
 the North- West Territory. This is known in history as 
 
30 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 "The Ordinance of 1787." "This is a famous document 
 because It laid the foundation for the government of our 
 territories. It forever prohibited negro slavery in the 
 North- West Territory. It bestowed religious liberty upon 
 all settlers in this region, and it provided that schools and 
 the means of education shall forever be encouraged. The 
 making of this ordinance was one of the wisest and one of 
 the last acts of the Congress of the Confederation. It gave 
 the whole country a common interest in the new territory. ' ' 
 (Mace.) 
 
 Some of the faults in the Articles of Confederation were 
 these : There was no president, no supreme court, and there 
 was but a single house of Congress, elected by the legisla- 
 tures of the States. Congress had no authority to interpret 
 or enforce its own laws. It had power to levy taxes, but no 
 power to collect them. It had no power to protect com- 
 merce and the Government was too weak to preserve order. 
 
 1 i The Articles of Confederation were made by the States. 
 We, the people, made the Constitution. ' ' 
 
 After Congress met for the first session after the Con- 
 stitution went into effect, it organized these four executive 
 departments, viz. : Department of State, Department of 
 War, Department of the Treasury and Department of 
 Justice. 
 
 President Washington appointed Thomas Jefferson the 
 first Secretary of State, Alexander Hamilton the first 
 Secretary of the Treasury, Genl. Henry Knox the first 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 31 
 
 Secretary of War, and Edmund Randolph the first 
 Attorney- General. These constituted the first Cabinet. 
 The other Cabinet departments have been created since. 
 They are five, as follows: Post-Master-General, Secretary 
 of the Navy, Secretary of the Interior, Secretary of Agri- 
 culture and Secretary of Commerce and Labor. 
 
 The salary of each Cabinet officer is $12,000 per annum. 
 The duties of these Cabinet officers may be outlined briefly 
 as follows: 
 
 Secretary of State. He is the keeper of the Great Seal 
 of the United States. He issues passports to American 
 citizens visiting foreign countries. He also isssues warrants 
 for the extradition of criminals. 
 
 He issues proclamations by direction of the President. 
 He has charge of the diplomatic service and foreign affairs. 
 He is, in reality, the President's Prime Minister. 
 
 Secretary of the Treasury. He has the entire control of 
 the collection of revenues, of the mints, of the coinage of 
 money and of the currency, of National Banks and of the 
 Life Saving Service. He must prepare and suggest plans 
 for raising revenue; he must superintend the collection of 
 revenues coming from customs, duties and internal taxes. 
 He must audit the accounts of all departments. 
 
 Secretary of War. He has charge of the United States 
 Military Academy at West Point, and also of all military 
 stations and forts. He organizes the militia and regular 
 armed forces of the Nation. 
 
32 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 Attorney- General. He controls the United States Dis- 
 trict Attorneys and Marshals. He is the President's legal 
 adviser, also the legal adviser of all Cabinet officers. He has 
 charge of all suits in which the United States is a party. 
 All of the United States Marshals and United States Dis- 
 trict Attorneys are attached to this department. 
 
 The Secretary of the Navy. He has control of Navy 
 Yards and Naval Stations, also the Naval Academy at Anna- 
 polis. He organizes the Naval Forces of the Nation. 
 
 The Post-Master General, He has charge of the do- 
 mestic and foreign postal service; establishes and discon- 
 tinues post-offices and postal service; appoints certain 
 post-masters, and, with the consent of the President, 
 arranges postal treaties with foreign nations. 
 
 The Secretary of the Interior. His work is the most 
 varied of all the Cabinet Officers, and is done almost en- 
 tirely by departments, each of which has a head working 
 under the direction of the Secretary. Some of these de- 
 partments are: General Land Office, Indian Bureau, 
 Education, Patent Office, Pension Bureau, Geological Sur- 
 veys, Census, Commissioner of Railroads, etc. 
 
 Secretary of Agriculture. He has charge of the 
 Weather Bureau and the Forest Reserves. He gathers in- 
 formation relative to fruit raising, farming in general, the 
 wine industry, grazing, etc. 
 
 Secretary of Commerce and Labor. His duties, as well 
 as those of the Secretary of Agriculture, were formerly a 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 33 
 
 part of the work of Secretary of the Interior. To obtain 
 more efficient service it was found necessary to form at first 
 one, and shortly afterward, a second department. The 
 Secretary of Commerce and Labor has charge of the Light- 
 houses, Coast Survey, Immigration, National Census. 
 
 All Cabinet officers report to the President annually with 
 regard to matters pertaining to their respective depart- 
 ments. These reports are made so that the President may 
 have all information necessary to assist him in preparing 
 his annual message to Congress, which must be ready on the 
 first Monday in December. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 1787 1 
 
 We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect 
 union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the 
 common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings 
 of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this 
 Constitution for the United States of America. 
 
 AETICLE I 
 
 SECTION 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in 
 a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and 
 House of Eepresentatives. 
 
 SECTION 2. 1 The House of Eepresentatives shall be composed of 
 members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, 
 and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for 
 electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature. 
 
 2 No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained 
 to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the 
 United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of 
 that State in which he shall be chosen. 
 
 3 Eepresentatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the 
 several States which may be included within this Union, according to 
 their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the 
 whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a 
 term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all 
 other persons. 2 The actual enumeration shall be made within three 
 years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and 
 within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they 
 shall by law direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed 
 
 1 This reprint of the Constitution exactly follows the text of that in the 
 Department of State at Washington, save in the spelling of a few words. 
 
 2 The last half of this sentence was superseded by the i3th and i4th Amend- 
 ments. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 35 
 
 one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one 
 representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of 
 New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, 
 Ehode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New 
 York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Mary- 
 land six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and 
 Georgia three. 
 
 4 When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the 
 executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such 
 vacancies. 
 
 5 The House of Eepresentatives shall choose their speaker and 
 other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 
 
 SECTION 3. 1 The Senate of the United States shall be com- 
 posed of two senators from each State, chosen by the legislature 
 thereof for six years ; and each senator shall have one vote. 
 
 2 Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the 
 first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three 
 classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated 
 at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the ex- 
 piration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration 
 of the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every second year; 
 and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the 
 recess of the legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make 
 temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, 
 which shall then fill such vacancies. 
 
 3 No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to 
 the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United 
 States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that 
 State for which he shall be chosen. 
 
 4 The Vice President of the United States shall be President of 
 the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. 
 
36 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 5 The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president 
 pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall 
 exercise the office of President of the United States. 
 
 6 The Senate shaU have the sole power to try all impeachments. 
 When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. 
 When the President of the United States is tried, the chief justice 
 shall preside: and no person shall be convicted without the concur- 
 rence of two thirds of the members present. 
 
 7 Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further 
 than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy 
 any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States: but the 
 party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, 
 trial, judgment and punishment, according to law. 
 
 SECTION 4. 1 The times, places, and manner of holding elections 
 for senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by 
 the legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law 
 make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing 
 senators. 
 
 2 The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and 
 such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they 
 shall by law appoint a different day. 
 
 SECTION 5. 1 Each House shall be the judge of the elections, 
 returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of 
 each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number 
 may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the 
 attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such 
 penalties as each House may provide. 
 
 2 Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish 
 its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two 
 thirds, expel a member. 
 
 3 Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 37 
 
 time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their 
 judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of 
 either House on any question shall, at the desire of one fifth of those 
 present, be entered on the journal. 
 
 4 Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the 
 consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any 
 other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. 
 
 SECTION 6. 1 The senators and representatives shall receive a 
 compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid 
 out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, 
 except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from 
 arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective 
 Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any 
 speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any 
 other place. 
 
 2 No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he 
 was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the 
 United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments 
 whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no person 
 holding any office under the United States shall be a member of 
 either House during his continuance in office. 
 
 SECTION 7. 1 All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the 
 House of Eepresentatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur 
 with amendments as on other bills. 
 
 2 Every bill which shall have passed the House of Bepresentatives 
 and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the 
 President of the United States; if he approves he shall sign it, but 
 if not he shall return it, with his objections to that House in which 
 it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on 
 their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such recon- 
 sideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it 
 
38 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by 
 which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds 
 of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes 
 of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names 
 of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the 
 journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned 
 by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall 
 have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner 
 as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment 
 prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 
 
 3 Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the 
 Senate and House of Eepresentatives may be necessary (except on a 
 question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the 
 United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be ap- 
 proved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by 
 two thirds of the Senate and House of Eepresentatives, according to 
 the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 
 
 SECTION 8. 1 The Congress shall have power to lay and collect 
 taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for 
 the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but 
 all duties, imposes and excises shall be uniform throughout the 
 United States; 
 
 2 To borrow money on the credit of the United States; 
 
 3 To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the 
 several States, and with the Indian tribes; 
 
 4 To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform 
 laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States; 
 
 5 To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, 
 and fix the standard of weights and measures; 
 
 6 To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities 
 and current coin of the United States; 
 
TO THE TEACHING OP CIVICS 39 
 
 7 To establish post offices and post roads; 
 
 8 To promote the progress of science and useful arts by securing 
 for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their 
 respective writings and discoveries; 
 
 9 To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; 
 
 10 To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the 
 high seas, and offenses against the law of nations; 
 
 11 To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and 
 make rules concerning captures on land and water; 
 
 12 To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money 
 to that use shall be for a longer term than two years; 
 
 13 To provide and maintain a navy; 
 
 14 To make rules for the government and regulation of the land 
 and naval forces; 
 
 15 To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of 
 the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions; 
 
 16 To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, 
 and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service 
 of the United States, reserving to the States respectively the appoint- 
 ment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according 
 to the discipline prescribed by Congress; 
 
 17 To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over 
 such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by session of 
 particular States and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of 
 the government of the United States, 1 and to exercise like authority 
 over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the State 
 in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, 
 arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings; and 
 
 18 To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for 
 carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers 
 
 1 The District of Columbia, which comes under the regulations, had not then 
 been erected. 
 
40 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, 
 or in any department or officer thereof. 
 
 SECTION 9. 1 The migration or importation of such persons as 
 any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not 
 be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight 
 hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importa- 
 tion, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 2 
 
 2 The privileges of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- 
 pended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety 
 may require it. 
 
 3 No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 
 
 4 No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in propor- 
 tion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. 
 
 5 No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. 
 
 6 No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or 
 revenue to the ports of one State over those of another: nor shall 
 vessels bound to, or from, one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay 
 duties in another. 
 
 7 No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence 
 of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account 
 of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published 
 from time to time. 
 
 8 No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: and 
 no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, 
 without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, 
 office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign 
 State. 
 
 SECTION 10. 1 1 No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or 
 confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit 
 bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in 
 
 2 A temporary clause, no longer in force. 
 
 1 See also the loth, i3th, i4th, and isth Amendments. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OP CIVICS 41 
 
 payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or 
 law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobilty. 
 
 2 No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any 
 imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be abso- 
 lutely necessary for executing its inspection laws : and the net produce 
 of all duties and imposts laid by any State on imports or exports, 
 shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States; and all such 
 laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. 
 
 3 No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty 
 of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into 
 any agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, 
 or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger 
 as will not admit of delay. 
 
 AETICLE II 
 
 SECTION 1. 1 The executive power shall be vested in a President 
 of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the 
 term of four years, and, to gether with the Vice President, chosen for 
 the same term, be elected, as follows 
 
 2 Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature 
 thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of 
 senators and representatives to which the State may be entitled in the 
 Congress: but no senator or representative, or person holding an 
 office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an 
 elector. 
 
 The electors shall meet in their respective States,' and vote by ballot 
 for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of 
 the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all 
 the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which 
 list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the 
 government of the United States, directed to the president of the 
 Senate. The president of the Senate, shall, in the presence of the 
 
42 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 Senate and House of Bepresentatives, open all the certificates, and 
 the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest 
 number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority 
 of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than 
 one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then 
 the House of Eepresentatives shall immediately choose by ballot one 
 of them for President; and if no person have a majority, then from 
 the five highest on the list the said house shall in like manner choose 
 the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken 
 by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a 
 quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from 
 two thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be 
 necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the Presi* 
 dent, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors 
 shall be the Vice President, and if there should remain two or more 
 who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the 
 Vice President. 1 
 
 3 The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, 
 and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be 
 the same throughout the United States. 
 
 4 No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the 
 United States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall 
 be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be 
 eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty- 
 five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United 
 States. 
 
 5 In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his 
 death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of 
 the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the 
 Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resigna- 
 tion, or inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring 
 
 1 This paragraph superseded by the izth Amendment. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 43 
 
 what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act 
 accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be 
 elected. 
 
 6 The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a 
 compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during 
 the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not 
 receive within that period any other emolument from the United 
 States, or any of them. 
 
 7 Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the 
 following oath or affirmation: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) 
 that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United 
 States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and 
 defend the Constitution of the United States." 
 
 SECTION 2. 1 The President shall be commander in chief of the 
 army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several 
 States, when called into the actual service of the United States; he 
 may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of 
 the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of 
 their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and 
 pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of 
 impeachment. 
 
 2 He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the 
 Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the senators present 
 concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent 
 of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and 
 consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the 
 United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided 
 for, and which shall be established by law: but the Congress may by 
 law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think 
 proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads 
 of departments. 
 
44 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 3 The President shall have power to fill all vacancies that may 
 happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions 
 which shall expire at the end of their next session. 
 
 SECTION 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress infor- 
 mation of the state of the Union, and recommend to their considera- 
 tion such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he 
 may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of 
 them, and in case of disagreement between them with respect to the 
 time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall 
 think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; 
 he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall 
 commission all the officers of the United States. 
 
 SECTION 4. The President, Vice President, and all civil officers of 
 the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, 
 and conviction pf, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misde- 
 meanors. 
 
 AETICLE III 
 
 SECTION 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be 
 vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Con- 
 gress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both 
 of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during 
 good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services, a 
 compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance 
 in office. 
 
 SECTION 2. 1 The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law 
 and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United 
 States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their 
 authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers 
 and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; 
 to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to 
 controversies between two or more States; between a State and 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 45 
 
 citizens of another State; 1 between citizens of different States, 
 between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of 
 different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and 
 foreign States, citizens or subjects. 
 
 2 In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and 
 consuls, and those in which a State shall be the party, the Supreme 
 Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before 
 mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both 
 as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations 
 as the Congress shall make. 
 
 3 The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be 
 by jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said 
 crimes shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any 
 State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may 
 by law have directed. 
 
 SECTION 3. 1 Treason against the United States, shall consist only 
 in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving 
 them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless 
 on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on 
 confession in open court. 
 
 2 The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of 
 treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, 
 or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted. 
 AETICLE IV 
 
 SECTION 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to 
 the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. 
 And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which 
 such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect 
 thereof. 
 
 SECTION 2. 1 The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all 
 privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. 
 
 1 See the nth Amendment, 
 
46 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 2 A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other 
 crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, 
 shall on demand of the executive authority of the State from which 
 he fled, be delivered up to be removed to the State having jurisdiction 
 of the crime. 
 
 3 No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws 
 thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or 
 regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall 
 be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor 
 may be due. 1 
 
 SECTION 3. 1 New States may be admitted by the Congress into 
 this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the 
 jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the 
 junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent 
 of the legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. 
 
 2 The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all 
 needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property 
 belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall 
 be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or 
 of any particular State. 
 
 SECTION 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in 
 this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of 
 them against invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of 
 the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened) against 
 domestic violence. 
 
 AETICLE V 
 
 The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it 
 necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the 
 application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several States, 
 shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either 
 case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Con- 
 
 1 See the i3th Amendment. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 47 
 
 stitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the 
 several States, or by conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one 
 or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; 
 Provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year 
 one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the 
 first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and 
 that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal 
 suffrage in the Senate. 
 
 AETICLE VI 
 
 1 All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the 
 adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United 
 States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. 
 
 2 This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall 
 be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall 
 be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the 
 supreme law of the land; and the judges in every State shall be bound 
 thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the 
 contrary notwithstanding. 
 
 3 The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the 
 members of the several State legislatures, and all executive and 
 judicial oflicers, both of the United States, and of the several States, 
 shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution; 
 but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any 
 office or public trust under the United States. 
 
 AETICLE VII 
 
 The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient 
 for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so 
 ratifying the same. 
 Done in Convention by the unanimous consent of the States present 
 
 the seventeenth day of September in the year of our Lord one 
 
48 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence 
 of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof 
 we have hereunto subscribed our names, 
 
 Go: 
 
 New Hampshire 
 John Langdon 
 Nicholas Gilman 
 
 Massachusetts 
 Nathaniel Gorham 
 Eufus King 
 
 Connecticut 
 Wm. Saml. Johnson 
 Eoger Sherman 
 
 New TorTc 
 Alexander Hamilton 
 
 New Jersey 
 Wil: Livingston 
 David Brearley 
 Wm. Paterson 
 Jona: Dayton 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 B. Franklin 
 Thomas Mifflin 
 Eobt. Morris 
 Geo. Clymer 
 Thos. Fitzsimons 
 Jared Ingersoll 
 James Wilson 
 Gouv Morris 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 Presidt. and Deputy from Virginia 
 
 Delaware 
 Geo: Bead 
 
 Gunning Bedford Jun 
 John Dickinson 
 Eichard Bassett 
 Jaco: Broom 
 
 Maryland 
 James McHenry 
 Dan of St. Thos Jenifer 
 Danl. Carroll 
 
 Virginia 
 John Blair 
 James Madison Jr. 
 
 North Carolina 
 Wm. Blount 
 Eichd. Dobbs Spaight 
 Hu Williamson 
 South Carolina 
 J. Eutledge, 
 
 Charles Cotesworth Pinckney 
 Charles Pinckney 
 Pierce Butler 
 
 Georgia 
 William Few 
 Abr Baldwin 
 Attest WILLIAM JACKSON Secretary. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 49 
 
 Articles in addition to, and amendment of, the Constitution of the 
 United States of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by 
 the legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the fifth article of 
 the original Constitution. 
 
 AETICLE I 1 
 
 Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, 
 or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of 
 speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assem- 
 ble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. 
 
 AETICLE II 
 
 A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free 
 State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be 
 infringed. 
 
 AETICLE III 
 
 No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without 
 the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be 
 prescribed by law. 
 
 AETICLE TV 
 
 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, 
 papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall 
 not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, 
 supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the 
 place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 
 
 AETICLE V 
 
 No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise in- 
 famous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, 
 except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, 
 when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any 
 person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of 
 life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a 
 
 1 First ten Amendments were adopted in 1791. 
 
50 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, 
 without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for 
 public use without just compensation. 
 
 ARTICLE VI 
 
 In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a 
 speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district 
 wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have 
 been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature 
 and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses 
 against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in 
 his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. 
 
 ARTICLE VII 
 
 In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed 
 twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no 
 fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the 
 United States, than according to the rules of the common law. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII 
 
 Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, 
 nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 
 
 ARTICLE IX 
 
 The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be 
 construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 
 
 ARTICLE X 
 
 The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, 
 nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respec- 
 tively, or to the people. 
 
 ARTICLE XI 1 
 
 The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to 
 extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against 
 1 Adopted in 1798. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 51 
 
 one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or 
 subjects of any foreign State. 
 
