UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA NATURAL LAND DIVISIONS OF SANTA CRUZ COUNTY, CALIFORNIA: THEIR UTILIZATION AND ADAPTATION R. EARL STORIE BULLETIN 638 JULY, 1940 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 3 Description of county 4 Methods 4 Classifying land into natural groups and divisions 4 Determining utilization 5 Applying Storie index 7 Determining productivity 7 Smooth valley land (A) 9 Ai, Deep, recent alluvial soils of medium texture 10 A 2 , Deep, alluvial-fan soils of sandy texture 12 A 3 , Deep, sandy, alluvial-fan soils of low fertility 14 A 4 , Very sandy or very gravelly land 14 Basinlike land (B) 14 Bi, Deep, heavy-textured soils 15 B 2 , Highly organic soils 16 B 3 , Flat, poorly drained land 16 Low terrace land (C) 17 Ci, Medium-textured soils with moderately dense subsoils 18 C2, Sandy soils, occupying a smooth to gently rolling surface 20 C3, Medium-textured soils with dense clay subsoils 21 C4, Adobe clay soils with heavy clay subsoils 21 High terrace land (D) 22 Di, Sandy soils underlain by soft sandstone substratum 22 D2, Medium-textured soils underlain by dense clay subsoils 24 Upland (E) 25 Ei, Smoother upland having medium-textured soils of moderate depth to bedrock 31 E 2 , Smoother upland having dark-colored, medium-textured soils of rather shallow depth 35 E3, Rolling upland having light-gray, sandy, leached soils 36 E4, Steep upland composed of medium-textured soils of good depth to bedrock 36 E 5 , Rolling to steep upland composed of medium-textured soils of fairly shallow depth to bedrock 37 E6, Steep upland having soils of very shallow depth to bedrock and often stony 39 Relation between natural land divisions and utilization 39 Relation between soil rating and productivity 46 Correlation between soil rating and apple yields 50 Summary and conclusions 53 Acknowledgments 55 NATURAL LAND DIVISIONS OF SANTA CRUZ COUNTY, CALIFORNIA: THEIR UTILIZATION AND ADAPTATION 1 E. EAEL STOEIE 2 INTRODUCTION Before an adequate picture of the best land use of any area can be se- cured, there must be available certain basic information regarding the physical conditions such as soil, topography, elevation, drainage, and climate. A classification of the physical land features and a correlation of these features with the present utilization of the land and its produc- tivity give fundamental information on which any program of future land use can be based. A study of this kind has been made in Santa Cruz County, and in this publication are presented : (1) a system of physical land classification; (2) the present use of the land ; (3) the correlation between these physi- cal conditions and uses; (4) the productivity for various crops, for grazing, and timber; (5) the correlation between crop productivity and the character of the soil as expressed by the Storie soil-index ratings; and (6) some of the adaptations and land problems involved. Various state and governmental agencies have made available valu- able data for this work. In 1935 the California Agricultural Experiment Station, cooperating with the United States Department of Agriculture Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, made a detailed soil survey of the county. 3 The soil classification of this soil survey has been used as a basis, or starting point, in setting up the natural land divisions discussed in this paper. A crop map was compiled in 1935 and 1936 by the California Agricultural Experiment Station. Three other divisions of the United States Department of Agriculture contributed valuable factual data : the California Forest and Range Experiment Station completed a cover- type survey of the county. About 1936 the Land Utilization Division of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics completed a map showing the present use of land in Santa Cruz County. In 1934 the Soil Conservation Service set up a demonstration project in the vicinity of Corralitos, Aptos, and Watsonville, and from its studies certain information was obtained regarding land use and erosion. 1 Eeceived for publication March 15, 1939. 2 Lecturer in Soil Technology and Associate Soil Technologist in the Experiment Station. 3 Storie, E. Earl, et al. Soil survey of the Santa Cruz area, California. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Chem. and Soils, Series 1935. (In press.) [3] 4 University of California — Experiment Station DESCRIPTION OF COUNTY Santa Cruz County, located in the central coast area of California about 60 miles south of San Francisco, has a total area of about 435 square miles, or 278,400 acres. Physiographically, the Santa Cruz Mountains comprise almost 74 per cent of the county, extending to an elevation of about 3,000 feet in the extreme northern corner. A series of old marine or alluvial terraces border the coast and extend back of the Pajaro Val- ley. These have an elevation from about 20 to 400 feet above sea level. They comprise a little over 15 per cent of the county. Only about 11 per cent of the county is valley land, the largest area being in the Pajaro Valley located at the southeastern edge. The climate of Santa Cruz County is similar to that of the central coastal counties of California. All of the rain occurs during the colder season, the early fall rains beginning about November 1 and the last rains occurring about April 1. The summers are dry. Watsonville, in the Pajaro Valley, has a mean annual rainfall of about 23 inches and a mean annual temperature of 56.6° Fahrenheit. The city of Santa Cruz has a mean annual rainfall of about 27 inches and a mean annual tem- perature of 57.3° Fahrenheit. Weather stations in the upland portion of the county report a mean annual rainfall of from 35 to 65 inches. The redwood belt in general has a rainfall of over 40 inches. Summer fogs are common along the coast. METHODS Classifying Land into Natural Groups and Divisions. — For some time in California the author has been engaged in interpreting soil and other physical land data and then setting up this information into a smaller number of categories. 4 For broader studies in land use it appears desir- able to delineate bodies of land having a uniformity of natural physical characteristics. In this system of classification the land is broken first into five broad physiographic groups lettered A, B, C, D, and E : symbol A, the alluvial fan and flood plains; B, the flatter basinlike land; C, the low terrace land ; D, the high terrace land ; and E, the upland or moun- tainous land (plate 1 and fig. 1). A standard set of colors for the map (plate 1) has been used and is: yellows for physiographic group A; greens for B ; blues for C ; purples for D ; and pinks and reds for E. Within each broad physiographic group are found the natural land divisions, each of which is a land unit having a particular set of natural 4 Storie, K. Earl. The place of soil studies in land classification and land use. Agr. Engin. 18(11) :493-94. 1937. Bul. 638] Natural Land Divisions of Santa Cruz County characteristics, such as topography, soil, drainage, erosion, and climate. These characteristics of the natural land divisions also define the natural productivity of land for plant growth whether it be cultivated crops, grass, or timber (fig. 2). The standard detailed soil survey is used as a base for setting up this type of natural land division. Soil-type ratings as determined by means of the Storie index 5 are used as a guide for this classification, and a study of the natural vegetation and climate also con- tributes certain information. The natural land divisions with similar soil NATURAL LAND DIVISIONS B 3 B, BASIN A, VALLEY c 3 c, LOWER TERRACE A 2 ALLUVIAL FAN D| HIGHER ROLLING TERRACE E 4 STEEP UPLAND SMOOTH UPLAND E6 STEEP UPLAND SHALLOW SOILS 1400 1200 1000 ELEVATIONsoo 600 400 200 ; ._ _- ... ' 1 J ! Jr "i : ! / ; i i i ' • 1 ■ '• ' i Jr <^ ^WUW.WIVWHUU ^wnw**^ VEGETATION OR USE Saline type Cultivated Field crops Cultivated Field crops Orchard Cultiv Grass ited Mixed crops Orchard Orchard Brush Timber Partially cultivated Brush Woodland Timber DRAINAGE OR RUNOFF Tidal Poorly drained Runoff slow Well drained Sub- drainage slow Fair Runoff rapid Runoff very rapid Runoff generally rapid Runoff fairly rapid Runoff rapid SOILS Tidal soils Tidal land Deep heavy textured alluvial soils Salinas silty clay Medium textured recent alluvial soils Soquel loam Med texture Dense cla subsoils Watson- ville loam d soils '*>! § ■S • 2 I | 1 Sandy alluvial fan soils Corralitos sand Sandy leached soils, soft sandstone substratum Moro Cojo loamy sand Medium textured residual soils Hugo loam steep phase Medium textured residual soils Hugo loam Shallow residual soils Hugo loam, steep shallow phase Fig. 1. — Profile across southeastern part of Santa Cruz County showing relation between topography, vegetation, and soils. types grouped together, designated and arranged in descending order on the basis of agricultural quality of the soils, are shown by subscript figures, the best agricultural soils in each group being designated by the lowest subscript. Thus the soils of the A x division are of better agricul- tural quality than the soils of the A 2 division, and the soils of the B t division are similarly better than those of the B 2 division. The results of this classification will be discussed in detail later in this paper under the headings of the broad physiographic groups. Tables 1 to 5 describe the natural land divisions of Santa Cruz County and give the soil types in each division. Determining Utilization. — In order to determine specifically just how the various groups of soils in Santa Cruz County are being used, the natural-land-division map was superimposed on the land-use map of 5 Storie, R. Earl. An index for rating the agricultural value of soils. California Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 556:1-48. Revised 1937. 