. , , ... , » 
 
 OK THR 
 
 fiiiiuursitu of CalifuMta* 
 
 ///; 
 
 JVO....: 
 
 Division 
 
 Range , . 
 
 Shelf ; 
 
 Received 187 
 
Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive 
 
 in 2007 with funding from 
 
 IVIicrosoft Corporation 
 
 http://www.arcPfive.org/details/charityclergybeiOOcolwricli 
 
CHARITY AND THE CLERGY: 
 
 Jl %in\tm, 
 
 A PROTESTANT CLERGYMAN, 
 
 NEW THEMES" CONTROVERSY; 
 
 TOGETHER TVITH 
 
 SUNDEY SERIOUS BEFLECTIOXS UPON THE RELiaiOUS PRESS, 
 
 THEOLOGICAL SEMINARIES, ECCLESIASTICAL AMBITION, 
 
 GROWTH OF MODERATISM, PROSTITUTION OF 
 
 THE PULPIT, AND GENERAL DECAY 
 
 OF CHRISTIANITY. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 
 LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO. 
 1853. 
 

 f/y 
 
 C. SHERMAN, TRINTER, 
 
 19 St. James Street. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 The writer of these pages is not aware 
 that he holds any doctrine which deserves to 
 be called infidel or heretical ; but as candid 
 criticism is not tolerated in our orthodox re- 
 ligious periodicals (with which alone he could 
 affiliate), he feels driven to this mode of ad- 
 dressing the public. He comments freely, 
 and at times severely, upon the religious press 
 itself; also upon theological education, the 
 state of religion in the churches, and various 
 clerical and ecclesiastical practices — all of 
 which are regarded as needing reform. 
 
 Few seem to perceive what appears fear- 
 fully evident to the writer, that our existent 
 Christianity is almost universally corrupt, 
 and is becoming more so continually ; that 
 unless its present tendencies be speedily re- 
 versed, a state of worse than medieval dark- 
 ness will soon settle upon Christendom ; not 
 
Xll PREFACE. 
 
 a state of intellectual decrepitude and en- 
 slavement, but one of intellectual triumph 
 and hauglity independence ; not a state in 
 which the Church, like a besotted despot, 
 will drag men in chain-gangs behind her 
 bloody car, but one in which man will rise 
 in proud supremacy, and either trample the 
 Church under foot, or else spare her in Gibe- 
 onite degradation, to become a "hewer of 
 wood and drawer of water" about the gor- 
 geous Temple of Mammon ! Or, to say the 
 very least, the Church and the world will 
 move on in harmony, neither disposed to as- 
 sert its own peculiarities. 
 
 It is not maintained that the work, "New 
 Themes," &;c., suggests the only remedy 
 needed in this emergency; others are hinted 
 at; but it is maintained that perhaps the 
 most crying demand of the times is for just 
 such a reform as the author of "New 
 Themes" and " Politics for American Chris- 
 tians" indicates. It will be shown, likewise, 
 that the real sentiments of that author have 
 either been strangely misunderstood, or been 
 wickedly misrepresented in many influential 
 quarters. 
 
A REVIEW. 
 
 New Themes for the Protestant Clergy, etc. By 
 Stephen Colwell. Second Edition, Revised. Phila- 
 delphia : Lippincott, Grambo & Co. 1852. 
 
 A Review, by a Layman, of a Work entitled 
 "New Themes, etc." Philadelphia: Lippincott, 
 Grambo & Co. 1852. 
 
 Politics for American Christians. Politics of 
 the New Testament. Some Notices of a Review 
 OF " New Themes, etc.'' Pliiladelphia : Lippincott, 
 Grambo & Co. 1852. 
 
 SELF-COMPLACENCY. 
 
 Reformers have usually met with a surly 
 reception at the seats of power. The com- 
 fortable classes fear change, lest their comforts 
 depart. Dives, Diotrephes and Demetrius, 
 C(iiaphas, Laud, and Leo X., represent classes 
 
14 SELF-DECEPTION. 
 
 always existing, and always arraying them- 
 selves against the Pauls, and WicklifFes, and 
 Miltons, and Luthers, and Galileos, and 
 Knoxes; against the Puritans, and Protes- 
 tants, and Waldenses, and other truth-finders 
 and truth-tellers, whom after ages enshrine in 
 the Temples of Love, Fame, and Gratitude. 
 But many oppose Reformers from motives 
 much more innocent. They honestly love 
 the present, and cannot see the truth of the 
 Reformers' criticisms or proposed amend- 
 ments. The world is only aggregate man, 
 and what man is there that knoweth him- 
 self ? The heart is deceitful above all things ; 
 who can know it ? The world flatters and 
 cheats itself. The chief characteristic of 
 every age is self-complacency. " Surely we 
 are the people!" No doubt, Tubal-Cain 
 teaching his apprentices to work in brass 
 and iron, often reflected on the perfection of 
 art in his age, and the '' old fogyism" of the 
 days of his grandfather Adam. Self-glorifica- 
 tion, too, is a form of human weakness which 
 
INSENSIBLE SOPHISTRY. 15 
 
 has characterized every generation, every 
 country, every party, every sect. And more 
 than this, men are prone to identify them- 
 selves with certain ideas and institutions so 
 entirely, to cluster around them such tender 
 associations and sweet recollections, that an 
 intimation of imperfection in those ideas or 
 institutions is instinctively resented, like an 
 insult to a mother. And this is specially 
 true with regard to a man's religion. He 
 very properly feels the most jealous guar- 
 dianship over this sacred and eternal interest, 
 and very naturally identifies his interpreta- 
 tion of religion with religion itself. In the 
 eyes of the Pharisees of old, an attack upon 
 their traditionary interpretation of Moses and 
 the Prophets was impugning the authority of 
 the sacred writers themselves ; or an attack 
 upon the lives of them, the acknowledged 
 illustrators of divine truth, was denying the 
 divine origin and the sanctifying power of 
 that truth. Hence, in the eye of Judaism, 
 Jesus and his Apostles were infidels. And 
 
16 WHAT CONSTITUTES AN INFIDEL. 
 
 SO has it ever been in the history of Chris- 
 tianity ; Christians have been prone to stake 
 Christianity upon their understanding and 
 exemplification of it. If they understood 
 the Bible to teach that the sun revolves 
 around the earth, the poor Galileo who as- 
 serted the contrary was a vile heretic, if not 
 a downright infidel. So of the doctrine of 
 antipodes, of an old pre-adamite earth, of 
 pre-existent death, and such like conflictings 
 with traditional interpretations ; to assert 
 them was to raise from a thousand quarters 
 the cry of irifidelity^ infidelity. But when 
 the people had time to reflect and examine, 
 they saw that the innovators were only infi- 
 del to their beloved grandmothers' explanor 
 tion of the Bible. 
 
 "new themes" not infidel. 
 
 Knowing these characteristics of our spe- 
 cies, whether out of the Church or in it, the 
 author of " New Themes" should not be sur- 
 
NEW THEMES NOT INFIDEL. 17 
 
 prised (however much he may feel wounded) 
 at hearing the cry of infidelity raised when 
 he ventured to declare a difference between 
 the Bible and the traditionary expositions of 
 the Bible, and the corresponding conduct of 
 the expositors. But of all the instances re- 
 corded in history, never has that cry been so 
 senseless and illiberal as in this case. The 
 author himself is not prepared to justify all i 
 the forms of expression which he has used 
 in his writings ; but we say with deliberation 
 that we have never read an author who 
 seemed more profoundly smitten with the 
 truth, and beauty, and practical value, of 
 Christianity than the author of New Themes. 
 We are certainly disposed to find fiiult with 
 the grouping which he makes of its doc- 
 trines, seemingly depreciating some of prime 
 consequence in his zeal for those which he 
 thinks have been neglected ; but that ought 
 not to prejudice our minds to the fact that 
 in the whole drift of his writings he is pay- 
 ing the highest homage to Christianity. He 
 
 2^ 
 
18 A GREAT MISSING ELEMENT- 
 
 has done what few others have ever done — 
 cast the entire Jiojpes of the world for time 
 and for eternity upon Christ and his teach- 
 ings. 
 
 And he does this in such a way as ought 
 not to oJBfend the most rigid orthodoxy. For 
 he not only acknowledges the truth of Chris- 
 tianity, but he acknowledges the truth of the 
 orthodox interpretations of it. Not a single 
 item in the Confession of Faith or the Thirty- 
 Nine Articles does he dissent from. He af- 
 firms only their incompleteness. He finds in 
 them all a missing elemeiit — one which is 
 largely present in the Bible. Why should 
 an attempt to enthrone that element as high 
 in the creed as it is enthroned in the Bible, 
 be met by such a storm of orthodox frowns 
 as have been visited upon the head of poor 
 New Themes ? 
 
 It is no New Theme to the pulpit to dis- 
 course of the imperfection of all human per- 
 formances. It is certainly a favourite theme, 
 and a very proper one. Now though Chris- 
 
CREEDS VlTHOUT CHARITY. 19 
 
 tianity is divine, creeds are human. It is 
 not often we hear men say that the Prayer- 
 Book is inspired : or that the Confession of 
 Faith is other than a human compilation. 
 Then why should it be considered a strange 
 or sacrilegious thing for a Christian man to 
 assert the existence of such imperfections in 
 these works of men ? And when he does as- 
 sert it, though in a blunt style, would it not 
 be philosophical (we had almost said chari- 
 table), in those who do not like the assertion, 
 to spend a little strength in disproving it, in- 
 stead of devoting the whole of it to belabour- 
 ing the man who made the assertion ? 
 
 WHERE ARE THE CREEDS WITH CHARITY? 
 
 The author says that charity does not occu- 
 py a prominent place in the creeds of the 
 churches. Quantities of ink have been spent 
 by adverse reviewers in lashing the author, 
 but not a drop that we know of in disproving 
 the charge. Who has given us the page or 
 
20 THE CHARGE NOT ANSWERED. 
 
 the line in any creed^ catechism, or set of 
 articles, where charity is asserted, explained, 
 or enforced as a leading Christian duty ? The 
 Bible says, "Faith, hope, and charity — the 
 greatest of these is charity T Who, of all these 
 reviewers, has shown any transcript of Chris- 
 tian doctrine which in its matter or propor- 
 tion approximates to this text ? Mr. " Lay- 
 man," who wrapped around his red right 
 hand all the lightnings that had been forged 
 in a hundred places against Mr. "New 
 Themes," and who, with great research into 
 old catalogues and new temperance docu- 
 ments, undertook with combined satire and 
 pedantry to annihilate his opponent — has 
 given us 139 pages of answer, without touch- 
 ing the gravamen of the book he was review- 
 ing. The first of the three " New Themes" 
 named in the very title page of the book was 
 " Creeds without Charity." The only valid 
 reply that "Layman" could have made to 
 that most important charge, would have been 
 to bring forth the " creeds" that have " cha- 
 
A MOST VITAL POINT. 21 
 
 rity." We search in vain^ among the various 
 learned quotations of " Layman/' for any ar- 
 ray of charity-breathing creeds. 
 
 This point was vital, because if it be as is 
 charged, then we cannot expect to find cha- 
 rity predominant in Christian character. It 
 would be contrary to all philosophy, experi- 
 ence, and religion, to assert that men are better 
 than their creeds. The very reverse is true. 
 Men's beliefs are uniformly in advance of 
 their doings. " What I would, that I do not : 
 and what I would not, that I do," is the lan- 
 guage of every honest heart, and the teach- 
 ing of all history. Grant then to the author, 
 as has been virtually done, that there is a sad 
 deficiency of charity in church creeds, and 
 you give him an overwhelming a ^priori argu- 
 ment, to prove that a deficiency at least 
 equally great exists in the practice of 
 churches and church members. 
 
 There is, indeed, a sense in which Christians 
 are actually better than their " creeds," taking 
 the word technically ; but it is because they 
 
22 BIBLE ACCUSATIONS. 
 
 are forced to see and believe things in the 
 Bible, which are omitted from their formal 
 creeds. Hence the general principle asserted 
 remains true. And it is still the case that 
 the formal creed instrumentally gives the 
 general shape to the character. 
 
 Bat apart from this, why should Christian 
 men, whether in the pulpit or out of it, take 
 offence because imperfections are charged upon 
 their lives. This charge, instead of impugning 
 the truth of the Bible, only confirms it. The 
 Bible makes worse charges upon human na- 
 ture, and even upon professors of religion, than 
 the author does. It does so directly — it does 
 so historically — it does so prophetically — it 
 does so upon the Jewish church, and upon the 
 Christian churches. The Isaiahs and the 
 Jeremiahs spoke in no measured terms of the 
 unfaithfulness of the ancient people of God. 
 And the New Testament writers are equally 
 severe upon the churches of Corinth and Ga- 
 latia, EjDhesus, Laodicea, Sardis, and Smyr- 
 na. And if it were a fact, and an openly 
 
TOTAL DEPRAVITY AND SINLESS PERFECTION. 23 
 
 exposed fact^ tlxat very great imperfections 
 existed in these churches under the eye of 
 the Apostles, why should the churches of 
 America and England bristle up with such an 
 air of insulted innocence, when charges far 
 less heinous are made against them ! Has the 
 venerable doctrine of" Total Depravity" given 
 way in these latter times to that of " Sinless 
 Perfection ?" It is to be feared that such a 
 change, either in doctrine or in fact, would 
 be far more trying to the evidences of Chris- 
 tianity than the honest admission that even 
 yet the Israel of God has reason for deep 
 humiliation. 
 
 Not to study the probabilities in favour of 
 the charge against Christians in the light of 
 prophecies about "wolves in sheep's cloth- 
 ing," and many mysterious iniquities that 
 even in the Apostolic age were burying their 
 seed in the Church to bring forth fruit in 
 after times ; nor to study them in the light of 
 history, whose dark pages shock every reader; 
 nor at present in the light of an extended 
 
24 LITERATURE OF CHARITY. 
 
 observation^ it were enough to study these 
 probabilities in the light of those sincere peni- 
 tent confessions made before God in prayer. 
 Listen to the heart-breaking acknowledg- 
 ments of a David, a Paul, an Augustin, a 
 Calvin, a Baxter, a Chalmers — ministers and 
 people, in their writings, in the church, in 
 the closet — and they all acknowledge an ha- 
 bitual dereliction far greater than is here 
 charged upon them. Then why repel him 
 who rebukes you for good ! 
 
 WHERE IS THE LITERATURE ON CHARITY? 
 
 The author of " New Themes" likewise 
 charges a deficiency in our religious litera- 
 ture, corresponding to that existing in the 
 creeds and lives of Christians. If the charge 
 be true in the other features of religious 
 development, we must expect to find the 
 same lack in everything. And the very 
 best evidence that the charge is true, lies in 
 the miserable attempts which have been 
 
OTHER LITERATURE ABUNDANT. 25 
 
 made to answer it. The most formal of 
 these attempts is found in the erudite pages 
 of our friend " A Layman." The only 
 answer he gives to the author's assertion 
 that we have not an able literature on 
 Charity, is a quotation of the titles of a 
 parcel of old books, the most of them writ- 
 ten from one to two hundred years ago, and 
 but one of them within the present century. 
 Why surely, the subject cannot be a very 
 popular one, or we should have had at least 
 two works on it in our language, in the last 
 half century — a period of unparalleled intel- 
 lectual and literary activity, a period within 
 which whole cargoes of books have been 
 written on faith, and baptism, and apostoli- 
 cal succession, and all the common themes 
 of dogmatic theology, and inter-denomina- 
 tional dispute. What! with all the enor- 
 mous outpouring of religious literature from 
 Tract Societies, and Sunday School Unions, 
 and Baptist Boards, and Presbyterian Boards, 
 and Methodist Book Concerns, and Episco- 
 
26 DRYASDUST. 
 
 pal Societies, and innumerable private pub- 
 lishing houses, can but one book be found 
 on Charity, the production of this century 
 and that written only five years after its 
 commencement ! As our learned " Lay- 
 man" has evidently searched the catalogues, 
 we must conclude that Charity has not 
 received a very large share of attention. 
 
 But it might be thought that perhaps the 
 present generation are so wrapt up in the 
 sweet meditations of Byfield, and Rigge, 
 and Masham, and Tutty, and Hussey, and 
 the other ancient and venerable authors 
 whom he mentions, that they feel the sub- 
 ject to be exhausted, and nothing more to 
 be needed. But alas! we fear that we 
 should have to search scores of Christian 
 libraries, and many Christian publishing 
 houses, before we should find a single one 
 of the volumes he mentions. The truth is, 
 the books mentioned are chiefly theological 
 fossils, which are neither living themselves 
 nor the representatives of living works. 
 
MISERABLE SOPHISTRY. 27 
 
 But the parading of this catalogue is such 
 '^a miserable subterfuge that we cannot dis- 
 miss it without showing that the books 
 mentioned are not on the subject in hand. 
 
 The author of "New Themes/' in the 
 appendix of his last publication, exposes 
 this fact, but we would add a few words on 
 this point. 
 
 Without insisting upon the ordinary En- 
 glish meaning of the word "charity," we 
 will allow "Layman" to take it in the 
 broad sense of Love. Indeed we believe 
 the latter is the true scriptural meaning 
 of the term. We will then suppose our 
 author to declare that there is no able and 
 thorough treatise on Christian Love in the 
 English language. "Layman" replies to 
 this by quoting works on God's love to 
 man, and man's love to God ! This answer 
 would be paralleled by quoting treatises on 
 the Tariff, in answer to a call for an able 
 and complete work on Political Economy. 
 The tariff is a division of political economy, 
 
28 THE BOOK NOT IN EXISTENCE. 
 
 but it is not political economy. And so is 
 love to God a part of the exercise of 
 charity, but it is not charity. Love is a 
 universal principle applicable to all sentient 
 beings in all their relations, and it is child- 
 ish to quote treatises on particular exercises 
 of that principle or affection as exhaustive 
 discussions of the whole subject. 
 
 We are prepared fully to second the affir- 
 mation that no able and full discussion of 
 the subject of charity exists in the English 
 language; and no man need deny the affir- 
 mation until he can produce the work. 
 The sermons of Butler on " Love God with 
 all thy heart, and thy neighbour as thyself," 
 the fragmentary work of Dr. Chalmers on 
 Moral Philosophy, and the old lectures of 
 Edwards, lately given to the public for the 
 first time, contain perhaps the ablest dis- 
 cussions we have of this subject ; but no one 
 who has meditated much upon the subject, 
 will agree that even these great and highly 
 philosophical divines have brought it out in 
 
AUTHOR CRITICISED. 29 
 
 all its fulness. And to speak our whole 
 thought, we do not believe the heavenly- 
 theme can ever expand to its full propor- 
 tion in any mind, whilst the atmosphere of 
 Christendom remains so unhealthy as it 
 now is, and has long been. 
 
 It is to be regretted that our author, in his 
 effort to give point to his title-page, should 
 have chosen such grating expressions as 
 " Creeds without charity ;" " Theology with- 
 out humanity;" "Protestantism without 
 Christianity." They are not only wounding, 
 but they are not true in the form in which 
 they are written, although true in the sense 
 in which he seems to have meant them. We 
 see in the Protestant world much charity 
 (though little in proportion to what is re- 
 quired) ; we see much Christian humanity, 
 and yet more of Christianity viewed in its 
 primary character as the means of salvation. 
 And in all our zeal for charity and humanity 
 in our characters and lives on earth, we should 
 still remember that Christianity has far more 
 
 3* 
 
30 MEANING OF AUTHOR. 
 
 direct and important reference to eternity 
 than to time. And yet, the exercise of 
 charity in our human relations furnishes the 
 highest evidence of a heavenly character, 
 and contributes most of all other means to 
 persuade men to embrace the plan of salva- 
 tion through Christ. 
 
 The meaning of the author seems to be 
 that the element of charity shown to be 
 wanting in our creeds is equally wanting in 
 all the symbols and peculiar standards and 
 manifestations of Protestantism, as such. He 
 here views Protestantism, not only or chiefly 
 in its members, but likewise in its principles. 
 Those principles are found in protests, cove- 
 nants, constitutions, creeds, catechisms, ec- 
 clesiastical acts, &c. He does not mean to 
 contrast Komanism with Protestantism, un- 
 favourably to the latter ; on the contrary, he 
 shows in the body of his work that he con- 
 siders Komanism hopelessly corrupt, and con- 
 siders Protestantism pure and right as far as 
 it goes, and as lacking but the one element 
 
CREEDS REHEARSED. 31 
 
 to identify it with Christianity. If, then, 
 Protestantism has in her standards the ele- 
 ment spoken of, why is it not produced or 
 pointed out? Look over the authoritative 
 acts and doings of the Dutch, German, Swiss, 
 English, Scotch, and American Protestant 
 churches, and show us where any prominence 
 is given to the inculcation of an earnest, 
 hearty humanity. It is truly amazing to ob- 
 serve how little Christ-like philanthropy is 
 discoverable among the official acts of our 
 beloved Protestant churches. 
 
 When we go into our Bodies of Divinity 
 and Theological Seminaries, are we there re- 
 freshed by the spirit so lacking elsewhere ? 
 We fear that there is a distressing consis- 
 tency there with the scenes without. It will 
 be remembered that Christ resolved all moral 
 and religious duties into love. Do our theo- 
 logical writers and teachers develope their 
 theology from this point, or do they even de- 
 vote a single lecture to the subject? We 
 have examined many ponderous systems of 
 
32 DIVINITY LECTURES. 
 
 divinity, and listened to courses of theologi- 
 cal lectures, and we have yet to meet with 
 even the pretence of a presentation of the 
 subject. Doctrines of theology are piled up 
 with Titanic hands, mountain upon moun- 
 tain, along the rugged and tangled sides of 
 which men are called to climb to the gates 
 of Heaven; but they nowhere insist upon 
 the climbers loving and helping one another 
 as they toil up the laborious steep. If they 
 do, where is the evidence of it ? Show us 
 in Knapp, or Watson, or Hill, or Dick, or 
 any other standard theologian, anymore than 
 partial and occasional allusions to the spirit 
 of love to man, which is so largely insisted 
 on in the New Testament. You may say 
 that creeds, and theological systems, and Pro- 
 testantism, were meant to express only our 
 relations to God, and therefore love to man 
 was not an appropriate part of those stand- 
 ards. To put in such a plea is to admit all 
 the author charges; and here the discussion 
 might end, unless we were prepared to dis- 
 
CHARITY OUGHT TO BE THERE. 33 
 
 CUSS a different question, viz., whether chari- 
 ty or love ought to he there. And it would 
 not require a long examination to make it 
 clear that since more than one-half of the 
 Decalogue is taken up with the duties of man 
 to man while on earth ; since the ultimate 
 attainment of religion is love ; since Christ 
 said that love to man was half the sum of 
 human duty ; since Paul declares love to be 
 superior to faith ; since John says " If any 
 man say, I love God, and hateth his brother, 
 he is a liar ;" indeed, since the example of 
 Christ and the injunctions of Scripture so 
 largely insist upon universal charity, surely 
 the legs of Christianity are not equal if this 
 half of Christian duties is not prominently 
 embodied in all the standard teachings of 
 the church. 
 
 In our hasty forms of expression we fear 
 it may be thought that we make a di- 
 vorce between what we call the divinity and 
 the humanity of Christianity. No such 
 meaning is intended. The whole, properly 
 
34 MENTAL PHILOSOPHY AT FAULT. 
 
 speaking, belongs to the department of divinity 
 — divinity in its human relations and duties. 
 A divinity developed from the love of God 
 spreads itself over all man's being and doing. 
 All is to be done to the glory of God. The 
 most trivial of human actions have their 
 place in divinity. And all the Scriptural 
 inculcations about charity may fairly have 
 their place in every system of theology. The 
 base of the theological pyramid should be 
 commensurate with the four corners of the 
 earth. 
 
 ]o:ntal philosophy wrong on charity. 
 
 We are profoundly convinced that a great 
 and delightful revolution is ere long coming 
 to pass in our world of religious ideas and 
 habits. The truth already expressed will re- 
 main unshaken, but over it all will be thrown 
 a sweet light, like the rosy tint of evening 
 bathing the sides of the granite mountains. 
 This suppression of the importance and wide 
 
WRONG POPULAR IDEAS. 35 
 
 influence of love has been seen in our mental 
 philosophy, and felt in our ordinary ideas 
 of mental character. The word "amia- 
 ble" is regarded almost as a term of reproach. 
 Intellect is exalted far above feeling in the 
 common estimation of men. In all this we 
 see the same poor appreciation of love that 
 has been shown to exist elsewhere. Our phi- 
 losophy and our public sentiment must be 
 reversed before they accord with truth and 
 Scripture, and with the best interests of the 
 race. Men must yet see that whilst a heart 
 without a head is bad enough, a head with- 
 out a heart is infinitely worse. The philoso- 
 pher will jet admit that the emotional na- 
 ture of man is superior to the intellectual. 
 Such is the view taken by Chalmers, and we 
 do not wonder at the crowd and excitement 
 in the halls of St. Andrew's, when the frigid 
 metaphysics of the schools came forth with 
 the warm blood of exuberant emotion career- 
 ing through its veins. It must be manifest 
 to him who will consider it, that this philoso- 
 
36 CHARITY THE SUM OP RELIGION. 
 
 phy accords with what may be called the 
 metaphysics of the Bible. Religion certainly 
 resides in the highest region of man's nature ; 
 and religion is a thing o^ emotion chiefly. Read 
 Edwards on the Affections, if you would see 
 how the essence of religion resolves itself into 
 a set of emotions. Faith is indeed strictly an 
 intellectual act. But faith is only a means 
 to an end. " Faith looi^hs hij love and purifies 
 the heart!' The characteristics of true piety 
 are hope, fear, joy, love, forbearance, forgive- 
 ness, sorrow for sin, desire for holiness — all 
 tempers, ov feelings, or emotions. And of all 
 emotions love is the parent and the sum ; for 
 according to these various exercises of love 
 do the other emotions come into existence. 
 Nothing, however, is more confirmatory of 
 this philosophy than the fact that by the in- 
 spired writers the Deity is designated by an 
 emotion. '^ God is love.'' Can we believe that 
 an inferior element of the divine constitution 
 would have been selected as expressing the 
 sum of the divine character ! The Scripture 
 
TEMPORAL INTERESTS OF THE POOR. 37 
 
 philosophy evidently teaches that the region 
 of love is the highest heaven of being. And 
 from this point we might bear down upon 
 man individually, and in all his relations, de- 
 monstrating that the ultima ihule toward 
 which the race even here should be pressing, 
 is the state of perfect charity, or love in 
 each and all of its possible applications ; and 
 that there can be no state of millennial 
 blessedness on earth until some approxima- 
 tion to this state is reached. Indeed, it is 
 just from this quarter the millenium will 
 come ! 
 
 TEMPORAL INTERESTS OF THE POOR MUST BE 
 ATTENDED TO FIRST. 
 
 "We fully acknowledge the infinite supe- 
 riority of the concerns of eternity over that 
 of time, but this should not lead us to forget 
 that whilst each individual man stays but a 
 brief period upon earth, the race abides untold 
 centuries. And that he who labours to ame- 
 
 4 
 
38 TEMPORAL INTERESTS PERMANENT. 
 
 liorate the temporal condition of man, is pro- 
 moting an interest which runs an indefinite 
 race with the ages of eternity itself Vast, 
 wide and abiding are the interests of humanity 
 on earth, though every man's life be as the 
 morning cloud and the early dew : and whilst 
 the labourers soon " rest from their labours, 
 yet their works do follow them ;" being dead 
 they yet speak. Then surely he is engaged 
 in a noble labour, who is working for even 
 the temporal comfort and happiness of the 
 untold generations yet to come, and gradu- 
 ally to crowd and jostle one another more and 
 more upon the surface of our globe. How 
 wretched then their lot if love do not reign 
 in all their intercourse with each other. 
 
 But it is a yet more important view that 
 the spiritual and eternal interests of men 
 are as much involved in this subject as 
 their temporal. It is not difficult to see 
 that a process of supply and education is 
 necessary before the abjectly poor are acces- 
 sible to the direct appeals of religion. The 
 
LOAVES AND FISHES FIRST. 39 
 
 remark that persons in humble life more 
 promptly embrace, and more faithfully cling 
 to religion, does not in the first instance 
 apply to the most suffering class. The de- 
 privation, ignorance, uncleanness, and uni- 
 versal wretchedness among this class, tend 
 to stupify and deprave their minds, to pro- 
 duce in them an almost total moral reckless- 
 ness, so that the direct calls of the Gospel 
 would fall unheeded upon their ears. Gaunt 
 hunger has no heart for anything but bread. 
 Inviting them to church should be the 
 second step in their salvation. If you make 
 it the first, you fail. What do such crea- 
 tures care for church ! What taste have 
 such debased and wretched creatures for 
 spiritual subjects. The problem of the next 
 day's existence on earth cannot be thrust 
 aside for any consideration lying beyond 
 that. And though Bibles and tracts be 
 scattered all over their dens of misery, the 
 word of eternal life will be only like pearls 
 before swine. You must give food to the 
 hungry, and raiment to the naked, and 
 
40 CHRISTIANITY SECULARIZED. 
 
 work to the strong, and education to the 
 ignorant, in a word, you must elevate the 
 whole lower stratum of society, or it will be 
 one vast and unbroken possession of the 
 great enemy of souls. 
 
 THE WORLD GAINING ON THE CHURCH. 
 
 And the tone and labours of charity are 
 as much needed to assist in the salvation of 
 men in the highest and middling classes, as 
 in the lowest. It is appalling to think how 
 slowly Christianity makes its way among 
 men. It admits of a doubt whether there 
 are more professing Christians on earth 
 now than there were a thousand years ago. 
 It is a manifest fact that Christianity has 
 wofully failed to keep pace with the growth 
 of the earth's population. The race of man 
 is immeasurably further from a universal 
 evangelization than it was in the days of 
 Constantine. This is a most distressing 
 fact, and yet it ought to be known, so that 
 we may cast about for the barrier which has 
 
POWER OF LOVE. 41 
 
 impeded its progress. We do not affirm 
 that the whole cause has lain in a want of 
 charity in the church ; but is there not a suf- 
 ficient reason to suppose that this cause has 
 been largely concerned in the result, when we 
 see how this great and subduing element in 
 religion has been omitted? Supposing that 
 the views which have been expressed in 
 this article, are any approximation to the 
 truth, can we be surprised that men have 
 been repelled from Christianity ? It is scarce- 
 ly possible to exaggerate the power of love 
 over the human heart; and had an ardent 
 Christian love gone forth from every Chris- 
 tian bosom, and breathed itself through all 
 the avenues of human action, surely its pre- 
 dominance in the world would have been 
 much greater than has been the case. Hu- 
 manly speaking, the victorious power of 
 Christianity is gone when you present her 
 to the world a mere ^theological skeleton." 
 Even in this our Christian land, in which 
 evangelical religion has in the last half cen- 
 
 4* 
 
42 THE WORLD CONVERTING THE CHURCH. 
 
 tury really gained upon the population in 
 the ratio of 10 to 4 J, there are still but 
 3,000,000 church members out of 25,000,000 
 of souls; about one-eighth of the population. 
 We have no means of ascertaining the num- 
 ber of church goers; but we have reason to 
 fear that over one-half of our whole popula- 
 tion rarely, and many of them never, enter 
 the house of God. And the vast majority of 
 those who attend the churches are not influ- 
 enced by a religious motive. Parental au- 
 thority brings the young, who, by dint of 
 long training, are in most cases made per- 
 manent occupants of the pew, and yet very 
 many become tired and give up their early 
 habits. Odd or eloquent preachers attract 
 some ; others go for the mere curiosity and 
 conceit and amusement, which are excited 
 by all large assemblies. A large class go 
 merely to be fashionable; especially those 
 who are struggling upward in society, and 
 wishing to bring themselves into notice. 
 Men of business and of the learned profes- 
 
IRRELIGIOUS CHURCH-GOING. 43 
 
 sion, and candidates for office, often frequent 
 churches on the same principle on which 
 they put their cards in the newspapers, and 
 in order to establish confidence, and appeal 
 to congregational esprit du corps. It is 
 sickening to think what infernal motives 
 bring large numbers of people to our 
 churches. True, they may receive good. 
 But in most of such cases, they are not 
 under a truly religious influence at all. 
 Eeduce our congregations to the number of 
 those who are impelled by a religious influ- 
 ence, and "the beggarly account of empty 
 boxes," would be far more appalling than it 
 now is in most of our churches. 
 
 Now, scarcely a more deeply serious ques- 
 tion could be asked than. Why lias Chris- 
 tianity so little attractive power in the commu- 
 nity? Has it no innate grace and winning 
 sweetness, that we must account for its un- 
 popular condition by ascribing it to the dearth 
 of extraordinary supernatural influences? 
 Such influences are admitted to be indispen- 
 
44 CORRUPTIONS OF CHRISTIANITY. 
 
 sable in the conversion of men, but we fully 
 believe that there is an organic force in 
 Christianity, which, if embodied in the lives 
 of Christians and the services of Christian 
 Churches, would lead the multitudes in her 
 train by an irresistible fascination, such as 
 attracted the vast multitudes to listen to the 
 discourses of Christ. 
 
 The fact is, that our existent Christianity, 
 too careless of the interests of humanity, for- 
 getful of her true mission to earth, has per- 
 mitted herself to become fearfully secularized, 
 and hence hampered and hardened. In one 
 quarter it is a mere department of a godless 
 government; in another, a thing of altars 
 and surplices and stained glass windows ; in 
 another, a thing of philosophical speculation ; 
 in another, a thing of intellectual orthodoxy ; 
 in another, a mere instrument for some low, 
 ulterior end. Look, too, at one of our cities, 
 and instead of seeing each denomination 
 sending its influence through all ranks of 
 society, especially solicitous to do good among 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL STRATIFICATION. 45 
 
 the poor, we see the denominations lying in 
 social layers, all indeed scrambling upward, 
 but yet lying like the horizontal strata in a 
 conical mountain; and although the sects 
 may dispose themselves like the contents of 
 John Bull's tumbler of beer, " froth on the 
 top, dregs in the bottom, but excellent in the 
 middle," yet a Christianity which is a re- 
 specter of persons is not like its divine Au- 
 thor. When one sees this social pyramid of 
 sects; when he sees the pyramid in church 
 buildings, the pyramid of seats inside of the 
 churches, the summit in the centre of the 
 middle aisle, and falling off to the walls in 
 every direction ; when he hears so much of 
 pew-rents and ground-rents, and heavy debts, 
 and sees so much " lust of the eye and pride 
 of life" in the public exhibition which Chris- 
 tianity makes of herself before the world — 
 so much reaching upward and so little reach- 
 ing downward — so much provision for the 
 rich and so little for the poor ; in plain terms, 
 so much that is proud, and ambitious, and 
 
46 CHURCH QUARRELLING. 
 
 commercial, and vain — so much that is 
 " worldly, sensual and devilish," he is ready 
 to doubt whether, if the Son of Man should 
 now appear, he would find faith on the earth 
 at all. And what work could be more 
 pleasing to an enemy of Christianity than to 
 trace the early history of the various con- 
 gregations in one of our large cities — ^to see 
 what unchristian motives were at the bottom 
 of the various church extension enterprises 
 — the private jealousies, animosities, revenge, 
 and open altercations, which drew off indi- 
 viduals and parties to engage in the scheme 
 of a new church — and were he to penetrate 
 into the miserable petty envyings, severities, 
 slanderings, bickerings, and utter want of 
 general affection — were he to study social dif- 
 ferences carried out in full among members 
 of the same church — were he to learn of per- 
 sons worshipping for years in a church with- 
 out ever receiving the slightest notice from 
 any member of the congregation — were he to 
 see persons repelled by church authorities be- 
 
CHURCH OP ENGLAND. 47 
 
 cause such as they were not wanted in a con- 
 cern of that style — were he to listen to the 
 gossip of societies and pious tea-drinkings — 
 and add such observations as these to the 
 more patent and painful exhibitions of church 
 courts and open ecclesiastical quarrels of all 
 kinds, not forgetting the individual lives of 
 Christians at their business — '' Oh, that mine 
 enemy might write a book," should be the last 
 prayer the Church should offer, unless really 
 smitten with a desire to improve her charac- 
 ter under the rod. 
 
