LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 University of California. 
 
 BOUGHT WITH FUND GIVEN BY 
 
 SCOTTISH SOCIETIES OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Class 
 
 M6 2.3 
 
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THE RISE AND PROGRESS 
 
 OF 
 
 Civilisation in Scotland 
 
Of this work 500 copies only have 
 
 been printed — of ivhich this is 
 
 No. /f^ . 
 
A CRITICAL INQUIRY 
 Into the 
 
 SCOTTISH LANGUAGE 
 
 with the view of illustrating the 
 
 Rise and Progress of 
 Civilisation in 
 
 SCOTLAND 
 
 By FRANCISQUE-MICHEL 
 
 F.S.A. LOND. AND SCOT. 
 
 CORRESPONDANT DE l'iNSTITUT DE FRANCE 
 
 ETC. ETC. ETC. 
 
 WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS 
 
 EDINBURGH AND LONDON 
 MDCCCLXXXII 
 
 All Rights reserved 
 
'V^ 
 
 
TO 
 
 THE RIGHT HONOURABLE 
 
 ALEXANDER WILLIAM CRAWFORD 
 
 EARL OF CRAWFORD AND BALCARRES; BARON LINDSAY 
 
 OF BALCARRES; LORD LINDSAY AND BALNEIL ; 
 
 AND BARON WIGAN OF HAIGH HALL; 
 
 THE REPRESENTATIVE OF A FAMILY UNITING IN ITSELF 
 
 THE TRADITIONS OF BOTH FRANCE AND SCOTLAND, 
 
 THIS ATTEMPT TO EXPLAIN THE INFLUENCE 
 
 OF THE ANCIENT LEAGUE 
 
 Is JBetrtcateti 
 
 BY HIS OBLIGED SERVANT, 
 FRANCISQUE-MICHEL. 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2008 with funding from 
 
 IVIicrosoft Corporation 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/criticalinquiryiOOmichrich 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 HE close political and social ties that bound 
 Scotland to France form a very striking feat- 
 ure in the history of both countries, especially 
 in that of the former. The Ancient League, 
 traditionally dating from the days of King 
 Achaius and the Emperor Charlemagne, became in the four- 
 teenth century an undoubted fact, when both countries had a 
 common interest in resisting the ambition of the Plantagenet 
 kings. The frequent royal alliances, the steady intercourse, 
 and the consequent mutual change of ideas between the two 
 kingdoms during the Stuart era, could not fail to leave recog- 
 nisable marks upon both nations. On Scotland, as the more 
 backward of the two countries, French influence made a 
 deep impression. Scottish early civilisation was cast mainly 
 in a French mould ; its Universities drew their constitution 
 
viii PREFACE. 
 
 almost wholly from French sources ; its municipal institutions 
 were largely copied from French examples ; its religion at the 
 Reformation elected to be guided by French rather than by 
 German rites ; its language, its social customs, its business, 
 its pastimes, — were all more or less modified by the French 
 conviction. To thoroughly understand Scottish civilisation, 
 we must seek for most of its more important germs in French 
 sources. We must recall the steady tide of intercourse flowing 
 between the two countries ; the crowds of Scotsmen flocking 
 to France for study or for military service, and coming back 
 to imbue their students and their tenants with their own expe- 
 rience ; the French courtiers and men-at-arms who came to 
 Scotland in the train of each royal alliance; the scholars of 
 the Reformation who strove to introduce the principles and 
 forms of the Huguenots; the Jacobite emissary of a later cen- 
 tury full of French sympathies and French ideas; and the 
 French followers who often accompanied the "Scot abroad" 
 back to his own country. 
 
 The present volume is an attempt to illustrate the extent to 
 which this French influence pervaded the life of the Scottish 
 people. Exception may be taken to some of the lines on 
 which our research has proceeded, and some of our conclusions 
 will perhaps prove subject of controversy. For this we are 
 prepared. Our object is achieved when we have shown the 
 part that French influence exercised in Scottish progress find- 
 ing its way into every rank and into every walk of life. The 
 
PREFACE. ix 
 
 book is not set forth as a complete exposition, but rather as 
 an opening up of a question of much general interest in the 
 history of British culture. Such as it is, it is now after much 
 labour submitted to the learned of the two countries that have 
 always shown such goodwill to each other. It is now high 
 time to gratefully acknowledge a debt which has been running 
 on for upwards of two years. The Rev. Walter Gregor, 
 minister of Pitsligo, — one of those scholars whose learning 
 cannot be confined within the quiet bounds of a Scottish manse, 
 and whose abilities are perhaps better known to savants in 
 other countries than his own, — has given me assistance 
 without which the book could not have been what It is. In 
 suggesting, revising, correcting, modifying views, and supply- 
 ing Illustrations, Mr Gregor has Indeed been Indefatigable ; 
 and gratitude Is due from the public as well as from myself 
 to him for his arduous labours. 
 
 The author cannot close without acknowledging with thanks 
 the zeal and talent evinced by Messrs William Blackwood & 
 Sons during the progress of this book through the press. 
 
 FRANCISQUE - MICHEL. 
 
 Paris, 13 Rue de l'Ancienne Comedie, 
 January 1882. 
 
Contents. 
 
 INTRODUCTION, 
 
 PAGE 
 
 I 
 
 CHAPTER L 
 
 ARCHITECTURE, . 
 
 19 
 
 FURNITURE, . 
 
 CHAPTER n. 
 
 31 
 
 CHAPTER HI. 
 BANQUETING AND VIVERS, 
 
 39 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 CLOTHING, 
 
 67 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 FINE ARTS, 
 
 99 
 
xii CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 MONEY, 115 
 
 CHAPTER VH. 
 ANIMALS, ^ . 127 
 
 CHAPTER Vni. 
 EDUCATION: TERMS RELATING TO IT, 137 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 MEDICINE ,47 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 LAW, ,59 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 ROGUES AND VAGABONDS— PUNISHMENTS, . . . .175 
 
 CHAPTER XIL 
 WAR— MILITARY TERMS, 185 
 
 CHAPTER XIII . 
 SEA TERMS 201 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 MUSIC AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, 213 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 DANCES, .......... 329 
 
CONTENTS. xiii 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 GAMES AND AMUSEMENTS, 245 
 
 CHAPTER XVH. 
 WORDS EXPRESSING ABSTRACT IDEAS, . . . . .253 
 
 CHAPTER XVUL 
 SUNDRIES— PHRASES DERIVED FROM THE FRENCH, . . .311 
 
 APPENDICES. 
 
 APPENDIX L, . . . . 421 
 
 APPENDIX II., ' 429 
 
 INDEX, 435 
 
INTRODUCTIO 
 
 HE Scotch language is acknowledged to be a 
 dialect of the Saxon or old English, with 
 some trifling variations ; indeed the two lan- 
 guages originally were so nearly the same, 
 that the principal differences at present be- 
 tween them are owing to the Scotch having retained many 
 words and phrases which have fallen into disuse among 
 the English. So says John Sinclair, in the introduction to 
 his * Observations on the Scottish Dialect ; ' ^ but he seems 
 to overlook that there are many Scotch words and idioms 
 which cannot be traced to an English source. Moreover, 
 he fails to show how the uniformity he points out could 
 have taken place between two countries so long strangers 
 to each other — divisos toto orbe Britannos, if we may say 
 
 ^ This book has been superseded by a more 
 elaborate one, published by Dr James A. H. 
 Murray, under the title of ' The Dialect of the 
 Southern Counties of Scotland : its Pronun- 
 ciation, Grammar, and Historical Relations,' 
 &c. : London, 1873 — 8vo. Another Scottish 
 doctor — Charles Mackay — has issued a ' Celtic 
 and Gaelic Etymology of the Languages of 
 
 Western Europe, and more especially of the 
 English and Lowland Scotch, and their Slang 
 and Colloquial Dialects:' London, 1878. Let 
 us mention also Lord Neaves' *' Some Re- 
 marks on the Scottish Language, particularly 
 as employed by the earlier Scottish Poets " — 
 ' Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of 
 Scotland,' vol. v. part i. pp". 65-78. 
 
CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 so in a figurative sense — and where a Southron was at a loss 
 to understand a North Briton.^ 
 
 The Scottish and the English languages were both formed 
 in the same manner and of the same elements, but independ- 
 ently of each other. This fact did not prevent them from 
 running in parallel lines without meeting. As might be ex- 
 pected, North Britain was, to a certain extent, peopled by 
 Norsemen ; and Jamieson has remarked that among the com- 
 mon people, the names of herbs, in the north of Scotland, are 
 either the same with those still used in Sweden and other 
 northern countries, or are nearly allied. The same observa- 
 tion applies pretty generally throughout Scotland to the names 
 of quadrupeds, birds, and fishes.^ 
 
 A Teutonic dialect was the generally spoken language of 
 Lothian, Merse, and Teviotdale, from the time of David I. 
 When that prince succeeded to the throne, he appears, with a 
 generous and an enlightened policy, to have endeavoured to 
 introduce civilisation into the ruder part of the island, by 
 encouraging the emigration of the Normans into his new 
 dominions. It may be mentioned as a circumstance which 
 confirms, in a striking manner, the above remark regarding 
 this policy, that the names of the witnesses to a charter of 
 William the Lion still extant — Moreville, Fitz Allan, Umfra- 
 
 ' In a conference between Mary of Lorraine, p. 380, No. 737, i. 
 
 queen-dowager and regent of Scotland, and an " ' Dissertation on the Origin of the Scottish 
 
 English envoy, the conversation was at first Language,' p. 24. Seealso "On the Introduc- 
 
 carried on in the Scottish tongue ; but as the tion of the English Language into Scotland ; " 
 
 latter did not readily understand that language, Dr Irving's 'Lives of the Scottish Poets,' 
 
 he was forced to speak French. — ' Calendar of vol. i. p. i^oet seq.; and the statistical accounts 
 
 State Papers,' foreign series, Feb. 16, 1560, of the different counties. 
 
 ..^.. '■■■ .■--■■*v<t' 
 
NORMAN NAMES. 
 
 ville, Lovel, and De Hay — are all, without exception, of 
 Norman origin.^ 
 
 The men who bore those Norman names did not stand alone 
 in introducing the French language into Scotland, then swarm- 
 ing with English men and women, enticed thither by the 
 liberal policy of the kings.^ Many who followed the profes- 
 sion of arms reached the country with the wave of foreigners 
 that flowed northward after the Conquest. We, in time, got 
 our own share, says Professor Innes, of those dashing adven- 
 turers who introduced among us the customs of chivalry ^ and 
 the surnames they had adopted from their ancestral castles 
 across the Channel. The courts of David I. and his grandsons 
 were full of knightly men, bearing the names of De Brus, De 
 Balliol, De Morevil, De Umfravil, De Berkelai, De Quinci, 
 De Vipont, De Vaux, and a hundred others ; * so that these 
 
 ^ Vide Leland's 'Collectanea,' vol. i. p. clined to add the handfasting, or betrothing 
 
 207. Bishop Lesley states that many of by joining hands, in order to cohabitation 
 
 Edgar's friends fled from England into North before the celebration of marriage, a custom 
 
 Britain and settled there — namely, "Lindsay, which appears to have existed in France. — 
 
 Loval, Touris, Prestoiin, Sandelandis, Bissat, See Jamieson and Du Cange's glossaries. 
 Foulis, Wardlaw, Maxuel." — 'De Origine, * 'Concerning some Scotch Surnames:' 
 
 Moribus, et Rebus gestis Scotorum,' lib. vi. Edinburgh, i860 — 8vo. Cf. 'Sketches of 
 
 p. 210. The names which follow (" Crych- Early Scotch History,' pp. 9-1 1; and 'Scot- 
 
 toun, Fodringanne, Giffert, Manlis, Brothik, land in the Middle Ages,' pp. 88, 89. Father 
 
 Leslie") are ascribed to emigrants from Hun- Richard Augustine Hay gives another list, 
 
 gary in the retinue of Edgar's family. including, besides his own name, those of 
 
 2 " Repleta est ergo Scotia servis et ancillis Frazer, Bodwell, Montgomery, Monteith, 
 
 Anglici generis, ita ut etiam usque hodie nulla Boes, Campbell, Vervin, Telfer, Boswell. — 
 
 non dico villula, sed nee domuncula sine his ' The Genealogie of the Sainteclaires of 
 
 valeat inveniri." Simeon Dunelmensis, 'De Rosslyn,' p. 4: Edinburgh, 1835 — 4to. 
 
 Gestis Regum Anglorum,' col. 201, 1. 28; Mr Isaac Taylor, in his work, 'Words and 
 
 apud Roger. Twysden, ' Historise Anglicanje Places,' attributes to many Scotch families a 
 
 Scriptores X.' Cf. Hailes's ' Annals of Scot- Norman origin, and among others, to the 
 
 land,' vol. i. pp. 12, 13; A.D. 1070. Campbells and Grants. But Campbell is 
 
 ^ Among other customs we should be in- evidently, as a writer in ' Notes and Queries ' 
 
CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 princes had to recognise the importance of the French element 
 among their subjects.^ 
 
 Many of the names of those adventurers have disappeared 
 from the land in which they were once so illustrious, and many 
 of them have been altered past recognition. ^ The grand old 
 Norman name of De Vesci is now Veitch ; De Vere, once still 
 greater, is in Scotland Weir. De Limessay, which is inferior 
 to none of them, has become Lindsay. De Montaut has been 
 transformed into the respectable but not illustrious name of 
 
 shows, from the Celtic cam, crooked or awry ; 
 and bel, a mouth. It was a common practice 
 among the Celts to give a name from some 
 personal peculiarity. Thus, in the 'Annals 
 of the Four Masters,' we find Aedh Balbk, or 
 the Stammerer, a.d. 737 (a M-^ord undoubtedly 
 derived from the Latin balbus, Ital. balbo, 
 old French baiibe, which gave rise to the vei-b 
 balbutier, still in use) ; Aedh Buidhe, or the 
 Tawny, A. D. 600 ; Bran Beg, or the Little, 
 A.D. 733, &c. The name of Grant, which 
 Mr Taylor derives from the French le Grand, 
 is found in the 'Annals of the Four Masters' 
 so early as A.D. 716, when we have Conall 
 Grant, or Connel the Gray. 
 
 ^ There are several charters of David I., 
 of his son Earl Henry, of Malcolm IV., 
 and William, which are addressed to their 
 mixed subjects in those early times, — to the 
 French, English, Scots, Welsh, and GaUo- 
 waymen — Francis, Anglis, Scottis, Walensibus, 
 et Galweiensibus. — See 'Liber Sancte Marie 
 de Melros,' &c., Nos. 1-3 (vol. i. pp. 3, 
 4, 6: Edinburgi, 1837 — 4to) ; 'Liber S. 
 Marie de Calchou,' &c., Nos. i, 29, 32, 40, 
 241 (vol. i. pp. V, 3, 26, 28, 34, 196 : 
 Edinburgi, 1846 — 4to) ; 'Liber Ecclesie 
 de Scon,' &c., Nos. 5, 9, 31 (pp. 5, 9, 
 22 : Edinburgi, 1843 — 410) ; ' Kegistrum 
 
 Episcopatus Glasguensis,' &c., Nos. 12, 
 29, 70, 107 (vol. i. pp. 14, 28, 63, 92 : 
 Edinburgi, 1843 — 4to). A last fact to be 
 alleged for the multiplicity of Frenchmen 
 in Scotland is, that the early laws of the 
 Brets and Scots are in Norman French. — See 
 Innes's 'Scotland in the Middle Ages,' p. 
 180. At the beginning of the fourteenth 
 century, the leaders in the defence of Stirling, 
 named in the capitulation, were Alanus de 
 Vypont, Godefridus, and Hugo le Botiller, 
 Johannes le Naper, Walterus Taylleu, and 
 Simon I'Armerer. See Rymer's 'Foedera,' 
 last edit., vol. i. pars ii. p. 966. When the 
 town of Jedburgh swore fealty to Edward I., 
 as we see by the transaction in the " Ragman 
 Roll, " there were, among the townsmen, Rob- 
 ert le Mareschal and Steven le Mareschal 
 \stablers, I presume, according to the phrase at 
 Edinburgh], Rauf le Spicer [grocer], Thomas 
 le Tayllur and Simon le Tayllur. When the 
 aldermen and burgesses of Roxburgh swore 
 fealty at the same time, there submitted with 
 them Walter le Orfevre [goldsmith], Richard 
 le Forblaur [sword cutler], Michael le Saeler 
 [saddler, perhaps], Austyn le Mercer. — See 
 Prynne's 'Records,' vol. iii. p. 653; and 
 Chalmers's ' Caledonia, ' vol, ii. pp. 146, 147, 
 note p. 
 
FRENCH AT THE SCOTTISH COURT. 5 
 
 Mowat. De Montfiquet is Muschet, pronounced Muchet in 
 Portugal, to which the family emigrated perhaps at the same 
 time the Gordons settled at Xeres de la Frontera in the wine 
 trade. De Vaux, if it lives still, does so in the shape of Vans, 
 by turning a letter upside down ; while De Bellassize, carrying 
 us back to the times of the Crusades, has become Belsize in 
 England, and in yet homelier northern mouths has degenerated 
 into Bellsches. In fine, who could recognise in the name of 
 Wishart the French huissier, corresponding to Doorward, 
 Scotch Durivardf 
 
 We learn from a curious passage in the Latin chronicle 
 attributed to Walter of Coventry, that as early as the reign 
 of William the Lion the Scottish Court had adopted the 
 manners, dress, and even language of France,^ then fashionable 
 in England. We are also aware that during the long wars in 
 which Robert Bruce wrested the kingdom from the English, 
 many Scottish estates were bestowed by the Southron mon- 
 archs upon their nobles. It is true that the thorough Court 
 French imported by them never gained much ground in Scot- 
 land ; and although, doubtless, it was exclusively used by the 
 English settlers of that disturbed period, ft seems not to have 
 long survived their departure,^ when Latin became the univer- 
 
 ^ " Moderniores enim Scotorum reges proof of the use of the French at Court, 
 
 magis se Francos fatentur, sicut genere, ita and of the necessity of a translation for the 
 
 moribus, lingua, cultu ; Scotisque ad extremam million : — 
 
 servitutem redactis, solos Francos in familiari- ,. ^, „. , .^.ivjj 
 
 Quhen Scnyr Anton the Bek had dwne 
 
 tatem et obsequium adhibent. — ' Memoriale Hys spek, the Kyng hym awnsweryd swne 
 
 fratris Walter! de Coventria,' &c., edited by AH in till Frawnkis, as oysyd he : 
 
 William Stubbs, vol. ii. p. 206, A.D. 1212 : • Par le sa,ig De%v, vos avese chawnt^, 
 
 _ , n c, ' Be Goddis blud Oie sayd), yhe sang."' 
 London, 1873— 8vo. 
 
 - The following passages afford a sufficient —'The Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland,' by 
 
CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 sal language of public business, and continued to be so down to 
 the end of the fourteenth century.^ But the taste for French 
 manners and language was not utterly lost. It continued to 
 prevail more or less to a comparatively recent period, and 
 must have had a considerable influence on Scottish literature 
 in general. That such was the case at the close of the four- 
 teenth century, there is abundant proof in the various poems 
 composed by Huchowne,^ which exhibit not only a familiar 
 acquaintance with French compositions, but abound with 
 words and phrases borrowed from the French language. 
 
 The Scottish clergy, being generally educated abroad, 
 chiefly at the University of Paris, in spite of the exertions 
 of England in opposition to this custom,^ imported thence 
 
 Andrew of Wyntoun, b. viii, c. v. I. 911 : D. 
 Laing's edit., vol. ii. pp. 303, 304: Edinburgh, 
 1872 — 8vo. 
 
 " Thus to that Kyng then sayd he swne : 
 M Mere de Dew I drede thow noucht.'" 
 
 —Ibid., 1. 958, p. 305. Cf. c. X. 1. 1660, 
 1664, pp. 327, 328. 
 
 ^ C. Innes, ' Sketches of Early Scotch His- 
 tory,' pp. 108, 109. See, on the condition of 
 Scotland at the end of the fourteenth century, 
 Buckle, ' History of Civilisation in England,' 
 vol. ii. p. 183, and following. 
 
 ' " Huchowne, 
 
 That cunnand wes in literature. 
 He made the gret Gest off Arthure, 
 And the Awntyre off Gawane, 
 The Pystyl als ofif swete Swsane. 
 He wes curyws in hys style, 
 Fayre of facund, and subtille, 
 And ay to plesans and delyte 
 Made in metyre met his dyte." 
 
 — Wyntown, ' The Orygynal Cronykil of 
 
 Scotland,' b. v. 1. 4322, vol. i. p. 122, ed. 
 Macpherson, 1795 — 4'^° J ^ri^ ^d. D. Laing, 
 vol. ii. p. 12. 
 
 ^ "This year, the King compelled all such 
 Scotchmen as were of any singular knowledge 
 in learning or literature, to be resident in 
 Oxford, doubting least the Scotch nobility, 
 increasing in politic prudence by their instruc- 
 tions, should seek to throw off the 'yoke of 
 bondage." — Anth. a Wood, ' The History and 
 Antiquities of the University of Oxford,' &c., 
 vol. i. p, 366: Oxford, 1792 — 4to. Wood 
 refers to Holinshed's 'History of Scotland,' 
 p. 212. 
 
 In the year 1282, Dervorgil, the daughter 
 of Allan, Lord of Galloway, and the wife of 
 the elder Sir John Balliol, father of the King 
 of the Scots, founded and endowed a college 
 at Oxford. Baliol College, it may be pre-, 
 sumed, was opened for the reception of 
 Scottish students ; though it does not appear 
 from the statutes that those of other countries 
 
THE SCOTTISH CLERGY. 
 
 improvements in all the useful arts, with the words pertaining 
 to them, and planted them in Scotland. They cleared the land 
 of brushwood, drained the marshes, enclosed the fields with 
 hedges, made orchards, laid out gardens, erected mills and 
 farm granges, and encouraged their serfs and cottagers to settle 
 in little villages and communities, which they protected and 
 fostered. They were the great architects and builders. Beauti- 
 ful churches, and princely convents and monasteries, rose under 
 their hands, with a splendour of ornament, and an imposing 
 grandeur of effect, which contrasted with the houses of the 
 
 were excluded.* The Rev. Joseph Steven- 
 son has lately published Edward I.'s Letters 
 of Protection for Thomas de Umfraville 
 and John de Mar, students at Oxford, A.D. 
 1295, Aug. 15 (' Documents illustrative of 
 the History of Scotland,' &c., vol. ii. p. 5, 
 No. 339: Edin. 1870— 8vo); and before him 
 Rymer had given a circular issued by the 
 same king, ' De non molestando Scotos hinc 
 inde transeuntes, ' A.D. 1305, ann. 33 Ed. I. 
 ('Foedera,' vol. ii. p. 967: Lond., 1705 — 
 fol. ) There is extant a passport from Edward 
 III., which authorises John Barbour to con- 
 duct -three students to the University of Ox- 
 ford, A.D. 1357, ann. 31 Ed. III. (ibid., 
 tom. iii. part i. p. 144, col. 2.) Towards the 
 end of the fourteenth century, Oxford was 
 in the high-tide of popularity, and crowds 
 of young Scotsmen obtained passports and 
 hurried thither to complete their course of 
 philosophy; but northern men were never 
 popular at Oxford. In 1382, Richard II. 
 addressed a writ to the chancellor and proc- 
 tors, forbidding them to molest the Scotch 
 students. " Such inconveniences," as remarks 
 
 Professor Innes, "hastened that which must 
 have come without them ; and three univer- 
 sities were founded within the fifteenth century 
 in Scotland ('Scotland in the Middle Ages,' 
 c. ix. p. 274), which, however, did not pre- 
 vent the Scots from resorting to the English 
 ones." * 
 
 To quote a single instance, there is some 
 reason to believe that Dunbar studied in the 
 University of Oxford. ' Learning vain with- 
 out guid Lyfe, written at Oxinfurde,' is the 
 title of one of his poems.* "It is obvious, 
 indeed," says Dr Irving, " that he might 
 visit Oxford in some other capacity than 
 that of a student. " + 
 
 Scottish students resorted also to Cambridge. 
 According to an ancient record quoted by 
 John Kay, the students of that university were 
 in the year 1370 classed by nations, and three 
 Scottish collegians were invested with a kind 
 of rectorial power for the purpose of maintain- 
 ing order among their countrymen. J 
 
 * Anth. ^ Wood,' The History and Antiquities of the 
 Colleges and Halls in the University of Oxford,' &c., 
 pp. 70-74 : Oxford, 1786 — 410. 
 
 * 'The Poems of William Dunbar,' coll. by Da^^d 
 Laing, vol. i. p. 199. Cf. vol. ii. pp. 347-349. 
 
 t 'The Lives of the Scottish Poets," &c., vol. i. p. 
 394 : London, 1810 — 8vo. 
 
 X Caius, ' De Antiquitate Cantabrigiensis Acad- 
 emiae,' &c., p. 155 : Lond. 1568— 8vo. 
 
CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 nobility, and much more with the huts which crowded round 
 the walls of those huge piles which not unfrequently were 
 called by French names. ^ 
 
 The construction of these buildings demanded, and of course 
 encouraged, the arts of numerous workmen and craftsmen. 
 The iron work required the labour of the smith ; the timber 
 work, that of the carpenter ; the exquisite carved screens 
 and painted windows, the silver shrines and ornamented 
 vestments of the priests, and their processional banners, 
 encouraged the painter, glass-stainer, carver, jeweller, and 
 embroiderer; and by affording these artisans constant em- 
 ployment, increased their skill and ingenuity in their crafts. 
 The domestic arts, too, which might minister to the comfort or 
 comparative luxury of a rude life (for one who studies the pro- 
 gress of society must observe in the statutes of the churches 
 a union of provision for magnificent religious solemnities with 
 the antique simplicity of life and manners in the actors in the 
 pageant), the management of the dairy, the rearing of domestic 
 animals, the erection of dovecots, the enclosure and preserva- 
 tion of rabbit-warrens, and numerous other branches of domes- 
 tic economy and "outfield" wealth, undoubtedly owed to the 
 Scottish clergy of those remote times their highest improve- 
 ment, if not their original introduction. They were, besides, 
 the greatest mercantile adventurers in the country, employing 
 ships which were their own property, and freighting them with 
 their wool and hides, their cured fish and skins, to Bordeaux, 
 
 * For instance, New Abbey, or Sweet Heart, . drow of Wyntown's ' Cronykil,' b, viii. c. 9, 
 in Kirkcudbright, was originally called Dtiz 1. 1507 ; D. Laing's edit., vol. ii. p. 322. 
 Quer, Douce Caur, or Duke Cor. — See An- 
 
MENDICANT FRIARS. 
 
 Flanders, and other parts of the Continent. For these goods 
 they received in return the silks, spices, and other rarities of the 
 East, along with the richest productions of the Flemish and 
 Italian looms. 
 
 What has just been said applies chiefly to the wealthier 
 bodies ; but in a humbler sphere the mendicant friars likewise 
 contributed their part to the progress of civilisation in Scot- 
 land, and deserve to be mentioned. Mostly of low extraction, 
 those orators who boldly delivered their passionate sermons 
 before crowded assemblies, not only in the churches, but in 
 public places, at the corners of the streets, in the open air, 
 and in the fields, had also pursued their studies abroad, chiefly 
 in France, and must have got into the habit of imitating 
 certain preachers on the Continent, who liked to give a relish 
 to their Latin sermons by inserting into them words and 
 sentences in the vernacular.^ The most celebrated of those 
 forerunners of the Reformation, Olivier Maillard and Michel 
 Menot, are well known to us, especially since Mons. Antony 
 M6ray has rescued them from oblivion, along with the Alsatian 
 Franciscan Johann Poli, Geiler of Kaisersberg, Cesarius of 
 Heisterbach, Jean Cleree, and Guillaume Pepin ;2 but who re- 
 members those who in Scotland paved the way for Calvin and 
 Knox ? Either the fanaticism of the Reformation times has 
 made us lose the very remembrance of those mighty trumpets 
 whose sound had overturned the walls of the ancient Church, or, 
 if the sermons of these forgotten preachers had been collected, 
 
 ^ See in the 'Histoire litteraire de la ^ 'La Vie au temps des libres Precheurs, 
 
 France,' vol. xxi. pp. 313-317, many in- ou les Devanciers de Luther et de Rabelais,* 
 
 stances of such mixture as early as the thir- &c. (2 vols.): Paris, 1878 — 8vo. 
 teenth century. 
 
 B 
 
lo CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 the fruits of their eloquence must have been destroyed amid 
 the turmoil that convulsed Scotland during that troublous 
 period. The fact is, that nothing whatever remains of those 
 Scottish preachers of the Roman Catholic Church, except that 
 we may trace back to them the custom of preaching in the open 
 air.^ We can therefore only surmise that the friars of North 
 Britain did not act otherwise than their French or Flemish 
 brethren, in whose company a great many of them had pursued 
 their studies ; and that, on their return to Scotland, they had 
 brought over a large number of words and phrases, which, in 
 preference to English terms, were introduced into a language 
 as poor as those by whom it was spoken. 
 
 In concluding this picture of ecclesiastical industry and 
 improvement, with its lights and shadows, it must not be 
 forgotten that within the walls of the same religious houses 
 was preserved that small portion of knowledge and literature 
 which was then to be found in Scotland ; and that in the 
 cell of the monk, the feeble and wavering spark of science 
 was saved at least from utter extinction.^ 
 
 ^ See Jamieson's ' Etym. Diet.,' SuppL, p. " barlie hurld or French barley, beds of aik or 
 
 546, voce "Tent Preaching." walnut trie of French making, canves, gloves 
 
 2 Tytler, * Lives of Scottish Worthies,' vol. of Bridges of French making, gloves of Van- 
 
 i, pp. 88, 89: London, 1831 — i8mo.* In dosme, iron pottis, quilts, French wool," and 
 
 'Customs and Valuation of Merchandises,' "yarne (raw linning), Dutch or Frenche." — 
 
 A.D. 1612, we find imported to Scotland, 'The Ledger of Andrew Halyburton,' pp. 
 
 289, 298, 309, 325, 333. Without entering 
 
 * An historical allusion to the ancient commerce of the ^ere into the history of the commercial inter- 
 Western Isles is given in a Scottish Gaelic romance of 
 
 the sixteenth century, quoted in 'The Costume of the 
 
 Highland Clans,' p. 90. u ^hen brought the ships of France and Spain- 
 
 " Thugadh air luing o'n Fhriling 's o'n Spkinn In the time of our prosperity — 
 
 An km soirbheachaidh, nach gknn ; Abundance of silver and gold, 
 
 Airgid agus 6r, gu le6r. Silk and satin, wax and wine, 
 
 Fion, a's sioda, a's cdur, a's sr61 ; With clear gems of many hues, 
 
 Seudan grinn air iomadh dath. Precious, glistening, pure and bright." 
 
 Clachan luachmhor, boilsgleach glan." — ' Loisgeadh Caisteil Tirorma,' 1. 105. 
 
FRENCH ROMANCES. 
 
 II 
 
 " Ptholome, Averois, Aristotal, Galien, Ypocrites, or Cicero, 
 quhilk var expert practicians in mathematic art," ^ — their names 
 at least — were known to Scottish clergymen; but their works did 
 not leave the shelves of the monastic libraries, on which they 
 were very seldom displaced,^ while the French romances, that 
 lay by them,^ very often found their way to the feudal mansions, 
 
 course between Scotland and Flanders, which 
 is illustrated by the register of the Privy 
 Council of Scotland, we will content our- 
 selves by noting that "cremar," a pedlar, 
 " sture," a sturgeon, and "Rusiliss," the 
 name constantly used for Lille — which is 
 clearly the Dutch Rijissel — with many more, 
 are of unmistakable Flemish origin. — 'The 
 Saturday Review,' July 28, 1877, p. 118, 
 col. I. 
 
 ^ ' The Complaynt of Scotland,' p. 97. 
 
 ^ The monks, at least in England, appear 
 to have made no use of their books, as Leland 
 complained, when he had to shake off the 
 dust and the cobwebs of Abingdon library. 
 
 ^ The libraries of the monasteries, accord- 
 ing to Warton, were full of romances, a state- 
 ment which Ritson pronounces to be very 
 doubtful. — 'Dissertation on Romance and 
 Minstrelsy,' p. ci. In Glastonbury Abbey, at 
 any rate (probably the largest in England), 
 we only find the four following : the ' Gesta 
 Normannorum,' the ' Liber de excidio Trojse, 
 the 'Gesta Ricardi Regis,' and the 'Gesta 
 Alexandri Regis, ' all of which, it is most prob- 
 able, were in French verse, in which they are 
 known to exist. But, at the same time, it 
 is obvious that the author of the catalogue 
 which was taken in 1248 (t^'(/i? Johann. Glaston., 
 'Chronica de Rebus Glastoniensibus,' ed. 
 Th. Heame, vol. ii. p. 435 : Oxon,, 1726 — 
 8vo), called romance any work written in 
 French, either of history or fiction. In the 
 appendix to Dart's ' History of the Church of 
 
 Canterbury ' is a meagre catalogue of books 
 anciently in the monastic library, among 
 which there are not two articles of that kind ; 
 but Peterborough Cathedral was better pro- 
 vided {;vide Gunton's ' History of the Church 
 of Peterburgh,' p. 204) ; much less, however, 
 than the Abbey of Bardsley, in Worcester- 
 shire, to which Guy Beauchamp, Earl of War- 
 wick, bequeathed a valuable collection of 
 books in 1291, on the conditions expressed at 
 the end of his will: "Lesqueus livres nous 
 grauntouns pur nos heyrs, e pur nos assignes, 
 q'il demorront en ladit abbeye, k garder a 
 touz jours, saunz estre donez, vendeuz, ou 
 aloynez par nous, ou par null de nos hey res, 
 ou de nos assignes ; issint nequedent qe bein 
 list a nous, e nos heyrs, &c., avaunt dis, seyg- 
 nurs de Warrewick ou de Aumeleye, que 
 leure e quaunt nous plerra fere quere deus 
 ou treys des ditz romaunces, pur solas avoyr, 
 e les remaunder k ladit abbeye, en ces qe plus 
 des romaunces et fesoins maunder," &c. That 
 interesting will, first partly printed by Henry 
 John Todd in his ' Illustrations of the Lives 
 and Writings of Gower and Chaucer,' pp. 161, 
 162, has been given in exienso in our " Tris- 
 tan," vol. i. pp. cxxi, cxxii, and elsewhere. 
 
 In the Escheator's roll of the Duke of 
 Gloucester's effects at Plescy, plundered after 
 his death in 1397, there is a list of "livres de 
 diverses rymances et estories," which has been 
 published by the Rev. H. O. Coxe in the 
 preface of his edition of John Gower's ' Vox 
 Clamantis,' pp. xlix-lii: London, 1350—410. 
 
12 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 and sowed there many words and idioms which were after- 
 wards transplanted into the national language. We will only 
 mention a single instance, which is supplied by an archdeacon 
 of Aberdeen. 
 
 From many passages in his great poem, Barbour appears to 
 have been, like Dunbar after him,^ well read in the romances 
 of the day, as well as in classical literature.^ The fidelity of 
 the wife and of the sister of Bruce, as well as that of the wives 
 of his companions, is illustrated by a parallel instance of female 
 heroism taken from the Romance of Thebes : — 
 
 " Men redys when Thebes wes tane, 
 And King Arista's men wer slane 
 That assailyt the citd, 
 That the women of his cuntrd 
 Come for to fetch hym hame agane 
 Quhen thai hard all hys folk wes slayne." — B. ii. 1. 334. 
 
 On another occasion, alluded to in the life of Bruce, when 
 the king, by an exertion of great personal strength and courage, 
 escapes from the attack of John of Lorn, this Celtic chief, with 
 
 1 " O feyrse Achill, in furius hie curage ! tory and ancient fable was relatively extensive. 
 
 O strong invincible Hector undir scheild ! ^^^ favourite classic of the time was Statius, 
 
 O valyeant Arthur, in knyghtly vassalage ! 
 
 Agamemnon, in governance of feild ! and he also appears to have been the author 
 
 Bold Hanniball, in batall to do beild ! beloved by Barbour. The chaste compositions 
 
 Julius, in jupert, in wisdom and expence!" &c. ^f yirgil and Horace were less gratifying to 
 
 — "Welcom to Bernard Stewart, Lord of the reigning taste than the strained thoughts 
 
 Aubigny," I. 57 ; ' The Poems of William and gorgeous diction of Statius and Claudian 
 
 Dunbar,' vol. i. p. 131, A writer who flourished so lately as the seven 
 
 ^ The spurious productions of Dares Phry- teenth century, speaks of the former as being, 
 
 gius and Dictys Cretensis are almost the Virgil only excepted, "the prince of poets, 
 
 only books to which Barbour formally refers as well Greeke as Latine." — Henry Peacham 
 
 (see book i, 1. 395, 521; book iv. 1. 835 et 'The Compleat Gentleman,' &c., p. 90 : Lotj 
 
 seq.)', but his acquaintance with ancient his- don, 1622 — 410. 
 
FRENCH ROMANCES. 13 
 
 much propriety, alludes to an adventure which befell Golmak 
 Morn, or Gaul the son of Morni, a hero of Irish story ; but 
 Barbour, judging from the name, a poet of Norman blood and 
 nursed in the lap of romantic fiction, observes it would have 
 been *' mar manerlyk," or more appropriate, to have compared 
 him to Gaudifer de Laryss : — 
 
 " Quhen that the mychty Duk Betys 
 Assailyeit in Gadyrs the forrayours, 
 And quhen the king thaim maid recours, 
 Duk Betyss tuk on hym the flycht 
 That wald ne mair abide to fycht ; 
 Bot gud Gaudiffer the worthy 
 Abandonyt hym so worthily 
 For hys reskew, all the fleirs 
 And for to stonay the chassers, 
 That Alexander to erth he bar. 
 And alswa did he Tholimar 
 And gud Coneus alswa, 
 Dankline alswa, & othir ma ; 
 Bot at the last thar slayne he wis. 
 In that failyeit the liklynes." i— P. 48. 
 
 A little further on we are presented with the romantic pic- 
 
 ^ In the same book Bruce comforts his fol- for a romaunce, in which "were writtin fables 
 
 lowers by an example of the constancy of of quenis livis, & of kings, & many other 
 
 Scipio, taken from the history of Rome at the thingis smale." This proves to be Ovid : see 
 
 time when Hannibal had reduced the Romans v. 52, &c. Chaucer's translation of the most 
 
 to the greatest distress : — famous of French romances cast the original 
 
 " Quhen Hannibal thaim wenensyt had ^"^0 oblivion. A reference to Jean de Meung 
 
 That off ryngs with rich stanys, in fol. yi.'' of a MS. preserved in the Cottonian 
 
 That war off knychts fyngyrs taneys, collection, and marked Nero A X, proves the 
 
 He sent three boUes to Carthage."-P. 47. popularity of the " Roman de la Rose " in 
 
 Surely Barbour had read the above fact in a Scotland as well as in England during the 
 
 romance. Chaucer, in his " Dreme," to pass course of the fourteenth century. 
 
 the night away, rather than play at chess, calls 
 
14 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 ture of the king reading to his faithful friends, as they sat on 
 the banks of Loch Lomond, the romance of the worthy Fer- 
 ambrace with the brave Oliver and Duke Peris, who were 
 besieged by the Soldan Lawyne, or Laban, in the renowned 
 city of Egrimor or Agramore, on the river Flagot : ^ — 
 
 " Throw the rycht doughty 01yA\'er, 
 And how the Duk Peris wer 
 Assegit intill Egrymor, 
 Quhar King Lawyne lay them befor, 
 With ma thousands then I can say : 
 And bot elewyn within war thai 
 And a woman — that war sa stad 
 That thai na mete thair within had, 
 Bot as thai fra thair fayis wan. 
 Yet sa contenyt thai thaim than 
 That thai the tower held manlily, 
 Till that Rychard of Normandy. 
 
 Mare hys fayis warnyt the king, 
 That wis joyful off this ty thing : 
 • For he wen'd thai had all bene slayne, 
 
 Tharfor he turnyt in hy agayne, 
 And wan Mantrybill, & passit Flagot, 
 And syne Lawyne and alle his flote 
 Dispitously discumfyt he, 
 And delevyrit hys men al free." — P. 54. 
 
 This romance of Fierabras, which derives an additional 
 interest from its having been a favourite book with Bruce, 
 must have been, from the similarity of the names, the Norman 
 French original of the same story, which has been epitomised 
 
 ^ Such a practice seems to have been im- gathered, in a rainy day, under a mantelpiece, 
 
 ported from France. In the middle of the ' Amadis of Gaul, how he vanquished Dar- 
 
 sixteenth century the Lord of Gouberville had dan.' — 'Revue des Deux Mondes,' May i, 
 
 much pleasarein reading aloud to his servants 1878, p. 159, 
 
FRENCH EDUCATION. 
 
 15 
 
 by Ellis in his * Specimens of the Early English Metrical 
 Romances.' 
 
 Sir James Douglas, and probably many of the barons who 
 followed the king, had been educated in France,^ and were 
 well acquainted with the French romances of the time; of 
 which Fierabras, from the variety of its incident, and the 
 humorous descriptions in which it abounds, was one of the 
 most popular. 2 
 
 In later times, the institution of the Scottish body-guard and 
 
 ^ Lindsay of Pitscottie expressly states that 
 such was the case with another James Douglas, 
 "a man of guid conditione, and weill beseine 
 in divine letteris, broucht up ane long tyme 
 at the scooles in Paris, and luiked for the 
 bischoprick of Dunkell," &c. — ' The Cronicles 
 of Scotland,' vol. i. p. 85: Edin. 1814— 8vo. 
 Another member of the same family knew 
 how to read. See the Chronicle of J. de 
 Lalain, by G. Chastelain, ch. liv., ed. of the 
 "Pantheon Litteraire," p. 662, col. i and 2. 
 
 Don Pedro de Ayala, writing to the Spanish 
 Government, says of the Scots: "The in- 
 habitants speak the language and have the 
 habits of the Irish. But there is a good deal 
 of French education in Scotland, and many 
 speak the French language • for all the 
 young gentlemen who have no property go 
 to France, and are well received there, and 
 therefore the French are liked." — 'Calendar 
 of State Papers preserved at Simancas,' and 
 publ. by Bergenroth, Henry VII. 1498, vol. i. 
 p. 174. 
 
 There is no occasion to wonder if in 1566 
 the noblemen wrote their letters "sume in 
 Latin and sume in Frenche," that language 
 being taught at St Andrews, and generally 
 in all the chief schools of Scotland, "with 
 
 the reiding and right pronunciation of that 
 toung." — 'The Autobiography and Diary 
 of Mr James Melvill,' pp. 17, 125, 307, a.d, 
 1566, 1592: Edinburgh, 1842 — 8vo. Cf. 
 'Les Ecossais en France,' &c., vol. ii. pp. 
 78, 79. 
 
 The Earl of Dunbar, writing to the King of 
 England in 1400, excuses himself for prefer- 
 ring the vernacular to either Latin or French, 
 less familiar to him, but he signs his letter Le 
 Count de la Marche d'Escoce, and directs it 
 Au tres-excellent et tres-puissant et tres-noble 
 prince le roy cT Engleterre. Four older letters 
 written by the Earl of Douglas and Mar, 
 Annabella, Queen of Scotland (1394), and 
 David, Earl, &c. of Carrick ("cunnand into 
 letterature, " says Wyntoun, ix. 23), and another 
 written by Christiana, Countess of March, are 
 in French, Vide Pinkerton, ' History of Scot- 
 land,' vol. i. Appendix No. vi., p. 449: 
 London, 1797 — 4to. Cf. Nos. i. iii.-v., vii.; 
 and 'Scotland in the Middle Ages,' ch. ix, 
 p. 263. 
 
 2 Sir David Lyndsay, who was surely ac- 
 quainted with the romances of the twelve 
 Peers of France { ' Ducheperes, Dugepers,' v. 
 ' The Awntyrs of Arthure,' st, i, L 4, p, 95 ; 
 and St. xxii. 1. 264, p. 108), as well as with 
 
i6 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 the settlement of some of its members in France, in which they 
 planted new branches of their families, and from which they 
 kept up a correspondence with their relatives in Scotland ; and 
 the successive emigrations of Roman Catholics faithful both to 
 their religious convictions and political principles, combined 
 with other minor circumstances, fully detailed in a book of 
 ours, * Les Ecossais en France, les Frangais en Ecosse,' must 
 have been the means of maintaining a close and constant inter- 
 course between the two countries, and thus of adding a certain 
 amount of French idioms to the stock already in existence in 
 North Britain, and of giving refinement to a country whose 
 civilisation required improvement, even at the beginning of 
 last century.^ 
 
 Our conclusion therefore is, that French literature, being 
 
 those of the 'Round Table' and others, said Songs ' (printed in 1599), "in the houssis of 
 
 in his ' Historie of Squyer Meldrum : ' — great menn, and at the assembleis of yong 
 
 „ „ „ , . , „ , „ , gentlemen and yong dameseles, the chief pas- 
 
 " Rolland with Brandwell, his bricht brand, . . ... 
 
 Faucht never better, hand for hand, time IS to Sing prophaine sonnets and vam 
 
 Nor Gawin aganis Gologras, ballatis of love, or to rehers some fabulos 
 
 Nor Olyver with Pharambra.s." faitgs of Palmerine, Amadis, or uther such 
 
 -•The Poetical Works of Sir David Lynd- ^^^^ reveries," &c. 
 
 say,' vol. ii. p. 296, ed. 1806. ^ contemporary author stigmatises his age 
 
 In his ' Dreme,' 11. 31-35-43, the same poet ^^ unlettered : " Nam si ego mediocri ingenio, 
 
 mentions his having diverted James V., ""^ famihan prope nulla, seculo inerudito, ita 
 
 when young, with "antique stories and ^^'"^^ '^""^ temporum iniquitate conflixerim, 
 
 deidis marciall : " "*• ^^i^^^^i prsestitisse videar, certe quibus, 
 
 feliciore seculo natis, oetas, opes, ingenium 
 
 " Of Hectur, Arthour, and gentyle Jul>-us, abunde suppetunt, hi neque labore ab honesto 
 
 Of Alexander, and worthy Pompeyus, ... -i-iiji • i \ 
 
 Ofjasone and Medea, all at leuth, instituto deterreri deberent, neque tot ad- 
 
 pf Hercules the actis honorabyll, miniculis adjuti desperare possent." — G. 
 
 And of Sampsone the supernaturall strenth, . . . Buchanan, ' De Jure Regni apud Scotos,' 
 Of Troylus, the sorrow and the joye, 
 
 ^ ' Rules of Good Deportment, or of Good 
 
 And saigis all of Tyir, Thebes, and Troye," &c. 
 
 " In Princes' Courts," says Hume of Logic, Breeding,' &c. By Adam Petrie. Edinb., 
 in the preface to his 'Hymnes or Sacred 1720 — 8vo ; and 1835 — sm. 410. 
 
CONCLUSION. 
 
 17 
 
 thus spread in Britain as well as in the rest of Europe,^ was a 
 natural channel for the introduction and diffusion of French 
 words into the Scottish language. 
 
 1 The author of the * Complaynt of Scot- 
 land,' who wrote in 1548, gives this catalogue 
 of the storeis and flet taylis current at the 
 time in Scotland, some of which were in prose, 
 some other in verse: I. 'The Canterbury 
 Tales;' 2. 'Robert the Devil;' 3. 'TheTayl 
 of the Well of the Varldis end ' (no doubt St 
 Patrick's Well, or Purgatory); 4. ' Ferrand 
 earl of Flanders ; ' 5. ' The Tayl of the reyde 
 eyttyn with the thre heydis ; ' 6. ' The Tayle of 
 Perseus and Andromeda ; ' 7. ' The Prophecies 
 of Merlin; ' 8. ' The Tayl of the giantis that 
 eit quyk men on fut by fortht as i culd found ; ' 
 9. 'Wallace and the Bruce;' 10. 'Ypomedon;' 
 1 1. ' The Tale of the three-footed dog of Nor- 
 way;' 12. 'The Tale how Hercules slaughtered 
 the serpent Hydra;' 13. 'The Marriage of 
 the King of Estmorland with the daughter of 
 the King of Westmorland; ' 14. ' The Tale of 
 the four sons of Aymon;' 15, 'The Tale of 
 the Bridge of Mantrible;' 16. 'The Tale of 
 Sir Ivain, Arthur's knight;' 17. ' Rauf Coll- 
 zear; ' 18. 'The Siege of Millan;' 19. 
 'Gawayn and Gologras; ' 20. 'Lancelot du 
 Lac;' 21. 'TheTaleofFloremond of Albany;' 
 
 22. ' The Tale of Sir Walter the bold Leslye ; ' 
 
 23. ' The Tale of the pure tynt; ' 24. ' Claiya- 
 des and Maliades;' 25. 'Arthur of Little 
 Britain ; ' 26. ' Robin Hood and Little John ; ' 
 27. ' The Mervellis of Mandiveil ; ' 28. ' The 
 Tayl of the young Tamlene and of the bald 
 Braband; ' 29. ' The Ring of the Roy Robert ;' 
 30. 'Sir Egeir and Sir Gryme;' 31. ' Bevis 
 of Southampton;' 32. 'The Golden Targe; ' 
 33. 'The Paleis of Honour;' 34. 'The Tale 
 how Acteon was transformed into a hart ; ' 
 35. ' The Tale of Pyramus and Thisbe ; ' 36. 
 ' The Tale of the "amours" of Leander and 
 
 Hero;' 37, 'The Tale how Jupiter trans- 
 fornied Jo into a cow ; ' 38. ' The Tale how 
 Jason won the Golden Fleece ; ' 39. ' Orpheus, 
 Kyng of Portingal;' 40. 'The Tale of the 
 Golden Apple;' 41. 'The Tale of the three 
 Weird Sisters;' 42, 'The Tale how Dedalus 
 made the Labyrinth;' 43. 'The Tale how 
 King Midas got two ass's ears.' The only 
 observations which we will venture to offer 
 upon this catalogue, which has been profusely 
 illustrated by Dr Leyden, are, that it is not 
 complete, unless we suppose that many rivies 
 and romans, formerly current in Scotland, had 
 utterly disappeared in the middle of the six- 
 teenth century. For instance, we find no 
 mention either of ' Clariodus ' or of ' Sir 
 Tristrem.' Sir Walter Scott, in his notes to 
 the latter, p. 374, ed. 1833, cites 'Clariodes, 
 MS.;' but as the lines he quotes do not occur 
 in the former, published by Dr David Irving 
 for the Maitland Club, it would be very desir- 
 able to know where Sir Walter's authority is 
 preserved. We surmise that it may be the 
 same as ' Claryades and Maliades ' mentioned 
 above under No. 24, which was no doubt 
 translated from the French romance ' Cleriadus 
 et Meliadice/ printed in prose at Paris for 
 Antoine Verard. Secondly, among so many 
 worthies enumerated in the ' Complaynt of 
 Scotland,' we do not find the great Mace- 
 donian hero, who was not, however, unknown 
 in the country. The 'Buik of King Alex- 
 ander the Conquerour,' still inedited, is a 
 translation of the heavy French ' Roman 
 d' Alexandre,' executed by Sir Gilbert Hay, c. 
 1460, and extends to about 20,000 lines. Vide 
 'Bannatyne Miscellany,' vol. iii. p. 93, and 
 ' Sketches of Early Sc, Hist.,' p. 406, col. 2. 
 
i8 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 The northern and the Gaelic elements in the Scottish lan- 
 guage will be dealt with in an Appendix. 
 
 It is proper to state at the outset that we treat not 
 merely of the popular element in Scottish derived from 
 French, but of the literary and what may be called the 
 technical element in the language. There is no doubt but 
 that Dunbar and other sixteenth -century poets affected a 
 Frenchified style, and that many of the words used by them 
 never became folk-words. This affectation of what was of 
 France, however, only goes to strengthen our position — the 
 influence France exercised over the civilisation of Scotland. 
 The same remark must be made regarding many, if not the 
 greater part, of the terms used in law, medicine, building, 
 hunting, &c. Not only the learned professions, but also those 
 engaged in the different callings common to the country, seem 
 to have borrowed, under the influence of France, the technical 
 terms of their professions and callings. It may be safely 
 stated that not a few of the words discussed were at one time 
 words of the people, but that they have fallen into disuse by 
 the substitution of others, or from a change of the circum- 
 stances that called them into use. 
 
 Some of the words have lost their primary meaning, but 
 still linger as folk -words with a figurative sense. Thus 
 runcy (chap, vii.) is still applied in Banffshire, and, it may be, 
 in other districts, to a woman of coarse manners and doubt- 
 ful character. Mort-head (chap, vii.) is another word to the 
 point. In short, it is to the whole French element contained 
 in the Scottish language, in as far as we have been able to 
 ascertain it, that we have directed our researches. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 Hrcbitecture. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 RIGINALLY in Scotland many, if not most, of 
 the mansions of the chiefs and other large build- 
 ings were, as in France,^ built of wood. With- 
 out going back to the foundation of the See of 
 Whithorn, recorded by Venerable Bede, it will be sufficient 
 to state that in the rebellion of Gillescop, in 1228, he burnt, 
 within the province of Moray, several castles constructed of 
 that material.^ Inflammable though such castles must have 
 been, many of them were impregnable from the sites ^ which 
 they occupied, and in them the great chieftains were able to 
 defy with impunity all the power of the Crown. 
 
 According to Philippe de Remi, Sire de Beaumanoir, how- 
 ever, the towers were not all built of such material. He refers 
 to a certain king calling a mason, and giving him instructions 
 about building a tower for him in the following terms : — 
 
 1 " Karles fist bois trcnchier et le mairien atraire, 2 fordun, ' Scotichrotlicon,' lib. ix. C. 47 ; 
 
 Chapeks et moustlers et maisons en fist faire." ^^^ Goodall, vol. ii. p. 57. Cf. lib. xiii. C. 
 
 — *La Chanson des Saxons,' st, lxxxi., 37, 38, p. 322, 323. 
 
 vol. i. p. 136. Instead of /t' wa/r/iTW (timber), ^ Buckle, ' History of Civilisation in Eng- 
 
 a MS. reads Ics pierrcs (stones). land,' vol. ii. p. 173, and note 29. 
 
22 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 " ' Maistres, fait-il, je vous requier 
 Que de piere et de bon mortier 
 Me faites ci une grant tour, 
 Qui soit reonde tout-entour; 
 Les murs faites bons et espes, 
 De XV pies ou plus d'espes ; 
 Faites-la-moi et haute et Ide ; 
 En bas ne faites nule entree, 
 Bien haut faites une fenestre 
 Par ou on verra dedens I'estre.' . . . 
 Qui done ve'ist machonner, 
 Les uns les pieres trongonner, 
 Les autres taillier au martel, 
 Et les autres tost et isnel 
 Faire le bon mortier de cauch,^ 
 Les autres drecier escafaus 
 Pour le mortier faire millor . . . 
 Et ces machons crier et braire : 
 ' ^^ de la pierre ! ou ga mortier ! ' 
 II deist bien : * Sans espargnier 
 Pensent de cele tour parfaire.' " ^ 
 
 — *Le Roman de la Manekine,' p. 150, 1. 4469. 
 
 Caerlaverock, a strong castle of the Maxwells, is thus de- 
 scribed by an eyewitness in the year 1300, when it was 
 besieged and taken by Edward I. " Its shape was like that 
 of a shield, for it had only three sides all round, with a tower 
 on each angle ; but one of the towers was a double one, so 
 
 ^ With vinegar, see the "Roman de la one may see into the place." . . . Whoever 
 
 Rose," Meon's edit., vol. i. p. 156. had seen the masons at work, cutting the 
 
 " " Master," says he, '* I request you, virith stones, or dressing them with hammers, whilst 
 
 stone and good mortar, to build me here a others with speed prepared good lime-mortar, 
 
 large tower entirely round ; make the walls or raised scaffolds to hasten the work, many 
 
 good, and fifteen feet or more in breadth; let screaming and yelling, "Here stone! here 
 
 the tower be lofty and wide; no entrance mortar!" surely would have said, "They 
 
 below, but liigh up a window, through which mean unsparingly to finish that tower." 
 
HOUSES OF THE PEOPLE. 
 
 23 
 
 high, so long, and so large, that under it was the gate with 
 the drawbridge, well made and strong, and a sufficiency of 
 other defences," ^ &c. 
 
 Such stone towers were objects of wonder, and tradition in 
 course of time came to ascribe the construction of at least 
 some of them to demoniac art.^ 
 
 Leaving apart buildings temporarily erected on grand oc- 
 casions,^ it may be stated that, if the towers of the nobility 
 made little pretension to architectural strength and stability, 
 still less did the houses of the people. It is true some of 
 the wealthier of the commonalty imitated the nobility, and 
 chose inaccessible sites for their dwellings. 
 
 ^ ' The Siege of Carlaverock,' ed. by Sir N, 
 H. Nicolas, pp. 61, 62. The baronial archi- 
 tecture of Scotland has been so thoroughly 
 and so admirably illustrated by R. W. Billings, 
 that it would be superfluous to do otherwise 
 than refer to his work, which is in everybody's 
 hand. As to ecclesiastical architecture, see 
 Muir's ' Notes of the Churches of Scotland. ' 
 
 ' The castle of Yester was such a build- 
 ing. " Hugo Giffard de Zester moritur, 
 cujus castrum, vel saltern caveam, et don- 
 gionem, arte dsemoniaca antiquje relationes 
 ferunt fabrifactas : nam ibidem habetur mir- 
 abilis specus subterraneus, opere mirifico con- 
 structus, magno terrarum spatio protelatus, 
 qui communiter Bohall appellatus est." — 
 ' Scotichr.,' lib. ix. c. 21; vol. ii. p. 105. Cf. 
 'Caledonia,' vol. i. p. 517; and 'Marmion,' 
 canto iii. 19. The same tradition applies 
 to the Grimes-dike — i.e., the ditch made by 
 magic, an appellation common to other works 
 of the same sort, and indiscriminately given 
 to ancient trenches, roads, and boundaries, 
 whether British, Roman, Saxon, or Danish. 
 — Ibid., b. i. ch. 4 ; vol. i. p. 119. 
 
 ^ " . . . this noble earle of AthoU caused 
 mak ane curious pallace to the King, his 
 mother, and the ambassadour (of the Paipis) 
 . . . and equivalent to the tyme df thair 
 hunting; quhilk was biggit in the midle of 
 ane greine medow, and the wallis thairof was 
 of greine timber wovin with birkis, and biggit 
 in four quarteris, as if it had beine ane pallace, 
 and in everie quarter ane round lyk ane blok- 
 hous, quhilkis war loftit and jeasted thrie hous 
 hicht ; the floore wes laid with grein earthe, 
 and strowed with sick floures as grew in the 
 medow, that no man knew quhairow he yead, 
 bot as he had beine in ane greine gardeine. 
 Farder, thair was tuo great roundis on everie 
 syd of the yet, and ane great portcullies of 
 trie falling doun as it had beine an barrace 
 yett with ane gritt draw bridge, and ane 
 foussie of sixteine fute deip, and thrittie fute 
 broad of watter. This pallace was hung 
 with fyne tapistrie within, and weill lighted 
 in all necessar pairts with glassin windowis." 
 — Pitscottie's ' Cronicles,' vol. ii. p. 344 : 
 James V. 
 
24 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Describing the house of " uns villans de Pullande," Hving 
 near the Irish Sea, a trouvere of the thirteenth century says : — 
 
 ** Desus une grant roche bise 
 Estoit la maison ^ bien asise, 
 Faite de cloies tout entour. 
 En son le pui ot une tour, 
 Qui n'iert de piere ni de caus \ 
 De terre estoit li murs fais haus 
 Et cretelds et batelies. 
 Molt fu li vilains aaisies, 
 Ki,si bel manoir ot sur mer .... 
 Qi ens est ne puet avoir garde 
 D'engineur, de nul assaut : 
 La roche fu faite trop haut." ^ 
 
 — *Le Roman des Aventures de Fregus,' 
 
 p. 12, 1. II. 
 
 So rare, however, were dwelling-houses of stone, that when 
 such were mentioned, the material of which they were con- 
 structed was expressly specified ; and Stonehouse is a name 
 not unknown in more than one locality.^ 
 
 From such facts one may fancy what was the appearance of 
 
 ^ S. mason; vide 'Clariodus,' p. 75, 1. 775. that Wallace gave orders for building "a 
 
 '^ " On a great hoary rock, the house was house of stone " at Dumbarton, seems not to 
 
 well situated, built on all sides with wicker- have understood that passage : vide p. 403, 
 
 work. On the top of the hill was a tower 4to edit. From the chartulary of Scone, we 
 
 which was neither stone nor plaster. The learn that Roger de Quincy, the constable 
 
 earthen wall was raised on high, indented of Scotland, granted to the monks of that 
 
 and embattled. The cottager was well to do, abbey the land which William the Lion had 
 
 who had such a fine manor on sea. . . . The held in Perth, with the stone house, cum domo 
 
 inmate needs not heed either engineer or lapidea, in the same town. — 'Liber ecclesie 
 
 assault: the rock was too lofty." de Scon,' &c., No. 80, p. 49: Edinburgi, 
 
 2 Blind Harry, 'Wallace,' b. viii. 1. 1599, 1843 — 4*0- Fordun, mentioning a house of 
 
 speaking of John de Menteth's stay at Dum- that description, says that it was ascribed to 
 
 barton, says that "Ahouss he foundyt apon Julius Caesar. — ' Scotichronicon,' lib. ii. cap. 
 
 the roch off stayne;" and Jamieson, stating 16; edit. Goodall, vol. i. p. 51. 
 
SCOTTISH ARCHITECTS. 25 
 
 the villages and even the cities in Scotland in ancient times. ^ 
 Edinburgh itself was very meanly built ; the houses in many 
 cases were little better than hovels. They were constructed of 
 earth, and roofed with turf, or *' divot " and thatch, so that, after 
 the destruction of the town by the English in 1385, it was not 
 difficult to restore it to its former state, as allowed by the 
 Scots themselves, who, if we may believe Froissart, complained 
 of Jean de Vienne and his companions, sent to their rescue by 
 Charles V. of France. 
 
 In 1597 the Town Council of Aberdeen ordered a house to 
 be built of wood for an office to the town clerk ; ^ and at the 
 beginning of last century there might have still been seen 
 "many wooden, mud, and thatched houses, within the gates 
 at Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Aberdeen ; and few others with- 
 out the gates there or in other towns." ^ 
 
 That Scotland produced architects of her own there is clear 
 proof. The name of John Morow or Morvo has come down. 
 That name may be ^ean Moreau,^ but it seems more probable 
 to be the same as the name now spelt Murray, still pronounced 
 by old people Morra, or Morrow. Cochrane,^ one of the favour- 
 
 1 On the dwellings of the Scots in the ii. p. loo : Aberdeen, 1842 — 4to. 'Les 
 
 middle ages, see also Chalmers's 'Cale- Ecossais en France,' vol. i. p. 86. 
 donia,' b. iv. ch. 6 ; vol. i. pp. 802, 803. ^ ' Scoti-Monasticon,' &c., by Mackenzie 
 
 * ' Extracts from the Council Register of E. C. Walcott, pp. 29, 38, 280, 404 : Lon- 
 
 the Burgh of Aberdeen,' 1570-1625, vol. ii. don, 1874 — 4to. ' Proceedings of the Society 
 
 p. 152: Aberdeen, printed for the Spalding of Antiquaries of Scotland,' vol. ii. p. 166. 
 Club, 1843 — 4to. 5 "Glim lapicida, seu latomus insignis." 
 
 ^ Memoirs [of the state of the country in James III., a.d. 1482. See Ferrarius, fol. 
 
 the early part of the eighteenth century, by 395, 1. 63 (Appendix to Hector Boyce's 
 
 Sir Archibald Grant of Monymusk.] — ' Harl. ' Scotorum Ilistorise,' &c. : Parisiis, 1574 — 
 
 Miscellany,' vol. vi. p. 139: 1810 — 4to, fol.); and Pitscottie, ed. 1728, p. 79, or ed. 
 
 'The Miscellany of the Spalding Club,' vol. 1814, vol, i. p. 193. 
 
 D 
 
26 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 ites of King James III., is well known. It was John Melzour 
 who finished the "Register House," Edinburgh, in 1541. 
 Augt. 15th: " Item, to Johnne Melzour, in complete payment 
 of his lawbouris, warkmanship and furnesing of the Register 
 Hous biggit within the Castell of Edinburcht, abone the 
 sowme of ane hundreth and twenty pundis, tane allowance in 
 the last Chekker ; conform to the contract maid betwix him 
 and the Clerk Register thairvpoune, jclxxx lib." 
 
 It is not easy to state the exact amount of influence which 
 the French connection exercised in the introduction of a bet- 
 ter class of buildings. It is, however, unquestionable that the 
 high-roofed gable and the pepper-box turret of the French 
 chateau gave to Scotland a style of architecture which became 
 domesticated in the sixteenth century, and which has been 
 revived in our own days with much taste and great propriety, 
 and even obtained some footing in England, chiefly through 
 the indefatigable exertions of my friend John Henry Parker, 
 author of 'Some Account of Domestic Architecture in England,' 
 from Richard II. to Henry VI 11.^ 
 
 The same statement may be made regarding cathedrals, 
 churches, and monasteries. The origin of some of them is 
 involved in obscurity, and the names of the architects are 
 unknown. As many of the clergy were trained abroad,^ and 
 not a few of them were skilled in architecture and the kindred 
 art of carving, some of those buildings, no doubt, were planned 
 by such ecclesiastics and built under their superintendence.^ 
 
 ^ Oxford, 1859 — 8vo. On domestic archi- ^ For instance, the rector of the church of 
 
 tecture in Scotland, its semi-military character St Bathans in Berwickshire (Bothanis in Lao- 
 
 and existing remains, see p. 385. donia) had caused the beams of the choir of St 
 
 - Introduction, p. 7. Cuthbert's Church to be carved, to do honour 
 
FRENCH ARCHITECTS. 27 
 
 Others of them were either designed or built by Frenchmen 
 and Flemings. It was a Frenchman who improved the palace- 
 paradise of Reid, Bishop of Orkney, as well as the horticulture 
 and gardens of the diocese.^ John Roytel — probably the son 
 of Nicholas, a Frenchman, appointed the king's master-mason 
 2 2d April 1539, and whose own name appears as such in the 
 Treasurer's Accounts in 1579, fifty years before John — is, with 
 Murdoch Valker, mentioned as the mason who constructed 
 the place of the sepulture of the Regent, Earl of Murray, in 
 1570, at the expense of ;^i33, 6s. Sd.^ By careful search, 
 it might not be impossible to find other names of architects 
 and builders, chiefly of monasteries and abbeys. 
 
 Even in the minor details of ecclesiastical buildings, the Scots 
 were under the necessity of having recourse to the Continent. 
 In the fourteenth century, Thomas de Chartres received a 
 commission to make at Paris the tomb of King Robert I.;^ and 
 the brazen cock of the steeple of St Nicholas's parish church of 
 Aberdeen had to be sent to Flanders to be repaired and gilded.^ 
 
 both to the patron of that sanctuary and to ceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scot- 
 
 the place. — ' Chronicon de Lanercost,'p. io8, land,' vol. vi.part. i. pp. S^j 53* 
 
 A.D. 1282. William of Malmesbury, ' De ^" Thome de Carnoto pro tumulis domini 
 
 Gestis regum Anglorum,' b. ii., mentioning regis faciendis apud Parisios, Ixvj ii xiiij s. 
 
 Maydulphus, a reputed Scotchman, philos- iiij d." — 'Chamberlain's Accounts,' A.D. 
 
 opher, and monk, who had raised the monas- 1329, vol. i. pp. 99-101. 
 
 tery of Malmesbury from a mean to a flourish- * ' Extracts from the Council Register of 
 
 ing condition, perhaps meant that this man the Burgh of Aberdeen,' 1570-1625, vol. ii. 
 
 had improved the fabric. Vide'R^x. Angl. p. 283, A.D. 1606. Twelve years later a 
 
 Script, post Bed. praecip.,' p. 10, 1. 27; clockmaker had to be brought from the south 
 
 and ' Monasticon Anghcaimm, vol. i. p. 253, to mend three clocks (horleigis — G. Douglas, 
 
 col. I. ii. 148) of the town, because " pairtlie they 
 
 ^ Walcott's ' Scoti-Monasticon,' p. 11. ar auld and worne, and pairtlie for want of 
 
 2 David Laing's "Notice respecting the skilfull men to attend thame." — Ibid., ^. 2,$^, 
 
 Monument of the Regent," &c., in the 'Pro- A.D. 1618. 
 
28 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Scotland was indebted to France not merely for a style of 
 architecture and the construction of many ecclesiastical edifices, 
 but also for not a few terms applied to parts of buildings, and 
 used in fortification and masonry. 
 
 The word muralyeis (Fr. murailles) comes forward in the 
 sense of walls, fortifications ; and muryt (Fr. mtcrer), in that 
 of walled, enclosed in walls. Whatever may have been the 
 exact nature of the orchle in Mearns (Fr. porche^ or arceau) 
 and of the " muralyeis " seen by Bishop Douglas, the wall 
 made of earth mentioned by the old Norman trouvere was 
 assuredly what is called afterwards pisd building} from a 
 word still in use in France. The Scots borrowed also from 
 that country brettys, a fortification, properly denoting wooden 
 towers or castles (Fr. breteches) ; and kirnel^ kyrneill, in the 
 plural kirnellis^ an interstice in a battlement, is the Fr. 
 crdneau. The O. Fr. parpeig7ie, Fr. parpaing, is the origin 
 oi parpane, a wall in general. Parpen- or parpane-^2i (Aberd.), 
 a word still in use in the north, signifies the parapet of a 
 bridge. Piiiivoui, a small arch (Kincardine), is the Fr. petite 
 voute. 
 
 Place, a mansion-house, a castle, a stronghold, corresponds 
 to the Fr. place, a castle ; ckemys, chymes, chymmes, chymis, a 
 principal or head dwelling, is the old Fr. ckef-mez, chef-mois 
 (Lat. caput mansi). 
 
 Sale, sail, saill, a palace, a hall, a parlour, comes froni the 
 Fr. salle; and jam, jamb, jambe, a projection, a wing, a word 
 
 ^ Dr Singer, 'General View of the Agri- 1812 — 8vo. 
 culture ... in the County of Dumfries,' -^ G. Douglas, i. 89, 6. 
 &c., Appendix, No. 10, p. 551 : Edinburgh, 
 
ARCHITECTURAL TERMS. 
 
 29 
 
 applied also to the aisle of a church,^ is the Fr. jambe. The 
 word jam was at times applied to a large house having a 
 wing, and is yet applied to a large rambling house, or even 
 to a large cupboard, or to the hob of a hearth. 
 
 Of other terms applied to parts of buildings may be men- 
 tioned : y^^i;^^:^;^^/^/, the foundation of a building (Fr. fondemeni) ; 
 fenester^ fenyster (Fr. fenitre)^ a window ; scunckeon (O. Fr. 
 escoinson, escotiisson), an undressed stone on the inner side 
 either of a window or a door ; while rebbit, ribbit (Fr. raboter, to 
 polish^), is the same stone dressed — two words still in common 
 use ; charnaill-\i2Si^\s, (Fr. charniere, a hinge), strong hinges for 
 heavy doors or gates, riveted, and often having a plate on 
 each side of the door or gate ; tar lies, tirless, tirlass, tirlies, 
 (Fr. treillis), the lattice of a window ; turngreis (Fr. tourner, 
 to turn, and grS, contracted from degrd, pi. degrds, stairs), a 
 winding stair; stege,^ stage (Fr. dtage), a step, or perhaps the 
 storey of a house. Timpan, tympany^ tympany gavel (Moray), 
 the middle part of the front of a house raised higher than the 
 level of the rest of the wall, in the form of a gable to carry up 
 a vent and to give an attic apartment in the roof, is the Fr. 
 tympan, the gable-end of a house (Cotgrave). The first part 
 of the word corbie-stt.'^s, the projections of the stones, on the 
 
 * In Eng. jamb is side of a door, window, ^ Tympanum is an Eng. architectural term, 
 &c. and signifies in classical architecture the tri- 
 
 2 G. Douglas, ii. 85, 17. In Kng. /enesira/ angular space between the sloping and hori- 
 
 is used in the sense of belonging to a window, zontal cornices on the front of a pediment ; 
 
 ^ Raboter, in Fr., is used, at least from the also in mediaeval architecture the space im- 
 
 sixteenth century, with the sense of "to plane, mediately above the opening of a doorway, 
 
 to smooth with a plane. " &c. , when the top of the opening is square 
 
 * G. Douglas, iii. 300, 22 ; iv. 82, 15. and has an arch over it. 
 
30 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 slanting part of a gable, resembling the steps of a stair, is of 
 the same origin as the English corbel (Fr. encorbellementy cor- 
 belet} corbeille, a basket ; It. corba, corbella). 
 
 To crown the whole, we will mention garrit, gar^'ef^ (Fr. 
 guiritCy a watch-tower, the top of a hill), a word still used in 
 the north to signify that part of a house contained under the 
 slope of the roof; 2SiA fester, to roof (O. Fr. fester). 
 
 Reprise means the indentation of stones in a building ; ^ 
 and to spairge, sparge (Fr. asperger) a wall, is to rough-cast a 
 wall, — to haarl a wall in northern dialect ; whilst spargeon is 
 to plaster a wall, and sparginer is a plasterer. 
 
 Coruie, a crooked iron employed to pull down walls, comes 
 from the Fr. corbeau, "a certaine warlike instrument" (Cot- 
 grave). In all likelihood the instrument received its name 
 from some fancied resemblance to a crow {corbeau^ a crow). 
 
 Of tradesmen, one derived his designation in part from Fr. 
 square-v{\3,v\., square-\^x\^X. (Fr. dquarrir). Square-v^right may 
 still be heard in the north. 
 
 ^ Vide ' L'Histoiie universelle du Sieur highest floor of tJie house, and garreteer an 
 
 d'Aubigne,' b. v. ch. vii. part i, p. 278. inhabitant of a garret; but it may not be out 
 
 2 Al. garroi, garet, and hence garritozir, of place to state that gai-reted occurs with the 
 
 garitour, the watchman on the battlements meaning o{ protected by turrets. 
 
 of a castle. At Lyons there is a street called ^ "Skarsment, reprise, corbell, and battel- 
 
 rue du garet. It is scarcely necessary to re- ingis." — 'Palice of Honour,' iii. 17. 
 mark that in Eng. garret means a room on the 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 jfuvniture. 
 
CHAPTER 11. 
 
 FURNITURE. 
 
 OR a long period in Scottish houses, and even in 
 the royal palaces, the movables, under the name 
 of mobillis (in the sing-, mobil, moble, Fr. meubles), 
 were far from being numerous, and, like a number 
 of other articles of luxury, not a few of such mobillis came 
 from the Continent, chiefly from Flanders ^ and France, and 
 retained their foreign designations in little-altered forms. 
 
 Thus, dease, or, in other forms, dels, dess, deas, dais, mentioned 
 in the quotation, " The tapestrie quilk covered " (at Aberdeen) 
 " the king's dease ^ and the colledge loft," ^ &c., is the O. Fr. 
 
 ^ " Oliver Sincler presentit upone the buird 
 . . . ana littill box, coverit with ledder, 
 of Flanderis mak." — ' Crim. Trials,' vol. ii. p. 
 476, A.D. 1605. 
 
 "CofTeris of Frenche or Flanders making, 
 covered with blak lether and barred with 
 irone, the piece, vi K." — 'Customs and 
 Valuation of Merchandises, A. D. 1612;' 'The 
 Ledger of Andrew Halyburton,' p. 297. 
 
 "Have you any pots or pans. 
 Or any broken chandlers? 
 I am a tinker to my trade, 
 
 And newly come frae Flanders, 
 As scant of siller as of grace, 
 
 Disbanded, we've a bad nin," &c. 
 
 — " Clout the Caldron," st. i — 'Ancient and 
 Modern Songs,' &c., collected by David 
 Herd, vol, ii. p. 32: Glasgow, 1809— 8vo. 
 
 Chandler, chanler, has become in Gaelic 
 coinnleir. 
 
 2 " Dais."— " The Uplandis Mous and the 
 Burges Mous," 1. 76, ap. Henryson, p. III. 
 "Chalmer of davis," a room of state. — 
 Richard Bannatyne, 'Journal of the Trans- 
 actions in Scotland,' &c. : Edinburgh, 1806 — 
 8vo, p. 486, May 1576, " Chamber of dice," 
 as if it were the room where they played at 
 dice." — 'Memorie of the Somervilles,' &c., 
 July 1589, vol. i. p. 468 : Edinburgh, 1815 — 
 8vo. "The chamber of dais." — Sir W. 
 Scott, 'The Bride of Lammermoor,' chap, 
 xxvi. 
 
 ^ Aberdeen Accounts for 1660-61. — 'The 
 Book of Bon Accord,' &c. , vol. i. p. 83, 
 note. 
 
34 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 dais. Sege, a form,^ is the Fr, siege; and sell, a stool, the 
 Fr. sclle. In the words, " ane paill above the prince's bed of 
 statis," 2 paill, written also pail, paile,^ is the O. Fr. paille, 
 and seems to denote a canopy ; and testor, the cover of a bed, 
 the O. Fr. testiere. Suhbasment, the lower part of a bed, is 
 the Fr. sotibassement. 
 
 Almerie, almorie, ambry, ainry, awmrie, cupboard, chest, 
 cabinet, secretaire, press ^ (Gael. amraidJi)^ is the Fr. armoire^ 
 as scrutoire, scriptour, is escritoire^ the chest, still known in 
 old French under the name of bahut.^ A plain box, a chest, 
 called a boist (Aberd.), btiist, sometimes pronounced bttsht^ 
 is evidently the Fr. boite? Back, a large vat, used for cooling 
 liquor, as well as backet, baikie, a shallow wooden trough for 
 carrying fuel or ashes, also, in a different sense, for keeping 
 salt, is very like the Fr. baquet; and basing, bassing, bassie, 
 
 ^ Melvill's Diary, p. 69. ^ Properly a recess in a cottage wall, done 
 
 ^ 'Crim. Trials,' vol. i, p. 302*, A.D. 1540. over with wicker-work, as still seen in many 
 
 Cf. Jamieson's Diet., voce "Pail, paile." parts of the Highlands. A retired seat in .a 
 
 ^ The word in the form of pall is used in chapel, having a kind of screen, was called 
 
 the sense of covering, cloak, or stuff of which traverse, from the PVench. 
 
 the covering was inade. Thus, in the ballad " Another form of the word was mimoire, 
 
 of "Glenkindie," 1. 14 — aumaire; ".i. aumoire troverent par dejoste.i. 
 
 " I'll gie to you a robe. Glenkindie. P''^'^' ^n I'aumaire troverent iiii. pains buletes," 
 
 A robe o' the royal pa", &C. — " Gui de Bourgogne," 1. 2054, p. 63. 
 
 Gin ye will harp 1' the winter's night, The original meaning of the word is a chest 
 
 Afore my nobles a'." r 1 • 11 a, • -^ • 
 
 •' lor keepmg arms : Armarium repositorium 
 
 — 'The Ballads of Scotland,' Aytoun ; armorum," hence a^'iWwVY.— See Cleomades, 
 
 second edition, vol. ii. p. 57 : Edin, and t. ii. p. 55, 1. 10795. 
 
 London, 1859— post 8vo. 7 q Douglas, iv. 89, 25. 
 
 ^ 'Cr. Tr.,' vol. i. p. 399, a.d. 1596; and 8 " Cofferis called /;rt//??/r;^j-, the piece, viiiii." 
 
 SirW. Scott, "Donald Caird"and'The Heart — ' Customs and Valuation of Merchandises,' 
 
 of Mid-Lothian.' " Chambres bien amrues " a.d. 1612, in ' The Ledger of Andrew Ilaly- 
 
 occur in a document of 1488, published by burton,' p. 297. 
 
 J. Gairdner— ' Hist. Regis Henrici Vn.,'&c., '■' Vide ' Crim. Trials,' vol. i. p. 2531, a.d. 
 
 p. 196. 1591. 
 
CHURCH DECORATION. .35 
 
 bassy, bossie, a large wooden dish used for carrying meal from 
 the "girnal" (granary) to the bake-board, or containing the 
 meal designed for immediate use, is nearer the Fr. bassin than 
 the English basin. Mawn, basket, properly for bread, comes 
 from O. Fr. mande, Fr. manne, Eng. maund. Bowie, a cask 
 or tub, is the Fr. bzcie. 
 
 Articles of household furniture were not the only mobils 
 imported. Requisites for the ornamentation of churches came 
 from abroad. Amongst the Records of West Flanders there 
 is a document relating to a dispute which had arisen at Bruges, 
 in the year 1441, between a Scots merchant, a monk of Mel- 
 rose Abbey, and a master of the art of carpentry of Bruges, 
 who had contracted to supply certain sedilia or stalls, and to 
 erect them in the Abbey Church of Melrose, after the fashion 
 of the carved stalls of two Flemish monasteries.^ Latron, 
 lettrone, leth'tme, letteron, letterin, or, according to northern 
 pronunciation, laitrin, ^the desk from which the precentor or 
 clerk officiates,^ now used for the most part to signify the 
 precentor's desk in Presbyterian churches, as well as the Fr. 
 leutrin, lectrun, letrin^ comes from the Lat. lectrum {lego). 
 
 Tapestry of various kinds seems to have been brought into 
 the country in considerable quantities. James V. expended 
 large sums of money on it. Oct. 9, 1539 — " Item, to William 
 
 ^ See ' Proceedings of the Society of Anti- 1610; R. Bannatyne's Journal, p. 486, May 
 
 quaries of London,' 1846, No. 6, January 8, 1576. Cf. de Laborde, 'Notice des emaux 
 
 p. 112 ; 'Archseologia,' vol. xxxi. p. 346; and . . . du Musee du Louvre,' IF part. pp. 358, 
 
 ' Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of 359, art. " Leutrin, lectrun." 
 
 Scotland,' vol. iii, p. 21. ^ Vide *Les Contes et Discours d'Eutrapel,' 
 
 2 G. Douglas, iii. 78, 25 ; * Cr. Tr.,' vol. i. fol. 71 recto. 
 p. 284*, A.D. 1535-36; vol. iii. p. 92, A.D 
 
36 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Schaw, In part of payment of jmjclxxiij lib. xiiijs. rest and 
 awand to him for the new tapesscherye brocht last furth of 
 Flanderis, Ixxiij lib. xiiijs." Feb. 26, 1540 — "Item, gevin to 
 Williame Schaw, in complete payment of 2466 crownis of the 
 sone, xvljs., for tapeschery brocht hame be him to the kingis 
 grace, as his compt and precept direcit thairupovne beris, ane 
 thousand crowns of wecht, summa, jmjc lib." March 26, 1541 — 
 " Item, for the browdery and warkmanschip of thre Jesus wrocht 
 with crowne of thorne, thre names of Jacobus Quintuss with 
 the Kingis armes and croune above the heid, and twa vnicornis 
 berand the samin, price of all, vij lib." Augt. 1 7 — " Item, 
 deliuerit to Johnne Moffettis servand, conservatour in Flan- 
 deris, send hame be him at the Kingis grace command, to com- 
 plete ane chalmer of the Antique Historie, 273 crownis of the 
 son, iijc lib. vjs." 
 
 The "tapestrie of the historie of Souvene-vous-en,'' men- 
 tioned in an inventory of 1578,^ was no doubt of French 
 make. What was the sort or what was the designation of the 
 tapestry which is recorded to have been in existence in the 
 castle of Elsinore in 1603-1604^ cannot be determined ; but it 
 is well known that the kind designated verdour, or Flandris 
 werdour, represented rural scenes, and took its name from that 
 
 ^ "A Collection of Inventories," &c., p. ed. 1814, vol. ii. p. 615. In the English 
 
 208. translation published at Edinburgh — 8vo, 
 
 '■' " Tapestrie of fresh coullored silk, with- 1778, p. 365 — we read "Irish" (doubtlessly 
 
 out gold, quharin all the Danisch kingis are Arras) "tapestry." Pitscottie, instead of to 
 
 expressed in antique habits," an arras which express, uses to expreamc, which is nearer the 
 
 Lindsay of Pitscottie, the author of that quaint French. Cf. 'Crim. Trials,' vol. i. pp. 454, 
 
 description, might have termed an anticail, 494*, A. D. 1566, 1567-68; and vol. ii. p. 26, 
 
 an antique, a remnant of antiquity (Fr. anti- A. D. I57i- 
 quaille). Vide 'The Cronicles of Scotland,' 
 
TAPESTRY. 37 
 
 fact^ (Fr. ouvrage de verdure, "forest-work or flourist-work, 
 wherein gardens, woods, or forests be represented " — Cot- 
 grave). 
 
 Another sort, called bancoury, banker, bankour, bankowr, 
 bankitre, banquer, covering for stools or benches, is the Fr. 
 banquier; and dorsour^ dosouris, dossour, cloth for the walls of 
 a hall or chapel (a back-stay, a rest for the back), is the Fr. 
 dossier. 
 
 So important a place did tapestry hold in furnishing the 
 royal palaces, and the mansions of the nobility, that a servant, 
 with the name of tapesar, was appointed to take charge of it. 
 Tapessery-man was a male worker in tapestry, and tappisser 
 came to mean upholsterer.^ 
 
 The word itself, in its Scotch forms, tapesscherye, tapeschery, 
 tapessarie, is liker its French original {tapisserie) than in its 
 English form. 
 
 So scarce, however, was tapestry, that even James V. was 
 obliged to carry along with him a certain quantity when he 
 removed from one palace to another. Of many entries of a like 
 kind here is one: Oct. 1530 — "Item, for thre cariage horsis 
 to turse the arrese-werkis quhilkis hang in the Abbay . . . 
 to Striueling, agane Paische, xviijs." At a later period it was 
 a common custom for a nobleman, when he removed from one 
 mansion to another, to take along with him furniture. 
 
 ^ 'Burgh Records of the City of Glasgow,' Henryson, p. 90; *Cr. Tr.,' vol. i. pp. 288, 
 p. 34, A.D. 1575. 'Comp. Thes. Reg. Scot.,' 291, a.d. 1537 ; ' Papers relative to the Mar- 
 vel, i. p. 157. riage of King James VI.,' Appendix No, II., 
 
 ^ " Awntyrs of Arthure," St. xxxv. pp. 14, 17. 
 
 ^ "The Testament of Cresseid," I, 417, fl/. 
 
38 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 The Scots had bibliothec and bibliotkecar, and the French 
 have bibliotheque and bibliotkdcaire, with the same meaning in 
 both languages. Very Hkely both forms came directly from 
 Latin, as has been the case with cubiculare, a groom of the 
 bed-chamber, and mappamound, a terrestrial globe. ^ 
 
 ^ "Orfeo and Hurodis," 1. 223, ap. Henryson, p. 57. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 ^Banqueting anb Divers. 
 
/ 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 BANQUETING AND VIVERS. 
 
 EGARDED with little favour by David I.,i the 
 culinary art remained for centuries in a very 
 rudimentary state in North Britain. The food 
 was so bad, and the cookery so wretched, as to 
 induce many people to go abroad and settle in France, where 
 they could enjoy more of the comforts of life.^ In these cir- 
 cumstances the primitive kitchen vocabulary in Scotland must 
 have been limited. A passage of an old poem conveys to the 
 mind a poor idea of early Scottish cookery, in spite of the 
 account given by Mathleu d'Escouchy of a state dinner in 
 1449:^ — 
 
 " Of cookry she was wonder slee, 
 And marked all as it should be ; 
 Good beef and mutton to be broo, 
 Dight spits, and then laid the rosts to." 
 
 — ' Sir Egeir,' p. 66. 
 
 ^ "Luxuriam, latius proserpentem, patrisex- 
 emplo, coercuit ; artifices et inventores harum 
 illecebraruni, quns gulam irritant, regno ejecit. " 
 — ' Rerum Scoticanim Historia,' auctore G. 
 Buchanano, lib. vii. cap. 91, David rex. 
 
 ^ " . . . fugiendam Scotiam et vitandam 
 permulti censent ; nam qui ex incolis in Gal- . 
 Ham penetrarunt, degustatis frugibus, vinique 
 
 dulci liquore, illic tanquam ad Lotophagos 
 hrerent." — Joann. Brnyer. Campogg. 'De 
 Re Cibaria,' &c., lib. iv. c. xiii. p. 226: 
 Francf., 1600 — 8vo. 
 
 ^ Godcfroy, 'Hist, de Charles VII.,' p. 
 577. 'Chronique de Mathieu d'Escouchy,' 
 t. i. pp. 181, 182: Paris, 1863— 8vo. 'Les 
 Ecossais en France,' t. i. p. 210, 
 
42 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 At the end of the fourteenth century, King James I. had a 
 French cook ; ^ but his craft seems to have been unknown out of 
 the Court, especially in time of war : " These Scottysshe men," 
 says Froissart, " are right hardy, and sore travelyng in barneys 
 and in warres ; for whan they wyll entre into Ingland, within a 
 daye and a nyght, they wyll dryve theyr hole host xxiii. myles, 
 for they are all a horsbacke, without it be the traundals and 
 laggers of the oost, who follow after a foote. The knyghtis 
 and squiers are well horsed, and the common people and other, 
 on littell hakeneys and geldyngis ; and they cary with them 
 no cartis, nor chariettis, for the diversities of the mountaignes 
 that they must passe through, in the countrey of Northumbre- 
 lande. They take with them noo purveyaunce of brede nor 
 wyne, for their usage and sobrenes is suche in tyme of warre, 
 that they wyll passe in the journey a great long tyme, with 
 flesshe halfe soden, without brede, and drynke of the ryver 
 water without wyne: and they nother care for pottis, nor 
 pannis, for they seeth beastis in their owne skynnes. They 
 are 'ever sure to fynde plenty of beastis in the countrey that 
 they wyll passe throughe. Therfore they cary with them none 
 other purveyaunce, but on their horse : bitwene the saddyll and 
 the paunell, they trusse a brode plate of metall, and behynde 
 the saddyl, they wyll have a lytle sacke full of ootemele, to the 
 entent that whan they have eaten of the sodden flesshe, that 
 they ley this plate on the fyre, and tempre a lytle of the oote- 
 mele : and whan the plate is bote, they caste of the thyn paste 
 
 * 'The Accounts of the Chambcilaius of ii. p. 131. Hall has ol)served that James I. 
 Scotland,' &c., vol. ii. p. 141. Cf pp. 237, never " favoredEnglishemen before the Frenche 
 308, 365; and 'Les Ecossais en France,' vol. people." 
 
SCOTTISH SOCIETY IN SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 43 
 
 thereon, and so make a lytte cake in maner of a crakenell, or 
 bysket, and that they eate to comfort withall theyr stomachis." ^ 
 Even up to the middle of the sixteenth century, if we may 
 trust a curious tract written in 1548,^ Scottish society was in 
 a poor enough condition. " At that tyme there was no cere- 
 monial reverens nor stait, quha suld pas befor or behynd, furtht 
 or in at the dur, nor yit quha suld have the dignite to vasche 
 ther handis fyrst in the bassine, nor yit quha suld sit doune 
 fyrst at the tabill. At that tyme the pepil var as reddy to 
 drynk vattir in ther bonnet, or in the palmis of ther handis, as 
 in ane tasse of silvyr." 
 
 The statements made in this quotation receive corrobora- 
 tion from what Fynes Moryson, " gentleman," writes of the 
 mode of living of a rank far from the lowest. He tells us 
 that the Scots eat much colwort and cabbage,^ and little 
 
 ^ 'Sir John Froissart's Chronicles,' trans- 
 lated by John Bourchier, Lord Beraers, vol. 
 i. cap. xvii. pp. i8, 19: London, 1812 — 4to. 
 Cf. Ralph Higden, who says likewise of the 
 Scotch : " They ben lytell of meate, and 
 mowe faste longe, and etene selde whan the 
 sun is up; and ete fleshe, fyshe, mylke and 
 frute, more than brede." Buckle, in his 
 chapter on civilisation in Spain and Scotland, 
 did not fail to quote Froissart's account, which 
 was examined in the ' Edinburgh Review, ' 
 vol. cxiv. pp. 183-21 1. Long before Frois- 
 sart, the author of a life of Edward the 
 Confessor, published by H. R. Luard, re- 
 lating the defeat of Macbeth, King of Scot- 
 land, had caricatured the Scots — see p. 416. 
 
 ^ ' The Complaynt of Scotland,' p. 206. 
 The above mention of the bassine used by 
 the early Scots to wash the hands before 
 dinner, affords an occasion to quote two 
 Latin writers who have preserved the original 
 
 name of such a piece of furniture among the 
 Britons. Juvenal (Sat. xii. v. 46) mentions 
 that sort of basins, ^' bascaudas ;" and Martial 
 (lib. xiv. epigr. 99) says that the Romans 
 appreciated so much those vases that they 
 imitated them : — 
 
 " Barbara de pictis veni bascauda Britannis; 
 Sed me jam mavult dicere Roma suara." 
 
 An old scholiast, illustrating Juvenal's line, 
 says that the bascauda was an English vessel 
 used to wash cups and kettles, — "vas An- 
 glicum, in quo calices et cacabus lavaban- 
 tur." We would give Scotland credit for that 
 article ; but it is more than doubtful whether 
 pictis Britannis could refer to an obscure 
 Northern people, the Picts, of whom neither 
 Juvenal nor Martial had ever heard. 
 
 3 More than a century after, Captain Burt 
 wrote in one of his ' Letters from a Gentle- 
 man in the North of Scotland' (vol. i. p. 141 : 
 London, 1754— 8vo), that he had been told by 
 
44 
 
 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 fresh meat. " Myself," says he, " was at a knight's house, 
 who had many servants^ to attend him, that brought him 
 his meat with their heads covered with blue cap, the table 
 being more than half furnished with great platters of porridge, 
 each having a little piece of sodden meat. And when the 
 table was served, the servants did sit down with us ; but the 
 upper mes,2 instead of porridge, had a pullet with some prunes 
 in the broth. And I observed no art of cookery or furniture 
 of household stuff, but rather rude neglect of both." A little 
 farther on, the same author adds : " They drink pure wines, not 
 with sugar, as the English ; yet at feasts they put confits in the 
 wine, after the French manner." ^ 
 
 old people in Edinburgh, that no longer ago 
 than forty years, there was little else than cale 
 in their green-market. Very likely cabbage 
 was introduced from the Continent to Scotland. 
 At any rate, such a vegetable was not origin- 
 ally grown in England ; but about the time 
 of Ben Jonson, who mentions the fact in 
 "Volpone," Act ii. so. i, it was sent to 
 that country from Holland, and so became 
 naturalised in English gardens. " 'Tis scarce 
 a hundred years," says Evelyn, in his 'Dis- 
 course of Sallets,' 1706, "since we first had 
 cabbages out of Holland ; Sir Anth. Ashley, of 
 Wiburg St Giles, in Dorsetshire, being, as I am 
 told, the first who planted them in England." 
 ^ The Scots had the words allakey (Fr. 
 laquais), domestique, servitour, and servitrice, 
 servitrix, to signify a male and a female servant, 
 a waiter and a waitress, a ivadgeit (Fr. gage), 
 man or woman ; vide ' Crim. Tr.,' vol. ii. p. 67, 
 A.D. 1598; p. 94, A. D. 1598-99; p. 126, A.D. 
 1600; vol. iii. p. 430, A.D, 1617 ; 'Papers re- 
 lative to the Marriage of King James the Sixth 
 of Scotland, 'Appendix, No. 2, p. 16; C. Innes's 
 'Sketches of Early Scotch History,' p. 512. 
 
 ^ Those sitting above the salt-vat. 
 
 * ' An Itinerary written by Fynes Moryson, 
 Gent.,' part iii. b. iv. c. 3, pp. 179, 180 : 
 London, 1617 — fol. Cf. Arnot, 'The History 
 of Edinburgh,' b. i. c. 2, p. 56 ; and Cham- 
 bers, ' Domestic Annals of Scotland,' vol. i. 
 pp. 299, 300. Froissart, relating " Comment 
 messire de Douglas, en allant outre-mer, fu't 
 tue en Espagne mal fortunement," &c. (b. i. 
 part i. c. 48 ; vol. i. p. 37, col. 2, edit, of 
 the ' Pantheon litteraire'), says that this noble- 
 man had all sorts of plate, jugs, basins, por- 
 ringers, drinking veschells, bottles, barrels, and 
 other things of the same description ; and adds 
 that all those who felt inclined to visit him 
 were welcome, and treated with all kinds of 
 wines and spices. But very likely James 
 Douglas, travelling on the Continent, had 
 given up his national habits and followed 
 those of more refined countries. On the 
 mixtures mentioned by Fynes Moryson, see 
 Le Grand d'Aussy, * Histoire de la vie privee 
 des Fran5ois,' sect, iv., " Vins artificiels," pp. 
 63-71, t. iii: Paris, 1 815 — 8vo. 
 
CONVIVIAL HABITS OF THE SCOTS. 45 
 
 If from a knight's mansion Fynes Moryson had passed into 
 a nobleman's castle, he would have met with more refine- 
 ment and luxury. For instance, in the palace of the Earl 
 of Athole in 1528: the itinerant ''gentleman" would have 
 found " all kind of drink, as aill, beer, wyne, both whyte and 
 claret, malvasie, muskadaill, eligant hippocras, and aquavitse ; ^ 
 farder, thair was of meattis, wheat bread, maine bread, and 
 ginge bread, with fleshis . . . and vennison, goose, gryse, 
 capon, cunning, cran, swan, partrick, plover, duik, drake, brissel, 
 cock and paunies, black cock, and muirfoull, capercaille. And 
 also the stankis that were round about the palace were full of 
 all delicate fishes, as salmond, troutis, pearshes, pykes. . . . 
 Syne were ther proper stuarts, cunning baxters, excellent cooks 
 and potingaries, with confections and drugs for ther disserts." ^ 
 
 Such accounts of the convivial habits of the Scots during 
 the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries are illustrated by an 
 Edinburgh council - record relating to the marriage of King 
 James VI. On the 23d May 1590, the Danish nobles and gen- 
 tlemen who conveyed his queen to Scotland received a formal 
 entertainment from the magistrates of Edinburgh. The ban- 
 quet seems to have been more remarkable for abundance of 
 vivers^ (Fr. vivres) than for elegance of style. There were 
 simply bread and meat, with four boins of beer, four gangs of 
 ale, and four puncheons of wine. As to the table - furniture, 
 
 ^ Whisky rather than brandy (Fr. eau-de- ^ The Scotch had also vitall (O. Fr. vii- 
 
 vie), or another spirituous liquor resembling aille), used in the 'Accounts of the Lord 
 
 rum, and called in Ayrshire ackadent (Fr. eau High Treasurer for 1494,' vol. i. p. 244, with 
 
 ardent ; Span, aguardiente). the meaning of provision, applied especially 
 
 2 Pitscottie, 'The Cronicles of Scotland,' to corn or meal. Cf. pp. 247, 310, 343 (w/V- 
 
 p. 174: Edinb. 1728— 8 vo. Ibid., vol. ii. talis, wyttell). 
 p. 345, note: Edinb. 1814 — 8vo. 
 
46 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 " my Lord Provost was content to provyde naprie and twa 
 dozen greit veschell." ^ The " greit veschell " were probably 
 s kails, s kalis, sktils, skulls, or skolls (Fr. dcuelles), goblets or 
 large bowls for containing liquor of any kind, — a word still pre- 
 served in Teviotdale under the first of those spellings to mean 
 a thin shallow vessel of wood or tin, for skimming the cream 
 off milk. 
 
 These luxurious habits of rude conviviality aroused the 
 dissatisfaction of some who still loved " the good old 
 times." " Qhuare our eldaris had sobriete," says old Hec- 
 tor Boyce, in Bellenden's translation, "we have ebriete 
 and dronkines ; qhuare they had plente with sufficence, 
 we have immoderat coursis with superfluit, as he war maist 
 noble and honest that culd devore and swelly maist, and, 
 be extreme diligence, serchis so mony deligat coursis that 
 they provoke the stomok to ressave mair than it may suffi- 
 cientlie degest. And nocht allenarlie may surfat dennar and 
 sowper suffice us above the temperance of our eldaris, bot als 
 
 1 ' Domestic Annals of Scotland,' vol. i 4to. As the above is a translation from the 
 
 P- 199- Jamieson, quoting two lines of Sir French, we must resort to the original, which 
 
 David Lyndsay's "Dreme," where veschell was written by David Chambers, and we read 
 
 occurs, translates that word by vassal, slave, in it: "lis feirent marquer les vaisseaux de 
 
 which is a mistake, the right meaning be- argent de la reyne d'Escosse avec les armoir- 
 
 ing obviously vase (O. Fr. vaissel, Fr. ies de I'Angleterre." — 'Histoire abbregee,' 
 
 vaisseau, Eng. vessel). Vide Supplement to &c., fol. 2l8 verso. The translator has obvi- 
 
 the 'Etym. Diet.,' vol. ii. p. 614, col. 2. ously misunderstood the original, and taken 
 
 Another mistake deserves being mentioned vaisseaux as if it meant vessels for sailing, 
 
 here. An early Scottish writer says, that separating the term from the qualifying phrase 
 
 ' ' thay of the best judgment amangis the ' ' de argent, " which describes the plate used 
 
 Frainchmen caussit set the airmis of England at Queen Mary's table. The same authority 
 
 on the Quenis schippis." — 'A Chronicle of has strangely foisted in baigis, from modem 
 
 the Kings of Scotland,' &c., printed at Edin- French bagues, pi., denoting rings of gold or 
 
 burgh, 1830 [for the Maitland Club], p. 96— silver. 
 
EXTRAVAGANCE OF LIVING. 47 
 
 to continewe oure schamefull voracite with duble dennars and 
 sowparis. Na fishe in the se, nor foule in the aire, nor best in 
 the wod, may have rest, but socht heir and thair to satisfy the 
 hungry ap petit of glutonis. Nocht allenarly ar winis socht in 
 France, bot in Spainy, Italy and Grece ; and, sumtime, baith 
 Aphrik and Asia socht for new delicius metis and winis to the 
 samin effect. Thus is the warld soutterly socht that all maner 
 of droggis and electuaris that may nouris the lust and insolence 
 of pepill are bocht in Scotland with maist sumptuus price, to 
 na less dammage than perdition of the pepill thereof ; for throw 
 the immoderat glutony our wit and reason ar sa blindit within 
 the presoun of the body, that it may have no knowledge of 
 hevinly thingis." 
 
 That statement is confirmed by Bishop Lesley, who describes 
 the mode of living during his time as too extravagant. " There 
 wes," says he, " mony new ingynis and devysis, alsweill of 
 bigging of paleicis, abilyementis and of banquating, as of menis 
 behaviour, first begun and used in Scotland at this tyme, eftir 
 the fassione quhilk they had sene in France. Albeit it semit to 
 be varray comlie and beautifull, yit it was moir superfluows and 
 voluptuous ner the substaunce of the realme of Scotland mycht 
 beir furth or sustaine ; notheles, the same fassionis and custom 
 of coistlie abyliements indifferentlie used by all estatis, exces- 
 sive banquating and sic lik, remains yit to thir dayis, to the 
 greit hinder and povartie of the hole realme."^ 
 
 ^ 'The History of Scotland,' &c., p. 154, change in France : "Du temps du grand roy 
 
 A.D. 1537: Edinburgh, 1830 — 4to. Cf. pp. Fran9ois," says he, "on mettoit encore en 
 
 37, 265, 269; and Balfour's 'Annales,' vol. i. beaucoup de lieux le pot sur la table, sur 
 
 p. 227. Noel du Fail, in his chapter ' Du laquelle y avoit seulement un grand plat gamy 
 
 Temps present et passe,' points out the same de beuf, mouton, veau, et lard, et la grand' 
 
48 
 
 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 By those extracts, selected from among a great many others,^ 
 one may fancy what might have been a Scotch entertainment 
 of the sixteenth century. 
 
 From this plainness of diet, in conformity with the statute of 
 1581,2 and from the attachment of the Scots, even when abroad, 
 to their national dish, most probably arose the ludicrous French 
 phrase, "pain benist d'Escosse," which Cotgrave translates by 
 " a sodden sheep's liver." 
 
 The Scots, like the English,^ made use of mangerie or 
 manjery (Fr. mangerie) to signify a feast. Maniory, manorie, 
 had the same meaning. Disjzme, disjoon, disione^ (O. Fr. 
 
 brassee d'herbes cuites et composees ensemble, 
 dont se faisoit un brouet, vray restaurant et 
 elixir de vie, dont est venu le proverbe, la 
 sotipedu grand pot, et des friands le pot pourry. 
 En ceste meslange de vivres ainsi arrangee, 
 chacun y prenoit comme bon luy sembloit, et 
 selon son apetit ; tout y couroit a la bonne foy, 
 . . . tous y mangeoient du gras, du maigre, 
 chaud ou froid, selon son apetit, sans autre 
 formalite de table, sausses et une longue 
 platelee de friandises qu'on sert aujourd'hui 
 en petites escuelles remplies de montres seule- 
 ment." — 'Les Contes et discours d'Eutrapel,' 
 fol. 121 verso. 
 
 ^ In the 'Harleian Miscellany,' vol. vi., 
 there is 'A Modem Account of Scotland,' 
 &c., written from Scotland by an English 
 gentleman, and first printed in the year 1670 — 
 4to. What he says about Scottish cookery 
 occurs pp. 140, 141. Cf. ' Scotland Character- 
 ised : In a Letter written to a young Gentle- 
 man, to dissuade him from ane intended Jour- 
 ney thither': 1701 — fol. Reprinted in the 
 ' Harleian Miscellany,' vol. vii. p. 378. In 
 one of his entertaining works on musical 
 subjects, Gardiner narrates a visit he paid to 
 Edinburgh in 1805. "Haggis and sheep's 
 
 head with the wool on ; and, as a side-dish, 
 the trotters of the same animal, unsinged," 
 were served up at dinner to him and his com- 
 panion. Sir John Graham Dalyell, who men- 
 tions the above, remarks that "some wag had 
 imposed on the traveller of 1805." — 'Musical 
 Memoirs of Scotland,' &c., pp. 27, 28. 
 
 ^ " That na maner of personis . . . being 
 under the degre of prelatis, erlis, &c., sail pre- 
 sume to have at thair brydellis, or uthir ban- 
 quettis, or at their tabillis in dalie cheir, ony 
 droggis, or confectouris, brocht from the pairtis 
 beyond sey." — Acts James VI., ed. 18 14, p. 
 221. In the middle of the same century the 
 " spicis, eirbis, drogis, gummis, and succur for 
 to mak exquisit electuars," imported directly 
 from Montpellier, a noted place for those 
 articles, were a novelty in Scotland. — ' Com- 
 playnt,' &c., p. 227. 
 
 ^ See 'Emare,' 1. 469; ap. Ritson, 'Ancient 
 
 English Metrical Romancees,' vol. ii. p. 224. 
 
 4 " Then in the morning up she got, 
 
 And on her heart laid her disjune." 
 
 — "The Wife of Auchtermuchty. " 'The 
 Ballads of Scotland,' Aytoun ; second edi- 
 tion, vol i. p. 163 : Edinburgh and London, 
 1859 — post 8vo. 
 
FEAST-NAMES. 
 
 49 
 
 disjtme) meant breakfast, and to dischone, to breakfast. 
 Mange denoted meat, a meal, and bele chere^ entertainment, 
 victuals. To express an entertainment at the commencement 
 of a journey, or a cup drunk with a friend when parting with 
 him, bonalais, bonalay, donalley, bonailie, bonnaillie'^ (Fr. bonne 
 alUe ^) was used. A supper to which every gentleman brought 
 a pint of wine, to be drunk by himself and his wife,* — for the 
 Scotch were always convivial, and their hospitality is proverbial ^ 
 
 ^ This word, now obsolete in English, is 
 used by Chaucer in his " Shipmanne's Tale," 
 1- I3>339" It is also written beilcker, belcheir, 
 belecher. 
 
 2 Vide 'The Diary of Robert Birrel,' p. 46, 
 3d June 1598; 'Hist, of James VI.,' edit. 
 1825, p. 415; Chambers's 'Domestic Annals 
 of Scotland,' vol. i. pp. 286, 298. There is a 
 very humorous song, in seventeen stanzas, 
 " Kirrcormock's Bonello," which begins 
 thus : — 
 
 " Kirrcormock's blyth lairdy, or he gaed awa', 
 To fight and to florrie through wide India, 
 Invited his neebours about ane and a', 
 To gie him a merry bonello." 
 
 — ' The Scottish Gallovidian Encyclo- 
 pedia,' &c., p. 78. 
 
 * " . . . le conduisirent jusques & 
 Rocherieu . . . faisans semblant vouloir 
 payer leur despense et bien-allee" Sec. — ' Les 
 Contes et Discours d'Eutrapel,' fol. 59 verso. 
 
 * 'Ceremonials connected with a Birth in 
 the Reign of Queen Anne,' ap. Chambers, 
 *Dom. Ann. of Scotl.,' vol. iii. p. 572, a.d. 
 1730. The French had formerly the word 
 commere in the same sense: " Sy n'y avoit 
 acte public en la paroisse, comme baptistaire, 
 commeres, noces, mortuaires, et freirees, que 
 sa portion ne luy fust gardee," &c. — 'Les 
 Contes et Discours d'Eutrapel,' fol. 186 ver- 
 so. A passage in "Pantagruel" will explain 
 
 that expression. Gargantua says to an attend- 
 ant, "Tien ma robbe, que je me mette en 
 pourpoinct pour mieulx festoyer les com- 
 meres." — Rabelais, b. ii. c. 3. The latter 
 word originated (i) S. cummer, comer, comere, 
 kuufner, a she-gossip, a godmother, a midwife, 
 and afterwards a companion, a young girl ; 
 (2) kimmerin, an entertainment at the birth 
 of a child. Cummer, as well as cuminar, com- 
 ber, means also vexation, trouble, tumult; 
 but the root is different, being Fr. encombre. 
 — Vide Sir D. Lyndsay's 'Satyre of the 
 thre Estaitis,' Works, vol. ii. p. 153; 'The 
 Complaynt of Scotl.,' p. 290; 'The Raid of 
 the Reidswire,' st. xi. ; Sir J. Melville's 'Me- 
 moirs,' p. 406, ed. Llhuyd ; ' Archseologia 
 Britannica,' &c., vol. i. p. 183, col. 2; and 
 William Borlase ('Observations on the An- 
 tiquities . . . of the County of Cornwall,' 
 &c., p. 382, col. i. : Oxford, 1754 — fol.) gives, 
 as British and Cornish, commaer, a godmother, 
 a wife. 
 
 " The protonotary, Don Pedro de Ayala, 
 writing to Ferdinand and Isabella in 1498, 
 says of the Scots : "They like foreigners so 
 much that they dispute with one another as to 
 who shall have and treat a foreigner in his 
 house." — 'Calendar of Letters, Despatches, 
 and State Papeft, relating to the Negotiations 
 between England and Spain,' &c., edited by 
 G. A, Bergenroth, vol. i. p. 172 : London, 
 
50 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 — was a cummer s feast ; and cummerfealls (Fr. commere and 
 veille) was an entertainment given on the recovery of a female 
 from inlying. 
 
 Besides the foregoing words of general import, a goodly 
 proportion of words relating to the kitchen, the table, and 
 food, has also been borrowed from the French language. 
 
 At least three kitchen officials were indebted to the French 
 language for their designations. Scudler, scudlar, a scullion, is 
 evidently sculiej'^ an officer who had charge of the dishes (O. 
 Fr. escueillier, a place where dishes are kept ; escuelle, a bowl, 
 a saucer ; It. scudella). Sumleyer} symoler (Fr. somellier), 
 seems to denote the official that had the charge of the royal 
 household stuff; and the spens^ spensar, spensere, held the post 
 of clerk of the kitchen ; whilst pantour (Fr. panetier) was 
 the officer who had charge of the pantry ; and sawcer (Fr. 
 
 1862 — 8vo. In 'The Freiris of Berwik,' the all hurt, even to the shedding of his blood 
 
 jolly farmer is scarcely seated at his supper, and the losing of his life, so long as the food 
 
 when, in the genuine spirit of Scottish hospi- he had received under his host's roof was 
 
 tality, he begins to wish that he could share it indigested in his stomach. See also Les- 
 
 with some good fellow : — ley's *De Origine Moribus Scotorum,' &c., 
 
 " Then satt he doun, and swoir, ' Be AUhallow, P' '+• 
 
 I fair richt Weill and I had ane gild fallow. ^ 'The History of James VI.,' ed. 1825, 
 
 Dame, eit with me, and drink gif that ye may." p^ 295. Cotgrave renders somellier, a butler, 
 
 — ' The Poems of W. Dunbar,' vol. ii. p. 12. ■...■■•• . . i • r ^i. .. 
 
 but this IS not the proper meaning 01 the term. 
 