 AETICLE XII 2 
 
 The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot 
 for President and Vice President, one of whom, at least, shall not be 
 an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name in 
 their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots 
 the person voted for as Vice President, and they shall make distinct 
 lists of all persons voted for as President and of all persons voted for 
 as Vice President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists 
 they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of govern- 
 ment of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate: 
 The president of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and 
 House of Eepresentatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall 
 then be counted; The person having the greatest number of votes for 
 President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the 
 whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such 
 majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not 
 exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House 
 of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. 
 But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the 
 representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this 
 purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the 
 States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. 
 And if the House of Eepresentatives shall not choose a President 
 whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the 
 fourth day of March next following, then the Vice President shall 
 act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional 
 disability of the President. The person having the greatest number 
 of votes as Vice President shall be the Vice President, if such number 
 
 1 Adopted in 1804. 
 
52 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no 
 person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on 
 the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice President; a quorum for the 
 purpose shall consist of two thirds of the whole number of senators, 
 and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 
 But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President 
 shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United States. 
 
 AETICLE XIII 1 
 
 SECTION 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a 
 punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly con- 
 victed, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to 
 their jurisdiction. 
 
 SECTION 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by 
 appropriate legislation. 
 
 AETICLE XIV 2 
 
 SECTION 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, 
 and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United 
 States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or 
 enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or Immunities of 
 citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person 
 of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to 
 any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 
 
 SECTION 2. Eepresentatives shall be apportioned among the several 
 States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole 
 number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But 
 when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for 
 President and Vice President of the United States, representatives in 
 Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members 
 of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of 
 such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United 
 
 1 Adopted in 1865. 
 'Adopted in 1868. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 53 
 
 States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, 
 or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in 
 the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the 
 whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. 
 
 SECTION 3. No person shall be a senator or representative in Con- 
 gress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, 
 civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, 
 having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an 
 officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, 
 or as an executive or judiciary officer of any State, to support the 
 Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection 
 or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies 
 thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, 
 remove such disability. 
 
 SECTION 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, 
 authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions 
 and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall 
 not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall 
 assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection 
 or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or 
 emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims 
 shall be held illegal and void. 
 
 SECTION 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appro- 
 priate legislation, the provisions of this article. 
 
 AETICLE XV 8 
 
 SECTION 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall 
 not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on 
 account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 
 
 SECTION 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article 
 by appropriate legislation. 
 
 3 Adopted in 1870. 
 
CHAPTER VIII 
 
 THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT 
 
 The Constitution of the United States is a very remark- 
 able document. We have had but fifteen amendments dur- 
 ing 120 years, and eleven of these came almost at once, in 
 order to satisfy those who complained that the rights of the 
 people were not sufficiently guarded. The twelfth came in 
 1803 and grew out of a contest in the House of Repre- 
 sentatives at the time of Jefferson's election. He was not 
 elected until the 36th ballot. The 13th, 14th, and 15th 
 amendments come from the changed conditions resulting 
 from the Civil War. That the original Constitution with 
 so few changes has served as the guide for our government 
 for more than a century, testifies to the wisdom and judg- 
 ment of those who framed it more definitely than any 
 words could do. In the following pages a general ex- 
 planation of some of the principal provisions of this 
 Constitution will be given in such a manner, it is hoped, as 
 shall serve to awaken a deeper interest in the affairs of our 
 government and to impress upon the minds of the children 
 the general facts underlying our political fabric. These 
 explanations follow the order of the text of the Constitution. 
 
 The Legislative or law-making power is vested in Con- 
 gress, which meets annually on the first Monday in 
 December, and is composed of the Senate and the House 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 55 
 
 of Representatives. This two-fold legislative department is 
 found in nearly all enlightened countries. There are many 
 advantages, but the principal one is that one may serve as 
 a check upon hasty actions on the part of the other. In the 
 United States the party spirit has always been well de- 
 fined ; one party believing in the doctrine of States ' Rights, 
 the other believing in a strong centralization of power. 
 
 This doctrine carried further gave us the conflict which 
 the Southern States entered upon for " States' Rights" 
 and which, later, culminated in the Civil War 1861-1865. 
 
 UNITED STATES SENATE 
 
 The United States Senate is composed of two Senators 
 from each State, elected for a term of six years, by the 
 Legislature of the State. At the first meeting in 1789 they 
 were divided into three classes, one class having a term of 
 two years, a second class having a term of four years, and 
 a third having a full term of six years. This was done so 
 that at all times a majority of the Senate should be com- 
 posed of experienced members. 
 
 All bills for raising revenue must originate in the 
 popular branch of Congress the House of Representatives. 
 These bills may be amended in the Senate, and must pass 
 both houses before becoming laws. To be a Senator a 
 person must be thirty years of age, a citizen of the United 
 States for nine years, and a resident of the State at the time 
 of his election. The vice president of the United States 
 
56 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 is the presiding officer. He has no vote except in case of 
 a tie. The Senate chooses a president pro tempore who 
 shall preside when the vice president is absent. When 
 vacancies occur in the Senate the Governor of the State 
 appoints to fill the vacancy until the next meeting of the 
 State Legislature. 
 
 The mode of electing a United States Senator is as fol- 
 lows: Whenever there is a vacancy each house ballots 
 separately at noon of a day specified by law. If no one on 
 this ballot has a majority in both houses, a joint session is 
 held from day to day at noon, and at least one (1) ballot 
 must be had daily until a Senator is elected. 
 
 In the Senate, we have the States represented as States, 
 each whether large or small having the same right and 
 influence as any other. The organization of Congress upon 
 the basis of two houses was in the nature of a compromise 
 so far as deferring to the views of the opposing parties 
 was concerned. 
 
 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
 
 Representatives are elected by the people for two years. 
 Originally one representative was allowed for every thirty- 
 three thousand people. The basis of representation has 
 changed with every census. The first census was in 1790 
 and it has been taken every ten years since that time. The 
 next census will be taken in 1910. Besides the enumeration 
 of the number of inhabitants, all the statistics, as products, 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 57 
 
 manufactures, climate, education, etc., are included. The 
 basis of representation now is one representative for every 
 193,291 people. This will be changed again after the next 
 census. In order for a man to be eligible as a representative 
 he must have been a citizen of the United States for seven 
 years, and he must be an inhabitant of the State at the 
 time of his election. He must be at least twenty-five years 
 of age. When vacancies from death or any other cause 
 occur, they are filled by appointment by the Governor of 
 the State. 
 
 The Congress which convenes regularly in December, 
 1909, is the 61st Congress, and the session beginning at the 
 time will be known as the first session of the 61st Congress. 
 This means that it is the 61st Congress under the Constitu- 
 tion which went into effect in 1789. 
 
 The House of Representatives choose their own officers 
 including their presiding officer who is called the speaker. 
 
 The House of Representatives has the sole power of 
 impeaching or preferring charges against any civil officer of 
 the United States. 
 
 FIRST COMPROMISE ON SLAVERY QUESTION 
 
 The first compromise upon the slavery question found in 
 the Constitution is in the 3d clause of section 2, article 1, 
 in which provision was made for counting three-fifths of the 
 slave population in addition to the number of free persons. 
 This was a compromise, because the Southern or slavehold- 
 
58 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 ing states asked that all of the slaves should be counted and 
 the non-slaveholding states asked that none of them be 
 counted. Each side yielded a point and the three-fifth 
 clause was inserted. This has all been changed by the 
 second section of Amendment XIV. 
 
 The House of Representatives is the popular branch of 
 Congress, representing the people at large and directly, 
 while the Senate represents the States as States. This 
 arrangement was entered upon in good faith by all parties 
 and was satisfactory to federalists and anti-federalists 
 alike. The federalist idea stood for a strong central gov- 
 ernment, while the anti-federalist idea held that the State 
 was the principal unit and that the general government 
 was merely a confederacy of States and not a Union. 
 
 IMPEACHMENTS 
 
 When any Civil officer of the United States is impeached 
 by the House of Representatives, the trial is conducted by 
 the Senate. The Senate acts as a jury and must be on 
 oath or affirmation on oath for all persons except Quakers 
 and any others who are conscientiously opposed to the oath 
 on affirmation for these. It requires a two-thirds vote to 
 convict. There is this difference in rendering a verdict 
 from the method in an ordinary court by an ordinary jury. 
 A roll call of Senators is made and each Senator is required 
 to stand and to answer, "guilty" or "not guilty." This 
 puts every Senator upon record, so that the public may 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 59 
 
 know of his vote. When the President is impeached, the 
 Chief Justice of the Supreme Court presides. The Vice 
 President would not be a proper person to conduct a trial 
 which might result in his own promotion. When a person 
 is found guilty by the Senate, he may be removed from 
 office, and may also be disqualified for holding any office, 
 forever after. If he has been guilty of a criminal offense, 
 he is subject to indictment and trial and punishment ac- 
 cording to law. The State Legislatures make their own 
 laws regarding the election of Congressmen and Senators, 
 except that no change can be made by the State as to the 
 manner of electing Senators. 
 
 COURTS-MARTIAL 
 
 Impeachment extends only to civil officers. Naval and 
 military officers are tried by Courts-martial. A Court- 
 martial is composed of a prescribed number of officers of 
 higher rank than the accused. The verdict in a trial by 
 Court-martial is reviewed by the President of the United 
 States, as Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy. 
 The verdict stands or falls, according to his approval or 
 disapproval. 
 
 Each Congress has two sessions a long one and a short 
 one. The session beginning on the first Monday in De- 
 cember of the odd years is the long one, and the other 
 beginning on the first Monday of December of the even 
 years is the short one. This must end by the 4th of March. 
 
60 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 A majority of each house constitutes a quorum for the 
 transaction of business, but a smaller number may adjourn 
 from day to day or may compel the attendance of mem- 
 bers. A member of either house may be expelled by a two- 
 thirds vote. Senators and representatives are paid $7,500 
 a year, and mileage at the rate of twenty cents a mile from 
 their homes to Washington and return. Members of each 
 house are not subject to arrest, except in cases of felony, 
 treason and breach of the peace. Treason consists in taking 
 up arms against the government, or in assisting those who 
 are at war with the nation. 
 
 Felony by the United States ' law is any crime punishable 
 by death or long imprisonment. 
 
 All bills must pass both houses before becoming laws. 
 They must also be signed by the President. If he objects 
 to a bill, he must veto it. This he does in a message to 
 Congress explaining his reasons for not signing the bill. 
 
 If both houses pass it again by two-third vote, it becomes 
 a law without the President's signature. If any bill is not 
 signed within ten days after it has been sent to the Presi- 
 dent, it becomes a law. This action on part of the President 
 is called a " Pocket Veto." 
 
 It will thus be seen that the President shares with Con- 
 gress the legislative function. He is the Executive but he 
 has a wholesome check upon the legislative branch in 
 this , that he has the veto power. 
 
 Congress, under the Constitution, has power that was not 
 granted by the "Articles of Confederation." 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 61 
 
 DUTIES AND INTERNAL REVENUE TAX 
 
 Congress may arrange a Tariff, which is a schedule of 
 taxes or duties on imported goods. The collection of these 
 duties has made necessary the establishing of Custom 
 Houses, and the appointment of Custom Officers. These 
 duties must be uniform in all parts of the United States. 
 Congress may also provide for an internal revenue tax or 
 Excise, and this also must be uniform all over the country. 
 
 There are two opposing ideas regarding the Tariff. One 
 of these advocates a tax on imported goods for the sole 
 purpose of obtaining revenue; the other, a high tax so as 
 to protect our home industries. This is called a Protective 
 Tariff. Owing to the low rate of wages in some foreign 
 countries, goods can be manufactured at a much less cost 
 there than in the United States. A Protective Tariff would 
 put such a tax upon these goods when imported, as would 
 make the cost equal to or a little more than the cost of the 
 home manufactured article. 
 
 Free trade means that foreign goods may be admitted 
 without duty or tax. 
 
 The Speaker of the House appoints all committees. The 
 most important of these is the Committee on "Ways and 
 Means." This committee determines, largely, the financial 
 policy of the Government. 
 
62 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 DISPOSAL OF PUBLIC LANDS 
 
 Congress has power to dispose of territory belonging to 
 the United States. By this power the settlement of fron- 
 tiers has been encouraged, the building of railroads has 
 been promoted, public parks have been established, 
 forest reserves have been made, land has been set aside for 
 educational purposes, and actual settlement has been en- 
 couraged by allowing prospective settlers the privilege of 
 gaining a complete title by either pre-emption or purchase. 
 
 THE GOVERNMENT OP TERRITORIES 
 
 Congress also organizes the government in the territories. 
 Whenever a territory is to be admitted as a State, it adopts 
 a constitution, which must be in harmony with the Con- 
 stitution of the United States, as this is the "Supreme 
 Law of the Land." 
 
 The Speaker has more influence in directing the policy 
 of Congress than any one excepting the President. 
 
 When the United States has to borrow money, bonds are 
 issued as security for the payment of the sum borrowed. 
 
 NATURALIZATION 
 
 A foreigner may become a citizen by being naturalized. 
 Naturalization in this country implies loss of citizenship 
 in the foreign country. This is called expatriation. To be 
 naturalized one must declare his intentions of becoming a 
 citizen in court, and in two years after this intention if he 
 has been in this country five years and is vouched for by 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 63 
 
 two citizens, and if he can read and write, he may be 
 admitted to citizenship. This is, in general, the law, but 
 in some of our large cities that are under corrupt control 
 these legal provisions are set aside and persons are given 
 their naturalization papers before they have been in this 
 country a week. Naturalization makes a person a citizen 
 of the United States, but the right to vote comes from the 
 State, although a person must either be a citizen of the 
 United States or must have declared his intention of be- 
 coming a citizen. The State law is absolute with regard 
 to the right of Suffrage. In a few States, no one may vote 
 unless he can read and write. This is surely reasonable. 
 In some States women may vote at all elections; in others, 
 at elections for school officers, but in most of the States 
 women can not vote at all. 
 
 Elsewhere will be found a list of the States and who 
 may vote in each and who can not vote. 
 
 COINAGE OP MONEY. MINTS 
 
 The coinage of money, the issuing of paper money, the 
 establishing of National Banks, the punishment of 
 counterfeiting, all belong to Congress. 
 
 Coin, is made of gold, silver, copper, and nickel. Con- 
 gress alone has the power to coin money. Gold and silver 
 coins are 90% pure and 10% alloy. The alloy is used to 
 harden the coin and make it more durable. For the pur- 
 pose of coining money, mints have been established at 
 
64 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 Philadelphia, San Francisco, Carson City, and New Or- 
 leans. Metallic currency is generally called specie in 
 distinction from currency which is used to designate 
 paper money. Any National Bank may issue paper money 
 provided the Bank purchases United States Bonds to guar- 
 antee the notes issued and to give them value. 
 
 POST-OFFICES AND POSTAL SERVICE 
 
 Congress under the constitution has power to establish 
 Post-offices and Post-roads. This includes the transmis- 
 sion of mail by land or water, rural delivery, free delivery 
 in cities, money order business and, in fact, everything 
 that has been found necessary under the changed 
 conditions under which we are now living. 
 
 This department is of such magnitude and so important 
 as a source of revenue for the government that a special 
 cabinet officer, known as Postmaster General, has been 
 appointed to look after all matters pertaining to the postal 
 service. 
 
 PATENTS AND COPYRIGHTS TRADEMARKS 
 
 Any person who has invented anything of value may be 
 protected in the profits of the invention by securing a 
 patent. This is issued from the patent office and is good 
 for seventeen years and can not be renewed. A model of 
 the invention must be sent to the patent office with the 
 application. A patent secures to the inventor the benefit 
 of his invention. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 65 
 
 Any infringement of the patent by any person is an 
 offense punishable by a heavy fine. Similarly, an author 
 of any book, or musical composition may obtain a " copy- 
 right" for 28 years with an extension of 14 years. This 
 gives the benefit of the profits of the book to the author. 
 An international copyright is one that extends to other 
 countries. 
 
 A Trade Mark is a mark or device affixed by a manu- 
 facturer or merchant to his goods, the exclusive right of 
 using which is recognized by law. The following is the 
 law of Trade Marks : 
 
 Any person, firm or corporation can obtain protection 
 for any lawful trade mark by complying with the 
 following : 
 
 1. By causing to be recorded in the Patent Office, the 
 name, residence and place of business of the persons desir- 
 ing the trade mark. 
 
 2. The class of merchandise and a description of the 
 same. 
 
 3. A description and facsimile of the trade mark. 
 
 4. The length of time it has already been used. 
 
 5. By payment of required fee $6.00 to $25.00. 
 
 6. By complying with such regulations as may be made 
 by the commissioner of Patents. 
 
 Piracy is highway robbery on the high-seas. The high- 
 seas are all of the ocean beyond the three mile limit from 
 the shore. A country claims jurisdiction for that distance 
 from the land. 
 
66 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 THE MILITIA 
 
 All able male citizens between the ages of 18 and 45 
 constitute the militia, and are liable to do military duty. 
 When mustered into the service of the United States, the 
 president commissions the officers and the general govern- 
 ment pays for their services. Thus during the Civil War 
 the soldiers, even the volunteer militia from every State, 
 were paid by the United States government. 
 
 THE SECOND COMPROMISE ON SLAVERY 
 QUESTION 
 
 The second compromise upon the question of slavery that 
 is found in the Constitution is in Art. 1, Section 9, Clause 
 1, relating to the African slave trade. 
 
 The compromise was this, The Southern States did 
 not want restriction upon the African slave trade. The 
 Northern States wanted to restrict it altogether, so as a 
 compromise, it was agreed that it should not be restricted 
 prior to the year 1808. 
 
 These are some of the restrictions placed upon Congress. 
 All rights not given, expressly to Congress are reserved to 
 the States, unless forbidden in the Constitution. 
 
 Congress can not pass "Ex post facto" laws. 
 
 Congress can not suspend the writ of "Habeas Corpus. " 
 
 Congress can not grant titles of nobility. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 67 
 
 THE WRIT OP HABEAS CORPUS 
 
 A writ of ' ' Habeas Corpus " is a written order from the 
 magistrate providing that the accused person shall be 
 brought before him. Its object is to guard against false 
 imprisonment. It enables a person, who has been arrested 
 and imprisoned, to be put face to face with his accusers so 
 that the cause of his arrest and imprisonment may be 
 known. This is a great safeguard to personal liberty. 
 During the Civil "War, the privilege of "Habeas Corpus" 
 was suspended indefinitely, but this was done to serve the 
 public interests. 
 
 There was then no time to attend to the trial of indi- 
 viduals when the life of 'the nation was on trial by the 
 court of arms. Persons who were suspected of acts of 
 disloyalty were arrested and held as political prisoners 
 until such a time as the provisions of the act were again 
 put into operation. In some instances innocent persons 
 doubtless were thus deprived temporarily of their liberty, 
 but that was done in the interests of the nation and for the 
 "greatest good of the greatest number. " 
 
 EX POST FACTO LAWS 
 
 * ' An ex post facto ' ' law makes an act criminal which was 
 not so when it was committed. The intent is expressed at 
 the end of most bills or laws by a statement like the follow- 
 ing: This act shall take effect upon its passage upon a 
 
68 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 specified date, or after the lapse of a certain number of 
 days. 
 
 For other restrictions upon Congress or upon the States 
 see the Constitution itself. The legislature of the States is 
 similar to Congress and the general work is conducted in 
 the same way as the work of Congress. All bills introduced 
 are referred to the proper committees and when the com- 
 mittees report upon the bill, action is taken. Most bills 
 never go further than the Committee. After a bill passes 
 both houses of the legislature it must be signed by the 
 Governor before it becomes a law, or if he vetoes it, it must 
 be passed by a two thirds vote over his veto by both houses. 
 
CHAPTER IX 
 
 EXECUTIVE DEPAETMENT 
 
 President 
 
 Elected by people for four years, 
 Election on Tuesday after first Monday 
 in November. Salary $75,000. 
 Vice President 
 
 Elected at same time. Salary $12,000. 
 He is the presiding officer of the Senate, 
 but has no vote. 
 
 The President's Cabinet consists of nine heads of depart- 
 ment appointed by the President and confirmed by the 
 Senate. The salary of each is $12,000 per annum. 
 
 EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 
 
 In order for a person to be eligible to the presidency, or 
 vice presidency, he must be native born, thirty-five years 
 of age, and an actual resident of the country for fourteen 
 years. The President is not elected by direct vote of the 
 people but in the manner following : 
 
 As many presidential electors are chosen in each State as 
 there are United States Senators 2nd Eepresentatives from 
 the State thus: 
 
 California has two Senators and eight Representatives 
 hence there will be ten presidential electors in California. 
 
70 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 These are elected on the Tuesday after the first Monday in 
 November every four years. On the second Monday in 
 January following their election, the presidential electors 
 must meet at the Capital of their respective States and vote 
 by ballot for President and also for Vice President, one of 
 whom shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with 
 themselves. Three copies of the vote are made and certified 
 to. One of these is sent to the Vice President by mail, 
 another is sent to him by special messenger and the third 
 copy is given into the keeping of the judge of the United 
 States District Court for the district in which the Capital 
 of the State is situated. 
 
 On the second Wednesday in February in the presence of 
 both houses of Congress in joint session, the Vice President 
 shall open all these certificates and the votes shall be 
 counted. The one who has received the majority of the 
 electoral votes for President shall be declared elected Presi- 
 dent, and the one who has secured a majority of the 
 electoral votes for Vice President shall be declared elected 
 Vice President. If no one is elected by the people, then the 
 House of Representatives shall elect the President. In elect- 
 ing, the vote shall be by States, the delegation from each 
 State having one vote. The majority of all the States is 
 required to elect, two-thirds of all the States is a quorum 
 in this case. If the House does not elect by March 4th, 
 the Vice President becomes President. 
 
 If there is no election of Vice President by the people, 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 71 
 
 the Senate elect ; two-thirds of all the Senators constitute a 
 quorum and it requires a majority of all to elect. In this 
 case each Senator has a vote. The present salary of the 
 President is $75,000, which can not be increased during his 
 term of office. The salary of the Vice President is $12,000. 
 In case of the death of President and Vice President, the 
 office of President will devolve in regular succession upon 
 the members of the Cabinet. This became a law in 1886. 
 
 On the 4th of March following, the new President is 
 inaugurated, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the 
 United States administering the oath of office. 
 
 The President has command of the army and navy and 
 of the militia when called into the service of the United 
 States. He can grant reprieves and pardons for offenses 
 against the United States laws. A pardon exempts the 
 person from punishment, while a reprieve merely stays the 
 execution of the sentence. The President and Vice Presi- 
 dent, with the Cabinet, constitute the Executive Depart- 
 ment. The President with the advice and consent of the 
 Senate, makes treaties, appoints all of the important officers, 
 judges, ambassadors, and during the recess of the Senate 
 he has the power to fill all vacancies that may occur, grant- 
 ing commissions which expire at the end of the next session 
 of the Senate. 
 
 The President must receive officially all ambassadors and 
 ministers from other countries. He may, on extraordinary 
 
72 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 occasions, convene both houses of Congress. He must see 
 that the laws are faithfully executed. 
 
 The following is his oath of office : 
 
 "I do solemnly swear or affirm that I will faithfully 
 execute the office of President of the United States, and 
 will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend 
 the Constitution of the United States.'' 
 
 THE PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE 
 
 At the opening of each session of Congress, the President 
 sends to each house a copy of his annual message which he 
 has prepared with the assistance of his Cabinet, giving in 
 detail the condition of the country from different points 
 of view, the condition of the army, navy, treasury and our 
 relations with other nations. Washington and Adams read 
 their message to Congress. The present plan of sending 
 the message by private secretary was commenced by 
 Jefferson. 
 
 TREASON 
 
 This is the Constitutional definition of Treason : Treason 
 against the United States shall consist only in levying war 
 against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them 
 aid and comfort. 
 
 There must be two witnesses to the same act or else the 
 accused must confess in open Court, in order to convict a 
 person of treason. The penalty of treason is death. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 73 
 
 REQUISITION FOR RETURN OF CRIMINALS 
 
 When a person charged with crime in one State shall flee 
 into another State, the Governor of the State in which the 
 crime is said to have been committed shall make a requisi- 
 tion upon the Governor of the State into which the accused 
 has fled and he may be arrested and delivered over to the 
 authorities of the State, having jurisdiction of his crime. 
 
 This same principle extends, by treaty, to foreign nations. 
 A separate treaty must be made with each nation. This is 
 called an Extradition Treaty. In the Treaty the offenses 
 must be named that come under the provision. 
 
 The United States Authorities may make a requisition 
 upon any Government with which we have a treaty of this 
 kind, for the arrest of the criminal and his detention, sub- 
 ject to the United States authorities. 
 
 ADMISSION OF NEW STATES 
 
 Congress shall have power to admit new states, but no 
 new State shall be formed or erected within another State, 
 nor can a State be formed by the junction of two or more 
 parts of States, without the consent of the Legislature of 
 the States concerned, as well as the consent of Congress. 
 
 THE UNITED STATES MUST GUARANTEE EVERY 
 
 STATE A REPUBLICAN FORM OF 
 
 GOVERNMENT 
 
 The United States Government guarantees to every State 
 a republican form of government. It must protect from 
 
74 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 a foreign enemy and from domestic violence when asked 
 to do so by the legislature of the State, or by the governor 
 of the State when the legislature can not be convened. 
 
 OFFICIAL OATH OF OFFICE 
 
 All officers of the several States as well as the United 
 States shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support the 
 Constitution of the United States, but no religious test what- 
 ever shall ever be required as a qualification for any office 
 or public trust in the United States. 
 
 GUARANTEE OF CIVIL RIGHTS 
 
 As has been stated, the first eleven amendments were 
 made to set forth more clearly and definitely the rights of 
 the people. At the time the acts of England were still 
 fresh in the memory. Nearly all of these amendments came 
 directly as the result of some oppressive act on the part of 
 the mother country during Colonial days. 
 
 Freedom of speech and of the press, and the right of 
 petition are set forth, also the right of the people to keep 
 and bear arms, and the right of persons to be secure in their 
 persons, houses, papers and effects against unreasonable 
 searches and seizures. Search warrants can only be issued 
 on probable cause supported by oath or affirmation par- 
 ticularly describing the place to be searched and the persons 
 or things to be seized. 
 
 The 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th amendments have to do with 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 75 
 
 criminal and civil suits and the provisions are so important 
 that they are explained in detail. 
 
 These or similar provisions are found in the Constitution 
 of the States, placed there to emphasize the justice of the 
 provisions. 
 
 A person must be indicted by a Grand Jury before he 
 can be brought to trial for a capital or infamous crime. 
 The Grand Jury differs from a trial jury in this A 
 Grand Jury makes a general investigation and if satisfied 
 that the person is guilty of violation of law an indictment 
 is prepared and the accused is brought to trial. 
 
 In all criminal cases there shall be a trial by jury. (A 
 criminal case is one in which the party is accused of a 
 crime, or violation of law.) In all civil cases in which the 
 amount in controversy exceeds $20.00 the right of trial by 
 jury shall be preserved. (A civil suit is a suit for money 
 or damages.) 
 
 The trial shall be in the State and district where the 
 offense was supposed to have been committed. 
 
 The political rights and duties of citizens depend more 
 on State law than on the United States law. It is the State 
 that prescribes the qualification of voters and creates most 
 of the offices to be filled by popular election. The quali- 
 fications and choice of jurors in the United States Courts 
 are governed by the laws of Congress, but those of jurors in 
 the far more numerous State Courts are governed by State 
 
76 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 law. But the State laws must be in harmony with the 
 Constitution and laws of the United States. 
 
 The local government in a State, or the government of 
 counties, cities and towns is under the control of the State 
 legislatures. Although the following provisions as to trial 
 of accused persons are in the Constitution of the United 
 States, they apply in full force to the trial of persons in the 
 State Courts and under state law. 
 
 PROVISIONS FOR PROTECTION OF ACCUSED 
 PERSONS 
 
 The accused shall not be placed on trial twice for the 
 same offense; he is not compelled to answer any question 
 which would tend to incriminate himself; he shall not be 
 deprived of life, liberty or property without due process 
 of law; he shall be confronted with witnesses against him, 
 and can compel the attendance of witnesses in his favor, 
 and if he is unable to have an attorney, the judge appoints 
 some attorney as counsel for the defense. When a person 
 is indicted by grand jury, he may be allowed to give bail 
 for his appearance for trial when the case is called, except 
 for certain crimes, but excessive bail shall not be required. 
 If a person gives bail for, say $10,000 for his appearance 
 for trial, the parties who go his bail must qualify to the 
 fact that they are worth more than twice the amount over 
 and above all incumbrance. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OP CIVICS 77 
 
 AMENDMENTS 
 
 Congress by a two-thirds vote in both houses may propose 
 amendments to the Constitution which shall be operative 
 when ratified by the legislature of three-fourths of the 
 States or by conventions in three-fourths of the States, as 
 the one or the other mode of ratification be proposed by 
 congress. Whenever the legislature of two-thirds of the 
 several States shall petition, Congress shall call a convention 
 for proposing amendments, and these proposed amendments 
 shall be valid when ratified as above, but no amendment 
 shall be passed which, shall deprive any state of its equal 
 suffrage in the Senate. 
 
 Every State constitution contains a "bill of rights." 
 These rights are also stated in the United States 
 Constitution. 
 
 The general plan for amending a State constitution is 
 for the legislature to propose amendments to be ratified 
 later by the people, but in some States a constitutional con- 
 vention may be called for the purpose of proposing amend- 
 ments to be adopted by the Legislature. This is a prac- 
 tical application of the principles of the initiative. 
 
CHAPTER X 
 
 JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT 
 
 UNITED STATES COUETS 
 
 The Supreme Court: 
 
 This was established by the Constitution; the others 
 have been established by Congress from time to time as 
 needed. 
 
 The Supreme Court is composed of a Chief Justice at an 
 annual salary of $13,000.00, and eight associates at an 
 annual salary of $12,500.00, each. These Justices are ap- 
 pointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. 
 Any one of them may be retired on full pay at the age of 
 seventy years provided he has served ten years. The 
 Supreme Court has both original and appellate jurisdiction. 
 Cases over which it has original jurisdiction are mentioned 
 in the Constitution. It holds annual sessions in Washing- 
 ton, D. C., commencing on the first Monday in October. 
 Besides his duties as Justice of the Supreme Court, each 
 one of these has charge of a Circuit, of which there are nine. 
 
 The following list gives the names of the members of 
 this Court, July, 1909, and the State from which the 
 appointee was chosen and the date of the appointment : 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 79 
 
 Melville W. Fuller. Chief Justice. . . .Illinois 1888 
 
 J. M. Harlan Associate Kentucky 1877 
 
 D. J. Brewer " Kansas 1889 
 
 E. D. White " Louisiana 1894 
 
 Joseph McKenna . " California 1898 
 
 0. W. Holmes " Massachusetts . . 1902 
 
 W. B. Day " Ohio 1903 
 
 R. W. Peckham. . . " New York 1894 
 
 W. H. Moody " .Massachusetts . .1906 
 
 The Circuit Courts : 
 
 There are nine Circuit Courts. Each of these has two or 
 more Circuit Judges. Each Circuit Court has a justice 
 from the Supreme Court as its presiding officer. California 
 is in the Ninth Circuit. Justice McKenna is the supreme 
 justice in charge and there are three Circuit judges, viz: 
 
 W. B. Gilbert, 
 
 E. M. Ross, 
 
 W. W. Morrow. 
 
 These judges are appointed for life by the President 
 with the sanction of the Senate. The annual salary of each 
 is $7,000.00. 
 
 The District Courts: 
 
 These vary in number as additional states are formed 
 and as judicial business increases. At present (1909) 
 there are seventy-five or seventy-six District Courts 
 
80 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 and over eighty District Judges who are appointed 
 as other United States judges are, at an annual sal- 
 ary of $6,000.00. The districts do not cross State lines. 
 There are two districts in California. The judges for 
 Northern California are John J. DeHaven and Wm. C. 
 Van Fleet. For Southern California, Olin Wellborn is 
 District Judge. A United States Grand Jury, a 
 United States Marshal or Deputy Marshal, and a United 
 States District Attorney or Deputy are the officers con- 
 nected with the transaction of business coming before 
 the United States Courts. The jurisdiction of all the 
 courts except the Supreme Court is fixed by Congress. 
 They have appellate as well as original jurisdiction. 
 
 The Court of Claims: 
 
 This Court is composed of five judges appointed for life 
 by the President at an annual salary of $6,000.00. To it, 
 all claims against the government are referred by Congress 
 before their payment is ordered. 
 
 Circuit Court of Appeals: 
 
 "The Chief Justice and the Associate Justices of the 
 Supreme Court assigned to each Circuit and the Circuit 
 Judges within each Circuit, and the several District 
 Judges within each Circuit, shall be competent to sit as 
 judges of the Circuit Court of Appeals within their 
 respective Circuits." Act of Mar. 3, 1891. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OP CIVICS 81 
 
 California is in the Ninth Circuit. 
 
 Joseph McKenna Presiding Judge 
 
 W. B. Gilbert... 1 
 
 E. M. Ross [ Circuit Judges 
 
 W. W. Morrow.. J 
 
 John J. DeHaven. . 
 
 __._.__, , District Judges 
 
 Wm. C. Van Fleet. J 
 
 These judges constitute the U. S. Circuit Court of 
 Appeals for California. Their salaries, etc., appear in 
 another place. 
 
 Circuit Court for Northern District of California : 
 
 is held in San Francisco. Terms commence first Monday 
 in March, second Monday in July and first Monday in 
 November. 
 
 District Court for Northern District of California : 
 
 is held in San Francisco. Terms commence on first 
 Monday in February, second Monday in July and fourth 
 Monday in November. 
 
 United States Circuit Court of Appeals-, 
 
 Ninth Circuit: 
 
 At San Francisco, annual session begins first Monday in 
 October; adjourned sessions on first Monday of each 
 month; calendar sessions for hearing of cases commence on 
 first Monday in October, February, and May. Sessions are 
 
82 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 held in Seattle and in Portland. The jurisdiction includes 
 the entire Ninth Circuit, comprising the following districts : 
 
 Northern and Southern Districts of California and the 
 Districts of Nevada, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, 
 Arizona, Hawaii, and Alaska. 
 
 Besides the Courts above described there are also Judges 
 of the District of Columbia and Territorial Judges who 
 look after judicial matters in the Territories. 
 
CHAPTER XI 
 
 U. S. TEBEITOEY 
 
 ORIGINAL 
 
 This was acquired by Treaty of Paris in 1783, at the 
 close of the Revolutionary War. It extended from the 
 Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River, and from the 
 great Lakes to Florida not to the Gulf of Mexico. Florida 
 came by purchase from Spain in 1819. 
 
 ACQUIRED 
 
 The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 gave us the territory 
 included in the following States: 
 
 Louisiana, Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Iowa, Ne- 
 braska, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, the 
 greater part of Minnesota and "The region of Oregon." 
 
 This territory was claimed by both the United States and 
 Great Britain. The claim of the United States had for its 
 basis : 
 
 Discovery in 1792 by fur traders from New England. 
 
 Exploration in 1856 by Lewis and Clark. 
 
 Settlement in 1846 by Americans at Astoria. Treaty 
 with Spain in 1821. 
 
 In 1846 Great Britain gave up all claim to territory 
 south of the 49th parallel. This is the territory included in 
 Washington, Oregon and Idaho. 
 
84 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 Texas was acquired by annexation in 1845. The Mexican 
 War followed and at the close of the war the United States 
 gained everything west of the Louisiana Purchase to the 
 Pacific Ocean except a small tract known as the Gadsden 
 Purchase which came by purchase in 1852. 
 
 California, Nevada, Utah, and the parts of Kansas, 
 Colorado and Wyoming not included in the Louisiana Pur- 
 chase, also the territory of Arizona and New Mexico all 
 were included in this acquisition. 
 
 Alaska was purchased from Russia in 1867. 
 
 At the close of the Spanish- American War in 1898, 
 Porto Rico, the Philippines and the Island of Guam be- 
 came a part of the territory of the United States. The 
 United States Government paid Spain $20,000,000 for the 
 Philippines. 
 
 Hawaii was annexed in 1898. 
 
 Tetuila one of the Samoan Islands was obtained as a 
 coaling station from Great Britain and Germany in 1900. 
 
 Total area of the United States territory 1909 
 3,754,700 square miles. 
 
 SUMMARY 
 
 Year Administration Area 
 
 Louisiana Purchase 1803 Jefferson 's 1,032,790 sq. mi. 
 
 Florida Cession 1819 Monroe 'B 58,680 sq. mi. 
 
 Texas Annexation 1845 Polk 's 371,063 sq. mi. 
 
 Mexican Cession 1848 Polk 's 522,568 sq. mi. 
 
 Gadsden Purchase 1853 Pierce 's 45,535 sq. mi. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 
 
 85 
 
 Alaska Purchase 1867 Johnson 's 591,884 sq. mi. 
 
 Hawaii 1898 McKinley's 6,740 sq. mi. 
 
 Spanish Treaty 1899 McKinley 's 146,750 sq. mi. 
 
 Tetuila 1899 McKinley's 500 sq. mi. 
 
 ORGANIZATION OF PRESENT TERRITORIES 
 
 Name Date of Organization Area Population 
 
 District of Columbia March 5, 1791 70 sq. mi. 278,718 
 
 New Mexico Sept. 9, 1850 122,580 sq. mi. 192,310 
 
 Arizona Feb. 24, 1868 113,020 sq. mi. 122,931 
 
 Indian Territory June 30, 1854 31,400 sq. mi. 391,960 
 
 (No government) 
 
 Alaska July 27, 1868 590,884 sq. mi. 66,441 
 
 (Not organized regularly) 
 
 Hawaii June 14, 1900 . . . 6,740 sq. mi. 66,441 
 
 Porto Eico April 12, 1900 3,600 sq. mi. 953,243 
 
 Philippines Treaty Feb. 6, 1899 143,000 sq. mi. 8,000,000 
 
 Guam Treaty Feb. 6, 1899 150 sq. mi. 9,000 
 
 Tetuila* Nov. 8, 1899 500 sq. mi. 6,000 
 
 * (By agreement with Germany and Great Britain.) 
 
CHAPTER XII 
 
 STATE GOVERNMENT 
 
 EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 
 
 All officers are elected for four years. 
 
 Governor Salary $10,000 
 
 Lieutenant Governor " 4,000 
 
 Secretary of State " 5,000 
 
 State Controller " 5,000 
 
 State Treasurer " 5,000 
 
 Attorney General " 6,000 
 
 Surveyor General ' * 5,000 
 
 Clerk of Supreme Court " 5,000 
 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction " 5,000 
 
 Adjutant General (appointed) " 3,000 
 
 State Printer " 5,000 
 
 State Librarian " 3,600 
 
 Members of Board of Equalization " 4,000 
 
 The Governor has essentially the same power in the 
 State that the President has in the Nation. He has the 
 pardoning power, also the veto power. He is Commander- 
 in-Chief of the State militia until called into the United 
 States service. He has the power of appointing a large 
 number of salaried and honorary officers. He is, in general, 
 to see that the laws are duly enforced. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OP CIVICS 87 
 
 The Lieutenant Governor is the presiding officer of the 
 State Senate. He has no vote unless in case of a tie. 
 
 THE SECRETARY OP STATE 
 
 The Secretary of State has the custody of the enrolled 
 copy of the State Constitution, of all acts passed by the 
 Legislature, of the journals of the Legislature, of the 
 great seal of the State and all books, records, deeds, maps 
 and papers deposited in his office according to law. 
 
 Among his many duties may be mentioned that of 
 affixing the great seal of the State with his signature to 
 all commissions, pardons and other public instruments 
 which the Governor has signed. 
 
 He must preserve all articles of incorporation filed in 
 his office and all official bonds. 
 