 The great majority of these evils would be 
 directly removed by the upspringing and out- 
 going of a full Christian love — and all of them 
 removed indirectly, 
 
 CORRUPTIONS IN THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND. 
 
 '' A Layman" seems to take special offence 
 at the animadversions of the author of " New 
 Themes" upon the government and Church 
 of England, for their inhuman treatment of 
 
48 ENGLISH POOR LAWS. 
 
 the poor. Were we even sufficiently ac- 
 quainted with the intricacies of the English 
 poor law system, to venture upon a discus- 
 sion of the subject, we should deem it entire- 
 ly unnecessary to do so after the masterly 
 exposure of the errors and ignorance of 
 " Layman," which our author has given in 
 the Appendix of his last publication. If 
 there be any philosophy in the proverb, that 
 " the burnt child fears the fire," we shrewdly 
 suspect that, ere this, Mr. "Layman" has 
 prudently concluded to let the " English poor 
 laws" alone hereafter — at least until he has 
 studied them in some other light than 
 " Wades British History T 
 
 But we think that our conservative friend 
 has equally failed in his general defence of the 
 English Church. It seems a pity to disturb 
 the profound and unmingled reverence he 
 manifestly feels for all that belongs to the 
 Established Church of England, or to hint 
 our suspicions as to the impelling motive, 
 which led to " A Review." 
 
REFORMATION IN ENGLAND. 49 
 
 But after all that has now been said upon 
 this subject, there is a call for yet more, 
 until the " truth stands confessed." 
 
 Every man of tolerable intelligence knows 
 that the Keformation in England, as compared 
 with what it was in other countries, was a 
 mere private and political farce. Many true. 
 God-fearing, and Bible-loving people, were 
 indeed scattered among the masses in the 
 country, but the leaders in the movement 
 generally had very different motives from 
 those which moved in the hearts of pious and 
 honest Protestants. Henry YIII., the most 
 beastly of all the vile herd of kings, declared 
 for Protestantism simply because of a quar- 
 rel with the Pope, about his putting away 
 Queen Catherine, and marrying Anne Bo- 
 ley n. And a leading object Henry had in 
 confiscating the vast possessions of the mo- 
 nasteries, was to get means to buy over the 
 clergy and the aristocracy to his cause, and 
 induce them to declare for an independent 
 church, with himself as head or pope ! There 
 
50 HENRY VIII. AND HIS CHURCH. 
 
 had grown up so much Protestant feeling in 
 the country, that he was compelled to modify 
 the church ; and along with his counsellors he 
 succeeded in tinkering up a sort of compromise 
 concern, which was meant to satisfy all, from 
 the veriest Protestant to the extremist Pa- 
 pist. And now to give weight and eclat to 
 his newly-born ecclesiastical hybrid, he be- 
 stowed upon it the most of the monastic 
 wealth, which was supposed to be about one- 
 third of the whole wealth of the kingdom ! 
 For even the portion that was given to the 
 laity was in connexion with the church ; from 
 which arose the monstrous system of lay- 
 tithes, patronage, &c., which has been so cor- 
 rupting in its influence upon the English 
 Church. The body of this wealth the clergy 
 have managed to keep through all the vicis- 
 situdes in the government. And this wealth 
 not only was a wholesale robbery of the poor 
 in the first instance, but has been a con- 
 stant incubus upon the piety of the church 
 ever since. The clergy have always been 
 
QUEEN MARY'S REACTION. 51 
 
 bought and sold by this money. Henry VIII. 
 bought them with it from Rome, and made 
 them go into ecstasies over his new mongrel 
 church, with its mongrel " Prayer-Book," 
 which, by an Act of Parliament, was declared 
 to have been compiled by " the aid of the 
 Holy Ghost." But, in a few short yeans. 
 Queen Mary, the Papist, ascended the throne, 
 and announced her intention of destroying 
 her father's pet, and bringing back Popery full- 
 fledged and complete. The ecclesiastical con- 
 vocation at once met, and agreed to renounce 
 their Protestantism, confess their great sin of 
 schism, beg absolution from the Pope, say 
 mass, do penance, say anything, do anything, 
 fling away the inspired Prayer-Book, and 
 become the truest and faithfullest of all the 
 subjects of the Pope — if — if — if what ? if the 
 Queen and the Pope would only allow them 
 to retain — the Bible ? No ! their consciences ? 
 No — but their money ; their vast property in 
 land and tithes, which had heen filched from 
 
52 QUEEN Elizabeth's return. 
 
 the poor ! — A precious set of Apostolic suc- 
 cessors those ! 
 
 But alas, alas, for the penitent reformers 
 — ere they had fairly got sober after their 
 first carouse, Queen Elizabeth ascended the 
 throne, and because the Pope called her a 
 bastard, she flouted the authority of the 
 blundering j29(2pa, and resolved to turn Pro- 
 testant, and reinstate the hybrid of other days. 
 And now the clergy and aristocracy who had 
 sold themselves twice before must sell them- 
 selves again, or lose their plunder ! But 
 they promptly wheeled into line : and the 
 gambling, drinking, and fox-hunting went on 
 as before. It need scarcely be said that there 
 were many truly excellent and evangelical 
 men within the pale of the English Church, 
 who protested against many of these merce- 
 nary and unprincipled proceedings ; but they 
 were not heard any more than they were in 
 their protest against the Popish doctrines, 
 rites, and usages which were retained even in 
 the Protestant Church of Elizabeth. Thus 
 
CHURCH AND STATE. 53 
 
 has God, in his providence, frowned upon this 
 gigantic fraud on helpless and suffering hu- 
 manity. He gave them what they sought — 
 riches — but with it, ^'he sent leanness on 
 their souls." " He cursed their blessings." 
 
 We could scarcely expect any other result, 
 since the Church thus abjectly sold herself to 
 the State. 
 
 At this day the Church of England is 
 scarcely more than one of the departments 
 of State. The prelates and pastors of that 
 Church, even in the discharge of their most 
 sacred functions, are the mere vicars and 
 delegates of the supreme civil magistrate. 
 To quote the words of a British writer: 
 " Not one rite even the most trivial can they 
 alter, not one canon, however necessary, 
 can they pass, not one error, however gross, 
 can they reform, not one omission, even the 
 most important, can they supply. The civil 
 magistrate enacts the creed they are bound 
 to profess and inculcate, frames the prayers 
 which they must offer at the throne of God, 
 
 6* 
 
54 STATE THE SUPERIOR. 
 
 prescribes in number and form the sacrar 
 ments they must administer, arranges the 
 rites and vestments they must use, down 
 to the colour, shape, and stuff of a cap or 
 tunic, and takes discipline altogether out 
 of their hand. The parish priest has no 
 authority to exclude the most profligate sin- 
 ner from communion : the lordliest prelate 
 and primate cannot excommunicate the 
 most abandoned sinner, or suspend the most 
 immoral ecclesiastic from his functions; and 
 should either the priest or the prelate 
 attempt to exercise the discipline prescribed 
 by our Lord Jesus in his house, he will 
 speedily be made to understand by the 
 terrors of a prcemunire, or the experience of 
 a prison that he is not* appointed in the 
 Church of England to administer the laws 
 of Christ, but the statutes of the imperial 
 Parliament, or the injunctions of the crown." 
 Let it be remembered, in addition to this, 
 that the only qualifications required for 
 church membership, are baptism, and reci- 
 
EVIL INFLUENCES ON THE CLERGY. 55 
 
 tation of the creed and catechism; and for 
 entering the ministry, a decent morality, 
 along with subscription to the formularies ; 
 and of course, where there are so many rich 
 livings in the gift of a proud and worldly 
 aristocracy, multitudes of young relations 
 who are pushed for a profession, crowd into 
 the ministrj^, the only necessary duties of 
 which are a routine of written forms and an 
 occasional short essay, which may be pur- 
 chased of the booksellers, all nicely done 
 up in manuscript, and tied with a ribbon. 
 Indeed the strong and numerous adverse 
 influences bearing upon the Anglican clergy 
 create a sort of moral fatality against their 
 purity an(J zeal. In many, very many indi- 
 vidual cases, the power of grace in the heart 
 has triumphed over these fearful influences ; 
 but when we remember how independent 
 the pastor is of his people, his legally 
 secured income, the all-pervading influence 
 of the State, the many restrictions upon ear- 
 nest Christian zeal^ with unrestricted liberty 
 
56 LOOSE CLERICAL CHARACTER. 
 
 to be indolent, and dependence upon ungodly 
 patrons, we must think the English clergy 
 to be something more than human, to 
 possess an apostolic spirit and efficiency in 
 their labours. An English clergyman "may 
 be ignorant and idle, he may be a sports- 
 man and a card-player, he may be glutton- 
 ous and fond of wine, he may be proud and 
 quarrelsome, he may be a flatterer and a 
 parasite, he may be a hater of good men, 
 and even covertly vicious, and yet within 
 the intrenchments of his freehold, may bid 
 defiance to the world's contempt and anger, 
 as a feudal baron, from the inaccessible 
 heights of his castled rock, hurled his de- 
 fiance upon his beleaguering foes." With 
 everything to tempt him to idleness and 
 hypocrisy, to lead him to court the rich 
 and despise the poor, under the constant 
 pressure of an unyielding network of pre- 
 scribed formularies which tend to repress 
 thought, to chill emotion and baffle zeal, 
 how could he bear a character very diffe- 
 
NORTH BRITISH ON ENGLISH CLERGY. 57 
 
 rent from that depicted by the author of 
 "New Themes?" 
 
 A late number of the North British 
 Review, gives us a picture of the common 
 life of an Anglican minister in a country 
 parish. 
 
 "Here is a little outline (says the Re- 
 viewer), sketched by the writer of Gilbert 
 Arnold, of one type of the English clergy- 
 man, and not, we fear, a very uncommon 
 one in the south. 
 
 "Before the advent of the Arnolds, the 
 parish had been much neglected. The pre- 
 vious incumbent was a rich man, who 
 might have done great things for the poor. 
 But having the power, he had not the will. 
 He drove through the village, sometimes, in 
 his high double-bodied, well-horsed phaeton, 
 from which his liveried servant descended 
 to deliver a message at the clerk's door; but 
 the poor people said of him that he never 
 entered their cottages, even to ask if there 
 
68 NORTH BRITISH. 
 
 was a Bible on their shelves." (Gilbert 
 Arnold.) 
 
 " Such a man marches with a stately for- 
 mality along the high road of clerical life, 
 as though he hadbecome a ^successor of 
 the Apostles/ only to preach a dull sermon 
 once a week out of a wooden box, and per- 
 haps to study church architecture. It is, 
 indeed, as the author of ' Friends in Ooun- 
 ciV says, ^past melancholy and verging on 
 despair.' 
 
 "Meanwhile it is past melancholy and 
 verges on despair to reflect what is going on 
 amongst ministers of religion, who are often 
 too intent upon the fopperies of religion, 
 to have heart and time for the substantial 
 work intrusted to them — immersed in heart- 
 breaking trash from which no sect is free : 
 for here are fopperies of discipline, there are 
 fopperies of doctrine (still more dangerous, as 
 it seems to me). And yet are these words 
 resounding in their ears, ' Pure religion and 
 undefiled is this, to visit the fatherless and 
 
I 
 
 YET DARKER SHADES. 59 
 
 widows in their affliction, and to keep one's- 
 self unspotted from the world.' 
 
 " The Anglican ministry," (continues the 
 N. British,) " are, for the most part, very cold 
 and formal — much given to descant upon cer- 
 tain set themes in a hard, didactic manner, and 
 never reaching the hearts of their congrega- 
 tions. * * * It would often seem as though 
 the preacher had no other object than to ac- 
 quit himself of certain obligations imposed 
 upon him, as the condition of his being al- 
 lowed annually, certain hundreds of the pa- 
 rochial money. A fixed minimum of work is 
 to be got through. It does not much matter 
 how. The Sunday duties are supposed to be 
 the duties of the week — the pulpit to be the 
 limit of the sphere of ministerial obligations." 
 (May, 1852.) 
 
 This is all sad enough, and yet truth re- 
 quires that still darker shades be revealed. 
 There is no hope of restoration until the ex- 
 tent of the disease is laid bare before the world. 
 
 Probably there has not been another ex- 
 
60 BAPTIST W. NOEL. 
 
 amination into the condition of the Church 
 of England, so thorough and impartial as 
 that made a few years ago, by the Hon. and 
 Kev. Baptist W. Noel. Mr. Noel was emi- 
 nently qualified for the disagreeable task 
 which he imposed upon himself, under a 
 solemn sense of what was due to the cause of 
 God and humanity. Himself a minister in 
 the church, of high standing, possessed of 
 genuine and unchallenged spirituality of cha- 
 racter, enjoying a distinguished reputation in 
 the religious and social world, having every 
 external and internal motive to look kindly 
 upon the church of his fathers, in which he 
 had long and successfully laboured, he was 
 as well qualified for his task as a man could 
 possibly be. But after making a vast num- 
 ber of investigations, he found its corruptions 
 so great and so hopeless, that he felt himself 
 driven from her communion. Mr. Noel has 
 given us the results of his investigations, in 
 his book on " The Union of Church and 
 State ;" and these well-sustained facts, which 
 
ENGLISH CHURCH. 61 
 
 he gives us, are truly appalling ! It does not 
 improve the matter to say, that many of 
 these results are attributable to the influence 
 of the State upon the Church. It is still a 
 Protestant Church, and the most powerful 
 and influential of all the Protestant Churches 
 — and we study the character and condition 
 of this church all the more intently because 
 of its commanding power and influence. Its 
 connexion with the State does not render its 
 case a peculiar one — for the most of the Pro- 
 testant churches of Europe are in the same 
 condition : and it is only adding to the dis- 
 grace of Protestantism to acknowledge that 
 she remains contented under the yoke of the 
 State, which is hampering and paralyzing all 
 her free and progressive energies. The reader 
 who feels an interest in this subject, is re- 
 ferred to Mr. Noel's book, to see portrayed a 
 condition of things which ought to make him 
 shudder and weep. We can only state a few 
 general facts. 
 
 He represents the general character of 
 
62 MR. NOEL^S STATEMENTS. 
 
 bishops, pastors, and people as bearing 
 scarcely the remotest resemblance to the 
 style of Christianity represented in the New 
 Testament — the curates truckling and half- 
 starved, whilst the bishops and most of the 
 other clergy roll in wealth and repose on 
 couches of luxurious indolence — expending 
 far more energy in sport and in conviviality 
 than in the appropriate duties of the Chris- 
 tian ministry. The poor they treat with 
 contemptuous indifference, leaving their men- 
 tal, spiritual, and temporal condition alike 
 uncared for. He admits that there are nume- 
 rous individual exceptions to this, but that 
 after an amount of careful examinations, 
 such as probably no one had given to the 
 subject before, he is forced to these general 
 conclusions. Most of the partial friends of 
 that church cannot be expected to admit the 
 accuracy of these statements — but an impar- 
 tial Christian public will be satisfied of the 
 honesty and competency of the witness, and 
 hence of the accuracy of his statements, espe- 
 
LIFELESS FORMALISM. 63 
 
 cially as they are confirmed by other relia- 
 ble testimony, by history, and by what we 
 would have a right to expect from the, evil 
 influences to which the clergy and laity of 
 that church are subjected. Having already 
 consumed too much space with this part of 
 our subject, we shall conclude it by giving a 
 single extract from Mr. Noel's book (p. 399). 
 " What is the actual state of the establish- 
 ment ? Myriads of its members have nothing 
 of Christianity but the name, received in in- 
 fancy by baptism, and retained without one 
 spontaneous act of their own : and millions 
 do nothing whatever to promote the cause of 
 Christ. Its 13,000 churches are generally 
 without evangelistic activity, without bro- 
 therly fellowship, without spirituality, with- 
 out faith. Like Laodicea, they are luke- 
 warm ; like Sardis, they have a name to live 
 and are dead. Of its 16,000 ministers, about 
 1,568 do nothing ; about 6,681 limit their 
 thoughts and labours to small parishes, 
 which contain from 150 to 300 souls; while 
 
64 UNCONVERTED CLERGYMEN. 
 
 others in cities and towns profess to take 
 charge of 8,000 or 9,000 souls. And of the 
 12,923 working pastors of churches, I fear 
 from various concurrent symptoms, that about 
 10,000 are unconverted men, who neither 
 preach nor hnow the Gospel^ 
 
 Let every line of that fearful paragraph 
 be considered, and especially the last sen- 
 tence of it, remembering that it is from the 
 pen of one who would have poured out his 
 heart's blood like water to have made the 
 Church what it ought to be ; and see if Pro- 
 testantism in the stronghold of her power 
 has not reason for self-examination and self- 
 condemnation. We have no doubt that 
 there has been an improvement in this 
 Church of late in some important particu- 
 lars, but there must be a radical change in 
 the system before piety can flourish and 
 expand itself. 
 
 OTHER PROTESTANT CHURCHES OF EUROPE. 
 
 In commenting thus fully and freely 
 
CONTINENTAL CHURCHES. 66 
 
 upon the Church of England, we by no 
 means wish to leave the impression that 
 anything like all the evils existing in Pro- 
 testant churches are concentrated there. 
 We could find much to condemn in the 
 Church of Scotland, especially as it existed 
 in the days of its moderatism and Erastian- 
 ism. An intellectual orthodoxy was indeed 
 preserved, but the power of vital religion was 
 scarcely known. We might carry the torch 
 of investigation around all the Protestant 
 churches of Europe ; and measured even by 
 the standard of our American evangelical 
 spirit, they would present abundant food 
 for lamentation and woe. 
 
 How is it with the churches of Holland, 
 Switzerland, Denmark, Norway, and Swe- 
 den? How is it with Germany, the old 
 " land of the Reformation ?" How much of 
 the genuine spirit of Christ is to be found 
 among the churches of Luther? What are 
 their 16,000 ministers teaching and prac- 
 tising. Do 1,000 of them preach the truth 
 
 6* 
 
00 GERMAN CLERGY. 
 
 at all? We doubt it. Do half that num- 
 ber manifest an apostolic devotion to their 
 appropriate work? We doubt it. Are not 
 many of them far more concerned about 
 their pipe-smoking and their beer-drinking, 
 than about the saving of souls ? Are not 
 the most of them more engaged in delving 
 into ancient lore, than in preaching Christ ? 
 more concerned in concocting and explod- 
 ing rationalistic theories, really subversive 
 of the authority of the Bible, more earnest 
 in perusing the dreamy subtilties of a worth- 
 less and disorganizing philosophy, than in 
 visiting the fatherless and the widow, in 
 urging the vital simplicities of the Gospel, in 
 ministering to the necessities of the needy, 
 and sending abroad through the whole tex- 
 ture of society, those holy and healing influ- 
 ences which emanate from earnest piety in 
 the heart, and from the truth as it is in 
 Jesus? Can any intelligent Christian say 
 that these intimations do injustice to the 
 ministers and people of these countries? 
 
CLERICAL UNFAITHFULNESS. (Sf$, 
 
 Surely we can establish all these things by 
 abundant evidence. 
 
 Now what is the significancy of these 
 facts? Here is Protestantism displayed, 
 not in abstract, but in concrete. Here it is, 
 where it first originated and where it has 
 been longest tried. Has it the spirit of 
 Christ? Does it breathe either a true 
 divinity, or a true humanity ? Are its mi- 
 nisters and members "going about doing 
 good," "preaching the gospel to the poor," 
 "making full proof of their ministry," 
 "feeding the hungry, clothing the naked," 
 " preaching in season and out of season, 
 reproving, rebuking, exhorting, with all 
 long-suffering and doctrine." Are they "en- 
 during hardness, as good soldiers of Christ." 
 "Are they bearing the cross, despising the 
 shame." " Are they beseeching and warning 
 men, day and night, with tears ?" Yery far 
 from it. Let it not be attempted to evade 
 the force of these things, by ascribing it all 
 to unavoidable human imperfection. "He 
 
WANT OF CANDOUR. 
 
 that hath not the spirit of Christ is none of 
 his." The true Christian " has put off the 
 old man with his deeds, and put on the new 
 man, who is renewed in knowledge, after 
 the image of Him that created him." "He 
 that is born of God doth not commit sin." 
 " By their fruits ye shall know them." 
 
 CHRISTIAN DISHONESTY. 
 
 There is something supremely dishonest 
 in that very common spirit of refusing to 
 consider impartially facts which are adverse 
 to the perfection of the party to which we 
 belong, whether that party be large or small. 
 To endeavour systematically to suppress, 
 cover over, and explain away everything of 
 an unfavourable character, not only shows 
 that there is more attachment to ;party than 
 to truth, but is the surest possible method 
 of petrifying that party or system, and leav- 
 ing it as a stationary rock, the rest of the 
 world sweeping by in a mighty 'tide. It is 
 
WANT OF CANDOUR. 69 
 
 not enough to say that truth in its nature 
 is unchangeable. Certainly it is. But the 
 grand question to every party and every 
 man is, Have you the truth and the whole 
 truth ? or may there not be some deficiency 
 in your system of faith and practice ? To 
 settle down upon the idea that you are 
 "perfect, thoroughly furnished/' is to claim 
 an infallibility equal to that claimed by the 
 Church of Rome. And yet, in most Pro- 
 testant denominations there is just this sort 
 of settled conviction that we are right, and 
 there is nothing valid can be urged against 
 us. Hence preachers, editors, and authors, 
 arm themselves cap-a-pie to defend their 
 peculiar system just as it isy in principle and 
 in fact. Hence each leading sect lies an- 
 chored to its creed, like a man-of-war in 
 harbour, although the broad ocean of un- 
 explored truth stretches away from it in 
 unknown vastness. 
 
 This spirit of disingenuousness is not the 
 spirit of the Bible — whose leading character- 
 
70 HONESTY OF THE BIBLE. 
 
 istics are frankness and honesty. The errors 
 and idolatries of Israel are as fully related as 
 are their love and faithfulness. The sacred 
 writers tell of the wives of Solomon as clear- 
 ly as of his wisdom. They tell of David's 
 crimes as much as of his virtues. In the 
 Gospels, they no more conceal the denial of 
 Peter than the sermon on Pentecost. They 
 tell as much of Judas as of John. They 
 spread out the error and iniquity of churches 
 and church members as honestly as they do 
 their devotion and their soundness. No 
 book in the world is so remarkable for its out- 
 spoken honesty as the Bible (and herein lies 
 a strong internal evidence of its truth) . And 
 if the Church of God has not the same bold 
 and candid integrity, it is wanting in at least 
 one characteristic of the Word of God. " Paul 
 withstood Peter, face to face, because he was 
 to be blamed." And there is a moral rotten- 
 ness in that system, which would shield, 
 even from investigation, the character and 
 conduct of ministers and people, or their 
 
THE REAL POINT. 71 
 
 doctrines. If we cannot be always right, let 
 us, for Heaven's sake, be always honest, and 
 then truth and righteousness will at least 
 get a hearing before the world. "Whoso 
 covereth his sins (whether of practice or doc- 
 trine), shall not prosper ; but whoso confess- 
 eth and forsaketh them shall have mercy." 
 
 In view of such facts as have been stated or 
 alluded to in this article, and in the book 
 which is now under special consideration, let 
 us not instantly fly into a passion, and fly 
 into the face of him who utters them ; but 
 let our wrath be reserved until we honestly 
 and patiently inquire whether they he trite. 
 If not true, then let fly the whole artillery of 
 heaven and earth against the lie — but even 
 then remember in mercy the person of the 
 ofiender, and let him be " saved tho' as by 
 fire." But if it be true, let us do as Paul or 
 Peter would do, if in our place, own it and 
 shun not to declare it even before kings. 
 This whole plan of suppressing the truth — 
 any truth — is as unphilosophical and impoli- 
 
72 THE AMERICAN CHURCHES. 
 
 tic, as it is dishonest and unscriptural. 
 Truth is salutary, whilst error is injurious. 
 Surely this is a settled principle — it is the 
 principle of this age, which is scattering 
 truth everywhere ; ay, it is the spirit of Pro- 
 testantism in its original and essential cha- 
 racter. Once let the Church become fully 
 imbued with the disingenuousness which so 
 characterizes the world, and her beauty, pu- 
 rity, and power are gone — she becomes a 
 thing of Satan, not of God. " Whatsoever a 
 man soweth, that shall he also reap." If he 
 soweth lies, he shall reap ruin ! The hopes 
 of the world are staked upon the honesty of 
 the Church ! 
 
 DECAY IN THE AMERICAN CHURCHES. 
 
 Our Protestant denominations in this 
 country, in their spirit and practical opera- 
 tions, certainly evince more of the true life 
 of Christianity than the same denominations 
 in the " old country." There is less bigotry, 
 
SOCIAL RIGIDITY. 73 
 
 less stiffness, less pride, less secularity, less 
 moderatism. But yet there are many sore 
 evils among us which might and ought to be 
 corrected. And it is to be feared that as 
 our society consolidates into something of 
 the rigidity which characterizes all old and 
 crowded communities, there will come upon 
 us a great reactionary tide which will crystal- 
 lize our Christianity as sharply and solidly as 
 it is seen in countries where the same forces 
 have long been acting. The tremendous ear- 
 nestness and evangelic zeal of the times of 
 Luther gradually subsided, and was succeed- 
 ed by indifference to the truth, and indiffer- 
 ence to the interests of the people. The Puri- 
 tans, with their piety red hot trom the fur- 
 nace of trial, gave an impetus to piety in co- 
 lonial America — which, however, gradually 
 cooled down, as peace and wealth pervaded 
 the community. Soon after the violent agi- 
 tation of the American mind in the struggles 
 of the Revolution — when war was done, the 
 wave of feeling, checked in one direction, 
 
74 SOCIAL EXCLUSIVENESS. 
 
 tacked about, and poured itself into the reli- 
 gious world, as the baffled Gulf Stream recoils 
 from the shore, and rushes with its warm 
 tide almost to the heart of the Frozen Ocean. 
 And amidst all the causes of agitation which 
 have hitherto kept the American mind under 
 a pressure of high excitement, religion, by an 
 irresistible sympathy, has received a stimula- 
 ting and on-pushing influence. Old things 
 passed away in every department, and all 
 things became new. But now that those 
 waves, which keep the contents of the vessel 
 jostling one against another, have subsided — 
 and all things have fallen into distinct and 
 determinate shapes, each department of life, 
 instead of assisting in the development of the 
 others, will be spending all its energies direct- 
 ly in developing its own interest. And the 
 tendency is not only in social life, but in all 
 the various lines of pursuit, for the elements of 
 society to dispose themselves into a hard sys- 
 tem of caste, the orders of which are mutual- 
 ly repulsive. Minds lose their versatility, 
 
THE TEMPORAL AND SPIRITUAL. 76 
 
 and get to confine themselves to particular 
 regions of thought. This indeed will pro- 
 mote discovery, but it will destroy harmony. 
 And with all the advance of improvement, 
 men will work harder and harder in their 
 special pursuits, leaving less and less time to 
 think of anything outside of their particular 
 sphere, and individuals and classes become 
 more isolated : until the command " love thy 
 neighbour as thyself" will become even more 
 effectually abrogated than it is now. 
 
 Now it is the province of Christianity to 
 counteract this selfish and absorbing devo- 
 tion to worldly pursuits. But in such an age 
 religion is subjected to unusual disadvantages. 
 The temporal gets the start of the spiritual ; 
 and whatever men go at, it is with all their 
 might, and will scarcely take time to listen 
 to anything else. And inevitably (unless 
 arrested by supernatural grace), if the spiri- 
 tual cannot overcome the temporal, the tem- 
 poral will overcome the spiritual. One or 
 the other must conquer — the world must be 
 
76 DECADENCE. 
 
 spiritualized, or the Church will be temporal- 
 ized. Like a Father Mathew temperance re- 
 form, we fear that the paroxysms of our reli- 
 gious enthusiasm are ceasing, and the gan- 
 grene of rottenness is creeping through our 
 churches. Already have we hinted some- 
 thing to this effect, but we have yet more to 
 add. 
 
 The first evidence of this which we mention 
 is a general indifference among the churches 
 to the real solid truth of God — even to that 
 portion of it, which is an acknowledged part 
 of their own creed. Even the favourite theo- 
 logical doctrines which, up to this time, have 
 formed the staple of religious teaching, preach- 
 ing, and publishing, are losing their hold upon 
 the public mind. This is not because these 
 precious doctrines have been supplanted by 
 great religious ideas of another sort, but be- 
 cause of religious languor and enervation; 
 because of a diseased delicacy of the pious 
 palate, which has no taste for aught but the 
 tit-bits of religious sentimentalism. Look 
 
DILUTED CHRISTIANITY. 77 
 
 at the issues of our cotemporaneous press, 
 and what are they in the main but a weak, 
 wishy-washy, everlasting flood of pious trash ; 
 namby-pamby novels, stupid tracts, silly 
 baby-books, flat biographies, sickening senti- 
 mentalism, done up in doggerel or bespread 
 in prose over fine white paper; elegantly-bound 
 picture-books for centre-tables, giving like- 
 nesses of Ruth, and Rachel, and Job's oldest 
 daughter, for what we know, with nice essays 
 on each by bishops and doctors of divinity ! 
 Such is the diluted, attenuated stufl* we have 
 served up now-a-days for Christianity ! 
 shades of Butler, Calvin, Edwards, weep over 
 your degenerate kind! Behold your giant 
 robes covering the shoulders of religious milk- 
 sops. Sitting in the heavens, with what con- 
 tempt must your dignified souls look down 
 upon our coxcomb Christianity — so befixed 
 and befurbelowed, and yet having underneath 
 such very little body, and still less soul ! How 
 would it astonish the burghers of New York 
 City to see an announcement of a course of 
 
 7* 
 
78 DILUTED CHRISTIANITY. 
 
 " Lectures on Justification by Faith !" We 
 are sure the most of them would take it for 
 a hoax — a decided hit at the olden times ! 
 Just watch the notices for Sunday sermons 
 on particular subjects: and although there 
 are always a plenty of them in the Saturday 
 papers, regularly inserted alongside of notices 
 of quack medicines and theatrical exhibitions, 
 announcing clerical performances of various 
 kinds ; yet you search in vain for discussions 
 of atonement, sin, regeneration — whilst you 
 find an abundance of sermons on " Moral 
 Beauty," " Heavenly Recognition," " Temp- 
 tation ;" and any number on Kossuth, Hun- 
 gary, Intervention, Union, Henry Clay, 
 Daniel Webster, Maine Liquor Law, France, 
 Cuba, Presidential election, and all the other 
 exciting topics of the day. And should some 
 faithful old Calvinist advertise a discourse on 
 " Predestination," some of his own congre- 
 gation would stay at home, and others would 
 fear the old man was getting a little unba- 
 lanced in his old age. These great subjects 
 
POPULAR PREACHING. 79 
 
 which form the bone and sinew of Chris- 
 tianity (if not the warm blood), seem prac- 
 tically to be dropping out of notice. Sermons 
 abound in sentiment^ and philosophy, and 
 secular discussions, and are often as full of 
 " pretty things" as a shop window. But the 
 preacher must have great courage who would 
 choose for his subject some ponderous old 
 doctrine, instead of the latest ^^nine days' 
 wonder." We believe it was Daniel Webster 
 who said, " Preachers now-a-days take their 
 texts from the Bible and their sermons from 
 the newspapers," — certainly as withering a 
 rebuke as can be found in the pages of " New 
 Themes." The great idea with many is to 
 be jpopular. The empty pews are to be filled ; 
 the crushing church debt is to be paid ; the 
 church can't afford to have unpalatable doc- 
 trines preached in their pulpit — can't afford 
 to hear dull gospel common-places doled out 
 to them from Sabbath to Sabbath ; they want 
 something spicy — something that " will draw 
 a houseJ" 
 
80 CHARITY NOT SUPPRESSION. 
 
 And then the preacher is warned to re- 
 member that there are people of other deno- 
 minations present; that a certain family 
 from another denomination is negotiating for 
 a pew ; that such a young man had married 
 into another denomination; that a certain 
 lady's aunt sometimes attended the church ; 
 all these being of a different way of thinking 
 on some points, it would not do to say any- 
 thing that might offend them. The preacher 
 must be very careful to avoid interdenomi- 
 national topics^ or the income of the church 
 might suffer. 
 
 So far as these things are true — and they 
 can hardly be doubted by those who have 
 had an opportunity of observing — there is 
 presented material for very serious reflection. 
 We do not consider it any advantage to the 
 cause of charity, that the ministers cease to 
 preach, and the churches to love, the other 
 doctrines of the Bible. It evinces a relaxa- 
 tion of mind and a spirit of indifferentism, 
 which diminishes the hope of their being in- 
 
DENOMINATIONALISM. 81 
 
 duced to take hold of any subject demanding 
 thought and investigation. The stomach 
 which has been kept on a milk diet, is not in 
 a condition to lay hold of any solid food. 
 
 We perhaps cannot join in the tone in which 
 denominationalism in all its forms seems to be 
 denounced by the author of " New Themes." 
 If you destroy the esprit du corps of de- 
 nominationalism, you in the same propor- 
 tion enervate the strength of church organi- 
 zations. And if you withhold from the peo- 
 ple the full pabulum of Bible-truth, as it is 
 understood by the teacher, you check the 
 development of Christian character, and 
 produce a race of spiritual dwarfs. There 
 is nothing gained in behalf of charity by 
 weakening the attachment of the people to 
 their principles, unless those principles are 
 false, in which case they ought to be 
 changed; but still they should be encou- 
 raged to lay earnest hold of whatever they 
 do believe. It is by magnifying the value 
 of all truth that you will be best enabled to 
 
82 ALL TRUTH IMPORTANT. 
 
 lead them to consider the importance of 
 charity. If you try to belittle the favourite 
 truth of others, others will belittle your 
 truth. You must, if possible, be able to say, 
 "We are both right. Your truth is true 
 and highly important, but here is a great 
 truth which needs to go in with the ba- 
 lance." And this is just what we can say in 
 this case. Faith is true, original sin is true, 
 but charity is true also, and we must put 
 them together in right proportions. 
 
 Whatever tends to produce indifferent- 
 ism, prepares the way for all sorts of here- 
 sies, for gradual rejection of fundamental 
 truth, and the incoming of a semi-infidelity. 
 One of the great wants of the Church now 
 is a high-toned anti-moderatism. We are 
 sick of this dodging, trimming, time-serving 
 spirit, so rife in the religious world. It is 
 bad enough to witness the rottenness of our 
 mercantile morals, and wide, indeed almost 
 universal, venality and want of firm princi- 
 ple in the secular press, newspaper and 
 
THE SECULAR PRESS. 83 
 
 book; but to see the same unprincipled 
 spirit corrupting the great sources of reli- 
 gious influence is truly appalling! 
 
 THE PRESS — BOOK AND NEWSPAPER. 
 
 Not to speak further of the pulpit just now, 
 we remark that it would amaze the plain 
 Christian people of the country, to know the 
 principle on which our religious literature is 
 usually issued. A publishing house now and 
 then sets out to please some particular class 
 of the religious community. It acts consist- 
 ently for a while, and perhaps gets the con- 
 fidence and patronage of the class aimed at, 
 but as the business is hampered in the eyes 
 of the prosperous publisher by being con- 
 fined to one class, he begins to coquet 
 with another class, perhaps the very anti- 
 podes of the first. He presently is now and 
 then publishing books which run right in 
 the teeth of his first customers, but he does 
 it so adroitly, that perhaps he has made his 
 
84 THE PRESS GENERALLY. 
 
 fortune before it is found out that he has 
 been blowing both hot and cold. But in 
 most cases publishers look upon religious 
 principles and religious books purely as an 
 article of merchandise, and their catalogues 
 will show an allapodrida as heterogeneous as 
 the contents of a witch's caldron. The par- 
 son rarely thinks that his church Bible was 
 "gotten up" by the same house that feeds 
 the maw of infidelity. The sweet Miss as 
 she presses her pearl inlaid Prayer-book to 
 her heartj little dreams that it was put out 
 by the same house that drives a great trade 
 in Paul De Kock's novels. 
 