6 University of California — Experiment Station 1936 and measurements made of the kind of crops, the natural cover, and other uses. This gives a picture of the present use of the soils of the county, not by political subdivisions which are changeable, but by nat- ural physical land divisions which are of permanent status. These meas- urements are reported in tables 6, 7, and 8. In table 6 the utilization of each natural land division is reported as orchard, vineyard, lettuce, arti- chokes and Brussels sprouts, berries and miscellaneous small fruits, gen- eral field and truck crops, grass, timber, woodland, brush, recreation, Fig. 2. — Kecent alluvial soils (A x ) in foreground being utilized for field crops and apples; residual soils on lower hills (E x ) being used for pasture; and timber use on higher areas (E 4 , E 5 ). Wise utilization of land. urban, and suburban. Under the heading "Orchard" are included apples, pears, prunes, and apricots. Vineyard was measured separately. Berries and miscellaneous small fruits includes strawberries, bush berries, and other miscellaneous small plantings. Under general field crops are in- cluded sugar beets, corn, and miscellaneous field and truck crops. Grass includes natural grassland as well as older cultivated areas that have been allowed to grow up to grass. Timber includes redwood, Douglas fir, and small areas of ponderosa pine. The principal species of the woodland type are tanbark oak, live oak, and madrone. Brush includes toyon berry, manzanita, wild lilac, scrub oak, mountain mahogany, and poison oak. The recreational-use classification in table 6 is based on a field survey conducted cooperatively by the United States Forest Service and the Resettlement Administration. Land in the recreational-use classification is that having value for camp sites or as beach resorts. Much of that BUI,. 638] NATURAL LAND DIVISIONS OF SANTA CRUZ COUNTY 7 classed as recreational in the upland area has a timber and woodland cover. In the urban-use classification is the town and city property, and in the suburban-use classification are many small 1- and 2-acre farms. Figures 4, 8, 9, 11, and 15, show graphically the proportional use of each natural land division, and figures 23, 24, 25, and 26 show the distribution of the various crops, cover types, and other uses on the different land divisions. The use of each land division is discussed in more detail later in the text. Applying Storie Index. — The potential inherent quality of each soil type of Santa Cruz County, as expressed by means of the Storie index, was worked out after the completion of the soil survey in 1935 (tables 1 to 5 ) . A soil-grade map is shown in figure 3 in which all the soil types and phases have been placed in six grades on the basis of their index rating. Thus grade 1 soils rate 80 to 100 per cent; grade 2 soils, 60 to 79 per cent ; grade 3 soils, 40 to 59 per cent ; grade 4 soils, 20 to 39 per cent ; grade 5 soils, 10 to 19 per cent ; and grade 6 soils, to 9 per cent. Gen- erally speaking, grade 1, 2, and 3 soils can best be used for agricultural crops; grade 4 soils usually have distinct agricultural problems when used for crops ; and grade 5 and 6 soils are usually too steep or too shal- low, or have other features that render them unfit for tilled crops. Determining Productivity. — A knowledge of the relative productivity of the soils of any area is necessary in projecting any land-conservation or land-use studies. Studies were made to determine the actual produc- tion of a large number of apple orchards in the county. Results on apple production were secured from three sources : the apple-enterprise-effi- ciency studies of the University of California Agricultural Extension Service; production figures of the Farm Credit Administration; and from studies of the County Agricultural Commissioner. All of the apple orchards consisted of the Yellow Newtown (Newtown Pippin) or the Yellow Bellflower variety and were generally between twenty and forty years of age. Production is expressed in the number of 40-pound boxes per acre per year. These results, giving average annual production by natural land divisions, are shown in figure 7, and the relation between these figures and the Storie index is shown in figure 27. More generalized yield data were secured from farmers and county agricultural workers for barley, beans, hay, sugar beets, alfalfa, arti- chokes, strawberries, and lettuce. The potential carrying capacity for grazing purposes of the various kinds of land was secured from estimates of agricultural workers of the county and also estimates of what the soils would produce in timber. Productivity ratings were then established for all these crops (table 9) . University of California— Experiment Station O Oi Oi Oi CJi CI o t~ *o ^o < —l I I I I I I o o o o o o 00 300 LU ?00 -J Q. 100 APPLE PRODUCTION - SANTA CRUZ COUNTY (40 pound boxes per acre ) j. lEt 1 Ai Az Ci Cs Di Dz Ei NATURAL LAND DIVISIONS Fig. 7. — Yield of apples by natural land divisions in Santa Cruz County. 14 University of California — Experiment Station tion of crops is a little over half that on soils of the A 1 division (table 9) . While fairly productive, these soils need to be carefully managed to maintain their fertility, and because of runoff from higher-lying lands they should be protected from erosion. A 3 , Deep, Sandy, Alluvial-Fan Soils of Low Fertility. — North of the city of Santa Cruz are alluvial-fan soils of light color, sandy texture, fairly high acidity, and, in general, of low fertility. These soils, derived as outwash from a white, soft sandstone, are classed as Laguna fine sand, and occur in a region having 35 to 50 inches of rainfall annually. They total 2,598 acres, or 0.9 per cent of the county. The soils are of low agri- cultural quality (table 9). About 75 per cent has a cover of ponderosa pine, knobcone pine, or brush, and only 11.7 per cent is under cultivation. They are being utilized to a considerable extent for summer cabin sites. These soils are subject to both erosion and deposition during heavy rains. A 4 , Very Sandy or Very Gravelly Land. — Coastal beach is the most extensive type in this division. Kiverwash and dunesand occupy smaller areas. Approximately 0.4 per cent of the county, or 1,025 acres, is com- posed of this kind of land which is of nonagricultural character, although land-use measurements do show some acreage of crops. These generally are of very poor character. The coastal beach is generally used for recre- ational purposes. BASINLIKE LAND (B) The flatter basin lands of the valleys, or physiographic group B, gen- erally occur below the alluvial-fan lands (A) on a smooth, flat relief. These soils of group B have been laid down by water or may be the result of the decomposition of plant life under poorly drained conditions. Both surface and subsurface drainage on these soils may be poor. There usually is a possibility of accumulations of alkali, or an excess of salts, on these soils, particularly in arid regions and on soils bordering tidal land. The better grades of basin soils are usually of dark color, high organic content, and fertile as far as plant nutrients are concerned, but being of heavy texture or not so well drained as the higher-lying alluvial soils, are better adapted to the culture of field and truck crops such as sugar beets, beans, hay, etc. Occasionally these basin lands have soils that are of older age with denser subsoils and in some instances lime hardpan layers. Generally speaking, these older basin soils are better adapted to pasture. Basin soils are usually not adapted to orchard or vine culture because of the poorer drainage factors. Erosion generally is not a factor on these soils. Extensive California soils falling in this physiographic group are those of the Merced, Tulare, Pond, and Stockton series. Bul. 638] Natural Land Divisions of Santa Cruz County 15 In Santa Cruz County, land in this physiographic group comprises 3,274 acres, or 1.2 per cent of the total area (fig. 8) . It consists of heavy soils occupying the lower, flat areas, highly organic peat and muck soils, TR ' UCK c ( ?ops D ORCHARD VINEYARD GRASS TIMBER WOODLAND BRUSH RECREATION ^bSrSAN 90 60 70- 60- 50- 40- 30- 20 10- 100 j^90 S80 Sto B I (1082 /Ac7es) 60 50# 40 30 Z0 10 0- 50 40 30 20-| 10 _3^_ (.1190 Acres} &5 (1002 Acres) 7RU< CROPS D ° RCHAR0 VINEYARD GRASS TIMBER WOODLAND BRUSH RECREATION^Jj^ Fig. -Utilization of the flatter basin land (natural land divisions B 1} B 2 , and B 3 ). poorly drained areas classed as marsh and swamp, or poorly drained saline soils classed as Alviso clay and tidal marsh. Six soil types have been combined into three natural land divisions (table 2). B x , Deep, Heavy -textured Soils. — These are the heavy soils in the Pajaro Valley consisting of Botella clay and Salinas silty clay. Both soil types occupy flat-surface topography, are dark colored and fertile, and 16 University of California — Experiment Station drainage is not so good as on the