 Cardan, who had visited Scotland, commem- — Vide 'Gloss. Med. et Inf. Latin.,' vol. vi. 
 
 orates this exemplary feature of the Scottish p. 26, col. 3. In a deed of Sth Feb. 1349, 
 
 character in these words: "Est vero inter Jehan Guedon is termed by John, Duke of 
 
 amicitise fcedera non vulgare hospitii jus Normandy, " Sommeillier de noz napes." At 
 
 quod invidia vacet, quale apud Scotos : nam the Spanish Court there were sumillers de 
 
 apud nos rarius est, et omnes jam ad cau- corps, de cortina, de la cava, and de la 
 
 ponas divertunt." — 'De Utilitate ex adversis paneteria. 
 
 capienda,' p. 41. On the other hand, where ^ 'The uplandis Mous and the burges 
 
 a Scot happened to lodge, he was bound by Mous,' 1. 102, 132; ap. Henryson, pp. 112, 
 
 an ancient custom to defend his host from 113. Cf. ' Waverley,' ch. xvii. 
 
KITCHEN FURNITURE. 51 
 
 saucier), originally applied to an officer of the royal kitchen 
 who had charge of the sauces and spiceries, came in after- 
 times to be used of one who made or sold sauces, like the 
 shopkeeper who seems to have been the only one in Edin- 
 burgh in 1666.^ From the kitchen the spe7ise-doov opened 
 into the spence, spensar (Fr. d^pense), the place in which pro- 
 visions were stored, the larder. 
 
 Among the mobylls (Fr. meicbles) of the kitchen^ were the 
 dresser, dressor (Fr. dressoir), a kind of sideboard, without 
 which no kitchen at the present day, at least in the north, is 
 thought to be complete ; and the deis, dess, deas (Fr. dais), a 
 sort of uncushioned sofa, which still graces some old-fashioned 
 kitchens. Other articles of furniture connected with food or 
 drink were the ambry, amry, aumrie, awmrie (Fr. " aumoire, a 
 cupboard, ambrie, alms-tub" — Cotgr.), a large cupboard for 
 holding food and household utensils ; copamry, a press for 
 holding cups ; gardyvian? gardeviant, gardevyance (Fr. garde- 
 viande, garde de viandes) a cabinet ; and gardevine (Fr. garde de 
 vin), a cellaret for containing wine and spirits in bottles. 
 Three other pieces of furniture, which might, however, be- 
 long to other apartments, fall to be mentioned, — viz., trest,^ 
 traist, trist (O. Fr. tretel, Fr. trdteati), the frame of a 
 table; landiers (Fr. landier — grand chenet de cuisine, Diet. 
 Wallon, Mid. Lat. andena, andela, andeda, anderid), the iron 
 bars which supported the ends of the logs of wood on a 
 
 ^ Fountainhall, Suppl. Dec. ii. p. 224. 1. 4. Pinkerton's edition has meble. 
 
 2 John Younge's 'The Fyancells of Mar- ' 'The Fenyeit Freir of Tungland,' 1. 40; 
 
 garet ... to James IV.' Leland's 'Col- ap. Dunbar, vol. i. p. 40. 
 
 lectanea,' vol. iv. pp. 295, 296: Londini, ■* G. Douglas, ii. 241, 11 ; 230, 9. 
 1770 — 8vo. "Awntyrs of Arthure," st. xvi. 
 
52 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 wood-fire, kitchen-dogs, andirons; and lavatur'^ (Fr. lava- 
 toire), a laver. Among kitchen utensils may be mentioned 
 broc/ie, a spit, evidently the French brocke, signifying the same 
 thing ; and say (Fr. seau), a pail. Other kitchen utensils may 
 have been broach (allied to the French broc, a jug), a sort of 
 flagon or tankard ; tappit-hen^ an altered form of topynett (Fr. 
 dial, topette), a measure holding a quart ; and crusie, crusy, a 
 small iron lamp used in France under the same name. This 
 last word belongs to the same family as cruisken (O. Fr. 
 creuesequin ;^ Fr. dim. creuseul, croissol; Fr. cruche; Ir. cruisigin, 
 a small pot or pitcher; Gael, cruisgin, an oil-lamp, a cruse), 
 used in the phrase, cruisken of whisky. 
 
 Table furnishings came under the influence of France both 
 in the articles themselves and in the names they bore. Tais, 
 tas, tasse, tassie,^ a bowl, cup, or vessel, is the French tasse; 
 verry, glass or tumbler,^ with veres, glasses, is the French verre; 
 accomie or alcomye spunes (O. Fr. alquemie), were spoons made 
 of mixed metal by the art of alchymy. 
 
 Aschet, asset — according to Sinclair, "■ a small dish or plate," 
 or, according to Jamieson, " a large flat plate on which meat 
 is brought to the table" — is undoubtedly the French assiette. 
 
 ^ Lavander, lavendar (laundress), occur ^ " Awntyrs of Arthure," st. xxxvi. 
 
 also in old documents quoted by Jamieson. ' Burgh Records of the City of Glasgow,' p. 
 
 2 ' Waverley,' ch. xvii. 'The Durham 34, A.D. 1574. Gawin Douglas, 'The xiii 
 
 Household Book,' &c., p. 44 : London, 1844 Bukes of Eneades,' &c., ed. 1553, fol. Ixxvii. 
 
 — 8vo. 1. 29. 'Grim. Tr.,' vol. ii. p. 172, A.D. 1600. 
 
 ' Jamieson asserts that this word "has pro- Jamieson, in his Supplement, gives carafes 
 
 bably been imported from the Highlands." meaning a decanter for holding water ; but 
 
 We cannot concur with him in that opinion, that word may have come directly from the 
 
 F/^<f 'Gloss. Med. et Inf. Latin, ' z/<7« " Cru- Italian caraffa, such vessel being formerly of 
 
 sellus," No. I, vol. ii. p. 673, col. 3. Venetian glass. 
 
 * G. Douglas, ii. 54, 13 ; iv. 212, 23. 
 
''NAPRIE." 53 
 
 The latter, however, is translated by Cot^rave, "a trencher- 
 plate." 
 
 It has been seen that in 1590 the Lord Provost of Edin- 
 burgh provided naprie for the feast given to the Danish 
 ambassadors who brought the bride of James VI. The same 
 king, before making a progress to the northern part of his 
 dominions, issued orders that lodgings be prepared, with good 
 bedding, well-washed and well-smelled napperie, clear and clean 
 vessels, plenty of provisions," and vivers ; ^ and before that time 
 Dunbar says of a woman, that " hir napery aboif wes wondeir 
 Weill besene." ^ 
 
 Servile, servyte, servit, servet (Fr. serviette), is a table- 
 napkin, and serveting is cloth for making table-napkins.^ 
 The earliest example I have met with of the use of this 
 term, is in Pitcairn's 'Criminal Trials,' a.d. 1541, during 
 the reign of James V. It must, however, be observed 
 that reference is made in the passage to servietis of white 
 taffeta to hold the candles at the baptising of a duke.* The 
 presence, at the time, of Queen Magdalen's French nurse 
 in Scotland may account for the introduction of both thing 
 and name.^ 
 
 In the tariff of 161 2 occurs this item, " Dornix of French 
 making, the eln xii s." ^ Dornix, dornick, dornique, dornewick 
 
 ^ Kennedy's 'Annals,' vol. i. p. 136, Cf. Memoirs,' p. 174. 
 
 Sir James Balfour's * Annals,' vol. ii. p. 66. ^ Noyris, norys, nurice, nurraych, nurse, 
 
 2 'The Freiris of Berwick,' v. 150; the Fr. wowmV^.— Jamieson's 'Etym. Diet.' and 
 'Poemsof William Dunbar,' vol. ii. p. 8. ' Crim. Tr.,' vol. i. p. 207, A.D. 1590, and 
 
 3 G. Douglas, ii. 62, 5. 310. 
 
 * 'Crim. Tr.,' vol. i. p. 309. Cf. vol. ii. ^ 'The Ledger of Andrew Halyburton,' 
 
 p. 341, A.D. 1601, and 'Sir James Melville's p. 297. 
 
54 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 was a species of linen cloth used for the table, and derived 
 its name from Doornick, in Flanders, the place from which 
 it was i(i all likelihood first imported. 
 
 From one of Coulange's songs we learn that the Scots 
 used spoons and forks after the French fashion : — 
 
 *' Jadis le potage on mangeoit 
 Dans le plat, sans ceremonie, 
 Et la cuillier on essuyoit 
 Souvent sur la poule bouillie ; 
 Dans la fricassee autrefois 
 On saussoit son pain et ses doigts. 
 
 Chacun mange presentement 
 Son potage sur son assiette ; 
 II faut se servir poliment 
 Et de cuillier et de fourchette, 
 Et de temps en temps qu'un valet 
 Les aille laver au buffet." ^ 
 
 Arnot, in his * History of Edinburgh,' p. 60, informs us 
 that in the sixteenth century its citizens had four different 
 kinds of wheaten bread : the finest called mancket, the second 
 cheat or trencher bread, the third and the fourth in England 
 mescelin, in Scotland mashloc. Whatever may be said of 
 the etymon of those words, braid of bttghe is a savoury 
 wheaten bread, as may be inferred from the French name de 
 bouche, which we will see afterwards applied to wine. Wassel 
 
 ^ " Formerly they ate the soup in the dish fingers. Nowadays everybody eats his soup 
 
 without ceremony, and they wiped their own on his plate ; politely one must use both spoon 
 
 spoon often on the boiled chicken ; in the and fork, and from time to time a servant 
 
 fricassee formerly they dipped their bread and must go to the cupboard to wash them." 
 
CAKES, BUTTER, CHEESE. 55 
 
 or waste I bread (Fr. maspain) is a thin cake of oatmeal baked 
 with yeast. The words biscuit and craquelin were also bor- 
 rowed, but retained in a different sense. 
 
 Most of the different kinds of cakes in use in Scotland were 
 of French origin. Fadge, /age, fouat, a large flat loaf or ban- 
 nock, commonly of barley-meal, and baked among ashes, and 
 also a kind of flat wheaten loaf, baked with barm in the oven 
 (Loth.), seems to be the same as the Fr. fouace, a thick cake 
 or bun, hastily baked. Under kickshaws and petticoat tail, it 
 is easy enough to discover quelque chose and petit gastel, small 
 was tell, as a Scotsman would say. 
 
 Butter in Scotland, so celebrated for its milk and cheese,^ 
 was often used in cookery after the French fashion : for in- 
 stance, to flamb, flawme^ or flame, means to baste roasted 
 meat, while it is before the fire, by dripping butter over 
 it, which is called in French flamber le roti. We see from 
 ' The Bride of Lammermoor,' ch. xii,, that the Scottish 
 verb was not obsolete in Scott's time, and chatiffen, to 
 warm (Fr. chauffer^, occurs in " The Awntyrs of Arthur," 
 
 St. XXXV. 
 
 Cheese, in Scotland, bore the name of furmage {¥r. /ro7nage ; 
 Ital. forfuaggio), and a single cheese that of cabbac, caboik, cabok. 
 
 1 " Dat vobis piscem Normandia terra marinum ; are made cheese and good butter, dainties 
 
 Anglia frumentum, lac Scotia, Franciavinum,"&c. pig^sing to the ScotS and Britons, who are 
 
 — 'Chronica Fr. Salimbene Parmensis,' &c.: fonder of milk and viatons than of other 
 
 Parmse, 1857— fol.; p. 93, sub anno 1248. delicacies.— ' Du Denier etde la Brebis,' 1. 43: 
 
 See also Le Grand d'Aussy's 'Fabliaux ou 'Nouveau Recueil de Contes, Dits, Fabliaux,' 
 
 Contes,' &c., vol. iv. p. 8 : Paris, 1829— 8vo. &c., t. ii. p. 265: Paris, 1839— 8vo. 
 
 In a dialogue between the Penny and the ^ 'The Freiris of Berwik,' 1. 137: 'The 
 
 Sheep, the latter says that with her milk Poems of W. Dunbar,' vol. ii. p. 7. 
 
56 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 kebbuck} which Sinclair derives from the Erse (Gael, cabag) ; 
 but it is more likely that the etymon of those words is the Fr. 
 caboche, Span, cabeza, head. " Heads of cheese" occur in ** The 
 Rentals and Estate Household of the House of Glenurchy, 
 in 1 590." 2 
 
 There was a dish made of eggs, cheese, and crumbs of bread, 
 
 mixed in the manner of a pudding, which was called rammekins 
 
 (Fr. ramequin) ; another sort of pudding was termed tartan 
 
 purry (Fr. tarte en purde f) ; and a custard, whether made at 
 
 home or by a pateser, pattzcear, pastisar, pattisear, or pattesier, 
 
 with or without sucker^ (Fr. sucre), went under the name of 
 
 flam (Fr. flan). No doubt at times the patesar flavoured the 
 
 fla77i with cannel (Fr. cannelle), cinnamon. At least such a 
 
 dish, with ** tairt and frutage fyne," is mentioned by Sir David 
 
 Lyndsay at the end of the * Historie of Squyer Meldrum.' 
 
 It has been seen that at the beginning of the seventeenth 
 century porridge was a dish at dinner with the Scots. Likely 
 it was called parritch^ and served in a bassie, bossie^ a large 
 
 ^ * The Foxe that begylit the Wolf,' 1. 135, shangie, Fr, changS {vide * Elizabeth de Bruce,' 
 150, 164; ap. Henryson, pp. 198, 199. Act. vol. iii. p. 225); but may not /^^(5r^^^ be de- 
 Audit., A.D. 1495, p. 173. ' Andro and his rived from cabok, into which was inserted the 
 Cutty Gun,' st. iii. ; ap. Herd, ' Ancient and r of codroch, rustic ? Whether that last word 
 Modern Scottish Songs,' &c., vol. ii. p. 18 : is the Gael, codromtha, uncivilised, may be a 
 Glasgow, 1869 — i2mo, ' The Bride of Lam- question ; but it may be stated that at Bor- 
 mermoor,' ch. vii. deaux, if anybody has to bestow such an epi- 
 
 2 'The Black Book of Taymouth,' p. 25, thet on another, he says, "Ilest deCauderot," 
 
 col. I: Edinburgh, 1855 — 4to. May we not a village not very far from that town, 
 connect with cabok the subst. kebrock, which ^ ' Schir Chantecleir and the Foxe,' 1. 212 j 
 
 is used to denote anything big and clumsy, as ap. Henryson, p. 125. * A Brash of Wow- 
 
 a kebrock o' a stane, a big, large, unshapely ing,' 1. 53 ; ap. Dunbar, vol. ii. p. 30. 
 
 stone ; a kebrock da bairn, a coarse, big child ' Philotus,' st. 32, fol. B, 3 recto. Pitcaim's 
 
 (Roxb. )? At the first glance, it seems the same 'Grim. Trials,' vol. i. p. *303, A.D. 1540. 
 
 as cabroch (quod vide in Jamieson's Suppl.), 'The History and Life of King James VL,' 
 
 used as an adj., signifying lean, meagre, as ed. 1825, p. 230. 
 
FISH. 57 
 
 wooden dish (Fr. dassin). Hotch-potch, which was in use at 
 Amsterdam,^ was known, and was imported from France, as 
 we may conjecture by the etymon of the name.^ A leg of 
 mutton, before becoming a hashie, hachie (Fr. hachis; Eng. 
 hash), is still called a jigot — a word which requires no riddle- 
 reader to tell its origin. 
 
 Broth without meat, groats, or vegetables — in short, water 
 in which anything has been boiled — was called bree, brey, 
 brew, brie, broe, from Fr. brouet^ if not from German Briihe. 
 Blenshaw — a word peculiar, it seems, to Strathmore, probably 
 from Fr. blanche eau — was a sort of drink composed of meal, 
 milk, and water, &c. 
 
 It is not easy to state positively whether the names of cer- 
 tain fishes, which are nearly the same in both languages, were 
 originally Scottish or French. Without mentioning the salmon 
 — sometimes called bykat, beikat (Fr. becart) — may be quoted 
 the crespeis or crespie (Fr. craspois) ; * the kabellow, cod-fish, 
 named in French cabillaud (Dutch kabelj'aauw, German kabel- 
 jau, Swedish kabeljo, Dan. kabliau); the haddock (O. Fr. 
 hadoc) ; ^ the sparling or spirting, smelt (Fr. ^perlan), &c. ; 
 the crevish, crawfish (Fr. ^crevisse), and the cokkil (Fr. coquille). 
 
 ^ Vide Massinger, "The Renegado," act i. where the word is also extant, it is pronounced 
 
 sc. I. broo in the southern counties, and bree in the 
 
 2 To hatch, v. n., to move the body by northern, 
 sudden jerks ; Fr. hocher, to jog, to jolt. * See, on that fish, *Le M^nagier de Paris,' 
 
 - 3 Cf. Rob Sherwood's 'Diet. Angl. et Fr.,' vol. ii, pp. zoo, 20l. 
 
 voce "Browis;" and Palsgrave, ' L'Esclar- ^ Compte Jehan Arrode et Michiel de 
 
 cissement de la Langue Fran^oyse,' voce Navarre, A.D. 1295, in the * Archeologie 
 
 "Brews," p. 201, col. 2: Paris, 1852—410. Navale,' by A, Jal, vol. ii. p. 325: Paris, 
 
 Brewis is still used in English, but much less 1840 — 8vo. The author says, in a note, that 
 
 than broth. On the other side of the Tweed, he was unable to find the meaning of hadoc. 
 
 H 
 
CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 It may perhaps not be out of place to remark that, if another 
 shell-fish, the oyster, has got the same name as in England, 
 in Scotland it is opened according to the French fashion, 
 with the hollow side undermost, so as to retain the juice — 
 a process which is too often reversed in England. 
 
 There is another fish, the derivation of whose name and 
 whose introduction into Scotland are involved in great ob- 
 scurity, which cannot be passed over. It is the vendace 
 {Coregonus Wilhighbii, Jardine). This delicate little fish is 
 known only in the lochs in the neighbourhood of Lochmaben 
 in Dumfriesshire. According to the ' Statistical Account of 
 Scotland,* vol. vii. p. 236, "it is called the vendise or vendace^ 
 — some say from Vendois in France,^ as being brought from 
 thence by one of the Jameses." Pennant, who confounded it 
 with the Gwyniad of Wales (Salmo lavaretus, Penn. ; Core- 
 gonus lavaretus, Flem.), says : " The Scotch have a tradition 
 that it was first introduced there by the beauteous queen, 
 their unhappy Mary Stuart ; and as in her time the Scotch 
 Court was much Frenchified, it seems likely that the name 
 was derived from the French vandoise, a dace, to which a slight 
 observer might be tempted to compare it, from the whiteness 
 of its scales." 
 
 Sir William Jardine, who was the first to assign the, fish 
 its true place, says : " The story that it was introduced into 
 these lochs by the unfortunate Mary Queen of Scots is still 
 in circulation. That the fish was introduced from some Con- 
 
 ■^ We do not know any place of this name Lesparre. Mons, Littr^ (Diet., t. ii. p. 2420, 
 in France except Vendays, in the department col. i) could not discover the etymon of van- 
 of Gironde, arrondissement and canton of Joise, called also vendoise, and ventoise. 
 
WINES. 
 
 59 
 
 tinental lake I have little doubt, but would rather attribute the 
 circumstance to some religious establishments which at one 
 time prevailed in the neighbourhood, and which were well 
 known to pay considerable attention both to the table and to 
 the cellar. Mary would scarcely prefer a lake, so far from 
 even her temporary residence, for tlie preservation of a luxury 
 of troublesome introduction, and leave her other fish-ponds 
 destitute of such a delicacy." ^ 
 
 For a long time the wines drunk in Scotland were, along 
 with malmesy, malvesy^ mawesie (Fr. 7nalvoisie) — 
 
 '* Fresh fragrant clarettis out of France, 
 Of Angerss, and of Orliance." ^ 
 
 These wines were imported in pieces ^ (Fr. pieces), as may be 
 deduced from a term written in the * Burgh Records of the 
 City of Glasgow,' a.d. 1575, 1579; and the material of such 
 casks likely bore a French name, that of chyne (Fr. chine), 
 
 ^ Pennant, * British Zoology,' vol. iii. class and Fletcher, Act v. sc. 8 ; and pece alone, as 
 
 iv. p. 277 : Warrington, 1776 — 4to. Cf. Sir synonymous of glass, cup, in "Ywaine and 
 
 William Jardine, as quoted by William Yar- Gawin,"l. 760; ap. Ritson, ' Ancient Engleish 
 
 rell, 'A History of British Fishes,' 2d edit., metrical Romancees,' vol. i. p. 33. 
 
 vol. ii. pp. 146, 147. In 1539, James V., writing to Cromwell, 
 
 2 Dunbar's " Dirige," &c. , 1. 55; 'Works,' privy seal, begged licence for the bearer to 
 
 vol. i. p. 88, and vol. ii. p. 278. Cf. Fer- buy in England sixteen pieces of malmsey 
 
 rerius, Pitscottie, Lesley, and Buchanan, and other stock wines (Thorpe, ' Calendar of 
 
 quoted in Pinkerton's 'Hist, of Scotland,' the State Papers,' &c., vol. ii. p. 39, No, 18) 
 
 vol. i. pp. 292, 293, and 'Hist, du Com- — surely different from "les autres vins de 
 
 merce et de la Navigation \ Bordeaux,' t. i. bouche " mentioned by Marshal de Vieilleville 
 
 pp. 409-426. along with wines of Anjou, Orleans, Macon, 
 
 * Peis in an Aberdeen register of the six- and Gascony claret white and red, in an 
 
 teenth century, quoted by Jamieson, voce account of a visit paid to him by King Henri 
 
 "Ranee," which he erroneously translates II. and his Court. — Memoires in Petitot's 
 
 Rhenish, instead oirancio. "Piece of wine" 'Collection,' ist series, vol. xxvi. p. 330. 
 occurs in "Monsieur Thomas," by Beaumont 
 
6o CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 which occurs in an early Scottish romance as synonymous 
 with oak. 
 
 In the "frutage fyne" of Sir David Lyndsay may be in- 
 cluded, besides the fruits whose introduction may be ascribed 
 to King David I. and King James I.,^ the longavil or longue- 
 ville, a species of pear very likely imported by Mary of Guise, 
 Duchess of Longueville, and another pear known in Scotland 
 by the name of auchans^ derived from a place in Dundonald. 
 According to Sir John Sinclair, the tree,^ originally brought 
 from France, had been planted in this orchard,^ Another 
 pear of foreign extraction is the jargonelle, called in both 
 countries cuisse-madame.^ 
 
 The short-start, a kind of apple, was known in Scotland, 
 as early as 1541, under the name of carpandy, which is nearer 
 court-pendu than capendu, now used in French.^ Another 
 
 ^ Fordun says of David I. that sometimes pp. 619, 620: Edinburgh, 1793 — 8vo. 
 
 he employed his leisure hours in the culture of * Written queez-maddam in Sir W. Scott's 
 
 his garden, and in the philosophical amuse- ' Rob Roy.' 
 
 ment of budding and engrafting trees. — *Scoti- ^ Another species of apple, the oslin, oslin- 
 
 chronicon,' I. 5, c. 52; ed. W. Goodal, vol. i. pipping, orzelon, is mentioned in Neill's 
 
 p. 305: and Bower states that King James 'Hortic. Edinb. Encycl.,' p. 209, as having 
 
 I. was no less fond of gardening than of probably been introduced from France, 
 
 literature, penmanship, and painting.* Under French pears and apples are mentioned in 
 
 James IV. fruit of various kinds was a com- the Accounts of the Burgh of Aberdeen for 
 
 mon gift, and one which even the poor might 1604-5: "Item, spendit witht the Frensche- 
 
 offer to royalty. See ' Comp. Thes. Reg. men that broch in the apillis heir, being 
 
 Scot.,' vol. i. pp. 258, 259. bowne to haif bocht them in presens of the 
 
 2 S. pirie, pear-tree, Fr. poirier, A.S. bailleis, 2 lib." — 'The Miscellany of the 
 
 pirige. Spalding Club,' vol. v. p. 76. "Item, the 
 
 * ' Statistical Account of Scotland,' vol. vii. 17 of October, for the wyne in Robert Hogis, 
 
 in speking with ane Franchman of Calais, in 
 
 * " . . . nunc operi artis literatorise et scripturae, bying his appillis, &C. I lib. lO S." — Ibid.y 
 nunc protractioni et picturae, nunc in jardinis her- p_ g^. Other references to Frenchmen in 
 barum et arborum fructiferarum plantationi et inser- ^^erdeen in the preceding century are to be 
 turae . . . complacenti instabat curae. — Bower, bcoti- r o .> 
 chronicon," vol. ii. p. 505. found, pp. 43, 5 2- 
 
FRUITS. . 6i 
 
 apple, the blauitderer, in Fr. blandtcreau, is mentioned in the 
 * Pistill of Susan/ st. viii. The medlar-tree bore the name 
 oi amy liter (O. Fr. meslier), and the fig-tree that oi fyger (Fr. 
 figuier). The chestnut was chestan (O. Fr. chastaigne) ; the 
 wild cherry, gean or guin (Fr. guigne), a word still in use, 
 and the name of which may be derived from Guienne, notwith- 
 standing a notion prevailing in the north that the blackaroon, 
 or blacksherry, was originally brought from Guines, in Artois. 
 Another variety, mayduke, very likely derived its name from 
 Medoc. An orchard itself bore the name of verger, which is still 
 French. To this list may te added the gooseberry, groset, 
 groser, grosset, grozel} which in some districts is still called by 
 old people grosart ; and another species of the same fruit, the 
 gaskin, originally imported from Gascony. " Rysart," named 
 in one of Ritson's Scottish songs, vol. i. p. 21 2, and appearing 
 under the forms of reesort, rizard, rizard-berry, the red-currant 
 berry, likely was also of French origin, and may still be heard 
 from the lips of some old-fashioned folk. 
 
 Early French rhymers mention a tree which one could 
 hardly expect to meet in such a cold climate as that of Scot- 
 land, the olive-tree. Guillaume le Clerc, who seems to have 
 known Scotland, the native country of his hero Fregus, repre- 
 sents him tying his charger and hanging his shield to " un 
 olivier molt gent." ^ This may be but poetical embellishment. 
 
 1 'Crim. Tr.,' vol. i. p. 310; and vol. iii. vol. i. ch. xviii., p. 434; and on the French 
 
 p. 570, A.D. 1624; 'Paul Jones,' vol. i. p. gardeners there, 'Inventaires de la Reyne 
 
 318 ; * Blackvi'ood's Magazine,' October 1826, Descosse,' p. Ixii. 
 
 p. 619. See, on importation of fruits and ^ < Lg Roman des Aventures de Fregus,' 
 
 vegetables into Scotland in the middle of the p. 75, 1. 5, and following. In a note, p. 286, 
 
 sixteenth century, ' Les Ecossais en France,' the editor refers, among many works of the 
 
62 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. ' 
 
 The name of Olipkant, not uncommon in North Britain, might 
 seem at first sight to afford an additional evidence to the 
 statement of the early trouveres. The use of the elephants, 
 as supporters of the arms of the Oliphant family, like many 
 other armorial emblems, is evidently a specimen of punning 
 heraldry founded on the sound of the name ; but as the most 
 ancient orthography is Oli/ard, it may be a question whether 
 the word is not rather allied to the French oliviere, having 
 been originally a local name, derived from a place in which 
 olives abounded.^ 
 
 Oil appears in old instruments, almost in its French form,^ 
 as oyl d'olie, uley, uylle ; and pepper^ under the shape of spice 
 (Fr. dpici), the general word, as though there were no other 
 spice but pepper. We meet the word, however, with its orig- 
 inal and less limited meaning in a curious passage, where Dr 
 William Barclay states that " the daintie delicate sawce victual- 
 lers, or cookes, in their restoring and venerian pasties, put the 
 roote called potatos, which of itself is tasteless and unsavourie, 
 to receive the temper and pickle of all the other spices and 
 nourishing aliments." ^ 
 
 same kind, to one of the romances on Sir and Bishopric of Orkney,' &c., documents, 
 
 Tristrem, where that knight is represented p. 56; Edinburgh, 1820 — 8vo : and •Crim. 
 
 wearing an olive hat at the Court of King Tr.,' vol. ii. p. 66, A.D. 1598. 
 
 Marc, his uncle. In another romance, there ^ * Callirhoe, commonly called the Well of 
 
 is a mention of a branch of «7/2/&«^; — Spa,' &c., fol. B. 4: Aberdeen, 1670 — 4to. 
 
 In the seventeenth century, potatoes, like 
 
 " Tres par devant I'archon deschent le coup bruiant, ,. , 1 j ^ 1 r ■ 
 
 T . , - „ ^>„i:f„„* " artichokes, were supposed to be of an m- 
 
 Le cheval a coupe comme un raim a olifant. ' i^r 
 
 flammatory nature, — on what ground we do 
 — 'Gaufrey,' 1. 2737, p. 83: Paris, 1859 — not know. Thomas Dekkar ("The Honest 
 i2mo. Whore," act i. sc. 10), Lewes Machin ("The 
 
 ^ Jamieson, note to 1. 859, b. vi. of the Dumb Knight," act i. sc. i), Beaumont and 
 ' Bruce,' p. 446 : Edinb. 1820— 4to. Fletcher (" The Loyal Subject," act iii. sc. 5 ; 
 
 ^ Vide 'Rentals of the Ancient Earldom "The Sea Voyage," act iii. sc. i; "Love's 
 
POT-HERBS. 63 
 
 Robert Chambers relates a very striking anecdote referring 
 to the days when potatoes had as yet an equivocal reputation, 
 and illustrative of the frugal scale by which some Scottish 
 '' leddies" were used to regulate the luxuries of their table. 
 Two old spinsters, Barbara and Margaret Stuart, daughters of 
 Charles, the fourth Earl of Traquair, were living together in 
 Edinburgh. Upon the return, one day, of their weekly ambas- 
 sador to the market, an anxious investigation was made by the 
 ladies of the contents of Jenny's basket ; and the little morsel 
 of mutton, with a portion of accompanying off-falls, was duly 
 approved of. " But, Jenny, what's this in the bottom of the 
 basket?" " Oo, mem, just a dozen of taties, that Lucky the 
 green-wife wad ha'e me to tak' : they wad eat sae fine wi' the 
 mutton." " Na, na, Jenny; tak' back the taties : we need nae 
 provocatives in this house." ^ 
 
 "Sybows" are spoken of in connection with "rysarts" in the 
 Scottish song mentioned- above. Sybow, and, in other forms, 
 seibow, sebow, syboe, sybba^ a young onion, is the old French 
 cibo (Fr. ciboule, a young onion). Another pot-herb, nearly 
 allied to the onion, sye, commonly used in the plural syes, 
 
 Cure," act i. sc. 2; "The Elder Brother," act revolution frangaise,' par Berville et Barriere, 
 
 iv. sc. 4), and many other contemporaneous vol. xxxiv. p. 92 : Paris, 1824 — 8vo. 
 writers, allude to that opinion, current at the ^ 'The Traditions of Edinburgh,' p. 310: 
 
 time. Cf. ' Old Plays,' vol. ix. p. 49. Later, Edinburgh, 1869— post 8vo. 
 the property ascribed to the potato was ^ 'The Blythsome Wedding,' st. 6; 'A 
 
 transferred to the truffle. In the last century, Choice Collection of Comic and Serious Scots 
 
 the Marchioness of Pompadour, fearing to Poems,' &c., part i. p. 10: Edinburgh, James 
 
 lose the favour of a passionate lover — Louis Watson, 1706— 8 vo. ' Memorie of the Som- 
 
 XV. — fed herself on truffles, in opposition ervilles,' January 1592, vol. i. p. 480. Nicol's 
 
 to the advice both of her doctor and of ' Diary,' p. 103, &c. Cf. Nares's 'Glossary,' 
 
 Madame du Hausset, who relates the fact. — voce " Chibbals " or " Chibbols." 
 Vide ' Collection des Memoires relatifs ^ la 
 
64 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. , 
 
 Eng. chives {Allium schoenoprasum, Linn.), is the French cive. 
 The former word is still not uncommon, and the latter is 
 in general use, in the North. Of French beans, which were 
 delicacies in Ben Jonson's days,^ under the name oi fagioli 
 (Fr. fayols, flageolets), we have found no mention in Scotland 
 before modern times. They lack an historian like that of 
 potatoes.^ 
 
 Salt was imported from France, at least before 1588, the 
 date of an agreement passed between James V. and Eustacius 
 Roghe, Fleming, for the making of this substance.^ It did 
 not come from Salins,^ so celebrated for its manufacture of 
 salt, but from Brouage,^ and was "recnit to be worth in 
 fraught" so many "tunnis Aleron"^ — i.e., Oleron in Aunis. 
 Jamieson, in supposing Aleron might be from Fr. a la ronde, 
 or from the name of Orleans, is in error. '^ 
 
 It falls within our province to state that in some Scottish 
 houses salt is still kept in a small trough of wood, generally 
 made of an oblong form, with a sloping lid resembling the 
 roof of a house, and fastened by leathern bands. This utensil 
 is called the saut-backet^ and is placed in a niche of the wall 
 by the side of the fire to keep the salt dry. 
 
 ^ Vide "Cynthia's Revels," act ii. sc. i. Andrew Halyburton,' p. 326. 
 
 ^ 'Traditions of Edinburgh,' pp. 343-345. "^ The laws of Oleron, which are said to 
 
 ^ Thorpe's 'Calendar of State Papers, Scot.,' have been drawn up as early as the twelfth 
 
 vol, i. p. 550, Nos. 112, 115. century, formed a sort of maritime code, had 
 
 * Salt-pits, Fr. salines. great authority, and guided decisions not 
 
 ^ "vSali de Bruaggio." — 'Ledger of An- merely in France, but in other countries, 
 
 drew Halyburton,' pref., p. xxviii. The "tun Aleron" seems to have been a 
 
 ® Balfour's ' Pract. Custumis,' p. 87. In standard weight. 
 
 the 'Customs and Valuation of Merchandises,' ^ Backet means also a square trough, rather 
 
 A.D. 1602, "Bay or French salt" is charged shallow, used for carrying coals or ashes, or 
 
 twenty shillings the boll. — 'The Ledger of lime and mortar to noasons. — Fife, Loth, 
 
FLOWERS. 65 
 
 It is obvious that, in early times, the Scots did not pay 
 much attention to the cultivation of flowers. The only flowers 
 whose names seem to have been borrowed directly from the 
 French are the jerofflerys, gera/lourys, more altered in the 
 'English, gi Hi/lowers ; and thejonette, a kind of lily. Ovei^enyie, 
 southernwood {artemisia abrotanum, Linn.) is aurone ;^ ap- 
 pleringie {apild, strong, and aurone) is another name for the 
 same plant ; and marjolyne^ sweet marjoram, is marjolaine. 
 Roseir, which is nothing else than Fr. rosier, a rose-bush, an 
 arbour of roses,^ was used as roseraie, a rushy spot.^ The 
 genuine etymon of the word rose, the top of a watering-pan, 
 which is itself called a rouser, rooser, is the Latin ros, dew.^ 
 A posy, a nosegay, is called in Ayrshire a bouguie (Fr. 
 bouquet). Burgeoun, a bud, a shoot, is the Fr. bourgeon. 
 
 If a glutton is called in French tine bonne fourchette, in 
 Scotch cuiller means a flatterer, a parasite. To that explana- 
 tion — the same as that given to cuillier in Jamieson's Sup- 
 plement — Pitcairn adds, " From the verb to culye, to cajole." ^ 
 In Fr. cueilleur signifies a gatherer, a reaper, a picker, a 
 chooser, a culler,^ from ciieillir, to pick up, to collect. Boutger, 
 a glutton, a word which Jamieson did not insert in his Diction- 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, ii. 119, 30— cf. i. 4, i ; ii. deacon Nares ('Glossaiy,' &c., p. 17, col. 2) 
 
 200, 5; "The tua marj'it Wemen and the does not admit such a signification, and thinks 
 
 Wedo, " 1. 88 ; ap. Dunbar, vol. i. p. 64 — cf. the word must be taken in the common sense, 
 
 note, vol. ii. p. 275. excite, mvaken. 
 
 2 G. Douglas, ii. 61, 11. ^ ' Crim. Trials,' part ix. p. 66*, note. We 
 
 3 "The Praiseof Aige,"I. I ; ap. Henryson, are at a loss to ascribe to cueillette the term 
 p- 21. city It he, which seems to mean group, cluster, 
 
 •* 'Vide " Tayis Bank," 1. 114. in the " Pistill of Susan," st. viii. 
 
 ^ In E. occurs arowze, which Seward inter- '' Cotgrave, ' A French and English Dic- 
 
 prets bedno, from the Fr. aroser ; but Arch- tionary.' 
 
66 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 ary, seems connected with the Fr, bouche^ mouth. Fig. and 
 popul. itre sur sa boucke, Hre sujet a sa boucke, to be a gorbelly, 
 a greedy-gut, a glutton. 
 
 To beam tfie pot means to warm or season the teapot before 
 putting in the tea. Bein, another form of the word, seems to 
 point to Fr. bain, baigner, as the origin of the word. 
 
 Before ending this chapter on convivial entertainments and 
 allied subjects, two French idioms preserved in Scotch, relating 
 to the table, fall to be mentioned. To have a good stomach is 
 used instead of to have a good appetite, and to say the grace 
 in lieu of to say grace. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Clotbino. 
 
or THE 
 
 » I I w - ,-. ^ . 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 CLOTHING. 
 
 OR a long time the wild Scots were abilzeit} 
 habilyet (Fr. habillds) in coarse clothing, and 
 shod with rewelyns^ rullings : — 
 
 *• Ersch Katerane, with thy polk breik, and rilling, 
 Thow and thy quene, as gredy gleddis, ye gang 
 With polkis to mylne, and begis baith meill and shilling." ^ 
 
 We cannot give the particular details of what was afterwards 
 called abuilzment, abuilziement, bulyement, habilyejnent.^ It is 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, iv. 8i, lo. 
 
 " ' Le Roman des Aventures de Fregus,' 
 p. 13, 1, 18. Peter Langtoft mentions thus 
 this kind of rough boots in his account of 
 Edward I.'s war with Scotland in 1294: — 
 
 " Nostre roys Edward ait la male rage ! 
 Et ne les prenge et tienge si estrait en kage 
 Ke rien lour demourge apres son taliage, 
 Fors soul les rivelins et la nue nage." 
 
 A rhymer of the twelfth century informs us 
 that the Welshmen of early times wore the 
 same kind of shoes, which he calls revelins: — 
 
 " A la maniere et k la guise 
 De Galeis fu apparellies ; 
 Uns revelins avoit es pies." 
 
 — Perceval le Gallois, t. i. p. 61, 1. 1796. Cf. p. 
 79, 1. 2352 ; p. 80, 1. 2370. Rylling{nillion) oc- 
 curs in G. Douglas, iii. 131, 4. "Rivelins," 
 
 says Hibbert, " which is a sort of sandals, made 
 of untanned sealskin, being worn with the 
 hair-side outwards, and laced on the foot with 
 strings or thongs of leather." — 'A Descrip- 
 tion of the Shetland Islands,' &c., p. 119. 
 Cf. Captain John Henderson, ' General View 
 of the Agriculture of the County of Caith- 
 ness,' &c., sect. viii. p. 245 : London, 18 12 
 — 8vo ; quoted in ' Sketch of the History of 
 Caithness,' &c., by James T. Calder, p. 241 : 
 Glasgow, 1861 — i2mo. 
 
 ^ ' The Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedy,' 
 St. 19, 1. 145; 'Dunbar's Poems,' vol. ii. 
 p. 71. 
 
 4 'Crim. Trials,' vol. ii. p. 411, A.D. 1603 ; 
 John Lesley, the ' History of Scotland,' ed. 
 1830, p. 71, A.D. 1503, &c. Hence the par- 
 ticiple habilydet, abulyeit, abilyeit, abulyied. 
 
70 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 probable that the word in its various forms meant habiliments 
 for war, then clothing of any kind : for the form bulyments is 
 still used in parts of the north to mean any kind of ragged, 
 unshapely clothing, particularly a beggar's ; and habiliments, 
 outfit. Both words, however, are employed with a somewhat 
 ludicrous meaning. 
 
 St Margaret, the queen of Malcolm III., set herself with 
 true goodwill and energy to improve her subjects : " Fecerat 
 enim ut mercatores, terra marique.de diversis regionibus veni- 
 entes, rerum venalium complures et pretiosas species, quae 
 ibidem adhuc ignotae fuerant, adveherent : inter quas cum 
 diversis coloribus vestes variaque vestium ornamenta, indigense 
 compellente regina emerent ; ita ejus instantia diversis vestium 
 cultibus deinceps incedebant compositi, ut tali decore quodam- 
 modo crederentur esse renovati." ^ 
 
 Matters continued to mend, and by the middle of the 
 fifteenth century so great was the change in the mode of 
 dress and in the manner of dressing, that the legislature 
 deemed it for the good of the country to pass a law to reg- 
 ulate the kinds of dress to be worn by the different ranks 
 of society : " . . . The commonis wifis, no thar servandis 
 . . . war nouther lange taile, na syd, na nackit hudis, na 
 pokit on thar slofis, na costly curchas, as lawn or vynsis," ^ 
 
 dressed, apparelled, equipped for the field, rawess, to clothe, to clothe anew, which occurs 
 
 In the 'Mystery of Saint Louis,' the Con- in Spenser. (O. Fr. revestir.) 
 
 stable of France says to his archers : — ^ Vita S. Margaritas, reginse ScotijE (a. d. 
 
 "Abillez-vous tost sans arter, MXCIII.), ap. BoUand., IO° Junii, t. ii. p. 33O, 
 
 Et sy gardez bien sur vostre ame col. 2, D. 
 
 Qu'il ne vous faille clou ne lame." 2 parf. Acts, JameS I., A.D. 1429, p. 18, C. 
 
 The Scots had also the verb to revest, rewess, 10, ed. 1814. 
 
FASHIONS OF SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 71 
 
 &c. Yet, if Brantome is to be believed, not much real pro- 
 gress had been made even at a much later period, for, in the 
 third discourse of his ' Femmes Illustres,' he represents Queen 
 Mary as being " habillee a la sauvage et a la barbaresque mode 
 des sauvages de son pays." 
 
 At the beginning of the sixteenth century the Scottish ladies 
 followed fashions which have been revived in our days. Dun- 
 bar, who stigmatises them, does not say that they had been 
 imported from France ; but he uses the name of vertugadin 
 under its English form : — 
 
 "Sic fartingaillis on flaggis als fatt as quhailis 
 Facit lyk fulis with hattis that littil availlis ; 
 
 And sic fowill taillis to sweip the calsay clene, 
 The dust upskaiUis, mony fillok with fuk saillis, 
 
 Within this land was nevir hard nor sene." ^ 
 
 There is not, however, the slightest doubt that those fashions 
 had originated in France. 
 
 Sir David Lyndsay contrasts the manners of a " France 
 lady" with those of Scotch ladies dressed in articles of apparel, 
 xSx^ patron, patrone^ {¥r. patron) of which at least was imported 
 from France : — 
 
 " Hail ane France lady quhen ye pleis, 
 Scho wil discover mouth and neis ; 
 And with an humil countenance, 
 With visage ^ bair, mak reverence. 
 
 ^Dunbar, "A General Satyre," 1. 71 i. p, 323 ; and J. Melvill's 'Diary,' p. 14. In 
 
 among his Poems, vol. ii. p. 27. Cf. 'Mail- Pitcairn's 'Crim. Trials,' vol. i. p. 298*, 
 
 land's Poems,' p. 186. A.D. 1589, patrowne is to be found as syn- 
 
 * Vide "The Complaynt of the Papingo," onyvaons v/iih shipmaster. 
 
 among Sir D. Lyndsay's Poetical Works, vol. * This word was preserved in a French 
 
72 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Quhen our ladyis dois ryde in rane, 
 Suld no man have tham at disdane 
 Thocht thay be coverit mouth and neis." ^ 
 
 Of course, Sir David pronounces the French fashion to be the 
 better of the two ; and, being constant in his partiaHty to France, 
 he says elsewhere that " poHcie is fled agane in France." ^ 
 
 In the latter part of the sixteenth century, the introduction 
 of French fashions was particularly noticed, and seems to be 
 ascribed to Mons. d'Aubigny, who arrived in 1578 from the 
 Continent " with manie Frenche fassones and toyes." ^ At the 
 beginning of the seventeenth century, Fines Moryson, travel- 
 ling in Scotland, said that almost all in the country did wear 
 coarse cloth made at home, but that the merchants in the 
 cities were attired in English or French cloth. Although 
 the gentlemen did wear English cloth, or silk, or light stuffs, 
 &c., all followed at this time the French fashion, especially 
 in Court ; while married gentlewomen were dressed after the 
 German fashion, with this exception, that they wore French 
 hoods. 
 
 In a poem which contains a considerable portion of satire, 
 and seems to have been written towards the middle of the 
 
 phrase, visage de bois, which seems to have Play,' 1. 164; 'A Brash of Wowing,' 11. 
 
 been common in genteel society during the 28, 42, 56, 63 ; ' The Droichis Part of the 
 
 seventeenth century. — FzVi'^ Sir James Turner, Play,' 1. 163, ap. Dunbar, vol. ii. pp. 29, 
 
 ' Memoirs of his own Life and Times,' Ap- 30, 43. 
 
 pendix, No. ii. p. 273: Edinburgh, 1839 — ^ Sir David Lyndsay's Works, 'Supplication 
 
 4to. The Scots had vult and gan, gane, against Syde Taillis,' 1. 135. 
 
 aspect, face, countenance, which are of ^ < Xhe Dreme,' among Sir D, Lyndsay's 
 
 French origin. — Vide 'The Uplandis Mous Works, vol. i. p. 239. 
 
 and the Surges Mous,' 1. 77; 'The Paddock ^ J. Melvill's 'Diary,' p. 76. Cf. 'Inven- 
 
 and the Mous,' 1. 54, ap. Henryson, pp. iii, taires de la Royne Descosse,' &c., p. Ixiii. 
 
 119; ' The Manner of the Crying of ane 
 
FASHIONS OF SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 73 
 
 seventeenth century, the use of the costly cloths which were 
 imported into the country in bygone days is mentioned as a 
 proof of the luxury of the times : — 
 
 " We used no cringes, but handes shaking, 
 No bowing, shouldering, gambo-scraping, 
 No French whistling, or Dutch gaping. 
 We had no garments in our land. 
 But what were spun by the goodwife's hand ; 
 No drap de Berry, cloaths of seal ;^ 
 No stuffs ingrain'd in cocheneel ; 
 No plush, no tissue cramosie ; 
 No China, Turky, taffety; 
 No proud pyropus, paragon, 
 Or chackarally, there was none."^ 
 
 In a comedy called "Eastward Hoe,"^ Act i., "enter Pol- 
 davy, a French tailor, with a Scottish farthingale and a French 
 fall in his arms." Mildred says, "Tailor Poldavy, prythee 
 fit, fit it. Is this a right Scot ? Does it clip close, and bear 
 up round ? " 
 
 " It will scarcely be believed in this age," says Lord Hailes, 
 " that in the last, the city ladies reformed their hereditary 
 farthingales after the Scottish fashion." 
 
 Of woollen stuffs, the commonest were russet and tartan, 
 with raploch, a kind of buriel (O. Fr. burets, buriaus, Fr. 
 
 ^ Clement Marot, in his ' Responce de la ce qui est appele Drap du Sceau, dans les 
 
 Dame au jeune fy de Pazy,' mentions a auteurs du xvi*^ siecle," in the ' Histoire du 
 
 "cotte de drap de siau," and another one of Regne de Henri IV.,' par Auguste Poirson, t. 
 
 "drapdesau." Vide 'L'Amant despourveu .iv., pp. 620-622: Paris, 1867 — in-8°. 
 
 de son esprit,' &c., in the ' Recueil de ^ 'A choice Collection of Scots Poems,' 
 
 Poesies fran^oises des xv« et xvi" siecles,' part i. p. 28. 
 
 t. V. p. 135: Paris, 1855-57 — i2mo. Cf. 3 ijodsley's ' Collection of Old Plays,' vol. 
 
 "Recherches sur I'lndustrie des draps, et sur iv. pp. 155-157. 
 
 K 
 
74 
 
 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 bure, bureau, a coarse woollen stuff; Sp. burial) manufactured 
 at Raploch, a hamlet near Stirling,^ on looms supplied by the 
 Continent. 2 Russet was generally imported from France,^ and 
 called rowane russet * (which cannot be confounded with Paryse 
 blak^ likely a stuff of a superior kind, used only at Court or 
 in towns). Whether this name originated from its roan colour, 
 or the place from which it was imported, is quite uncertain. 
 In France, the term rouen, from the name of the city, is used 
 by merchants as the distinctive denomination of one species 
 of cloth.^ 
 
 As to tartan, the cloth seems to have been imported, 
 with the mode of manufacture itself, from France. The 
 word is derived from tiretaine^ tirtaine, a kind of cheap 
 
 ^ Vide the " Complaint of the Papingo," 
 and "Supplication against Syde Taillis," 
 among 'Sir David Lyndsay's Poetical Works,' 
 vol. i. p. 345 ; vol. ii. p. 20 1. 
 
 2 For instance, in Ettrick Forest they called 
 bobbin a weaver's quill (Fr. bobine). 
 
 ^ See an entry of December 2, 15 12, 
 quoted in 'Les Ecossais en France,' vol. i. 
 
 337. 
 
 ^ * Les Ecossais en France,' vol. ii. p. 337 ; 
 Crim. Trials,' part x. p. 363. A "roussat 
 gown " is mentioned in Blind Harry's ' Wal- 
 lace,' b. i. 1. 239; and "5 ell of Rowanis 
 clath to be a gon," marked i y f i in the 
 ' Ledger of Andrew Halyburton, ' p. 260, 
 A.D, 1500. 
 
 ^ D. Laing, notes to Knox, vol. 1. pp. 71, 
 176; 'Les Ecossais en France,' vol. ii. p. 
 131 ; a ' Collection of Inventories and other 
 Records of the Royal Wardrobe, ' p. 86. In 
 an Aberdeen register of the sixteenth century 
 occurs "ane goune of Parische broune," and 
 something else of " Parische work." Another 
 
 "blak clayth allegit Ryssillit blak" is men- 
 tioned by Jamieson, who conjectures that this 
 might be cloth imported from Lille, called in 
 German Ryssel. 
 
 ^ "Rouen. Se dit simplement, parmi les 
 marchands, pour toile de Rouen." — ' Diet. 
 Trev.' Rouen supplied also the Scottish 
 markets with hemp. "Cullane, Picardie, 
 Roan, and all uther sortis of dressed hemp," 
 are mentioned in the ' Customs and Valua- 
 tion of Merchandises,' A.D. 1612. — The 
 'Ledger of Andrew Halyburton,' p. 314. 
 
 '' Vide ' Rech. sur les etoffes de sole,' vol. 
 ii. pp. 169, 250, note I, 472 ; ' Notes and 
 Queries,' fourth series, vol, v. pp. 146, 255, 
 37o> 543- Lord Hailes, mentioning in his 
 'Annals,' vol. 1. p. 40, note. Queen Mar- 
 garet's unusual splendour at her Court (Bol- 
 land., ioJun.,p. 330), hints that the tartan 
 was perhaps introduced into Scotland by this 
 princess. 
 
 This subject has been been treated at 
 length in a large folio entitled ' Costume 
 
TARTAN. 
 
 75 
 
 cloth. ^ Tartan must have been introduced at an early date. 
 John, Bishop of Glasgow, treasurer of James III., has an ac- 
 count for tartan for the use of the King, and "double tartane" 
 for the Queen, in 1471.^ In 1505 a " quhissilar " had " Frenche 
 tartane to be ane cote." In another entry, under date of 
 August 1538, there is mention of "iij elnis of Heland tartane" 
 for James V., on the occasion of his making a hunting excur- 
 sion to the Highlands, " price of the elne iiijs. iiijd." ^ In the 
 year 1562 six tartan plaids were purchased for Queen Mary, at 
 the cost of ^18.^ 
 
 of the Clans, with Observations upon the 
 Literature, Arts, Manufactures, and Com- 
 merce of the Highlands and Western Isles 
 during the Middle Ages ; and on the In- 
 fluence of the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and 
 Eighteenth Centuries upon their Present Con- 
 dition,' by Count John Sobieski Stolberg and 
 Charles Edward Stuart : Edinburgh, 1845. 
 Three years later, the same Count John pub- 
 lished a reply in defence of his work — Edin- 
 burgh, 8vo — after which it is idle to refer to 
 William Cleland's ' Highland Host,' pp. 1 1-13, 
 a small l2mo in the Grenville collection (Brit- 
 ish Museum), a poem which Lord Macaulay 
 describes as a '* Hudibrastic satire of very little 
 intrinsic value;" to Richard Frank's 'North- 
 em Memoirs,' to Burt's Letters, &c., and to 
 Sir John Graham Dalyell's 'Musical Memoirs 
 of Scotland,' pp. 106-113. The kilt, or phili- 
 beg, the tartan short coat reaching down to the 
 knees, is not so old as is generally supposed. 
 Dr Burton (' History of Scotland,' vol. ii. p. 
 381) has proved that in its modern form, 
 separate from the plaid, it was invented by 
 an army tailor in the eighteenth century. 
 •Regality of Grant Court Book,' 1723-1729; 
 General Register House, Edinburgh, June 30, 
 1727, says: — "Court of the lands of Pul- 
 
 chine and Skeraidteen, holdin at Delnyupone 
 the 27 Julij 1704, be Wiliam Grant, bailie of 
 the saides lands, constitute be the Right hon- 
 orabill the Laird of Grant, heritor of the saidis 
 lands — David Blair, notar and clerk. . . . 
 The said day, by order from the Laird of 
 Grant Younger, the said bailie ordains and 
 enactis that the haill tenantes, cottars, mal- 
 enders, tradesmen, and servantes within the 
 saidis landis of Skeraidtone, Pulchine, and 
 Calender, that are fencible men, shall provyd 
 and have in rediness against the eight day of 
 August nixt, ilk ane of them, Haighland 
 coates, trewes, and shoit hose of tartane, of 
 red and greine sett, broad springed, and also 
 with gun, sword, pistoll, and durk ; and with 
 these present themselves to an rendesvouze, 
 when called upon 48 hours advertisement." 
 
 1 " La tirtaine dont simple gent 
 Sont revestu de pou d'argent. " 
 
 — "Le Dit du Lendit rime," 1. 31, in 'Fa- 
 bliaux et Contes,' vol. ii. p. 302. 
 
 2 See James Logan's 'Scottish Gael,' vol. 
 
 i. p. 230 : Edinburgh, 183 1 — 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 =* 'Compota Thesaurar.,' 1537-38, fol. 636, 
 
 4 Ibid., September 24, 1562, fol. 67 b. Cf. 
 
 Dalyell, 'Musical Memoirs of Scotland,* p. 
 
76 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Sairge came from France, — at least, it is stated in a history 
 of Aberdeen that a man, John Leith of Harthill, in 1639 
 robbed a merchant of a stick [coupen or cowpon, Fr. coupoti), or 
 a tailzie (a piece) " of French sairge of a. sad gray cullor." ^ 
 But what was the " French blaber," mentioned in a document 
 of 1 56 1 ? Might it not be a misreading for black ? 
 
 Other woollen stuffs bearing names derived from French 
 were cadas, caddes (Fr. cadis, a kind of drugget) ; demyostage 
 (Fr. demi-ostade), a kind of woollen-stuff; steming, stemying^ 
 — " gray French stemming^' ^ stennyage, stening — " reid French 
 steining^ (O. Fr. estamine, Fr. diamine), at vii lib. the ell." 
 Carissay (O. Fr. creseau), kersey, was a coarse kind of cloth of 
 home-make, from which were made coveratours — i.e., coverlets 
 for beds — and cadurces, a sort of shield or target.^ 
 
 113: Edinburgh and London, 1849 — 410. In 'Sketches of early Scotch History,' p. 431, 
 
 a song published by Herd, the tartan is thus note. 
 
 praised: — ^ 'Crim. Trials,' vol. ii. p. 524, A, D. 1607 ; 
 
 "Thebrawestbeauinburrow's-town, 'The Book of Bon Accord,' vol. i. p. 99, 
 
 In a' his airs, with art made ready, note. The Scots had also tailyeit, part. 
 
 Compared to him he's but a clown, p^g. ^ proportioned, symmetrically formed (Fr. 
 
 He's finer far in's tartan plaidy." . .,,/ ■ , t r^-, ■ ■, ■, ^ 1 ■ , i 
 
 -"Highland Laddie," st. iii. tatlli-vide Clanodus, p. 174), and, mstead 
 
 oi gray, lyart, borrowed likewise from the old 
 
 Scotland was of old noted for striped French, where it meant ,f7^/^^z/...//. 
 
 '^^°'^^" 2 Pari. Acts, James VI., A.D. 1587, ed- 
 
 " S'ot Gulret fet .ii. robes fere . . . 1814 p. "507. 
 
 De .ii. dras de soie divers. «£»/-. ni- rr ..• »o 
 
 Tf r „ . . •'A Collection of Inventories, &c., p. 
 
 I-.1 uns fu d un osterin pers, ' "^ 
 
 Li autres d'un bofu rai^ 280, A.D. 1579. 
 
 Que Ii ot d'Escoce envoie * 'An Account of 1633,' ap. Innes, 
 
 Andels,unesuecousine." 'Sketches of early Scotch History,' p. 372, 
 
 — 'Erec et Enide,' MS. of the Nat. Libr., note, col. 2. 
 
 Fr. 1420, fol. 21 verso, col. 2, 1. 33. ^ 'Crim. Trials,' vol. i. p, 729*, A.D. 1502 ; 
 
 Cosmo Innes has very sensibly observed p. 204*, a.d. 1537-38; part ix. p. 70, A.D. 
 
 that it is comparatively of late years that 15 10, &c. The 'Gloss. Med. et Inf. Latin.' 
 
 nice distinctions of checks have been studied has nothing more than "cadurcumquo merces 
 
 and peculiar patterns adopted by clans. — proteguntur" — vol. ii. p. 16, col. 2. 
 
SILK STUFFS. 77 
 
 Taffeta, imported from Italy or Lyons,^ was termed ormaise, 
 armosie (Fr. armoisin, at Lyons armoise). 
 
 The cloth called bombasie, bo7nbesie (Eng. bombasin), has 
 often varied in texture. The name is now applied to a 
 worsted stuff. The origin of the word seems to be the 
 Greek pojx^v^, a silkworm, raw silk. Then comes It. bombice, 
 a silkworm ; bombicina^ tiffany. Cotton on being introduced 
 was confounded with silk. Hence its middle and modern 
 Greek name, ^ofx^dKLov; middle Latin, bambacium; It. bam- 
 bagiOy cotton, bambagino, cotton-cloth ; Fr. bombasm, basing 
 cotton-cloth. Poddasway, a stuff of which both warp and woof 
 are silk, is the Fr. pou-de-soie. Another form of the word is 
 poddisoy, with the meaning of a rich plain silk. Railya may 
 be some kind of striped satin, and derived from the O. Fr. 
 rayoU, Hold, streaked. At all events, the Scotch had rail, a 
 woman's jacket, and railly, a sort of large petticoat, usually 
 made of camlet, worn over the ordinary dress by ladies, when 
 riding on horseback, and with straps over the shoulders. 
 
 Bisset, a kind of lace, is the Fr. bisette, small lace, low-priced. 
 
 ^ In the tariff of 1612, thread of Lyons or is derived from bombasin, the first syllable 
 
 Paris is mentioned. — ' The Ledger of Andrew of which having been dropped as though it 
 
 Halyburton,' p. 331. were the adjective bon, good. It is not so 
 
 2 "II est generalement admis," say the easy to make out the name of a stuff men- 
 editors of ' Les Historiettes de Tallemant des tioned in an old will. At the end of the 
 Reaux,' "que les Bazin etoient de riches fourteenth century, Sir James Douglas of 
 marchands de toiles et de draps de la ville de Dalkeith bequeaths to his son and heir, along 
 Troyes, qui fabriquerent les premiers cette with his tilting arms, " unum rethe quod fuit 
 legere etoffe croisee a laquelle est reste le nom in bombicinio meo,"— perhaps, says Cosmo 
 de bazin.'"— Wo\. v. p. 204 : Paris, 1856— Innes, the silk dress worn over arms in the 
 8vo. The above is an obvious mistake. As tilt-yard.— ' Sketches of early Scotch History,' 
 it is stated in Littre's * Dictionnaire de la p. 332. 
 Langue fran9aise,' voce "Basin," this word 
 
7^ CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Cotgrave gives the meaning " plates (of gold, silver, or copper) 
 wherewith some kinds of stuffes are stripped." 
 
 The French crespe has given rise to crisp, crispe, krisp, cob- 
 web lawn : — 
 
 " I saw thre gay ladeis sit in a grene arbeir, 
 
 With curches, cassin tham abone, of kirsp clear and thin." ^ 
 
 Buckasie, buckacy, bugasine, bukasy, bukkasy, "a kinde of fine 
 buckeram that hath a resemblance of taffata, . . . also, 
 the callimanco," ^ which is so often mentioned in Scottish 
 documents from the fifteenth to the seventeenth century,^ 
 was the French boucassin, Eng. bocasine. Apparently it 
 came from Britanny,^ a country frequently mentioned for its 
 cloth, or from the Low Countries. The bottanos, or *' peceis 
 of linning litted blew," of the tariff of 1612,^ and botano of 
 
 1 'The Twa Maryit Wemen and the —'The Droichtis Part of the Play,' v. 58, 
 Wedo,' among Dunbar's Works, vol. i. pp. among Dmibar's Works, vol. ii. p. 39. 
 
 61, 62. The last word recalls to our memory the 
 
 2 Cotgrave, sub voce " Boccasin." garter, which, among the ceremonies at mar- 
 
 3 Jamieson (Suppl., vol. i. p. 152, col. 2) riages in high life under Queen Anne, the 
 quotes entries of 1474, 1478, and 161 1. The bridegroom's man attempted, as now in France 
 word occurs also in ' The Burgh Records of among the inferior classes, to pull from the 
 the City of Glasgow,' p. 20, a.d. 1574. bride's leg. — Vide Chambers's 'Domestic An- 
 
 ^ " Bartane Camme. " — 'Crim. Trials,' vol. nals of Scotland,' vol. iii. p. 241, March i, 
 
 i. p. 310^; 'Inventories,' p. 58, A.D. 1542. 1701. In England, and, I believe, in Scot- 
 
 " Claith callit bartane claith, the elne thairof land also, the " piper at a wedding has al- 
 
 xxs." — "Tariff or Table of Rates of Customs ways a piece of the bride's garter tyed about 
 
 and Valuations of Merchandises, May 22, his pipes." — See 'Discourse, Northumberland 
 
 1597," in Andrew Halyburton's 'Ledger,' Gentleman and a Scotsman, ' p. 24 (London, 
 
 &c., p. cxiii. 1686 — 4to), quoted by Sir John Graham 
 
 " For all the claith of Fraunce and Bertane "^^^^W, ' Musical Memoirs of Scotland,' p. 31. 
 
 Wald nocht be till her leg a gartane," &c. ^ ' Ledger of Andrew Halyburton,' p. 291. 
 
LINEN STUFFS. 79 
 
 rates, a.d. 1670, was boutant, a cloth manufactured at Mont- 
 pelier. Rouane was a kind of cloth from Rouen. ^ 
 
 Cammeraige, camerage, camroche, cambric, a sort of fine linen 
 cloth brought from Cambrai in Flanders, is the Fr. cambrai, 
 toile de Cambrai — "ane quaiff of camorage,"^ &c. Leeno, a 
 name for thread gauze used in Fife and Lothian, is the Fr. 
 linon^ lawn. Blanchards, a kind of linen cloth, the yarn of 
 which had been twice bleached before being put into the 
 loom, is from the Fr. blancard, blanckardy a sort of cloth 
 manufactured in Normandy (Fr. blanc). 
 
 Chalniillett^ ckamlet, ckamlotke, Eng. camlet, is the Fr. camelot; 
 and fusteany, Eng. fustifcn, is the Fr. fustaine. It. fustagno, 
 so named, according to Diez, from being brought from Fostat 
 or Fossat (Cairo), in Egypt. In December 1506, John Bute, 
 one of the fools of James IV., received for his dress a doctor's 
 gown of ckamlet, lined with black gray, and purfiled with skins, 
 with a hood, a doublet of fustian, hose, and a gray bonnet ; 
 whilst Spark, John Bute's man, had a goun of russet, doublet of 
 fustian, and hose of carsay. 
 
 Pan-w&\we.t, rough velvet, is partly Fr. panne, stuff. Tryp- 
 velvet is an inferior kind of velvet, from Fr. tripe, tripe de 
 velours. 
 
 Cannas, cannes (Fr. canevas. It. canapa, Lat. cannabis^ is a 
 coarse cloth made of flax or hemp. In the North, coverlets 
 for beds are, or lately were, made of it. Cannes-\ir2X^, or in 
 northern pronunciation cannas-\ix&^^, was often spoken of as 
 a measure. Vitrisch, vitri^, a kind of canvas, was probably 
 
 ^ C. Innes, ' Scotland in the Middle Ages, ' - 'A Collection of Inventories,' p. 132, 
 &c., ch. viii. p. 242. A.D. 1578. 
 
8o CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Identical with " Bartane " canvas. The town of Vitre, In Brlt- 
 anny, has still manufactories of sail-cloth.^ 
 
 Trailye, trelye, a kind of cloth woven in the form of checks 
 resembling lattices, is the Fr. treillis (''tolle gomm^e et lul- 
 sante," as well as " grosse toile dont on fait des sacs, et dont 
 s'habillent des paysans, des manoeuvres"). jBou^-claith — "a 
 heland kirtill of black boutclaith " ^ — cloth of a thin texture, is 
 from the Fr. bluter^ butter, beluter, mid. Lat. buletare. 
 
 yir£-e-threa.dy some sort of streaked thread, Is from the Fr. 
 ver£-^, streaked. 
 
 There was a kind of cloth Imported from France under the 
 name of " Franch blake " and " Parise blak." It seems to have 
 been a stuff of finer quality, worn chiefly at Court or in towns. 
 In an account, charge and discharge, of the treasurer of James 
 III., occurs this entry: ** Deliverit to James Homyl . . . 
 liij elne of Franche blake for a syde goune to the King, price 
 42s. the elne." Another article of interest Is the following : 
 Jan. 23, 1511-12 : " Item, to Maister William Dunbar, for his 
 yule leveray, vj elnis ane quartar Parise blak, to be hyme ane 
 gowne ; price eln, xls., summa xij lib. xs. " Maister George 
 Balquhannane " was presented with a Paris black gown, on the 
 occasion of the entry of James V.'s queen Into Edinburgh. 
 There was also a cloth of " Franche broun," which seems to 
 have been of less value than the black. In the account of 
 the treasurer of James III., already quoted, there Is this item : 
 
 ^ 'Compota Thes. Reg. Scot.,' vol. i. p. in Halyburton's 'Ledger,' p. 319. 
 345 ; * The Book of the Rates of Customs and ^ ' A Collection of Inventories,' &c., p. 223 
 Valuation of Merchandises,' &c., A.D. 1612, a.d. 1578. Printed at Edinburgh, 1815 — 4to. 
 
EASTERN CLOTHS. 8i 
 
 " Two elne and ane halve of Franche broun, . . . price 
 elne, 30s." 
 
 There were several other sorts of cloth that drew their names 
 from the places where they were manufactured. Drap de 
 Berry was so designated from Berry, a province of old France ; 
 Croy claycht, from Croy, in Picardy, nine miles from Amiens ; 
 and Bridges or Brug satine, from Bruges. ** Cloaths of seeV 
 may be the same as a cloth that went by the names of drap 
 de siau, drap de sau, drap de sieau : — 
 
 " Sa ceinture honorable, ainsi que ses jartieres, 
 Furent d'un drap du seau, mais j'entends des lizieres." ^ 
 
 Paragon was a rich cloth imported, as would appear, either 
 from Italy or from the East, and called so on account of its 
 excellence. At Smyrna, the finest stuffs which the Venetian 
 merchants bought were called paragone di Venezia. Likely the 
 sort of cloth which was nzxix^d. plesafice, from Piacenza in Italy, 
 was imported from France.^ Ckackarraly, apparently, was 
 some kind of checkered or variegated cloth, and probably its 
 name was borrowed from the French. At all events, there 
 was formerly a species of cotton cloth of the same description, 
 imported into France from India, chiefly from Surate, and 
 called chacart. 
 
 Other Eastern cloths used in Scotland generally bore the 
 same name as in France. Le bord Alexander, mentioned in 
 a list of donations to the altar of St Fergus, in the church 
 
 ^ Mathurin Regnier, satyre x. See before, ^ ' Accounts of the Lord Treasurers of Scot- 
 p. 73. land 'for 1473 and 1498, vol. i. pp. 72, 386. 
 
 L 
 
^2 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 of St Andrews,^ is the French bordat, a name belonging to 
 a kind of cloth manufactured at Alexandria and other towns 
 in Egypt. 
 
 Another church seems to have been provided with similar 
 textures. Aberdeen cathedral could show robes and hangings 
 made from the cloth-of-gold taken in the English tents at 
 Bannockburn, or woven in the looms of Bruges and Arras, of 
 Venice and Florence. That such articles were not very com- 
 mon in Scotland at the time may be inferred from the fact that 
 Queen Mary gave some of those spoils to make a showy 
 doublet to Bothwell and a bed to Prince James.^ 
 
 Cramesye, crammasy, cramosie, cloth of crimson colour, is the 
 Fr. cramoisi; It. cremisi, cremisino ; Sp. carmesi; Port, car- 
 mezim; Arab, karmesi, from kermes, the name of the worm 
 from which the dye is obtained. Crammasy, cramasy, means 
 of or belonging to crimson. The cloth was of various textures, 
 and was a favourite article of wear, but its use was not confined 
 to dress : — 
 
 " When we cam' in by Glasgow toun, 
 We were a comley ^ight to see : 
 My love was clad i' the black velvet, 
 And I mysell in cramoisie." ^ 
 
 It was used as part of the " camparlsonnis " of a horse : — 
 
 ^ MS. written in 1525. In Scot, as in old &c., by John Stuart, p. 14: Edinburgh, 1874 
 
 Eng., altar was written aivter, awtere (old Fr. — 4to. 
 
 autier). 'The Promptorium Parvulorum,' * " Waly waly," among * The Ballads of 
 
 vol. i. p. 181, hzs, frtmtelle of an awtere. Scotland,' collected and edited by Aytoun; 
 
 ^ See 'Inventories of Mary Queen of Scots,' vol. i. p. 132: Edinburgh and London, 1859 
 
 p. 53, and Pref. p. xxvi ; and ' A Lost Chapter — post 8vo. 
 in the History of Mary . , . recovered,' 
 
CRAMMACY. 83 
 
 " Her selle it was of the royal bone, 
 Full seemly was that sight to see ! 
 Stiffly set with precious stone, 
 And compass'd all with cramoisie."^ 
 
 There were other cloths of cramoisie. Thus there were 
 crammesy, crammassy, crammacy, crammasy-v^v^X. and cram- 
 macy-sditm — both used for clothing, as well as for other pur- 
 poses. Before James V. set out on his expedition by sea 
 round his dominions, on the 21st of May 1540, ten ells of red 
 " crammesy velvet " were given to the chief tailor of the king's 
 household, ** to make him ane cote and ane pair of breekis for 
 the sea." In May 1539 a "crammassy welvot" gown was 
 presented, at the king's expense, to Madame Gresmore in St 
 Andrews, on her marriage to the Laird of Creech. It cost 
 ;i^io8. Let us mention also a more interesting item, " Ane 
 cott of sad cramasy velvott, quhilk was the kingis graces 
 enterie coit in Pareis, reschit all our with gold,"^ &c. 
 
 It was used as a canopy : — 
 
 " And first hir mett the burgess of the toun, 
 
 Richlie arrayit as become thame to be, 
 Of quhom they chesit four men of renoun, 
 
 In gouns of velvot, young, abill, and lustie, 
 To beir the paill of velvet cramase 
 
 Aboon hir heid, as the custome hes bein." ^ 
 
 A document exhibits " ane gown of cramasy sating, broderit on 
 
 1 "Thomas of Ercildoune," among 'The " * A Collection of Inventories, ' &c. , p. 80, 
 
 Ballads of Scotland,' collected and edited by a.d. 1542. 
 
 Aytoun; vol. i. p. 28 : Edinburgh and Lon- '^ "The Queinis Reception at Aberdein," 
 
 don, 1859 — post 8vo. st. ii., among Dunbar's Poems, vol. i. p. 153. 
 
84 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 the self with threidis of gold, of the Franche fassown," ^ very 
 similar to those described elsewhere : — 
 
 " With gabert wark wrocht wondrous sure, 
 Purfild with gold and silver pure."^ 
 
 Here is another use to which crammacy-szXm. was put : March 
 31, 1539 — " Deliverit to Johnne Young, browdstar, iij elnis 
 half elne of crammacy sating to the stand of clath of gold 
 workand to the kingis chapell ; price of the elne iij lib. xs., 
 summa, xij lib. vs. 
 
 Pourpoure, purple, is the Fr. pourpre, a fashionable colour. 
 On March 31, 1539, two of the sons of James V., Lord James 
 of Kelso and Lord James of St Andrews, had suits consisting 
 of " gownis of gray sating of Venyse," " coitis with slevis of 
 purpure welvot," " waltit with gray welvot," " hose of Rissilis 
 black lynit with blew," with "blak taffeteis to draw them 
 with," " twa welvot bonnetis with pasments of silk, and ane 
 marrabus bonett," " beltis and garbanis of taffiteis," and " blak 
 welvot shone." 
 
 Pyropus seems to have been cloth of a bright red (Fr. 
 pyrope, Lat. pyropus, a carbuncle of fiery redness) ; but in our 
 researches on silks we have never met such a word. 
 
 ^ 'A Collection of Inventories ... of Cotgrave, "whipt about with silk;" but 
 
 the Royal Wardrobe,' &c., p. 80, A. D. 1542. elsewhere Jamieson translates galbert by 
 
 Further on— pp. 133, 148, A.D. 1561 — we mantle {^x. gabert). We will not decide whe- 
 
 read cordeleris knottis, an ornament in em- ther galbert is derived from the Fr, galbrun 
 
 broidery anciently worn by ladies (Fr. cor- (low Latin galabrunus) — see Du Cange's 
 
 deliire), cordon, a string, also a wreath, and Gloss, and Raynouard's 'Lexique Roman,' 
 
 cordonit, wreathed. t. vi. p. 26 — but we will note that the root 
 
 2 *A Choice Collection of Scots Poems,' ^^--a/occursin the name of another garment, ^a/- 
 
 part ii. p. 7. Jamieson derives gubert from cott, galcoit, by which a jacket "of tartane 
 
 Fr. guipure, — "a gross black thread," says work " is perhaps meant. 
 
WORDS RELATING TO DRESS. 85 
 
 We must not forget the French cloth colour de ray, so 
 denominated from its colour. Two entries of 1538, quoted by 
 Pitcairn,^ go to show that it was the common dress of the royal 
 falconers ; ^ and Cotgrave states that it was of dark hue.^ 
 Cloth-of-gold, generally designed as baudkin toldour, toldoir, 
 tweldore, is the French foile d'or} 
 
 There are several words of a general import, or relating to 
 parts of dress, or to the making of dress, that come from the 
 French. Silk is called soy (Fr. soie), ribbon is ruben (Fr. 
 ruban), and embroidery, orphir (Fr. orfroi). Tatck, a fringe, 
 a shoulder-knot (Ettr.), is the Fr. attache, " a thing fastened on, 
 or tyed unto another thing." ^ 
 
 Traced, laced, comes from the O. Fr. tresszr, faire un tissu. 
 Fruncit, puckered, is the Fr. froncd, ixovcv fr oncer, "to gather, 
 plait, fold, wrinkle, crumple, frumple; " ^ broderrit, embroidered, 
 is from broder, to embroider ; and to pasment (Fr. passementer) 
 means to trim with lace, gold, &c. For instance, " Ane hle- 
 land mantill of blak freis pasmentit with gold," &c. Pasments 
 are strips of lace sewed on clothes ; and pasmentar (Fr. passe- 
 mentier) may mean upholsterer. 
 
 Pent (Fr. fente) is an opening in a sleeve, shirt, &c. ; burlet, 
 a standing or stuffed neck for a gown, is the Fr. bourlet, bour- 
 relet ; and lumbart, the skirt of a coat, the Fr. lumbaire. Laich 
 
 ^ 'Crim. Trials,' vol. i. pp. 295, 298. but now is bright tawny, &c. — Vide 'The 
 
 ^ If falcons generally were imported from Parliament of Beistis,' ap. Henrj'son, p. 
 
 Scotland to France, the implements to use 140. 
 
 them were of French make. — 'Crim. Trials,' ^ 'A Collection of Inventories,' &c., pp. 
 
 vol. i. p. 318*, A.D. 1541 ; 'Les Ecossais en 34, 43, 44. Cf. G. Douglas, ii. 57, 31. 
 
 France,' vol. i. p. 427, note 2. ^ Cotgrave, sub voce " Attache." 
 
 2 " Couleur de roy " was in old time purple, " Ibid., sub voce " Fronser." 
 
86 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 of a coit seems to be the Fr. lazse, " largeur d'une etoffe entre 
 deux lisieres." 
 
 Watson's Collection supplies us with words relating to 
 pieces of female dress : — 
 
 " My lady, as she is a woman, 
 Is born a helper to undo man ; 
 
 For she invents a thousand toys 
 
 That house and hold and all destroys — 
 
 Rebats, ribands, bands, and ruff, 
 
 French gows^ cut out and double banded," &c.2 
 
 Female head-gear was much indebted to French for its 
 designations. Coz/ or ^el/^ (O. Fr. calle) was a cap, or the 
 hinder part of a cap, the meaning at the present day in the 
 
 north. 
 
 " . . . quhar fro anon thare landis 
 Ane hundreth ladyes, lusty in to wedis, 
 Als fresch as flouris that in May up spredis. 
 
 * Must we read ^(?w«j, or ascribe that word Works,' vol. ii. p. loi) derives it from Fr. 
 to petite oye (Eng. goose, geese), wliich existed cagoule, which seems to have also given rise 
 in French with the sense of the ribbons, the to Eng. cowl. The Welsh have cowyll, s. m., 
 trimming, and all the ornaments of dress? a garment, or cloak with a veil, presented by 
 
 2 " The Speech of a Fife Laird," &c., in the husband to his bride on the morning after 
 
 'A Choice Collection of Scots Poems,' part marriage, &c. — W. Owen Pughes, a * Dic- 
 
 i. p. 30. tionary of the Welsh Language,' vol. i, p. 
 
 * " In Honour of London," 1. 47, ap. 239, col. i. Two words in Gaelic may be 
 Dunbar, vol. i. p. 79. Cf. 'Etudes de Phi- connected with the above, — 1°, caile, s. f , a 
 lologie comparee sur r Argot, ' z'or^ "Calege," quean or slut, a vulgar girl, a harlot, Eng. 
 p. 84, col. 2, note 2; and Nares's Glossary, callat (Shakespeare, "Henry VI.," Part. ii. 
 voc. "Callet"and "Callot." C^iV occurs in Act i. sc. 3); 2°, caileag, s. f., diminutive of 
 the " Satyre of the thre Estaitis," 'and caile, a little girl, and not implying the re- 
 Chalmers (' Sir D. Lyndsay's Poetical proachful idea attached to that word. 
 
HEAD-DRESS. 87 
 
 In kirtillis grene, withoutyn kell or bandis, 
 Thair brycht hairis hang gletering on the strandis 
 In tressis clere, wyppit wyth goldyn thredis, 
 With pappis quhite, and mydlis small as wandis." ^ 
 
 Callot (Fr. calotte) was a mutch or cap without a bord (Fr. 
 bord)^ which seems to be much the same piece of dress as 
 capusche (Fr. capuce). Tokie (Fr. toque) was an old woman's 
 head-dress which resembled a monk's cowl, while toque itself 
 was used to denote the cushion worn on the fore-part of the 
 head, over which the hair was combed. Huttock is haute toque. 
 
 " Great Kennedy and Dunbar, yet undead. 
 And Quintyn, with a huttock on his head." ^ 
 
 The bigonet (Fr. bdguin ^) was a linen cap or coif, commonly 
 worn when the female was in dress, and, no doubt, tied at 
 times by pretty railyettes (Fr. relier) : — 
 
 " And gie to me my bigonet, 
 My bishops satin gown," ^ &c. 
 
 ^ "The Golden Targe," st. 7; among who quotes the entry in his notes on 'Bar- 
 Dunbar's Poems, vol. i. p. 13. hour's Bruce,' p. loi, is at a loss to explain 
 
 2 ". . . Marchans et autres gens ro- begynis. He has omitted it in his 'Etymo- 
 
 turiers n'eussent ose porter en leurs habille- logical Dictionary,' 
 
 mens non pas un simple bord de soy," &c. — There occurs how or hoo, nightcap. Was it 
 
 *Les Contes et Discours d'Eutrapel,' fol. 26 not a derivation from huve, which we find in 
 
 verso. a French pastoral published by Roquefort, 
 
 >* See Gawin Douglas, "Palace of Honour," 'De I'Etat de la Poesie fran9oise dans les 
 
 among his 'Poetical Works,' vol. i, p, 36, xii'' et xiii'' siecles, ' p. 391? Cf. Du Gauge's 
 
 1. 14. ' Gloss. Med. et Inf. Latin.,' voce " Huva," 2, 
 
 * In the Chamberlain's Accounts for 1329, ^ Scotch song, "There's nae luck aboot 
 
 vol. i. p. 72, begynis occurs with cindonis, and the Hoose." 
 seems to be derived from beguin. Jamieson, 
 
88 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Another sort of cap was called awmous (O. Fr. aumusse). 
 There is a piece of head-dress often mentioned in Pitcairn's 
 * Criminal Trials ' under the names of curcky curcke, cursh, cour- 
 shet. It also appears under the form of courcke, courchie, 
 courtskaw, and curge. It is the Fr. couvrechef^ O. Fr. courcet, 
 Walloon courcM, Eng. kerchief} and seems to have been worn 
 especially by widows. 
 
 " O is my basnet a widow's curch ? 
 
 Or my lance a wand of the willow-tree ? 
 Or my arm a ladye's lilye hand, 
 
 That an English lord should lightly me ? " 
 
 Scots females wore also a large bonnet, named bon graced 
 a term likewise applied to a coarse straw hat made and used 
 by the peasantry of Roxburghshire ; and a besong, a term 
 formerly current to distinguish a species of handkerchief 
 crossed upon the breast,^ and perhaps derived from the French. 
 
 ^ 'Crim. Trials,' vol. i. p. 242, a.d. 1591 ; 17) as a great rarity. See also Hall's 'Chron- 
 
 vol. ii. p. 392, A.D. 1602; p. 463, A.D. 1605, icle,' edited by Sir Henry Ellis, p. 593. In 
 
 &c. ; 'Burgh Records of the City of Glasgow,' the tariff of 16 12, French felt hats lined with 
 
 p. 32, A.D. 1574; the 'Book of Bon Accord,' velvet are valued at £/^% the dozen, and the 
 
 &c., vol. i, p. 199, note; "Kinmont Willie," same lined with taffety, ;^24, — The 'Ledger 
 
 St. X,, 'Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border,' vol. of Andrew Halyburton,' p. 314. In the 
 
 ii. p. S3 : Edinburgh, 1861, Accounts of the Burgh of Aberdeen for 
 
 2 This word seems to have been used in 1644-45, ^ French black hat is appraised 
 
 England, ifwe may believe Cotgrave, who men- £6, 13s. 4d. — The ' Miscellany of the Spald- 
 
 tions it as being derived from Fr. bonne-grdce, ing Club,' vol. v. p. 163. 
 
 the Eng. ^<?c«-^«f^, which is the same, except ^ Chambers's 'Traditions of Edinburgh,' 
 
 in pronunciation. In ' Cleveland ' we read, ed. 1825, vol. ii. p. 59. We did not mention 
 
 " his butter'd bon-grace, that film of a demi- the cornettis, which occur in inventories 
 
 castor." — Works, p. 81 : London, 1687. It is of 1578, quoted by Jamieson, because he 
 
 well known that beaver hats were not common, leaves the word without any explanation, and 
 
 — Vide Ben Jonson's ' ' Cynthian Revels, " Act contents himself with referring to the Tre- 
 
 i. so. I. Howell sends one from Paris (Lett, voux Dictionary. 
 
HEAD-DRESS; BODY -DRESS. 89 
 
 Torett- or torrett-claith, turit, turet, a muffler, is the O. Fr. 
 iouret de 7iez ; wympil, a veil, or woman's hood.^ 
 
 Pinner^ a kind of female head-dress, with lappets pinned to 
 the temples, which reach as far as the breast, and are fastened 
 to it, seems to be the same as the O. Fr. pignoir. . Cornith, 
 some kind of head-dress, appears to be the same as cornette, 
 *• the two ends of a coif, which resemble horns." Panash (Fr. 
 panache) is a plume worn in the hat. Orilyeit (Fr. oreillet, 
 oreillete) is a piece of cloth, used for covering the ears at night. ^ 
 Mussal, myssal, mussaling, means a veil ; and when ladies wore 
 it, they were said to be muselit, missalit ^ (O. Fr. emmuselS). 
 
 In the old inventories and accounts of the expenses incurred 
 on James VI. 's marriage, in May 1590, we meet yNith. jup, 
 jiipe, jowp, jowpe, and jowpoun (Fr. jupe, jupoti), a short 
 cassock. This piece of dress was often stellat * (O. Fr. estell^)^ 
 or ornamented with " pasmentis of gold clinkand,"^ — in French, 
 de passements de clinquant. 
 
 Casakene, cassikin ^ (Fr. casaquin, camisole, petite casaque 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, ii. 218, 28. Hence to Douglas has parsmentis (ii, 257, 23), which 
 
 wymple (iii. 27, 9), to fold, to wrap. his editor, J. Smal, translates "coats of divers 
 
 '' Pierre Grosnet addresses thus ladies :— colours." In "Philotus," a pimp, to seduce 
 
 "VosoreUlettesde velours ... a young maid, promises her "claithis on 
 
 En enfer vous feront grant guerre." cuUouris cuttit out, And all pasmentit round 
 
 -Les Motz dorez de Cathon. about."— Fol. B 2 verso, Sts. 28, 30. Cf. 
 
 3 'Grim. Trials,' vol. i. p. 266, A.D, 1592; 'Dom. Ann. of Scot.,' vol. i. pp. 376, 377; 
 
 vol. ii. p. 383, A.D, 1616. " S. Salvadour, qui ' Family Jewels and Valuables of Glenurquhy,' 
 
 s'estoit enimuseU et cache de sa cape." — 'Les entailed, 1640, ap. Innes, * Sketches of early 
 
 Contes et Discours d'Eutrapel,' f. 143 verso. Scotch History,' p. 510. 
 
 * Fi'a',? ' Clariodus,' p. 222,1. 1009; p. 335, ^ Calderwood, January 1610 ; Chambers's 
 
 1. 1731. Cf. 'Recherches sur les etoffes de ' Dom. Ann. of Scot.,' A.D. 1610, vol. i. p. 
 
 sole,' vol. i. p. 362; vol. ii. pp. 13-15, &c. 427. In the time of Noel du Fail, young 
 
 ' ' Papers relative to the Marriage of King Frenchmen wore casaquins. — Vide his 
 
 James VI.,' Appendix, No. ii. pp. 15, 21. G. 'Contes,' fol. 143 verso. 
 
 M 
 
90 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 a I'usage des femmes, connected with Eng. cassok), was a kind 
 of surtout ; cartous^k, curtoush (Fr. court and kotisse, " a short 
 mantle of course cloth (and all of a peece), worn in ill weather 
 by country women about their head and shoulders " — Cotg.), 
 was a bedgown, tight round the waist, with short skirts, having 
 the corners rounded off, somewhat in the fashion of a riding- 
 habit. Sto77tok is the piece of dress that was called in later 
 times stomacher or stomager. In certain districts of France, 
 female peasants wear on their breasts a piece of cloth, which is 
 termed piece d'estomac. 
 
 Valicot, wylecot, wilie-coat, or wallaquite in northern pronun- 
 ciation, a kind of under woollen jerkin, seems to come from the 
 Fr. voile, with the addition of coat. " Gelcott, gelcoit of quhit 
 tertane," " gelcot of tertane work," ^ appears to be the same 
 word. '' Ballant-hodicQ, made of leather, anciently worn by 
 ladies in Scotland, is made up of the O. Fr. balene, Fr. baleine, 
 and bodice-, balenes, whalebone bodies, French bodies," says 
 Cotgrave. 
 
 Tischay, tiscke, tysche (Fr. tissu^) was a girdle ; a rebat (Fr. 
 rabat, Eng. rebato ^) was the hood of a mantle, rocklay, rokely, 
 rokelay (O. Fr. rocket, roquet, Fr. rochet). Shephron, mentioned 
 also among such " toys," seems to be connected with Fr. cha- 
 peron.^ Vaskene, vasquine, is the Fr. basquine, explained by 
 Cotgrave, " a kirtle or petticoat ; also a Spanish vardingale." 
 
 ^ 'Registers of the Council of Aberdeen,' a clock." — ' Social Life in former Days, chiefly 
 
 V. 19, 20. in the Province of Moray,' &c., p. 281 : Edin- 
 
 - G. Douglas, ii. 49,124; iii. 236, 27; iv. burgh, 1865— 8vo. 
 113, 31. In a letter published by Captain ^ Vide * A Woman killed with Kindness.' 
 
 E. Dunbar, we read : " The laird is gone to ^ Vide ' Recherches sur le Commerce, la 
 
 my Lord Balantir's buriall this morning, and Fabrication, et 1' Usage des Etoffes de soie,' 
 
 your black cloaths are on him as yet; but you &c., vol. i. pp. 79, 80 ; vol. ii. p. 450. See 
 
 will have them to-morrows morning be seven also hereafter, ch. v. (" Fine Arts "), p. 108. 
 
DRESSES. 91 
 
 The vertgadin^ vardingard, vardingall, verdingale} a far- 
 thingale, is the Fr. vertugadin. There was a coarse gown, 
 called sclavin, sclaveyn^ which, no doubt, was the same piece 
 of dress as that so frequently mentioned under the name of 
 esclavine in the old French romances. Later, a light gown cut 
 in the middle was introduced in the sixteenth century, under 
 the name of ckymour, chymer (Fr. simarre)^ doubtlessly by 
 
 " An tailzeour, quhilk hes fosterit in France, 
 Than can mak garmentis on the gayest gyse." * 
 
 The surcoat, after having been used as an overcoat, became a 
 waistcoat, an under-doublet, sometimes made of satin, and im- 
 ported from France.^ Joistiecor, justiecor,^ justicat, justicoat, 
 a tightly-fitting body-coat, is the Yx.justaucorps. 
 
 Stoyle, a long vest reaching to the ankles, comes from the O. 
 Fr. stole, Lat. stola. Polonie, pollonian, polonaise, palonie, was 
 a dress of various shape, and adapted to the wear of men or 
 boys, according to form. 
 
 Galbert, a mantle, is the O. Fr. galvardine. The form in the 
 north is gilbert^ and is still used. Talbart, tolbert, tavert, a wide 
 
 ^ ' Inventaires de la Royne Descosse,' &c., Bias,' Act i. sc. 2, chaniarre, to mean em- 
 
 p. xxviii, note 3. broideries, ornatnents. 
 
 2 •Orfeo and Heurodis,' v, 190 ; the 'Geste * 'The Tragedie of the Cardinall,' among 
 of King Horn,' v. 1063. ' the Poetical Works of Sir David Lyndsay, 
 
 3 Henryson's Fables, the Prologue, 1. 30; vol. ii. p. 237. Let us note the word gyse 
 Laing's edition, p. 156. Todd, in his addi- (Fr. and Eng. guise), mode, fashion, used 
 tions to Dr Johnson's Dictionary, gives, after also in the "Testament of Cresseid," 1. 164; 
 " ckimar, s., a part of a bishop's dress," Laing's edition, p. 81. 
 
 ^'■chimare, s., a robe," and quotes Wheatly. ^ 'Compota Thes. Reg. Scot.,' A.D. 1473, 
 
 In old French we had chaniarre, which Littre vol. i. p. 15- 
 
 considers as the primitive form of simarre, ^ Privy Council record, quoted by R. 
 
 and which gave rise to the verb chaviarrer. Chambers, 'Dom. Ann. of Scot.,' vol. ii. p. 
 
 Victor Hugo has introduced into his 'Ruy 358, A.D. 1673. 
 
92 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 loose overcoat, the painted overcoat worn by heralds, Eng. 
 tabard, is the Fr. tabard, It. tabarro, Span, tabardo. Junc- 
 turer, a name for a greatcoat (Roxb.), seems to be the same 
 as the O. Yr. joincture. 
 
 It may not be out of place to mention two pieces of clerical 
 dress — viz., rockat and surpeclaithe. Rockat is the Eng. rochet, 
 Fr. rochet, It. rocchetto, a garment of plaited lawn worn by 
 bishops ; whilst surpeclaithe, a surplice, is evidently from the 
 same word as surplice, Fr. surplis, O. Fr. sorpeliz, surpeliz, 
 surpelis, mid. Lat. superpelliceum — that is, a linen gown worn 
 over the woollen or furry clothing of the officiating ecclesi- 
 astic, with the addition of claithe, cloth. 
 
 Probably the caprowsy — which, according to Ramsay, was an 
 upper garment, and to Jamieson a short cloak with a hood ^ — 
 is a corruption of cape rosine; for garments of rosy colour were 
 not uncommon in Scotland : ^ — 
 
 " Thow held the burch lang with ane borrowit goun, 
 And ane caprowsy barkit all with sweit." ^ 
 
 Capados, which has not been satisfactorily explained,* may be 
 
 1 Cf. Laing, Glossary to Dunbar, and Disconus," i. 874, ap. Ritson's 'Early Eng- 
 
 ' Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedy,' 1. 202, lish Metr. Rom.,' vol. ii. p. 38, it is said of a 
 
 vol. ii. pp. 73, 468. In the tariff of 1612 lady that " her mantyll was rosyne. " 
 
 occurs "Pareis mantel cuUored, the piece, 3 «jhg Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedy,' 
 
 viii lib., and uncollored, vi lib.," which un- st. xxvi. — Dunbar's Poems, vol. ii. p. 73. 
 
 doubtedly must be understood a cloak of * Vide "Syr Gawayn and the Grene 
 
 Paris make, with or without collar. — Vide Knyght," 1. 572. Cf. 11. 186, 1930 ; Sir 
 
 the 'Ledger of Andrew Halyburton,' p. Fred. Madden's note, pp. 314, 315. Adous, 
 
 290. ados, with the sense of cover, occurs in ' ' Gui 
 
 * Vide 'Clariodus,' p. 340, 1. 1873, where de Bourgogne," 1. 2609, p. 79 ; and in ' Par- 
 
 the rhymer introduces a gown "rosey of dew tonopeus de Blois,' vol. i. p. 81, 1. 2432. In 
 
 beaute ; " 'A Collection of Inventories,' p. "Gaydon," 1. 4284, p. 129, adourz '\s synony- 
 
 125, for "incamet velvet." In "Lybeaus mous with a;v/«. 
 
HAND - CO VERINGS. 93 
 
 mentioned here. It is perhaps connected with the Sp. capa^ 
 a cloak. Cardinal was a long cloak worn by women, origin- 
 ally made of cloth of scarlet colour, like that worn by a 
 cardinal — hence its name. Such an outer garment might 
 have been seen in country churches in the north, gracing 
 the figure of some aged old-fashioned woman, down to a few 
 years ago. 
 
 Coverings for the hands were indebted to the French lan- 
 guage for their designations. Mitten, mittain} a glove without 
 fingers, hence called in the north " hummel mitten," is the Fr. 
 mitaine ; low Lat. mitela, mitana. Chevron is the Fr. che- 
 vreau^ a kid. Kid leather is also called sckiverone. Dumbie- 
 dikes, in the ' Heart of Mid-Lothian,' leaves his malediction 
 to his son if he gives the minister or doctor even "a pair 
 of black chevrons." It is still a practice in some of the 
 southern counties for the bridegroom to give the minister, who 
 marries him, a pair of black kid-gloves. Poynie^ is the 
 Fr. poing ; muffle, moufle, mtiffifie, a kind of mitten, made 
 either of leather or of worsted knitted, is of the same origin, 
 moufle. 
 
 Coverings for the legs and feet were of various kinds, and 
 some of them bore names derived from French, no doubt, 
 because the articles themselves came first from France. A 
 kind of buskin, or half-boot, called botyn,^ dottine, is the Fr. 
 bottine (Walloon, botekene), cothurne. 
 
 ^ ' The Wolf, the Foxe, and the Cadgear, ' old English word from chevreuil, which is a 
 
 1. 109, among ' Henryson's Fables,' p. 185. mistake. 
 
 ^ Nares, Glossary, &c., voce "Cheveril,"a " /j,^„^^^ g. small body of men, is our /w^^i?. 
 
 kid, more commonly kid leather, derives this •* G. Douglas, vol. ii. p. 40, 1. 3,1. 
 
94 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 " Thow bringis the Carrik clay to Edinburgh corse, 
 Upoun thy botingis hobland, hard as home ; 
 Stra wispis hingis owt, quhair that the wattis ar worne." ^ 
 
 Another form, brodikin, brodykynn, brottekin, brotikin, is the 
 Fr. brodequin. Spatril, a kind of shoe, appears to be the same 
 with Fr. espadrille, a name given in the Pyrenees to a sort 
 of shoe, called also spatrille, spardegne, diminutive of Span. 
 sparto. A slipper was called mull^ (Fr. mtde). Another name 
 for a slipper was in various forms pantoufie^ pantufi^ pantuijil 
 (Fr. pantoufle). Pantoun is the form used by Dunbar. 
 
 " Than cam in Dunbar the makkar. 
 On all the flure thair was nane frakkar, 
 And thare he daunsit the dirrye dantoun ; 
 He hoppet lyk a fillie wantoun. 
 
 For luifif of Musgraiffe, men tellis me ; 
 He trippet, quhill he tint his pantoun : 
 
 A mirrear dance mycht na man see." * 
 
 A thin-soled shoe or pump was scarpefi (Fr. escarpin), the 
 more general use^ of which a satirical poet describes as a proof 
 of the increase of pride and luxury : — 
 
 1 'The Fly ting of Dunbar and Kennedy,' Mary of Guise, and at least one of her female 
 St. xxvii. — Dunbar's Poems, vol. ii. p. 73, attendants, ordered their meulles and shoes in 
 
 Waits, wats, ox wants, according- to north- Paris. — Vide 'Les Ecossais en France,' &c., 
 
 em pronunciation and still in common use, vol. i. p. 435. 
 
 hitherto unexplained, are the welts of the ^ ' Compota Thes. Reg. Scot.,' pp. 224, 
 
 botings. The straw hanging from the 334. 
 
 "watts" is the straw put into the botings * 'Of a Dance in the Quenis Chalmer,' 
 
 as a sole, — a practice which still prevails, st. iv. — Dunbar's Poems, vol. i. p. 120. 
 Such straw is called in the north nowadays ^ Before, the exportation of shoes, as well 
 
 "a shee-wisp." as of butter, cheese, and candles, had been 
 
 2 'Crim. Trials,' vol. i. p. 495, A.D. 1567- prohibited by 4 James VI., ch. 59. 
 68; p. 146, A.D. 1586; p. 391, A.D. 1596. 
 
COVERINGS FOR THE LEGS. 95 
 
 " Et tout est a la mode de France. 
 Thair dry scarpenis, baitlie tryme and meit ; 
 Thair muUis "^ glitteran on thair feit." 2 
 
 Gamaches, gaiters reaching to the knees, were also imported 
 into Scotland, with their name sometimes slightly corrupted 
 into gramashes and gamashons, — terms which, notwithstanding 
 the change, are certainly from the same source as gamesons. 
 Whether suior^ came from Fr. sueur, or directly from the 
 Latin, is not, as it would appear at first glance, easy to deter- 
 mine. Tannerce (Fr. tanner, to dress leather with ta7t, the bark 
 of young oak) is a tanwork (Fr. tannerie). The word is always 
 accented on the last syllable.* 
 
 Corbuyle, leather thickened and hardened in the preparation, 
 or jacked leather, is the Fr. cuir bouilli. 
 
 Shankis, or stockings of costly materials, seem to have been 
 scarce; for we find "ane pair of reid silk schankis," in 1596,^ 
 
 ^ The French, said an English poet of his Ut more simiae laboret fingere, 
 
 Et xmulare Gallicas ineptias, 
 
 ^ Ex amne Gallo ego hunc opinor ebrium. 
 
 " Now give us laws for pantaloons, Ergo ex Britanno ut Gallus esse nititur. 
 
 The length of breeches, and the gathers, Sic Dii jubete, fiat ex gallo capus." 
 
 Port-cannons, periwigs, and feathers." <>■.,., ■,,,-, r> 
 
 -' Hudibras.' Part i. c. iii. 924. " ^aitland s Poems, p. 184. 
 
 Ben Jonson, describing a mere Englishman ^ " In the fourteenth of October 
 
 who affected to be French, thus attacks him Was ne'er a sutor sober. "-Prov. 
 
 in his epigram 86 : — ^ Souter occurs also in early English literature 
 
 " Would you believe, when you this monsieur see, —namely, in Chaucer ; but it is now almost 
 
 That his whole body should speak French, not he ; obsolete, except in Scotland, the Border 
 
 That so much scarf of France, and hat, and feather, ^^^^^^^^ ^nd Yorkshire. 
 
 And shoe and tye, and garter, should come huher, ,,,,<.,, i • -n • > 1 • 
 
 And land on one, whose face durst never be * ^^^e Lyall s 'Travels m Russia, vol. I. 
 
 Toward the sea?" p. 262. 
 
 Long before. Sir Thomas More had written ^ ' Crim. Trials,' vol. i. p. 391. In Scots, 
 
 in his ' Lucubrationes,' p. 206 :— as in English, shank means leg; and red-shank 
 
 " At quisquis insula satus Britannica, '« Synonymous with Highlander, this portion 
 
 Si patriam insolens fastidiet suam of the Scottish nation having been so "sur- 
 
96 
 
 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 mentioned as something not common. King James VI. ad- 
 dressed his cousin, the Earl of Mar, beseeching the loan of 
 " the pair of silken hose," in order to grace his royal person at 
 the reception of the Spanish ambassador.^ Shankis of silk are 
 also mentioned in " Philotus,"^ and in an account of 1636, with 
 " ane black French bever hat." ^ Castin hois seem to be hose 
 of a chestnut colour. Castin is the Fr. chdtain, Lat. castaneus. 
 Undoubtedly if there was in Scotland any home-made em- 
 broidery, the natives owed that refined art to the lessons 
 of their allies ; and, as we write, we are informed that in more 
 than one Scottish villagfe lingers the tradition of a French 
 tambour-stitch, which was probably imported when the newest 
 fashions came from the Court of Blois or Fontainebleau.^ The 
 
 named of their immoderate maunching up the 
 red-shanks, or red herrings." — 'The Harl. 
 Miscell.,' vol. vi, p. 163. The following 
 passage, showing the state of the shoemaking 
 trade in the Highlands of Scotland in the 
 early part of the sixteenth century, and how 
 the Highlanders came to be denominated red- 
 shanks, is extracted from the curious letter of 
 John Elder, a Highland priest, to King Henry 
 VIII., A.D. 1543. The letter itself has been 
 printed at full length in the ' Collectanea de 
 Rebus Albanicis,' vol. i. pp. 23-32: "And 
 agayne in wynter, whene the froest is mooste 
 vehement, . . . we go a huntynge, and 
 after that we have slayne redd deir, we flaye 
 off the skyne, bey and bey, and settinge of our 
 bair foote on the insyde therof, for neide of 
 cunnynge shoemakers, by your giace's pardon, 
 we play the sutters, " &c. 
 
 ^ 'Domestic Annals of Scotland,' vol. i. p. 
 201. Some other facts collected by Buckle, 
 ' Hist, of Civilisation in England,' vol. ii, 
 p. 266, note 4, show that James VI. was ^yi- 
 
 tremely pover (Fr. pauvre). — Vide 'A Diurnal 
 of Remarkable Occurrents,' &c., A.D. 1544. 
 After his accession to the English throne, he 
 found in his new kingdom, with a passion for 
 silk stockings, some which were of home 
 make. — ?^/^^ ' Recherches sur le Commerce 
 des ]^toffes de sole,' vol. ii. p. 315; Ben 
 Jonson, "Every Man in his Humour," Act i. 
 sc. 2 ; and other dramatic writers — viz., the 
 authors of " Miseries of Inforced Marriage," 
 "The Roaring Girl," Act i. sc. I, and of 
 "The Hog has lost his Pearl" — 1614. In 
 the tariff of 1612, silk stockings of Milan or 
 France are priced £\2 and £\'^, according to 
 the size. — ' Ledger of Andrew Halyburton,' 
 p. 327. On the silk stockings of Henri II. 
 of France, see the ' Revue retrospective,' vol. 
 iv. p. 20. 
 
 ^ Fol. B 2 verso, st. 28 ; ' Domestic Annals 
 of Scotland,' vol. i. p. 377, A.D. 1603. 
 
 ^ ' Sketches of early Scotch History,' p. 
 374, note, col. i. 
 
 ^ An English chronicler, mentioning the 
 
FURS. 97 
 
 Queen of James V. employed part of her time in embroidery, 
 and no doubt the ladies of the Court followed her example. 
 There are in the Treasurer's books entries regarding different 
 kinds of thread used in it. *' March 25, 1539 : Item, send to 
 Linlithgow, be Katheryne Ballendene, to the Queenis grace, 
 twa pound of sewing gold, price thairof xxiiij lib." " Item, ane 
 pound of sewing silver, xiiij lib. vjs." " Item, ix vnce of blak 
 Paryse silk, liiijs." " Item, xvj lang bobennis (Fr. bobines)^ 
 price of the pece, vs. iiijd. ; summa iiij lib. vs. iiijd." " Item, 
 xvj schort bobenis, lad it at vjs. viijd. ; summa v lib. vs. viijd." 
 
 In Scotland, as well as in other European countries, furs 
 were in great estimation, — so much so, that in 1420 an act was 
 passed to prohibit all persons below the rank of knights and 
 lords of 200 marks rent from wearing costly furs, confining 
 their decorations to " serpes, beltes, broches, and chainzies." ^ 
 It is probable that they were imported from Flanders.^ Their 
 names, however, smack of France and South Britain. Pillour^ 
 pelure (O. Fr. pelure), is a general name for costly fur : — 
 
 arrival of the French ambassadors in 1518, ^ Acts, 9 James I., ch. 118. The j^/^ was 
 
 says that with them ' ' came a great numbre of apparently a sort of fibula, made in a hooked 
 
 rascal, and pedlers, and inellers, and brought form, like a pruning-knife, called in French 
 
 ouer hattes and cappes, and diuerse merchaun- serpe. 
 
 disc, vncustomed, all vnder the coloure of the ^ The commonest furs were products of 
 
 trussery of the ambassadours. . . . The North Britain, if not imported from Ireland, 
 
 young galantes of Fraunce had coates garded The author of 'The Libel of English Policy,' 
 
 with one colour, cut in .x. or .xii. partes, very A.D. 1436, after having said that "marternus 
 
 richely to beholde. . . . The admyrall gode, ben here marchaundyse," adds: — 
 
 [Lord Boneuet] was in a goune of cloth of " Hertys hydes, and other of venerye, 
 
 siluer, raysed, furred with ryche sables, and al Skynnes of otere, and fox is here chaffkre, 
 
 his company almost were in a new fassioun Felles of kydde and conyesgrete plente." 
 
 garment called a slumnu, which was in effect — Th. Wright's 'Political Poems and Songs,' 
 
 a goune, cut in the middle." — Hall's Chron- Rolls Series, vol. ii. p. 186. 
 icle, pp. 593, 594, ed. 1803. 
 
 N 
 
98 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 " Her hode of a herde hew, that her hede hedes, 
 Of pillour, of palwerk, of perre to pay.''^ 
 
 Pane (O. Fr. panne, penne) is another term for fur : — 
 
 " Ther com a schip of Norway 
 To Sir Rohantes hold, 
 With haukes white and grey. 
 And panes fair y fold." ^ 
 
 Pur7'ay, purry, a species of fur, is the Fr. fourde. Martrik, 
 mar tricky sable, is the Fr. martre. Lady Jane, daughter of 
 James V., had in 1539 "waltino for a nicht-goune " of "blak 
 taffiteis and welvot," with '* lyning of the samin goune with 
 cotonaris (probably Fr. cotonner, to stuff with cotton), and the 
 fair breistis with mertrik sable." Letteis is the O. Fr. letice, let- 
 tice : funzis, funzeis, the fur of the polecat or fitch,* is the Fr. 
 fouine; luterris is louire; and myniver, niynyvaris!^ the Fr. 
 menu vatr, of so frequent an occurrence in the historical and 
 romantic literature of the two nations.^ 
 
 ^ "Sir Gawan and Sir Gallaron," i. 2. * 'Compota Thes. Reg. Scot.,' vol. i. pp. 
 
 - " Sir Tristrem," fytte first, st. xxviii. 190, 225. 
 
 ' "Custom of martrick skinnes and uther ^ <Crim. Trials,' vol. i. p. 289*, A.D. 1537. 
 
 furrings." — First Parliament of James I., •* See chapter vii. 
 halden at Perth, art. 22, a.d. 1424, 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 fine Hrts. 
 
v\f'^ 
 
 L'f.' 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 FINE ARTS, 
 
 HERE is evidence that mines of the precious 
 metals were wrought in Scotland as early as 
 the twelfth century. In the year 1125 David 
 I. granted to the Church of the Holy Trinity of 
 Dunfermline his tenth of all the gold which should accrue to 
 him from Fife and Fothrif.^ We learn from the accounts of 
 the High Treasurer preserved in the General Register House, 
 Edinburgh, that on the 29th of March 15 13, John Damiane, the 
 " fenyeit Freir of Tungland," received ;^20 for going to Craw^ 
 furd Moor, where King James IV. hoped to find gold.^ At a 
 later period Frenchmen were employed in working the mines, 
 as we are informed by many other items, from among which 
 we select the following, which occurs in the fol. 94 verso of 
 the register, under the date of August 1538 : " Item, gevin to 
 ane Scottis boy that spekis Frenche, quhelkis passit with ye 
 Frenche mynoures to Craufurd Mure to serve thame quhill 
 thai gett the langage." Besides, Sir Robert Gordon speaks of 
 silver and gold mines in Sutherlandshire.^ 
 
 ^ Chalmers, ' Caledonia,' vol. i. p. 794 ; 
 Hailes, 'Annals,' vol. ii. p. 461; 'Chart. 
 Dun.' V. ii. f. 7. Cf. ' Old English Plate, 
 Ecclesiastical, Decorative, and Domestic ; its 
 Makers and Marks,' &c. By Wilfred Joseph 
 Cripps, p. 4 : London, 1878 — 8vo. 
 
 ^ ' Les Ecossais en France,' &c., vol. I. p. 
 
 333. 
 
 ^ ' A Genealogical History of the County 
 
 of Sutherland, ' pp. 6, 10 : Edinburgh, 18 16 — 
 fol. 
 
I02 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Barbour, in giving an account of the casket in which Robert 
 the Bruce's heart was enshrined, describes it in the following 
 words : — 
 
 " And the gud lord of Douglas syne 
 Gert mak a cass of silver fyne, 
 Ennamylyt throw sutheltd."^ 
 
 Andrew of Wynton says of the same object of art : — 
 
 " That ilke hart than, as men sayd, 
 « Scho 2 bawmyd, and gert be layd 
 
 In till a cophyn off evore. 
 That scho gert be made tharefore, 
 Annamalyd and perfytly dycht, 
 Lokyt, and bwndyn wyth sylver brycht."^ 
 
 There is, however, no clue to decide whether this article of 
 virtu, and the plate which Sir James Douglas carried with 
 him on his way to Jerusalem in 1328,^ were made in Scotland 
 or not. 
 