 He must publish the acts of the Legislature and distribute 
 them in accordance with law. 
 
 He must make a biennial report to the Governor of all 
 of his official acts. 
 
 The Secretary of State has charge of the State Capitol. 
 He furnishes fuel, lights and stationery for the Senate and 
 Assembly and for all officers having their offices in the 
 State Capitol. 
 
 THE STATE CONTROLLER 
 
 It is the duty of the Controller 
 
 (1) To superintend the fiscal concerns of the State. 
 
88 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 (2) To audit all claims against the State. 
 
 (3) To report to the Governor just before the biennial 
 session of the Legislature a statement of the funds on hand 
 and the estimated revenue, a statement of the expendi- 
 tures during the preceding two years, with an estimate of 
 expenditures for the ensuing two years. 
 
 To keep an account of all warrants drawn upon the 
 treasurer. 
 
 To authenticate with his official seal, all drafts and 
 warrants drawn by him and all copies of papers issued 
 from his office. 
 
 The Controller is also a member of the State Board of 
 Equalization. 
 
 The duties of the Controller in the State, and the Auditor 
 in the county are similar. 
 
 STATE TREASURER 
 
 Among the duties of this officer are the following: 
 
 (1) To receive and keep in the vaults of the State 
 Treasury all moneys belonging to the State, not required 
 to be received and kept by some other person. 
 
 (2) To keep an account of all moneys received and 
 disbursed keeping the funds separate. 
 
 (3) To authenticate all papers and writings issued 
 from his office with his official seal. 
 
 (4) To report to the Legislature when requested and 
 
TO THE TEACHING OP CIVICS 89 
 
 to the Governor at the time prescribed by law the exact 
 balance in the Treasury with a summary of receipts and 
 disbursements. 
 
 (5) To make a biennial report to the Governor. 
 
 The reports of the Controller and the Treasurer must 
 tally. 
 
 The Treasurer in a county performs similar duties. 
 
 THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL 
 
 The Attorney-General must give his opinion, in writing 
 without fee, upon any question of law to the different 
 executive officers of the State, the members of the 
 Legislature and the trustees of State institutions. 
 
 (2) He must assist any County District Attorney in 
 the discharge of his duties when required by the public 
 service, or directed by the Governor. 
 
 He must make a biennial report to the Governor on the 
 affairs of his department. 
 
 In general he is the legal adviser of the Governor and 
 other State officers. 
 
 THE SURVEYOR GENERAL 
 
 He must keep a record of all matters pertaining to the 
 public lands of the State. 
 
 He must report biennially to the Governor. He has an 
 official seal. 
 
90 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC 
 INSTRUCTION 
 
 This officer has general supervision of the schools of the 
 State. He must apportion semi-annually the state school 
 moneys among the counties. 
 
 He must furnish all necessary registers and blanks. 
 
 He must visit all orphan asylums to which State 
 appropriations are made. 
 
 He must authenticate with his official seal all drafts and 
 orders issued by him. 
 
 He must report to the Controller before July 10 of each 
 year the number of census children between the ages of 
 5 and 17. 
 
 He must visit the schools of the different counties and 
 make a biennial report to the Governor before the regular 
 meeting of the Legislature. This report must include the 
 normal schools and the other educational institutions 
 supported by the State. 
 
 STATE BOARD OF EQUALIZATION 
 
 This Board has general oversight of the assessing of 
 property and the collecting of taxes. 
 
 It must, between the first and second Mondays in 
 September of each year, determine the rate of the State 
 tax. 
 
 It must assess the franchise, roadway, roadbed and all 
 property of railroads operated in more than one county 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 91 
 
 and apportion such assessments to the different cities and 
 counties in which the railroads are operated. 
 
 It must meet at the State Capital on the first Monday in 
 August for the purpose of equalizing the valuation of the 
 taxable property of the several counties so that each section 
 may pay its just proportion of tax. 
 
 The Supervisors in the County, regulate the County rate 
 of taxation. 
 
 LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT 
 
 The Legislature of California meets in the State Capitol 
 in Sacramento on the Monday after January 1st in the 
 odd numbered years, hence sessions are biennial. 
 
 State Senators are elected for four years, salary is $1,000 
 for each regular session, and mileage of ten cents a mile 
 from their homes to Sacramento and return. The Lieu- 
 tenant Governor is the presiding officer of the State Senate 
 and his salary is $4,000 per annum. There are forty Sena- 
 tors and eighty Assemblymen. 
 
 The Assemblymen are elected for two years at a salary of 
 $1,000 for each regular session, and mileage at ten cents 
 a mile from their homes to Sacramento and return. They 
 elect their own presiding officer who is called the 
 "Speaker." There are eighty Assemblymen. Members 
 of both houses of the Legislature receive pay at the rate of 
 $10 a day while in attendance at a special or extra- 
 
92 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 ordinary session for a number of days not exceeding 
 thirty. 
 
 One of the most important duties of the Legislature is 
 to elect United States Senators whenever vacancies occur. 
 For the method of electing United States Senators see sec- 
 tion under legislative department of the United States. 
 
 The State is divided into forty Senatorial and eighty 
 Assembly districts beginning at the northwestern corner of 
 the State. 
 
 JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT 
 
 Supreme Court. 
 
 One Chief Justice and six Associates elected by people 
 for twelve years at an annual salary of $8,000 each consti- 
 tute the Supreme Court. 
 
 The Supreme Court meets at the following places : 
 
 In San Francisco, on the second Monday in January 
 and on the third Monday in July. 
 
 In Los Angeles, on the first Monday in April, and on 
 the second Monday in October. 
 
 In Sacramento, on the first Monday in May, and on the 
 second Monday in November. 
 
 The following compose the Supreme Court of California, 
 July, 1909: 
 
 W. H. Beatty, Chief Justice. .Sacramento .. .1915 
 F. M. Angellotti, Associate. .San Raf ael . . . 1915 
 Lucian Shaw, " . .Los Angeles ..1915 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 93 
 
 F. H. Henshaw, " . .Oakland 1919 
 
 Wm. G. Lorigan, " . .San Jose . . . .1919 
 
 Henry W. Melvin, " . .Oakland 1911 
 
 M. C. Sloss, " . .San Francisco.1911 
 
 District Court of Appeals. 
 
 There are three districts and three judges in each 
 district elected for twelve years at an annual salary of 
 $7,000. The Court of First Appeals districts meet in San 
 Francisco; of the second, in Los Angeles; of the third at 
 Sacramento. The judges of the first district are: 
 
 J. K. Cooper San Francisco. 
 
 Frank H. Kerrigan San Francisco. 
 
 S. P. Hall Oakland. 
 
 The judges of the second District are : 
 
 Matthew T. Allen Los Angeles. 
 
 James "W. Taggart Santa Barbara. 
 
 Victor E. Shaw San Diego. 
 
 The judges of the third District are: 
 
 Norton P. Chipman Red Bluff. 
 
 Elijah C. Hart Sacramento. 
 
 Albert Y. Bennett Santa Rosa. 
 
 Superior Court. 
 
 This is really a County Court, but as the salary is paid 
 partly by the State it is placed here. 
 
 The office of District Attorney is partly judicial and 
 partly executive. The number of departments in a County 
 
94 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 Superior Court depend upon the amount of business. In 
 San Francisco, twelve in Alameda, five, etc. The Sheriff 
 is the executive officer. Probate Court is the Department 
 of the Superior Court that attends to the settling of the 
 estates of deceased persons, proving wills, etc. 
 
 The lowest Court in the State is the Justice's Court. 
 The presiding officer is a ''Justice of the Peace." The 
 executive officer is the Constable. This in California is a 
 city or a township officer. 
 
CHAPTER XIII 
 
 ORIGIN AND MEANING OF THE NAMES OF THE COUNTIES 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 (There are so many stories and legends connected with 
 our California names that a study of these would be very 
 interesting. Those connected with the Spanish missions 
 and settlements are especially attractive. Only a hint is 
 given in connection with the names of the Counties of Cali- 
 fornia. The following has been condensed from the Cali- 
 fornia Blue Book of 1907, published by the State under 
 the supervision of Hon. C. F. Curry, Secretary of State, to 
 whom thanks are extended for permission to make use of 
 this table.) 
 Alameda from Spanish word Alameda meaning a public 
 
 walk. 
 
 Alpine from topographical position resembling the Alps. 
 Amador from Sergeant Pedro Amador a Spanish mili- 
 tary adventurer. 
 
 Butte from Marysville Buttes Butte a French word. 
 Calaveras from Calaveras Creek Calaveras meaning 
 skulls from the immense numbers of skulls found 
 on the banks. 
 
 Colusa from an Indian tribe on the west side of Sacra- 
 mento River. 
 
96 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 Contra Costa the Opposite Coast originally included 
 
 Alameda County opposite San Francisco. 
 Pel NorteihQ North. 
 El Dorado A gold bearing belt has been named El 
 
 Dorado, and after the discovery of gold at Sutter's 
 
 Fort, this name was given to the county. 
 Fresno Fresno in Spanish means the Ash Tree found in 
 
 abundance in the mountains. 
 Glenn from Dr. Hugh J. Glenn one of the largest 
 
 farmers of this section. 
 Humboldt from Humboldt Bay named for Baron Hum- 
 
 boldt. 
 
 Imperial from Imperial Valley. 
 Inyo from an Indian Tribe. 
 Kern from the River of that name. 
 Kings from the Kings River. 
 
 Lake because of the charming lakes within its limits. 
 Lassen from Peter Lassen, one of General Fremont's 
 
 scouts, who was killed by the Piutes at the foot of 
 
 Lassen Peak in 1859. 
 Los Angeles the City of the Angels named really in 
 
 honor of the Virgin Mary "Our Lady of the 
 
 Angels." 
 
 Madera from Spanish word meaning timber. 
 Marin from Chief Marin of an Indian tribe who lived in 
 
 this section. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 97 
 
 Mariposa Spanish meaning 'butterfly name given to a 
 
 stream by a party of hunters who were delighted 
 
 with the vast numbers of butterflies of gorgeous 
 
 colors that hovered around. 
 Mendocino from Cape Mendocino This cape was named 
 
 by Cabrillo in honor of Don Antonio de Mendoza, 
 
 appointed Viceroy of Mexico in 1535, by the King of 
 
 Spain. 
 Merced from Merced Eiver called originally in Spanish 
 
 "Rio de la Senora Merced "meaning " The River 
 
 of Our Lady of Mercy." 
 Modoc from a fierce tribe of Indians of that name. Name 
 
 means the head of the river, meaning the Pitt River. 
 Mono from a tribe of Indians. 
 Monterey Spanish King of the Forest. 
 Napa Indian word meaning fish from the immense 
 
 numbers of fish that were found here. 
 Nevada Spanish snowy from perpetually snow-capped 
 
 mountains within its borders. 
 
 Orange from the orange groves that have made it famous. 
 Placer probably a contraction of plaza de oro } the place 
 
 of gold. 
 Plumas Spanish for feathers. The Spanish originally 
 
 named one of the tributaries of the Sacramento 
 
 "Rio de las Plumas." The Americans changed it 
 
 to the Feather River. 
 Riverside from a town of that name within its boundaries. 
 
98 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 Sacramento from the river of the same name. This river 
 was first named by a Spanish officer Jesus Maria 
 and afterward Sacramento. 
 
 San Benito A small river named in honor of San Benedict, 
 the patron saint of the married, gives the name to 
 this county. 
 
 San Bernardino from a mountain of this name. The 
 mountain was named in honor of St. Bernard, the 
 patron saint of mountain passes. 
 
 San Diego from town and bay of same name. 
 
 San Francisco from the Mission San Francisco founded 
 1776. 
 
 San Joaquin In 1813 Lieut. Moraga gave to the river the 
 name San Joaquin. This, in turn, gives the name 
 to the County. 
 
 San Luis Obispo Saint Louis the Bishop named from St. 
 Louis the Bishop of Toulouse. The Mission estab- 
 lished here in 1772 received this name and from this 
 the county and town. 
 
 San Mateo from St. Matthew Spanish, San Mateo. 
 
 Santa Barbara The mission established here in 1786 re- 
 ceived this name from Father Serra who founded it. 
 Hence the name of the town and county. 
 
 Santa Clara from the Mission of Santa Clara, founded 
 in 1777. 
 
 Santa Cruz Holy Cross, from a cross erected to mark the 
 site of a mission in 1791. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 99 
 
 Shasta from the mountain of same name. 
 
 Siskiyou from Indian tribe, origin of word not known. 
 
 Solano from missionary Francisco Solano. 
 
 Sonoma Indian word meaning "Valley of the Moon." 
 
 Stanislaus from Chief of a powerful tribe of Indians who 
 
 lived on what is now known as the Stanislaus River. 
 Suiter From Gen'l John Sutter. 
 
 Tehama from Indian tribe, meaning of word not known. 
 Trinity Because Trinity Bay was discovered on Trinity 
 
 Sunday, the name was given to the bay and to the 
 
 county later. 
 Tulare Lieut. Moraga passed through this part of the 
 
 valley in 1813 and named it "The Valley of the 
 
 Tules." The lake in this section received the name 
 
 Tulare Lake and the County was named in the 
 
 same way. 
 Tuolumne from a large tribe of Indians who formerly 
 
 lived on both sides of the river. The word is of 
 
 Indian origin. 
 Ventura Buena Ventura good luck from a mission 
 
 founded 1782 by Father Serra, and dedicated to 
 
 St. Bona Ventura, hence name of town and county. 
 Tolo Indian word meaning a place thick with rushes. 
 Yuba from Spanish word meaning "Wild Grape. " 
 
CHAPTER XIV 
 EEVENUE FOB EDUCATIONAL PUEPOSES 
 
 We have shown elsewhere that the general government 
 has made very liberal land grants to assist the States in 
 establishing and maintaining a complete system of public 
 education. The management of the schools and all of 
 the detail work in connection with them devolves entirely 
 upon the State. The State law in these matters is 
 supreme. 
 
 Let us see what other sources of school revenue exists 
 for State, County, municipal or district funds. After this 
 is made clear the method of distributing this money to the 
 several districts will be briefly explained. 
 
 STATE FUND 
 
 A poll tax or capitation tax must be collected from 
 every male inhabitant of the State over 21 and under 60 
 years of age, except paupers, insane persons and Indians 
 not taxed. This money must be paid to the County 
 treasurer as provided by law, for the exclusive use of the 
 State School Fund. 
 
 All taxes levied and collected under the act approved 
 March 23, 1893, entitled : 
 
 "An act to establish a tax on gifts, legacies, etc. This 
 is known as the "Inheritance tax." 
 
TO THE TEACHIN , OF OIVICS l6l 
 
 "All taxes levied and collected under this act up to the 
 amount of $250,000, annually, shall be paid into the 
 treasury of the State for the use of the State School 
 Fund, etc." 
 
 In addition to these items, an ' ' ad valorem ' ' tax sufficient 
 to obtain as a minimum with other funds, the sum of $7 
 for each census child between the ages of 5 and 17, must 
 be levied and collected at the time that other taxes are paid. 
 
 The State Superintendent apportioning these funds to 
 the different counties shall allow $250 for every teacher 
 determined by the school census for the next preceding 
 school year. In determining the number of teachers to 
 which each county is entitled one teacher is allowed for 
 every 70 census children or fraction of 70. The remainder 
 of the available funds is distributed according to the 
 "Average Daily Attendance." All money from the State 
 fund shall be used, exclusively, for the payment of 
 teachers' salaries. 
 
 To find the amount to be apportioned at any given time 
 we must add to the unapportioned funds the following 
 amounts : 
 
 The amount received from poll tax. 
 
 property tax. 
 
 11 " " " on railroads, 
 
 inheritance tax. 
 interest on bonds. 
 
 " on school lands. 
 
102 IT.ACTICAL AIDS 
 
 More than four million dollars is apportioned annually 
 to the primary and grammar schools from the State Fund. 
 
 COUNTY FUND 
 
 The County Superintendent must calculate the amount 
 to be raised at $500 per teacher using the same basis as 
 given above, viz : one teacher for every 70 census children. 
 From this amount he must deduct the amount received 
 from State Apportionment in the next preceding school 
 year, the remainder shall be the minimum amount to be 
 raised, provided if this amount is not sufficient to raise 
 $7 for each census child the minimum shall be raised to 
 give an amount equal to $7 to each child. 
 
 The Board of Supervisors of the County fixes the tax 
 rate which includes all state taxes as fixed by the State 
 Board of Equalization. 
 
 The taxes are paid in two installments, one-half becoming 
 delinquent on the last Monday in November and the second 
 half on the last Monday in April. The first County 
 Apportionment is made in December and the second in 
 May. 
 
 The County Treasurers pay the State taxes to the State 
 Treasurer in December and May and the State Appor- 
 tionments for the schools come in January and July of 
 each year. 
 
 The County Superintendent apportions the State and 
 County funds as follows : 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 103 
 
 Five hundred and fifty dollars shall be apportioned to 
 every school district for every teacher allowed to it. The 
 balance of the money is distributed according to the 
 " Average Daily Attendance" in each district during the 
 preceding school year. In Municipalities, the Council 
 may levy a school tax annually. The Board of Education 
 of such Municipality must notify the Council of the 
 amount needed over and above the money expected from 
 the State and County. The Council must levy a sufficient 
 tax to provide this amount. In Municipalities the tax rate 
 is limited either by law or by the Municipal Charter. 
 
 The law also provides that any district may vote to raise 
 money for permanent improvements either by direct tax 
 or by bonding the district. 
 
 To raise money by tax a majority vote is all that is 
 required. To raise money by bonding a two-thirds vote is 
 necessary. 
 
CHAPTER XV 
 EEVENUE AND TAXATION 
 
 Revenue for the general government is derived from 
 indirect rather than from direct taxation. Duties on im- 
 ported goods, the Internal Revenue tax and the revenue 
 from the Post Office Department are the three principal 
 sources from which the current expenses of the Government 
 are met. 
 
 To provide means for defraying the general expenses of 
 State and local governments, and for improvements of 
 various kinds, the direct tax is the one method in vogue. 
 Whenever such a call is made, an estimate is made of the 
 amount of taxable property in the county or town. This is 
 done by an officer either elected or appointed for the 
 purpose. This officer is known as the Assessor. 
 
 (In California, people must give to the Assessor a sworn 
 statement of all property that they own and that stands 
 in their names at 12 o'clock noon of the first Monday in 
 March. Any one who fails to do this may have an arbi- 
 trary valuation of his property fixed by the Assessor, 
 subject, however, to the approval of the Board of 
 Equalization of the County or Town.) 
 
 After the assessment rolls have been completed, in the 
 County they are placed in the hands of the Board of 
 Supervisors, in the town or city they are placed in the 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 105 
 
 hands of the Town Trustees or of the City Council, as the 
 case may be. These serve as Boards of Equalization, that 
 is, they may raise assessments if they think that any 
 property is rated at too low a figure by the Assessor. Any 
 person who thinks that he has been treated unfairly by 
 the Assessor in his assessment, may appear before the 
 Board of Equalization and ask for a reduction. 
 
 After the Board of Equalization has finished its labors, 
 the tax rolls are given into the hands of the tax-collector, 
 who proceeds to collect the money in the manner prescribed 
 by law. 
 
 As the town or County Board of Equalization makes 
 every effort to render an equitable and just assessment all 
 through their jurisdiction, so the State Board of Equaliza- 
 tion, who are elected for this purpose ~by the people, sees 
 to it that there is a just and equitable assessment of all 
 properties in the different counties, so that each County 
 may pay its just portion of public expense. The assess- 
 ment of all Corporations doing business in the State in 
 more than one County is made by the State Board of 
 Equalization. 
 
 The general method of assessing property and of 
 collecting the taxes is essentially the same in all the States. 
 