lighter-textured valley soils. These heavy soils occupy 1,082 acres, or 0.4 per cent, of the county. About 85 per cent of this acreage is used for field and truck crops, particularly lettuce, sugar beets, and beans. In 1935 and 1936 about 72 per cent was utilized for lettuce ; previously it was used primarily for sugar beets. Yields are high. These soils are not so well adapted to orchard as they are to field-crop use because of poorer drainage and the possible salt content. TABLE 2 Basinlike Land (B) : Natural Land Divisions and Storie Index Eating of Soils ; Santa Cruz County Natural land divisions Description Soils Storie index rating, in per cent B, Smooth land with deep heavy-tex- tured soils; generally of high fer- tility; field-crop land 66 76 B 2 Smooth land having highly organic soils (peat); generally poorly drained; high fertility; adapted to field and truck crops 50-80 B 3 Flat poorly drained land; bird life; recreational 7 3 5 The Storie index rating of these soils varies between 66 and 76 per cent, with the productivity rating for field crops being somewhat higher (table 9). B 2 , Highly Organic Soils. — This division consists of peat and muck soils that have been derived from the decomposition of a tule-reed vege- tation in low, swampy, or poorly drained areas. These soils have a high organic content and a high water table. At times there is danger of the sinking or subsidence of these peat soils. When drained the agricultural value of peat and muck soils is fairly high, being adapted to the produc- tion of many field and truck crops including lettuce, beans, potatoes, and onions. A total of 1,190 acres, or 0.4 per cent of the county, is composed of peat and muck, much of it being located in Harkins Slough. At the present time nearly all of this type of material is being used for field and truck crops. These soils are not adapted to orchard or vineyard because of the high water table. B z , Flat, Poorly Drained Land. — This type of land occupies the tidal areas at the lower end of the Pajaro Valley and some of the sloughs, as well as fresh-water swamps at the lower end of some of the streams where Bul. 638] Natural Land Divisions of Santa Cruz County 17 they join the tidal land. The flat tidal areas are classed as "tidal marsh" and as Alviso clay, both being highly saline and poorly drained. Fresh- water-swamp areas are designed as "marsh." A total of 1,002 acres, or 0.4 per cent of the county, is composed of this type of land. The tidal areas have a cover of salt grass and other saline vegetation, whereas the marsh areas have a dense growth of tules or other fresh- water vegetation. A small amount of grazing is secured from the higher swamp areas, but the lower areas are used chiefly for wild bird life. LOW TERRACE LAND (C) The low terrace land, or physiographic group C, generally occurs at a somewhat higher elevation than the physiographic groups A and B. Group C is composed of older secondary soils that have weathered for a long period along with erosion and possibly some adjustment of the earth's crust, so that at the present time it stands apart as distinct ter- races, or benches, usually occupying a position above the recent and young alluvial soils of the valley and below the residual soils of the up- land (fig. 1) . These terrace soils are variable in texture, according to the parent material and the stage of weathering. Usually the tops of these terraces are fairly smooth, although some may have an undulating sur- face or in some instances a hog-wallow relief. Usually the terrace soils are not so productive as the valley alluvial soils owing to their advanced age and stage of soil weathering with dense clay subsoils and in some instances hardpans. Land in this physiographic group may be in a less frosty position than the lower, physiographic valley groups (A and B) . The native cover in California is normally grass with a few trees. Underground water is not so readily available under these soils as in the recent and young alluvial deposits. They are more costly to irrigate because of rougher surface in some soil types. Some of the more common soil series occurring in California are the claypan soils of the Placentia, McClusky, and Antioch series, and the hardpan soils of the San Joaquin series. In Santa Cruz County these terraces occur chiefly along the coast and also north of Watsonville at an elevation of from 20 to 200 feet above sea level. They are one of the most prominent physiographic land features of the county as viewed from a boat on the ocean. Because of their rela- tively smooth surface, location, and desirable climatic environment, a large portion of these terrace lands are used for agricultural, urban, and suburban purposes (fig. 9). The mean annual rainfall is generally be- tween 22 and 30 inches. 18 University of California — Experiment Station The low terrace land has been classified into four natural land divi- sions composed of 13 distinct soil types (table 3 and fig. 9). The total area is 31,265 acres, or 11.3 per cent of the county. Santa Cruz County TBUCKi CROPS 0R CHARD VINEYARD GRA55 TIMBER WOODLAND BRUSH RECREATION sSJJban 20- 10- o- 80- 70- 60- 50- 40- 30- 20- h- 10- 3 0- & 30 lU Q- 20- 10 Li 60- 50- 40- 30 20H 10 0- Cl (11977 Acres) Izl C2 (5168 Acres) Cz (14767 Acres) C4 (1353 Acres) ] crops 0RCHARD VINEYARD GRA55 TIMBER WOODLAND BRUSH RECREATIO^^ 8 ^ Fig. 9. — Utilization of the low terrace lands (natural land divisions G 1} C 2 , C 3 , and C 4 ). soils falling in this group are the Ben Lomond, Pinto, Lockwood, Marina, Elkhorn, Watsonville, and Montezuma series. C lf Medium-textured Soils with Moderately Dense Subsoils. — Most of the land in this division occurs either north of Watsonville, or along the coast in the vicinity of Aptos and Capitola (plate 1), with smaller areas between Santa Cruz and Davenport and in the Boulder Creek district. The soils are the medium-textured types of the Ben Lomond, Pinto, Eul. 638] Natural Land Divisions of Santa Cruz County 19 and Lockwood series, the Pinto sandy loam and loam types making up a large part of the acreage. Soils of this division comprise 11,977 acres, or 4.3 per cent of the county. Approximately 23 per cent is being utilized for field and truck crops and 27 per cent for orchards. About 15 per cent is recreational and 14 per cent total urban and suburban. In general there has been very little change in use during the past forty years except for the increase in artichoke acreage. Twenty-two per cent of the acre- TABLE 3 Low Terrace Land (C) : Natural Land Divisions and Storie Index Eating of Soils ; Santa Cruz County Natural land divisions Description Soils Storie index rating, in per cent Ci Smooth surface having medium-tex- tured soils with moderately com- pact subsoils ; of moderate fertility for most crops 76 51 54 40 64 C 2 Sandy soils of acid reaction; smooth to gently rolling surface; field crops; fair to low yields 42 45 Elkhorn loam 54 c 3 Medium-textured soils with dense clay subsoils ; smooth surface ; good for berries, artichokes, and field crops ; orchard yields very low 51 Watson ville loam 45 38 Pinto loam, compact subsoil phase. . 41-45 C4 Adobe clay soils, heavy clay sub- soils; smooth to gently rolling sur- face; fertile soils but heavy to till; good field-crop land 42 age of artichokes and Brussels sprouts occurs on the Pinto sandy loam and loam soils, which are located between Santa Cruz and Davenport (fig. 10). The soils of this division are generally of good productivity for most field crops such as beans, potatoes, corn, berries, artichokes, and Brussels sprouts (table 9). The soils rate between 40 and 76 per cent according to the Storie index. About 22 per cent of the total berry acre- age, and over 20 per cent of the total suburban-use acreage occur on this land division. In the suburban-use classification are many small 1-acre farms in the vicinity of Capitola and Freedom. Yields of fruit are not so high as on the A x natural land division. Apples normally yield between 300 and 500 boxes per acre on mature orchards. The average annual yield for 10 apple orchards from which figures were obtained was about 400 boxes per acre (figs. 7 and 28, B) . 20 University op California — Experiment Station Soils of C ± division appear to be particularly adapted to the production of bush berries (Logan, Young, Himalaya blackberries) . There is usually slight to moderate erosion on cultivated areas having a slope of over 5 per cent. C 2 , Sandy Soils, Occupying a Smooth to Gently Rolling Surface. — Soils of this division are old sandy deposits that may be partly wind- ' ■■'; ^ ;.;.. ■ m "^J«j%g% E9 ■• . .