 The dangerous token of loyalty sent to Queen Mary Stuart 
 about 1570, and supposed to be from the Earl of Athol,^ 
 was in all likelihood made in Scotland. 
 
 ^ 'The Bruce,' bukexiv.,1. 893 ; Jamieson's and a gentlewoman sitting in the same, in a 
 
 edition, pp. 413, 414. Cf. notes, p, 489. robe -royal, with a crown upon her head. 
 
 2 Devorgill. Under her feet was a rose environed with a 
 
 8 'The Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland,' thistle. Under that were two lions, the one 
 
 b. viii. ch. ix. 1. 1478 ; Dr Laing's edit., vol, bigger, the other lesser. The bigger lion 
 
 ii. pp. 321, 322. held his paw upon the face of the other, as 
 
 * See Froissart, sub anno. his lord and commander. Beneath all were 
 
 " It was " a pretty hart horn, not exceeding written these words : — 
 in quantity the palm of a man's hand, covered • Fall what may fall, 
 
 with gold, and artificially wrought. In the The lion shall be lord of all.' 
 
 head of it were curiously engraven the arms This was evidently designed to convey a 
 
 of Scotland ; in the nether part of it a throne, hope and wish that Mary should ere long, in 
 
GOLDSMITHS. 
 
 103 
 
 But there is clear evidence that the art of the goldsmith 
 was practised in Scotland. James IV., among his " mony 
 servitouris And officiaris of dyvers curis, . . . and craftis- 
 men fyne," had " glasing wrichtis, goldsmythis, and lapidaris." ^ 
 James V. was a great patron of works in the precious metals, 
 as well as of others that tended to improve the condition of 
 his kingdom. The names of at least three goldsmiths who 
 enjoyed his patronage are known : John Mosman ; Thomas 
 Ryne, Rynde, or Rhynd ; and John Kyll. In the Treasurer's 
 books there are numerous entries regarding jewellery and 
 other articles of the precious metals. Thus, June i, 1540 
 — " Item, gevin for ane chenze, deliuerit to Johnne Mosman 
 to melt with other gold to be the Kingis greate chenze, jcx 
 lib." July 30 — " Item, to Johnne Mosman, goldsmyth, for 
 the making of ane quhissile of gold of mynde, weyand iiijj^ 
 vnces half vnicorne wecht, with ane dragonne anamulite, to 
 the Kingis grace, the penult day of July, iiij lib." Aug. 13, 
 1540 — "Item, gevin to Johnne Mosman for vj^ vnces silver 
 to be ane clam-schell to kepe the Kingis grace halk mete, 
 iiij lib. xviijs. xd." ^ Scotland seems even to have exported 
 objects of art, for James IV., by letters patent of date 15 12, 
 
 spite of all contrarious circumstances, be in 
 possession of England as well as of her native 
 dominions. " — Chambers, ' Domestic Annals 
 of Scotland,' &c., vol. i. p. 70: 1859 — 8vo. 
 On the usurpation of the arms of England 
 by Queen Mary Stuart, see ' Calendar of State 
 Papers,' Foreign Series, A.D. 1560, p. 460, 
 No. 878 ; and ' Proceedings of the Society of 
 Antiquaries of Scotland,' June 1867, pp. 279- 
 287. (Observations upon a "Shilling" of 
 
 Francis the Dauphin and Mary Stuart, repre- 
 senting them as "king and queen of Scotland, 
 England, and Ireland," dated 1558 : with 
 Notes regarding the assumption by Queen 
 Mary of arms and crown of England. By 
 Henry F. Holt.) 
 
 ^Dunbar's 'Remonstrance to the King,' 
 11. I, 2, 3, 15 ; among his Poems, vol. i. p. 143. 
 
 2 See also 'Peg. Mag. Sig.,'B. xxvii.,Nos. 
 116, 141 ; xxxn. No, 3, &c. 
 
I04 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 specified that the cloths, gold chains, and jewels carried by- 
 Andrew Barton to Dieppe, were legal merchandise.^ 
 
 But though the production of works of art in the precious 
 metals was carried on to a considerable extent, they were no 
 doubt largely imported from the Continent, particularly from 
 France, at least in the middle of the fifteenth century. One 
 hundred years before, Scottish merchants were in the habit 
 of importing, from the county of Suffolk, vases of gold 
 and silver, besides silver in bars and in money. ^ It may be 
 added that in 1433 the Scottish markets were closed to 
 English artisans. The silversmiths and gilders of England 
 produced workmanship of a superior kind, as appears by a 
 considerable number of articles, partly of plain silver and 
 partly gilded, exported to France and Navarre.^ 
 
 Dunbar,^ in describing a gaily atourned^ female, a kittiekie^^ 
 says : — 
 
 " Sa mony ane kittie, drest up with golden chenyid, 
 Sa few witty, that weill can fabillis fenyie, 
 
 With apill reneis ay schawand hir goldin chene, 
 Of Sathanis seinye, sure sic an unsall menyie 
 Within this land was nevir hard nor sene." 
 
 It is likely that at least some of the trinkets so lustily con- 
 demned by the poet came from France. There is, however, 
 explicit evidence of the fact of the importation of such articles. 
 
 ^ King's Library, British Museum, 13 B. ii. above collection, vol. x. p. 553. 
 
 65. 4 'General Satyre,' 1. 765 among Dunbar's 
 
 ^ Rymer's 'Foedera,' vol. ii. part 2, p. 869 : Poems, vol. ii. p. 27. 
 
 Lond. 1821— fol. o ' Orfeo and Heurodis,' 1. 253. 
 
 '^ Macpherson's 'Annals of Commerce,' vol, ^ See Henryson, ' Scliir Chantecleir and 
 
 i. p. 648; quoting the first edition of the the Foxe,' 1. 137. 
 
PRECIOUS METALS. 105 
 
 In ' Philotus ' a pimp promises to the maid he endeavours 
 to seduce, half chains " of Paris work, wrought by the laif," ^ a 
 favourite ornament of ladies, even of gay females, as we learn 
 from the " King's Quair." ^ 
 
 The Treasurer's books again furnish valuable evidence. 
 Nov. 30, 1 541 — " Deliverit to Johnne Mosman, for chenzies of 
 gold and uther gold wark, brocht furth of France be him and 
 deliverit to the Quenis grace, iijcxxvj lib." Jan. 11, 1542 — 
 " Item, to Robert Crag, for ane collar of gold sett with perle, 
 brocht hame be him to the Quenis grace, xvij lib. xijs." 
 
 The importation of the precious metals themselves was 
 carried on from the Continent. In the 'Acts Ja. IV.' ^ we 
 read, " Pariss silver, or silver of the new werk of Bruges ; " and 
 in the 'Customs and Valuation of Merchandises,' a.d. 16 12, 
 " French copper, gold and silver, Venice, Florence, Milan, 
 Frenche or Paris gold and silver, granes Frenche or Ginny," 
 are mentioned, with the amount of duties liable on each article. 
 
 It is not at all improbable that some of the Scots crafts- 
 men learned, or at least perfected, their art in France. In 
 proof of this, reference may be made to the surprising adven- 
 ture of a younger member of the Rosslyn family, who had 
 been put to an apprenticeship in a silversmith's shop in Paris, 
 undoubtedly with the view of learning the craft and exercising 
 it in his own country.* 
 
 Whether John Mosman, in visiting France, did so for the 
 purpose of gaining insight into his craft, cannot be determined. 
 
 ^ Fol. B verso, st. 28, 30; 'Domestic An- ^ Ed. of 1814, p. 222. 
 nals of Scotland,' vol. I. p. 376. * *I.es Ecossais en France,' vol. ii. pp. 
 
 2 St. ii. 1. 29. 303, 304. 
 
 O 
 
io6 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 This much may be said, that it would have been unlike a 
 Scotsman to have gone to any place without trying to learn 
 something of his calling, if he had opportunity. 
 
 Along with the article came, in a good many instances, its 
 French designation. 
 
 As to perre, gems, the word speaks for itself. Pearls 
 themselves, however, did not come from France ; they were 
 found in Scotland, and sent abroad and set. According to the 
 Venerable Bede,^ there were in Britain many sorts of shell-fish, 
 such as mussels, in which were often found excellent pearls of 
 all colours, — red, purple, violet, and green, but mostly white. 
 The pearls of King Alexander I., in the beginning of the 
 twelfth century, were much celebrated, and the object of envy 
 to a Church dignitary of England. Much later, French 
 princes were in possession of Scotch pearls ; and at the end of 
 the middle ages, one John Rattrye (perhaps a Norman, Jean 
 Rathery) received £2 "to by perllis in Scotland." In fine. Sir 
 Robert Gordon said, at the beginning of this century, that in 
 the lakes and rivers of Sutherland, and chiefly in Shin, " there 
 were excellently good pearles, some whereof had been sent to 
 the king in England, and were accompted of great value." ^ 
 
 ^ 'Ecclesiastical History of England,' 72, No. 429; ' Comptes de I'Argenterie 
 
 chap, i. des Rois de France,' &c., published by 
 
 ^ ' Nicolai Epistola ad Eadmerum de Douet - d'Arcq, p. 26 ; ' Inventaires de la 
 Primatu sedis Eboracensis in Scotia,' ap. Royne Descosse,' &c., p. xxix, note 3; *A 
 Wharton, 'Anglia Sacra,' vol. ii. p. 236; Genealogical History of the Earldom of 
 * Inventaire du mobilier de Charles V.,' Sutherland,' pp. 6, ir. Cf. ' Jamieson's Die- 
 published by Jules Labarte, Nos. 610, 611, tionary,' e/^^^ " Pearlin;" ' Ledger of Andrew 
 614; Paris, 1879 — 410; 'Comptes de Tin- Halyburton,' p. 189, and Preface, p. Ixxi ; 
 ventaire des joyaux de Louis, due d'Anjou 'The Costume of the Clans,' &c., p. xxv, and 
 {1360-68),' in the 'Notice des emaux et note 10. 
 bijoux du Musee du Louvre,' ii^ part. p. 
 
JEWELLERY. 
 
 107 
 
 Jaspe.jasp} is the same in both languages. 
 
 The English amber is the same as the French ambre ; but 
 the Scotch lamber, lammer^ or lamner, as it is pronounced in 
 the north, bears a closer resemblance to the French. It seems 
 to be the French word, with the addition of the demonstrative 
 article, so often prefixed to the names of places in early Scotch 
 deeds,^ as well as to many other words in Scotland, to which 
 it is not added in English. 
 
 Lingot, lingut, an ingot, is the Fr. lingot. 
 
 Cabosckon, cabosckoun, caboischoun, is evidently the French 
 cabocho7i.'^ In andlet, doublet, or dowblet, Jirmaleit, and car cat ^ 
 carkat, carket, carcant, which is the designative of an orna- 
 
 1 "The Tail of the Cock and the Jasp," ap. 
 Henryson, p. 104. 
 
 ^ We read, in the early romance of ' La 
 
 Manekine,' p. 14, 1. 381 (cf. p. 63, 1. 
 
 1872) .— 
 
 " Un jor vint li rois en sa cambre, 
 Qui estoit pavee de lambre ; " 
 
 and M. Henri Bordier translates this last 
 
 word by latnbris, planche, as though de lambre 
 
 were equivalent io parquetie. This opinion is 
 
 not admissible. See ' Memoires de la Societe 
 
 Academique d'Archeologie, Sciences et Arts 
 
 du Departement de I'Oise,' tome viii. premiere 
 
 partie, p. 100: Beauvais, 1871 — 8vo. Our 
 
 opinion is supported by another passage, 
 
 where a knight is represented in his room, 
 
 "dont li piler furent de lambre." — 'Li Rou- 
 
 mans de Cleomades,' t. ii. p. 41, 1. 10333: 
 
 Bruxelles, 1866 — 8vo. 
 
 " Sur un pecul de vermail lambre 
 S'est apue eel arcevesque." 
 
 — Geffrei Gaimar, "Estorie des Engles," 1. 
 3946 ; Th. Wright's edit., p. 134. 
 " Es-les-vos al uis de la cambre, 
 Dont a or furent tuit li lambre." 
 
 — 'PartonopeusdeBlois,'!. 10141; vol. ii. p. 
 174: Paris, 1834— 8vo. 
 
 " Adonc est li sires levez 
 Et est entrez dedenz sa chambre, 
 Qui tote estoit ovree a lambre. 
 N'a el monde beste n'oisel 
 Qui n'i soit ovre k cisel, 
 Et la procession Renart," &c. 
 
 — 'Le Roman du Renart,' 1. 22162; vol. iii. 
 p. 88. Cf. vol. iv. p. 78, 1. 2160, 
 
 " Un jor entra en une cambre, 
 Dont li pavemens fu de lambre ; 
 Rien n'i avoit qui fust fait d'arbre, 
 Tuit li pilier sont de fin marbre." 
 
 — ' Blancandin et I'Orgueilleuse d' Amour,' 1. 
 53, p. 2: Paris, 1867— 8vo. Cf. 'Tristan,' 
 vol. i. p. 227, 1. 258 ; and vol. ii. p. 104, 1. 
 306. 
 
 Hence the adjective alambnt, which occurs 
 in " Gaydon," 1. 4882, p. 147 : Paris, 1862— 
 i2mo. 
 
 3 FiV^ 'Rentals of Orkney,' A. D. 1502, pp. 
 28, lOI. 
 
 * ' Papers relative to the Marriage of King 
 James VI.,' &c., p. 18. 
 
io8 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 ment for the neck,^ it is not difficult to recognise the O. Fr. 
 annelet, doublet, fermillet, fermoillet, and the modern carcan. 
 Pome, a round ornament in jewellery, is the French word for 
 apple, and palmander is the Fr. pomme d'ambre. Builyettis, 
 bulyettis^ pendants, were called bullettes in France ; and cer- 
 tainly lesart, a gold ornament,^ owes its name to the French 
 Idzard. Likewise the ckafferoune, cheffroun, saferon, schaffroun 
 — "ane chafferoune of gold Parise werk" — a piece of orna- 
 mental head-dress for ladies, is simply an adaptation of chafron, 
 cheveron, armour for the head of a war-horse (Fr. chanfrein). 
 The ping-pong, a jewel fixed to a wire with a long pin * at the 
 end, brokete (Fr. brochette), which was worn in front of the cap, 
 and shook as the wearer moved, was so designated from the 
 French pompon.^ Broche, brooch, bruche, a chain of gold, or 
 ornament worn on the breast, is evidently from the Fr. broche. 
 Pende, a pendant, is from the Fr. pendre ; and pendle, pen- 
 dule, a pendant, an earring, is the O. Fr. pendille, explained by 
 Cotgrave " a thing that hangs danglingly." Fr. pendeloque. — 
 
 " This lady gade up the Parhament stair, 
 Wi' pendles in her lugs sae bonnie." ® 
 
 Eitche^ a word which seems to have denoted some 
 
 ^ " Clariodus," p. 253, 1. 1992. in the cushion over which the hair was turned 
 
 ^ Bulyettis, s, pi., denoted also some kind in front." Several were frequently worn at 
 
 of coffers or boxes, like the French bougette. once. It was sometimes pronounced /ow/<7mw. 
 
 3 'Crim. Trials,' vol. i. p. 307*, A.D. 1540- « "Richie Storie," in 'A Ballad Book,' 
 
 41. edited by the late David Laing, p. 97 : 
 
 * " The Awntyrs of Arthure," st. xxxv. William Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh and 
 1- 9- London, 1880— 8 vo. 
 
 * Chambers, 'Traditions of Edinburgh,' ^ 'A Chronicle of the Kings of Scotland,' 
 vol. ii. pp. 59, 60; ed. 1869, pp. 221-223. p. 139: Edinburgh, 1830 — 4to. Eitche is 
 The author adds : " This was generally stuck probably the same as the English ouch, de- 
 
CHAINS, RINGS, SEALS. 109 
 
 kind of chain formed with SS, essis (Fr. esse), and which is still 
 in common use, has kept but a faint mark of its origin. In the 
 accounts and inventory of a Duke of Britanny, we find "un 
 collier a SS, de I'ordre du Roy d'Angleterre, et y a xvi. 55, qui 
 sont esmaill^es du mot ' a ma vie,' et ij. barres es deux bouts, 
 garni d'un balay." ^ " Ane butour (Fr. butor, Engl, bitterti) fute 
 with gold and round perliss," mentioned in an inventory, a.d. 
 1 5 78, is a more extraordinary jewel.^ Columbe, an ornament in 
 the form of a dove,^ tells its own story plainly enough. Clos- 
 erris, a word of doubtful meaning, but which likely means clasps 
 or hooks-and-eyes, is from the O. Fr. closiers. 
 
 Rings and seals, from the legends inscribed on them, seem 
 to have been at times brought from France. By one of his 
 wills, at the end of the fourteenth century. Sir James Douglas 
 of Dalkeith bequeaths to a relative a ring with a ruby, inscribed 
 " Vertu ne puz avoir conterpoiz." * 
 
 rived itself from «wjr^^. — Fi'</^ *' Fantosme's cours ii.), three S.S.S. meant sabio, solo, 
 
 Chronicle," 1. 1190, and notes, p. 131, ed. segreto. 
 
 1839; "La Chanson de Roland," st. xlix., ^ Belon, speaking of the bittern, says: 
 &c. At any rate, the etymon of eitche\% less " Aussi a de grands doigts es pieds, et des- 
 obscure than that of the English ouche, on quels on a acoustume enchasser les ongles en 
 which see the remarks of Archdeacon Nares, fin metal, pour faire des curedents ; mais 
 p. 355, col. I. principalement celui qui est en I'ergot de 
 ^ 'Notice des emaux . . . du Musee du derriere, est plus long que nul des autres," 
 Louvre,' iie part. p. 345, art. "Inscriptions &c.— 'L'Histoire de la Nature des Oiseaux, ' 
 emaillees." Cf. Jamieson's Suppl., voce"Y.%- &c., b. viii. ch. 4, p. 193 : Paris, 1555— fol. 
 sis;" 'Notes and Queries,' vol. ii. pp. 89, ^ In the wills of Sir James Douglas, A.D. 
 475 ; vol. iv. pp. 147, 148, 345. In the 1390-92, is mentioned a ring de columna 
 ' Revue Numismatique,' 1856, pp. 268-276, Christi, which may suggest another etymon 
 there is a paper by M. Adrien de Longperier — of columbe. — Vide Innes's ' Sketches of early 
 "Del'sbarre de Henri IV.," &c., and farther Scotch History,' p. 332; and 'Gloss. Med. 
 on — pp. 174-180— his answer to a letter from et Inf. Latin.,' t. ii. p. 445, col. 3, voce "Co- 
 Baron Chaudruc de Crazanne. According to lumba," No, 4. 
 Brant ome ('Vies des Fevimes galantes,' dis- * T^i/^ 'Sketches,' &c., p. 334. 
 
no CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 A gold ring was dug up in a peat-moss in Berwickshire 
 some years ago bearing this inscription, " Tout pour le meus " 
 (all for the best) ; and a seal of Patrick, Earl of March and 
 Dunbar, has these lines : — 
 
 *' Parmi ceu haut bois 
 Condurai mamie." ^ 
 
 All such jewellery and gems were kept in a baggier (Fr. 
 baguier), 3. small casket for containing jewels, or in a caff^er 
 (Fr. coffre), a word in more common use. To quote a single 
 example, the year 1578 offers us "schrynis, cofferis, buistis, 
 caissis," amidst sundry toys and articles of furniture.^ The 
 substantive coffer is not yet quite obsolete. 
 
 In addition to all the words now explained may be added 
 a general term for ornament, parure (Fr. parure) ; or/everie, 
 orphray (Fr. orfivrerie), work in gold ; and two technical terms, 
 which are nearer the French originals than the English equi- 
 valents. Thus amaille is liker Entail than the English enamel^ 
 and ammelyt liker dmailU than enamelled. 
 
 Wh^n a Sir William St Clair was royally served at his 
 own table, it was in vessels of gold and silver, which un- 
 doubtedly were of French make. Very little marked ancient 
 Scots plate exists. Mr Wilfred J. Cripps cites no example 
 
 ^ The figure of this seal was not published ch. iii, 1364, p. 258, note 2 : Paris, 1879 — 
 
 in Henry Laing's ' Descriptive Catalogue of 8vo), we are led to believe that the best Scotch 
 
 Impressions from Ancient Scottish Seals,' ring and seal engravings were executed in 
 
 p. 55 : Edinburgh, 1850 — 4to. The seal itself France. 
 
 is described, No. 293, date A. D. 1292. When ^ 'A Collection of Inventories,' &c., pp. 
 
 we see that letters from Philip the Bold, Duke 237-242. The ' Builds ' are catalogued pp. 
 
 of Burgundy, were sealed with a seal "fait de 243-248. 
 nuef, apporte de Paris " {* L'Archipretre,' &c., 
 
WATCH AND CLOCK. in 
 
 earlier than an Edinburgh specimen of 1618. He men- 
 tions one of Aberdeen of 1650, Dundee 1652, St Andrews 
 1 67 1. The Glasgow and Perth examples belong to the 
 next century. No fewer than twenty-seven good woodcuts 
 of the Edinburgh and other Scots marks are given by Mr 
 Cripps on pages 141 and 147 of the * Old English Plate/ 
 the town-mark or arms being in the midst, with the initials 
 of the deacon of the craft on the left, and of the maker on 
 the right. 
 
 The watch and the clock appear at times under their French 
 names.^ Thus, a watch is mtcnter, mounter ^ muntour^ (Fr. 
 montre) ; and a clock or dial is horrelage, orlege^ orlager, 
 orliger (Fr. korloge). The weight of a clock was named pace, 
 peise (¥y. poids), a word still in use in the north.* 
 
 There seem to exist but few Scottish words relating to the 
 art of painting. This no doubt arises from the fact that it was 
 not in early times cultivated in North Britain. Depaynt, to 
 
 ^ "Ane orlege or montre." — Sir James not fall within our province to enter into a 
 
 Melville's 'Memoirs,' p. 127, A.D. 1564. dissertation upon it. The reader is referred 
 
 - 'Crim. Trials,' vol. iii. p. 17, A.D. 1609. to Madox's 'History and Antiquities of the 
 
 3 Henryson's Fables, " Schir Chanlecleir Exchequer,' &c., ch. x. pp. 234, 235; to the 
 
 and the Foxe," 1. 102, p. 121. ' Gascon Rolls,' 27 Hen. IH., membr. 8 ; to 
 
 * Vide a Council record, quoted by R. Rymer's 'Foedera' (Pat. 12 Edw. HI., part 
 
 Chambers, 'Dom. Ann. of Scot.,' vol. ii. 2, m. 4 ; and 17 id. ibid., part i, m. 43 d.; 
 
 p. 408, A.D. 1680. A hoard, or hoarded vol. ii. part 2, pp. 1053, 1219, &c.); to the 
 
 treasure, vcas also a pais, poise, pose. This Harl. MS. No. 433, art. 1933, folio 186 
 
 word is, however, the Danish pose, a bag. recto; to the 'Actesdu parlement de Paris,' 
 
 Before the introduction of banking and &c., tome i. p. 56; and chiefly to the 'Ac- 
 
 the regular establishment of credit, people counts of the High Treasurer of Scotland,' 
 
 everywhere used to hide their savings in the vol. i. preface, pp. cclxxix, 132, 199, 207. 
 
 ground. Those hoards, popularly believed to Vide also 'Crim. Trials,' vol. ii. pp. 171, 172, 
 
 be wrapped in bulls' hides, were denominated A.D. l6cxD. 
 by a partly Fr. term, treasure-trove. It does 
 
112 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 paint, Is the Fr. ddpeindre; and orpkany, painter's gold, orpeau, 
 oripeau (low Lat. auripellum, from aurum, 2Ln.d pellis). 
 
 Pictures, if any, in churches, town-halls, or baronial manors, 
 came from the Continent — at first from France, and afterwards 
 from the Low Countries.^ Margaret, Countess of Southesk, 
 procured in the former a portrait of Sir William Wallace 
 answering to the description of the patriot given by Blind 
 Harry, who alludes to a picture of him painted in France.^ 
 
 Another Margaret, the queen of Malcolm III., had a picture 
 thus described by Barbour : — 
 
 " Scho gert weile portray a castell, 
 A leddre up to the wall standand, 
 And a man wp thar apon climband ; 
 And a wrat oucht him, as auld man sais, 
 In Frankis, Gardys-woiiys de Fransais. 
 And for this word scho gert wryt swa, 
 Men wend the Frankis men suld it ta." ^ 
 
 It may, however, be stated that, in later times, painting was 
 practised in Scodand. James I. himself was skilled in paint- 
 ing. There is extant a picture of the reign of James III. 
 (1460-1488). It is supposed to have originally formed the 
 altar-piece of Trinity College Church, was long in Hampton 
 Court, and is now in Holyrood Palace. It was the work either 
 
 ^ The pictures, probably mural, of Cardross on their tomb ("figuris et armis eorundem 
 
 Castle are mentioned along with the window- depictis"), a.d. 1424. James I. 
 
 glass of the same in the ' Chamberlain's Ac- ^ * The Wallace Papers,' Introductory 
 
 counts,' vol. i. pp. 37, 38; and we know that Notice, pp. xxxi, xxxii : Edinburgh, 1841 — 
 
 the Duke of Albany and his sons were buried 4to. 
 
 in the church of the Dominican Friars at ^ ' The Bruce,' b. vii. 1. 1044. 
 Stirling, with their portraits and arms painted 
 
PAINTING. 113 
 
 of Hugo van der Goes, who was born at Ghent and died in 
 1480, or of Gerard van der Meire, who was alive in 1474.^ 
 
 James IV., among his " craftismen fyne," patronised "payn- 
 touris." David Prat was an artist of this reign. In 1502 this 
 painter was at work on King James the Third's tomb in the 
 Abbey of Cambuskenneth ; and in the Treasurer's books, 
 1506, there is this entry: "To David Prat, the payntour, in 
 compleit payment of the altar-paynting as resting awand to 
 him, ij lib. ixs." About the same time lived John Prat, another 
 painter ; and Sir Thomas Galbraith, a priest, was chiefly em- 
 ployed in the illumination of manuscripts. James V.'s queen, 
 who in some way had procured from Scotland a portrait of her 
 future husband,^ regularly kept a painter. In the Treasurer's 
 books, of date February 14, 1542, there is this entry: "Item 
 gevin to the Quenis painter, to by colouris to paint with, in 
 Falkland, xj. lib." Here was French influence. The name of 
 one Scotch painter of this reign is known — Andro Watson. 
 
 In the houses of the nobility it was not unusual to have the 
 panels and ceilings of at least some of the rooms decorated 
 with paintings. Thus speaks Dunbar : — 
 
 " This hinder nycht half-sleiping as I lay, 
 Me thocht my chalmer in ane new aray 
 Was all depaynt with many diverss hew. 
 Of all the nobill storyis aid and new, 
 Sen oure first father formed was of clay."^ 
 
 ^ ' Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries moyane," &c. Pitscottie, ' Cronicles of Scot- 
 
 of Scotland,' vol. x. p. 322. land,' vol. ii. p. 363. 
 
 * ". . . This fair ladie . . . past to ^ Dunbar's * Dream,' st. i. — Poems, vol. i. 
 
 hir coffer, and tuik out his picture, quhilk p. 31. 
 shoe had gottin out of Scotland be ane secreit 
 
114 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 The ceiling of some of the rooms of the " Guise Palace," 
 Blyth's Close, Edinburgh, was decorated with emblematical 
 devices and mottoes ; and there are preserved in the Antiqua- 
 rian Museum, Edinburgh, seven paintings on wood from the 
 ceiling of the great hall of Dean House, in which are repre- 
 sented the Sacrifice of Abraham ; Judith and Holofernes ; 
 King David playing on the harp, &c.^ ' 
 
 If there was lack of painters in Scotland in early times, 
 carvers appear to have been no less deficient ; and smaller 
 pieces of sculpture were imported from France. King Robert 
 I.'s tomb, of fine white marble enriched with gilding, was 
 executed in Paris, on a model imitated in other times and 
 countries.^ James IV., however, employed "carvouris" among 
 his " mony servitouris." ^ 
 
 ^ ' Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries gold leaves, and adorned with 662 leaves of 
 
 of Scotland, 'vol. i. p. 10. The following items silver.^ In an old French poem a rhymer 
 
 point, no doubt, to the same practice : " Item, mentions a 
 twa paintit broddis, the ane of the Muses, and " Riche tombel 
 
 the uther of crotoseque or conceptis." " Item, ^'°'' <^t ^'argent fet a neel." 
 
 . , — Le Roman de Iroie, 1. 29,375. 
 
 audit pamtit broddis of the doctoris of Al- 
 
 ,.^,, ,. ,, .JO Dunbar s Poems, vol. i. p. 145: "Remon- 
 
 'A Collection of Inventories, &c., . '^ , 
 
 maine. 
 
 p. 130: printed at Edinburgh, 1815 — 4to. 
 ^ ' Chamberlain's Accounts,' pp. 72, 99 
 
 strance to the King," 1. 11. 
 
 T D- .1 , 1 r /-.I 1 1 Yanguas y Miranda ' Diccionario de Antiguedades 
 
 loi, 109, 123. In 1387 the tomb of Charles a \ t> ■ a\.^ > . - • t>, i„„ 
 
 ' -" "^ ■^ • del Reino de Navarra, torn. 111. p. 132 : Pamplona, 
 
 II., King of Navarre, was gilt with 3214 1840— Span. 410. 
 
CHAPTER VI, 
 
 /Iftone^. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 MONEY. 
 
 OR many centuries in Scotland there was scarcely 
 any trade, and nearly all business was conducted 
 by means of barter : the consequence was a lack 
 of specie, and of men who had skill to coinyie 
 (O. Fr. coigner) money. 
 
 The first coinage of money in the country is involved in 
 darkness. Buchanan^ tells us that it was Donald V. who first 
 coined money. Boethius ^ states that it was Donald I. who 
 " primus omnium Scotorum regum, ut in nostris annalibus pro- 
 ditum est memorise, nummum argenteum aureumque signavit." 
 Bellenden ^ says : " King Donald was the first king of Scottis 
 that prentit ane penny of gold or silver. On the ta side of this 
 money was prentit ane croce, and his face on the tothir. The 
 Scottis usit na money, bot marchandise, quhen thay inter- 
 changit with Britonis and Romanis afore this days, except it 
 was money of the said Romanis or Britonis." 
 
 ^ "Sunt qui putent monetam argenteam, lib. vi. p. 169: Amsterodami, 1643— 8vo. 
 quam adhuc sterlinam vocat vulgus, ibi turn 2 Lib. v. fol. 86 b. 
 
 excusam." — * Rerum Scoticaram Historia,' ^ Vol. i. p. 195: ed. 1821. 
 
ii8 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Coins can with some degree of certainty be assigned to 
 Alexander I. (1107-T124), as well as to his successor David 
 (1124-1153). Of Malcolm IV. (1153-1165) no coins are 
 known. It is not till the following reign that any really clear 
 light on the money of the country breaks in. The coins of 
 William the Lion (i 165-12 14) are numerous, and from what is 
 stated of the sums of money that found their way out of the 
 country, the poorness of the nation seems to have been very 
 marked. 
 
 A " pose " ^ of the silver pennies of William was found near 
 Inverness in 1780. The legend on the coin is le Rei Wilam, 
 le Rei Willame^ Wilam Ri or Re. The two first forms of the 
 legend are French. 
 
 Some of the coins of William have inscribed on them the 
 names of the place of mintage, as Ed or Edinbv, Pert, 
 RocESBV (Roxburgh). Some of them bear the names of the 
 moneyers, and several of the names of these moneyers are 
 undoubtedly of Norman-French origin. 
 
 A historian of the Scottish coinage, Adam de Cardonnel, 
 ascribes the coinage of this money by French coiners to a 
 particular circumstance in that king's life.^ 
 
 Adrien de Longperier, quoting Cardonnel, says : ^ " Les 
 legendes le rei Wilam et le rei Willame appartiennent a Guil- 
 laume le Lion d'Ecosse, qui succeda a son frere Malcolm IV. 
 en 1 165. Ayant ete fait prisonnier par Henry II, il fut con- 
 
 ^ Vide p. Ill, n. 4. tagne aux xii* et xiii® siecles,' par Adrien de 
 
 ^ 'Numismata Scotise,' &c., by Adam de Longperier; in the 'Revue numismatique,' 
 
 Cardonnel, p. 39 : Edinburgh, 1786 — 4to. nouvelle serie, t. vii. pp. 292-300. 
 ' ' Monnayeurs fran9ais dans la Grande-Bre- 
 
FRENCH COINERS. 119 
 
 duit vers ce prince, alors en Normandie, et retenu jusqu'a ce 
 qu'il eut paye une rangon de 40,000 marcs ecossais. II sera 
 done permis de supposer qu'il aurait engage et envoye en 
 Ecosse des artistes etrangers charg<^s de frapper la monnaie 
 necessaire pour payer cette ran^on." 
 
 Many of these apparently remained, for we find their names 
 on William's second coinage ; and there is little doubt but that 
 some of them minted for his successor. Peris occurs on the 
 short-cross coins; and Renaud, Henri, Nichol, and others, 
 evidently of the same origin, are found on the long double- 
 cross coins. ^ 
 
 It may be stated that at the Scottish Court in the twelfth 
 century, as the Saxon tongue was considered " fort rurale, bar- 
 bare, mal sonnante et seante," French only was used. 
 
 The silver penny was the only Scottish coin till the reign of 
 Alexander III. (1249- 1285). He coined the halfpenny and 
 the farthing — coins which were afterwards continued. David 
 II. (1329- 1 371) introduced two new values, the groat of four- 
 pence and the half- groat. James V. circulated a one-third 
 groat-piece. 
 
 In 1553 a coin was minted by Mary with the name of testoon, 
 testone (O. Fr. testori) ; and in 1553 a \i-2M-testoon. The testoon 
 bore, obverse, the queen's head, crowned, to the right in a 
 double circle ; reverse, the arms of Scotland, crowned between 
 two mullets or cinquefoils, in a double circle.^ 
 
 Mary also introduced three other new coins, the ryal, the 
 
 1 'Notes on the Annals of the Scottish - 'A Handbook to -the Coinage of Scot- 
 
 Coinage,' p. 17, by R. W. Cochrane : Lon- land,' by J. D. Robertson, p. 73. London : 
 don, 1872— 8vo. George Bell & Sons, 1878— Svo. 
 
I20 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 two-thirds ryal^ and the one-third ryal (1565, 1566, 1567). 
 These coins carry on the obverse the arms of Scotland, 
 crowned between two thistles, within a circle, and on the re- 
 verse a crowned yew-tree, up the stem of which a tortoise is 
 creeping; across the tree is a scroll inscribed Dat. Gloria. 
 Vires. These ryals went by the name of Cruickston dollars, 
 either from the estate of Cruickston having belonged to Lord 
 Darnley, or because the tree on the reverse is supposed to 
 represent the famous yew-tree which grew there.^ 
 
 During the reign of James VI. (i 567-1625), many new silver 
 coins were struck : the sword-dollar, or thirty -shilling piece, 
 with its two divisions of two-thirds and one-third (1567-1571); 
 the noble or half-merk, half-noble (1572-1580); the double- 
 merk or thistle-dollar, the merk (1578-1580); various pieces 
 ranging in value from forty shillings to twelve pennies, and 
 among them one of five shillings and another of thirty pennies. 
 That king also minted the balance half-merk, the balance 
 quarter-merk (1591-1593); the thistle - merk, with its part- 
 values of half, quarter, and eighth (i 601- 1603). 
 
 About 1374 Robert II. introduced gold coinage in the form 
 of a coin called a St Andrew, from the figure of that saint 
 on the reverse, — likely in imitation of the Italian florin, 
 which bore the image of St John. The obverse was adorned 
 with the arms of Scotland crowned, plainly in imitation of the 
 French coin couronne. Another coin was called the Lyon. 
 The half St Andrew was first coined by Robert III. (1390- 
 1406). The lion of James I. was called demy. He also coined 
 the half-lion. 
 
 ^ ' A Handbook to the Coinage of Scotland,' pp. 78, 79. 
 
BILLON COINS. 121 
 
 James III. (1460- 1488), besides continuing the St Andrew 
 and its half, minted the rider (1475), so named from the figure 
 of the king on horseback, with a sword in his right hand, gal- 
 loping to the right, on the obverse ; the unicorn and the half- 
 unicorn (i486), both of which have on the obverse a unicorn 
 with a crown round the neck, supporting a shield emblazoned 
 with the arms of Scotland, to the lower end of which is at- 
 tached a chain with a ring, — hence the denomination. 
 
 James V. introduced the ecu (Fr. dcu), the ryal,.t\ie. bonnet- 
 piece, with its two smaller values of two-thirds and one-thjrd. 
 The bonnet-piece is a very fine coin, and in imitation of the 
 French: it is much thicker in proportion to its size than the 
 English coin of this period. 
 
 Seven different pieces issued from the mint of Mary (1542- 
 1567), and from that of James VI. no fewer than eleven. 
 
 In course of time a debased sort of metal, consisting of 
 silver and various quantities of alloy of copper, was introduced. 
 It got the name of billon (Fr. billon, Span, vellon). The baser 
 kind of this metal was called bas billon in French, and the coin 
 minted from it, basse piece. Coins of poor silver — a penny and a 
 half-penny — were coined during the reigns of Robert III. (1390- 
 1406), James I. (1406-1437), and James II. (1437-1460). The 
 first real billon coins were struck by James III. (1460- 1488), 
 in the values of penny, half-penny, plack, and hdXf-plack, and 
 coinage was continued by his successor. The plack or plak, 
 along with its designation, may have been first imported from 
 the Low Countries, with which Scotland carried on a consider- 
 able trade.^ But we know the existence oi plaque as a French 
 
 ^ The ' Libel of English Policy ' of 1436 says the exports of Scotland were skins, hides, 
 
 Q 
 
122 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 denomination of money; and in a statute of Henry VI. of 
 England, made at Paris 20th November 1426, that coin is 
 stated to be equal to four greater blancs. Indeed it seems 
 to have been from the French the unfortunate king borrowed 
 it, long before James III. coined it in billon. The word is 
 still current in the proverb, " Ye widna mak y\x plack a bawbee 
 by that." 1 
 
 The billon coins of James V. (1514-1542) consisted of three 
 parts fine to nine parts alloy, and bore the denominations of 
 bawbee, babie, bawbie"^ (Fr. bass ijuce), or plack, half-plack, and 
 penny. Mary (1542- 1567) minted the bawbee and the half- 
 bawbee, with several other values of very base metal. Among 
 these values was the lion or hardhead (O. Fr. ardit ; low Lat. 
 arditus, ardicus ; Span. ardite\ which is, however, said by 
 some to have been so named from Philippe le Hardi, who 
 
 and wool, — the wool being sold in the towns ^ Vide ' La Tierce Journee du Mistere de la 
 
 of Poperynge and Bell. The imports were Passion Jesus - Crist,' &c. ; 'Assemblee des 
 
 mercery, haberdashery, cart-wheels, and bar- Tyrans,' 2d fol. recto, col. i., "after r. iiii. Cf. 
 
 rows. (Thomas Wright's 'Political Poems 'Gloss. Med. et Inf. Latin.,' voce "Placa," 
 
 and Songs, 'vol. ii. p. i68.) " L'Ecosse four- No. 2, vol. v. p. 274, col. i ; and Jamieson's 
 
 nissait des peaux de mouton, de lapiu et autres. Diet. , z'^« "Plack." 
 
 surtout de martres (?) ; des cuirs, des laines et '' A curious traditional fancy in regard to 
 
 des draps, mais de mauvaise qualite, des perles the origin of this term is still current in Fife, 
 
 moins belles que celles d'Orient. On y envoy- " When one of the infant kings of Scotland, 
 
 ait peu de chose, tant ^ cause de la pauvrete of great expectation, was shown to the public, 
 
 de cette contree, que parce qu'elle trafiquait for the preservation of order the price of 
 
 principalement avcc la France et I'Angleterre. admission was in proportion to the rank of 
 
 Cependant elle tirait d'Anvers quelques epi- the visitant. The eyes of the superior classes 
 
 ceries, du sucre, de la garance, quelques draps being feasted, their retainers and mobility 
 
 de soie, des camelots, des serges et des toiles." were admitted at the rate of six pennies each. 
 
 Frederic Baron de Rciffenbcrg, ' Memoire Hence this piece of money being the price 
 
 couronne par I'Academie de Bruxelles,' p. of seeing the royal Z?a:(^?i!?, it received the name 
 
 122, " Du Commerce au xv® et xvi" siecles. " of Babie, lengthened in pronunciation into 
 
 Bruxelles: 1822— 4to. Bawbee.'" — ^Jamieson, Supplement, j?/<^ z'^jr^. 
 
FRENCH COINS. 123 
 
 first coined it. James VI. continued the billon coinage in 
 various values. 
 
 Modern copper money was first coined in France in the ' 
 reign of Henri III. about 1580. The Scots soon followed in 
 the wake of France, and in the reign of James VI. the first 
 copper coinage was struck, and consisted of a twopenny piece 
 and a penny piece (1597). 
 
 If King James VI. gave the name of turner to another 
 copper coin struck in his reign (16 14), it was because the French 
 tournois — so named because first coined at Tours (Lat. turo- 
 nensis), either livre^ denier, or double — was also current in Scot- 
 land. Charles I. (1625- 1649) continued the coinage of the 
 turner. The name was revived and applied to a similar piece 
 coined after the Restoration, in the beginning of Charles II.'s 
 reign.^ This prince minted in copper a bawbee or sixpenny 
 piece (1677). 
 
 This short sketch of the coinage of Scotland shows how 
 much it owed to France ; ^ but France exercised another influ- 
 ence over Scotland in respect to money. French money circu- 
 lated quite freely in the country, and has left its mark in the 
 words given to the vocabulary. 
 
 There are numerous entries in the Lord Treasurers books 
 of payments of "French crowns." Thus, on 17th March 
 1503-4, "Maister William Dunbar" had a gratuity of seven 
 French crowns, or £a„ i8s. Scots, for saying his first mass 
 before King James IV. 
 
 1 Anderson's 'Diplomata,' &c., p. 138 ; ^ 'A Handbook to the Coinage of Scot- 
 
 Spalding's 'History of the Troubles,' &c., land,' by J. D. Robertson, has been chiefly 
 
 vol. i. pp. 197-217; Jamieson's Diet., voce followed in this sketch. 
 "Turner." 
 
124 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 On May 30, 1502, the Treasurer paid "to the French leich 
 (John Damian), quhen he passit his way, 300 French crowns." 
 
 It is quite plain from Dunbar, in his poem of a " New 
 Year's Gift to the King" — 
 
 " God gif the blis quhair evir thow bowncs, 
 And send thd many Fraunce crownes " ^ — 
 
 that French money was in common currency. 
 
 The following are the designations of the coins that at one 
 time or other formed part of this currency : — 
 
 Mouton was a gold coin said to have been introduced into 
 
 the country during the reign of David II. — "nom d'une an- 
 
 cienne monnaie d'or de France, qui portait d'une c6t6 I'image 
 
 du saint Jean-Baptiste et de I'autre celle d'un agneau avec 
 
 Ecce Agnus Dei pour l^gende." ^ Salute was another gold coin 
 
 of Charles VI. (i 380-1422), "ainsi dit parce qu'il portait gravee 
 
 la salutation de I'ange a la sainte Vierge." ^ Crowne of the 
 
 sone is " ecu d'or au soleil," a coin struck in the reign of Louis 
 
 XL (1461-1483) and Charles VIII. (1483-1498) (O. Fr. escu- 
 
 sol). Dolphhiy dalphyn, was another gold coin in circulation. 
 
 The kardique is corrupted from quart d'dcu, a coin of about 
 
 the value of eighteenpence.* Souse is the O. Fr. soly sold, 
 
 Fr. sou, " la vingtieme partie d'une livre." Deneir, denneyer, is 
 
 the Fr. denier (Lat. denarius), a small silver coin. Cort, pi. 
 
 cortes, cortis^ was the name of another French coin that found 
 
 ^ ' Poems, ' vol. i. p. 91, St. 5- " Adieu mon or et mes pistolles, 
 
 2 Littre, ' Dictionnaire de la Langue Fran- '^'^'«" ""^^ ^«"" espagnoUes, 
 
 , Adieu mes escus au soieil, 
 
 9aise, sub voce. Adieu mes amoureux testons, 
 
 ^ Ibid., sub voce. Adieu mes larges ducatons, 
 
 ^ It was still current at the beginning of Adieu mes quarts-d'escusde France." 
 
 the seventeenth century ; — — " L' Adieu du Plaideur a son argent." 
 
MEDALS. 125 
 
 its way into the country about the time of James III. Lyart 
 is the Fr, Hard, a word of uncertain origin. The value of 
 the Hard was equal to three deniers, the fourth of a sou, and 
 a little more than a cenHme. It was of copper. Doit, a small 
 copper coin, is the Fl. duyt. The word is still used to indicate 
 the low value of anything, or contempt or defiance of any one. 
 
 Maily, melyie, said to be equal to half a denier, is the O. Fr. 
 maaiHe, Fr. maiUe (Walloon, mdie, mauie, nauie ; O. Span. 
 meaj'a ; O. Port, mealhd). 
 
 It may be here stated that leg-doHar is a Manx dollar, so 
 called because it bears the arms of the Isle of Man, 
 
 Pinkerton^ is of opinion that the large gold medal of James 
 III. appended to the shrine of St John at Amiens, and 
 minutely described by Du Cange, was probably the production 
 of an Italian or Flemish artist ; but more likely it was struck at 
 the royal mint of Paris, from which every known seal and medal, 
 and by far the greater number of coins representing Francis 
 and Mary as " King and Queen of England," were issued. 
 There was, however, a royal mint in the Canongate at Edin- 
 burgh, in which a small silver coin, dated 1558, was struck. 
 The same may be said of a gold medal now to be found in 
 the Sutherland cabinet in the Advocates' Library, which also 
 bears date 1558, and resembles on the obverse only a Paris 
 medallion struck to commemorate the marriage of Queen Mary 
 with the Dauphin of France. 
 
 The Seton medal, struck in commemoration of a patrician 
 marriage, has for its legend, " Un Dieu, un loy, un foy, 
 un roy." 
 
 ^ 'The History of Scotland,' &c., vol. i. b. ix., sect. vi. p. 423 : London, 1747— 4to. 
 
126 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 The French have contributed more to Scotch than the 
 designations of the coins. Coinyie^ we have already said, as 
 well as cuinyie (O. Fr. coigner), is to coin; cuinyie, cuinyie- 
 house, cunyie-^xoM^^^ cunzie^ is the mint; cuinyoure^ is the 
 master of the mint ; and cuinyie^ cunyie^ is a coin. 
 
 " My Lordis of Chacker, pleis yow to heir 
 My coumpt, I sail it mak yow cleir, 
 But ony circumstance or sonyie ; 
 For left is neither corce nor cunyie 
 Off all that I tuik in the yeir." ^ 
 
 Argent content, ready money, is the Fr. argent comptant. 
 When one is unable to make solutione (Fr. solution) of his debts, 
 he becomes a dyvour (Fr. devoir), a bankrupt, and a declaration 
 of bankruptcy, dyvonrie, is made. 
 
 This chapter may be fitly brought to a conclusion by refer- 
 ence to Lawrence Denison, a Scotsman, whose epitaph tells 
 what office he held in France: — 
 
 "D. O.^M. 
 
 " Laurentius Denison, conseiller du roy et general en sa court 
 des monnoyes de France, attend icy la resurrection et la miseri- 
 corde de Dieu. II est n6 le v^ mars M.D.IIII.XX.VIIL, 
 et deced6 le xiii« juillet M.VI.C.LV." 2 
 
 ^ "To the Lordis of the Kingis Chacker, " taphes des eglises de Nopnandie,' t. i., in 
 
 St. i. 'Dunbar's Poems,' vol. i. p. 109, Gaigniere's collection, Bodleian Library, Ox- 
 
 2 Tombeau de cuiyre k gauche dans la nef de ford, fol. 1 1 8. 
 I'eglise paroissiale du Pont-de-rArche. ' Epi- 
 
CHAPTER VII 
 
 Hnimals. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 ANIMALS. 
 
 [GOTLAND was, as early as the fifteenth century, 
 well stocked with game, as well as with bestial, 
 cattle, domestic animals (Fr. bdtail, bestiaux)} 
 We cannot, therefore, expect to meet with many 
 importations of such species, along with their foreign deno- 
 minations ; still, it is well known that of domestic animals 
 horses were imported in considerable numbers. Lord Douglas 
 brought ten great horses into Scotland.^ James IV. was 
 active in introducing horses and mares from Spain and 
 Poland ; and his successor, following his father's example, sent 
 to Denmark and brought home great horses and mares, and 
 put them in parks.^ In later times great horses used by knights 
 and squires came from Friesland or Flanders, and were often 
 Q.2}\%d,fresonis, nearly as in France {frisons). 
 
 * ' Histoire cle Charles VI.,' par Mons. J. full of reid deir and roes, woolffs, foxes, wyld 
 
 le Laboureur, liv. v. ch, iv. vol. i. p, 103. catts, brocks, skuyrrells, whyttrets, weasels, 
 
 Buckle — vol. ii. p. 194 — has misunderstood otters, martrises, hares," &c. 
 the word sauvagine of the text. Sir Robert ^ 'Rotuli Scotioe,' vol. i. p. 752, col. i, 
 
 Gordon, after having enumerated the winged July 1352. 
 
 inhabitants of the forests and thickets of ^ ' Epist. Reg. Scot.,' vol. i. pp. 98,99;^ 
 Sutherland, so "profitable for folding, and 'Caledonia,' vol. ii. p. 732, note 9; Pit- 
 delectable for hunting," adds: "They are scottie's ' Cronicles,' vol. ii. p. 359. 
 
 R 
 
130 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Among the names of animals transferred from French into 
 Scotch there are a few. If the Scots have the words horse 
 and hobeler^ in common with the EngHsh, hobyn'^ (Fr, hobin), 
 cursour, couser, cusser (Fr. coursier^ a tilting-horse),.a stallion 
 or bagW^ horse, cowponit (connected with Fr. coupon, a 
 fragment, couper, to cut), a cuttit^ horse, or a gelding, and 
 gerron, which means the same in Gaelic, have been borrowed 
 of the French. Jonett, jennett, a Spanish horse, is the Fr. 
 genet (Sp. ginete, a lightly-armed horseman, which some derive 
 from Arabic djund, a soldier). A sumpter-horse was sow7nir 
 (Fr. sommier, cheval de somme ; Prov. saumier^ an ass). A 
 hackney-horse bore the name of rancy, runcy, runsy,^ evidently 
 the O. Fr. runcin, roncin^ cheval de charge (Prov, ronciny 
 rod, rossi; Fr. roussin). A saddle-horse was montur (Fr. 
 monture), while the saddle was kept in its place over the 
 sambutes (O. Fr. sambue) by the ctirple, curpon, curpin (O. Fr. 
 cropion ; Fr. croupion, croupe). The animal was guided by the 
 
 ^ A small active horse (Roxb.), an English ^ ' The Dance of the Sevin Deidly Synnis,' 
 
 term transferred from the use of the Scottish 1. 80 ; ap. Dunbar, vol. i. p. $2. Cf. Notes, 
 
 small breed on the Continent, old Fr. hobeler, vol. ii. p. 262. 
 
 hobler. The "sted off Araby," given by ^ Lindsay of Pitscottie, the 'Cronicles of 
 
 King Alexander, " wyth hys armwrys offTur- Scotland,' vol. ii. p. 372; 'Burgh Records of 
 
 ky," to the abbey of St Andrew about 1122, the City of Glasgow,' p. 87, a.d. 1577. In 
 
 as stated by Andrew of Wyntoun (the * Oryg- England cut is used for gelding. — Vide Nares, 
 
 ynal Cronykil of Scotland,' b. vii. ch. v. 1. ' Glossary, ' &c. , p. 116, col. I. 
 
 692; D. Laing's edit, vol. ii. p. 176), most ® "The Knightly Tale of Golagrus," &c. , 
 
 likely came from Spain. ' Papers relative to fol. 5 verso. 
 
 the Marriage of King Tames VI.,' Appendix, „ ,,»r ,. , 
 
 ' i I 71. j^g ^ J perdrat ne runcin ne sumer. 
 
 No. ii. p. 18. 
 
 ^ 'Gloss, de la Langue Romane,' vol. i. — 'Chanson de Roland,' Ix. 1. 758. Ed. Theo- 
 
 p. 754, col, 2; HalUweirs 'Gloss.,' voce dor Miiller, Gottingen, 1863— Svo. Cf. the 
 
 "hobby," No. I, &c. Glossarial index of the original edition: Paris 
 
 3 " Et tres-bien montcs sur fleur de roncins — 1837. 
 et de gros coursiers." — Froissart, I. i. 139. 
 
THE HORSE. 131 
 
 re7iye (O. Fr. regne, reisgne, resne ; Fr. rene ; Prov. regns ; 
 Breton, ran/en, renje^t), and put to its speed by the revil (Fr. 
 rouelle, dim. of rotie, a wheel). When a horse became unman- 
 ageable in the lists, it was necessary to outter (O. Fr. oultrer, 
 Fr. outrer) it, and this was done, no doubt, by a varlof, verlot 
 (O. Fr. varlet). When a poor hackney-horse had to be desig- 
 nated, it was called gryngolet ^ (low Fr. gringalet, now applied 
 to a puny man). To designate at least one colour-mark and 
 one colour in the horse, the French language was laid under 
 tribute. A horse marked with white on the face was balsanit^ 
 bawsand, bassand, bawsant, bawsint^ (O. Fr. bausan^\ and one 
 of a dark-reddish colour was a soir naig^ (O. Fr. sor, Fr. satir). 
 Qtiirie,^ the royal stud, is the Fr. dcurie. Curie^ stables ; 
 ireviss, trevesse, travesse (Fr. travaison), a horse's stall, a par- 
 tition {i^itertignium) between stalls ; lorymer^ spur - maker ; 
 turkas^ 2l pair of pincers ; and perhaps mortersheen [mort de 
 chien)y a horse's disease, as well as the phrase to broche ^^ a 
 
 ^ ' Syr Gawayn and the Grene Knyght,' p, '' Lindsay of Pitscottie, 'Cronicles of Scot- 
 
 24, 1. 597 ; and notes, pp. 316, 317. land,' vol. ii. p. 372. 
 
 - 'Grim. Trials,' vol. i. p. 401*, A.u. 1557- ^ «Crim. Trials,' vol. ii. p. 399, A.D. 1600. 
 
 58. ^ Ibid., vol. i. p. 222, A.D. 1590-91 ; O. Fr. 
 
 •* G. Douglas, ii. 257, 22. In Galloway, truqtiaise, triqiioise, (r7iquoise: — 
 
 cows having a white stripe down the face, or ., ^^ ^g,„„jg^ f^„„ ^^ fl^je,, 
 
 horses, are commonly called bawsies. Des turcaises et un martel." 
 
 "His honest, sonsie,bausant face, ""La Complaincte du Nouveau Marie," 
 
 Aye gat him freens in ilka place." &c. , ' Recueil de Poesies fran9oises, recueillies 
 
 -Burns, ' ' The Twa Dogs. " ^^ annotees par M. Anatole de Montaiglon, ' t. 
 
 ^ Littre says, sub voce "beauceant," ''bajisan '^- P" ^^^ = ^'''^"^' 1855— i2mo. 
 
 en proven9al et en ancien fran^ais signifiait 10 " Quant I'ot Rollanz, Deus ! si grant doel en out ! 
 
 un cheval bahan, c'est-a-dire un cheval noir Sun cheval brochet, laiset curre a esforz." 
 
 ayant de marques blanches au pied." — ' Chanson de Roland,' xciv. II, 1 196, 1 197. 
 
 ^ ' Grim. Trials,' vol. ii. p. 360, a.d. 1601. Ed. Theodor Miiller ; or the discoverer's first 
 
 ® Vide Jamieson, sub voce. edition, p. 47. 
 
132 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 horse, betray their French origin. So much for haryage} and 
 what relates to horses. 
 
 The ass appears in the plural, under the form of asynis (O. 
 Fr. asnes). Mtillcttis are great mules, used for the carriage of 
 sumpters (Fr. mulets). 
 
 A calf sometimes carried the designation of veil (Fr. veau). 
 
 A sheep was called iniUton (Fr. mouton). If it died a 
 natural death, its skin got the name of mort, and its fleece that 
 of mort-oo? If the lamb itself had not any name derived from 
 the French, its skin when dressed was called bug-skin ; and 
 huge (O. Fr. bouge, boulge;^ O. Ir. bole ; Gael, builg; Lat. bulga) 
 was " lambs' fur." 
 
 Two spaces, speses (Fr. especes) of dogs owe their designations 
 to France. Braeke, braehelle, a dog that discovers game by the 
 scent, is evidently the O. Fr. braeke, dim. braekei, Fr. braque 
 (Prov. brae, Sp. braeo, It. braced) ; and kenet, kennet, a kind of 
 hunting-dog, is the French chiennet} When the hounds in 
 hunting opened, their questes (Fr. quester) were heard : — 
 
 ^ " A collective word applied to horses, Basche (Basque) and Baute, given to two of 
 
 old Fr. haraz." — Gloss, to Wyntoun's ' Chron- King James VI. 's dogs, indicate their origin, 
 
 icle. ' Jamieson doubts such an etymon. On — Vide ' Les Ecossais en France,' vol. i. pp. 
 
 the commercial intercourse between France 406, 426; the 'Heart of Mid-Lothian,' ch. 
 
 and Scotland relating to horses, vide 'Les xviii. ; and Jamieson's Dictionary, sud voci- 
 
 Ecossais en France,' &c., vol. i. pp. 426, 427, bus "Batie," "Bawty." In the glossary to 
 
 and 'Rotuli Francise,' Public Record Office, 'Poems in the Buchan Dialect,' the former 
 
 33 Henry VI., No. 9. word is explained "mastiff." Matleyne, 
 
 ^ Vide Jamieson, sub vocibus. which is nearer the French mastin, occurs in 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, iii. 144, 6; iv. 8. the 'Burgh Records of the City of Glasgow,' 
 
 * ' Awntyrs of Arthure,' St. iv. 1. 4; 'Schir p. 119 (8tli Jan. 1579-80), but only as an 
 
 Chanteclair and the Foxe,' 1. 159.; ap. Hen- opprobrious word. Jacques du Fouilloux (' La 
 
 ryson, p. 123. Brache, brachell, gave rise to Venerie,' &c., Angers, 1845, 4to, chap. ii. fol. 
 
 bratchart, a term of contempt, and perhaps 3 recto), quoted by le Grand d'Aussy (liis- 
 
 also to bratchet, a little mischievous boy or toire de la Vie privee des Francois,' vol. i. p. 
 
 girl, a silly diminutive person. The names of 412), relates that the French King Francis I. 
 
WILD ANIMALS. 133 
 
 " Rock, glen, and cavern paid them back." 
 
 When the game was likely to escape, the call, rechas (Fr, 
 rechasser), was raised. When the game was caught, t\i& pry se 
 (Fr. prise) was sounded : — 
 
 " Sound, merry huntsmen, sound the pryse." ^ 
 
 The watch-dog on the approach of a stranger began to glaster^ 
 glaister (Fr. glatir, to bark). 
 
 A few wild animals bore names derived from French. The 
 wild boar was sangwlier, sangler^ (Fr. sanglier), a species of 
 French importation.^ James V., who did so much to intro- 
 duce animals and birds either rare or unknown to his kingdom, 
 imported boars from France, as the following extract from the 
 Treasurer's books, of date July 26, 1541, shows: "Item, to 
 Johnne Bog, for expensis made be him upoun thre sangweleris 
 quhilk came furth of France to the Kingis grace ; awayting 
 upone tham xiiij dayis, and tursing of them to Falkland, vj. 
 lib. xjs." 
 
 If the substantive ours was not introduced, the adjective 
 ursyne, with the sense of resembling a bear,^ was used. The 
 otter itself did not bear the name of loutre, but its fur bore 
 that of luterris. The beech-martin {Mustela foina, Linn.) was 
 known under the name oi foyn,foy7iyie, ftinyie (O. Yr.foine, 
 Fr. fouine, Lat. faginus^ fagind). The polecat {Mustela pu~ 
 torius, Linn.) was the fowmarte — i.e., the stinking martin (O. 
 
 crossed and strengthened the new breed of the * G. Douglas, iii. 335, 5. 
 
 stag-hounds by a white one which the Queen * 'Crim. Trials,' vol. i. pp. 311,* 312,* A. D. 
 
 of Scotland presented to him. I54i- 
 
 ^ ' Cadyow Castle,' st. xvii. ^ 'Clariodus,' p. 224, 1. 1063. 
 
134 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Fr. fol, and martre). The martin {Mustela martes, Linn.) 
 was called martrik, meririk, martlet, martrise ^ (Fr. martre). 
 Jonett, genett ( Viverra genetta, Linn.), " a kind of weesell, 
 black-spotted, and bred in Spaine" (Cotgrave), is the Fr. 
 genette (Span, gineta ; Arab, djerneyth; Catalan of Pyrenees- 
 Orientales, jafiettd). The hedgehog was herisen, hurcham, 
 hurcheon^ hyrchoune (Fr. hdrisson, O. Fr. kyrrecon, urechon, 
 according to dialects). Porpik, porkepik, a porcupine, is the 
 Fr. porc-dpic. 
 
 The rabbit had a name according to its age, — either cuning, 
 ctuiyng^ kinnin (O. Fr. connin, connil), or lerroun,^ lapron 
 (Fr. lapereau), — a word which, however, may mean a little grey- 
 hound (Fr. Iape7^07i or levron). Cuningar, cunningaire, means 
 a warren. 
 
 Cencrastus, a kind of serpent, is the Fr. cenchrite ; ^ and 
 another kind, the cheliderect, is the O. Fr. chelydre. The asp is 
 aspect (Fr. aspic, O. Fr. aspe). 
 
 Lastly, the toad was called crepinall^ (Fr. crapaud), and 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, iii. 144, 6 ; iv, 8. ^ Lindsay of Pitscottie, the * Cronicles of 
 
 2 "The hare came hirplingowre the knowe, Scotland,' vol. ii. p. 522. I feel inclined to 
 
 To ring the morning bell ; ascribe the same etymon to trappald, con- 
 
 The hurcheon she came after, nected with taid by Henryson in the ' Pad- 
 
 And said she wad do't hersel." j 1 j ^t. »/r t ^ on /^u r> c 
 
 dock and the Mouss, I. so (the Poems, &c., 
 
 — Nursery Rhyme, ' Popular Rhymes of Scot- p. 220), and to think that it ought to be writ- 
 land,' by Robert Chambers, new ed., p. 28 : ten crappald. In Aberdeenshire, bottrel is 
 London and Edinburgh, 1870— 8 vo. used as adjective and substantive, with the 
 
 3 In an old Scotch ballad — "Johnie Arm- sense of thick and dimrfish, or to designate 
 strong," St. iv. — kinnens occurs in the same such a person. The origin of it, wrongly 
 sense. ascribed to the French bouterolle, the chape 
 
 * 'The Parliament of Beistis,' 1. 119; ap. of a scabbard, the tip that strengthens the end 
 
 Henryson, p. 138 ; cf. note, p. 305. of it, is undoubtedly the old French boiereL a 
 
 s " Thair wes the serpent cencrastus, toad. Maukin, a half- grown female (Fr. 
 
 A beist of filthy braith." mannequin), may be mentioned as synony- 
 
 — Watson's Collection, ii. 21. mous with bottrel. 
 
BIRDS. 135 
 
 the spider aragne^ (Fr. araigtide). The death's-head moth 
 {Ackerontia atropos) was mort-\\^2A'^ (Fr. mort). 
 
 Poo (O. Yr.pole), is said to be a kind of crab (E. Loth.) 
 Among domestic fowls, in pouna, poune, powne, it is easy to 
 recognise the Fr. paon, peacock ; ^ poule d'Inde in poullie hen ; 
 and in kow-towdy, a young hen, the O. Fr. hestaudeau, hustau- 
 deau, htttaudeau^ 
 
 The names given to the following birds are French in 
 their origin. In smouJde, a species of bird of prey, may 
 be recognised the O. Fr. inouske, the Fr. dmouchet. Gas- 
 trel, casii^el, seems to be the same as the English kestrel 
 {Falco H7inu7tculus, Linn.), and corresponds to the O. Fr. 
 cercelle, Fr. crdcelle, crdcerelle, Rammage (Fr. ramage) is 
 the sound made by hawks. The owl ^ is habawde (Fr. 
 kibotc) ; the swallow, arrondell (Fr. kirondelle ; in Touralne, 
 arondelle) ; the raven, corbie, corby,^ gorby (Fr. corbeati) ; the 
 magpie, pyat^ pyot^ or pyardie (Fr. pie hardie) ; the black- 
 bird, marleyon^ merle, as in France ; ^^ the singing thrush, 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, iv. 85, 18. Discours d'Eutrapel,' fol. 134 vaso. 
 
 2 Mort-htaA is applied at the present day 7 " The pyat was a curst thief, 
 in Banffshire to a plaything intended for a She dang doon a'." 
 
 "bogle," commonly made from a turnip. — Nursery Rhyme, ' Popular Rhymes of Scot- 
 
 The turnip is hollowed out, and a nose, land,' by Robert Chambers, new ed., p. 28. 
 
 mouth, and eyes are cut through on one side, ^ •' Ye're like the pyot — ye're a' gutts an' 
 
 to represent a skull. A piece of lighted candle gangyls." — 'The Dialect of Banffshire,' p. 
 
 is placed inside, and the "bogle" is then 59. "The pyot furth his pennis did rug." — 
 
 put in such a position as to frighten the timid Dunbar's Poems, vol. i. p. 42 : ' Off the 
 
 one on whom the trick is to be played. Fenyeit Freir of Tungland,' 1. 83. 
 
 3 G. Douglas, iv. 85, 89. " Dunbar's Poems, ibid., 1. 90. 
 
 * ' Inventaires de la Royne Descosse,' (Sic, ^" Al. osyt'l, osilL— Vide the ' Parliament of 
 
 p. xxxvi, note 2. Beistis,' 1. 76; ap. Ilenryson, p. 137; cf. 
 
 ° G. Douglas, iii. 77, 19. the 'Testament of Cresseid,' 1. 430, and the 
 
 " O. Fr. corbin. — Vide ' Les Contes et Prologue to the " Fables of Esope," 1. 18, pp. 
 
136 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 mavis^ (O. Fr. mativis) ; the nightingale, rossignell; the 
 crane, gru ; the bittern, boytour^ butter^ bwtour (Fr. butor) ; the 
 stork, cygonie (Fr. cigogne) ; and the goosander (probably 
 Mergus merganser, Linn.), harle (Fr. karle). 
 
 To conclude, a critical friend suggests to me that " most of the 
 above names of animals, though they occur in Dunbar and the 
 other sixteenth-century poets, were never incorporated in the 
 spoken Scottish language, and would not have been intelligible 
 to the masses. A common countryman would never at any 
 period in Scottish history have recognised the swallow as 
 arrondell or the nightingale as rossignell. Nightingale, how- 
 ever, is a word that we could scarcely expect to find in the 
 spoken language of the country, as there never were any in 
 Scotland, except during Sir John Sinclair's short and unsatis- 
 factory experiment of acclimatising them in Caithness." 
 
 " The thrush replies ; the mavis descant plays." 
 
 90, 154. In the first of those poems, 1. 120, different birds: — 
 p. 138, the 7narmysset (a small monkey) is 
 undoubtedly the French marmonset. 
 
 ^ In Scottish poetry the word is of constant In a Scottish poem — the " Pistill of Susanne," 
 
 occurrence. Spenser, in the following passage st. vii. — we im^ joyken, to roost, wliich is un- 
 
 from his "Epithalamium," seems to have doubtedly derived from Fr. y«<r/5^r. 
 considered the mavis and the thrush to be 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 lEbucation: Xlerms relating to ft 
 
CHAPTER Vlll. 
 
 EDUCATION : TERMS RELATING TO IT. 
 
 HE oldest university in Scotland — that of St 
 Andrews — was founded in the year 1411, after 
 the plan of the University of Paris, by Bishop 
 Henry Wardlaw, who had completed there his 
 course of philosophy.^ At the end of the same century, Pope 
 Alexander VI. empowered William Elphinston, Bishop of 
 Aberdeen, to erect in that city a university, with all the rights 
 and privileges of that of Paris. 
 
 Many of the university lecturers were educated in Paris, or 
 taught there.2 In the Introduction to John Vaus's 'Commen- 
 tary on the Doctrinale ; or, Rhythmical Elements of Latin 
 Grammar of Alexandrinus,' printed by the Ascensii at Paris 
 in 1522, one of them — Jodocus Badius — speaks of his favour 
 for the new University of Aberdeen, " idque nominibus et 
 multis et gravibus, primo quod ejus proceres et institutores 
 fere ex hac nostra Parisiensi et orti et profecti sunt." The 
 volume concludes with an epistle, dated from Paris, ex Collegia 
 
 1 Innes, 'Scotland in the Middle Ages,' Scotis,' pp. il, 12. The earliest of tho«c 
 chap. ix. p. 274. dominies is " Adamus Scholasticug, quern alii 
 
 * David Buchanan, 'De Scriptoribus putant iJalendinum fuisse," &c,, A.D. 1410, 
 
I40 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Bonce Curies — i.e. de Boncourt^ — from Robert Gray, who had 
 been a regent at Aberdeen. 
 
 Scotsmen were in the habit of resorting in considerable 
 numbers to France to receive or complete their education, as 
 the following reference shows : " Tertia denique tribus, seu 
 provincia, continebat Scotiam, Angliam et Hiberniam, quae ho- 
 die tribus Insularium dicitur ; cum antiquitus tribus Scotorum 
 vocitaretur, quasi princeps Insularium in memoriam magistrorum 
 Scotorum qui academise Parisiensis primi fuerunt institutores."^ 
 
 Sir David Lyndsay refers to the same practice. 
 
 " I send my sons to Pareis to the scuillis." ^ 
 
 Another reference is : — 
 
 " Filii nobilium, dum sunt juniores, 
 Mittuntur in Franciam fieri doctores ; 
 Quos prece vel pretio domant corruptores, 
 Sic prsetaxatos referunt artaxeta mores." * 
 
 The Scot, wandering in search of learning, was not always 
 graciously received, chiefly if he imported, or was suspected to 
 smuggle, antipopistical doctrines. The author of the * Epi- 
 taphe du petit chien Lycophagos,' &c., reprinted in Ed. Four- 
 nier's * Varietes historiques et litteraires,' vol. iv. p. 269, said 
 
 in 1613 — 
 
 " Ainsi puissent pres de ta fosse 
 Abboyer les mastins d'Escosse 
 Qui sont dans I'Universite ! " 
 
 1 See also 'Les Ecossais en France,' &c., * Lyndsay's Poet. Works,' D. Laing's edit., 
 
 vol. i. pp. 528, 529. vol. ii. p. 264, 1. 13. 
 
 "^ Bulseus, ' Historia Universitatis Parisien- * Lines quoted by Thomas Wright, 'Anec- 
 
 sis,' t. iii. p. 560. dota Literaria,' p. 38 ; and, after him, by Mr 
 
 3 "An Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis," Sandras, ' Etudes sur G. Chaucer,' p. 14. 
 
STUDY OF FRENCH. 141 
 
 In 161 7, a celebrated Jesuit was publicly lecturing on contro- 
 versy at Bordeaux, when, says he, " un jeune apostat, nomme 
 Leslaeus, Escossois de nation, et recogneu seulement soubs le 
 nom de Remond Lulle, a cause qu'il faisoit estat d'enseigner les 
 resveries de cet alchimiste, me vint attaquer apres ma le^on," &c. 
 The infuriated monk did not fail calling his opponent a sot.^ 
 
 Those who had not the means of going to France for the 
 purpose of acquiring the language, had the opportunity of 
 doing so at home. In the * Statuta et leges ludi literarii 
 Grammaticorum Aberdonensium,' ^ it is enacted that the boys 
 shall not speak in the vernacular, but in " Latin, Greek, He- 
 brew, French, or Gaelic." ^ In fact, the French language was 
 taught in the chief schools of Scotland * — namely, at St An- 
 drews in 1566, "with the reiding and right pronunciation of 
 that toung." ^ 
 
 It is an established fact that there were those who were 
 well skilled in French, whether acquired at home or in France. 
 In one case — "Andrew Knox, minister at Paisley, found 
 divers letters and blankes, directed from George, erle of 
 Hountlie, Frances, erle of Arrol, and Wilyeam, erle of Angus, 
 subscryvit with their hands, wrytten, sum in Latin and sum in 
 Frenche, togidder with their cachets, signets," ^ &c. Likewise, 
 James V. wrote in French to his father-in-law, which is easily 
 
 ^ Fr. Garasse, ' La Doctrine curieuse des 79. As to the results of Latin being collo- 
 
 beaux esprits de ce temps,' &c., pp. 277-280 : quially employed by the monks, see Buckle's 
 
 Paris, 1622 — 4to. ' History of Civilisation,' vol. i. p. 249. 
 
 2 Reprinted in ' The Miscellany of the ^ « -phe Autobiography and Diary of Mr 
 
 Spalding Club,' vol. v. p. 399. James Melvill,' A.D. 1592, pp. I7. 125: Edin- 
 
 See ' Sketches of Early Scotch History,' burgh, 1842— 8vo. 
 
 pp. 272, 273, notes. ® Ibid., p. 307. 
 
 * ' Les Ecossais en France,' vol. ii. pp. 78, 
 
142 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 credible ; but he did not confine such an attention to his kins- 
 man : two letters of his, directed to Madame de Sunoy, and to the 
 Princess of Orange, are also couched in the same language.^ 
 
 In the middle of the seventeenth century, a nobleman of 
 eminence, Sir Colin, the eighth laird of Glenurchy, was not 
 only a Latin scholar, but fond of French and Italian literature.^ 
 
 To encourage and further not only the study of French, but 
 also that of Greek, John Erskine of Dun, who did so much for 
 his countrymen, brought over Pierre de Marsiliers, a French 
 scholar, who taught Greek at Montrose, where James Melvill 
 had been educated.^ 
 
 As one consequence of the intimate connection between 
 France and Scotland, combined with the development of 
 education in the latter country, we witness the remarkable phe- 
 nomenon of learned Scotsmen holding the position of teachers 
 and professors in the schools and universities of France. 
 
 The names of a few of these men may be mentioned. 
 Edmond Hay, the Jesuit, was the first rector of the Univer- 
 sity of Pont-a-Mousson, in Lorraine. His nephew, William 
 Barclay, was appointed, by Duke Charles III., Dean of the 
 Faculty of Law in the same university on the death of 
 Gregorie in 1598. He afterwards removed to Angers, whose 
 
 ^ * Epistolae Jacobi IV.,' vol. i. p. 122, No. masterwas Andrew Miln, minister at Pedresso. 
 
 Ixxxviii. In 1598 John Thomson and his wife were al- 
 
 2 Vide * Sketches of Early Scotch History, ' lowed to teach at Aberdeen ; but the licence 
 
 p. 349. extended only to " maidyne bairnis,"and pro- 
 
 ^ " So I was put to the schoU of Montrose, vided that they should have no " man doc- 
 finding, of God's guid providence, my auld tour " under them, — * Extracts from the 
 mother, Marjory Gray, wha, parting from hir Council Register of Aberdeen,' vol. ii. p. 
 brother at his marriage, haid taken upe hous 171 : Aberdeen, 1848 — 4to. 
 and scholl for lasses in Montrose. " The school- 
 
FRENCH EDUCATIONAL TERMS. 143 
 
 university had for a time fallen into disrepute. The learning 
 of " Mr Barclay, one of the great personages of the time," soon 
 restored to the university its former name, and " the reputa- 
 tion of his course once more filled the town with students." 
 His son, by his wife Anne de Malavillers, was John Barclay, 
 born 28th January 1582, author of * Argenis,' and several other 
 works. ^ It may be stated that many from Scotland resorted to 
 this university to prosecute their studies. Another Barclay, 
 William,' M.D., after studying in Lorraine, was appointed a 
 professor at the University of Paris, and taught Humanity in it. 
 
 These men not only carried abroad with them their 
 learning and their boldness of speculation, but, by a natural 
 reaction, they infused into their own countrymen the opinions 
 they had formed among foreigners ; and no small number of 
 words is used to express such opinions. 
 
 Considering the mutual relation of France and Scotland in 
 regard to matters of education, one might expect to find in 
 Scotch a considerable number of terms relating to education 
 borrowed from the French. Such, however, is not the case. 
 We find only the following : — 
 
 Primar, principal, the provost of a college (Fr. premier, 
 principal), 
 
 Gram7nariour, the teacher of grammar in a college — ap- 
 parently the same with the professor of Humanity at the present 
 day — is the French gramniairien, which formerly meant one 
 who not merely studied, but taught literature in general. 
 
 Regent, a professor in a university, is the French regent. 
 
 ^ ' Les Ecossais en France,' vol. ii. pp. 222-224. 
 
144 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 The office of professor was called regency^ and to discharge the 
 office of a professor was to regent. 
 
 Suppoist, suppost, a scholar in a college, is the O. Fr. suppost. 
 
 Bursar, one who receives the benefit of an endowment in 
 a college for bearing his expenses during his education there, 
 is the French boursier. 
 
 The name of bursar, or bursarius, was anciently given to 
 the treasurer of a university or of a college, and is still used in 
 England in the same sense ; but in Queen Mary's time the 
 name had come to be given to poor students, probably because 
 they were pensioners on the common purse. 
 
 As might be expected, the endowment given to a student in 
 a university — an exhibition — had a name in conformity with 
 bursar. It was termed bursary, burse (Fr. bourse). 
 
 Baijen, bajan, bejan classe, a designation given to the 
 Humanity class of the first year in the two universities 
 mentioned above, as, till of late, it was applied to the Greek 
 class in the University of Edinburgh. Hence the students in 
 this class are denominated bejans} or sometimes, in Aberdeen 
 pronunciation, bejants. This word is most probably the Fr. 
 bdjaune, a young bird, that has still a yellow bill {le bee Jaune) 
 — figuratively, ignorance, stupidity — then " un jeune homme 
 sot et inexperimente." ^ 
 
 Semibajan seems to be the same as semi, the name given in 
 
 ^ Vide ' Sketches of Early Scotch History,' to his companions for his welcome ie/aunium. 
 
 &c. , p. 240, note 2 ; Chambers's 'Traditions of — Vide 'Gloss. Med. et Inf. Latin.,' vol. i. 
 
 Edinburgh,' p. 172, note. DuCange says that p. 632, col. 3 ; vol. ii. p. 323, col. 3, siibvoci- 
 
 in Low Latin a young university student was bus "Beanus" and "Cherubim." 
 called bejaunus, and the entertainment he gave ^ Littre, sub voce. 
 
FRENCH EDUCATIONAL TERMS. 145 
 
 the Aberdeen University to a student of the second year of the 
 curriculum. 
 
 Magistrand, pronounced (vulgo) magistraan, the name given 
 to students of the fourth year of the course of study followed 
 in the University of Aberdeen, seems to be derived from the 
 French maitre-es-arts, low Lat. magistrandus. 
 
 Censor, whose office, in the Aberdeen University at least, 
 was to keep the register of attendances of the students, is the 
 Fr. censeur, who, however, held in the Sorbonne the duty of 
 examining candidates, and in the Lyceums superintended and 
 directed the work of the students. 
 
 Sacrist, a kind of general servant appointed to look after the 
 class-rooms, professors' private rooms, &c., is the Fr. sacristain. 
 
 Session, used instead of the English " term," is the Fr. 
 sessio7i. 
 
 Argument, a piece of English, dictated to boys to be turned 
 into Latin, " a version " (Aberd.), is the Fr. argument. 
 
 To trap, to correct, in repeating a lesson at school, so as to 
 have a right to take the place of him who is thus corrected, 
 a schoolboy term, &c., is the Fr. attraper. 
 
 Scholage, the master's fee for teaching in a school, is the O. 
 Fr. escholage. Another common name at the present day for 
 the same thing is college-fee. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 /Ibebfcine. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 HAT knowledge of medicine existed in Scotland 
 during the Scoto-Saxon period cannot now be 
 ascertained, unless we infer it from the form of 
 a licence, by the Abbot of Kelso, empowering a 
 monk to study any liberal faculty or science within the realm 
 of England. Later, many physicians appear in the Scottish 
 chartularies and charters, and, by their names, some seem 
 to have been Jews. Others, whoever they might have been, 
 came from Italy or France. The talents of Antonio, a Lom- 
 bard physician, procured him a settlement in Renfrewshire. 
 About the end of the fourteenth century, John of Burdouse 
 (Bordeaux ?) wrote a treatise on the pestilence, which is at 
 the end of the chartulary of Kelso.^ James IV. extended 
 his patronage, among many others, to " Doctouris in jure and 
 medicyne," as well as to "potingars." Well known is John 
 Damiane, " the fenyeit friar of Tungland," who presented him- 
 self to the Court of James IV. as a French doctor.^ 
 
 ^ Chalmers's 'Caledonia,' b. iv. ch. v. vol. ^ 'Les Ecossais en France,' Sec, vol. i. pp. 
 i. pp. 769, 770. 331-334. 
 
ISO CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 " This King James the Feird was weill learned in the airt in 
 medicine, and was ane singular guide chirurgiane ; and thair 
 was none of that professioun, if they had any dangerous cure 
 in hand, hot would have craved his advyse." ^ 
 
 In the following century Henryson dressed Mercury as a 
 
 " Doctour in physick cled in skarlot goun, 
 And furrit weill, as sic ane aucht to be." ^ 
 
 During the month of August 1542, at the time of James V.'s 
 rupture with England, which ended in the disastrous rout of 
 Solway Moss and the king's death, four surgeons were de- 
 spatched to the Borders " for curing of all persons that hapnit 
 to be hurt be Inglis menne." Their names have not been pre- 
 served ; but we know that Queen Magdalen was attended in 
 Scotland by her old physician, Master Patrix, surely a French 
 doctor.^ 
 
 " When my brother was in Scotland," says Joseph Scaliger, 
 "there was there but one physician, who was the queen's 
 doctor, and in my own times in England such practitioners 
 were far from being numerous. In Scotland, a joiner bled, 
 and barbers only shore." ^ 
 
 At the end of the sixteenth century, " Maister Gilbert Mont- 
 creif was mediciner to the King's Majestie," as stated by Alex- 
 ander Hume, rector of Logie, in an epistle addressed to that 
 doctor, which contains some curious information, chiefly that 
 
 ^ Pitscottie's ' Cronicles, ' vol. i. p. 249. ^ Archives nationales, Paris, J. 967, 3d 
 
 2 "The Testament of Cresseid," 1. 245 ; bundle, 
 in Henryson's * Poems and Fables,' p. 84. * ' Scaligerana,' p. 223. 
 
MEDICAL WORDS. 151 
 
 the author had employed his " youth and paine " four years in 
 France.^ 
 
 The Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland give 
 some interesting items regarding medicine : — 
 
 " 1474. — Item, gevin to McMevlane, the harbour, at the 
 kingis command, xiiij Marcii, for the leichcraft dun be him to 
 the litil boys of the chalmire, xl s." ^ 
 
 " 149 1. — Item, on Palme Sonday, to Domynico, to gif the 
 king leve to lat him blud, xviij s." ^ 
 
 " 1 49 1. — Item, the xv Aprill, til a man that cam to Lyth- 
 gow to lat the king blud, and dyd it nocht, xviij s." * 
 
 " 1 49 1. — Item, xxvij May, til a leych that leyt the king blud, 
 
 XVHJ S. ^ 
 
 The following shows that the " leeches " of those days were 
 able to perform very delicate operations : — 
 
 "1496. — Item, the fift day of November, to a man beside 
 Coupir in Angus, that was new schorn of the stone, iii s. vi d." ^ 
 
 If the medical vocabulary of Scotland is examined, it will 
 be found that it has been much indebted to the French tongue. 
 
 The surgeon himself was chirurgiane^ chyrurgtane, chirur- 
 geon, ckirurginar, scherurgian (Fr. chirurgien) ; and when he 
 performed an operation, he had to apply sanourous (Fr. sain) 
 
 ^ ' Les Ecossais en France,' vol. ii. p. 266. ' Vide 'Crim. Trials,' vol. i. p. 7, A.D. 1567; 
 
 2 ' Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of * Burgh Records of the City of Glasgow,' p. 
 Scotland,' edited by Thomas Dickson, vol. i. 71, A.D. 1577, &c. 'D. Moysie's Memoirs,' 
 p. 68 : Edinb. 1877—410. pp. 22, 23, A.D. 1559. 'Fleming's Chronicle, 
 
 3 Ibid., p. 176. MS., Adv. Libr., &c. 'Melvill's Diary,' p. 
 
 * Ibid., p. 177. 496. See also ' Inventaires de la Royne 
 
 * Ibid. Descosse,' p. Ixili, &c. 
 « Ibid., p. 305. 
 
152 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 balsams to pause, pense^ (Fr. panser) the wound. The 
 subject he had to deal with was the human body, many of 
 whose members, as well as itself in different states, bore 
 names borrowed from the French. 
 
 Man makes his first appearance vivual, vivuallie (O, Fr. 
 vivaule, vivant, plein de force), in the jizzen, gizzen bed ^ (Fr. 
 gdsine). The mother gazes on the child's volt^ vult (O. Fr. 
 volt, visage), examines whether the little stranger is ^^;w-nosed, 
 camow-nQs^6. (Fr. camus), flat-nosed, or gas k-gab bit (Fr. gauche), 
 and in the joy of her heart she calls it mupetigage (Fr. mon 
 petit gage). The nurse takes it and fondles it, and addresses 
 it pytane (Fr. petit un^ or peton). When it is old enough to 
 observe, and is pleased, it begins to gruntle (Fr. grondiller) ; 
 and when it is displeased, it begins to grunyie * (Fr. groggier). 
 The child may be either a boy or diperonal (O. Yr. pdronnelle). 
 
 The human body when in life — vivuallie — may be called a 
 cors, corss, corce (Fr. corps). The crown of the head is palad, 
 pallat (O. ¥y. palet^)', the jaws 2ir& jowis^ (Fr. joues). Be- 
 tween the jowis is the gab, gob. Inside the gab are the gyngivts^ 
 {Fr. gencives), the gums. Behind the /owis is the witter (Fr. 
 gottre, Lat. guttur) ; and when one man seizes another by the 
 
 ^ Vide * Sir J. Melville's Memoirs,' p. 35, ^ There is a French proper name Petiton. 
 A.D, 1557; and Lord Fountainhall, ' Chronol. * ' The Banffshire Dialect,' subvoce. Asher 
 
 Notes of Scottish Affairs,' p. 197, 4th Nov. & Co., London, 1866— 8vo. 
 1686. The same verb existed also in Scotch ^ " A Skinner to his Man : " — 
 with the sense of think, fueditate, cogitate. « Ne bouge, tant que je rcviengne. 
 
 Vide 'The Garmond of Gnde Ladies,' 1. 27, D'icy; entends-tu, mon varlet? 
 
 ap. Henryson, p. 9 ; and ' Crim. Trials," vol. ^' P'^^"'^* '''^" ^arde k ton palet." 
 
 i. p. 210, A.D. 1590. — 'Recueil de Farces,' &c., p. 150. 
 
 2 ' Richard Bannatyne's Memoirs,' p. 238; " ' Sir John Rowll's Cursing,' 1. 118. 
 Pitscottie, A.D, 1576, ' G. Douglas, iii. 251. 28 ; 336. 20. 
 
WORDS RELATING TO THE BODY. 153 
 
 throat, or, figuratively, when two quarrel, they are said to be in 
 each other's witters. Behind the gyngivis is the goule, gowl^ 
 (Fr. gueule), the throat, or gorgy (Fr. gorge). All this is supported 
 by the spald, spawl, spauld'^ (O. Fr. espaule, Fr. ^paule), the 
 shoulder. The spaul is joined to the breast by the cannel-bayne 
 (Fr. canal du cou). Within the coist, cost^ (O. Fr. costd) beats 
 the core (Fr. cceur). The cules, cuts * (Fr. cuts), the buttocks, 
 are sometimes called in jest the curpin, curpon (Fr. croupion). 
 A well-formed brawn, braun (O. Fr. brakon), is an adornment 
 of the leg, shaum (Fr. jambe), when it is joined to the foot, 
 pettle (Fr. pied), by a well-turned cute^ coot, cuitt, or queet in 
 northern pronunciation (Fr. cou-de-pied, coude-pied?). 
 
 The body, when death lays his hand upon it, becomes either 
 a corp, corps, corpis^ (Fr. corps), or a tramort (O. Sw. tra, to 
 consume, and Fr. mort). When it is rolled in the corpse-sheet, 
 it is ready for tyrement"^ (Fr. enterrement) . The coffin is laid 
 upon the pail (O. Fr. paile, drap mortuaire), and drawn by 
 horses to the grave-yard, or it may be, carried, covered with 
 the mort-cXoth. or doule-^dXe. In bygone days the corpse- 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, Hi, 349. 19. Cf. 'A Diary of Remarkable Occurrents,' p. 
 
 ^ 'Crim. Trials,' vol. ii. p. 525, A.D, 1607; 321, A.D, 1571. Curpin is the common term 
 
 vol. iii. p. 384, A.D. 1616 ; p. 485, A.D. 1620. in Scotland for the crupper of a saddle. 
 Tanipis of the beird, •whxskcxs. (' The Taill of ® 'The Gardener,' st. $; ap. Kinloch, 
 
 the Lyoun and the Mouse,' 1. 10 ; ap. Henry- ' Anc. Scottish Ballads,' p. 757. 
 son, p. 159. Cf. Gloss., p. 318, col. 2, where ^ 'The Tod's Confessioun,' 1. Ill ; 'The 
 
 the learned editor, having printed lampis. Wolf, the Fox, and the Cadgear,' 1. 205 ; ap. 
 
 proposes fflw/w. ) ¥x. tempes. Hcnryson, pp. 131, 189. 
 
 •* G. Douglas, ii. Ii6. 10; 178. 45; 240. ^ When the mother of James V. was to be 
 
 30. buried, messengers were sent to all parts of 
 
 * C«<//j, used in Roxburghshire to designate the country to summon the nobles "to cum 
 
 the testicles of a ram, and in Berwickshire in to the Qucene's tyrement." 
 a general sense, is the Fr. couillon, couille. 
 
 U 
 
154 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 present (Fr. corps d^nd present) was made to the church; and 
 then came, in the language of reHgious controversy, at times not 
 over-courteous, the mort mumlingis (Fr. mort), which, if re- 
 peated thirty times, got the name of trental (Fr. trentel, from 
 trente^ thirty). On the wreck of a foreign ship on the coast of 
 Ayr, and the loss of some of the crew, the sum of twenty 
 shillings was paid, nth February 1533, "for ane trentall of 
 messis done for the Britonaris saulis quhilkis perist at the port 
 of Aire." 
 
 If there was any danger of the body being disinterred to 
 make, in vulgar mispronunciation, an atomie (Fr. anatomie?)^ 
 the coffin was encased in a mort-safe (Fife). 
 
 Man is not at all times in good point (Fr. point), and is liable 
 to a multipld, multiplie (Fr. multiplid, manifold) of malices (Fr. 
 malaise). By some of them he is, in northern phrase, " sehr" 
 de/etty defait, defaite (O. Fr. defaict^ past part, oi defaire), and 
 others of them prove mort (Fr. mort). 
 
 " The great variety of diseases prevailing in our days," 
 says Dr Boyce, "was unknown to our ancestors. Calculous 
 concretion, or the predominance of the lymphatic fluid, was 
 the only disorder they suffered from. They lived honestly, 
 frugality was their protection against disease, and enabled 
 them to live to an old age. But when, forgetting the customs 
 of their countries, they began to indulge into all kinds of 
 pleasures, foreign diseases crept in with foreign niceties, and 
 the remedies used at home proving powerless, no end of new 
 medicines were imported, which soon were superseded by 
 other novelties. This is but a passing remark on the old 
 frugality of the Scots, on their diseases and mode of curing 
 
DISEASES. ' 155 
 
 them, a subject which at a more convenient time I intend 
 treating more fully." ^ 
 
 A curious poem gives a list of diseases : — 
 
 " They bad that baich should not be but — 
 The frencie, the fluxes, the feyk, and the felt, 
 The fevers, the fearcie, with the speinye flies ; 
 The doit, and the dismal, indifferently delt ; 
 The powlings, the palsey, with pocks like pees ; 
 The swerf, and the sweiting, with sounding to swelt ; 
 The weam-ill, the wild fire, the vomit, and the vees ; 
 The mair and the migrame, with meaths in the melt ; 
 The warbles, and the wood-worm whereof dog dies ; 
 The teasick, the tooth-aik, the titt, and the tirles ; 
 The painful poplesie and pest. 
 The rot, the loup, and the auld rest. 
 With parlesse and plurisies opprest, 
 And nip'd with the nirles." 2 
 
 Not a few of those and other malices owe their designations to 
 the French language ; and, no doubt, such designations were 
 given them either by French doctors, or by those who had 
 received their professional training in France. 
 
 An Aberdeen edict of 21st April 1497 mentions "the 
 infirmity cumm out of Franche & Strang partis " ^ under a 
 name spelt in different ways glangoir, glengore, gor, gore, 
 grandgoir, grangoir^ grantgoVy grantgore. 
 
 " Fy ! tratour theif ; fy ! glengoir loun ; fy ! fy ! " * 
 
 ^ Cf. * Scotorum Histor.,' lib, ii. fol, xxii. Simpson, 'Antiquarian Notices of Syphilis in 
 
 1.3. Parisiis, Prelum Ascensianum, sine anno Scotland in the 15th and i6th Centuries,' p. 
 
 — fol. 4 ; Edinburgh, n. d. — 410. 
 
 ' Polwart, in Watson's Collection, vol. iii. * ' The Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedy,' 
 
 p. 14. 1. 83. ' The Poems of William Dunbar,' vol. 
 
 3 'Aberdeen Edicts,' vol. i. p. 425; J. Y. ii. p. 68. 
 
156 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 " I'll gar our gudeman trow 
 That I'll tak the glengore, 
 If he winna fee to me 
 Three valets, or four." ^ 
 
 " Cette grande gore de verole, ainsi baptisee par ceux de 
 Rouen sur son commencement,"^ may have been imported from 
 the capital of Normandy by the Scotch who swarmed there. 
 This disease is associated with the strangelour (Fr. estranguil- 
 lonsY and the chaud-peece ^ (Fr. chaude-pisse). We meet else- 
 where withy^j/^, wees^ an itching in the fundament (O. Fr.^^). 
 Another word, derived also from the French, appears in old 
 documents under many shapes, — rimbursin^ rimburstenneSy 
 rimburssanes.^ The Regent Morton was in 1572 afflicted 
 with this disease, " and war nocht he was cuttit, he haid lost 
 the lyff." Cartane fevir and fleume may be derived from 
 Latin. 7 Whether catarris is from the Fr. catarrhe, catarrh, 
 may be a question ; but flux^ or in other forms, flook, fluke^ 
 diarrhoea, is plainly the Yx.flux; cornoy, correnoy^ used in Fife 
 
 ^ ' A Ballad Book,' edited by the late David col. i. 
 Laing, p. ii, st. iii. : William Blackwood & ' Apparently rupture or hernia. Vide 
 
 Sons, Edinburgh and London, 1 880 — 8vo. 'A Diurnal of Occurrents,' p. 321 ; 'A Scroll 
 
 2 ' Les Contes et Discours d'Eutrapel,' fol. Book,' quoted by Pitcaim, ' Crim. Trials,' vol. 
 
 155 verso, Gret gowre occurs with another i. p. 404, n. 3. - 
 
 sense in a passage quoted by Jamieson (Diet., ^ ' The Maner of the Crying of ane Playe,' 
 
 wij^^ " Gambet "). 1. 57- ^^ 'Bannatyne Poems,' p. 174, is 
 
 ' 'Sir John Rowell's Cursing,' 1, 63. tartane, as if, according to this MS., the ter- 
 
 * Vide Jamieson 's Diet,, vocibus "Chaud- tian, or three days' ague, had been referred to 
 
 peece " and " Cleiks." by the writer, 
 
 " iy/ 75/ was in O. Fr. a term of contempt ^ 'Philotus,' st. 36, fol. 3 verso; 'Crim. 
 
 and hatred: "faisant le fy fy, qu'elle se Trials,' vol, i. p. 396, A, D, 1596. In O. S. 
 
 trouvoit mal." — 'Les Contes et DiscourS flu was a river. Vide 'Ane Ballet of the 
 
 d'Eutrapel,' fol. \%iverso. Cf. ' Gloss, Med. Nine Nobles,' 1. 22— Graham, 'History of 
 
 et Inf. Latin.,' voce "Ficus," t. iii. p. 281, the Rebellion,' p. 79. 
 
DISEASES. 157 
 
 with the sense of disturbance in the bowels, a rumbling noise 
 in the belly, and in Berwickshire with that of sorrow or 
 trouble, is the Fr. cceur noy^;'^ and murdie-gripes, the belly- 
 ache, is compounded of Fr. mordre, to bite, and O. Fr. 
 griper, having the same meaning ; whilst laxat and gourd, 
 words applicable to certain conditions of the bowels, betray 
 their French p3.rent3ige, gourd {Span, gordo) and laxatif. Icter- 
 ique, of or belonging to jaundice, comes from the Fr. iddrique. 
 
 Kindness J a disease which prevailed in the country in the 
 year 1580, is in all likelihood the same disease as squinacie, 
 the quinsy (Fr. squinancie, Lat. cynancke, a bad kind of sore 
 throat, — Greek Kvvdyxq, literally, dog-throttling). 
 
 Royne is the O. Fr. roigne, rongne, " scurf, scabbinesse, the 
 mange." — Cotg. Mirles, the common name of the measles in 
 the north, is the O. Fr. morbilles. Lipper, leprosy, is the Fr. 
 lepre. Mesall, mysel, leprous, is from the O. Fr. mesel, a leper 
 — a word connected, perhaps, with the Valencian mesell, which 
 is applied to one who has an internal or a contagious disease, 
 and particularly to pigs whose flesh when slaughtered becomes 
 measly. Then escrolles? cruals, cruels, the king's evil, scrofula, 
 is the Fr. icrouelles, Mules^ chilblains, and moolit heels, come 
 from Fr. mules. 
 
 Etick, ethick, hectic, is the Fr. dtique (Lat. hectica, a fever, 
 from Greek eKTiKog, habitual, — exetz/ to have, to hold). Per- 
 lasy, the palsy, is the Fr. paralysie (Lat. paralysis) ; exies 
 is hysteria ; and trembling exies or aixies, the ague, is from 
 the Fr. acces. Sloup-galland, the name given to an epidemic 
 
 ^ CurgellU is said in Ayrshire of one whose horrible deed (Fr. ccettr geli ?). 
 feelings are shocked by seeing or hearing any 2 < Contin. of J. Melvill's Diary,' p. 657. 
 
158 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND, 
 
 contagious sickness in Scotland at the beginning of the i6th 
 century, is partly French. The word barbies is the Fr. barbes. 
 
 For a long time, at least in a few cases, medicines were im- 
 ported under the name of drogis ^ (Fr. drogues)^ still the com- 
 mon name among old folks in the north. Droguery, drogaries 
 (Fr. drogueries) from France,^ were sold hy potingaris or droog- 
 ists, and some of them often, without doubt, administered in 
 guts, gouttes (Fr. gouttes) as a voiniter (O. Fr. vomitoire). On 
 May 29, 1502, the Treasurer of James IV. paid to Robert 
 Bertoun, one of the royal mariners, " for certaine droggis brocht 
 home be him to the French leich [" Maister John, the French 
 medicinar"] £z^> 4s." 
 
 These foreign " mediciners," ^ if they used herbs as cura- 
 tive agents, gave them in some instances the names they bore 
 in their own country. Thus clary, or all-good, was tutabon,^ 
 tutabonCy Fr. toute-bonne ; the sage, sauge; the parsley, /^r.f^/, 
 persil, as in French. 
 
 The name of one surgical instrument comes from French. 
 It is vantose, a cupping-glass (Fr. ventouse). 
 
 For the cure of the diseased, as well as for the reception of 
 the pilgrim and the poor, was instituted the massondeu, mason- 
 DieUy maison-Dew ^ (Fr. 7naison-Dieu ^). 
 
 ^ Droggmas also applied to confections. ' Sketches of early Scotch History,' p. 130. 
 
 2 Vide Thorpe, ' Calendar of State Papers,' ^ There was anciently, near Old Roxburgh, 
 
 &c., vol. i. p. 19, No. 76; *Les Ecossais en on the Teviot, a maison-Dieu. Where it 
 
 France,' vol. i. p. 433. stood stands now a hamlet, which still bears 
 
 ' On the quack mediciners in Edinburgh, the sad appellation of Maison-Dieu. See 
 
 vide Chambers, 'Domestic Annals of Scot- Chalmers's 'Caledonia,' vol. ii. p. 162. 
 
 land,' vol. iii. pp. 260-262, a.d. 1702. "La grand maison-Dieu de Paris" is men- 
 
 * 'Clariodus,' p. 74, 11. 723, 735. tioned in our 'Recherches sur le commerce 
 
 5 'The Freiris of Berwik,' 1. 23, ap. Dun- des etoffes de sole,' vol. ii. p. 144. 
 bar, vol. ii. p. 4; Melvill's 'Diary,' p. 191 ; 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 %n\Q. 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 HE distinction between Scotch and English law 
 has been referred to in the Introduction. It 
 remains to show how much the former is in- 
 debted to the French. 
 
 In place of the English barrister or counsel, there is the 
 advocate, according to the French custom — avocats only being 
 admitted to plead. 
 
 In the inferior courts, the practitioners, in place of being 
 called solicitors or attorneys, are called procurators. Even 
 in the supreme court, although the pleaders are in common 
 language called advocates, when the judge gives decree on 
 any case, it is only after the " parties' procurators " have been 
 heard. The head of the supreme court is styled president. 
 
 In place of leaving private parties to prosecute, as in Eng- 
 land, there is the public prosecutor, in the shape of the pro- 
 curator-fiscal. 
 
 In lieu of a coroner's inquest, the procedure, in case of sus- 
 picion of crime, is by an investigation, in which the suspected 
 is asked to make a declaration which may afterwards be used 
 as evidence against him. 
 
 X 
 
i62 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 In municipal affairs, the English have mayors and aldermen. 
 In Scotland these are the provost^ (O. Fr. provost, prevost, 
 ¥r. pr^ot), bailies (Fr. baillis), and council. 
 
 The College of Justice was established on the model of the 
 Parliament ^ of Paris.^ Without entering particularly into this 
 point, it may be stated that the example of the latter in the 
 exercise of its functions was at times appealed to as a fit one 
 for the people of Scotland to follow in the management of the 
 affairs of the State. In the * Satyre of the Three Estaitis ' * — 
 
 " Wee will conclude, as thay haif done in France. 
 Let spirituall materis pas to spritualitie, 
 And temporall materis to teraporalitie." * 
 
 And afterwards — 
 
 " It is statute, that all the temporall landis 
 Be set in few, after the form of France." ^ 
 
 The following forensic terms will show to what an extent 
 Scottish law and Scottish law courts are indebted to F' ranee : — 
 
 Adjornis, v. a. to cite, to summon. Fr. ajourner, " assigner 
 quelqu'un en justice a un jour marque." 
 
 ^ In the early French romance of * La Mane- ^ Tytler, ' Hist, of Scotland,' vol. iv. pp. 
 
 kine,' p. 40, 1. I179, "li prevos " of Berwick 212, 213; Amot, 'Hist, of Edin.,' p. 468; 
 
 is represented standing on the sea-beach to Buckle, 'Hist, of Civilization in England,' 
 
 watch, in order to prevent scuffles. vol. ii. p. 212. 
 
 2 The Scots used also this word in the sense ■* The " Three Estatis of the Realme," as 
 
 of intercourse, comtnuning {vide Z. Boyd's named in Acts, Ja. I. 1424, ed. 1874, p. 7, 
 
 'Garden of Zion,' p. 188), sxiA parliatnenting is a French idiom, explained by Jamieson, 
 
 iox conference, "as French maneris," says R. Suppl., voce "Estate." 
 
 Bannatyne, " requyre French termes " ('Jour- * Sir David Lyndsay's Works, vol. ii. p. 73. 
 
 nal,' &c., p. 10, 1 8th April 1570). ^ Ibid., p. 113. 
 
ADMINICLE— ASSOILYIE. 163 
 
 Adminicle, s. collateral proof, is the Fr. adminicule, a Fr. 
 law term with the same meaning ; while adminiculate means 
 set forth, supported. 
 
 Age,^ V. n. to act as may be necessary and legal. Fr. 
 agir. 
 
 Air, aire, ayr, s. an itinerant court of justice. O. Fr. erre. 
 In Eng., eyre occurs with the same sense; but it must be 
 observed that the Scotch word was more comprehensive, and 
 in accordance with the administration of justice in France, 
 where, pursuant to a statute of Philip the Fair, March 25, 
 1302, stewards and bailiffs should hold their sessions in the 
 circuit of their district every two months at least '-^ 
 
 Aliment, s. a word denoting the fund of maintenance which 
 the law allows to certain persons — namely, to parents^ and 
 children, only direct ascendants and descendants — is the Fr. 
 aliment, pi. aliments — "les frais de nourriture et d'entretien 
 d'une personne." Aliment, v. a. to give legal support to 
 another.* 
 
 Aneabil, s. an unmarried woman. O. Fr. anable. 
 
 Ansars, s. a judge, arbiter. O. Fr. anseor. 
 
 Appunct, apunct, v. n. to settle. Fr. appointer. 
 
 Apunctuament, s. a convention or agreement, with specifica- 
 tion of certain terms. Fr. appointement. 
 
 Assoilyie, v. a. to acquit. O. Fr. assols, assoild, absoilld, 
 decharge, absous, dispense. 
 
 ^ 'The Bride of Lammermoor, ' ch. xi. A Lons-le-Saunier, 1765 — folio. 
 
 ^ Vide ' Ordonnances des rois de France de ^ Fr. parents. Vide ' Crim. Trials,' vol. ii. 
 
 la troisieme race,' vol. i. p. 362, art. 26 ; and p. 582, A.D. 1689. 
 
 ' Memoire et consultations pour servir a This- •* Lord Fountainhall, * Chronological Notes 
 
 toire de I'abbaye de Chateau-Chalon,' p. 39. of Scottish Affairs,' &c., p. 122, A.D. 1685. 
 
i64 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Assoinyie, essenyie, v. a. to offer an excuse for being absent 
 from a court of law, is the O. Fr. essoyner, exonier, " to excuse 
 one from appearing in court, or from going to the wars, by oath 
 that he is impotent, insufficient, sick, or otherwise necessarily 
 employed." So says Cotgrave. 
 
 Avantage, evantage, s. a term expressive of certain rights of 
 children upon the death of their parents, or of a husband of 
 wife after the death of one of the parties. Fr. avantage, a law 
 term, signifying what one gives to one more than to others 
 who have the same right ; " en termes d'ancienne procedure, 
 avantage se dit lorsque le juge adjuge les conclusions a une 
 partie contre un adversaire qui fait defaut." 
 
 Avouterie, advoutrie, advoutry, s. adultery. O. Fr. avulterie, 
 avoltierge, avoltire, avoutire. 
 
 Blanche, s. the mode of tenure by what is denominated 
 blanch farm, or by the payment of a small duty in money, 
 pennie blanche^ and otherwise. Hence the phrase fre blanche. 
 It is supposed that this term originated from the substitution 
 of payment in white, or silver money, instead of a duty in the 
 produce of the land.^ 
 
 Brocard, s. the first elements or maxims of law. There 
 is a book printed at Paris in 1497, i6mo, and entitled 
 ' Brocardica juris, seu modus legendi contenta et abbre- 
 viaturas utriusque juris/ which Rabelais seems to have hinted 
 at.^ (Low Lat. brocarda, brocardicum, brocardicorum opus, 
 the maxims of right, contained in a book compiled in 
 
 ^ Vide Du Cange's 'Gloss. Med. et Inf. col. i ; et Spelman, voce "Firma." 
 Latin.,' voce "Firma Alba," vol. iii. p. 303, ^ Vide book iii. ch. 39. 
 
CENSEMENT—CO VIN-TREE. 165 
 
 the eleventh century by Burckard or Brocard, Bishop of 
 Worms.) 
 
 Censement, sensement, s. judgment. Fr. recensement. 
 
 Champarte, s. field-rent : the part of the fruits of the soil 
 paid by the tenant to his lord. O. Fr. campart^ Fr. champart^ 
 a term of feudal jurisprudence. 
 
 Chancellarie, s. Chancery. Fr. chancellerie. 
 
 Chessoun, chesowne, s. blame, accusation, exception. O. Fr. 
 achoison. Hence to chessoun, v. a. to subject to blame, to 
 accuse. O. Fr. achoisoii7ier. 
 
 Commend, s. a benefice in commendam. Fr. commende. 
 
 Compear, compeir, v. n. to appear in the presence of another, 
 or in a court. Fr. comparoir, with the same meaning. Com- 
 peirant is one who appears in court when called ; and com- 
 pearance is the act of appearance of one in court. 
 
 Compryse, v. a. to attach for debt. Fr. comprendre. The 
 one who attaches the estate of another for debt is the com- 
 pryser, and attachment for debt is comprysing. 
 
 Contrare-mand,^ s. an order retracting, or prohibiting the 
 execution of a previous injunction. Fr. contremander. This 
 word is allied to another, — demand, question, implying the idea 
 of hesitation or opposition (Fr. demande, a judicial action by 
 which one demands what is his, or what he thinks he has a 
 right to). 2 But demand, without starting any objection. ^ 
 
 Covin-tree, s. a large tree, generally an elm, in the front of 
 
 •^ Calderwood's MS. *Crim. Trials,' vol. Weber's Gloss, to the ' English metrical Ro- 
 iii. p. 273, A.D. 1615. mances.' 
 
 2 'Sir John Rowlis Cursing,' 1. 182; cf. ' 'Clariodus,' p. 246, 1. 1753. 
 
i66 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 an old Scottish mansion-house, where the laird always met his 
 visitors or administered justice.^ Such a tree existed also at 
 the gate of nearly all the baronial manors of France.^ 
 
 Debout, V. a. to cast, to dismiss, to reject. Fr. dSouter. 
 
 Declaratour, declarator, s. a legal declaration, is the Fr. decla- 
 ration, a law term, acte, sentence ddclaratoire. 
 
 Declinature, declinator, i-. the act by which the jurisdiction 
 of a court or judge is declined. Fr. ddclmatoire, a term of pro- 
 cedure having the same meaning, 
 
 Defaisance, s. acquittance from a claim, excuse, failure. 
 O. Fr. desfaicte, Fr. ddfaite. 
 
 Defaise, defese, defease, v. a. to acquit or discharge. Fr. 
 se ddfaire de, to rid one's self of. 
 
 Deforce, v. a. to treat one by violence. O. Fr. deforcer, "to 
 dispossesse, violently take " (Cotg.) 
 
 Deforce, deforss, s. violent ejection. Eng. deforcement. 
 
 Delict, s. misdemeanour. O. Fr. delict, Fr. ddit, a law term 
 of the same meaning. 
 
 Desert the diet, to relinquish the suit. Fr. ddserter. 
 
 Devorie, s. duty payable by land, or belonging to one from 
 office. O. Fr. debvoir, Fr. devoir. 
 
 Dishabilitate, v. a. legally to incapacitate. O. Fr. deshabiliter, 
 a law term of the same meaning. Hence dishabilitation, the 
 act of legally depriving a person of honours, privileges, or 
 emoluments. 
 
 ^ Vide ' Domestic Annals of Scotland,' vol, among the ' Memoires lus a la Sorbonne,' 
 i. p. 502. &c. Archeologie, pp. 167-208: Paris, 1868 
 
 ^ See " Attendez-moi sous I'orme," &c., — 8vo. 
 
DONATARY-FERIAL. 167 
 
 Donatary, donatour, s. one to whom escheated property is 
 made over on certain conditions, is the Fr. donataire, a law 
 term signifying one to whom a donation has been made, and 
 who has accepted it. 
 
 Dote, V. a. endow, gift by legal deed, letter, or will, &c.^ Fr. 
 doter. 
 
 Dushet, dussle, s. endorsement. O. Fr. doussier, Fr. dossier. 
 