 But if the literature of men's salvation is 
 trafficked in by men of the world just as 
 sermonSj papers, marriage certificates and 
 butcher's meat are, we are scarcely sur- 
 prised, however shocked we may be at the 
 desecration; but our patience is clean gone 
 when we see an analogous spirit exhibited 
 in much of our religious periodical litera- 
 ture. In a large portion of them, the great 
 
RELIGIOUS NEWSPAPERS. 85 
 
 idea is to conduct the journal so that it will 
 'pay ; to have a villainous squinting toward 
 mammon while professing to serve God. 
 This great phalanx of religious newspapers 
 consists, in the main, of so many competitors 
 in the race of fortune-hunting, and they are 
 often much more concerned to break one 
 another down, than to combine in develop- 
 ing great Christian ideas, and carrying for- 
 ward great Christian enterprises. They 
 much more frequently filch an article from 
 another without credit, than acknowledge 
 merit in a rival. Even papers representing 
 the same great classes of opinions rarely 
 agree in advocating anything. If one starts 
 an idea, others oppose it from mere jeal- 
 ousy. They preserve a great taciturnity 
 about one another, until an opportunity 
 offers of making a drive against some luck- 
 less editor who happens to let slip some- 
 thing that an ungenerous competitor can 
 make capital of Of all the numberless 
 newspapers in the land, you can scarcely 
 
86 RELIGIOUS NEWSPAPERS. 
 
 find two who will ever join harmoniously in 
 urging forward any scheme of good. If 
 one paper compliments another^ it is be- 
 cause there is no chance of their interfering 
 with one another's success, and in some 
 instances it is done to disoblige a rival. 
 And as to the actual contents of these 
 papers, what are they ? Chiefly flat letters 
 of foreign correspondents, who are paid to 
 write, whether they have anything to say 
 or not; fourth-rate essays on familiar com- 
 monplaces, columns of news from the daily 
 papers, disingenuous notices of books which 
 are not read, receipts for housewifery, ad- 
 vertisements about general matters, hasty 
 editorials on an unvarying set of topics, 
 complimenting friends, and (we were going 
 to say), cursing enemies; great on little mat- 
 ters, and little on great matters. We could 
 excuse mere imbecility, if there were an 
 honest, manly, outspoken policy pursued; 
 but usually it is the very reverse. The 
 policy is to please, and not to advocate 
 
RELIGIOUS NEWSPAPERS. 87 
 
 truth. A sentiment may be admitted pri- 
 vately by the conductors, and yet if it would 
 run counter to the prejudices of their 
 patrons, it is denied a hearing. Hence our 
 orthodox religious newspaper press is the 
 most stationary of our literature, and hence 
 it is practically reactionary. Frequently 
 indeed the column of book notices will con- 
 tain a sneer at a certain book, such as '^ New 
 Themes," whilst the editorial column will 
 contain some of the ideas of the same book. 
 But there is no bold, manly laying hold of a 
 new and difficult subject; no earnest, in- 
 quisitive searching after truth. An idea 
 must have the imprimatur of at least one 
 generation of divines before it can receive an 
 elaborate treatment. They are afraid to com- 
 mit themselves to an idea until the world in 
 some other way has found it to be good and 
 true, and then the ponderous editorials come 
 lumbering on to the jS.eld after the battle 
 has been won, and like Jack Falstaff, hew 
 and hack the bodies already slain. They 
 
88 RELIGIOUS NEWSPAPERS. 
 
 are mostly "conservative" (as they ought 
 to be) ; but their idea of conservatism is 
 fighting off all new ideas, until everybody 
 believes them, and then putting them into 
 the list of their loci communes, to be put 
 forth in all sorts of shapes, as the boy 
 makes his piece of putty now into a ball, 
 then into a bird, and again into a shoe; but 
 still it is the same putty all the time. 
 
 But let us not be understood as opposing 
 religious newspapers. We think them highly 
 valuable even as they are, and many good and 
 some able men write for them, but we think 
 they lack point, and candour, and ability, and 
 they fall far short of their duty in laying hold 
 of the new phases of thought w^hich are turn- 
 ing up every day. They are too scary, too 
 time-serving, too mercenary, too deficient in 
 kindness and magnanimity. 
 
 There is one small class of periodicals which 
 deserves the severest castigation. It is that 
 which professes loudest a love of union, libe- 
 rality, and catholic evangelism; but their 
 
NEW THEMES AT FAULT. 89 
 
 union means truckling to several parties 
 instead of to one ; their liberality means 
 freedom to abuse men and things obnoxi- 
 ous to their patrons, and add spice to their 
 papers by a free use of every sort of ad 
 ccvptandum material culled from politics, 
 music, philosophy, gossip, or scandal ; their 
 catholic evangelism means keeping the bulk 
 of the truth of God out of sight, and court- 
 ing the greatest number of Christians who 
 can, by an occasional pietistic whine, be bait- 
 ed into the ranks of their admiring spooneys, 
 whose admiration is valued at precisely the 
 amount of their subscriptions. 
 
 "new themes" at fault. 
 
 It will be seen from the foregoing remarks 
 that there is at least an apparent difference 
 in our estimate of the spirit of the times and 
 that made by the writer whom, for the sake 
 of brevity, we shall call "New Themes." 
 He seems to consider the spirit of our exis- 
 tent Protestantism eminently doctrinal. We 
 
 8^ 
 
90 RELIGIOUS INDirrERENTISM. 
 
 think that such it was not long since ; but 
 that now it manifests a singular want of 
 sturdy principle of all kinds. Its standards 
 of course remain the same, but in some 
 quarters there is indifferentism, and in others 
 entire and acknowledged defection, in regard 
 of these standards. When there is a discus- 
 sion of principles at all, it is usually a dis- 
 cussion among the members of the same sect. 
 It is Methodist vs. Methodist, Episcopalian vs. 
 Episcopalian, Presbyterian vs. Presbyterian, 
 Baptist vs. Baptist, Quaker vs. Quaker, rather 
 than each sect rallying around its hereditary 
 principles, and boldly maintaining them as 
 the truth of God. Even the proselytism 
 that is the chief study and practice of some 
 sects is not a warfare of principle, but a 
 sneaking form of Jesuitical intrigue. It pro- 
 ceeds on the system of seducing the young 
 and unwary, rather than converting the op- 
 ponent by honest argument. It is an assault 
 of air-guns, deadly but soundless. Their 
 principles are masked in annuals, engravings, 
 
PROSELYTING. 91 
 
 nouvelettes, biographies, pious meditations, 
 and all the manifold seductions of social ap- 
 pliances, whilst open averment and assault 
 are studiously avoided. The poison is so in- 
 termingled with syrup, that the patient is 
 fully drugged before he knows it. And this 
 plan of operations is successful just because 
 the people, especially the younger portion, 
 hang on to the churches of their fathers by 
 the sole tie of habit. Yery few inquire or 
 are taught why they are in one church rather 
 than another ; and any direct attempt to ex- 
 plain dijfferences is commonly met by opposi- 
 tion. The people have a sort of charity for 
 others, which is worse than bigotry — not 
 that charity which helievetJi all things — not 
 that which is the product of an intelligent 
 faith, but that easy indifferentism which is 
 without faith, which prefers the stagnation 
 of the pool rather than have their indolence 
 stirred by a ripple. Such charity is a vice ; 
 and that charity alone is to be commended 
 which is the efflorescence of a strong root of 
 
92 CHARITY NOT MODERATISM. 
 
 principle. As true liberty is impossible with- 
 out a rigid system of law, so true charity is 
 impossible without a firm basis of doctrinal 
 truth. It is the truth which must make us 
 free — free from sin, from error, from bigotry, 
 from prejudice, from cant. No genuine cha- 
 rity is possible on any other plan than as the 
 top-dressing of a solid sub-soil of theological 
 truth 5 and to attempt to have a valuable 
 charity apart from this, would be as vain as 
 to attempt to keep the air of your garden 
 scented with a favourite perfume apart from 
 the plant which exhales it. 
 
 Whilst, however, " New Themes" and our- 
 selves may differ slightly in our understand- 
 ing of the spirit of the living age, yet in the 
 principles just stated we do not apprehend 
 that there would be any material difference 
 of sentiment between us. 
 
 THEOLOGICAL SEMINARIES TO BE WATCHED. 
 
 This paper was not designed to exhibit 
 the slightest literary finish, — and if it has 
 
THEOLOGICAL SEMINARIES. 93 
 
 any value^ it is only for the honest expres- 
 sion of sentiments, which are either grossly 
 slanderous or are deserving of serious atten- 
 tion. No quarter is asked of that class of 
 critics who digest their roast beef over the 
 new publications they like to receive to fill 
 their libraries, despatching several 8vos and 
 12mos, besides a raft of sermons, speeches, 
 and " stories for children," in three or four 
 afternoons, and then inditing a few para- 
 graphs about each, which may easily be seen 
 to evince a blind prejudice — a reckless party 
 spirit — a total misapprehension of the work 
 — or show that these notices are like the 
 wood-cut which the " Western Editor" (that 
 butt of eastern wit) used successively for a 
 President, an English lord, a murderer, a 
 parson, and the " razor-strap man." People 
 there are, no doubt, who still set a value on 
 such flimsy criticisms. But the discerning 
 portion of the public have about as much 
 respect for such " notices" as they have for 
 the " signs of the moon" in planting potatoes. 
 
94 INCOHERENCE. 
 
 But of our candid reader we must ask par- 
 don for leading him in such zigzag fashion 
 through this grave subject ; but, really, it is 
 the best we can do under the circumstances 
 in which we write, so he must commence 
 his practice of the grace which we inculcate 
 rather than exemplify, by "forbearing" im- 
 patience with our doubling, jerking gait. 
 We have a good many ideas on this general 
 subject, but we scent them up, or scare them 
 up, much as the hound does the hares he is 
 hunting in the cedar thicket, following hard 
 after whichever one happens to rise until it is 
 run down, and then starting another ; and it 
 may be that the same one is. chased awhile, 
 then left for another, to be returned to, per- 
 haps, several times before it is fairly ex- 
 hausted or disposed of. 
 
 And we must also be permitted to say that, 
 although we may sometimes indulge in light 
 remarks, we do not view this whole subject 
 in any other than a most serious aspect. We 
 are dealing with what may be considered the 
 
THEOLOGICAL SEMINARIES. 95 
 
 sum of human hopes, and we are incapable of 
 mockery on such a theme. 
 
 We now revert to the pecuHarities of our 
 Protestant ministry in this country. Many 
 of the pecuUarities of the present generation 
 of ministers are attributable to the very re- 
 cent adoption of the system of education in 
 theological seminaries. We consider this sys- 
 tem, in its possibilities, very superior to the 
 system of private reading under an old minis- 
 ter — which, whilst it had many advantages, 
 and answered well for the " times of men's 
 ignorance/' would by no means answer for 
 training the kind of religious teachers de- 
 manded by this enlightened and investigating 
 age. But the seminary system is one fraught 
 with gigantic evils, unless it be watched with 
 a jealous eye, and be kept in a flexible and 
 constantly improving state. It is no part of 
 our design to go into a full discussion of this 
 subject ; but there are some views of it perti- 
 nent to our object, which we take leave to 
 present. All the leading denominations have 
 
96 THEOLOGICAL PROFESSORS. 
 
 such schools, and what we have to say will 
 apply to all alike. 
 
 Let us consider this system in its natural 
 tendencies ; first, upon the professorial corps ; 
 second, upon the pastoral life ; and third, upon 
 the Church, as a body ; — the bearing of all 
 which upon mankind in general will be easily 
 seen. 
 
 1. In commenting upon the tendencies of 
 the seminary system, as affecting the com- 
 plexion of the professorial corps, we wish to 
 be understood as speaking of causes which, 
 as yet, have had too little time to produce 
 general or very noticeable results ; and hence 
 the careless observer may at once declare our 
 views unfounded ; but we believe that time 
 and a close observation will verify the main 
 positions we shall take. 
 
 It is obvious to all that this system will 
 create a class of scholars, whose attainments 
 will very far exceed that of the pastors, as a 
 class. This we advert to as a fact, which 
 may be for great good or great evil. It is 
 
THEOLOGICAL PROFESSORS. 97 
 
 the generation of a gigantic estate in the 
 Church which may prove an impregnable 
 bulwark, or a traitorous usurper of the throne 
 of power — which power may be used to ex- 
 tinguish independent thought on the one 
 hand, or to instil dangerous and seductive 
 error on the other. 
 
 In different denominations the professorial 
 mind will be projected in different directions, 
 depending in a measure upon the leading pe- 
 culiarity of the denomination, and will incline 
 to run into an heretical exaggeration of those 
 peculiarities, not by laboriously working in the 
 practical field of these peculiarities so much 
 as by being seduced on in the direction indi- 
 cated, into regions entirely beyond the sym- 
 pathies of the existent Church. 
 
 For example, if it is characteristic of the 
 sect to make a large use of reason in theolo- 
 gical matters — to believe doctrines, not be- 
 cause God says so, but because they can 
 maintain them in other ways — then their 
 
THE THEOLOGICAL LIFE 
 
 seminary theologues are in special danger of 
 rationalistic errors. 
 
 If the peculiarity of the sect be an undue 
 elevation of the mere forms of religion, then 
 you may expect to find the seminaries the 
 great fountain-heads of the doctrines of sa- 
 cramental grace and ecclesiology. 
 
 If the tendency is an undue subjection of 
 the mind to the " letter which killeth," then 
 the teachings will be confined chiefly to a 
 barren exegesis, whose sole object is to com- 
 pel the Scriptures to yield a foregone conclu- 
 sion, and to explain away all other interpre- 
 tations, and practically to make little use of 
 those portions of Scripture which are not 
 needed in the establishment of a long rounded 
 and finished system of doctrines. 
 
 We regard the tendency to error, or 
 exaggeration or omission (as the case may 
 be) much greater among theological pro- 
 fessors than among pastors, because they 
 are removed from the checks and balances 
 which belong to the life of the pastor, and 
 
ISOLATING IN ITS INFLUENCE. 99 
 
 which really tend to soften and neutralize 
 any error or omission in his system of 
 belief. The body requires for its health 
 both repose and vigorous action, and the 
 mind to be safe and sound, must combine 
 study and action. If its life is all action, it 
 becomes dwindled ; if its life is all study, it 
 becomes bloated. The professorial life is 
 spent in the study and in the chair. The 
 professor's mind dwells in a diiferent world 
 from the pastor's. The details of pastoral 
 existence soon become insipid to the mind 
 of him whose thoughts are borne away 
 habitually to vast fields lying out of all 
 common sight and sympathy. Quietly em- 
 bosomed midst academic shades, the din of 
 actual life is forgotten. The strife of sects 
 dwindles into insignificance beside the great 
 controversies waging in his beloved black- 
 letter literature, or the giant errors and 
 infidelities which he beholds afar off. What 
 cares he for the " mode of baptism," for the 
 question of liturgies, or the difierences in 
 
100 A DENOMINATIONAL SPIRIT 
 
 Church Government, when his eye is full 
 fixed upon the "Great Beast/' or his 
 thoughts drowned in the ocean of German 
 Atheism ; so that when his pupil goes forth 
 he almost expects to meet Spinoza at the 
 first corner, or to be called upon to fly to 
 the deliverance of some victim under the 
 horn of the "Beast," and if it should be 
 only a Baptist he meets, he cannot give him 
 a single decent reason why he should not go 
 under the water at once. We give it as a 
 decided tendency of their position, that pro- 
 fessors are gradually led away from the 
 region of every-day activities. It is no 
 reply to this, to say that the same objection 
 lies against the chairs in our literary institu- 
 tions. We believe the objection valid 
 against both, but as being much more serious 
 in its bad eflects in theological than in 
 other seminaries of learning : more serious, 
 because the college is not depended on to 
 furnish the praxitical training for any pur- 
 suit, whilst the seminary, like the moot 
 
DISPLACED BY A SCHOLASTIC SPIRIT. 101 
 
 court and law office, the hospital and dis- 
 secting-room, the clerkship and apprentice- 
 ship, the normal school and the agricultural 
 college, to other pursuits, is meant to give 
 the immediate practice and final training 
 for active life. 
 
 Another evil tendency in the present sys- 
 tem is for the professor to exalt learning 
 above training. Hence the professor is 
 chiefly concerned to cram the pupil's mind 
 with other men's thoughts, giving him very 
 little encouragement to think for himself, 
 and very little opportunity to exercise the 
 very faculties which are in incessant and 
 prominent demand in the pastorate. Hence 
 theological education narrows into the at- 
 tenuating system of mere inculcation. The 
 professor looks upon his class as his auj- 
 clience; and if he catechizes them at all, it 
 is that they may retail to him his own lec- 
 tures or their gatherings from other theo- 
 logues to whom he has referred them."^ 
 
 * No great respect is due to mere elocutionary exer- 
 9* 
 
102 THEOLOGICAL MONASTICISM. 
 
 Living thus in a world of theological lite- 
 rature mostly of past ages, the professor is 
 almost absolutely cut off from all oppor- 
 tunities of studying man, individually or in 
 
 cises, especially when conducted by ordinary professors of 
 elocution, who, as a class, seem doomed to rank with teach- 
 ers of music and dancing. This may be because a man 
 capable of this is capable of a better, business. But the 
 kind of training we think needed, is that which gives the 
 student thorough mastery of his own powers and of 
 every idea tvhich enters his mind. Let the amount of 
 acquisition be reduced and clarified, and more time be 
 devoted to requiring the student to fasten the frame- 
 work of every subject in his mind, instead of accumu- 
 lating such undigested heaps in his note-books, and to 
 requiring him to call up promptly, and deliver fluently 
 his thoughts upon the great leading topics of the Chris- 
 tian system. Let him be taught to be a ready, self- 
 possessed, clear, lively, speaker, to be a man outside of 
 his study and away from his " notes. ^' Let him have a 
 chance too to form a style more modern and graceful 
 than that of the divines of the last century, so that when 
 he comes into the world ho will speak the language of 
 the people, and not a strange, antique dialect, like a 
 Eip Yan Winkle who has been slumbering since the 
 days of the schoolmen. 
 
THEOLOGICAL MONASTICISM. 103 
 
 society. His thoughts are projected in a 
 difierent direction. If he is not carried 
 beyond the orthodox bounds of his system^ 
 he remains like a giant in his castle, whose 
 life is spent in pacing around on his walls, 
 and letting fly his catapult against all man- 
 ner of foes, real and imaginary. He regards 
 his fortress as perfect, and considers the 
 hopes of the world largely involved in its 
 remaining just as it is. The immured theo- 
 logian cannot know much of the ac- 
 tual workings of Christianity among men. 
 Newspapers and statistical reports cannot 
 convey to him any distinct impression of 
 the detailed collisions, defeats, and conquer- 
 ings of Christianity. But worse than this, 
 he can never derive a suggestion from the 
 world of man; he can never see actual 
 wants and sufferings that are in the world. 
 The strangest story he could listen to, would 
 be the detailed experience of a pastor. Not 
 seeing anything of it himself, he has but 
 little sympathy with the statements which 
 
104 THE THEOLOGICAL CORPS 
 
 are made concerning it; and hence, never 
 studies how Christianity may be made more 
 practically operative in society. The her- 
 mit, who long since went from the inhabi- 
 ted plain, to spend his life in the valley 
 behind the high mountain range, cannot be 
 expected to see the world or to study its 
 wants; and when the professor retires 
 behind his great mountain of Divinity^ how 
 can he see through such a mass to the living 
 world beyond ? And this valley is as cool 
 as it is retired. The warm breezes of the 
 plain are chilled ere they reach his heart, 
 until even the stray wanderer from the 
 haunts of men is felt to be an intruder. 
 
 These remarks take it for granted that 
 this professorial corps will not be popu- 
 larized by frequent appointments from the 
 world of working pastors. We fear that 
 unless the Church is put upon her guard, 
 she will have very few practical men as the 
 instructors of her candidates for the minis- 
 try. There will gradually grow up in and 
 
SELF-PERPETUATING. 105 
 
 around these seminaries, a scholastic aristo- 
 cracy out of which the vacancies will chiefly 
 be filled. Students of superior talents will 
 be singled out by the professors and friends 
 of the institution, and encouraged to study 
 with direct reference to professorial chairs. 
 They will remain long as resident gradu- 
 ates, will be appointed as sub-teachers, and 
 will acquire a deserved reputation as scho- 
 lars, and as communicators of knowledge. 
 Through the various avenues of influence 
 they will be put prominently before the 
 churches, and the selection will finally be 
 made from this class, whilst the working 
 pastors will rarely present a candidate 
 whose scholarship and reputation, will enable 
 him to rival one of these "remarkable 
 young men," who has all his life been vege- 
 tating in the shadow of institutions of learn- 
 ing. 
 
 And at any rate, changes are of rare 
 occurrence in small faculties. What Mr. 
 Jefferson said of office-holders under govern- 
 
106 SEMINARY SELF-CONSEQUENCE. 
 
 ment applies partly to incumbents of all 
 such offices — " They rarely die and never 
 resign." At any rate, the introduction of an 
 occasional man "fresh from the people," 
 (as the politicians say), cannot change the 
 established tone of things he finds there. 
 Instead of changing the Seminary, the 
 Seminary changes him, and in a few years 
 he becomes the veriest stagyrite of them 
 all. 
 
 Another danger is that theological semi- 
 naries will come to consider themselves as 
 the first and highest estate in the churches. 
 Their officers are conscious of being the most 
 learned of all, they mould the pastors, they 
 write the weighty books, and conduct the 
 highest class of periodicals. A sense of their 
 dignity will grow upon them, until they will 
 take to task the highest Church courts, as 
 coolly as the pedagogue switches an urchin. 
 
 2. We proceed briefly to consider the in- 
 fluence of these institutions upon pastors, 
 who are educated in them. 
 
CANDIDATES FOR THE MINISTRY. 107 
 
 It is an old saying, " Like priest, like peo- 
 ple," and we may add, " Like teacher, like 
 pupil." The candidate for the ministry, after 
 having spent his life, up to that time, chiefly 
 in the school-house and college-hall — his 
 thoughts, for four years past, having been 
 expatiating through the planetary spaces, the 
 society of the ancient heathen republics, and 
 the abstractions of mathematics and meta- 
 physics — his intervals of time having been 
 spent in lounging — enters at, say twenty-one, 
 the walls of the seminary, and lays his head 
 under the hydraulic press of a theological 
 course, where it stays for three years, if not 
 four. His activities consist in turning over 
 lexicons, reading commentaries, and Church 
 histories, and rummaging among bodies of 
 divinity. His will is under the control of 
 the professor, whose lectures are his law, 
 and under whose direction, he explores the 
 ruins of the past. The most of his acquisi- 
 tions he commits to paper, and if, at the end 
 of his course, a fire should consume his 
 
108 INDIVIDUALITY DESTROYED. 
 
 manuscripts, he would feel as light and lost 
 as would his professor without a manuscript 
 in the pulpit. His crammings lie so confused 
 in his mind, that if he were suddenly called 
 to explain the way of salvation before an 
 audience, he would scarcely know what to 
 say, or how to say it. Give him time to 
 overhaul his notes, and he will give you hours 
 of discussion on each step. But his powers 
 have been stunned, if not crushed. His 
 knowledge manages him, and not he his 
 knowledge. He has no ready command of 
 his faculties, or his ideas. The great busi- 
 ness, which he went to acquire, is yet to be 
 learned, viz., preacJmig. He has no concep- 
 tion that ideas are to be sought anywhere 
 but in his theological repositories. His style 
 of thought and expression is that of the lec- 
 ture-room — his delivery, ditto. Passion, ele- 
 gance, and point, in composition, fluency of 
 speech, vivacity, adaptation to real life, ar- 
 dent love of men, are things undreamt of in 
 his philosophy. In the parlour he is wretched, 
 
rOUNG PREACHERS. 109 
 
 and excites the commiseration (if nothing 
 worse), of all around him. In the pulpit he 
 is stiif and precise. He passes along through 
 his abstruse and logical discourse (copied 
 out of his note-book) , coming over technical 
 words and phrases, and employing a diction 
 a hundred years old. Few understand 
 him, still fewer follow him through, and all 
 vote him a bore. Poor fellow, he has not 
 finished his first day's work, until his dys- 
 pepsia is on him hard, and he feels like a 
 lost country boy in the heart of the carnival. 
 People, customs, preaching, are the strangest 
 things to him in the world. Who would 
 have thought that seven years' hard training 
 could have so unfitted him for his business ! 
 He feels much as a cadet may be imagined 
 to feel, who has been, for years, learning " for- 
 tification and gunnery," but who finds him- 
 self on the field of battle, all surrounded by 
 arms, which he has never learned to load 
 or to point. It need not be said that some 
 youth triumph over their disadvantages, by 
 
 10 
 
110 THE PARSON IN TROUBLE. 
 
 reason of native superiority, but who that 
 knows the reputation of "clerical appren- 
 tices/' needs any evidence that what we 
 have stated is true of the graduates of our 
 seminaries as a class. 
 
 Of course, these young prophets begin pre- 
 sently to work loose, and gradually to find out 
 what they are in the ministry for. But they 
 soon find out, likewise, that if they retain any 
 hearers, they must dispense with much of 
 their theological lumber, and, in some way, 
 take an entire new start. Now, here is the 
 critical point. Fortunate is the youth if his 
 chilled piety revive, and he address himself, 
 solemnly and earnestly, to the saving of souls. 
 This is sometimes the case, but not always 
 — ^we fear not usually. His common sense 
 tells him that he must popularize himself, or 
 his audiences will be as small as was Dean 
 Swift's, when he began, " Dearly beloved 
 John." Had the doctrines of his creed really 
 taken distinct hold of his intelligence, and 
 his feeling, had he been trained to master 
 
WHAT SHALL HE DO? Ill 
 
 and wield his ideas, nothing would have been 
 wanting, but to bring out, in a clear and easy 
 form, the staple articles of religious belief, to 
 have engaged the attention of his hearers ; 
 but attributing the lack of interest in the 
 people, not only to his manner, but to the 
 doctrines themselves — he concludes to select 
 new topics, and to cultivate a new style. He 
 has many alternatives. He asks himself, 
 shall he become elegant or vulgar! Shall he 
 study poetry, or the newspapers ! Shall he 
 be satirical, or sentimental ! Or, perhaps, he 
 had better be philosophical, than any ! 
 Shall he be radical, or conservative ! Shall 
 he go to Union-saving, whether it is in dan- 
 ger or not, or whether it is any of his busi- 
 ness or not ! To flatter hungry merchants, 
 shall he say there is no " Higher Law" than 
 the Constitution of the United States, and 
 thus deny his God ! Shall he turn eulogist- 
 general of dead statesmen, or lay himself out 
 in the " Maine Liquor Law 1" Shall he ad- 
 vertise himself freely in the newspapers, and 
 
112 CLERICAL CLAP- TRAP. 
 
 get up all manner of raree-shows in his 
 church ! Shall he get an organ or band of 
 music in his gallery, and hire stage-singers to 
 do up his God-praising, or shall the Psalms 
 be sung as through comb-teeth ! Sometliing 
 must be done, that's certain ! But whether 
 it shall be demagogical clap-trap or esthetical 
 clap-trap is the question ! If he determines 
 to be genteel, then the tailor, the toilet, 
 books of etiquette, an occasional slap at the 
 " Liquor Law," and " The Irish," goes a great 
 way. If vulgar, then a dash of the free and 
 easy, a sneer at " up-town," and a study of 
 the slang-whanger s vocabulary, soon get him 
 in the way. All this is a reaction from his 
 bad theological training, which sent him out 
 without a single qualification for his office, 
 except book-learning, and without a mastery 
 of that. 
 
 To take another view, let any one look 
 abroad, and see the mode in which ministers, 
 even of a serious, evangelical spirit, especially 
 in our large cities, spend their existence. 
 
PASTORAL HABITS. 113 
 
 Their lives may be said to consist in elabo- 
 rating and pronouncing discourses from the 
 pulpit. A " preaching from house to house," 
 or a serious pastoral visitation and personal 
 supervision of the young, is a department of 
 Christian duty that is almost wholly ne- 
 glected. The habits of the seminary con- 
 tinue : he is absorbed — often destroyed — by 
 his cloister-toil. Now, what excuse have the 
 servants of Christ for this sort of monasti- 
 cism — for withdrawing their influence from 
 the world for si^ days in the week, in order 
 that they may make a display on the seventh ? 
 Such being his isolation from his own peo- 
 ple, how can he sympathize with suffering 
 humanity outside of the churches, or even 
 know of its condition? Pastors scarcely 
 know the condition of the families in their 
 own parishes; how can they know of the 
 miseries under w&ich the thousands of poor 
 and needy suffer, on their very path to their 
 churches ? We might take the very men of 
 distinguished piety mentioned by '^ A Lay- 
 
 10* 
 
114 NO IMITATION OF CHRIST. 
 
 man," and venture the assertion that they 
 never were in the habit of perambulating 
 amongst the abodes of wretchedness in our 
 cities. According to the established habits 
 of ministers, as to pulpit preparation, it were 
 physically impossible for them " to go about 
 doing good" in the manner Christ did — im- 
 possible for them to act the Samaritan, or to 
 exhibit a sample of James's idea of " pure 
 and undefiled religion." It is scarcely pos- 
 sible to suggest a remedy for this most un- 
 christian system of pastoral existence. Indi- 
 viduals cannot depart from the established 
 custom without dissatisfying their congrega- 
 tions, and perhaps forfeiting their living. 
 But church judicatories ought to interfere. 
 
 It is easy, then, to account for the fact 
 that the clergy are so stiff and stationary in 
 their ideas and modes of thought. They 
 live a retired, tread-mill life, having no time 
 or opportunity for independent thought and 
 observation. Each becomes identified with 
 the interests of a certain congregation, which 
 
SEMINARIES AND THE CHURCHES. 115 
 
 in most cases has gone beyond its means in 
 building a house of worship, and can give 
 their pastor a decent salary only when they 
 are extricated ; and every motive of affection 
 to his people and love to himself, combine to 
 bury his life with theirs. So that each church 
 is a sort of independent barony, absorbed in 
 the business of self-preservation. 
 
 3. Enough has been said already to indi- 
 cate our view of the influence theological 
 seminaries are likely to exert on the churches. 
 The seminaries, having the distinguished 
 scholars, the book-writers, the review editors, 
 the large libraries, and, more than all, the 
 educating of the ministers, they will gradu- 
 ally (unless watched) rise to the first power 
 in the Church, and infuse their spirit into the 
 remotest extremities of the body. The 'peo- 
 ple who look to the ministers, and find them 
 drawing their life from the seminaries, natu- 
 rally imbibe of the same current. The 
 opinions and the pronunciamatoes of the se- 
 minary aristocracy will outweigh all other 
 
116 THE SEMINARY SUPREME. 
 
 decisions and enactments ; and woe be to the 
 wight who then sets his face against the cur- 
 rent ! And with all the occasional aberra- 
 tions of desperate young parsons, still the 
 great eye of the Seminary, looking down on 
 the ministry, will fascinate the mass of them 
 into a charmed quiescence. And when the 
 day comes for the great Seminary to be 
 " made mad by much learning," the great 
 eye will charm only that the conquered 
 Church may receive the envenomed fang, 
 and deadly error be sent through all her 
 veins. 
 
 All these evils, we believe, may be averted 
 by suitable and timely efforts; and their vast 
 capabilities for good be multiplied many fold 
 over what they have yet reached. 
 
 SALARIES — EDUCATION SOCIETIES — PROUD 
 POVERTY. 
 
 Another disadvantage under which the 
 clergy labour, lies in the difficulty they have 
 
PASTORAL SALARIES. 117 
 
 in living on their salaries. If we insist upon 
 ministers imitating their apostolical prede- 
 cessors in all respects, then they are better ojff 
 by far than they ought to be. And whilst 
 we are not disposed to insist upon such a ne- 
 cessity, yet it becomes a very serious ques- 
 tion to determine how far clergymen should 
 follow their people in the rapidly-increasing 
 extravagance of living. If the principle be 
 a sound one, that the pastor ought to " live 
 as welV* as the most of his people, then it 
 will not be many generations until our Ame- 
 rican clergy will rival the English Bishops in 
 the largeness of their incomes, and the splen- 
 dour of their dwellings, and the sumptuous- 
 ness of their tables. Already, in our coun- 
 try, clergymen are receiving salaries as high 
 as eight ihousafnd dollars per annum, and the 
 tendency is constantly upward. And in our 
 cities, the social ambition of pastor and peo- 
 ple stimulates the desire to surround the pas- 
 torate with all the elegance their means will 
 admit of. And the temptation is strong upon 
 
118 PASTORAL POVERTY. 
 
 the pastor to flatter the rich, and to speak 
 his rebukes against their worldliness and 
 vanity in the blandest tone imaginable. And 
 if the pulpit is thus to be bribed to wink at 
 and even imitate the luxurious tendencies of 
 the age, there is no power short of a miracle 
 that can arrest the fearful tide of Christian 
 worldliness and self-indulgence. If the clergy 
 will not live lives of self-denial, how can 
 their parishioners be expected to do so ? 
 
 But it is generally admitted that " they 
 who preach the Gospel should live by the Gos- 
 pel," and when the people have enough and 
 to spare, the clergy should receive enough 
 salary " to free them from worldly cares and 
 anxieties," in order that their whole energies 
 may be thrown unhampered into their 'high 
 vocation. But, in point of fact, they are 
 generally crippled and secularized by the 
 poverty with which they have to contend. 
 By scores and hundreds, they fly from the 
 ministry into college professorships, which 
 might be better filled by laymen — into school- 
 
CLERICAL PRIZES. 119 
 
 teaching, into farming, into snug ecclesiasti- 
 cal offices, into newspaper editing, and vari- 
 ous departments of secular literature. So 
 that, probably, the great preponderance of 
 ministerial time and energy is not given to 
 the direct work of the ministry at all. And 
 as colleges, academies, boards, secretaryships, 
 agencies, newspapers, seminaries, are multi- 
 plied, whose emoluments, being usually fixed 
 by the clergy themselves, range far above 
 the ordinary salaries, an increasingly large 
 proportion of the ablest pastors will be drawn 
 from their work. In fact, these offices, and 
 a few large pastoral salaries, will become the 
 jprizes in the Church, on which the multitude 
 of starving pastors will fix their longing eyes, 
 and for every vacancy there will be such a 
 scrambling and candidating, as should make 
 the Church mourn and weep ! 
 
 We fear that there is too much truth in 
 the impression that the ministry, as a class, 
 command less respect in society than they did 
 a century ago. If it be true that there is 
 
120 CLERICAL COARSENESS. 
 
 less spiritual-mindedness, and less earnest, 
 self-consecrating devotion to their noblest of 
 works than formerly, then we need go no far- 
 ther for a reason. If the remarks we have 
 made about the secularized condition of the 
 Church, have any foundation in fact, then 
 are we forced to believe that " like people, 
 like priest," just as " like priest, like people." 
 These intimations are made in love and sor- 
 row. But, if true, it is high time the alarm 
 were sounded. 
 
 It need scarcely be said, that we are no 
 advocate of exclusive caste in Christian so- 
 ciety — but common sense makes it plain, 
 that a certain degree of refinement of charac- 
 ter is demanded for ministerial success, un- 
 less a rare native genius enable him to suc- 
 ceed, in spite of it. Coarseness and want of 
 tact are unfavourable to ministerial accepta- 
 bility in all classes of society. His relations to 
 the community are very different from those 
 of any other man. He has imperative need 
 of the utmost gracefulness, and most delicate 
 
SOCIAL UNFITNESS. 121 
 
 sensibilities, in dealing with the religious na- 
 ture of his fellow-men. A rude shock to the 
 agonized soul may be fatal, and refined na- 
 tures, whether in the cot or the mansion, can- 
 not unburthen their heart to a boor. And 
 every one can perceive, at a glance, how 
 necessary a qualification it is in the minister 
 in order to be an acceptable visiter among 
 well-bred people, that he should move 
 with practised ease through the numberless 
 civilities of social life. And in the pulpit, 
 too, the whole air and style of expression 
 need a Pauline grace and urbgbuity, even when 
 dealing out the severest reproofs, and wield- 
 ing the grim terrors of Sinai. 
 