- • k:-S:** r '..,»\^:. ■*'-'"-" '"' " ■pi Fig. 10. — A, Artichokes on terraces between Santa Cruz and Davenport (C x and C 3 land divisions). B, Artichokes on low terrace land (C^ and C 3 land divi- sions) and grass on high terrace land (D, land division). (Photographs by H.L.Washburn.) blown, or aeolian, in character and partly alluvial. They are members of the Marina and Elkhorn series, the surface soils being of sand, loamy sand, or sandy loam texture, and the subsoils sandy but somewhat com- pact. The organic content is relatively low, and they are probably the most acid soils in the county. They occupy the sandy area lying west of Harkins Slough (plate 1), and comprise 3,168 acres, or 1.1 per cent of the county. They generally have a mean annual rainfall of about 23 inches. About 83 per cent is utilized for general truck and field crops such as hay, beans, canning peas, etc. There are no orchards. In general Bul. 638] Natural Land Divisions of Santa Cruz County 21 there has been little change in use during the past fifty years. Crop yields are only fair (table 9) ; the content of available plant nutrients being low. The soils rate between 42 and 54 per cent according to the Storie index. There is some erosion on the sloping areas, particularly on the soils of the Elkhorn series which have the more compact subsoils. C s , Medium-Textured Soils with Dense Clay Subsoils. — Soils of this character occupy positions from 20 to 100 feet above sea level. The sur- face is generally smooth but untilled areas have a slightly irregular sur- face relief consisting of small mounds and depressions. Loams predomi- nate for surface soils but subsoils at a depth of 15 to 30 inches consist of very dense clays. The entire profile is fairly acid in reaction. These soils comprise 14,767 acres, or 5.3 per cent of the county. At the present time about 32 per cent is classed as urban or suburban ; about 27 per cent is in field and truck crops; almost 19 per cent is in orchard ; and about 12 per cent is in grass. About 42 per cent of the artichokes and Brussels sprouts are grown on this land division (figs. 9 and 23). A climate par- ticularly favorable to these crops rather than desirable soil properties probably is responsible for their extensive use. This development has come about in fairly recent years. Generally, orchards do not grow well because of the claypan. Production studies on 8 apple orchards show an average annual yield of 142 boxes per acre (figs. 7 and 29, A) . Trees are smaller than those on the valley soils and do not have so healthy an ap- pearance. The Storie index rating for these soils ranged between 38 and 51 per cent. They appear better adapted to the growth of berries and shallow-rooted field crops, and under virgin conditions are natural grass- land rather than timberland. There is some slight to moderate erosion on cultivated areas having a slope of over 5 per cent. C 4 , Adobe Clay Soils with Heavy Clay Subsoils. — These lands have black adobe clay soils with heavy clay subsoils that carry considerable lime (Montezuma adobe clay). They are old alluvial soils occupying a position of 20 to 100 feet above the Pajaro Valley just west of Watson- ville and occur in an area having a mean annual rainfall of about 23 inches. Another area is located in the outskirts of Santa Cruz. Their total area is 1,353 acres, or 0.6 per cent of the county. The surface relief is smooth to gently rolling. These soils absorb water fairly well in spite of their heavy texture and surface relief. At the present time about 60 per cent is in field and truck crops ; about 15 per cent is in orchard ; and about 22 per cent classed as urban. There has been little change in use during the past fifty years. This is a good grassland and general field- crop tjrpe (table 9). Generally, bush berries do fairly well, but deep- rooted crops such as orchards are not well adapted to these soils, which 22 University of California — Experiment Station are fertile but somewhat difficult to till. These soils have been given a Storie index rating of 42 per cent. HIGH TERRACE LAND (D) The high terrace land, or physiographic group D, usually occupies a position between the low terrace land C, and the upland E (fig. 1 and plate 1) at an elevation between 200 and 400 feet above sea level. Tops of these terraces may be fairly smooth, but usually the surface relief has TABLE 4 High Terrace Land (D) : Natural Land Divisions and Storie Index Eating of Soils ; Santa Cruz County Natural Storie land Description Soils index rating, divisions in per cent Di Sandy soils of acid reaction under- Moro Cojo loamy sand 33 38 rolling to fairly steep surface; very Moro Cojo sandy loam, dark-colored erosive ; soils of low fertility inclusion Moro Cojo sandy loam, heavy- 30 textured inclusion 42 Moro Cojo gravelly loam 25-40 Moro Cojo gravelly loam, light-tex- tured inclusion 17 D 2 Medium-textured soils with dense Tierra loam 32 clay subsoils ; terraces with smooth 31 tops and fairly steep sides ; erosive ; good grassland been considerably changed by erosion forces ; therefore the topography may be fairly irregular. The soils of this group usually are extremely variable in surface texture and in profile. Generally speaking, their agri- cultural value is low because of the leached surface, prevalence of heavy- textured subsoil, and the consolidated substratum which occurs in many soil types as well as the eroded topography. They are generally difficult to till without causing erosion losses. Some of the soil series in California falling in this physiographic group are the Olivenhain, Las Flores, Tierra, Chamise, and Moro Cojo. Two natural land divisions have been set up in Santa Cruz County com- prising eight different kinds of soils which are classed with the Moro Cojo and Tierra series (table 4) . These total 11,195 acres, or 4.0 per cent of the county (fig. 11) . D lt Sandy Soils Underlain by Soft Sandstone Substratum. — This nat- ural land division has rolling to fairly steep surface relief and usually Bul. 638] Natural Land Divisions of Santa Cruz County TRU ^oL ELD ORCHARD VINEYARD GRASS TIMBER WOODLAND BRUSH RECREATION URBAN CR0PS SUBURBAN 23 50- 40- 30- 20- tpj O- 1 Dl (8380 Acres) LU DZ (Z815 Acres) t\ I i " " pi I I L I I I I TRU rRnp? LD ORCHARD VINEYARD GRASS TIMBER WOODLAND BRUSH RECREATION URBAN CR0PS SUBURBAN Fig. 11. — Utilization of high coastal terrace lands (natural land divisions D x and D 2 ). very sandy soils that are acid in reaction, low in available plant nutri- ents, and very erosive (fig. 12) . The Moro Co jo soils fall in this division. Soils of this character occur in the hills in the vicinity of Corralitos and the sandy hill area between Watsonville and Aptos where the mean an- Fig. 12. — Moro Cojo soils (D x ) on hills being used for orchard and vineyard. Note eroded condition of soil and spotted condition of trees and vines. Bottom- land soils of Botella and Salinas series ( Aj) being used for lettuce and field crops. 24 University of California — Experiment Station nual rainfall is usually between 27 and 40 inches. They comprise 8,380 acres, or 3.0 per cent of the county. At the present time 44 per cent of the area is in orchard, principally apples ; about 24 per cent is timber- woodland-brush complex ; about 15 per cent is in field and truck crops ; and about 13 per cent is cleared and carries a little grass and therefore is classed as grassland. Their Storie index rating is from 17 to 42 per cent. Neither grass nor field crops do very well, and the average annual Fig. 13. — Erosion on Moro Cojo loamy sand after a heavy rain. production of 20 orchards was only 172 boxes per acre (table 10). These are the most erosive soils in the county if not in the entire state (fig. 13 ) . The Soil Conservation Service has been carrying on studies for some time on the best methods of controlling erosion on these soils. Runoff and erosion from the Moro Cojo soils cause damage to the more productive Corralitos sand (A 2 division) which lie below. Some of the orchards on this natural land division are being abandoned and the land allowed to grow up to brush. D 2 , Medium-textured Soils Underlain by Dense Clay Subsoils. — Land in this division has the form of distinct terraces with fairly smooth tops and fairly steep sides. The surface soils are usually of loam or clay loam Bul. 638] Natural Land Divisions of Santa Cruz County 25 texture, fairly acid in reaction, and of moderate organic content. The very dense clay subsoils occur at depths of 8 to 15 inches from the surface and rest on a softly consolidated fine-textured substratum. These soils are known as the Tierra series and occur in regions having a mean annual rainfall of between 30 and 40 inches. They constitute 2,815 acres, or 1.0 per cent of the county. At the present time about 25 per cent is in field and truck crops ; about 26 per cent in orchard; and about 19 per cent in Fig. 14. — Apple orchard on high terrace soil of shallow depth having very dense clay subsoil. Eroded condition with very poor trees. grass. Annual apple production averages between 100 and 400 boxes per acre. Shallow-rooted field crops or grasses appear to be better adapted to these soils than the deeper-rooted crops (table 9 and fig. 29, B). There is some gradual abandonment of orchards. These soils have been given a Storie index rating of 31 and 32 per cent. Erosion is very active on sloping areas that are barren of vegetation (fig. 14) ; therefore care must be exercised in farming these areas. This is a natural grassland type. UPLAND (E) The upland, or physiographic group E, generally has a rolling to steep topography. Soils in this group are residual in character, being formed in place from the decomposition and disintegration of the underlying bedrock, the soil texture depending chiefly on the texture of the bedrock. 