 Empaschement, empeschment, impeschment,^ s. hindrance. 
 O. Fr. empeschement, Fr. empkhement ; and empash, empesche, 
 to hinder, is the O. Fr. empescker, Fr. empkher. 
 
 Emphiteos, s. a grant in feu-farm. Fr. ernphythdose. * 
 
 Facile, adj. applied in law to one who is easily wrought upon 
 by others. Fr. facile. 
 
 Failyie, faylyhe, s. subjection to a penalty in consequence of 
 disobedience ; penalty in case of breach of bargain. Fr. faillir. 
 
 Ferial, feryale, feriall, feriat, feriell, adj., and used sometimes 
 as a subst, consecrated to acts of religion, or at least guarded 
 by a protection against legal prosecution.^ Yr.firid. In the 
 'Acta Dominorum Concilii,' a.d. 1478, p. 16, quoted by Jamie- 
 son,^ "... hervist, quhilk is feriale tyme and forbidden of 
 the law," gives rise to the following remark : " This humane 
 ordinance, securing an immunity from legal prosecution during 
 harvest^ as much as if every day of it had been devoted to reli- 
 gion, had been borrowed by our ancestors from the jurispru- 
 dence of the Continent." In fact, this custom also prevailed in 
 
 ^ 'Melvill's Diary,' p. io2. * 'Balfour's Annals,' vol. i. p. 268. 
 
 2 'Crim. Trials,' vol. iii. pp. 75, 621. * Suppl., vol. i. p. 397, voce "Feryale." 
 
i68 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 France. Hence la messio?i, *' the vacation (among layers and 
 scollers) during vintage ; " or the induces mestives, mentioned in 
 the Customs of Touraine, art. 56.^ 
 
 Fial, fiall, s. vassal, dependant, one holding by a feudal 
 tenure. O. ¥r. feal, Ir. fuel, feel. Fiall, /eale/\s wSiSSdiXdige.. 
 
 Gainage, s. land held by base tenure, by sockmen. O. Fr. 
 gaignage. 
 
 Greifar,^ s. recorder. Fr. greffier. 
 
 Grose, s. style, mode of writing. Fr. grosse. 
 
 Harro, hary, hiry, interj. an outcry for help. Fr. haro. 
 Heritour, s. an heir, a proprietor or landholder in a parish. 
 Fr. hdritier. 
 
 Homologate, v. a. to ratify or approve. Fr. homologuer. 
 Hypothec, s. a pledge for payment of rent. Fr. hypotheque. 
 Hypothecate, v. a. to pledge. Fr. hypothdquer. 
 
 Intrant, s. one who enters on the discharge of any office, or 
 into possession of any emolument. Fr. entrant. 
 i " Intromit with a man's goods," to take possession or man- 
 agement of a man's goods. Fr. s'entremettre. " To give an 
 account of one's intromission " is a common Scottish phrase. 
 
 Intromitter, intrometter, is the one who intromits. 
 
 Inventar, s. inventory. Fr. inventaire. 
 
 Irrogat, v. a. to impose. O. Fr. irroger. 
 
 ^ Vide Du Cange, ' Gloss. Med. et Inf. vales. " 
 Latin.,' voce "Ferise Messivse," vol. iii. p. "'Burgh Records of the City of Glasgow,' 
 
 230, col. 3; and Cotgrave's Dictionary, voci- p. 113, a.d. 1579. 
 bus "Mession," "Mestivailles," and "Mesti- 
 
yUSTER—PRATTIK. 169 
 
 Juster, s. one legally appointed to adjust weights and mea- 
 sures (Orkn.^) O. Fr. juste^ a sort of measure. 
 
 Mand, .9. payment, penalty. O. Fr. amande, Fr. amende, a fine. 
 
 Marchet, s. the fine paid to a superior for redeeming a young 
 woman's virginity at the time of her marriage. O. Fr. marchety 
 Lat. marcheta. 
 
 Morter, s. cap of office, formerly worn in France under the 
 name of mortier?' 
 
 Multure, mouter, s. fee for grinding grain, O. Fr. mousiure, 
 moulture, Fr. mouture. 
 
 Multurer, s. the taxman of a mill. 
 
 Obeysance, s. the state of a feudal retainer. Fr. obdissance. 
 Ordone,^ v. a. to appoint, to ordain. Fr. ordonner. 
 
 Pikary, pickery, s. rapine, petty theft, pilfering. Fr. picorde. 
 Span, picorea. 
 
 Plane, adj. a word applied to Parliament to signify that it 
 consists of its different constituent branches. O. Fr. plainc, 
 pleine court. 
 
 Prattik, prettik, practick, practique, s. form of procedure in 
 a court of law. O. Fr. practique^ 
 
 ^ ' Grievances of Orkney, pp. 51, 52. which we will mention another. The follow - 
 
 ^ * Vide ' Balfour's Annals,' vol. ii. p. 123. ing quotation shows Scotch in France replying 
 
 Cf. a note by Alex, Dyce to a passage in " The to other sorts oi pratiques: — 
 Fair Maid of the Inn," Act v. sc. 2.— 'The •■ Gascons trapp^s et bien fondez 
 
 Works of Beaumont and Fletcher,' vol. x. p. Jouent Ii leurs nouvelles praticques. 
 
 Cfl note 1 ^® Escossoys font les replicques." 
 
 3 'Sir J. Melville's Memoirs,' p. 121, A.D. — • Le Blasondcsarmeset des dames,' among 
 
 1564. Coquillart's Works, t. i. p. 175. 
 
 * This word has several acceptations, of 
 
I70 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Preve, prev, s. proof; a witness. O. Fr. proeve, prove, Fr. 
 preuvc. 
 
 Procuir,^ v. to act as procurator (Fr. procureur), or conduct 
 a case in court. O. Fr. procurer. 
 
 Purpress, v. a. to violate the property of a superior. O. Fr. 
 pourprendre. 
 
 Purprisione, purprising, purprusition, of the same meaning 
 ?iS purpresfre, is the O. ¥r. perprison, "a seizing, or taking into 
 his own hands (without leave of lord or other), ground that 
 lies waste, or is used in common " (Cotg.) 
 
 Purprisione, court of, — a court that seizes without legal war- 
 rant common property. 
 
 Quott, quote, quoitt, s. the portion of the goods of one de- 
 ceased, fixed by law to be paid for the confirmation of his testa- 
 ment, or for the right of intromitting with his property. Fr. gtwte. 
 
 Recepisse, s. a receipt. Fr. recepissd, " an acquittance, dis- 
 charge, or note acknowledging the receipt of a thing" (Cotg.) 
 , I Regality, regalit^, s. a territorial jurisdiction granted by the 
 king, with lands given in liberam regalitatem. He who re- 
 ceived such a jurisdiction bore the title of a lord of regality, 
 whilst the district that enjoyed the privileges of a regality 
 was called regalis. Fr. fief en rdgale. 
 
 Rehable, reabill,>. a. to restore, to reinstate. Fr. rdhabiliter. 
 
 Replait, resplate, v. a. to try a case a second time. Fr. re- 
 plaider. 
 
 Reprief, v. a. to disallow, to set aside. Fr. rdprouver. 
 
 * 'Crim. Trials,' vol. ii. p. 131, A. D. 1600. 
 
RESETT— STRENYABLE. 171 
 
 Resett, V. a, to receive stolen goods. 
 
 Reset, recett, s. the reception of goods known to be stolen. 
 Fr. recette. 
 
 Resetter, s. one who receives stolen goods. Fr. recdeur. 
 
 Respite,^ v. a. to exculpate. O. Fr. respiter. 
 
 Respondie, s. a check, O. Fr. respondre. 
 
 Responsioune, s. suretiship. O. Fr. response, a term of feu- 
 dal law. 
 
 Restes, s. pi. arrears. Fr. restes. 
 
 Retour, s. the legal return made to a brief, emitted from 
 Chancery, &c. Fr. retour. 
 
 w Retour, retowre, v. a. to make a return in writing as to the 
 service of an heir ; to make a legal return as to the value of 
 lands. 
 
 Sergeand, s. an inferior officer in a court of justice. O. Fr. 
 sergent, serganty sergeant. 
 
 Servitude, s. onerary conditions, or service. Fr. servitude. 
 
 Solutioune, s. payment. Fr. solution. 
 
 Sonyie,^ s. an excuse. O. Fr. essoigne^ essoine, exoine, an 
 old law term of the same signification. 
 
 Souer, souir, adj. assured, free from danger. O. Fr. seur. 
 Hence souerit^ part, pa., assured of protection. 
 
 Sowmonds, s. summons. Fr. semonce. 
 
 Strenyable, adj. applied to one who is possessed of so much 
 
 ^'A Diurnal of Remarkable Occun:ents,'&c. ^ Vide * A Diurnal of Remarkable Occur- 
 
 p. 41, A. D. 1545; J. Lesley, the ' History of rents,' p. 25, a.d. 1542. Farther on, p. 40, 
 
 Scotland,' &c., p, 107, a.d. 1516. a.d. 1545, occurs settrance, in the sense of 
 
 2 'The Wolfe, the Foxe, and the Cadgear,' security, pledge. 
 1. 45, ap. Ilenryson, p. 183. 
 
172 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 property that he can relieve his bail by being distrained. O. 
 Fr. estreneVy estreindre ; Fr. dtreindre. 
 
 Taint, s. proof. O. Fr. attaint. 
 
 Taynt, v. a. to prove, to convict. O. Fr. attaindre. 
 
 Tayntour, s. one who brings evidence against another for 
 conviction of a crime. 
 
 Tend,^ v. n. to mean, to intend. Fr. tendre. 
 
 Terce, 5. " a liferent competent by law to widows who have 
 not accepted of a special provision of the third of the herit- 
 able subjects in which their husbands died infeft."^ Fr. tiers. 
 The widow is hence styled tercer. 
 1 1 Tocher, s. dowry. Fr. toucher la dot. 
 
 Tutele, tutell, s. guardianship, tutelage. Fr. tutelle, Lat. 
 tutela. 
 
 Tutory, s. period of life under guardianship. O. Fr. tuterie. 
 
 Unhabile, adj. under a legal disability. Fr. habile, and 
 prefix un. 
 
 Vacance,^ s. vacation. Fr. vacance. 
 
 Valient, s. a man's property or means. Fr. vaillant. '* A 
 man's whole estate or worth ; all his subs^tance, means, for- 
 tunes" (Cotg.) 
 
 Vert, wert, s. the right to cut green wood. Fr. verd. 
 
 Woche, V, a. to cite, to call. O. Fr. vocher, voucher ; Lat. 
 
 vocare. 
 
 ■) 
 
 ^ 'Crim. Trials,' part x. p. 221*, A.l). 1539. ^ ' Crim. Trials,' vol. iii. p. 585. 
 
 ^ ' Erskinc's Instit.,' b. 2, tit. 9, § 44. 
 
"GRATSSER LA PATTE." 173 
 
 There is another word, io creish^ to grease, which in Scot- 
 land, as elsewhere, was more than once used in matters of law. 
 The English phrase, " to grease one in the fist," corresponds 
 better to the French proverbial expression, graisser la patte, 
 anciently oindre la palme} 
 
 This chapter on law may be fitly concluded with the chorus 
 of the Highland March — 
 
 " We'll bravely fight like heroes bold, for honour and applause, 
 And defy the French, with all their art, to alter our laws " ^ — 
 
 in which the author seems to have forgotten, in his patriotic 
 and poetical enthusiasm, that his ancestors had borrowed very 
 largely those laws from " the French." 
 
 * Vide Meon's ' Nouveau Recueil de Fabliaux ^ Herd, ' Ancient and Modern Scottish 
 etContes,' &c., t. i. p. 183, 184. Songs,' &c., vol. i. p. 116. 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 
 y 
 
 IR00UC8 anb Daoabonbs 
 iC^unfsbments. 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 
 ROGUES AND VAGABONDS — PUNISHMENTS. 
 
 |HE frequent wars between England and Scot- 
 land, the numerous mutual raids on the Bor- 
 ders, and the oft-recurring internal feuds, afforded 
 to such as were inclined to idleness or a life of 
 adventure,^ full opportunity to follow their natural bent ; and 
 there cannot be a doubt that often, when the ruling power 
 was weak, the country, chiefly on the Borders, was infested 
 by malefactors of all sorts. Curious to say, the names given 
 to such bad characters were for the most part derived from 
 the French. 
 
 Briganer, brigan, " qui les marchans espie," ^ comes from the 
 Fr. brigue. Brigander is a form of the word which still lingers 
 in parts of the north, with the meaning of ** a person of rude, 
 
 1 " Fair Johnnie Armstrang to Willy did say — 
 Billie, a riding we will gae ; 
 England and us have been lang at feud ; 
 Aiblins we'll light on some bootie." 
 
 — " Dick o' the Cow," Scott's ' Minstrelsy of 
 the Scottish Border,' vol. ii. p. 63. 
 
 ^ Cuvelier, ' Chronique de Bertrand du 
 Guesclin,' I. 1584, vol. i. p. 59. David 
 Chambre, a Scotchman ('Hist, abbr. des 
 papes,' &c., fol. 145 recto), calls Robin Hood 
 and Little John brigans ; and Spenser uses 
 brigant in his 'Fairy Queen,' vi, x. 39. 
 
178 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 boisterous manners." ^ Brigancie means robbery. Detrusare, 
 from the Fr. ditroussetir, a robber, has the same meaning. 
 Wolroun (Fr. volereau, dim. of voleur) means a thief, a worth- 
 less fellow : — 
 
 " Thow hes thy clamschellis, and thy burdoun keild, 
 Unhonest wayis all, wolroun, that thow wirkis." ^ 
 
 Scaumer^ is the Fr. ^cumeur. To sorn, some, soirn^ (Fr. 
 sojourner), means to take board and lodgings through force, 
 and the one who does so was called a sorner. The word is 
 still in common use to signify one who presents himself as a 
 guest without invitation, and makes himself at home for a 
 considerable time, to the inconvenience of the host. Boute- 
 feus, incendiary, is the same in Fr. {boute-feu) : " Se assem- 
 blerent et entrerent dedens le pays des Liegeois, boutant 
 les feux par les maisons, et par les bleds qui estoient prests 
 de cueillir, et conduisoit iceux boute-feux le sire du Jamont." ^ 
 Bribour, brybour, a low fellow, literally one who begs for a 
 piece of bread, comes from the O. Fr. bribeur, a beggar, 
 bribe being a large mouthful of bread, from which is derived 
 briber, to beg. Dunbar addresses Kennedy — 
 
 ^ ' Dialect of Banffshire,' p. 218: Published the same root came cowme, smiddy ashes, or 
 
 for the Philological Society, 1866— 8vo. dross qf a smith's forge. Vide ' Burgh Records 
 
 ^ 'Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedy,' st. of the City of Glasgow,' p. 22, A.D. 1574. 
 
 Hv. 'Dunbar's Poems,' vol. ii. p. 82. See * Vide 'Crim. Trials,' vol. iii. p. 567, A.D. 
 
 ' The Twa Maryit Wemen and the Wedo.' 1624. Pil/our, a robber, a plunderer, a thief, 
 
 ^ ^'^(? 'Wilson's Tales of the Borders,' pp. which occurs in 'The Satyre of the thre 
 
 58, 61. Barbour uses " scowmar of the se " Estaitis,' * Sir D. Lyndsay's Works,' part ii., 
 
 in the same sense as the French understand vol. ii. p. 172, is found in O. Eng., as well as 
 
 icumeur, that ol pirate — "les pirates et escu- to pillie, to pillage (Yr. piller). 
 
 meurs de mer " (Amyot, ' Lucull.,'6). From ^ Alain Chartier, Hist, de Charles VII. 
 
ROGUE NAMES. 179 
 
 " Ersche brybour baird, vyle beggar with thy brattis," 
 
 and 
 
 " Thow purpost for to undo our Lordis cheif 
 In Paislay, with ane poysone that wes fell, 
 
 For quhilk, brybour, yit sail thow thoill a breif ; 
 Pelour, on the I sail it proif my sell." ^ 
 
 Cowkin, a beggar, is the Fr. coquin, a rogue. ^ Hallion, a 
 rascal, is the Fr. haillon, a rag. Hullion is another form 
 of the word. Against all such " Strang begarres and vaga- 
 boundis " the peaceful, well-disposed citizen was in a constant 
 state of watchfulness^ in his bastile-house,* repeating sadly, 
 as in L. Culross's ' Dream,' " We cannot leive in rest." ^ 
 
 To these words of particular import may be added the 
 two following of general meaning — haurrage (O. Fr. herage, 
 which is itself derived from herre, " rogue, beggar, vagabond," 
 Cotg.), " a blackguard crew of people," and canalyie, cannailyie 
 (Fr. canaille), a rabble. This word is still used in parts of the 
 north to signify a confused number or crowd of people. 
 
 ^ ' Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedy,' stt. burgh and Berwickshire were called so. 
 
 vii. and x. ' The Poems of William Dunbar, ' Other forms of the word are bastaihe, bastail- 
 
 vol. ii. pp. 67, 68. yie, and bastel (Fr. bastille). 
 
 2 'G. Douglas,' i. ex, 30. In Dunbar's ^ 'Early Metrical Tales,' p. 163. In the 
 ' Complaint to the King,' 1. 16, and ' Remon- same passage there occurs the adjective griv- 
 stranceto the King,' 1. 40, occur cowkin-kenseis elie, which seems to have been overlooked by 
 and kokenis, which David Laing conjectures the lexicographers, and to be synonymous with 
 to mean idle beggars, ox froward fellows. See Eng. grievous, unless it be derived from Fr. 
 his edition, vol. i. pp. 142, 146 ; and vol. ii. grivele, dappled, speckled ; but vie. are at a 
 p. 480, col. 2. loss to find \\.QViz.gait — i.e., a road or street — 
 
 3 " Upon his gardis" (Fr. siir ses gardes). might have this term applied to it. In ' Les 
 Vide 'Sir J. Melville's Memoirs,' p. 219, Regrets de la belie Heaumiere,' by Villon, 
 A.D. 1569. Farther on, p. 368, occurs mii- grivele has a different sense, that of shrunk, 
 tinerie for mutiny. which agrees much less with the term quali- 
 
 ^ Several of the Border strongholds in Rox- fied grivelie. 
 
i8o CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Several of the different kinds of punishment derived their 
 names from France, where they were in use. 
 
 Furc, a gallows, is the Fr. fourche (Fic3.rd, /ourg^ue ; Pro v. 
 and It. fovea I Lat. /urea). In O. Fr. it means gallows, as 
 the following quotations show: — 
 
 " Ne orient ne mort ne furkes ne turment." ^ 
 
 " Sor un haut mont en un rochier 
 Fet li rois les forches drecier 
 Por, Renart pendre le gorpil." * 
 
 Wheny^^r^: is joined tofos in the ^hrdise. furk and fos, it means 
 gallows and pot, fos being the Fr. fosse, a pit. Gents, ghen ^ 
 (O. Fr. gehine, gehenne I Fr. g^ne), seems to be the rack. 
 
 yougs,jogges,juggs,^ an iron collar, consisting commonly of 
 two parts joined together by a hinge, which was fastened round 
 the neck of the criminal, and locked, is the Yr.joug. It was 
 generally placed in the most frequented part of the town or 
 village, and often inside the church. The rout or row, roow^ 
 was the Fr. roue, the wheel. The boyis and the buUis,^ were 
 other kinds of punishments. 
 
 1 'Thomas le Martir,' 31. rents,' &c., p. 250, A.D. 1571 ; and 'Crim. 
 
 2 * Le Roman du Renart,' 1.11,095; Meon's Trials,' vol. ii. p. 450, a.d, 1605. 
 
 edit,, vol. ii. p. 57. ' The word buttis meant also grounds ap- 
 
 3 'J. Melvill's Diary,' p. 496. Properly propriated for practising archeiy (Fr. (Jw^to) ; 
 speaking, geinn means wedge, and tighten by slightly different from Eng. butt, explained by 
 means of wedges, press, squeeze (Ft. gener). Dr Johnson, "the place on which the mark 
 
 * "Incontinent persons were sometimes to be shot at is placed," and derived from Fr. 
 exhibited to the public in the jougs, which but. Those parts of the tanned hides of 
 was a jointed iron ring or hoop that secured horses which are under the crupper are called 
 them by the neck." — 'The Book of Bon- butts, probably as being the extremities (Fr. 
 Accord,' &c. vol. i. p. 165, note. bouts). 
 
 * Fide 'A Diurnal of Remarkable Occur- 
 
THE MAIDEN. i8i 
 
 As to the maiden, an instrument for beheading, nearly of the 
 same construction as the guillotine, it is well known that the 
 Regent Morton, who was executed by it in 1581, brought a 
 pattern of it from the Continent. As the book in which the 
 first representation of it occurs ^ was printed in France, it might 
 be supposed that it was a French invention. It is only fair, 
 however, to observe that on account of the constant intercourse 
 between Lyons and Italy, the illustration of this beheading 
 machine in the * Golden Legend ' may have come from that 
 country. Petrarcha's tract, * De Remediis utriusque fortunse,' 
 translated into German, and printed at Augsburg in 1532 
 (folio), contains also the curious representation of a capital execu- 
 tion by the same process. Frosinone's work has a similar wood- 
 cut, and the 'Symbolical Questions' exhibit another.^ In Gio. 
 Angiolo Lottini's * Scelta d'alcuni miracoli, e grazie della san- 
 tissima Nunziata di Firenze,' &c., there is, among some fine 
 engravings by Callot, one particularly remarkable as represent- 
 ing a guillotine.^ In a MS., apparently of the middle of the 
 fifteenth century, there is an illustration representing a man 
 beheaded by a similar kind of machine.* 
 
 ^ ' Catalogus Sanctorum et Gestorum eorum works, 'Notice sur la Guillotine:' Haze- 
 
 diversis voluminibus collectus : ' Lugduni, brouck, 1865— 8vo. Those representations 
 
 1519 — fol. should be compared with the account of the 
 
 2 ' Achillis Bocchii Bonon. Symbolicarum punishment of Demetri Giustiniani, A.D. 
 Questionum. . . , Libri quinque,' lib. i. p. 1507, given by Jean d'Anton in his ' Chron- 
 xl. Symb. xviii. : Bononiae, 1574 — 4to. The iques,' vol. iii. p. 54, 6th part, ch. xxviii. : 
 first edition is of Bologna, 1555— 4to. Paris, 1835 — 8vo. 
 
 3 In * Firenze,' cap. Ixvii. p. 208 : 1619 — * It was engraved by M. Viollet-le-Duc, in 
 8vo. Many other engravings of the same his ' Dictionnaire raisonne du mobilier fran- 
 description might have been mentioned, — for 9ais,' &c., vol. ii. p. 499, voce "Doloire:" 
 instance, that which the Abbe Adolphe Paris, 1871— 8vo. 
 
 Bloeme has borrowed from Jacob Call's 
 
1 82 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 French executioners were noted in England.^ The desig- 
 nations of those whose office it was to carry into effect the 
 extreme penahy of the law were imported into Scotland. The 
 hangman sometimes went by the name of lockman^ loikman. 
 
 " Fy, feyndly front ! fy, tykis face, fy, fy ! 
 Ay loungand,^ lyk an loikman on ane ledder ; 
 
 Thy ghaistly luke fleys folkis that pass tlie by, 
 Lyke to ane stark theif glowrand in a tedder." ^ 
 
 He received this name from the fact that he had the privilege 
 of taking a /oc^, or, in northern pronunciation, fyock (Fr. 
 louche) of meal out of each caskful or sackful exposed for 
 sale in the market. Another name for a hangman was in 
 different forms boreati, burreau, burio, burrio, burior, burriour^ 
 burriow.^ It is the O. Fr. bourrel, Fr. bourreau. 
 
 " In Paris with thy maister burreaw 
 Abyd, and be his prenteiss neir the bank, 
 And help to hang the pece for half ane frank. 
 
 And, at the last, thy self mon thoill the law." ^ 
 
 The same official also bore the name of currier. In O. Fr. 
 courrier seems to have been the name of a low officer of jus- 
 tice, whose duty was to see that sentences be executed, and to 
 carry out the execution of those who had been condemned to 
 
 ^ Queen Elizabeth, fearing to be beheaded, 'The Poems of William Dunbar,' vol, ii. 
 
 requested as her executioner a headsman from p. 72. 
 
 France. FV^^ 'Memoires de Castelnau,' A.D. ■* Vide 'Melvill's Diary,' p. 203; and 
 
 1560, b. ii. in Petitot's Collection, ist series, ' Crim. Trials,' vol. iii. p. 474, A.D. 1619. 
 t. xxxiii. p. 75. * ' Fly ting of Dunbar and Kennedy,' st. Iv. 
 
 ^ O. Fr. longaigne, longuaignc, privy sew- ' The Poems of William Dunbar,' vol. ii. 
 
 er, laystall. p. 82. 
 
 ^ ' Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedy,' st. xxii. 
 
THE CAD IE S. 183 
 
 death.^ Mair, maire^ mare, a name given to an officer attend- 
 ing a sheriff for executions and arrestments, is the Fr. mah'e 
 (Gael. maor). The cadies, an interesting class of people, who 
 acted both as commissionaires and watchmen,^ at times lent a 
 helping hand to the hangman in the discharge of his duty. 
 Their name was originally the same with French cadet, which 
 is also English. It is nearly synonymous with gar^on, an 
 attendant, used both in Scotland and Ireland, into which the 
 word was imported from France. 
 
 ^ j^/iil? Welsh's 35th Serm., pp. 29, 43. ' Fergusson's Poems,' vol. ii. p. 94. See also 
 
 'Gloss. Med. et Inf. Latin.,' vol. ii. p. 618, Captain Burt's 'Letters from a Gentleman 
 
 vocibus " Correarius, " "Correrius," &c. in the North of Scotland,' &c., vol. i. pp. 
 
 2 There is a graphic account of them in 26, 27. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Mat— /IftiKtar^ Uerms. 
 
 2 A 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 WAR MILITARY TERMS. 
 
 OWN to the 15th century the art of war in North 
 Britain seems to have been in a state of infancy. 
 "These Scottish men," says Froissart, "are right 
 hardy, through sore travelHng in harness and in 
 war : . . . they are all on horseback, except a few traundals 
 and laggers who follow afoot. The knights and squires are 
 well horsed, and the common people and other on little hack- 
 neys and geldings," &c. 
 
 At the end of the 1 5th century, D. Pedro de Ayala wrote to 
 his Government : " They have old and heavy artillery of iron. 
 Besides this, they possess modern French guns of metal, which 
 are very good. King Louis gave them to the father of the 
 present king in payment of what was due to him as co-heir of 
 his sister, the queen of Scotland."^ As to the master-gunners, 
 they were as usual foreigners — men of the Low Countries. 
 There was also a Frenchman, surely a Gascon, named 
 " Guyane." ^ 
 
 ^ 'Calendar of State Papers preserved at ^ ' Compota Thes. Reg. Scot.,' vol. i. pp. 
 Simancas,' and published by G. A. Bergen- cxl, ccxvi, 232, 236, 299. Cf. pp. ccxxii, 52, 
 roth, Henry VII., 1498, vol. i. p. 174. 67. 
 
i88 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 About 1540, during the reign of James V., the Scottish army 
 consisted for by far the greatest part of foot-soldiers. All those 
 whose incomes were below ;^ioo of yearly rent were ordered 
 to appear on the field clad with a jack, or a halkrick, or brig- 
 antine, gloves of plate, with pesant and gorget. The weapons 
 were spears, pikes of six ells length, Leith axes, halberds, hand- 
 bows and arrows, cross-bows, culverins, and two-handed swords. 
 The leaders were armed in white harness, either light or heavy, 
 according to their own pleasure, with the weapon becoming 
 their rank. 
 
 A French writer, speaking of the Scotch who came to the 
 help of Henri IV. (i 589-1610), says : " lis nous appresterent a 
 rire a les voir armez et vestus comme les figures de I'antiquite 
 representees dans les vieilles tapisseries, avec Jacques de mail- 
 les et casques de fer, converts de drap noir comme bonnet de 
 prebstre, se servant de musette et de hautbois lorsqu'ils vont 
 au combat." ^ 
 
 There is early mention made of the importation of arms and 
 armour from France and other parts of the Continent by the 
 Scottish kings. Thus in the accounts of the Lord Treasurers 
 of Scotland there is an entry, under the date of the first day of 
 November 1495, in Edinburgh, regarding a purchase for James 
 IV. from the French cutler of two baslaris^ long daggers or 
 sheathed knives (O. Fr. bazelaires, badelaires). 
 
 James IV., however, obtained his armour chiefly from Mun- 
 
 ^ ' Memoires du Due d'Angouleme,' in orum,' vol. i. p. 227. Farther on, pp. 293, 
 
 Petitot's collection, ist series, vol. xliv. p. 295, occurs the word //«w^?^, which seems to 
 
 585. mean leaden maces, and to be derived from 
 
 - ' Compota Thesaurariorum Regiim Scot- the O. Fr. plombee. 
 
IMPORTATION OF ARMS. 189 
 
 cur of Dundee, who belonged to a family which for several 
 generations had enjoyed a high reputation as armourers.^ 
 
 James V. devoted much attention to the improvement of 
 warlike weapons and their importation. Under the date of 
 2d November 1520, there is an entry relative to a French 
 armourer who came to North Britain with the Duke of 
 Albany's servant, the latter having brought to the king a 
 great horse, i.e., a war-horse.^ 
 
 In the ninth book of Privy Seal, fol. 96, occurs a letter, 
 dated Edinburgh, April 1532, to Peris Rowan, Frenchman, 
 making him principal master-maker and melter of " our Sov- 
 erane Lordis guinis and artillziarie " during life. 
 
 "Jakkis and his colleagues," the armourers of James V., 
 seem to have been Frenchmen. On January 11, 1542, they 
 were paid £1^, 9s. for "ane licht harnes, with dowbill teslettis 
 and ane stele bonnet, to the Kingis grace." 
 
 The well-known lines may be quoted : — 
 
 " They saw, slow-rolling on the plain, 
 Full many a baggage-cart and wain ; 
 
 And there were Borthwick's sisters seven, 
 And culverins which France had given." ^ 
 
 James V. did not confine himself to France for arms. A 
 Dutchman named William Fandik (Vandyke) was the maker 
 of ordnance. From Flanders, Holland, Germany, and Den- 
 mark, he imported arms of various kinds in great quantities. 
 
 ^ ' Inventaires de la Royne Descosse,' &c., ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' Prel. Dis- 
 
 p. xiv, note 2 ; ' Compota Thes. Reg. Scot.,' sert., pp. 120, 121 — Leyden's edition, 
 vol. i. p. clxxx. 3 "Marmion," canto iv. st. xxvii. 
 
190 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 "He sent to Flanderis and brought home artaillie, pouder 
 and bullotis, harneise, pickis, and all other kynd of mun- 
 itioun pertaining to a prince," &c.^ We read in an ac- 
 count under the date of December 31, 1540, "Item, 
 gevin to Charles Murray, for xx hawkbuttis brocht furth 
 of Ducheland be him, price of the pece half angell nobill : 
 summa xvij lib." 
 
 There can be little doubt but that the nobles ^ bought, when 
 abroad themselves, both arms and armour, as well as imported 
 them. With such importation of arms and military stores, 
 especially from France,^ and with the constant intercourse, 
 particularly of soldiers, between the two countries, one might 
 expect to find a great number of terms relative to war and 
 military affairs in the vocabulary of Scotland. Such is the 
 case, as the following words show : — 
 
 A soldier was suddarde, suddart, suddert"^ (Fr. soudard, 
 soudart), and sodiour (O. Fr. sodoier). Aid -mayor seems 
 to have been adjutant ; and commisser (Fr. commissaire) 
 
 ^ Pitscottie, 'Cronicles,' vol. ii. p. 347. See ' Cochruinneacha de Shaolhair nam Bard 
 ^ 'Rotuli Scotise,' vol. ii. p. 207. col. I; Gaeleach : a Choice Collection of the Works 
 ' The History of the House and Race of of the Highland Bards, collected in the High- 
 Douglas,' vol. i. p. 205; *Les Ecossais en lands and Isles by Alexander and Donald 
 France,' &c., vol. i. p. 205. — A Gaelic poet Stewart,' p. 152. Dunedin, 1804 — 8vo. 
 
 quoted in the 4to dictionary of this language, 
 
 ., .. „ ., , „ ,,r^- ..• T_ J, .• *" Then neid thay not to charge the realrae of France 
 
 z/caffwj ' Ceanileach, "Cinnilich, mentions ,.,., . ■' , . ". ,. 
 
 ci/i.i.cy..^u v^_ A* V. V- , , With gunnis, galayis, nor utner ordinance ; 
 
 " Lann Spaineach a-chin-ilich " (the Spanish Sa that thay be to God obedient," &c. 
 
 blade, of the Islay manufactured hilt), and the c- t~w j t j • jt? > 1x7 1 
 
 ' •' ' — Sir David Lyndsay s ' Lp. nuncup., Works, 
 
 compiler observes that the island of Islay was .... 
 
 '^ ^ vol. 111. p. 179. 
 
 famous for such an article. All that we can t. tr- j t ^ t <tt- ^ ca ^^ jj 
 
 , „ . - * ?v^/d Lesley s 'Hist, of Scotland, p. 177, 
 
 say is, that in ' Stewart s Collections of _ < >^ ■ t. . , , , . 
 
 ' ,. ' , r ■, , ,. A.D. 1543; Crim. Trials, vol. 1. p. 20, A. D. 
 
 Gaehc Songs referred to, the line runs ,^ ... --/■ . /■ » t) u 
 
 ^ ' 1570 — vol. 11. p. 366, A.D. 1601 ; 'Burgh 
 
 Records of the City of Glasgow,' p. 18, A.D. 
 "Lann spainteach, ghorm, dhias-fhada. '574- 
 
DESIGNATIONS CF SOLDIERS. 191 
 
 was commissary, a word allied to commess (Fr. commis), a 
 deputy, and commissare (Fr. commissaire), a commissioner ; 
 whilst commisse clothes were clothes supplied to the soldiers 
 by the Government they served. Gudgel, gudyeat, a. ser- 
 vant attending the camp, is the Fr. gouge, goujat. Garri- 
 tour, garitotir} a watchman, comes from the Fr. garite, "a 
 sentry, or little lodge for a sentinell built on high " (Cotg.) 
 Perdews were the enfans perdus, the forlorn-hope ; and a light- 
 horseman bore the name oi hargoulet'^ (O. Fr. argoulet). Here 
 may be mentioned the burdowys, men who fought with clubs 
 (Fr. bourdon, a pilgrim's staff; O. Fr. bordon, a baton). The 
 great qualification of every soldier, by whatever name denom- 
 inated, is bravity (O. Fr. bravetd), and he must be bellicous^ 
 (Fr. belliqueux) and battalouss. 
 
 Of words applied to parts of an army are the following. 
 Eschel, escheill, eskele, the division of a corps, is the O. Fr. 
 eschiele, esckele, a squadron. A small body of men was 
 called punye, that is, poignde de gens, O. Fr. puignie^; and 
 garnisoun, besides having the meaning of garrison, has the 
 meaning of a body of men, and comes from the O. Fr. gar- 
 nison {garnement, garnissement) , any kind of decking, any 
 habiliment or provision of war, which comes from garnir, to 
 provide. Range, the van of an army, is the Fr. rang, rangde; 
 
 ^ 'Crim. Trials,' vol, i. p. 8, A.D. 1569. '^ Bellicon, used in Ayrshire as a blustering 
 
 2 * Sir James Melville's Memoirs,' p. 25, a.d. fellow, seems to be derived from Baligant, the 
 
 1554. Before, p. 16, as well as in Bp. Les- name of a hero of old French romances. 
 
 ley's 'Hist, of Scot.,' p. 34, we find vincust, * 'Renart le Nouvel,' 1. 7350; 'Le Roman 
 
 part. pa. for vanqiiished. Henryson uses the du Renart, ' t. iv. p. 432 ; G. Douglas, vol. 
 
 same in ' The Tod's Confession to Freir Wolf,' iii. p. 247. 
 
 1. 170, p. 133. 
 
192 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 whilst monstour, munstour, a muster, is from the O. Fr. 
 monstre, monstrdey a view, show, sight, muster of; monstrer, 
 to show. 
 
 JBataily battall (Fr. bataille, order of battle ; a squadron) has 
 also the same meanings as in French. 
 
 Of words relating to an army on march and in camp are 
 h2ixx^-ferraris (Fr. ferrieres), casks for carrying on horseback 
 the drink necessary for an army; and letacampt, lettacamp, lect- 
 decampt^ (Fr. lit-de-camp^). 
 
 Sellat^ a head-piece for foot-soldiers, is the Fr. salade (Span. 
 celadd); bassanat, bassanet, basnet, a helmet, the O. Fr. bassinet, 
 bacinet ; whilst tymber,'^ tymmer, tymbrell, tymbrill, the crest of 
 a helmet, is the Fr. timbre. In O. Fr., timbre de crestes means 
 scallops fluttering upon a helmet.^ Ventaill, the breathing 
 part of a helmet, is the Fr. ventaille.^ ' 
 
 Acton, a leathern jacket strongly stuffed, formerly worn under 
 a coat of mail, is the O. Fr. auqueton, hoqueton, Prov. alcato, so 
 named from the cotton (Span, algodon) with which it was stuffed.'^ 
 
 ^ 'Compota Thes. Reg. Scot.,' vol. i. pp. of the Castle of Edinburgh, a.d. 1578: "al- 
 
 239, 242; 'Crim. Trials,' vol. i. pp. 122*, levin Frenche tymmer beddis fumist w^ith 
 
 273*. 283*, 290*, A.D. 1529-37. cleikis and vyssis of yron."— ' A Collection of 
 
 2 As stated by the late Marquis de Laborde, Inventories,' &c., p. 214. 
 
 in his 'Glossaire des emaux,' they termed, in 3 G. Douglas, iii. 126, 31. * 
 
 the l6th century, "lit, chaise, table de camp, * Ibid., ii. 148, i. 
 
 tout objet de ce genre fait pour etre trans- ^ See ' Comptes de I'argenterie des rois de 
 
 portd" We find in Jean Marot's descrip- France, 'p. 184. 
 
 tion of the siege of Peschiera, that Triboulet, ^ G. Douglas, iv. 126, 15. 
 
 the king's fool, "sous ung lict de camp de . . 
 
 , . , II , , T T, r ■ , T ' De sun osberc h rumpit la ventaille. 
 peur sest retire ( Les roesies de Jean 
 
 Marot,' p. 142 : Paris, 1723 — 8vo) ; in another — 'Chanson de Roland,' p. 51, st. xcviii. 
 
 poem, and in Rabelais, b. ii. oh. xiv., is men- 1. 1293, ist edit. 
 
 tioned such a piece of furniture in a room ' G. Douglas, iv. 5, li; *Crim. Trials,' 
 
 and near a chimney ; at last, in an inventory vol. i. p. 282*. 
 
ARMOUR. 193 
 
 Other forms of the word are kugtone, hugetone, hugtoune cot, 
 hugtowne, and keton. 
 
 Brekanetynis, the same as brigandines, was a kind of scale 
 armour, so called because it was worn by the light-armed sol- 
 diers named brigands} 
 
 Brasaris, braseris, brazers^ vambraces, armour for the arms, 
 comes from the Fr. brassar, brassard, brassal {bras, the arm, 
 Lat. brackium); and reirbrasseris, armour for the back of the 
 arms, is compounded of arriere and brassard ; and guschet, the 
 armour for defending the armpit, is the Fr. gousset, a fob or 
 pocket, from the Fr. gousse. (It. guscio, the husk of peas, 
 beans, &c.) 
 
 Cuschd, cussd, armour for the thighs, is the O. Fr. cuissots, 
 having the same meaning, from cuisse, the thigh. Cussanis 
 may be the same. Greis, greaves, armour for the legs, is from 
 the O. Fr. greve, the shin, or shin-bone. Riwell seems to be 
 a sort of buckler (O. Fr. roelle). 
 
 Secret^ secreit, doublet (Fr. sea^et), is a coat of mail con- 
 cealed under one's ordinary dress. 
 
 Pat^'ell,'^ defence for the neck of a horse, is the Fr. 
 poitrail. 
 
 ^ Vide G. Douglas, ii. 147, 31; ' Crim. ^ G. Douglas, ii. 267, 21, 
 Trials,' vol. i. p. 289*, a.d. 1537. The =*' Burgh Records of the City of Glasgow,' 
 
 word brigan, spelt also briggane and briggant, p. 77, a.d. 1577 ; 'Crim. Trials,' vol. ii. p. 84, 
 
 existed with brigancie, briganrie, highway a.d. 1598, and p. 149, A.D. 1600. It would 
 
 robbery. Vide 'Crim, Trials,' vol. i. p. seem that, in such an acceptation, the use 
 
 91*, 145 ; vol. il pp. 18, 70, 84, 421, 458, of this term had been peculiar to Scotland, 
 
 A.D. 1513-1605. Cf. Pitscottie, 'The Cron- since it is mentioned neither by Du Cange, 
 
 icles of Scotland,' vol. ii. p. 314; and Acts, Roquefort, nor Grose; still it is undoubt- 
 
 James IV., 1491, ed. 1814, p. 226. One, edly French, 
 printed in 1566, has brigantinis. * G. Douglas, i. 22, lO; iii. 99, 3 1. 
 
 2 B 
 
194 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Of warlike instruments in use before the introduction of fire- 
 arms deriving their names from the French may be mentioned 
 spryngald (O. Fr. espringalle) , an engine used for throwing 
 large arrows, &c. ; crane (O. Fr. cranequin, granequin, crene- 
 quin), "an engine for batterie" (Cotg.), a kind of catapult 
 for throwing large stones, &c. ; trebuschet (O. Fr. trebuschet, 
 trabuc), a balance, an engine of war to throw the weightiest 
 stones ; awblaster ^ (O. Fr. arbaleste, Fr. arbalete\ which means 
 both a cross-bow and a cross-bowman ; vire^ vyre, wyre ^ (O. Fr. 
 vire), an arrow ;^ querell (O. Fr. quarrel ^ quarel, Fr. carreau), 
 a dart or arrow for a cross-bow ; whilst budge, a kind of bill, is 
 the O. Fr. bouge, boulge, bougeon. Gissarme, gyssarn, gissarne, 
 gittarn, githern,^ a hand-axe or bill, is the O. Fr. guisarme, 
 (Prov. Jusarma, gusarma) ; glaif^ a sword, the Fr. glaive ; 
 stok^ a sword, the Fr. estoc; and poynfal, a sharp sword 
 or dagger, the O. Fr. punchal^ a dagger, — Fr. pointeau, 
 poinqon ; whilst battar-ax, a battle-axe, has its source in the 
 Fr. battre. 
 
 Of the different kinds of ordnance may be mentioned the 
 bassil {¥r. basilic, " tres-gros canon portant i6o livres de balle, 
 et nomm^ d'apres le serpent "), a long cannon ; botcard, appar- 
 ently the same as battard, battart, batter (O. Fr. bastarde), " a 
 demi-cannon or demi-culverin ; a smaller piece of any kind ; " 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, iv. 69, 4. que ledit prince receut avec contentement. 
 
 ^ Ibid., ii. 260, 12. On usoit de cette sorte de present ancienne- 
 
 ^ Arrows were, it seems, imported from ment entre les roys et princes." — Darnal, 
 
 Scotland as articles of virtu : "A son retour ' Chronique bordeloise,' ann. 1550, p. 66. 
 
 [le due de Vendome] repassa k Bourdeaux, la * G. Douglas, iii. 198, 19 ; iv. 189, 18. 
 
 ville le pourvoit de vins et vivres, luy fait ^ Ibid., ii. 151, 15. 
 
 present de beaux arcs et fleches d'Escosse, ® Ibid., iii. 129, 9. 
 
ARMS. 195 
 
 saikyr, half-saikyr (Fr. sacre), "the hawk, and the artillerie so 
 called," says Cotgrave, a kind of cannon smaller than a demi- 
 culverin ; dMd pasuo Ian, pasvo land {¥y. passevolant), a species of 
 small artillery. Murdresar (Fr. ineur trier), besides meaning 
 a murderer, means also a large cannon. Curtald, a kind of 
 cannon, is the O. Fr. courtault, " a kind of short piece of 
 ordnance used at sea." Flask, the frame for a piece of ord- 
 nance, is the Fr. flasque, which signifies the same thing, as 
 well as its carriage ; whilst roche may correspond to roche de 
 feu, a cartridge, and rothe in the expression " the rothe of 
 the culwering " seems to be the Fr. rouet, " platine a rouet, 
 ancienne platine d'arme a feu portative." ^ 
 
 Of smaller firearms was the hagbut of croche, or crochert^ 
 (O. Fr. haquebute, karquebuze, arquebute a croc, Fr. arquebuse 
 a croc), the arquebuss. The origin of the word is the Dutch 
 haeck-buyse, haeck-busse, compounded of haeck, the hook or 
 forked rest on which it is supported, and busse (Ger. biische, 
 a rifle). Hagbut of founde, hacquebut of found, seems to be 
 the same arm ; and hagbutar is a musqueteer. Forcat, foir- 
 chet, the rest for a musket, is the Fr. fourchette, " a forket 
 or small fork, also a musket-rest," according to Cotgrave ; and 
 bandroll, bendrole, bedroll^ the rest for a heavy musket, i^ the 
 Fr. banderole; whilst a ball was«»named pallet, pellock (Fr. 
 pelote, a little ball). Vov^d^ry^diS poulder,'^ pulder, puldir{0. Fr. 
 pouldre, Fr. poudre); and a powder-flask, powder-flaccat (Fr. 
 
 ^ Littre's ' Dictionnaire,' sub voce. barrellis of Frenche cannon poulder " in the 
 
 ^ ' Burgh Records of the City of Glasgow,' castle of Edinburgh ; and puldir in G. 
 
 p. 10, A.D. 1574. In a 'Collection of Inven- Douglas, ii. 104, 14. 
 
 tories,' &c., p. 260, we find in 1578, "seven 
 
196 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 flasque a poudre) ; and to discharge or let off was delash (O. Fr. 
 delascher)} 
 
 Of words relating to the meeting of hostile troops may be 
 mentioned the following. Assembld means battle, and to as- 
 semble, to join battle (Fr. assembler). Skarmuscke, a skirmish, 
 is the Fr. escarmouche. Entremellys (Fr. entremiler), as well 
 Tis poynye, poynhd, poyhnd, ponyhd {p. Yr. poignde), has the same 
 meaning. Demelle (Fr. ddmeler), and cownter (Fr. contre), have 
 both the meaning of rencontre. Slour, stoure, stowr, sture^ 
 which among its many meanings has that of battle, is the O. 
 Fr. estour ; and stramash, a broil, a riot, estrama^on. Batterie, a 
 fight, is the same word in French; and bourd^ (Fr. bourd, con- 
 tracted from bekourl, bekort, bekourd, a kind of lance used in a 
 joust, bekourdis) means, at least in one instance, a serious and 
 fatal encounter. Frape * (Fr. /rapper), and battan (Fr. battre), 
 both mean to strike, and countercoup (Fr. contre, and coup) to 
 overcome; and, 
 
 " When the battle's lost and won," • 
 
 ^ * Crim. Trials,' vol. ii. pp. 36, 485 ; vol, with the intention to play upon bourd, boure, a 
 
 iii. pp. 70, 78; A.D. 1609, 1610. jest,ascoff('Redgauntlet,'ch. v., and Ben Jon- 
 son, 'Catiline,' Act i. sc. 1), which is the Fr. 
 
 "Canhonier, sont les engins pres? ut/ j ju-u ■ ^ i 
 
 ' _ . . subst. bourae, and which gave rise to a verb, 
 
 Le Cannomer. II n'y faut que bouter le feu; bourder, meaning the same, as well as mistake 
 
 ,, ' ' . 1 J I '. .. ' ■ ( * Contes et Discours d'Eutrapel, ' fol. 1 10 
 
 Vous me verrez tout delascher. . 
 
 verso), and nearly synonymous with to gab 
 
 — 'Le Mystere de S. Louis,' p. 204. (O. Fr. gaber). 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, iv. 58, 8. * Row, * A Cuppof Bon-Accord, or Preach- 
 
 2 "The bourd of Brechen" (Gordon, *A ing,' &c., p. 5, 1828 — 4to ; 'The Pistill of 
 
 genealogical History of the Earldom of Susan,' st. 23. To /ra/^ occurs also in old 
 
 Sutherland,' &c., sect. xxi. p. 167). This de- English. Fide 'Richard Cceur-de-Lion,' ap. 
 
 signation alludes to the ancient tournaments; Weber, 'Early English Metrical Romances,' 
 
 but it is evidently used ironically, perhaps vol. ii. p. 99. 
 
WAR TERMS. 197 
 
 the camp-followers and others begin to pilyie (Fr. piller) ; and 
 before the ^rew (O. Fr. ^reu, Fr. treve), the truce, or abstinence 
 (Fr. abstinence) can come, and the tyrement of the dead be com- 
 pleted, many a brave W^s pilleit (Fr. pilU). If the war is to be 
 continued, however, one must recrue, recreu (Fr. recrottre) 
 the oist (O. Fr. ost). 
 
 Wiage, wyage, waage, a military expedition, is the Fr. voyage ; 
 and every army is accompanied by a rabble — pettail, pittal (Fr. 
 pitaud, a cXovfn, pietaille), and has wageouris (O. Fr. gageurs), 
 hired soldiers, who are occasionally employed for special 
 services.^ Jeperty^jupperty {Fr.jeu parti), \s a warlike enter- 
 prise. 
 
 Pennon, a. small banner, penseil, pensall^ pinsel, a small 
 streamer borne in battle, are of the same origin (O. Fr. 
 penoncel, pannoncel, 2i ^dig; ¥ v. panonceau, pennon, pannon ; It. 
 pennone ; Lat. penna). Cornett, the ensign of a company of 
 cavalry, is the Fr. cornette, a cornet of horse, and the ensign 
 of a horse company. Enseinyie, ensenye, ansenye, enseynye, a 
 standard, and also a company of soldiers, is the Fr. enseigne, 
 a distinctive mark (Lat. insignia). The word, both in Scotch 
 and French, was used to signify the cry which was used in 
 battle to encourage the troops on different sides : — 
 
 " Than mycht men her enseynyeis cry, 
 And Scottis men cry hardely, 
 On thaim ! On thaim ! On thaim ! they faile." ^ 
 
 ^ 'Compota Thesaurariorum Regum Scot- gow,' pp. Ii6, 117, a.d. 1579. 
 orum,' vol. i. p. xxiii. ^ 'Bruce,' ix. 385. 
 
 2 Fide • Burgh Records of the City of Glas- 
 
igS CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 " Quant ces unt jk crie I'enseigne de Vedsci, 
 E ' Glanville, chevaliers ! ' e * Baillol ! ' autresi, 
 Odinel de Umfranville relevad le suen cri." ^ 
 
 When the wm£-e was finished, then came the division of the 
 bowtane^ dutin, buting'^ (Fr. butin). 
 
 Of words relating to fortifications are battaling, batteling 
 (Fr. bastille), a battlement, which might be quernallit (Fr. 
 crdneU) ; bastailye, bastile, bastel, a bulwark, a fortress ; fousse, 
 fousy (Fr./osse), a ditch ; balye (Fr. bayle, a barricade), a space 
 on the outside of the ditch of a fortification, commonly sur- 
 rounded by strong palisades ; machicoules (O. Fr. machicolis ; 
 Fr. mdckecoulis, machicoulis), openings or holes in the floor of a 
 projecting battlement, through which stones and other articles 
 of destruction might be thrown upon those who were making 
 the salt, sawt (O. Fr. saut ; Fr. assaut). Bartizan, bertisene 
 (O. Fr. bretescke, breteche), is a battlement on the top of a 
 house, castle, &c., — a word still in use in the north to mean a 
 strong, rough-and-ready defence of any kind. 
 
 When an enemy was to hostay (O. Fr. ostoier) or assege (Fr. 
 assi^ger) a castell, the castelwart used every endeavour to 
 ramforce, ranforce (Fr. r enforcer) it, to 
 
 " Bring schot and other apparail^ 
 And gret warnysone of wictaill," * 
 
 ^ 'Fantosme's Chronicle,' Surtees Society ** 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 228, Ley- 
 edition, p. 8d, 1. 1776. Cf. Du Cange's Dis- den's Edition; 'Sir J. Melvill's Memoirs,' p. 
 sertations, xi. and xii. ('Du Cry d'armes,' 25; Lesley, 'Hist, of Scot.,' pp. l8l, 192. 
 and ' De I'Usage du Cry d'armes '), in his edi- ^ Yx. appareil. 
 
 tion of Joinville's 'Histoire de S. Louys,' pp. * G. Douglas, vol. iii. 134, 21; pp. 247, 
 
 203-221. 21 ; 248, 8. 
 
SIEGE TERMS. 199 
 
 to warnys (Fr. garnir) it in all possible ways. When the 
 enemy were ready to sailye or assailyie (Fr. assaillir) the caste II, 
 the warison (Fr. guerre, and .y^;^) was sounded, and the soldiers 
 sheltered themselves with the pauis, pavis ^ (Fr. pavois, which 
 some derive from Pavia, because such large shields were first 
 made in that city), the testudo ; and the archers, while they 
 made the arrows dag (Fr. daguer) like rain on the enemy, 
 protected themselves with mantillis (Fr. mantelets), large 
 shields; whilst the besieged during the assege continued, as often 
 as possible, to sort (Fr. sortir), and make sailyes (Fr. saillies) 
 on the besiegers. 
 
 ^ Du Cange's 'Gloss. Med, et Inf. Latin.,' i; and Littre's ' Dictionnaire de la langue 
 vol. V. p. 150, col. 3, and vol. vii. p. 256, col. fran9aise,' t. iii. p. 1018, col. 3, wr^ "Pavois." 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Sea Zlerms. 
 
 2 C 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 SEA TERMS. 
 
 N 1249, when the Earl of St- Pol and Blois was 
 preparing to accompany Louis IX. of France in 
 his memorable expedition to the Holy Land,^ 
 he had built for him at Inverness a ship which 
 Matthew Paris pronounces to be marvellous. Professor C. 
 Innes seems inclined to presume that the place was probably 
 chosen for the convenience of eas^ access to the Highland 
 pine-forests, and that the master builders were some of the 
 cunning artists of Flanders, or the more distant Marseilles or 
 Genoa, for the armament was fitted out from all these ports. ^ 
 
 There is no other evidence of the building of ships of war 
 in Scotland after this period for a considerable time ; and it is 
 highly probable that the successors of Alexander III. and 
 their subjects either used to buy ready-made bottoms, or found 
 it cheaper and more convenient to apply to foreign shipyards 
 for making and fitting out their vessels, particularly to Flan- 
 ders, Normandy, or Portugal. 
 
 ^ 'Historia Major,' p. 772, 1. i; *Les ^ 'Scotland in the Middle Ages,' ch. viii. 
 Ecossais en France,' vol. i. p. 33. pp. 234, 235 : Edinburgh, i860 — 8vo. 
 
204 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 In the reign of James III., Bishop James Kennedy "beggit 
 ane schip called the bischopis barge ;''^ and James IV. paid 
 great attention to ship-building,^ and used every means to have 
 a navy. Among his " mony servitours " he had — 
 
 " Beildaris of barkis and ballingaris, 
 
 And schip wrichtis hewand upone the strand." 
 
 On May ist, 1509, he applied to the Countess of Nevers, 
 desiring her, in accordance with the letters of Louis XII., 
 King of France, to make restitution of a Portuguese ship be- 
 longing to Robert Bertoun, driven ashore by tempest within 
 the county of Eu.^ Three years afterwards he wrote to the 
 officers of the French ports, especially Rouen and Dieppe, to 
 inform them that three of his subjects — John Bertoun, John 
 Balzarde, and William Cristell — were appointed his factors for 
 ships and naval armaments, corn and other necessaries, and 
 had received letters from the King of France to import such 
 things to Scotland.^ It was most requisite to restore the 
 Scottish fleet, which, after having been in a very satisfactory 
 state, was utterly destroyed at the time.^ 
 
 In the same year (i 5 1 1) the king (James IV.) " buildit a great 
 schipe called the Mickeall, quilk was ane verrie monstruous 
 great schip ; for this schip tuik so meikle timber, that schoe 
 wasted all the woodis in Fyfe except Falkland wood, by the 
 
 ^ Pitscottie's 'Cronicles,' vol. i. p. 167. * 'Compota Thes. Reg. Scot.,' vol. i. pp. 
 
 2 'Remonstrance to the King,' 11. 11 and ccxxv-ccxxviii. 
 
 13; among Dunbar's Poems, vol. i. p. 145. " See 'Les Ecossais en France,' &c., vol. i. 
 
 ^ British Museum, King's Library, 13, B. ch. xi. pp. 328, 329 ; cf. p. 427. 
 ii. 56. 
 
SHIPS. 205 
 
 timber that cam out of Norway. For many of the wrightis in 
 Scotland wrought at hir, and wrightis of uther countries had thair 
 devyse at hir ; and all wrought bussilie the space of ane yeir at 
 hir. This schip was twelff scoir footis lenth ; threttie-sax foott 
 within the wallis : schoe was ten foot thik within the wallis of 
 cutted risles of oak, so that no cannon could doo at hir," &c.^ 
 
 In the following century a ship-owner of the same family 
 name, Charles Berthon, sailing to Spain with his partner 
 Jacques Michaud, undoubtedly a Frenchman, was robbed on 
 sea by a Portuguese captain named Pedro Leganez, settled 
 in Holland. 2 
 
 When James V. went to France to bring home his bride, he 
 had a squadron of seven ships. With his queen Magdalene he 
 received many and costly gifts from her royal father, Francis I. 
 Among those gifts were two ships, provided with cannons and 
 culverings, with hagbuts of found and cross-bows, with all other 
 ordinance and weapons. " Quhan thir schipes war weill pre- 
 pared, the King of France presented tham to the King of 
 Scotland, to use thame as he thought guide. . . . The ane of 
 thame was called the Sallamander, and the uther the Morischer. 
 The King of Scotland had two of his awin at that tyme ; the 
 ane of thame was called the Marrivillibe, and the uther callit 
 the Great Lyon, ... so that this young queine brought ane 
 infinite substance in Scotland with hir." ^ 
 
 When James sent to bring his second bride, Mary of Guise, 
 widow of the Duke of Longueville, from France, he caused 
 
 1 Pitscottie's 'Cronicles,' vol. i. pp. 256, Hemi IV.,' &c., torn. vii. p. 449. 
 257. 8 pitscottie's 'Cronicles,' vol. ii. pp. 371, 
 
 * See 'Recueil des lettres missives de 372. 
 
2o6 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 prepare hastily a navy of ships, and appointed the Lord Max- 
 well admiral thereof, with other lords and barons to the num- 
 ber of ten thousand, by the king's own household, who passed 
 in company with the king himself. 
 
 Though the commercial intercourse with the Continent took 
 place chiefly with Flemish seaports, there was considerable 
 trade with France, and there were not wanting attempts in 
 later times to foster the trade between the two countries, as 
 the following document shows : — 
 
 " Les S"^^- Boyd, marchand a Bordeaux, et Arbutnot, natif 
 d'Ecosse, marchand et bourgeois de Rouen, representent les 
 avantages qui reviendroient au royaume s'il plaisoit a sa Ma- 
 jeste de leur accorder les passeports qu'ils demandent, tant 
 pour les vaisseaux ecossois qui viendroient charger en France 
 des marchandises du creu du Royaume, que pour les vaisseaux 
 fran9ois qu'ils voudront envoyer charger en Ecosse pour en 
 tirer diverses marchandises dont nous avons besoin ; sur quoy 
 il a ete observe : — 
 
 " Que par les passeports que le Roy pent donner pour faci- 
 liter et favoriser ce commerce avec les Ecossois, on pent les 
 inviter a venir prendre en France ce que nous avons qui leur 
 convient. 
 
 " Que si leurs droits d'entree sur les marchandises de France 
 ne sont pas plus forts a present que ceux qui se levoient a 
 Londres en 1653, lorsque nos marchandises etoient aportees 
 en ceste ville-la pour le compte d'un marchand anglois, on 
 pourroit accorder aux Ecossois des facilites pour leur com- 
 merce avec la France. 
 
 " Qu'on pourroit exempter les vaisseaux ecossois du droit de 
 
COMMERCE WITH FRANCE. 207 
 
 50*^^ par tonneau, ainsi que le Roy en a exemptd les Suedois et 
 les Danois, afin de faire voir par-la aux Anglois que nous 
 voulons bien commercer avec nos voisins, puisque nous nous 
 mettons dans cette pratique pendant la guerre. 
 
 " Qu'on ne risqueroit rien par une pareille demarche, puisque 
 le Roy ne tire aucuns droits des productions d'Ecosse qui ne 
 viennent point en France, les vaisseaux danois qui nous apor- 
 tent du saumon, au lieu de celuy d'Ecosse, estant exempts du 
 droit de fret, et la moderation des drois estant necessaire pour 
 les interests des fermes du Roy et pour le commerce de ses 
 sujets, nos pesches et nos manufactures ne souffrant aucun 
 dommage de ce qui vient d'Ecosse, car nous ne peschons 
 point de saumon. . . 
 
 " Et apres diverses reflexions faites sur toutes ces observa- 
 tions, il a et6 arreste que les d^put^s de Roiien et de Bordeaux 
 ecriroient aux n^gocians de ces deux villes qui ont quelque 
 commerce et relation en Ecosse, pour les pressentir sur les 
 veiies qu'ils peuvent avoir dans le commerce a faire avec les 
 Ecossois, et sur I'esperance dont ils pourroient se flatter qu'il ne 
 seroit peut-estre pas impossible que le Roy ne les favorisast de 
 quelque exemption de droits pour I'avantage reciproque de 
 ce commerce,"^ &c. 
 
 ^ " Messrs Boyd, merchant at Bordeaux, and Scotland to bring cargoes of the different 
 
 Arbuthnot, a native of Scotland, merchant and kinds of goods of which we are in want, 
 
 citizen of Rouen, make known the advantages Upon which observations have been made : — 
 
 which would accrue to the kingdom if it " That by the passports which the King can 
 
 should please his Majesty to grant them the give in order to facilitate and favour this com- 
 
 passports which they ask, as well for Scotch merce with the Scotch, one can invite them to 
 
 vessels which would come to load in France come and take in France that which we have 
 
 merchandise, the product of the kingdom, as to suit them, 
 
 for French ships which they wish to send to " That if the custom-house duties on French 
 
208 
 
 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 It has been already said that merchants went twice a-year to 
 Bordeaux^ to sell cured fish and hides, and to purchase wines as 
 well as other commodities. Bayonne was visited, and fur- 
 nished hams.^ Dieppe and Brignoles exported " plome dames." 
 Saint-Jean-de-Luz must have also been visited. At this port, 
 as well as at Bayonne, the Scottish sailors must have often seen 
 the fitting out and the sailing of the whale-ships that hailed 
 from these ports. It may be that some of them joined those 
 adventurers in search of such profitable booty in the Northern 
 seas. 
 
 The vocabulary of the Scottish sailor has been enlarged 
 from the French language to some extent. 
 
 Ballingar^ ballingere, is the O. Fr. ballenger, balengniere, Fr. 
 
 goods are not at present heavier than those 
 which were enforced at London in 1653, 
 when our goods were brought to that city 
 to account of an EngHsh merchant, it would 
 be possible to grant to the Scotch facilities 
 for their trade with France. 
 
 "That the Scotch bottoms could be freed 
 from the duty of £2 per ton, as the King has 
 exempted the Swedes and Danes from it, in 
 order to show thereby to the English that 
 we are willing to trade with our neighbours, 
 since we have adopted such a course during 
 the war. 
 
 " Tiiat no risk would be run by such a 
 step, since the King draws no duties from the 
 products of Scotland which do not come to 
 France, the Danish vessels which import 
 hither salmon, instead of that of Scotland, 
 being free of freight duty, and the abatement 
 of duties being necessary for the King's rev- 
 enue and the commerce of his subjects, our 
 fisheries and manufactures suffering no injury 
 
 from Scottish importations, as we catch no 
 salmon. . . . 
 
 "And after various remarks on all those 
 observations, it has been resolved that both 
 the delegates of Rouen and Bordeaux should 
 write to the merchants of those cities who 
 have any trade and intercourse with Scotland, 
 to sound them on the views which they may 
 have on the commerce likely to be driven 
 with the Scotch, and on the hope wherewith 
 they might flatter themselves that possibly the 
 King would favour them with some exemption 
 from custom-house duties for the mutual bene- 
 fit of that commerce," &c. — 'Reg. du Conseil 
 de Commerce,' F. 12, 51, folio 282 recto. Du 
 mercredy, 30juillet 1704. 
 
 ^ Introduction, p. 8. 
 
 2 The Bayonne hams are mentioned with 
 plome dames (plums), in 'The Customs and 
 Valuation of Merchandises,' A. D. 1612; 'The 
 Ledger of Andrew Halyburton,' p. 311. 
 
NAMES FOR SHIPS. 209 
 
 baleinier (Lat. balcBua, a whale), — a name, no doubt, adopted 
 from the whale- ships of Bayonne.^ 
 
 " On to the se he [Gathelus] bownit sone agane, 
 With bark and boit, barge and ballingar, 
 With tow and takill, anker, saill, and air." ^ 
 
 Such a kind of ship was in use in Biscay, the inhabitants of 
 which were always addicted to whale-fishing : — 
 
 " Les Bisquins k douze vesseaux, 
 Nommez vivates balleniez, 
 Si y vindrent k grans monceaux," &c.3 
 
 Ballance^^ a kind of vessel, is the Fr. balancelle. 
 
 Aspyne, some sort of a boat, owes its origin to the word cur- 
 rent in old Guienne, and corresponds to the Fr. sapine. 
 
 Carwell^ kerval^ kervell, is the Fr. caravelle^ Carvill, 
 carvall are other forms of the word : — 
 
 " This nobill man, most gudlie till avance, 
 Provydit hes ane navin than rycht large, 
 Of craik and carvill, collvin, bark and barge."' 
 
 ^ Jamieson has quoted an old manuscript tor Boece.' By William Stewart. Edited 
 
 belonging to the Herald's office referred to by William B. Turnbull. Vol. i. pp. 8, 9, 
 
 by Du Cange, Walsingham's and Froissart's II. 278-280. (Rolls Series, A.D. 1858.) 
 
 chronicles. Vide 'Le Premier Livre des Vide vol. i. p. 122, I. 4078, and p. 347, 
 
 Chroniques de Jehan Froissart,' &c., ch. viii. 1. 10,925. 
 
 p.' 31 : Bruxelles, 1863 — 8vo. This word 3 'Les Poesies de Martial de Paris,' &c, 
 
 occurs also in a letter from Dr Nicholas West seconde partie, p. 132: Paris, 1724 — 8vo. 
 
 to King Henry VIII., ap. Ellis, 'Original 4 q. Douglas, iv. 108, 30. 
 
 Letters,' &c., vol. i. p. 67. Whalebone, ^ ihi^j.^ i. 52, 19. 
 
 made use of for many purposes, was termed ^ Ibid., ii. 147, 27 ; 235, 23. 
 
 baleen. , 7 cphe Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 ^ 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland ; vol. i. p. 216, 11. 7006-7008. Vide p. 347, 1. 
 
 or, A Metrical Version of the History of Hec- 10,926. 
 
 2 D 
 
2IO CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Cabar, gabert, a. lighter, a vessel for inland navigation, is the 
 O. Fr. gabarre, Fr. ^abare. 
 
 Passingeoure} a ferry-boat, is the O. Fr. passageur (Lat. 
 passagerius, a ferryman). 
 
 Fuksaill is a stay-sail (Fr. foc^ " voile triangulaire qui se 
 
 deploie entre le mat de misaine et le beaupre, le long d'un 6tai 
 
 ou d'une draille ; " Germ, fock ; Dutch fok ; Swed. fock ; Dan. 
 
 Jb^) ; and mussall is the mizzen-sail (Fr. misaine, the sail of 
 
 the mizzen-mast). 
 
 " Tha salit fast that time befoir the wynd, 
 With fuksaill, topsaill, manesall, mussall, and blynd." ^ 
 
 Vorsa is the Fr. forcez, used in the phrase forcez les voiles, 
 crowd all sail. *' Than the marynalis began to heis vp the 
 sail, cryand, heisau, heisau. Vorsa, vorsa." ^ 
 
 Holabar is the Fr. haut la barre, helm amidships, in modern 
 sea language, "steady;" and arryua is the Fr. arrivez, bear 
 up the helm, bear away : " Than the master cryit on the 
 rudir man, mait keip ful and by i^pres et plein), a luf. Cumna 
 hiear. Holabar, arryua. Steir clene vp the helme, this and 
 so." * 
 
 The ribs or timbers of a ship went at times by the name of 
 wrangis, wrangwiss^ (Fr. varangues); whilst its cabin was cahute,^ 
 kahute (Fr. cakute), its tackling cordale (O. Fr. cordaille), its small 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, iii. 34, 18. « G. Douglas, ii. 265, 24. 
 
 2 William Stewart, ' The Buik of the Croni- ^'Tlyting of Dunbar and Kennedy," 1. 
 clis of Scotland,' vol. i. p. 20, 11. 683, 684. 449 ('Poems of W. Dunbar,' vol. ii. p. 82). 
 
 3 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 41, 11. Cahute means also a small or private apart- 
 5,6. Edited by J. A. H.Murray. ment of any kind. FioV Jamieson's Dictionary, 
 
 * Ibid., p. 41, 11. 19-22. and G. Douglas, ii. 116, 15. 
 
S£A TERMS. 211 
 
 sfudding-sails bonettis} in sing, number bonat (Fr. bonnette). 
 The crew of the vessel was equipage^ kippage (Fr. iquipage)^ 
 and its captain sometimes bore the name of patrone^ patroun 
 (Fr. patron^). Patroune seems to have had much the same 
 meaning at times as admiral of a fleet. The following entry 
 of the Treasurer of James V. points to this meaning : August 
 1539. — "Item, for ane silver quhissil, with ane lang chenze, 
 quhilk wes gevin at the Kingis command to the patroune of 
 the schippis, weyand xj vncis iij quarteris of ane vnce, ix lib. 
 ijd." " Item, for the fassoune of the samyne, iij lib." 
 
 Bawburd (Fr. bdhord) is larboard. 
 
 Pourbossa is the Fr. pour bosser, and probably means stopper 
 the cable : " Pourbossa, pourbossa. Hail al ande ane, hail al 
 ande ane. Hail hym vp til vs, hail hym vp til vs." ^ 
 
 Caupon is the Fr. capon, the cat-tackle, and serrabossa, the 
 Fr. serrebosse, the shank-painter : " Than quhen the ankyr 
 vas halit vp abufe the vattir, ane marynel cryit, and al the 
 laif follouit in that sam tune, caupon caupona, caupon cau- 
 pona. Caupun hola, caupun hola. Caupun holt, caupun holt. 
 Sarrabossa, sarrabossa. Than thai maid fast the schank of the 
 ankyr." « Is holt the O. Fr. hault ? 
 
 Often after the " marynalis " 
 
 " Leit saillis fall and passit of the raid,"'^ 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, ii. 274, 12 ; • Compota Thes. — Loret, * La Muze historique,' liv. xv., lettre 
 
 Reg. Scot.,' vol. i. pp. 254, 30x5, xlviime, p. 186, col. 2. 
 
 2 •Crim. Trials,' vol. iii. pp. 571, 572, A.D. " 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 40, 11. 
 
 1624. 19, 20. 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, ii. 231, 22 ; 233, 5. ^ Ibid., p. 40, 11. 20-25. 
 
 4 "Un quidan aussi m'est venu dire ' ' The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland, 
 
 Qu'un certain m^tre de navire yol. i. p. 122, 1. 4083. 
 (Maitre, c'est-k-dire patron)," &c. 
 
212 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 or rade (Fr. rade), the ship had to travisck, travish (Fr. ti^a- 
 verser) to every airi, airtk, art, arth (Fr. aire), and the " kip- 
 page" on again reaching land no doubt were thankful that 
 there had been no abordage (Fr. abordage) by " sea-scoumers." ^ 
 
 Heisau^ a sea-cheer, is from the Fr. kisser (in nautical lan- 
 guage, to hoist). 
 
 Jorram, a. boat-song, may be the Fr. je rame, I am rowing, 
 — very likely the beginning, or the burden of a popular song. 
 
 The word cashmaries — that is, those who drive fish from the 
 sea through the villages — is derived from chasser, to drive, and 
 marde, which signifies not only tide, but also sea-fish. If the 
 name is comparatively modern, the custom is old enough ; for 
 we find that the venders of fish at Kelso and Roxburgh 
 brought it thither in waggons as early as the time of William 
 the Lion.^ 
 
 The word for saris, galley-slaves, comes from the O. Fr. for- 
 saire, which has the same meaning in Cotgrave's Dictionary 
 and elsewhere.* 
 
 ^ Vide p. 176. * "Forcere ou for9at, gaillien," — 'LesEpi- 
 
 2 Vide 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. thetes de M. de la Porte, Parisien,' fol. 179 
 41,1.6. recto and 188 recto: Lyon, 1592 — small 
 
 3 Innes, ' Sketches of early Scotch His- i2mo. 
 tory,' p. 189, col. 2, 
 
CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 /Iftusic anb /Iftusical instruments. 
 
CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 MUSIC AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 
 
 [GOTLAND has always enjoyed a reputation for 
 songs and dances. The royal family of the 
 Stuarts fostered music, and gave all encourage- 
 ment to the cultivation of it. Of James I. (1406- 
 1437) it is said : " Musicae omnis generis, ac in primis cytharse 
 pulsandae exquisitissimam rationem tenebat." ^ He could sing 
 and accompany himself on several musical instruments. He 
 was the author of several pieces of music. *' Noi ancora possi- 
 amo connumerar tra nostri Jacopo re di Scozia, che non pur 
 cose sacre compose in canto, ma trovo da se stesso una nuova 
 musica lamentevole, e mesta, differente da tutte I'altre." ^ He 
 was not content with being skilled in music himself, but exerted 
 his royal power in fostering music in his kingdom. 
 
 " In musick befoir quhairof thair wes bot lyte, 
 Into his tyme richt cunnyng and perfyte 
 In that science fra sindre partis brocht he, 
 And causit thame for till authorizit be. 
 Quhilk ay sensyne, as that my author schew. 
 The langar ay to moir perfectioun grew." ^ 
 
 ^ 'Leslseus,' p. 277. ' De Origine et 1. x. c. 23, p. 664, ed. Venet. 1627 — 410. 
 Rebus gestis Scotoram,' 1. vii. c. loi. ^ ' The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland ; 
 
 2 Tassoni, ' Dieci Libri di Pensieri diversi,' or, A Metrical Version of the History of Hec- 
 
2i6 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 But he did more for the cultivation of music among his 
 subjects — 
 
 " He wes the first, as ze sail wnderstand, 
 Organis gart mak, or bring into Scotland, 
 ^ With sic plesance in Goddis seruice plais ; 
 
 The quhilk ar vsit now intill thir dais 
 Continewallie, as it is zit to ken. 
 With moir perfectioun of richt cunnyng men." i 
 
 Of James III. (1460-1488) Pitscottie says: "The King 
 . . . delighted more in musick and policie, and building, 
 nor he did in the government of his realme ; . . . and 
 delighted more in the playing of instruments nor in the de- 
 fence of the borderis," &c.2 
 
 "The King [James IV., 1488-1513] caused tak great cair 
 upon the upbringing of thir bodies in on personage, and caused 
 learne thame to sing and play upoun instrumentis, who within 
 schort quhill became verie ingenious and cunning in the airt 
 of musick, that they could play upoun any instrument, the one 
 the tenor, and the other the tryble, very melodiouslie," &c.^ 
 
 Among his "mony servitours" he had "musicians, men- 
 stralis, and merrie singaris." The Lord Treasurer's books 
 give many curious entries regarding musicians and musical 
 instruments. The King himself was skilled both in vocal and 
 instrumental music. " Item (the first da of Julij 1489), to 
 Wilyeam, sangstar of Lythgow, for a sang he brocht to the King, 
 be a precep, x lib." " Item (the sivnt day of December 1496), 
 
 tor Boece.' By William Stewart. Vol. iii. &c., vol. iii. p. 540, 11. 60,500-60,505. 
 
 p. 540, 11. 60,494-60,499. (Rolls Series, A.D. 2 < Cronicles,' vol. i. pp. 177, 178. 
 
 1858.) 3 Ibid., vol. j. p. 247. 
 ^ 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
ROYAL PATRONAGE OF MUSIC. 217 
 
 to Johnne Jameson, for a lute to the King, vjs. viijd." " Item 
 (the viij day of Julij 1503), for ane lute and ane pair of mono- 
 cordes, brocht hame to the King be William Brounhill, quhilk 
 cost in Flandris xlvs. gret ; and giffin tharfor vj lib. xvd." In 
 1498 the sum of 13s. was paid " for ane quhissil to the King." 
 
 The King, in his different journeys from one part of his 
 dominions to another, was in the habit of carrying an organ 
 with him, and there are frequent payments for " tursing the 
 organ." In 1494-95 ^"^ organ had to be sent to Stirling. In 
 1497 the sum of ixs. was paid for "tursing the Kingis organis 
 betuix Striuelin and Edinburgh." In 1502 John Goldsmith 
 received vijs. viijd. "for ane cais to turs the organis in." John 
 Goldsmith, in Inverness, appears on several occasions in con- 
 nection with the carrying of the organ from one place to 
 another. "Item, the xx day of October (1503), in the 
 Canonry of Ross, to Johnne Goldsmytht for tursing of the 
 organis to Tayne, and hame againe, iiij lib." In 1506 he 
 makes his appearance in Eskdale, occupied in the same 
 work. 
 
 Musicians formed part of the royal household. A " Frenche 
 quhissilar " was at Court about the beginning of the sixteenth 
 century. In 1506 ten French crowns were given him "to 
 pass his way." During the same year there were at Court 
 four Italian schawmeris, sometimes appearing under the desig- 
 nation of "iiij childer chawmeris." Julian Drummond was 
 attached, as player on the tuba ductilis^ to the household of 
 both James IV. and V. 
 
 Harpers of various nations formed part of the royal house- 
 hold, and occasionally there were competitions between them. 
 
 2 E 
 
2i8 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Vocal music was cultivated, and formed one of the king's 
 pleasures. " Item, on Moninda the ij" Januar (1492), to Schir 
 Thomas Galbreytht, J ok Goldsmytht, and Crafurd, for the 
 singyn of a ballat to the King in the mornyng, iij vnicornis, 
 ij li. xiiijs." 
 
 Women had the honour of appearing before the King. 
 * Item (the xxiiij day of Maij 1496, in Striuelin), to ij wemen 
 that sang to the King, xiiijs." " Item (the xxj day of Junij), to 
 tua wemen that sang to the King, xiiijs." 
 
 James V. (15 13- 1542), like his predecessors, patronised 
 music. " Then thair was nothing bot mirrines, banquetting, 
 and great chear, and lovelie commoning betwixt the Kingis 
 grace and the fair ladies, with great musick, and playing on 
 instrumentis, and all uther kynd of pastime for the feildis, with 
 lutis, shalmes, trumpettis, and organes," &c.^ 
 
 Of the servants of the royal household were five Italian 
 minstrels, four minstrels that played on viols, four on trumpets 
 of war, and two on " the Swiss drum." " Frenche talbanaris 
 and menstralis " ^ also appear at Court. 
 
 Music held a high place at the Court of Mary (1542-1567). 
 The Queen herself was an expert in music, took great delight 
 in it, and no doubt often soothed her cares by listening to 
 some sweet singer or player. The name of Rizzio is only too 
 well known. Whether a Savoyard ^ or not, he is said to have 
 
 ^ Pitscottie's 'Cronicles,' James V., vol. 409; ' Sir James Melville's Memoirs, ' p. 346, 
 
 ii. p. 364. A.D. 1585 {musicians vc\.'!X&zA. oitaboringis, ed. 
 
 2 'Crim. Trials,' vol, i. p. 267, A.D. 1517. 1735, p. 384); and 'Dora. Ann. of Scot.,' vol. 
 
 — Such musicians were also called iaboring, i. p. 91, 
 
 tabroner, taburner, talbonar, talburnar, tau- ' Irvin, ' Historiae Scoticse Nomenclatura, ' 
 
 bronar, tawbonar. Vide pp. 28, 123, 273, &c,, p. 204: Edinbruchii, m.cio.lxxxii. — Svo. 
 
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 219 
 
 received his education in France, and the French ascribe to 
 him the composition of several of their popular airs of uncer- 
 tain parentage — with what truth we know not. " Rizzio est 
 I'auteur d'un grand nombre d'airs que tout le monde chante, 
 sans qu'on sache de qui ils sont, comme * M. le Prevot des 
 marchands,' ' Notre cure ne veut done pas/ &c." ^ 
 
 The number of musical instruments in use in Scotland was 
 considerable, as the following extracts show : — 
 
 " Item (the xviij day of Merch 1497), to thir menstralis, 
 giffin for thar Pasch reward, in the first to Thom Pringil 
 and his broder, trumpatouris, xxviijs. Item, to Adam Boyd, 
 fithelar, and Mylstom the harpar, xxviijs. Item, to Jacob, 
 lutar, at the Kingis command, xxviijs. Item, to Ansle, 
 the tawbronare, ixs." " Item (the xix day of Merch 1498, 
 in Dunbertane), to the man that play it to the King on 
 the clarsha, be the Kingis command, xiiijs." " Item, that 
 samyn nicht (xv day of October 1503), in Dunnottar, to the 
 cheld play it on the monocordes, be the Kingis command, xviijs." 
 
 The following extracts add largely to the number : — 
 
 " Viols and virginals were heir, — 
 The seistar and the sumphion, 
 With clarche pipe and clarion." ^ 
 
 " All thus our lady thay lovit, with lyking and lyst 
 Menstralis, and musicians, mo than I mene may. 
 The psaltery, the sytholis, the soft sytharist. 
 The crovde, and the monycordis, the githyrnis gay ; 
 
 ^ J. B. de la Borde, * Essai sur la musique 1780 — 4 vols. 4to. 
 ancienne et modeme,' t. iii. p. 530. Paris, ^ 'Watson's Collection,' vol. ii. p. 6. 
 
220 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 The rote and the recordour, the ribue, the rist, 
 The trumpe, and the talburn, the tympane but tray \ 
 The lilt pype and the lute, the fythil in fist, 
 The dulset, the dulsacordis, the schalm of Assay ; 
 The amyable organis usit full oft ; 
 Claryonis lowd knellis, 
 Portativis and bellis, 
 Cymbaclanis in the cellis, 
 That soundis so soft." ^ 
 
 G. Douglas mentions also the githorn,^ the sytholl, and the 
 tympane.^ 
 
 An old French writer enumerates — 
 
 " Trompes, naquaires et bouzins, 
 Cornemuses et chalemies, 
 Et menestreus de toutes guises." * 
 
 Viol is the French viole^ " ancien instrument de musique, qui 
 avait six cordes de grosseurs inegales et huit touches divisees 
 par demi-tons : il ^tait de la forme du violon, mais beaucoup 
 plus grand et plus gros, et il se touchait avec un archet." ^ 
 
 Virginal is the Fr. virginale, " un instrument a cordes et a 
 clavier." It has been said that the instrument was so named 
 in honour of Elizabeth, " the virgin queen ; " but it was in 
 existence before 1530.^ 
 
 Githorn, gythirnis , is the O. Yx. guiterne {Fr. guitare)^ 
 
 " Si r'a guiternes et leiis."^ 
 
 ^ 'The Buke of the Howlate,' by Holland, ^ Littre's 'Dictionnaire,' sub voce. 
 
 St. Ixiv. : Edinburgh, 1823—410. ^ " Fetis," 'La Musique,' vol. ii. p, 16, 
 
 2 Vol. iv. p. 215, 7. quoted by Littre, sub voce. 
 
 3 Vol. i. p. 20, 24, 25. ^ G. Douglas, iv. 215, 7. 
 
 * *Le Libvre du bon Jehan, due de Bre- ^ ' Le Roman de la Rose,'!. 21,287. 
 taigne.'l. 851. Cf. I. 2149. 
 
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 221 
 
 Sytkoly sythoel^ cytkol, is the O. Fr. citole (Gr. KiOdpa, which 
 gives citara^ citole); and sytharist likewise comes from cithare. 
 " Cithare ce est cythole." ^ 
 
 Seistar, a sistrum, is the Fr. sistre. 
 
 *' J'aurois un cistre d'or, et j'aurois tout auprbs 
 Un carquois tout charge de flammes et de traits." 
 
 Recordour, a kind of wind instrument, is the O. Fr. " recorder ^ 
 litell pype, canula." (Prompt. Parv.) 
 
 Sckalm, in other forms sckalim, skalin, skawme, a cornet, is 
 the O. Fr. chalmie. This musical instrument was much used 
 in battle. 
 
 " On euerie syde the hornis blawand loude 
 And schalmes schill schouttand bayth loude and cleir, 
 Quhilk wes ane poynt of paradyce till heir." ^ 
 
 " The Inglismen fra that tyme furth ilk nycht, 
 Strak watchis maid with baillis birnand brycht, 
 And buglis blawand hiddeous wes to heir, 
 And schalmis schill with mony clarione cleir." * 
 
 " With this Edward in plane battell tha met, 
 With schalmes schill schouttand on euerie syde." ® 
 
 Shalmer appears to have been the same or nearly the same 
 instrument. " Mary had also a schalmer, which was a sort of 
 pipe, or fluted instrument, but not a bagpipe." ^ 
 
 Taborne, taburne, talberonCy falbrone, talburn^ talburnCy a. 
 
 ^ See Littre, vol. i. p. 631, col. i. ^ Ibid., vol. iii. p. 299, II. 52,408, 52,409. 
 
 2 Ronsard, elegie a Marie, I. 65. (CEuvres, Fide vol. iii. p. 24, 1. 43,251 ; vol. i. p. 175, 
 t. ii. p. 191 : Paris, 1623— fol.) 1. 5726 ; p. 203, 1. 6601 ; p. 205, 1. 6646. 
 
 3 W. Stewart's * The Bulk of the Croniclis ® Chalmers, ' The Life of Mary, Queen 
 of Scotland,' vol. iii. p. 256, 11. 50,948-50,950, of Scots,' &c., vol. i. p. 113: Lond., 1822 
 
 * Ibid., vol. iii, p. 266, 11, 51,285-51,288. — 8vo. 
 
2i2 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 kind of drum, is the Fr. tabourin, dim. of tabour, the old form 
 of tambour. 
 
 " With taborne, trumpet, and mony schalme loud." ^ 
 
 " Trumpet and taburne tunit with sic ane stevin 
 Quhill all thair noyis rang vp to the hevin."^ 
 
 " The trumpetis blew and talburnis vpoun hicht." ' 
 
 Another kind of drum, tyinpane, tkimpand, is the O. Fr. 
 timpane, tympane. " Prenez ditie, e dunez tympane." ^ 
 
 In the seventeenth century the vielleux, so often mentioned 
 in the writings of the French contemporaneous authors, was 
 known in Scotland under the name of violer.^ 
 
 Sumphion is perhaps the same as the O. Fr. chifoniey sym- 
 phoniey and seems to have been a kind of drum. 
 
 " Les haulx instrumens sont trop chers. 
 La harpe tout bassement va ; 
 Vielle est jeux pour les moustiers, 
 Aveugle chiphonie aura."^ 
 
 Portative (Fr. portatif) may have been a kind of portable 
 organ ; " Orgues seans et portatives." '^ 
 
 An instrument called swasche^ swesche, may be mentioned 
 
 ^ 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 132, 133 : Edinburgh, 1822 — 4to. 
 
 vol. i. p. 143, 1. 4748. ^ ' Poesies morales et historiques d'Eustache 
 
 ^ Ibid., vol. i. p. 203, 11. 6603, 6604. See Deschamps,' p. 122 : Paris, 1832 — 4to. Cf. 
 
 p. 205, 1. 6647. Cuvelier, 'Chronique de Bertrand du Gues- 
 
 3 Ibid., vol. i. p. 248, 1. 7967. See vol, i. clin,' vol. i. p. 354, 1. 10,032. 
 
 p. 221, 1. 7150. ' 'Histoire litteraire de la France,' vol. 
 
 * Ps. Ixxx. 2. ' Le Livre des Psaumes : ' xxiv. p. 752. 
 
 Paris, 1876 — Imprimerie nationale. ^ Vide 'Clariodus,' p. 337, 1. 1771 ; and 
 
 ' Lord Fountainhall, ' Chronological Notes ' Crim, Trials, 'vol. ii. p. 30, A.D, 1597-98. 
 
 of Scottish Affairs,' &c., 9th June 1685, pp. Cf. note 6, which is curious. 
 
THE BAGPIPE. 223 
 
 here. Jamieson explains it trumpet, and derives it from A.S. 
 sweg, A conjecture is offered that it is the same as the " Swiss 
 drum," and that the word is only a corruption of Swiss. The 
 Swiss were noted for their timbrels.^ 
 
 " Les Suysses dancent leurs morisques 
 Atout leurs tabourins sonnans." 
 
 Was the bagpipe of French importation ? It is open to 
 conjecture. The instrument was familiar to the ancient Greeks 
 and Romans. It was common in Germany and in other parts 
 of Europe at a remote date. It was undoubtedly much used 
 in France, and a piper formed part of the musical establish- 
 ment at Court. 
 
 The earliest picture of it which we meet with occurs in an 
 illuminated French and Latin psalter of the end of the 12th 
 century.2 In the cathedral of Noyon there is a cupboard of 
 the 14th century, on which is carved an angel playing on the 
 bagpipe.^ In an old manuscript of the " Dance aux Aveugles " 
 there is an illustration in which a piper is represented playing 
 on his instrument before two crowned persons. A supposition 
 was ventured that it referred to one John Fary, a Scotchman, 
 minstrel to Charles VII. King of France (1422-1461).^ 
 
 In England the bagpipe was familiar at an early date. 
 Chaucer's miller could play the bagpipe. Later a " Yorkshire 
 bagpiper " and " the drone of a Lincolnshire bagpipe " were 
 familiar in Shakespeare's day. 
 
 ^ "Le Blason des armes et des dames," ^ See Didron's 'Annales archeologiques,' 
 
 in 'CEuvres de G. Coquillart,' vol. i. p. 175. vol. iv. p. 375, June 1846. 
 
 ' Paris Nat, Library, No. 8846, fol. 107 ^ Vide 'Les Ecossais en France,' vol. i. pp. 
 
 recto and 113 recto. Sand 185. 
 
224 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 In the 1 6th century the piper held a place in the musical 
 establishment of the English king, as well as of the leading 
 English nobles, very likely in imitation of what took place at 
 the French Court. 
 
 When mention is made of a piper at the Scottish Court, he 
 turns out to be an Englishman. In the * Accounts of the Lord 
 Treasurer of Scotland,' there are repeated records of payments 
 to " Inglis pyparis" who came from time to time to play before 
 King James IV. Such musicians, like the Scotchman Alex- 
 ander Baillie mentioned by Pitscottie under the year 1528,^ 
 were in all probability not bagpipers. 
 
 The pipe, which was generally named In association with the 
 tabor or tambour,^ and was certainly not a bagpipe, was familiar 
 in Britain as well as on the Continent, and we cannot but think 
 that it may have been this instrument, quite as probably as the 
 bagpipe, that Alexander Baillie played.^ 
 
 ^ 'The Cronicles of Scotland,' &c., vol. ii. designation of the bagpipe, and in Normandy 
 
 p. 348. the latter of those instruments has retained the 
 
 ' InaMS. of the Nat. Libr., Lat. 8846, fol. name originally given to the former. Vide 
 
 114 7-^f/<7 and 154 z/^rjc?, occur first a woman, ' Recherches de Philologie comparee sur 
 
 afterwards an old man, playing on a fife with I'Argot,' &c., p. 252, col. 2, and p. 403, 
 
 one hand and beating a timbrel with the other, col. 2. 
 
 as they do still in the Basque Provinces. That 3 -phg anonymous author of the ' Complaynt 
 
 MS. is of the 13th century, as two others (Nat. of Scotlande,' enumerating eight instruments, 
 
 Libr. Suppl. Fr., No. 428, and Libr. of the mentions three different sorts of pipes : "The 
 
 Arsenal, B.-L. Fr., No. 175, fol. 284), in fyrst," says he, of musical performers, "hed 
 
 which the same is exhibited. In a farce of the ane drone bagpipe, the nyxt hed ane pipe 
 
 15th century we read — maid of ane bleddir and of ane reid, the third 
 
 " Tout beau et sy la condamne playit on ane trump, the feyrd on ane corn 
 
 D'estre en ce jour men^ pipe, the fyft playit on ane pipe maid of ane 
 
 Avec un labour et loure." ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ,> ^^ j^j . ^.f_ Lgyden's ' Prelimin- 
 
 — 'La Mere, laFille,leTesmoing,'&c., my?«^. ary Dissertation,' pp. 139-151). Jamieson, 
 
 Loure, which we believe to have been a who quotes that passage (Diet., voce "Come 
 
 kind of oboe, was, in after-times, used as the Pipe "), seems to believe that the fourth in- 
 
WAR -MUSIC. 225 
 
 In early times the war-music of Scotland consisted of horns, 
 trumpets, schalmes, taburnes, and drums, but not of the bagpipe. 
 Froissart, alluding to such a music, says the Scots made " such 
 a blasting and noise with their horns that it seemed as if all 
 the devils in hell had been there." ^ The same horn music 
 is described by Barbour, who is silent about the bagpipe.^ 
 
 William Stewart thus describes the " countering " of hostile 
 armies : — 
 
 " Ather of vther sone cuming ar in sicht, 
 With stremaris straucht and standardis vpoun hycht, 
 With baneris braid, and mony pensall proude, 
 With schahnes schill, and bugillis blawand loude. 
 With trumpet, taburne, and mony clarioun cleir, 
 With blast of home, that hiddeous wes till heir, 
 Schoutand sa schill with sic ane aufull sound, 
 Quhill that thair dyn gart all the daill redound." ' 
 
 " The brasin bugulis maid sic busteous beir, 
 And blast of home, that hiddeous wes till heir ; 
 The schalmis schoutit rycht schill in the schaw, 
 Trumpet and talburne tunit vpone raw, 
 Sic ane repit rumor* and sic ane reird, 
 Wes neuir hard befoir into this eird."^ 
 
 strument is a horn pipe — pipeau de co7-n ; but the editor of ' Le Premier Livre des Chro- 
 
 he ought to have known that there was a nwse niques,' t. i. p. 103, note to ch. xxxiii, : Bru- 
 
 de blet or blef, mentioned by Guillaume de xelles, 1863 — 8vo. 
 
 Machault, a poet and musician of the 14th ^ B. i. part I, vol. ii. ch. 42, p. 30, col. 2 : 
 
 century [;inde B. de Roquefort, 'De I'Etat de Buchon's edit, in the 'Pantheon litteraire.' 
 
 la Poesie fran9oise dans les xiie et xiiie 2 f^/^^ •'phg gruce,' b. xiv. 1. 505. 
 
 siecles,' pp. 106, 130). The distinction be- ' 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 tween those four kinds of pipe and the &c., vol. i. p. 205, 11. 6643-6650. 
 
 trump shows clearly that the "doi trompeurs * Fr. iixmeur. 
 
 d'Escoce " spoken of by Froissart are not * ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 "joueurs de corneniuse," as suggested by &c., vol. i. p. 221, 11. 7147-7152. 
 
 2 F 
 
226 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND 
 
 The music at the battle of Harlaw (141 1) was the trumpet 
 and the drum : — 
 
 " Panmure, with all his men, did come ; 
 The provost of brave Aberdeen, 
 With trumpets and with tuck of drum, 
 Came shortly in their armour sheen." ^ 
 
 The earliest appearance of the bagpipe in Scotland may 
 be of the 15th century.^ In Roslin Chapel, which was founded 
 in the year 1446, there is to be seen, in alto-relievo^ an angel 
 playing on a bagpipe ; and in Melrose Abbey there is a similar 
 carving in bas-relief. In the beginning of the following century 
 (i 5 10), Pitcairn ^ has an entry relating to the theft of a bagpipe, 
 which derives an additional interest from the sum of twenty 
 merks being indicated as the supposed value of the article 
 stolen. 
 
 There is evidence that before the middle of the i6th century 
 it was used in war. According to a statement made by Jean 
 
 * "The Battle of Harlaw," in 'The Ballads 'Gloss. Med. et Inf. Latin.,' vol. ii. p. 337, 
 
 of Scotland,' by W. E. Aytoun, second ed., col. 2, sub voce) at rest for ever; but the 
 
 vol. I. p. 69, St. XV.: Edin. and Lond., 1859. Scoti of Giraldus, are they not Irishmen? 
 
 — Before the chronicler Brompton (ap. Twys- See, for the use of the bagpipe, Dauney, pp. 
 
 den, col. 1075, 1. 19), Giraldus Cambrensis, 119- 129. The first and second chapters of 
 
 who wrote in the reign of Henry II. of Eng- Dalyell's 'Memoirs,' pp. 5-82, are devoted to 
 
 land and William the Lion of Scotland (to- the history of the bagpipe, with illustrations, 
 wards the end of the I2th century), in his ^ yi^^ Burney, 'A General History of 
 
 ' Topographia Hiberniae,' ch. xi. ('Anglica, Music,' &c., vol. i. pp. 500, 501, and pi. vi. ; 
 
 Normannica, Hibernica, Cambrica,' &c., p. Sir J. G. Dalyell, 'Musical Memoirs of 
 
 739» 1- 56), observed that the Scots used three Scotland,' &c., p. 20, note 4, and pi. i. and 
 
 musical instruments — cythara, tympantis, and ii. : Edin. and Lond., 1849 — 4to. Cf. the 17th 
 
 chorus — the last of which W. Dauney, p. 59, volume of the ' Archoeologia,' p. 176; and 
 
 translates by bagpipe. A valuable note of his Grove's ' Dictionary of Music,' vol. i. pp. 123- 
 
 ' Preliminary Dissertations,' p. 195 a, seems 125: London, 1879 — 8vo. 
 to have the effect of setting the questio vexata ^ ' Grim. Trials,' vol. i. p. 70. 
 as to the meaning of chorus (see Du Cange's 
 
THE BAGPIPES. 227 
 
 de Beaugue, the Highlanders preparing for action were ani- 
 mated by the sound of the bagpipe,^ " se servant de musette et 
 de hautbois lorsqu'ils vont au combat." ^ 
 
 It was used at the battle of Belrinnes (1594), and in the 
 time of the wars of Montrose it had established itself as a 
 martial musical instrument. Whatever might have been its 
 repute as a martial instrument of music, it is clear that in one 
 place at least it found no favour. There is an entry in the 
 Town Council Register of Aberdeen, in 1630, by which "the 
 Magistrates discharge the common pyper of all going through 
 the toune at nicht or in the morning in time coming, with his 
 pype, it being an uncival form to be usit within sic a famous 
 burghe, and being often fund fault with als weill be sundry 
 nichtbouris of the toune als be strangeris." 
 
 The musician in many cases took his designation from the 
 instrument on which he performed. 
 
 In 1496 [the xxix day of Junij] the sum of xiiijs. was "giffin 
 to Guilliam and John Pais, tawbronarisr This word appears 
 under various forms. Thus in 1502, the sum of 14s. was paid 
 to "William, the tabronar, to by him quhissilis, by the Kingis 
 command." In 1503 there is this entry : " Item, the xv day of 
 October, in Brechin, to the foure Italien menstrales, and the 
 More taubroner, to thar hors met, xlvs." In 1504 ("the fyrst 
 day of Januar "), " Item, to the More tabroner, xxviijs." Other 
 forms of the word are laboring, taburner, talbonar, talbwinar, &c. 
 
 ^ 'L'Histoire de la guerre d'Escosse,' fol. 'Preliminary Dissertation on the Complaynt 
 
 54: Paris, 1556 — 4to. We read, "Onhieland of Scotlande,' p. 125, 
 
 pipes, Scottes and Hybernicke, " in a poem on ^ ' Memoires du due d'Angouleme,' in 
 
 the defeat of the Spanish Armada, by Alexan- Petitot's collection, 1st series, t. xliv. p. 585 ; 
 
 der Hume, 1598, quoted by Dr Leyden in his 'Les Ecossais en France,' &c., t. ii. p. 123. 
 
228 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 In 1502 the sum of 43s. was paid "to the cornut (Fr. cor- 
 neur) to by him quhissilis, by the Kingis command." 
 
 Schalmer was the player on the instrument of the same name ; 
 and he who played on the "quhissil," which seems to have 
 been a fashionable instrument, was called " quhissil " or 
 "quhissilar." The name of "Quhissil Gibbon" appears in 
 the Treasurer's books in 1497. 
 
 The sachelaris recorded in the Lord Treasurer's Accounts 
 for A.D. 1497, as having received nine shillings for having sung 
 " Gray Steil " to the king,^ were probably itinerant musicians, 
 perhaps bagpipers, if we may explain their name by two words 
 borrowed from sac (bag) and O. Fr. loure ; but it is as likely 
 that they were harpers who played with pieces of wood called 
 poyntalisP' 
 
 The names given to the different kinds of music performed 
 by the Scottish pipers are numerous. One kind bears the 
 name of port^ a catch, or lively tune. " You, minstrel man, 
 play me a port."^ It is the O. French cUport, which signified 
 amusement.* Almost every great family had a port named 
 in its honour, as port Lennox, port Gordon, port Seton, port 
 Athole.' 
 
 ^ * Early Metrical Tales, ' pref. , pp. xiii, xiv. ' Tytler, "Dissertation on the Scottish 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, iii. 53, 4. Music " in the * Transactions of the Society 
 
 ' Samuel Hibbert, 'A Description of the of Antiquaries of Scotland,' vol. i. p. 406. — 
 
 Shetland Islands,' p. 556: Edin., 1822 — 4to. The Scots also called a gate porte. Vide 
 
 * DSporter, to amuse one's self. ' Orpheus and Eurydice, ' 1. 386 ; ap. Henry- 
 
 " Soz une olive se sist por deporter." son, p. 63. 
 
 — 'Le Roman de Roncevaux,' st. ii. p. 125. 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 
 2)an 
 
 ces. 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 
 DANCES. 
 
 [HAT Scotland had dances of native growth there 
 cannot be much doubt. A poem, written before 
 the times of Dunbar, contains a long list of 
 dances which seems intended to exhaust all 
 known in the country. Some of these, from their names, 
 were introduced from France and other parts of the Conti- 
 nent. Others of them appear to be of home origin. 
 
 A maistir swynhird swanky 
 
 And his cousing Copyn Cull 
 
 Fmvll of bellis fulfull 
 
 Led the dance and began 
 
 Play M%Joly lemmane 
 
 Sum trottit Tras aad Trenass 
 
 Sum balterit The Bass 
 
 Sum Perdowy sum Trolly lolly 
 
 Sum Cok craw thou qiihill day 
 
 Twysbank and Terway 
 
 Sum Lincolme sum Lindsay 
 
 Sum Joly lemman dawis it no* day 
 
 Sum Be zon wodsyd singis 
 
 Sum Late laite on evinnyngis 
 
 Sum /oly Martene ?£/' a mok 
 Sum Lulalow lute cok 
 Sum bekkit sum bingit 
 Sum crakkit sum cringit 
 Sum movit most niak revell 
 Sum Symon sonis of Quhynfell 
 Sum Maisf Pier de Conzate 
 And vthir sum in consate 
 At leser drest to dance 
 Sum Ourfute sum Orliance 
 Sum Rusty bully with a bek 
 And every note in vtheris nek 
 Sum vsit the dansis to deme 
 Of Cipres and Boheme 
 
232 
 
 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Sum The faites full zarne 
 
 Off Portingall and Naverne 
 
 Sum countirfutit the gyss of Spane 
 
 Sum Italy sum Almane 
 
 Sum noisit Napillis anone 
 
 And vthir sum of Arragone 
 
 Sum The Cane of Tartary 
 
 Sum The Soldane of Surry 
 
 All his dansis desynd 
 
 Sum Pretir Johnie of grit Ynd 
 
 Sum As the Ethiopis vsit 
 
 Sum futit and sum refusit 
 
 Sum had dansis mony ma 
 
 W all the dansis of Asia 
 
 Sum of Affrickis age 
 
 And principale of Cartage 
 
 Thair pressit in Pery Pull 
 
 Full of bell is fulfull 
 
 Maisf Myngeis The mangels 
 
 Maisf Tyngeis La tangeis 
 
 M} Totis La toutis 
 
 And Rousty rottis the routis 
 
 Maisf Nykkis La nakkis 
 
 And S"^ Jakkis Lajakk 
 
 The Hary hurlere husty 
 
 And Calby the curst custy 
 
 Mony laddis mony townis 
 
 Knowf knots kynnis culrownis 
 Curris kenseis and knavis 
 Inthrang and dansit in thravis 
 W thame Towis the mowis 
 And Hary wt the reid hozvis 
 Than all arrayit in a ring 
 Dansit My deir derling 
 And all assentit in a sop 
 To the vse of Ewrop 
 That for so much that beleuit 
 That expert and weill preuit 
 Thay war in the Est warld 
 As is heir brevly ourharld 
 Thay conclud the vse plane 
 Of Ylandis in Ottiane 
 And of the fermeland of France 
 And how the Emprio"^ dois dance 
 Suesis in Suauia syne 
 And als the Reuir of Ryne 
 Off Bretane the brod He 
 Off Yrland and Argyle 
 Burgone and Breband 
 Hanyngo and Holland 
 Blanderis ^ Freisland and eik 
 Frandebur* ^ and Broinsweik 
 Dittiner and Baywer" &c., &c.' 
 
 A list of Scottish dances popular in the middle of the i6th 
 century is given in * The Complaynt of Scotlande : ' * "it vas 
 ane celest recreation to behald ther lycht lopene, galmonding, 
 
 ^ Flanderis ? 
 
 ' Brandenburg? 
 
 3 "Colkelbie Sow," fitt first, II. 296-376, 
 ' Select Remains of the Ancient Popular 
 Poetry of Scotland,' edited by David Laing : 
 
 Edinburgh, 1822 — 4to. 
 
 4 P. 66, 11. 11-15. Edited by J. A. H. 
 Murray for the Early English Text Society, 
 A.D. 1872. 
 
FRENCH DANCES. 233 
 
 stendling bakuart and forduart, dansand base dansis, pauuans, 
 galzardis, turdions, braulis and branglis, buffons, vitht mony 
 vthir lycht dancis, the quhilk ar ouer prolixt to be rehersit." 
 
 " Auld lichtfute" seems to have had a home origin as well 
 as " Ourefute ;" and the " country-dance," in which a number of 
 couples form a double row, and dance a figure from top to 
 bottom of the row, is looked upon as of native birth. 
 
 There is, however, reference to French dances at an earlier 
 datOthan that of the poem quoted above^J A French knight 
 in the retinue of Robert the Bruce is represented by Barbour 
 as exclaiming : — 
 
 " A Lord ! quhat sail we say 
 
 Off our lordis off Fraunce, that thai 
 With gud morsellis fayrcis thair pawnchis, 
 And will bot ete, and drynk, and dawnsis ; 
 Quhen sic a knycht, and sa worthy 
 As this, throw his chewalry?" &c.^ 
 
 / By the beginning of the i6th century, French dances and 
 dancers appear to have been quite common. In the accounts 
 of the Lord Treasurer there are various entries relating to 
 French dances and performers of them. March 5, 1507-8. 
 — " To the Frenche menstrallis, that maid ane danss in the 
 Abbay, be the Kingis command, 12 French crowns, £Zy 8s. 
 Item, to thair dancing cotis to the said dans." 
 
 Against December 5th, 15 12, is put down a sum of "10 
 crowns of wecht, ^9," paid to the servants of " Monsur La 
 Mote," the French ambassador, who had danced " ane moriss 
 
 ^ Barbour's 'Bruce,' b. vi. 1, 911 ; Jamieson's edition, p. 177. 
 2 G 
 
234 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 to the King." Another item refers to a bounty of ;^5, 8s. 
 given to the same as having performed a moriss before the 
 king and his queen. 
 
 Early Scotch writers make frequent allusion to the introduc- 
 tion of dances and dancers from France. Thus Sir David 
 Lyndsay speaks of " ane new pavin of France " and a " gay 
 gamond of France : " — 
 
 " Now hay for joy, and mirth, I dance. 
 Tak thair ane gay gamond of France." ^ 
 
 " Quhat sayis thou of my gay garmoun ? " 2 
 
 Dunbar, reproaching the king with his foreign and wanton 
 circle, addresses him thus : — 
 
 / 
 *' Schir, ye have mony servitouris, 
 
 Chevalouris, callandaris, and [Frenshe] flingaris, 
 
 Monsouris of France, gud clarat cunnaris." ^ 
 
 Elsewhere, describing "a dance in the Quenis chalmer," he 
 writes : — 
 
 " Schir Jhon Sinclair begowthe to dance, 
 For he was new cum out of France." * 
 
 In the " Dance of the sevin deidly sins," he says of one of 
 them : — 
 
 1 ' Ane Satyre of the thrie Estaitis, ' part ^ Dunbar's ' Remonstrance to the King, ' 
 ist: Lyndsay's Poet. Works, vol. ii. p. 130, 11, i, 10, 41 j among his Poems, vol. i. pp. 
 1. lo; D. Laing's edit, 1871— post 8vo. 145, 146. 
 
 2 Ibid., p. 141, 1. 15. ■* Ibid., vol. i. p. 118. 
 
FRENCH DANCES. 235 
 
 " He bad gallandis ga graith a gyiss, 
 And least up gamountis in the skyiss, 
 As varlotis dois in France. " ^ 
 
 In the " Ballad of kynd Kittok " Dunbar says : — 
 
 " My gudame wes a gay wife, bot scbo wes rycht gend, 
 Scho duelt furth fer in to Fraunce," Src.^ 
 
 At a later period, another rhymer, speaking of the tutors of 
 a gentleman twenty years old, said : — 
 
 " They had resolved to send him unto France 
 To learn to parle, handle armes, and dance." ' 
 
 From " Christis Kirk on the Grene" we learn that French 
 dances were to be seen at country fairs and on village greens : — 
 
 " Auld lightfute thair he did forfeit. 
 And counterfuttet Franss." * 
 
 Knox had to lament that in the masques and pageants which 
 welcomed Mary's entry Into her capital, the Reformed burghers 
 — '* fools," as he calls them — aped the style of France. " Great 
 
 ^ Poems, vol. i. p. 49. that they were degenerated. In his early 
 
 * Ibid., vol. ii. p. 35. time, he said, every Scottish gentleman of 
 
 ''The Copie of a Barons Court,' p. 19. ;^300 a-year travelled abroad when young. 
 
 Such a passage is illustrated by an anec- and brought home to the bosom of domestic 
 
 dote of the life of Sir Robert Keith, com- life, and to the profession in which it might 
 
 monly called, from his diplomatic services, be his fate to engage, a vast fund of literary 
 
 Ambassador Keith. He was absent from information, knowledge of the world, and 
 
 Edinburgh about twenty-two years, and re- genuine good manners, which dignified his 
 
 turned at a time it was supposed that man- character through life. — Vide 'Traditions of 
 
 ners were beginning to exhibit symptoms of Edinburgh,' p. 252, note : Edin. l859-^8vo. 
 
 great improvement. He, however, complained * Stanza v. 
 
236 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 preparations war maid for hir entercss in the town. In ferses, 
 in masking, and in other prodigaHties, faine wold fooles have 
 counterfooted France." ^ 
 
 It is quite clear from all this that words of French origin 
 relating to dancing and to dances must exist in Scotch. 
 
 Ginker, a dancer, is the Fr. ghiguer. 
 
 Caralying, carralmg (Fr. carolle, carole, querole, a dance) 
 means dancing : — 
 
 " Mony madyins in courtlie carraling." 2 
 
 The word gainbet, in other ioxvas galmound, gamond, gamount, 
 whose meaning is given gambol, is the Fr. gambade, " saut sans 
 art et sans cadence" (O. Fr. gambe, Fr. janibe). Its meaning 
 is thus explained by a writer of the i6th century: *' Je laisse a 
 parler des autres gambades qu'ils ont autrefois appelees le saut 
 du cousturier, aujourd'huy a la paluettiste landrichard, le saut 
 du pendu, et prou d'autres de pareille farine," &c.^ 
 
 Schainons dance seems to be so named from the musical in- 
 strument named schawme (O. Fr. chalemie), 
 
 Paspey is the Fr. passe-pied, "a caper, or loftie tricke in 
 dauncing; also a kind of dance peculiar to the youth of la 
 haute Bretaigne."^ Littre defines it ** dance a trois temps et 
 d'un mouvement tres-rapide." 
 