 While State laws vary somewhat it must be remembered 
 that United States laws are of uniform application all 
 over the country and are interpreted by the United States 
 Courts. State laws are interpreted by the State Courts 
 
106 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 but they must never be in conflict with the constitution 
 and laws of the country. 
 
 By state law, Boards of Health, Insurance Commissions, 
 Bank Inspectors, etc., may be appointed and their duties 
 may be denned. Quarantine of towns on the sea-board, 
 pure food laws and the like are established by Congres- 
 sional acts as well as by State acts. In general, the State 
 can do all things regarding its own government and to 
 promote its own welfare that are not expressly prohibited 
 in the United States Constitution, for the tenth amendment 
 to the Constitution reads as follows : 
 
 "The powers not delegated to the United States by this 
 Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states are reserved 
 to the States respectively, or to the people. ' ' 
 
CHAPTER XVI 
 
 QUALIFICATIONS FOB VOTING IN THE UNITED STATES 
 
 In all of the States except Indiana, Texas, and New 
 Hampshire registration either total or partial is required. 
 In a few of the States the registration is required only in 
 cities. This is the partial registration referred to here. 
 
 In all of the States, voters must be twenty-one years of 
 age, and citizens of the United States ; though in Arkansas, 
 Florida, Indiana, and North Dakota, a person who has 
 declared his intention of becoming a citizen, may vote. 
 This is a general statement. The laws in the separate 
 States provide as follows : 
 
 Alabama Voters must be able to read and write or 
 must have property qualifications. 
 
 They must have a residence in the state for two years ; 
 in the county one year and in the precinct for three 
 months. 
 
 Idiots, insane persons, and unpardoned criminals can 
 not vote. 
 
 Arkansas Voters must have a residence in the State 
 for one year, in the County, six months, and in the 
 precinct, thirty days. 
 
 Idiots, insane persons, and persons convicted of felony 
 can not vote. 
 
108 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 California Male citizens of the United States or those 
 who became such by treaty at close of Mexican War. This 
 provision applies to very few now. A voter must be able to 
 read the Constitution and write his own name. 
 
 He must have a residence of one year in the State, 
 ninety days in the County,- and thirty days in the precinct. 
 
 Chinese, idiots, insane persons, and persons convicted of 
 embezzlement or infamous crimes, can not vote. 
 
 Colorado Woman suffrage is allowed. 
 
 A residence of one year in the State, six months in the 
 county, ten days in the precinct is required. 
 
 Insane persons and criminals can not vote. 
 
 Connecticut Voters must be able to read English. 
 
 They must have had a residence in the state for one year, 
 six months in the county; also residence in cities or towns 
 for six months. 
 
 Persons convicted of infamous crimes can not vote. 
 
 Delaware Voters must be able to write their own name 
 and to read the Constitution of the United States. 
 
 They must have had a residence of one year in the State, 
 three months in the county, and thirty days in the 
 precinct. 
 
 Insane persons, idiots, paupers and persons convicted 
 of felony can not vote. 
 
 Florida Voters must be citizens of the United States 
 or must have declared their intention to become such. 
 They must pay poll tax. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 109 
 
 They must have had a residence of one year in the State, 
 and six months in the county. 
 
 Idiots, insane persons, and persons convicted of felony 
 can not vote. 
 
 Georgia Voters must have had a residence of one year 
 in the State, and six months in the county. 
 
 Idiots, insane persons, persons convicted of treason, 
 embezzlement or felony, not pardoned, can not vote. 
 
 Idaho Woman suffrage is allowed. 
 
 Six months residence in State, and thirty days in the 
 county is required. 
 
 Idiots, insane persons, or persons under guardianship, 
 or convicted of a criminal offense can not vote. 
 
 Indiana Voters must be citizens of United States or 
 must have declared their intentions to become so. A resi- 
 dence of six months is required in the State and sixty 
 days in the township. No registration is required. 
 Soldiers and marines and persons convicted of felony 
 can not vote. 
 
 Illinois Voters must have had a residence in the State 
 for one year, in the county for ninety days and in the 
 precinct for thirty days. Persons convicted of felony 
 can not vote. 
 
 Iowa Six months residence in the State and sixty days 
 in the county is required. Eegistration in cities of 3,500 
 or over. 
 
110 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 Insane persons, idiots, and persons convicted of felony 
 can not vote. 
 
 Kansas Six months residence in the State and thirty 
 days in the precinct required. Registration is required in 
 cities of first and second class. 
 
 Criminals and insane persons can not vote. 
 
 Maryland Voters must have resided in the State one 
 year and in the county six months. 
 
 Idiots, insane persons and persons convicted of in- 
 famous crimes and not pardoned can not vote. 
 
 Massachusetts Voters must be able to read English 
 and to write their own names. Residence for one year in 
 the State, and six months in the city or town is required. 
 
 Michigan Voters must have residence in the State six 
 months and in the county and precinct twenty days. 
 
 Idiots, insane persons and persons convicted of felony 
 not pardoned can not vote. 
 
 Minnesota Voters must have resided in the State six 
 months and in the precinct and county thirty days. 
 
 Duelists and abettors of dueling can not vote. 
 
 Mississippi Voters must be tax-payers and able to 
 read the Constitution of the United States. 
 
 They must have resided two years in the State, one 
 year in the county and precinct. 
 
 Persons convicted of felony, bigamy, burglary, perjury, 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 111 
 
 forgery, embezzlement, or theft can not vote. Neither can 
 idiots or insane persons vote. 
 
 Ohio Residence required, one year in the State ; thirty 
 days in the county and twenty days in the precinct. In 
 cities of 10,000 or more registration is required. 
 
 Convicts and insane persons can not vote. 
 
 Oklahoma Citizens of the United States, also male 
 persons of Indian descendants who were natives of the 
 United States are voters. Woman suffrage at school dis- 
 trict elections is allowed. 
 
 Residence of one year in the State, six months in the 
 county and thirty days in the precinct is required. 
 
 Persons convicted of felony, paupers (except ex-soldiers), 
 idiots, insane persons and officers and members of the 
 United States Army or Navy can not vote. 
 
 Oregon Residence of six months in the State, thirty 
 days in the county and precinct is required. 
 
 Insane persons and persons convicted of felony can not 
 vote. 
 
 Pennsylvania Must have residence in the State of one 
 year and in the precinct of sixty days. Registration is 
 required in cities only. 
 
 Persons convicted of felony can not vote. 
 
 Missouri Voters must have resided in the State one 
 year and in the county sixty days. Registration is 
 required in cities of over 2,500. 
 
112 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 Soldiers, marines, paupers, idiots, insane persons and 
 persons convicted of felony can not vote. 
 
 Montana One year residence in the State, thirty days 
 in the county, and ten days in the precinct is required. 
 Insane persons and convicts not pardoned can not vote. 
 
 Nebraska Citizens of United States for one year, six 
 months residence in the State, forty days in the county 
 and ten days in the precinct required. Registration is 
 required in cities of more than 5,000. 
 
 Idiots, insane persons and persons convicted of felony, 
 not restored to citizenship, can not vote. 
 
 Nevada Six months residence in the State, thirty days 
 in the county, ten days in the precinct is required. 
 
 Insane persons, idiots, and persons convicted of felony 
 or treason can not vote. 
 
 New Hampshire Voters must be able to read and write. 
 Residence of six months in State and precinct is required. 
 
 Paupers and insane persons can not vote, nor can persons 
 who are excused from paying taxes at their own request. 
 
 New Jersey Residence of one year in State, five 
 months in the county, one day in the precinct is required. 
 Convicts, insane persons and idiots can not vote. 
 
 New York Residence for one year in the State, four 
 months in the county and thirty days in the precinct is 
 
TO THE TEACHING OP CIVICS 113 
 
 required. Registration in towns and cities of 5,000 or 
 more. 
 
 Persons convicted of felony, bribery, or any infamous 
 crime, can not vote. 
 
 North Carolina Voters must have resided in the State 
 for one year, and in the county for three hundred days. 
 
 Persons convicted of treason, perjury, or any infamous 
 crimes, and who have not been restored to citizenship, can 
 not vote. 
 
 North Dakota Either a citizen of the United States or 
 one who has declared his intention to become such, one 
 year before election may vote. Voters must have resided 
 in the State one year, in the county six months, and in the 
 precinct for ninety days. 
 
 Idiots, insane persons, persons under guardianship, 
 persons convicted of treason or felony, who have not been 
 restored to their civil rights, can not vote. 
 
 Rhode Island Must have resided in State two .years 
 and in the county six months. 
 
 If a tax payer, residence of one year in the state and of 
 six months in county is required. Eegistration is required 
 of non tax payers. 
 
 Paupers, insane persons, idiots, persons under guardian- 
 ship, Indians, persons convicted of infamous crimes, who 
 have not been pardoned, can not vote. 
 
 South Carolina Citizens of the United States and tax 
 
114 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 payers can vote. A residence of two years in the state, one 
 year in county and four months in the precinct is required. 
 Same classes as in Rhode Island are not allowed to vote. 
 
 South Dakota Voters must have resided in the State 
 one year, in the county six months and in the precinct 
 thirty days. All persons under guardianship and un- 
 pardoned villains can not vote. 
 
 Tennessee Must be citizen of United States and must 
 pay poll tax. Registration is required in towns and 
 cities. No persons are specified as not being allowed to 
 vote. 
 
 West Virginia A residence of one year in the State, 
 six months in the county and ten days in precinct is 
 required. 
 
 Persons convicted of treason, felony or bribery 
 in elections, idiots and insane persons and paupers can 
 not vote. 
 
 Wisconsin Citizens of the United States or those who 
 have declared intention of becoming citizens may vote. 
 
 Residence of one year in the State; thirty days in the 
 county and ten days in the precinct is required. Registra- 
 tion in cities. 
 
 Insane persons and persons convicted of treason and 
 felony can not vote. 
 
 Wyoming Voters must be able to read English. 
 Woman suffrage is allowed. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OP CIVICS 115 
 
 [Residence of one year in the state and sixty days in 
 county is required. Insane persons cannot vote. 
 
 Kentucky Residence of one year in the State, six 
 months in the county and sixty days in the precinct is 
 required. Registration is required in all incorporated 
 towns. 
 
 Idiots, insane persons and persons convicted of felony 
 and who have not been pardoned or restored to citizenship 
 can not vote. 
 
 Louisiana Voters must pay poll tax, and be able to 
 read and write. They must have residence in State for 
 three years, in the county one year and in the precinct 
 for six months. 
 
 Insane persons, idiots, and those who have committed 
 crimes punishable by imprisonment, embezzlers of public 
 funds, and persons not owning property assessed at $300 
 or more, can not vote. 
 
 Maine One must be able to read and write and must 
 have a residence of three months in the State and precinct. 
 
 Paupers, insane persons, under guardianship, and 
 Indians, not taxed, can not vote. 
 
CHAPTER XVII 
 
 STATISTICS OF THE STATES 
 
 Delaware, Motto" Liberty and Independence/' 
 
 Admitted as one of the original thirteen 1787. 
 
 Area 2,050 square miles. 
 
 First Settlement at Wilmington by Swedes 1638. 
 
 Origin of name Lord Delaware. 
 
 Capital Dover. 
 
 State Mower Peach Blossom. 
 
 Number of soldiers furnished for Civil War 
 
 10,322. 
 Delaware is sometimes called the ' ' Diamond State, ' ' 
 
 and again the "Blue Hen State/* 
 Number of representatives 1. 
 Number of presidential electors 3. 
 
 Pennsylvania, Motto "Virtue, Liberty, Independence." 
 Admitted as one of the original thirteen 1787. 
 Area 45,215 square miles. 
 First Settlement, at Philadelphia by English 
 
 1683. 
 
 Origin and meaning of name Penn's Woods. 
 Pennsylvania is sometimes known as the "Keystone 
 
 State. " 
 Number of soldiers furnished for the civil war 
 
 265,517. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 117 
 
 Capital Harrisburg. 
 
 Number of representatives 32. 
 
 Number of presidential electors 34. 
 New Jersey, Motto "Liberty and Independence. " 
 
 Admitted as one of the original thirteen 1787. 
 
 Area 7,815 square miles. 
 
 Number of soldiers furnished for civil war 57,908. 
 
 First Settlement at Bergen by Dutch 1617. 
 
 Origin of name Name given in honor, by Charles 
 II, of Sir George Carteret, Governor of Island 
 of Jersey. 
 
 Capital Trenton. 
 
 Number of representatives 10. 
 
 Number of presidential electors 12. 
 Georgia, Motto "Wisdom, Justice, Moderation." 
 
 Admitted as one of the original thirteen 1788. 
 
 Area 59,475 square miles. 
 
 First Settlement 
 
 Origin of name In honor of George II. 
 
 Called "Empire State of the South. " 
 
 Capital Atlanta. 
 
 Number of representatives 11. 
 
 Number of presidential electors 13. 
 Connecticut, Motto ' ' Qui transtulit, sustinet. " "He who 
 has transferred, sustains." 
 
 Admitted as one of the original thirteen 1788. 
 
 Area 4,990 square miles. 
 
118 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 First Settlement by English at Windsor 1633. 
 
 Wethersfield 1634. 
 
 Origin of name Indian name for 1 1 Long River. ' ' 
 1 'The Wooden Nutmeg State." 
 Number of soldiers furnished for the civil war 
 
 50,623. 
 
 Capital Hartford. 
 Number of representatives 5. 
 Number of presidential electors 7. 
 
 Massachusetts, Motto "Ense petit placidam sub libertate 
 quietam." "By her sword she seeks a calm 
 repose under liberty. " 
 
 Admitted as one of the original thirteen 1788. 
 
 Area 8,315 square miles. 
 
 First Settlement by English at Plymouth 1620. 
 
 Origin of name Indian for "Great Hills." 
 
 Sometimes known as "The Bay State." 
 
 State Flower Columbine. 
 
 Number of soldiers furnished for the civil war 
 124,104. 
 
 Capital Boston. 
 
 Number of representatives 14. 
 
 Number of presidential electors 16. 
 
 Maryland, Motto "Crescite et multiplicamini. " "In- 
 crease and multiply." 
 
 Admitted as one of the original thirteen 1788. 
 Area 12,210 square miles. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 119 
 
 First Settlement by English at St. Mary's 1634. 
 Origin of name In honor of Queen Henrietta 
 
 Maria, wife of Charles I. 
 
 
 
 Capital Annapolis. 
 
 Number of Union soldiers in civil war 41,275. 
 
 Number of representatives 6. 
 
 Number of presidential electors 8. 
 South Carolina, Motto "Animis opibusque parati." 
 " Ready with our lives and our property.' 7 
 
 Admitted as one of the original thirteen 1788. 
 
 Area 30,570 square miles. 
 
 First Settlement by English at Ashley River 
 1670. 
 
 Origin of the name Latin Carolus, honor of 
 Charles II. 
 
 Called often "The Palmetto State." 
 
 Capital Columbia. 
 
 Number of representatives 7. 
 
 Number of presidential electors 9. 
 
 Seceded Dec. 20, 1860. Readmitted June 11, 1868. 
 New Hampshire, 
 
 Admitted as one of original thirteen 1788. 
 
 Area 9,305 square miles. 
 
 First settlement Dover, by English in 1627. 
 
 Original of name Hampshire, England. 
 
 "The Granite State." 
 
 Capital Concord. 
 
120 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 Number of Union soldiers in Civil "War 30,849. 
 
 Number of representatives 2. 
 
 Number of presidential electors 4. 
 
 Virginia. Motto "Sic semper tyrannis." "Thus ever 
 to Tyrants. " 
 
 Admitted as one of original thirteen 1788. 
 
 Area 42,450 square miles. 
 
 First settlement by English at Jamestown 1607. 
 
 Origin of name In honor of Queen Elizabeth, the 
 "Virgin Queen." 
 
 "The Old Dominion" because Charles II allowed it 
 to be called the fourth dominion, i. e. "Eng- 
 land, Scotland, Ireland, and Virginia" 
 Fiske. 
 
 Capital Eichmond. 
 
 Seceded April 16, 1861. Readmitted Jan. 15, 1870. 
 
 Number of representatives 10. 
 
 Number of presidential electors 12. 
 New York, Motto "Excelsior." 
 
 Admitted as one of the original thirteen 1778. 
 
 Area 49,170 square miles. 
 
 Settled by Dutch at New York in 1614. 
 
 Origin of name Duke of York. 
 
 "The Empire State." 
 
 Also the "Excelsior State." 
 
 Number of soldiers furnished for Civil "War 
 392,270. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 121 
 
 State Flower The Eose. 
 
 State Tree The Maple. 
 
 Capital Albany. 
 
 Number of representatives 37. 
 
 Number of presidential electors 39. 
 North Carolina, Motto "Esse, quam videri." "To be 
 rather than to seem." 
 
 Admitted as one of the original thirteen 1788. 
 
 Area 52,250 square miles. 
 
 First settlement by English, Albemarle 1663. 
 
 Origin of name Carolus in honor of Charles II. 
 
 Also called "The Old North State." 
 
 Capital Raleigh. 
 
 Number of Union soldiers, Civil "War 3,156. 
 
 Also caUed the "Turpentine State." 
 
 Seceded May 21, 1861. Readmitted June 11, 1868. 
 
 Number of representatives 10. 
 
 Number of presidential electors 12. 
 Rhode Island, Motto "Hope." 
 
 Admitted as one of the original thirteen 1790. 
 
 Area 1,250 square miles. 
 
 First Settlement by English near Providence 
 1636. 
 
 Origin of Name name seems to have been taken 
 from Isle of Rhodes. 
 
 State Flower The Violet. 
 
 Number of Union soldiers in Civil War 17,866. 
 
122 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 Capital Providence. 
 
 Number of representatives 1. 
 
 Number of presidential electors 3. 
 Vermont, Motto "Freedom and Unity/' 
 
 Admitted in Washington's Administration 14th 
 State 1791. 
 
 Area 9,565 square miles. 
 
 First Settlement by English at Brattleboro 1724. 
 
 Origin of Name from French Green Mountain. 
 
 This State was formed from territory claimed by 
 New York and New Hampshire. 
 
 Number of Union soldiers in Civil War 29,068. 
 
 Sometimes called the "Green Mountain State/' 
 
 State Flower Red Clover. 
 
 Capital Montpelier. 
 
 Number of representatives 2. 
 
 Number of presidential electors 4. 
 Kentucky, Motto "United we stand, divided we fall/' 
 
 Admitted as the 15th State during Washington's 
 Administration in 1792, taken from Virginia. 
 
 Area 40,400 square miles. 
 
 First Settlement by English near Boonesboro 
 1775. 
 
 Meaning of Name from Iroquois meaning "Hunt- 
 ing Ground." 
 
 Fiske says the usual interpretation "Dark and 
 Bloody Ground" is incorrect. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 123 
 
 Called sometimes "The Blue Grass State." "Corn 
 
 Cracker State. " 
 Capital Frankfort. 
 
 Number of Union soldiers for Civil War 70,832. 
 Number of representatives 11. 
 Number of presidential electors 13. 
 Tennessee, Motto "Agriculture and Commerce. " 
 
 Admitted as 16th State during Washington's 
 
 Administration in 1769. 
 
 Origin of Name Indian, "Bend of the Water. " 
 Area 42,050 square miles. 
 First Settlement by English in Watanga 1769. 
 State Flower Golden Eod. 
 Number of Union soldiers for the Civil War 
 
 26,394. 
 
 Capital Nashville. 
 Sometimes called the "Volunteer State" from the 
 
 large number of soldiers furnished for the 
 
 Seminole War. 
 
 Number of representatives 10. 
 Number of presidential electors 12. 
 Ohio, Motto "Imperium in imperio." 
 
 Admitted during Jefferson's administration as 17th 
 
 State in 1803. 
 Area 41,060 square miles. 
 
 First settlement Americans near Marietta 1788. 
 Origin of name Indian "Beautiful River." 
 