26 University of California — Experiment Station TABLE 5 Upland (E) : Natcral Land Divisions and Storie Index Eating or Soils ; Santa Cruz County Natural land divisions Description Soils Storie index rating, in per cent Ei Rolling topography; medium-tex- tured residual soils of moderate depth to bedrock; acid soils; ero- sive when cleared; excellent tim- berland 36 45 30-50 48 50 54 63 Cayucos clay loam, heavy-textured 32 42 48 50 56 48 Rolling topography; dark-colored residualsoilsofrathershallowdepth resting on Monterey shale bedrock ; good grassland ; some hay 32 32 E 3 Rolling to fairly steep; light-gray sandy residual soils; strongly acid; low fertility; pine or brush 10-20 E 4 Steep land; medium-textured resid- ual soils; acid; too steep for tilled crops; timberland Hugo sandy loam, steep phase Hugo fine sandy loam, steep phase . . . 14 15 13 18 15 Cayucos clay loam, steep phase Cayucos clay loam, steep phase (heavy-textured inclusion) Cayucos clay loam, heavy-textured 14 13 14 Holland sandy loam, steep phase. . . . Holland fine sandy loam, steep phase Sheridan sandy loam, steep phase. . . 11 12 13 14 Felton loam, steep phase 10 E 6 Moderate to steep slopes; medium- textured residual soils of fairly shallow depth; timber, brush, some grazing 8 8 Santa Lucia clay loam, shallow phase Santa Lucia clay loam, steep phase. . . Santa Lucia clay, steep phase 13 8 E 6 Steep slopes; residual soils of shallow depth and often stony; consider- able brush; nonagricultural Rough stony land, Hugo soil material Santa Lucia clay loam, steep shallow 3 2 Santa Lucia clay loam, rock outcrop 2 4 LEGEND SMOOTH VALLEY LAND LOWER TERRACE LAND vgrwk i EEBATA 1 1. This body of E, should bo orange red. i 2. This area sliould be light pink and Bul. 638] Natural Land Divisions of Santa Cruz County 31 Fine-textured rocks produce fine-textured soils, whereas coarse-textured rocks such as granites produce coarse-textured soils. These soils may sometimes be shallow or stony. These factors, together with the topogra- phy and surface configuration, generally determine their agricultural value and utilization. They are more difficult to farm than the terrace and valley soils and are subject to considerable erosion if clean-tilled. Generally speaking, conservation of this kind of land involves the use of permanent cover such as grass or timber. In areas where there is ample rainfall the deeper soils of the upland have a high productive capacity for timber. Many of the shallower soils have a brush cover. Typical upland soils of California are the Sierra, Holland, Vista, Fallbrook, Aiken, Hugo, Santa Lucia, Cayucos, and Altamont series. The Santa Cruz Mountains area has a rolling to steep topography with elevations varying from 200 to 3,000 feet above sea level. Santa Cruz County upland soils are those of the Hugo, Cayucos, Holland, Sheridan, Santa Lucia, Arnold, and Felton series. The soils are all of acid reaction and are formed under high rainfall (30 to 60 inches annually) . The sand- stone and shale rocks are the most extensive, giving rise to soils of the Hugo and Cayucos series, whereas the Arnold series are formed from light-colored sandstone, and the Santa Lucia from siliceous Monterey shale. The mica-schist rocks give rise to the Felton series of soils, and the granites produce the Holland and Sheridan soils. This upland area comprises 205,580 acres, or 73.8 per cent of the county. Approximately 80 per cent has a timber-woodland-brush cover (figs. 15 and 25). This upland area has been separated into six natural land divisions, comprising 38 different soil types or phases (table 5) . E lf Smoother Upland Having Medium-textured Soils of Moderate Depth to Bedrock. — These soils, occupying slopes of from 2 to 25 per cent, are scattered areas over the ridge tops and include the sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, and clay loam types of the Hugo, Cayucos, Hol- land, Sheridan, and Felton series. All are of acid reaction and usually rest on bedrock at a depth of from 2 to 4 feet (fig. 16) . The mean annual rainfall where they occur is between 30 and 50 inches. This natural land division contains 34,889 acres, or 12.5 per cent of the county. According to the 1936 crop survey 19.7 per cent is cleared and is being utilized for crops ; 14.1 per cent is in orchard ; and 1.9 per cent in vineyard (table 8) . The cover type and recreational survey brought out the fact that 67.1 per cent are essentially wild lands. Production of orchards varies considerably according to slope, depth of soil, erosion, and management practices. Orchards on the darker- colored Cayucos soils (fig. 16) usually have more vigorous trees. Pro- 32 University of California — Experiment Station TRUCK & Skips ORCHARD VINEYARD GRA55 TIMBER WOODLAND BRUSH RECREATION ^ B ^. 5UBURBAN 30 &Ji34889_Acr€s2 20- 10- 0- 40- 30- 20- 10- 0- 50- 40 30- 20- 10- 0- on 50- 40 30 20 10- — 50— 40-- 30— 20— to-- 0-"- 40- 30- 20-- 10-- BEEi ^2(2213 Acres) J £ 3 ( 2015 Acre; El 4 (il64£3Acres) 1Z1 1 L. 5 (9623 Acres) E. 6 (40 41 7 Acres) TRUCK* CROPS 0R CHARD VINEYARD GRA55 TIMBER WOODLAND BRUSH RECREATIONsSJSSban Fig. 15. — Utilization of upland soils (natural land divisions B a , E 2 , E 3 , E 4 , E B , and E 6 ). Bul. 638 Natural Land Divisions of Santa Cruz County 33 Fig. 16. — A, Profile of deep Cayucos loam soil (Ej) under virgin redwood cover. The dark-colored surface layer is generally quickly destroyed and eroded off under cultivation. B, Profile of Hugo loam (E a ) in an apple orchard. About 2 feet of soil overlies shale bedrock. (Photograph of part B by H. L. Washburn.) duction studies of apples on 10 orchards show an average annual yield of 271 boxes per acre (table 10) . In general, both prune and apple yields are decreasing on mature orchards on this type of land. This is probably ::i:Z%:J : :/' y+iff^'rvS&i ; Mlmi»£m iwmrn^v WmMyy »*%,-.,,,:,. -^■esr- ■i^^^^^A^^^™^ ^^:%m^:*Z$*$M^$^^ |i ; ; : |4i il: ^P^ST, ^-*? 'W^y :■&<+■ ^*» o K 5;:;::- : :V: : :/ <^M.?^- : -:,. V'^^^m ■■■> y: ' ":.... "" : ; <; v \ : '- v i WiBlSmifi WE •'■ '-J ■ " ;. ' ^ . . ... m** ^ _ Fig. 17. — Upland area: redwood and orchard. Although the orchards are on the smoother slopes (Ej), there is considerable loss of soil by erosion. Note the uneven stand of orchard. Fig. 18.— Upland soil— Hugo loam (E,) : A, orchard set out and cultivated on contour, which cuts down on soil erosion ; B, badly eroded condition with bed- rock exposed in foreground and a loss of about 12 inches of soil as indicated by string around trunk of tree. Bul. 638] Natural Land Divisions of Santa Cruz County 35 due to loss of soil by erosion (fig. 17). Covercrops might help to check erosion, but consideration should be given to the amount of moisture such crops will use on these nonirrigated orchards. Only on the areas having deeper, better soils can orchard yields be maintained. At the present time there is considerable abandonment of the poorer orchards. These soils have been given a Storie index rating of between 30 and 63 per cent, the rate depending upon variations in soil depth, slope, and erosion. Areas are being farmed on which the soil is too shallow or the Fig. 19. — Poor orchard on steep slopes in upland area. All of the dark-colored surface soil has been removed by erosion. slope too steep for profitable production (figs. 18 and 19). Conservation of such areas would involve the use for permanent cover such as timber. These soils have a high productive capacity for timber, especially red- wood and Douglas fir (table 9) . E 2 , Smoother Upland Having Dark-colored, Medium-textured Soils of Rather Shallow Depth. — These dark-colored soils have been derived from the disintegration of Monterey shale. They are of rather shallow depth to bedrock (1 to 2 feet) and usually have angular shale fragments throughout the soil profile (fig. 20). These soils are not so acid as the higher timber-covered soils and occur in regions having a mean annual rainfall of between 25 and 30 inches. They have been classified as Santa Lucia clay loam and clay. Land in this division comprises 2,213 acres, or 0.8 per cent of the county. According to the utilization and cover-type studies 38.0 per cent is in grass ; 16.8 per cent is being utilized for field 36 University of California — Experiment Station and truck crops ; and 17.3 per cent for timber (table 8) . Hay and beans are the principal field crops, and considering the depth of soil, yields are fairly good. These soils produce a good grass growth. In order to prevent erosion and conserve these as good grasslands, it appears desirable that they should remain in grass rather than be tilled. A Storie index rat- ing of 32 per cent has been given these soils. E z , Rolling Upland Having Light-gray, Sandy, Leached Soils. — These light-colored sandy soils have been derived from the weathering in place of a light- colored soft sandstone occurring at a depth of 1 to 4 feet from the surface. They are highly acid, ex- tremely low in available nutri- ents, and subject to considerable erosion. They are classified as Arnold sand, and comprise 2,015 acres, or 0.7 per cent of the county. Areas occur east of Fel- ton and Ben Lomond and in the Bonny Doon district, where the mean annual rainfall is between 35 and 50 inches. Utilization and cover-type studies show 34.3 per cent in timber, principally pon- derosa and knobcone pine; 12.7 per cent in brush; and 44.0 per cent being used for recreational purposes. Much of this recreational portion has considerable ponderosa and knobcone pine. These soils have been given a Storie index rating of 10 to 20 per cent. In general they are not of sufficient fertility for agricultural use (fig. 21) except with the expendi- ture of undue amounts for fertilizers and for erosion control. E±, Steep Upland Composed of Medium-textured Soils of Good Depth to Bedrock. — The soils of this division, extending over a large part of the mountainous land of Santa Cruz County, include the sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, and clay loam soils of the Hugo, Cayucos, Holland, Sheridan, and Felton series that have been classed as steep phases. Slopes are generally between 25 and 50 per cent. This area has a mean annual rainfall of between 30 and 60 inches. A total of 116,423 acres, or 41.9 Fig. 20. — Soil profile of Santa Lucia clay loam (E 2 ) ; about iy 2 feet in depth to Monterey shale bedrock. Bul. 638] Natural Land Divisions of Santa Cruz County 37 per cent of the county, is included in this division. According to the utilization and cover-type studies 47.3 per cent is in timber; 20.9 per cent in woodland ; 10.3 per cent in brush ; and 10.9 per cent recreational. By counting the land in the recreational-use classification as being chiefly wild land, a total of about 89 per cent is timber-woodland-brush. About Fig. 21. — Kedwood, brush, and vineyard on upland area (E 1; E 3 ). Brush occurs on the shallower, sandier soils. 