 The tendency of the times is very power- 
 fully to recruit the ministry with youth, who 
 though worthy of high respect, yet lack the 
 qualifications alluded to. We may care little 
 for it, but it cannot be denied that already 
 the office of the minister is regarded, in a 
 social point of view, as one of the inferior 
 
 positions in life ; and this, too, not merely 
 11 
 
122 THE MINISTRY LOSING ITS POSITION. 
 
 among worldlings, but among Christians. 
 The general poverty of the office and rude- 
 ness of its incumbents, lead even Christian 
 parents to dedicate their sons to other pro- 
 fessions. At the same time, the office being 
 a temptation to those in different circum- 
 stances and education, societies offering am- 
 ple facilities for entering the office, and even 
 searching out and pressing in such as give 
 any tolerable promise, the proportion of 
 really unqualified men grows larger and 
 larger every year, and in the same propor 
 tion does the office lose its standing and 
 effectiveness in society. Now we own to a 
 hearty contempt for social arrogance, and 
 claim a superior admiration for what are 
 called the middling and lower classes. But 
 we view this subject precisely as the excel- 
 lent and gentlemanly author of " Clerical 
 Manners" viewed it, merely as a part of mi- 
 nisterial qualification for usefulness in his 
 office; precisely as we view the study of 
 rhetoric, or any other acquirement of theo- 
 
CLERICAL MANNERS. 123 
 
 logical training. The clergyman ought to 
 be a scholar, because the duties of his office 
 demand it ; he ought to be an orator, to move 
 and persuade the people; and for equally 
 valid, if not equally important reasons, he 
 ought to he a gentleman; and ought from his 
 youth to be trained to practise the urbani- 
 ties which belong to polite society. "We are 
 far from believing that these opportunities 
 are confined to the circles of the rich and the 
 fashionable. We believe that, as a general 
 rule, the creatures of fashion are the most 
 thoroughly ill-mannered of all classes in 
 society ; and that true refinement is con- 
 sistent with all spheres of honest life — but 
 there is a certain furniture of what you may 
 call conventionalities; unattainable, except in 
 the private circle of those who have leisure 
 for indulging in social enjoyments, and a 
 knowledge of which is very essential to a 
 general ministerial usefulness — essential to 
 that universal adaptability, which Paul de- 
 scribes as " being all things to all men," that 
 
124 EFFECT OF SUDDEN ELEVATION. 
 
 by the employment of all means he might 
 save some. 
 
 Did the circumstances of an humble origin 
 promote in the ministry a true humility, and 
 love for the poor, we could never have writ- 
 ten the above 5 but one leading reason for 
 writing the above was, that the very con- 
 trary is the case. 
 
 He has studied human society to little pur- 
 pose, who has not seen that those who suddenly 
 rise above their native sphere, are apt to be the 
 most haughty and supercilious of all classes 
 in society. De Quincey remarks, that he 
 has noticed that the most punctilious and 
 assuming class, in English society, are the 
 bishops and their families. Being suddenly 
 introduced from a lower grade to a place 
 among the magnates of the land, and wishing 
 to make sure of a social consideration corre- 
 sponding with their rapid elevation in posi- 
 tion, they are the most careful, of all others, to 
 assert their full dignity, and to detach them- 
 selves from all that would remind the world 
 
CONTEMPT FOR THE POOR. 125 
 
 of their late associations. And throughout 
 society they are the Tittlebat Titmouses — the 
 " upstart aristocracy," who are the most 
 hyper-lordly, and contemptuous toward the 
 poor, of all others. Clergymen are made of 
 the same stuff with other people, and al- 
 though we believe them, as a class, to be the 
 purest of all, yet we cannot hope, that when 
 they are raised from obscurity to a compara- 
 tively high elevation, they will be free from 
 the temptation to forget whence they origi- 
 nated, and to become so solicitous to fortify 
 their claims to their newly-acquired dignity, 
 that they will, as far as possible, detach 
 their attentions and sympathies from the 
 humbler associations of their youth. They 
 may jQi^ indeed, chime in with the fashion- 
 able whine of the community about the suf- 
 ferings of the poor, and preach sentimental 
 discourses in behalf of some benevolent so- 
 ciety — but as for the earnest, practical work 
 among the suffering poor, the most of them 
 
 would not touch it, with so much as the 
 11^ 
 
126 COMPLAINT AGAINST NEW THEMES. 
 
 little finger. When we meet an exception 
 to these remarks, we honour him with our 
 highest respect. 
 
 CHARITY RECONCILED WITH DENOMINATIONALISM 
 AND" THE STABILITY OF SOCIETY — THE FAL- 
 LACY IN OUR SYSTEM OF CHARITY. 
 
 But it is proper now to make the transition 
 to more positive views of our general subject. 
 The author of New Themes was much com- 
 plained of because his book contained so 
 much that was destructive and so little that 
 was constructive ; and we think it likely the 
 same complaint may be made against this 
 humble tract. But the design — and almost 
 the sole design — of New Themes, was to 
 point out an evil, of whose existence the 
 Christian world was almost unconscious. A 
 great work is done when a disease, secretly 
 consuming the vitals, is discovered, even 
 though no remedy be prescribed. But " New 
 Themes" indicates the remedy as clearly as 
 
DESIGN OF NEW THEMES. 127 
 
 he does the disease ; the only deficiency was 
 the want of suggestions as to the mode of ap- 
 plying the remedy, and that point he pro- 
 pounds as one for earnest and immediate 
 study. The proper and intended effect of 
 the book would have been to set the clergy 
 especially to studying the great theme of 
 Charity in all its parts. The very reference 
 of this subject to the clergy was an indirect 
 compliment to their ability, influence, and 
 general Christian spirit. And although, like 
 the bear brushing the fly from the nose of his 
 mistress, the author laid his hand rather heavy 
 upon the clerical countenance, yet at heart 
 he evidently had great affection and respect 
 for "the Protestant clergy." It is evident, 
 from the testimonies the publisher has ap- 
 pended to the author's second publication, 
 that by no means all of the clergy or laity 
 interpreted " New Themes" as, perhaps, the 
 majority did. Many had the penetration to 
 see that here was a noble Christian mind 
 wrestling with a grand theme, and looking 
 
128 CLERGY BOUND TO CONSIDER. 
 
 anxiously to the clergy for help : and they 
 had the magnanimity to overlook the honest 
 impatience of the author, and to submit as 
 meekly to the lash, which they at least 
 partly deserved, as did their lamb-like Sa^- 
 viour to the lash, which he did not deserve 
 at all. For our part, we believe that this 
 subject must receive its full development 
 from the combined studies of clergy and 
 laity. Those parts of it which run into le- 
 gislation and political economy had best be 
 left principally to the laity to evolve the 
 principles, which the clergy may, when set- 
 tled, accept and make use of. But still the 
 chief and central part of the study lies in 
 the domain of clerical investigation. The 
 whole subject heads in the Bible, and must 
 thence be developed and applied. The meta- 
 physician has indeed an interesting depart- 
 ment of the work. But to him whose pro- 
 fession calls him to a minute and constant 
 study of the Bible, and to a demonstration 
 of all the principles, applications, and ten- 
 
DENOMINATIONS UNDISTURBED. 129 
 
 dencies of Christianity, is this subject chiefly 
 committed by the very appointment of Christ. 
 And it is treason to Christ to thrust the sub- 
 ject aside. The whole aspect of Christen- 
 dom would be ameliorated in less than a 
 generation were the clergy to bring their 
 mighty resources to bear upon this neglected, 
 forgotten theme. Two great reasons will, 
 for a time, render the clergy shy of the sub- 
 ject. The one is, the fear that it would 
 tend to loosen denominational attachments ; 
 the other, that it would jeopard the security 
 of property. But a little consideration will 
 show them that such fears are wholly ima- 
 ginary. Charity, as applied to interdenomi- 
 national differences, does not imply a yield- 
 ing of any principle or attachment, but sim- 
 ply a love in spite of differences, and a rea- 
 diness to co-operate in all great enterprises 
 which really demand united action. This 
 does not imply the yielding of any feature in 
 the peculiar denominational policy of any of 
 
130 RIGHTS OP PROPERTY UNDISTURBED. 
 
 the sects. Such a charity as that would be 
 a vice. 
 
 Nor do the demands of charity at all 
 unsettle any of the foundations of society. 
 The rights of property would really be esta- 
 blished the more firmly by the prevalence of 
 a proper spirit toward the needy. The rights 
 of property are never so insecure as when 
 there are large masses of neglected and dis- 
 satisfied men, who have everything to gain, 
 and nothing to lose, by an unhingement of 
 society. It is astonishing that the w^ealthy 
 classes do not perceive the growing discontent 
 of the moneyless millions, and the impossi- 
 bility of restraining them by violence. The 
 perils lie in leaving things to work on as 
 they are now going ; the real hope of secu- 
 rity lies in pursuing a course of justice and 
 kindness to those who naturally feel them- 
 selves to be oppressed, and who will not bear 
 a long-protracted exasperation. " Socialism" 
 has gotten to be one of the hobgoblin terms 
 to frighten grown-up children with, as if 
 
CHRISTIAN SOCIALISM. 131 
 
 Christianity does not teach sociahsm from 
 beginning to end. Socialism has no essential 
 connexion with any anti-christian idea what- 
 soever; it does not mean, "turn mankind 
 into one great penr We have permitted a 
 set of Christ-hating philanthropists to filch 
 and appropriate our great Christian idea, and 
 because they contort it, we have been deny- 
 ing Christ, just as we did about the "Higher 
 Law." We have no sympathy with that 
 riff-raff horde of Abolition and Fourierite 
 fanatics ; but in the name of all honesty and 
 piety, don't let us disown great Christian 
 ideas because fools and knaves turn them 
 into their shuttlecocks. 
 
 If ''Love thy neiglibour as thyself is not 
 socialism, we have no conception what the 
 real meaning of the term is. Face the text, 
 reader, like a man, and accept its teaching ! 
 Was not Bishop Butler right in his exposi- 
 tion of that text? If he was wrong, why 
 has he never been answered ? Why is he 
 taught in your colleges ? Now, Bishop But- 
 
132 CHRISTIAN SOCIALISM. 
 
 ler's sermons are the strongest socialism we 
 have ever seen out of the New Testament. 
 But do not be alarmed. We are not for a 
 " re-divide/' although we should make smartly 
 by it. We think that such a proceeding 
 would be the utmost unkindness of the rich 
 to the poor. The first kindness a man can 
 do to his neighbour is to keep himself and 
 family from being a tax to that neighbour ; 
 and the second is, to make that neighbour do 
 as he is doing, viz., support himself. But it 
 also teaches, that when there is real want, 
 which can be relieved in no other way, he is 
 to part with all his surplus estate beyond "a 
 competency." There is no stopping short of 
 this interpretation of the words, " Love thy 
 neighbour AS thyself." 
 
 Were, however, the proper, wise, and 
 broad system pursued, want might be ba- 
 nished from society without at all affecting 
 the comfort of the wealthy. The mere 
 parings of their luxuries would be sufficient. 
 It is possible that even now, in this coun- 
 
THE CHURCH BEHIND THE PEOPLE. 133 
 
 try the actual expenditure of private and 
 public benefactions would go very far to 
 secure universal relief were the right system 
 pursued. What we complain of in clergy 
 and people as to this point, is not that they 
 do nothing for the poor, but that the whole 
 subject is treated in a loose and perfunctory 
 manner, that the things done are rather the 
 irrepressible outgoings of the heart m spite 
 of the grand deficiencies in our Christian 
 systems, that they are not the outpourings 
 of our Christianity as suc\ are not the 
 fruit of Christian ideas and principles incul- 
 cated in pulpit, creed. Christian literature, or 
 ecclesiastical enactments, but are the uncon- 
 scious, ungaided, independent volunteer in- 
 stincts of benevolent and generally Christian 
 natures, who are charitable to the poor not 
 because they are taught to be so, but because 
 they cannot help it ; and we fearlessly assert 
 that so far as churches are doing anything 
 in this behalf, it is not by exciting and 
 guiding the feelings of the people, but in 
 
 12 
 
134 CHARITY INDEPENDENT OP THE CHURCH. 
 
 the way of hdng led on by the spontaneous 
 feelings of their people. On this whole sub- 
 ject the Church is following and not leading 
 the people. Examine all the eleemosynary 
 operations of our city philanthropists, and 
 it will be seen that they are not the carry- 
 ing out of any single principle insisted on in 
 our ecclesiastical teachings. 
 
 Let our meaning be thus illustrated. We 
 have before us the Annual Reports of a 
 large number of relief societies, whose ope- 
 rations are plied with truly commendable 
 zeal in different cities of our country. As 
 perhaps one of the very best of these socie- 
 ties we select, " The ninth Annual Report 
 of the New York Association for improving 
 the condition of the poor, for the year 1852, 
 with the by-laws and list of members. Organi- 
 zed 1843. Incorporated 1 84 8 ." Here we are 
 enabled to view the operations of a powerful, 
 truly wise, efficient, and philanthropic asso- 
 ciation. But for its work of charity, who re- 
 ceives the glory ? God, or man; Christianity 
 
NOT DONE IN THE NAME OF JESUS. 135 
 
 or the world? Is it done in the name of 
 Christ, or of mere human kindness? Chris- 
 tian people are among the doers, and Chris- 
 tian impulses are moving them, but is there 
 anything in their constitution or mode of 
 visitation and distribution, to inform the 
 poor, and to keep it before their minds, that 
 Christ is still on the earth instrumentally, 
 "going about doing good!" When the 
 Apostles performed their acts of mercy, it 
 was "in the name of Jesus of Nazareth," 
 and when, at Lystra, the people were about 
 to honour them as gods, Paul with horror 
 refused the honour, and demanded that 
 they should give the glory to God. But 
 these humane societies, whilst indeed there 
 are occasional references to Scripture, still 
 act in their own name; the poor are not 
 taught that the " cup of cold water" is given 
 in the name of Christ; hence their homage 
 of gratitude and honour terminates on the 
 immediate donors, instead of being given 
 to God! For the same spirit, Herod was 
 
136 THE CHURCH CHRIST'S REPRESENTATIVE. 
 
 eaten of worms! Surely the Christian 
 should always remember that "he is not his 
 own, but has been bought with a price, 
 wherefore he should glorify God in his body 
 and spirit, which are his." "That he is 
 dead, and his life is hid with Christ in God." 
 " That it is no longer he which lives, but 
 Christ which liveth in him." And that 
 " Christ should be all and in alir 
 
 The Church is Christ's abiding represen- 
 tative on earth. It is his hody! and is 
 animated by his Spirit! And hence the 
 Church is bound " to loalh as he loallced,'' " to 
 follow Himr She should, as far as possible, 
 do for mankind what Christ did, and do it 
 as Christ's representative. Such should be 
 her lineaments, mien, and movements, that 
 the world would "take knowledge of her 
 that she has been with Jesus." Does she 
 now present the combined aspect of the 
 Divine-human ; of the God-man ? Or whilst 
 exclusively reproducing the lineaments di- 
 vine, is not her aspect deformed, for the want 
 
DISTINCT PROPOSITION. 137 
 
 of the lineaments human ? Whatever Chris- 
 tian people may have privately done, has not 
 the Church quietly handed over the whole 
 philanthropic department of Christianity to 
 the world? If (as will be admitted) benefi- 
 cence not merely to the poor of the Church, 
 but to every suffering neighbour, is a Chris- 
 tian duty, where are the Church's exposi- 
 tions of the principles ? The Church is not 
 backward in expressing her mind as to the 
 countless " commandeth's and forbiddeth's" 
 of Scripture ; where are her utterances 
 which have ever impelled a single scheme 
 of general pauper relief? Let us be informed ! 
 
 HINTS AS TO WHAT SHOULD BE DONe! 
 
 Then we would as a distinct proposition 
 urge the attention of our ecclesiastical bodies 
 to this whole subject. They are free to 
 pass resolutions about Temperance, Missions, 
 Colonization, and such like causes, why 
 may not resolutions be introduced and 
 
 12* 
 
138 THE CHURCH THE TRUE FOUNTAIN. 
 
 passed recommending Charity to the poor 
 and needy generally, as Christian duty ; or 
 at least committees be appointed to inves- 
 tigate and report on the subject. The true, 
 Scriptural principles might thus gradually 
 be gotten at and embodied among the au- 
 thoritative acts and beliefs of the Church, 
 and would be incorporated among all its 
 official teachings. So that in time, the sub- 
 ject would receive due attention in Theo- 
 logical Seminaries, Boards of Publication, 
 Reviews, newspapers, besides the pulpit and 
 ecclesiastical proceedings; and then it be- 
 comes a part of the organic creed and life of 
 the Church. 
 
 When we recommend that the Church 
 study out and enunciate and inculcate the 
 true Christian principles upon this subject, 
 we do not advise that she bring herself only 
 corporately in contact with the poor, or that 
 she establish a system of agency, by means 
 of which the people may discharge their 
 obligations to the poor entirely through the 
 
THEY ALL MADE EXCUSE. 139 
 
 intervention of church officers. Officers in- 
 deed must be made use of: but there is no 
 more reason why the almsgiving of Chris- 
 tians should be done . by proxy, than their 
 praying or their church-going. "A Lay- 
 man" puts on a wise air when he talks 
 about most men being too busy with their 
 own affairs to be looking personally after 
 the condition of the poor. The very same 
 reason has sent many a poor soul to 
 perdition! It was just such excuses that 
 our Saviour anticipated. One must at- 
 tend to his landj and another to his 
 oxen, and another to his newly married 
 wife, and they all pray to be excused ! 
 The truth is, that with a proper system, the 
 personal attentions required of each indi- 
 vidual w^ould amount to far less than the 
 other ordinary duties of the Christian life. 
 Perhaps in a large city, a single visit in a 
 week or even less to an abode of suffering, 
 would be all that would be required of any 
 one of those who would be able and wiUing 
 
140 CHARITY AN INDIVIDUAL LABOUR. 
 
 to afford succour. The people have time 
 enough to go to houses of feasting; why 
 might they not divide this, and take part for 
 visiting houses of suffering? But the com- 
 mon way is to send an agent to the house of 
 suffering, whilst we go ourselves to the 
 house of feasting. There are certainly some 
 works of Christian enterprise which must 
 be done by proxy, such as preaching the 
 Gospel in distant places, and others which 
 might be mentioned; but when the work to 
 be done lies right on our daily track, there 
 is no reason why all in ordinary circum- 
 stances should not take some personal part 
 in ameliorating the state of the needy classes, 
 but there is every reason why they should. 
 We do not mean to affirm that every indi- 
 vidual Christian is bound to enter, habitu- 
 ally, some house or houses of poverty. Ill- 
 health, unusual distance, or some other like 
 causes, may be a valid reason for omitting 
 the duty, just as for omitting other duties, 
 such as attending church. But "as far as 
 
PROXY BENEVOLENCE TO BE AVOIDED. 141 
 
 in them lies/' all should, in smne way, be en- 
 gaged directly in this work. How far the 
 great object may be divided into different de- 
 partments, and those labouring in one be 
 excused from labouring in the others, we need 
 not now stop to consider. Such views are 
 secondary, and may be matured, when the 
 primary principle has given its legitimate 
 impulse to Christian activity. However the 
 statement may need to be modified, the prin- 
 ciple is to our mind clear, that Christian 
 beneficence to the poor neighbour should be 
 bestowed per socially and individually. 
 
 In the first place, it is a work requiring 
 great tenderness and sympathy, and agents, 
 who do their work for a price rather 
 than for love, should not be trusted to exe- 
 cute the wishes of donors. The keepers of 
 poor-houses (like undertakers), fall into a 
 business, unfeeling way of doing their duties ; 
 which is wounding and often partial and 
 cruel to the objects of their attention. 
 
 But the principal argument for personal 
 
142 WORKS OP CHARITY IMPROVING. 
 
 attentions to the poor, lies in the advantage 
 it is to the giver's own character. It is a 
 good rule to bring the donor as near as pos- 
 sible to the object of his benefaction. A 
 mere appeal from the pulpit or platform can- 
 not develope the charitable feelings, like an 
 actual sight of the misery, and a direct effort 
 at relief 
 
 And in the actual execution of the work 
 of personal benevolence, every valuable 
 quality of Christian character is strength- 
 ened. It is a self-denying work. To cast a 
 contribution into the box brought to the 
 hand, or to attend committees and anniver- 
 saries, are very trifling exercises of Christian 
 self-denial and devotion, compared with 
 what is demanded in the weary perambula- 
 tions through the street, the contact with 
 filth, and often with rude and repulsive peo- 
 ple, the facing of disease, and distress, and 
 all manner of heart-rending and heart-fright- 
 ening scenes, and all the trials of faith, pa- 
 tience, and hope, which are incident to the 
 
THE LIBERAL SOUL MADE FAT. 143 
 
 duty we urge. Such exercises are as essen- 
 tial to the development of Christian charac- 
 ter, as the strivings of the gymnasium were 
 to the development of the gladiator's muscle. 
 "Deny thyself and take thy cross," are the 
 Redeemer's great command : and, unless fol- 
 lowed, spiritual effeminacy must result. A 
 wise discretion, too, is continually appealed 
 to in exercising that discrimination which is 
 absolutely and incessantly needed in apply- 
 ing charity. And the very difficulties attend- 
 ing the duty will drive the Christian to a 
 Higher Power, for wisdom and grace. In 
 such circumstances, however, religion affords 
 to its possessor its choicest pleasures. 
 " Christ, who is our life," then invigorates, 
 and elevates, and charms the soul with a 
 sense of his peculiar presence. All the pro- 
 mises of increase, of blessedness, of fatness 
 made to the liberal giver, are made good to 
 his soul. A calm resting on God, a sense of 
 gratitude for his own blessings, a sweet con- 
 sciousness of " doing good," like Christ, many 
 
144 CHARITY SHOULD BE SYSTEMATIC. 
 
 a blessing from the succoured, a rich opening 
 of the fountains of love in the heart, a fresh 
 zest in the duties of religion, a higher appre- 
 ciation of the beneficence of Christianity in 
 thus visiting v^icked man, and v^iping away 
 his every tear, and pointing him to a com- 
 mon Saviour, and to a heritage of eternal 
 riches beyond this suffering life — a heritage 
 as free to the poor as to the rich : such are 
 the present rewards of an imitation of 
 Christ. Here, indeed, lies one of the most 
 potent of all the means of sanctification. 
 
 Because, however, we advocate personal 
 application of one's own benefactions, we do 
 not advocate a loose and indiscriminate 
 method of doing it. There must be a di- 
 viding up of the field of effort, and a thorough 
 ex^Dloration of every part, and tlie assigning 
 of each case of want to one or more families, 
 who will have the case constantly under 
 their supervision. But these charitable 
 efforts, as before intimated, should comprise 
 far more than the mere supplying of present 
 
CHARITY A COMPREHENSIVE WORK. 145 
 
 want. They should be addressed to pro- 
 viding roomy dwellings, finding employment 
 for all able to work, providing nurses and 
 medical attendants, to reforming the vicious, 
 educating the young, instructing all in the 
 duties of morals and religion ; exhorting and 
 praying with families, giving Bibles and 
 other suitable books to such as can read ; 
 gathering several families together for wor- 
 ship and instruction, providing plain houses 
 of worship in their neighbourhood — in short, 
 simultaneously carrying on every depart- 
 ment of effort for the general elevation of 
 each district, and doing this not in a fitful 
 and disjointed way, but in a systematic man- 
 ner, and by keeping the pressure on all the 
 time, abandoning no willing subject as hope- 
 less. 
 
 To accomplish this thoroughly, there 
 must, of course, be officers, teachers, mis- 
 sionaries employed to live in the very midst 
 of the wretchedness, and to supervise and 
 direct all the efforts of the people. And it 
 
 13 
 
146 THE PRESENT SYSTEM ABOLISHED. 
 
 is just here that the Church ought to connect 
 herself directly to the enterprise. The lead- 
 ing officers should be appointed by the Church, 
 and to the Church should answer, and report : 
 but mark you ! these officers are not to stand 
 between the giver and receiver, but to bring 
 giver and receiver together. While they work 
 themselves, they are to be the marshals di- 
 recting the individual labours of the people, 
 so that there may be no neglect or misappro- 
 priation. Under such a system, if properly 
 organized, poor-houses, asylums, and such 
 like institutions, would scarcely be needed, 
 and had better in the main be dispensed 
 with : for, if the poor are taken care of at 
 their homes, why need they be sent to hos- 
 pitals any more than the rich ! Street-beg- 
 ging would cease, and pauperism constantly 
 diminish. Infectious diseases would be 
 checked, and public order and safety pro- 
 moted, and taxation greatly reduced : whilst 
 such a spirit would be fostered in the com- 
 
ADVANTAGES OP THE SYSTEM. 147 
 
 munity as would promote every desirable 
 interest. 
 
 The assertion that such attentions to the 
 poor would tend to annihilate effort among 
 them to do for themselves, would apply with 
 equal force to all relief of indigence ; and if 
 it be valid, then all such relief should be 
 discontinued. We contend that every con- 
 sideration in favour of charity at all, applies 
 a fortiori to this scheme of systematized per- 
 sonal inspection. In the first place, it tends 
 to keep families together, and thus to leave 
 every sufferer in the midst of all the associa- 
 tions of family and friends, which will of 
 itself bring to his aid all those countless assi- 
 duities of friendship, which, though costing 
 little, are worth a great deal. In the next 
 place, no plan could more thoroughly lay 
 the whole case of a family bare for inspec- 
 tion than this ; and not in a rude and official 
 way, but by the queries and observations of 
 sympathizing friends. The poor man would 
 have as little opportunity for relaxing his 
 
148 THE OLD SYSTEM INJURIOUS. 
 
 exertions to provide the best he can for his 
 family, as he possibly can have under any 
 system, and far less than under the ordinary 
 hasty investigations of occasional visiters. 
 And he will be far less disposed to impose 
 upon the voluntary and standing friend of 
 his family than upon the salaried officer or 
 mere casual caller at his door. When there 
 are large funds provided — and especially 
 when provided by state taxation, and dis- 
 bursed by state officers — the effect in foster- 
 ing idleness and improvidence among the 
 poor is all that it has ever been represented 
 to be. The working of the Poor Law Sys- 
 tem in England confirms this in a remarka- 
 ble manner. But where people are left midst 
 all the stimuli of home influence, and their 
 real condition fully ascertained by a constant 
 observation by the same persons, and they 
 placed in a system of training rather than of 
 simple relief, it is impossible for them to de- 
 ceive, or for the unworthy to receive more 
 than their deservings. And, moreover, this 
 
THE OLD SYSTEM INJURIOUS. 149 
 
 system would constantly diminish the evil, 
 whilst the ordinary loose way of indiscrimi- 
 nate giving on the one hand, and of rude, 
 official disbursing on the other, only multi- 
 plies subjects for relief in a rapid ratio, and 
 enhances all the evils of pauperism. 
 
 Whilst we are not disposed to speak harshly 
 of those who have founded these countless 
 eleemosynary institutions in our country, for 
 various classes of suffering people, we doubt 
 the principle on which they are all founded. 
 We do not see why women could not " lie- 
 in" better at home than in an hospital, and 
 why young women could not be reformed 
 at home better than in Magdalen Asylums. 
 We fear that the putting of bad women to 
 associating with one another, and withdraw- 
 ing them from general society, does not pro- 
 mise much for their growth in purity. But 
 we do not lay particular stress upon this 
 point. 
 
 No doubt many persons will hastily dis- 
 miss this general plan of operations, because 
 
150 NO REAL OBSTACLES IN THE WAY. 
 
 of certain obvious difficulties in every com- 
 munity, arising from the multiplicity of de- 
 nominations overlapping one another, and 
 the numerous societies already at work in 
 the field. But these apparent obstacles ra- 
 pidly diminish, if they do not entirely vanish, 
 when the mind is brought seriously to the 
 task of removing them. Of course, the 
 work would be much simpler if there were 
 but one denomination, or if the different de- 
 nominations were locally divided into wards 
 or districts. But, taking a larger view of 
 charity, we see advantages in this very inter- 
 working of denominations on the same 
 ground. Christian people are brought into 
 a contact calculated to promote the best feel- 
 ings among one another. And, in truth, 
 there is not much more difficulty in carrying 
 out a personal than a local jurisdiction. 
 Where one denomination finds a needy fa- 
 mily provided for by the members of another 
 denomination, there is no more danger of 
 unpleasant collision than there now is in 
 
ALL COULD UNITE ON THE NEW PLAN. 151 
 
 pastoral visitation. There is an etiquette 
 growing out of Christian love, which will 
 dispose the labourers harmoniously in their 
 appropriate spheres. Each denomination, 
 and each individual church, would have its 
 circle of famihes, which, by all others, would 
 be given up to their exclusive attention. 
 
 The same course of remark applies to the 
 general voluntary associations. Whatever 
 they do for the families under the care of any 
 church may easily be known by that sort of 
 constant intercourse which would be kept up 
 among the parties concerned, and be sub- 
 tracted from what is done by the church. 
 Were such a scheme to be generally adopted 
 by the churches, the present system of relief 
 would be entirely superseded. All the bene- 
 volent individuals of a community would act 
 with the churches, whether church-members 
 or not ; and then there would be abundant 
 resources for covering the whole ground and 
 accomplishing all that would be needed. In- 
 deed, the work could be done well, though 
 
152 INTEMPERANCE MISMANAGED. 
 
 many churches should fail to enter into the 
 scheme. But were the point clearly appre- 
 hended, no church having any evangelic zeal 
 could decline its aid. 
 
 INTEMPERANCE MISMANAGED. 
 
 There are many things very shallow in 
 " Layman's" '^ Review/' but nothing more so 
 than the use he makes of sundry temperance 
 statistics. He states the vast amount of 
 money expended in Great Britain and the 
 United States for intoxicating drinks, and 
 very complacently lays over the most of it 
 to the account of the poor — forgetting that 
 a Lord Bishop consumes ten times (in value) 
 the amount that a poor labourer does, or that 
 the cost of liquors at one dinner of a Walnut 
 Street or Fifth Avenue Christian would 
 enable a poor man to keep himself drunk 
 for a twelvemonth. We are fully satisfied 
 that far more dissipation exists in the higher 
 than in the lower classes of society. A 
 
THE DRUNKARD NOT TO BE ABANDONED. 153 
 
 mustached young buck will often swallow 
 more strong drink than an Irish drayman. 
 
 But suppose the poor do drink large quan- 
 tities of liquor, shall they for that cause go 
 off the list of our charitable endeavours? 
 Do they then cease to be our neighhours? 
 You might just as well cast them off for any 
 other vice. The wives and children of the 
 drunkard are certainly not to be left to 
 misery and starvation, and all the worst fea- 
 tures of poverty be left to reproduce themselves 
 indefinitely, because the head of the family 
 turns himself into a brute. And does not 
 the case of the poor drunkard himself make 
 a special appeal, from the very fact that he 
 is the slave of vice as well as of poverty — 
 an appeal not so much to the pocket as to 
 the earnest moral efforts of the virtuous — 
 for his radical reform? We despise such 
 flippant, self-complacent apologies as this, for 
 snubbing the appeals of erring humanity. 
 The mere fact of a poor man drinking beer 
 or whiskey is no more against him than the 
 
154 DRUNKENNESS NOT STRANGE. 
 
 rich man's drinking of wine or brandy is 
 against him. And when we consider his 
 education, his troubles, and evil associations, 
 we can scarcely wonder that his tippling 
 should end in drunkenness ; and this phari- 
 saical tone of contempt toward him is the 
 very way to goad him to a moral reckless- 
 ness, which must end in the destruction of 
 all his hopes for both worlds. 
 
 We are persuaded that this is not the 
 spirit of Christianity, nor is it the way to 
 diminish the evil which thus excommuni- 
 cates the victim from the pale of the human 
 brotherhood. Were Christ now on earth, 
 and were a party of our modern Pharisees 
 to drag up some drunken pauper to be con- 
 demned by him, he would say to his accusers, 
 "Let him that is without sin among you 
 cast the first stone ;" and when he found the 
 drunkard alone, he would go kindly to him 
 and tell him, as he did the adulterous woman, 
 to " go and sin no more." 
 
 The text from Paul's Epistle to the Co- 
 
PAUL MISUNDERSTOOD. 155 
 
 rinthians, ^^ If a man will not work, neither 
 shall he eat," is often quoted to prove that 
 those who persist in idleness, whether from 
 intemperance or mere indolence, should be 
 entirely forsaken. We cannot believe that 
 such was the intent of the Apostle. He was 
 not referring to paupers in the community at 
 large, but to certain idle busybodies in the 
 Church of Corinth, who went about quarter- 
 ing themselves on their fellow-professors. To 
 this class Paul meant to administer a stern 
 rebuke, and in so doing, enunciated a prin- 
 ciple undoubtedly correct, and to be follow- 
 ed as a rule. But we think he meant to 
 express the ill-deserving of the idle rather than 
 the duty of withholding food from him. If 
 a man will not work when he is able, he does 
 not deserve to have food. Every reader of 
 the Bible, and indeed of any book, is aware 
 that many an unqualified declaration is to 
 be taken with certain implied modifications. 
 For example, " The soul that sinneth, it shall 
 die." Here is asserted, without qualification, 
 
156 NO MAN TO BE ABANDONED. 
 
 an inviolable connexion between sin and 
 death, and yet the Gospel informs us of 
 another principle, whereby the soul that sin- 
 neth may live. The laws of human brother- 
 hood, and the spirit of Christianity as ex- 
 hibited in the New Testament, seem to forbid 
 the idea that any man should be given over 
 by his fellow-men to hopeless starvation and 
 moral obduracy. To turn the back upon the 
 drunkard because he is not easily reformed, 
 or to give over to neglect any man, whatever 
 be the depth of his depravity, is not only to 
 consign him practically to perdition, but it is 
 to admit a want of faith in the all-sufficiency 
 of Christian influences. It is to say that 
 charity may fail ; that here are devils which 
 even Christ cannot expel. But what right 
 have we to set bounds to the instrumental 
 power of Christian influences ? Are we not 
 bound to keep the wretch alive, if it be for 
 no other reason than to respite him thus long 
 from hell ? And should we not continue to 
 ply him with the tenderest ministrations of 
 
INTEMPERANCE MALTREATED. 157 
 
 Christianity, and to follow him to the darkest 
 haunts of his debauchery, and above the din 
 of the midnight revelry cry, " Behold the 
 Lamb of God — hehold — behold !" and never 
 resign the hope that God may bless our at- 
 tentions to the miserable creature as long as 
 he is this side of eternity ? 
 