124 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 The first State from the North West Territory. 
 
 It is sometimes known as the ' ' Buckeye State. ' ' 
 
 Capital Columbus. 
 
 State Flower Golden Rod. 
 
 Number of Union soldiers of the civil war 240,514. 
 
 Number of representatives 21. 
 
 Number of presidential electors 23. 
 Louisiana, Motto " Union and Confidence." 
 
 Admitted in 1812 during Madison's administration 
 as the 18th State. 
 
 Area 48,720 square miles. 
 
 First Settlement by French below New Orleans 
 1700. 
 
 Origin of Name in honor of Louis XIV of France. 
 
 The first State from the Louisiana Purchase. 
 
 It is sometimes called "The Pelican State," also 
 "The Creole State." 
 
 Number of Union soldiers of the civil war 4,654. 
 
 Capital Baton Rouge. 
 
 Number of representatives 7. 
 
 Number of presidential electors 9. 
 
 Seceded Jan. 26, 1861. Readmitted June 11, 1868. 
 Indiana. Admitted in 1816 during Madison's administra- 
 tion as the 19th State. 
 
 It was the second State from the North West Terri- 
 tory. 
 
 Area 36,350 square miles. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 125 
 
 First Settlement, by French at Vincennes 1702. 
 Origin of Name from the Indian. 
 It is sometimes called "The Hoosier State/' 
 Number of Union soldiers of civil war 153,576. 
 State Flower Corn. 
 Capital Indianapolis. 
 Number of representatives 12. 
 Number of presidential electors 14. 
 Mississippi. Admitted as the 20th State in 1817 during 
 
 Monroe 's administration. 
 Area 46,810 square miles. 
 First Settlement by French at Natchez 1716. 
 Origin of Name Indian "Great River." 
 Mississippi is sometimes called the "Bayou State. " 
 The territory comprised within the boundaries of 
 
 the state as well as of Alabama was ceded by 
 
 South Carolina and Georgia. 
 Capital Jackson. 
 
 Number of Union soldiers for Civil war 545. 
 Number of representatives 8. 
 Number of presidential electors 10. 
 Seceded Jan. 9, 1861. Readmitted Feb. 3, 1870. 
 Illinois. Motto "State Sovereignty and National 
 
 Union. " 
 Admitted as the 21st State in 1818 during Monroe's 
 
 administration. 
 Third State from North West Territory. 
 
126 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 Area 56,650 square miles. 
 
 First Settlement by French, at Kaskaskia 1682. 
 Origin of Name is uncertain. 
 It is sometimes called the "Prairie State/' 
 State Flower Kose. 
 
 Number of Union soldiers for Civil War 214,133. 
 Capital Springfield. 
 Number of representatives 25. 
 Number of presidential electors 27. 
 Alabama. Admitted in 1819 as 22nd State during 
 
 Monroe 's administration. 
 Area 52,250 square miles. 
 
 First Settlement by French, Mobile Bay 1702. 
 Origin and Meaning of Name from the Indian 
 
 meaning "Here we rest.' 7 
 
 Number of Union soldiers for Civil War 1,611. 
 The territory comprised within the boundaries was 
 
 ceded by South Carolina and Georgia. 
 Capital Montgomery. 
 Number of representatives 9. 
 Number of presidential electors 11. 
 Seceded Jan. 11, 1861. Readmitted June 11, 1868. 
 
 Maine, Motto' ' Dirigo. " "I direct. ' ' 
 
 Admitted as 23rd state in 1820 during Monroe's 
 
 administration. 
 Area 3,340 square miles. 
 First settlement by English at Pemiquid 1625. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OP CIVICS 127 
 
 Meaning of the name ' ' The Main Land. ' ' 
 
 It is often called "The Pine Tree State. " 
 
 Formerly belonged to Massachusetts. 
 
 Number of soldiers for Union Army 56,776. 
 
 State Flower Pine Cone and Tassel. 
 
 Capital Augusta. 
 
 Number of representatives 4. 
 
 Number of presidential electors 6. 
 
 Missouri. Motto "Salus populi suprema lex esto." 
 "Let the safety of the People be the highest 
 law." 
 
 Admitted as 24th State during Monroe 's adminis- 
 tration in 1821. 
 
 Area 69,145 square miles. 
 
 Territory came from the Louisiana Purchase. 
 
 Number of Union soldiers for the Civil War 
 86,530. 
 
 First settlement by French, Jefferson City 1719. 
 
 Meaning of the name Indian "Muddy River." 
 
 Capital Jefferson City. 
 
 Number of representatives 16. 
 
 Number of presidential electors 18. 
 
 Arkansas. Motto "Regnant populi." "The people 
 
 rule." 
 Admitted in 1836 in Jackson's administration as 
 
 25th State. 
 Territory obtained by Louisiana Purchase. 
 
128 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 Area 53,850 square miles. 
 
 First Settlement Little Eock by French 1690. 
 Name of Indian origin. 
 
 Number of Union soldiers for Civil War 7,836. 
 Arkansas is known as "The Bear State." 
 Capital Little Rock. 
 
 Seceded May 6, 1861. Readmitted June 20, 1868. 
 Number of representatives 7. 
 Number of presidential electors 9. 
 Michigan. Motto "Si quaeris peninsulam amoenam, 
 
 circumspice. " "If you are seeking a beautiful 
 
 peninsula look around. 1 ' 
 Admitted in 1837 during Jackson's administration 
 
 as 26th State. 
 
 State taken from North West Territory. 
 First Settlement by French at Mackinaw, 1690. 
 Called "The Wolverine State.'* 
 Origin of name Indian. 
 State flower Apple Blossom. 
 Number of Union soldiers for Civil War 80,111. 
 Capital Lansing. 
 Number of representatives 12. 
 Number of presidential electors 14. 
 Florida. Motto "In God we trust." 
 
 Admitted as 27th State in 1845 during Tyler's 
 
 administration. 
 Area 58,680 square miles. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 129 
 
 First Settlement by Spanish at St. Augustine in 
 
 1569. 
 Territory was ceded to United States by Spain in 
 
 1819. 
 
 Called "The Peninsula State." 
 Number of soldiers (Union) for Civil War 1,290. 
 Name Spanish adjective for flowery. 
 Pascua Florida Flowery Easter. 
 Discovery of Florida by Ponce De Leon on Easter 
 
 Day. 
 
 Capital Tallahasse. 
 Seceded January 11, 1861. Readmitted June 11, 
 
 1868. 
 
 Number of representatives 3. 
 Number of presidential electors 5. 
 Texas. Admitted as 28th State in 1845 during Polk's 
 
 administration. 
 Area 265,780 square miles. 
 First Settlement San Antonio by Spaniards 
 
 in 1692. 
 
 On coast by the French in 1692. 
 Number of Union soldiers in Civil War 1,632. 
 Sometimes called "The Lone Star State." 
 The territory was acquired by annexation. 
 Origin of name is uncertain. 
 State Flower Blue Bonnet. 
 Capital Austin. 
 
130 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 Number of representatives 16. 
 Number of presidential electors 18. 
 Seceded February 1, 1861. Readmitted March 15, 
 1870. 
 
 Iowa. Motto "Our liberties we prize and our rights we 
 
 will maintain." 
 Admitted in 1864 as 29th State during Folk's 
 
 administration. 
 
 Territory acquired by Louisiana Purchase. 
 Area 56,025 square miles. 
 
 First Settlement Americans, at Dubuque in 1830. 
 Known as the "Hawkeye State." 
 Origin of the name is uncertain. 
 State flower Wild Rose. 
 
 Number of Union soldiers for the civil war 68,630. 
 Capital Des Moines is of Indian origin. 
 Number of representatives 11. 
 Number of presidential electors 13. 
 
 Wisconsin. Motto ' ' Forward. ' ' 
 
 Admitted in 1848 as the 30th State during Folk's 
 administration. 
 
 Territory including all that remained of North 
 West Territory, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and 
 Michigan having already been formed from it. 
 
 It is sometimes called "The Badger State." 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 131 
 
 Origin of name Indian meaning, " gathering 
 
 waters/' 
 
 First Settlement by French at Green Bay in 1669. 
 Number of Union soldiers for the Civil War 
 
 79,260. 
 
 Capital Madison. 
 Area 54,450 square miles. 
 Number of representatives 11. 
 Number of presidential electors 13. 
 
 California. Motto' ' Eureka. ' ' "I have found it. ' ' 
 
 Admitted in 1850 as 31st State under Taylor and 
 
 Fillmore. 
 
 Territory obtained by treaty with Mexico. 
 Area 158,360 square miles. 
 First Settlement Spanish San Diego in 1769. 
 Number of soldiers for the Civil War 15,725. 
 Origin of name Spanish. 
 Known as, "The Golden State. " 
 State Flower ' ' California Poppy ' ' ' ' Copa de 
 
 Oro." 
 
 Number of representatives 8. 
 Number of presidential electors 10. 
 
 Minnesota. Motto ' ' L 'Etoile du Nord. " "The Star of 
 
 the North." 
 
 Admitted as the 32d state in 1858, under 
 Buchanan 's administration. 
 
132 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 Territory in part from N. W. Territory and in 
 
 part from Louisiana purchase. 
 Area 83,365 square miles. 
 First Settlement Indian meaning ' ' sky-colored 
 
 water. ' ' 
 
 Number of Union soldiers in the Civil War 19,693. 
 Known sometimes as ''The North Star State. " 
 State Flower Moccasin-flower. 
 Capital St. Paul. 
 Number of representatives 9. 
 Number of presidential electors 11. 
 Oregon. Motto "Alis volat propriis." "She flies with 
 
 her own wings. " 
 Admitted during Buchanan's administration in 
 
 1859, as the 33d State. By treaty with Great 
 
 Britain this territory came into the possession 
 
 of the United States. 
 Area 96,030 square miles. 
 Settled by Americans at Astoria in 1811. 
 Sometimes called "The Sunset State. " 
 Origin of name Indian, meaning "River of the 
 
 West." 
 
 State Flower Golden Rod. 
 Capital Salem. 
 
 Number of Union soldiers in Civil War 1,773. 
 Number of representatives 2. 
 Number of presidential electors 4. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 133 
 
 Kansas. Motto "Ad astra per aspera." "To the stars 
 
 by rugged ways." 
 Admitted during Buchanan 's Administration as the 
 
 34th State. 
 
 Territory acquired by the Louisiana Purchase. 
 Area 32,080 square miles. 
 First settled by Americans at Atchison in 1854. 
 Name is of Indian origin, meaning "Smoky 
 
 Waters." 
 
 Sometimes called "The Jay Hawker State." 
 Capital Topeka. 
 Number of representatives 8. 
 Number of presidential electors 10. 
 Number of Union soldiers in Civil War 18,706. 
 
 West Virginia. Motto "Montani semper liberi." 
 "Mountaineers are always free." 
 
 35th State, admitted under Lincoln's Administra- 
 tion. 
 
 Territory taken from Virginia. 
 
 Sometimes called "The Panhandle State." 
 
 Number of Union Soldiers in Civil War 27,714. 
 
 Area 24,780 square miles. 
 
 Settled by English. 
 
 Capital Wheeling. 
 
 Number of representatives 5. 
 
 Number of presidential electors 7. 
 
134 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 Nevada. Motto "Volens et potens." "Willing and 
 
 able." 
 
 36th State, admitted in 1864 during Lincoln's ad- 
 ministration. 
 
 Settled by Americans 1850. 
 
 Area 110,700 square miles. 
 
 Origin and meaning of name ' c Snowy Mountains. ' ' 
 Called the "Silver State." Also "The Sage Hen 
 State." 
 
 Territory acquired by treaty with Mexico at end 
 of Mexican War. 
 
 Number of Union Soldiers in Civil War 1,080. 
 
 State Flower Sun Flower. 
 
 Capital Carson City. 
 
 Number of representatives 1. 
 
 Number of presidential electors 3. 
 
 Nebraska. 37 State, admitted during Johnson's Admin- 
 istration in 1837. 
 
 Motto "Popular Sovereignty." 
 
 Area 77,500 square miles. 
 
 Settled at Omaha by Americans in 1847. 
 
 Territory was acquired by the Louisiana Purchase. 
 
 Meaning of Name "Shallow Water" (referring to 
 the Platte Eiver). 
 
 Number of Union Soldiers in Civil War 2,175. 
 
 State Flower Golden Rod. 
 
 Capital Lincoln, 
 
TO THE TEACHING OP CIVICS 135 
 
 Number of representatives 6. 
 Number of presidential electors 8. 
 
 Colorado. 38th State admitted during Grant 's Adminis- 
 tration in 1876. 
 
 Motto "Nil sine numine." "Nothing without 
 the Divinity." 
 
 Is known as the "Centennial State." 
 
 Area 103,925 square miles. 
 
 First settled in 1858 in Denver. 
 
 Meaning of Name "Bed." 
 
 Territory came in part from the Louisiana Purchase 
 and in part by treaty with Mexico. 
 
 Number of Union Soldiers in Civil War 3,697. 
 
 State Flower Columbine. 
 
 Capital Denver. 
 
 Number of representatives 3. 
 
 Number of presidential electors 5. 
 
 North Dakota. 39th State admitted 1889 during Har- 
 rison 's administration. 
 
 Area 70,795 square miles. 
 
 Territory from Louisiana Purchase. 
 
 Meaning of Name ' ' The Allies, ' ' sometimes called 
 "The Sioux State." 
 
 State Flower Golden Rod. 
 
 Capital Bismarck. 
 
 Number of Union Soldiers in civil war 206. 
 
136 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 This is from territory of Dakota before divided 
 into North and South. 
 
 Number of representatives 2. 
 
 Number of presidential electors 4. 
 
 State Flower The "Wild Rose. 
 
 Motto "Liberty and Union, Now and Forever." 
 South Dakota. 40th State. 
 
 Admitted 1889 Harrison's administration. 
 
 First settled by Americans at Yankton in 1849. 
 
 Area 77,650 miles square. 
 
 State Flower Anemone (Pasque flower). 
 
 Capital Pierre. 
 
 Territory from Louisiana Purchase. 
 
 Sometimes called the "Coyote State, " also "Sun- 
 shine State." 
 
 Number of representatives 2. 
 
 Number of presidential electors 4. 
 
 Motto "Under God, the people rule." 
 Montana. 41st State. 
 
 Admitted 1889, Harrison's administration. 
 
 Territory from Louisiana Purchase. 
 
 Area 146,080 square miles. 
 
 Settled by Americans at Helena in 1861. 
 
 Meaning of name Mountainous. 
 
 State flower Bitter Root. 
 
 Motto "Oro y Plata." 
 
 Capital Helena. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 137 
 
 Number of representatives 1. 
 
 Number of presidential electors 3. 
 Washington. 42nd State. 
 
 Admitted 1889, Harrison's administration. 
 
 Territory gained by treaty with Great Britain. 
 
 First settled at Twin Water, in 1845, by Americans. 
 
 Area 69,180 square miles. 
 
 Capital Olympia. 
 
 Number of Union soldiers in civil war 964. 
 
 State Flower Ehododendron. 
 
 Number of representatives 3. 
 
 Number of presidential electors 5. 
 Wyoming. 43rd State. 
 
 Admitted during Harrison's administration in 1890. 
 
 Territory came in part from Louisiana purchase 
 and in part from Mexico. 
 
 Area 97,890 square miles. 
 
 Settled at Cheyenne by Americans in 1867. 
 
 Capital Cheyenne. 
 
 Meaning of name Broad Valley (Indian). 
 
 Number of representatives 1. 
 
 Number of presidential electors 3. 
 Idaho. 44th State. 
 
 Admitted 1890, Harrison's administration. 
 
 Territory acquired by treaty with Great Britain. 
 
 Area 84800 square miles. 
 
 First settled by Americans in or about 1862. 
 
138 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 State Flower Syringa. 
 Motto "Esto perpetua." 
 Capital Boise City. 
 Origin of name Indian. 
 Meaning of name Diadem of the mountains. 
 Number of representatives 1. Number of presi- 
 dential electors 3. 
 
 Utah. 45th State. 
 
 Admitted in 1896 during Cleveland's Adminis- 
 tration. 
 
 Territory came by treaty with Mexico. 
 Area 84970 square miles. 
 First settled near Salt Lake City. 
 Indian meaning ' ' Mountain House. ' ' 
 State Flower The Sego Lily. 
 Number of representatives 1. 
 Number of presidential electors 3. 
 
 Oklahoma. 46th State. 
 
 Signifies in Cherokee "Home of the Red Man." 
 
 Admitted in 1907 during Roosevelt's adminis- 
 tration. 
 
 Area 39030 square miles. 
 
 First settled by Americans at Guthrie, settled by 
 Spanish earlier. 
 
 Territory part of Louisiana Purchase. 
 
 State flower the Mistletoe. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 139 
 
 Capital Guthrie. 
 
 Number of representatives 5. 
 
 Number of presidential electors 7. 
 
 Total [Representatives 391 
 
 Total Senators 92 
 
 Total Electors 483 
 
 This is for 1908. After 1910 a new basis of representa- 
 tion will be taken and the numbers of representatives and 
 electors will be changed. There are two additional sena- 
 tors for each new State admitted. 
 
CHAPTER XVIII 
 DATA WITH BEFEBENCE TO OUB PBESIDENTS 
 
 1. George Washington. 
 
 Born in Virginia in 1732, died 1799, aged 67. 
 
 Term of office 8 years, from 1789, 1797. 
 
 Elected by the whole people. 
 
 Vice President John Adams of Massachusetts. 
 
 Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson of Virginia. 
 Edmund Randolph of " 
 Timothy Pickering of Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 2. John Adams. 
 
 Born in Massachusetts in 1735, died in 1826 aged 91. 
 
 Term of office 4 years, from 1797 to 1801. 
 
 Elected by the Federalists. 
 
 Vice President Thomas Jefferson of Virginia. 
 
 Timothy Pickering of Pennsylvania* 
 Secretary of State John Marshall of Virginia. 
 3. Thomas Jefferson. 
 
 Born in Virginia in 1751, died 1826, aged 75. 
 Term of office 8 years, from 1801 to 1809. 
 Elected by the Anti-federalists or Democrats. 
 Vice President Aaron Burr of New York. 
 
 George Clinton of New York. 
 Secretary of State James Madison of Virginia. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 141 
 
 4. James Madison. 
 
 Born in Virginia in 1751 died in 1836 aged 85. 
 Term of office 8 years from 1809 to 1817. 
 Elected by Anti-federalists or Democrats. 
 Vice President George Clinton of New York. 
 
 Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts. 
 Secretary of State Robert Smith of Maryland. 
 James Monroe of Virginia. 
 
 5. James Monroe. 
 
 Born in Virginia in 1758 died in 1831 aged 73. 
 Term of office eight years 1817 to 1825. 
 Elected by Anti-federalists or Democrats. 
 Vice President Daniel D. Tompkins of New York. 
 Secretary of State John Quincy Adams of Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 6. John Quincy Adams. 
 
 Born in Massachusetts in 1767 died in 1848 aged 81. 
 
 Term of office 4 years 1825 to 1829. 
 
 Elected by House of Eepresentatives. 
 
 Vice President John C. Calhoun of South Carolina. 
 
 Secretary of State Henry Clay of Kentucky. 
 
 7. Andrew Jackson. 
 
 State Tennessee. 
 
 Born 1767 died 1845 aged 78. 
 
 Term of office 8 years, from 1829 to 1837. 
 
 Elected by Democrats. 
 
142 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 Vice Presidents John C. Calhoun of South Carolina. 
 
 Martin Van Buren of New York. 
 Secretary of State Martin Van Buren, 1829 to 1831. 
 Edw. Livingston of Delaware, 
 
 1831 to 1833. 
 John Forsythe of Georgia. 
 
 8. Martin Van Buren. 
 State New York. 
 
 Born 1782 died 1862 aged 80. 
 