64 per cent of the total timber of the county and about 60 per cent of the woodland is on this land division (table 7). Slopes are generally too steep for tilled crops, yet there are some orchards and vineyards. Soil loss by erosion is unusually high in these plots. This is a distinct timber type with a high productive capacity particularly for redwood and Douglas fir (table 9) . Soils of this division have been given a Storie index rating of between 10 and 18 per cent. E 5 , Boiling to Steep Upland Composed of Medium-textured Soils of Fairly Shallow Depth to Bedrock. — Soils of this division are chiefly the shallow phases of the Hugo loam, Santa Lucia clay loam, and Santa Lucia clay. They occupy moderate to steep slopes and have a mean annual rainfall of between 30 and 60 inches. In this land division is a total of 9,623 acres, or 3.4 per cent of the county, which generally occurs along the southern or western edge of the upland area. According to the utiliza- tion and cover-type studies 42.7 per cent is in timber ; 22.6 per cent in brush ; and 12.5 per cent in grass (table 8) . Usually the timber is not of 38 University of California — Experiment Station such good quality as that on E 4 division, there being a considerable acre- age of knobcone pine (fig. 22) . Although there are some scattered plant- ings of orchards, vines, and field crops on the better areas of these soils, recommendation for any further plantings is not advisable because of shallow soil depth, fairly steep slopes, and danger of erosion. Some of the Fig. 22. — Shallow upland soil (E 5 ) : A, brush and knobcone-pine cover on soils too shallow for crop use ; B, brush, woodland, and knobcone-pine cover. Bul. 638] Natural Land Divisions of Santa Cruz County 39 darker-colored soils in this division, especially those of the Santa Lucia series, have a fairly good grazing capacity. Soils in this division have been given a Storie index rating of between 7 and 13 per cent. E Q , Steep Upland Having Soils of Very Shallow Depth to Bedrock and Often Stony. — The soils in this division are the steep, shallow phases of Santa Lucia clay loam, Arnold sand, and areas classed as rough stony land. Considerable areas occur along the crest of the Santa Cruz Moun- tains on the Santa Clara County line, east of Ben Lomond and Felton ; and northwest of Santa Cruz. These areas have a mean annual rainfall of between 35 and 50 inches. The total acreage is 40,417, or 14.5 per cent of the county. According to utilization and cover-type studies, 36.0 per cent is in brush; 34.4 per cent in timber; and 13.7 per cent woodland (table 8) . The areas along the Santa Clara County line are chiefly brush- covered, whereas the district east of Ben Lomond and Felton, classified as Arnold sand, steep phase, has primarily a ponderosa pine, knobcone pine, and brush cover. The areas along the coast northwest of Santa Cruz have good timber in the ravines but the tops of the ridges are barren except for some grass. These soils have a Storie index rating of 2 to 4 per cent. They are nonagricultural in character. EELATION BETWEEN NATURAL LAND DIVISIONS AND UTILIZATION As shown in tables 6, 7, 8, and figure 23 orchard comprises a total of 29,647 acres, or 10.6 per cent of the county. Of this, 7,277 acres, or 24.5 per cent is located on A ± land division; 4,936 acres, or 16.7 per cent on E x ; 3,686 acres, or 12.4 per cent on D x ; 3,253 acres, or 11.0 per cent on C x ; 3,044 acres, or 10.3 per cent on E 4 ; 2,774 acres, or 9.4 per cent on C 3 ; and 2,200 acres, or 7.4 per cent on A 2 division. Much smaller acreages occur on the other land divisions. Thus the A t land division, which makes up 7.2 per cent of the county, has 24.5 per cent of the orchard acreage. This is much more productive than the other divisions. Of the 1,823 acres of vineyard, 47.6 per cent is located on E 4 natural land division, and 35.7 per cent on E x (table 7) . Over 92 per cent of the vineyard occurs on the upland. Of the 8,000 acres of lettuce, 4,222 acres, or 52.8 per cent, occur on A ± division ; 902 acres, or 11.3 per cent on C 3 ; and 784 acres, or 9.8 per cent on B x (table 7). Thus 21.0 per cent of A x division is in lettuce, 72.5 per cent of Bi ; and 25.2 per cent of B 2 (table 8.) Of the 3,768 acres of artichokes and Brussels sprouts, 41.7 per cent are on C 3 land division and 22.0 per cent on C ± (table 7) . Both of these divi- sions are on low terrace land between Santa Cruz and Davenport. 40 University of California — Experiment Station ft o <0 CO i c O O OOO I- O »f e O t- c CC a ir ec CN 3-S CM CO ts CMJ •"*! •*t< lO ,_l o. ^-1 OS CM 00 i-H i- CO £ o lO d ^Tt'OOO OOO ^h O OS I~- o^o ooooioo i-h c3 £ " •<*< «3 CO O !£>•*<£ os P io r~ cs CO cm" CO s 3 », *"• w 'Jt 1 V oo>o cououoo ooo co h n n h ia co P s S oo *- os ■**< oo h o> » CO N N ^ CO Tjl N C £.1 i W . •fl CO OO -^i CM l- t>. oo n * o o a>+J b 'i Tj" (N (N co" Ph CM ,c „ * M 0O M ©003 Ol Ol Ol O i-l CD ,— < O UO >-< UO CO OS S to OO H C CO t^ OO co c > ir^ r^ m ^h t^ t-- o 3 £ eo r- »C5 T- CO CO t>- CM m u b " >* >o o tc "° ^ OO OOCM M O O) O OO OO CO O •>* 00 O "S ,fi K C* 3 t^ t*l CM OS •& I- CO OO OS --H O OS CO s lO •O CM CO i- < O CO CO O <— I OO CO B '-' os ui Tf co H 110 i- 00 | , i-H l^. OS i- OO O C£ N CO H OO O r- < »o O CO t^ O c OO S oo a -<" CM OO -^ t^ O CO | OS B N CJ ' *-< CO cm" CO i- W5 t- co" ^* -* - 1 "0 O 3 CIS p «, a> cr - t- CN ic o co OS ^h O CC 00'f ^HCOOlOOOi- •* g CM CN CO O" rt O) ir O ■* oo C OO CO OS OC Ol t- W lO W "* rH OS T-H C<- IN h. CMCO 00(0 01 -^ H£ a-o & CM* CM* CO ^ " CM « O en *~ "* CO l> ^H «0 C * lO ■* K co n coioO'fcoic: CO CO S (N CO CM OC CO t^ «5 O OO CN OO OO y-l t-- O CO t^ & O <-. o B i-H -^ H O IN HI ~H* cm' i-h" as ^ CM CM t^ CO CO CO 2 "3 Berries and miseel- laneou cr, OS ^ t- >o o »o c OO O lO C ■>f o o U3 -e' d c3 « H H u B 5! OS CM CM CM t^ CO i- CO CO Arti- chokes and Brussels sprouts a, ,_l O o c o o c O CO OS C OO O0000>00" 1 °° B CO CO CO OO lO as os co fl CO CO «.**•> l> o * O N t>. O CM CO 1— 1 l> O O O OO o >> CO 00 i-h OO 1 ,„ t"- C CO »— oo o «; CO CM -"fl C coco cocmos^coic: * n c IC5 CC CO CC IC <-i t^ «- OO Tf CO t^ CM ■* CM CC ? CM M IN H NIN co t>. os o eo >fl CO p CO cm" CO "* CO OS O «. "* CT 00 >C CM O CM N OO N CO o ": Ol CO «3 CO CO N "3 r? co cm OS CM 00 OS c N CO !D 1C OO i- OO H rt N N f C "■* « "0 C O —i c co OC OO CM O ^ CO Tf ** § "8" ecT ^h ,-H 1-t -H H CO" CC ec ff c u c £ c p H K w H w w Bul. 638] Natural Land Divisions of Santa Cruz County 41 FIELD_CROPS 24444 Acres 20 — o°JL A1A2A3A4 B1B2B3 CiCaC 3 C4 D1D2 L1L2L3L4L5L6 _BERRE5^^ SMALL FRUIT5 is 1330 Acres 20 — 10— ° A1A2A3A4 B1B2B3 C1C2C3C4 D1D2 EiE 3oZz:;;;;;:;::;;;:::3N|E;;::;::::f 1823 Acres 20 H 10 :|. o - . ■ ■. g ALA2A3A4 B1B2B5C1C2C3C4 Di Da B1L2L3L4L5L6 fe 60 _L_E_nyc_L 6000 Acres O40 "' LJ30 So 10 AiAzA 3 A4 BiBzB 3 C1C2C3C4 D1D2 E1E2E3E4E5E6 20 ■ I £9647 Acres A1A2A3A4 B1B2B3C1C2C3C4 D1D2 B1B2B3B4B5B6 50 ARTICHOKES^ 3768 Acres 40 mm 30 ■ AiAeA 3 A4 B1B2B3 CiC2C 3 C* D1D2 L1L2L3L4L5X6 Fig. 23. — Distribution of various cultivated crops (miscellaneous field and truck crops, berries, and miscellaneous small fruits, vines, lettuce, orchard, and artichokes and Brussels sprouts) on the various natural land divisions. 42 University of California — Experiment Station 1 °- © CM o © © t^ © t— o © ^ c^- © 1 ° 3-S 02% © CM tH © © ■<* © © 1C © (M CO © CM ti O O ID H K I © 1 2 S3 1- © © cc o © © ©Of** © OC a o o ■* « o © ,0 & CC p. o o c © © ^H OO © tH •<* © c TH CO © CM « 2 O ^H H © © © t^ © tH © T* C oo © co as t-i t^ i-i iji © © CO s _ ifl *"C © © T- tH CO © © CM l> to lO N OO CO O) © « O ^h c © © © "H © © C CM C © © © 1*1 CD CN CO -f | « li © 00 tH rH © tH © ^ © © »o CC ^ a ~h o © © © © T-I © TH © ^ c t^ © © © T-I C" !-H lO T- © © 03 § "5 © t^ © © © © CO © •"*! © 1^- t- rf -HI OO N N C © © © © © © © © © © © © C o o o n ■* c i-H CO 1- © © .*» 1 !U <-l CO CM © ■*f © CC t- CO © TH 00 x* 05 OO i— 1 CO -Tjl Tt © Ci> t-i ,-« © © © © "*i © t- C •"*! CO OO CO © © «o i- iH CM t- © © Is t« lO l« -^ o c 00 *-l t> H N C 10.8 4.9 12.1 1.8 © cc © CN 12.3 0.8 0.1 8.5 1.8 2.9 © ©' © Total truck and field crops c3 cn ft © CO ■>* © © © tr^ © ** CO ■**! 1-H 11.5 10.8 16.3 3.3 5.1 2.9 5.3 1.5 0.0 3.5 2.7 3.8 100.0 ■u o u sa fe © » H X CM CM C CM © CO CC t^CO t- t< O N N M | O .2 o © «-H G »-H ■* © © CM t-i Tf OO Tf © CM © © CO CO O TH © 13 cfl Berries and miscel- laneous § CN rf 1(5 Tf © CM C •«*! © © C t-i© co©©©©co © 3 a. UO © © © t-i e CO CM © CO © CM -I T-I© 10©©©©T- § Arti- chokes and Brussels sprouts 1* © © © © © © © © t- C o© o to O O OO c © H © © © © © c CM TH i-H © ©© ©« T-lOO ©©©CM©C © CD .