 Sincopas, whatever it' was in itself, betrays its origin, — cinq 
 pas} 
 
 ^ Knox's 'History of the Reformation,' vol. ' ' Les Dialogues de Jacques Tahureau,'&c., 
 
 ii. pp. 287, 288; among his Works, collected p. 50: Paris, 1871 — i2mo. 
 
 and edited by David Laing : Edinburgh, 1858 * Cotgrave's Dictionary. » 
 
 — 8vo. • " On dances in Scotland during the l6th 
 
 2 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' century, see ' Inventaires de la Royne Des- 
 
 vol. i. p. 257, 1. 8245. cosse,' p. Ixiii ; and on dances in general 
 
DANCE NAMES. 237 
 
 Soutra, a kind of dance,^ was perhaps an old French one 
 called sauterelleP' 
 
 Orliance^ mentioned also in another curious poem : — 
 
 " This littil gaist did na mair ill 
 Bot clok lyke a come in myll ; 
 
 And it wald sing and it wald dance 
 Oure fute, and orliance,"^ — 
 
 is no doubt the orlienaise of an early mystery of saint Louis, a 
 dance performed at his wedding, — " Ilz danssent I'orliennaise, 
 ou aultre." ^ 
 
 Base dance, beass, a dance slow and formal in its motions, is 
 the Fr. basse-danse, which was so common in France. 
 
 " Es festes de saincte Catherine et de sainct Nicolas, et 
 aux Roys, Ton faisoit des danses aux colleges [a Caen] que Ton 
 appeloit choreas, la ou Ton jouoit des farces et comedies. Et 
 s'appelloyent telles danses, qui avoyent cours par tout ce roy- 
 aume, basses danses, qui consistoyent en reverences simples, 
 doubles reprinses, bransles. Puis a la fin Ton dansoit le tordion, 
 au lieu duquel est succede le bal ou la gaillarde. Et se dan- 
 soient au tabourin et longue flute a trois trous, et un rebec. . . . 
 Toutesfois tels choreas, ou danses, furent abollies et abrogees 
 par arrest de la cour, 1521, seizieme jour d'aoust, par la refor- 
 mation qui se fist." ^ 
 
 during the middle ages, Fetis's ' Curiosites II. 80-85: 'Select Remains of ancient Popular 
 
 historiques,' &c., pp. 379-383. Poetry of Scotland.' 
 
 ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' Dr Ley * 'Le Mystere de saint Louis,' &c., p. 40, 
 
 den's edit., p. 103. col. 2, 1. 18. 
 
 ^ See ' Le Mystere de saint Louis,' p. 401 : ' Charles de Bourgueville, sieur de Bras, 
 
 Westminster, 185 1 — 4to. ' Les Recherches et Antiquitez de la province 
 
 * "An Interlude of the Laying of a Gaist," de Neustrie,' &c., p. 337 : Caen, 1833— 8vo. 
 
238 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 This basse- dance is mentioned in a curious passage of a 
 poem ascribed to Clement Marot : — 
 
 *' La petite jambe troussee, 
 Pour danser haye de Bretaigne 
 Et les passepies d'Allemaigne. 
 II est vray qu'k la basse-dance 
 Je n'y viens pas k la cadance, 
 Mays de branle, et puy la recoupe ; 
 De deux pies je les vous recoupe 
 Menu corame chair k paste." ^ 
 
 It was not deemed beneath the dignity of royalty to perform 
 this dance. " The Kynge went to see hyr [Queen Margaret], 
 and daunced some basse daunces." ^ 
 
 Patcuan, paven, a grave, stately dance of Spanish origin, in 
 which the dancers turned round one after another, as peacocks 
 {h2it. pavo) do with their tails, comes from the ¥t. pavane; Sp. 
 pasos de pavana, grave, stately steps. The dance seems from 
 the following extracts to have been a favourite among all 
 classes, from the palace to the village green : — 
 
 " 11 [Timoldon de Cosse, comte de Brissac] dansolt des 
 mieux qu'on en avoit veu a la cour jamais ; car, outre la dis- 
 position tres-grande qu'il avoit, il avoit la plus belle grace que 
 jamais courtisan. Despuis nul n'y a pu atteindre, fors le jeune la 
 Molle. . . . Et n'estoit ledlct comte propre pour une seule 
 danse, comme j'en ay veu aucuns nes et adroicts, les uns pour 
 Tune, les autres pour I'autre ; mais ce comte estoit universel en 
 
 ^ 'Epistre du biau fiz de Pazy,' V, 62. tion and Wedding,' &c., ap. Leland, 'Col- 
 
 ' 'Account of Princess Margaret's Recep- lectanea,' vol. iv. p. 291. 
 
DANCE NAMES. 239 
 
 tout, fust pour les branles, pour la gaillarde, pour la pavanne 
 d'Espaigne, pour les canaries, bref pour toutes." ^ 
 
 " Le rdcleur, nommd la Machine, 
 Nous rejouit plus par sa mine 
 Que par les sons de son boyau. 
 
 Nemard, au son de I'instrument, 
 Sortit de son retranchement, 
 Et, prenant une paysanne, 
 Dansa lestement la pavanne." ^ 
 
 *' Pour danser pavane et vert gay, 
 Le mois de may, au vert boscage, 
 Escoutant le pinson ramage 
 Et cueillant le gentil muguet." ^ 
 
 Brazvl, brangill,^ bransle, is the Fr. bransle, branle (from 
 bransler, branler, to shake), " a brawle, or daunce wherein many, 
 men and women, holding by the hands, sometimes in a ring, 
 and otherwhiles at length, move all together." 
 
 There were two kinds of bransles, the one gay and the other 
 serious. " Le branle, ou branle gai, est le nom generique de 
 toutes les danses ou un ou deux danseurs conduisent tous les 
 autres, qui repetent ce qu'ont fait les premiers." ^ The serious 
 branles were danced at the balls of Louis XIV. 
 
 Sir David Lyndsay addresses thus a piper and the party to 
 which he acts as musician : — 
 
 1 'Des Couronnelsfran9ois,' ch. xi. ; ' CEu- ^ " L'Apologie des chambri^res qui ont 
 
 vres completes de Brantome,' edit, of the perdu leur mariage k la blanque," in the 
 
 " Pantheon litteraire," torn. i. p. 669, col. I. ' Varietes historiques et litteraires,' t. iii. p. 
 
 ^ ' Voyage de Paris k la Roche-Guion, en 108, note. 
 vers burlesques,' &c., par MM***, ch. iii. * G. Douglas, iv. 215, 9, 36. 
 
 p. 63 : A la Haye, &c. — i8mo. ■* Littre's Dictionnaire, stib voce "Branle." 
 
240 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 " Now, let ilk man his way avance ; 
 Let sum ga drink and sum ga dance. 
 
 Menstrell, blaw up ana brawl of France ; 
 
 Let se quha hobbils best." ^ 
 
 In a note to "The Malcontent," Act. iv. sc. 2^ there Is men- 
 tion of a " bransle of Poitiers." ^ The most celebrated bransles^ 
 were those of Lorrain and Berry. Under Louis XIV., Andre 
 Lorin, " second conducteur de I'Academie Royale de dance," 
 ascribes the country-dance to the English, and adds : *' II ne 
 faut done pas s'estonner s'ils y excellent, puisqu'elle leur est 
 aussi naturelle que les meniiets aux Poitevins, les passepies 
 aux Bretons, la bourree aux Auvergnats, la gavotte aux Cham- 
 penois et aux Normans, les bransles a ceux de Metz et de 
 Bourges, les rigaudons aux Provengaux, la gaillarde aux 
 Italiens, la sarabande aux Espagnols, et la chaconne aux 
 Africains." ^ 
 
 Rig- adown- daisy is the Fr. dance called rigaudon, which, 
 according to the former extract, had its home in Provence. 
 It is said to have derived its name from its author, Rigaud. 
 It was a lively dance performed by two with very complicated 
 movements.^ 
 
 Galyard, a gay dance, is the French gaillarde [gaillard, 
 
 ^ " Ane Satyre of the thrie Estaitis," in after having had the same sense as in Scot- 
 
 fine ; 'The Poetical Works of Sir David land, was altered in English so as to become 
 
 Lyndsay,' vol. ii. p. 155. synonymous with motet de Beauce, as described 
 
 2 ' A select Collection of old Plays,' vol. in a register of the Parliament of Paris, Civil, 
 iv. pp. 66, 67. Plaid. Mat. 15 jer. 1400. 
 
 3 Cf. Hawkins, vol. ii. p. 133. * ' Livre de la contredance du Roy,' &c. 
 * Other branles are mentioned in a note to MS. of the Nat. Libr. at Paris : 1698, fol. 10. 
 
 the ' Historiettes ' of Tailemant des Reaux, * J- -J- Rousseau, ' Dictionnaire de Mu- 
 
 t. vi. p. 92: Paris, 1857 — 8vo. Every one sique,' «/<5 z/^c^ "Rigaudon." 
 knows how the original meaning of brawl. 
 
DANCE NAMES. 241 
 
 lusty, gamesome). " Le pas de danse qu'on nomme pas de 
 gaillarde, est compose d'un assemble, d'un pas march6 et d'un 
 pas tombe." 
 
 " Mieulx me vauldroit pr^s d'ung paste 
 Danser la pavenne, ou gaillarde."^ 
 
 Turdion (Fr. tordion) is explained as " a species of galliard 
 or gay dance." 
 
 Buffons were " pantomine dances, so denominated from the 
 buffoons" (Fr. les bouffons, from bouffer, to puff; It. buffare, to 
 jest, sport ; bziffa, a puff or a blurt with the mouth made at one 
 in scorn) " by whom they were performed." Cotgrave trans- 
 lates " danser les buffons " by " to dance a morris." 
 
 In more modern times, French dances continued to find 
 their way to Scotland, and French dancing-masters were accus- 
 tomed to establish themselves in Edinburgh, ^ although the 
 English dancing-schools, in which they taught *' la volt as high 
 and swift corantos," were much celebrated.^ In a letter dated 
 December 20, 1603, Henri IV. of France informs James VI. 
 of the sending of a dancing-master.* A Scotch writer says that 
 at the beginning of the following century the most famous 
 dancing teachers crossed over to Scotland ; ^ and Burns, in his 
 ' Tam o' Shanter ' (1. 1 16), speaks of a " cotillon brent new frae 
 France " as being in use in his day. 
 
 1 " I had better near a pye U4, note I; ' Inventaires de la Royne Des- 
 
 To dance the pavan or gaillarde." > 1 ••• 
 
 ^ * cosse, p. Ixui. 
 
 — ' L'Apocalypse sainct Jehan Zebedee,' &c., * 'Recueil des lettres missives de Henri 
 
 fol. X. recto, col. 2 : Paris, 1541 — fol. IV.,' t. vi. p. 181. 
 
 ^ Dauney, 'Anc. Scot. Melod.,' pp. 299, 300. * 'L'Eloge d'Ecosse et des dames e'cos- 
 
 * Shakespeare, "King Henry V.," Act iii. soises,' par Mr Freebairn, pp. 42, 43 ; 'Les 
 
 so. 5 ; Dalyell's 'Music. Mem. of Scot.,' p. Ecossais en France,' vol. i. p, 428, note 2. 
 
 2 H 
 
242 
 
 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Each dance had music peculiar to itself, which very often 
 bore the same name as the dance. Thus branle was the name 
 of the tune to which the dance was performed. There was a 
 "chant des Bouffons." Florimond de Remond, speaking of 
 Marot's version of the Psalms, says (p. 70) : "lis ne furent 
 pas lors mis en musique . . . pour estre chantez au presche ; 
 mais chacun y donnoit tel air que bon luy sembloit. . . . La 
 Royne [Margaret of Navarre] avoit choisi Ne vueillez, o Sire} 
 avec un air sur le chant des Bouffons. Le roy de Navarre 
 Anthoine prit Revange-moy, prens la quei'elle,^ qu'il chantoit 
 en bransle de Poltou," &c.^ 
 
 * Ps. vi., the first which Marot translated, 
 and which was first printed in ' Miroir de 
 I'ame pecheresse ' of Margaret of Navarre, and 
 published in 1533. — ' Theologisch Tijdschrift,' 
 vol. xiii. p. 411. 
 
 ^ Ps. xliii. 
 
 3 An "air de bouffons " occurs in Laborde's 
 'Essai sur la musique,' &c., vol. ii. p. 178; 
 also in a Dutch book referred to by William 
 Dauney, 'Ancient Scottish Melodies,' &c. 
 Notes and Illustrations, p. 273 ; cf. pp. 306 
 and 368. The practice of singing profane 
 songs and tunes interspersed among the 
 prayers of the liturgy existed long before. 
 In Normandy, during prolonged processions, 
 when the clergymen took breath, women sang 
 frivolous songs, nugaces caKfi/enas {' Histoiie 
 litteraire de la France,' vol. vii. pref. p. Ij) — 
 a practice which may be illustrated by the 
 Latin words ending, like a sort of cue, in 
 some motets composed on the fictitious love of 
 Robin and Marion ('Theatre fran9ais au moyen 
 age,* pp. 31, 32). There is a far-famed song 
 called "L' Homme arme," the tune of which 
 was much used by the musicians of the 15th 
 
 and 1 6th centuries as a foundation for their 
 masses. The tune is well known (see the 
 fifth volume of Fetis's ' Histoire generale de 
 la Musique,' p. 56). The first verse of the 
 song is given by Baini, in his 'Life of Pales- 
 trina,' as follows : — 
 
 "L'Homme, THomme, 1' Homme armd. 
 Et, Robinet, tu m'as 
 La mort donn^, 
 Quand tu t'en vas." 
 
 On the ancient French tunes, so queerly in- 
 grafted on Church liturgy, besides Baini 
 (' Memorie Storicocritice,' &c., vol ii. p. 95, 
 note 159; p. 357, note 430; p. 358, note 431), 
 see Martini ('Esemplare, o Sia Saggio fon- 
 damentale pratico del contrappunto,' &c., vol. 
 i. p. 129), and Fetis ('Curiositeshistoriquesde 
 la Musique,' pp. 373-375: Paris and Brux- 
 elles, 1830 — 8vo). Let us add that Stephen 
 of Langton, archbishop of Canterbury (1206- 
 1228), composed a sermon on a French song, 
 " Bele Aliz matin leva." * Archseologia,' vol. 
 xiii. p. 231 ; and ' La Chaire fran5aise au 
 moyen age, ' &c. , par A. Lecoy de la Marche, 
 1st part, ch. iv. p. 86 : Paris, 1868— 8vo. 
 
DANCE MUSIC. 243 
 
 John d'Etree, a performer on the hautboy, in the service of 
 Charles IX. (1560- 15 74), pubHshed four books of " Danseries," 
 first writing down the common lively tunes which, till then, 
 had been probably learned by the ear, and played from 
 memory, about the several countries specified in the title. In 
 a note to the above, Dr Burney adds : " The editor of these 
 books tells us that they contained *les chants des branles 
 communs, gais, de Champagne, de Bourgogne, de Poitou, 
 d'Ecosse, de Make, des Sabots, de la Guerre, et autres gail- 
 lardes, ballets, voltes, basses dances, hauberrois, allemandes.' 
 Printed at Paris, 1564."^ 
 
 From the manner in which the work is here referred to, 
 there can be little doubt that Dr Burney had seen it ; but 
 whether it will ever be recovered seems now somewhat uncer- 
 tain. It has hitherto eluded the most diligent search in the 
 public libraries of France and Britain. 
 
 Here may be mentioned the word intermeis''^ (Fr. entre- 
 mets, entre and mcfs), a musical or saltatory interlude, intro- 
 duced between the different courses of a feast for greater 
 variety, for the purpose of supporting the animal spirits of 
 the guests. 
 
 ^ 'History of Music,' vol. iii. p. 262. On No. 84. 
 the dances enumerated above, with Jean ^ Vide ' Clariodus,' p. 311,!. 963, and p. 
 d'Etree's book compare *A plaine and easie 332, 1. 1620. Chaucer uses entremees as de- 
 Introduction to practicall Musicke,' by noting " choice dishes served in between the 
 Thomas Morley, part iii. p. l8l : London, courses of a feast." Vide 'The Romaunt of 
 1597 — fol. See also Dauney's 'Ancient Scot- the Rose,'l. 6831, and Cotgrave's Dictionary, 
 tish Melodies,' No. 83, p. 136, note b, and In Barbour's 'Bruce,' ed. 1620, intermais 
 particularly on "The Brangill of Poictu," is introduced as synonymous with eftremes, 
 pp. 251, 306, 307. There are there two lines dessert, 
 of music for it, and for "a Frenche " dance. 
 
244 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Scotland followed the French fashion, and one may fancy 
 what a Scottish interlude was from the following lines : — 
 
 " Harry, harry, hobillschowe ! 
 Se quha is cummyn nowe, 
 
 A serjand owt of Soldane land, 
 A gyand Strang for to stand. 
 That with the strenth of my hand 
 Beres may hynd. 
 
 Yit I trowe that I vary, 
 I am the nakit, blynd Hary, 
 That lang has bene in the Fary 
 Farleis to fynd," &c.^ 
 
 "The Droichtis Part of the Play," 11. 1-12 ; Dunbar's Works, D. Laing's edit., vol. ii. p. 37. 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 (Barnes anb Hmusements. 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 GAMES AND AMUSEMENTS. 
 
 HE introduction of some of the games played in 
 the highest ranks of society in Scotland may 
 be safely attributed to France, if their names 
 can be taken as an indication of the country 
 trom which they came. 
 
 Some of these games are enumerated in an Aberdeen reg- 
 ister with the epithet of " wnleful." They are — " cartis, dyis, 
 tabilHs, goif, kylis, bylis." ^ 
 
 Dunbar, in his 'General Satyre,' st. xiv., says that before 
 his time — 
 
 " Sa mony ratkettis, sa mony ketche-pillaris, 
 Sic ballis, sic knackettis, and sic tutivillaris, 
 
 Within this land was nevir hard nor sene.''^ 
 
 Sir David Lyndsay put into the mouth of the Abbot the 
 words — 
 
 ^ Aberd. Reg., A.D. 1565, v. 26. ^ The Poems of W. Dunbar, vol. ii. p. 26. 
 
2^8 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 " Thocht I preich not, I can play at the caiche : 
 • I wait thair is nocht ane amang yow all 
 
 Mair ferilie can play at the fut-ball ; 
 And for the carts, the tabils, and the dyse, 
 Above all persouns, I may beir the pryse." ^ ; 
 
 The word cariis, written also cartes in the ' Burgh Records 
 of the City of Glasgow,' ^ and pronounced at the present day 
 in the North cairts, is nearer its French original carte, than 
 the English word card, — a fact that may point to the intro- 
 duction of playing-cards through France. 
 
 Tabill, a board for playing either at draughts or chess, is the 
 Fr. table; and tabiller of chase^ is the O. Fr. tab Her. " Item, 
 ane pair of tabillis of silver, ourgilt with gold, indentit with 
 jasp and cristallyne, with tabill men and chess men of jasp and 
 cristallyne." ^ " Tabill men " seem to be men for playing what 
 was afterwards styled the danibrod, the dams, dames (Fr. dames). 
 
 Biles, bylis^ appear to have been billiards, so named from the 
 sticks (Fr. billes) with which the game was played. 
 
 Tytler asks the question,^ " What are we to understand by 
 * the kiles ' at which the king played in Glenluce, on the 29th 
 March 1506."^" The answer is easy: " the kiles " were what 
 the French call les quilles, and the English ninepins (Gael. 
 cailise). 
 
 " 'Ane Satyre of the thrie Estaitis,' in ° ' Crim. Trials,' vol. i. p. 117*, A.D. 1497. 
 
 Lyndsay's Poetical Works, D. Laing's edit. , Cf. Sauval, ' Recherches des antiquites de 
 
 vol. ii. p. 264. Paris,' vol. iii. pp. 352, 354, A.D. 1414 ; and 
 
 ^ P. 96, A.D. 1578. The verb /^ w^Tw/, used 'Memoires d'Olivier de la Marche,' in the 
 
 in a game of cards, has the appearance of hav- 'Pantheon litteraire,' p. 354, col. i. A.D. 
 
 ing had a French origin, yb/r^ la vole. 1574' 
 
 3 F?V/,? 'Clariodus,' p. 149, 1. 1146. ' 'Lives of Scottish Worthies,' vol. iii. 
 
 *' Inventories,' A. D. 1539, p. 49. p. 342. 
 
GA3IE NAMES. 249 
 
 Keerie-oa7n, the name of a boy's game played in different 
 parts of the country, may be a corruption of the French querez 
 homme. In the game, which is outdoor, and must be played 
 in a town or village where the boys can hide themselves, all 
 the players except one hide. When all are hid, the cry of 
 keerie-oam is raised, and the boy left unhid sets out in search 
 of those that are hid. When he discovers one, this one in his 
 turn becomes the searcher, and so on till all are discovered. 
 
 Another game of a somewhat similar nature, common in 
 some parts of the country, is called ko-spy, hy-spy. Jamieson 
 gives the form of the word as used in Banffshire, hoispe-hoy, 
 and derives it from oyez, hear, and espier, to spy. The pro- 
 nunciation about Keith is hospie with the accent on the first 
 syllable. Is not the word made up of ho! and spy ? 
 
 Rackett, which denotes the bat with which players strike 
 the ball in the games of tennis, itself formerly named racket, is 
 the O. Fr. raquette. Nackett is the Fr. naquet, the boy who 
 marks at tennis. The word is still in use to signify a boy. 
 
 Pearie,peery, French pearie, in the North /<?^r, a kind of peg- 
 top, owes its name to its shape, which is that of a pear (Fr. 
 poire). Among the illustrations of a Psalter of the 1 3th century 
 occurs the picture of a boy playing at peg-top with a whip.^ 
 
 Pallall, pallalls, a game of children, is the Fr. petit palet. 
 
 Totum, " a kind of game with a whirl-bone " (Cotg.), is the 
 Fr. toton.^ 
 
 " He playis with totum, and I with nichell." ' 
 
 1 Vide MS. of the Nat. Libr. Lat., 8846, 3 "Dunbar to the King,"l. 74: 'Poems,' 
 fol. 161 rec/o. vol. i. p. 164. 
 
 ^ Vide Littre's Dictionary. 
 
 2 I 
 
250 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 For that kind of game of chance called T totum, exploded 
 from the facility of perverting it to deceit, see Rabelais, 
 Book i. ch. xxii., and the notes to the words pille, nade, 
 j'ocque, fore. 
 
 There is another diversion, that of curling, in which the 
 stone used — the channel-stane^ — seems to have derived its 
 name, at least in part, from the French, as well as bullet- 
 stane, from an allusion to primitive cannon-balls, which were of 
 stone. In old French, canole means the lesser bone of the arm, 
 the elbow, and supplies us with a better etymon than that pro- 
 posed by Jamieson. 
 
 At the risk of offending (God forbid !) the gentlemen of the 
 medical profession, it must be stated that most of them were 
 quack doctors who came over with jesters to play tricks, or 
 rather to give cockalanis, cokkolentis'^ {coq-a-rdne), in order to 
 attract a science (Fr. stance) of peipill.^ 
 
 1" The vJg'rous youth, Vide ' Crim. Trials,' vol. ii. p. 333, A.D. 
 
 In bold contention met the f//rt««?/-J/««^, 160O, and ch. xii. 
 
 The bracing engine of a Scottish arm, 3 .^ Diurnal of Occurrents,' p. 34I, Ilth 
 
 To shoot wi might and skill." , . . ,, 
 
 Apnl 1574- When physicians generally gave 
 
 — Davidson's ' Seasons,' p. 158. up the habit of operating in the open air 
 ^ Comic or ludicrous representations. The with the assistance of mountebanks, the latter 
 term is used by George Etheredge, as put into remained under the control of the former. In 
 the mouth of Sir Toppling Flutter, a foolish 1688, the custom-house officers complained 
 fellow, who in his language and manners of a mountebank having got licence to erect 
 closely imitated the French : "What a coque a stage. Upon this the magistrates took 
 a lasne is this ? I talk of women, and thou it down. Then he cited them to the Council, 
 answer'st tennis" ('The Man of Mode,' &c., that alleged he should have been first exam- 
 Act iv. p. 62: London, 1676 — 4to). The ined by the College of Physicians. Why that 
 same was used to denote an imperfect writing, was required is illustrated by another suit 
 a pasquil, a pasquinade (Privy Council Regis- at law, relating to the same man. Suing 
 ter, Aug. 17, 1597; cent, of Melvill's Diary, some people for stealing from him a little 
 p. 781), and was connected with //rt^^^/, bill, girl, called the "Tumbling Lassie," that 
 libel, handbill, also derived from French. — danced on his stage, he claimed damages. 
 
GAMES. 
 
 251 
 
 We have mentioned in another work at some length a 
 French empiric who flourished at the Court of James IV.^ He 
 led the king to believe that he would make fine gold of other 
 metal, " quhilk science he callit the quintassence." ^ At the end 
 of the same century, " ane man, sume callit him a juglar (O. Fr. 
 joziglere^), playit sic sowple tricks upone ane tow, quhilk wes 
 festinit betwix the tope of St Geills kirk steiple and ane stair 
 beneathe the crosse, callit Josias close held, the lyk wes nevir 
 sene in yis country, as he raid doune the tow and playit so 
 many pavies on it." ^ 
 
 In all probability he was the same as the French funambu- 
 
 Among many objections, it was put forth 
 that physicians attested the employment of 
 tumbhng would kill her, and her joints were 
 now grown stiff. — Vide Lord Fountainhall, 
 'Chronological Notes of Scottish Affairs,' 
 &.C., p. 262 ; cf. ' The Decisions of the Lords 
 of Council,' &c., vol. i. pp. 439, 440. 
 
 ^ ' Les Ecossais en France,' vol. i. pp. 331- 
 
 333- 
 
 - 'Bishop Lesley,' p. 76, A.D, 1503, quoted 
 by David Laing in his edition of ' Dunbar's 
 Poems,' vol. ii. pp. 238, 244, 245 ; cf. Sir 
 D. Lyndsay, the 'Satyre of the thrie Estaitis,' 
 among his works, vol. ii. p. 46. 
 
 ^ This word must not be confounded with 
 genglere, gengleor, jangler, jangleor, &c. , pre- 
 served in janglour, tattler, tale-teller {^ide 
 ' Robert and Makyn,' 1. loi, ap. Henryson, 
 p. 6 ; Dunbar, ' The Tod and the Lamb, ' 
 1. 44; * Gude Counsale,' 1. II ; and 'Of 
 Luve erdly and divine,' 1. 70 — 'Poems,' vol. 
 i. pp. 84, 170, 223), which does not, in point 
 of sense, differ much from cracker, crakkar, 
 likewise imported from Fr. with crack, crak 
 (see p. 269 sub voce), and vauntee, vaunty. 
 
 boastful (Dumfries newspaper, the 'Sun,' 
 June 27, 1 831). — yens), which D. Laing ex- 
 plains by "juggler, or magician," may be 
 derived from jouglere. Vide 'The Fenyeit 
 Freir of Tungland,' 1. 31 ; ap. Dunbar, vol. i. 
 p. 40 ; cf. vol. ii. p. 242. We do not men- 
 tion bourd, to jest, to play tricks with, because 
 it occurs also in O. E. 
 
 * 'The Diary of Robert Birrel,' July 10, 
 1598, and ap. Dalyell, p. 47; cf. ' Crim. 
 Trials,' vol. ii. pp. 238, 239, A.D. 1600. 
 I think that pavies is nothing else than the 
 plural of paw, a step (Fr. pas), which is of 
 a very common occurrence in Scotch — name- 
 ly, in Lord Fountainhall's Diary, p. 58. We 
 read in Cleland's Poems, p. 47 : — 
 
 " He was well versed in court modes. 
 In French pavies, and new coin'd nods. 
 And finally, in all that can 
 Make up a compleat prettyman." 
 
 In Bp. Lesley's 'Hist, of Scot.,' p. 113, the 
 word trajectus of the Latin version is trans- 
 lated by pase, a Fr. idiom preserved in Pas- 
 de-Calais. 
 
252 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 lus whom James Melvill, who happened to be in Falkland, saw 
 "play Strang and incredible protticks^ (Fr. practique) upon 
 stented (Fr. tendu) takell, in the Palace-clos, before the King, 
 Queen, and haill Court." ^ How lucky was that pavier not to 
 have been burnt as a necromancien, to speak as another Mel- 
 ville ! ^ 
 
 ^ Other forms of the word are prattick, ' Crim. Trials,' vol. ii. p. 466. 
 prettik, practik, practique, from the verb to ^ 'J- Melvill's Diary, ' p. 487, A.D. 1600. 
 pratek, pratik, praktick (Fr. pratiquer). 'Sir ^ ' Sir James Melville's Memoirs,' p. 83, 
 
 James Melville's Memoirs,' pp. 14, 18; of. a.d. 1559. 
 
CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 llXIlorbs eypressfng Hbsttact 3-bea8. 
 
CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 WORDS EXPRESSING ABSTRACT IDEAS. 
 
 T has been found more convenient to arrange 
 the words in this and the following chapter in 
 alphabetical order. This chapter for the most 
 part contains words that express abstract and 
 
 moral ideas. 
 
 Abaittment, s. diversion, sport. O. Fr. ^battement. 
 
 Abays,^ v. a. to abash, to confound. Fr. abaisser, or rather 
 
 O. Fr. esbahir? 
 
 " Thay [faithful! Pastors] suld nocht be abasit to preche, 
 Nor for no kynde of fauour fleche." 3 
 
 Abuse, V. a. to deceive. Fr. abuser. 
 
 " And, geue thay haue the floke abusit, 
 Ze, Kyngs, sail be for that accusit 
 Be the gret potent kyng of kyngis, 
 That heris and seis all thir thyngis."* 
 
 Abusion, abusione, s. abuse. O. Fr. abusion. 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, i. 499 ; ii. 108, 20. ^ ' Ane Compendious and Breve Tractate,' 
 
 " "A, fel ! com si estais toz esbahiz." &c., p. lO, 11, 231, 232. By William Lauder, 
 
 —'Gerard de Rossillon,' p. 343, edited by E.E.T.S.: 1864. 
 
 Francisque-Michel : Paris, a.d. 1856. ■* Ibid,, p. 13, 11. 331-334. 
 
256 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND, 
 
 "All will be brocht vnto confusioun, 
 Godis wourd and Lawis vnto abusioun." ^ 
 
 " This wes the caus sone efter of greit sorrow, 
 Sic in Scotland was neuir sene beforrow ; 
 Of weir and wrak, and mekill wrang abusioun, 
 Quhilk brocht the kinrik efter till confusioun." ^ 
 
 "allace o my sune sper[it]ualite, the abusion of thy office is 
 the cause of the discentione that is betuix the and the tem- 
 poral stait," &c.^ # 
 
 Accrsisyt,^ part. pas. crushed, injured. Fr. dcraser. 
 
 Acres, accresce, v. a. to increase, to gather strength. Fr. 
 accrottre. 
 
 Adred, adv. downright. Fr. droit, adroit. 
 
 Advert, v. n. to turn to, to attend. O. Fr. advertir. 
 
 " So now retumand till our first head agane, 
 Aduert, and ze sail heir the crewell pane, 
 
 That is prepaird for wekit Creaturs, 
 And vicius men that in to Uice indurs." ^ 
 
 Affectuous, affectiue, affectyue, effectuous, adj. affectionate. 
 Fr. affectueux. *' be rason of my gude intentione that procedis 
 fra ane affectiue ardant fauoir that i hef euyr borne touart 
 this affligit realme quhilk is my natiue cuntre."^ 
 
 1 'Ane Godlie Tractate or Mirrour.' By 34-36. See p. 89,1. 30; p. 160, 11. 28, 32 ; 
 
 William Lauder, E.E.T.S. : 1870. P. 22, 11. p. i6i, 11. i, 23, 26; p. 165, 11. 19, 20. 
 
 604, 605. * G. Douglas, i. xcviii. 20. 
 
 ^ 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of .Scotland ; ® ' Ane Godlie Tractate or Mirrour,' p. 4. 
 
 or, A Metrical Version of the History of 11. 31-36. 
 
 Hector Boece,' vol. i. p. 65, 11. 2175-2178. * ' The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 16, 11. 
 
 (Rolls Series, 1858.) See also p. 60, 1. 2040. 8-11. See p. 148, 1. 20. 
 
 * 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 159, 11. 
 
AFFER — AFFRA Y. 257 
 t_ 
 
 Affer, afer, effeir, effere, s. condition, state, &c. O. Fr. 
 affaire?- 
 
 Affer, effeir, v. int. to become, to belong to, to be proper or 
 expedient, to be proportionate to. O. Fr. afferir. 
 
 "■ To Berigone thai buir him on his beir. 
 On sic fassone that tyme as did effeir." ^ 
 
 "0 iphicrates, it efferis nocht for thy stait and faculte to be 
 ane kyng," &c.^ 
 
 Affirm,^ z/. a. to confirm, to grant. Fr. affirmer, or 
 affermir. 
 
 Affligit, adj. afflicted. Fr. afflig^. " to cure and to gar 
 conuallesse al the langorius desolat and affligit pepil." ^ 
 
 Affray,^ fear, s. Fr. effroi. 
 
 Affray, v. a. to frighten. 
 
 " Ostorius neir by vpoun the bent, 
 With mony berne rycht bellicois and bald, 
 AfFrayit wes thair curage to behald."'' 
 
 " The eldest of them vas in harnes, traland ane halbert be- 
 hynd hym, beand al affrayit ande fleyit for dreddour of his 
 lyue."8 
 
 ^ Vide Du Cange's 'Gloss. Med. et Inf. « 'The Complaynt of Scotlande, ' p. i, 11. 
 
 Latin.,' voce "Affare," i, and 'Gloss, fr.,' 9, 10. See p. i, 1. 3 j p. 2, 1. 29; p. 16, 
 
 voce "Affaire," vol. 1. p. 125, col. 2, and vol. 1. 10 ; p. 34, 1. 29; p. 129, 1. 33 ; p. 130, 
 
 vii. p. 13, col. I. 1. 2. 
 
 ' ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' « G. Douglas, ii. 50, 27 ; 116, 12, 
 
 vol. i. p. 59, 11. 2009, 2010. ^ 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 3 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 150, vol. i. p. 248, 11. 7970-7972. 
 
 II. 19, 20, edited by J. A. H. Murray. ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 70, 
 
 * G. Douglas, ii. 183, 4. 11. 19-21. 
 
 2 K 
 
t 
 
 258 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Afifroitlie, adv. in fear. Fr. effroi. 
 
 Affront, s. disgrace, shame. Fr. aff^'ont} 
 
 Aggrege,^ v. a. to heap together, to aggregate. Fr. agriger. 
 
 Agrest, adj. rustic. Fr. agreste. ** Nou heir i exort al phi- 
 losophouris, . historigraphours, and oratours of our scottis 
 natione, to support (Fr. supporter) and til excuse my barbir 
 agrest termis." ^ 
 . Aiteas, -eis, s. (ait, adj^ joy. O. Fr. dehait. 
 
 " Tha aiteas, mhic duibhre nan speur, 
 A' losgadh air m' anam gun ghruaim." * 
 
 Allosede, part. pas. praised, glorious, glorified. O. Fr. 
 alosez^ alos^. 
 
 " The lordelieste of ledynge, qwhylles he lyffe myhte 
 Fore he was lyone allossede in londes inewe." * 
 
 Amety,*^ s. friendship. Fr. amitid. 
 
 Amour, s. love. Fr. amour. Hence amorat, part. pas. O. 
 Fr. enamour^. 
 
 Animositie, s. firmness of mind. Fr. animosity. 
 
 ^ This sense of the word a^(7«/, according — 'La Chanson de Roland,' st. Ixx., 1. 
 
 to Dr Johnson, is peculiar to the Scottish 898; orig. edit. 1837, p. 36, 1863. See 
 
 dialect, of which a passage from Arbuthnot is Benoit, ' Chronique des dues de Normandie,' 
 
 cited as an example. The same lexicographer vol. i. p. 299, 1. 6230 ; p, 446, 1. 10,544 ; p. 
 
 notes to affront, which exists also in Scotch, 491, 1. 11,825, ik.c. Cf. ' Partonopeus de 
 
 but in a sense somewhat different. Biois,' 1. 9533 j and Raynouard's 'Lexique 
 
 * G. Douglas, iv. 26, 9 ; 35, 28. roman,' vol. iv. p. 31, col. I. 
 
 ' ' The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 16, 11. ^ 'Morte Arthur,' as quoted in C. Innes's 
 
 I1-13. * Scotland in the Middle Ages,' p. 258. 
 
 * ' Tigm6ra,' vii. 117. 'Balfour's ' Annales, ' vol. i. p. 370, A.D. 
 
 B "De vasselage est-il ben alosez." I580. 
 
APAYN—AUANCING. 259 
 
 A^Ayn, part. pas. provided, furnished. O. Fr. appand — adv. 
 reluctantly, unwillingly, hardly, scarcely. Fr. a peine. 
 
 Apert, appert, adj. open. O. Fr. apert. Other forms are 
 aperthe, aperte. 
 
 Aport, aporte, s. deportment, carriage. Fr. apport. 
 
 Appell, V. a. to challenge. Fr. appeler. 
 
 Appleis, appless, v. a. to satisfy. ¥v. plaire. 
 
 " For of that place he thocht him weill applesit." ^ 
 
 Apport, V. a. to bring, to conduce. Fr. apporter. 
 
 Appuy, s. support. Fr. appui. 
 
 Arrace,^ v. a. to pull down or take away. Fr. arracher. 
 
 Asperans, adj. lofty, elevated, pompous, applied to diction. 
 Fr. aspirant. 
 
 Aspert, aspre, adj. sharp, harsh, cruel. O. Fr. aspre. 
 
 Assopat, part. pas. at an end, put to rest, laid aside. Fr. 
 assoupi. 
 
 Astuce, adj. astute. Fr. astuce. "and quhen he persauit 
 that the cordonar vas ane astuce subtel falou and dissymilit, 
 he gart hang hym on ane potent" (Fr. potence), &c.^ 
 
 Attemptat, s. a wicked and injurious enterprise. Fr. attentat. 
 
 Auance, v. a. to bring forward. " at that tyme it is callit 
 lucifer, be cause it auancis the day befor the crepusculine." * 
 
 Auancing, s. causing to advance or prosper. **fra zour 
 magnanime auancing of the public veil," &c.^ 
 
 1 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' IL 23-25. 
 
 vol. i. p. II, 1. 367. 4 Ibid., p. 53, II. 33, 34. 
 
 * G. Douglas, iii. 43, 26. " Ibid., p. 1,1. 2. 
 ' 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 182, 
 
26o CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Augment,^ s. growth. Fr. augment. 
 
 Aumeril, s. one who has Httle understanding, or method in 
 his conduct. Fr. dmerillon. This term is often appHed to a 
 mongrel dog. 
 
 Austuce, s. cunning. Fr. astuce. "than be there austuce 
 and subtihte thai furnest vitht money baitht the parteis aduer- 
 saris to slay doune vderis," &c.2 
 
 Autorite, s. authority. Fr. autoritd. " quhen the pepil 
 gadris togiddir in ane grit conuentione but the autorite of 
 the superior," &c.^ 
 
 Avail, s. abasement, humiliation. O. Fr. aval. 
 
 Avance, v. a. to cause to advance. Fr. avancer. 
 
 " Thair is nothing moir gudlie to avance 
 Na auld storeis put in rememberance." * 
 
 Avenand, adj. elegant in person and manners. Fr. avenant. 
 Avillous, adj. contemptible, debased. Fr. avili, 
 Avyse, awyse, adj. prudent, considerate, cautious. Fr. avisd. 
 Hence avisye^ awisely, adv. deliberately, prudently, circum- 
 spectly. Awyiss is the verb. 
 
 " * My counsall is,' he said, * thairfoir that ze 
 Awyiss zow weill, and lat sic folie be,' " &c.' 
 
 Auisement is the noun. 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, i. 4, 6, 26. * ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,* 
 
 ® 'The Complaynt of Scotlande/ p. 87, 11. vol. i. p. 4, 11. 120, 121. 
 
 9-1 1. ^ G. Douglas, ii. 254, 9. 
 
 » Ibid., p. 167, II. 33, 34. See p. 19, « 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 IL I, 12. vol. i. p. 160, 11. 5289, 5290. 
 
A WER TV— BELL OM Y. 26 1 
 
 " With schort auisement that tyme but ony tariCj 
 Tha haif decretit all into ane will, 
 Help and supple the Britis to send till." ^ 
 
 Gavin Douglas ^ has the present participle awtsand, deliber- 
 ating on ; and Spenser uses ^0 avize in the sense of to counsel, 
 to bethink himself, to consider. 
 
 Awerty, auerty, adj. cautious. Fr. averti. 
 
 Awtayne, adj. haughty. Fr. hautain. 
 
 Baiss, baise, adj. sad. Fr. bas. 
 
 Barbour, barbir, s. a barbarian. Fr. barbare. 
 
 " And now to ws it is greit schame and lak 
 With thir barbouris for to be put abak." ' 
 
 As an adj. : " be rason that ilk ane repute vtheris to be of ane 
 barbir nature." * 
 
 Basit, adj. humbled. Fr. baisser. 
 
 Bastant, adj. possessed of ability. O. Fr. bastant. 
 
 Beast, V. a. to puzzle. O. Fr. abeter.^ 
 
 Beaulte, s. beauty. O. Fr. beltet, biautS. Prov. beltat. " it 
 vas baytht altrit in cullour ande in beaulte." ^ 
 
 Bellisand, bellisant, adj. elegant, of an imposing appearance. 
 Fr. bel used adverbially, and sdant^ decent, becoming, having a 
 good appearance (?). 
 
 Bellomy, s. a savage. Fr. bel ami, in the contrary meaning. 
 
 1 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. io6, 
 
 vol. i. p. 137, 11. 4570-4572. 11. 12, 13. 
 
 ' G. Douglas, ii. 250, 20, ' * Fabliaux et Contes,' &c., vol. i. p. 365. 
 
 ' 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' * 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 70, 
 
 vol. i. p. 147, 11. 4873, 4874- 1. 5. 
 
262 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 " Fra Argatill thair come ane messinger, 
 And schew till him, as ze sail efter heir, 
 Ane bellomy, that callit was Bredus, 
 Quhilk cousing wes wnto the fals Gillus, 
 That Cadallus sumtyme in Ireland slew, 
 Not lang gane syne, befoir as I zow schew ; 
 How that he come that tyme with ane greit ost, 
 And enterit in at Argatelin cost, 
 And waistit had the land all far and neir, 
 Bayth brint and slew, that horribill wes till heir." ^ 
 
 Bergane, s. wrangling. O. Fr. barguitier^ to boggle. 
 
 " Frome all Inuye thay suld be fre, 
 
 Frome toulze, bergane, and debait." ^ 
 
 Betraise, v. a. to betray. Fr. trahir. 
 
 "Bot for his wyffe betraisit Carataic."' 
 
 "doubtles his intentione is to seduce them to conspire ande 
 to betraise there natiue cuntre." * 
 
 Betrump,^ v. a. to deceive. Fr. tromper, 
 
 Bien, bein, beyne, bene, adj. comfortable ; plentiful. Fr. bien. 
 
 " While frosty winds blaw in the drift 
 Ben to the chimla lug, 
 I grudge a wee the great folks' gift, 
 That live sae bien and snug." ^ 
 
 * 'The Builc of the Croniclis of Scotland,' vol. i. p. 276, 1. 8783. 
 
 vol. i. p. 132, 11. 4405-4414. See 1. 4418. * * The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 112, 
 
 ' 'Ane Compendious and Breve Tractate.' 11. 21, 22. 
 
 By William Lauder: 1864— 8vo, p. 17, 11. ' G. Douglas, ii. 212, 18. 
 
 4SS-458' * Bums, " Epistle to Davie," January 1784. 
 
 » 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
BISME — BRUSKNESS. 263 
 
 Bisme, bysme,^ s. an abyss. O. Fr. abisme. 
 Blandish, s. flattery. O. Fr. blandice. 
 Blandit, part. pas. soothed. Fr. blandi. 
 Bonte,^ s. goodness, virtue. Fr. bontd. 
 
 Boreau, s. hangman. " ane boreau or hang man is permittit 
 be ane prince to scurge ande to puneise transgressours." ^ 
 Bourd, bourdyn,* s. a jest. Fr. bourde. 
 
 " For thame that drownd ar in Idolatrie, 
 
 This suthfast Sentence ; allace, it is no bourd ! " ^ 
 
 Brim, brym,^ adj. fierce, violent. At the French military 
 school of Saint-Cyr, they used the verb brimer to express the 
 ill-treatment of the younger pupils by the older ones. 
 
 Bruilye,^ v. a. to jumble. Fr. brouiller. 
 
 Brulyie, broillerie, s. a state of contention. Fr. brouillerie. 
 Bruilliement^ brulyement, are other forms. To bruilye, brulyie, 
 V. n. is to fight, to be engaged in a brawl ; but these words may 
 be corrupted from bruler. In vulgar French, a beating is often 
 expressed by bruUe. 
 
 Bruskness, s. unbecoming freedom of speech, rudeness, in- 
 civility, derived from bruisk, bruske, adj. quick, so as to ap- 
 proach to rudeness. Fr. brusqued 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, ii. 145, 5 ; iii. 28, 7. two articles to these words, and concludes the 
 
 2 Ibid., iii. 85, 8. latter notice by stating that he has met no 
 
 ' 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 27, 11. parallel verb in any other language, forgetting 
 
 12, 13. See 11. 9, 14, 20, 22. that the French have rabrouer, for the etymon 
 
 * G. Douglas, ii. 7, 11 ; iv. 152, 10. of which see Diez, quoted byLittre, 'Diet, de 
 
 ' 'Ane Godlie Tractate.' By William Lau- la Langue fran9aise,' vol. ii. p. 1439, col. 3. 
 
 der, E.E.T.S.: 1870. P. 4, 11. 37-40. ' «j. Melvill's Diary,' p. 411. 
 
 ' Jamieson, in his Supplement, has devoted ^ Vide ' The Historical Works of Sir James 
 
264 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Brybour, s. a beggarly fellow. 
 
 " And tretis nane but brybouris of vyld blude." 
 
 Buff, s. nonsense, foolish talk. O. Fr. bufoi. 
 
 Buffie, adj. fat, short-breathed, panting. Fr. bouffi. 
 
 Buff out, V. n. to laugh out suddenly. Fr. bouffer, pouffer. 
 
 Caduc, adj. fleeting. Fr. caduque. " ze haue grit occasione 
 to fle thir varldly caduc honouris." ^ 
 
 Calkil, V. a. to calculate. Fr. calculer. " quha can calkil 
 the degreis of kyn and blude of the barrons of Scotland, thai 
 will conferme this samyn." ^ 
 
 Catives,* s. pi. wretches. O. Fr. caitifs. 
 
 Celeste, adj. heavenly. Fr. celesta, "than eftir this sueit 
 celest armonye, tha began to dance in ane ring." ^ 
 
 Changement, s. change. Fr. changement. 
 
 Chestee, chestie, v. a. to chastise. O. Fr. ckasHer, ckasioyer, 
 castier. " ther for he dois chestee them be the abstractione of 
 that superfluite." ^ 
 
 Clemence, clemens, s. clemency. Fr. cUmeiice. 
 
 " Sayand alway, that other king or prince 
 That crwell war but mercie or clemence," &c.' 
 
 Balfour,' vol. ii. p. 141. Tod has given the 11. 26, 27. 
 
 word drusk a place in his additions to John- ^ ibjd,^ p, 167, H, 30-32. 
 
 son's Dictionary. He, however, quotes only * G. Douglas, i. II, 7. 
 
 a passage from Sir H. Wotton's letters as his " ' The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 65, 11. 
 
 authority ; it is probable that this word was 15, 16. See p. 47, 1. 6. 
 
 familiar to Scottish earlier than to English « Ibid., p. 19, 11. 14, 15. See p. 23, 1. 19. 
 
 ears. ' ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 1 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' vol. i. p. 187, 11. 6081, 6082. See 'Com- 
 
 vol. i. p. 449, 1. 14,034. playnt of Scotlande,' p. 125, 1. 19. 
 
 " 'The Complaynt of Scotlande, p. 170, 
 
COLLERE — CONFOR T. 265 
 
 Collere, coller, s. anger. Fr. colere. " Than cresus, per- 
 sauand kyng cirus in collere and ire, he said," &c.^ 
 
 Commodite, comodite, s. convenience. Fr. commodity. " this 
 spangzard culd nocht hef dune it, hed nocht been that he hed 
 ane hardy hart, and alse hafifand commodite ... to commit 
 that act." 2 
 
 Comples, V. a. to please. Fr. complaire. 
 
 " The Pechtis war complesit of that thing." 3 
 
 Concord, v. a. to brinof to asfreement. Fr. concorder. 
 
 " Unto Brigance passit this Ewenus, 
 For till concord the sonnis of Cadallus." 
 
 Confidder, v. n. to league together. Fr. confdddrer. 
 
 " Gif ouir thair band and confidder with ws." ' 
 
 Confort, v. a. to strengthen. Fr. conforter. " i sau borage, 
 that is gude to confort the hart." ^ 
 Confort, s. comfort. Fr. confort. 
 
 " * Quhairfoir,' scho said, * I yow ilkone exhort 
 To tak curage and be of gude confort.' " ^ 
 
 * 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 153, * Ibid., vol. i. p. 32, 1. 1092. See p. 36, 
 11. 12, 13. See 1. 26. 1. 1234. 
 
 2 Ibid., p. 131, 11. 10-13. See 1. 28 ; p. « 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 67, 11. 
 
 133, 1- 7- 13, 14. 
 
 ' 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' ' 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 vol. i. p. 273, 1. 8702. vol. i. p. 303, 11. 9596, 9597. See p. 304, 1. 
 
 * Ibid., vol. i. p. 129, 11. 4335, 4336. 9615. 
 
 2 L 
 
266 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Confort, adj. comfortable. 
 
 " Quhilk for to heir is plesand and confort." ^ 
 
 Conservator, s. Scotch consul in the Netherlands. Fr. con- 
 servateur {des privileges). 
 
 Constant, adj. evident, manifest. Fr. constant. 
 
 Constitute, v. a. to constitute ; to open a church court with 
 prayer. Fr. constituer. 
 
 Contempil, v. a. to look upon. Fr. contempler. " sche began 
 to contempil the vidthrid barran feildis." ^ 
 
 Contemplene, s. contemplation. Fr. contempler. " for 
 throucht the lang studie and contemplene of the sternis, ve 
 can," &c.^ 
 
 Contene, v. n. to behave; to demean one's self Fr. secontenir. 
 
 Conteneu, s. tenor. Fr. conteiiu. " be rason that the sen- 
 tens ande conteneu of thyr said cheptours of the bibil, gart me 
 consaue, that " &c.* 
 
 Contermyt, part. pas. firmly set against. O. Fr. contremis. 
 
 Contigue, adj. contiguous. Fr. contigu. 
 
 Contirmont, countirmont,^ adv. backwards or upwards. O. 
 Fr. contremont. 
 
 Contrar, contrair, s. opposition, resistance ; a repulse in the 
 pursuit of any object ; the opposite. Fr. contraire. 
 
 " The contrair, as my author did sa, 
 Come efter that rycht sone vpoun ane da." ' 
 
 1 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' « Ibid,, p. 46, II. 11, 12. See 1. 6. 
 vol. i. p. 3, 1. 67. * Ibid., p. 23, 11. 27-29. 
 
 2 «The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 70, 1. ^ g. Douglas, iii. 54, 3 ; iv. 40, 30. 
 
 16. See p. II, 1. 25; p. 37, 1. 31 ; p. 47, 1. ® 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland^' 
 
 5 ; p. 53, 1. 10 ; p. 154, 1. 4. vol. i. p. 106, 11. 3584, 3585. 
 
CONTRAIR. 267 
 
 " Wo be to thame that dois knaw 
 Godds wourd, syne dois the contrar schaw." * 
 
 It is used adjectively : — " in euyrie tua contrar opinions ther is 
 ane rycht and ane vrang." ^ 
 
 " To quhome also is knawn the wourd of God, 
 And wilfullie dois rin the contrair rod, 
 
 This man can neuer haue peace in conscience." 3 
 
 It is used as a preposition, and in various prepositional 
 phrases : " There is ane exempil of allexander kyng of 
 macedon, quha hed mortal veyr contrar the grekis."^ 
 
 " And speciallie that tyme to n^ak debait 
 Contrair Dowalus and his fals dissait."^ 
 
 " Knawand also he mycht nocht him alone 
 Rycht Weill defend contrair ali Albione."^ 
 
 " That thing is wrocht alway, rycht weill I wait. 
 With fraude and falset, tressoun and dissait, 
 Into the contrair of the commoun weill." ' 
 
 Sometimes in one word, incontrair : — 
 
 " Johnne Cowpland than, as that my author schew, 
 Incontrair him he come for till reskew 
 The Inglismen, and gaif him battell than, 
 Quhair that he loissit mony nobill man."^ 
 
 ^ 'Ane Compendious and Breve Tractate.' 23, 27; p. 138, 11. 6, 33. 
 
 By William Lauder, E.E.T.S. : A.D. 1864. « ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 P. 10, 11. 235, 236. vol. i. p. 63, 11. 2125, 2126. See vol. i. p 
 
 2 ' The Complaynt of Scotlande, ' p. 183, 11. 64, 1. 2158. 
 
 28, 29. 6 Ibid., vol. i. p. 208, 11. 6741, 6742. See 
 
 ' 'Ane Godlie Tractate or Mirrour.' By vol. i. p. 210, 1. 6797. 
 
 William Lauder: p. 8, 11. 163-168. ? Ibid., vol. i. p. 201, 11. 6515-6517. See 
 
 * 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. iii, p. 272, 1. 8688. 
 
 11. 31, 32. See p. 87, 11. 2, 27; p. no, 11. 8 ibid., vol. iii. p. 373, 11. 54.9I7-S4f920. 
 
268 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Sometimes by itself : — 
 
 " And in the contrair, quha wald exaltit be, 
 Go leame at Christ, to lead Humelytie." ^ 
 
 Hence to contrare, conterey v. a. to thwart, to oppose. Fr. 
 contrarier. Cojitersum and contrarisum are of the same 
 family. 
 
 Contrufe, v. a. to contrive ; part. pas. contruwit. O. Fr. con- 
 trouver. S. contruvar, a schemer. 
 
 Contumaced, part. pas. accused of contumacy. Fr. contu- 
 macy. 
 
 Contumax, adj. contumacious. Fr. contumax. 
 
 Convene,^ s. agreement, paction. Other forms are conuyne, 
 conwyne, covyne, cowyne, cuwyn. O. Fr. convent, convine^ cov- 
 ine. This last word means also fraud, artifice. 
 
 Convene, conveane, v. n. to agree. Fr. convenir. 
 
 Conveniable, adj. convenient. Fr. convenable. 
 
 Convenient, adj. satisfied. Fr. convenant. 
 
 Convoy, s. channel, mode of conveyance ; a trick ; prudent 
 or artful management, &c. O. Fr. convoy. 
 
 Convoy, v. a. to accomplish, to manage, to give effect to any 
 purpose, especially by artful means. O. Fr. convoier. 
 
 " And riche Naball, for his grit churlyschenes 
 Schewin to Dauid, almaist had bene distroyit, 
 Gyf Abygall had nocht it weill conuoyit." ^ 
 
 See vol, i. p. 155, 1. 5119; vol. iii. p. 145, 1. 197- 
 
 1. 47,236. "^ G. Douglas, iii. 99, 5. 
 
 ^ 'Ane Godlie Tractate or Mirrour.' By » ' Ane Godlie Tractate or Mirrour,' p. 21, 
 
 William Lauder : p. 17, 11. 454, 455- See 11. 579-581- 
 
CO UA TTYCE — CR UDELITE. 269 
 
 "zit notheles thai hef nothir prudens nor knaulege til con- 
 uoye and til exsecut ony point of trason." ^ 
 
 Couattyce, couatyce, covatyse, covetise, cowatyss, s. covet- 
 eousness ; lust of power. O. Fr. coveitise, Fr. convoitise, 
 
 " Thay suld be clene of euery vyce, 
 And, speciallie, of Couatyce." ^ 
 
 Coucher, s. a coward : the verb is also coucher. Fr. coucher. 
 
 Coulpe, s. a fault. O. Fr. coulpe. " ve sal carye no thing 
 furtht of this varld hot the coulpe of our synnis," &c.^ 
 
 Countrecoup, s. opposition, a repulse in the pursuit of any 
 object (Ayr.) Fr. contrecoup. 
 
 Crak,^ V. a. to talk idly. Fr. craquer. The word is used as 
 a noun, with the meaning of light conversation. 
 
 Crouse, crous, adj. and adv. bold, boldly. Fr. courroucd. 
 O. Fr. curruz, curuz. 
 
 Crualte, i-. cruelty. O. Fr. crualtd. "this protector of 
 ingland purposit til vse this samyn crualte," &c.^ 
 
 Crudelite, crudelitie, s. cruelty. O. Fr. crudelitd^ crueltd, 
 crualt; Fr. cruautd. 
 
 " All this wes done with greit crudelitie 
 Of the injuris for to revengit be, 
 The quhilk to him befoir that he had done." • 
 
 ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 130, * G. Douglas, i. 118, 7. See p. 251, n, 3. 
 
 11. 14-16. See p. 4, 1. 14; p. 133, 1. 13. " 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 103, 11. 
 
 2 * Ane Compendious and Breve Tractate.' 6, 7. 
 By William Lauder : p. 17, 11. 461, 462. See ^ 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 p. 7, 1. 127. See also ' Ane Godlie Tractate vol. iii. p. 550, 11. 60,842-60,844. See also p. 
 
 or Mirrour,' p. 21, 1. 601. 242, 1. 50,471 ; p. 251, 1. 50,764 ; and p. 558, 
 
 • 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 155, 1. 61,110. 
 U. 3. 4. 
 
270 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Cuilze,^ culye, culyie, v. a. to entice, to beguile. O. Fr. 
 guiller. Cuillier is the s., and means a flatterer. 
 Cuir, cure, cuyr, s, charge. O. Fr. cure^ Latin cura. 
 
 " Qvhat is thir kings more than the pure, 
 Except thair office and thair cure ? " ' 
 
 Heed, care : — 
 
 " And the vile Catyue, naikit and pure. 
 Had of hym-self bot onlye cure." * 
 
 Duty :— 
 Calling : — 
 
 " O kyngis, I mak zow traist and sure, 
 Geue ze neclect zour Prencelie cure." * 
 
 " Ze sulde nocht chuse vnto that cure 
 Ane Vinolent nor wod Pasture." ® 
 
 Discharge of occcupation : — 
 
 " Preis neuer, O Prencis, in zour cure, 
 No waye for to oppresse the pure."' 
 
 Cupidite, s. cupidity. Fr. cupiditd. " for al the vicis that 
 oure cupidite prouokis vs to commit, our blynd affectione garris 
 vs beleue that tha ar supreme vertu ande felicite," &c.^ 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, ii. 60, l. or Mirrour,' p. 4, 1. 46. 
 
 2 " Al cors firent sepulture, " Ibid., p. 6, 11. 99, icxj ; See p. lo, 1. 233 ; 
 
 Prient Deu que prenge cure." p. 13^ 1. 343 j p. jg, 1. 509. 
 
 — 'SaintBiandan.'p. 18, 11. 351, 352. Edited « ^ox^., p. 12, 11. 285, 286. 
 
 by Francisque-Michel : Paris, A. D. 1872. See ' Ibid., p. 10, 11. 243, 244. See also 
 
 p. 25, 1. 515. ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' vol. 
 
 3 ' Ane Compendious and Breve Tractate,' i. p. 49, 1. 1689 ; p. 50, 1. 1701 j and vol. iii. 
 
 p. 5, 11. 61, 62. See p. 7, 1. 143 ; p. 13, 11. p. 47, 1. 44,018. 
 
 322, 335j 354 ; and p. i6, 1. 447. s <■ xhe Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 35, II. 
 
 ^ Ibid., p. 6, 11. 97, 98. See p. 9, 1. 185; 2-4. 
 p. 15, L 413 ; see also ' Ane Godlie Tractate 
 
CUPIT—DECHAE. 271 
 
 Cupit, adj. desirous. Fr. cupide, 
 
 " . . . . ten thousand men, 
 Curious and kene, cupit of honour." ^ 
 
 Curage, s. heart, humour. Fr. courage. 
 
 " Williame Douglas ane man of hie curage, 
 Of nobill blude and of richt hie lynnage." ^ 
 
 " therfor ze suld tak curage in zour iust querrel." ^ 
 
 Curageus, adj. bold. Fr. courageux. " In the antiant dais, 
 the romans var mair renforsit in curageus entreprisis be the 
 vertu of the pen," &c.* 
 
 Cure, V. a. to care for, to regard. To this word we may join 
 to sussyy to be careful, to care for (Fr. se soucier) ; and sussiouSy 
 careful, anxious (Fr. soucieux).^ 
 
 Curious, adj. anxious, fond, eager. Fr. curiciix. 
 
 Cursabill, adj. current. O. Fr. cour sable. 
 
 Debonar,^ adj. good, gracious. Fr. ddbonnaire. 
 
 Debonarlie,'^ adv. Fr. ddbonnairement. 
 
 Decerne, discerne, v. a. to adjudge, to decree. Fr. ddcerner. 
 
 Dechae, dechay, v. n. to decay. Fr. dechoir. "that is the 
 special cause that al dominions altris, dechaeis, ande cummis 
 to subuersione." ^ 
 
 ^ ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland, ' and ' Ane Consolator Ballad to . . . Sir 
 
 vol, i. p. 139, 11. 4644, 4645. Richard Maitland,' among his Poems, Introd. 
 
 2 Ibid., vol. iii. p. 373, 11. 54,933, 54)934- Notice, p. Ixviii, col. 2, where susstous is 
 
 See vol. i. p. 433, 11. 13,513, 13,523. erroneously printed. 
 
 ' 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 91, 1. ^ G. Douglas, iv. 199, 16. 
 
 31, See p. 79, 1. 7. '' 'Clariodus,' p. 340, I. 1871. 
 
 * Ibid., p. 10, 11. 7-9. 8 <xhe Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 21, II. 
 
 5 Vide Sir Patrick Hume, 'The Promise to 26-28, See p. 71, I. 13, 
 the King James the Sixth,' the epistill, st. v. ; 
 
272 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Decoir, v. a. to adorn. Fr. ddcorer. 
 
 " And kest him ay his kinrik to decoir." i 
 
 Dedeyne, dedane, deding, v. n, to deign. Fr. daigner. 
 
 " * Ellis/ tha said, * dout nocht hot zow hed sene, 
 Als schort ane quhile as ze haif now heir bene, 
 Als bald bernis and in armour als bricht, 
 As thow hes heir sone semblit ^ in thi sicht, 
 Or ony man ane fit farder hed socht 
 To bring to the sic bodwart as we brocht. 
 Or zit dedeyne sic message for to go, 
 To speir at the quhat causit the do so.' " ^ 
 
 Defaill, v. n. to fail, to wax feeble. Fr. d^faillir. 
 
 Defame, s. infamy, disgrace. O. Fr. diffame. " for in aid 
 tymes ther culd nocht be ane gritar defame nor quhen ane 
 mannis craig vas put in the zoik be his enemye, for that de- 
 fame," &c.4 
 
 Defend,^ v. a. to forbid. Fr. dtfendre. 
 
 Defeyth,^ v. a. to undo. Fr. ddfaire. 
 
 DtHorit, par^. pas. deflowered. Fr. ddflor^. "zour vyfis and 
 dochteris deflorit be the onbridilit lust of zour aid enemes." ^ 
 
 Delacion, s. procrastination, delay. O. Fr. delacion. 
 
 Despite, v. n. to be filled with indignation. O. Fr. se despiter. 
 The noun is dispyte. 
 
 ^ 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 11. 7-9. See 1. 31 ; p. loi, 1. 14. 
 vol. i. p. 320, 1. 10,136. ^ G. Douglas, ii. 12, 9. 
 
 ^ Fr. (as)sembler. ^ Ibid., i. xxii. 12. 
 
 3 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 7 <The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 92, II. 
 
 vol. iii. pp. 112, 113, 11. 46,168-46,175. 26, 27. 
 
 * 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 102, 
 
DET—DISSIMULL. 273 
 
 " For all the pepill planelie with dispyte 
 On Ferlegus thairof laid all the wyte." ^ 
 
 Det, s, duty. Fr. dette. 
 
 Devore, deuore, s. duty. Fr. devoir. 
 
 Difficil, dificil, adj. difficult. Fr. difficile. 
 
 " Sic thing till do difficill is to me." ^ 
 
 " be cause of sa mony dificil impedimentis that maye impesche 
 hym." 3 
 
 Digesilie, adv. deliberately. Fr. digdrer. 
 
 Diol, dool, doul, dule/ duill, s. sorrow, grief. Fr. deuil^ 
 Gael. dol. 
 
 " Makand greit duill for the deid of thair king." ^ 
 
 Discymilit, dissymilit, adj. dissembled. Fr. dissimulS. 
 " Quhen kyng cirus herd the subtil discymilit pleisant inter- 
 pretatione of cresus vordis, he smylit and leuch," &c.^ 
 
 Diseis, disesse, s. want of ease ; state of war. O. Fr. disaise. 
 
 Dispensatour, s. dispenser. Fr. dispensateur. ** bot rather 
 god hes ordand the to be ane dispensatour of his gyftis amang 
 the ignorant pepil." ^ 
 
 Displesance, s. displeasure. O. Fr. desplaisance. 
 
 Dissimull, v. n. to dissemble. Fr. dissimuler. 
 
 ** Sum bad dissimull quhill tha saw thair [tyme]."» 
 
 ^ 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' vol. i. p. 55, 1. 1861. 
 
 vol. i. p. 55, 11, 1859, i860. ' 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 153, 
 
 2 Ibid., vol. ii. p. 723, 1. 42,566. 11. 24, 25. See p. 71, 1. 23; p. l8l, 1. 16; 
 
 ^ ' The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 130, p. 182, 1. 24. 
 
 1. 22. See p. 15, 1. 17. ' Ibid., p. 158, 11. 13-15. 
 
 ^ ' Orfeo and Heurodis,' 1. 160. ^ 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 « 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' vol. i. p. 34, 1. 1137. 
 
 2 M 
 
2/4 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Disuetude,^ s. disuse. Fr. ddsudtude. 
 
 Dole, s. a trick, fraud. Fr. dol. 
 
 Dolent, a. mournful, dismal. Fr. dolent, Lat. dolens. 
 
 " Bot verray feirfull and dolent is that dead 
 That dois the Saule vnto Damnatioun lead." ^ 
 
 Domage, s. damage. Fr. dommage. "alse reuengis hym 
 nocht of the violens and domage that his enemeis hes perpe- 
 trat contrar hym." ^ 
 
 Domageabil, adj. hurtful. Fr. dommageable. "ve can gyf 
 ane iugement of diuerse futur accedentis that ar gude or euyl, 
 necessair or domageabil for man or beyst." * 
 
 Doubtit, dowtet, part. pas. held in awe. O. Fr. doubter. 
 
 Douse, adj. sedate, well-behaved ; douceness, s. sedateness. 
 Fr. doux, fear. 
 
 Dout, V. a. to fear. O. Fr. doubter^ douter^ to fear. " Quhar 
 is the toune of cartage that dantit the elephantis, ande vas 
 grytumly doutit and dred be the romans ? " ^ 
 
 Dout, doute, s. fear. O. Fr. doute, doubte. 
 
 Doutance, s. doubt. O. Fr. doubtance, dutance.^ 
 
 Drowreis,'' s. pi. gifts, presents. O. Fr. druerie. The Irish 
 had drutk, s. f. i, a harlot; 2, adj. foolish, lascivious.^ 
 
 ^ Burt's ' Letters,' &c., vol. i. ,p. l66. ^ " Laquele se chascun entiere e nient mal- 
 
 2 • Ane Godlie Tractate or Mirrour,' p. 24, mise ne guarderat, senz dutance pardurable- 
 11. 702, 703. ment perirat." ["La Comune Fei."] 'Le 
 
 3 »The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 186, Livre des Psaumes,' p. 288, col. 2, ver. 2. 
 11. 19, 20. See p. 92, I. 9; p. 122, 1. 26; p. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, A.D. 1876. 
 161, 1. 15; p. 165, 1. 23; p. 167, 1. 36. ^ G. Douglas, ii. 149, 14. 
 
 * Ibid., p. 46, 11. 12-14. ^ See Edward Lhuyd's ' Archaeologia Brit- 
 
 ' Ibid., p. 21, 11. 9, lO. .innica' (an Lish-English Dictionary), .f«<5z'«><-^. 
 
DUGON—ENORME. 275 
 
 Dugon, s. a term expressive of contempt. O. Fr. doguin. 
 Dulce, adj. sweet, mild, soft. O. Fr. duilz, dulz} dulceP' 
 
 " That tyme Neptunus wes rycht amiabill, 
 And Eolus rycht dulce and delectabill." ^ 
 
 " the musician amphion quhilk sang sa dulce, quhil that the 
 stanis mouit," &c.^ 
 
 Dullie, adj. doleful, miserable. 
 
 " That dullie dragone that dois men to deid, 
 With forcieful furious infirmitie 
 In that distres hes done him for to de." ^ 
 
 Dyminue, dimineu, v. a. to diminish. Fr. diniinuer. 
 "... thai schel fische dimineuis," &c.^ 
 Dyspytuws, adj. despiteful. Fr. despiteux. 
 
 Egal, adj. equal. Fr. dgal. " for at that tyme al men var 
 egal," &C.7 
 
 Enchesoun, s. reason of a thing. O. Fr. acheson. 
 Engaigne, s. indignation. O. Fr. engain. 
 Enorme, adj. great. Fr. dnorme. 
 
 1 " Ki ensemble oiimes duilz (var. dulz) se- * 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 grei, en la maisun Deu alames en poiir." Ps. vol. i. p. 26, 11. 879, 880. 
 
 liv, 14. ' Le Livre des Psaumes.'p. 94. See ■* ' The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 64, 11. 
 
 also Ps. xviii. 10, and cxviii. 103 ; pp. 29, 226. 18, 19. 
 
 „ , ^ .,.,,,. 8 ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 2 Quant Vint le jurn al dechnant, 11 /- c 
 
 Vers le vespere dune funt cant, Vol. i. p. 20, 11. 675-677. 
 
 Od dulces voices mult halt crient « ' The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 57, 1. 
 
 E enz en le cant Deu mercient." ,0 See D ';6 1 '\\. 
 
 — 'Saint Brandan,' p. 27, 11. 556-559. See ^ Ibid., p. 144, 1. 29. 
 p. 34, 1. 700, and p. 48, 1, 998. 
 
276 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 " That storme it wes so furius and fell, 
 Ouir wynd and waiv so fast it did thame dryve, 
 That euerie man in dreid wes of his lyve, 
 Seand the se so furius and enorme." ^ 
 
 Entandement,^ s. understanding. Fr. entendemenL 
 Ententyve, adj. earnest, eager, intent. O. Fr. ententif. 
 Epouentabill, adj. dreadful. O. Fr. espouventable, espoeniable, 
 espowentables. ^ 
 
 Esperance, s. hope. Fr. espirance. 
 
 " As the Apostillis, beleuing Christ to ring 
 In earth amangs thame as ane temporall King, 
 So lang as tha of this had Esperance, 
 Tha euer leuit still in Ignorance." * 
 
 Estimy, estime, v. a. to form a judgment of, to think. Fr. 
 estimer. " O ze my thre sonis, quhat can the varld estime of 
 zou," &c.^ " or elHs he estemeis vs to be litil experementit in 
 the veyris." ^ 
 
 Expreme, v. a. to express, to mention. Fr. exprimer. " i 
 can nocht expreme ane speciale man that perpetratis this trai- 
 sonabil act," &c.^ 
 
 Faculte, s. power, gift. Fr. faculty. "... he that 
 hes the gyft of traductione, compiling or teching, his faculte 
 is as honest . . . as is to be ane marynel," &c.^ 
 
 ^ 'TheBuik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' * ' Ane Godlie Tractate or Mirroyr,' p. 12, 
 
 vol. iii. p. 53, 11. 44,215-44,218. 11. 297-300. 
 
 2 'History of King James VI.,' ed. 1825, * 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 165, 1. 
 
 p. 279. 30. 
 
 ^ " Espowentables Deus de ses saintuaries, " * Ibid., p. 14, 1. 15. 
 
 Ps. Ixvii. 36, See Ps. xlvi. 2, Ixiv. 5. ' Le ' Ibid., p. 109, 11. 21, 22. 
 
 Livre des Psaumes,' pp. 81, 108, 116. ^ ibid., p. 10, 11. 11-13. 
 
FAILZE — FAY. 277 
 
 Failze, v. n. to fail. Fr. faillir. " nor is it dishon- 
 our quhen he failzeis in the conquessing of ane thing," 
 
 Faintice, fantise, s. dissembling, hypocrisy. O. Yx. faintise. 
 Fallauge, falawdge, adj. lavish. Fr. volage. 
 Falset, falsed, s. falsehood. O. Fr. (14th c&ntuvy), falsiU, 
 fausete. 
 
 " Haue ze thare herts, I say expresse, 
 Than all is zours that thay possesse : 
 Than neid ze nocht, no tyme nor ceasone, 
 Be ferit for falset or for traisone."^ 
 
 Faminitie, s. whoredom. O. Fr. femenie. 
 
 " In word and work this king he wox rycht vile ; 
 Gredie and glittus in gulos[it]ie, , 
 
 In flesche assegit with fouU faminitie." » 
 
 Fantisie, v. a. to fancy, to look upon with affection. Fr. 
 fantasier. 
 
 Fasch, fash, facherie, fashire, fashrie,* s. trouble, vexation. 
 O. ¥y. fasckerie. Tod has inserted in Johnson's Dictionary to 
 fash^ V. a. to vex, to teaze, but neither the above substantive, 
 wox fashions, adj. troublesome, ¥r. fdckeux. 
 
 Favorise,^ v. a. to favour. Yv.favoriser. 
 
 Fay, s. faith. Fr. foi. 
 
 * 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 186, vol. i. p. 102, 11. 3467-3469. Cf. p. 165, I, 
 
 11. 10, II. 5446. 
 
 3 ' Ane Compendious and Breve Tractate,' * Grahame's 'Anatomic of Humors,' fol. 2 
 
 p. II, 11. 255-258. See p. 17, I. 457; and verso, &c. 
 
 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. iSi, 1. ii. ' Mackay's 'Memoirs,' p. 32, 
 
 ^ 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
2/8 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Feal, adj. loyal ; s. a liege-man, O. Fr. feal, Fr. fidele. 
 
 Felicite, felecite, pi. feliciteis, s. happiness, pleasure. Fr. 
 filicitd. "... fureous mars, that hes violently ocupeit 
 the domicillis of tranquil pace, that sueit goddes of humaine 
 felicite." 1 
 
 Feloune, felloun, adj. cruel. O. Fr. felun^ Fr. fSlon, cruel ; 
 felo7iy, felouny, felny, s. cruelty, fierceness. O. Fr. fdlonie^ 
 felenie, felunie^ cruelty, impiety. Fellounly, felounly^ felonly^ 
 cruelly. 
 
 " Mister he had of mony sic as tha, 
 For to defend him fra his felloun fa." * 
 
 The word is applied otherwise than to animate beings : — 
 
 " He put his men in gude ordour full sone, 
 Syne gaif command how all thing suld be done ; 
 . Syne fuir on thame with sic ane felloun force, 
 
 Quhill to the ground he drave bayth men and horss."* 
 
 Fend, fende, v. a. to offend ; to defend, to support, to main- 
 tain. Fr. ddfendre, the first syllable having been considered as 
 a particle. 
 
 Fenze, v. a. to feign. O. Fr. feigner, "bot as ther var 
 ane fenzet hel of the poietis fictions." ^ 
 
 Fenzie, feinzie, s. deceit. 
 
 » ' The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 7, ^ ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,* 
 
 11. 10-12. See p. 108, 1. 23; p. 122, 1. 20; vol. i. p. 6, II. 202, 203. See vol. i. p. 8, 1. 
 
 for//, p. 170, 1. 18. 246, 
 
 2 "Beoneiiret li heom ki ne alat el cunseil * Ibid., vol. i. p. 10, 11. 340-343. See vol. 
 
 de feluns," Ps. i. I. See also ver. 5, 6, 7. i. p. 11, I. 385; p. 64, 1. 2143; and vol. iii. 
 
 ' Le Livre des Psaumes,' pp. i, 2. p. 34, 1. 43,581. 
 
 8 " Kar nenes Deus voillanzfelunie tu," Ps. ® 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 35, 
 
 V. 3. See ver. 5. 'Le Livre des Psaumes,' p. 5. 11. 9, 10. 
 
FERME — FURIOSITE. 279 
 
 " Quhilk gydit justice with greit equitie 
 To riche and puir, without fraude or fenzie." 1 
 
 Ferme, adj. firm. Fr. ferme. " bot it [snau] is nocht sa 
 ferme and hard congelit as is the hail stonis." ^ 
 
 Fey, fie,^ adj. fated, predestined, bewitched, unlucky, doomed, 
 driven on to his impending fate by the strong impulse of some 
 irresistible necessity. O. Yx.fad.^ 
 
 Flechand,^ adj. coaxing, flattering. Yr.Jldchir. 
 
 Fray,^ s. fear, fright. Fr. effroi. Fray, v. n. to be afraid. 
 
 Frayour, s. that which causes terror. Fr. frayeur. 
 
 Frivolle, freuol, freuole, adj. fickle ; frivolous. Fr. frivole. 
 *' Sainct agustyne de ciuitate dei, in the I X. cheptour of his seuynt 
 beuk, allegis mony freuol argumentis contrar the antipodos." '^ 
 
 Frunty, fronty, adj. free in manners, spirited (Fife.) Fr. 
 effronU. 
 
 Fruster, v. n. to frustrate. Fr. frustrer. 
 
 " Quhilk wald be caus sone efterwart perchance 
 The commoun weill to Truster and faill, 
 And euerie man se for his awin availL" ^ 
 
 Furiosite, furiositie,^ s. madness ; great indignation. Fr. 
 furieux. 
 
 ^ 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' with yiz^, in the 'Chronique de Bertrand du 
 
 vol. iii. p. 97, 11. 45,663, 45,664. Guesclin,' by Cuvelier, 1. 2333-35, vol. i. p. 
 
 * 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 59, 85 ; cf. Rabelais, B. i. ch. 3, and B. ii. ch. 29. 
 11. 20, 21. 5 Q. Douglas, ii. 72, 30. 
 
 ^ 'Jock o' the Side,' st. xxx., &c. ^ ' Crim. Trials,' vol. ii. pp. 30 and 543, 
 
 * Henschell refers to ' Partonopeus de Blois,' A. d. 1597-98 and 1608. 
 
 V- 515, 702; to the 'Romande Roncevaux,' p. ^ 'The Gomplaynt of Scotlande,' p. 51, 
 
 36 ; to 'Gerard de Vienne,' v. 2179; and to 11. 9-1 1. 
 
 Raynouard's 'Lexique roman,' t. iii. p. 282, ^ 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland, 
 
 col, 2, voce "Fadar:" but there is another vol. i. p. 45, II. 1532-1534. 
 
 passage to show that destini was synonymous ' ' A Diurnal of Occurrents,' p. 75. 
 
28o CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Galavastar, s. a gasconading fellow. Pro v. Fr. galavard, pro- 
 bably derived from, or kindred to, galvardine, a sort of frock. ^ 
 
 Galiart, galliard, galyeard, galzart, galzeard, galzeart, adj? 
 and s. active, cheerful, jolly. Fr. gaillard. 
 
 Gloir, V. 71. to boast, to glory. Fr. gloire. " O my eldest 
 Sonne (nobilis), this seueir reproche contrar thy zongest brother 
 is no occasione to gar the gloir." ^ 
 
 It is used as a noun signifying glory : — 
 
 " With laud and gloir, pomp and hie honour, 
 Tha sesit him thair in his sepultour." * 
 
 Gormand, s. and adj. a glutton ; voracious, gluttonous. Fr. 
 and O. Eng. gourmand. 
 
 Govus, s. a simpleton. O. Fr. goffe, ill-made, gross. 
 
 Gravite, s. enormity. Fr. gravity. 
 
 Greable, adj. pleasant. Fr. agrdable. 
 
 Gres,^ s. favour, grace. Fr. grd. 
 
 Guff, s. a. fool. Fr. gq^e. 
 
 Gyn, gyne,^ s. a contrivance, engine. Fr. engin. 
 
 Habill,'^ abill, adj. fit, proper. Fr. habile, 
 
 " That scho war abill for to bnike the croun." * 
 
 Hable, v. a. to enable. Fr. habile. 
 
 ' Rabelais, B. v. ch. 43. vol. iii. p. 238, 1, 50,323 ; p. 257, I. 50,977 ; 
 
 * G. Douglas, iii. 143, 9; iv. 55, 16, and p. 258, 1. 51,010. 
 
 215, 9. ** " Glassinberry's Poem," in 'Early Me- 
 
 " 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 143, trical Tales,' p. 303. 
 
 11. 18-20. Cf. p. 129, 1. 22; p. 154, 1, 19. 8 G. Douglas, i. 87, 25 ; 1 16, 18. 
 
 * 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' ' 'J. Melvill's Diary,' p. 92. 
 
 vol. i. p. 59, 11. 201 1, 2012. Cf. p. 2, 1. 54 ; 8 ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 P- 7, 1- 23s ; p. 14, 1. 495 ; P- 33. L 1 105 : vol. iii. p. 137, 1. 46,983. 
 
HALTAND — HUMELIE. 281 
 
 Haltand, haltyne, haltane, adj. haughty. O. Fr. altaigUy 
 kaultaifty hault; Fr. kautain, haul ; Lat. altus. 
 
 " How Dedius, with haltane mind and hie, 
 Maliciouslie malingis agane me." ^ 
 
 Haltanely, adv. proudly. 
 
 Hardiment,^ s. courage, boldness. O. Fr. hardement. 
 
 "With hardiment on helmis syne did hew."^ 
 
 Hid wise, adj. hideous. Fr. htdeux, O. Fr. hide, terror. 
 
 Humil, humyll, humill, adj. humble, mild, gentle. O. Fr. 
 kumle, humele;^ Lat. humilis. *' inglis men ar humil quhen 
 thai ar subieckit be forse and violence."^ 
 
 " Be humyll, meik, and pacient, 
 And to do Justice diligent." ® 
 
 " Greit joy it wes that tyme to se thame meit, 
 With salussing that sober wes and sueit, 
 Welcumand him than of ane humill wyss," ^ 
 
 Humelie, adv. humbly. 
 
 " Zit humelie, with hert Inteir, 
 I wald beseik zour Maiesteis, 
 My dytement did zov not displeis : 
 Bot in-to gude part tak it weiL"" 
 
 ^ 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland, ' ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. I06, 
 
 vol, i. p, 272, 11. 8676, 8677. See also p. 1. 22. Seep. 170, 1. 24. 
 
 333, 1. 10,509. * * Ane Compendious and Breve Tractate,' 
 
 2 G. Douglas, ii. 262, 13. p. 10, 11. 247, 248. See p. 12, 1. 310; and p. 
 
 * 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 16, 1. 421. 
 
 vol. iil p. 369, 1. 54,776. "^ 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 * "Ker halz 11 Sire, e le humle veil, le vol. i. p. 26, 11. 885-887. 
 
 halt a loinz conuist." Ps. cxxxvii. 6. Cf. ^ 'Ane Compendious and Breve Tractate,' 
 
 Ps. cxii. 6; pp. 210, 245, and 285, ver. 7. p. 19, 11. 52S-531. 
 ' Le Livre des Psaumes. ' 
 
 2 N 
 
282 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 lape, jaip,^ s. a jest, mock. Yx. jape. 
 
 lUustir, adj. illustrious. Fr. illustre. " Ande nou, illustir 
 princes," &c.^ 
 
 Illustrate, v. a. to render illustrious. Fr. illustrer, 
 Immemoir, adj. unmindful. Fr. mdmoire with the nega- 
 tive im. 
 
 " Withoutin grace tha war all immemoir 
 Of the vengeance wes send on thame befoir." ^ 
 
 Impertinent, adj. uncivil, indiscreet. Fr. impertinent. 
 Importun,* adj. importunate. Fr. importun. 
 Incontinent, adv. immediately. Fr. incontinent. 
 
 " So did the erle as I haif said zovv heir, 
 Incontinent gart fetche to him the freir, 
 Quhilk him dissimulit as ane Scottisman." ® 
 
 Incredule, adj. unbelieving. Fr. incrMule. " Quhar for i 
 treist that his diuine justice vil permit sum vthir straynge 
 natione to be mercyles boreaus to them, ande til extinct that 
 false seid ande that incredule generatione furtht of remem- 
 orance." ^ 
 
 Indoctryne, v. a. to teach. Fr. endoctriner. " zit he dar be 
 so bold ... to disput ande tyl indoctryne the maneir of 
 the veyris ande of the battellis," &c.^ 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, i. 121, 13 ; ii. 72, 31 ; 164, vol. iii. p. 279, 11. 51,701-51,703. Cf. p. 8, 
 
 20. 1. 42,746; p. 145, 1. 47.248; p. 34a, 1- 
 
 ' 'The Compkynt of Scotlande,' p. 2, 1. 54,124; p. 350, 1. 54,143 ; p. 353, 1. 54,276; 
 
 4. See 1. 21; p. 3, 1. 10. vol. i. p. 155, 1. 51 17. ' Complaynt of Scot- 
 
 3 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' lande,'p. 109, 1. 24; p. 119, 1. 8; p. 161, 
 
 vol. iii. p. 336, 11. 53,677, 53,678. 1. 8. 
 
 ■* 'Sir James Melville's Memoirs,' p. 7 ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 27, 
 
 (the author to his son). 11. 21-25. Cf. p. 161, 1. 33. 
 
 6 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' ^ Ibid., p. 14, 11. 10-13. 
 
INFAMITE — INUTIL. 283 
 
 Infamite, s. infamy. Fr. infametd. 
 
 Ingire, ingyre,^ v. n. to introduce one's self, to bring, to come 
 forward, to intermeddle with. Fr. sHngdrer. 
 
 Ingrat, ingrate, adj. ungrateful. Fr. ingrat. *' ze haif 
 schauen zou rycht ingrat contrar me." ^ 
 
 Ingyne, engyne, engenie, s. ingenuity, genius, disposition. 
 
 0. Fr. engin. 
 
 " This Edward Balliole after on ane da, 
 About that hous ane souer seig gart la, 
 With all ingyne in ony heid that lyis. 
 Or mannis wit, culd in that tyme devyss." ^ 
 
 Injure, s. injury. Fr. injure. 
 
 *' And all the Pechtis at this tyme distroy, 
 Hes done til ws so greit injure and noy."* 
 
 " the prudent seneque gyuis cummand to repreif vitht out 
 iniure," &c.^ 
 
 Inkirly,^ adv. heartily, fervently. Fr. en coeur. 
 
 Xxio^i^tW.^ part. pas. disquieted. Fr. inquidtd. 
 
 Intimee,^ v. a. to make known, to intimate. Fr. intimer. 
 
 Inutil, onutile, adj. useless. Fr. inutile, "allace, i laubyr 
 nycht and day vitht my handis to neureis lasche and inutil idil 
 men," &c.^ 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, iii. 226, 15 ; 283, 9. also p. 272, 1. 8687; p. 283, 1. 8997; p. 
 
 • Crim, Trials,' vol. ii. p. 260, a.d. 1600. 302, 1. 9565 ; p. 303, 1. 9585. 
 ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 105, ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 130, 
 
 1. 9. Cf. p. 20, 1. 15. 11. s, 6. See p. 133, 1. 9 ; P- H^. 1- 23. 
 " ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' « G. Douglas, iii. 12, 8. 
 
 vol. iii. p. 316, 11. 52,975-52,978. See 'The ' ' Bp. Lesley's Hist.,' p. 166. 
 Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 4, 1. 15; p. 22, * Ibid., p. 113, 
 
 11. I, 2 ; p. 161, 1. 29. ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 123, 
 
 * Ibid., vol. i. p. 270, 11. 8640, 8641. See 11. 12, 13. See p. 28, 1. 10. 
 
 / 
 
284 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Irus, irows,^ adj. angry. O. Fr. ireux. 
 
 Jangil,^ V. a. to prate. O. ¥ v. gengler,j angler.^ 
 Janglar,* s. prater. O. Fr. gengleur. 
 Joyeusity, ^.jollity, mirth. Yr.joyeuseU. 
 Joyse, V. a. to enjoy, possess. Yr.jouir. 
 
 " And zour successioun thay sail be 
 Eradicat frome zour ryngs, trevvlie, 
 And geuin to vncouth Natioun, 
 To loyse zour Habitatioun." ' 
 
 Juge, V. a. to judge. Fr. juger. " Ther is na prudent man 
 that vil iuge that this pistil procedis of assentatione or adula- 
 tione," &c.^ 
 
 Jugement, s. judgment. Yx.jugement. "the quhilk i beleif 
 sal cum haistyly on them be the rycht iugement of god," &c.^ 
 
 Langage, s. language. Fr. langage. 
 
 " Syne with fair langage did thame all exhort 
 Into that battell stalwartlie to byde." ® 
 
 Langorius, adj. weak. Fr. langueur. " Than quhen this 
 lady persauit hyr thre sonnis in that langorius stait, sche 
 began," &c.^ 
 
 J G. Douglas, ii. 92, 31. « 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 3, II. 
 
 ^ Ibid., i. 48, 28; iv. 230, 15. 2-4. See p. 9, 1. 17 ; p. 129, 1. 7. 
 
 * " Decurruut li parlant anciene chose? ^ Ibid., p. 125, 11. 7, 8. 
 
 janglerunt cil ki ovrent felunie?" Ps. xciii. ® 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 4. 'Le Livre des Psaumes,' p. 172. vol. iii. p. 176, 11. 48,236, 48,237. 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, i. 48, 21. ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 70, 
 
 ^ 'Ane Compendious and Breve Tractate,' 11. 31, 32. See p. 122, 1. 21. 
 p. 7, 11. 123-126. 
 
LASCH—LEIS. 285 
 
 Lasch,^ adj. relaxed, lazy, slack, weary, devoted to idleness. 
 O. Fr. lasche. 
 
 Lautee,^ lautie, lawta, lawte, lawtie, lawty, lawtith, s. loyalty. 
 
 0. Fr. leautd. 
 
 " Peace and policie, riches and renoun, 
 
 Welth and weilfair in castell, tour and toun, 
 Plesure and plentie ar war in his dais, 
 With law and lawtie, so my author says."^ 
 
 Truth :— 
 
 " Frome fraude, falset, and frome gyle, 
 
 No Preaching can the pepill allure. 
 Lawtie and luife ar in exile."* 
 
 Leal, leil, leile, lele, adj. loyal, true, true-hearted. O. Fr. 
 /em/, /oia/, pronounced in Normandy /^a/. 
 
 " A leal heart never lied." * 
 
 ** I'm wearin' awa' 
 To the land o' the leal." ^ 
 
 " Syne war all suorne to keip that leill and trew." ' 
 
 Lechery,^ s. gluttony, debauchery. O. Fr. /echiere, a glutton, 
 a parasite (Fr. /dcher). 
 
 Leis, s. harm, wrong. Fr. /he, aff., used only in compound 
 words. 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, iii. 269, 29. * ' Life and Songs of Baroness Nairne,' p. 
 
 "^ Henryson, 'The Want of Wise Men,' 1. 163 : London, 1869— 8vo. 
 
 34 ; among his poems, p, 37. '^ ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scot- 
 
 3 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' land,' vol. i. p. 37, 1. 1269, See p. 45, 1. 
 
 vol. i. pp. 41, 42, 11. 1419-1422. Cf. p. 54, 1544; p. 59, 1. 2018; vol. iii, p. 313, 11. 
 
 1. 1848; vol. iii. p. 549, 1. 60,793. 58,866. 
 
 * 'The Lamentatioun,' &c., 11. 21-23. Lau- ^ ' Privy Council Register,' March 5, 16 1 6, 
 der's Minor Poems, p. 27. quoted by Robert Chambers, ' Domestic An- 
 
 •* ' Allan Ramsay's Scotch Proverbs. * nals of Scotland, ' vol. i. p. 478. 
 
286 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 " Or passit wes ane schort part of tha trewis, , 
 
 Out of Ingland rycht mony smaik and schrewis 
 Into Scotland king Edward send, but leis, 
 In that purpois for to perturbe the peice." ^ 
 
 Levit,^/r^/. relieved, alleviated, lightened. Fr. levi. 
 
 Logicinar, s. logician, Fr, logicien. " The sophist logici- 
 naris per chance may argou," &c,^ 
 
 Losanger,* s. a sluggard, a loiterer. O. Fr. losengter^ 
 
 Lossingeir,^ losyngeour, losengere, v, a. to deceive, O. Fr. 
 lozenger. 
 
 Louabill, lovabyll,^ adj. praiseworthy, Fr. louable. 
 
 Loue, V. a. to praise. Fr. loiter. " the prudent seneque 
 gyuis cummand to repreif vitht out iniure, and loue vitht out 
 flattery." » 
 
 Lubrecus, adj. lewd, Fr, lubrique. 
 
 I " Rycht lubrecus and full of vanitie, 
 
 Of concubinis ane hundreth than had he." ' 
 
 Lurd,^^ adj. clumsy, stupid, awkward. Fr. lourd. 
 Lurdary, s. sottishness. O. Fr. lourderie. 
 Lurdon, lurdane, s. a lazy woman; a great heavy fellow. Fr. 
 lourdaud. 
 
 ^ 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' Francisque-Michel : Paris, A.D. 1^56, 
 vol. iii. p. 262, 11. 51,133-51,136. Cf. p. 66, " G. Douglas, iii. 148, 14. 
 
 I. 44,648, and p. 252, 1. 50,827. ' Ibid,, i. 4, 4 ; iii. 301, 7. 
 
 ' ' Clariodus,' p. 367, 1. 2756. ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p, 130, 
 
 3 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 183, 11. 5, 6. 
 
 II. 22, 23. » 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 * G. Douglas, iv. 89, i. vol. i. p. 166, 11. 5449, 5450. 
 
 6 " Mais si le m'ont tolu cil son sirvent, ^" * The Autobiography and Diary of Mr 
 
 Li cuvert losengier e recreent." James Melvill,' p. 21. 
 — 'Gerard de Rossillon,' p, 335, edited by 
 
MAGNANIME — MAITTALENT. 287 
 
 Magnanime, magnanyme, adj, magnanimous. Fr. ma- 
 gnanime. " The immortal gloir, that procedis be the rycht lyne 
 of vertu, fra zour magnanime auansing of the public veil of 
 the affligit realme of scotlande, is abundantly dilatit athort al 
 cuntreis." ^ 
 
 Magre,2 magree, mager, magir, magry, s. wrong, injury, ill- 
 disposition. O. Fr. maugr^. 
 
 " For all his preching come bot hulie speid, 
 And mekill mager gat als to his meid."^ 
 
 As a preposition : — 
 
 " And Mackobene lang seiging wald persew, , 
 
 Magree his will that he wald win that hous." * 
 
 As a phrase : — 
 
 " To that same ferry syne quhen tha come till, 
 The ferriar, in magir of his will. 
 Out of his bed at midnycht gart him ryis." • 
 
 Mailleys,^ s. trouble, uneasiness. Fr. malaise. 
 
 Maistry/ s. authority. O. Fr. maistrie. 
 
 Maittalent, maltalent, matalent,^ s. ill-will, rage. O. Fr. mal- 
 talent^ mautalent. *' the grite afflictione . . . hes pro- 
 cedit fra the maltalent of dame fortoune," &c.^^ 
 
 ^ ' The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. I, 11. the word is pronounced mugger. Another 
 
 1-4. See p. 2, 1. 5 ; p. 4, 11. 3, 13. phrase is "a magger o' the neck." The word 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, ii. 190, 15; iii, 205, 17 ; iv. is also used as a verb in the sense of overcome, 
 206, 23. ** G. Douglas, iv. 94, 30. 
 
 ' 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' ' Ibid., ii. 227, 16. 
 vol. ii. p. 306, 11. 29,301, 29,302, See vol. i. ^ Ibid., ii. 22 ; heading, c. i. ; iii. 336, 29 ; 
 
 p. 429, 1. 13,409. iv. 165, 13. 
 
 * Ibid., vol. ii. p. 623, 11. 39,286, 39,287. ^ " Espand sur eals tuen maltalent," Ps. 
 
 * Ibid., vol. iii. p. 343, 11, 53,917-53,919; Ixviii. 27. ' Le Livre des Psaumes,' p. 119. 
 Cf. p. 5, 1. 42,637 ; p. 274, 1. 51,563. The " 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 22, 
 phrase is still used in parts of Banffshire, and II. 29-32. 
 
288 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Makrell,^ s. bawd. Fr. maquerelle. 
 
 Malaccord,^ s. disapprobation, dissent, refusal. Fr. mal 
 accord. 
 
 Malapert,^ adj. impudent, forward. O. Fr. malapert. 
 
 Malefice,^ s. a bad action. O. Fr. maldfice^ 
 
 Maleson, malison, s. a curse. O. Fr. malei^on, maleison. 
 
 " O gin ye gang to May Margaret 
 Without the leave o' me, 
 Clyde's waters are wide and deep enough, 
 My malison down on thee." 
 
 Maleurus,'' adj. unhappy, miserable. Fr. malheureux. 
 Mal-grace, s. in bad favour. Fr. mal and grace. 
 Malgratious, adj. surly. Fr. malgracieux. 
 Malhure, malleur, malleivure, s. mischance. Fr, malkeur. 
 
 " This warld is war nor euer it was ! 
 Full of myscheif, and all malure." * 
 
 Malverse, s. a crime. Fr. malverser, to behave ill. 
 Malvyt^, mawte, s. vice. O. Fr. malvaistid^ malvetie. 
 Mankie, v. n. to miss, to fail (Mearns). Fr. manquer. 
 Manneis, v. a. to threaten. Fr. menacer. " quhar thai 
 
 * G. Douglas, ii. 170, 30, wood & Sons, a.d. 1859. See st. xiv. and 
 ^ 'Spalding,' 2d ed., vol. i. p. 216. xviii. 
 
 ' G, Douglas, iii. 207, 19. '' G. Douglas, iv. 6, 16. 
 
 * 'The Journal of Mr James Hart,' &c., * 'The Lamentatioun,' 11. I, 2. Lauder's 
 1715, p. 54: Edinburgh, 1832 — 410. Minor Poems, p. 26: E.E.T.S., 1870. 
 
 ' See 'Les Chroniques de Sire Jean Frois- ® "E je I'laissai remeindre en la malvaistie 
 
 sart,' t, iii, p. 151, col. 2. de lur quer," Ps. Ixxx. II. 'Le Livre des 
 
 * ' The Ballads of Scotland, ' vol. I. p. 156. Psaumes,' p. 150. 
 Edited by W. E. Aytoun. William Black- 
 
MANNESSING—MEMOR. 289 
 
 manneist and scornit the sillie romans that var in that gryt 
 vile perplexite." ^ 
 
 Mannessing, s. threatening. " hot al the mannessing that 
 is maid to them . . . altris nocht ther couetyse desyre."^ 
 
 Mayt,^ V. to overwhelm, to overcome. Fr. -niater. 
 
 Mediment, memiment, mennmint, s. amendment. Fr. 
 ameitdement. 
 
 Mel, V. n. to meddle. Fr. mUer. " it var mair necessair 
 ande honest for hym to vse his auen professione ande faculte, 
 nor to mel vitht ony faculte that passis his knaulage." * 
 To eno^ao^e in battle : — 
 
 " Fra that the king knew weill and vnderstude, 
 Weill mycht he nocht mell with sic multitude," ^ &c. 
 
 Melle, mally,^ s. battle, contest. Fr. meUe. 
 
 " He schew till him at lasar euerilk thing, 
 Of thair melle the first da as tha met," "^ &c. 
 
 Memor, memore, memoir, s. remembrance. Fr. mdmoire. 
 
 " For euerie man desyris laud and gloif, 
 And for till haue his gude name in memor." ^ 
 
 "or of ony vthir verteouse lady that plutarque or bocchas 
 hes discriuit, to be in perpetual memore." ^ 
 
 1 'The ComjDlaynt of Scotlande,' p. 102, ^ G. Douglas, ii. 49, 6; iii. 119, 23. 
 
 U. 29, 30. "^ * The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 ^ Ibid., p, 126, 11. 5-7. See p. 140, 1. I. vol. i. p. 150, 11. 4970, 4971. Cf. vol. i. p. 
 
 8 G. Douglas, ii. 173, 5 ; iii. 255, I. 175, I. 5735. 
 
 * 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 15, ^ Ibid., vol. i. p. 2. 11. 54, 55. See vol, 
 
 11. 31-33. i. p. 271, 1. 8648 ; vol. iii. p. 287, 1. 51,988, 
 
 5 The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' ** 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 2, 11. 
 
 vol. i. p. 104, 11. 3508, 3509. 12-14. See p. 2, 1. 14. 
 
 2 O 
 
290 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Mends, mendis, s. atonement. Fr. amende. 
 
 " * Quhill that I leif zit sal I neuir forzet, 
 Quhill ane mendis or ane vengeance [I] get.' " ^ 
 
 Menze,^ menzie, s. household, family, company. O. Fr. 
 mesnie. 
 
 " And he allane left with sua few menzie," ^ &c. 
 
 Merciable, adj. merciful. O. Fr. me7xiable.'^ 
 Merciall, adj. merciful. O. Fr. merciaule. 
 Misauenture, s. mishap, misfortune. Fr. 7ndsaventure. 
 
 ** On euerie syde tha socht bayth vp and doun 
 Quhair tha mycht find ane strenth to big ane toun, 
 Thairin to rest and saifle do thair cuir, 
 Fra feid of fais and all misauenture." * 
 
 Mischancie, s. wickedness, recklessness. Fr. mdchancetd. In 
 English there is mischance, ill-luck, ill-fortune, mishap ; but this 
 word has a different root, being derived from mis and chance, 
 which gave rise also to adj. chancy, lucky. Fr. chanceux. 
 Another etymon should be ascribed to 77tischanter, misfortune, 
 disaster — viz., 7ndsave7tture. 
 
 Mischand,^ mischant, mishant, meschant, s. and adj. wicked, 
 evil, naughty ; a wretch, a worthless person. Fr. mdcha7it. 
 
 * ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' * "Pur icest uret toz merciables a tei," 
 
 vol. i. p. 303, 11. 9594, 9595. See vol. i. p. Ps. xxxi. 7. 'Le Livre des Psaumes.' See 
 
 III, 1. 3765. Ps. iv. 3, xi. I, and XV. 10. 
 
 - G. Douglas, ii. 49, 22 ; 119, 25. » ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 ^ 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' vol. i. p. 12, 11. 421-424. 
 
 vol. i. p. 224, I. 7239. 6 G. Douglas, i. 61, 15. 
 
 / 
 
MISCHANTRESSE— MISTER. 291 
 
 Hence 7iiischantlie, misckeantlie, misckeantly, adv. wickedly.^ 
 Fr. mdchamme7it. 
 
 Mischantresse, s. wickedness. Fr. mdchant. 
 
 Miscontent, adj. dissatisfied. Fr. m^co7itent. Hence mis- 
 contentment. Fr. m^contentement. 
 
 Misere, misire, s. misery. Fr. misere. " for the misere of 
 mistirful men, and for the vepying of pure men, the diuyne 
 iustice sal exsecut strait punitione." '^ 
 
 Misericord, s. mercy. Fr. misdricorde. "quhy vil ze nocht 
 haue misericord and pytie of zour natiue cuntre." ^ 
 
 Misericorde, adj. merciful. O. Fr. misericors. 
 
 Miserite, s. misery. " the discentione and discord and 
 rancor that ryngis amang zou, is the speciale cause of the inglis- 
 me[n]is inuasions and of zour miserite." * 
 
 Mispris, v. a. to despise. O. Fr. mespriser. " he that mis- 
 prisis the correctione of his preceptor, his correctione is 
 changit in rigorus punitione." ^ 
 
 Mister,^ myster, s. need, necessity. O. Fr. mestier;"^ Danish 
 
 niistei\ 
 
 " Be wer, tharefor, with walkryfe Ee, 
 And mend, geue ony myster be." ^ 
 
 " Quhen mister is of men and als money," ^ &c. 
 
 ^ ' Crim. Trials,' vol. iii. pp. 5, 245, 359, " G. Douglas, ii. 53, i ; iv. 9, 11. 
 
 549, 551. Lesley's 'Hist, of Scot.,' p. 11, 7 " N'oustes mester unc mais si grant, 
 
 Moysie, 'Memoirs of the Afiairs of Scot.,' Cum oravez de Deu guarant." 
 
 p. 70. — Saint Brandan, p. 54, 11. 11 18, 11 19. 
 
 2 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 125, ^ ' Ane Compendious and Breve Tractate,' 
 
 11. 12-14. See p. 72, 1. 6. by William Lauder, p. 17, 11. 489, 490. 
 
 8 Ibid., p. 72, 1. 19. See p. 13, 1. 347; and p. 16, 1. 430. 
 
 ^ Ibid., p. 92, 11. 11-13. 9 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 '" Ibid., p. 28, 11. 22, 23. vol. i. p. 180, 1. 5864. 
 
292 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Misterful/ adj. needy. 
 
 Monstrance, s. show, display. O. Fr. monstrance. 
 
 Monyss, v. a. to warn. Fr. admonester. A term used in 
 law, when the judge, instead of inflicting punishment, simply 
 warns. Monesting, admonition, is the noun. 
 
 Mowence, s. motion, progress. O. Fr. mouvance. 
 
 Moyenour, s. agent. O. Fr. moyenneur. " Le seigneur 
 Ingrand, qui estoit le tiers et moyenneur," ^ &c. 
 
 Murmer, murmour, v. a. to murmur against. Fr. mur7nurer. 
 "tha ar solist to puneise them that detrakkis and murmeris 
 ther obstinat abusione." ^ 
 
 To calumniate secretly : — 
 
 " This nobill king to thame agane said he, 
 
 * Quhat is the caus than that ze murmour me, 
 To vse my awin be cours of commoun law ? ' " * 
 
 Musardrye, s. musing, dreaming. O. Fr. musardie. 
 Myance, myans, meyen, moyan, moyane, moen, meayne, s. 
 means ; influence, interest ; Intelligence, Intimation. Fr. moyen^ 
 Mysaventour,^ s. misfortune. Fr. indsaventure. 
 
 Naive/ adj. lively, natural. Fr. 7iaif^ nawe. 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, ii. 43, 14. read moyenour, and printed inoyenour. 
 
 2 ' Les Contes et Discours d'Eutrapel,' fol. ^ < xhg Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 160, 
 
 "^if recto. This word, as well as W(7jw/<rr, ;//^_j/- 11. 30-32. See also p. 183,1.8. 
 
 a7ier, the only ones quoted by Jamieson, ^ * The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 occurs in 'Sir J. Melville's Memoirs,' A. D. vol. iii. p. 543, 11. 60,608-60,610. 
 
 1565, p. 141 ; A.D. I567-1589, pp. 182, 219. B "J'ayameunejeunefille 
 
 Cf. Lindsay of Pitscottie, ' The Chronicles of -D'nn grand moyen" 
 
 Scot.,' vol. ii, p. 358 ; ' Philotus,' st. 87, fol. — * Recueil des plus belles chansons de dances 
 
 D. 2 verso; ' Crim. Trials,' vol. i. p. 333; de ce temps : ' Caen, 1615 — i2mo. 
 
 vol. ii. pp. 247, 435, 482 ; and vol. iii. p. ^ G. Douglas, iii. 230, 32. 
 
 288. In that last passage Pitcairn has mis- ' ' Melvill's Diary,' p. 75. 
 
NARG— OBSERVANCE. 293 
 
 Narg, nargon, v. a. to chide, to scold, conveying the idea of 
 continuation (Aberd.^) Fr. narguer. 
 
 Natural, naturall,^ s. temper, disposition. Fr. naturel. 
 
 Naturalitie, s. kindness. Fr. naturalitd. 
 
 Neance,^ s. denial, gainsaying. O. Fr. niance. 
 
 Necessair, adj. necessary. Fr. ndcessaire. "for i thocht it 
 nocht necessair til hef fardit ande lardit this tracteit * vitht ex- 
 quisite termis." ^ 
 
 Negocis,^ s. pi. business. Fr. ndgoce. 
 
 Nice, adj. simple. O. Fr. 7iice, Lat. nescius. 
 
 Nicete, nycete, s. simplicity. O. Fr. nicetd. 
 
 Noblay, s. nobleness ; courage. O. Fr, nobloi. 
 
 Notour, nottour, adj. notorious. Fr. notoi7''e. 
 
 Noy, s. hurt. Fr. nuirey part. pas. ; in O. Fr. neii. 
 
 " And how it had done thame greit sturt and noy. 
 And wes rycht lyke the kinrik till distroy." '^ 
 
 Hindrance : — 
 
 " Than euerilk man but ony noy drew neir." ^ 
 
 Ny, V. a. to deny. Fr. mer. 
 
 " ' Now at this tyme, I bid nocht for to nyit, 
 On the he lais the haill caus and the wyit.' " ^ 
 
 Observance,^ ^ s. homage. Fr. id. 
 
 ^ Smith's ' Douglas Travestie,' p. 12, p. 330. 
 
 2 ' Melvill's Diary,' pp. 293, 307. ' 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 3 ' Clariodus,' p. 295, 1. 446. vol. i. p. 40, 11. 1 381, 1382. See vol. iii. p. 
 * O. Fr. traicte ; Prov. tradat. 388, 1. 55,443- 
 
 5 ' The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 16, 11. ^ ibid., vol. i. p. 52, 1. 1763. 
 
 13, 14. See p. 7, 11. I, 7 ; p. 10, 11. 11, 13; ^ Ibid., vol. 1. p. 208, 11. 6761, 6762. See 
 
 p. 17, 1. 6; p. 37, 1. 8; p. 186, 1. i. vol. i. p. 217, 1. 7031. 
 
 " 'Sir J. Melville's Memoirs,' A.D, 1584, '" G. Douglas, i. i, 16. 
 
294 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Obstant,^ adj. opposing. O. Fr. obstarit. 
 Orlsone, oresoun, s. oration. Fr. oraison. 
 
 " Quhen he had his orisone said and endit," ^ &c. 
 
 Oultrage, s. outrage. O. Fr. ultrage (written by Palsgrave 
 oulU^age). " thai parsecut my body vitht oultrage and hayr- 
 schip." '^ 
 
 Outrance, s. extremity. Fr. id. 
 
 Paip, s. pope. Fr. pape. 
 
 " ' We do the paip this tyme to wnderstand,' " ^ &c. 
 
 Palzardry,^ s. whoredom. Fr. paillardise, from paillard, 
 literally, " qui couche sur la paille." 
 Palzeart, s. a lecher. 
 
 " And so as Palzeartis in Peitrie perseueiris, 
 Quhill of thair strenth consumit be the zeris." ^ 
 
 Pance,'^ panse, v. n. to reflect, study, think, ponder on. Fr. 
 penser. 
 
 " And in tymes cumming lat none so ernisthe pance 
 On earthhe glore, that lestis bot ane glance.",^ 
 
 Pansis, s. thoughts. ¥r. pens^es. 
 Papelarde, adj. hypocrite. O. Fr. papelard. 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, iv. 134, 23. vol. iii. p. 128, 1. 46,709. 
 
 2 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' ^ G. Douglas, ii. 170, 15. 
 
 vol. i. p. 49, 1. 1659. Cf. vol. i. p. 32, 1. ^ 'Ane Godlie Tractate or Mirrour,' by 
 
 1074; p. 36, 1. 1224 ; p. 269, 1. 8607. William Lauder, p. 19, 11. 526, 527. 
 
 3 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 123, ' ' Melvill's Diaiy,' pp. 268, 495. 
 
 1. 16. See p. loi, 1. 9. ^ 'Ane Godlie Tractate or Mirrour,' p. 25, 
 
 * ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 11. 706, 707. See p. 19, 1. 522. 
 
PARA GE—PERNICKITIE. 295 
 
 Parage,^ s. lineage, parentage, kindred. Fr. parage^ rank, 
 value. 
 