 It is to be feared that the true mode of 
 dealing with the whole subject of intempe- 
 rance is yet to be discovered. The gigantic 
 efforts of temperance advocates have not pro- 
 duced, and are not likely to produce, results 
 at all proportioned to this vast expenditure. 
 Such efforts are like pumping a leaky ves- 
 sel. An impression is produced for the time, 
 but the moment the efforts cease, things 
 begin to return to their former swamped 
 condition, unless some real diversion of the 
 current is accomplished. Prohibitory legis- 
 lation will be only a temporary barrier to 
 the tide which presently will rise over it 
 and sweep it off as the swelling river does 
 the levee which lines its shores. This 
 
 14 
 
158 LAWS DO NOT CHANGE MEN. 
 
 whole principle which depends upon pro- 
 hibitory legislation to reform evils which 
 grow directly out of the depraved heart of 
 man, is fatally wrong. Law is valuable 
 in reforming the offender, only so far as 
 it for a time holds him in check whilst 
 positive measures are resorted to which 
 change his nature, or at least divert his 
 tastes into better channels. Merely to 
 snatch the bottle out of the drunkard's hand 
 does not of itself tend to make a better man 
 of him. It exasperates him, drives him to 
 stealthy and mean ways of still gratifying 
 his passion, or else causes a diversion of the 
 tide of lust into worse avenues of crime. 
 Especially will this be the case with those 
 laws which practically make a distinction 
 between rich and poor. The anti-liquor 
 law lays but a slight check on the self-indul- 
 gence of the rich, whilst the poor must 
 either leave off the habit, or (as will more 
 likely be the case) debase himself yet more 
 to secure what he craves. Let us not be 
 understood as opposing prohibitory legisla- 
 
CLASS LEGISLATION. 159 
 
 tion upon this and other evils. But we 
 wish to see laws which will bear equally; 
 and more than this, we wish to see corre- 
 sponding and even more prompt and vigor- 
 ous eJBforts addressing themselves to the 
 radical reform of the class of drinkers. 
 Much of the drinking among the lower 
 classes, results from the paucity of their re- 
 sources for enjoyment. The wealthier and 
 more intelligent classes of the community 
 have many modes of diversion for their lei- 
 sure hours which the poor do not enjoy. 
 Riding, strolling through the day, travel- 
 ling, visiting, examining new and strange 
 sights, reading, listening to lectures, music, 
 painting, attending concerts, family games, 
 luxuries of the table, and the whole range 
 of innocent amusements — these in a great 
 measure are denied to the poor by the force 
 of circumstances; and in the place of them 
 he finds within his reach, and the range of 
 his intelligence and taste, diversions which 
 are in the main debasing. Having to 
 
160 AMUSEMENTS OF THE POOR. 
 
 labour all day, his spare time lies in the 
 night and in the Sabbath. The places most 
 accessible to him are the theatre, the circus, 
 the cock-pit, the dog-ring, the bowling-alley, 
 the gaming-house, the fire-company, the 
 society of the cast-ofF and diseased "strange 
 women," and the ubiquitous grog-shop. 
 And when Sunday comes, he must lie in stu- 
 por, to recover his exhausted strength, or he 
 must embrace this, his only opportunity, of 
 making visits and excursions. Unless a 
 healthful moral influence has pervaded his 
 home and his heart, he feels no attraction 
 sufiicient to retain him in the family circle, 
 in spite of the seductive influences with- 
 out. And usually the mischief is done ere 
 the poor man has become the head of a 
 family. From his earliest youth he had 
 been familiar with vice in every form, and 
 as he grew up, his associations only harden- 
 ed him in evil. 
 
 But there are many young men, of even 
 pious parents, who, scarcely knowing how 
 
RADICAL CHANGE NEEDED. 161 
 
 else to spend their evenings, drop into the 
 tavern, where are always to be found a 
 good fire, the newspapers of the day, an 
 opportunity to smoke, a squad of jovial 
 companions with whom they can talk over 
 the news and indulge in a merry laugh, to 
 pay for which, they feel bound to get some- 
 thing at the bar. And thus commences 
 a life of dissipation. But the mere rob- 
 bing them of the comforts of an evening 
 smoke and chat at the bar-room fire, will not 
 reform them, nor save others from ruin in 
 a different form. Other places of tempta- 
 tion will multiply, and perhaps the last state 
 of the youth will be worse than the first. 
 
 RADICAL CHANGE IN THE HABITS AND TREAT- 
 MENT OF THE POOR. 
 
 The design of these remarks is to signify- 
 that the philanthropist should make it a 
 subject of special study to determine how 
 the poor may be provided with an innocent, 
 
 14* 
 
162 WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR THE POOR. 
 
 improving, and interesting mode of spend- 
 ing their leisure hours. Of course as Chris- 
 tianity is made to pervade the lower stra- 
 tum of society, home will become more 
 attractive to the poor man, and his thoughts 
 will easily and improvingly find employ- 
 ment in the themes and duties of morality 
 and religion. But we hope that some 
 means of immediate application may be 
 fallen upon w^hich will prove auxiliary to 
 the higher end. We have nothing of 
 striking character to propose. How far 
 night schools, kept up by the influence of 
 the special missionary visitation, free read- 
 ing and conversation rooms, lyceums, free 
 musical entertainments, lectures of a prac- 
 tical character on common things open to 
 all, free exhibitions of curious and interest- 
 ing objects and experiments, street lecturing 
 and preaching, might be advantageously 
 employed, we do not venture an opinion. 
 Nothing, however, seems to us to promise 
 so much in improving the ordinary habits 
 of the poor (next to a change of heart) as 
 
SOCIAL INTERCOURSE. 163 
 
 the promotion of social intercourse among 
 families. Whatever contributes to develope 
 the social affections improves the character, 
 sobers and refines the taste, imparts a fond- 
 ness for those enjoyments which after all 
 are unequalled among the things of earth in 
 imparting true, soul-satisfying comfort. God 
 has wisely and kindly ordained it, that man 
 should find his most precious sources of 
 enjoyment nearest to him. Were the heart 
 only trained aright, a man would never take 
 to the street or the crowded assembly from 
 a mere dissatisfied craving. And when 
 drawn out by circumstances, his heart 
 would still gravitate homeward, and when 
 there, repose in sweet equilibrium. In the 
 promotion of such a state of things, it may 
 not be best to begin at the very core of the 
 object. Much more might be done, by pro- 
 moting a general neighbourhood sociality, 
 than by applying the efibrts directly to pro- 
 mote family affection. It is often the case 
 that family affection lies almost dormant 
 
164 THE RICH MUST CONDESCEND. 
 
 until a tapping of the heart from without 
 causes a reaction inward. Awaken in the 
 breast of man a pure love for any object, 
 and you send a softening and sweetening 
 influence through all his relations. 
 
 Now in this general work of promoting a 
 love for quiet, social enjoyments, the higher 
 classes have an unlimited power in their 
 hands. If, instead of ever seeking higher 
 and higher associations, they would in part 
 in social matters, " condescend to men of low 
 estate," as did their Pattern, they might 
 exert a vast and most elevating influence. 
 When they make a feast, let them not 
 always bid the rich and great, but let them 
 go out sometimes and bring in the people of 
 the highways and hedges. "We are fully 
 aware of the difficulty of inducing the peo- 
 ple even of republican lands to overstep the 
 defined barriers of caste ; but we are sure 
 that it must be done far more than it 
 is, before a Christian spirit is exemplified 
 in the world, and before Christianity can 
 
ALL MUST MEET SOCIALLY. 165 
 
 fulfil her mission. "The rich and poor 
 must meet together, for the Lord is Maker 
 of them all/' — they must meet socially, 
 as well as at church. It is admitted that 
 coarseness is not agreeable to a refined 
 mind; but not insisting on the fact that 
 wealth is no fit meter of refinement^ we 
 maintain the duty of submitting to such 
 uncongenialities^ for the sake of improving 
 the character and happiness of your less cul- 
 tivated neighbour. If you possess superior 
 social cultivation, a true Charity requires 
 that you shall communicate of it to him who 
 has less. Christian people are far too solici- 
 tous about their social standing, are far too 
 sensitive about being thought to have vul- 
 gar associations. Were Christ to appear 
 this day upon earth, and move among the 
 same sort of people he associated generally 
 with when here, many of his professed fol- 
 lowers would feel greatly scandalized, and 
 would scarcely feel like inviting him into 
 their houses, with his gang of shabby dis- 
 
166 SOCIAL AMBITION REVERSED. 
 
 ciples. The Church has much yet to learn 
 of the significancy there was in Jesus Christ 
 selecting the poor and despised for his inti- 
 mate associates. We know of no way of 
 expressing our idea on this point so clearly 
 as by saying, that socially Christians must 
 come to an "about faceT . Instead of look- 
 ing to those above them, in order that they 
 may be lifted onward and upward, they 
 must look backward upon those below them 
 to see how they can help them upward and 
 onward. He that finds in himself a disposi- 
 tion to be greatest, should at once become the 
 servant of all. "Be not high-minded, but 
 condescend to men of low estate," has in it a 
 world of rebuke to modern Christians, and a 
 world of regenerating power if attended to. 
 The great social want is the cement of 
 love applied to the crevices in the frame- 
 work of society — some of which even now 
 are yawning and portentous. The scale of 
 gradation is too long, and its degrees too irre- 
 gular. But one of the least considered, yet 
 
RECIPROCAL DUTIES OF RICH AND POOR. 167 
 
 most important, of all questions, is what 
 should be the reciprocal bearing of those two 
 distant grades of capitalist and labourer, when 
 brought together, in the relation of employer 
 and employee, of master and servant, or of 
 manufacturer and " hand," and all those 
 cases in which labour is controlled by money. 
 We refer not merely to the matter of wages 
 — although a very important subject — but to 
 the tone of intercourse between them ; espe- 
 cially the duties incumbent on the employer. 
 We need popular instruction upon this very 
 point. Nearly one-half of society is placed 
 arient the other half in this relation. It is 
 seen in almost every family, every store, every 
 shop, every factory, every farm. But how loose 
 and undefined are our common ideas upon 
 this subject, and hence, how irregular and 
 defective are the reciprocal duties of the par- 
 ties. How few employers are even kind and 
 just. How very few admit that they are 
 under any farther obligations to their la- 
 bourers than to fulfil the pecuniary contract 
 
168 THE POWER OF THE EMPLOYER. 
 
 between them. The higher obligations in- 
 volved in the relation, are not understood or 
 studied. But certainly such influence as the 
 employer has over his labourers, ought to be 
 made the means of moral good to the latter. 
 The household should be a school of improve- 
 ment to the servants. The manufactory 
 should be pervaded by an invigorating pro- 
 cess of intellectual and moral improvement ; 
 and if a system of direct religious teaching 
 and worship be practicable, so much the bet- 
 ter. But a humane head to such an esta- 
 blishment has a powerful lever for lifting 
 the entire mass of his labourers and their 
 families. Christ's presence should be felt and 
 acknowledged everywhere. If we are not 
 prepared with detailed suggestions upon this 
 important class of topics, it is because the 
 whole field is yet unexplored ; and the fact 
 that we cannot do it, only demonstrates the 
 necessity for others to take up the subject. 
 
 Before leaving the " New Themes," we 
 simply advert to the fact, that we have seen 
 
INDIRECT MEANS. 
 
 no attempted reply to the author's argument 
 from the practice of the early Church. We 
 shall not reiterate what he says upon the 
 subject, but it is our impression that he has 
 stated the facts of history truly : and how 
 their force is evaded we cannot conceive, 
 except in the supposition, of a determina- 
 tion not to be convinced, or even moved to 
 inquiry. 
 
 INDIRECT MEANS. A LITERATURE FOR 
 
 THE POOR. 
 
 Let it not be supposed that our duty to the 
 poor is finished when we have given our 
 direct efforts for the amelioration of their 
 condition. In many more general and indi- 
 rect ways may their welfare be promoted. 
 Their cause must be studied and pleaded be- 
 fore the world, their rights as men must be 
 secured to them, the causes of poverty must 
 be studied and removed, as far as possible, and 
 their interests be allowed an equal share in 
 legislation with those of the rich. 
 
 15 
 
170 LITERATURE FOR THE POOR. 
 
 Perhaps one of the first efforts, of a general 
 character, which should be attended to, is 
 the providing of a suitable lite feature for the 
 poor. Let any one consider the matter, and 
 he will see, that whilst there are books in 
 abundance calculated for parents, children, 
 for philosophers, politicians. Christians, sin- 
 ners, infidels, for people of taste and imagi- 
 nation, for critics and scholars, — there are 
 almost none, in our country, at least, written 
 with an eye to a special adaptation to the 
 wants, trials, comforts, and general peculiari- 
 ties of those in the poorer classes of society ; 
 and no efforts made to secure and circulate 
 such works. This is really as distinct and 
 peculiar a class as any. It is easy to see that 
 most books contemplate men in some par- 
 ticular aspect ; and in the selection and 
 treatment of his subject, the author is seek- 
 ing to adapt himself to the mind and views 
 and circumstances of those for whom he is 
 writing. Many books are written which the 
 poor may read with interest, but it is be- 
 
LITERATURE FOR THE POOR. 171 
 
 cause of their feeling some want met, which 
 they have in common with other classes of 
 society — not because it meets their case as 
 poor people. It is easy to imagine how they 
 would be repelled by books written in bad 
 taste, though meant for them. But the suc- 
 cess of such books as " The American Me- 
 chanic," by Dr. James W. Alexander, indi- 
 cates the demand for such books, and the 
 possibility of making them as popular as 
 they are appropriate. 
 
 It is easy to understand why there are not 
 more such books. There is much more eclat 
 and much more profit, of a mercenary 
 kind, in writing for the rich. It requires 
 self-denial to write for the poor, just as 
 it does to visit the poor, and preach the 
 Gospel to them. And generally, in the 
 world, they have been considered as a sort 
 of dead incumbrance on society, which was 
 to be tolerated only, and made to keep out 
 of the way as much as possible. Not only 
 should a literature for the poor be written, 
 
172 LITERATURE FOR THE POOR. 
 
 but means should be taken to promote its 
 circulation among those for whom it is de- 
 signed. The poor have not the opportunity 
 of studying catalogues, and perambulating 
 among book-stores, nor have they usually 
 much avidity for reading; but were their 
 attention called to a literature which came 
 home to their daily experience, they would 
 soon resort to books as a solace and an 
 amusement. The poor who have some taste 
 for reading, frequently find their zeal chilled 
 by the very difficulty of finding suitable 
 books, and the liability, almost certainty, of 
 getting unsuitable books. In a visit we once 
 paid to the house of a worthy drayman, we 
 found a copy of Hugh Miller's " Footprints 
 of the Creator" — which he said he had 
 purchased because he liked the title, but 
 which he soon found was no book for him ; 
 and there his dollar lay a dead loss. On 
 the other hand, we once were conversing 
 with an humble Irishman, who had a num- 
 ber of books in his dwelling, but seemed to 
 
LITERATURE FOR THE POOR. 173 
 
 have been satisfied with but one (besides 
 his cherished Bible). That one he had 
 read over and over, and always with tears. 
 It contained the narrative of a poor boy, 
 who had set out early to seek an indepen- 
 dent livelihood, and whose struggles are all 
 related — and said he, with a voice tremulous 
 with emotion, " Although I am now the 
 father of grown children, and am in better 
 circumstances, yet that poor boy's struggles 
 were so much like my own early history, 
 that I am carried back to my youth, and 
 weep over all that boy's sorrows more than I 
 ever did over my own ." The title of the book, 
 we think, was, " The Young Man away 
 from Home." It spoke to the poor man's 
 experience ; and such is the kind of writings 
 we want written, selected out, and systema- 
 tically circulated, among the class for whom 
 they are designed. And we know not why 
 there might not be d^ periodical literature of 
 the same class — studiously adapted to the 
 poor. Associations, free congregational libra- 
 
 15* 
 
174 SHUT UP TO THE FAITH. 
 
 ries, colporteurs, could easily accomplish their 
 circulation. 
 
 ANOTHER TRIUMPH OF CHRISTIANITY. 
 
 In our author's second publication, enti- 
 tled, " Politics for American Christians," he 
 presents us with some profound and original 
 views upon a number of indirect means of 
 ameliorating the condition of the lower 
 classes. He is a man, as is easily seen, tho- 
 roughly conversant with the whole ground 
 of Political Economy ; and there is something 
 sublime and inspiring in the sight of such a 
 scholar and thinker finding himself baffled 
 in every other direction, and at last finding 
 the only possible solution to the great ago- 
 nizing questions of national interest, in the 
 application of the principles of the Bible, and 
 bringing his whole science, and all his accu- 
 mulations of thought, and all the precious 
 interests they involve, and casting them 
 down at the foot of the cross ! 
 
NEW TRIUMPH OP CHRISTIANITY. 175 
 
 Attend to his language. 
 
 "We believe that the whole problem of 
 human destiny in this world is fully com- 
 mitted to the consideration of Christians. 
 Believing, as we do, that the light of Chris- 
 tianity must shine upon every investigation 
 intended to explore the hidden path to human 
 happiness, we think that such explorations 
 can only he successful in the hands of Chris- 
 tians,'' (p. 10.) This appears to us like the 
 heralding of a new triumph of Christianity ! 
 Heretofore, if Political Economy has not been 
 anti-christian, it has at least been unchris- 
 tian. It set up to solve its own questions 
 without help ; but it has struggled long and 
 inefficiently, and now, like many other un- 
 christian and anti-christian sciences, it has at 
 last been "shut up to the faith." What a 
 standing miracle is the Bible ! 
 
 We do not forget that men often profess 
 much reverence for Christianity, whose views 
 of the system really would render Christianity 
 a nullity. But the author of New Themes 
 
176 ORTHODOXY SAFE. 
 
 is not one of these. He not only receives 
 Christianity as a revelation from God, but 
 receives the orthodox interpretations of it, 
 and proposes no changes which will disturb 
 any feature in what is called evangelic or- 
 thodoxy. Attend again to his language; 
 and it is presumed that no one who has read 
 his writings will feel a doubt of his sincerity : 
 " It may cost many years of effort and in- 
 quiry to occupy a position which will afford 
 a full view of the subject (viz., Christianity 
 in its human relations), the complications of 
 which are enough to deter any but the most 
 resolute. It cannot be done without severe 
 mental discipline and painful struggles, for 
 many things have to be unlearned. But it 
 costs no sacrifice of orthodoxy. On the con- 
 trary, it would vindicate orthodoxy from 
 much for which it should never have been 
 responsible ; it will afford a clearer view of 
 the elementary doctrines of Christianity than 
 can be had in any other way. This view 
 must be attained with one hand toward Di- 
 
CAUSE OP GRATITUDE. 177 
 
 vinity, the other toward Humanity, an open 
 Bible before the eyes, a heart raised to God 
 for the enlightening influences of His Holy 
 Spirit, and with a devout looking, not only 
 to Christ our atoning Saviour, but to Christ 
 our Lawgiver, our Teacher, our Great Ex- 
 emplar — not less to be heeded and obeyed than 
 to be accepted and worshipped. This method 
 of inquiry will exalt Christianity above all 
 former estimation, by exhibiting its fitness 
 and applicability, not only to save men in 
 eternity, but to save them from a vast sum 
 of misery, wickedness, and oppression, in 
 this world; thus increasing their grounds 
 for gratitude to God, and leaving them time 
 and opportunity to prepare for Heaven." 
 
 Without pretending to coincide with the 
 author in every sentiment which he has 
 written, we yet express our deep conviction 
 when we say that the evangelic portion of 
 Christendom have great reason to thank Pro- 
 vidence that this whole subject has been 
 committed, not only to such able, but to such 
 
178 INFIDEL REFORMERS. 
 
 safe and friendly hands as the author of 
 New Themes. Carlyle^ Schelling, Parker, 
 Emerson, Greely, writers in the Westminster 
 Keview, and such like, write on the same 
 " themes ;" but the improvements they pro- 
 pose involve not only the razing to the earth 
 of the old structure of orthodox theology, 
 but the improvement of Cliristianity itself — 
 which, of course, would end in the entire 
 abnegation of all revelation. And many of 
 their ideas are so sympathizing toward suffer- 
 ing humanity, that the only way for ortho- 
 doxy to maintain its hold upon the popular 
 mind, is for some Moses to smite the rock, 
 and cause the waters of love to flow out to 
 the famishing people. We trust that such 
 a prophet will ere long be raised up. 
 
 To prevent misapprehension, it may as 
 well be said here, that the present writer 
 does not pretend to be the peculiar exponent 
 of the views of the author of New Themes, 
 who was never known to the writer, even by 
 
UNION, BUT NOT COMPROMISE. 179 
 
 report, until the appearance of the aforesaid 
 book. 
 
 UNION, BUT NOT COMPROMISE. 
 
 As the author acknowledges, many of the 
 questions which he propounds are as yet un- 
 solved, because they have not received ear- 
 nest attention in the right quarters ; and to 
 him who approaches them for the first time, 
 they seem entangled with a multitude of 
 perplexities. Perhaps one of the most deli- 
 cate and difficult of all is, how Christians 
 may most efficiently act together, whilst yet 
 maintaining a due loyalty to their respective 
 denominations. 
 
 This is not a new question, viewed sepa- 
 rately. There have always been men, and 
 bodies of men, among our Protestant deno- 
 minations, who lamented the divided aspect 
 of Protestant Christendom, and who proposed 
 and attempted to carry out various schemes 
 for securing united action on such platforms 
 
180 EFFECT OF UNION SOCIETIES. 
 
 as the mass of tliem could agree to stand 
 together upon. This proceeded upon the 
 eclectic system of picking out articles of be- 
 lief which all would subscribe, and incorpo- 
 rating them into a narrow creed, around 
 which they gathered a sort of liberal, inde- 
 pendent church. Gradually it was found, 
 first, that the people were gathering around 
 the new eclectic, or perhaps we should say 
 catholic, church, and losing their attachment 
 to the peculiarities of their own denomina- 
 tional beliefs. If their pastors and leading 
 laymen could agree to carry on the whole 
 work of spreading the Gospel in all its parts 
 on the basis of a creed an inch long, they 
 could not see why the same inch-long creed 
 would not do for the Gospel at home ; and 
 so they were fast getting up a sort of con- 
 tempt for their peculiar denominational ideas, 
 until ere long they would have been willing 
 to knock down all line-fences, and form one 
 very big Church with one very little creed. 
 And the next step in their progress would 
 
THE TRUTH AND THE WHOLE TRUTH. 181 
 
 have been to wonder why Paul discussed 
 such useless doctrines as election, and why 
 there was any room left to doubt about the 
 mode of baptism and parity of the ministry — 
 from which wonderings the transition would 
 be easy to a dispensing with all such unne- 
 cessary doctrines and practices, and finally, 
 going past Quakerism, they would find them- 
 selves shaking hands with the said Parker, 
 Carlyle, Westminster Review & Co. 
 
 As we set out for a plain talk, we take 
 leave to say that we are not one of the 
 advocates of a charity which goes for com- 
 promise of principle in anything, least of all 
 in the direct work of spreading the Gospel 
 of eternal life. We dare not go to practising 
 homoeopathy on men's souls, although we 
 have considerable respect for the system in 
 its proper relations. The Bible contains 
 our materia medica and our pharmacopoeia, 
 and we advocate a strict following of direc- 
 tions ; one of which requires a declaration of 
 the whole counsel of God. 
 
 16 
 
182 TRUE PLAN OF UNION. 
 
 And reserving the privilege of modifying 
 our views when cause is seen to do so, we 
 venture the opinion that the union of Chris- 
 tian denominations had better be informal 
 than organized. However much the system 
 of compromise platforms may be necessary 
 to the success of a party, it is not in our 
 judgment a very honest system, or at all 
 favourable to the free progress of the truth. 
 Christianity is shingled over with too many 
 platforms and organizations now. They 
 impede union and cordiality. The attempt 
 to frame a set of articles for the great Evan- 
 gelical Alliance did more to repel denomina- 
 tions from each other, than any effort of 
 the nineteenth century. Men will often 
 rise in favour of some particular scheme of 
 action, and will act together heartily and 
 harmoniously until they are asked to say, 
 "Shibboleth," and then their pious impulses 
 are chilled by the uprising of diverging re- 
 membrances, and they will not say " Shib- 
 boleth." The most of men are averse to 
 
CHARITY NOT TO BE PAMPERED. 183 
 
 signing papers. They voluntarily say and 
 do many things, which they will not for- 
 mally bind themselves to say and do. It is 
 often the case that the finest impulses are 
 annihilated by the preliminary hewing and 
 tinkering at a " Plan of Union/' so that by 
 the time the machinery is completed, there 
 is no ateam to drive it onwards. Creeds 
 and constitutions have their place, and un- 
 fortunately cannot be dispensed with, but 
 as far as is at all consistent with stability 
 we are for leaving the Christian feelings to 
 play unimpeded. 
 
 Hence we believe that if the whole sub- 
 ject of charity, in its primary sense, were 
 taken up and worked out by the denomina- 
 tions severally, then there would be a spon- 
 taneous co-operation in all common enter- 
 prises. If, for example, any one started a 
 good suggestion, such as a movement in 
 behalf of Sabbath observance, it would be 
 laid hold of promptly by all, acted upon, so 
 far as might be demanded, in church courts. 
 
184 SUBLIME RESULTS OP CHARITY. 
 
 advocated by pulpit and press, and if need 
 be, brought before public meetings of Chris- 
 tians of all sects; not under a certain section 
 of a certain defined constitution, but under 
 the demand of a spontaneous Christian im- 
 pulse, wishing to express itself at that par- 
 ticular time in that particular way, without 
 any other platform than the idea then 
 before the mind. No forming of associa- 
 tions at present among different denomina- 
 tions would avail anything. The work 
 must begin deeper; it must begin in the 
 radical ideas of the mind and the deep feel- 
 ings of the heart: then will its influences 
 come working up and working out into all 
 and through all, the doings and sayings and 
 departments of life. Then shall we realize 
 that sublime spectacle of men of adverse 
 creeds meeting together, principle and love 
 kissing each other — then, without a particle 
 of sacrifice of individual belief shall we see 
 Christianity presenting a consistent aspect, 
 making upon society a consistent impression, 
 
CHRISTIANITY AND GOVERNMENT. 185 
 
 all her diversities covered by an all-encom- 
 passing charity, as the inequalities in the 
 body of the star are concealed within the 
 pavilion of light which surrounds it. 
 
 Such a charity as this will likewise 
 greatly facilitate the progress of truth, not 
 only in the world at large, but among 
 Christians themselves. It is the harsh 
 mode of stating and advocating a truth 
 which often repels the auditor and drives 
 him into heresy. When the suaviter in 
 modo is combined with the fortiter in re, 
 the truth sinks into the mind, as the gentle 
 rain does into the loosened soil. Love 
 softens the ground for the good seed. 
 
 CHRISTIANITY AND GOVERNMENT. 
 
 As this paper has already far exceeded 
 the limits designed by the writer, it is with 
 great reluctance that we make any further 
 allusion to the important topics in ^^ Politics 
 for American Christians." This part of the 
 
186 RELIGION AND GOVERNMENT. 
 
 field is ample and almost untrodden. Chris- 
 tian people having in the whole history of 
 the Church, had so little opportunity to 
 exercise their calm judgments about the 
 proper influence of Christianity in govern- 
 ment, the right principles are yet to be 
 clearly defined. Our American Voluntary 
 System being a reaction from the Establish- 
 ment System of Europe, we have made the 
 divorce between Christianity and the state 
 too entire. Our author, in this volume 
 brings not only Political Economy in gene- 
 ral, but government, legislation, politics, 
 entire, and places them likewise, at the feet 
 of Jesus ! (By this time the reader begins 
 to suspect that he is not such an "infideV 
 after all.) He shows that in government 
 there is necessarily a moral and religious 
 element. The awful sanctions of religion 
 are acknowledged to be necessary to impart 
 dignity and power to all the leading affairs 
 of government. This necessity has always 
 been felt in every government, since the 
 
GOVERNMENT A MEANS NOT AN END. 187 
 
 days of Polybius, and before. Not only so, 
 but there is a large class of immoralities 
 which are so detrimental to the public weal 
 that they are proper subjects of prohibitory 
 legislation, and that as to this whole class 
 of appropriate legislative materials, the peo- 
 ple of a Christian land have a right to insist 
 that Christian morality shall guide the legis- 
 lator. And for our part, we see not why 
 Christian people may not demand any law 
 which they think would conduce to the 
 public good. We do not regard govern- 
 ment as the master but as the servant of 
 society; not as a teacher but a pupil. And 
 the people of society are bound to apply the 
 principles of the Bible as far as possible in 
 instructing the government. We hear of 
 what is the province of government, as if it 
 had any other province than to subserve 
 the wishes of the people. Constitutions are 
 only expressions of the will of the people at 
 the time of framing it, and are liable to be 
 altered whenever the public good may 
 
188 THE GENERAL GOOD. 
 
 demand an alteration. We do not believe 
 in the infallibility of a political constitution, 
 any more than we do in the infallibility of 
 a church creed. Constitutions are made for 
 man, not man for constitutions. But we 
 begin thus high, not because we desire the 
 least alteration in the constitution of our 
 country, but to express strongly our convic- 
 tion of the fact that the people ought to feel 
 that they have a right to make any sort of 
 government and laws they think best for 
 the general good. 
 
 This general good would, of course, ex- 
 clude the passage of laws enforcing any sys- 
 tem of religious faith on the people, for that 
 would be the violation of a principle, emi- 
 nently conducive to the general good, viz. : 
 that men ought to be left free to worship 
 God as they think right, provided, in so 
 doing, they do not disturb others. But, if 
 men, in professing to follow their conscience, 
 interfere with the order and security of so- 
 ciety, or manifestly corrupt public morals, 
 
AN UNTRODDEN FIELD. 189 
 
 then the public weal demands that they 
 should be arrested in their course. In busi- 
 ness, too, it is a good general principle, that 
 all should be allowed to exert themselves 
 unrestrained, until it is proved that their 
 course damages the public welfare ; then 
 they should be stopped. And so as to social 
 habits, public amusements, &c. — they should 
 not be allowed to disturb or injure the com- 
 munity. Where the dividing line runs be- 
 tween Christian morality, as such, and go- 
 vernment duty, no man can point out. It 
 must be left to the decision of a free people, 
 through their representatives. But a glance 
 must convince any one that here is a field of 
 observation and action, of vast importance, 
 which has been almost wholly neglected. 
 The people do not watch the legislatures 
 with a Christian eye ; and hence, our repre- 
 sentatives do not feel the stringency of a 
 united Christian sentiment bearing upon 
 them. And in this negligence of the Chris- 
 tian public, is found the cause of the loose 
 
190 CHRISTIANS RESPONSIBLE FOR CORRUPTION. 
 
 morality, which is a fearful characteristic of 
 this whole department of society. The 
 demagogue feels scarcely restrained at all, in 
 his unprincipled struggles to secure his elec- 
 tion ; or in his wasting of time and public 
 money; or passing immoral laws, or neglect- 
 ing to pass such laws as the public interest 
 demands. When Christian people complain 
 of corruption among politicians, and of bad 
 legislation, they should remember that the 
 sin lies at the door of the Christian public, 
 who are asleep, as a mass, with regard to 
 this whole subject. There never has been a 
 time when the Christian influence was not 
 strong enough in the country to carry any 
 measure, they would vigorously unite to 
 urge. It is so this day. Hence, the Chris- 
 tian people of this land are really respoyisihle 
 for their corruptions and omissions, which 
 are often complained of. The account our 
 author gives of the terrible venality of the 
 Congress of the United States, is doubtlessly 
 even below the truth, although he tells us 
 
GOV. MCDOWELL. 191 
 
 enough to make us blush and shudder. We 
 once heard the late Gov. McDowell say, 
 whilst standing in the Kotunda of the Capitol 
 at Washington, " If the people of the country 
 could be suddenly informed of the corruptions 
 practised by their representatives, in this 
 house, they would rise, en masse, and, moved 
 by one simultaneous impulse, raze this build- 
 ing to its foundations, and bury all beneath its 
 ruins !" It is cause of rejoicing that one has 
 been found to lay open the hideous ulcer to 
 public gaze. The people should not have 
 permitted these things to be hidden from 
 them thus long : and now that they are in- 
 formed of it, they should lose no time in 
 redressing the evil. Let every representa- 
 tive be studied, and if he be lacking in inte- 
 grity, let him never again set foot in the 
 halls of legislation. 
 
 It was to be anticipated that persons would 
 condemn such views as these, under the influ- 
 ence of the popular prejudices against "Church 
 and State." But let us have done with cant ; 
 
192 GOVERNMENT CHAPLAINS. 
 
 and bring our minds honestly and vigor- 
 ously to bear upon this subject. Does the 
 voluntary system of religion demand that 
 government shall appropriate no moneys 
 whatsoever for direct religious purposes ? 
 Then why do the people sit quietly under 
 the Governmental Chaplaincy System — to 
 support which large appropriations are an- 
 nually made out of the public treasury? 
 " Out of thine own mouth do I condemn 
 thee." Man with a conscience ! If such be 
 your principle, why sit still while every ship 
 in the Navy bears a minister of the Gospel, 
 paid by government — whilst West Point 
 Academy has its government chaplain, and 
 the two Houses of Congress have each their 
 chaplain ! But if you admit the propriety 
 of such religious provision, by government, 
 for its own servants, why arrest it here ! 
 Why not appoint chaplains to the Custom- 
 Houses and Post-Offices, and why should not 
 the President have one for himself and Cabi- 
 net. The Congressmen have more opportu- 
 
GOVERNMENT RELIGION. 193 
 
 nity for attending public worship in the 
 churches on the Sabbath than the deputy 
 postmasters have. The postmasters must 
 spend much of the Sabbath in opening and 
 making up mails, and delivering letters : 
 hence they seem specially to need a sort of 
 missionary work among them. And we sus- 
 pect a service in a city post-office, whilst the 
 clerks are making up the mail, would be 
 fully as orderly and edifying as many of the 
 services in Congress. And whilst the cus- 
 tom-house officers are sauntering about the 
 wharves on Sunday, watching against con- 
 traband operations, it might be well enough 
 to set a spiritual watch over them. It may 
 be inferred from these hints, that we have 
 no great respect for the religious operations 
 of Uncle Sam : but we do not wish to express 
 a decided opinion, so much as to call attention 
 to the lack of settled principles on this sub- 
 ject. 
 
 The civil oath, in its nature, is one of the 
 most solemn acts of worship known on earth 
 
 17 
 
194 THE CIVIL OATH. 
 
 it is an act of official worship by the State 
 — and of Christian worship, too, as it is 
 performed on the Bible. But what a call is 
 there, that the Christian public should ob- 
 serve closely this practice of the State, lest it 
 descend into sacrilege or superstition. The 
 kissing of the Bible we consider a super- 
 stitious practice. But we feel far more 
 wounded at the countless multiplications of 
 the oath, and the hasty and irreverent man- 
 ner in which it is administered, which, to 
 our mind, seems like " profane swearing," — 
 like " taking the name of God in vain." But 
 how indifferent are Christian people as to this 
 growing governmental profanity. 
 
 But the religious element in our form of 
 government is small, compared with what 
 may be called, by way of distinction, the 
 moral element. How hazy is the public mind 
 upon this most important class of topics. We 
 fear that defined principles on this point are 
 as scarce as books on Charity. The theory 
 of our government is, that the people are in- 
 
ANALYSIS WANTED. 195 
 
 directly the source of the laws. Now on 
 what general principle do the people base 
 such a movement^ for example, as a legisla- 
 tive crusade against rum-selling ; or against 
 profane swearing, or against Sabbath-break- 
 ing, or gambling, or any other immorality ? 
 Can they say to their representatives, " You 
 must enact laws against such and such vices^ 
 because they are forbidden in the Word of 
 God T If so, they imply the principle which 
 leads to an establishment of religion as entire 
 as it exists in Spain or Italy. The only safe 
 ground is that of public order and safety. It 
 is to this test alone, any such act can justifi- 
 ably be brought. 
 
 But here there is a wide range, and an in- 
 finite series of possibilities. How impossible 
 it would be to solve all such questions with- 
 out some general guide which can be relied 
 on as infallible. If individual cases are to 
 be solved without broad moral principles, 
 then all uniformity and certainty is impossi- 
 ble. But, admitting the Bible to have been 
 
196 THE BIBLE THE GUIDE. 
 
 indited by Infinite Wisdom and Goodness, 
 and to contain a summary of principles ap- 
 plying to all human relations, then we have 
 an ever-present guide in forming our opinions 
 as to what is best for society. We may feel 
 sure, in the first place, that all positive vices 
 specified in Scripture are, and must be, inju- 
 rious to the public weal, and hence may 
 fairly be prohibited so far as it is possible for 
 laws to take efiectual hold of the offence. It 
 ought to be enough to convince a Christian 
 mind that adultery is injurious to the public 
 weal, to know that it is interdicted in the 
 Decalogue ; and so of murder, slander, fraud, 
 stealing, and of all violations of what man 
 owes to man. The object of law is to pro- 
 mote justice, right, harmony, safety among 
 the people; and every vice in the whole 
 catalogue is an opposing element to this de- 
 sign of law ; and all that a citizen need de- 
 termine is, whether a certain practice is or 
 is not a vice. If it is, it should, if possible, 
 be suppressed by law. Now, in determining 
 
MAN THE BASIS OF LEGISLATION. 197 
 
 this, the believer has only to consult his In- 
 fallible Authority. It is certainly an incon- 
 sistency in any people professing to believe 
 the Scriptures, to tolerate any legislation 
 which contravenes any Scripture principle. 
 It is to this test that legislation on usury, 
 marriage, divorce, and all other topics whose 
 principles are settled in Scripture, should be 
 brought, not officially, but privately and con- 
 scientiously. 
 