-3 i-H © © OS CO ^ co © i-i ec CO CN © © © © © c © © -^ CD "O > >> § © © © e © © e MOWN CM «" r~ © © co © cc © l» p, © © C © © c © © © c ■*© lO O O N N !C CO "*" § 73 u 03 1"= ^ l» !C CM © t- © T* -* f- Tjl If. t^ CM tH CO tH a © ,4 6 ft r- © c © © c th O Oi C CM CN © © © © TH »- 8 Ion 3 NO)-* •* -f ■* CO t-i CO cc © C 115 OO N O) * lO © o H V A <-h © © © © © -* tH »C C CO t- CM © © tH CO Tt o © ED d "3.9 *-> CO c -2 "3 < OO H lO OS * w O CO CM os co O lO O T-l O O T-l O a 5 1» a os OOO 00 00 O os T* O O H U0 -I CM O O CO O O CO •«*< O O0 i-H T-l CM O -H O OS O O tH O C3 £ a I 5 S os ft f 10 O O "5 H O ^f O CM CO t^ OS O OS OS O 10 os O 01 n tH CO 00 lO CO CO O CO "* CO T-H -^l O ->*l lO T-l T)l TH OS 3 pq § 00 l« O OS O O CM o CM tH O O CO CO CM CM O OS OO CO t^ CM O CM CO a OO "<*» Ttl OS O O CO OS 00 O -* O O •* TH OS O t^ CO 1-1 CM CO tH O ** CO tf CM O t-- lO T-l Td U5 O ■* CO CM CM H 5 3 § «o •>* OS O O O - OS CM OS O TH -»*l O Tfl TH CM T-l a 2 o C M 3 Cu O 8 gj S 0 CM i-H ■* O tH OS OS T-l OOOOOO OS CM CO O O CM lO >0 N N CO TJ< O CO O CM CM 00 OOOOOO lo £ a O -* O OOO O O O OS OS CO OS O O 00 lO CO OOO OOO OOOO H O O O O O t3 c3 o 8 _ a t- CO O lO N 113 00 IIJ ■«*< h n ■* -2 "3 4> > CD CD 0) > > 'j£ CD c 3 _0J r -2 .2 a .2 c is "3 3 o a CO 3 dense subsoils leached soils, low nut clay subsoils oils So 11 a^l § 13 3 'co >> J3 Ah 0«g 10 -03 AS ■S 3 SP III is M - CD CO 03-j n, soil depth, slo erosion, soil dep n, slope, sandy; spth, slope soil depth, stoni >>>,1» Erosio Slope, Erosio Slope Soil de Slope, 45 _L^ Pi _Q-rtT3TJ 05 WOI^Pm 1 1 1 PmPw 1 1 PhPm 60 d OOO I OOO 0000 00 000000 CO CO CM lO -*> CM 1 00 t^ CM r^Mt^O) CO t^ '-i3 O s J >> a o OOO 1 <=> 1 1 O 1 OO 00 00 Mil 3 oo« 1 CO 1 1 t)< | OO OOO 1 00 1 0000 00 §ss 1 1 1 h L49 o t— uo 1 t^co 1 03 OO t- t— UO CD ^ o3 pq M t^ OOO 1 00 1 0000 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 m o C-5 oioi 1 I r-10 1 00 CD r^ CD 1 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^ O SO 03 .—. ^.i"0 to OOO | 00 1 0000 00 00 1 1 1 1 C35 "*■ OO 1 CO lO 1 lOMCO-* CO CO coco 1 1 1 1 <3 SO S^.i^o Mffl l« 0) "o OO 1 | 00 1 1 00 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 S.fa-a OiTj< 1 | 00 1 ^ 1 COlO 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 m^-s ** >> o3 ^* OOO 1 00 1 0000 00 00 III H Ococo 1 OO 1 t-- lO CD OO CO «W u5w 1 1 1 1 CO s 03 93 OOO 1 00 1 0000 00 00 1 1 1 1 00 1 t- lO CO OO ->? • s t: oj m3 9* OOO 1 00 1 0000 00 gg 1 1 1 1 OU5W 1 00 00 1 t^ »0 T*< t^ CM rf Ji< M lO "* o CD O t~ CO t-- CO ■**< -H CM CM CO COCO 2 o)-^ e a> ic t co t^ UO lO •*t> CO CO N»l ^H f OT3 0'5 > " NINOM CO O CO 1 1 1 CM O CM OO ■* 1 CM 1 1 1 1 OMOONN t>. •"*! CM cd un - O CO Ojh ej , ft^o ao 001008 010N10 . Ot-oocso CO ^ "0 -j _: _: _• ioooo co •£ o3'3 .9^ K'2 o3 "5 © s &- J si's 03^-:^ O .T3 «Ja h& 03 o3 h • loo o a. a . . ."-^o3T3 S o o '111 48 University of California — Experiment Station The heavy-textured soils of B x division, with a Storie index rating of 66 to 76 per cent, have crop productivity ratings of 60 up to 100 per cent for hay and sugar beets. They are not adapted to timber production. The peat and muck soils of division B 2 have a fairly high productivity rating for field and truck crops when drained. They are not adapted to tree crops. The Storie index rating varies between 50 and 80 per cent. This range is due to the variable drainage factor. The very poorly drained soils of division B 3 are not adapted to agricul- tural pursuits except occasionally a little pasture, therefore crop pro- ductivity ratings are not indicated in table 9. The Storie index rating is between 3 and 7 per cent. The low terrace soils having fairly dense subsoils (C^) have crop pro- ductivity ratings ranging between 40 and 90 per cent. The productivity rating for strawberries is 90 per cent. The Storie index ratings are be- tween 40 and 76 per cent. The sandy soils of the C 2 division, with a Storie index rating of be- tween 42 and 54 per cent, generally have a productivity rating of about 50 per cent for most field crops, but for grasses it is lower. The medium-textured claypan soils (C 3 ) having a range in Storie index rating of 38 to 51 per cent, rate low for deep-rooted crops and between 50 to 60 per cent for many of the field and truck crops. The adobe clay soils (C 4 ) have a fairly wide range in their productivity rat- ings. They rate high for grass and forage crops, but low for fruits. The sandy high terrace soils (D x ) having a Storie index rating of from 17 to 42 per cent, generally rate low for field and truck crops. For berries and timber they rate higher. The medium-textured claypan soils of Divi- sion D 2 , having a Storie index rating of between 31 and 32 per cent, rate moderately high for grass and berries but low for deep-rooted crops. The medium-textured soils of the upland of moderate depth to bedrock (EJ and occurring on the smoother surfaces have Storie index ratings ranging from 30 to 63 per cent. A majority of the crops rate between 40 and 50 per cent. For field crops they have a productivity rating of usually between 40 and 50. A productivity rating for sugar beets, arti- chokes and Brussels sprouts, and lettuce is not given because the soils are not adapted to culture for these crops. They have a good rating for grass and a high rating for timber. The dark-colored soils of the Santa Lucia series (E 2 ) have a crop rating of 80 for grass and a rating of 60 for barley. Their productivity rating for other crops is lower. Their Storie index rating is 32 per cent. The light-gray, sandy, leached soils of the Arnold series (E 3 ) have a Storie index rating of 10 to 20 per cent. They have a fair productivity Bul. 638] Natural Land Divisions of Santa Cruz County 49 TABLE 10 Apple Production by Soil Types and Natural Land Divisions, Santa Cruz County, California Natural land divisions and Age of Number of records Average production Average produc- soil type trees 1931 1932 1934 1935 1936 1937 tion of all records Ai: (20-30 1 28 \ 31 1 33 I 41 20-30 20-30 20-30 /20-30 I 31 20-30 8 2 8 1 2 1 1 5 3 1 2 boxes per acre L394 1,077 1,437 1,367 L091 boxes per acre 1,998 1,170 L307 boxes per acre 806 boxes per acre lib 1,238 983 700 boxes per acre 865 536 576 977 boxes per acre 1,163 2,420 boxes per acre Soquel sandy loam 1,088 Botella clay loam Botella silty clay loam . . . A 2 : Corralitos sand f 19 20-30 I 38 2 12 2 455 "495 817 "484 345 "317 332 "447 410 Gi: Pinto loam 20-30 15 312 404 429 320 379 C 3 : Watson ville loam Watsonville clay loam .... f 17 \ 20 [20-30 20-30 1 4 1 3 70 20 167 213 135 175 i J 142 Di: Moro Cojo loamy sand . . . Moro Cojo sandy loam . . . 12 20 12 17 20 29 31 33 2 8 3 1 3 2 2 2 156 297 112 "262 271 168 63 152 250 159 165 234 i 1 1 J 172 D 2 :. 20 2 196 338 267 Ei: / 29 i 31 / 20 1 20-30 20-30 20-30 1 6 2 7 1 2 365 786 610 439 400 94 161 149 150 125 255 ) 55| 1 "192- 231 J Hugo sandy loam Cayucos sandy loam Cayucos loam 271 E 2 : Santa Lucia clay loam 20-30 2 98 153 126 50 University of California — Experiment Station rating* for timber, but a low rating for grazing and berries. Productivity rating for other crops is not given because these are not grown. Owing to steep slopes, the upland division E 4 (Storie index rating of 10 to 18 per cent) is not adapted to any tilled crops. The soils of this division are given a productivity rating of 50 for grazing. The rating for timber is high. Upland division E 5 has fairly shallow soils on slopes that ■z. too LU O 90 ql 80 UJ Q_ TO 60 50 ■< ^O CK 30 _J ZO 8 l0 o Apple Production (Boxes per Acre) Soil Rating (Stone Index) -v— -V / ,-x ■*-» :-^-^_ -x- 1100 1000 300 2 O 800 fZ 700 3 600 g a 400 500 400 300 y 200 100 200 £ A, A, C, C 3 D, D 2 E, E e NATURAL LAND DIVI5I0N5 Fig. 27. — Correlation between soil ratings and apple yields by natural land divisions in Santa Cruz County. are not adapted to tilled crops. These soils have a Storie index rating of 7 to 13 per cent. Productivity rating for grass is given as 40. The rating for timber is good. The steep upland with very shallow stony soils has a very low Storie index rating (2 to 4 per cent). These soils are of nonagricultural char- acter. Their rating for timber is variable, ranging from good to poor, owing to the variable character of the soils. Correlation between Soil Rating and Apple Yields. — Figure 27 shows the correlation between apple yields expressed in boxes per acre and the character of the soil, as expressed by the Storie index rating. The actual production of apples is, of course, the result of soil, climate, and manage- ment factors, whereas the Storie index rating considers a rating of the soil factor or the potential physical productivity of soil after a study of soil texture, depth, nutrient properties, alkali content, reaction, drain- age, slope, erosion, etc. Yet it will be noted that the apple production and soil-rating curves follow each other very closely. This brings out the fact that soil properties are of dominant importance in determining produc- tivity of land for apples, particularly in Santa Cruz County. Bul. 638] Natural Land Divisions of Santa Cruz County 51 Fig. 28. — A, Apple orchard on Soquel loam, a deep, medium-textured, recent alluvial soil (A t ) ; average annual yield is over 1,000 boxes per acre. B, Apple orchard on Pinto loam, a low terrace soil (C t ) having moderately dense subsoils; average annual yield is between 300 and 500 boxes per acre. (Pictures taken at a distance of 35 feet from first tree.) 52 University of California — Experiment Station N&£ %i ' . ' ■*-;.