 Term of office 4 years from 1837 to 1841. 
 
 Elected by Democrats. 
 
 Vice President Richard M. Johnson of Kentucky. 
 
 Secretary of State John Forsythe of Georgia. 
 
 9. Wm. Henry Harrison. 
 
 State Ohio. 
 
 Born 1773 died 1841 aged 68. 
 
 Term of office 1 month March 4, 1841, to April 4, 
 
 1841. 
 
 Elected by Whigs. 
 
 Vice President John Tyler of Virginia. 
 Secretary of State Daniel Webster. 
 
 10. John Tyler. 
 
 State Virginia. 
 
 Born 1790 died 1862 aged 72. 
 Term of office 3 years 11 months April 4, 1841, to 
 March 4, 1845. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 143 
 
 Elected Vice President succeeded to Presidency on 
 
 death of Harrison. 
 Vice President 
 Secretary of State Daniel Webster, Mass., 1841 to 
 
 1843. 
 
 Hugh Legare, South Carolina. 
 Abel P. Upshur, Virginia, 1843- 
 1844. 
 
 J. C. Calhoun, 1844-1845. 
 
 11. James K. Polk. 
 
 State Tennessee. 
 
 Born 1795 died 1849 aged 54. 
 
 Term of office 4 years from 1845 to 1849. 
 
 Elected by Democrats. 
 
 Vice President Geo. M. Dallas of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Secretary of State James Buchanan of Pennsylvania. 
 
 12. Zachary Taylor. 
 State Louisiana. 
 Born 1784 died 1850. 
 
 Term of office 1 year 4 months 5 days from March 
 
 4, 1849, to July 9, 1850. 
 Elected by Whigs. 
 Vice President Millard Pillmore of New York. 
 
 a , , -Danl. Webster of Mass. 
 
 Secretary of State- 
 John M. Clayton of Delaware. 
 
 13. Millard Fillmore. became President upon the death 
 
 of Taylor. State New York. 
 
144 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 Born 1800 died 1874r-aged 74. 
 
 Term of office 2 years, 7 months, 25 days from July 9, 
 
 1850, to March 4, 1853. 
 Elected by Whigs. 
 Vice President 
 
 , . (Daniel Webster. 
 Secretary of State \ 
 
 1 Edward Everett. 
 
 14. Franklin Pierce. 
 
 State New Hampshire. 
 
 Born 1804 died 1869, age 65. 
 
 Term of office 4 years, from 1853 to 1857. 
 
 Elected by Democrats. 
 
 Vice President Wm. E. King of Alabama. 
 
 Secretary of State Wm. L. Marcy of New York. 
 
 15. James Buchanan. 
 State Pennsylvania. 
 Born 1791, died 1868, aged 77. 
 Term of office 4 years, 1857 to 1861. 
 Elected by Democrats. 
 
 Vice President John C. Breckenbridge of Kentucky. 
 Secretary of State Lewis Cass of Michigan. 
 
 Jeremiah S. Black of Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 16. Abraham Lincoln. 
 State Illinois. 
 
 Born Kentucky 1809, died 1865, aged 56. 
 Term of office 4 years, 1 month, 10 days. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 145 
 
 Elected by Eepublicans. 
 
 Vice President Hannibal Hamlin of Maine. 
 
 Andrew Johnson of Tennessee. 
 Secretary of State Wm. H. Seward of New York. 
 
 17. Andrew Johnson. 
 
 State Tennessee. 
 
 Born 1808, died 1875, aged 67. 
 
 Term of office 3 years, 10 months, 20 days 1865- 
 
 1869. 
 Elected Vice President by Republicans succeeded to 
 
 the Presidency on the death of Lincoln. 
 Vice President 
 Secretary of State Wm. H. Seward of New York. 
 
 18. Ulysses S. Grant. 
 State Illinois. 
 
 Born 1822, died 1885, aged 63. 
 
 Term of office 8 years, from 1869-1877. 
 
 Elected by Republicans. 
 
 Vice President Schuyler Colfax of Indiana. 
 
 Henry Wilson of Massachusetts. 
 Secretary of State Hamilton Fish of New York. 
 Elihu B. Washburn. 
 
 19. Rutherford B. Hayes. 
 
 Born 1822, died 1893, aged 71. 
 Term of office 4 years, 1877 to 1881. 
 Elected by Republicans. 
 
146 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 Vice President William A. Wheeler of New York. 
 Secretary of State William M. Evarts of New York. 
 
 20. James A. Garfield. 
 State Ohio. 
 
 Born 1831, died 1881, aged 50. 
 
 Term of office 6 months 15 days March 4, 1881, to 
 
 September 19, 1881. 
 Elected by the Republicans. 
 
 Vice President Chester A. Arthur of New York. 
 Secretary of State James G. Elaine, Maine. 
 
 21. Chester A. Arthur. 
 State New York. 
 
 Born 1830, died 1886, aged 56. 
 
 Term 3 years 5 months 15 days September 19, 1881- 
 
 March 4, 1885. 
 Elected Vice President and succeeded to Presidency 
 
 on the death of Garfield. 
 Vice President 
 Secretary of Stale F. T. Frelinghuysen, New Jersey. 
 
 22. Grover Cleveland. 
 State New York. 
 
 Born 1837 died 1908 aged 71. 
 
 Term of office 4 years, from 1885 to 1889. 
 
 Elected by the Democrats. 
 
 Vice President Thomas A. Hendricks of Indiana. 
 
 Secretary of State Thos. F. Bayard Delaware. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 147 
 
 23. Benjamin Harrison. 
 
 State Indiana. 
 
 Born 1833 died 1801 aged 68. 
 Term of office 4 years 1889-1893. 
 Elected by Republicans. 
 Vice President Levi P. Morton of New York. 
 Secretary of State James G. Elaine. 
 -John W. Foster. 
 
 24. Grover Cleveland. 
 State New York. 
 
 Born 1837 died 1908 aged 71. 
 Term of office 4 years 1893 to 1897. 
 Elected by the Democrats. 
 Vice President Adlai Stevenson of Illinois. 
 Secretary of State Walter Q. Gresham. 
 < -Richard Olney. 
 
 25. Wm. McKinley. 
 State Ohio. 
 
 Born 1843 died 1901 aged 58. 
 
 Term of office 4 years 6 months 10 days from 
 
 March 4, 1897 to September 14, 1901. 
 Elected by Republicans. 
 
 Vice President Garret A. Hobart of New Jersey. 
 Theodore Roosevelt of New York. 
 Secretary of State John Sherman. 
 Wm. R. Day 
 John Hay. 
 
148 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 26. Theodore Roosevelt. 
 
 State of New York. 
 
 Born 1858 died 
 
 Term 7 years 5 months 20 days from September 14, 
 
 1901 to March 4, 1909. 
 Elected Vice President and succeeded to presidency 
 
 on death of McKinley. Elected president direct 
 
 and inaugurated March 4, 1909. 
 Vice President Charles W. Fairbanks of Indiana. 
 Secretary of State John Hay. 
 Elihu Root. 
 
 27. Wm. H. Taft. 
 State Ohio. 
 Born 1859. 
 
 Term Inaugurated March 4, 1909 Still Serving. 
 
 Elected by Republicans. 
 
 Vice President James Schoolcroft Sherman New 
 
 York. 
 Secretary of State Philander Knox Pennsylvania. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 149 
 SUMMABY 
 
 The following is the number of Representatives and 
 Presidential Electors from each State, 1909. After the 
 census of 1910 the number of each will be changed. 
 
 Pres. 
 Eepresentatives Electors 
 
 Alabama 9 11 
 
 Arkansas 7 9 
 
 California 8 10 
 
 Colorado 3 5 
 
 Connecticut 5 7 
 
 Delaware 1 3 
 
 Florida 3 5 
 
 Georgia 11 13 
 
 Idaho 1 3 
 
 Illinois 25 27 
 
 Indiana 13 15 
 
 Iowa 11 13 
 
 Kansas 8 10 
 
 Kentucky 11 13 
 
 Louisiana 7 9 
 
 Maine 4 6 
 
 Maryland 6 8 
 
 Massachusetts 14 16 
 
 Michigan 12 14 
 
 Minnesota , 9 11 
 
150 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 Pres. 
 Representatives Electors 
 
 Mississippi 8 10 
 
 Missouri 16 18 
 
 Montana 1 3 
 
 Nebraska 6 8 
 
 Nevada 1 3 
 
 New Hampshire 2 4 
 
 New Jersey 10 12 
 
 New York 37 39 
 
 North Carolina 10 12 
 
 North Dakota 2 4 
 
 Ohio 21 23 
 
 Oklahoma 5 7 
 
 Oregon 2 4 
 
 Pennsylvania 32 34 
 
 Rhode Island 1 3 
 
 South Carolina 7 9 
 
 South Dakota 2 4 
 
 Tennessee 10 12 
 
 Texas 16 18 
 
 Utah 1 3 
 
 Vermont 2 4 
 
 Virginia 10 12 
 
 Washington 3 5 
 
 West Virginia 5 7 
 
 Wisconsin 11 1J 
 
 Wyoming 1 3 
 
 391 483 
 
GENEEAL QUESTIONS FOE EEVIEW 
 
 1. When does Congress meet? 
 
 2. When does the short session close? 
 
 3. The congress which meets on the first Monday in December, 
 
 1909, is 61st Congress. How is this reckoned? 
 
 4. How are representatives chosen? For what term? Salary? 
 
 Mileage? 
 
 5. How are United States Senators chosen? For what term? 
 
 Salary? Mileage? 
 
 6. Qualifications for a United States Senator. 
 
 7. Qualifications for a Eepresentative. 
 
 8. How are vacancies in each filled? 
 
 9. What provision for taking the census? 
 
 10. Under what department is the census bureau? 
 
 11. When was the first census taken? 
 
 12. How often since then? 
 
 13. When was the last census taken? 
 
 14. What does the "census" include? 
 
 15. What is meant by " basis of representation"? What was it 
 
 at first? 
 
 16. What is the basis of representation now? 
 
 17. How many representatives are there now (1909) ? 
 
 18. Who presides over the House of Eepresentatives ? 
 
 19. Who presides over the Senate? 
 
 20. Which body may impeach a civil officer? 
 
 21. What is meant by "Civil Service"? 
 
 22. What other than civil officers are there? 
 
 23. How are these other officers tried? 
 
 24. What body tries a civil officer of the United States when he is 
 
 impeached? 
 
152 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 25. Explain process of preparing charges in case of impeachment. 
 
 26. Explain about the trial of a person who has been impeached. 
 
 27. Into what classes are United States Senators divided by the 
 
 Constitution? 
 
 28. Why! 
 
 29. Why was the legislative department organized by having two 
 
 houses? 
 
 30. Difference between oath and affirmation? 
 
 31. Who presides when the President of the United States is 
 
 impeached? 
 
 32. How many are required to convict? 
 
 33. What is the limit of penalty that may follow conviction? 
 
 34. To what further punishment may an impeached party be liable? 
 
 35. What is meant by a quorum? 
 
 36. How many constitute a quorum for the transaction of business? 
 
 37. What may a smaller number do? 
 
 38. How may a member be expelled? 
 
 39. When must "Yeas and nays" be called? 
 
 40. Define Treason. 
 
 41. Define Felony United States law California law. 
 
 42. Where do bills for raising revenue originate? 
 
 43. Why? 
 
 44. Explain how a bill may become a law?- 
 
 45. What is a veto? 
 
 46. What is a pocket veto? 
 
 47. For what six purposes was the Constitution established? (See 
 
 preamble.) 
 
 48. When did the Constitutional Convention meet? Where? How 
 
 many delegates? 
 
 49. How long were they in session? 
 
 50. When was the Constitution adopted by Convention? 
 
TO THE TEACHING OP CIVICS 153 
 
 51. When did it go into effect? 
 
 52. What are Duties'? Imposts? Excises? 
 
 53. How may the United States borrow money? 
 
 54. What is naturalization? 
 
 55. Explain how a foreigner may be naturalized? 
 
 56. Is there a United States bankrupt law in force now? 
 
 57. What is counterfeiting? 
 
 58. What is a Clearing House? 
 
 59. Difference between currency and coin. 
 
 60. What is the complete power of congress under modern con- 
 
 ditions with regard to post-offices and post-roads? 
 
 61. What is a patent? 
 
 62. What is a copy right? 
 
 63. How may either be obtained? For how long a time? 
 
 64. What is a trade-mark? 
 
 65. What is a caucus? 
 
 66. How was the United States Supreme Court established? 
 
 67. How may inferior Courts be established? 
 
 68. What is piracy? 
 
 69. What are the "High Seas"? 
 
 70. What are "letters of marque and reprisal? 
 
 71. Are these issued now by civilized nations? 
 
 72. Who constitute the militia? 
 
 73. When does the militia become subject to United States 
 
 authority? 
 
 74. National Guard of California? 
 
 75. How are officers of the Militia appointed? 
 
 76. What are some of the places in any State over which Congress 
 
 has exclusive control? 
 
 77. Mention three places in California. 
 
 78. What is an "ex post facto " law? 
 
154 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 79. What is a "bill of attainder I" 
 
 80. What is a "Writ of Habeas Corpus ! M 
 
 81. What is a capitation or poll tax! 
 
 82. What is a direct tax? an income tax! 
 
 83. What is a property tax? 
 
 84. What compromises on the question of Slavery are found in 
 
 the Constitution? 
 
 85. What is meant by " Clearance" of a vessel? 
 
 86. What is meant by the " Entrance " of a vessel? 
 
 87. What about titles of nobility? 
 
 88. Mention some other restrictions placed upon the power of 
 
 Congress. 
 
 89. Mention the restrictions placed upon the States. 
 
 90. What is meant by State Eights? 
 
 91. Qualifications for President or Vice President. 
 
 92. How many presidential electors from each state? from Cali- 
 
 fornia? 
 
 93. When and where do these electors vote for President or Vice 
 
 President? 
 
 94. Where are these votes counted? When? by whom! 
 
 95. How many copies of the returns are made? 
 
 96. What is done with these copies? 
 
 97. In case of removal of Vice-President what provision for suc- 
 
 cession to office of President? 
 
 98. Salary of President. 
 
 99. Give Presidential Oath of office. 
 
 100. When is the President Commander-in-chief of the Militia? 
 
 101. How many executive departments now? 
 
 102. Name them. 
 
 103. How many were there at first? 
 
 104. Which were they? 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 155 
 
 105. What is the difference between a reprieve and a pardon? 
 
 106. How are treaties made! 
 
 107. What officers are appointed by the President and confirmed 
 
 by the Senate? 
 
 108. What provision for the appointment of the officers? 
 
 109. What about extra sessions of Congress? 
 
 110. In what respects were tf Articles of Confederation " unsatis- 
 
 factory? 
 
 111. Mention the names of four celebrated men who helped to 
 
 frame the Constitution. 
 
 112. What was the Treaty of Paris 1763? What war did it end? 
 
 113. What was the Treaty of Paris 1783? What war did it end? 
 
 114. Louisiana Purchase? 
 115 Gadsden Purchase? 
 
 116. How was Florida gained? 
 
 117. Purchase of Alaska? 
 
 118. What States were formed from North West Territory? 
 
 119. Annexation of Texas? 
 
 120. Annexation of Hawaii? 
 
 121. What is an executive session? 
 
 122. What is a joint session? 
 
 123. Does the House of Representatives ever meet in executive 
 
 session? 
 
 124. Difference between an Ambassador and a Minister? 
 
 125. What United States Courts have been established by Congress? 
 
 126. What about Supreme Court? How many Judges? Salaries 
 
 term of office. 
 
 127. How many Circuit Courts? 
 
 128. How many Circuit Judges? 
 
 129. Who presides over the Circuit Court? 
 
 130. What is term of office of Circuit Judge? Salary, etc. 
 
156 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 131. How many District Courts? 
 
 132. How many Districts Judges? 
 
 133. Term of office of District Judge? Salary? 
 
 134. Court of Appeals. 
 
 135. Courts of Claims. 
 
 136. How are all these Judges appointed? 
 
 137. What is meant by the original jurisdiction? 
 
 138. What is meant by the appellate jurisdiction? 
 
 139. In what cases does Supreme Court have original jurisdiction? 
 
 140. To what cases does the judicial power of the United States 
 
 extend? 
 
 141. What provision for < ' trial by jury ? " 
 
 142. Where must the trial be held! 
 
 143. Where and when must trial be held, when not committed in 
 
 any State? 
 
 144. What is treason? What is the penalty? 
 
 145. How may a person be convicted of treason? 
 
 146. What is corruption of blood? 
 
 147. How are the acts and records of a court made authentic? 
 
 148. What is an Extradition Treaty? 
 
 149. When a criminal escapes to another state how may he be 
 
 brought to trial? 
 
 150. Give section about the formation and admission of new states. 
 
 151. How are individual states protected from invasion? 
 
 152. When does the General Government protect the state from 
 
 domestic violence? 
 
 153. What is meant by "Eminent Domain?'* 
 
 154. What was "Squatter Sovereignty?" 
 
 155. Explain how the Constitution may be amended. 
 
 156. What is the supreme law of the land? 
 
 157. What officers are bound by oath or affirmation to support the 
 
 Constitution of the United States? 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 157 
 
 158. What about religious tests! 
 
 159. What was date of signing of the Constitution by the degelates? 
 
 160. Who was president of the Convention? 
 
 161. What is a search-warrant? 
 
 162. Explain how a search-warrant is obtained? 
 
 163. What is the difference between a civil and a criminal suit? 
 
 164. In what civil suits may the accused demand a jury trial? 
 
 165. What is bail? 
 
 166. Explain about the Missouri Compromise. 
 
 167. What is an indictment? 
 
 168. What is provision with regard to indictments by Grand Jury? 
 
 169. What is a Grand Jury? 
 
 170. What is a trial Jury? 
 
 171. What way of settling disputes other than by trial? 
 
 172. What is meant by Arbitration? 
 
 173. What were the "Alabama Claims?" 
 
 174. How were they settled? 
 
 175. How many United States Senators are there now? 
 
 176. How many representatives are there now? 
 
 177. How many Presidential Electors? 
 
 178. What is the difference between a plurality and a majority? 
 
 179. What was the "Ordinance of 1787? " 
 
 180. What states were organized from the Northwest Territory? 
 
 181. What was the "Wilmot Proviso ?" 
 
 182. What was the Compromise of 1850? Omnibus Bill? 
 
 183. What is a Compromise? 
 
 184. Outline briefly the territorial expansion of the United States. 
 
 185. How are the committees appointed in the House of 
 
 Eepresentatives? 
 
 186. How in the Senate? 
 
 187. What can you say of the power of the Speaker? 
 
158 PRACTICAL. AIDS 
 
 188. Why is the presiding officer called the Speaker? 
 
 189. What was the "Electoral Commission ?" 
 
 190. Who were the " Carpet-baggers I" 
 
 191. What do you mean by "Reconstruction" as applied to 
 
 Southern States? 
 
 192. How is the right to a seat in either house of Congress deter- 
 
 mined in case of a contest? 
 
 193. When must the first vote for United States Senator be taken? 
 
 194. How? (In joint session or separately?) 
 
 195. What follows? 
 
 196. If there is no election in 1st ballot in joint session, what is 
 
 done? 
 
 197. When and where does the United States Supreme Court meet 
 
 regularly? 
 