 MAN THE BASIS OF LEGISLATION. 
 
 When we enter the department of positive 
 legislation for the good of society, we have 
 not as clear a set of principles drawn from 
 Holy Writ as in the other case ; but we have 
 certain broad precepts, out of which innu- 
 merable practical principles may be evolved. 
 One great principle is very clearly deducible 
 from Scripture, viz., that the only proper ob- 
 ject of our regard and care on earth is maii. 
 It is not land, or money, or manufactures, 
 
 17* 
 
198 LEGISLATION FOR MAJORITY. 
 
 nor is it landowners, capitalists, or manufac- 
 turers, that we are to love ; but it is " our 
 neiglibourr And, manifestly. Christian po- 
 litics can lay no other foundation for its su- 
 perstructure than this which is laid. It 
 absolutely forbids all legislation for any class, 
 unless that class constitute the greatest num- 
 ber of the people ; and it requires the enact- 
 ment of all laws which shall promote the 
 greatest good of the greatest number. 
 
 There will indeed be cases in which the 
 interests of a large minority would be seri- 
 ously damaged, in which case a Christian 
 spirit would require a waiving of the claims 
 of the majority, unless those claims were 
 very pressing and momentous. 
 
 But as a rule, the interest in which the 
 greatest number of persons is involved de- 
 mands to be primarily consulted and sub-* 
 served; and, consequently, that system of 
 politics which rests upon any other basis 
 should be rejected by all those which wish 
 to be governed by Christian principle. If 
 
NOT PROPERTY BUT PEOPLE. 199 
 
 this be true, the interests of the labouring 
 classes come in for the highest consideration, 
 because the welfare of a greater number is 
 here involved than in any other interest. 
 Indeed, were wealth the basis of legislation, 
 it might be shown that the annual proceeds 
 of labour exceed that of all other forms of 
 capital. But we reject this criterion, and 
 claim that the question is chiefly, if not 
 solely, a numerical one. In this sentiment 
 we do not profess to represent our author, 
 nor to have looked deeply into the subject 
 of Political Economy ; but we feel safe in 
 following a clear Scriptural principle whither- 
 soever it conducts us. We can see only 
 mammonism in that system of politics which 
 ciphers up the largest property interest, and 
 makes that the punctum stans of the legisla- 
 tor. We do not care whether the land in- 
 terest of the country is the largest or the 
 smallest ; we care much more to know whe- 
 ther there are not more workers on the land 
 of others than possessors in fee simple. It 
 is a very small thing to us to know how 
 
200 OBJECT OP THIS REVIEW. 
 
 many rolling-mills or cotton factories a cer- 
 tain man owns ; but it is a very large matter 
 to ascertain how many labourers are em- 
 ployed in his mills or factories, and how 
 many of his neighbours find a market there 
 for the products of their toil. And we feel 
 bound to advocate the legislation which will 
 secure to the great multitudes of workers 
 employment at just and remunerative wages. 
 And from this point should all legislation be 
 developed. But we must refer the reader to 
 the mature and pregnant thoughts on this 
 general subject in " Politics for American 
 Christians/' and bring our desultory reflec- 
 tions to a close. 
 
 Our main object in this publication has 
 been to assist in awakening a general inte- 
 rest in this whole class of topics, in order 
 that the leading Christian minds of the day 
 may be induced to apply their powers to 
 this fresh and fertile field ; and that it may 
 not be left to the worthless comments of 
 newspaper editors, and the impertinent pue- 
 rilities of literary whipper-snappers. 
 
ADDRESS. 
 
ADDRESS 
 
 TO THE PROTESTANT CLERGY OF AMERICA. 
 
 Dear Brethren : 
 
 To you this whole subject appeals with a 
 directness and force which you cannot inno- 
 cently resist. To you Christ has committed 
 the awful responsibility of expounding and 
 inculcating the doctrines of his religion. If 
 there be any truth in the charge that charity 
 has been slighted in our standards, our preach- 
 ing, our literature, our lives, how dare you 
 withhold your utmost exertions to restore 
 this " lost Pleiad" to the galaxy of heavenly 
 doctrines? The eye of Christ is bending 
 upon you. Your vows demand that you 
 
204 ADDRESS TO THE CLERGY. 
 
 shall " preach the Word in all its fulness ;" 
 before God's dread tribunal you must stand, 
 and render your account ; the souls of men 
 are at stake ; the entire hopes of all coming 
 generations are involved ; how can you " shun 
 to declare the whole counsel of God !" So 
 far as you are called of God to your office, 
 you are the heaven-nominated class to lay 
 hold of this subject, and give it the most 
 thorough investigation. To refuse to do it, 
 is to be wilfully recreant to the most solemn 
 obligations which can be imposed upon man. 
 And however your Master may excuse your 
 thoughtlessness heretofore, now that your 
 attention has been especially directed to it 
 he demands your immediate efforts in the 
 cause. 
 
 To shrink from it because you are not 
 pleased with the mode of its presentation, is 
 to indulge a spirit unworthy any magnani- 
 mous mind, much more a servant of the 
 meek and forgiving Jesus. Bring objections 
 as you may to this whole controversy, you 
 
PRIZE OP A THOUSAND DOLLARS. 205 
 
 must admit that it has elicited some ideas 
 which are both true and important. Why 
 not take hold of these, and endeavour, ac- 
 cording to your light, to fulfil your tremen- 
 dous obligations ? 
 
 This appeal is, by the author of New 
 Themes, in the second edition of that work, 
 thrown into the most pointed form. A prize 
 of five hundred dollars, which has by the 
 publishers been increased to a thousand dol- 
 lars, is offered for the best work on Christian 
 Charity, founded immediately on the teach- 
 ings of Scripture. There is a most painful 
 significancy in the silence with which that 
 noble proposition has been met. Similar 
 ofiers for works on other subjects usually ex- 
 cite a large number of competitors; and 
 even on some branches of this very subject 
 prizes have drawn forth numberless treatises 
 designed for ecclesiastical tax-gathering ; but 
 when the Great Doctrine — the Greatest Doc- 
 trine — is proposed, and liberal inducements 
 offered to all of every nation to compete for 
 
 18 
 
206 CLERGY BOUND TO CONSIDER. 
 
 it, it falls like the voice of Love upon the 
 ear of Death ! Ye thirty thousand Ameri- 
 can Protestant ministers, are there none of 
 all your learned body whose hearts respond 
 to such a call as this ? If that offer should 
 stand unaccepted for the two years to which 
 it is limited, let no man have the effrontery 
 to deny the extremest charge which " New 
 Themes" brings against " Protestant Clergy." 
 
 Kemember your vast influence in society, 
 especially among Christian people. At your 
 lips the people expect to hear the law. How 
 terrible your account, if, knowing the truth, 
 you fail to teach it ! Supposing that, per- 
 sonally, you are to suffer for rendering a bold 
 testimony to the truth ; supposing that your 
 church is likely to be damaged; what are 
 you, and what your denomination, compared 
 with the truth of God and the good of man ? 
 
 But it is a false impression to suppose that 
 either you or your church can suffer real 
 detriment from taking earnest hold of this 
 Scriptural theme. Indeed, the very way to 
 
THE WORK WILL GO ON. 207 
 
 bring on what you would avoid, is to neglect it. 
 The world is waking to this negligence on 
 the part of the Church, which, if it continues, 
 will breed a generation of infidels, or at least 
 occasion an annihilation of existing church 
 organizations. Naught can avert a moral 
 earthquake but a speedy obedience to the 
 spirit of Christianity. Even within a half- 
 century the whole foreign missionary move- 
 ment has come into play ; why may not the 
 next half-century witness a progress equally 
 great in our home Christianity ? But do as 
 you may, the work will go on. " The Word 
 of God is not bound." It moves like a spirit 
 of air, going to and fro, walking up and down 
 on the earth. Out of the skies its angel 
 voice sounds an evangel for every benighted 
 company of men. The prisoner through his 
 grate-bars will hear good tidings of great 
 joy. Men, indeed, instead of helping to 
 liberate the captive, have often tried to 
 manacle the Great Liberator. But, though 
 often tied, shorn, and blinded, Christianity 
 
208 CONCLUSION. 
 
 will ere long snap the flaxen cords, and seize 
 hold of the pillars of many a Philistine 
 temple. 
 
 Let us awake, dear brethren, to the ap- 
 peals which are sounding around us. Let 
 the scathed and bleeding limbs of the fet- 
 tered millions of oar race touch our deepest 
 sympathies. How do their chains clank 
 around us. and every breeze come laden with 
 the blows of the knout; and how do the 
 chain-gangs of Satan defile past us in long 
 and melancholy processions ! There is no 
 time to be lost ! Let each one hearken to 
 the voice of Wisdom : ^' Whatsoever thy 
 hand findeth to do, do it with thy might ; 
 for there is no work, nor device, nor know- 
 ledge, in the grave whither thou goest." 
 
 THE END 
 
CATALOGUE 
 
 OP 
 
 VALUABLE BOOKS, 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 LIPPINCOTT, GEAMBO & CO., 
 
 (SUCCESSORS TO GRIGG, ELLIOT & CO.) 
 
 NO. 14 NORTH FOURTH STREET, PHILADELPHIA; 
 
 CONSISTING 9F A LAROE ASSORTAIENT OF 
 
 Bibles, Prayer-Books, Commentaries, Standard Poets, 
 MEDICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND MISCELLANEOUS WORKS, ETC., 
 
 PAETICULABLY SUITABLE FOR 
 
 PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LEBRARIES. 
 
 FOR SALE BY BOOKSELLERS AND COUNTRY MERCHANTS GENERALLY THROUGH- 
 OUT THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 THE BEST & MOST COMPLETE FAMILY COMMENTARY. 
 The Comprehensive Commentary on the Holy Bible; 
 
 OONTAININQ 
 
 THE TEXT ACCORDING TO THE AUTHORIZED VERSION, 
 
 BCOTTS MARGINAL REFERENCES; MATTHEW HENRY'S COMMENTARY, 
 
 CONDENSED, BUT RETAINING EVERY USEFUL THOUGHT; THB 
 
 PRACTICAL OBSERVATIONS OP REV. THOMAS SCOTT, D. D. ; 
 
 WITH EXTENSIVE 
 
 EXPLANATORY, CRITICAL AND PHILOLOGICAL NOTES, 
 
 Selected from Scott, Doddridge, Gill, Adam Clarke, Patrick, Poole, Lowth, 
 Burder, Harmer, Calmet, Rosenmueller, Bloomfield, Stuart, Bush, Dwight, 
 and many other writers on the Scriptures. 
 
 The whole designed to be a digest and combination of the advantages of 
 the best Bible Commentaries, and embracing nearly all that is valuable in 
 
 HENRY, SCOTT, AND DODDRIDGE. 
 
 Conveniently arranged for family and private reading, and, at the same time, 
 particularly adapted to the wants of Sabbath- School Teachers and Bible 
 Classes ; with numerous useful tables, and a neatly engraved Family Record. 
 
 Edited by Rev. William Jenks, D. D., 
 
 PASTOR OF GREEN STREET CHURCH, BOSTON. 
 
 Embellished with five portraits, and other elegant engravings, from steel 
 plates ; with several maps and many wood-cuts, illustrative of Scripture 
 Manners, Customs, Antiquities, &c. In 6 \ols. super- royal 8vo. 
 Including Supplement, bound in cloth, sheep, calf, &c., varying in 
 Price from $10 to $15. 
 The whole forming the most valuable as well as the cheapest Commentary 
 published in the world, 
 1 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 • NOTICES AND RECOMMENDATIONS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 COMPREHENSIVE COMMENTARY. 
 
 The Publishers select the following from the testimonials they have received 
 as to the value of the work: 
 We, the subscribers, having examined the Comprehensive Commentary, issued from the press of 
 Messrs. L., G. & Co., and highly approving its character, would cheerfully and confidently recom- 
 mend it as containing more matter and more advantages than any other vfith which we are 
 acquainted ; and considering the expense incurred, and the excellent manner of its mechanical 
 execution, we believe it to be one of the cheapest works ever issued from the press. We hope the 
 publishers will be sustained by a liberal patronage, in their expensive and useful undertaking. We 
 ehould be pleased to learn that every family in the United States had procured a copy. 
 
 B. B. WISN ER, D. D., Secretary of Am. Board of Com. for For. Missions. 
 
 WM. COGSWELL, D. D., * " Education Society. 
 
 JOHN CODMAN, D. D., Pastor of Congregational Church, Dorchester. 
 
 Rev. HUBBARD WINSLOW, " ** Bowdoin street, Dorchester. 
 
 Rev. SEW ALL HARDING, Pastor of T. C. Church, Waltham. 
 
 Rev. J. H. FAIRCHILD, Pastor of Congregational Church, South Boston. 
 
 GARDINER SPRING, D. D., Pastor of Presbyterian Church, New York city. 
 
 CYRUS MASON, D. D., " - " " u m 
 
 THOS. M'AULEY, D. D., « » •• « « « 
 
 JOHN WOODBRIDGE, D. D., - * • - - 
 
 THOS, DEWITT, D. D., ' " Dutch Ref. *• * • 
 
 E. W. BALDWIN, D. D., " " " - - 
 
 Rev. J. M. M-KREBS, « Presbyterian *• « « 
 
 Rev. ERSKINE MASON, « « « « - 
 
 Rev. J. S. SPENCER, « « « Brooklyn. 
 
 EZRA STILES ELY, D. D., Stated Clerk of Gen. Assem. of Presbyterian Church. 
 
 JOHN M'DOWELL, D. D., Permanent « « .. « 
 
 JOHN BRECKENRIDGE, Corresponding Secretary of Assembly's Board of Eduoatka. 
 
 SAMUEL B. WYLIE, D. D., Pastor of tJie Reformed Presbyterian Church. 
 
 N. LORD, D. D., President of Dartmouth College. 
 
 JOSHUA BATES, D. D., President of iliddlebury College. 
 
 H. HUMPHREY, D. D., " -Amherst College. 
 
 K D. GRIFFIN, D. D., " Williamstown CoUege. 
 
 ; J. WHEELER, D. D., •* University of Vermont, at Burlington. 
 
 J. M. MATTHEWS, D. D., « New York City University. 
 
 GEORGE E. PIERCE, D. D., " Western Reserve College, Ohia 
 
 Rev. Dr. BROWN, " Jefferson College, Penn. 
 
 LEONARD WOODS, D. D., Professor of Theology, Andover Seminary. 
 
 THOS. H. SKINNER, D. D., " Sac. Rhet. " » 
 
 Rev. RALPH EMERSON, " Eccl. Hist, « - 
 
 Rev. JOEL PARKER, Pastor of Presbyterian Church, New Orleans. 
 
 JOEL HA WES, D. D., " Congregational Church, Hartford, Conn. 
 
 N. S. S. BEAMAN, D. D., " Presbyterian Church, Troy, N. Y. 
 
 MARK TUCKER, D. D., " " « « « 
 
 Rev, E. N. KIRK, - - - Albany, N. Y. 
 
 Rev. E. B, EDWARDS, Editor of Quarterly Observer, 
 
 Rev. STEPHEN MASON, Pastor First Congregational Church, Nantucket. 
 
 Rby, ORIN FOWLER, « •• « " FaU River. 
 
 GEORGE W. BETHUNE, D. D., Pastor of the First Reformed Dutch Church, Philadt. 
 
 Rev. LYMAN BEECHER, D. D., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 Rev. C. D. MALLORY, Pastor Baptist Church, Augusta, 6a. 
 
 Rev. S. M. NQEL, u u u prankfort, Ky. 
 
 From the Professors at Princeton Theological Seminary. 
 The Comprehensive Commentary contains the whole of Henry's Exposition in a condensed fonn, 
 Scott's Practical Observations and Marginal References, and a large number of very valuable philo- 
 logical and critical notes, selected from various authors. The work appears to be executed vritH 
 judgment, fidelity, and care ; and will furnish a rich treasure of scriptural knowledge to tha 
 Biblical student, and to the teacher* of Sabbath-Schools and Bible Classes. 
 
 A. ALEXANDER, D. D. 
 SAMUEL MILLER, D. D. 
 CHARLES HODGE, D. D 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GEAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 t Companion to \^t ^ihk 
 
 In one super-royal volume. 
 
 DEMGNED TO ACCOMPANY 
 
 THE FAMILY BIBLE, 
 
 OR HENRY'S, SCOIT'S. CLARKE'S, GILL'S, OR OTHER COMMENTARIES! 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 1. A new, full, and complete Concordance j 
 
 Illustrated with monumental, traditional, and oriental engravings, founded on Butterworth's, with 
 Cruden's definitions ; forming, it is believed, on many accounts, a more valuable work than either 
 Butterworth, Cruden, or any other similar book in the language. 
 
 Tlie value of a Concordance is now generally understood ; and those who have used one, con- 
 sider it indispensable in connection with the Bible. 
 
 2. A Guide to the Reading and Study of the Bible ; 
 
 being Carpenter's valuable Biblical Companion, lately published in London, containing a complete 
 history of the Bible, and forming a most excellent introduction to its study. It embraces the evi- 
 dences of Christianity, Jewish antiquities, maimers, customs, arts, natural history, 6lc., of the Bible, 
 
 with notes and engravings added. 
 
 * 
 
 8.. Complete Biographies of Henry, by Williams; Scott, by his 
 son; Doddridge, by Orton; 
 
 with sketches of the lives and characters, and notices of the works, of the writers on the Scripturei 
 who are quoted in the Commentary, hvinig and dead, American and foreign. 
 
 Tliis part of the volume not only affords a large quantity of interesting and useful reading for 
 pious families, but will also be a source of gratification to all those who are in the habit of consult- 
 ing the Commentary ; every one naturally feeling a desire to know some particulars of the lives aad 
 characters of those whose opinions he seeks. Appended to this part, wUl be a 
 
 BIBLIOTHECA BIBLICA, 
 
 or lijjt of the best works on the Bible, of all kinds, arranged under their appropriate heads. 
 
 4. A complete Index of the Matter contained in the Bible Text. 
 6. A Symbolical Dictionary. 
 
 A very comprehensive and valuable Dictionary of Scripture Symbols, (occupying about fifty-six 
 closely printed pages,) by Thomas Wemyss, (author of "Biblical Gleanings," <Scc.) Comprising 
 Daubnz, Lancaster, Hutcheson, &c. 
 
 6. The Work contains several other Articles, 
 
 Indexes, Tables, ice. &c., and is, 
 
 7. Illustrated by a large Plan of Jerusalem, 
 
 identifying, as far as tradition, <fec., go, the original sites, drawn on the spot by F. Cathervvood, of 
 London, architect. Also, two steel engravings of portraits of seven foreign and eight Americaa 
 theological writers, and numerous wood engravings. 
 
 The whole forms a desirable and necessary fund of instruction for the use not only of clergymen 
 and Sabbath-school teachers, but also for families. When the great amount of matter it must 
 contain is considered, it will be deemed exceedingly cheap. 
 
 " I have examined ' The Companion to the Bible,' and have been surprised to find so much inform- 
 ation introduced into a volume of so mo<lerate a size. It coutuins a library of sacred knowledge 
 and criticism. It will be useful to ministers who own large libraries, and cannot fail to be an 
 invaluable help to every reader of the Bible." HENKY MORRIS, 
 
 Pastor of Congregational Church, Vermont 
 
 The above work can be had in several styles of binding. Price varying 
 
 from $1 75 to $5 00. 
 
 3 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS GF THE HOLY SCRIPTURES, 
 
 ^ In one super-royal volume. 
 
 DERIYED PRINCIPALLY FROM THE MANNERS, CUSTOMS, ANTIQUITIES, TRADITIONS, 
 
 AND FORMS OF SPEECH, RITES, CLIMATE, WORKS OF ART, AND 
 
 LITERATURE OF THE EASTERN NATIONS : 
 
 EMBODTINO ALL THAT IS VALUABLE IN THE WORKS OF 
 
 ROBERTS, HARIVEER, BURDER, PAXTON, CHANDLER, 
 
 And the most celebrated oriental travellers. Embracing also the subject of the Fuliilinent of 
 
 Prophecy, as exhibited bj Keith and others ; with descriptions of the present state 
 
 of countries and places mentioned in the Sacred Writings. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED BY NUMEROUS LANDSCAPE ENQflAVINGS, 
 
 FEOM SKBTCHES TAKEN ON THE SPOT. 
 
 Edited by Rev. George Bush, 
 
 Professor of Hebrew and Oriental Literature in the New York City University. 
 
 The importance of this work must bo obvious, and, being altogether illustrative, without reference 
 to doctrines, or other points in which Christians differ, it is hoped it will meet with favour from all 
 who love the sacred volume, and that it wiU be sufficiently interesting and attractive to recommend 
 itself, not only to professed Christians of aU denominations, but also to the general reader. The 
 arrangement of the texts illustrated with the notes, in the order of the chapters and verses of the 
 authorized version of the Bible, will render it convenient for reference to particular passages ; 
 wliile the capioia Index at the end will at once enable the reader to turn to every subject discussed 
 in the volume. , 
 
 Thia volume is not designed to take the place of Commentaries, but is a distinct department of biblical 
 instruction, and man be used as a companion to the Comprehensive or any other Commentary, or the 
 Hoty Bible. 
 
 THE ENGRAVINGS 
 
 tn this volume, it is believed, will form no small part of its attractions. No pains have been spared 
 to procure such as should embellish the work, and, at the same time, illustrate the text. Objeo 
 tions that have been made to the pictures commonly introduced into the Bible, as being mere crea- 
 tions of fancy and the imagination, often unlike nature, and frequently conveying false impressions, 
 cannot be ui^ed against the pictorial illustrations of this volume. Here the fine arts are made 
 subservient to utility, the landscape views being, without an exception, matter-of-fact views of placet 
 mentioned in Scripture, as they appear at the present day ; thus in many instances exhibiting, in the 
 most forcible manner, to the eye, the strict and Uteral fulfilment of the remarkable prophecies ; " tbe 
 present ruined and desolate condition of the cities of Babylon, Nineveh, Selah, <kc., and the coun- 
 tries of Edom and Egypt, are astonishing examples, and so completely exemplify, in the most 
 minute particulars, every thing which was foretold of them in Hie height of their prosperity, that 
 no better description can now be given of them than a simile quotation fi'om a chapter and verse 
 of the Bible written nearly two or three thousand yean ago." The pubUshers are enabled to select 
 from several collections lately published in London, the proprietor of one of which says that " seve- 
 ral distinguished travellers have afforded him the use of nearly Three Hundred Original Sketched 
 of Scripture places, made upon the spot. " The land of Palestine, it is well knoAvn, abounds in 
 scenes of the most picturesque beauty. Syria comprehends the snowy heights of Lebanon, and the 
 majestic ruins of Tadmor and Baalbec." 
 The above work can be had in various styles of binding. 
 
 Price from $1 50 to $5 00. 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED CONCORDANCE, 
 
 In one volume, royal 8vo. 
 
 A new, full, and complete Concordance ; illustrated with monumental, traditional, and oriental 
 engravings, founded on Butterworth's, with Cruden's definitions ; forming, it is believed, on many 
 accounts, a more valuable work than either Butterworth, Cruden, or any other similar book in the 
 language. 
 
 The value of a Concordance is now generally understood ; and those who have used one, con- 
 sider it indispensable in connection with the Bible. Some of the many advantages the Illustrated 
 Concordance has over all the others, are, that it contains near two hundred appropriate engravings : 
 it is printed on fine white paper, with beautiful large type. 
 
 Price One Dollar. 
 4 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 - , — ■ — * 
 
 LIPPINCOTT'S EDITION OF 
 
 BAGSTER'S COMPREHENSIVE BIBLE. 
 
 In order to develope the peculiar nature of the Comprehensive Bible, it will only bo necessary 
 to embrace its more prominent features. 
 
 1st. The SACRED TEXT is that of the Authorized Version, and is printed from the edition cor- 
 rected and improved by Dr. Blaney, which, from its accuracy, is considered the standard edition. 
 
 M. The VARIOUS READINGS are fajlhfully printed from the edition of Dr. Blaney, inclusive 
 of the translation of the proper names, without the addition or diminution of one. 
 
 3d. In the CHRONOLOGY, great care has been taken to fix the date of the particular transac- 
 tions, which has seldom been done with any degree of exactness in any former edition of the Bible. 
 
 4th. The NOTES are exclusively philological and explanatory, and are not tinctured with senti- 
 ments of any sect or party. They are selected from the most eminent Bibhcal critics and com- 
 mentators. 
 
 It is hoped that this edition of the Holy Bible will be found to contain the essence of Biblical 
 research and criticism, that lies dispersed through an immense number of volumes. 
 
 Such is the nature and design of this edition of the Sacred Volume, which, from the various 
 objects it embraces, the freedom of its pages from all sectarian peculiarities, and the beauty, plain- 
 ness, and correctness of the typography, that it caimot fail of proving acceptable and useful to 
 Christians of every denomination. 
 
 In addition to the usual references to parallel passages, which are quite full and numerous, th© 
 student has all the marginal readings, together with a rich selection of Philological, Critical, Hsto- 
 rical, Geographical, and other valuable notes and remarks, which explain and illustrate the sacred 
 text. Besides the general introduction, containing valuable essays on the genuineness, authenticity, 
 and inspiration of the Holy Scriptures, and other topics of interest, there are introductory and con- 
 cluding remarks to each book— a table of the contents of the Bible, by which the different portiona 
 are so arranged as to read in an historical order. 
 
 Arranged at the top of each page is the period in which the prominent events of sacred history 
 took place. The calculations are made for the year of the world before and after Christ, Julian 
 Period, the year of the Olympiad, the year of the building of Rome, and other notations of time. 
 At the close is inserted a Chronological Index of the Bible, according to the computation of Arch- 
 bishop Ussher. Also, a full and valuable index of the subjects contained in thp Old and New Testa- 
 ments, with a careful analysis and arrangement of texts under their appropriate subjects. 
 
 Mr. Greenfield, the editor of this work, and for some time previous to his death the superintend- 
 ent of the editorial department of the British and Foreign Bible Society, was a most extraordinary 
 man. In editing the Comprehensive Bible, his varied and extensive learning was called into suc- 
 cessful exercise, and appears in happy combination with sincere piety and a sound judgment. The 
 Editor of the Christian Observer, alluding to this work, in an obituary notice of its author, speaka 
 of it as a work of " prodigious labour and research, at oru^ exliibiting his varied talents and pro- 
 found erudition." 
 
 LIPPINCOTT'S EDITION OF 
 
 THE OXFORD QUARTO BIBLE. 
 
 The Publishers have spared neither care nor expense in their edition of the Bible ; it is printed 
 en the finest white vellum paper, with large and beautiful type, and bound in the most substantial 
 and splendid manner, in the following styles : Velvet, with richly gilt ornaments ; Turkey super 
 extra, with tilt clasps ; and in numerous others, to suit the taste of the most fastidious. 
 
 OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. 
 
 "In our opinion, the Christian public generally will feel under great obligations to the publishers 
 of this work for the beautiful taste, arrangement, and delicate neatness with which they have got 
 it out. The intrinsic merit of the Bible reconnnends itself; it needs no tinsel ornament to adorn 
 its sacred pages. In this edition every superfluous ornament has Ijeen avoided, ami we have pre- 
 sented us a perfectly chaste specimen of the Bible, without note or comment. It appears to be just 
 what is needed in every family — 'the unsophisticated word of God.' 
 
 " The size is quarto, printed with beautiful type, on white, sized vellum paper, of the finest texture 
 and most beautiful surface. The publishers seem to have been solicitous to make a perfectly 
 unique book, and they have accomplished the object very successfully. VVe trust that a libend 
 community will afford them ample remuneration for all the' expense and outlay they have necessit- 
 rily incurred in its publication. It is a standard Bible. 
 
 " The puhli.shers are Messrs. Lippincott, Grambo & Co., No. 14 North Fourth street, Philadel- 
 phia."— jBaptoi Record. 
 
 "A beautiful quarto edition of the Bible, by L., G. & Co. Nothing can exceed the type in clear 
 ness and beauty ; the paper is of the finest texture, and the whole execution is exceedingly neat 
 No illustrations or ornamental type are used. 'I'hose who prefer a Bible executed in perfwit sim- 
 plicity, yet elegance of style, without adornment, will probably never find one more to their tast» " 
 •^M. Magazine. 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS., 
 LIPPINCOTT'S EDITIONS OF 
 
 THE HOLY BIBLE. 
 
 SIX DIFFERENT SIZES. 
 
 Printed in the best manner, with beautiful type, on the finest sized paper, and bound in the most 
 splendid and substantial styles. Warranted to be correct, and equal to the best English editions, at 
 much less price. To be had with or without plates ; the publishers having supplied themselves with 
 over fifty steel engravings, by the first artists. 
 
 Baxter's Compreliensive Bible, 
 
 Royal quarto, containing the various readings and marginal notes ; disquisitions on the genuineness, 
 authenticity, and inspiration of the Holy Scripturts ; introductory and concluding remarks to each 
 book ; philological and explanatory notes ; table ol contents, arranged in hLstorical order ; a chro- 
 nological index, and various other matter ; forming a suitable book for the study of clergjrmeo. 
 Sabbath-school teachers, and students. 
 
 In neat plain binding, from $4 00 to 85 00. — In Turkey morocco, extra, gilt edges, from 18 00 to 
 •12 00. — In do., with splendid plates. 110 00 to 115 00. — lu do., beveUed side, gilt clasps and illu- 
 minations, 115 00 to i23 00. 
 
 Tlie Oxford Quarto Bible, 
 
 Without note or comment, universally admitted to be the most beautiful Bible extant. 
 In neat plain binding, from $ t 00 to $5 00. — In Turkey morocco, extra, gilt edges, $8 00 to 112 00. 
 — In do., with steel engravings, $10 00 to 115 00. — In do., clasps, (tc, with plates and illumina- 
 tions, 115 00 to $25 00. — In rich velvet, with gilt ornaments, $25 00 to $50 00. 
 
 Crown Octavo Bible, 
 
 Printed with large clear type, making a most convenient hand Bible for family, use. 
 In neat plain binding, from 75 cents to $1 50. — In Enghsh Turkey morocco, gilt edges, $1 00 to 
 12 00. — In do., imitation, <tc., $1.50 to $3 00. — In do., clasps, &c., $2 50 to $5 00,— In rich velvet, 
 with gilt ornaments, $5 00 to $10 00. 
 
 The Sunday- School Teacher's Polyglot Bible, with Maps, &c., 
 
 In neat plain binding, from 60 cents to $1 0(X — lo imitation gilt edge, $1 00 to $1 50. — In Turkey, 
 super extra, $1 75 to $2 25.— In do. do., with clasps, $2 50 to $3 75.— In velvet, rich gilt orna- 
 ments, $3 50 to $8 CO. 
 
 The Oxford 18mo., or Pew Bible, 
 
 In neat plain binding, from 50 cents to $1 00.— In imitation gilt edge, $1 00 to $1 50. — In Turkey 
 •uper extra, $1 75 to $2 25. — In do. do., with clasps, $2 50 to $3 75. — In velvet, rich gilt om* 
 ments, $3 50 to $8 00. 
 
 Agate 32mo. Bible, 
 
 Printed with larger type than any other small or pocket edition extant. 
 In neat plain binding, from .50 cents to $1 00. — In tucks, or pocket-book style, 75 cenf.s to $1 00.- 
 In roan, imitation gilt edge, $1 00 to $1 50.— In Turkey, super extra, $1 00 to $2 00. — In do. de 
 gilt clasps, $2 50 to $3 60.— In velvet, with rich gilt ornaments, $3 00 to $7 00. 
 
 32mo. Diamond Pocket Bible; 
 
 The neatest, smallest, and cheapest edition of the Bible published 
 In neat plain binding, from 30 to 50 cents.- In tucks, or pocket-book style, 60 cents to $1 00.- 
 In roan, imitation gilt edge, 75 cents to $1 25. — In Turkey, super extra, $1 00 to $1 50.— In do. do 
 gilt clasps, $1 50 to $2 00.— In velvet, virith richly gilt ornaments, $2 50 to $6 00. 
 
 CONSTANTLY ON HAND, 
 
 A large assortment of BIBLES, bound in the most splendid and costly styles, with gold and silvei 
 ornaments, suitable for presentation ; ranging in price from $10 00 to $100 00. 
 A liberal discount made to Booksellers and Agents by the Publishers. 
 
 ENCYCLOP/EDIA OF RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE; 
 
 OR, DICTIONARY OF THE BIBLE, THEOLOGY, RELIGIOUS BIOGRAPHY, ALL RELIGIONS, 
 ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY, ^ND MISSIONS. 
 Designed as a complete Book of Reference on all Religious Subjects, and Companion to the Bible; 
 lorming a cheap and compact Library of Religious Knowledge. Edited by Rev. J. Newtoa Brown. 
 Illustrated by wood-cuts, maps, and engravings on copper and steel. In one volume, royal 9ro. 
 Price. $4 00. jt;^. r- 
 
 6 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 Lippincott's Standard Editions of 
 
 THE BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER. 
 
 IN SIX DIFFERENT SIZES. ♦ 
 
 ILLUSTRATED WITH A NUMBER OF STEEL PLATES AND ILLUMINATIONS. 
 
 OOMPREHENDINO THE MOST VARIED AND SPLENDID ASSORTMENT IN THE 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 THE ILLUMINATED OCTAVO PRAYER-BOOK, 
 
 Printed in sevcnfcen different colours of ink, and illustrated with a number of Steel Plates and 
 niuminations ; mukingr one of the most splendid books published. To be had in any variety of the 
 most superb binding, ranging in prices. 
 
 In Turkey, super extra, from t5 00 to 18 00. — In do. do., wijji clasps, 16 00 to $10 00.— In do. 
 do., bevelled and panelled edges, $8 00 to 115 00. — In velvet, hchly ornamented, 1 12 00 to S20 00. 
 
 8vo. 
 
 In neat plain binding, from $1 50 to «2 00. — In imitation gilt edge, 12 00 to $3 00. —In Turkey, 
 super extra, $2 50 to »4 50.— In do. do., with clasps, $3 00 to «5 00. — In velvet, richly gilt orna- 
 ments, $5 00 to 912 00. 
 
 16mo. 
 
 Printed throughout with large and elegant type. 
 In neat plain binding, from 75 cents to $1 50. —In Turkey morocco, extra, with plates, $1 75 to 
 t3 00. —In do. do., with plates, clasps, <fec., $2 50 to 15 00. — In velvet, with richly gilt ornamenti, 
 ti 00 to $9 00. 
 
 18mo. 
 
 In neat plain binding, from 25 to 75 cents. —In Turkey morocco, with plates, II 25 to $2 00.— In 
 velvet, with richly gilt ornaments, $3 00 to $8 00. 
 
 32mo. 
 
 A beautiful Pocket Edition, with large type. 
 In neat plain binding, from 50 cents to $1 00.— In roan, imitation gilt edge, 75 cents to $1 50. — &i 
 Turkey,8upor extra, $1 25 to $2 00. — In *do. do., gilt clasps, $2 00 to $3 00. —In velvet, with richly 
 gUt ornaments, |3 00 to $7 00. 
 
 32mo., Pearl type. 
 
 In plain binding, from 25 to 37 1-2 cents. — Roan, 37 1-2 to 50 cents. —Imitation Turkey, 50 centi 
 to «1 00. -Turkey, super extra, with gilt edge, «1 00 to «1 50. — Pocket-book style, 60 to 75 cent*. 
 