■ 3*- Fig. 29. — A, Apple orchard on Watsonville loam, a low terrace soil having very dense clay subsoil (C 3 ) ; average annual yield is between 20 and 214 boxes per acre. B, Apple orchard on Tierra loam, a high coastal terrace soil having very dense subsoil (D 2 ) ; production is low, and several trees are missing. (Pictures taken at a distance of 35 feet from first tree.) Bul. 638] Natural Land Divisions of Santa Cruz County 53 All the high-rating soils in division A x produce heavily, a majority of the orchards under study yielding between 1,000 and 1,300 boxes per acre (table 10) ; the intermediate-rating soils of division A 2 and C 1 show yields of generally between 200 and 500 boxes per acre; whereas the claypan soils (C 3 ), the Moro Cojo soils (DJ, the Tierra soils (D 2 ), and the upland soils (E x and E 2 ) generally have low yields. Figures 28 and 29 are excellent illustrations of the effect of soil on the size of trees. Apple yields on the deeper upland soils (EJ are variable and depend to a con- siderable extent on such factors as depth of soil, slope, and erosion. No doubt proper management can help to keep the yields higher on these better grades of upland soils. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The unit of classification is termed the "natural land division" and de- lineates bodies of land having a uniformity or homogeneity of natural physical characteristics such as topography, soils, drainage, erosion, and climate — characteristics which also define the natural productivity of land for plant growth. A standard set of symbols and colors have been used in this and other counties of California for this classification. The main physiographic groups such as smooth valley, basin, low terrace, high terrace, and upland are designated by the symbols A, B, C, D, and E. Natural land divisions are drawn up under each physiographic group in Santa Cruz County as follows : permeable valley soils as A 1? A 2 , A 3 , A 4 , and shown by yellow colors; basin soils as B 1? B 2 , B 3 , and shown by green colors; low terrace soils as C lt C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , and shown by blue colors ; high rolling terrace soils as D l7 D 2 , and shown by purple colors ; and upland soils as Ej, E 2 , E 3 , E 4 , E 5 , E 6 , and shown by red colors. The medium-textured, recent and young alluvial soils ( A t ) are adapted to a wide range of crops with high yields. These soils have a high index rating. They make up only 7.2 per cent of the county, yet have 22.4 per cent of the cultivated crops and 24.5 per cent of the total orchard acre- age. About 62 per cent of these soils are being used for cultivated crops. The alluvial-fan soils of sandy texture (A 2 ) make up only 1.2 per cent of the county. About 66 per cent is being used for orchard purposes, primarily apples. Their productivity is only about half that of the A t division and the soil rating also is about 50 per cent. The light-colored, alluvial-fan soils (Laguna loamy sand, A 3 ) gener- ally are not adapted to crop use. They make up only 0.9 per cent of the county. A large proportion is in timber, woodland, or brush. The heavy-textured soils (BJ are of high productivity for field crops. 54 University of California — Experiment Station They make up only 0.4 per cent of the county, and over 84 per cent is being utilized for field crops. Peat and muck soils (B 2 ) are of high productivity for field and truck crops. The medium-textured, low terrace soils having moderately dense sub- soils (CJ constitute 4.3 per cent of the county. They are used for many field crops, about 50 per cent being cultivated. Berries, artichokes and Brussels sprouts, beans, and some of the other shallower-rooted crops do well, although the productivity is not so high as that of the A x division. The sandy, low terrace soils of the Marina and Elkhorn series (C 2 ) are highly acid, leached, and of moderate to low productivity for field crops. They are not adapted to orchard use. Truck and field crops make up 83.4 per cent of this division. These soils constitute only 1.1 per cent of the county. The claypan terrace soils (C 3 ) constitute 5.3 per cent of the county, with 32.0 per cent being used for urban and suburban purposes and 26.9 per cent for truck and field crops. About 42 per cent of the artichokes and Brussels sprouts are raised on these soils. In general these soils are not adapted to deep-rooted plants. They rate between 38 and 51 per cent. The adobe clay terrace soils (C 4 ) are used primarily for field crops for which they appear well adapted, but they are not so well adapted to orchard or timber. The sandy high coastal terrace soils (DJ constitute 3.0 per cent of the county. About 44 per cent is used for orchard, principally apples ; about 24 per cent is timber-woodland-brush complex. Their Storie index rating is from 17 to 42 per cent. They are very erosive. The higher coastal-plain terrace soils having dense clay subsoils (D 2 ) are not extensive (1.0 per cent of county). Field crops, orchard, and grazing are about evenly divided on this type of land. Apple production is low ; field crops produce moderately ; and grass growth is good. These soils are very erosive unless covered by vegetation during the rainy season. The smooth upland soils (EJ of medium texture comprise about 12.5 per cent of the county, with about 19.7 per cent of the division being used for tilled crops. These soils are only moderately productive for tilled crops because of slope, erosion, and soil-depth factors. Growth of timber is excellent. Of the darker-colored upland soils classed in the Santa Lucia series (E 2 ) 38.0 per cent is in grass. Their productivity for grass is relatively high but their productivity rating is lower for tilled crops. These soils comprise only about 0.8 per cent of the county. Bul. 038] Natural Land Divisions of Santa Cruz County 55 The leached soils of the Arnold series (E 3 ) have a fair timber and good recreational-site value, but are not adapted to agricultural crops. They comprise only 0.7 per cent of the total area of the county. The steep upland composed of medium-textured soils of good depth (E 4 ) constitute the extensive timberlands and make up 41.9 per cent of the area of the county. About 78 per cent is a timber- woodland-brush complex. Slopes are generally too steep for tilled crops. The shallower and stonier upland area (E 5 and E 6 ) comprises about 18 per cent of the county and is typically in timber, woodland, or brush. Many of the areas of E 6 along the eastern edge of the county are brush- covered. A close correlation exists between apple yields and the character of the soil as expressed by the Storie index ratings. The soils in land divisions A l5 B l9 and B 2 are the best agricultural soils of the county, whereas those of divisions A 2 , C 1? C 2 , C 3 , and C 4 are of agricultural character but are more erosive, as well as being of somewhat lower productivity. These types make up 57,000 acres, or 20.5 per cent of the county. A considerable portion of divisions A 3 , D 17 D 2 , E x , and E 2 have distinct slope and serious erosion problems. This group comprises 50,895 acres, or 18.2 per cent of the county. Divisions E 3 , E 4 , E 5 , and E 6 constitute timber, woodland, or brush land totaling 168,478 acres, or 60.5 per cent of the county. Divisions A 4 and B 3 consist of riverwash, coastal beach, and dunesand and tidal land, totaling 2,027 acres, or 0.8 per cent of the county. The type of land classification described in this publication appears to be a desirable means of accurately picturing the land setup and physi- cal geography of an area, as well as being a type of land classification applicable for purposes of land-use study. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes particularly to acknowledge the assistance of Messrs. Everett Nourse, William Hatch, Daniel Mena, and Thomas Means of the United States Department of Agriculture Bureau of Agricultural Eco- nomics, Land Planning Section, who made possible the assembling of the soil, cover type, crop, and land-use maps for this study. Valuable information on cover types and land use was made available through the courtesy of Dr. Philip J. Webster of this Section and Mr. A. E. Wieslander of the California Forest and Range Experiment Station also of the United States Department of Agriculture. Mr. Richard Ban- well also assisted in drafting and in crop and cover-type measurements. 56 University of California — Experiment Station Certain information on land use and erosion in the Watsonville district was furnished by the Soil Conservation Service. Information on crop yields was made available through the courtesy of Mr. Henry Washburn, Santa Cruz County Farm Advisor; Mr. Frank Kellogg, Santa Cruz County Horticultural Commissioner, and Mr. Charles West of the Farm Credit Administration. Mr. Washburn also kindly reviewed the manuscript and offered helpful suggestions. Acknowledgment is made of material assistance rendered by the Works Progress Administration which provided stenographic and clerical help in assembling the data and preparing the numerous tables. 10m-7,'40(6471)