 198. Can a citizen of Washington, D. C., vote for President? 
 
 199. How is District of Columbia governed? 
 
 200. What are duties of United States Marshals? 
 
 201. What are duties of United States District Attorneys? 
 
 202. What authority regulates Suffrage in a state? 
 
 203. How is choice of jurors for United States Courts governed? 
 
 204. How is choice of jurors for State Courts governed? 
 
 205. What is Smuggling? 
 
 206. What is a Custom House? 
 
 207. What is a Port of Entry? 
 
 208. What is a protective Tariff? 
 
 209. What is a Tariff for Eevenue only? 
 
 210. What can you say about Light-Houses? 
 
 211. What was the "Critical Period? " 
 
 212. Tell about the "Freedmen's Bureau. " 
 
 213. What is the Smithsonian Institute? 
 
 214. Locate the United States Mints. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OP CIVICS 159 
 
 215. What IB meant by "delinquent taxes " I 
 
 216. What is a "Standing Committee "I 
 
 217. What is the Interstate Commerce Act? 
 
 218. What special privileges do members of Congress enjoy? 
 
 219. What is the "long" session of Congress! The " short " 
 
 session ! 
 
 220. In what way does the organization of the United States Senate 
 
 differ from the lower house! 
 
 221. What are the two most important standing committees of the 
 
 House ! 
 
 222. Which confers the right of suffrage the State or the nation! 
 
 223. How is the State tax determined? 
 
 224. Describe, in full, how the public lands of the U. S. are divided 
 
 by ranges, townships, section of a township, etc. 
 
 225. In what way does a bankrupt law benefit a creditor! 
 
 226. In what way does a bankrupt law benefit a debtor? 
 
 227. What is the highest privilege of citizenship! 
 
 228. What are some of the rights of the accused in criminal cases! 
 
 229. What is the difference between a case in law and a case in 
 
 equity ? 
 
 230. In what case may a witness refuse to answer a question! 
 
 231. What was "Mason and DixonV Line? When established! 
 
 232. Give an account of the Salem Witchcraft. 
 
 233. Give an account of persecution of Quakers. 
 
 234. Fanueil Hall. 
 
 235. Independence Hall. 
 
 236. Origin of the American Flag! What was it at first! 
 
 237. What is it now! What does each part stand for! 
 
 238. What is meant by the "Eight of Search "f 
 
 239. Who negotiated treaty of 1783, in the part of the United 
 
 States! 
 
160 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 240. Why was the House of Eepresentatives created? 
 
 241. Did Congress, under the Articles of Confederation, represent 
 
 "The People" or "The States"? 
 
 242. What had Washington, Madison, Hamilton, Jefferson and 
 
 Marshall to do with establishing the present government? 
 
 243. When and where was Washington inaugurated? 
 
 244. Who administered the oath of office? 
 
 245. Compare Articles of Confederation with our present Constitu- 
 
 tion in legislative, executive and judicial authority. 
 
 246. Is there any other power higher than the Constitution? 
 
 247. Mention some things that are controlled by United States laws 
 
 and others that are controlled by State laws. 
 
 248. What is "Free Trade"? 
 
 249. What officers and buildings must we have on account of the 
 
 tariff? 
 
 250. What is nullification? 
 
 251. What is bribery? 
 
 252. What was the "Hartford Convention"? 
 
 253. What were the Kentucky Resolutions?" 
 
 254. Tell about the results of the invention of the "Cotton Gin?" 
 
 255. Tell about the results of the invention of the steamboat. 
 
 256. What is meant by the "Spoils System"? 
 
 257. "To the victors belong the spoils" explain. 
 
 258. What is meant by Ashburton Treaty? 
 
 259. The Mormons, Origin and settlement in Utah. 
 
 260. When are compromises desirable? 
 
 261. What is a Compromise? 
 
 262. What was "The Fugitive Slave Law"? 
 
 263. What were "Personal Liberty Bills"? 
 
 264. What was "Squatter Sovereignty " ? 
 
 265. What is "Local Option"? 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 161 
 
 266. What is "Dred Scott decision"? 
 
 267. What was "Lecompton Constitution " ? 
 
 268. What about the "Underground E. B."? 
 
 269. What was the "Credit Mobilier"? 
 
 270. Who were the "Mugwumps?" 
 
 271. What is "boycotting?" 
 
 272. What is meant by "Suspending Specie Payments"? 
 
 273. What is "Specie"? 
 
 274. What gives value to paper money? 
 
 275. Are Confederate Bills of any money value now? 
 
 276. Is a check upon a bank, money? 
 
 277. When may it be used as money? 
 
 278. What is a certified check? 
 
 279. What is a Clearing House? 
 
 280. Explain how it does business. 
 
 281. What is money? 
 
 282. What presidents have died in office? 
 
 283. What Vice-Presidents have become presidents? 
 
 284. Mention some of the effects that have come from modern in- 
 
 ventions such as the telephone, the telegraph, railroads, etc. 
 
 285. What was the "Charter Oak?" 
 
 286. Who were the Sons of Liberty?" 
 
 287. Who were the "Minute Men?" 
 
 288. Tell about the Treaty of Ghent." 
 
 289. What lands were included in "Gadsden Purchase?" 
 
 290. What were the steps by which the United States gained per- 
 
 fect title to the Oregon-region? 
 
 291. What is a "Gerrymander?" Origin of term? 
 
 292. What are the High Seas?" 
 
 293. When does the house of Eepresentatives choose a president? 
 
 294. How? 
 
162 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 295. Has this ever been done! If so, when? 
 
 296. What was the Electoral Commission?" 
 
 297. What is Admiralty jurisdiction? 
 
 298. What is a " Search- Warrant ' ' ? 
 
 299. What is meant by the "Initiative and Beferendum"? 
 
 300. Who are "Gold Democrats? Origin of title? 
 
 301. What is meant by the term "Free Silver?" 
 
 302. Who and what were Contrabands? 
 
 303. What is known as the "Era of Good Feeling?" 
 
 304. What was Shay's Eebellion? 
 
 305. When are presidential Electors chosen? 
 
 306. When and where do they vote for President and Vice President? 
 
 307. When, where and by whom are these votes counted? 
 
 308. How many territories are now sending a delegate each to 
 
 309. What about "Bed Cross Society ?" 
 
 310. What has become of the "Great American Desert?" 
 
 311. Who were the "Bough Biders?" 
 
 312. What is a "Trust?" 
 
 313. What were the "Blockade Bunners?" 
 
 314. What is a blockade? 
 
 315. What is a quota? 
 
 316. What is a "Draft" as applied to soldiers? 
 
 317. Where are the United States Sub-treasuries located? 
 
 318. What was the "Natural Boad?" . 
 
 319. Who was citizen Genet? 
 
 320. Who is known as "The Pathfinder?" 
 
 321. Bacon's Bebellion. 
 
 322. What purpose had Oglethorpe in founding a colony in Georgia? 
 
 323. Tell about Lord Baltimore. 
 
 324. John Paul Jones. 
 
TO THE TEACHING OP CIVICS 163 
 
 325. Give history of the United States Bank. 
 
 326. Who was " Old Hickory"! Why so called? 
 
 327. Aaron Burr. 
 
 328. What is known as the ' ' Trent Affair > ? 
 
 329. What was " privateering " t 
 
 330. What is meant by "popular government " ? 
 
 331. What is meant by an " Enacting Clause "f 
 
 332. Give the Enacting Clause of California. 
 
 333. Give the Enacting Clause of United States Congress. 
 
 334. What is the difference between a bill and an act? 
 
 335. Give the original of the term "Bro. Jonathan ". 
 
 336. Describe the Great Seal of California. 
 
 337. What is the use of the United States Seal or of the State Seal! 
 
 338. In general what is the use of a Seal? 
 
 339. Describe the Great Seal of United States. 
 
 340. What is a notary public! 
 
 341. Explain how District of Columbia became site of National 
 
 Capital. 
 
 342. Area at first? Area now? 
 
 343. Explain how District of Columbia is governed. 
 
 344. Outline Government of a United States territory. 
 
 345. What were the Alien and Sedition Laws? 
 
 346. What is Bi-metallism ? 
 
 347. Which of the States seceded first? 
 
 348. Who were known as "Border Ruffians?" 
 
 349. Boston Massacre. 
 
 350. Boston Port Bill. 
 
 351. Boston Tea Party. 
 
 352. What was the "Mayflower Compact? 7 ' 
 
 353. What was "Civil Eights Bill?" 
 
 354. "Old Ironsides." 
 
164 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 355. "Continentals." 
 
 356. What was the "Geneva Tribunal?" 
 
 357. What is meant by "The Law of Nations? " 
 
 358. Who were the Tories? 
 
 359. What was the doctrine of "Popular Sovereignty 1" 
 
 360. What was the "Tenure of office" act? 
 
 361. Who are the "Suffragists?" 
 
 362. What was the "Western Reserve?" 
 
 363. Who were the "Whigs?" 
 
 364. What was the first Representative Assembly in America? 
 
 365. Give an account of the introduction of African slavery? 
 
 366. In the war in England between the King and Cromwell, the 
 
 southern Colonies were Loyalists, and Northern Colonies 
 were with Cromwell, Why? 
 
 367. Give the origin of the "Town Meeting." 
 
 368. What was the first Public School in America? 
 
 369. The first College? 
 
 370. The first Printing Press? 
 
 371. What were the "Blue Laws?" 
 
 372. What was the first book printed in United States? When? 
 
 373. The first newspaper? Date? 
 
 374. What was the "Mecklenburg Declaration"? 
 
 375. The "Liberty Bell"? 
 
 376. When a bill is introduced in either house or Congress, what is 
 
 done with it? 
 
 377. Mention some of the most important Committees of the House 
 
 of Representatives. 
 
 378. What land was granted to the Plymouth Company? 
 
 379. What land was granted to the London Company? 
 
 380. What about the territory between these two? 
 
 381. Tell about the "Black-Hawk War." 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 165 
 
 382. The Maryland " Toleration Act". 
 
 383. What is meant by "Eotation in office". 
 
 384. Lewis and Clark expedition. 
 
 385. Fugitive Slave Law. 
 
 386. Personal Liberty Bills. 
 
 387. Who were the ''Sons of Liberty"? 
 
 388. Ku Klux Klan. 
 
 389. The Franking privilege. 
 
 390. How abused? How modified? 
 
 391. What is meant by "Standard Time?" 
 
 392. The Berlin Decree. 
 
 393. "Orders in Council". 
 
 394. "The Embargo". 
 
 395. The "Trent Affair". 
 
 396. When was the "Starving Time"? 
 
 397. Who was "Poor Eichard"? 
 
 398. Astoria. 
 
 399. What is known as the "Civil Eights Bill"? 
 
 400. What is meant by "Free Coinage"? 
 
 401. When did "Free coinage of silver cease"? 
 
 402. Who are Filibusters? 
 
 403. What was the "Iron-clad Oath". 
 
 404. What is the Homestead law with reference to public lands? 
 
 405. What sections are reserved for schools? 
 
 406. What provision for the maintenance of "Agricultural 
 
 Colleges"? 
 
 407. "Quaker Guns". 
 
 408. What was the "Yankee Cheese box"? 
 
 409. Explain the slogan " 54 > 40 > or fight. ' ' 
 
 410. What is a passport? 
 
 411. To whom may passports be granted? 
 
166 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 412. What is meant by International Copyright? 
 
 413. How far from land does the jurisdiction of a Country extend? 
 
 414. What are " American Waters ?" 
 
 415. What must an office holders do to enable him to accept a present 
 
 offered by a foreign power! 
 
 416. What oath must all officers, state and municipal as well as 
 
 National, take? 
 
 ORGANIZATION OF PAETIES AND CONVENTIONS 
 
 1. How are political parties organized? 
 
 2. How is a national campaign managed? 
 
 3. What is the first step in a Presidential campaign? 
 
 4. Who compose the National committee of a party? 
 
 5. When and by whom are they appointed? 
 
 6. Who compose a State Central Committee? 
 
 7. When and how are they chosen? 
 
 8. Who compose a City Central Committee? 
 
 9. When and how are they selected? 
 
 10. What is a primary? 
 
 11. What is meant by a " direct primary f " 
 
 12. Explain, in full, how the delegates to a National Convention are 
 
 chosen? 
 
 13. Who compose a County Central Committee? 
 
 14. When and how are they selected? 
 
 15. When delegates to a committee meet, who calls them to order? 
 
 16. How does the convention organize? 
 
 17. What three committees are appointed? 
 
 18. What is duty of Committee on Credentials? 
 
 19. What is duty of Committee on Permanent Organization, etc.? 
 
 20. What is duty of Committee on Resolutions? 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 167 
 
 21. After these committees are appointed, short adjournment. 
 
 Whyt 
 
 22. What is meant by registration? , 
 
 23. Why is registration necessary? 
 
 24. What is the Australian Ballot? 
 
 25. Why is the Australian Ballot preferable to the voting machine? 
 
 26. Issue a call for a National Convention for nominating President 
 
 and Vice President. 
 
 27. Issue a call for a State Convention for choosing delegates to the 
 
 National Convention. 
 
 28. Issue a call for a County Convention. 
 
 29. Issue a call for a City Convention. 
 
 30. What are duties of a "Sergeant at Arms"? 
 
 31. How are funds raised for political campaigns? 
 
 32. What authority determines who may vote? 
 
 33. Who are Citizens in California? 
 
 34. Who may vote in California? 
 
 35. Law about residence for voting purposes. 
 
 STATE GOVERNMENT 
 
 1. When does the Legislature meet? 
 
 2. How many compose each house? 
 
 3. For what term are these chosen? 
 
 4. Explain how the State is districted? 
 
 5. What Assembly district are we in? 
 
 6. What Senatorial district are we in? 
 
 7. What is the difference between semi-annual and biennial? 
 
 8. For what purpose do both houses meet in joint session? 
 
 9. For what term are State Officers elected? 
 
 10. What is the salary of Governor? Duties? 
 
 11. What is the salary of Lieut. Governor? 
 
168 PRACTICAL AIDS 
 
 12. What are his duties? 
 
 13. What is salary of Secretary of State? His duties? 
 
 14. What is the salary of State Controller? His duties? 
 
 15. What is the salary of State Treasurer? His duties? 
 
 16. What is the salary of Attorney General? His duties? 
 
 17. What is the salary of Surveyor General? His duties? 
 
 18. What is the salary of Supt. of Public Instruction? His duties? 
 
 19. What is the salary of Clerk of Supreme Court? His duties? 
 
 20. What is the salary of State Printer? His duties? 
 
 21. How many Justices of Supreme Court? 
 
 22. What is their term of office? 
 
 23. Are they elected or appointed? 
 
 24. What are their salaries? 
 
 25. How many district Courts of Appeal? 
 
 26. How many judges for each district? - 
 
 27. What are their salaries? 
 
 28. What other judges are paid wholly or in part by the State? 
 
 29. Are these judges elected or appointed? 
 
 30. Who is the executive officer of a county? 
 
 31. What is the legislative body in a county? 
 
 32. What are the principal county officers? Explain duties of Dis- 
 
 trict Attorney. 
 
 33. To what officer does a person apply for a marriage license? 
 
 34. Give outline of duties of Supervisors. 
 
 35. Explain duties of Supervisors when sitting as Board of Equali- 
 
 zation. 
 
 36. What State Board corresponds to this? 
 
 37. State Board of E. E. Commissioners? 
 
 38. State Board of Harbor Commissioners? 
 
 39. Insurance Commissioners? 
 
 40. Bank Commissioner? 
 
TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS 169 
 
 41. What disposition is made of the poll tax! 
 
 42. What are sources of school revenue in Cal.? 
 
 43. What are Justice's Courts? 
 
 44. Who are subordinate officers? 
 
 45. Superior Court? 
 
 46. Probate Court? 
 
 47. Term of office of Superior Judges? Salaries? 
 
 48. When may a judge in one county preside over a court in another 
 
 county? 
 
 49. When must he do so? 
 
 50. Who are citizens according to Constitution of Cal. ? 
 
 51. What is legislative body in a city? 
 
 52. Who is the executive officer in a city? 
 
 53. What is duty of city attorney? 
 
 54. Mention some of the other officers in a city government. 
 
 55. What body in city acts as Board of Equalization? 
 
 56. What are their duties? 
 
EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATIONS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 WHITAKER & RAY-WIQQIN CO. 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. 
 
 PRACTICAL AIDS TO THE TEACHING OF CIVICS. 
 By S. D. Waterman. 
 
 Former Superintendent oi Schools of Berkeley. 
 
 The author of this book has succeeded where so many others 
 have failed, in giving a clear and accurate treatment of govern- 
 ment of both City and Nation. Also, he has skilfully handled a 
 number of subjects that are now demanding public attention, 
 such as the Direct Primary, the Recall, the Initiative and the 
 Referendum. 
 
 The book is adapted to use in all other States as well as 
 California. Price, in strong cloth binding, 60c net. 
 
 CIVIL GOVERNMENT SIMPLIFIED. 
 
 By J. J. Duvall. 
 
 It is the purpose of this little book to supplement any text on 
 Civil Government ,and particularly the "California State Series." 
 The arrangement of the subject matter is so simple yet com- 
 prehensive that the pupil may learn at a glance the relation of 
 the different parts of government. 
 Bound in leatherette. Price, 25c net. 
 
 AIDS TO LITERATURE. 
 
 Number One. 
 
 THE LEGEND OF SLEEPY HOLLOW AND RIP VAN WINKLE. 
 By J. W. Graham. 
 
 Superintendent of Schools of Kings County, California. 
 In this little book the author has embodied the best plans of 
 the most successful teachers of English, just as they were used 
 in the schoolroom. The technical part of grammar is entirely 
 omitted and the study of real English kept constantly before the 
 pupil. 
 
 Number Two. 
 
 LADY OF THE LAKE, EVANGELINE, MERCHANT OF 
 VENICE, SNOWBOUND AND VISION OF SIR LAUNFAL. 
 
 By J. W. Graham. 
 
 Assisted by a Committee of Seven Practical Teachers of English. 
 A complete plan of work is given for each poem treated, to- 
 gether with a list of questions carefully selected and calculated 
 to lead the pupil step by step to a clear understanding of each 
 subject. Bound in leatherette. Price, 25c net 
 
Number Three. 
 EVANGELI N E. 
 
 With Notes and Suggestions for Study. 
 
 By Arthur L. Hamilton. 
 
 This edition of "Evangeline" is issued specially for teachers 
 whose time is limited and who cannot, for that reason, prepare 
 suggestions for pupil's study in English work. It is a repro- 
 duction of Mr. Hamilton's class work on the poem, and is given 
 out because it represents a successful handling of the subject 
 of English. Bound in leatherette. Price, 25c net. 
 
 Number Four. 
 SIR WALTER SCOTT IN THE SCHOOLS. 
 
 By Frank J. Browne. 
 
 A Study of "Ivanhoe" and "The Lady of the Lake." 
 This book is the actual material used by the author in teach- 
 ing the above named English masterpieces to High School 
 classes. 
 
 Emphasis is given to all sides of English study. Primary 
 attention is directed to the masterpiece as a work of literary 
 art. This is made a basis for history, analysis, style, paragraph- 
 ing, diction, grammar, derivation, definition, and original com- 
 position. 
 Bound in leatherette. Price, 25c net. 
 
 POEMS FOR MEMORIZING. 
 
 (Graded.) 
 By Alice Rose Power. 
 
 These selections have been tried in the different grades and 
 approved by practical teachers. The literary and ethical value 
 of the poems makes it the most valuable list published for 
 school use. As a desk book for teachers, a library book for 
 pupils and parents, and as a reader for all classes, it furnishes 
 the best material obtainable. 
 
 Paper, Parts I and II, each, lOc. Paper, 35c net. 
 
 Boards, 60c net. Price: Cloth, $1.00 net. 
 
 THE GOVERNMENT OF WYOMING. 
 By Grace Raymond Hebard. 
 
 A very pithy summary of the History, Constitution and Ad- 
 ministration of affairs in the State of Wyoming. The text is 
 most carefully prepared and systematized. This, together with 
 the various questions and outlines, renders it a most valuable 
 book for either the class room or the general reader. 
 
 Price, $1.00 net 
 
YB 12749 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
 THE 
 WHttE HOUSE 
 SJNHANCISG0 
 
 BOOKS