 PROPER LESSONS. 
 18mo. 
 
 A BEAUTIFUL EDITION, WITH LARGE TYPE. 
 In neat plain binding, from 50 cents to 81 00. — In roan, imitation gilt edge, 75 cents to $1 50. — In 
 Turkey, super extra, $1 50 to $2 00. — In do. do., gilt clasps, »2 50 to $3 00. —In velvet, with richly 
 gilt ornaments, (3 00 to $7 00. 
 
 THE BIBLE AND PRAYER-BOOK, 
 
 In one neat and portable volume. 
 
 32mo., in neat plain binding, from 75 cents to II 00. — In imitation Turkey, tl 00 to II 50.— In 
 Turkey, super extra, $1 50 to $2 50. 
 
 18mo, in large type, plain, II 75 to 82 50. — In imitation, II 00 to 11 76.— In TuA«f, raper 
 extra, 11 75 to 13 00. Also, with clasps, velvet, &c. &c. 
 
 The Errors of Modern Infidelity Illustrated and Refuted. 
 
 BY S. ivr. SOHIVEUCKER, A. IVI. 
 
 In one volume, 12mo. ; cloth. Just published. 
 We cannot but regard this work, in whatever liq-ht we view it in reference to its design, as one 
 of the most masterly productions of the age, and fitted to uproot one of the most fondly cherished 
 and dangerous of all ancient or modem errors. God must bless such a work, armed with his own 
 truth, anil doing fierce and successful battle against black infidelity, which would bring His Majesty 
 aod Word down to the tribunal of human reason, for condemnation and annihilation.— XZ*. SpectattM- 
 
LIPMNCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 Clngt} nf Iranicn: 
 
 COJfSISTINO OF 
 
 ANECDOTES ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE CHARACTER OF MINISTERS OF REL^ 
 GION IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 BY JOSEPH BELCHER, D.D., 
 Editor of «'The Complete Works of Andrew Fuller," " Robert Hall," &c. 
 
 "This verjr interesting and instructive ccy.lection of p?easin(» and solemn remembrances of many 
 pioiis men, illustrates the character of the day in which they lived, and defines the men mow 
 clearly than very elaborate essays." — Baltimore American. 
 
 " We regard the collection as highly interesting, and judiciously made."— Presiy^eriow. 
 
 JOSEPHUS'S (FLAVIUS) WORKS, 
 
 FAMILY EDITION. 
 BY THE LATE "WILLIAIVE ^SWHISTON, A. Hfl. 
 
 FROM THE LAST LONDON EDITION, COMPLETE. 
 
 One volume, beautifully illustrated with Steel Plates, and the only readable edition 
 
 published in this country. 
 
 As a matter of course, every family in our country has a copy of the Holy Bible ; and as the pre- 
 •omption is that the greater portion often consult its pages, we take the liberty of sayii^ to all those 
 Ihat do, that the perusal of the writings of Josephus will be found very interesting and instructiTe. 
 
 All those who wish to possess a beautiful and correct copy of this valuable work, would do well 
 to purchase this edition. It is for sale at all the principal bookstores in the United States, and bf 
 umntry merchants generally in the Southern and Western States. 
 
 Also, the above work in two volames. 
 
 BURDER^S VILLAGE SERMONS; 
 
 ft, 101 Plain and Short Discourses on the Principal Doctrines of the Gospel. 
 
 INTENDED FOR THE USE OF FAMILIES, SUNDAY-SCHOOLS, OR COMPANIES ASSEM- 
 BLED FOR REUGIOUS INSTRUCTION IN COUNTRY VILLAGES. 
 
 BY GEORGE BURDER. 
 To which b added to each Sermon, a Short Prayer, with some General Prayers for Familiei» 
 Schools, <kc., at the end of the work. 
 COMPLBTE IN ONB VOLUME, OCTAVO. 
 These sermons, which are characterized by a beautiful simplicity, the entire absence of eontro- 
 Tersy, and a true evangelical spirit, have gone through many and large editions, and been translated 
 into several of the continental languages. " They have alsoJbeen the honoured means not only of 
 converting many individuals, but also of introducing the Gospel into districts, and even into parish 
 ehurches, where l)efore it was comparatively unknown." 
 " This work fully deserves the immortality it has attained." 
 
 This is a fine library edition of this invaluable work ; and when we say that it should be found in 
 the possession of every family, we only reiterate the sentiments and sincere wishes of all who taks 
 a deep interest in the eternal welfare of mankind. 
 
 FAMILY PRAYERS AND HYMNS, 
 
 ADAPTED TO FAMILY WORSHIP, 
 AND 
 
 TABLES FOR THE REGULAR READING OF THE SCRIPTURES. 
 
 By Kev. S. C. Winchester, A. M., 
 
 Ate Pastor of the Sixth Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia ; and the Presbyterian Chorch i 
 Natchez, Miss. 
 
 One volume, 12mo. 
 8 
 
LIPPINCOTT, QRAMBO & CO.'S PCBLICATIONS. 
 
 SPLENDID LIBRARY EDITIONS. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED STANDARD POETS. 
 
 ELEGANTLY PRINTED, ON FINE PAPER, AND UNIFORM IN SIZE AND 
 
 STYLE. 
 
 T]ie following Editions of Standard British Poets are illustrated with numerous Steel 
 
 Engravings, and may be had in all varieties of binding. 
 
 # BYRON'S WORKS. 
 
 COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME, OCTAVO. 
 
 INCLUDING ALL HIS SUPPRESSED AND ATTRIBUTED POEMS ; WITH SIX BEAUTIFUL 
 ENGRAVINGS. 
 This edition has been carefully compared with the recent London edition of Mr. Murray, and 
 made complete by the addition of more than fifty pages of poems heretofore unpublished in Eng- 
 land. Among these there are a number that have never appeared in any American edition ; and 
 the publishers believe they are warranted in saying that tliis is the most complete edition of Lord 
 Byrcn's Poetical Works ever published in tlie United States, 
 
 l^cftital ^arks of Mrs. leraans. 
 
 Complete in one volume, octavo ; with seven beautiful Engravings. 
 
 This is a new and complete edition, with a splendid engraved likeness of Mrs. Hemans, on steel, 
 and contains all tiie Poems in the last London and American editions. With a Critical Preface bf 
 Mr. Thatcher, of Boston. 
 
 "As no work in the English language can be commended with more confidence, it will argue bad 
 taste m a female in this country to be without a complete edition of the writings of one who was 
 an honour to her sex and to humanity, and whose productions, from first to last, contain no syllable 
 calculated to call a blush to the cheek of modesty and virtue. There is, moreover, in Mrs. Hemans's 
 poetry, a moral purity and a rehgious feeling which commend it, in an especial manner, to the dis- 
 criminating reader. No parent or guardian will be under the necessityjof imposing restrictions 
 with regard to the free perusal of everj' production emanating from tliis gifted woman. There 
 breathes throughout the whole a most eminent exemption from impropriety of thought or diction ; 
 and there is at times a pensiveness of tone, a winning sadness in her more serious compositions, 
 which tells of a soul which has been lifted from the contemplation'of teffestrial things, to divine 
 •ommunings with beings of a purer world." 
 
 MILTON, YOUNG, GRAY, BEATTIE, AND COLLINS'S 
 POETICAL WORKS. 
 
 COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME, OCTAVO. 
 WITH SIX BEAUTIFUL ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME, OCTAVO. 
 
 Including two hundred and fifty Letters, and sundry Poems of Cowper, never before pubUshed is 
 
 this country ; and of Thomson a new and interesting Memoir, and upwards of twenty 
 
 new Poems, for the first time printed from liis own Manuscripts, taken from 
 
 a late Edition of the Aldine Poets, now publishing in London. 
 WITH SEVEN BEAUTIFUL ENGRAVINGS, 
 The distinguished Professor Silliman, speaking of this edition, observes : "I am as much gratifiea 
 by the elegance and fine taste of your edition, as by the noble tribute of genius and moral excel- 
 lence which these delightful authors have left for all future generations ; and Cowper, espe*ially, 
 is not less conspicuous as a true Christian, meralist and teacher, than as a poet of great poww and 
 exquisite ta«!te." 
 
 d 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO S CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 THE POETICAL WORKS OF ROGERS, CAMPBELL, MONTGOMERY, 
 LAMB, AND KIRKE WHITE. 
 
 COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME, OCTAVO. 
 
 WITH SIX BEAUTIFUL ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 The beauty, correctness, and convenience of this fiivourite edition of these standard authors are 
 
 BO well known, that it is scarcely necessary to add a word in its favour. It is only necessary to say, 
 
 that the publishers have now issued an illustrated edition, which greatly enhances its former value. 
 
 The engravings are excellent and well selected. It is the best library edition extant. 
 
 CRABBE, HEBER, AND POLLOK'S POETICAL WORK* 
 
 COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME, OCTAVO. 
 WITH SIX BEAUTIFUL ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 A writer in the Boston Traveller holds the following language with reference to these valuable 
 editions :— 
 
 " Mr. Editor : — I wish, without any idea of puiBng, to say a word or two upon the ' Library ot 
 English Poets' that is now published at Philadelphia, by Lippincott, Grambo <k Co. It is certainly, 
 taking into consideration the elegant manner in which it is printed, and the reasonable price at 
 which it is afforded to purchasers, the best edition of the modem British Poets that has ever been 
 published in this country. Each volume is an octavo of about 500 pages, double columns, steiieo- 
 typed, and accompanied with fine engravings and biographical sketches ; and most of them are 
 reprinted from Galignani's French edition. As to its value, we need only mention that it contains 
 the entire works of Montgomery, Gray, Beattie, Collins, Byron, Cowper, Thomson, Milton, Young, 
 Kogers, Campbell, Lamb, Hemans, Heber, Kirke White, Crabbe, the Miscellaneous Works of Gold- 
 smith, and other masters of the lyre. The publishers are doing a great service by their publication, 
 mnd their volumes are almost in as great demand as the fashionable novels of the day ; and they 
 deserve to be so : for th^y are certainly printed in a style superior to that in which we have before 
 had the works of the English Poets." 
 
 No library can be considered complete without a copy of the above beautiful and cheap editions 
 ef the English Poets ; and persons ordering all or any of them, will please say Lippincott, Grambo 
 A Ca's illustrated editions. 
 
 A COMPLETE 
 
 lirtitraan] of ^nrttml d^untntinns: 
 
 COMPRISING THE MOST EXCELLENT AND APPROPRIATE PASSAGES IN 
 THE OLD BRITISH POETS; WITH CHOICE AND COPIOUS SELEC- . 
 TIONS FROM THE BEST MODERN BRITISH AND 
 AMERICAN POETS. 
 EDITED B7 SARAH JOSEPHA HALE. 
 As nightingales do upon glow-worms feed, 
 So poets live upon the living light 
 Of Nature and of Beauty. 
 
 BaUey's Festus. 
 
 Beautifully illustrated with Engravings. In one super-royal octavo volume, in various 
 
 bindings. 
 
 The publishers extract, from the many highly complimentary notices of the above valuable and 
 beautiful work, the following : 
 
 " We have at last a volume of Poetical Quotations worthy of the name. It contains nearly six 
 hundred octavo pages, carefully and tastefully selected from all the home and foreign authors of 
 celebrity. It is mvaluable to a writer, while to the ordinary reader it presents every subject at a 
 glance."— Godej/'s Lady's Book. 
 
 " The plan or idea of Mrs. Hale's work is felicitous. It is one for which her fine taste, her orderly 
 iiabits of mind, and her long occiipation with literature, has given her peculiar facilities ; and tho- 
 roughly has she accomplished her task in the v/ork before us." — Sarlavi's Magazine. 
 
 " It is a choice collection of poetical extracts from every English and American author wortli 
 perusing, from the days of Chaucer to the present time." —WushiTigton Union. 
 
 ** There is nothing negative about this work ; it is positively good."— Everting Bulletin. 
 
 m 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S POBLICATIONS. 
 
 THE DIAMOND EDITION OF BYRON. 
 
 THE POETICAL WORKS OF LOED BYRON, 
 
 ■WITH A SKETCH OP HIS LIFE. 
 
 COMPLETB IN ONE NEAT DUODECIMO VOLUME, WITH STEEL PLATES. 
 
 Tlie type of this edition is so perfect, and it is printed with so much care, on fine white paper, 
 that it can be read with as much ease as most of the larger editions. This work is to be had in 
 plain and superb binding, making a beautiful volume for a gift. 
 
 " The Poetical Works of Lord Byron, complete in one volume ; published by L., G. & Co., Phila< 
 delphia. We hazard nothing in saying that, take it altogether, this is the most elegant work ever 
 issued from the American press. 
 
 " ' In a single volume, not larger than an ordinary duodecimo, the publishers have embraced th« 
 whole of Lord Byron's Poems, usually printed in ten or twelve volumes; and, what is more remark- 
 able, have done it with a type so clear and distinct, that, notwithstanding its necessarily small size, 
 it may be read with the utmost facility, even by failing eyes. The book is stereotyped ; and never 
 have we seen a finer specimen of that art. LVerything about it is perfect — the paper, the print- 
 ing, the binding, all correspond with each other ; and it is embellished with two fine engravings, 
 well worthy the companionship in wliich they are placed. 
 
 " 'I'his will make a beautiful Christmas present.' 
 
 " We extract the above from Godey's Lady's Book. The notice itself, we are given to understand, 
 is written by Mrs. Hale. 
 
 '* We have to add our commendation in favour of this beautiful volume, a copy of which has 
 been sent us by the publishers. The admirers of the noble bard will feel obliged to the enterprise 
 which has prompted the publishers to dare a competition with the numerous editions of his works 
 already in circulation ; and we shall be surprised if this convenient travelling edition does not in a 
 great degree supersede the use of the large octavo works, which have little advantage in size ana 
 openness of type, and are much inferior in the qualities of portability and lightness." — LiteUigencer. 
 
 THE DIAMOND EDITION OF MOORE. 
 
 (COREESPONDINQ WITH BYKON.) 
 
 THE POETICAL WORKs'OF THOMAS MOORE, 
 
 COLLECTED BY HIMSELF. 
 
 COMPLETB IN ONE VOLUME. 
 
 Tnis work is published uniform with Byron, from the last London edition, and is the most ooia- 
 plete printed in the country. 
 
 THE DIAMOND EDITION OF SHAKSPEARE, 
 
 (complete in one volume,) 
 XZrCIiUDIITG A SKSTCH OF HIS IiIFZL 
 
 UNIFORM WITH BYRON AND MOORE. 
 THE ABOVE WORKS CAN BE HAD IN BEVERAL VARTETIES OF BIMDIMO. 
 
 GOLDSMITH'S ANIMATED NATURE. 
 
 IN TWO VOLUMES, OCTAVO. 
 BEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED WITH 385 PLATES. 
 
 CONTAINING A HISTORY OF THE E/VRTH, ANIMALS, BIRDS, AND FISHES; FORMING 
 THE MOST COMPLETE NATURAL HISTORY EVER PUBLISHED. ■ 
 
 This is a work that should be in the library of every family, having been written by one of the 
 most talented authors in the English language. 
 
 " Goldsmith can never be made obsolete while delicate genius, exquisite feeling, fine invention, 
 the most harmonious metre, and the happiest diction, are at all valued." 
 
 BIGLAND'S NATURAL HISTORY 
 
 Of Animals, Birds, Fishes, Reptiles, and Insects. Illustrated with numerous and beautiful 
 ings. By JOHN BIGLAND, author of a " View of the World," " Letters on 
 Universal History," <fee. Complete in 1 vol . 12mo. 
 
 11 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 THE POWER AND PROGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 THE UNITED STATES; Its Power and Progress. 
 
 BY GUILIiAUME TELL POUSSIN, 
 
 LATE MINISTER OF THE REPUBLIC OF FRANCE TO THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 FIRST AMERICAN, FROM THE TfflRD PARIS EDITION. 
 
 TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH BY EDMOND L. DU BARRY, M. D., 
 
 SURGEON U. S. NAVY. 
 
 In one large octavo volume. 
 
 SCHOOLCRAFT'S GREAT NATIONAL WORK ON THE INDIAN TRIBES OF 
 THE UNITED STATES. ' 
 
 WITH BEAUTIFUL AND ACCURATE COLOURED ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL INFORMATION 
 
 RESPECTING THE 
 
 HISTORY, CONDIiaON AND PHOSPECTS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 COLLECTED AND PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE BUREAU OF INDIAN 
 AFFAIRS, PER ACT OF MARCH 3, 1847, 
 
 BIT HXHTRT A. SCHOOI.CRil.FT, Z.Z..D. * 
 
 ILLUSTRATED BY S. EASTMAN, Capt. U. S. A. 
 PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF CONGRESS. 
 
 THE AMERICAN GAEDENER^S CALENDAR, 
 
 ADAPTED TO THE CLIMATE AND SEASONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Containing a complete account of all the work necessary to be done in the Kitchen Garden, Fruit 
 Garden, Orchard, Vineyard, Nursery, Pleasure-Ground, Flower Garden, Green-house, Hot-house, 
 and Forcing Frames, for every month in the year ; with ample Practical Directions for performing 
 the same.' 
 
 Also, general as well as minute instructions for laying out or erecting each and every of the above 
 departments, according to modern taste and the most approved plans ; the Ornamental Planting of 
 Pleasure Grounds, in the ancient and modem style ; the cultivation of Thorn Quicks, and other 
 plants suitable for Live Hedges, with the best methods of making them, &c. To which are annexe 
 catalogues of Kitchen Garden Plants and Herbs; Aromatic, Pot, and Sweet Herbs; Medicinal 
 Plants, and the most important Grapes, &c., used in rural economy; with the soil best adapted to 
 their cultivation. Together with a copious Index to the body of the work. 
 
 BY BERNARD M'MAHON. 
 Tenth Edition, greatly improved. In one volume, octavo. 
 
 THE USEFUL AND THE BEAUTIFUL; 
 
 OR. DOMESTIC AND MORAL DUTIES NECESSARY TO SOCIAL HAPPINESS, 
 
 BEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 16mo. square cloth. Price 50 and 75 cents. 
 
 12 
 
HPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 THE FARMER'S AND PLANTER'S ENCYCLOPAEDIA. 
 
 €lj^ famtf^ rt f lantBr'3 (0nritrln|iiEMa nf Hural Mata 
 
 BY CUTHBERT W. JOHNSON. 
 ADAPTED TO THE UNITED STATES BY GOUVERNEUR EMERSON. 
 
 Illustrated by seventeen beautiful Engravings of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, the varieties of Wheat, 
 Barley, Oats, Grasses, the Weeds of Agriculture, <!cc. ; besides numerous Engrav- 
 ings on wood of the most important implements of Agriculture, Sic. 
 This standard work contains the latest and best information upon all subjects connected with 
 forming, and appertaining to the country ; treating of the great crops of grain, hay, cotton, hemp, 
 tobacco, rice, sugar, &c. &c. ; of horses and mules ; of cattle, with minute particulars relating to 
 cheese and butter-making ; of fowls, including a description of capon-making, with drawings of the 
 instruments employed ; of bees, and tlie Russian and otlier systems of managing bees and con- 
 structing hives. Long articles on the uses and preparation of bones, lime, guano, and all sorts of 
 animal, mineral, and vegetable substances employed as manures. Descriptions of the most approved 
 ploughs, harrows, threshers, and every other agricultural machine and implement ; of fruit and 
 shade trees, forest trees, and shrubs ; of weeds, and all kinds of flies, and destructive worms and 
 insects, and the best means of getting rid of them ; together with a thousand other matters relating 
 to rural life, about which information is so constantly desired by all residents of the country.- 
 IN ONE LARGE OCTAVO VOLUME. 
 
 MASON'S FARRIER-FARMERS' EDITION. 
 
 Price, 62 cents. 
 
 THE PRACTICAL FAKRIER, FOR FARMERS: 
 
 COMPRISINO A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE NOBI.E AND DSEFUL ANIMAL, 
 
 THE HORSE; 
 
 WITH MODES OF MANAGEMENT IN ALL CASES, AND TREATMENT IN DISEASE. 
 TO WHICH IS ADDED, 
 
 A PRIZE ESSAY ON MULES • AND AN APPENDIX. 
 
 Containing Recipes for Diseases of Horses, Oxen, Cows, Calves, Sheep, Dogs, Swine, &c. &e. 
 
 BV rick/IlXid lyEiLSOxr, m.ji., 
 
 Formerly of Surry County, Virginia. 
 In one volume, 12mo.; bound in cloth, gilt. 
 
 MASON'S FARRIER AND STUD-BOOK-NEW EDITION. 
 
 THE GENTLEMAN'S NEW POCKET FARRIER: 
 
 eOMPRISINO A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE NOBLE AND 0SEFUL ANIMAL, 
 
 THE HORSE; 
 
 WITH MODES OF MANAGEMENT IN ALL CASES, AND TREATMENT IN DISEASE. 
 
 SV BZCH.ZLXID ZtKikSOST, ZOl. D., 
 
 Formerly of Surry County, Virginia. 
 
 "/©which is added, A PRIZE ESSAY ON MULES; and AN APPENDIX, containing Recipes tot 
 
 , Diseases of Horses, Oxen, Cows, Calves, Sheep, Dogs, Swine, Sic. &c. ; with Annals 
 
 of the Turf, American Stud- Book, Rules for Training, Racing, <5ms 
 
 WITH A SUPPLEMENT, 
 
 Comprising an Essay on Domestic Animals, especially the Horse ; with Remarits on Treatment ana 
 
 Breeding ; together with Trotting and Racing Tables, sho\< ing the best time on record at on» 
 
 two, three and four mile heats ; Pedigrees of Winning Horses, since 1839, and of the most 
 
 celebrated Stallions and Mares; with useful Calving and Lambing Tables. By 
 
 J. S. SKINNER, Editor now of the Farmer's Library. New York, «kc. <feo. 
 
 u 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PCBLICATIONS. 
 
 HINDS'S FARRIERY AND STUD-BOOK-NEW EDITION, 
 
 FARRIERY, 
 
 TAUGHT ON A NEW AND EASY PLAN: 
 
 BEINQ 
 
 % €xu\m n D^t Wmmn ml ^nihub nf i\}t InrE; 
 
 With Instructions to the Shoeing Smith, Farrier, and Groom ; preceded by a Popular Description oi 
 the Animal Functions in Health, and how these are to be restored when disordered. 
 
 BY JOHN HINDS, VETERINARY SURGEON. 
 
 With considerable Additions and Improvements, particularly adapted to this country, 
 
 BY THOMAS M. SMITH, 
 
 Veterinary Surgeon, and Member of the London Veteruiary Medical Society. 
 
 WITH A SUPPLEMENT, BY J. 8. SKINNER. 
 
 The publisliers have received numerous flattering notices of the great practical value of these 
 works. The distinguished editor of the American Fanner, speaking of them, observes:— "Wb 
 cannot too liighly recommend these books, and therefore advise every owner of a horse to obtain 
 them." 
 
 "There are receipts in those books that show how Founder may be cured, and the traveller pur- 
 sue his journey the next day, by giving a tablespoonful of alum. This was got from Dr. P. Thornton. 
 of Montpelier, Rappahannock couuty, Virginia, as founded on his own observation in several cases.'' 
 
 " The constant demand for Mason's and Hinds's Farrier has induced the publishers, Messrs. Lip- 
 pincott. Gramho <t Co., to put forth new editions, with a ' Supplement' of 100 pages, by J. S. Skinner, 
 Esq. We should have sought to render an acceptable service to our agricultural readers, by giving 
 a chapter from the Supplement, ' On the Relations between Man and the Domestic Animals, espe- 
 cially the Horse, and the Obligations they impose ;' or the one on ' The Form of Animals ;' but tliat 
 either one of them would overmu the space here allotted to such subjects." 
 
 *' Lists of Medicines, and other articles which ought to be at hand about mmry training and lively 
 •table, and every Farmer's and Breeder's establishment, will be found in these valuable works." 
 
 TO CARPENTERS AND MECHANICS 
 
 Just Published. 
 
 A NEW^ AND IMPROVED EDITION OP 
 
 THE CARPENTEE'S NEW GUIDE, 
 
 BEING A COMPLETE BOOK OP LINES FOR 
 
 ARPElTTHir ILNJy JOZXrERT; 
 
 Treatmg fully on Practical Geometry, Saffil's Brick and Plaster Groins, Niches of every description. 
 
 Sky-lights, Lines for Roofe and Domes ; with a great variety of Designs for Roo£s, 
 
 Trussed Girders, Floors, Domes, Bridges, &c.. Angle Bars for Shop 
 
 Fronts, <kc., and Raking Mouldmgs. 
 
 ALSO, 
 
 Additional Plans for various Stair-Cases, with the Lines for producing the Face and Falling Kfouldifc 
 never before published, and greatly superior to those Riven in a former edition of this work. 
 
 BY WILLIAM JOHNSON, ARCHITECT. 
 
 OF PHILADELPHIA.. 
 
 The whole founded on true Geometrical Principles ; the Theory and Practice well explained and 
 fully exemplified, on eighty-three copper plates, including some Observations and Calculations on 
 the Strength of Timber. 
 
 BY PETER NICHOLSON, 
 <3t "The Carpenter and JcHfler's Assistant," "The Student's Instructor to the Ffn 
 Orders," &o. 
 
 Thirteenth Edition. One volume, 4to., well bound. 
 14 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 A DICTIONARY OF SELECT AND POPULAR QUOTATIONS, 
 
 WHICH ARE IN DAILY USE. 
 
 TAKEN PROM THE LATIN, FRENCH, GREEK, SPANISH AND ITALIAN LANGUAGES. 
 
 Together with a copious Collection of Law Maxims and Law Terms, translated into 
 
 English, with Illustrations, Historical and Idiomatic. 
 
 NEW AMERICAN EDITION, CORRECTED. WITH ADDITIONS. 
 One volume, 12m o. 
 
 Thn volume comprises a copious collection of legal and other terms which are in common use, 
 K-th English triinslations and historical illustrations ; and we should judge its author had surely 
 een to a great " Feast of Languages," and stole all the scraps. A work of this character should 
 have an extensive sale, as it entirely obviates a serious difficulty in which most readers are involved 
 by the frequeut occurrence of Latin, Greek, and French passages, which we suppose are introduced 
 by authors for a mere show of learning— a difficulty very perplexing to readers in generaL This 
 " Dictionary of Quotations," concerning which too much cannot be said in its favour, effectually 
 removes the difficulty, and gives the reader an advantage over the author ; for we believe a majority 
 are themselves ignorant of the meaning of the terms they employ. Very few truly learned authors 
 will insult their readers by introducing Latin or French quotations in their writings, when "plain 
 English" will do as well ; but we will not enlarge on this point. 
 
 If the book is useful to those unacquainted with other languages, it is no less valuable to the 
 classically educated as a book of reference, and answers all the purposes of a Lexicon — indeed, on 
 many accounts, it is better. It saves the trouble of tumbling over the larger volumes, to which 
 every one, and especially those engaged in the legal profession, are verv often subjected. It should 
 have a place in every hbrary in the country. 
 
 RUSCHENBERGER'S NATURAL HISTORV, 
 
 COMPLETE, WITH NEW GLOSSARY. 
 
 €^t (BlmtuU of 3ilatural listort], 
 
 EMBRACING ZOOLOGY, BOTANY AND GEOLOGY! 
 
 FOR SCHOOLS, COLLEGES AND FAMILIES. 
 
 BIT -W. S. W. RtrSOHEZrBSHGIIBjM. D. 
 
 IN TWO VOLUMES. 
 
 WITH NEARLY ONE THOUSAND ILLUSTRATIONS, AND A COPIOUS GLOSSARY. 
 
 VoL I. contains Vertebrate Animals. Vol. II. contains Intervertcbrate Animals, Botany, and GtotoffiHt 
 
 A Beautiful and Valuable Presentation Book. 
 
 THE POET'S OFFERING. 
 
 EDITED BY MRS. HALE. 
 
 Wltli a Portrait of the Editress, a Splendid Illuminated Title-Page, and Twelve Beautiful Engrar- 
 ings by Sartain. Bound in rich Turkey Morocco, and Extra Cloth, Gilt Edge. 
 
 To those who wish to make a present that will never lose its value, this will be found the moit 
 desirable Gift-Book ever published. 
 / " We commend it fp all who desire to present a friend with a volume not only very beautiful, but 
 of solid intrinsic vnme." — Washington Union. 
 
 •'A. perfect treasury of the thoughts and fancies of the best English and American Poets. The 
 paper and printing are beautiful, and the binding rich, elegant, and substantial ; the most sensible 
 and attractive of all the elegant gift-books we have seen." — Etxriino Bulletin. 
 
 " The publishers deserve the thanks of the public for so happy a thought, so well executed. The 
 engravings are by the best artists, and the otlier portions of the work correspond in elegance."— 
 Public Ledger. 
 
 " There is no book of selections so diversified and appropriate within our knowledge."— Pentisylv'n. 
 
 " It is one of the most valuable as well as elegant books ever published in this country." — Godey't 
 Lady's Booh. 
 
 " K IS the most beautifui and the most useful offering ever bestowed on tb.9 public. No individual 
 of Uterary taste will venture to be without it."— The City Item. 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 THE YOUNG DOMINICAN; 
 OR, THE MYSTERIES OF THE INQUISITION, 
 
 AND OTHER SECRET SOCIETIES OF SPAIN. 
 BY M. V. DE FEREAL. 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL NOTES, BY M. MANUEL DE CUENDIAS 
 
 TRANSLATED FROM THE TRENCn. 
 ILLUSTRATED WITH TWENTY SPLENDID ENGRAVINGS BY FRENCH ARTISTS 
 
 One volume, octavo. 
 
 SAY'S POLITICAL ECONOMY. 
 
 A TREATISE ON POLITICAL ECONOMY; 
 Or, The Production, Distribution and Consumption of Wealth. 
 
 BY J£i]L£7 BAPTISTS SATSr. 
 
 FIFTH AMERICAN EDITION, WITH ADDITIONAL NOTES, 
 BY C. C. BIDDLE, Esq. 
 
 In one volume, octavo. 
 It would be beneficial to our country if all those who are aspiring to office, were required by their 
 constituents to be familiar with the pages of Say. 
 
 The distinguished biographer of the author, in noticing this work, observes : " Happily for science 
 he commenced that study which forms the basis of his admirable Treatise on Political Economy ; a 
 work which not only improved under his hand with every successive edition, but has been translated 
 < into roost of the European languages." 
 
 The Editor of the North American Review, speaking of Say, observes, that " he is the moat 
 popular, and perhaps the most able writer on Political Ecoaomy, since the time of Smith." 
 
 LAURENCE STERNE'S WORKS, 
 
 WITH A LIFE OF THE AUTHOR: 
 
 WRITTEN BY HIMSELF. 
 
 WITH SEVEN BEAUTIFUL ILLUSTRATIONS, ENGRAVED BY GILBERT AND GIHON, 
 
 FROM DESIGNS BY DAKLEY. 
 
 One volume, octavo; cloth, gilt. 
 
 To commend or te criticise Sterne's Works, in this age of the world, would be all " wasteful and 
 extravagant excess." Uncle Toby— Corporal Trim— the Widow — Le Fevre — Poor Maria— the 
 Captive — even the. Dead Ass,— this is all we have to say of Sterne; and in the memory of these 
 characters, histories, and sketches, a thousaiid follies and worse than follies are forgotten. The 
 volume is a very handsome one. 
 
 THE MEXICAN WAR AND ITS HEROES, 
 
 A COMPLETE HISTORY^ oF THE MEXICAN WAR, 
 
 EHIBRACING ALL THE OPERATIONS UNDER GENERALS TAYLOR AND SCOTT. 
 
 WITH A BIOGRAPHY OF THE OFFICERS. 
 
 ALSO, 
 
 AN ACCOUNT OF THE CONQUEST OF CALIFORNIA AND NEW MEXICO, 
 
 I'nder Gen. Kearny, Cols. Doniphan and Fremont. Together with Numerous Anecdotes of the 
 
 War, and Personal Adventures of the Officers. Illustrated with Accurate 
 
 Portraits, and other Beautiful Engravings. 
 
 In one volume, 12mo. 
 16 
 
IIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 NEW AND COMPLETE COOK-BOOK. 
 
 THE PRACTICAL COOK-BOOK, 
 
 CONTAININQ UPWARDS OK 
 
 ONH THOUSAXTD RECEIPTS, 
 
 Consisting of Directions for Selecting, Preparing, and Cooking all kinds of Meats, Fish, Poultry, ani 
 
 Game ; Soups, Broths, Vegetables, and Salads. Also, for making all kinds of Plain and 
 
 Fancy Breads, Pastes, Puddings, Cakes, Creams, Ices, Jellies, Preserves, Marm*- 
 
 iKdes, <5cc. 6ic. <kc. Together with various Miscellaneous Recipes, 
 
 and numerous Preparations for Invalids. 
 
 BY MRS. BLISS. 
 In one volume, 12m o. 
 
 BY J. B. JONES, 
 
 AUTHOR OF "WILD WESTERN SCENES," "THE WESTERN MERCHANT," 6uk 
 
 ILLUSTRATED WITH TEN ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 In one volume, 12mo. 
 
 EL PUCHERO ; or, A Mixed Dish from Mexico. 
 
 EMBRACING GENERAL SCOTT'S CAMPAIGN, WITH SKETCHES OF MILITARY LIFE IN 
 
 FIELD AND CAMP; OF THE CHARACTER OF THE COUNTRY, MANNERS 
 
 AND WAYS OF THE PEOPLE, &c. 
 
 BY RICHARD M'SHERRY, M. D., U. S. N., 
 
 LATB acting' SUROEOM 07 REGIMENT Or MARINB8. 
 
 In one volume, 12mo. 
 WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 MONEY-BAGS AND TITLES : 
 
 A HIT AT THE FOLLIES OF THE AGE. 
 
 TKANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH OF JULES SANDEAU. 
 
 BY LEONARD MYERS. 
 
 One volume, 12mo. ^ 
 
 "'Money-Bagi and Titles' is quite a remarkable work, amounts to a kindly exposurs of the folly 
 of human pride, and also presents at once the evil and the remedy. If good-natured ridicule of 
 the impostures practised by a set of self-styled reformers, who have nothing to lose, and to whom 
 change must be gain— if, in short, a dehneation of the mistaken ideas which prevent, and the 
 means which conduce to happiness, be traits deserving of Commendation,— the reader will find 
 much to enhst his attention and win his approbation in the pages of this unpretending, but truly 
 meritorious publication." 
 
 WHAT IS CHURCH HISTOM? 
 
 AVINDICATION OF THE IDEA OF HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS. 
 
 BY PHILIP SOHAF. 
 
 TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMA.N. 
 
 In one volume, 12mo. 
 
 17 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 DODD'S LECTURES. 
 DISCOUESES TO'yOUNG MEN. 
 
 ELUSTRATED BY NUMEROUS HIGHLY INTERESTING ANECDOTES. 
 
 BY WILLIAIVE DODD, LL. D., 
 
 CHAPLAIN IN ORDINARY TO HIS MAJESTY GEORQE THE THIRD. 
 FIRST AMERICAN EDITION, WITH ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 One volume, 18mo. 
 
 THE IRIS: 
 
 AN ORIGINAL SOUVENIR. 
 With Contributions from the First Writers in the Country. 
 
 EDITED BY PROF. JOHN S. HART. 
 
 With Splendid Illamiaations and Steel Engravings. . Bound in Torkey Morocco and rich Papier 
 
 Mache Bindin§f. 
 
 IN ONE VOLUME, OCTAVO. 
 
 Its contents are entirely origrinal. Among the contributors are names well known in the repubUa 
 
 - of letters ; such aa Mr. Boker, Mr. Stoddard, Prof. Moffat, Edith May, Mrs. Sigoumey, CaroUne May, 
 
 Mrs. Kinney, Mrs. Butler, Mrs. Pease, Mrs. Swift, Mr. Van Bibber, Rev. Charles T. Brooks, Mrs. 
 