 Paregale, peregall,^ adj. Fr. pair and dgal. 
 
 Parlour,* s. discourse. O. Fr. parleure. 
 
 Part,^ adj. ready. Fr. pret. ^ 
 
 Pastance,^ s. pastime. Fr. passetemps. 
 
 Peerie, adj. timid, fearful. Fr. peureux. 
 
 Pensy, pensie, pensit, adj. proud and conceited. Fr. pensif. 
 Pensieness is the noun, dind pensy lie the adverb. 
 
 " That pensit knaif without nurtour or aw, 
 This ilk Hamtoun than with ane knyfe he hurt," ^ &c. 
 
 Peranter, adv. peradventure, contracted from Fr. par aventure. 
 A passage from an author of the seventeenth century shows 
 that such a pronunciation was not unknown in France : 
 ** Boulanger Paranture, car il disoit toujours paranture au lieu 
 d^par aventure, estoit un illustre avaricieux."^ 
 
 Pere, peer, peere,^ s. and adf. equal. O. Fr. per. 
 
 Perjink, prejink, adj. exact. O. ¥r. par 2Lnd joijtct. 
 
 Pernickitie, adj. precise in trifles. Fr. bernique. At Bor- 
 deaux, where the Scottish merchants used to come regularly 
 for the purpose of bartering,^^ bernique has the same sense as 
 pernickitie. 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, iii. 84, 9. vol. i. p. 159. G. Douglas, i. 17, 11. 
 
 2 " N'a baron chevalier de nul parage '' ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 Qui n'i ait perdu home de son lignage." vol. iii. p. 259, 11. 51,054, 51,055. See vol. 
 
 — ' Gerard de Rossillon,' edited by Francisque- iii. p. 161, 1. 47,757. 
 
 Michel: Paris, A.D. 1856 — i2mo, p. 290. ^ ' Les Historiettes de Tallemant des 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, ii. 148, 4. Reaux,' t. vi. p. 509, note. 
 
 * Ibid., i. 39, II. » Douglas's « Virgil, '366, 48. ' The Pistill 
 
 * * Burgh Records of the City of Glasgow,' of Susan,' st. iii. 
 
 A.D. 1579-80, p. X19. 1° 'Les Ecossais en France,' &c., vol. ii. 
 
 ^Dunbar, " To the King," 1, 12, Poems, pp. 128-130. 
 
 / 
 
296 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Perqueir, perquire, perquer, perqueir, adj. and adv. exact, 
 skilled, exactly. Fr. par and O. Fr. qtieor, qtier} czier, Fr. cosur. 
 
 " Gude Williame Sinclair he wes ane of tha, 
 Robert Logane the tother of tha tua, 
 And mony vther nobill man in feir, 
 Of quhome thair names I haif nocht perqueir." ^ 
 
 " That none in erth that da wes so perqueir 
 In medicyne, he wist weill, as that freir." ^ 
 
 Plete, pietie, s. pity. Fr. piti^. 
 
 Pissance/ pussance, pyssance, s. power. Fr. puissance. 
 " be cause that he dois sa mekil as his pissance maye distri- 
 bute."5 
 
 Pissant,^ pussant, adj. powerful. Fr. puissant. 
 
 Plasmator, s. creator. O. Fr. plasmateur.'^ "... the lament- 
 abil voce and cryis of the affligit pepil complenant to the 
 hauyn, vil moue to pitie the clemens of the maist merciful and 
 puissant diuyne plasmator." ^ 
 
 Plenze, v. n. to complain. Yx. plaindre; O. Yr. je plaing? 
 
 " Wes neuir man of him had caus to plenze," ^^ &c. 
 Plesance, s. pleasure. Fr. plaisance. 
 
 ^ "Tu dunas leece en mun quer," Ps. ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 7, II. 
 
 iv. 8. ' Le Livre des Psaumes. ' See Ps. iv. 34, 35. 
 
 5, vii. 9, 10. * G. Douglas, ii. 222, 15. 
 
 ^ 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' ^ "Le souverain plasmateur Dieu tout- 
 
 vol. iii. p. 287, 11. 51,969-51,972. See p. puissant." — Rabelais, ii. 8. 
 
 286, 1. 51,966; also 'Ane Trew and Breve ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 125, 
 
 Sentencius Discriptioun,' &c. Lauder's ' Min- 11. 18-20. 
 
 or Poems,' p. 37, 1. 4. E.E.T.S. : 1870. ^ 'Chansons du Chatelain de Couci,' xviii. 
 
 8 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' p. 67. 
 
 vol. iii. p. 278, 11. 51,683, 51,684. 10 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 * G. Douglas, iii. 291, 11. vol. iii. p. 97, 1. 45,665. 
 
PLY—POTESTAT. 297 
 
 " Margaret to name this ilk virgin wes callit, 
 With all his fairnes fulfillit wes and wallit, 
 Of pulchritude and of fairnes but feir, 
 Of plesance als without compair or peir." ^ 
 
 Ply, s. condition, plight. Vx. pli, condition (figurative). 
 
 Poid,2 s. a coarse, impudent fellow. Foyd,^ adj. low, vile. 
 O. Yr.put. 
 
 Poistie,* poistee, poust, pouste, poustie, s. power, ability, 
 bodily strength. O. Fr. poestd, poestet. ^ 
 
 Portie, s. mien, carriage. Vr. port. 
 
 Potestat, potestate, s. pi. potestatis, s. a powerful person, 
 a potentate. O. Fr. poeste, poested, poestet ; ^ Lat. potestas. 
 
 " Vngodlie lugis, for Solistatioun 
 Of Potestatis with wrang Nerratioun, 
 Wyll talc bot lytill thocht or cure 
 But reuth for to oppresse the pure." '' 
 
 " therfor thir potestatis and men of stait that dois extorsions 
 to the pure pepil thai hef mistir," ^ &c. 
 Power : — 
 
 " Trowand thairof that no man dar speik ill, 
 Becaus he is ane prince of potestate." ^ 
 
 ^ 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' " "Cum fors eissist Israel de Egypte, la 
 
 vol. Hi. p. 386, II. 55,391-55,394. See vol. maisun de Jacob del pueple estrange, faiz est 
 
 i. p. 258, 1. 8285. Judas en saintefiement de lui, Israel la poestet 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, i. 25, 20. de lui." ' Le Livre des Psaumes,' Ps. cxiii. i. 
 
 ^ Ibid., ii. 170, 30. ' 'Ane Compendious and Breve Ti-actate,' 
 
 *'Crim. Trials,' A.D. 1588, vol. i. pp. p. 15,11.411-414. 
 
 162, 163. ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 125, 
 
 ^ " Tu durras a lui poeste sur les uevres de 11. 14, 15. 
 
 tes mains." 'Le Livre des Psaumes,' Ps. viii. ® 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 7. See Ps. cii. 22, and cxiii. i. vol. i. p. no, 11. 3729, 3730. 
 
 2 P 
 
298 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Precheour, prechour, s. preacher. Fr. p7'kheur. " ande as 
 to the precheours, i reffer that to the vniuersal auditur of oure 
 real me. "^ 
 
 Pret, adj. ready. Fr. pret. 
 
 " Witht laureat language and pret for till prys, 
 His (he) orisoun begouth he on this wyss." ^ 
 
 Prodig, i". excessive. Fr. prodigue. " The prodig pride 
 that ringis amang gentil men is detestabil." ^ 
 
 Prophetysze, v. a. to prophesy. Fr. proph^tiser. "... that 
 his father Adam hed prophetyszit that the varld sal end be 
 vattir and be the fyir." ^ 
 
 Propos,^ s. a purpose. Fr. propos. 
 
 Prow, s. profit, advantage. O. Yr.prou. 
 
 Pulce, pulse, v. a. to force. O. Fr. poulser, Fr. pousser. 
 " necessite pulsis and constrenzes me to cry on god." ^ 
 
 Purches, purchase, s. a term used in relation to bastardy, 
 an amour, an intrigue, &c. O. Fr. pourchas. Often in such 
 matters — 
 
 " Le pourchaz ne vault pas la despense." ^ 
 
 Purviance,^ s. assistance. O. Fr. pourvoyance. 
 
 Quite,^ adj. requited. O. Fr. quitd. 
 
 1 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 29, ^ 'Sir J. Melville's Memoirs,' p. 41. 
 
 11. 19, 20. ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 125, 
 
 2 « The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 11. 25, 26. 
 
 vol. i. p. 63, 11. 2141, 2142. ^ ' Les Poesies de Jean Marot,' p. 229. 
 
 * 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 155, ^ G. Douglas, ii. 177, 9. 
 
 11. 29, 30. " ' Crim. Trials,' a.d. 1600, vol. ii. p. 
 
 * Ibid., p. 46, 11. 28, 29. See p. 22, 1. 19. 328. 
 
RADDO WRE—REPREME. 299 
 
 Raddowre, reddour, s. vehemence, severity. O. Fr. 7'edor, 
 reid-ur, reddur; Lat. rigidus. 
 
 Radote, v. n. to rave, particularly in sleep. Fr. radoter. 
 
 Raill, V. 71. to jest. Fr. railler. 
 
 Railyear, s. a jester, a scoffer. Fr. raillettr. 
 
 Rebute,^ s. a repulse. Fr. rebuter. 
 
 Recray, v. a. to refresh one's self, to recreate, and Fr. idiom, 
 rdcrderP' 
 
 Refuis, refuse,^ 5-. refusal. Fr. refits. 
 
 Releve,^ v. to recover, rise up. Fr. se relever. 
 
 Remord, v. a. to have remorse for a thing, to disburden the 
 conscience ; to remember. Fr. remordre. 
 
 " Syne efter this, as ze sail wnderstand, 
 The baronis all that war into Scotland, 
 Richt mekle ill amang thame with grit lak, 
 Rycht planlie than of this ilk king tha spak, 
 Becaus that he than tuke in his awin hand 
 Ward and releif of euerie lordis land, 
 And manage, gif that I rycht remord, 
 As tha of law sould pay to thair awin lord."^ 
 
 Renylt, part. pas. forsworn. Fr. reni^. 
 
 Repreif,^ v. a. to reject, disallow. Fr. r^prouver. 
 
 Repreme, v. a. to repress. Fr. r^primer. " thir vordis . . . 
 is ane souerane remeid ande salutair medycyn to repreme and 
 distroye the arrogant consait," ' &c. 
 
 1 G. Douglas, iv. 114, 32. » 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 " 'Clariodus,' p. 374, 1. 2971. vol. iii. p. 542, 11. 60,568-60,575. 
 
 3 ' Sir J. Melville's Memoirs,' a.d. 1588, ^ G. Douglas, i. 7, 4. 
 
 p. 365. "^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 154, 
 
 ■• G. Douglas, iv. 65. 16. 11. 30-33. 
 
300 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Repung, V. n. to be repugnant to. Fr. rdpugner. 
 '* Infinite repungis to figure." ^ 
 
 Resile, v. n. to draw back, to flinch, &c. Fr. rdsilier. 
 
 Ressent, v. a. to have a deep sense of a thing. Fr, ressentir, 
 to feel deeply. 
 
 Rest, V. n. to be indebted to one. Fr. itre en reste. 
 
 Resurse,^ v. to spring up. O. Fr. ressourdre, resurdrc.^ 
 
 Retour, s. return, in a general sense. Fr. id. Hence to 
 retour, to return. 
 
 Revert,* v. to recover from a swoon or from sickness, to 
 revive. O. Fr. revertir. 
 
 Revure, revoore, adj. thoughtful. Fr. rheti7'. 
 
 Ribaldeill,^ s. ribaldry. O. Fr. ribaudaille. 
 
 Roule,^ s. a severe blow. Fr. roulde (?). 
 
 Royet, royit, adj. wild, romping, applied to the wind in parts 
 of the north, Fr, roide, raide. 
 
 Sacre,^ v. a. to consecrate. Fr. sacrer. 
 Salus, V. a. to salute. O. Fr. saluz, salus. 
 
 " Ane Hieland clerk, cled in ane rob of gra, 
 Befoir the king with mony benge and bek, 
 He salust him on to that samin effecc," ^ &c. 
 
 Salutair, adj. salutary. Fr. salutaire. " thir vordis of Salo- 
 
 ^ ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' * G. Douglas, i. 4, i ; iv. 87, 14. 
 vol. i. p. 95, 1. 3204. Cf. p. 95, 1. 3215 ; and » Ibid., ii. 13, 17. 
 p. 96, 1. 3242. ^ Ibid., i. loi, 23. 
 
 2 G. Douglas, iii. 251, 26. ^ Ibid., iii. 13, 14. 
 
 3 " Ki dormit "nient n'ajusterat que resur- ^ ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 det," Ps. xl. 8. 'Le Livre des Psaumes.' vol. iii. p. 105, II. 45,901-45,903. 
 
SAL UTE—SENZEOR Y. 301 
 
 mon beand veil considerit, is ane souerane remeid ande salu- 
 tair medycyn/' ^ &c. 
 
 Salute, s. safety. Fr. salut. " quhy remembir ze nocht that 
 natur hes oblist zou till auance the salute ande deffens of zour 
 public veil ? " ^ 
 
 Savendie, s. sagacity. Fr. savant. 
 
 Savie, s. knowledge. Fr. savoir. It is used as an adj. wise, 
 experienced. 
 
 Schelm, s. a rascal. O. Fr. chelme. 
 
 Sclander, sklandyr, v. a. to slander. O. Fr. esclaizdre, escan- 
 dre, Lat. scandalum. 
 
 Sclander, sklandyr, s. slander. "It is nocht possibil to gar 
 extorsione be vitht out murmur . . . and diuisione vitht out 
 desolatione and sklandyr." ^ 
 
 Sclanderar, s. a slanderer. 
 
 Sklanderous, adj. slanderous. " Quhar for (o my sone 
 speritualite) i exort the that thou cause al thy membris concur 
 to gyddir to mak reformatione of the sklanderous abusione that , 
 ringis amang them." ^ 
 
 Sembland,^ s. appearance. Fr. semblant. 
 
 Semple, adj. of low birth ; opposed to ge^itle, which means 
 of better blood. Fr. simple. 
 
 Senzeory/ senzeorie, s. dominion. Fr. seigneurie. 
 
 " * Quhilk all this warld witht greit victorie 
 Subjectit hes vnto thair senzeorie,' " '' &c. 
 
 ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 154, * Ibid., p. 161, 11. 24-27. 
 
 11. 30-32. " G. Douglas, ii. 44, 17. 
 
 2 Ibid., p. 72, II. 13, 14. 6 Ibid., ii. 37, 15. 
 
 3 Ibid., p. 126, 11. 13-16. See p. 183, ' <xjie Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 1. 30. vol. i. p. 158, 11. 5231, 5232. 
 
302 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Senzeour, s. lord. Fr. seigneur. 
 
 " Greit Clawdeus, quilk senzeour wes and syir 
 Of Rome that tyme. and had the haill impyre, 
 The emperowr the quhilk wes in that tyme, 
 Rycht sone to him thai haif maid kend that cryme." ^ 
 
 Solist, adj. anxious, " ze suld be soHst to ken zour selfis, 
 and to be humil to zour nychtbours."^ 
 
 Solistnes, s. anxiety. " ande that ze gar zour solistnes of the 
 deffens of zour comont veil preffer the solistnes of zour partic- 
 ular veil." ^ 
 
 Solitar, solitair, adj. solitary. Fr. solitaire. " i beand in this 
 sad solitar soune sopit in sleipe." ^ 
 
 Sonnet, s. nonsensical talk or writing. Fr. sornette. 
 
 Sophistar, s. sophist. Fr. sophiste. " thir freuole sophis- 
 taris that marthirs and sklandirs the text of aristotel, deseruis 
 punitione." ^ 
 
 Sourceance, s. cessation. O. Fr. sursdance. 
 
 Specialitie, s. favour, partiality. Fr. sp<fcialitd. 
 
 Speculatywe, s. metaphysics. Fr. spdculatif. 
 
 " Ane greit doctour calHt Scotus Subtilis^ 
 In storeis oft autentik as we reid, 
 In till his time all vther did exceid 
 In science, prattik, and speculatywe, 
 Or zit all vther sensyne vpone lywe." ^ 
 
 Spree, s. innocent frolic. Fr. esprit. 
 
 1 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' * Ibid., p. 68, 11. 8, 9. See p. 9, 11. 27, 
 vol. i. p. 174, 11. 5690-5693. 29 ; p. 14, 1. 10. 
 
 2 «The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 170, ' Ibid., p. 183,11. 29, 30, 
 
 11. 23-25. See 1. 13 ; p. 10, 1. i ; p. 37, 1. * 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 I ; p. 89, 1. 20; p. 119, 1. 10; p. 165, 1. 30. vol. ill. p. 388, 11. 55.456-55.460. 
 =* Ibid., p. 112, 11. 24-26. 
 
SQ UIRBILE— TA LER. 303 
 
 Squirblle, squrbuile, adj, ingenious. O. Fr. escoriable. 
 
 Stablit, part. pas. established. O. Fr. establu^ " As the hie 
 monarchis, lordschips, ande autoriteis, ar stabHt be the infinite 
 diuyne ordinance," ^ &c. 
 
 Streinze,'^ s. compression, constraint. O. Fr. estreinte. 
 
 Strenit,^ part. pas. constrained. O. Fr. estreint. 
 
 Strunt, s. a fit of sullen humour. The verb to strunt (O. 
 Fr. estrontoier) signifies to affront. 
 
 Styme,'* s. a glimpse. Fr. estime. 
 
 Succudrus,^ adj. arrogant. O. Fr. surcuidus. Suckurdry, 
 sukurdry, suquedry, means arrogance, 
 
 Sufficians, s. sufficiency. Fr. stiffisance. 
 
 " ' And had aneuche ay of his awin to spend, 
 With sufficians vnto his latter end.' "^ 
 
 Superfleu, superfle, adj. superfluous. Fr. superflu. "the 
 mair eleuat that ane person be in superfleu digniteis," "' &c. 
 Supir, sypir, v. n. to sigh. Fr. soupirer. 
 Sussy,^ s. care, attention. Fr. sotici. 
 
 Talent,^ s. desire, purpose. O. Fr. talent. 
 
 Taler, talor, tolor, s. state, condition. O. Fr. taillier. 
 
 " VoelUe's garder ce roy, qui est de jouene juvent, 
 Car il est bien taiUies de souffrir grant tourment." 1** 
 
 1 ' The Complaynt of Scotlande, ' p. 19, 11. vol. i. p. 449, II. 14,011, 14,012. 
 
 I, 2. ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 170, 
 
 2 G. Douglas, i. 95, 6. 11. 29, 30. Cf. 1. 23. 
 
 8 Ibid., iii. 35, 2. ^ G. Douglas, ii. 175, 27. 
 
 * 'Orpheus and Eurydice,' 1. 605, ap. ^ Ibid., iii. 291, 18. 
 Henryson, p. 70. ^^ ' Chronicle of Martin de Cotignies,' MS. 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, iv. 201, i. of the Institute of France, No. 338, fol. x 
 
 ^ 'The Bulk of the Crouiclis of Scotland,' m/o, last lines. 
 
304 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Tantrums, s, pi. high airs, stateliness. In his tantrums^ on 
 the high ropes. Fr. sur son tra7ttran. 
 
 Tartuffish, adj. sulky, stubborn. Fr. tartuffier^ to put on 
 appearances, from Tarhiffe in MoHere's comedy. 
 
 Tawen, v. a. to knead, to abuse by handling. (Banff.) Fr. 
 tanner. 
 
 Temerair, adj. rash. Fr. Umdraire. " For my dul rude 
 brane suld nocht hef been sa temerair as to," ^ &c. 
 
 Temerarite, temeraritie, s. rashness of judgment. Fr. tdmS- 
 raire. 
 
 Temporesar, s. temporiser. Fr. temporiseur. 
 
 " Thir Temporesars doith nocht in Christ abyde."^ 
 
 Tench, ^ s. taunt, reproach. O. Fr. tencher. 
 
 Tend, v. n, to intend. Fr. tendre. 
 
 Tender, adj. sickly. Fr. tendre. It is used as a verb, to 
 make delicate.^ 
 
 Tent, s. care, heed, notice. Fr. attendre. Tent, tenty, tentie, 
 is the adj. and means careful ; tentilie is the adv. To tent 
 means, to attend to. 
 
 " Tak tent to this now that ze heir me tell," ^ &c. 
 
 " Attend, O Prencis, and tak tent 
 Vnto this Doctryne Subsequent."*' 
 
 1 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. i6, 11. ^ « jj^g ]3u;]^ ^f ^j^g Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 3, 4. See p. 153, 1. 9. vol. i. p. 24, 1. 820. Cf. vol. i. p. 52, 1. 
 
 2 *Ane Godlie Tractate or Mirrour,' by 1764; p. 54, 1. 1851 ; vol. iii. p. 49, 1. 44,079 ; 
 William Lauder, p. 5, 1. 73. p. 285, 1. 51,910. 
 
 ' G. Douglas, iii. 206, i. " ' Ane Compendious and Breve Tractate,' 
 
 * Vide ' Sir J. Sinclair's Observations,' pp. by William Lauder, p. 8, 11. 161, 162. 
 108, 109. 
 
TIRRAN—TRUMPOUR. 305 
 
 Tirran, tirrane, s. tyrant. Fr. tyran. " Och ! qiihou dan- 
 gerus is it til ony sort of pepil til hef ane cruel tirran ryngand 
 abuf them." ^ 
 
 Torfair, torfer,^ s. hardship, difficulty. O. Fr. torfeii, 
 torfet. 
 
 Tort,^ s. wrong, hurt. Fr. tort. 
 
 Toulze, s. quarrelling. O. Fr. touiller, to rub. 
 
 " Frome all Inuye thay suld be fre 
 
 Frome toulze, bergane, and debait." * 
 
 Trachour,^ s. a traitor. Fr. tricheur. 
 
 Traget, trigget, s. a trick ; deceit. O. Fr. trigautir. 
 
 Traitable,^ adj. tractable. Fr. traitable. 
 
 Trible,^ s. trouble. O. Fr. tribouil. 
 
 Trist,^ s. an affliction. 
 
 Trist,^ adj. sad, melancholy. Fr. triste. 
 
 Truf,io s. trick. O. Fr. truffe. 
 
 Trump,^^ V. a. to deceive. Fr. tromper. 
 
 Trumpour, s. deceiver. Fr. trompeur. 
 
 ** The dayntie Dammis may nocht sustene 
 
 The faithfull, for to fyle thair flure, 
 Bot traitis thame that tryit trumpouris bene." ^^ 
 
 ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 91, ' G. Douglas, ii. 172, 25. 
 
 11. 20-22. See also p. 94, 1. 27 ; and p. 123, ^ ibid., i. 114, 20. 
 
 I. 34. ^ Ibid., iii. 30, 12. 
 
 2 ' The Pistill of Susan,' st. xii. " Ibid., 148, 6, 
 
 ' ' Melvill's Diary,' p. 377. " Ibid., iv. 62, 15. 
 
 * 'Ane Compendious and Breve Tractate,' ^^ 'The Lamentatioun of the Pure,' 11. 57- 
 
 by William Lauder, p. 17, 11. 455-458. 59. Lauder's Minor Poems, p. 28. E.E.T.S. : 
 
 " G. Douglas, iii. 145, 19. 1870. 
 
 " ' Sir J. Melville's Memoirs,' p. 383. 
 
 2 Q 
 
306 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Unabill, adj. unfit. 
 
 " Quhen euerilk king, the quhilk hes bot ane child, 
 Efter his deith but age or perfite eild, 
 That is unabill for till be ane king, 
 Without wisdome to reull or gyde ane ring, 
 Put him in cuir ay quhill he is ane page, 
 Of rycht wyss men quhill that he cum till age." ^ 
 
 Unhonest, adj. dishonourable, dishonest. O. Fr. inhoneste. 
 
 Ure, s. chance, fortune. Fr. hetcr. Ure gave rise to other 
 words, as malhure, malleur, misfortune, mischance, and mal- 
 lewrus, malheurius, unhappy, wretched. 
 
 Usans,^ s. custom, use. Fr. usance. 
 
 Utyrrans,^ s. the uttermost, destruction. Fr. outrance. 
 
 Vaill, vale, s. value, worth. Fr. valeur, has the same 
 meaning. 
 
 " The erldome of Buchane he him gaif ; 
 Quhilk he refusit in the tyme to haif, 
 Becaus it wes, as ze ma weill considder. 
 Of litill vaill in respect of the tother," ^ &c. 
 
 Vanegloir,^ 5-. vanity. Fr. vaine gloire. "the motione of the 
 compilatione of this tracteit procedis mair of the compassione 
 that i hef of the public necessite, nor it is dois of presumptione 
 or vane gloir." ^ 
 
 1 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' vol. iii. p. 548, 11. 60,776-60,779. 
 
 vol. i. p. 47, 11. 1601-1606. ^ ' Schir Chantecleir and the Foxe,' 1. 78; 
 
 2 G. Douglas, 11. 179, I. ' ap. Ilenryson, p. 121. 
 
 3 Ibid., iii. 12, 19 ; iv. 135, 18. ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 17, 11. 
 ^ 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 34, 35, and p. 18, 11. i, 2. 
 
VA SSALA GE— VER TU. 307 
 
 Vassalage, s. fortitude, valour. O. P>. vasselage?- 
 " Ze suld not chuse thaim for thair blude, 
 
 Nor for thare strenth nor vassallage." ^ 
 
 Brave deeds : — 
 
 " This Caratak wes crownit to be king, 
 Quhilk in the tyme of Metallanus age 
 Rycht oft befoir had done greit vassalage." ^ 
 
 Glory from brave deeds : — 
 
 " Gif it hapnit thame greit vassalage to win 
 In ony feild that tyme that thai faucht in," &c.* 
 
 Vaudie, wady, adj. gay, vain. O. Fr. vaudir. 
 
 Vaunty, vauntie, adj. boastful. Fr. vaniteux. 
 
 Veef, vive, viue, adj. brisk. Fr. vif. 
 
 Verite, s. truth. Fr. veritd. "the quhilk dreyme i sal 
 reherse in this gros dyit [Fr. dit\ as neir the verite as my 
 rememorance can declair to my rude ingyne." ^ 
 
 Verrayment, werrament, werrayment, s. truth. The Scotch 
 had also veritie ; Eng. verity.^ 
 
 Vertesit, s. virtue, virginity. O. Fr. vertuositd. 
 
 Vertu, s. virtue. Fr. verhc. "al thing that the eird pro- 
 
 1 " Mais cil qui 1^ ira nun ait folage, 3 < TJig Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 Ne n'aie coardie ne goupillage, ^^j^ -^ jj^ 5623-5625. 
 
 Males proece e valor e vaselage. ^ ,,., . . ,, , ^ 
 
 * Ibid., vol. 1. p. 299, 11. 9464, 9465. 
 
 — 'Gerard de Rossillon,' edited by Fran- ^ 'The Complaynt of Scollande,' p. 68, 
 
 cisque-Michel : Paris, 1856, p. 312. See also 11. io-i2. Seep. 35, 1. 16; p. 119, 1. 3 ; p. 
 
 p. 290. 122, 1. 9 ; p. 130, 11. 4, 9 ; P- 153. 1- 29- 
 
 ' 'Ane Compendious and Breve Tractate,' ^ ' Crim. Trials,' A.D. 1600, vol. ii. p. 
 
 pp. II, 12, 11. 281-284. 137. 
 
3o8 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 creatis is confortit [Fr. con/ortde] be it, be rason of the vertu 
 of the fresche deu that discendis fra it." ^ 
 
 Vilipend,^ v. to slight, to undervalue. Fr. vilipender. It is 
 still used in the North, and is pronounced waalipen. 
 " The King of Scotland, callit Caratac, 
 
 Quhilk vilipendis thy power throw his pryde." ^ 
 
 Vilipensioun, vilipentioun, s. contempt. 
 
 " Syne efter that thir bludie bouchouris bald, 
 In vilipensioun of this King Mod red, 
 
 Tha slew thame baith with greit crudelitie 
 In hir armes but reuth or zit petie." * 
 
 Vilite,^ s. pollution, vileness. O. Fr. vileU. " ellis al zour 
 gloire, veltht, and dignite, sal change in vilite." ^ 
 
 " * O ze Pechtis, of blude imperiall, 
 Clene but corruptioun, and so honest with all ; 
 We mervell mekill how ze wnderstude, 
 Quhen that ze mixit with sa vyle ane blude, 
 As with zond Scottis sa full of vilitie. 
 But faith or fame, honour or honestie ; ' " ^ &c. 
 
 VIndict, s. vengeance, revenge. Fr. vindicte. 
 
 Vnabasit, adj. undaunted. See A bays. 
 
 " So stiflie than into that stour thai stude 
 Vnabasit other for boist or blude." ^ 
 
 1 'TheCompkyntof Scotlande,' p. 54, 11. See vol. ii. p. 512, 1. 35.739; P- S^h 1- 
 3-5. See p. i, 1. 2 ; p. 2, 1. 9 ; p. 10, 11. 8, 37,984- 
 
 IS ; p. 30, 1. 13 ; p. 35, 1. 4 ; P- 46, 1. 10 ; p. * G. Douglas, iii. 205, 4. 
 
 57, 1. II ; p. 170, 1. 22. ® 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 170, 
 
 2 G. Douglas, i. 48, 26. U. 25, 26. 
 
 3 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' ' 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland," 
 vol. i. p. 215, 11. 6971-6975. vol. i. p. 32, II. 1075-1080. 
 
 * Ibid., vol. ii. p. 263, 11. 27,994-28,000. » Ibid., vol. i. p. 433, II. 13,507, 13.S08. 
 
VOGIE^ZELA TUR. 309 
 
 Vogie, vokie, adj. gay, in good humour, in fair health. 
 (Banffs.) Fr. vogue. 
 
 Vollage, adj. fickle. Fr. volage. " be cause oure vit is ouer 
 febil, oure ingyne ouer harde, oure thochtis ouer vollage," ^ &c. 
 
 Volounte, s. the will. Fr. volonU. 
 
 Vray,^ adj. true, faithful. Fr. vrai. 
 
 Warisoun,^ warysoun, waresone, s. reward. O. Fr. guarison. 
 
 " Robert the Grahame, as ze sail wnderstand. 
 Most principall that tuke the deid on hand. 
 That samin tyme than, for his waresoun, 
 Vpoun ane flaik wes traillit throw the toun, 
 Nakit and bair but claithis in the tyde, 
 Except ane claith his memberis for to hyde." * 
 
 Wnwyislie, adv. unadvisedly. See Awyis. 
 
 " The Remains fled, and tha foUowit so fast, 
 And wnwyislie thai war lachit at the last ; " ' &c. 
 
 Zelatur, s. zealous defender. Fr. zdlateur. " Allace, my fiue 
 sonnis, i praye zou to be zelaturs of the lau of gode," ^ &c. 
 
 ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p, 22, ■• 'The Buik of the Cronidis of Scotland,' 
 
 11. 2, 3. vol. iii. p. 562, U. 61,240-61,245, 
 
 = 'Sir J. Melville's Memoirs,' A.D. 1583, ^ Ibid., vol. i. p. 277, 11. 8822, 8823. 
 
 p. 306. * 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 76, 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, i. 102, n. U. 23, 24. 
 
CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 Sunbries— lP>bva8e8 beriveb from 
 the jfvencb. 
 
CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 SUNDRIES PHRASES DERIVED FROM THE FRENCH. 
 
 T only remains now to give the words relating to 
 different matters which we were unable to make 
 use of under the foregoing heads, and to add 
 illustrations of several of the words already dis- 
 cussed. 
 
 Abandon, v. a. to bring into subjection ; to let loose ; to 
 destroy. Fr. abandonner. 
 
 Abandoun, ifi abandoun, at abandoun, at random. Fr. a 
 Haba^idon, compounded of a and bandon, in O. Fr. permission. 
 The adverb is abandoiily, abandounly. 
 Abate, s. accident. Perhaps Fr. abatire. 
 Abba, s. abbey. Fr. abbaye. 
 
 " Foundit and feft richt mony riche abba." ^ 
 
 Abeech, abeigh, adv. at a distance. Fr. aboz. 
 Abraidit, adj. applied to a ragstone worn too smooth to 
 sharpen edge-tools. O. Fr. abradant. 
 
 ^ 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' I. 30,927; p. 404, 1. 32,370. 
 vol. ii. p. 358, 1. 30,922. See vol. ii. p. 358, 
 
 2 R 
 
314 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Achademya,^ s. academy. Fr. acaddmie. " on ane day, thir 
 tua princis be chance entrit in the achademya, to heir ane lesson 
 of philosophic techit be the said phormion, philosophour." ^ 
 
 Acornie, s, perhaps a drinking- vessel with handles. O. Fr. 
 acornS, having horns. 
 
 Acqueis, v. a. to acquire. Fr. aqudrir. 
 
 Addettit, part. pas. in debt, indebted ; bound by obligation. 
 
 Fr. endetU. 
 
 " * It wes his part,' he said, ' for till do so. 
 For — quhy he wes aboue all erthlie thing. 
 So far addettit to that nobill king.' " '^ 
 
 Adew, adj. gone, departed, fled. Fr. adieti. 
 
 Advertence, aduertance, s. retinue, adherents. O. Fr. ad- 
 vertir, Fr. avertir. 
 
 Agonya, s. agony. Fr. agonie. *' kyng alexander cam at 
 that instant tyme quhen darlus vas in the agonya and deitht 
 thrau/' * &c. 
 
 Agvvet, the name anciently given to the hill on which the 
 castle of Edinburgh stands. Speaking of Ebranke, King of 
 Britain, John Hardyng says : — 
 
 " He made also the Mayden castell strong 
 That men nowe calleth the castel of Edenburgh, 
 That on a rock standeth full hye out of throng. 
 On mount Agwet, wher men may see out through 
 Full many a toune, castel and borough 
 In the shire about," &c.^ 
 
 * Many words, adopted from the French vol. ii. p. 521, 11. 36,058-36,060. 
 
 ending in ^, changed the if into «. * 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 121, 
 
 2 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 13, 11. 11. 15, 16. 
 
 II-13. ^ 'Chron.,' fol. 20 verso. Arnot, in his 
 
 ^ ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' ' History of Edinburgh,' p. 3, and, after him. 
 
AIGLET— ALYA: 315 
 
 Aiglet, s. a tagged point, Fr. aiguillette. 
 
 Aigre, adj. sour. Fr. aigre. 
 
 Air,^ s. an itinerant court of justice. Eng. eyre; O. Fr. eirre ; 
 
 Lat. iter. 
 
 " And euirilk lord he causit to keep law 
 Within him self of thingis that wer smaw ; 
 And greit mater, as for to heid and hyng, 
 Referrit all to cum befoir the king, 
 Or his justice, quha euir wes for the tyme, 
 For till decyde all sic causis and cryme. 
 And all sic thingis thairfor till declair ; 
 Quhilk callit is this tyme \h.Q Justice Air." ^ 
 
 Alege, V. a. to discharge from an obligation. Fr. alUger; 
 Prov. aleviar; Lat. allevare. 
 
 Allickey, s. the bridegroom's man ; he who attends on the 
 bridegroom, or is employed as his precursor at a wedding. 
 Fr. laquais. 
 
 Alma, s.f. (Gael.) cattle. O. Fr. aumaille. 
 
 Alman, adj. German. Fr. allemand. *' ane alman vas ay 
 repute for ane villain." ^ 
 
 Alya, allia, aliay, allya, allay, s. alliance, ally. Fr. allid ; 
 Lat. alligare. " Than the atheniens and ther allya, be gryt 
 vailzeantnes, assailzet the persans be escharmouschis and in- 
 cursions." ^ Allaya, to ally, is the verb : " thai vil allaya them 
 
 Jamieson, in his ' Dictionary, ' j«^ z/^j^^, ascribe ^ See above, chap, x., p. 163. 
 
 that name to the language of the ancient ^ * The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 Britons ; but it seems more probable that it is vol. i. p. 454, 11. 14,170-14,177. 
 
 derived from the old Fr. aguayt, aiaei, watch. ^ ' The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 146, 1. 
 
 In a document of 1348, we find "le gait 32. Seep. 66, 1. 24. 
 
 Rouville, la tour du gait Rouville." Fide * Ibid., p. 79, 11. 12, 13. See p. 99, 1. 3; 
 
 ' Actes normands de la chambredescomptes,' p. 182, 1. 7. 
 
 &c., p. 367 : Rouen, 1871 — 4to. 
 
316 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 vitht zou, quhilk sal cause ferme and perpetual pace to be 
 betuix rome and samnete." ^ Alyand means sticking together. 
 
 Almons, s. alms. O. Fr. aulmosne. 
 
 Ambassate, ambasait, ambaxat, s, an embassy. Fr. ain- 
 
 bassade. 
 
 " The ambaxat, quhilk wes of nobill fame, 
 With greit reward tuke leve and passit hame."^ 
 
 Amorettis, s. love-knots ; garlands. Fr. amourette (diminu- 
 tive oi amour) ^ love without passion. 
 
 Amove, amow, v. a. to vex ; excite. Fr. mouvoir. Another 
 form is amuff. 
 
 Ampliacioun, s. enlargement. Fr. ampliation. 
 
 Anciety, ancietie, auncietie, s. antiquity. Fr. anciennetd. 
 
 Anelye, v. a. to pant after. O. Fr. anheler. 
 
 Angus day is, s. an amulet. Fr. and Lat. agnus Dei. 
 
 Antecessour, antecestre, s. ancestor. O. Fr. ancestre ; 
 Fr. ancetre. " Euerie man is oblist to deffend the gudis, 
 heretages and possessions that his antecestres and forbearis 
 hes left to them." ^ 
 
 Antiquite, s. antiquity. Fr. antiquitd. " zit nochtheles ther 
 is mony vordis of antiquite that i hef rehersit in this tracteit." * 
 
 Antrum. The name, in some parts of the country, for the 
 repast taken in the evening called four hours, anciently termed 
 eenshanks. This word comes from the ^^rench, a den or cave. 
 Antrum time is den time. The sun also is said to sink to his 
 
 ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. lOO, ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. i86, 
 
 11. 23-25. 11. 5-7- See p. 3, 1. 28. 
 
 2 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' * Ibid., p. 16, 11. 34, 35. See p. 17, 1. 5 ; 
 
 vol. i. p. 55, 11. 1887, 1888. p. 64, 1. II. 
 
APPARALE — ARMORERS. 317 
 
 den or cave. Glass, in one of his songs, has lovers going out 
 at anlrzim time to court, and so forth. ^ 
 
 Apparale, apparyle, apparaill, s. equipage ; furniture for war ; 
 preparations for a siege, whether for attack or defence ; ammu- 
 nition. Fr. appareil. 
 
 Apprise, v. a. to approve. Fr. apprdcier^ to value. The 
 noun is apprising. 
 
 Appropre, appropir, v. a. to appropriate. Fr. approprier. 
 
 Arair, s. (Gael.) a ploughman. O. Fr. arde, furrow, till- 
 age.2 Arayne, past part, arrayed. O. Fr. array d. 
 
 Archipreistrie, archiprestrie, s. a dignity in collegiate 
 churches, a vicarage. Fr. archipretrd. 
 
 Areir, arreir, adv. back, backward. Fr. arriere. 
 
 Areist, arreist, v. a. to stop. O. Fr. arester; Fr. arrHer. 
 But areist, without delay. 
 
 Arend, v. n. to rear as a horse. Fr. arriere. 
 
 Argone, argowne, argwe, argew, v. a. to argue. Fr. arguer. 
 
 Argument, v. a. to prove. Fr. argumenter. 
 
 Aries, erlis, arlis, &c., a piece of money for confirming a 
 bargain. O. Fr. erres, errhes ; Fr. arrhes. 
 
 Armorees, armoreis, s. pi. armorial bearings.^ Fr. armoiries. 
 With this word may be connected diton, deattone, a motto or 
 inscription.* Fr. dicton. Jamieson finding in an old poem ^ 
 surget, apparently an error for suget, subject, considered it at 
 
 ^ 'The Scottish Gallovidian Encyclopedia,' * 'A Chronicle of the Kings of Scotland,' 
 
 p. 220. &c,, p. 133. 
 
 2 'Le Roman du Renart,' 1. 15,544, vol. ii, ^ < jhe Awntyrs of Arthure,' St. xxiv. 1. 7, 
 &c., p. 20. p. 109. 
 
 3 ' History of James VI.,' ed. 1825, p. 269. 
 
3i8 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 first an heraldic term, and afterwards to mean a debauched 
 woman, in allusion to Guenever. A tract, " How a knyt suld 
 be armyt in tournay," twice printed from the Harleian MS. 
 6140, was translated from French into Scottish at the command 
 " of ane wirschipfulle man, Welzim Cumyn of Inverellochquy, 
 alias Marchemond Herald, be his obedient sone in the Office 
 of Armes, Kintyre purseuant," in the year 1494. The original 
 text is printed in * Du Cange's seventh Dissertation on Join- 
 ville,' p. 184, and at the end of the last edition of his * Glossary 
 of Middle and Low Latin/ vol. vii. pp. 34, 35. , 
 
 Arrier, adv. backward. Fr. arriere. 
 
 Artalzerie, ^. artillery. Fr. artillerie. 
 
 " * And left his schippis furneist on the se. 
 With men and victuall and artalzerie.' " ^ 
 
 Ascrive, ascriue, ascryve, v. a. to ascribe. O. Fr. adscrire, 
 "to enroll, register, account, reckon among others." — (Cotg.) 
 
 Assailze, v. a. to assail. Fr. assaillir. " Bot morpheus, that 
 slepye gode, assailzeit al my membris." ^ 
 To attack in battle : — 
 
 " * Quhilk fra thi fayth and law rycht far hes failit, 
 My self also with mort battell assailzeit.' " ^ 
 
 Assassinat, s. assassin. Fr. assassinat. 
 
 Assolze,* assoill, v. a. to acquit. O. Fr. assouldre. 
 
 ^ ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 32, 33. See p. 120, 1. 5 ; p. 161, 1. 11. 
 
 vol. i. p. 553, 11, 17,233, 17,234. Seep. 649, » 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 1. 20,050. vol. i. p. 474, 11. 14,772, 14,773. 
 
 - 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 67, 11. ■* See above, chap. x. p. 163. 
 
ASSURANCE — A VENTURE, 319 
 
 " Richt penitent, but fictioun, thair breist 
 Perfitelie maid confessioun to ane preist, 
 Quhairof thair wes greit copie in that tyme, 
 That thame assolzeit of all syn and cryme." ^ 
 
 To lay bare : — 
 
 " ' Fra first to last this rycht weill ma I prowe, 
 For till assoill, schir, all zour sophistrie, 
 That Godis will at all tyme man be fre.' " ^ 
 
 Assurance, s. " to take assurance of an enemy ; to submit or 
 do homage, under the condition of protection." Fr. asszt- 
 rance. 
 
 Astabil, V. a. to calm, to fix. O. Fr. establir; Fr. dtablir. 
 
 Astre, s. a star. Fr. astre. 
 
 Atour, s. warlike preparation. O. Fr. atour. 
 
 Attene, v. n. to be related to. Fr. s'attenir a. 
 
 Aval. " When an animal lies down upon its back, in such 
 a manner that it cannot bring its feet to bear up its body, so as 
 to rise again, we say that animal is aval. . . . Men, too, 
 whose affairs run wrong, when they cannot help themselves, are 
 said to have /a'en aval." ^ O. Fr. aval; ^ whence mod. Fr. 
 az/aler. 
 
 Avalour, s. avail ; availlour, value. Fr. valetcr. 
 
 Avancement, s. payment of money beforehand. Fr. avance- 
 ment. 
 
 Aventure, aventour, auenture, adventure, s. fortune, luck. 
 
 1 ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' ^ " Nus ne vole si haut, se velt son fendre, 
 
 W-" „ -_o 11 - -~ Que il ne r face aval bien bas descendre." 
 
 . lU. p. 228, 11. 49,997-50,00x3. ^ 
 
 2 Ibid., vol. i. p. 98, 11. 3297-3299. — 'Gerard de Rossillon,' p. 330, edited by 
 ^ 'The Scottish Gallo vidian Encyclopedia,' Francisque-Michel : Paris, 1856 — l2mo. 
 
 &c., p. 34. 
 
320 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Fr. aventure. " and the thrid part of them of the best lylk 
 men suld be banest fra Scotland, and to hef ane lecens to pas 
 in ony straynge cuntre to seik their gude auenture." ^ 
 
 " In this tyme now that ze heir me tell, 
 Sic aduenture in France that tyme befell." ^ 
 
 In aventure, lest, perchance. Fr. a L' aventure, d'aventure. 
 Averll, Avyryle, s. April. Fr. avril. 
 A\&Ttit, part. pas. overturned. O. Fr. esvertir. 
 Awail, awal, v. a. and n. to let fall ; to descend. Fr. avaler. 
 Awaward, s. the advance-guard. Fr. avant-garde. 
 Awaymentis, s. plans. O. Fr. avoyenients, from the verb 
 avoyer, to put in train, to see to. 
 Awter, s. altar. O. Fr. autier. 
 
 Babtym, s. baptism. Fr. bapteme. 
 
 Bachille, s. a pendicle, or piece of arable ground. O. Fr. 
 bauche. 
 
 Badlyng, s. low scoundrel. Fr. badin. Perhaps badnystie is 
 derived from it. 
 
 Bae, s. the sound emitted in bleating, a bleat ; v. n. to bleat, 
 to cry as a sheep. Every one knows, in the " Farce de mestre 
 Pierre Pathelin," that admirable scene where the cunning shep- 
 herd answers all the queries and claims of both his master and 
 counsel by uttering bd, bd. 
 
 Baff, beff, s. a blow, a stroke. O. Fr. buffe. 
 
 1 'The Complaynt of Scotlande, ' p. 96, 11. vol. iii. p. 379, 11. 55,129, 55,130. See vol. 
 33-35, and p. 97, 1. i. i. p. 331, 1, 10,438 ; p. 339, 1. io,688; p. 343, 
 
 2 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 1. 10,803; p. 346, 1. 10,913. 
 
BAGENIN—BARREIR. 321 
 
 Bagenin, s. indelicate toying on the harvest - field (Fife). 
 O. Fr. baguenaud. 
 
 Baillie, s. a mistress, a sweetheart. Fr. belle. 
 Baiss, V. a. to baste. Fr. bastir. 
 Ballane, s. whalebone. O. Fr. balene. 
 
 " The Danis all befoir thair feildis stude, 
 With cors-bowis of ballane that war gude," ^ &c. 
 
 Baiter, v. a. to dance. O. Fr. baler^ baloier, balader, to wave. 
 
 Barbies, s. a kind of disease in some animals. Fr. barbes. 
 
 Barblyt, adj. barbed. Fr. barbeld. 
 
 Barbulyie, v. a. to put into confusion ; to soil. Fr. bar- 
 bouiller. Used also as a wown, perplexity. 
 
 Bargane,^ v. n. to contend. Fr. barguigner. It is used as 
 a noun, a fight : — 
 
 " Ane bitter bargane thair begouth belyve 
 Of nakit men with scharpe swordis and lang knyve." ^ 
 
 Barganer, s. a fighter, a bully. Fr. barguig7zeur. 
 Barganyng, s. fighting. O. Fr. bargain, bargaine. 
 Barnage, barne, s. barons or noblemen, taken collectively. 
 O. Fr. barnage.^ 
 
 "'And all oure barnage into bandone brocht.'"^ 
 
 Barreir,^ s. bounds, limits of a race. Fr. barriere. 
 
 ^ ' The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' * " E se li quens le lait par son folage, 
 
 vol. ii. p. 453, 11. 33,92s, 33,926. S' '°^'^" ^"^""^ S*^"' ^^' ^'^^ barnage." 
 
 2G. Douglas, ii. 133, 14. —'Gerard de Rossillon,' p. 311, edited by 
 
 3 ' The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotlande,' Francisque-Michel : Paris, 1856. 
 
 vol. i. p. 545, 11. 1 6, 97 3, 16,974. See vol. i. ' ' The Bulk of the CronicHs of Scotland,' 
 
 p. 568, 1. 17,698. vol. ii. p. 86, 1. 22,696. 
 
 8 G. Douglas, ii. 232, 11. 
 
 2 S 
 
322 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Barrace, barras, ba7'rcs, barrows,^ s. enclosed spaces. Fr. 
 barres. 
 
 Baston,^ v. a. to cudgel. O. Fr. bastonner. 
 
 Bastoun, s. heavy staff, baton. O. Fr. baston. 
 
 Bavard, adj. worn out. Fr. bavardy talkative ; bave, slaver, 
 drivel ; in O. Fr. childish talk. 
 
 Bawme, v. a. to embalm ; to warm. Fr. embaumer. 
 
 Bayrdit, adj. caparisoned. Fr. bardS. " Quhar in ther vas 
 grauit . . . bayrdit horse harnes." ^ 
 
 Beck, s. a brook. O. Fr. bee. 
 
 Beddy, adj. applied to greyhounds, bold. O. Fr. baud, bald. 
 Also a name given to a kind of dog from Barbary. 
 
 Beff, beffin, bouff, bouffin, s. a stout, stupid person. Fr. 
 boeuf. 
 
 Begarye, v. a. to stripe, to variegate. Fr. bigarrer. 
 
 Bellicois,^ adj. warlike. Fr. belliqueux. 
 
 " In gudlie haist with all power he mocht 
 Of mony berne, rycht bellicois and bald, 
 That at his will to wirk quhat [that] he wald, 
 Towart the Romanis he hes tane the way," ^ &c. 
 • 
 
 Benefice, s. benefit. Fr. bdndjiee. " quhilk occasions ar ay 
 vigilant to suppedit and to spulze al them that ar ingrate of the 
 benefecis of gode." ^ 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, iv. i6i, 20. vol. i. p. 152, 11. 5042-5045, See vol. i. p. 
 
 2 'Melvill's Diary,' pp. 125, 126, 160, 1. 5274; p. 164, 1. 5398; p. 186, 1. 
 
 3 'The. Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 69, 11. 6052; p. 189, 1. 6148 ; p. 261, 1. 8360 ; p. 
 
 5, 7- 278, 1. 8853 ; p. 291, 1. 9217. 
 
 * See chap. xii. p. 191. " «The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 20, 11. 
 
 " 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 14-16. See p. 116, 1. 30. 
 
BENEFICIAL — BOIRDOUR. 323 
 
 Beneficial, adj. of or belonging to a benefice. O. Fr. 
 beneficial. 
 
 Bestial,^ bestiall, s. cattle of all kinds. Fr. bestial. Besti- 
 alitd is another form : *' for in thai dais quhen the goldin varld 
 rang, kyngis and princis tuke mair delyit on the feildis and 
 forrestis to keip bestialite and to manure corne landis," ^ &c. 
 
 Bestial, adj. " And alse the scheip and nolt, and the foulis of 
 the ayr, pronuncit there bestial voce to sing vitht hym." ^ 
 
 Beurla,^ s. speech, language, especially English. Fr. parler. 
 O. Fr. biirler, roar, to jest with or flout at. (Rabelais, quoted 
 by Cotgrave.) 
 
 Black frost, frost without rime or snow lying on the ground, 
 as opposed to white frost, which is equivalent to Eng. hoar 
 frost. ^ Fr. froid noir. 
 
 Blackviced, adj. blackfaced. Eng. black, and O. Fr. vis. 
 
 Blanchart, adj. white. O. Fr. blanchard. 
 
 Blench-lippit, part. adj. having white lips. Fr. blanche lippe. 
 
 Block, s. bargain, agreement. Fr. bloc. 
 
 Block, V. a. to bargain. Fr. bloquer. 
 
 Blockin-ale, s. the drink drunk on making a bargain. 
 
 Bloss, adj. applied to a buxom young woman. Fr. blette, 
 mellow, as applied to fruit. O. Fr. bloss, as applied to an over- 
 mellow pear. 
 
 Boirdour, bordours, s. boundary, "border." Fr. bord. 
 " There is no thing that is occasione (O ze, my thre sonnis) of 
 
 ^ See chap, vii., p. 129. ■* See Irish -English Dictionary, sub voce, 
 
 - 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,'p. 43, 11. in the ist part of the ' Archreologia Britan- 
 
 21-24. See p. 69, 1. 33. nica,' by Edward Lhuyd. 
 
 3 Ibid., p. 64, 11. 20, 21. 6 'Caledonian Mercury,' March 10, 1825. 
 
324 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 zour adhering to the opinione of ingland contrar zour natife 
 cuntre, bot the grit familiarite that IngHs men and Scottis hes 
 hed on baitht the boirdours." ^ 
 
 Bool, s. a contemptuous term for a man. Fr. boule^ head. 
 
 Bordel, bordell,^ s. a brothel. Fr. bordel.^ 
 
 ** Ane fenzeit flatterair, or fuile, I say, 
 
 Ane Barde, ane Bragger, or Bordell Hure, 
 Ar none treatit so weill as thay. 
 
 How lang, Lord, wyll this warld indure ? " * 
 
 Bordeller, s. a haunter of brothels. O. Fr. bordelier. 
 Borrel, adj. coarse, rude ; from O. Fr. burel^ bureau, browii, 
 russet. 
 
 Bos, boiss, s. a small cask. O. Fr. busse, a kind of large tun. 
 Bost, s. a box. O. Fr. boeste, boiste. 
 
 " Horribill it is to heir or zit remord, 
 The pretius bodie how than of oure Lord, . 
 For oure synnis vpoun the croce that hang. 
 Out of the bost so lichtHe as tha flang. 
 And left bair and I tuke awa the bost, 
 As it had bene ane vther prophane ost." ^ \ 
 
 Botterel, adj. thick-set. Fr. bouterelle. Used also as a noun. 
 Boule, s. ball. Fr. boule. " epicurius said that the varld is 
 ronde [Fr. rond] lyik ane boule." ^ 
 
 ^ ' The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 106, 11. Bordeaux, as hinted by Jamieson, Suppl., voce 
 
 1-4. "Bordel." 
 
 '■^ "Dunbar to the Queen," 1. 29; among * "The Lamentation of the Pure" — 'Lau- 
 
 his Poems, vol. i. p. 116. der's Minor Poems,' p. 28, 11. 61-64. 
 
 ^ " Gae, or gang, to burdiehouse," is a sort ' 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 of malediction uttered by old people to one vol. iii. p. 255, 11. 50,901-50,906. 
 with whose conduct or language they are, or * * The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 33, 11. 
 
 afifect to be, greatly dissatisfied. That expres- 4, 5. 
 sion is surely derived from bordel, not from 
 
BO URDING — BRA VERIE. 325 
 
 Bourding, s. fighting. O. Fr. behourddis. 
 
 *' Sic bourding then it wes na barnis pla." ^ 
 
 Bourdon, burdoun, burdowne,^ s. a large staff, such as pil- 
 grims were wont to carry ; a war-club. Fr. bourdon. 
 
 ** And mony burdoun on thair basnatis brak." ^ 
 
 Brache, s. used in the phrase " rute of brache," root of dis- 
 sension. Fr. breche. 
 
 Brais, v. a. to embrace. Brasand, pres. part, embracing. 
 Fr. bras. 
 
 Brangle,* v. a. to shake ; to confound, to throw into dis- 
 order. Fr. branler. " sche hed ane croune of gold, hingand 
 and brangland," ^ &c. 
 
 Brasar, braser,^ s. armour for the arms. Fr. brassart. 
 
 " In brasar, birny, and in basnat bricht, 
 Syne faucht on fit quhill it wes neir the nycht." '' 
 
 Brase, brass, v. a. to bind. Eng. brace, Fr. bras, arm ; Lat. 
 brachium. 
 
 Brauitie, s. a show. Fr. bravetd. 
 
 Braverie, bravery, s, show ; boasting ; gaudy clothes ; fine 
 language. Fr. braverie. 
 
 1 ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' vill's Diary,' pp. 283, 323, 389. 
 
 vol. iii. p. 427, 1. 56,767. ' ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 68, IL 
 
 2 G. Douglas, ii. 160, 3, 425; iii. 17, 11. 22, 23. 
 
 ^ ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' ^ See above, chap. xii. p. 193. 
 
 vol. i. p. 408, 1. 12,741. See vol. i. p. 382, "^ 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 1- ii>9S3; vol. iii. p. 165, 1. 47,879. Bur- vol. i. p. 546, 11. 17,011, 17,012. See also 
 
 doun means also the drone of a bagpipe. vol. i. p. 1 84, 1. 5982 ; p. 306, 1. 9692 ; p. 
 
 * G. Douglas, iii. 339, 19; iv. 99, 5. 'Mel- 339, 1. 10,680 ; p. 365, 1. 11,441. 
 
326 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Bravity, s. courage. O. Fr. bravetS. 
 Breels, s. pi. spectacles. O. Fr. berils. 
 Breif, brief, breef, s. a spell. O. Fr. bref, brief. 
 Briganrye,^ s. brigandage. 
 
 " Quhat diiFers dearth from creuell briganrye, 
 Quhen that ze mak the pure for hunger dye ? " ^ 
 
 Brissal, adj. brittle. Fr. brdsilld. 
 
 Brochis,^ ^. wooden pins on which yarn is wound. Fr. 
 broches. Brochit,'^ part. pas. put on spits. 
 
 Brock, V. a. to do any piece of work in an unskilful manner. 
 Fr. brocher. 
 
 Brock, brok, broks, s. fragments of any kind, especially of 
 meat; trash, refuse. Fr. de brie et de broe and brie a brae. 
 " Brocken victuals " is still a common Eng. expression.^ 
 
 Broder,^ v. a. to embroider. Fr. broder. " on the thrid part 
 of that mantil, i beheld, brodrut about al hyr tail, al sortis of 
 cattel," ^ &c. 
 
 To stain : — 
 
 " Quhill all with blude broderit was the eird." ^ 
 
 Broilyie, v. a. to parboil, then to finish the cooking by roast- 
 ing on the gridiron (Fife). O. Fr. brusler. 
 
 1 See above, chap. xi. pp. 177, 178. of 'Don Quixote,' Cervantes informs us that 
 
 2 "Ane Godlie Tractate or Mirrour" — his " ingenioso hidalgo" ate "duelosy^w^- 
 ' Lauder's Minor Poems,' p. 18, 11. 472, 473. brantados los sabados." 
 
 Cf. chap. xi. pp. 177, 178. 8 Cf. chap. iv. p. 85. 
 
 3 G. Douglas, iii, 140. ^ < Tiig Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 69, II. 
 Mbid., ii. 34, 3. 11-13. 
 
 ° Vide Nares's Gloss., vocihtis "Brocken « ' The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 beer," "Brocken meat." At the beginning vol. i. p. 122, 1. 4101. 
 
BROND YN— BUTIN. 327 
 
 Brondyn, adj, branched. Fr. brondes, green branches. 
 
 Bu, boo, s. a sound meant to excite terror. " Bou, bou, bou, 
 bous, boos," ^ &c. Under that word Jamieson puts " Bu-man, 
 s. a goblin ; the devil, used as Bu-kowl' and ascribes a Ger- 
 man origin to it ; but he is wrong. In early mysteries, where 
 either the devil or one of his subordinates plays a part, they 
 were always roaring.^ 
 
 BufF, s. a stroke, a blow. O. Fr. btiffe. 
 
 Buffer, s. a foolish fellow. O. Fr. bouffard. 
 
 Bufflin, adj. roving, unsettled. O. Fr. buffelin, of or belong- 
 ing to the wild ox. 
 
 Buller, bullir, v. n. to make a sound like noise of water, &c. 
 Fr. bouillir. Bullerie, adj. making a gurgling noise, applied 
 to rough water running in a stream. 
 
 To bellow : '* the bullis began to bullir." ^ 
 
 Burnet, adj. of a brown colour. Fr. brunet. 
 
 Burris, s. pi. probably flocks, or locks of wool, hair, &c. Fr. 
 bourres. 
 
 Burry, adj. rough, boorish. Fr. bourru. 
 
 Burse, s. a court consisting of merchants. Fr. bourse. 
 
 Busch, s. boxwood. Fr. buis. 
 
 Busk, s. bush. Fr. bosc. " quhar there vas mony smal 
 birdis hoppand fra busk to tuist."' * 
 
 Butin, butine, s. booty. Fr. butm. " thai distribut the maist 
 part of the butine, ande spulze amang the pepil," " &c. 
 
 ^ Rabelais, B. iv. ch. 19. 4, 5. 
 ^ Vide 'Le Myst^re de saint Louis,' pub- ■* Ibid,, p. 37,11. 20, 21. 
 lished for the Roxburghe Club in 1870, p. 400. '' Ibid., p. 146, 11. 15, 16. Seel. 12. 
 
 ' 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 39, II. 
 
328 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Bwn, s. a large cask, placed in a cart, for the purpose of 
 bringing water from a distance, a word used in Angus.^ 
 Provincial Fr. benne. 
 
 Bygaryt,^ adj. striped, variegated. Fr. bigarr^. 
 
 Bystour, boysture, s. a term of contempt. O. Fr. bestourn^, 
 or butor. 
 
 Cace, cais, case, caise, chass, s. 07i cace, in caise (North), 
 by chance, if. Fr. cas. 
 
 Cache, v. n. to wander. O. Fr. cacJiier. 
 Cageat, s. a small casket or box. Fr. cassette. 
 Caiceable, caseable, adj. what may happen. Fr. cas. 
 Cairt, s. a map. Fr. carte. 
 
 Callan, calland, callant, s. a lad ; a girl. Fr. galant. The 
 English \\3.d gallant in the sense oi fellow.^ 
 Callet,^ s. the head. 
 
 Callsay, calsay, causay, causey, s. causeway, street. Fr. 
 chaussde. 
 
 " Quhill he was trail) it out throw all the toun, 
 Quhair on [the] stairis and all the calsay wnde[r], 
 Rycht mony stude that tyme on him to w[under]." ^ 
 
 Calsay-paiker, s. one who walks the streets. 
 
 Cane, kain, canage, .$•. a duty paid by a tenant to his land- 
 
 ^ 'Rec. Council,' Edin., 1590. Vide Q,)\2,xa.- Jonson ('Bartholomew Fair,' Act iv. sc. 3) 
 
 bers's 'Traditions of Edinburgh,' vol. i. p. no. uses quail 2^.% a cant term for loose woman; 
 
 " G. Douglas, iii. 198, 17. but that word seems to have a different origin. 
 
 3 Vide Stow's Annals, ed. 1631, p. 821. Vide Nares's Glossary, vocibus "Callet" and 
 
 * On the numerous words derived from the "Quail." In Gaelic, cail, cailin, is used to 
 
 same root, as calotte, caliche, calash, &c., see mean a vulgar girl, a quean, a hussy. 
 
 our ' Recherches de philologie comparee sur * 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 I'argot,' &c., 7'(7r^ "Calege, " pp. 84, 85. Ren vol. iii. p. 561, 11. 61,193-61,195. 
 
CANNEL — CARYARE. 329 
 
 lord. Gael, cain-e and canack. In the same language cean 
 means head, and cane, figure, in old French.^ 
 
 Cannel, v. a. to channel, to chamfer. Fr. canneler. 
 
 Canois, canos, canous, chanos, adj. grey, hoary. Fr. chenu. 
 
 Cantaille, cantel, cantil, s. a fragment, a corner-piece. O. Fr. 
 chantel. 
 
 Canton, s. a corner. Fr. canton. 
 
 Caprel, s. a caper, as in dancing. Fr. cabriole. 
 
 Carceir, v. a. to imprison. Fr. incarcdrer. 
 
 Carge, v. a. to charge. O. Fr. cargier. 
 
 Carion, s. a dead body. O. Fr. caroigne; Fr. charogne. 
 "... ane cauerne quhar that the vse vas to cast the 
 carions of comdampnit transgressouris." ^ 
 
 Carmouche, carmuiche, carmusche, s. fighting, skirmish. 
 Fr. escarmotiche. 
 
 " With countering and carmouche euerilk da," ^ &c. 
 
 Carnaill, adj. putrid. O. Fr. charnier^ cemetery. 
 
 Carryvarry, kirrywery, s. a burlesque serenade made with 
 pots, pans, &c., at the door of old people who marry a second 
 time. Fr. charivari} 
 
 Caryare, s. one skilled in carrying by legerdemain. Fr. 
 cha^'rier. 
 
 ^ See our 'Tristan,' vol. i. p. 147, 1. 3033; Inf. Latin.,' voce "Canon." 
 
 'De la Dent/ 1. 71 ('Fabliaux et Contes,' ^ « The Complaynt of Scotlande, ' p. 119, 11, 
 
 &c., vol. i. p. 161); and ' Blancandin et Or- 15, 16. See p. 154, 1. 20. It is at times 
 
 guilluse d'amor,' p, 103, v. 3071, where we heard in the North in such a phrase as, "He's 
 
 read — a naisty carion o' a chiel." 
 
 " II a plus noir del cief la caine a ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 Que n-est uns Mors de Moriane." ^^j^ ;_ p_ ^g^^ ,_ g^gg_ g^^ ^^j^ j_ p_ ^43, 1. 
 
 Skene, 'De Verb. Signif.,' voce "Canum," 7830 ; p. 332, 1. 10,462 ; p. 339, 1. 10,704. 
 apprehends that this was originally a capita- ■* Vide Rabelais, B. i. c. 17, voce "Cary- 
 
 tion tax. See Du Cange's ' Glos. Med. et mary," "Carymara," and his commentators. 
 
 2 T 
 
330 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Caschet, cashet, s. the king's privy seal. Fr. cachet. 
 
 Cass, V. a. to make void. Fr. casser. 
 
 Cassie, cazzie, cosie, s. a sort of basket made of straw. Fr. 
 chassis. 
 
 Caterr, p. caterris, s. catarrh. O. Fr. caterre. " til eschaip 
 the euyl accidentis that succedis fra the onnatural dais sleip, 
 as caterris,"^ &c. 
 
 Caue, //. cauis, s. cellar. Fr. cave. " The fyir slaucht vil 
 consume the vyne vitht in ane pipe in ane depe caue." ^ 
 
 Cautele, s. wile. Fr, cautelle. 
 
 Ceil, cele, v. a. to conceal, to hide (Gael.) Fr. cdler. 
 
 Cearche, ceirs, cerss, sers, v. a. to search. O. Fr. cerchier, 
 serchier ; Fr. chercher. 
 
 " Go cearche the Scripture, and thow sail find it so." ^ 
 
 Cert, certy, adv. for cert^ for certain ; by my certy, in truth. 
 Fr. certes. 
 
 Chachand, part. pas. pursuing. O. Fr. chachier, to chase. 
 
 Chackit, adj. checkered. Fr. eschequd. 
 
 Chamberere, s. a chamberlain. O. Fr. chambrier. 
 
 Chamlanrie, s. the office of chamberlain. O. Fr. chambarerie. 
 
 Chancellarie, s. chancery. Fr. chancellerie. 
 
 Chancy, adj. fortunate. Fr. chanceux. 
 
 Chandelar, chandler, chanler, s. a candlestick. Fr. chandelier. 
 " he spulzeit the tempil, ande reft the goldin alter, the chan- 
 delaris of lycht," * &c. 
 
 ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 37, 11. Minor Poems,' p. 11. 
 
 6, 7. See p. 57, 1. 5. ■• ' The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 76, 
 
 2 Ibid., p. 60, II. 10-12. See 1. 31. 1. i. 
 ^ ' Ane Godlie Tractate,' I. 244 — ' Lauder's 
 
CHAP— CHENZE. 33 1 
 
 Chap, chaipe/ v. a. to escape. Fr. dchapper. 
 
 " The erle of Mar richt narrowlie that da 
 With his lyfe chaipit fra that feild awa."- 
 
 Char, chare, s. a chariot. Fr. char. 
 
 Charges, s. rents. Fr. charges. 
 
 Charpentier, s. carpenter. Fr. charpentier. "... his 
 faculte is as honest, as crafty, ande as necessair as is to be ane 
 charpenteir." ^ 
 
 Charter-house, s. the name given to the monastery of the 
 Carthusians. Fr. chartreuse. 
 
 Chartour, s. a place for holding writings. Fr. chartrier. 
 
 Chasboll, s. onion. Fr. ciboule. "... quhar that he gat 
 ony chasbollis that greu hie, he straik the heidis fra them vitht 
 his staf." 4 
 
 Chastify, v. a. to make chaste. Fr. chastier. 
 
 Chaudmelle, s. a sudden broil. Fr. chaude, and meslde, 
 meUe. Chaudmallet, a blow, seems to be of the same 
 origin. 
 
 Chennonis, s. pi. canons belonging to a cathedral. Fr. 
 chafiomes. 
 
 Chenze, s. chain. O. Fr. chaigne. "... bessus, quha vas 
 gottyn in the forest, and vas brocht and led bundyn in ane 
 chenze befor kyng alexander." ^ 
 
 1 'Crim. Trials,' vol. ii. p. 351, A.D. 1600. 3 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 10, 11. 
 
 2 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 12-14. 
 
 vol. iii. p. 531, 11. 60,234, 60,235, See vol. •» Ibid., p. 94, 11. 13-15. See 11. 15, 21. 
 
 i. p. 190, 1. 6159; p. 374, 1. 14,715; vol. iii. 5 Ibid., p. 121, 11. 20-22. Seep. 114, 1. 27. 
 
 p. 380, 1. 55,173- 
 
332 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Cheresing, s. the act of showing favour. Fr. chdrir. 
 
 " The Saxone blude wes neuir leill no trew, 
 For aith, or band, or zit for ohlissing, 
 For conscience, k)mdnes, or for cheresing."^ 
 
 Cheryse, v. a. to cherish. Fr. chdrir. 
 
 " The cause heirof Is onlie Couattyse, 
 That blinds so man that he can no wayis se 
 To cheryse virtew, And ay chaistyce vice." ^ 
 
 Chess, s. frame, sash, &c. Fr. chassis. 
 
 Chevin, part. pas. prospered. O. Fr. chevir. 
 
 Chevisance, s. means of acquiring. O. Fr. chevir. 
 
 Chiffers, s. pi. ciphers, figures. Fr. chiffres. 
 
 Chirurgeane, chirurge, cirurgyen,^ s. a surgeon. Fr. chirurgien. 
 
 " ' Had I,' he said, * ane gude chirurgeane heir, 
 
 That in his craft war cunnying and perqueir,' " * &c. 
 
 " Than ane chirurge, the quilk wes of maist fame," ^ &c. 
 
 " for i trou that gif ane cirurgyen vald drau part of there blud 
 in ane bassyn,"^ &c. 
 
 Circoncisione, s. circumcision. Fr. circoncision. " the nyxt 
 tua thousand zeir vas the lau of circoncisione." ' 
 
 Circuat, prep, about. Fr. circuit. 
 
 Cistin, s. m. a kitchen (Gael.) Fr. cuisine. 
 
 ^ 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' vol. iii..p. 199, IL 49,003, 49,004. 
 vol. ii. p. 350, 11. 30,664-30,666. 6 Ibid., vol. iii. p. 513, 1. 59,656. 
 
 2 "The Interteniment of virtewus Men," ^ * The Complaynt of Scotlande, ' p. 1 29, 11. 
 
 11. 21-23 — 'Lauder's Minor Poems,' p. 38. 23, 24. 
 
 ^ See chap. ix. p. 151. '' Ibid., p. 35, 11. 31, 32. 
 
 * ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
CITENER — COIN. 333 
 
 Citener, citinar, citiner, s. citizen, indweller.^ Fr. citoyen. 
 
 " Off Edinburgh the citineris all fled 
 To strengthis by with all the guidis tha hed." ^ 
 
 "quhen citinaris and induellaris of ane cite hes mortal fede 
 contrar vthirs," ^ &c. 
 
 Citeyan, ceiteyan, s. a citizen. Fr. citoyen. 
 
 Clair, adj. plain. Fr. clair. Clair, v. to search, is of the same 
 origin. 
 
 Clargie, clergy, s. learning. O. Fr. clergie. 
 
 Clabaister, s. m. a bawler (Gael.) Fr. clabaudeur. 
 
 Cliath, s.f. SL hurdle or frame. Fr. c/aie. 
 
 Clientelle,^ s. dependants. Fr. clientelle. 
 
 Closach (guttur.), s. a collection of any kind of trash, vile 
 materials, or offals (Banffs.) Fr. cloaque. 
 
 Clouse, clush, clooss (North), s. a sluice. Fr. icluse. 
 
 Clow, clowe, s. a clove. Fr. clo7i. 
 
 Coagul, V. a. to coagulate. Fr. coaguler. " i sau hemp, that 
 coagulis the flux of the sparme." ^ 
 
 Cockerdehoy (to ride), to sit on, or on both, the shoulders of 
 another, &c. Fr. coq hardi. 
 
 Cognoscance, s. a badge in heraldry. O. Fr. cognoissance. 
 
 Coin, coynye, cunyie, quynie, s. a corner. Fr. coin. Those 
 who are acquainted with the French ecclesiastical antiquities 
 
 1 'Crim. Trials,' vol. i. p. 22, A. D. 1570- ^ < jhe Complaynt of Scotlande, ' p. 167,11. 
 71 ; vol. ii. p. 88, A.D. 1599; p. 127, a.d, 16, 17. See p. 11, 1. 19. 
 
 1600, * 'Diary of James Melvill,' 1556-1601, p. 
 
 2 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 83, May 1581. 
 
 vol. iii. p. 412, 11. 56,273, 56,274. See vol. ^ < j^g Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 67, 11. 
 
 ii. p. 357, 1. 30,883; vol. iii. p. 414, 1. 15, 16. 
 56,329 ; p. 417, 1. 56,457- 
 
334 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 may recollect " la statue ignominieuse de maistre Pierre de 
 Cugneres, estant en I'eglise Nostre-Dame de Paris, vulgairement 
 appele maistre Pierre dii Coignet," because it was in a corner, 
 and not for the reason put forth by Noel du Fail.^ The counyie 
 used by Dunbar in his description of a dance may be understood 
 as the corner resorted to by dancers in search of a corner. 
 Coist,^ s. side. O. Fr. coste. 
 
 " Baith head and hals wes hakkit all in schunder, 
 With crag and coist," ^ &c. 
 
 Coit, V. a. to butt. Fr. cottir. 
 
 Coject, V. n. to agree. O. Fr. con Sindjec^er. 
 
 Coll, s. a cock of hay, oats, &c. Fr. cueillir. To coll, to 
 put into cocks. 
 
 Collation, v. a. to compare. Fr. collationner. 
 
 Comburgess, s. fellow-burgess. O. Fr. conibourgeois. 
 
 Comerade, s. a comrade. Fr. camarade. It is used as a 
 verb, signifying to meet together for the purpose of social inter- 
 course. Comeradrie and cameradrie, companionship, are still 
 used in the North. Comer adin, constant visiting. 
 
 Commess, s. a deputy, Fr. commis. 
 
 Commove, commuve, v. n. to put into a state of confusion ; 
 to offend ; to vex. O. Fr. commouvoir. 
 
 " King Edward syne quhen he come to the toun, 
 Seand the wallis all war cassin doun, 
 And all the laif sicklike within distroyit, 
 Commovit wes richt greitlie and anoyit." * 
 
 ^ 'Les Contes et Discours d'Eutrapel,' fol. vol. ii. p. 475, 11. 34,599, 34,600. 
 
 l^recio: Rennes, 1585— 8vo. '♦Ibid., vol. iii. p. 376, 11. 55,041-55,044. 
 
 - See above, chap. ix. p. 153. See vol. iii. p. 389, 1. 55,480; p. 394, 1. 
 
 2 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 55,642 ; vol. i. p. 246, 1. 7918. 
 
COMPA TIENS — CONFISKE. 335 
 
 Compatiens, s. pity. Fr. compatissant. 
 
 " Rycht greit compatiens of Scotland he bed." ^ 
 
 Compeir,^ v. n. to appear. 
 
 " All beand done as I haif said zow heir, 
 King Dauid than befoir him gart compeir 
 His lordis all most circumspect and wyiss," ^ &c. 
 
 Complenze, v. n. to complain. Fr. plaindre, with com. 
 
 " And so tha did sone efter syne but fenzie, 
 Onto the paip of Gaule did complenze."'^ 
 
 Compt, V. a. to account, to care. Fr. compter. 
 
 " Tha comptit nocht, gat tha the gold to spend, 
 How it wes wyn or quhat suld be the end." ^ 
 
 Compt, s. account. Fr. compte. 
 
 Concerns, s. relations ; the members of the household. Fr. 
 concerner. 
 
 Concioun, s. an assembly. O. Fr. concion. 
 
 Condescend, v. a. to specify ; to give in detail, commonly 
 followed by upon; to agree. Fr. condescendre. The singular 
 is condescendence. 
 
 Condet, condict, condyt, s. a passport. Fr. conduit. Other 
 allied words are condy, a conduit, and condict, passage. 
 
 Confectouris, confects, s. confections. Fr. confitiires. 
 
 Confiske, v. a. to confiscate. Fr. conjisquer. 
 
 ^ 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' vol. iii. p. 360, 11. 54,487-54,489. 
 
 vol. iii. p. 183, 1. 48,469- * Ibid., vol. iii. p. 88, 11. 45.374, 45,375- 
 
 "^ See above, chap. x. p. 165. '^ Ibid., vol. ii. p. 510, 11. 35,693, 35,694. 
 ' 'The Ruik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
336 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Conforme, adj. in accordance with. Fr. conforme. 
 
 " And for that caus my counsall is thairfoir, 
 To abrogat, and vse that law no moir, 
 And vse conforme wnto the commoun law, 
 In vther landis vsit is ouir aw." ^ 
 
 Congey, s. leave. Fr. congi. 
 
 Conjuration, s. conspiracy. Fr. conjuration, "al coniura- 
 tions hes been exsecut be grit personagis of ane realme." ^ 
 
 Conjure, v. n. conspire. Fr. conjurer. " quharfor grit men, 
 and alse the familiaris of princis that coniuris, ar affligit in 
 there hart vitht ane thousand difficulteis." ^ 
 
 Connered, part. pas. curried. O. Fr. conroyer. See Corie. 
 
 Conqueis, conqueiss, conques, s. the act of conquering and 
 taking possession of. 
 
 " He passit is on to Siluria, 
 With all his power, baith on fit and horss, 
 Of mony freik that wes of mekill force, 
 Of that cuntrie hail conqueis for to mak." ■* 
 
 Conquered territory : — 
 
 " To keip the conqueis that his father wan," ^ &c. 
 
 Property, possession : " to that effect that ilk persone may 
 lyf eysylye on his auen iust conques," ^ &c. 
 
 Conques, conqueis, v. a. to conquer. Fr. conqui^rir, je con- 
 quis. " for sic gude pollycie, veil ordorit, sal cause the cuntre 
 
 1 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' vol. i. p. 338, 11. 10,662-10,665. 
 
 vol. ii. p. 562, 11. 37,357-37,360. ® Ibid., vol. iii. p. 214, 1. 49,526. See vol. 
 
 2 'The Complaynt of Scetlande,' p. 131, U. iii. p. 223, 1. 49,840. 
 
 23, 24. ' * 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 91, 11, 
 
 » Ibid., p. 133, 11. 3-5. "■ 2, 3. 
 
 * 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
CONSTRANZE -^ CONTIGUE. 337 
 
 to increse in gloir, honour and reches, and dreddor to zour 
 enemes, quha ar verray solist and vigilant to conques zou," ^ 
 
 " The Inglismen, as I fund in my storie, 
 Conqueist alhaill the provinces of France," ^ &c. 
 
 To take prisoner : " i hef send to the thir presoners, 
 the quhilk i hef conquest in fair and honest veyris, contrar 
 the quhilk present i hef send to the to that effect that i maye 
 conques thy loue and thy fauoir." ^ 
 
 To gain, acquire : — 
 
 " Throw the greit [gloir] that tyme he conqueist hed, 
 Ouir all Ewrop his name of honour spred." * 
 
 " Quhen he hed stand in mony stalwart stour. 
 And put himself into sic aduenture, 
 And conqueist Scotland sic honour and gloir," ^ &c. 
 
 Constranze, v. a. to force. O. Fr, constramdre. 
 "'Suppois natuir constranze him thairto.'"* 
 
 Contryne is another form : — 
 
 " For ze contryne thame, — as wyse men merkis and seis, — 
 Till one of thir two grit Extremitieis." '' 
 
 Contigue, adj. contiguous. Fr. contigtt. " there is nocht 
 mony men, grit nor smal, that hes heritage, bot is aye inuentand 
 
 ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 91, 11. * 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 5-8. See p. 4, 1. 21 ; p. 90, 1. 20 ; p. 109, 1. vol. iii. p. 171, 11. 48,067, 48,068. See vol. 
 
 6 ; p. 181, 11. 14, 15. iii. p. i79> 1- 48,350- 
 
 '■^ 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' ^ Ibid., vol. iii. p. 173, 11. 48,149-48,151. 
 
 vol. iii. p. 515, 11. 59,701, 59,702. See p. ^ Ibid., vol. ii. p. 652, 1. 40,249. See vol. 
 
 157, 1. 47,616; p. 221, 1. 49,761 ; p. 222, 1. ii. p. 653, 1. 40,270. 
 49,806; p. 515, 1. 59,721. " "Ane Godlie Tractate," 11. 476, 477 
 
 3 'The Complaynt of Scotlande, 'p. 116, 11. —'Lauder's Minor Poems,' p. iS. 
 15-18. See 1. 32. 
 
 2 U- 
 
338 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 cauillatione and vrang titilis to hef their nychtbours heretagis, 
 that lyis contigue besyde them, othir be proces and pleyls, or 
 ellis be violens/'^ 
 
 Contra, adj. opposing. Fr, contre. 
 
 " This ilk Banis into that strenth he la, 
 His contra part than keipit that entra," ^ &c. 
 
 Contrarie, s. opposition. Fr. contraire. 
 
 "In that counsall thair wes no contrarie."^ 
 As 2iprep., in opposition to : — 
 
 " Contrarie the courss of his complectioun," ^ &c. 
 In contrairie, on the other hand : — 
 
 " As efterwart within ane litill space, 
 It prouit weill be gude William Wallace, 
 In contrairie that Scotland did reskew, 
 Quhen that his power was bayth waik and few." * 
 
 Contrapleid, contrapley, s. contradiction. Fr. contre, and 
 plait^ plaid, a term of feudal law. 
 
 " Quhen he hard pece, thairof he wes content, 
 But contrapleid tharto gif his consent." ^ 
 
 Contray, v. a. to oppose. 
 
 " Zit neuirtheles that tyme tha stude sic aw 
 Of Kenethus, that wes thair prince and king, 
 To contray him or crab in ony thing," '^ &c. 
 
 ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 167, ^ Ibid., vol. iii. p. 157, 11. 47,620-47,623. 
 11. 3-7. See p. 4, 1. 3 6 Ibid., vol. i. p. 11, 11. 365, 366. See vol. 
 
 " 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' i. p. 43, 1, 1479 ; p, 95, 1. 3223 ; p. 119, 1. 
 
 vol. ii. p. 338, 11. 30,297, 30,298. 4017; P- 199, 1- 6472; vol. ii. p. 273, 1. 28,318. 
 
 3 Ibid., vol. i. p. 137, 1. 4569. 7 ibid_^ yoi ii p j6^^ ji_ 37,394-37,396. 
 
 * Ibid., vol. i. p. 289, 1. 9167. 
 
CONTUMAX— CORIE. 339 
 
 Contumax, adj. contumacious. Fr. contumax. 
 
 " And he agane that did thair counsall heir, 
 Wes contumax, and sic wald nocht compeir," ^ &c. 
 
 Conwoy, s. mien, carriage. O. Fr. convoy. 
 
 Coom, s. dross of coals. Fr. dcume. 
 
 Coomb, s. a hill, the bosom of a hill, a rising ground. O. Fr. 
 combe. 
 
 Cope betuene,^ v. a. to divide. Fr. couper. In school 
 language, copin is used by French boys in the sense of com- 
 panion. 
 
 Copy, s. plenty, abundance. O. Fr. copie. 
 
 Corbe,^ s. raven. Fr. corbeau. " he be grit subtilite neuris- 
 sit tua zong corbeis in tua cagis," ^ &c. 
 
 Corbit, adj. crooked. Fr. courbd. 
 
 Corbulye, s. boiled leather. Fr. cuir bouilli.^ 
 
 Cord, V. n. to agree. Fr. corder.^ 
 
 " Sone war tha cordit on that samin kynd," ^ &c. 
 
 Cordon, s. a band. Fr. cordon. Cordonit, wreathed. Fr. 
 cordonnd. 
 
 Core, s. a company, a body of men. Fr. corps. 
 
 Corie, v. a. to curry leather; corrier^ a currier. Fr. 
 corroyer, corroyeur. 
 
 * 'The Bulk of the. Croniclis of Scotland,' boats of the same stuff in 1360. Vide b. i. 
 vol. ii. p. 300, 11, 29,125, 29,126. part 2, vol. i. p. 427, col. i. 
 
 2 G. Douglas, i. 91, I. 6 " Un autre plait en velt li due cerjar, 
 
 ' See above, chap. vii. p. 135. Qu'il velt le due al conte molt cordar." 
 
 * 'The Complaynt of Scotlande, ' p. 181, — 'Gerard de Rossillon,' p. 293; edited by 
 11' 34> 35- See p. 182, 11. 5, 9, 16, 21, 22, Francisque-Michel : Paris, 1856 — i2mo. 
 
 26. 7 « The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 " There is mention, by Froissart, of small vol. iii. p. 195, 1. 48,869. 
 
340 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Cormolade, s. having a rotten heart. Fr. coeur malade. 
 Corp, s. body. 
 
 " With litill happing, nocht to ly ouir warm, 
 That neidfull war to keip thair corpis fra harme," ^ &c. 
 
 Corperale, corporall, s. the linen in which the host was kept. 
 Fr. corporal. 
 
 Cors, corss, corce,^ s. body. 
 
 " For ma vices thair rang into his cors, 
 Nor thair wes hairis on his grittest hors." ^ 
 
 " Cruikit he wes, and unfeire of his cors," * &c. 
 
 " Formois he wes, and of his passoun fair, 
 Clenelie of corce, richt plesand and preclair." ^ 
 
 Dead body : — 
 
 " The kingis cors into the samin quhile, * 
 
 Tha buir and bureit in to lona Yle." ^ 
 
 " And of his corce thai tuke of it sic cuir, 
 Solempnitlie put it in sepulture." '^ 
 
 Corsgard, s. an abode. Fr. corps de garde. 
 Corssy, adj. big-bodied, corpulent. Fr. corsd ; O. Fr. corsus.^ 
 Cosch, coshe, s. 3. coach. Fr. cocke. 
 
 Cossnent, v. to work at cossnent, to receive wages without 
 food. O. Fr. ctcst, ceust, a neant. 
 
 ^ 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 31,110. 
 
 vol. ii. p. 445, 11. 33,673, 33,674. 5 Ibid., vol. i, p. 320, 11. 10,130, 10,131. 
 
 2 See chap. ix. p. 152. ® Ibid., vol. ii. p. 336, 11. 30,245, 30,246. 
 
 ^ Ibid., vol. ii. p. 300, 11. 29,105, 29,106. ^ Ibid., vol. i. p. 577, II. 17,933, I7)934- 
 
 4 Ibid., vol. iii. p. 437, 1. 57,138. See » 'Chron. de Bertrand du Guesclin,' 1. 
 
 vol. iii. p. 449, 1. 57,530; vol. i. p. 384, I. 17,629; vol. ii. p. 148. 
 12,034; vol. ii. p. 336, 1. 30,223 ; p. 364, 1. 
 
COTTERIE — CO WNTYR - PA L YSS. 341 
 
 Cotterie, s. provision to a place of habitation. Fr. coterie. 
 Counand, conand, s. contract. Fr. convenant. 
 Counter, v. a. to meet in battle. Fr. rencontrer. 
 
 " Suppois he wes into the grittar number, 
 Tha counterit him, and countit of na cummer, 
 With sic ane rusche that all the rochis rang." ^ 
 
 " The bairdit horss, that prickit ouir the plane, 
 With that counter wes maid to turn agane." - 
 
 Countering, counterene, s. fighting. Fr. rencontre. 
 " That countering wes lyke an thunder crak," ^ &c. 
 "With counterene and skirmusche da and nycht." * 
 
 Coup, s. cup. Fr. coupe, "ande reft the goldin alter, 
 
 . . the coupis," ^ &c. 
 
 Coup, s. exchange, a good bargain. Fr. coup. 
 
 Coutch, V. n. to lay down, a term applied to the division of 
 land among joint proprietors. Fr. coucher. 
 
 Coutcher, v. n. to crouch, Fr. coucher. Coutchit, part. pas. 
 means inlaid. 
 
 Coveratour, s. a cover for a bed. Fr. couverture. 
 
 Cowardie, v. a. to surpass. O. Fr. couarder. It is used as a 
 noun to signify the act of surpassing. 
 
 Cowntyr - palyss, contrary to. Fr. contre-pal, a heraldic 
 term. 
 
 1 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 1. 8466. 
 
 vol. ii, p. 283, 11. 28,601-28,603. ■• Ibid., vol. i. p. 325, 1. 10,278. 
 
 2 Ibid., vol. i. p. 248, 11. 7995, 7996, See ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 76, 11. 
 vol. i. p. 332, 1, 10,491. 1-3. 
 
 3 Ibid., vol. i, p. 249, 1. 8012. See p. 264, 
 
342 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Cowpon, s. a fragment. Fr. coupon. 
 
 " Birfteis did birst and all in cowponis claif," ^ &c. 
 
 Coy, adj. still, quiet. O. and mod. Fr. coy^ coi. 
 
 Cozie, cosie, s. a corn-riddle. Fr. cosse, and thence ^cosser. 
 
 Cran, s. an iron instrument, laid across the fire, reaching from 
 the ribs of the grate to the hinder part of it, for the purpose of 
 supporting a pot or kettle. Fr. cran. 
 
 Creische, creish, 5-. fat, grease. Fr. graisse. To creisk, to 
 grease. Creishie is greasy. 
 
 Crinch, s. a small piece, a piece broken off. 
 
 Crinch, crunch, v. a. to grind with the teeth, or with the feet, 
 or in any way. Fr. grincer. 
 
 Croise, v. a. to mark by burnmg. Fr. croisier, from Lat. crtix. 
 
 Crouchie, adj. having a hunch on the back ; as a noun, a 
 hunchback. Fr, crochu. 
 
 Crute, croot, s. a decrepit person. Fr. croute. 
 
 Cudger, cudgie, s. the blow given as a challenge to fight. 
 Fr. coucher. 
 
 Cuddam, cuddem, v. a. to tame. Fr. accoutumer. Northern 
 form cotkam, with the meaning to satisfy with food. Cuddum 
 also means a custom, and as an adj. tame. 
 
 Cuf,2 s. a slap, or slight blow. O. Fr. coiffe. 
 
 Cuise, s.f.di matter, affair, thing, &c. (Gael.) Fr. chose. 
 
 Cuist, custroun, s. a rogue, a worthless fellow. O. Fr. 
 
 cuistre. 
 
 "A little custron cuist." ^ 
 
 * * The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland, ' ' " The Flyting betwixt Pol wart and 
 
 vol, i. p, 312, 1. 9882. Montgomery." (Watson's 'Collection of 
 
 2 'Crim. Trials,' vol. ii. p. 91, a.d. 1591. Poems,' part iii. p. 2.) Quistroun, which oc- 
 
CULL A GE — CURIOSITIE. 
 
 343 
 
 Cullage, s. the characteristic mark of sex. Fr. couille. 
 
 Cullion, culyon, cullyeon, s. a poltroon ; ^ a person of disagree- 
 able temper and manners (Banffs.). Fr. couillon. 
 
 Culuerene, s. a kind of cannon. " mak reddy zour cannons, 
 culuerene moyens, culuerne bastardis," ^ &c. 
 
 Culyour,^ s. a cheat, a swindler. Fr. cueilleur. 
 
 Cunze,* V. a. to coin. O. Fr. coigner. " he tuik vitht hym 
 ane riche quantite of gold and siluyr, cunzet and oncunzet." ^ 
 
 Cunze, s. coin. 
 
 " Tha spulzeit alhaill fra end to end, 
 Of siluer, gold, and all cunze wes kend," ^ &c. 
 
 Curbawdy, s. courtship. Fr. cceur and O. Fr. baudir. 
 Curie, s. search. Fr. quhnr. 
 Curiositie, s. care. 
 
 " He confort thame with curiositie." "^ 
 
 curs in " Kyng Alisaunder, 1. 251 1, 'Metrical 
 
 Romances,' &c., by Henry Weber, vol. i. p. 
 
 106, means properly a scullion. 
 
 " Coistrons de cuisine 
 Font moult a doler." 
 
 — * De Marco et de Salemons,' st. ix. (' Nouv. 
 Rec. de Fabliaux,' &c., vol. i. p. 417.) 
 
 The prose French Chronicle of the 'Brut of 
 England,' which was translated by Caxton, 
 describing the incident that furnished Warner 
 with his beautiful history of 'Argentile and 
 Cuaran,' says that King Ed elf married Ar- 
 gentile, "i un quistron de sa cuisyne." 
 This Caxton renders by "a knave of his 
 kychen." We read in an older metrical re- 
 daction of the same story :— 
 
 " Entre eus le tenoient pur sot ; 
 De lui fesoient lur deduit, 
 Cuaran I'appelloient tuit ; 
 Car ceo tenoient li Breton 
 En lur language qtUstron." 
 
 — ' Lai d'Havelok,' 1. 256. 
 
 ^ 'The Bride of Lammermoor,' ch. ix. 
 
 ^ ' The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 41, 11. 
 
 31. 32. 
 
 ^ See above, chap. ii. p. 65. 
 
 * See above, chap. vi. p. 117. 
 
 ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 109, 11. 
 I, 2. 
 
 ® 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 vol. iii. p. 441, 11. 57,258, 57,259- See p. 
 90, 1. 45,435 ; p. 518, 1. 59,816. 
 
 '^ Ibid., vol. ii. p. 130, 1, 24,019. 
 
344 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Anything done with care and skill : — 
 
 " And greit desyre had always for to se 
 Sic coistlie werk of curiositie." ^ 
 
 Curious, adj. careful ; desirous of knowledge. Fr. curieux. 
 
 " He gat on hir ane sone callit Fergus, 
 In all this warld wes nane mair curious." ^ 
 
 " Ane hound he had baith curious and bald," &c. ^ 
 
 Curror, currour, curroure, currur/ s. messenger. Fr. coureiir. 
 Cursur, cursour, s. a war-horse. Fr. cotirsier.^ 
 
 " Quhilk war expert to ryde and rin ane speir, • 
 On cursuns kene weill bardit for the weir," ^ &c. 
 
 Curteons, s. probably thick paper or pasteboard. Fr. carton. 
 Curtician, courtician, s. courtier. Fr. courtesan. " in drede 
 that sum curtician alege trason on vs." ' 
 
 Custumarie, s. the office of the customs. O. Fr. coustumerie. 
 
 Dablet, daiblet, s. an imp, a little devil. Fr. diable. 
 Daible, v. n. to go about in a weak manner. Fr. d^bile. 
 Dall, s. a large cake made of sawdust, &c., used by poor 
 people for fuel. Fr. dalle. 
 
 ^ ' The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 330, 1. 10,406; vol. ii. p. 232, 1. 27,075; 
 
 vol. ii. p. 570, 11. 37,611, 37,612. vol. iii. p. 176, 1. 48,240; p. I79, 1- 4^.354; 
 
 2 Ibid., vol. ii. p. 17, 11. 20,651, 20,652. p. 180, 11. 48,383, 48,387. 
 
 3 Ibid., vol. i. p. 543, 1. 16,916. „ „ , , . . „ . 
 
 ' ' J-TJ7 Tj t, granz chevals corsiers e cspaneis, &c. 
 
 * 'Comp. Thes. Reg. Scot.,' vol. i. pp. 45, 
 
 52, 124, 267. — ' Gerard de Rossillon,' p. 338, edited by 
 
 * See above, chap. vii. p. 130. Francisque-Michel : Paris, 1856 — i2mo. 
 
 « 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 133, 1. 
 
 vol. i. p. 143, 11. 4754, 4755- ^ee vol. i. p. 27. 
 
DAMMYS — DEBAIT. 345 
 
 Dammys, dammeis, s. damage. Fr. dovtmage. 
 
 Dan, s. lord, sir, O. Fr. damp. 
 
 Dandil, v. n. to go about idly. Fr. dandiner. ** To go gap- 
 ing ill-favouredly." (Cotg.) 
 
 Dane, daine, dain, adj. gentle. O. Fr, dain. 
 
 Danton, dantoun, v. a. to subdue. Fr. dompter; O. Fr. 
 
 domter, donter. 
 
 " ' Betide me weal, betide me woe, 
 
 That weird shall never dantoun me.' 
 Syne he has kissed her rosy lips, 
 AH underneath the Eildon tree." ^ 
 
 Debait, v. n. to be diligent in procuring a thing. Fr. ddbattre. 
 To fight : — 
 
 "The cruell Scottis pertlie on that plane, 
 Ane rycht lang quhile debaittit hes agane," ^ &c. 
 
 To defend : — 
 
 " Therefoir tha thocht at that tyme and tha micht 
 But ony battell for to debait thair richt." ^ 
 
 Applied to territory : " and to eschaip [O. Fr. esckapper] 
 sic tirranny, zour forbears hes debatit zour cuntre this mony 
 zeiris be grit manhede and visdome." * 
 
 Applied to persons : — 
 
 " * And sen we haif sic help in our awin handis 
 
 And ma debait ws rycht weill with our brandis,* "^ &c. 
 
 ^ " True Thomas," st. vi. — 'The Ballads 404, 1. 32,373; vol. iii. p. 22, 1. 43,186; p. 
 
 of Scotland,' by Aytoun, vol. i. p. 38. 174, 1. 48,200; p. 224, 1. 49,857; p. 225, I. 
 
 2 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 49,869. 
 
 vol. ii. p. 595, 11. 38,417, 38,418. See vol. ii, * 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 91, 11. 
 
 p. 611, 1. 38,939. 22-24. 
 
 '^ Ibid., vol. i. p. 12, 11. 401, 402. See vol. ^ ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 i. p. 159, 1. 5239; p. 239, 1. 7697; vol. ii. p. vol. iii. p. 118, 11. 46,342, 46,343. 
 
 2 X 
 
346 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Debait, s. a fight. Fr. ddbat. 
 
 " The Romanis knew it micht nocht ellis be, 
 Bot other do into that tyme or de, 
 And mak debait than baldUe with thair brandi^, 
 For all thair help than stude in thair awin hands, 
 That causit thame the baldar to abyde." ^ 
 
 Resistance by arms : — 
 
 " And all the Ylis tuke at his awin hand, 
 Without debait of ony or ganestand," ^ &c. 
 
 State of opposition : " that iulius and pompeus culd 
 nocht baytht hef ane vrangus titil in ther debait." ^ 
 
 Debaitment, s. contention. O. Fr. debatement. 
 
 Debaush, v. a. to waste. O. Fr. desbaucher ; Fr. ddbaucher, 
 from de, and O. Fr. baucke, rank. Debosh, debush, signifies a 
 spendthrift, and debosherie, waste, in the North. 
 
 Debord, deboard, v. n. to depart ; to go beyond proper 
 bounds, to go to excess. Fr. dSorder. Hence debording, 
 debaurd, s. excess ; departing from the right way. 
 
 Debout, V. a. to thrust. Fr. ddbotUer, 
 
 Deburse, v. a. to disburse. Fr. d^bourser. Debursing, dis- 
 bursement. 
 
 Decoirment, decorment, s. decoration. O. Fr. d^corement. 
 
 Decompt, s. an account. Fr. ddcompte. 
 
 Dedie, v. a. to dedicate. Fr. dddier. " the quhilk tracteit i 
 hef dediet ande direckyt to zour nobil grace." * 
 
 Deesse, s. goddess. Fr. ddesse. " thai promest to gyf hym 
 
 ^ 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 183, 11. 
 vol. i. p. 401, II. 12,537-12,541. 25-27. 
 
 2 Ibid., vol. ii. p. 694, 11. 41,591, 41,592. * Ibid., p. 7, 11. 12, 13. 
 
DEFAIK — DELIVER. 347 
 
 ane grit some of moneye, for to paynt ane fayr ymage of the 
 deesse luno." ^ 
 
 Defalk, v. a. to relax, to become a defaulter in respect of 
 money. Fr. ddfalquer. 
 
 Defaitt, part. pas. defeated. Fr, ddfait. " for quhen the 
 kyng of France ande his armye var deffait be the due of 
 Burbon," 2 &c. 
 
 De{a.wtyt, part. pas. forfeited. Fr. ddfaillir. 
 
 Defeacance,^ s. payment. " In the defeacance of money." ^ 
 
 Defoul, V. a. to defile, to dishonour, to disgrace. O. Fr. 
 defouler. 
 
 Befouling, s. the act of dishonouring. 
 
 " For the defouling of his dochter deir," ^ &c. 
 
 Degener, v. n. to degenerate. Fr. ddgdndrer. " O ignorant, 
 abusit, ande dissaitful pepil, . . . ande degenerit fra the nobil- 
 itie of zour foir fadirs and predecessours," ^ &c. 
 
 Degestable, adj. concocted. Fr. digestif. 
 
 Degoutit, part. pas. spotted. Fr. ddgoutter, to run drop by 
 drop. 
 
 T)egys\t, pa7^t. pas. disguised. Fr. ddguiser. 
 
 Deis,^ s. a seat. 
 
 " The stane wes set vpone ane deis conding," ^ &c. 
 
 Deliuer, adj. active. O. Fr. delivre. Deliuerly, nimbly. 
 
 ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. ii, 11. ^ 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 20-22. vol. ii. p. 124, 1. 23,842. 
 
 2 Ibid., p. 89, 11. 5-7. 8 ' The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 72, 11. 
 
 ^ See chap. x. p. 166. 1-5. 
 
 * 'Accounts of David Murray, Sub-CoUec- ^ See above, chap. ii. p. 51. 
 
 tor of the Thirds of Benefices for Perth and ^ ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 Strathearn.' vol. ii. p. 444, 1. 33,619. 
 
348 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Deluge, V. n. to dislodge. Fr. ddloger. 
 Demand,^ s. objection, calling in question. 
 
 " Into that place tuke purpois thair to byde, 
 The haill spulzie amang thame to devyde, 
 Richt equallie, without ony demand," ^ &c. 
 
 Resistance : — 
 
 '* This king Malcolme, that stalwart wes and stout, 
 In the passage with drawin sword in hand, 
 Still thair he stude, and made them sic demand, 
 Neuir ane of thame he wald lat furth by," ^ &c. 
 
 Demane, demaine, v. a. to treat ; generally to ill-treat ; in 
 North, to inflict a bodily injury. O. Fr. demainer. 
 
 Demellit, part. pas. injured. Demellitie, hurt, properly from 
 a contest or broil. Fr. ddmHd, a quarrel. 
 
 Demember, v. a. to dismember. Dismembrare, s. one who 
 maims another. O. Fr. desmembrer ; Fr. d^menibrer. 
 
 Demont, v. n. to dismount. O. Fr. desmonter ; Fr. ddmonter. 
 
 Dentelion, dentilioun, s. dandelion, [Leontodon taraxacum y 
 Linn.) Fr. dent-de-lion. 
 
 Depair, v. a. to destroy. Fr. dSpdrir. 
 
 Depart, depert, v. a. to divide, to separate. Departising, s. 
 division. O. Fr. ddpartir. 
 
 Depesche, depische, v. a. to send away. O. Fr. des^escher ; 
 Fr. d^pkher. 
 
 ** No pastor gewin to feid the flesche, — 
 All sic ze suld frome zow depesche," &c.* 
 
 ^ See above, chap. x. p. 165, under contrare- p. 469, 1. 34,404; p. 471, 1. 34,446. 
 mand. * Ibid,, vol. ii. p. 598, 11. 3^,516-38,519. 
 
 ' 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' * 'Ane Compendious and Breve Tractate,' 
 
 vol. ii. p. 361, 11. 31,003-31,005. See vol. ii. p. 12, 11. 289, 290. 
 
DEPESCHEIT — DE TB UND. 349 
 
 Depescheit,^ part. pas. despatched. O. Fr. despesch^. 
 
 Depesh,^ s. despatch. Fr. d^pkhe. 
 
 Deprise, v. a. to depreciate, to undervalue. O. Fr. depriser. 
 
 Depulye, dispuilye, v. a. to spoil, to plunder. Fr. d^pouiller. 
 
 Depurse, v. a. to disburse. Fr. d^bourser. Depursement^ s. 
 disbursement. 
 
 Depyit, part. pas. cut off. Fr. d^piicd, ddpidcer — de and piece ; 
 O. Fr. depz^, mutilation. 
 
 Deray,^ s. disorder. • O. Fr. desroy^ desroi\ desarroy ; Fr. 
 ddsarroi — from des, and arroi. 
 
 Dereglas, s. pi. loose habits, irregularities, &c. Fr. ddrdgld. 
 
 Dereyne, derene, derenye, s. contest, decision. O. Fr. des- 
 rene, desresne. 
 
 Dereyne, derene, dereny, derenyhe, v. a. to contest, to de- 
 termine a controversy by battle, to put out of order. O. Fr. 
 desreiner^ desrener. 
 
 Det, s. due, reverence. Fr. dette. 
 
 " Coell the king with great triumph hym met, 
 Rycht reuerentlie doand to him his det." * 
 
 Detbund, adj. bound by fate. Fr. dette and Eng. bound. 
 Also from former word 
 Bound by duty : — 
 
 " And geue thay dewly do thair cure 
 To euery kynd of Creature 
 That they ar detbound for to do : 
 I pray zow take gude hed heir-to." ^ 
 
 • G. Douglas, i. 98, 28. ■* 'The Buik of the Cronidis of Scotland,' 
 
 * 'Crim. Trials,' vol. i. p. 62, A.D. 1576. vol. i. p. 573, II. 17,847, 17,848. 
 
 ^ ' The Historic and Life of King James * ' Ane Compendious and Breve Tractate, ' 
 VI.,' p. 53- P- 13. 11- 343-346. 
 
350 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Deteriorat, part. pas. injured, rendered worse. Fr. ddtdriord. 
 Detfull, detful, adj. bound in duty, dutiful. 
 
 " And do zow homage and reuerence, 
 With all detfull Obedience." ^ 
 
 " bot zit my gude vil ande hartly intentione, ande my detful 
 obediens, excedis the hartly intentione of the pure man," ^ &c. 
 
 Deturne, v. a. to turn aside, to divert. Fr. ddtourner. 
 
 Devail, deval, devall, devald, v. n. to descend, to fall low, to 
 bow ; to stop, to cease.^ O. Fr. devaler. 
 
 Devaill, devall, s. an inclined plane for a waterfall ; a sunk 
 fence. O. Fr. devallde. 
 
 Devancier,* s. an ancestor, a predecessor. Fr. devancier. 
 
 Devise, devisse, devysse, dewyss, v. n. to talk ; to communi- 
 cate information ; to narrate. Fr. deviser. 
 
 Devoir, s. duty. Fr. devoir. 
 
 " And quhen lie saw that he culd cum na speid, 
 To do his devoir be the way of deid," ^ &c. 
 
 Dewyss, diuiss, v. a. to divide. Fr. diviser. 
 
 Differr, v. «. to delay ; difference, delay ; differer, one who 
 delays. Fr. diffdrer. 
 
 Difficult, V. a. to put into a difficulty. O. Fr. difficulter. 
 
 Dimuneu, v. a. to lessen. Fr. diminuer. " bot zit, at sum 
 tyme, god almychty, be his diuyne permissione, mittigatis, 
 
 ^ ' Ane Compendious and Breve Tractate,' 3, 6, 48, 4; iii. 75, 2, 309, 4. 
 
 p. 8, 11. 175, 176. 4 'Sir J. Melville's Memoirs,' "To his 
 
 ^ ' The Compla)mt of Scotlande,' p. 8, 11. Son," p. 5. 
 
 9-"- " ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 ^ 'Clariodus,' p. 56, 1. 164. G. Douglas, i. vol. i. p. 525, 11. 16,362, 16,363. 
 
BIRD — DORRIT Y. 351 
 
 augmentis, or dimuneuis baytht the gude operations and euil 
 operations of the planetis." ^ 
 
 Dird, dirdum (Banffs.), s. a stroke, a blow. O. Fr. dourder. 
 
 Disbust, s. an uproar. O. Fr. desboistd ; Fr. ddboit^, out of 
 its place. 
 
 Discomfisht, part. adj. overcome (Dumfr.) O. Fr. des- 
 
 C07lfit. 
 
 Discure, v. a. to observe accurately, to scan. Fr. discourir. 
 
 Dispend, v. a. to spend, to expend ; dispending, s. expenses. 
 O. Fr. despendre. Hence dispending, s. money to spend, ex- 
 penses. 
 
 Dissobesance, s. disobedience. Fr. d^sobdissance. 
 
 Diton, s. a motto. Fr. die ton. 
 
 Divine, s. a soothsayer. Fr. devin. 
 
 Divisit, pas. part, appointed. O. Fr. deviser, to appoint ; 
 to arrange by dividing. 
 
 Doleance,^ s. a lamentation, complaint ; a statement or re- 
 monstrance in regard to grievances. Fr. doldance. 
 
 Domine,^ v. n. to rule, to assume the authority over. Fr. 
 doininer. 
 
 Don, s. a gift, a donation (Ayrs.) Fr. don. 
 
 Dorn, s. m. a short cut or piece of anything (Gael.) Fr. 
 dame, a slice of a fish. 
 
 Dorrity, doroty,^ s. a doll, a puppet; a female of a very small 
 size. Fr. Dorothde. 
 
 ^ 'The Complayntof Scotlande,' p. 56, 11. 'The True History of the Church of Scot- 
 
 30-33- land,' &c., p. 370, A.D. 1597, M.ncc.iv.— fol. 
 
 ^ " Queen Mary's Instructions," ' Melville's * ' Sir J. Melville's Memoirs,' p. 353. 
 
 Memoirs,' p. 113, A.D. 1564; Calderwood, *' Destiny,' vol. ii. p. 92. 
 
352 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Dot, dott, s. a dowry. Fr. dot. 
 Dot, V. a. to endow. Fr. doter. 
 
 " In Scotland syne, efter that he come hame, 
 All halie place of honour and of fame 
 He viseit syne in gude and clene intent, 
 And dotit thame with mony riche inrent." ^ 
 
 Double, s. a duplicate ; an exact copy. Fr. double. 
 Doul'd, pas. part, fatigued ; northern form, dylt, worn out 
 with fatigue and sorrow. Fr. deuil. 
 Dout, doute, s. danger. Fr. doute. 
 
 " And blamit him richt soirlie for that thing, 
 Quhy that he sould, without cans or querrell, 
 Dispone himself into sic dout and perrell,"^ 
 
 Doutsum, adj. full of danger. 
 
 " To apprehend thame doutsum wes and cummer," ^ &c. 
 
 Dowrier, dawariar, s. dowager. Fr. douairiere. 
 
 Dragon, s. a paper kite.* We read in an old English 
 
 romance — 
 
 " The kyng dude sette out his dragoun, 
 And on his tent a gold lyoun.^ 
 
 Dresse, s. exhibition. Fr. dresser, to lift up. 
 
 ^ ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' an expression, raiss dragoon, rise a standard, 
 
 vol. iii, p. 65, 11. 44,612-44,615; vol. ii. p. Vide 'Etudes de philologie comparee sur 
 
 367, 1. 34,179. See 'The Complaynt of I'argot,' &c., p. 138, col. 2. 
 
 Scotlande,' p. 10, 11. 2, 24; p. 46, 1. i ; p. •* "Kyng Alisaunder," 1. 4300 ('Metrical 
 
 141, 1. 2 ; p. 158, 1. 8. Romances,' published by Henry Weber, vol. 
 
 2 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' i. p. 178). See also ' Le Bone Florence de 
 
 vol. ii. p. 278, 11. 28,442-28,444. Rome,' 1. 598, ap. Ritson, 'Anc. Engl. Metr. 
 
 ^ Ibid., vol. ii. p. 641, 1. 39,899. Rom.,' vol. iii. p, 26; and 'Aye d'Avignon,' 
 
 * In Barbour's 'Bruce,' b. ii. 1. 11, occurs 1. 1748, p. 54. 
 
DRESSIN—D YTEMENT. 3 5 3 
 
 Dressin, parf. pas. set in order. Fr. dresser, to put in 
 order. 
 
 Dreurie, s. dowry. Fr. douaire. 
 Drogarie, s. drugs. 
 
 " As quha wald gif ane drogarie to the deid." ^ 
 
 Drogis,^ s. drugs. " at that tyme straynge cuntreis var 
 nocht socht to get spicis, eirbis, drogis," ^ &c. 
 
 Drouery, droury, s. unlawful love ; a love token ; a gift given 
 by the husband to the wife on the morning after marriage. O. 
 Fr. druerie. 
 
 Dugon, s. a term expressive of contempt. (Ettr. For.) O. 
 Fr. dozidn. 
 
 Dulcorait,^ adj. sweet. Fr. ddulcord. 
 
 Durandly, adv. without intermission. Fr. durant. 
 
 Dyschowyll, adj. undressed, unarrayed. Fr. ddcheveld. 
 
 Dyte, V. a. to write, to compose. O. Fr. diter ; diie, com- 
 position. 
 
 " Thair werkis all heirfoir to put in write 
 My pen wald irk, my self also to dyte 
 Wald grow als dull and sad as ony stone," ^ &c. 
 
 Dytement, s. composition. 
 
 " Zit humelie, with hert Inteir, 
 I wald beseik zour Maiesteis, 
 My dytment did zou not displeis." ^ 
 
 ^ 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' * G. Douglas, i. 32, 12. 
 
 vol. i. p. 135, 1. 4496. ^ 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 - See above, chap. ix. p. 158. vol. ii, p. 682, 11. 41,245-41,247. 
 
 * 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 145, ^ * Ane Compendious and Breve Tractate,' 
 
 11. 23, 24. See p. 81, 1. I. p. 19, 11. 528-530. 
 
 2 Y 
 
354 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Edropic, s. one affected with dropsy. Fr. hydropiqiie. 
 " therefor thai may be comparit to the edropic," ^ &c. 
 
 Effray, effraying, s. fear, terror. Fr. effrayer. Effrayitly, 
 adv. in fear. 
 
 "... thairfoir richt suddantlye 
 In that effray tbair armour kest thame fra," ^ &c. 
 
 Eglie, s. a needle. Fr. aiguille. 
 
 Elementair, elementar, adj. elementary. Fr. Mdmentaire. 
 " the fyrst part is the regione elementair." ^ 
 
 Elide, V. a. to crush. O. Fr. slider. 
 
 Empash, empesch, v. a. to hinder. Fr. empkher. "the 
 quhilk empeschis and obfusqiiis (Fr. offusquer) the beymis of 
 the soune fra our sycht." * 
 
 Empeschment, s. hindrance. Fr, empkhement. 
 
 Empresowne, s. a prisoner. Fr. emprisonnd. 
 
 Empress, empriss, emprise, enpress, enprise, s. an undertak- 
 ing ; exertion of strength. O. Fr. emprise. 
 
 Enbuschyt, enbuschment, s. ambush. O. Fr. embuschement. 
 
 Enbush, v. n. to lay an ambush. O. Fr. embuscher. 
 
 Enchaip, v. n. to cover the head. O. Fr. enchaper. 
 
 Enemy, s. a designation for the devil. O. Fr. fenneiny. 
 
 Engrege, v. a. to aggravate. O. Fr. engreger. 
 
 Engreve, v. a. to annoy. Fr. grever. 
 
 Enprunteis, empruntis, s. borrowing money. Fn empmnt. 
 
 Enracined, part. pas. rooted. Fr. enracin^. 
 
 ^ *The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 126, 11. ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande, p. 47, 1. 
 
 7, 8. 21. See 11. 25, 30. 
 
 2 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' * Ibid., p. 56, 11. 7, 8. See 11. 10, 15 ; p. 
 
 vol. ii. p. 212, 11. 26,494, 26,495. 59. !• 27. 
 
ENS—ESCHAIP, 355 
 
 Ens, enze, adv. otherwise. O. Fr. ains, aim. 
 
 Knselyt, par L pas. sealed. O. Fr. enseeld. 
 
 Ensens, s. incense. Fr. encens. "quhen ane pure man 
 makkis ane sacrefeis, and throucht his pouerte he vantis ensens 
 to mak the seremons of his sacrefeis, that sacrefeis sal be 
 acceptabil beforthe goddis."^ 
 
 Ensenze, .$•. insignia. Fr. enseigne. " there is nocht mony 
 of zou that meritis to veyr the ensenze of the fleise, of the 
 cokkil, nor of the gartan," ^ &c. 
 
 Entailyeit, entailzeit,^/^r/. /«^. formed out. O. Fr. entailU. 
 
 Entreprice, entrepries, entrepris, intrepric, s. enterprise. Fr. 
 entreprise. "... quhar that fortoune hes schauen hyr 
 rycht aduerse contrar me, as is hyr vse to do to them that 
 vndirtakkis difficil entrepricis." ^ " and of this sort there 
 intrepricis is manifest, fra the quhilk succedis perdition of body 
 and gudis." ^ 
 
 Entres, enteres, s. entry. Fr. entrde. 
 
 Enveron,^ adv. around. Fr. environ. 
 
 Escart, escarte/ v. n. to go aside. O. Fr. escarter. 
 
 Eschaip, eschap, eschaipt, v. a. to escape. O. Fr. eschaper. 
 *' quharfor til eschaip the danger and domage that," ^ &c. ** i 
 hef rehersit thir vordis in hope to eschaipt the detractione of 
 inuyful gramariaris." ^ 
 
 ^ 'The Complaynt of ScoUande,' p. 7, 11. " G. Douglas, ii. 109, 18. 
 
 31-34- ' 'Clariodus,' p. 94, 1. 1374. 
 
 ' Ibid., p. 149,11. I3-IS- ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlaiule,' p. 117, 
 
 3 G. Douglas, i. 19, 26. 11. 10, 11. See p. 37, 1. 6 ; p. 116, 1. 8; p. 
 
 * 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 15, 11. 130, 1. 34. 
 
 15-17. See p. 97, 1. 21 ; p. 132,11. 9, 13. " Ibid., p. 17, 11. 27 29. 
 
 5 Ibid., p. 132, 11. 3-5. 
 
356 
 
 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Escharmousch, s. " phormion sau neuyr the iunyng of ane 
 battel, vitht cruel escharmouschls in the ryding of forrais." ^ 
 
 Escheve, eschew, v. a. to accomplish. Fr. achever. 
 
 Espye, espyell, s. a spy. O. Fr. espie. 
 
 Essys, s. advantages. Fr. aise. 
 
 Euoir, s. ivory. Fr. ivoire. " Quhat sal be said . . . 
 of castell ylione, quhilk hed al the portis of euoir bane." ^ 
 
 Evaig, V. n. to wander, to roam. Fr. vaguer. 
 
 Evite, V. a. to avoid. Fr. dviter. 
 
 Evoy, nevoy, s. a grandson.^ Fr. neveu} 
 
 " Thy nevoy als and of thi blude so neir, 
 
 Withoutin caus so saikles to gar sla ? " ^ 
 Ewder, ewdruch; youthir, in the North, s. a hot smell, a dis- 
 agreeable smell, steam or vapour rising from anything warm. 
 Fr. odeur. 
 
 Excerse, exerce, exers, v. a, to exercise. Fr. exercer. " i thocht 
 it necessair til excerse me vitht sum actyue recreatione." ^ 
 To fulfil the duties of an office : — 
 
 " That samin tyme his office did exerce." '^ 
 
 To dispense :- 
 
 *' This nobill king perlustrit all his land. 
 Justice and law amang thame til exers." ^ 
 
 * 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 14, 11. ^ 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 29, 30. See p. 79, 1. 13. vol. iii. p. 477, 11. 58,502-58,505. 
 
 = Ibid., p. 20, 11. 26-28. 8 «xhe Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 37, 11. 
 
 ^ * A Chronicle of the Kings of Scotland,' 8, 9. See p. 9, 1. 4. 
 
 &c., p. 61. 7 « The Buj]^ of tije Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 * Formerly the Scots said a nevoy, and the vol. iii. p. 86, 1. 45,287. 
 
 n passed from the substantive to the article * Ibid., vol. iii. p. 100, 11. 45,767, 45,768. 
 
 oye. See vol. iii. p. 106, 1. 45,966. 
 
EXHA USE— EXPERIMENT. 357 
 
 To use, to employ : — 
 
 " * I zow beseik exerce zour strenth and micht 
 For to defend zour barnis and zour wyffis,' " ^ &c. 
 
 To try : — 
 
 " As euirilk man has ressone for his richt, 
 For to exerce with power, strenth and micht, 
 Be way of deid his purpois to fulfill, 
 Quhen he be ressoun can nocht cum thairtill." - 
 
 To search : — 
 
 " Furth that tha fuir for to exerce the land, 
 Intill all part quhair tha the Sutheroun fand, 
 Into Scotland the quhilk hed ony cuir 
 Of King Edward, or office of him buir, 
 Tha maid thame all without mercie to die, 
 Or hame in Ingland suddantlie to fle." ^ 
 
 It Is used as a noun : "to that effect, that throucht sic ex- 
 cerse, ther membris mycht be purgit fra corruppit humours." ^ 
 
 Exhause,^ v. a. to raise up, to elevate. Fr. exhausser. 
 
 Exoner, v. a. to free from any burden or charge. Fr. ex- 
 ondrer. 
 
 Expede, v. a. to hasten. Fr. expddier. 
 
 Experiment, v. a. to know by experience. Fr. expdrime^iter. 
 " ve ar veil experimentit, that quhen there multipleis ane grit 
 numir of sternis," ^ &c. 
 
 1 * The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 8-10. 
 
 vol. iii. p. 116, 11. 46,293,46,294. 5 'Hymns and Sacred Songs,' by Alex. 
 
 ' Ibid., vol. iii. p. 155, 11. 47,566-47,569. Ilume, p. 7, 1. 6. 
 
 8 Ibid., vol. iii. pp. 184, 185, 11.48,533- ^ ' The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 56,11. 
 
 48,538. 34, 35- 
 ^ ' The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 9, 11. 
 
358 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND^ 
 
 Experiment, s. experience. Fr. experimenter. 
 
 " The prince Malcum weill vnderstude and knew 
 Tha lordis all to him war leill and trew, 
 As he mycht knaw rycht weill be experiment." ^ 
 
 Explositioune, s. expulsion in disgrace. O. Fr. exploder. 
 
 Externe, adj. external. Fr. externe. "ande hes repulsit 
 vailzeantly al externe violens." ^ 
 
 Extifpe, V. a. to extirpate. Fr. extirper. 
 
 Extravage, stravaig, v. 7i. to stroll, to wander, to go about 
 idly ; to deviate in discourse from the proper subject ; to speak 
 incoherently as one deranged. Fr. extravaguer. 
 
 Facetie,^ s. a merry conceit. Fr. facdtie. 
 
 Falsor, falserie, s. a falsifier, a forger. Fr. fdussaire. 
 
 Fait, faute, fawt, s. want, of whatever kind. Fr. faute. 
 " ande for fait of educatione and eruditione, thai be cum vane, 
 prodig [Fr. prodigue\ ande arrogant," ^ &c. 
 
 Faltive, adj. faulty. O. Fr. faultif. 
 
 Famell, s. family. Fr. famille. 
 
 " His hous and famell, efter as I schew. 
 Onto sic riches and greit honour grew," ^ &c. 
 
 Faminitie, s. womankind. O. Yr. femenie. 
 
 " Friendlie affectioun of dochter deir. 
 Fair Alena befoir as ze mycht heir, 
 Quhilk wes the flour of all faminitie, 
 Hes causit thame so tender for to be." ^ 
 
 ^ 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' ^'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 142, 
 
 vol. ii. p. 585, 11. 38,097-38,099. 11. 1-3- 
 
 2 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 3, 1. '' 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 33. vol. ii. p. 680, 11. 41,161, 41,162. 
 
 3 ' Hymns and Sacred Songs,' p. 10. " Ibid., vol. i. p. 573, II. 17,849-17,852. 
 
FAMOUR— FERINE. 359 
 
 Famour, adj. having a good character, Fr. fanteux. 
 
 Fannoun, fannowne, s. the sudarium, " a hnen handkerchief 
 carried on the priest's arm at mass." Yr.fanon. 
 
 Fardil, s. a large piece. It is most commonly applied to 
 eatables. (Banffsh.) O. Fr. fardel, fardeau. "■ Un fardeau 
 de bled noir," ^ &c. 
 
 Farouchie, adj. savage. Yx. farouche. 
 
 Fassis, s. knots. O. Yr. faissie. 
 
 Fattrils, s. folds. O. Yx.fatraille, trash. 
 
 Faubourg, fabor,^ s. suburb of, a city. ¥r. faubourg. 
 
 Feble, v. n. to become weak, to give way. Fr. faiblir. 
 
 Feblis, V. a. to enfeeble, to weaken. Yr. faiblir. 
 
 Felter, v. a. to entangle. O. Fr. feultrer; It. feltrare ; Fr. 
 feutrer. " hyr hayr, of the cullour of fyne gold, vas feltrit and 
 trachlit out of ordour." ^ 
 
 Fenzetlie,* «^z^. deceitfully. O. Yx.feignemenf. 
 
 " Ane messinger rycht sone he to him send, 
 Rycht fenzetlie with hartlie recommend, 
 Commandand him that he sould cum his wa." ^ 
 
 Ferter, feretere, fertour, fertor, s. a little coffer or chest, a 
 casket. O. Fr. fiertre. 
 
 " Of Sanct Thomas translatit wer the bonis 
 Intill ane ferter that tyme fra his graif," ^ &c. 
 
 Ferine, s. meal. Fr. farine. 
 
 ^ 'Les Contes et Discours d'Eutrapel,' fol, 20, 21. 
 
 131 recto. Fardele occnrs'm Barbour's ' Bruce,' * See chap. xvii. p. 278, sub voce "Fenze." 
 
 b. ii. I. 827. •' 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 2 'The Historic and Life of James VI.,' vol. i. p. 391, 11. 12,251-12,253. 
 
 p. 6. « Ibid., vol. iii. p. 92, 11. 45,489, 45,490. 
 
 * 'The Coniplaynt of Scotlande,' p. 68, 11. See vol. iii. p. 106, 1. 45,961. 
 
36o CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Feritie, s. violence. Yr.fiertd. 
 
 Farm, v. a. to establish, to make firm ; to close, to shut up. 
 ¥r.fermer. 
 
 Fermans,^ s. an enclosure. 
 
 Ferme, s. rent. Fr. ferme. 
 . Fier,2 s. rate. O. Yr.fuerre. 
 
 Fier, feere, s. a standard of any kind.^ 
 
 Fillat, fillet, s. the flank. Vr. filet. 
 
 Fine, fyne, v. n. to make an end, to give over. Fr. finir. 
 
 Firmance, s. state of confinement ; stability. Yr.fermer. 
 
 Fittie, adj. neat. O. Fr. faitis. Fet is the form still in use 
 in the North. 
 
 Flaket, s. a small flagon. O. Yx.flasquet; Yr.fiacon. 
 
 Flat, V. a. to flatter. Yr. flatter. 
 
 Fleume, feume, s. phlegm. O. ¥y. fleinme, feume ; Norm. 
 fleume. " I sau ysope, that is gude to purge congelit fleume of 
 the lychtis." ^ 
 
 Flotch, s. a big, unwieldy, untidy woman. O. Yx.floche. 
 
 Flum, s. flood. O. Yr.fium, water. 
 
 Flunkie, s. a servant in livery. O. Vr.flanquier, which Cot- 
 grave explains, " to be at one's elbow for a helpe at need." 
 
 Foison, fusion, s. pith, substance ; plenty. Fr. foison. 
 
 Fonte, found, .$•. cast-iron. Yr.fonte. 
 
 Force, s. the greater part. Yr. force. 
 
 Fostell,^ s. a vessel, a cask. O. Fr. fustaille. 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, iv. 85, 24. ■* 'The Gomplaynt of Scotlande,' p. 67, 11. 
 
 * F?V/<? ' Caledonia, ' vol. ii. pp. 30-32, 149. 24, 25. Seep. 67, 1. 23. 
 
 ' Vide 'Jamieson's Supplement,' sub voce, ^ G. Douglas,!. 80, 10. 
 vol. i, p. 403, col. I. 
 
FOUDER—GAB. 361 
 
 Fouder, fudder,^ s. lightning. Fr. foudre. 
 
 Fouttour, foutre, s. a term expressive of the greatest con- 
 tempt, as fottity fouty, foutie, foutilie, foutiness, &c. O. Fr. 
 f outer, a scoundrel. In Portugal the same word is applied 
 to itinerant tinkers, or mechanics, who come chiefly from 
 Auvergne, or central France, on account of their vulgar use 
 of the interjection fouchtra. 
 
 Foy, s. an entertainment given to one setting out on a jour- 
 ney. Fr. voie. 
 
 Franchis, s. sanctuary, asylum. Fr. franchise. 
 
 Frap, V. a. to destroy. Yx.f rapper. 
 
 Frechure, s. coolness. ¥v. fratckeur. 
 
 Freiris, s. convent of friars. O. Fr. frairie. 
 
 Fretment, s. freight. O. Yr.frcter. 
 
 Yndound, part. pas. quavered. Yr.f redound. 
 
 Frone, s. a sling. Yr.fronde. 
 
 Fruct, s. increase. O. Fr. fruict ; Lat. fructus. Fructuotis, 
 adj. fruitful. 
 
 Fuilyie, v. a. to get the better of. ' ¥ v. f outlier. 
 
 Fulye, s. a leaf. Vr.feziille. 
 
 Furisine, s. a steel to strike fire with. Yx. fusil. 
 
 Furmer, s. a flat chisel. O. Fr. frdmoir. 
 
 Fusie, s. a ditch. Yx. fossd. 
 
 Fyne, s. end. Yx.fin. 
 
 Gab, V. a. to assail with somewhat impertinent language. 
 O. Fr. gaber. 
 
 ^ ' Sir J. Melville's Memoirs, ' p. 1 74. 
 2 Z 
 
362 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Gagioun, v. a. to slander. O. Fr. gagayer, to mock. 
 
 Gallepyn, galopin, gulpin, s. an inferior servant in a great 
 house. O. Fr. galopin. 
 
 Gambet, s. a gamble. Fr. gambade. 
 
 Gammonts, gammons, s. the feet of an animal. Yr.jambe. 
 
 Garbel, v. n. to make a hurly-burly. O. Fr. garboidl. Gar- 
 bulle, s. a broil. 
 
 Gardnap, s. a cloth put below a dish to keep the table-cloth 
 from being soiled. Fr. garde and nappe. 
 
 Gardon, s. reward, guerdon. O. Fr. guerdufi, guerredon, 
 guerdon. 
 
 " The messinger said, weill he wist thair will, 
 For na gardon that tha wald grant thairtill." ^ 
 
 Garnison,^ garnisoun, s. garrison. Fr. garnison. "... 
 quhen he pat ane garnison of tua thousand men vitht in the 
 toune of sanct quintyne." ^ 
 
 Garson, s. an attendant. Fr. gardon. 
 
 Gash, V. a. and n. to twist the mouth in contempt. Fr. 
 gauckir. 
 
 Gaud, gawd, s. a trick. O. Fr. gaudir, to be jolly, frolicsome. 
 
 Gauges, s. wages. O. Fr. guage, gciige, wage, gages, money 
 paid in surety for service. 
 
 Gavauling, gavaulling, gavawilling, s. going about in an idle 
 dissipated manner. O. Fr. gavache and aller. 
 
 Geal, V. a. and ;/. to freeze. Fr. geler. Geal, s. frost. 
 
 Geit, s. a fence. Fr. guet, a watch. Geitit, adj. fenced. 
 
 ^ 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' ' 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 5, II. 
 vol. ii. p. 402, 11. 32,301, 32,302. 31, 32. 
 
 ' See above, chap. xii. p. 191. 
 
 ^,2s;-' J 
 
GEMMEL—GOFFERD. 363 
 
 Gemmel, s. and adj. a twin. ¥r. jtmieau, pmielk. 
 
 Gest, s. motion of the body, gesticulation. Fr. geste. 
 
 Girnall, girnell, grainel, garnel, grinale, s. a granary ; a chest 
 for holding meal. Fr. grenier. The verb is girnal. 
 
 Gisarme, gisarne, githern, s. a hand-axe. O. Fr. gisarme. 
 
 Glamer, glamour, glamerie, gramarye, s. enchantment, witch- 
 craft, magic, fascination. Fr. grimoire. ^ 
 
 " Whate'er he did of gramarye. 
 Was always done maliciously." ^ 
 
 Glar,^ s. mud, mire ; the white of an ^^<g. Fr. glaire. The 
 verb is glaur, glawr, to bemire. 
 
 " That it sould noclit dishonorit be so far, 
 Vnder thair feit to stramp into the glar." * 
 
 " for tua houris lang, baytht my eene greu as fast to gyddir 
 as thai hed bene gleuit vitht glar or vitht gleu." ^ 
 
 Glaster,^ v. to bark or bawl. O. Fr. glatir. 
 
 Gloy,'^ s. withered blades from straw. Fr. glai. 
 
 Gobbat, gobbet,^ s. fragments, morsels. Fr. gobet. 
 
 Gofferd, goupherd, gowfre, part., adj. impressed with raised 
 figures. Fr. gaufrd. 
 
 1 " Si ot devant la sale un pin, A. Jubinal, t. i. p. 69 : Paris, 1837— 8vo. 
 
 Dont les branches furent d'or fin, 3 «« The Lay of the Last Minstrel," canto 
 
 iregetees par artimaire, .... 
 
 Par nigromance et par gramaire." '^'' ^^- '"• 
 
 L-. -r^ , r- . 5 , ^ ' G. Douglas, iii. 36, 15. 
 
 ^'Le Roman de Troie, 1. 6251, P- 253, 4 .yhe Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 vol. ii. p. 266, II. 28,103, 28,104. 
 
 col. 2. 
 
 In the "Mystere de S. Pierre et dc S 
 
 „,,,,., r „. , ,, . . ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 68, II. 
 
 Paul, a devil says of Simon the Magician — . q 
 
 "Jel'osbienlirelegrammaire: « G. Uouglas, iii. I43, 26. 
 
 Alons ^ ly ; il nous apelle." 7 ti • 1 •■• .„o - 
 
 ■' '^ ' Ibid., \\\. 198, 5. 
 
 — * Mysteres inedits du XV"^ siecic,' piibl. par ^ Ibid., ii. 34, 3; 213, 12. 
 
364 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Gomeril, gomral, gamphriel, gummeril, in the North, s. a 
 stupid person. O. Fr. goinfre. 
 
 Good-brother,"^ s. brother-in-law. Fr. beau-frere.'^ 
 
 Gouernaill, s. government. Fr. gouv email ; Lat. gubernacu- 
 lum. 
 
 Gouge,^ s. wench. O. Fr. gouge. 
 
 Govirnance, s. deportment. Fr. gouvernance, conduct. 
 
 Grainge, grange,"* s. corn farm, the buildings pertaining to a 
 corn farm, particularly the granaries. Fr. grange. 
 
 Grandgor,^ s. a disease. 
 
 " Moir horribill als that tyme for till abhor, 
 No canker, fester, gut, or zit grandgor."'' 
 
 Grassil, grissel, grissil, v. n. to rustle. Fr. gristlier, to rattle 
 like sleet. 
 
 Gratnizied, adj. quilled. Fr. dgratignd. 
 
 Gray mercies, an exclamation. Fr. grand merci. 
 
 Gree, v. a. and 71. to agree, to come to terms. Fr. agrder. 
 
 Gree,'^ s. a step. Fr. {de)grd. 
 
 " This gude Hungus richt laulie on his kneis 
 Befoir the altar passit vp the grees," ^ &c. 
 
 1 'The Dowie Dens of Yarrow,' st. x. Cf. 'Les Chron, de Froissart,' Euchon's ed., 
 
 2 Formerly the epithet beau was in French t. iii. p. 447, col. 2. The Scots had also gtid- 
 a term of courtesy which did not affect the father, gud-mother, gudame. 
 
 following substantive :— ^ ' The Fair Maid of Perth,' ch. xii. 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, ii. 97, 32. 
 "S. Lonh . . Pour aide ad ce vous confcre g g^^ ^^ ^^ j^_ 
 
 Vostre fils Alphons, mon beau frere. ' i l jj 
 
 La reine Blanche. Beau fils, de vostre humilite' ^ The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland, 
 
 Vous me baillez trcs-grosse charge ; vol. ii. p. 3 1 3, 11. 29,507, 29,508. 
 Mais ce non obstant je m'en charge 7 gee above, chap. i. p. 29. 
 
 Avec mon beau fils de Poitiers." o « rr.. -r^ •, r ■, J^ ■ ,• r r, , 1 , 
 
 ° The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland, 
 
 — 'Le Mystcre de Saint Louis,' p. 113, col. i. vol. ii. p. 366, 11. 31,155, 31,156. 
 
GRUNYE—GUMPHION. 365 
 
 Link in kindred : — 
 
 " Fra Gathelus all his genelogie 
 Onto him self he countit gre by gre." ^ 
 
 Grammatical term : " for quhou beit that ther be compari- 
 son of greis in euyrie thyng, that follouis nocht that the positiue 
 gre and the comparatiue gre ar contrar tyl vthir, for gude and 
 bettir are defferent in greis, and zit thai ar nocht contrar til 
 vthirs."2 
 
 Superiority : — 
 
 " Then let us pray that come it may — 
 As come it will for a' that — 
 That sense and worth o'er a' the earth 
 May bear the gree, and a' that."^ 
 
 Grunye, s. a promontory. Whence the name of " Cap 
 Grinez " in Brittany. 
 
 Grunyie, s. the mouth. O. Fr. groing. It is used as a verb, 
 to murmur, to complain, to find fault with. (Banffs.) 
 
 Grynter,* s. a grain dealer. Fr. grainetier. 
 
 Gudget, s. a trull. O. Fr. gouge. 
 
 Guede, s. a whit. Fr. goutte. 
 
 GuUion, s. a stinking, rotten marsh. Fr. margouillis. 
 
 Gulset, s. jaundice. Fr. gueule. " i sau . . . sourakkis, that 
 vas gude for the blac gulset." ^ 
 
 Gumphion, gumpheon, s. a funeral banner. Fr. gonfano7t.^ 
 
 ^ ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland, ^ Mutes bearing tall poles shrouded in 
 
 vol. iii. p. 105, II. 45,904, 45,905. black drapery are called in Scotland guviflcr- 
 
 2 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 183, tnen ; such being a corruption oi gonfalonier, 
 11- 31-35- the bearer of gonfalon, or standard, in old 
 
 3 " A man's a man for a' that." — Burns. ceremonial processions." — ' Memoir of Robert 
 ■* 'Crim. Trials,' p. 382, A.o. 1555. Chambers,' p. 108: Edinburgh and London, 
 •' ' The Complaynt of Scotlande,' \k 67, 1. 5. 1S72— post 8vo. 
 
S66 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Gumplefaced, adj. chopfallen. O. Fr. gtdmple, a veil. 
 
 Gusehorn, guissern, s. the gizzard. Fr. gdsier. 
 
 Gussie, s. a coarse, lusty woman. O. Fr. gousse. 
 
 Gust, guste,^ V. a. to taste. O. Fr. gouster. Gust, s. relish. 
 
 Gy, gye, v. a. to guide. O. Fr. guier. Gy, s. a guide. 
 
 Gyis, gyss, s. manner. Fr. guise. 
 
 " Richt glorious as that tyme wes the gyis."^ 
 
 Gys, gyis, v. a. to disguise. Fr. d^guiser, the first syllable, 
 still preserved in degysit, being considered as an article. 
 Gysar, gysard, guizard, s. a harlequin, a masker. 
 
 H abound, v. n. to abound. O. Fr. habonder. 
 
 Hagbutar,^ s. musqueteer. " he renforsit the toune vitht vic- 
 tualis, hagbutaris, and munitions, for the hagbutars past neir 
 to the camp of ther enemeis." ^ 
 
 Hant, V. a. to practise. Fr. hanter. 
 
 Harigalds, haricles, s. the pluck of an animal. Fr. haricot. 
 
 Harrok,^ s. a cry for help. O. Fr. haro, harou. 
 
 " Thair wes no thing bot harrock, how and cry." ^ 
 
 Hasardour, hasartour, a gambler. Fr. hasardeur. " Ft celui 
 qui joue as dez, le hasardeur," ^ &c. 
 
 " None hasardours at cards nor dyce," ^ &c. 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, i. 109, 13. ° See above, chap. x. p. 168, sttd voce 
 
 2 ' The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' " Harro." 
 
 vol. i. p. 130, 1. 4354. See vol. i. p. 143, 1. * 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland, 
 
 4769; p. 149, 1. 4951 ; p. 165, 1. 5433. vol. i. p. 124, 1. 4148. 
 
 " See above, chap. xii. p. 195. ' Nicolas Oresmc, ' Les Ethiques,' Bk. iii. 
 
 '' 'The Complaynt of Scotlandc,' p. 6, 11. ^ ' Ane Compendious and Breve Tractate, 
 
 10-12. p. 12, 1. 293. 
 
HASARTR Y— IMPORTANCE. ^67 
 
 Hasartry, s. gaming. 
 
 " ' Consumand all thair riches and thair rent, 
 On huris, harlottis, and in hasartry,' " ^ &c. 
 
 Hash, V. a. to cut, to slash. Fr. hacher. 
 
 Heretour, s. an heir. Fr. hdritier, "ande als zour grace 
 beand absent fra zour only zong dochter, our nobil princes, and 
 rychteous heretour of Scotland." ^ 
 
 Historiographe, s. an historian. Fr. historiographe.. 
 
 " Historiographe of halie kirk is he."^ 
 
 Hostelar, hostellar, s. an inn-keeper. O. Fr. hosteller. 
 
 Hostelrie, hostellar, hostillarie,* s. an inn. O. Fr. koslellerle. 
 
 Houris, s. matins. Fr. keures, a book of prayers for certain 
 hours. 
 
 How, s. a mound. O. Fr. hogue, hoge. 
 
 Howsouris,^ s. coverings for a horse. Fr. kousse. 
 
 Hoyes, s. a word used in proclamations to call attention. 
 O. Fr. oyez. 
 
 Huscher, s. an usher. Fr. kulssler, huls. 
 
 Impeach, impesch, impesche, impush, v. a, to hinder. O. 
 Fr. empescher ; Fr. empecher. "quhilkis impeschit hym in that 
 barbir straynge cuntre," ^ &c. 
 
 Importabil, importable, adj, intolerable. O. Fr. importable. 
 
 Importance, s. means of support. O. Fr. emport. 
 
 ^ 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' vol. ii. p. 23, 1. 20,832. 
 vol. i. p. 449, 11. 14,030, 14,031. * "Kinmont Willie," st. vii. 
 
 - ' The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 3, 11. ^ G. Douglas, iii. 99, 30. 
 
 6-8. « 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 4, 11. 
 
 ^ ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 11, 12. See p. 130, 1. 22. 
 
368 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Incarnet, adj. of the colour of a carnation. Fr. incarnat. 
 
 Incorpand, /^r/. /(^i". incorporating. Fr. incorporer. 
 
 Inhabilitee, s. unfitness. Fr. inhabilitd. 
 
 Inhabill, v. a. to enable. Fr. habile. 
 
 Interdyt, v. a. to interdict. Fr. interdire ; pas. part. 
 
 interdit. 
 
 " Syne interdytit all Scotland siclike," ^ &c. 
 
 Intermell, v. n.to go amongst. Fr. entremelcr. 
 
 " Quhairof thair horss so far than wes agast, 
 Thair wes no festnying that micht hald thamc fast ; 
 No zit no man durst with thame intermell : 
 So wode tha war and as feyndis as fell, 
 And brake all lous ilkane out of his band, 
 Syne vp and doun tha ran ouir all the land." ^ 
 
 To take in hand : — 
 
 " With sic mater I will not intermell." ^ 
 
 Interteney. v. a. to entertain. Fr. entretenir. 
 Intertrik, v. a. to censure. Fr. cntre and triqucr. 
 Intruse, intruss, v. a. to go in illegally. O. Fr. intrui^e, part, 
 pas. intrus. The noun is intrusarc. 
 
 Invaisour,^ s. an invader. Fr. envahisseur. 
 Inveroun,^ adv. round about. Fr. environ. 
 Ipeuwed,^ part. pas. propped, supported. Fr. appuyd. 
 Isch, ische, v. n. to go out. O. Fr. issir, to go out. 
 
 1 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 1. 7350. 
 
 vol. iii. p. 86, 1. 45,290. See vol. iii. p. 90, •* Ibid., vol. i. p. 591, I. 18,372. 
 
 1. 45,419. * Bp. Lesley's 'History,' p. 124. 
 
 2 Ibid., vol. iii. p. 397, 11. 55.745-55, 750- •' G- Douglas, iv. 193, 12. 
 Sec vol. iii. p. 297, 1. 52,324 ; vol. i. p. 228, " '' The Pistill of Susan,' st. vi. 
 
7ACINTYNE—J0RNEY. 3^9 
 
 "thai purposit mony maneyrs to ische furtht fra that strait 
 place." 1 
 
 " Ane vther tyme the citineris war boun, 
 And with greit power ischit of the toun 
 Vpoun the Scottis for to mak ane trane,"_^ &c. 
 
 Jacintyne, s. the hyacinth. Yx. jacinthe. 
 
 Jangle, v. n. to prattle. O. Fr. jmigler. 
 
 Janglour, s. a prattler. O. Yr.jangleur. 
 
 J edge, s. a gauge. Yx.jauge. 
 
 Jockteleg, s. a folding knife. The etymology of this word 
 remained unknown till an old knife was found having this in- 
 scription, Jacques de Leige, the name of the cutler. There is 
 an exact analogy with the Fr. eustacke, undoubtedly a proper 
 name transferred to the instrument. 
 
 Jocky-landy, s. a nursery term, denoting a lighted stick, 
 wisp, or anything blazing, given as a plaything to children. 
 As stated by Jamieson, who quotes Brand's * Popular Antiqui- 
 ties,' vol. i. p. 85, the English had a sort of puppet, formerly 
 thrown at, in Lent, like shrove-cocks, and called Jack-a-Lent ; 
 but the word landy seems to be a reminiscence of a celebrated 
 French fair, where, likely, there was plenty of toys. 
 
 Jonette, s. a species of flower. Fr. jaunet d'eau {nuphar 
 luteunz) ; jaune, yellow. 
 
 Jorney, jornay, journe,^ s. day's-work ; battle ; warlike expe- 
 dition. Fr. journde. 
 
 ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p, loi, vol. iii. p. 414, 11. 56,329-56,331. 
 11. 19, 20. 3 Q Douglas, iii. 315, 11. 
 
 « ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 3 A 
 
370 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Journellie, adv. daily. Fr. journellement. 
 
 Keage, keyage, s. duty paid at a quay. O. Fr. queage, quay- 
 age, kayage, 
 
 K illy vie, s. a state of alertness. Fr. qui vive ? 
 
 Labour, laboure, v. a. to plough. Fr. labourer. The noun 
 is labourin. 
 
 Ladnaire, lardner, s. a larder. O. Fr. tardier. 
 
 Lansand,^ part. pres. skipping ; running. Fr. lancer. 
 
 Latit, \2i\.y\.^ part. pas. plated with silver or tin. Fr. latter. 
 
 Latoun, lattoun,^ s. a mixed metal, probably brass. Fr. 
 laiton. 
 
 Lauandrie, s. a laundry. O. Fr. lavanderie. 
 
 Laurere, lorer, s. laurel. Fr. laurier. 
 
 Laych, v. n. to linger. Fr. lacker, to slacken. 
 
 Layndar, lauender, lauander, lavander, lavendar, s. a laun- 
 dress. Fr. lavandiere. 
 
 Laynere, s. a strap, a thong. Fr. laniere. 
 
 Le, lie, a sort of demonstrative article often prefixed to the 
 name of a place or thing, in early Scottish deeds, signifying the, 
 as in French. 
 
 Lemane, s. a sweetheart. Fr. laimant. 
 
 Lemanrye, s. an amour. 
 
 Lent-fire, s. a slow fire. Fr. lent. 
 
 Lever6, leveray, s. delivery ; gift. Fr. livrer. 
 
 Ling, lyng, s. a line. Fr. ligne. 
 
 1 G. Douglas, iii. 251, 16. ' Ibid., iii. 145, 14; 195, 24. 
 
 2 Ibid., iii. 126, 149; HS, 14. 
 
LINGEL—MAMUK. 3;i 
 
 Lingel, lingle,^ s. shoemaker's thread ; a bandage. Fr. 
 ligneul. 
 
 Loon, lown, s. a boy ; a man of bad character. O. Eng. 
 
 loon or lown. The word occurs in Fr. nearly in the same form 
 
 in the same sense : — 
 
 " . . . J'ameroye mieulx 
 Estre en ung assault mort trouve 
 Que d'estre pour couart prouve, 
 Car certes je ne suis pas lomme." ^ 
 
 Lyardly, adv. sparingly. Fr. Harder, " to get poorly, slowly, 
 or by the penny ; " from Hard, a small coin. 
 
 Lyart,^ adj. grey-haired. O. Fr. Hart. 
 
 Lymouris, lymmour, limnaris,^ s. pi. the shafts of a cart or 
 chariot. Fr. limons. 
 
 Lynage, s. lineage. Fr. lignage. 
 
 " * Quhilk suld be mine be law of rycht lynage 
 Of Hungus blude,' " ^ &c. 
 
 " Thay suld be of ane lynage leill." ^ 
 
 Maber, marbyr, s. marble. Pro v. Fr. mabre. ..." quhilk 
 vas ane grauer of imagis of marbyr stone." '^ 
 
 Macrell, makerell, pedemakrell, s. a pimp, a bawd. Fr. 
 maquereau, maquerelle. 
 
 Mamable, adj. easily managed. Fr. maniable. 
 
 Mamuk, s. a fictitious bird. Fr. mammuque. 
 
 1 Fi'i^Nares's ^Q\o%%z.-rj,' sub voce. vol. ii. p. 407, 11. 32,454, 32,455. See vol. 
 
 2 'Le Mystere de Saint Louis,' p. 188, ii. p. 481, 1. 34,768. 
 
 col. I. ^ ' Ane Compendious and Breve Tractate, 
 
 3 G. Douglas, iii. 28, 15. p. 15, 1. 385. 
 
 * Ibid., i. 17, 26 ; iii. 233, 21. "^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 129, 
 
 ^ 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 1. 9. 
 
372 
 
 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Mangit, s. frantic. Fr. maniaque. 
 
 " And vther sum war of ane vther kynd, 
 Richt mad and mangit, wod out of thair raynd."^ 
 
 Mank, mankyt,^ adj. maimed, weak. Fr. manchot. 
 
 Man-miln, maun-miln, s. a. hand-mill. Fr. mam, and moulin. 
 
 Manys, s. a house. O. Fr. manse. 
 
 Mares, marres, s. a marsh. Fr. marais. 
 
 Maretym, s. a dweller on the sea-coast. Fr. maritime. 
 
 " The maretyms that duelt neir be the cost, 
 Bayth men and guidis dreidand suld be lost, 
 Rycht fast tha fled quhill tha come to the king, 
 And schew till him the fassone of that thing." ^ 
 
 Margret, s. a pearl. O. Fr. marguerite. 
 
 " Adornit wes with mony pretious stone, 
 With diamontis ding, and margretis mony one." * 
 
 Margulyie, margullie, v. a. to disfigure ; to mangle. O. Fr. 
 margoiller, marguiller, to trample in water. 
 
 Mariken, marrekyne,^ adj. of or belonging to goat-skin. Fr. 
 maroquin. 
 
 Marrow, s. a companion, a fellow, an associate. Fr. 7nari, 
 marid. Marrow seems to have existed in English : — 
 
 " Pore husbondes that had no marrowes, 
 Ther wyfes broghtt hom on whelebarows, 
 For thei had no waynes."^ 
 
 ^ * The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 vol. ii. p. 632, II. 39,587, 39,588. 
 
 - G. Douglas, ii. 222, i ; iii. 305, 17. 
 
 ^ 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 vol. i. p. 152, 11. 5037-5040, 
 
 -» Ibid., vol. ii. p. 367, 11. 31,187, 31,188. 
 
 " 'Crim. Trials,' vol. i. p. 391, a.d. 1596. 
 
 ^ 'The Huntyng of the Hare,' 1. 247. 
 'Metrical Romances,' &c., edited by Henry 
 Weber, vol. iii. p. 290. 
 
 iSmNiutmkm\^mek .^ u'-x 
 
 mliii naiMiMli ' ■ "■■■-' -■ — '- 
 
MARTYR— MERTRIK. 373 
 
 " You took our sister to be your wife, 
 And thought her not your marrow ; 
 You stole her frae her father's back, 
 When she was the Rose o* Yarrow." ^ 
 
 Martyr, v. a. to cut down ; to injure severely ; to spoil in any 
 way whatever. O. Fr. martyrer ; Fr. martyriser. 
 
 Mawsie, s. a drab, a trollop, a senseless and slovenly woman. 
 Fr. maussade. 
 
 May,^ s. mistress. Fr. mie, amie. 
 
 Meirdel, s. a confused crowd of people or animals, a numerous 
 family of little children, a huddle of small animals. (Moray.) 
 Fr. merdaille.^ 
 
 Mella, mellay, adj. mixed. Fr. mUd. 
 
 Mellyne, melling, s. mixture. Fr. mdlange. 
 
 Melze, maize, s. a coat of mail. Fr. maille. 
 
 " The Millane melzeis mendit nocht ane myte, 
 The brandis bricht sa bitterlie did byte."'* 
 
 Menage, s. a friendly society. Fr. manage. 
 Merlins, interj. a word of surprise. Fr. merveille. 
 Mertrik,^ s. a martin. O. Fr. marte; Fr. martre. 
 
 " So at the last it hapnit him to wend 
 On to the toun that tyme of Inuernes, 
 Quhair mony schip of merchandice thair wes, 
 Quhilk in the tyme wer cuming out of France 
 With quheit and flour, and wyne of Orleance, 
 
 ^ "The Dowie Dens o' Yarrow," st. ii. — 2, ep. du coq-a-1'ane ; Rabelais, b, i. ch. 
 
 'The Ballads of Scotland,' by Aytoun. See 33. 
 
 St. iii. ■* ' The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland, 
 
 2 •Memoirc of the Somervilles,' vol. i. pp. vol. i. p. 235, 11. 7555, 7556. See vol. i. p, 
 
 336, 337. 434, 1. 13,547 ; vol. ii. p. 286, 1. 28,694. 
 
 ^ Vide ' Chron. de P. Cochon,' p. 430 ; Al. ® See above, chap. iv. p. 98, and chap. vii. 
 
 Chartier, *Des quatre Dames;' CI. Marot, p. 134. 
 
374 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 And for till by thair merchandice agane, 
 
 As selch and salmone, scuir, pellat and pran ; 
 
 For fox and fulmart and of mertrik skin, 
 
 Anew thair wes tha landis than within, 
 
 Of woU and hyde thai gat at abundance 
 
 To fraucht thame with agane home into France." * 
 
 Message, s. an embassy. Fr. message. 
 
 Mewith, 3/. v. changes. Fr. muer. 
 
 Mewt, V. n. and a. to mew as a cat ; to speak, in the North. 
 O. Fr. miaulde. 
 
 Millygant, s. a false person. O. Fr. male gent. 
 
 Misfalt, s. a misdeed. O. Fr. mesfaire. 
 
 Mister, myster, s. craft. O. Fr. mestier. 
 
 Mittle, V. a. to hurt. Fr. mutiler. 
 
 Moit,^ s. 3. crumb, a small piece of anything. Fr. miette. 
 
 Moit, mote,^ s. a hill, height, eminence. O. Fr. motte. 
 
 Mollets, s. fantastic airs. Fr. inollet. 
 
 Mollett,^ s. boss or stud used as ornament of bridles. Fr. 
 molette. 
 
 Moraine, adj. swarthy. O. Fr. morin. 
 
 Morgue, s. a solemn face. Fr. morgue^ a serious countenance. 
 
 Morsell,^ s. bite. O. Fr. morsel. 
 
 yiQrX.i\\x\.di\X^ part. pas. cold as death. Fr. morfondu. 
 
 Mort-head, s. a death's-head. Fr. tete de mort. The term 
 mort occurs in various other expressions.'^ 
 
 1 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' ^ q. Douglas, iv. 226, 10. 
 
 vol. i. pp. 150, 151, 11. 4991-5001. 3 Ibid., ii. no, II ; 139, 25 ; iii. 80, 13. 
 " E H quens Guenes en fut mult anguisable ; Ibid., 111. 100,2. 
 
 De sun col getet ses grandes pels de martre, ^ Ibid. , i. 20, 3. 
 
 E est remes en sun blialt de palie." 6 J^id. iii. 78 1 8. 
 
 — 'Chanson de Roland,' st. xx. 11. 301- ^ Vide Jamieson's Dictionary, and above, 
 303; original edition, p. 12. chap. vii. p. 135. 
 
MOSTED—NEAPHLE. 375 
 
 Mosted, adj. crop-eared. (Moray.) Fr. mousse. 
 
 Mot, s. a word. Fr. mot. 
 
 Moutchit, s. a disrespectful name applied to a child. O. Fr. 
 mouschette^ a small fly. 
 
 Mowence, s. dependence. Fr. mouvance, a term in law. 
 
 Moy,^ s. a measure of capacity. O. Fr. mui; Fr. muid, a 
 measure that varied in different places. " Un mui de sel " is 
 equivalent to " ane moy of salt," mentioned in Aberd. Reg., 
 A. 1538, V. 16. Mui IS another form used by the author of 
 * The Complaynt of Scotlande : " annibal sent to cartage thre 
 muis of gold ryngis." 
 
 Multure, mouter, muture, s. the fee for grinding grain. Fr. 
 
 mouture. 
 
 " When ye come to my father's mill, 
 Ye shall grind muture free ; 
 Now we're met, nae mair to part, 
 Until the day we dee." ^ 
 
 Munsie, s. a term of contempt. Fr. monsieur. 
 Murgeon, v. a. to mock by making faces. Fr. morguer. 
 Murgeon, morgeoun, s. murmur. 
 
 Muschet, part. pas. spotted or notched. Fr. mouchetd. 
 Muschinprat, s. a bad deed, a trick. O. Fr. meschant, andprat. 
 Mush, s. one who goes between a lover and his ladye-love. 
 Fr. mouc/ie, a fly. 
 
 Mychare, s. a mean fellow. Fr. slang, michi. 
 
 Neaphle, s. a thing of no value. Fr. nipes. 
 
 ^ G, Douglas, iv. 220, 2. by Peter Buchan — Reprint, 1875. See above, 
 
 2 "The Miller's Son," Part II. st. 12, p. chap; x. p. 169. 
 120, vol. ii. — 'Ancient Ballads and Songs,' 
 
376 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Neff, s. the nave of a church. Fr. nef. 
 
 Newo,^ s. nephew. Fr. neveu. 
 
 Non obstant,/r^. notwithstanding. Fr. nonobstant. 
 
 Non sount, s. a term denotinof a base coin. The name non 
 sunt was given to a debased Scottish coinage, because it bore 
 the arms of Francis and Mary, with this legend : " Jam non 
 sunt duo, sed una caro."^ In Fr. non sunt meant a eunuch.^ 
 
 Nourice, nourrice, nurish,^ s. a nurse. Fr. nourrice. Other 
 forms are noyris, noryss, nurice, and nurreych.^ 
 
 " * O still my bairn, nourice, 
 Still him if you can.' " ^ 
 
 Nouvelles, novelHs/ s. pi. news, tidings. Fr. nouvelles. 
 Novity, s. novelty. Fr. nouveaut^. 
 
 Obfusque, v. n. to darken. Fr. offusquer. 
 Obtemper, v. a. to obey. Fr. obtempdrer. 
 
 " The lordis all that war into Pec[h]tland 
 That tyme wald nocht obtemper his command," ^ &c. 
 
 Odour, s. nastiness, filth. Fr. ordure. 
 
 Ogrie, ogress, s. m. and fern, a giant, male and female, sup- 
 posed to feed on children. (Roxb.) Fr. ogre, ogresse. 
 
 ^ King James V. of Scotland to King p. 216. 
 Henry VIII., «/«</ Ellis, 'Original Letters,' * ' Melvill's Diary, ' p. 152. 
 vol. i. p. 252. 5 Yij^ Jamieson's Dictionary, and ' Crim. 
 
 2 Laing's note in 'Keith,' i. 403. 'Cal- Trials,' vol. i. p. 207, a.d. 1590, 
 
 endar of State Papers,' foreign series, of the ' ^ "Lamkin," st. 14. See st. 13, 15, &c. 
 
 reign of Elizabeth, 1558-1559, p. 510: Lon- ' gp. Lesley's 'Hist, of Scotland,' p. 166, 
 
 don, 1862 — 8vo. A.D. 1542. 
 
 3 Vide Cholieres's ' Contes,' vol. ii., quoted » ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 by Leroux, * Dictionnaire comique,' &c., t. ii. vol. ii. p. 12, 11. 20,511, 20,512. 
 
OIST- OSTLER. 377 
 
 Oist,^ s. a host, an army. O. Fr. ost. 
 
 " On him that tyme greit travell he did tak 
 Ouir all Scotland, and maist of his awin coist, 
 For to furneis ane grit armie and oist," ^ &c, 
 
 Oist, V. n. to go to war, to carry on war. O. Fr. ostoier. 
 
 " Thair vse wes than in oisting, quhilk wes gude, 
 To sufFeis thame with litill sleip and fude, 
 Quhen mister wer," ^ &c. 
 
 Oragrus, adj. stormy. Fr. orageux. 
 
 Granger, s. an orange. Fr. orangery the name of the tree. 
 
 Oratour,^ s. an ambassador. O. Fr. orateur. 
 
 Ordinar, n. the usual state of health. Fr. ordinaire. I 
 
 Orere, oroure, inter j. avaunt. Fr. arriere. 
 
 Orfarie,^ s. work in gold. 
 
 " Her paytrel ^ was of irale fine, 
 Her crupper was of orfarie," '' &c. 
 
 Orison, s. an oration. Fr. oraison. 
 
 Oroshen, s. "a savage-behaved individual- — probably from 
 Fr. ourson, a bear's cub " — ' Galovidian Encyclopedia.' 
 
 Orphling, s. an orphan. Fr. orphelin. 
 
 Oshen, s, a person of mean disposition. Fr. oison, a little 
 goose, a ninny. 
 
 Ostler, s. an innkeeper. O. Fr. hostelier. 
 
 ^ See above, chap. xii. p. 197. * G. Douglas, i. 24. 
 
 2 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' ^ See above, chap. v. p. no. 
 vol. ii. p. 378, 11. 31,510-31,512. See vol. ii. ^ See above, chap. xii. p. 193. 
 
 p. 380, 1. 31,584; p. 390, 11. 31,928, 31,935; ' "Thomas of Ercildoune " — 'The Bal- 
 
 p. 473, 1. 34,532. lads of Scotland,' by W. E. Aytoun, vol. i. 
 
 3 Ibid., vol. ii. p. 474, 11. 34' 547-34. 549- P- 28. 
 
 3 K 
 
378 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Ostrye, ostie, i". an inn. O. Fr. hostellerie. 
 Ourn, V. a. to adorn. Fr. orner. ^ 
 
 Outreyng, s. extremity. Fr. outrer, to carry things to the 
 utmost. 
 
 Pace, Pasch, Pasche, Pashe, Peace,^ s. Easter. O. Fr. 
 Pasque. 
 
 Pais, pase, v. a. to poise ; to lift up. Fr. peser. 
 
 Paithment, s. pasture. O. Fr. paisseme^it. 
 
 Palaver, s. idle talk; vain conduct. O. Fr. palabre; Sp. 
 palabra. 
 
 Pale, peel, pell, v. a. to call on. Fr. appeler. When one 
 sees a dead-candle, he demands whose death it betokens. 
 
 Pall,2 s. a rich dress. O. Fr. paile. 
 
 Palwerk, s. spangled work. Fr. paille. 
 
 Palyard, s. a blackguard. O. Fr. paillard, one who lies on 
 straw, paille. 
 
 Palzeon, palzeone, s. tent. O. Fr. paveillun, paveillon. 
 
 " Syne plantit doun his palzeonis on ane plane." ^ 
 
 Pantenerer, adj. like a rascal. O. Yr.pautonnier. 
 Parage, s. extraction. Fr. parage. 
 
 " This ilk Henrie ane zoung sister hed he, 
 Callit wes Jane, plesand of hie parage," * &c. 
 
 1 ' The Tod's Confessioun to Freir Wolf,' ^ < Thg Bujk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 1. no; 'The Wolf, the Foxe, and the Cad- vol. iii. p. 223, 1. 49,818. See vol. i. p. 190, 
 
 gear,' 1. 203; ap. Henryson, pp. 131, 189: 1. 6176; p. 339, 1. 10,683; p. 399, 1. 12,457; 
 
 'Crim. Trials,' vol. i, p. 463*, A.D. 1565; vol. iii. p. 224,1. 49,861. 
 'Melvill's Diary,' pp. 165, 274, 297, &c. * Ibid., vol. iii. p. 91, 11. 45,473. 45.474- 
 
 = G. Douglas, ii. 57, 30; iv. 53, 3 1- 
 
PARDIE—PA WMER. 379 
 
 Pardie, perde, adv. verily, indeed. Fr. par Dieu: 
 
 "Thomas dwelt in that soldce, 
 More than I you say, pardie ; 
 Till on a day, so have I grace, 
 That lovely ladye said to me." ^ 
 
 Park, s. a pole. Fr. perche. 
 
 Park, V. a. to perch. Fr. percher. 
 
 Parle, s. speech. Fr. parler. 
 
 Paroche, s. parish. O. Fr. paroche ; Fr. paroisse. 
 
 "Into the first than hes desyr was sua, 
 Ilk paroche kirk without exceptioun pa 
 Four markis Stirling," ^ &c 
 
 Parsenere, s. a partner. O. Fr. parsonnier. 
 Parten, perten, v. n. to belong to. Yx.partenir. " to gif ane 
 assalt to the cite of lucere, quhilk partenis to the romans."^ 
 
 " And mekill moir no I haif in memorie, 
 The quhilk pertenis nothing to this storie."* 
 
 Partiment, s. division. O. Fr. partement. 
 Party, partie, s. an opponent. Yr. parti. 
 Party, s. part, degree. Fr. partie. 
 Patene, s. the cover of a chalice. Fr. patene. 
 Pauce, V. n. to dance with rage. Fr. pas. 
 Pawmer, x. the palm-tree. Fr. palmier. 
 
 1 " Thomas of Ercildoune "—'The Ballads 26, 27. 
 
 of Scotland,' by W. E. Aytoun, vol. i. p. 34. ■* 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 2 'The Buik of the CronicHs of Scotland,' vol. iii. p. 73, 11. 44,870, 44,871. See vol. 
 vol. iii, p. 127, 11. 46,670-46,672. See vol. ii. ii- P- 6, 1. 20,333 '• vol. iii. p. 114, I. 46,233 ; 
 p. 294, 1. 28,930. p. 130, 1. 46,781. 
 
 ^ ' The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 98, 11. 
 
38o CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Pawmie, s. a stroke on the hand. O. Fr. pawnee. 
 Pay, s. region. Fr. pays. 
 
 Pay, V. a. to satisfy; to beat. Fr. payer. It is used as a 
 noun to signify satisfaction. 
 
 Payane,^ payne, adj. pagan. Yr.payen. 
 
 Paysand,^ adj. heavy. Fr. pesant. 
 
 Pece,^ piece, s. a vessel for holding liquids. Fr. piece. 
 
 " Haiffand all thing neidful for men of weir, 
 With gold and silver, and with houshald geir, 
 With riche veschell war all of silver fyne, 
 Baith dische and plait, and pecis for the wyne," * &c. 
 
 Peenjure, v. a. (Ayrsh.) to hamper, to confine. O. Fr. 
 ponfoir, a bolt. 
 
 Peer, peere,^ pere,^ adj. equal. O. ¥t. peer, per. It is used 
 as a verb, to equal. 
 
 Peis, V. a. to make silence. Fr. /aire paix. 
 
 Pend, s. an arch. Fr. pendre. Fended, pendit means arched. 
 
 " That tyme on Forth thair wes ane brig of tre, 
 But pend or piller, vpone trestis hie, 
 Quhair he that tyme ane mekle better brig, 
 With pend and pillar of stane and lyme gart big," ^ &c. 
 
 Penty, v. a. to strike. Fr. pointer, to give a blow with the 
 point of a sword. It is also used as a noun. 
 
 Peppin, V. a. to cocker. O. Fr. popine, a puppet. 
 Per, V. n. to appear. O. Fr. parer. 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, ii. 228, 8. iii. p. 406, 1. 56,060. 
 2 Ibid., iii. 36, 9. » ' The Pistill of Susan,' st. iii. 
 
 ' See above, chap. iii. p. 59. * Douglas's 'Virgil,' 366, 48. 
 
 * 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' ' ' The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 vol. iii. p. 405, 11. 56,041-56,044. See vol. vol. ii. p. 441, 11. 33,555-33,558. 
 
PERCEPTIOUNE— PINCH. 381 
 
 Perceptioune, s. the act of gathering or receiving rents, &c. 
 Fr. perception. 
 
 Perconnon, percunnance, s. condition. Fr. par and convine. 
 
 Perdews, s. the forlorn hope. Fr. enfants perdus. 
 
 Perdue, adj. driven to the last extremity. Fr. perdu. 
 
 Peremptoir, adj. peremptory. Fr. pdremptoire. "hot zit i 
 vas lang stupefact ande timide, for fait of ane peremptoir con- 
 clusione," ^ &c. 
 
 Perfay, adv. verily. Yx. par 2,xidifoi. 
 
 Perfurnis, perfurmeis, v. a. to accomplish. Fr. parfournir. ■ 
 
 Perlassent, pres. part, parleying. Fr. parlant, 
 
 Peronal,^ s. a girl, a young woman. O. Fr. pdronelle. 
 
 Pers, peirs,^ adj. sky-coloured, blue. O. Fr. pers. 
 
 Perticiane, s. an adept. Fr. praticien^ a practitioner in law. 
 
 Pertroubil, v. a. to annoy. O. Fr. partroubler. 
 
 Pewtena, s. a whore. Fr. putain. 
 
 Peyster, s. one who feeds voraciously. O. Fr. paistre. 
 
 Picken, adj. pungent to the taste. Fr. piquant. 
 
 Pickie-man, s. a miller. Fr. piqueur de meule, pricker of 
 wheat-stone. 
 
 Piege, s. a trap. Fr. piege. 
 
 Pile, pyle, s. the soft hair which appears on the chin of a 
 youth ; a tender blade ; a single grain. Fr. poil. 
 
 Pilgren, s. a pilgrim. O. Fr. pelegrin. 
 
 Pinalds, s. a spinnet. O. Fr. espinet. 
 
 Pinch, punch, s. an iron lever. Fr. pince. 
 
 ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 6, II. 1. 231 ; ap. Dunbar, vol. i. p. 69. 
 33. 34- ^ G. Douglas, iv. 83, 18. 
 
 * * The Twa Maryit Wemen and the Wedo,' 
 
382 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Pinsal/ pynsall,^ pensall, s. streamer. O. Fr, penonceL 
 " With mony pynsall panetit war preclair," ^ &c. 
 
 Plainyle, v. n. to complain. Fr. plaindre. 
 Plede, pleid, pleyd, s. debate, quarrel ; care. Fr. plaid. It 
 is used as a verb, to contend. 
 
 " Thair wes sum thair that cruell counsall gaif, 
 Gif euer he thocht gude pece or rest to half 
 Into Britane, and bruke it out of pleid, 
 For to stryik of Ar^veragus his heid." * 
 
 " And endit wes that time all pley and pleid." ^ 
 
 " Thus endit scho that first begouth that pleid." ^ 
 
 Plummet/ s. the pommel of a sword. O. Fr. plombeau. 
 
 Poesie,^ s. poetry. Fr. podsie. 
 
 Poiner; piner in Banffs., s. one who cuts peats. O. Fr. 
 pionier, with the same meaning. 
 
 Poinyel, s. a bundle carried by one when travelling. O. Fr. 
 poignal; from Yx. poignde. 
 
 Policy, pollece, s. the pleasure-grounds round a mansion. 
 Fr. police. 
 
 Pomerie, s. an orchard. Fr. p077tmeraie. 
 
 Pomet, s. pomatum. Fr. pommade. 
 
 Ponyeand, adj. piercing. Fr. poignant. 
 
 Port, s. the gate of a town. Fr. porte. 
 
 1 G. Douglas, ii. 141, 4. vol. i. p. 379, 1. 11,893. 
 
 2 See above, chap xii. p. 197. * Ibid., vol. i. p. 228, 11. 7343-7346- 
 
 3 «The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 6 Ibid., vol, i. p. 114, 1. 3861. 
 vol. iii. p. 435, 1. 57,057. See vol. iii. p. « Ibid., vol. ii. p. 494, 1. 35,202. 
 
 169, 1. 48,025; p. 187, 1. 48,614; p. 215, 1. 7'Crim. Trials,' vol. iii. p. 21, A.D. 1597. 
 
 49,559; P- 232, 1. 50,114 ; p. 233, 1. 50,169 : 8 'J. Melvill's Diary,' p. 307. 
 
POR TA GE—PR OMISSIONE. 383 
 
 Portage,^ s. baggage. Fr. portage. 
 
 Porte (to porte on), v. a. to bring on, to direct. Fr. 
 porter. 
 
 Poss, pouss, V. a. to push. Fr. pousser. It is used as a 
 noun. 
 
 Potingar,2 s. a druggist. 
 
 " Sayand he wes ane potingar richt fyne, 
 And had grit prattik of all medicyne," ^ &c. 
 
 Pounse, punse, v. a. to cut, to carve, to engrave. Fr. 
 poncer. 
 
 Prattik, prettik, pracktik, practique,* s. practice, stratagem in 
 war. Fr. pratique. 
 
 Pray, ^. a meadow. Fr. prd. 
 
 Prestable, adj. payable. O. Fr. prester. 
 
 Pretense, s. design. Fr. prdtendre. 
 
 Prise, prize, v. a. to force, to press. Fr. presser. 
 
 Proch, V. n. to come near. Fr. approcher. 
 
 Prochane, prochene, adj. neighbouring. Fr. prochain. " ande 
 deffendit his pepil ande subjectis of loran, fra his prochane 
 enemeis," ^ &c. 
 
 Proket of wax, s. apparently a small taper, or the peg to 
 stick it on. Fr. brochette. 
 
 Promissione, s. promise. Fr. promission. "zit nochtheles 
 thay var ay fyrst in the battel for the deffens of the landis of 
 promissione." ^ 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, ii. 78, 12. * See above, chap. x. p. 169. 
 
 2 See above, chap ix. p. 158. ■* 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p, 4, 11. 
 
 3 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' i, 2. 
 
 vol. ii. p. 196, 11. 26,019, 26,020. ® Ibid., p. 164, 11. 13, 14. 
 
384 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Promuve, v, a. to set on foot, to carry forward. 
 
 "Thairwith, he said, ane mendis he sould haif, 
 Of thame ilk ane promuvit had sic thing." ^ 
 
 " Then Gadwallane, that king wes of the Britis, 
 And King Panda richt soir blamis and witis 
 Thair negligence richt far into sic things, 
 Promouit had sic tua vncristin kingis," ^ &c. 
 
 Propyne, propine,^i". a gift, a present; drink-money. O. Fr. 
 propine. 
 
 " For no rewarde, gyft, nor propyne. 
 Thole none of thir twois causes tyne." * 
 
 Prospect, prospect-glass, s. a telescope. O. Fr. prospective. 
 Provene, v. n. to proceed from. Yx.provenir. 
 Proviant, adj. provided for a set purpose. Fr. prdvoyant. 
 Provost,^ provest, s. the chief magistrate of a royal burgh. 
 Vr. prdvot. 
 
 " Sic reirdour raiss amang them vp and doun, 
 That thair provest grit trauell had and pane 
 Within the toun to gar thame still remane." *^ 
 
 Pungetywe, adj. sharp. Fr. poignant? 
 
 " Ane herald syne to gude Wallace send sone, 
 Quhilk schew to him his chairgis all belyve, 
 In lichtlie langage and richt pungetywe." ^ 
 
 Punyie, punge, v. a. to pierce. O. Fr.poindre. 
 
 1 ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' « ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 vol. i. p. 422, 11. 13,198, 13,199. vol. i, p. 277, 11. 8829-8831. 
 
 2 Ibid., vol. ii. p. 304, 11. 29,231-29,234. 7 " Si ot la langue moult punere 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, ii. 222, 2. Et moult poignant et moult amere." 
 
 ^ 'Ane Compendious and Breve Tractate,' — «Le Roman de la Rose,' 1. 3527. 
 
 p. 18, 11. 499, 500. 8 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 6 See above, chap, x. p. 162. vol. iii. p. 168, 11. 47,970-47,972. 
 
PURALL—QUOY. 385 
 
 Purall, pural, purell, pouerall, s. the lower classes, the poor 
 people. O. Yr. pouraille} 
 
 Purfell,^ s. and v. a. an edging or border of dress ; to trim 
 with an edging. O. Fr. pourfiler. 
 
 Purmein,^ v. a. to walk. O. Fr. pourmener. 
 
 Pye, pie, v. n. to pry. Fr. dpier. 
 
 Quadre, v. a. to square. O. Fr. quadrer. 
 
 Queint, adj. curious ; strange ; cunning. O. Fr. coint. 
 
 Queint, queynt, s. a device. O. Fr. cointe. 
 
 Quent, adj. familiar. O. Fr. accoint. 
 
 Quentis, s. elegant device. O. Fr. cointise. 
 
 Quenyie, quynyie, qunyie, queingie, s. a corner. O. Fr. 
 cuignet, coing. 
 
 Quering (Franche) lynit with canwess. We are fain to own 
 that we do not understand this expression, which occurs in an 
 old inventory. 
 
 Quernell stanis, s. grave-stones. Fr. charnier. 
 
 Querrel, quarel, s. a quarry. O. Fr. quarrel. 
 
 Querrell, s. quarrel. Fr. querelle. 
 
 " And alss that time his querrell foundit he, 
 Nocht for his richt bot for the Brucis supple," * &c. 
 
 Quitte, quyt, qutye,^ adj. requited. Fr. quitte. 
 Quoy,^ adj. quiet. Fr. coi. 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, i. 79, 18. vol. iii. p. 152, 11. 47,462, 47,463. See 
 
 2 'Comp. Thes. Reg. Scot.,' vol. i. pp. 31, vol. i. p. 161, 1. 5328; vol. iii. p. 156, 1. 
 
 36. 47,580. 
 
 * ' Melvill's Diary,' p. 147. 5 <Crim. Trials,' vol. ii. p. 328, A.D. 1600. 
 
 * ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' ^ G. Douglas, ii. 97 ; 102, 16. 
 
 3 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
386 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Quyttans, quhittans,^ s. acquittance. Fr. quittance. 
 
 Rabate, v. a. to abate. Fr. rabattre. 
 
 Rabscallion, rapscallion,^ s. a low worthless fellow. I concur 
 with Jamieson, who conjectures that " it is probable that Eng. 
 cullion or scullion may have entered into the composition ; " 
 but it seems obvious that the Scottish word is derived from 
 the Fr. racaille, which gave rise to the Eng. rascal. 
 
 Radious, radius,^ adj. very bright or radiant. Fr. radieux. 
 
 Radoun, v. n. to return. Fr. rMonder. 
 
 Rail-tree, rawel, s. a rail, the cross-beam to which the tops of 
 cow-stakes are fastened. O. Fr. vervelle. 
 
 Rambarre, v. a. to stop, to restrain ; also to repulse. Fr, 
 re^nbarrer. 
 
 Rammale,^ rammall, rammel, ramel, s. a small branch, a 
 crooked stick (Banffs.), shrubbery, brushwood. O. Fr. ramel, 
 ramille. The adj., signifying branchy, is rammel: "there vas 
 ane grene banc (Fr. ba^ic) ful of rammel grein treis." ^ Hence 
 rammage, s. the warbling of birds ; and adj. wild, savage. O. 
 Fr. ramage. 
 
 " The Romanis than quhen tha saw Argatill 
 
 With mos and mure and mony wodis wyld, 
 
 And ron and roche with mony rammall ouirsyld," " "' &c. 
 
 ^ Accounts of 1497 and 1500 in 'The Ledg- * G. Douglas, iii. 206, 15. 
 er of Andrew Halyburton,' pp. 176, 269. "^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 37, 
 
 2 'The Bride of Lammermoor,' ch. xxv. ; 1. 19. 
 
 'The Heart of Mid-Lothian,' ch. xlvi, * See "Sile," below, p. 399. 
 
 3 'Clariodus,' p. 2, 1. 25; G. Douglas, iii. "^ 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 J5o» 31; "The Promine," &c., st. ix,, in vol. i. p. 359, 11. 11,26411,268; vol. ii. p. 
 'Select Remains,' &c. 571, 1. 37,670. 
 
 ■ "■ -^^ ^^^^^^^jffg^ijiiiiiiifi^i^j^ig^iu^^ 
 
RAMMASCHE—RAVISANT. 387 
 
 Rammasche, adj. collected. Fr. ramassd. "there eftir i 
 herd the rumour of rammasche foulis ande of beystis that maid 
 grite beir," ^ &c. 
 
 Ramp, V. n. to become ropy, applied to milk. Fr. ramper, 
 to creep on the belly. 
 
 Randon, v. n. to flow swiftly. O. Fr. randoner, to run 
 quickly. The noun is randoun^ randoune^ and signifies violent 
 motion ; flight ; course. O. Fr. randon^ a violent force. 
 
 Range, s. a company of hunters. Fr. rang, rangde. 
 
 Ransom, s. an extravagant price. Fr. ran^onner, to exact 
 from one for the price of anything more than its worth. 
 
 Ransoune, ransown, s. a ransom. Fr. ranpon. 
 
 Ranter, v. n. to sew a seam in a slovenly manner. Fr. ren- 
 traire^ to sew a seam so. that it does not appear, from re, en, 
 and traire with the meaning to draw. 
 
 Ranverse,^ v. a. to overturn. Fr. renverser. 
 
 Raparal, reparell,* v. to repair, to refit, to fit out. Fr. rapa- 
 reiller. 
 
 'R.diSit, part. pas. abashed, confounded; thrown into confusion. 
 Fr. rasd. 
 
 Ratchal, s. a hard rocky crust below the soil. O. Fr. rochaille. 
 
 Ratt or rott rime, s. anything repeated by rote. O. Fr. rote. 
 
 Rave, reverie, ravery (Banffs.), s. a vague report ; delirium. 
 Fr. rk)e, r^erie. 
 
 Ravisant,^ part. pres. ravenous, violent. Fr. ravissant. 
 
 1 'The Complaynt of Scotlande.'p. 38, 11. * G. Douglas, i. l8, 8 ; ii. 196, 15; 198, 
 
 23, 24. 21. 
 
 3 G. Douglas, iii, 78, 2. ^ "Ravisant wolfis of England " — ' The 
 
 ' ' Continuation of Melvill's Diary,' p. 629. Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 3, 
 
388 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Robert Gobin has written a curious book entitled * Les Loups 
 ravissans dit le Doctrinal moral,' which was twice printed at 
 Paris about 1503 and 1525. 
 
 Raw,^ rew, s. street. Fr. rue. 
 
 Rayen, rayon, s. a ray or beam. Fr. rayon. 
 
 Ream, reyme, rem, s. cream. In Fr. rim^ is said of burnt 
 milk. 
 
 Rebellar, s. a rebel. Fr. rebelle. 
 
 " Thir rebellaris, as my author did sa, 
 Ane message send to Dongallus the king," ^ &c. 
 
 Rebouris (at), rebouris, adv. crosswise, quite contrary to the 
 right way. Fr. a rebours. 
 
 Rebous, s. repulse. Fr. rebut. 
 
 " The Scottismen, throw help of Godis grace, 
 Tha wan the feild for all thair greit rebous." ^ 
 
 Recipisse, s, a receipt. O. Fr. r^cdpissd. 
 
 Reciproquilie, adv. reciprocally. Fr. r^ciproquement. 
 
 Reciprous, reciprouss, reciproque, adj. reciprocal. Fr. 
 rdciproque. 
 
 Recollis,* s. records. Fr. recueil. 
 
 Recourse, v. a. to rescue. Fr. recourir. 
 
 Recrue, recreu, v. a. to recruit. Fr. recruter. 
 
 Recule, v. n. to recoil. Fr. reculer. 
 
 Recure, s. redress. Fr. recours. Recureless, without redress, 
 is the adj. 
 
 ^ 'The Book of Bon-Accord,' «S:c., vol. i. p. 518, 1. 35,942. 
 p. 243, A.D. 1562; 'J. Melvill's Diary,' p, ^ ibid., vol. iii. p. 405, 11, 56,032, 56,033. 
 
 43. See vol. i. p. 334, 1. 10,544: vol. iii. p. 191, 
 
 2 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 1. 48,743; p. 435, 1. 57,050. 
 vol. ii. p. 372, 11. 31,352, 31,353. See vol. ii. * G. Douglas, ii. 9, 28. 
 
 ttu,^^,^ijSaammttk 
 
REDOUND— REMEID. 389 
 
 Redound, v. a. to refund. Fr. redonner. 
 
 Reefort, ryfart, s. a radish. Fr. raifort. 
 
 Refeckit, part. pas. repaired, renewed ; become plump. O. 
 Fr. refaict. 
 
 (Instead of any of those Scottish words. Bishop Douglas uses 
 reparellit. Fr. rapareillS. See above, sub voce " Raparal.") 
 
 Refeir (to the refeir), in proportion. O. Fr. raffiert, con- 
 venient. 
 
 Refut, s. an expedient. O. Fr. refuit. 
 
 Regalitie, s. jurisdiction. Fr. regale. 
 
 " Of his kinrik the tent part he suld haue, 
 Richt peceablie in frie regaHtie, 
 For euir moir with all auctoritie," ^ &c. 
 
 Rehete, v. a. to revive. O. Fr. rehaiter. 
 Releisch, v. n. to go at large. O. Fr. relascher. 
 Releschand,^ pres. part, singing freely. O. Fr. relaschant. 
 Releve, v. n. to reassemble. Fr. relever^ to collect. 
 Remeid, remeed, remead, a kind of alloy. Fr. remede. 
 Remeid, s. cure. Fr. remede. 
 
 " Ane yther wes also in his foirheid, 
 Quhometo no leichis culd get no remeid,"^ &c. 
 
 What tends to heal sorrow, distress, or trouble of spirit : — 
 " the quhilk be aperens procedit fra ane trublit spreit, desolat 
 of consolatione, ande disparit of remede." * 
 
 ^ 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' vol. iii. p. 369, II. 54,801, 54,802, 54,807. 
 
 vol. ii. p. 363, 11. 31,064-31,066. See vol. iii. p. 377, 1. 55,083. 
 
 2 G. Douglas, iv. 87, 30. ■* 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 70, 1. 
 
 ' 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 35, and p. 71, 11. I, 2. See p. 23, 1. 32. 
 
390 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 What puts a stop to confusion and anarchy : — 
 
 " The Scottis lordis quhen tha knew sic thing, 
 That tyme being withoutin prince or king, 
 Or govemour thame for to gyde and leid, 
 Without in tyme that tha fand sum remeid, 
 Richt suddantUe, and of the soner cost, 
 Thair libertie and landis wald bene lost." ^ 
 
 Escape : — 
 
 " He hes thame fund quhair that thai mycht nocht fle, 
 That force it wes other to do or de. 
 And quhen thai saw that thair wes no remeid, 
 Tha chesit erar for to fecht to deid," ^ &c. 
 
 Reprieve : — 
 
 " Withoutin ony remeid 
 Thair for his fait tha gart him want the heid." ^ 
 
 Remeid, v. a. to cure. 
 
 " Without also it war remeidit sone, 
 Tha wist rycht weill that gratius God abone, 
 Ana sarar plaig sould sone amang thame send," ^ &c. 
 
 To amend : — 
 
 " Quhairfor in tyme now erar nor ouir lait 
 We will prowyde how we may best remeid," ^ &c. 
 
 To put an end to : — " that ze be delegent to remeide zour 
 abusions of the tymis by past." ^ 
 
 Remeidar, s. healer. 
 
 " I pray to God, remeidar of all thing," ^ &c. 
 
 ^ 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' •* Ibid., vol. i. p. i6i, 11. 5312, 5313. 
 
 vol. iii. p. 372, 11. 54,883-54,888. « 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 89, II. 
 
 2 Ibid., vol. i. p. 346, 11. 10,903-10,906. 29, 30. 
 
 ^ Ibid., vol. iii. p. 382, 11. 55,223, 55,224. ' 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 * Ibid., vol. ii. p. 527, 11. 36,233-36,235. vol. ii. p. 487, 1. 34,957. 
 See vol. ii. p. 538, 1. 36,603. 
 
REMENT—REST. 391 
 
 Rement, v. a. to call to mind. O. Fr. ramentevoir. 
 
 Renforse, v. a. to make strong. Fr. renforcer. "In the 
 antiant dais, the Romans var mair renforsit in curageus en- 
 treprisis^ be the vertu of the pen, ande be the persuasions 
 of oratours, nor thai var renforsit be the sourdis of men of 
 veyr. ^ 
 
 Rengourne, v. a. to put off. O. Fr. rengounner. 
 
 Renze,^ s. a rein. O. Fr. reisne,'^ regne. 
 
 " Of bardit hors ru(Jlie the renzeis rang," ^ &c. 
 
 Repater,^ v. n. to feed ; to take refreshment Fr. repattre. 
 Repayre, v. n. to return. O. Fr. repairer. 
 Repeat, repete, v. a. to recover. Fr. rdp^ter. 
 Repell, V. a. to recall. Fr. rappeler. 
 Repende, adj. scattered. Fr. rdpandu. 
 Report, V. a. to get ; to carry off. Fr. rapporter. 
 Repouss, V. a. to drive back. Fr. repousser. 
 Rerit, pret. v. fell back. O. Fr. riere ; Lat. re^ro. 
 Rescours, v. a. to rescue. O. Fr. reseoure. The noun is 
 rescours, recovery, 
 
 Responscoune, s. suretishlp. O. Fr. responsion. 
 Ressourss, resurse, v. n. to rise again. O. Fr. resourdre. 
 Rest, s. a remnant. Fr. reste. 
 
 ^ Fr. entreprise. — 'La Chanson de Roland,' si. cix. 11. 1381- 
 
 2 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 10, II. 1383- 
 
 7-10. See p. 6, 1. 10. "Laschet la resne, des esperuns le brochet." 
 
 » See above, chap. vii. p. 131. —Ibid., st. cxxii. 1. 1574. 
 
 .uTu.i • ui^.j-x-. ^ 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 < " Laschent lor reisnes, brochent amdui k ait, . .jv-wLiaini, 
 
 E vunt ferir un paien Timozel, vol. i, p. 304, 1. 9622. 
 
 L'un en I'escut e li altre en I'osberc." ® G. Douglas, iii. 165, 12. 
 
392 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Restrenze, v. a. to restrain. Fr. restreindre. 
 
 " Into the first he menis him full soir 
 Of all his lordis that tyme les or moir, 
 That wranguslie tha did him greit injure, 
 Restrenzeand him fra regiment and cuir 
 Of his kirkmen," ^ &c. 
 
 Retent, v. a. to cause to resound. Fr. retentir. 
 Retour, v. n. to return. Fr. retour. 
 
 " Into Ingland he did agane retour," ^ &c. 
 
 Retrait, v. a. imp. to withdraw, recall, retract, or set aside. 
 O. Fr. retraire.^ 
 
 Reu, rewe,* s. street. Fr. rue. " than this subtel cordinar 
 set ane of his corbeis that gef lovyng to Augustus, furtht at his 
 vindo on the plane reu."^ 
 
 Reuery, s. uproar ; the crackling noise made by flames. O. 
 Fr. resverte, raving. 
 
 Reuest, rewess, rawess, v. a. to clothe again. O. Fr. revestir. 
 
 Revay, s. festivity. O. Fr. reviaus, fetes. 
 
 Revers, at the revers, at random. Fr. au revers. 
 
 Reverse, reuverse, v. a. to strike from behind. Fr. revers, a 
 blow from behind. Reuversing is the noun. 
 
 Revestir,^ v. to clothe. O. Fr. 7^evestir. 
 
 Revestr^,^ revestrie, reuestrie, s. vestry. O. Fr. revestiaire. 
 
 Rewer, v. a. to stop. O. Fr. ravoier. 
 
 ^ 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 115, 116, A.D. 1600. 
 vol, iii. p. T], 11. 45,006-45,010. See vol. ii. ■* G. Douglas, ii. no, 30. 
 p. 532, 1. 36,387. 5 'The Complaynt of Scotlande.'p. 182, 11. 
 
 2 Ibid., vol. ii. p, 715, 1. 42,308. 5-7. See p. 76, 1. 19. 
 
 ^ "An Prayer for the Pest," 1. 36 ; ap. ^ G. Douglas, iii. 46, 6. 
 
 Henryson, p. 40. ' Crim. Trials,' vol. ii. pp. ^ Ibid., iii. 13, 8. 
 
 ^-j_^ 
 
RE WM—RING. 393 
 
 Rewm, V. n. to roar. O. Fr. rimer. 
 
 Rewme,^ s. humour. Fr. rJiume. 
 
 Rewme, s. realm. O. Fr, reaume. 
 
 Ribbaldaill, rybbaldy, s. O. Fr. ribatidaille, ribauderie. 
 
 Ring, ryng, s. kingdom. Fr. regne. 
 
 " Into that tyme, because he wes so zing 
 To gyde and governe sick ane famous ring," ^ &c. 
 
 " Sen it is so, sulde nocht ane kyng 
 Be Vigelant to rewle his ryng 
 In Godlie maner, decentlie."^ 
 
 Reign : — 
 
 "The secund zeir syne efter of his ring,"* &c. 
 
 Ring, ryng, v. n. to reign. Fr. rdgner. 
 
 " Thocht God hes creat man to ryng. 
 In every realme to be as king." ^ 
 
 To have authority : — 
 
 " And quhat gret Maledictionis, 
 Quhat plagis and sore afflictionis. 
 Sail fall wpon the realmes and kyngis 
 Quharin no faithful! Jugis ryngis." ^ 
 
 1 G. Douglas, i. 2, 19. vol. iii. p. 105, 1. 45,926. See vol. i, p. 98, 
 
 2 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 1. 3333; p. 171, 1. 5603. 
 
 vol. iii. p. 105, 11. 45,908, 45,909. " • Ane Compendious and Breve Tractate,' 
 
 3 * Ane Compendious and Breve Tractate,' p. 3, II. i, 2. See p. 8, 1. 154, and p. 11, l.\ 
 p. 4, 11. 37-39. See ibid., p. 15, 1. 383, and 272. Also ' Ane Godlie Tractate or Mirrour,' 
 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' vol. p. 12, 1. 297. 
 
 i. p. 102, 1. 3444 ;.p. 171, 1. 561 1. 8 'Ane Compendious and Breve Tractate,' 
 
 4 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' p. 14, 11. 371-374. 
 
 \ D 
 
394 
 
 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 To prevail : — 
 
 " Justice and rest all in his dais rang," ^ &c. 
 
 " this samyn sort of veyrs rings presently in Scotland." ^ 
 
 " I can nocht tell, without I tarie lang, 
 Sic nobillnes and vertew in him rang." ^ 
 
 To remain, to abide : — 
 
 " The Liegis of the vngodlie kyng 
 In daylie trubbyll thay sail ryng." * 
 
 Riot, s. noise. O. Fr. riot^ riote. 
 
 Rivage,^ s. the bank of a river. Fr. rivage. 
 
 Rizar, v. a. to dry in the sun. O. Fr. ressorer. 
 
 Roche,^ s. a. rock. Fr. rocAe. 
 
 Romanys, romanis, s. true history. Fr. roman, because 
 such histories were at first, or pretended to be, written in 
 the Roman (Latin) language. 
 
 Rome, s. a kingdom. Fr. royaume. 
 
 Rondellis, s. " small round targets, usually borne by horse- 
 men" — Leyden. Fr. rondelles. "ande ze soldartis and con- 
 pangzons of veyr, mak reddy zour . . . rondellis," ^ &c. 
 
 Ronge, V. a. to gnaw. Fr. ronger. 
 
 Roove, ruve, ruif, v. a. to rivet. Fr. river. 
 
 Rossens, s. bramble covers ; sometimes termed rons, clumps 
 
 ^ 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' * 'Ana Compendious and Breve Tractate,' 
 
 vol. i. p. 168, 1. 5520. 
 
 p. 9, 11. 183, 184. 
 
 2 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 167, * G. Douglas, iii. 29, 24. 
 
 I. II. See 11. 18, 26, 27 ; p. 57, 1. 32 ; p. 89, ^ Ibid., i. 32, 4 ; ii. 146, 12. 
 
 II. 16, 32 ; p. 90, II. 3, 23 ; p. 181, 1. 9. ' ' The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 42, 11. 
 ' 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 1-4. 
 
 vol. i. p. 594, 11. i8,4S3, 18,454. 
 
 .^^ 
 
ROULK—SACRIFY. 395 
 
 of thorns and briers. The remainder of John Mactag- 
 gart's article as to the etymon of Fr. ronceroi is a gross 
 blunder.^ 
 
 Roulk, rolk, adj. hoarse. Fr. rauque ; Lat. raucus. 
 
 Roundal, s. a poetic measure. Fr. rondeau, a particular kind 
 of poem. 
 
 Roy, s. a king. O, Fr. roy. 
 
 " Beseikand him, as he wes roy of reuth, 
 Thame to ressaue agane into his treuth," ^ &c. 
 
 Royster, rutour, s. a vagabond ; a freebooter, a spoiler ; an 
 oppressor. Fr. routier. 
 
 Roytous, adj. riotous. O. Fr. rioteux. 
 
 Rue (to tak the), to repent of a proposal or bargain. Rue 
 is English ; still I think that in this expression rue means 
 street, as to say, extricate one's self. The French had enfiler 
 la venelle for to escape. 
 
 Runch, rundge, runse, v. a. to craunch. O. Fr. rungier ; 
 Fr. ronger. Runch is the noun, the act of grinding with the 
 teeth. 
 
 Runge,^ V. to gnaw. Fr. ronger. 
 
 Ruttery, s. lechery. Fr. rut. 
 
 Ryot, s. a contest. O. Fr. riote, riotte, a quarrel. 
 
 Sacre, v. a. to consecrate. Fr. sacrer. 
 Sacrify, v. a. to sacrifice. Fr. sacrifier. 
 
 ^ 'The Scottish Gallovidian Encyclopedia,' vol. i. p. 187, 11. 6063, 6064. See vol. i. p. 
 &c., p. 414: London, 1824 — Svo. $66,1. 17,611. 
 
 2 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' ^ G. Douglas, ii. 134, 23; 183, 17. 
 
396 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Sailly,^ V. a. to assault. O. Fr. saillir. 
 
 "And sindrie syis thai saillit with ane salt ; 
 And tha within als lang than as tha mocht 
 Hes maid defence ; bot it wes all for nocht," ^ &c. 
 
 To assail : — 
 
 " That cruell cald hes saillit \\\xq. so soir 
 With greit seiknes," ^ &c, 
 
 Sailze, s. an assault. Fr. saillie. 
 
 " Quhairin that tyme he hes gart put anew 
 Richt nobill men that war bayth traist and trew, 
 So souer als in all tyme at ane sailze, 
 And Weill he wist tha wald nocht to him failze."* 
 
 Salt, s. assault. O. Fr. saut. 
 
 " Quhairfor he said that tha suld haif no fait, 
 Schawand efter to gif the toun ane salt," ^ &c. 
 
 Salus, V. a. to salute. 
 
 Salut, s. salutation, Fr. salut. 
 
 Salute, s. safety, health. Fr. salut. "allace, quhy remem- 
 ber ze nocht that natur hes oblist zou till avance the salute and 
 deffens of zour public veil." ^ 
 
 Salze, V. a. to assault. Fr. saillir. 
 
 " To seige the toun or salze in that part." '^ 
 
 To assail : — 
 
 " Throw greit seikness that salzeit him so soir, 
 He tuke his leif, for he micht leve no moir." ^ 
 
 1 See above, chap. xii. p. 199. ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 72, 11. 
 
 2 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 12-14. See p. 116, 11. 14, 30. 
 
 vol. i. p. I9i» !!• 6214-6216. ' 'The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 3 Ibid., vol. i. p. 342, 1. 10,793. vol. ii. p. 421, 1. 32,900. 
 
 4 Ibid., vol. iii. p. 166, 11. 47,913-47,916. ^ ibid., vol. iii. p. 121, 11. 46,460, 46,461. 
 
 5 Ibid., vol. iii. p. 423. 11- 56,636, 56,637. 
 
 -J. ,,-^ji^i.- ±^.-. .^ ViBiiiMiuli 
 
SANDE—SCLA VE. 397 
 
 Sande, pas. part. girt. O.. Fr. (aint from gaindre, to sur- 
 round. 
 
 Sanguane, sanguyne, adj, of the colour of blood. Fr. 
 sanguin. 
 
 Sanguynolant,^ adj. bloody. Fr. sanguinolent. 
 
 SdiVis,^ prep, without. Fr. sans. 
 
 Sarge, sierge,^ s. a taper, a torch. Fr. cierge. 
 
 Sargeand, sergeand, s. a squire. O. Fr. serganz, sierganSy 
 sergant. 
 
 Sarpleth, s. a denomination of weight applicable to wool-= 
 eighty stones.* Fr. serpilliere, a packing-cloth. 
 
 Sase, V. a. to seize. Fr. saisir. 
 
 Sate, s. omission. Fr. saut^ a leap. 
 
 Sauge, adj. bold. Fr. sauvage. 
 
 Sauy, V. a. to save. Fr. sauver. 
 
 Say, sey, v. a. to prove, to put to the test. O. Fr. essay er ; 
 Wallon, say. Sey is the noun, a trial. 
 
 Scash, V. n. to squabble ; to turn the toes outward. (Banffs.) 
 Fr, escacher, " to beat, batter, or crush flat," &c. (Cotg.) 
 
 Schiere, s. visage, mien. O. Fr. chiere. 
 
 Schouffer, s. a dish for keeping water warm. O. Fr. esckauffer. 
 
 Scisma, s. schism. Fr. schisme. 
 
 " That' tyme in Ingland passit, but leis, 
 Quhar he richt sone all scisma hes gart ceis." ^ 
 
 Sclave, s. a slave. Fr. esclave. 
 
 1 G. Douglas, iii. 301, 11. vol. iii. p. 99, 11. 45,730, 4S»73i- See vol. i. 
 
 * Ibid., ii. 103, 30, p. 360, 1. 11,300; p. 361, 1. 11,339; p. 362, 
 
 3 Ibid., iv. 215, 5. 1. 11,357; p. 400, 1. 12,490 : vol. ii. p. 303, 1. 
 
 *'Comp. Thes. Reg. Scot.,' vol. i. p. 220. 28,206: vol. iii. p. 125, 1. 46,603; p. 132, 1. 
 
 " *The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 46,844; p. 182, 1. 48,457. 
 
398 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Scurrour, skouriour, skurriours, s. a scout ; a vagrant. O. 
 Fr. scurd. 
 
 ^^g'^^ s. seat. O. Fr. sege; Fr. siege, "dauid, for the pitie 
 that he hed of the pepil that var affligit be the phiHstiens, con- 
 queist the royal sege of Israel." ^ 
 
 Seicle, s. age. Fr. siecle. " ande alse the verteouse verkis 
 dune be zour antecessours in oure dais ar euident til vs in this 
 present seicle." ^ 
 
 Seinye, senye, senyhe, seingny, s. a. synod. O. Fr. seinze, 
 senne, sane. Senye day is the day on which a synod meets, 
 and senyie chamber the place where it meets. 
 
 Sembla, s. fight. 
 
 " Ane sharpar sembla zit wes neuir sene." ' 
 
 Another form is semble : — 
 
 " The Albionis", seand that it wes so, 
 With swordis scharpe rycht haistelie but ho, 
 Ane semble maid that wes bayth sad and sour," * &c. 
 
 Another form is semblie : — 
 
 " The Romanis all wes left thair to remane, 
 In that semblie richt suddanelie wes slane."^ 
 
 Semblant, sembland, sembling, s. appearance. Fr. semblant. 
 Semble, v. n. to join battle. Fr. assembler. 
 
 " And with the Romanis met vpone ane mure ; 
 And semblit sone with mony cry and shout," ^ &c. 
 
 ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 77, 11, * Ibid., vol. i. p. 436, 11. 13,619-13,621. 
 
 I-3' ° Ibid., vol. i. p. 356,11. 11,179, 11,180. 
 
 2 Ibid., p. 3, 11, 27-29, « Ibid., vol. i. p. 184, 11. 5986, 5987. See 
 
 • 'TheBuik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' vol. i. p. 198, 1. 6409; p. 365, 1. 11,442: 
 
 vol, ii, p. 289, 1. 28,788. See vol, ii. p. , vol, ii, p. 360, 1. 30,969 : vol. iii, p. 185, 1, 
 
 454, 1. 33,938- 48,561 ; p. 189, 1. 48,688 ; p. 439, 1. 57,182. 
 
SENYEARABILL—SOMMAR. 399 
 
 Senyearablll, adj. lordly. O. Fr. seigneuriable. 
 
 Senyeoure, s. lord, prince. Fr: seigneur. 
 
 Serment, s. oath. Fr. serment. "and gart them depone 
 ane serment that thai suld al concur and conuene togidthir in 
 ane purpose contrar the crualte of tarquinus superbus." ^ 
 
 Sermone, sermond, s. a discourse. Fr. sermon. 
 
 Servitrice, servetrix, s. a female servant. O. Fr. serviteresse. 
 
 Sewans,^ soap. Fr. savon. 
 
 Sile, syle, syll, v. a. to hide. O. Fr. Ciller^ soiler, siller, to 
 shut. 
 
 Simple,^ adj. common, in opposition to gentle. 
 
 " It sets not a duke's own daughter 
 To follow a simple man." * 
 
 Sinacle, s. the smallest vestige. O. Fr. sinacle. 
 Sing, s. sign. Fr. signe. 
 
 " In till ane taikin, and dne suir sing, 
 Under that carne that thair la sic ane king," ^ &c 
 
 Skellat,^ s. a bell. O. Fr. eschielete. 
 Skyre, s. a scirrhus. Fr. squirre. 
 Sok,^ s. ploughshare. Fr. soc. 
 Sold, V. a. to solder. O. Fr. soulder. 
 Solyeing, s. the act of solving. Fr. solder. 
 Sommar, adj. summary. Fr. sommaire. 
 
 1 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,'p. 136, 11, by William Allingham : Macmillan & Co., 
 27-29. 1864. 
 
 2 G. Douglas, iv. 84, 25. " ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland, ' 
 ^ See above, chap, xvii., p. 301, sub voce vol. i. p. 118, 11. 3990, 3991. 
 
 " Semple." ^ ' Burgh Records of the City of Glasgow,' 
 
 * "The Duke of Gordon's Daughter," st. p. 82, a.d. 1577. 
 17: see St. 18, p. 347— 'The Ballad Book,' ' G. Douglas, iii. 126, 21. 
 
400 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Sony he, sunye, s. care, anxiety, pains. O. Fr. soign^ suing, 
 soing. 
 
 Sonze, s. excuse. O. Fr. essoine, 
 
 "This wes the sonze in the time he schew,"^ &c. 
 Sonze, V. n. to care. Fr. soigner. 
 
 " S3me start on fut and pullit out tua brandis, 
 And manfuUie debaittit with thair handis. 
 Ay prevand other pertlie on that plane, 
 And sonziet nocht quhill that tha war baith slane." ^ 
 
 Soucye, s. a flower. Fr. souci; O. Fr. soulcy, soucicle, solse- 
 quium, from sol and sequi. "Siklyik, ther is ane eirb callit 
 helytropium, the quhilk the vulgaris callis soucye." ^ 
 
 Souer, adj. close; strong. O. Fr. soiir, seiir; Fr. sHr. 
 
 " This Edward BaUiole efter on ane da 
 About that hous ane souer seig gart la,"^ &c. 
 
 Souflet, s. a stroke, a blow. Fr. soufflet. 
 
 Soume, sowme, s. a load, that which is laid on a horse ; and 
 hence sowfuir, a sumpter-horse. O. Fr. somme, so?nmier. 
 
 Sover, sovir, adj. secure. O. Fr. soiir, seiir, segure. 
 
 Soverance, s. assurance. O. Fr. soiir. 
 
 Soveranis, s. difference. O. Fr. severer. 
 
 Sperpelit,^ /^r/. /^i". scattered, dilapidated. Fr. dparpilU. 
 
 Sploy, s. a frolic. O. Fr. esploit, espleit. 
 
 Splute, V. n. to exaggerate in narrating a thing. O. Fr. 
 esploiter, espleiter. 
 
 1 ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' < « The Book of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 vol. iii, p. 92, 1. 45,512. vol. iii. p. 316, 11. 52,975, 52,976. See vol. 
 
 2 Ibid., vol. ii. p. 577, 11. 37,829-37,832. iii. p. 184, 1. 48,531 ; p. 197, 1. 48,934. 
 
 ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 57, 11. ^ G. Douglas, iii, 312, 15; iv. 57, 4. 
 
 12-14. 'Crim. Trials,' vol. i. p. 217*, A.D. 1538-39. 
 
SPULYIE— STENT. 401 
 
 Spulyie, v. a. to spoil. Fr. spolier. The same word is used 
 as a noun for spoil : the spoiler is spulyear, and the spoil is 
 spulyment. 
 
 Spulze, spulzie, spoulze, s. spoil. O. Fr. espouille. 
 " Quhair plesit thame ony spulze to mak," ^ &c. 
 "then quhan the tentis, pailzons, and spoulze of the inglis 
 armye vas tane and gaddrit up be scottis men," ^ &c. 
 
 Spulze, V. a. to spoil. 
 
 " He spulzeit hes the plesand fair abba." ^ 
 
 Squeshon, s. a scutcheon. O. Fr. escusson. 
 
 Squiss, V. a. to beat up, applied to an &g^. O. Fr. part. 
 secouSy secozieVy to shake. 
 
 Stanche, v. a. to assuage. O. Fr. estancher. 
 
 Stank,* s. a pool or pond ; the ditch of a fortified town. O. 
 Fr. estang. 
 
 Stellat, adj. starry, dotted with stars. Fr. constelld. 
 
 Stend, V. n. to spring, to rise to a height. O. Fr. estendre. 
 It is also used as a noun to signify a spring, a jump. 
 
 Stent, stentit,^ part. pas. erected, stretched out. O. Fr. 
 
 estendu. 
 
 " Syne raikit on towart the Romanis rycht, 
 
 With baneris brycht and standartis straucht vp stent." ** 
 
 ^'TheBuik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' vol, iii. p, 513, 1. 59,641. See vol. iii. p. 
 
 vol. iii. p. 418, 1. 56,478. See vol. i. p. 355, 164, 1. 47,851 ; p. 531, 1. 60,240. 
 
 1. 11,169: vol. iii. p. 112, L 46,149; p. 164, * G. Douglas, iii. 90, 25. 
 
 1. 47,852; p. 171, 1. 48,066; p. 426, 1. 56,734; = Ibid., i. 98, 26; iii. 238, 23. 
 
 p. 439, 1. 57,188; p. 534, 1. 60,309. ^ 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 2 • The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 97, II. vol. i. p. 175, 11. 5718-5721. See vol. i. p. 
 13, 14. See p. 89, 1. 9. 248, 1. 7969. 
 
 3 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 3 E 
 
402 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Stent, V. a. to stretch ; to straiten, to restrain ; to erect, to set 
 up. Fr. estendre. 
 
 " By ane watter besyde ane litill toun 
 Tha stentit thair rycht mony proude palzeoun." ^ 
 
 Stimpart, s. the eighth part of a Winchester bushel. Fr, 
 huitieme part. 
 
 Stramash, s. a squabble. Fr. estramagon, a kind of sword 
 with two edges. 
 
 Strammel, s. straw, a cant term. O. Fr. estraim. 
 
 Strenyie, v. a. to refrain, constrain. O. Fr. estreindre. 
 
 Strunt, s. anything long and narrow (Banffs.) ; strunty, con- 
 tracted, short. O. Fr. estreint. 
 
 Strussel, strussle ; strusshel, in Banffs., s. a brawl, squabble. 
 O. Fr. estrois. 
 
 Stuff, V. n. to lose wind from great exertion. O. Fr. estouffer. 
 
 Stuffet, s. a footboy. O. Fr. estaffier. 
 
 Stunnist, part., adj. used to express the thrilling pain pro- 
 duced by a blow or contusion. O. Fr. estonnd. Stungled, 
 sprained, may be derived from the same. 
 
 Stuvat, stewat, s. a person in a state of violent perspiration. 
 O. Fr. estuvd. 
 
 Subchett, subditt, s. a subject. O. Fr. subject^ souzgies, sougit, 
 subgiez. y 
 
 Subdane, adj. sudden. O. Fr. soubdain. 
 
 Suberbyllis, s. suburbs. O. Fr. subui'bes. 
 
 Subite, adj. sudden. Fr. subit. 
 
 ^ ' The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 219, 1. 7092; vol. ii. p. 417, 1. 32,778. 
 vol. i. p. 190, 11. 6175, 6176. See vol. i. p. 
 
SUBMISS—SULYEART. 403 
 
 Submiss, adj. submissive. O. Fr. soubmis. 
 
 Substancious, substantious, adj. powerful ; substantial. O. 
 Fr. substantieux. 
 
 Succur, s. sugar. Fr. sucre. " at that tyme straynge cun- 
 treis var nocht socht to get spicis, eirbis, drogis, gummis, and 
 succur for to make exquisit electuars ^ to provoke the pepil til 
 ane disordinat appetit." ^ " twelve pounds succer valans 
 costing six guldens the pound ; twenty-four pounds scroschatis 
 at five gs. the pound; succer lacrissye^ at eighteen gs. the 
 pound ; succer candy at twelve gs. the pound." * 
 
 Suddainty, s. suddenness. Slauchter of suddantie, accidental 
 homicide. Fr. soudainetd. 
 
 Suggyre, v. a. to suggest. Fr. suggdrer. 
 
 Suir, souer, v. a. to save. 
 
 " That halie place was suirit with him than 
 Fra fyre, bot nocht fra spulze and fra reif."^ 
 
 Sujeorne, s. interval of rest taken on a journey. O. Fr. 
 
 sujurn. 
 
 " That euerilk man, als gudlie as he may, 
 Sould reddie be sone efter the third day, 
 Vpone the Romanis for to follow rycht, 
 Bot ony sujeorne other da or nycht, 
 To baneis thame rycht sone out of thair boundis," ^ &c. 
 
 Sullige, s. soil. Fr. ^^ solage, soil, or good ground." (Cotg.) 
 Sulyeart, adj. clear. O. Fr. soilier, 
 
 ^ Fr. ileduaire. Edinburgh, i860 — 8vo. 
 
 2 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 145, 11. ^ 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 23-26. vol. iii. p. 412, II. 56,286, 56,287. See vol. 
 
 ^ Fr. Sucre de reglisse. i. p. 409, 1. 12,779. 
 * 'Scotland in the Middle Ages,' p. 243 ; '' Ibid., vol. i. p. 399, 11. 12,469-12,473. 
 
f 
 404 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Sulyie, soilyie, suilye, sulye, s. soil. O. Fr. soile. 
 Sunzie, s. an excuse. O. Fr. essoine. 
 
 " Sum of the lordis that knew weill his conditioun, 
 Of his greit falsheid tuke an greit suspitioun 
 And preisit nocht that da to be present, 
 Bot fand ane sunzie for to be absent." ^ 
 
 Supersalt, s. a somerset. O. Fr. soubresault. 
 
 Supir, sypyr, v. n. to sigh. Fr. soupirer. 
 
 Supplie, V. a. to supplicate. Fr. supplier. 
 
 Suppoist, suppost, s. a supporter, an abettor. O. Fr. suppost. 
 
 Suppose, V. a. to substitute in a clandestine manner. Fr. 
 supposerj to suborn, to forge. 
 
 Suppriss, s. oppression. Fr. supprimer. 
 
 Surfet, adj. extravagant; immoderately high in price. Fr. 
 surfait. 
 
 Surnowme, surnowne, s. surname. O. Fr. sornom, sournom ; 
 Fr. surnom. 
 
 Sute, s. a company of hunters. Fr. suite. 
 
 Syoss, syse, s. six at dice. Fr. six. 
 
 Sypyre, supir, v. n. to sigh. Fr. soupirer. 
 
 Tach, tatch, v. a. to arrest. Fr. attacker. 
 
 Tacket, s. a small nail. Fr. taquet. 
 
 Tail, tal,2 tale, s. cut or slice of flesh ; account. Fr. taille, 
 
 " De tailles at de debites il n'i espargnoit riens, 
 S'en acatoit contrees, tieres, rentes et cens." ^ 
 
 ^ * The Bulk of the Croniclis of Scotland,' » 'Chronique de Martin de Cotignies,' MS. 
 vol. i. pp. 109, no, 11, 3698-3701. of the Institute of France, No. 338, fol. xi. 
 
 ' G. Douglas, ii. 34, 2 ; iv. 180, 2. recto, v. 19. 
 
TAIL YEIT—TERL VST. 405 
 
 Even nowadays, in some districts of France, bakers and but- 
 chers keep their accounts with their customers by means of 
 ouches, or twin sticks, on which cuts are carved instead of 
 figures. Taile, tailye, tailyie, taillie, taylyhe, occur also in the 
 sense of Eng. entail — i.e., covenant or bond ; and taille as syn- 
 onymous with district, piece of ground, spot. 
 
 Tailyeit, part. pas. proportioned, symmetrically formed. Fr. 
 tailU, a word which Froissart uses in a figurative sense.^ 
 
 Tailyie, telyle, s. a piece of meat. Fr. tailler. 
 
 Tailzour, s. tailor. Fr. tailleur. " he compellit pure sperit- 
 ual men . . . sum to be tailzours." ^ 
 
 Targat, tergat, s. an ornamental blazon worn in the bonnet 
 or hat. • Fr. targe. 
 
 " I saye zour temporall officiaris 
 
 Thay suld be faithfull Mynistaris, 
 Nocht haveand respect, regaird, nor Ee 
 To wardlye ryches nor dignytie, 
 To Tergats, Chenis, nor golden Ryngis, 
 .Hors, clethyng, money, nor siclyke thyngis." ^ 
 
 Tarveal, v. a. to fatigue, to vex. Fr. travailler, to pain, to 
 vex. It is used as an adj. to sigmiy fretful. 
 
 Tash, touch, tochre,* s. drop, spot, flaw, blemish, stain. Fr. 
 tacke. It is used as a verb, to spoil. Tasked is the. part. pas. ^ 
 
 Tent, V. a. to stretch. Fr. tendre. 
 
 Terlyst, tirllyst, adj. grated. Fr. treillissd. 
 
 ^ See vol. iii. p. 152, col. i. * G. Douglas, iv. 169, 2. 'Crim. Trials,' 
 
 2 'The Complaynt of ScotIande,'p. 162, 11. vol. ii. p. 578, A.D. 1609; vol. iii. p. 159, 
 
 18-21. A.D. 1611. 
 
 ^ ' Ane Compendious and Breve Tractate,' ^ "Johnny's gray Breeks," st. iii., in 'Cro- 
 
 p. 16, 11. 435-440. mek's Scot. Ballads,' vol. i. p. 23. 
 
406 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Termin, s. time. O. Fr. termine. 
 
 Tersaill, s. the third part of a pipe. O. Fr. terciere. 
 
 Tholnie, s. toll, duty. O. Fr. toliu, tolliu, tollieti, tonlieu. 
 
 Tilliesoul, s. a place to which a host sends the servants of 
 his guest when he does not wish to entertain the servants at 
 his own expense. O. Fr. tillet^ a ticket, and sould^ a soldier's 
 pay. 
 
 Tirless, tirlass, tirlies, s. a lattice, a wicket. Fr. treillis. 
 
 Toober, v. a. to beat. Fr. labourer. Toober means a quar- 
 rel, and tooberin, a beating. 
 
 Tork, torque, v. a. to torture. O. Fr. torquer. 
 
 Torn but (Barbour's * Bruce '), retaliation. Fr. tourner. 
 
 Tort, pas. part, tortured. Fr. tort. Torter signifies a tor- 
 menter. 
 
 Tosch, tosche, adj. neat, trim. O. Fr. touzd. It is used as 
 a noun in Banffs. to signify a neat trim person or thing : tos- 
 chod is the diminutive, and toschly is the adverb. 
 
 Tourbillon, s. a whirlwind, a tornado. (Ayrs.) Fr. tourbillon. 
 
 Toure, s. turn. Fr. tour. 
 
 Tractiue, s. a treatise. Fr. traitd. 
 
 Trafeque, traff6ck, s. intercourse; friendship. O. Fr. trafique. 
 
 Traissle, treissle, v. a. to tread down. Fr. tressaillir. 
 
 Tramort,^ s. a dead body. 
 
 " ' For-quhy tha ar bot similitudis of men, 
 And like schaddowis, to say the suith at schort, 
 Bayth pynd and puir like ony peild tramort' " ^ 
 
 Tranont, tranoynt, tranownt, trauent, trawynt, v. n. to march 
 
 * See above, chap. ix. p. 153. vol. iii. p. 117, 11. 46,327-46,329. See vol. iii. 
 
 ^ 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' p. 134, 1. 46,885. 
 
TRANO WINTYN— TROCK. 407 
 
 quickly in a secret manner, to march quickly, to turn back. 
 O. Fr. trainel, a snare. 
 
 Tranowintyn, s. a stratagem in war. O. Fr. trainel. 
 
 Transe, v. n. to determine. Fr. trancher. 
 
 Transmue, v. a. to change. Fr. transmuer. 
 
 Tras, s. the track of game. Fr. trace. 
 
 Travish, v. n. "to carry after a trailing manner." Fr. ira- 
 vej'ser. 
 
 Trawal, s. pain, labour. Fr. travail. 
 
 Trayn, v. a. tp draw. Fr. tramer. 
 
 Trebuschet, s. a balance. Fr. trdbuchet. 
 
 Treevolie, s. a scolding. O. Fr. trivoler. 
 
 Treilzeis,^ s. props of vines. Fr. treillis. 
 
 Treit, trete, v. a. to entreat. O. Fr. tr aider. 
 
 Treitcheoure, s. a traitour. Fr. trichetir. 
 
 Trellyeis, trelyeis,^ s. pi. currycombs. Fr. //r^V/t? (Rudd.), but 
 rather, rough cloths. 
 
 Trensand, /^r/. /r^^. cutting. Fr. tranchant. 
 
 Trete (in),^ apparently, in a line. O. Fr. trete. 
 
 Tretie, s. a. treatise. Fr. traits. 
 
 Trew, s. a truce. O. Fr. treu. 
 
 Trewage, s. tribute. O. Fr. truage^ treuage. 
 
 Trinsch,^ v. to kill. Fr. traficher. 
 
 Trintle, trinle, v. a. to roll. Fr. trondeler. (Cotg.) 
 
 Trock, troque, s. exchange, barter ; in the plur. small-wares, 
 &c. O. Fr. troque. Fr. troc. The verb is the same, and sig- 
 nifies to barter. 
 
 * G. Douglas, iv. 183, 12. ^ ' Awntyrs of Arthure,' st. xxviii. 
 
 2 Ibid., iv. 98, 18. * G. Douglas, ii. 213, 15. 
 
4o8 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Trouss, V. a. to tuck up. Fr. trousser. 
 
 Trubly,^ adj. stormy. Fr. troubld. 
 
 Trucker, trukier, trucour, s. a deceitful person. O. Fr. 
 
 trikeeur. 
 
 "And mony trucour in the tyme tha tuik 
 Part be force, and uther part throw slycht," ^ &c. 
 
 Truff, s. a trick, a deceit. O. Fr. truffe. 
 
 Trumposie, adj. full of guile. Fr. tromper. 
 
 Trumpour, trumper, s. a deceiver. Fr. trompeur. 
 
 Trunshman,^ s. interpreter. Fr. truchement, dragoman. 
 
 Trypal, trypall, s. ill-made fellow. (Aberd.) O. Fr. trepelu. 
 
 Tuilyie, tulye, toolyie, v. 7i. to quarrel. Fr. tottiller. The 
 same word is used as a noun to signify a quarrel, and he who 
 engages in quarrels is a tuilyeour. 
 
 Tulat, tolat, s. a packing-cloth or bag. Fr. toilette. 
 
 Tulshie, s. a person of sour look. O. Fr. tule. 
 
 Tulze,^ s. fight. 
 
 " * And hal(J zour handis also fra the spulze,. 
 Quhill endit be the chace and alss the tulze.' " ^ 
 
 Fighting : — 
 
 " Becaus he saw sa mony of thame fle, 
 Without beleif agane of ony tulze, 
 Leit all his men that tyme pas to the spulze," ^ &c. 
 
 Tulzear, tuilyeour, s. fighter. 
 
 "As hapnis oft ane vanter to be Hear, 
 
 Ane mydding tulzear in ane battell bydar." '^ 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, ii. 190, 19. ^ 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland, ' 
 
 2 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' vol, iii. p. 426, 11. 56,734, 56,735. 
 
 vol. ii. p. 511, 11. 35.712, 35,713- ® Ibid., vol. i. p. 633, 11. i9,569-r9,57i- 
 
 3 'Melvill's Diary,' p. 262. '^ Ibid., vol. iii. p. 440, 11. 57,214-57,217. 
 *■ See above, chap. xvii. p. 305. 
 
TURKAS—VEAND. 409 
 
 Turkas, turcas.^ 
 
 " With tangis and turcas beirand in thair hand, 
 Syne throw the toun, as ze sail wnderstand, 
 Tuyss or thryis tha gart thame be led," ^ &c. 
 
 Turs, turss, twrss, tirs,^ v. a. to pack up in a bale or bundle ; 
 to carry. O. Fr. trousser. 
 
 Tyrane, tirran, turran, s. a tyrant. Fr. tyran. 
 Tyxxit,'^ part. pas. torn, rent. Fr. tird. 
 
 Umbrage, umbre,^ s. shade. Fr. ombre. 
 
 Umbrat,^ adj. shady. 
 
 Unprouisitlie, adv. without forethought. Fr. a rimproviste. 
 
 Uny, V. a. to unite. Fr. unir. 
 
 Vaik, veak,'' v. n. to await ; fall vacant. Fr. vaguer. 
 
 Vailyeant, adj. valid. Fr. vaillant. 
 
 Vale, s. worth. Fr. valeur. 
 
 Vale, V. 71. to descend. O. Fr. avaler. 
 
 Valet- de-chamb re, valley- de-sham,^ s. valet. Fr, valet de 
 chainbre. 
 
 Valour, valure, s. value. Fr. valeur. 
 
 Varlot, verlett,^ verlot, warlo, s. an inferior servant. O. Fr. 
 vaidet. . 
 
 Vause, V. a. to stab. O. Fr. fausser. 
 
 Veand, adj. superannuated. Fr. vieux. 
 
 1 See above, chap. vii. p. 131. ' G. Douglas, iv, 169, 16, 
 
 2 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland, ' ^ Ibid., i. 2, 20. 
 
 vol. iii. p. 536, 11. 60,376-60,378. '' 'Melvill's Diary,' pp. 45, 92, 112, 195, 
 
 3 'Comp. Thes. Reg. Scot.,' vol. i. pp. 200, 237, 540. 
 
 ccxxxii, 15, 88, 361, &c. ^ 'The Antiquary,' ch, xv. 
 
 ^ 'Crim. Trials,' vol. ii. p. 70, A.D. 1578. » q^ Douglas, iv. 98, 13. 
 
 3 F 
 
410 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Venall, vinell, s. an alley, a lane. O. Fr. venelle. Two such 
 may be mentioned : the Vennel (called also Gordon's Wynd) 
 in Aberdeen, and Vennel Street in Glasgow. 
 
 Venenows, wenenous, adj. venomous. Fr. venimeux. 
 
 Verger, s. an orchard. Fr. verger. 
 
 Vermeil, adj. vermilion. Fr. vermeil. " i beheld the pretty 
 fische vantounly stertland vitht there rede vermeil fynnis."^ 
 
 Verra, adj. real. O. Fr. verai. 
 
 " Thair is no band that dow to hald thame fast, 
 No neuir wes, als far as I can reid, 
 But gif it war on verra force and neid." ^ 
 
 Vesie, visie, vissie,^ visye, wesy, wisie, v. a. to aim at, to look 
 at. Fr. viser.^ 
 
 To visit 
 
 *' King Dauidis wyfe, Johanna the gude quene. 
 In all hir tyme bayth plesand and benyng, 
 In Ingland passit to visie the king, 
 Edward hir bruther, as kyndlie wes to be." '^ 
 
 To see : — 
 
 " The erle of Marche and his bruther also, 
 With erle of Craufurd and mony lordis mo, 
 Come to his tent to visie how he did." ^ 
 
 To examine : — 
 
 1 «' 
 
 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 37, II. VI.,' &c., p, 46. 
 J6, 17- * 'Comp. Thes. Reg. Scot.,' vol. i. pp. 
 
 2 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 321, 380. 
 
 vol. ii. p. 350, 11. 30,670-30,672. See vol. ii. " « The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 p. 361, 1. 31,022 ; p. 493, 1. 35,173. vol. iii. p. 386, 11. 55,380-55,383. 
 
 3 'The Historic and Life of King James « Ibid., vol. iii. p. 431, 11. 56,908-56,910. 
 
VEYRA—VULT. 411 
 
 "And efter that he veseit vp and doun, 
 Then euerie strenth, bayth castell, tour and toun." ^ 
 
 To afflict : — 
 
 " In Edinburgh within that castell Strang, 
 With greit seiknes quhair scho was viseit lang," 2 &c. 
 
 To visit judicially, to inflict punishment : — 
 
 " Thocht God ana quhyla he dois our-se zow, 
 Thynk weill he dois behauld and Ea zow, 
 And wyll zow vesy, quhen ze leist weine." ^ 
 
 Veyra Is the Fr. vireZy heave. *' veyra veyra, veyra veyra, 
 gentil gallandis, gentil gallandis, veynde, I see hym, veynde, i 
 see hym." * 
 
 Viciat, adj. defective. Fr. vici^. 
 
 Vilite, vilitle, s. pollution. Fr. vileU. 
 
 Vincus, V. a. to vanquish. Fr. vaincre. 
 
 " Quhilk vincust him and slew him thair in faild." ^ 
 
 Violent, v. a. to do violence to. Fr. violenter. 
 
 Volatill,^ s. little birds. Fr. volatille. 
 
 Vult,'' wit, wult, wout,^ s. face, countenance, aspect. O. 
 
 Fr. voult. 
 
 " Welcumand thame that plesour wes till heir, 
 With gudlia vult and with ana mirrie chair ; 
 With countenance that humill wes and sueit." ^ 
 
 ^ 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 121-124, 142-144, 350, 351, 516. 
 
 vol. i. p. 336, 11. 10,601, 10,602. ^ 'The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 
 ^ Ibid., vol. ii. p. 688, 11. 41,417, 41,418. vol. iii. p. 98, 1. 45,702. See vol. iii. p. loi, 
 
 3 'Ane Compendious and Breve Tractate,' 1. 45,811 ; p. 189, 1. 48,678. 
 
 p. 17, 11. 485-487. The word is here pro- ^ G. Douglas, i. 54, 24. 
 
 nounced as one syllable. ' See above, chap. ix. p. 152. 
 
 * 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 40, 11. * G. Douglas, ii. 132, 8; iii. 268, 17; iv. 
 
 17-19. See above, chap. xii. p. 210, and I43, 23. 
 
 'Notes and Queries,' 5th series, vol. iv, pp. ^ ' The Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland, 
 
412 
 
 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Vyle,^ s. oil. Fr. huile. " The punitione that the sperutua- 
 lite remanent in ther abusione exsecutis on scismatikis, maye 
 be comparit til ane man that castis vyle on ane het birnand 
 fyir." 2 
 
 Wage, s. a pledge. O. Fr. gauge. 
 Wageoure, s. a. stake. O. Fr. guaigiere. 
 Waigeour,^ s. a mercenary soldier. 
 
 "And dalie waigeouris thairin to remane, 
 Off Ws awin coist thairin to remane and byde, 
 Into the strenthis on the bordour syde^ 
 Neirby the boundis of the Britis la."* 
 
 Waine,^ adj. destitute. O. Fr. vain. 
 
 Waiters,® s.pl. So the people were called who had the charge 
 of the ports or gates of Edinburgh. O. Fr. gaite. 
 
 " Gaite de la tour, 
 Gardez entour 
 Les murs, se Deus vous voie." '' 
 
 Wallees, walise, s. saddle-bags. Fr. valise. 
 
 Wardour, s. verdure. O. Fr. vardor; Fr. verdure. 
 
 Waymyng, wayment, s. wailing. O. Fr. guementer. 
 
 Welany, s. damage. O. Fr. vilainie, injury. 
 
 Whuns, whins ; whun-stanes, whin -stones ; wkun- blooms. 
 
 vol. i. p. 301, 11. 9526-9528, See vol. i, p. 
 389, 1. 12,178; vol. ii. p. 518, 1. 35,952. 
 
 ^ See above, chap. iii. p. 62. 
 
 ^ 'The Complaynt of Scotlande,' p. 160, 1. 
 35, and p. 161, 11. 1-3. 
 
 ' See above, chap. xii. p. 197. 
 
 ♦ ' The Built of the Croniclis of Scotland,' 
 vol. ii. p. 47, 11. 21,542-21,545. 
 
 ^ 'Clariodus,' p. 1 34, 1. 689. 
 
 6 « The Heart of Mid- Lothian,' ch. vi. 
 
 ' ' Le Romancero Francois, ' &c. , recueilli 
 par M. Paulin Paris, p. 66 : Paris, 1833 — 
 I2mo. Cf. Cuvelier, ' Chronique de Bertrand 
 du Guesclin,' 11. 910, 928, 3785, 19,466 ; vol. 
 i- PP- 35 > 36, 137 ; and vol. ii. p. 209. 
 
EXPRESSIONS TRANSLATED FROM FRENCH. 413 
 
 the yellow blooms of the whin. Whins, it is said, were intro- 
 duced into Scotland from France : that the cat-whun is the 
 Scotch wkun, the other, the French whim}- 
 
 Woik,2 part. pas. spread. Fr. voguer. 
 
 Worme,^ s. serpent. 
 
 " Of Alisaunder ich wil telle . . . 
 Of bestes, of wormes in desert," * &c. 
 
 (Dr Johnson observes that worm is the Teutonic word for 
 serpent, and Bishop Percy that in the northern counties the 
 same term is used in that sense. See th^ir several notes, 
 Nares's Glossary, p. 578, col. i ; and also Mr Toilet's to 
 "Antony and Cleopatra," Act v. sc. 2.) 
 . Wra,^ s. company, society. Yr.frayer. 
 Wyandour, s. feeder. O. Fr. viandier. 
 
 The Scotch did not limit themselves to using words derived 
 from French ; they employed also, or translated literally, some 
 modes of expression belonging to that language. Dewgard^ 
 (Fr. Dieu garde), to begin with, was a sort of salutation, 
 to which an interlocutor often replied "parleyvoo," a term 
 formed in ridicule of the French mode of address, chiefly when 
 it was enforced by these Gallicisms, perd^, par/ay, verily {par 
 Dieu, par foi). Gawin Douglas begins a speech with beau 
 
 ^ Vide 'The Scottish Gallovidian Encyclo- the Prologue, 1, 37 (ibid., p. 5). 
 
 pedia,' sub voce, p. 474. - ^ Cf. 'The Dumb Knight,' Act i. sc. I ; 
 
 2 G. Douglas, iv. 68, 19. and ' Etudes de philologie comparee sur 
 
 2 ' Memorie of the Somervilles,' vol. i. p. Target,' &c. p. 417, col. i, note, to which we 
 
 38. may add a reference to ' Gaufrey, ' p. 50. 
 
 * 'Kyng Alisaunder,' 1. 5043 (Weber's 'Met- ^ ' Melvill's Diaiy,' p. 262. 
 rical Romances,' Sac, vol. i. p. 209). Cf. 
 
414 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 schiris, baw schirris — i. e., good sirs ; ^ and Dunbar ends one 
 with vive le roy^ an ejaculation purely French. 
 
 The North Britons also borrowed from their ancient allies 
 a pane^ scarcely (Fr. a peine) ; ^ argent content^ ready money 
 {argent comptant) ; * por tant — i.e.^ as much in return as one 
 has received ; ^ perqider, perquire^ off the book, by heart, by 
 rote ^ (Fr. par cceur) ; ^ fyre of joy, bonfire (Fr. feu de joie) ; 
 vailye quod vailye, or vailze quod vailze, happen what may 
 (Fr. vatlle qzie vaille),^ were in use. In the last century many 
 things, if not all, were still a la mode fran^oise,^ as well as an 
 expression, which the Magician of the North surely picked 
 up in Roxburghshire, to purlicue, pirlicue (Fr. par la queue), 
 to take up the words of a preceding speaker and make them 
 the ground of another speech.^^ Following, Scotice ior follower, 
 seems to be derived from the Fr. suivant, an obsolete word 
 equivalent to serf, which belongs to both languages ; and in 
 
 ^ G. Douglas, ii. b. 21; and iv. 231, 26. trophising Gower and Chaucer as his dear 
 
 Fr. beaux sires. masters. 
 
 " Biaux chires leups, n'escoutez mie ' " Par coeur. " — * The Diary of Mr James 
 
 Mere tenchant chen fieux, qui crie." Melvill,' pp. l6, 78: Edinburgh, 1842 — Svo. 
 
 — La Fontaine, 'Fables,' liv. iv. fable 16. ^ "The Complaynt of the Papingo," and 
 
 2 "The Thrissil and the Rois," 1. 113. "The Historic of Squyer Meldrum," in ' Sir 
 (Poems, vol. i. p. 7.) D. Lyndsay's Poet. Works,' vol. i. p. 293, and 
 
 3 G. Douglas, i. 92, 8. vol. ii. p. 282. Vaille que vaille occurs in 
 * "Account of James Homyll," A.D. 1500. 'Le Mistere du Siege d'Orleans,' 1. 8727, p. 
 
 ('The Ledger of Andrew Halyburton,' p. 339; in that of St Louis, MS. Nat. Libr. 24, 
 
 269.) 331. fol- 69 recto ; in the farce " Les trois Gal- 
 
 6 'Clariodus,' p. 319, 1. 1197. ans," &c. 
 
 6 ' Crim. Trials,' vol. i. p. 213, A.D. 1538-39 ; » ' Maitland's Poems,' p. 184. ' Waverley,' 
 
 vol. iii. p. 154, A.D. 161 1. It is well known ch. x. 
 
 that James I. is the author of a poem called ^" This was till lately a practice followed ip 
 
 " The King's Quair ; " but it is probable that the Presbyterian Churches on the occasions of 
 
 the latter of these words is English — the Scot- the days set apart for worship as a preparation 
 
 tish monarch, in the concluding stanza, apos- for the sacrament of the Lord's Supper. 
 
EXPRESSIONS BORROWED FROM FRENCH. 415 
 
 Scotland a natural fool was called, as In France — namely, in 
 Beaujolais — an innocent. Let us mention now to tour, the same 
 as by tour} an expression which resembles the French term 
 tour a tour, alternately ; chambredeese, a parlour, in Fife ^ (O. 
 Fr. chambi^e d'aise) ; ckaudmelle, a sudden broil or quarrel ^ 
 (Fr. chaude milde) ; meschant youther, a very bad smell (O. 
 Fr. nieschante odeur) ; pissayllye, a term used to denote a man 
 whose addresses a young woman encourages so as to keep him 
 in suspense, till she discover whether another, whom she pre- 
 fers, comes to the determination of asking her hand. The 
 person thus kept hanging on is called, in Peebleshire and 
 other southern counties, pissayllye (Fr. pis-aller) or do-nae- 
 better. In East Lothian mupetitgage (Fr. nion petit gage) is 
 a fondling compellation addressed to a child. But most curi- 
 ous is it to hear the devil, speaking of James VL, say, " II 
 est un homme de Dieu." ^ A Scotchman would have said, 
 " He is a guid bairn " (Fr. un bon enfant). 
 
 We mention alla-volie, alle-volie, at random, which is some- 
 times written entirely in the French form, a la voUe}-' though 
 it occurs also in English.^ We might also say the same of 
 
 1 Graham, 'History of the Rebellion,' p. guages. Vide Lucian, ' Philopseudes,' inter 
 126. Luc. Samos. Opera, ed. Ambr. Didot, p. 384; 
 
 2 Generally (r/w;«(5;yrtzj-tr meant another sort and Vit. S. Hilarionis abbatis, c. ii. No. 15, 
 of closet. ap. Bolland., 21 Oct., p. 48, col. 2, F. 
 
 3 The Scots had also demelle, engagement, 5 vide Villon, 'Le grand Testament,' st. 
 rencountre, zxiA melling {^ Cx'im. Trials,' vol. liv.; ' Etudes de philologie comparee sur I'ar- 
 ii. p. 548, A.D. 1608), which has the same got,' &c., p. 421, col. 2. 
 
 sense as meddling, but is nearer Fr. mclant. 6 p-/,/^ Ug,^ Jonson's " New Inn," Act i. sc. 
 
 4 'Chambers's Domestic Annals of Scot- i^ and "The Staple of News," Act iv. sc. I ; 
 land,' vol. i. p. 213, A.n. 1590. It was a Massinger's " Picture," Act. iii. sc. 6. 
 tradition that the devil spoke all the Ian- 
 
4i6 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 grand mercy, gramercy, many thanks, much obliged, used by 
 Chaucer and other early writers ; ^ but we will observe that in 
 Scotland gray mercies, being an expression of surprise, is still 
 current in France, at least among the lower classes, that use 
 merci in the same sense.^ 
 
 A few Scotticisms, apparently borrowed from Fr., may find 
 here their place, viz. — to take the gait, prendre la poi'te (an 
 idiom which was not unknown in old English) ; to extinguish a 
 debt, dteindre une ctette, to pay off a debt by degrees ; to follow 
 otit a plan, suivre un plan, to carry on, execute, or finish, a plan ; 
 to follow out a chain of reasoni?ig, suivre un raisonnement, to 
 trace out a chain of reasoning ; to give one a hat, donner un 
 coup de chapeau, to make a bow to any one ; to go to the school, 
 to the church, alter a Idcole, a r^glise, which would be English, 
 the being omitted. To haud the candle seems to be tenir la 
 chandelle in a figurative sense.^ Alwaies, alwayis, although, 
 notwithstanding, however, may be also viewed as a French 
 idiom, as it resembles toutefois, which literally signifies all times, 
 but is used in the sense of although. But of all the terms, the 
 most remarkable is bon accord, derived from the French without 
 
 * Vide Nares's 'Glossary,' p. 211, col. i., the English and French Academy, Glasgow, 
 
 w^c^ "Gramercy." was printed there in 1799, under this title: 
 
 2 There are at least three works on Scot- ' Scotticisms, Vulgar Anglicisms, and Gram- 
 
 ticisms, the earliest of which, compiled by matical Improprieties- Corrected,' &c. Dr 
 
 Sir John Sinclair, was published at London David Irving, stigmatising the hallucinations 
 
 and Edinburgh in 1782 under this title : 'Ob- of those who have undertaken to teach the 
 
 servations on the Scottish Dialect.' Another, art of rejecting Scotticisms, says that "the 
 
 by Dr James Beattie, is entitled, 'Scotticisms, work even of Dr Beattie is a very unsafe 
 
 Arranged in Alphabetical Order, Designed guide," and he shows it. Ft^i? ' The Lives of 
 
 to Correct Improprieties of Speech and the Scottish Poets,' &c., vol. ii. pp. 433, 434. 
 
 Writing:' Edinburgh, 1787— 8vo. The ^ ««Ye'n neither dance nor haud [hold] 
 
 third, by Hugh Mitchell, M.A., master of the candle." Trov. ap. Kelly, p. 367. 
 
BON-ACCORD. 
 
 417 
 
 alteration, which seems to have been formerly used by way of 
 toast, as expressive of amity and kindness : " Aberdans-men, 
 will ye take your word agalne, and go home, and drink the 
 cup of Bon- Accord ? " &c.^ 
 
 * James Row, 'ACupp of Bon- Accord, or, a Guide to the City of Aberdeen,' vol. L 
 or Preaching,' &c, p. 7: Sine loco, pp. 13-16, 32, 33, 349, &c.: Aberdeen, 1839 
 1828—410. Cf. ' The Book of Bon- Accord ; — i2mo. 
 
 A0ti/^*t4a ^n5isr d^TecfonieJ} . 
 
 !<wkUMimm»im»immmni.v^nuumuiuiiLmLLiiLiLiiiiiii«^^ 
 
 3G 
 
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APPENDIX I. 
 
 Words which in all probability came to Scotland directly from the 
 Norse languages. 
 
 RNIT, lousy amot, s. a pig-nut ; the root of Buniumflexuosum. Ger. 
 
 Erdnuss. 
 
 A wheen, wheene, whin, win, s. a small number of. Ger. ein 
 Wenig. 
 
 Baise, s. haste, expedition. Sw. basa. 
 
 Baiss, V. a. to beat Icel. bisa ; Sw. basa. 
 
 Bake-bread, s. a kneading-board for baking. Ger. Backbrett. 
 
 Beuchel, s. a little feeble and crooked creature. Sw. bygel. 
 
 Bicker, s. a wooden dish for drinking out of Eng. beaker ; Icel. bikar ; 
 Sw. bdgare; Ger. Bechar. 
 
 Blaeberry, s. bilberry. Sw. bldbdr ; Icel. blaber ; Ger. Blaubeere. 
 
 Bode, s. an offer from a buyer. Sw., Dan., Icel. bud ; Ger. Gebot. 
 
 Brook, bruick, bruke, v. a. to enjoy, to possess. Icel. briika ; Ger. braii- 
 chen. 
 
 Broozle, bruizle, v. n. to perspire violently from toil. (Teviot.) Fl. 
 broeijen. 
 
 Bruckle, adj. brittle. Sw. brdcklig ; O. Ger. brocket ; Mod. Ger. brocklig. 
 
 Buck, V. n. to aim at any object, to push, to butt. (Perthshire.) Ger. 
 bocken. 
 
 Busk, s. the bush of the wheel, — an iron ring inserted to prevent the effect 
 of friction. Ger. Biichse. 
 
 Cache-pole, catchpule, s. the game of tennis. Fl. kaatsspel. 
 
422 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Callour, caller, cauler, adj. cool, fresh, refreshing. Icel. kalldur. 
 
 Chappen, chappin, s. a quart. Ger. Schoppen. 
 
 Claw, V. a. to scratch. Sw. kid ; Ger. klauen. 
 
 Cleading, deeding, s. clothing. Icel. klcedhi ; Ger. Kleidung. 
 
 Glibber, clubber, s. a wooden saddle. Icel. klyfberi ; Sw. klof-sadel. 
 ■ Clouf, clout, clute, s. the hoof of a cow, sheep, &c. Icel. klauf ; Sw. kldf ; 
 Dan. klov ; Ger. Klaue. 
 
 Coukie, s. a sort of tea-bread, or small sweet roll. Sw. kaka ; Ger. Kuchen. 
 
 Creagh, s. a Highland foray, a predatory incursion of a Highland chief into 
 the district of his neighbours or of the Lowlanders. Sw. & Dan. krig ; Ger. 
 Krieg. 
 
 Curroo, v. n. to coo ; applied to the lengthened coo of the male pigeon. 
 (Clydes.) Icel. & Sw. dial, kurra ; Ger. kurren, gtrren, gurren. 
 
 Dag, daugh, dauk, s. a thin or gentle rain. Sw. dugg-regn ; Dan. dug. 
 
 Dambrod, s. a draught-board. Ger. Dambrett, Damenbrdt. 
 
 Daupet, daupit, dawpit, part. adj. stupid, unconcerned, foolish. Icel. dapr ; 
 Got. daubitha. 
 
 Demmish, v. a. to stun by a blow or fall. Ger. ddmisch tnachen. 
 
 Doit, s. copper coin, the twelfth of an English penny. Dut. & Ger. doit ; 
 Fl. duyt ; Dan. dojt. 
 
 Douk, V. n. to dive, to bathe, to dip. Sw. dyka ; Ger. tauchen. 
 
 Dreich, dreegh, adj. slow, lingering, tedious. Icel. drjugr, drygr ; Sw. dryg ; 
 Dan. dr'oj ; Ger. trdg. 
 
 Duckie, s. a young girl, or doll. (Shetl.) Sw. docka ; Dan. dukke; Ger. Docke. 
 
 Earn, s. the Scottish eagle. Icel., Sw,, Dan. bm ; Ger. Aar. 
 Elwand, s. a wooden cloth-measure. Sw. aln ; Ger. Elle; Norw. alen. 
 Eme, s. uncle. Ger. Oheim. 
 
 Endlang, adv. and prep, in uninterrupted succession ; along. Ger. mtlang. 
 Etter, s. the matter from a suppuration. Dan. edder; Icel. eitr ; Sw. etter ; 
 Ger. Eiter. 
 
 Eyewharm, s. an eyelash. (Shetl.) Icel. augna-hvarmr. 
 
 Fa, s. a mouse-trap. Sw. fdlla ; Ger. Falle. 
 
 Fang, s. catch, as in buying ; a cheap bargain. Sw. fdng; Ger. ein guter 
 Fang. 
 
(^ 
 
 
 APPENDIX I. 423 
 
 Fastene'en, Fasteme'en, Fastren'se'en, s. the evening before Lent, Shrove- 
 Tuesday. ^vf.fastlag; T>axi. fastelavn ; Fl. vastenavend ; Ger. Fastnacht. 
 
 Fidder, s. a load of a certain weight. Ger. Fuder. 
 
 Fiery-farry, s. confusion, uproar, haste, bustle. Sw. virrvarr ; Ger. Wirr- 
 ivarr. 
 
 Flaughter, s. a sudden puff of wind, of smoke, of vapour, of fire, &c. Ger. 
 Flackern. 
 
 Fleckit fever, s, a spotted fever. Sw. fldck-feber; Ger. Fleckfieber. 
 
 Fleet, s. a. town. Y\.flecke ; Ger. Flecken. 
 
 Flesher, s. a butcher. Ger. Fleischer. 
 
 Flicht, s. a mote or small speck of dirt amongst food. Dan.yf(?^/ Sw. flack 
 (spot). 
 
 Foud, fowde, foud, fowdrie, foudrie, fauderie, s. the office of chief governor 
 in Shetland and Orkney; the extent of his jurisdiction. Sw. fogde ; Dan. 
 foged, a bailiff; fogderi, a bailiwick, a stewardship. 
 
 Foule, adj. wet, rainy. Swed. ful (ugly). This is a Swedish idiom ; fult 
 vader, bad or rainy weather. Fr. sale temps. 
 
 Fraucht, frawcht, s, a fright. O. Ger. fraht ; Mod. Ger. Fracht ; Sw. frakt; 
 Dan. fragt. 
 
 Fraucht, frawcht, v. a. to freight. Sw. frakta. 
 
 Freck, freik, frek, frick, adj. stout, firm, &c. Sw. frdck ; lcQ\.frekr; Dan. 
 frek; Gtr.frech. 
 
 Fre, adj. noble, honourable, beautiful, handsome. Sw./n; Fl. fraai ; Ger. 
 freyjrei. 
 
 Frow, s. an idle, dirty woman. Sw., Tizxi.fru (a lady). Comp. for the de- 
 velopment of the meaning, Eng. queen^ quean {queyn, quean, Scot, a young wife). 
 
 Fykefacks, s. pi. whims which are troublesome to others. Dut. fikfakken ; 
 Ger. Fickf acker eien. 
 
 Gad of ice, s. a large mass of ice. Icel. gadd. 
 
 Gair, adj. intent on gain, niggard. Sw. girig ; Ger. gierig. 
 
 Gleed, gleid, gloss, s. a small remainder of red embers in a fire. AS. gloed ; 
 Sw. gldd; Ger. Gluth. 
 
 Glep, V. a. to swallow down. (Orkn.) Icel. gleypa ; Sw. glupa ; Dan. glube ; 
 Norw. gluppe. 
 
 Glossins, s. pi. flushings in the face. Norw. glubsk ; Icel. gloss^ glossi 
 {flamma). 
 
424 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Gluff, V. n. to look gluff ; to be silently sullen, whether seriously or under 
 pretence. Icel. gl^pr, glapi. 
 
 Goave, gove, goif, goup, v. n. to stare. Sw. and Icel. gapa; Flem. gaapen ; 
 Ger. gaffen. 
 
 Golk, gowk, $. a cuckoo ; a cuckold, one easily imposed on, a simpleton, a 
 fool. Sw. gok ; Ger. Gauch. This word is common to almost all the Northern 
 languages. 
 
 Gore, geir, s. a piece of cloth of a triangular form, generally cut off from the 
 cloth of a shift, &c., in order to make them wider at the bottom than at the 
 top. Sw. ^\z\.. gere ; Icel. geiri; Ger. Gehre. 
 
 Grab, s. a snatch, a grasp, a clutch. Dan. greb ; Sw. dial, grahb-tag. 
 
 Gramashans, s. pi. riding hose, gaiters. Sw. damaskor ; Ger. Gamaschen, 
 Kamaschen. 
 
 Grew, grou, v. n. to feel fear or horror. Ger. grauen ; Sw. grufva sig. 
 
 Groozlins, gruzlins, s. pi. intestines. Sw. kras ; O. Ger. kroos, kroost. 
 
 Grousum, groosum, adj. frightful, horrible. Dan. grusom. 
 
 Gudin, gooding, s. dung, manure. (Orkn.) Icel. and Sw. godning. 
 
 Guidwilly, adj. liberally hearted, ready to bestow, willing to oblige. Ger. 
 giitwillig. 
 
 Guldar, gulder, gullar (Aberdeenshire), v. n. to speak in a rough threaten- 
 ing manner. Icel. gaula (boar). 
 
 Hain, hane, v. a. to spare, to save, to use sparingly. Ger. hegen. 
 Hairshaw, hareshard, s. the hare-lip. Sw. har-skdr ; Ger. Hasenscharte. 
 Hamsucken, haimsuckin, s. the crime of assaulting a person in his own 
 house. Sw. hemsjuka. 
 
 Hauvermeal, s. oatmeal. Sw. hafremjol ; Ger. Hafermehl. 
 Hoast, V. n. to cough. Sw. hosta ; Ger. husten ; Dan. hoste. 
 Housal, adj. domestic. Ger. haushalt. 
 Howe, s. a hollow or dell. Sw. hdl ; Ger. H'dhle. 
 Howk, V. a. to dig. Ger. hacken. 
 
 Ime, oam, s. soot, steam of boiling water. (Shetl.) Icel. eimr. 
 Infal, s. an attack. Sw. infall. 
 
 Inhawing, inhaving, s. the act of bringing a vessel into a haven. Flem. 
 inhabben. 
 
APPENDIX I. 425 
 
 Jack, V. a. to take off the skin of a seal. (Orkn.) \ct\. jacka. 
 
 Kail-runt, s. the hardest part of the stem of the kail, or colewort. Ger. Kohl- 
 stnink. 
 
 Kaim, s. a comb. Sw., Dan., and Flem. kain ; Ger. Kamm. 
 
 Kaisar, keysart, s. a frame in which cheeses are suspended from the roof of 
 a room in order to their being dried or preserved in safety; also a cheese-vat. 
 Dut. kaas ; Ger. Kdse. 
 
 Kame, v. a. to comb. Sw. kamma ; Ger. kdminen. 
 
 Keek, v. n. to peep. Sw. kika; Dan. kigge; Flem. kyke ; Gtr. gticken. 
 
 Kevel, V. n. to scold. Sw. kifva, kdbbla ; Icel. kifa ; O. Ger. kyffeln. 
 
 Kinrick, s. kingdom. Sw. konungrike ; Ger. Konigreich. 
 
 Kipple, V. a. to couple, to fasten together; to wed. Sw. koppla; Ger. kuppeln. 
 
 Knaur, s. a knot in wood. Ger. Knorren. 
 
 Knyp, s. a blow. Su. Goth, knapp ; O. Ger. Knip. 
 
 Laik-wake, late-wauk, like-wake, s. the watching of a corpse previous to inter- 
 ment. Ger. Leichenwache. 
 
 Landlouper, landlowper, s. an unsettled person who has not steadiness to 
 remain fixed in one place, a vagabond. Ger. Landldufer; low Fr. loupeur. 
 
 Latch, s. a dub, a mire, a rut. Ger. Lache. 
 
 Lew, lew-warm, adj. lukewarm. Sw. Ijum ; Flem. Hew, low ; Ger. lau, lau- 
 7varm. 
 
 Lichtlie, lichtly, lightlie, v. a. to undervalue, to make light of Ger. leicht 
 achten. 
 
 Loss, V, a. to unload, applied to a ship. Sw. lossa ; Flem. lossen. 
 
 Lotch, V. n. to jog. Flem. lutsen. 
 
 Low, lowe, s. flame, blaze, fire. Sw. Idga ; Dan. lue ; Icel. logi; Ger. Lohe. 
 
 Lucht, lught, s. a lock of hair. Sw. lugg. 
 
 Mask, V. a. to infuse, as tea; to mash, as in brewing. Sw. mdska; Ger. meischen. 
 
 Melg, J-. (Aberd.) the milt (of fishes). Sw. tnjdlke ; Dan. melke ; Icel. miolk ; 
 Ger. Milch. 
 
 Meltoth, raeltith, s. a meal of meat, food. Sw. vidltid ; Dan. mdaltid ; Ger. 
 Mahlzeit. 
 
 Mixtie-maxtie, mixie-maxie, s. and adj. a confusion, a strange mixture ; con- 
 fused, jumbled together. Ger. Mischmasch ; Fr. micmac. 
 
 3H 
 
426 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Mowdiwart, mowdiwark, moudiewort, s. the mole. Dan. vmldvarp ; Sw.. 
 tnidlvad ; Gar. Maidwurf. 
 
 Nattle, V. a. to nibble, to chew with difficulty, to nip. Icel. knitla, knota. 
 
 Nauchle, s. a dwarf. Icel. knocke. 
 
 Newlings, adv. very lately. Sw. nyligen ; Ger, neiierdings. 
 
 Nissac, s. a porpoise. (Shetl.) 
 
 Outwaile, outwyle, s. the refuse, the pick or choice. Ger. AuswaJil. 
 
 Pailin, pailing, s. a fence of wooden stakes. Ger. Einpfdlung. 
 Peep, V. 11. to chirp. Sw. pipa ; Ger. piepen. 
 
 Poind, poynd, v. a. to distress for debt or damage. Sw. panta ; Ger. pfdnden. 
 Pree, preif, preve, prieve, v. a. to prove, to taste, to try. Sw. pr'ofva ; Ger. 
 priifen. 
 
 Provan, s. provender. Ger. Froviant. 
 
 Quairns, s. pi. small particles, as of salt, &c. Sw. korfi ; Ger. Kdrner. 
 Quairny, adj. in small particles, &c. Ger. kbrnig. 
 
 Rauk, rayk, rouk, s. mist. Sw. r'ok; Ger. Ranch, 
 
 Red, redd, redd up, v. a. to counsel, to suppose, to caution against. Sw. 
 rdda ; Ger. rathen, to put in order, to comb, to disentangle, &c. 
 
 Ritt, s. a scratch, laceration. Ger. Ritz. 
 
 Roup, V. n. and a. to cry, to shout ; to sell by auction. Ger. rupfen. 
 
 Runt, s. the hardest part of the kail, or cabbage and coleworts ; also an op- 
 probrious epithet to a woman. Ger. Sfrtink. 
 
 Sawfs, s. pi. prognostications. Ger. Sagcn. 
 
 Scot, s. an assessment. Ger. Schott. 
 
 Settle, s. a long seat. Ger. Sessel. 
 
 Shable, s. sword. Sw., Dan., Fl. sahel ; Ger. Sdbel. 
 
 Shackle, shockel, shoggle, v. n. to joggle. Ger. schaukeln. 
 
 Shawp, V. a. to shell. Ger. schaben. 
 
 SkelHe, v. n. and a. to squint, to look awry; to strew. Dan. skele; Sw. skela; 
 Ger. schiden. 
 
 Skink, V. a. to fill liquor frequently out of one vessel into another, as if to 
 mix; to tipple, Ger, schenken. 
 
APPENDIX I. 427 
 
 Slaik, slash, s. a lick, a slabbering kiss ; a touch, a light brushing over ; v. a. 
 to lick, to kiss in a slabbering manner. Sw. slicka; Ger. schlacken. 
 
 Slott, s. a bolt. Fl. sluyt ; Ger. Schlott. 
 ' Spae, spay, v, n. to tell fortunes, to prophesy, to divine. From Ger. spdhen^ 
 Sw. spd. 
 
 Spaik, s. a spoke. Ger. Speich. 
 
 Stample, v. n. to walk in a tottering way, like a horse among stones. Sw. 
 stappla. 
 
 Stane-dead, adj. quite dead. Dan. sten-dod ; Sw. stendod. 
 
 Staunder, s. a barrel set on end for containing water or salted meat, hence 
 called a water-staund, a beef-staund. Ger. Stdnder. 
 
 Stell, stey, adj. steep, precipitous. Dan, and Ger. stcil. 
 
 Sting, s. the mast of a vessel. (Shetl.) Sw. stdng. 
 
 Stonern, adj. of stone. Ger. steinern. 
 
 Straikit-measure, s. exact measure. Sw. struket mdtt ; Dan. strog-maal. 
 
 Sturken, /^r/. fl!^'. congested, coagulated. (Shetl.) Goih.. za-staurkati ; Icel. 
 and Sw. storkna ; Dan. stoerknet, part. adj. 
 
 Suddill, suddle, v. a. to soil, to sully. Sw. suddla ; Ger. besiideln. 
 
 Swack, adj. supple, pliant. Dan. swaj. 
 
 Swig, V. n. to wag, to move from side to side. Sw. svtgta. 
 
 Tang-fish, s. a seal. (Shetl.) Dan. ta7ig, sea-weed. 
 
 Taupie, tawpie, toup, s. a foolish fellow. Dan. taabe. 
 
 Thrid, num. adj. the third. Sw., Dan. tredje; Ger. dritte. 
 
 Torne, s. a tower. Sw. torn. 
 
 Trag, s. trash. (Buchan, Shetl.) Sw. track. 
 
 Traiket. adj. draggled, disordered, dirty in dress j of a fowl, when its feathers 
 are wet, dirty, and deranged. Ger, dreckig. 
 
 Trap, s. a flight of wooden steps, generally called a trap ladder. Sw. trappa ; 
 Ger. Trappe. 
 
 Trou, to trow, v. a. and n. to believe, to credit, to trust, to be sure. Got. 
 trauan ; Swed. tro ; Icel. tnia ; Ger, trauen. 
 
 Tuack, s. a small hillock. (Orkn.) Dan, ttie. 
 
 Tullia, s. a knife fixed in the haft. (Shetl.) Sw. taljhiif; Dan. tc^lkhiiv ; 
 Norse, tollekniv ; Icel. talguknifr. 
 
 Tume-handit, adj. empty-handed. Dan, iomhandet ; Sw. tomhdnd. 
 
 Tumfie, s. a stupid person. Dan. dial, foniped. 
 
428 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Tummlar, s. a drinking-glass of a cylindrical shape. Sw. tumlare. 
 Tuskar, twisear, twysker, s. an instrument for casting peats. (Shetl.) Icel. 
 torfsk'eri. 
 
 Twal, adj. twelve. Got. twalibj twalif ; Sw. tolf ; Dan. tolv. 
 
 Tweel, s. cloth. Ger. Zwillich. 
 
 Twine, v. a. to chastise. (Aberd.) Dan. twinga ; Icel. thvinga. 
 
 Unrufe, s. trouble, toil, vexation. Sw. oro ; Ger. Unruhe. 
 
 Wale, s. the choice. Sw. val ; Ger. Wahl. 
 
 Wale, V. a. to choose. Maeso-Goth. valjan ; Dan. vdlge ; Sw. vdlja ; Icel. 
 velja ; Ger. wdhlen. 
 
 Wappenbrief, s. a brief of concession to bear certain arms. Ger. Wappen- 
 brief. 
 
 Wappenshaw, weapon-show, s. a public mustering of soldiers. Ger. Waffcn- 
 schau. 
 
 Wark-day, s. a working day. Ger. Werktag. 
 
 Warp, s. four, in counting oysters. Ger. Wurf, from werfen. 
 
 Warple, v. a. to intertwine so as to entangle. Dan. varpe. 
 
 Wear, v. n. to last, to endure. Ger. wdhren. 
 
 "Wee, V. a. to weigh. Ger. wiegen. 
 
 Weer, v. a. to wear, to stop, &c. Ger. wehren. 
 
 Whinge, v. n. to whine, to cry, to complain, to fret. Dutch waaiian ; Ger. 
 wainan. 
 
 Wyse awa, v. a. to dismiss, to send away. Ger. hinwegweisen. 
 
 Yackle, yattle, s. a grinder, a double tooth. (Shetl. and Orkn.) Icel. jaxi ; 
 Sw. oxeltand ; Dan. axeltand. 
 
 Yaike, s. a stroke or blow. Fl. jacke. 
 
 Yeuk, youk, yuke, yuck, v. n. to itch. Fl. jeucken ; Ger. jucken, 
 
 Yeuk, youk, yuke, yuck, s. the itch. Yl. Jaicken. 
 
 Youf, youff, yuf, v. n. to bark. Dan. gjoe ; Icel. gey a. 
 
APPENDIX II. 
 
 Words derived from the Celtic. 
 
 Ablach, s. a dwarf, an expression of contempt. Gael, abhach. 
 
 Amchach, s. a misfortune. Ir. and Gael, anshogh, adversity, misery. 
 
 Am, s. the elder-tree. Ga.Q\.. fearn. 
 
 Art one to anything (to), to direct or point out anything to one. 
 
 (" The verb afi," says Sir John Sinclair, p. 26, " is probably derived from 
 the Gaelic atrd^ a coast or quarter. Hence the Scots also say, WTiat art, for 
 What quarter does the wind blow from ? ") 
 
 Bannock, bonnock, s, a bunn, a sort of cake. Ir. bunna ; Gael, bounach; 
 Prov. Fr. bugne. 
 
 Battick, battock, s. a tuft of grass, a spot of gravel, &c. Gael. bad. 
 
 Bladoch, bledoch, blada, s. buttermilk. (Aberd. and some parts of Ang. 
 and Mearns, most adjacent to the Highlands.) Ir. bladhach ; Gael, blathath. 
 
 Bonie, bonye, bonny, adj. beautiful, pretty, precious, valuable. Gael, boig- 
 heach, boidheach. 
 
 Bonnivochil, s. the great northern diver. Gael, bonnan, bunnan, a bittern ; 
 Ger. Vogel, a bird. 
 
 Boucht, bought, bucht, buss, s. a sheepfold, a house in which sheep are en- 
 closed. Gael, buchd ; Ger. Busch ; E. bush ; Fr. bois. 
 
 Bow, s. a dairy, or herd of cattle. Gael, and Brit, block, buoch, or buch. A 
 bo7i/ is also made use of for a fold, contracted from bought, and perhaps from 
 the Fr. bouche, shut up or enclosed. 
 
 Bowlochs, s. pi. ragweed. ( Wigtonsh. ) Gael, buadhghallan, buallen. 
 
430 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Brae, s. bank. Gael. brae. 
 
 Brochan, s. gruel, or water-gruel. Gael, brochan. 
 
 Brog, brogue, s. a coarse and light kind of shoe. Ir. and Gael. brog. 
 
 Byre, s. a cow-house. Ir. and Gael. byre. 
 
 Caird, card, kard, s. a gipsy, a travelling tinker, a sturdy beggar, a scold. 
 Ir. ceard ; Gael, ceird. 
 
 Cairn, s. a heap of stones, a building of any kind in a ruinous state, a heap 
 of rubbish. Gael, and Ir. cam ; Welsh and Brit, carneddan, karnak, or kamez. 
 
 Cane, kain, canage, s. a duty paid by a tenant to his landlord. Gael, ceann, 
 the head. 
 
 Caper, s. a piece of oat-cake and butter, with a slice of cheese on it. (Perths.) 
 Gael, ceapaire. 
 
 Caterans, katherans, s. pi. a band of robbers. Gael, and Ir. ceatharjiach^ a 
 soldier, satellite, tory. 
 
 Clachan, clauchanne, clachen, s. a small village in which there is a parish 
 church. Gael, clachan; Fr. clocher. 
 
 Clacharan, clacharet, s. the bird stone-checker, chatter. Gael, cloichran, 
 clachlaiti. 
 
 Cleit, s. a cot-house. Gael, death, cleiie, pent-house, eaves of a roof. 
 
 Clocher, v. n. to cough. Gael, clochar, wheezing in the throat. 
 
 Cog, coag, coggie, s. a wooden vessel. Gael, ctiach, cjiachag. 
 
 Connach, connoch, s. a disease. In Gael, conach is the murrain. 
 
 Coranich, correnoth, corynoch, cronach, s. a dirge, a lamentation for the 
 dead. Gael, coranach.^ 
 
 Corn-craik, craker, s. the rail, Rallus crex, Linn. (St Kilda) ; corn-cracker. 
 (West Isles.) 
 
 Craig, s. a rock. Corn, karak ; Ir. karraig; Gael, cratg ; Brat. cam. 
 
 Craik, s. a kind of little ship, contracted from currach, or rather from Fr. 
 carraqice. 
 
 Crampet, s. the iron guard at the end of a staff. Gael, crampaid^ a ferrel. 
 
 Cranreuch, s. hoar-frost. (W. of Scotl.) Gael, cranntarach. 
 
 Cranshach, cranshak, s. a crooked distorted person. (North of Scotl.) Gael. 
 crantida, corranta, barbed, hooked, decrepit. 
 
 Creagh, s. a kind of foray. Gael, creach, plunder, a host, &c. 
 
 ^ Vide Littre's Diet., vol. i. p. 467, col, 2. 
 
APPENDIX 11. 431 
 
 Cudum, cuddum, s. substance or largest share. (Dumfr.) Gael, cuid, a part, 
 share, supper. 
 
 Cummock, s. a short staff with a crooked head. Gael, cam, camogach, 
 crooked, curled. Fr. camus. 
 
 Cunne, s. a scolding, a reprimand, a reproof. (Fife.) Gael, caineach. 
 
 Gunner, v. n. to scold. (Upper Clydesdale.) Gael, caineam. 
 
 Curran-petris, s. the name given to a certain root. (Uist.) Gael, curran, a 
 root of the carrot or radish kind. 
 
 Cuttie, cutie, s. a spoon. Gael, cutagy a short spoon. 
 
 Deasoil, deisheal, s. motion contrary to that of the sun. Gael, deisceart, 
 deiseach. Vide " Widershins." 
 
 Dipin, s. a part of a herring-net, the bag of a salmon-net. (Argylls.) Gael. 
 di^inn. 
 
 Doach, doagh, s. a wear or cruive. Gael, datngneac/i, a mound, fortification, 
 strength. 
 
 Docher, s. fatigue, stress (Aberd.) ; injury (Meams), deduction (ibid.) Gael. 
 dochar, dochaireas. 
 
 Dorlach, s. a bundle, apparently that kind of truss formerly worn by High- 
 landers instead of a knapsack. Gael, dorlach. 
 
 Dorra, s. a kind of net. (Meams.) Gael, dorga. 
 
 Dowbreck, s. a smelt. Gael, dubhhhreac. 
 
 Dramock, drammach, drummock, s. meal and water mixed in a raw state, &c. 
 Gael, dramatg, a dirty mixture, crowdy. 
 
 Drandering, s. the chorus of a song. (Ayrs.) Gael, drandan, the whistling of 
 wind or storm, humming noise or singing. 
 
 Drone, s. the backside, the breech. (Aberd. and Upper Clydesdale.) Gael. 
 dronnan, dronnag. 
 
 Eirack, s. a hen pullet. Gael, eirag. 
 
 Falton, s. a fillet. (Argylls.) Gael, faltan, a welt, belt, ribbon for the head, 
 snood. 
 
 Filibeg, phihbeg, feil-beg, s. a piece of dress worn by men in the Highlands 
 instead of breeches. Gael, filleadh. 
 
 Foutre, footer, s. activity, exertion. (Fife.) Gael, fuadar^ haste, preparation 
 to do a thing. 
 
432 CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Geck-neckit, adj. wry-necked. (Aberd.) Gael, geochd, eochdachg. 
 
 Genyough, gineough, adj. hungry, keen, ravenous, voracious. (Lanarks. and 
 Ayrs.) Gael, gionach. 
 
 Golach, goloch, s. a beetle, an earwig. (Angus, Lothian.) Gael, gollach (?). 
 
 Gowan, s. daisy. Gael, gugan. 
 
 Grieshoch, s. hot burning embers. Gael, griosach. 
 
 Gudgie, adj. short and thick. Gael, guga, a fat fellow ; O. Fr. gouju. At 
 Lyons a fat girl is called une grosse gaguie, corresponding to a St Kilda goose. 
 
 Guldie, s. a tall, blackfaced, gloomy-looking man. Gael, goill, a swollen 
 angry face. 
 
 leskdruimin, s. a species of salmon. (Isl. of Harris.) Gael, iasg druitnineach. 
 Inch, inche, s. an island j generally one of a small size. Gael, innis^ &c. 
 Ingle, s. fire. Gael, aingeal. 
 
 Keechin, s. a technical term in distillation. (Fife.) Gael, caochan. 
 Knag, s. a knob, a peg, &c. Ir. and Gael. cnag. 
 Korkir, s. a red dye. Gael, corcuir. 
 
 Laigan (Lanarks.), loichen (Ayrs.), s. a large quantity of any liquid. Gael. 
 lochan, leaghan, liquor. 
 
 Larach, lairach, lairoch, lerroch, s. the site of a building, &c. Gael, larach, 
 a site. 
 
 Lenno, s. a child. Gael, leanabh. 
 
 Lett, s, lesson, a piece of instruction. (Aberd.) Ir. and Gael, leacht. 
 
 Maister, master, s. urine. Gael, maistir; Ger. Meister. 
 
 Marbel, adj. feeble, inactive, slow, lazy. (Loth.) Gael, meirbh. 
 
 Marty, s. apparently a house steward. Ir. and Gael, maor, and tigh, ty. 
 
 Meirdel, s. a confused crowd of people or animals, a numerous family of 
 brats. Gael, mordhail ; O. Fr. merdaille. 
 
 Minshoch, s. a female goat two years old. Gael, minnsag. 
 
 Mozie, adj. sharp, acrimonious, ill-natured, having a sour look. Gael, mui- 
 seag, threatening. 
 
 Pibroch, s. a Highland air. Gael. piohaireacM. 
 
 Ptarmigan, s. the white grouse. Gael, tarmochan, tarmonach. ( Tetrao lagopus, 
 Linn.) 
 
APPENDIX II. 433 
 
 Quaich, quheych, quegh, queflf, s. a sort of drinking-vessel. Ir. and Gael. 
 cuach. 
 
 Raith, reath, s. the quarter of a year. Gael, raithe^ ratha. 
 Rauchan, s. a plaid, such as is worn by men. Gael, riach, riachan, grey. 
 Rins, s.pl. a local term denoting two large promontories. (Gallow.) Ir. and 
 Gael, rinn, a hill, a point. 
 
 Scannachin, part. pres. bursting. Gael, scainam, to burst ; scainnea^ a sudden 
 eruption. 
 
 Scradyin, scrawdyin, s. a puny sickly child. (Perths.) Gael, scraidain. 
 
 Screg, s. a cant term for a shoe. Gael, crubh. 
 
 Shannach, shinicle, s. a bonfire. Gael. samhmag(^\ 
 
 Skallag, scallag, s. a kind of bond -servant (Long Island, W. Hebrides). 
 Gael, scalog, or rather sgallog. 
 
 Skelloch, skeldock, skellie, s. the wild mustard {Sinapis arvensts, Linn.) Ir. 
 skeallagoch. 
 
 Skep, skepp, skeppe, skape, s. a case used as a bee-hive, &c. Gael, sgeip. 
 
 Skiach, s. the berry of the hawthorn (Moray.) Ir. and Gael, sciog. 
 
 Sliochd, s. the race. Gael, sliochd. 
 
 Stubblin', adj. short and stoutly made. Gael, stobbalegr (J). , 
 
 Tarans, s. pi. children who have died before baptism. Gael, taran. 
 Task, s. the angel or spirit of any person. (Ross-shire.) Gael, taise. 
 
5 n b e y. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 The words contained in chaps, xvii. and xviii. and in the Appendices are not itichided 
 in the Index, as they are arranged in alphabetical order. 
 
 Aberdeen Cathedral, adornment of, 82. 
 
 , University of, 139. 
 
 Abilzeit, 69. 
 
 Abordage, 212. 
 
 Abstinence, 197. 
 
 Abuilzment, abuilziement, 6g. 
 
 Abulyeit, abilyeit, abulyied, 69, note *. 
 
 Accomie, Alcomye, spunes, 52. 
 
 Acton, 192. 
 
 Adjornis, 162. 
 
 Adminicle, 163. 
 
 Advocates, i6i. 
 
 Advoutrie, advoutry, 164. 
 
 Agi, 163. 
 
 Aid-mayor, 190. 
 
 Air, aire, ayr, 163, 315. 
 
 Airt, airth, art, arth, 212. 
 
 Aixies, 157. 
 
 "Aleron, tunnis," 64. 
 
 Aliment, 163. 
 
 Almerie, almorie, ambry, amry,- aumrie, 
 
 awmrie, 34, 51. 
 Amaille, no. 
 Atnmelyt, no. 
 Amyllier, 61. 
 
 Andlet, 107. 
 Aneabil, 163, 
 Animals, 129-136. 
 
 , introduction of, by James V., 133. 
 
 , wild, 133-135- 
 
 Ansars, 163. 
 
 Antonio, a Lombard physician, 149. 
 
 Appleringie, 65. 
 
 Appunct, apunct, 163. 
 
 Apunctuamentf 163. 
 
 Aragne, 135. 
 
 Architects, Scottirh, 25, 26. 
 
 Architectural terms, 29, 30. 
 
 Architecture, 21-30. 
 
 Argent content, 126. 
 
 Argument, 145. 
 
 Armosie, JJ. 
 
 Armour, 192, 193. 
 
 , importation of, 188-190. 
 
 Arms, importation of, 188-190. 
 
 in 15th century in Scotland, 187. 
 
 Army on march, words relating to, 192. 
 
 , parts of, 191, 192. 
 
 Arrondell, 135. 
 Arryua, 210. 
 
438 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Aschet, asset, 52. 
 Aspyne, 209. 
 Assailyie, 199. 
 Assege, 198. 
 Assemble, 196. 
 Assoilyie, 163. 
 Assoinyie, 164. 
 Asynis, 132. 
 Atomic, 154. 
 
 Aubigny, Mons., introduces French fa- 
 shions, 1578, 72. 
 Audi an, 60. 
 " Auld lichtfute," 233. 
 A vantage, 164. 
 Av outer ie, 164. 
 Awblaster, 194. 
 Awmous, 88. 
 
 i?a^i&, 34. 
 
 Backet, baikie, 34. 
 Baggier, no. 
 Bagit, 130. 
 
 Bagpipe, earliest appearance of, in Scot- 
 land, 226. 
 
 , earliest picture of, 223. 
 
 • in England, 223. 
 
 , the, 223, 224. 
 
 used in war, 226, 
 
 used at battle of Belrinnes, 227. 
 
 Baijen, bajan, 144. 
 
 Bailie, 162. 
 
 Balhuves, 34, note ^ 
 
 Ballance, 209. 
 
 Baliant-hodice, 90. 
 
 Ballingar, ballingerc, 208. 
 
 Balliol College, foundation of, 6, note '. 
 
 Balsanit, 131. 
 
 Balye, 198. 
 
 Balzarde, John, 204. 
 
 Bancoury, 37. 
 
 Bandroll, bendrole, bedroll, 195. 
 
 Banker, bankour, bankowr, bankure, ban- 
 quer, 37. 
 
 Banqueting and Vivers, 41-66. 
 
 Barbies, 158. ^ 
 
 Barbour's knowledge of French roman- 
 ces, 12. 
 
 Barclay, John, 143. 
 
 , William, 142. 
 
 , , M.D., 143, 
 
 'S>2LXxt\-ferraris, 192. \ 
 
 " Bartane " canvas, 80. 
 
 Bartizan, bartisenc, 198. 
 
 Barton, Andrew, 104. 
 
 Bos billon, 121. 
 
 Base dance, beass, 237, 238. 
 
 Baling, bassing, 34. 
 
 Baslaris, 188. 
 
 Bassanat, bassanet, basnet, 192. 
 
 Basse piece, 121. 
 
 Bassie, 34, 56. 
 
 Bassil, 194. 
 
 Bassy, 35. 
 
 Bastailye, bastile, bastel, 198. 
 
 Bastailze, bastailyie, bastel, 179, note *. 
 
 Batail, battall, 192. 
 
 Battaling, batteling, 198. 
 
 Battalouss, 191. 
 
 Battan, 196. 
 
 B attar-axe, 194. 
 
 B attar d, bat tart, batter, 194. 
 
 Batterie, 196. 
 
 Baudkift toldour, 85. 
 
 Bawbee, babie, bawbie, 122. 
 
 Bawburd, 211. 
 
 Bawsand,ba'wsant, bawsint, bassand, 131. 
 
 Bayonne, commerce with, 208. 
 
 " Bay salt," 64, note ^ 
 
 jff^fl»« the pot, 66. 
 
 Beikat, 57. 
 
 ^^/«, 66. 
 
 Bejan classe, 144. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 439 
 
 Bejant, 144. 
 Bele chere, 49. 
 Bellicous, 191. 
 Bellsches, 5. 
 Belsize, 5. 
 Bertoun, John, 204. 
 
 , Robert, 204. 
 
 Besong, 88. 
 Bibliothec, 38. 
 Bibliothecar, 38. 
 Bigonet, 87. 
 Biles, bylis, 248. 
 Billon, 121. 
 Billon coins, 121. 
 
 , first struck by James III., 121. 
 
 of James V., 122. 
 
 Birds, 135, 136. 
 
 , introduction of, by James V., 133. 
 
 , names of, 2. 
 
 Bischopis barge, 204. 
 
 Biscuit, 55. 
 
 Bishop Lesley on the conviviality of the 
 
 Scots, 47. 
 Bisset, yj. 
 
 " Blaber, French," 76. 
 Blanchards, 79. 
 Blanch farm, 164. 
 Blanche, 164. 
 
 ,fre, 164. 
 
 , pennie,. 164. 
 
 Blatmderer, 61. 
 
 Blenshaw, 57. 
 
 Body-dress, 89, 90. 
 
 Boist, 34. 
 
 Bombasie, bombesie, JJ. 
 
 " Bon-Accord," 417. 
 
 Bon grace, 88. 
 
 Bonalais, bonalay, bonalley, bonailie, boti- 
 
 naillie, 49. 
 Bonettis, 211. 
 Bonnet-piece, the, a coin, i2t. 
 
 ^<?r^, 87. 
 
 Bard Alexander, 81. 
 
 Bordeaux, commerce with, 208. 
 
 Boreau, 182. 
 
 Bossie, 35, 56. 
 
 Bat card, 194. 
 
 Bottano, botano, 78. 
 
 Botyn, bottine, 93. 
 
 Bouguie, 65. 
 
 Bourd, 196. 
 
 ^i'«/-claith, 80. 
 
 Boutefeu, 178. 
 
 Boutger, 65. 
 
 Bowie, 35. 
 
 Bowtane, butin, btiting, 198. 
 
 Boyds, merchants at Bordeaux, 206. 
 
 Boy is, 180. 
 
 Boy tour, 136. 
 
 Brache, brachelle, 132. 
 
 Braid oj bughe, 54. 
 
 Branle, 242. 
 
 Brasaris, braseris, brasers, 193. 
 
 Bravity, 191. 
 
 Braivl, brangill, bransle, 239, 240. 
 
 Brawn, brann, 153. 
 
 i5r^^, <5r^, (5r^«/, <5rzV, (5ri?^, 57. 
 
 Brekanetynisj 193. 
 
 Brettys, 28, 
 
 Bribour, brybour, 178. 
 
 Bridges satin e, 81. 
 
 Brigan, briggane, briggant, 193, note '. 
 
 Brigancie, 178. 
 
 , briganrie, 193, note ^. 
 
 Brigand, 193. 
 
 Brigander, briganer, brigan, 177. 
 
 Brigandines, 193. 
 
 Brignoles, commerce with, 208. 
 
 Broach, 52. 
 
 Brocard, 164. 
 
 Broche, 52, 131. 
 
 , brooch, bruche, 108. 
 
440 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Broderrit, 85. 
 
 Brodikin, brodykynn, brottekin, brotikin, 
 
 94. 
 Brokete, 108. 
 Brounhill, William, payment to, for a 
 
 lute, &c., 217. 
 Brugs2X\VLt, 8r. 
 Buckasie, buckacy, bukasy, bukkasy, bug- 
 
 asine, 78. 
 Budge, i()^ 
 Buffons, 241. 
 Buge, 132. 
 Bug-skin, 132. 
 Builyettis, bulyetiis, 108. 
 Buist, busht, 34. 
 Bulyement, 69, 70. 
 Burdowys, 191. 
 Burgeoun, 65. 
 Burlet, 85. 
 Burreau, burio, burrio, burior, burrionr, 
 
 burriow, 182. 
 Bursar, 144. 
 Bursary, burse, 144. 
 Butour, a kind of jewel, 109. 
 Butter, bwtour, 136. 
 Buttis, 180, 
 -5y/trt;/, 57. 
 
 Cabar, 210. 
 
 Cabbac, caboit, cabok, 55. 
 
 Caboschon, caboschoun, caboischoun, 107. 
 
 Cadas, caddes, 76. 
 
 Co^/j, 183. 
 
 Caerlaverock, 22. 
 
 Cahute, 210. 
 
 Cakes, different kinds of, 55. 
 
 Ca//tf/, 87. 
 
 Camtneraige, camerage, camroche, 79. 
 
 Caw-nosed, 152. 
 
 Ca;«£'«/-nosed, 152. 
 
 Campbell, 3, note *. 
 
 Canalyie, cannailyie, 179. 
 
 Cannas, Cannes, 79. 
 
 Cannel, 56. 
 
 Ca««^/-bayne, 153. 
 
 CVi:««^j-braid, crt;«^z«J'-breed, 79. 
 
 Cap ados, 92. 
 
 Caprowsy, 92. 
 
 Capusche, 87. 
 
 Caralying, carraling, 236. 
 
 Carcat, carkat, carket, carcant, 107, 
 
 Cardinal, 93. 
 
 Carissay, 76. 
 
 Carpandy, 60. 
 
 Cartane fevir, 156. 
 
 Cartis, 247, 248. 
 
 Cartoush, 90. 
 
 Carvers, 114. 
 
 employed by James IV., 1 14. 
 
 Carwell, 209. 
 Casakene, cassikin, 89. 
 Cashmaries, 212. 
 
 Casket in which Bruce's heart was en- 
 shrined, 102. 
 Caste II, 198. 
 Castelwart, 198. 
 Castin hois, 96. 
 Castles built of wood, 21. 
 Castrel, 135. 
 Catarris, 156. 
 Cathedrals, architects of, 26, 27. 
 
 designed by Frenchmen, 27. 
 
 Caupofi, 211. 
 
 Ceiicrastus, 134. 
 
 Censement, 165. 
 
 Censor, 145. 
 
 Cesarius of Heisterbach, 9. 
 
 Chackarraly, 81. 
 
 Chafferoune, 108. 
 
 Chains, 109. 
 
 Chalmillett, chamlet, chamlothe, 79. 
 
 Champarte, 165. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 441 
 
 Chancellarie, 165. 
 
 ChcDinel-stane, 250. 
 
 C/iarnaill-ba.nc\s, 29. 
 
 Chaud-peece, 156. 
 
 Chanffen, 55. 
 
 C/;^a/-bread, 54. 
 
 Cheffroicn, 108. 
 
 Cheliderect, 134. 
 
 Chemys, chymes, cJiymmes, chymts, 28. 
 
 Chessojin, chesowne, 65. 
 
 Chestan, 61. 
 
 Chevron, 93. 
 
 Chirurgiane, chirurgeon, chirurginar, 
 chyrnrgiane, 151. 
 
 Chivalry, customs of, introduced by for- 
 eign soldiers after the Conquest, 3. 
 
 Church decoration, 35. 
 
 Chymour, chymer, 91. 
 
 Chyne, 59. 
 
 Cities in Scotland, 25. 
 
 Cleree, Jean, 9. 
 
 Clocks, III. 
 
 in Aberdeen, repair of, 27, note *. 
 
 Closerris, 109. 
 
 Clothing, 69-98. 
 
 Cloth-of-gold, 82. 
 
 Cochrane, 25, 26. 
 
 Cock of the steeple of St Nicholas's, re- 
 pair of, in Flanders, 27. 
 
 Cockalanis, cokkolentis, 250. 
 
 Coffer, no. 
 
 Cofferis of Frenche or Flanderis making, 
 33, note ^. 
 
 Coil, 86. 
 
 Coinage, first in Scotland, 117, 
 
 of James VI., 120. 
 
 Coiners, French, 118, 119. 
 
 Coins of- Alexander I., 118. 
 
 of poor silver, 121. 
 
 of William the Lion, 118, 119. 
 
 Coinyie, wj.i^b. 
 
 3 
 
 Coist, cost, 153. 
 
 College-fee, 145. 
 
 College of Justice, 162. 
 
 Colottrde roy, 85. 
 
 Coliimbe, 109. 
 
 Covime7td, 165. 
 
 Commerce between France and Scot- 
 land, 206. 
 
 with Flanders, 206. 
 
 Coinmess, 191. 
 
 Commissare, 191. 
 
 Comntisse clothes, 191, 
 
 Cominisser, 190. 
 
 Co7npear, compeir, 165. 
 
 Covipeara7ice, 165. 
 
 Coinpeirant, 165. 
 
 Compryse, 165. 
 
 Compryser, 165. 
 
 Comprysing, 165. 
 
 Coiitrare-ina7td, 165. 
 
 Convivial habits, 43-47. 
 
 Copa77iry, 51. 
 
 Copper first coined in Scotland by James 
 VI., 123. 
 
 money, modern, first coined in 
 
 France, 123. 
 
 Corbie, cor by, 135. 
 
 Corbie-sit^s, 29. 
 
 Corbiiyle, 95. 
 
 Cordale, 210. 
 
 Cordeleris k7tottis, 84, note ^. 
 
 C<7ri?, 153. 
 
 Cornet t, 197. 
 
 CorTiith, 89. 
 
 Cortioy, coTTeTisy, 156. 
 
 Cor7tut, 228. 
 
 C(?r/, ft'^;^^', corpis, 153, 340. 
 
 C^r/j^-sheet, 153. 
 
 C^rj, r^rji", r^r^^?, 152, 340. 
 
 C(9r/, 124. 
 
 Coruie, 30. 
 K 
 
442 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Cotonaris, 98. 
 Cotmtercoup, 196. 
 Country-dance, 233. 
 Coupen, cowpon, 76, 342. 
 Courts, inferior law, 161. 
 Couser, cusser, 130. 
 Coveratour, 76. 
 Coverings for the feet, 93, 94. 
 
 for the legs, 93, 95. 
 
 Covin-tree, 165. 
 
 Cowkin, 179. 
 
 Cowkin-kenseis, 130, note ^. 
 
 Cowponit, 130. 
 
 Cracker, crakkar, 251, note ^. 
 
 Crammacy, 82-84. 
 
 Crane, 194. 
 
 Craquelin, 55. 
 
 Crawfurd Moor, loi. 
 
 Creish the hand, 173. 
 
 Crephiall, 134. 
 
 Crespeis, crespie, 57. 
 
 Crevish, 57. 
 
 Crisp, crispe, 78. 
 
 Cristell, William, 204. 
 
 Crochert, 195. 
 
 Cropse-present, 153, 154. 
 
 Crowne of the sone, 124. 
 
 Croy claycht, 81. 
 
 Cruals, cruels, 157. 
 
 Cruickston dollars, 120. 
 
 Cruisken, 52. 
 
 Cnisie, crtisy, 52. 
 
 Cubtculare, 38. 
 
 Cuiller, 65. 
 
 Cuinyie, 126. 
 
 C«/;rj//^-house, «/«y/(i?-house, 126. 
 
 Cuisse-madame, 60. 
 
 C:«/(?j, ^-^/j, 153. 
 
 Culinary art in North Britain, 41. 
 
 C«//j, 1 53, note *. 
 
 Culye, 65. 
 
 Cummer, comer, comere, 49, note *. 
 
 Cummer' s feast, 50. 
 
 Cuning, cunyjig, 134. 
 
 Cnningar, cunningaire, 134. 
 
 Cunzie, 126. 
 
 Curch, curche, airsh, courshet, conrcJie, 
 
 courcJiie, court shanv, curge, 88. 
 Curie, 131. 
 Curpin, ctirpon, 153. 
 Curple, curpon, curpin, 1 30. 
 Currier, 182. 
 Cursour, 130. 
 Curtald, 195. 
 Curtoush, 90. 
 Ctischi, cussd, 193. 
 Cussanis, 193. 
 O//^, f^^/, r«z//, 153. 
 Cygonie, 136. 
 Cythol, 221. 
 
 7?^^, 199. 
 
 Dalphyn, 124. 
 
 Damiane, John, loi, 149. 
 
 Dance music, 242, 243. 
 
 Dances, 231-244. 
 
 and dancers introduced from 
 
 France, 234. 
 
 , French, 233. 
 
 of native growth, 231. 
 
 popular in i6th century, 232, 233. 
 
 David I., charters of, 4, note ^ 
 
 , culinary art, 41. 
 
 , encouragement of gardening, 60, 
 
 note ^. 
 
 , foreigners at court of, 3. 
 
 , policy of, 2. 
 
 Dease, deis, dess, deas, dais, 33. 
 De Balliol, 3. 
 De Bellassize, 5. 
 De Berkelai, 3. 
 De Brus, 3. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 44i 
 
 Debout, 1 66. 
 
 Declaratour, declarator, i66. 
 
 Declinature, declinator, i66. 
 
 Defaisance, i66. 
 
 Defaise, defese, defease, i66. 
 
 Defett, defait, defaite, 154. 
 
 Deforce, deforss, 166. 
 
 De Hay, 3. 
 
 Deis, dess, deas, 51. 
 
 Delash, 196. 
 
 Delict, 166. 
 
 De Limessay, 4. 
 
 Demand, 165, 348. 
 
 Demelle, 196. 
 
 De Montaut, 4. 
 
 De Montfiquet, 5. 
 
 De Morevil, 3. 
 
 Demy, 120. 
 
 Demyostage, 76. 
 
 Deneir, 124. 
 
 Denison, Lawrence, 126. 
 
 Denneyer, 124. 
 
 Depaynt, in. 
 
 De Quinci, 3. 
 
 D'Etree, John, book of Danseries, 243. 
 Detrusare, 178. 
 
 De Umfravil, 3. 
 
 De Vaux, 3, 5. 
 
 De Vere, 4. 
 
 De Vesci, 4. 
 
 De Vipont, 3. 
 
 Devorie, 166. 
 
 Dieppe, commerce with, 208. 
 
 Diet, desert the, 166. 
 
 Dischone, 49. 
 
 Diseases, 154-157. 
 
 Dishabilitate, 166. 
 
 Disjune, disjoon, disione, 48. 
 
 Dogs, 132, 133. 
 
 Doit, 125. 
 
 Dolphin, 124. 
 
 Domestic fowls, 135. 
 
 Donatary, donatour, 167. 
 
 Dornix, dornick, dornique, dornewick, 53. 
 
 Dorsour, dosouris, dossour, 37. 
 
 Dote, 167. 
 
 Doublet, dowblet, 107. 
 
 Z?tf7//<?-pale, 153. 
 
 Drap de Berry, 81. 
 
 Dress, clerical, 92. 
 
 , female, 86. 
 
 to be worn by the different ranks, 
 
 regulated by Act of Parliament, 70. 
 
 , words relating to, 85. 
 
 Dresser, dressor, 51. 
 
 Dresses, 91. 
 
 Drogis, 158, 353. 
 
 D roguery, drogaries, 158. 
 
 Droogist, 158. 
 
 Drugs, importation of, 158. 
 
 Drummond, Julian, 217. 
 
 Dunbar's knowledge of French roman- 
 ces, 12. 
 
 Durward, 5. 
 
 Dushet, dussie, 167. 
 
 Dwelling-houses of stone, 24. 
 
 Dyvour, 126. 
 
 Dyvourie, 126. 
 
 Ecclesiastical buildings, minor details 
 
 of, 27. 
 Ecu, 121. 
 Edgar, 3, note *. 
 Edinburgh in 14th century, 25. 
 Education, 139-145. 
 Eitche, 108. 
 Embroidery, 96, 97. 
 Empaschement, empeschment, 167. 
 Emphiteos, 167. 
 
 Enseinyie, ensenye, ansenye, enseynye, 197. 
 Entertainment of the Danish nobles in 
 
 1590, 45- 
 
444 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Entremellys, 196. 
 
 Equipage, 211. 
 
 Eschel, escheill, eshele, 191. 
 
 Escrolles, 157. 
 
 Ess, 109. 
 
 Essenyie, 164. 
 
 E thick, etick, 157. 
 
 Evantage, 164. 
 
 Executioners, designations of, 182, 183. 
 
 , Frencti, 182. 
 
 Exies, 157. 
 
 Facile, 167. 
 
 Factors of James IV. for importing 
 
 ships, &c., 204. 
 Fadge,fage, 55. 
 Failyie, 167. 
 Fandik, William, a maker of ordnance, 
 
 189. 
 Farthing, silver, first introduced, 119. 
 
 of i6th century, 71. 
 
 Fashions of 17th century, 73. 
 
 Faylyhd, 167. 
 
 Fenester, fenijster, 29, 
 
 Fent, 85. 
 
 Ferial, f cry ale, feriall, feriat,feriell, 1 67. 
 
 Fester, 30. 
 
 /rj//^, 156. 
 
 Fial,fiall, 168. 
 
 Fierabras, romances of, 14. 
 
 Fine arts, 101-114. 
 
 Firearms, 195, 196. 
 
 Firmaleit, 107. 
 
 Fish, 57-59. 
 
 Fishes, names of, 2. 
 
 Fitz Allan, 2. 
 
 Flam, 56. 
 
 Flamb, flawme, flame, 55. 
 
 Flandris werdour, 36. 
 
 Flask, 195. 
 
 Fleiinie, 156. 
 
 Flook, fluke, flux, 156. 
 
 Flowers, 65. 
 
 Food of the Scots, 43-45. 
 
 Foot-soldiers in i6th century, 188. 
 
 Forcat, foirchet, 195. 
 
 Forerunners of Reformation, 9. 
 
 For saris, 212. 
 
 Fortification, words relating to, 198. 
 
 Fos, 180. 
 
 Fouat, 55. 
 
 Foundment, 29. 
 
 Fousse,fousy, 198. 
 
 Fowls, domestic, 135. 
 
 Fowmarte, 133. 
 
 Foyn,foynyie, 133. 
 
 France, 15, 16. 
 
 " Franch blake," 80. 
 
 "Franche broun," 80, 81. 
 
 Frape, 196. 
 
 French beans, 64. 
 
 coins current in Scotland, 123, 124. 
 
 cook of James I., 42. 
 
 crowns, 123. 
 
 education in Scotland, 15, note ^. 
 
 educational terms, 144, 145. 
 
 dances at country fairs, 233. 
 
 dances in more modern times, 241. 
 
 fashions in i6th century, 72. 
 
 influence on architecture, 26. 
 
 language, adopted by Scottish 
 
 Court, 5, 
 letters of George, Earl of Huntly, 
 
 141. 
 letters of Francis, Earl of Errol, 
 
 141. 
 letters of William, Earl of Angus, 
 
 141. 
 
 letters of James V., 141, 142. 
 
 pearie, 249. 
 
 romances, 11, 13. 
 
 salt, 64, note ^ 
 
INDEX. 
 
 445 
 
 French, study of, 141. 
 
 , study of, fostered by John Erskine 
 
 of Dun, 142. 
 
 taught in Aberdeen, 141. 
 
 taught in St Andrews, 141. 
 
 used at the Scottish Court, 119. 
 
 Freson, 129. 
 
 Froissart on war -music of Scotland, 
 
 221). 
 
 Fruits in Scotland, 60, 61. 
 Fruncit, 85. 
 Fuksaill, 210. 
 Funyie, 133. 
 Funzis, fimseis, 98. 
 Furc, 180. 
 Fur mage, 55. 
 Furniture, 33-38. 
 
 imported from the Continent, 33. 
 
 in royal palaces, 33. 
 
 Furs, 97. 
 
 , wearing of, prohibited, 97. 
 
 Fusteany, 79. 
 Fyger, 61. 
 
 Gab, 152, 361. 
 
 Gabert, 210. 
 
 Gainage, 168. 
 
 Galbert, 84, note 2; 91. 
 
 Galbraith, Sir Thomas, 113. 
 
 Galbreytht, Sir Thomas, 218. 
 
 Galviound, gamond, gamount, 236. 
 
 Galyard, 240, 241. 
 
 Gamaches, gamasJions, 95. 
 
 Ganibet, 236, 362. 
 
 Games and amusements, 247-252. 
 
 introduced from France, 247. 
 
 , " unlawful," 247. 
 
 Gardevine, gardyvian, gar deviant, garde- 
 
 vyance, 51. 
 Garitour, garritour, 30, note ^, 191. 
 Garnisoun, 191, 362. 
 
 Garrit, garret, garrot, garet, 30, note ^. 
 
 Gash-gabbit, 152. 
 
 Gaskin, 61. 
 
 Gastrel, 135, 
 
 Gean, 61. 
 
 Geiler of Kaiserberg, 9. 
 
 Gelcott, gelcoit, 90. 
 
 Genett, 134. 
 
 Genglere, genglcor,jangler,jangleor, 251, 
 
 note ^. 
 Genis, 180. 
 Gerajlour, 65. 
 Gerron, 130. 
 Ghen, 180, 
 Gilbert, 91. 
 
 Gilders of England, 104. 
 Gillescop, rebellion of, 21. 
 Ginker, 236. 
 Gissarme, gyssarn, gissarne, gittarn, gi- 
 
 thern, 194. 
 Githorn, gythirnis, 220. 
 Gizzen, 152. 
 Glaif, 194. 
 
 Glangoir, glengore, 155. 
 Glaster, glaister, 1 33. 
 6^i7(5, 152. 
 
 Goes, Hugo van der, painter, 113. 
 Gold -chains carried by Barton, legal 
 
 merchandise, 104. 
 
 coinage, 120. 
 
 coins of James III., 121. 
 
 of James V., 121. 
 
 of James VI., 121. 
 
 — — of Mary, 121. 
 
 medal in Sutherland cabinet, 125. 
 
 Goldsmith, John, 217. 
 Goldsmiths, 103. 
 Gor, gore, 155. 
 Gorby, 135. 
 Gorgy, 153. 
 Goule, gowl, 153. 
 
446 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Gourd, 157. 
 
 Goutte, 158. 
 
 Grace, to say the, 56. 
 
 Graisser la patte, 173. 
 
 Gramashes, 95. 
 
 Gratnmariour, 143. 
 
 Grandgoir, grandgor, grangoir, grant- 
 
 gor, grantgore, 155, 364. 
 Great horses, importation of, 1 29. 
 Greifar, 168. 
 Greis, 193. 
 
 Groat first introduced, 117. 
 Grose, 168. 
 Groset, groser, grosset, grozel, grosart, 
 
 6i.- 
 Grunt le, 152. 
 Grunyie, 152, 365. 
 Gryngolet, 131. 
 Gudget, gudyeat, 191. 
 G"«/«, 61. 
 
 Guise Palace, ceiling of, painted, 114. 
 Guschet, 193. 
 Gut, 158. 
 
 Guyane, a master-gunner, 187. 
 Gyngivis, 152. 
 
 Habawde, 135. 
 Habiliment, 70. 
 Habilyement, 69. 
 Habilyet, 69. 
 Habilyiet, 69, note *. 
 Haddock, 57. 
 Hagbut of croche, 195. 
 
 ^y foiinde, hacquebut of found, 
 
 195. 
 Hagbictar, 195, 366. 
 
 Half-groat, silver, first introduced, 113. 
 Halfpenny, silver, first introduced, 119. 
 Half-saikyr, 195. 
 Hsdi-testoon, 119. 
 Hallion, 179. 
 
 Hand-coverings, 93. 
 
 Hardhead, 122. 
 
 Hargoulet, 191. 
 
 Harle, 136. 
 
 Harpers, 217. 
 
 Harro, hary, 168, 366. 
 
 Hashie, hachie, 57. 
 
 Haurrage, 179. 
 
 Hay, Edmond, 142. 
 
 Head-gear, female, 86, 89. 
 
 Hector Boyce on the conviviality of the 
 
 Scots, 46, 47. 
 Heisatt, 212. 
 Herbs as curative agents, 158. 
 
 , names of, 2. 
 
 Herisen, 134. 
 Heritour, 168, 567. 
 ^zVj, 168. 
 Hobyn, 130. 
 Holabar, 210. 
 //<?//, 211. 
 Homologate, 168. 
 Horrelage, in. 
 Horses, 1 30-1 31. 
 
 , importation of, 129. 
 
 Hospitality of the Scotch, 49. 
 
 Ho-spy, hy-spy, Jioispc-hoy, hospie, 249. 
 
 Hostay, 198. 
 
 Hotch-potch, 57. 
 
 Houses in Edinburgh, &c., 25. 
 
 //(9W, /;<?(?, 87, note *. 
 
 How-towdy, 135. 
 
 Huchowne's poems, French influence 
 
 on, 6. 
 Hugtone, hugetone, hugtoune cot, hug- 
 
 towne, 193. 
 Hullion, 179. 
 
 Hurcham, hurcheon, hyrchoune, 134. 
 Huttock, 87. 
 Hypothec, 168. 
 Hypothecate, 168, 
 
INDEX. 
 
 447 
 
 Iderique, 157. 
 
 Impeschment, 167. 
 
 Insects, 135. 
 
 Interlude, a Scottish, 244. 
 
 Intenneis, 243. 
 
 Intrant, 168. 
 
 Intromit, 168. 
 
 Intromitt(r, intro7netter, 168. 
 
 Inventar, 168. 
 
 Irrogat, 168. 
 
 Jakkis, armour of James V., 189. 
 
 Jam, ja7nb, jatnbe, 28, 29. 
 
 James I., a composer of music, 215. 
 
 , a painter, 112. 
 
 , encouragement of gardening, 
 
 60, note ^ 
 
 , patron of music, 215, 216. 
 
 III. and music, 216. 
 
 IV. and music, 216. 
 
 and ship-building, 204. 
 
 patronised painters, 113. 
 
 skilled in medicine, 150. 
 
 V. and music, 218. 
 
 and ship-building, 205, 206. 
 
 Jameson, payment to, for a lute, 217. 
 Jafigler, jangleor, 251, note '. 
 Jargonelle, 60. 
 Jaspe, jasp, 107. 
 Jennett, 130. . 
 Jeperty^jupperty, 197. 
 Jerofflery, 65. 
 Jewellery, 107, 108, 109. 
 
 imported from France, 104, 105. 
 
 Jewels, legal merchandise, 104. 
 
 Jigot, 57. 
 
 Jizzen, 152. 
 
 John of Burdouse, 149. 
 
 Joistiecor, 91. 
 
 Jonett, 130, 134. 
 
 yonette, 65. 
 
 jforram, 212. 
 
 yougSyjogges, 180. 
 
 yowis, 152. 
 
 yowpyjowpeyjowpoun, 89. 
 
 yuggs, 180. 
 
 yuglar, 251. 
 
 yunciurer, 92.. 
 
 ynp,jupe, 89. 
 
 yuster, 169. 
 
 yustiecor, justicat, justicoat, 91. 
 
 Kabellow, 57. 
 
 Kahute, 210. / 
 
 Kardigue, 124. 
 
 Kebbuck, 56. * 
 
 Kecrie-oani, 249. 
 
 /r<?//, 86. 
 
 Kenet, kennet, 132. 
 
 Kerval, kervell, 209 
 
 Keton, 193. 
 
 Kickshaws, 55. 
 
 " Kiles," the, 248. 
 
 Kimnier, 49, note ^ 
 
 Kimmeriii, 49, note ^. 
 
 Kindness, 157. 
 
 Kinnin, 134. 
 
 Kippage, 211. 
 
 Kirnel, kyrneill, 28. 
 
 Kittiekie, 104. 
 
 Knox on masques, 235. 
 
 Krisp, 78. 
 
 Kyll, John, goldsmith, 103. 
 
 Laich, 85. 
 
 Lainber, lammer, laainer, iq"]. 
 
 La Mote, French ambassador, 233. 
 
 Latidiers, 51. 
 
 Lapron, 134. 
 
 Latin adopted as the official language 
 
 5.6. 
 Latron, laitrin, 35. 
 
448 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Lavatur, 52. 
 
 Law, 161-173. 
 
 Laxat, 157. 
 
 Leg-dollar, 125. 
 
 Lerrouti, 134. 
 
 Lesart, 108. 
 
 Letacampt, lettacavip, Icctdecampt, 192. 
 
 Letteis, 98. 
 
 Lettro7ie, lettrime, letteron, Ictterin, 35. 
 
 Libraries, monastic, 11. 
 
 Lindsay, 4. 
 
 , Sir David, on the manners of 
 
 Scotch ladies, 71, 72. 
 Linen stuffs, 78, 79. 
 IJngot, linguf, 107. 
 Lipper, 157. 
 Literature preserved in the religious 
 
 houses, 10. 
 Lock, 182. 
 
 Locktnan, loikman, 182. 
 Longavil, longuc-ville, 60. 
 Loryiner, 131. 
 Lovel, 3. 
 Lumbar t, 85. 
 Luterris, 98, 133. 
 I^yart, 125. 
 Lyock, 182. 
 Lyon, 120. 
 
 MachicGules, 198. 
 
 Magistrmid, 145. 
 
 Maiden, the, 181. 
 
 Maillard, Olivier, 9. 
 
 Maily, 125. 
 
 Mair, fnaire, mare, 183. 
 
 Malcolm IV., charters of, 4, note ^ 
 
 Malice, 154, 155. 
 
 Mabnesy, malvesy, 7nawesic, 59. 
 
 Manchet, 54. » 
 
 Mand, 169. 
 
 Mange, 49. 
 
 Maniory, manorie, 48. 
 
 Mantillis, 199. 
 
 Mappainonnd, 38. 
 
 Marchet, 169. 
 
 Margaret, St, energy of, to improve her 
 subjects, 70. 
 
 Marjolyne, 65. 
 
 Mar ley on, 135. 
 
 Marot's version of the Psalms, music to 
 242, 
 
 Marrivillibe, the, 205. 
 
 Marsiliers, Pierre de, 142. 
 
 Martlet, 134. 
 
 Martrik, martrick,fiir, 98. 
 
 , martrise, martlet, mertrik, 134. 
 
 Mary, Queen of Scots, and music, 218, 
 219. 
 
 Mashloc, 54. 
 
 Massondeu, mason-Dieti, maison-Dew, 
 158. 
 
 Master-gunners, foreigners, 187. 
 
 Mavis, 136. 
 
 Mawn, 35. 
 
 Maxwell, the admiral, 206. 
 
 May duke, 61. 
 
 Medals, 125. 
 
 Medicine, 149-158. 
 
 , according to the Lord High Treas- 
 urer of Scotland, 151. 
 
 Medicines, 158. 
 
 Meeting of hostile troops, words relating 
 to, 196. 
 
 Meire, Gerard van der, painter, 113. 
 
 Melyie, 125. 
 
 Melzour, John, 26. 
 
 Mendicant friars, 9. 
 
 , sermons of, 9. 
 
 Menot, Michel, 9. 
 
 Merle, 135. 
 
 Mertrik skin, 373. 
 
 Mesall, 157. 
 
INDEX, 
 
 449 
 
 Metals, precious, 105. 
 Micheall, the, 204, 205. 
 Mine, Crawfurd Moor, loi. 
 Mines, gold, in Sutherland, loi. 
 
 , wrought by Frenchmen, loi. 
 
 Minstrels, Italian, 218. 
 
 Mint in Canongate, Edinburgh, 125. 
 
 Mirles, 157. 
 
 Missalit, 89. 
 
 Mitten, mittain, 93. 
 
 Mobillis, 33. 
 
 Monastic libraries, i r. 
 
 Moncreif, Gilbert, 150. 
 
 Money, 1 17-126. 
 
 first coined by Donald I., 117. 
 
 first coined by Donald V., 117. 
 
 Monstour, 192. 
 
 Montur, 130. 
 
 Moolie, 157. 
 
 Moreville, 2. • 
 
 Morischer, the, 205. 
 
 Morow, John, 25. 
 
 Mort, 132, 154. 
 
 cloth, 153. • 
 
 head, 18, 135, 375. 
 
 inumlingis, 154. 
 
 Mort-00, 132. 
 Morter, 169. 
 Mortersheen, 131. 
 Morton, Regent, 156. 
 Morvo, John, 25. 
 
 Moryson, Fines, on the fashions in Scot- 
 land, 72. 
 Mosman, John, goldsmith, 103, 105. 
 Moufle, 93. 
 Mounter, iir. 
 M outer, 169, 375. 
 Mouton, 124. 
 Mowat, 5. 
 Miiffitie, 93. 
 Muffle, 93. 
 
 Mules, 157. 
 
 Mull, 94. 
 
 Mullett, lyi.. 
 
 Multiple, multiplie, 154. 
 
 Multure, mouter, viuture^ 169, 375. 
 
 Multurer, 169. 
 
 Muncur, armourer of James IV., 188, 
 
 189. 
 Munstour, 192. 
 Munter, viuntour, in. 
 Mupetigage, 152, 415. 
 Muralyeis, 28. 
 Murdie-gripes, 167. 
 Miirdresar, 195. 
 Muryt, 28. 
 Muschet, 5. 
 Muselit, 89. 
 Music and musical instruments, 215-228. 
 
 at battle of Harlaw, 226. 
 
 , vocal, 218. 
 
 , war, 225, 
 
 Musical instruments in Lord Treasurer's 
 
 books, 216. 
 
 in use in Scotland, 219, 220. 
 
 mentioned in the ' Complaynt 
 
 of Scotlande,' 224, note '. 
 Musicians in Led Treasurer's books, 
 
 216. 
 , names of, taken from instrument 
 
 they perform on, 227. 
 
 , part of Royal household, 217. 
 
 Mussal, mussaling, myssal, 89. 
 
 Mussall, 210. 
 
 Mutinerie, 179, note ^ 
 
 Mutton, 132. 
 
 Myniver, mynyvaris, 98. 
 
 Mysel, 157. 
 
 Nackett, 249. 
 
 Names given to different kinds of music, 
 228. 
 
 3L 
 
450 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Naprie, napperie, napery, 53. 
 
 Noble, 120. 
 
 Norman names, 4, note ^. 
 
 Normans, emigration of, into Scotland, 
 
 2. 
 Noyris, norys, nurice, nurraych, 53, note ', 
 
 376. 
 
 Obeysance, 169. 
 
 Oindre la pahne, 173. 
 
 Oist, 197. 
 
 Oleron, laws of, 64, note ^ 
 
 Olifard, 62. 
 
 Oliphant, 62. 
 
 Olive-tree, 61, 62. 
 
 Orchle, 28. 
 
 Ordnance, kinds of, 194, 195. 
 
 Ordone, 169. 
 
 Organ, carried by James IV. in his 
 
 journeys, 217. 
 
 in Scotland, 216. 
 
 Orilyeit, 89. 
 
 Or lege, orlager, orliger, iii. 
 
 Orliance, 237. 
 
 Ormaise, 77. 
 
 Ornaments of churches imported from 
 
 the Continent, 35. 
 Orphany, 112. 
 Orphir, 85. 
 Orphray, no, 377. 
 
 Oslin, oslin pipping, orsalon, 60, note ^ 
 " Ourefute," 233. 
 Outter, 131. 
 Ovcre7iyie, 65. 
 Oyldolie, 62. 
 Oyster, 58. 
 
 /"«;(:(?, ^^/j^. III. 
 
 /'a//, 153. 
 
 Paill, pail, paile, 34. 
 
 " Pain benist d'Escosse," 48. 
 
 Painter kept by James V.'s queen, 113. 
 Paintings in the hall of Dean House, 
 
 114. 
 on the walls and ceilings of the 
 
 houses of the nobility, 113. 
 Palad, 152. 
 Pallall, pallalls, 249. 
 Pallat, 152. 
 Pallet, pellock, 195. 
 Palmander, 108. 
 Palonie, 91. 
 Panash, 87. 
 Pane, 98. 
 Panis, pavis, 199. 
 Pause, 152. 
 
 Pantoufle, pantujl, pantuifl, 94. 
 Pantojm, 94. 
 Pantoiir, 50. 
 jP^si/z-velvet, 79. 
 Paragon, 81. 
 
 Parische brotine, 74, note ''. 
 Parlasy, 157. 
 Parpane, 28. 
 Parpen, parpane-vfdL , 28. 
 Parse I, 158. 
 
 Parure, no. • 
 
 Paryse blak, 74, 80. 
 Pasementar, 85. 
 Pasment, 85. 
 Paspey, 236. 
 Passingeoure, 210. 
 Pasuolan, pasvoland, 195. 
 Paieser, patticear, pastisar, pattisear, 
 
 pattesier, 56. 
 Patrell, 193, 377. 
 Patrix, Queen Magdalen's physician, 
 
 ISO. 
 Patron, pair one, 71. 
 P atr one, pair oun, 211. 
 Patrowne, 71, note ^. 
 Pauuan, paven, 238, 239. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 451 
 
 Pearie, peery, pear, 249. 
 
 Pearls, 106. 
 
 Pelure, 97. 
 
 Petide, pend, 108, 380. 
 
 Pendle, pendule, 108, 
 
 Pennon, 197. 
 
 Penny, silver, the only Scottish coin till 
 Alexander III.'s reign, 119. 
 
 Pense, 152. 
 
 Penseil, pensall, pinsel, 197. 
 
 Pepin, Guillaume, 9. 
 
 Pcrdews, 191, 381. 
 
 Peronal, 152, 381. 
 
 Perre, 106. 
 
 Pettail, pittal, 197. 
 
 Petticoat-tail, 55. 
 
 Z"^///^, S3. 
 
 Physicians, scarcity of, in Scotland, 
 150. 
 
 Picture of the reign of James III., 112. 
 
 possessed by Margaret, queen of 
 
 Malcolm III., 112. 
 
 Pictures, 112, 113. 
 
 Piece, 59. 
 
 Pikary, pikery, 169. 
 
 Pilleit, 197. 
 
 Pillour, 97. 
 
 Pilyie, 197. 
 
 Ping-pong, 108. 
 
 Pinner, 89. 
 
 Piper at Scottish Court, 225. 
 
 in i6th century, 224. 
 
 prohibited from playing by magis- 
 trates of Aberdeen, 227. 
 
 Pipes, the, 224. 
 
 Pirie, 60, note ^. 
 
 Pisd building, 28. 
 
 Pittivout, 28. 
 
 Place, 28. 
 
 Plack, 121, 122. 
 
 Plane, 169. 
 
 Plate, first marked, 1 1 1. 
 
 marked, no, in. 
 
 marked ancient Scots, no. 
 
 Plesance, 81. 
 Plunibis, 188, note ^. 
 Poddasway, jy. 
 Poddisoy, "jy. 
 Point, 154. 
 
 Pois, poise, pose, in, note *. 
 Poll, John, 9. 
 
 Polonie, pollonian, polonaise, 91. 
 Pome, 108. 
 Poo, 135. 
 
 Porridge, a dish at dinner, 56. 
 Fort, 228. 
 Portative, 222. 
 Potatos, 62, 63. 
 Potingar, 158, 383. 
 Poiilder, pulder, puldir, 195. 
 Pouna, poune, powne, 135. 
 Pourbossa, ii\. 
 Pourpoure, 84. 
 Powder-flaccat, 195, 196. 
 Poynie, 93. 
 Poyntal, 194. 
 
 Poynye, poynhd, poyhnd, p07iyhe, 196. 
 Prat, John, painter, 113. 
 Pratt, David, painter, 113. 
 Prattik, practick, practique, 169, 383. 
 Preaching in the open air, 10. 
 Precious metals imported from the Con- 
 tinent, 104, 105. 
 
 , names of, loi. 
 
 President of supreme court of law, 161. 
 
 Prettik, 169. 
 
 Preve, prev, 170. 
 
 Primar, 143. 
 
 Principal, 143. 
 
 Procuir, 170. 
 
 Procurator, 161. 
 
 Procurator-fiscal, 161. 
 
452 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Protticks, prattick, prettick, practik, 
 
 practigue, 252. 
 Provost, 162. 
 Pryse, 133. 
 
 Punishments, 180, 181. 
 Punye, 191. 
 Piirlicue, pirlicue, 414. 
 Piir press, 170. 
 Purprisione, purprising, purprusition, 
 
 170. 
 Purray, purry, 98. 
 Pyardie, 135. 
 Pyat,pyot, 135. 
 Pyropiis, 84. 
 Pytane, 152. 
 
 Quadrupeds, names of, 2. 
 
 (2ueez-madame, 60, note *. 
 
 Querell, 194. 
 
 Quernallit, 198. 
 
 Queste, 132. 
 
 Quhissil Gibbon, 228, 
 
 Quhissilar, 228. 
 
 " Quhissilar, Frenche," 217. 
 
 Quirie, 131. 
 
 Quott, quote, quoitt, 170. 
 
 Rackett, 249. 
 /i^dwTi?, nzzV/, 212. 
 /?az7, 77. 
 Ratify, yy. 
 Raifya, yy. 
 RaUyettes, 8y. 
 Ramforce, ranforce, 198. 
 Rammage, 135. 
 Rammekms, 56. 
 Rancy, 130. 
 Range, 191. 
 Rap loch, y^, 74- 
 Reabill, 170. 
 Rcbat, 90. 
 
 Rebbit, ribbit, 29. 
 
 Recepisse, 170. 
 
 Rechas, 133. 
 
 Recordoiir, 221. 
 
 Recrue, recreu, 197. 
 
 Reesort, 61. 
 
 Regality, regalitd, 170. 
 
 Regent, 143, 144. 
 
 " Register House," Edinburgh, building 
 
 of, 26. 
 Rehable, 170. 
 Reirbrasseris, 193. 
 Renye, renze, 131, 391. 
 Replait, 170. 
 Reprief, 170. 
 RepHse, 30. 
 Reptiles, 134. 
 Resett, lyi. 
 
 Resetter, 171. ^ 
 
 Respite, \yi. 
 Resplate, 170. 
 Respondie, 171. 
 Responsioune, 171, 
 Restes, 171. 
 Re tour, retowre, 171. 
 Rewelyns, 69. 
 Rider, the, a coin, 121. 
 Rig-adown-daisy, 240. 
 Rimbursin, riviburstennes, rimburssanes, 
 
 156. 
 Rings, 109, no. 
 Rivelins, 69, note ^. 
 Riwell, 193. 
 V Rizsrd, rizard-berry, 61. 
 Rizzio, 218, 219. 
 Robert I., tomb of, 27, 114. 
 Roche, 195. 
 Rockat, 92. 
 
 Rocklay, rokely, rokelay, 90. 
 Rogue-names, lyy-iyg. 
 Rogues, 177-183. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 453 
 
 Rogues, names for, derived from French, 
 177. 
 
 Rose, 65. 
 
 Roslir, 65. 
 
 Rossignell, 136. 
 
 Rot he, 195. 
 
 Rouanc, 79. 
 
 Rouser, rooser, 65. 
 
 Rout, 180. 
 
 7?(?w, roow, 180. 
 
 Rowan, Peris, principal master-gunner, 
 189. 
 
 Rowane russet, 74. 
 
 Royne, 157. 
 
 Roytel, John, 27. 
 
 Ruben, 85. 
 
 Rullings, 69. 
 
 Runcy, 18, 130. 
 
 Runsy, 130. 
 
 Russet, Ti, 74. 
 
 7?y«/, 119, 120, 121. 
 
 , one-third, 120. 
 
 , two-thirds, 120. 
 
 Ryne, Rynde, Rhynd, Thomas, gold- 
 smith, 103. 
 
 Rysart, 61. 
 
 Sachelaris, 228. 
 Sacrist, 145. 
 
 Saferon, schaffroun, 108. 
 Saikyr, 195. 
 Sailye, 199, 396. 
 Sairge, 76. 
 
 SalamaJtder, the, 205. 
 6*^:/^, JrtzV, j«///, 28. 
 Salt, 64. 
 5"^//, j'iiw/, 198. 
 Salute, 124. 
 Sambiites, 130. 
 Sangulier, sangler, 133. 
 Sanourous, 151. 
 
 Sduge, 158. 
 
 Saut-backet, 64. 
 
 Sawcer, 50. 
 
 v^oy, 52. 
 
 Scarpen, 94. 
 
 Scaumer, 178. 
 
 Schalm, schalim, shalim, shawme, 221. 
 
 Schalmer, 228. 
 
 Schamon*s dance, 236. 
 
 Schawmeris, Italian, 217. 
 
 Scherurgian, 151. 
 
 Schiverone, 93. 
 
 Scholage, 145. 
 
 Science^ 250. 
 
 Sclavin, sclaveyn, 91. 
 
 Scotch language, i. 
 
 Scots craftsmen abroad, 105. 
 
 Scotsmen educated in France, 140, 141. 
 
 , professors in France, 142, 143. 
 
 Scottish and English languages, forma- 
 tion of, 2. 
 
 barons educated in Paris, 15. 
 
 body-guard in France, 15, 16. 
 
 clergy, 6-9. 
 
 , as architects and builders, 7. 
 
 , as improvers of the soil, 7. 
 
 , as mercantile adventurers, 8. 
 
 , educated at the University of 
 
 Paris, 6. 
 
 , importing silks, spices, &c., 9. 
 
 , trading to Bordeaux, &c., 8, 9. 
 
 cookery, early, 41. 
 
 estates granted to English nobles, 5. 
 
 friars introduce French words and 
 
 phrases, 10. 
 
 mansions, 21. 
 
 preachers of the Roman Catholic 
 
 Church, 10. 
 
 society in i6th century, 43. 
 
 students at Cambridge, 7, note ^ 
 
 from p. 6. 
 
454 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Scottish students at Oxford, 6, note ^ 
 
 " Scowmar of the se," 178, note ^ 
 
 Scriptour, 34. 
 
 Scrutoire, 34. 
 
 Scudler, sciidlar, 50, 
 
 Scuncheon, 29. 
 
 Sea-terms, 203-212. 
 
 Seals, 109. 
 
 Secret, secreit, 193. 
 
 Seel, cloaths of, 81. 
 
 Sege, 34. 
 
 Seibow, sebow, 63. 
 
 Sets tar, 221. 
 
 Sellat, 192. 
 
 Semibajan, 144. 
 
 Sensement, 165. 
 
 Sergeand, 171. 
 
 Sermons of mendicant friars, 9. 
 
 Serpe, 97, note ^. 
 
 Serrabossa, 211. 
 
 Serveting, 53. 
 
 Servile, servyte, servit, serve t, 53. - 
 
 Servitude, 171. 
 
 Session, 145. 
 
 Seton medal, 125. 
 
 Shalmer, 221. 
 
 Skankis, 95, 96. 
 
 Shaum, 153. 
 
 Shephron, 90. • 
 
 Ship-builders, 203. 
 
 building, 203. 
 
 by James IV., 204. 
 
 Ships built by Bishop Kennedy, 204. 
 
 in 1249, 203. 
 
 under James V., 205, 206. 
 
 Siege terms, 198, 199. 
 
 Silk stuffs, 77. 
 
 Silversmiths of England, 104. 
 
 Sinclair, John, 'Observations on the 
 
 Scottish Dialect,* i. 
 Sincopas, 236. 
 
 Sir Colin, laird of Glenurchy, knowledge 
 
 of French, 142. 
 Skails, skalis, 46. 
 Skarmusche, 196. 
 Skuls, skulls, skolls, 46. 
 Smoukie, 135. 
 Sodiour, 190. 
 Soir naig, 131. 
 
 Soldiers, designations of, 190, 191. 
 Solutione, 126, 171. 
 Songs, 215. 
 Sonyie, 171. 
 Sorn, some, soirn, 178. 
 Sort, 199. 
 
 Souer, souir, 171, 400. 
 Souse, 121. 
 Soutra, 237. 
 Sowmir, 130. 
 Sowinonds, 171. 
 3'<y/, 85. 
 Space, 132. 
 Spairge, sparge, 30. 
 Spald, spawl, spauld, 153. 
 Spargeon, 30. 
 Sparginer, 30. - 
 
 Sparling, spirling, 57. 
 Spatril, 94. 
 Spence-door, 51. 
 Spence, spensar, 51. 
 Spens, spensar, spensere, 50. 
 Spese, 132. 
 Spice, 62. 
 
 Spoons and forks among the Scotch, 54. 
 Spryngald, 194. 
 6'^«ar^-man, 30. 
 ^<(»'«ar^-wright, 30. 
 Stage, 29. 
 Stalls for the Abbey Church of Melrose, 
 
 35- 
 St Andrew, a coin, 120. 
 St Andrew's University, 139. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 455 
 
 Stege, 29. 
 
 Stellat, 89, 
 
 Steming, stemying, yS. 
 
 Stennyage, stening, steining, 76. 
 
 Stewart, William, on war-music of Scot- 
 land, 225. 
 
 " Stick " of cloth, 'jd. 
 
 St Jean-de-Luz, commerce with, 208, 
 
 Stomach, to have a good, 66. 
 
 Stomacher, stomager, stomok, 90. 
 
 Stotip-galland, 157. 
 
 Stour, stoure, stowr, sture, 196. 
 
 StQyle, 91. 
 
 St Pol and Blois, ship of, built at Inver- 
 ness, 203. 
 
 Stramash, 196. 
 
 Stratigelour, 156. 
 
 Strengable, 171. 
 
 Stuart family and music, 215. 
 
 Subbasvient, 34. 
 
 Sucker, 56. 
 
 Suddarde, suddart, suddert, 190. 
 
 Sumleyer, 50. 
 
 Siimphion, 222. 
 
 Suppoist, stippost, 144. 
 
 Surcoat, 91. 
 
 Surgeons attending the Scottish army, 
 ISO. 
 
 Surgical instruments, 158. 
 
 Snrpeclaithe, 92. 
 
 Suspicion of crime, procedure in, 161. 
 
 Sutor, 95. 
 
 Swasche, swesche, 222, 223. 
 
 Sword dollar, 120, 
 
 Sybow, syboe, sybba, 63. 
 
 Sye, 63. 
 
 Symoler, 50. 
 
 Sythol, sythoel, 221. 
 
 Tabill, 248. 
 Tabill men, 248. 
 
 Table furnishings, 52. 
 
 Taborne, taburne, ialberone, talbrone, tal- 
 
 burn, talburne, 221. 
 Tailyeit, 76, note ^. 
 Taint, lyz. 
 
 Tats, tas, tasse, tassie, 52. 
 Talbert, 91. 
 Tales current in Scotland in the 16 th 
 
 century, 17, note ^. 
 Tanneree, 95. 
 Tapesar, 2,7' 
 
 Tapesscherye, tapeschery, tapessarle, yj. 
 Tapessery-man, 2,7' 
 Tapestry, 35, 36. 
 
 , scarcity of, 27- 
 
 Tappisser, 2,7' 
 Tappit-hen, 52. 
 Tarlies, 29. 
 Tartan, 73-75. 
 
 ptirry, 56. 
 
 Tatch, 85. 
 
 T avert, 91. 
 
 Tawbronaris, tabronar, tanbroner, tab- 
 
 roner, taboring, taburner, talbonar, 
 
 talbwinar, 227. 
 Taynt, 172. 
 Tayntour, 172. 
 Tend, 172. 
 Terce, 172. 
 Tercer, 172. 
 Testoon, 119. 
 Testor, 34. 
 Teutonic dialect, 2. 
 Thistle-dollar, 120. 
 Timpan, tympany, tympany-gz.vt\, 29. 
 Tirless, tirlass, tirlies, 29. 
 Tischay, tische, tysche, 90. 
 Tocher, 172. 
 Token of loyalty sent to Queen Mary, 
 
 102. 
 r^i'/V, 87. 
 
456 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Toldoir, 85. 
 Tolbert, 91. 
 Tomb of Earl of Murray, 27. 
 
 of Robert I., 114. 
 
 Topynett, 52. 
 
 Torett, torrett-claith, 89. 
 
 Totiim, 249. 
 
 Towers, built of stone, 21, 22. 
 
 Town-clerk's office in Aberdeen in 1597, 
 
 25. 
 Traced, 85. 
 Trailye, trelye, 80. 
 Tramort, 153, 406. 
 Trap, to, 145. 
 Travisch, travish, 212. 
 Trebuschet, 194. 
 7V^«<:A^r-breac!, 54, 
 Trental, 154. 
 Trest, traist, trist, 51. 
 Treviss, trevesse, travesse, 131. 
 Trew, 197. 
 7>)//>-velvet, 79. 
 2"«<5a ductilis, 217. 
 Turdion, 241. 
 Turit, turet, 89, 
 Turkas, 131, 409. 
 Turner, 123. 
 Turngreis, 29. 
 Tutabon, tutabone, 158. 
 Tutele, tutell, 172. 
 Tutory, 172. 
 Tweldore, 85. 
 
 Tymber, tytnmer, tymbrell, tymbrill, 192. 
 Tympane, thimpand, 222. 
 Tympanum, 29, note ". 
 Tyrement, 153, 197. 
 
 67(?>', fO'//^, 62. 
 Umfraville, 2. 
 Unhabile, 172. 
 Unicorn, the, a coin, 121. 
 
 Universities, 139, 
 
 University lecturers educated in Paris, 
 
 139- 
 Ursytte, 133. 
 
 Vacance, 172. 
 
 Vagabonds, 177-183. 
 
 Valicot, 90. 
 
 Valient, 172. 
 
 Valker, Murdoch, 27. 
 
 Vans, 5. 
 
 Varlot, 131. 
 
 Vases imported from Suffolk, 104. 
 
 Vaskene, vasquine, 90. 
 
 F^z7, 132. 
 
 Veitch, 4. 
 
 Vendise or vendace, 58, 59. 
 
 Vent at 11, 192. 
 
 Ventose, 158. 
 
 Verdour, 36. 
 
 F^r(?j, 52. 
 
 Verlot, 131. 
 
 Fijr/f, 172. 
 
 Vertgadin, vardingard, vardingalt, ver- 
 
 dingale, 91. 
 Vielleux, 222. 
 Villages in Scotland, 25. 
 Fi!'<7/, 220. 
 
 F/r^, Tz/r^, w/r^, 194. 
 F/r^^-thread, 80. 
 Virginal, 220. 
 Vitrisch, vitrie, 79. 
 Vivers, 45. 
 
 Vivual, vivtiallie, 152. 
 F/^//, z/(?//, w//, w?^//, w<??^/, 152, 411. 
 Vorsa, 210. 
 
 Wageouris, 197, 412. 
 Waistcoat, 91. 
 
 Wallace, Sir William, portrait of, 
 112. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 457 
 
 War, 187-199. 
 
 Warison, 199. 
 
 Warlike instruments before the intro- 
 duction of firearms, 194. 
 
 weapons, improvement of, by James 
 
 v., 189. 
 
 War-music, 225. 
 
 Warnys, 199. 
 
 Wassal-hxtdA, wastel, 54. 
 
 Watches, iii. 
 
 Watson, Andrew, painter, 113. 
 
 Watts, wats, wants, 94, note ^. 
 
 Wees, 156. 
 
 Weir, 4. 
 
 W-est, 172. 
 
 Wheaten bread, different kinds of, 54. 
 
 Whithorn, See of, 21. 
 
 Wiage, wyage, waage, 197. 
 
 Wild animals, 133, 134. 
 
 Wilyeam, Sangstar, 216. 
 
 Wines used in Scotland, 59. 
 
 Wishart, 5. 
 
 Witter, 152. 
 
 Woche, 172. 
 
 Wolrotin, 178. 
 
 Women-singers, 218. 
 
 Woollen stuffs, 75, 76. 
 
 Words expressing abstract ideas, 255- 
 
 309. 
 and idioms transplanted into the 
 
 Scottish language from the French 
 
 romances, 12. 
 Wrangis, wrangwiss, 210. 
 Wylecot, wilie-coat, wallaqjiite, 90. 
 
 Yester, castle of, 23, note "-. 
 
 .dS\A 
 
 THE END. 
 
 PRINTED BV WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 
 
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