 Dorr, Erastus W. Ellsworth, Miss E. W. Barnes, Mrs. Williams, Mary Young, Dr. Gardette, Alice 
 
 Carey, Phebe Carey, Augusta Browne, Hamilton Browne, Caroline Eustis, Margaret Junkin, Maria 
 
 J. B. Browne, Miss Starr, Mrs. Brothersou, Kate Campbell, <tc. 
 
 (BmB itm t^e §nmh Mine; 
 
 OR, HOLY THOUGHTS UPON SACRED SUBJECTS. 
 
 BY OLERGYMEN OF THE EPISCOPAL CHURCH. 
 EDITED BY THOMAS WYATT, A.M. 
 
 In one volume, 12mo. 
 
 WITH SEVEN BEAUTIFUL STEEL ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 The contents of this work are chiefly by clergymen of the Episcopal Church. Among the con- 
 tributors will be found the names of the Right Rev. Bishop Potter, Bishop Hopkins, Bishwp Smith, 
 Bishop Johns, and Bishop Doane ; and the Rev. Drs. H. V. D. Johns, Coleman, and Butler ; Rev. G. 
 T. Bedell, M'Cabe, Ogilsby, <fcc. The illustrations are rich and exquisitely wrought engravings upon 
 tue following subjects:— "Samuel before Eli," "Peter and John healing the Lame Man," "The 
 Resurrection of Christ," " Joseph sold by his Brethren," " The Tables of the Law," " Christ'a 
 Agony in the Garden," and " The Flight into Egypt." These subjects, with many others in prom 
 and verse, are ably treated throughout the work. 
 
 HAW-HO-NOO: 
 
 OR, THE RECORDS OF A TOURIST. 
 
 BY CHARLES LANMAN, 
 . Author of " A Summer in the Wilderness," &c. In one volume, ]2mo. 
 " In the present book, 'Hauhho-noo,' (an Indian name, by the way, for America,) the author hna 
 gathered up some of the rehcs of his former tours, and added to them other interesting matter. It 
 contains a number of carefully written and instructive articles upon the various kinds offish in out 
 country, whose capture affords sport for anglers ; reminiscences of unique incidents, manners, and 
 eustoms in different parts of the country ; and other articles, narrative, descriptive, and sentimental. 
 In a supplement are gathered many curious Indian legends. They are related with great simplicity 
 and clearness, and will be of service hereafter to the poem-makers of America. Many of tbem ara 
 quite hesiMtiM,'' — National InteUigcncer. 
 
 18 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 LONZ POWERS; Or, The Regulators. 
 A ROMANCE OF KENTUCKY. 
 
 FOUNDED ON FACTS. 
 
 BY JA3VIES ^KTEIR, ESQ. 
 
 IN TWO VOLUMES. 
 The scenes, characters, and incidents in these yolumes have been copied from nature, and frosa 
 real Ufe. They are represented as taking place at that period in the history of Kentucky, when 
 the Indian, driven,afler many a hard-fought field, from his fevourite hunting-ground, was succeeded 
 by a rude and unlettered population, interspersed with organized bands of desperadoes, scarcely 
 less savage than the red men they had displaced. The author possesses a vigorous and graphie 
 pen, and has produced a very interesting romance, which gives us a striking portrait of the times 
 he describes. 
 
 THE WESTERN MERCHANT. 
 
 A NARRATIVE, 
 
 Containing useful Instruction for the Western Man of Business, who makes his Purchases in tlw 
 East. Also, Information for the Eastern Man, whose Customers are in the West. 
 Likewise, Hints for those who design emigrating to the West. De- 
 duced from actual experience. 
 
 BY LUKE SHORTFIELD, A WESTERN MERCHANT. 
 
 One volume, 12mo. 
 
 This is a new work, and will be found very interesting to the Country Merchant, <fec. <fec. 
 
 A sprightly, pleasant book, with a vast amount of information in a very agreeable shape. Bml- 
 nsss. Love, and Religion are all discussed, and many proper sentiments expressed iu regard to each. 
 The " moral" of the work is summed up in the following concluding sentences : " Adhere stead- 
 fastly to your business ; adhere steadfastly to your first love ; adhere steadfastly to the church.'* 
 
 A MANUAL OF POLITENESS, 
 
 COMPRISINa THE 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF ETIQUETTE AND RULES OF BEHAVIOUR 
 
 m GENTEEL SOCIETY, FOR PERSOxVS OF BOTH SEXES. 
 
 18mo., with Plates. 
 
 Book of Politeness. 
 
 THE GENTLEMAN AND LADY'S 
 BOOK OF POLITENESS AND PROPRIETY OF DEPORTMENl 
 
 DEDICATED TO THE YOUTH OP BOTH SEXES. 
 
 BY IVIADAIVrE CELNART. 
 
 Translated from the Sixth Paris Edition, Enlarged and Improved. 
 
 Fifth American Edition* 
 
 One volume, 18mo. 
 
 THE ANTEDILUVIANS; Or, The World Destroyed. 
 
 A NARRATIVE POEM, IN TEN BOOKS. 
 
 BY JAMES M'HENRT, M.D. 
 
 One volume, 18mo- 
 
 19 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 Bennett's (Rev. John) Letters to a Young Lady, 
 
 ON A VARIETY OF SUBJECTS CALCULATED TO IMPROVE THE HEART, 
 TO FORM THE MANNERS, AND ENLIGHTEN THE UNDERSTANDING. 
 
 " That our daughters may be as pohshed comers of the temple." 
 The publishers sincerely hope (for the happiness of mankind) that a copy of this valuable littl* 
 work will be found the companion of every young lady, as much of tlie happiness of every family 
 depends on the proper cultivation of the female mind. 
 
 THE DAUGHTER'S OWN BOOK: 
 
 OR, PRACTICAL HUTIS FROM A FATHER TO HIS DAUGHTER. 
 
 One volume, 18mo. 
 
 This is one of the most practical and truly valuable treatises on the culture and discipline of tha 
 female mind, which has hitherto been published in this country ; and the publishers are very confi* 
 dent, from the great demand for this invaluable little work, that ere long it will be found in the 
 library of every young lady. 
 
 THE AMERICAN CHESTERFIELD: 
 
 Or, "Youth's Guide to the Way to Wealth, Honour, and Distinction/' t. 18ino. 
 
 CONTAINING ALSO A COMPLETE TEEATISE ON THE ART OF CARVING. 
 
 " We most cordially recommend the American Chesterfield to general attention ; but to youag 
 persons particularly, as one of the best worLs of the kind that has ever been published in tha 
 country. It cannot be too highly appreciated, nor its perusal be unproductive of satisfaction and 
 osefuluess." 
 
 SENECA'S MORALS. 
 
 BY WAY OP ABSTRACT TO WHICH IS ADDED, A DISCOURSE UNDER 
 THE TITLE OF AN AFTER-THOUGHT. 
 
 BYSIR ROGER L'ESTRANGE, KNT. 
 
 A new, fine edition ; one volume, 18mo. 
 A oopy of this valuable little work should be found in every family library, 
 
 NEW SONG-BOOK. 
 
 drigg's $m\^tm mh WtBlm innpln; 
 
 BEING A CHOICE COLLECTION OF THE MOST FASHIONABLE SONGS, MANY OF WHICH 
 ARE ORIGINAL. 
 
 In one volume, 18mo. 
 
 Great care was taken, in the selection, to admit no song that contained, in the slightest degree, 
 any indelicate or improper allusions ; and with great propriety it may claim the title of " The Par- 
 lour Song-Book, or Songster." The inunortal Shakspeare observes — 
 " The man that hath not music in himself. 
 Nor is not moved with concord of sweet sounds, 
 Is fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils." 
 
 ROBOTHAM'S POCKET FRENCH DICTIONARY, 
 
 CAREFULLY REVISED, 
 AND THE PRONUNCDITION OF ALL THE DIFFICULT WORDS ADDED. 
 
 20 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GRAMCO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 THE LIFE AND OPINIONS OF TRISTRAM SHANDY, GENTLEMAN. 
 
 COKPRISIKO THB HDMORODS ADVENTURES Or 
 
 UNCLE TOBY AND COllPORAL TRIM. 
 
 BV Zi. STERim. 
 Beautifully Illustrated by Darley. Stitclied. 
 
 A SENTIMENTAL JOUENEY. 
 
 BY L. S.TERNE. 
 
 Illustrated as above by Darley* Stitched* 
 
 The beauties of this author are so well known, and his errors in style and expression so few and 
 Su between, that one reads with renewed delight his delicate turns, <kc. 
 
 THE LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON, 
 
 WITH A LIKENESS OF THE OLD HERO. " 
 
 One Tolume, 18mo. 
 
 LIFE OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 In one volume, 12nio. 
 V/ITH ONE HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 BY JAMES HAMILTON. 
 
 The work is compiled from his ori^nal journals and correspondence, and includes an account of 
 his services in the American Revolution, and in the war between the Russians and Turks in the 
 Black Sea. There is scarcely any Naval Hero, of any age, who combined in his character so much 
 of the adventurous, skilful and daring, as Paul Jones. The incidents of his life are almost as start 
 ling and absorbing as those of romance. His achievements during the American Revolution— the 
 fight between the Bon Homme Richard and Serapis, the most desperate naval action on record — 
 and the alarm into which, with so small a force, he threw the coasts of England and Scotland — are 
 matters comparatively well known to Americans ; but the incidents of his subsequent career have 
 been veiled in obscurity, which is dissipated by this biography. A book hke this, narrating the 
 actions of such a man, ought to meet with an extensive sale, and become as popular as Robinson 
 Crusoe in fiction, or Weems's Life of Marion and Washington, and similar books, in fact. It con- 
 tains 400 pages, has a handsome portrait and medallion likeness of Jones, and is illustrated with 
 numerous original wood engravings of naval scenes and distiiigtiished men with whom he waa 
 famiUar. 
 
 THE CREEK EXILE; 
 
 Or, A Narrative of the Captivity and Escape of Christoptiorus Plato Castanis, 
 
 DURING THB MASSACRE ON THE ISLAND OF SCIO BY THE TURKS 
 TOGETHER WITH VARIOUS ADVENTURES IN GREECE AND AMERICA. 
 
 WRITTEN BY HIMSELF, 
 
 Author of an Essay on the Ancient and Modem Greek Languages; Interpretation of the AttributM 
 
 of the Principal Fabulous Deities ; The Jewish Maiden of Scio's Citadel ; and 
 
 the Greek Boy in the Sunday-SchooL 
 
 One volume, 12mo. 
 
 THE YOUNG CHOKISTER; 
 
 4 Collectton of New and Beautiful Tunes, adapted to the use of Sabbath-Schools, from some of tlia 
 most distinguished composers ; together with many of the author's compomtioua. 
 
 EDITED BY MINARD W. WILSON. 
 21 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GEAMBO S CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 CAMP LIFE OF A VOLUNTEER. 
 
 A Campaign in Mexico; Or, A Glimpse at Life in Camp. 
 
 BY "ONE WHO HAS SEEN THE ELEPHANT." 
 
 %\U Qt denial 3ar^an| Coijlor, 
 
 COMPRISING A NARRATIVE OF EVENTS CONNECTED WITH HIS PROFESSIONAL 
 CAREER, AND AUTHENTIC INCIDENTS OF HIS EARLY YEARS. 
 
 BY J. REESE FRY AND R. T. CONRAD. 
 
 With an original and accurate Portrait, and eleven elegant Illustrations, by Darley, 
 In one handsome 12mo. volume. 
 
 " It is by fer the fullest and most interesting: biography of General Taylor that we have ever seen." 
 '-Richmond ( Whig) Chronicle. 
 
 " On the whole, we are satisfied that this volume is the most correct and comprehensive one yet 
 pubhshed." — HunVs Mcrc)uints' Magazine. 
 
 " The superiority of this edition over the ephemeral publications of the day consists in fuller and 
 more autlientic accounts of his family, liis enrly life, and Indian wars. The narrative of his pro- 
 ceedings ia Mexico is drawn partly from reliable private letters, but chiefly from his own o&cial 
 correspondence." 
 
 " It forms a cljeap, substantial, and attractive volume, and one which should be read at the fire- 
 side of every family who desire a faithful and true life of tiie Old General" 
 
 GENERAL TAYLOR AND HIS STAEF: 
 
 Comprising Memoirs of Generals Taylor, Worth, Wool, and Butler; Cols. May, Cross, Clay, Hardily 
 
 Yell, Hays, and other distinguished OlEcers attacked to General Taylor's 
 
 Army. Int^spersed with 
 
 NUMEROUS ANECDOTES OF THE MEXICAN WAR, 
 
 and Personal Adventures of the Officers. Compiled from Public Documents and Private Corre- 
 spondence. With 
 
 ACCURATE PORTRAITS, AND OTHER BEAUTIFUL ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 In one volume, 12mo. 
 
 GENERAL SCOTT AND HIS STAFF: 
 
 Comprismg Memoirs of Generals Scott, Twiggs, Smith, Qmtman, Shields, Pillow, Lane, Cadwaladet. 
 
 Patterson, and Pierce ; Cols. Childs, Riley, Harney, and Butler ; and other 
 
 distinguished officers attached to General Scott's Army. 
 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 
 Notices of General Kearny, Col. Doniphan, Col. Fremont, and other officers distinguished in the 
 Conquest of California and New Mexico ; and Pei-sonal Adirentures of the Officers. Com- 
 piled from Public Documents and Private Correspondence. With 
 
 ACCURATE PORTRAITS, AND OTHER BEAUTIFUL ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 In one volume, 12mo. 
 
 THE FAMILY DENTIST, 
 
 liVCLUDING THE SURGICAL, MEDICAL AND MECHANICAL TREATMENTT 
 OF THE TEETH. 
 
 Illustrated witb thirty^one Sng^ravings* 
 
 By CHARLES A. DU BOUCHET, M. D., Dental Surgeon. 
 
 In one volume, 18mo. 
 
 22 
 
LIPPINCOTT, OIIAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 MECHANICS FOR THE MILLWRIGHT, ENGINEER AND MACHINIST, 
 CIVIL ENGINEER, AND ARCHITECT: 
 
 CONTAINIMO 
 
 THE PRINCIPLES OF MECHANICS APPLED TO MCHINERY 
 
 Of American models, Steam-Eiigines, Water-Works, Navigation, Bridge-building, Ac. &a Bf 
 
 FREDERICK OVERMAN, 
 
 Author of " The Manufacture of Iron," and other scientific treatises. 
 
 Illustrated by 150 Engravings. In one large 12mo. volume. 
 
 WILLIAMS'S TRAVELLER'S AND TOURIST'S GJJIDE 
 
 Through the United States, Canada, &c. 
 
 This book will be found replete with information, not only to the traveller, but likewise to the 
 man of business. In its preparation, an entirely new plan has been adopted, wliich, we are con- 
 vinced, needs only a trial to be fully appreciated. 
 
 Among its many valuable features, are tables showing at a glance the distance, fare, and titnt 
 occupied in travelling from the principal cities to the most important places in the Union ; so thaV 
 the question frequently asked, without obtaining a satisfactory reply, is here ans%vered in fuli. 
 Other titbles show the distances fi-om New York, &c., to domestic and foreign ports, by sea; and 
 also, by way of comparison, from New York and Liverpool to the principal ports beyond and around 
 Cape Horn, &c., as well as via the Isthmus of Panama. Accompanied by a large and accurate Map 
 of vhe United States, including a separate Map of California, Oregon, New Mexico and Utah. Also, 
 a Map of the Island of Cuba, and Plan of the City and Harbor of Havana ; and a Map of Niagara 
 River and Falls. 
 
 THE LEGISLATIVE GUIDE*. 
 
 containing directions for conducting business in the House of Representatives ; the Senate of the 
 United States; the Joint Rules of both Houses ; a Synopsis of Jefferson's Manual, and copious 
 Indices ; together with a concise system of Rules of Order, based on the regulations of the 
 , U. S. Congress. Designed to economise time, secure uniformity and despatch in con- 
 ducting business in all secular meetings, and also in all religious, political, and 
 Legislative Assemblies. 
 
 BY JOSEPH BARTLETT BtJRLEIGH, LL. D. 
 In one volume, 12mo. 
 
 This is considered by our Judges and Congressmen as decidedly the best work of the kind extant 
 Every young man in the country should have a copy of this book. 
 
 THE INITIALS; A Story of Modern Life. 
 
 THREE VOLUMES OP THE LONDON EDITION COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME 12M0. 
 A new novel, equal to " Jane Eyre." 
 
 WILD WESTERN SCENES: 
 
 A NARRATIVE OF ADVENTURES IN THE V/ESTERN WILDERNESS. 
 
 Wherein the Exploits of Daniel Boone, the Great American Pioneer, are particularly described 
 
 Also, Minute Accounts of Bear, Deer, and Buffalo Hunts ~Desperate Conflicts with the 
 
 Savages— Fisliing and Fowling Adventures — Encounters with Serpents, &a 
 
 By Luke Shortfield, Author of " The Western Merchant" 
 
 BEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED. One yolume, 12mD. 
 
 POEMS OF THE PLEASURES: 
 
 Conristing of the PLEASURES OF IMAGINATION, by Akenside ; the PLEASURES OP MEMORY 
 
 by Samuel Rogers; the PLEASURES OP HOPE, by Campbell; and the PLEASURES OF 
 
 FRIENDSHIP, by M'Henry. With a Memoir of each Author, prepared expressly 
 
 for this work. 18mo, 
 
 23 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GKAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 BALDWIN'S PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER. 
 
 A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER: 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 TOPOGRAPHICAL, STATISTICAL, AND OTHER INFORMATION, OF ALL THE MORE IM 
 
 PORTANT PLACES IN THE KNOWN WORLD, FROM THJfi MOST 
 
 RECENT AND AUTHENTIC SOURCES. 
 
 B3r THOMikS B/LI<DV7'Iir. 
 
 Assisted by several other Gentlemen. 
 
 To which IS added an APPENDIX, contnininp: more than TEN THOUSAND ADDITIONAL NAME^ 
 chiefly of the small Towns and Villages, &c., of the United States and of Mexico. 
 
 NINTH EDITION, WITH A SUPPLEMENT, 
 
 Giving^ the Pronunciation of near two thousand names, besides those pronounced in the Original 
 Work : Fonniug in itself a Complete Vocabulary of Geographical Pronunciation. 
 
 ONE VOLUME 12mO. — PRICE, $1.50. 
 
 Irt^ur's lihrari] fnr Wjt 1oiij3b1idI&. 
 
 Ck)mplete in Twelve handsome 18mo. Volumes, bound in Scarlet Cloth. 
 
 1. WOMAN'S TRIALS ; OR. TALES AND SKETCHES FROM THE LIFE AROUND US. 
 
 2. MARRIED LIFE; ITS SHADOWS AND SUNSHINE. 
 
 3. THE TWO WIVES: OK LOST AND WON. 
 
 4. THE WAYS OF PROVIDENCE : OR, "HE DOETH ALL THINGS WELL." 
 6. HOME SCIJNES AND HOME INFLUKNCES. 
 
 6. STOKIES FOR YOUNG HOUSiiKEEPERS. 
 
 7. LESSONS IN LIFE. FOR ALL WHO WILL READ THEM. 
 
 8. SEED-TIME AND HARVEST; OR, WHATSOEVER A MAN SOWETH THAT SHALL HE 
 
 ALSO REAP. 
 
 9. STORIES FOR PARENTS. 
 
 10. OFF-HAND SKETCHES, A LITTLE DASHED WITH HUMOR. 
 
 11. WORDS Ft)R THE WISE. 
 
 12. TliE TRIED AND THE TEMPTED. 
 
 The above Series are sold together or separate, as each work is complete in itself. No Family should 
 be without a copy of this iuterestmg and mstructive Series. Price Thirty-seven and a Half Cents per 
 Volume. 
 
 FIELD'S SCRAP BOOK.— New Edition. 
 
 littrnrii mii SfiisttUnnrans Ittap 3Snnt 
 
 of Tales and Anecdotes — Bioeraphical, Historical, Patriotic, Moral, Religious, and Seotl* 
 mental Pieces, in Prose and Poetry. 
 
 ^ Compiled by WILLIAM FIELDS. 
 
 SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND IMPROVED. 
 In one handsome 8vo. Volume. Price, $2.00. 
 
 THE ARKANSAW DOCTOR. 
 
 THE LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF AN ARKANSAW DOCTOR. 
 
 BY DAVID RATTLEIIEAD, M. D. 
 
 " The Man of Scrapes." 
 WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS. PRICE FIFTY CENTS. 
 
 THE HUMAN BODY AND ITS CONNEXION WITH MAN. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED BY THE PRINCIPAL ORGANS. 
 BY JAMES JOHN GARTH WILKINSON, 
 
 Member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 
 IN ONE VOLUME. 12mO — PRICE $1 25. 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 BOARDMAN'S BIBLE IN THE FAMILY. 
 
 ^\)t 38iliU ini)}t /iimili[: 
 
 OK, 
 
 HINTS ON DOMESTIC HAPPINESS. 
 
 BY H. A. BOARD MAN, 
 
 PASTOR OP THE TE«TH PUESBYTERIAN CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA. 
 One Volume 12mo. — Price, One Dollar. 
 
 WHEELE5i1iTs?oiTo^^ 
 
 OP 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA, 
 
 From 1584 to 1851. 
 
 Ck)»npiled from Original Records, Official Documents, and Traditional Statements ; with Biographieal 
 Sketches of her Distinguished Statesmen, J urisls, Lawyers, Soldiers, Divines, iic 
 
 BY JOHN H. WHEELER, 
 
 Late Treasurer of the State, 
 IN ONE VOLUME OCTAVO. — PRICE, $2.00. 
 
 niE NoiYF^AROLTNTTTEADEii: 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 A HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NORTH CAROLINA, SELECTIONS IN PROSE 
 
 AND VERSE, (MANY OF THEM BY EMINENT CITIZENS OF THE 
 
 STATE), HISTORICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES, 
 
 0ntJ a Uariets of fttfsccllancous Knforniatton anti Statfsttcs. 
 
 BY C. H. WILEY. 
 
 " My own green land for ever ! 
 T<and of the beautiful and brave — 
 Ihe freeman's home — the martyr's grave." 
 
 Illustrated with Engravings, and designed for Familiea and Schools, 
 
 ONE VOLUME 12M0. PRICE $1.00. 
 
 C/ilRTT YEARS WITH THE INDIAN TRIBES. 
 
 PERSONAL MEMOIRS 
 
 OP A 
 
 IxfsftmB nf ^Ijirtti ^ux% laitlj tjie 3nMaii Stilus 
 
 ON THE AMERICAN FRONTIERS: 
 
 With brief Notices of passing Events, Facts, and Opinion*, 
 A. D. 1812 TO A. D. 1842. 
 
 BY HENRY R. SCHOOLCRAFT. 
 
 ONE LARGE OCTAVO VOLUMK PRICE THREE DOLLARS. 
 
 T irriciLFTnr?Ti¥s ; 
 
 OR, 
 
 ROMANTIC ADVENTURES IN NORTHERN MEXICO, 
 
 BY CAPTAIN MAYNE REID, 
 
 AUTHOR OF THE "rifle RANGERS." 
 
 Oomplete in One Volume. Price Fifty Cents. 
 9iS 
 
UPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 THE CONFESSIONS OF A HOUSEKEEPER. 
 
 BY MRS. JOHN SMITH. 
 
 WITH THIRTEEN HUMOROUS ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 One Volume 12mo. Price 60 Cents. 
 
 Splendid Illustrated Books, suitable for Gifts for the Holidays 
 
 THE IRIS: AN OKIGINAL 80DYENIR FOR ANY TARS 
 
 EDITED BY PROF. JOHN S. HART. 
 WITH TWELVE SPLENDID ILLUMINATIONS, ALL FROM ORIGINAL DESIGNS. 
 
 THE DEW-DROP : A TRIBUTE OF AFFECTION. 
 
 WITH NINE STEEL ENGRAVINGS. • 
 
 GEMS FROM THE SACRED MINE. 
 
 WITH TEN STEEL PLATES AND ILLUMINATIONS. 
 
 t fn^t's (DffniHg. 
 
 WITH FOURTEEN STEEL PLATES AND ILLUMINATIONS. 
 
 THE STANDARD EDITIONS OF THE POETS. 
 
 WITH ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 OR, COUNTKY HOSPITALITIES. 
 
 BY CATHARINE SINCLAIR, 
 
 Author of • Jane Bouverie," " The Business of Life," " Modem Accomplishments," &e. 
 
 One Volume 12mo. Price 60 cents, paper ; cloth, fine, 75 cents. 
 
 mcgowFo¥^d1[s^^ 
 
 A PR/VCTZCiLI. TRi:.A.TISZ: 
 
 ON THE 
 
 MOST COMMON DISEASES OF THE SOUTH. 
 
 Exhibiting: their peculiar nature and the corresponding adaptation of Treatment : to wtiich 
 
 is added an Appendix containing some Miscellaneous matter ; also a Glossary, 
 
 explaining the meaning of the technicalities, or medical phrases used 
 
 in this work. 
 
 BY THOMPSON McGOWN, M. D., 
 
 I Unirersity, Member of the Lexington Medical £ 
 
 of the South. 
 
 One Volume Octavo. Price Two Dollars and a Koilf. 
 
 ' Gradaate of TransylTania University, Member of the Lexington Medical Society, and a PractttioMr 
 
 of the South. 
 
 A TALE OF TWO WORLDS. 
 
 BY W. H. CAKPENTER, 
 
 AUTHOR OP " CLAIBORITE THE REBEL," "JOHN THE BOLD,** AC, AcT 
 One Volume 18mo. Price Thirty nseven and a Half Cents. 
 
 WILLIAMS'S NEW MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, ON ROLLERS 
 
 SIZE TWO AND A HALF BY THREE FEET. 
 
 A new Map of the United States, upon whicn are delineated its vast works of Internal Commmu- 
 
 cation. Routes across the Continent, <5ic., showing also Canada and the Island of Cul)a, 
 
 BY W. WILLIAMS. 
 
 This Map is handsomely colored and mounted on rollers, and will be found a beautiful and us^fVi 
 •mament to tlie Counting-House and Parlor as well as the Scliool-Room. Price Two D . b. 
 
 26 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GFUMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 LIPPINCOTT'S CABINET HISTORIES OF THE STATES, 
 
 CONSISXINO OF A SERIES OF 
 
 Cabinet Histories of all the States of the Union, 
 
 TO EMBRACE A VOLUME FOR EACH STATE. 
 
 We have so far completed all our arrangements, as to be able to issue the whole series in the 
 shortest possible time consistent with its careful literary production. SEVERAL VOLUMES ARE 
 WOW READY FOR SALE. The talented authors who have engaged to write these Histories, are 
 no strangers in the hterary world. 
 
 NOTICES OF THE PRESS. 
 
 "These most tastefully prihted and bound volumes form the first instalment of a series of State 
 Histories, which, without superseding the bulkier and more expensive works of the same charac- 
 ter, may enter liousehold channels from which the others would be excluded by their cost and 
 magnitude. " 
 
 "In conciseness, clearness, skill of arrangement, and graphic interest, they are a most excellent 
 earnest of those to come. They are eminently adapted both to interest and instruct, and should 
 nave a place in the family library of every American." — iV. Y. Courier and Enquirer. 
 
 "The importance of a series of State History like those now in preparation, can scarcely be esti- 
 mated. Being condensed as carefully as accuracy and interest of narrative will permit, the size 
 and price of the volumes will bring them within the reach of every family in the country, thus 
 making them home-reading books for old and young. Each individual will, in consequence, become 
 familiar, not only with the history of his own State, but with that of the other States ; thus mutual 
 interests will be re-awakened, and old bonds cemented in a firmer re-union."— I/owie Gazette. 
 
 KEW THEMES FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY; 
 
 CREEDS WITHOUT CHARITY, THEOLOGY WITHOUT HUMANITY, AND PROTESTANT- 
 ISM WITHOUT CHRISTIANITY! 
 
 With Notes by the Editor on the Literature of Charity, Population, Pauper^nt, ^Political 
 Economy, and Protestantism. 
 
 •* The great question which the book discusses is, whether the Church of this age is what the 
 primitive Church was, and whether Christians— both pastors and people— are doing their fluty. Our 
 author believes not, and, to our mind, be has made out a strong case. He thinks there is abundant 
 room for refiurm at the present time, and that it is needed almost as much as in the days of Luther. 
 And why T Because, in his own words, ' While one portion of nominal Christians have busied 
 themselves with forms and ceremonies and observances ; with pictures, images, and processions ; 
 others have given to doctrines the supremacy, and have busied themselves in laying down the 
 lines by which to enforce human belief— lines of interpretation by which to control human opinion 
 — lines of discipline and restraint, by which to bring human minds to uniformity of faitli and action. 
 They have formed creeds and catechisms; they have spread themselves over the whole field of the 
 sacred writmgs, and scratched up all the surface ; they have gathered all the straws, and turned 
 over all the pebbles, and detected the colour and determined the outline of every stone and tree 
 and shrub ; they have dwelt with rapture upon all that was beautiful and sublime ; but they have 
 trampled over mines of golden wisdom, of surpassing richness and depth, almost without a thought, 
 and almost without au e&rt to fathom these priceless treasures, much less to take possession 
 of themi". , <* II V <9 -< ,, • U T T A 
 
 _, 9 A 3 H T 1 • i W^^S, 0N£ JQLLART! . I A 
 
 SIMPSON'S MILITARY JOURNAL. 
 
 JOURNAL OF^A MILITARY RECONNOISSANCE FROM SANTA FE, NEW 
 ,,.,,.. .T-MEXICO. TO THE NAVAJO COUNTRY, rjij]/; 
 
 . i i . /vJ l»Y J A Ni E S H . SI M PS N , A.M.", 
 
 FIRST LIEUTENANT CORPS OF TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS. 
 WITH SEVENTY-FIVE COLOURED ILLUSTRATIONS, 
 
 One volume, octavo. Price, Three Dollars. 
 
 29 
 
MPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 TALES OF THE SOUTHERN BORDER. 
 
 BY C. W. WEBBER. 
 ONE VOLUME OCTAVO, HANDSOMELY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 The Hunter Naturalist, a Romance of Sporting; 
 
 OR, WILD SCENES AND WILD HUNTERS. 
 
 BY C. W. WEBBER, 
 
 Author of " Shot in the Ej-e," " Old Hirks the Guide," " Gold Mines of the Gila," <tc. 
 ONE VOLUME, ROYAL OCTAVO. 
 
 ILUSTRATED WITH FORTY BEAUTIFUL ENGRAVINGS, FROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS, 
 
 MANY OF WHICH ARE COLOURED. 
 Price, Five Dollars. 
 
 NIGHTS IN A BLOCK-HOUSE; 
 
 OR, SKETCHES OF BORDER LIFE. 
 
 fimbraeins Adventnres among the Indians, Feats of the Wild Hunters, and Exploits of BooiM^ 
 Brady, Kenton, Whetzel, Fleehart, and other Border Heroes of tlie West, 
 
 BY HENRY C. WATSON, 
 
 Author of " Camp-Fires of the Revolution." 
 
 WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 One volume, 8vo. Price, $2 00. 
 
 HAMILTON, THE YOUNG ARTIST 
 
 BY AUGUSTA BROWNE. 
 
 WITH 
 
 AN ESSAY ON SCULPTURE AND PAINTING, 
 
 BY HAMILTON A. C. BROWNE. 
 
 1 vol. 18nr)o. Price, 37 1-2 cents. 
 
 THE SUGAR CAMP, and other Sketches, 
 
 BY CHARLES LANMAN. 
 12mo. ILLUMINATED COVERS. Price, 50 cents. 
 
 A HIT AT THE FOLLIES OF THE AGE, 
 
 TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH, 
 BY LEONARD MYERS. 
 
 One volume, 12mo. ILLUMINATED COVERS. Price, 50 cents. 
 
 ". : I P 
 
 *'■ , ■ 
 
 MILITARY LIFE IN FIELD AND CAMP. 
 
 BY RICHARD M'SHERRY, M. D., 
 
 LATB SURGEON OF A REOIHENT OF MARINES. 
 
 One Tolume, 12mo. ILLUMINATED COVERS. Price, 50 oenta 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 FROST'S JUVENILE SERIES. 
 
 TWELVE VOLUMES, 16mo., WITH FIVE HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 WALTER O'NEILL, OR THE PLEASURE OF DOING GOOD. 25Engrav'gfc 
 
 JtJNKER SOHOTT, and other Stories. 6 Engravings. 
 
 THE LADY OF THE LURLEI, and other Stories. 12 Engravings. 
 
 ELLEN'S BIRTHDAY, and other Stories. 20 Engravings. 
 
 HERMAN, and other Stories. 9 Engravings. 
 
 KING- TREGEWALL'S DAUGHTER, and other Stories. 16 Engravings, 
 
 THE DROWNED BOY, and other Stories. 6 Engravings. 
 
 THE PICTORIAL RHYME-BOOK. 122 Engravings. 
 
 THE PICTORIAL NURSERY BOOK. 117 Engravings. 
 
 THE GOOD CHILD'S REWARD. 115 Engravings. 
 
 ALPHABET OF QUADRUPEDS. 26 Engravings. 
 
 ALPHABET OF BIRDS. 26 Engravings. 
 
 PRICE, TWENTY-FIVE CENTS EACH. 
 
 The above popular and attractive series of New Juveniles for the Young, are sold together or 
 separately. 
 
 THE MILLINER AND THE MILLIONAIRE. 
 
 BY MRS. REBECCA HICKS, 
 
 (Of Virginia,) Author of " The Lady Killer," &c One volume, 12mou 
 
 Price, 373^ cents. 
 
 STANSBURrS 
 EXPEDITION TO THE GREAT SALT LAKE, 
 
 AN EXPLOKATION 
 OF THE YALLEY OF THE GREAT SALT LAKE 
 
 OF UTAH, 
 
 CONTAINING ITS GEOGRAPHY, NATURAL HISTORY, MINERALOGICAL RB- 
 SOURCES, ANALYSIS OF ITS WATERS, AND AN AUTHENTIC ACCOUNT OE 
 
 THE MOaMON SETTLEMENT. 
 
 ALSO, 
 
 A RECONNOISSANCE OF A NEW ROUTE THROUGH THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 
 
 WITH SEVENTY BEAUTIFUL ILLUSTRATIONS, 
 
 FROM DRAWINGS TAKEN ON THE SPOT, 
 
 AND TWO LARGE AND ACCURATE MAPS OF THAT REGION."" 
 
 BIT HCWARD STAXTSBTTRV, 
 
 CAPTAIN TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS. 
 One volume, royal octavo. 
 
 31 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 THE ABBOTSFORD EDITION 
 
 OP 
 
 PRINTED UPON FINE WHITE PAPER, WITH NEW AND BEAUTIFUL TYPE, 
 FROM THE LAST ENGLISH EDITION, 
 
 EMBRACING 
 
 THE AUTHOR'S LATEST CORRECTIONS, NOTES, ETC., 
 
 COMPLETE IN TWELVE VOLUMES, DEMI-OCTAVO, AND NEATLY BOUND IN CLOTH, 
 
 5I2^itf) Kllustratfons, 
 FOR ONLY TWELVE DOLLARS, 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 WAVERLEY, or 'Tia Sixty Years Since THE FORTUNES OF NIGEL. 
 
 GUY MANNERINQ PEVERIL OF THE PEAK. 
 
 THE ANTIQUARY.... QUENTIN DURWARD. 
 
 THE BLACK DWARF ST. RONAN'S WELL. 
 
 OLD MORTALITY REDGAUNTLET. 
 
 KOB ROY THE BETROTHED. 
 
 THE HEART OF MID-LOTHIAN THE TALISMAN. 
 
 THE BRIDE OF LAMMERMOOR WOODSTOCK. 
 
 A LEGEND OF MONTROSE THE HIGHLAND WIDOW, Ac 
 
 IVANHOE THE FAIR MAID OF PERTH. 
 
 THE MONASTERY ANNE OF GEIERSTEIN. 
 
 THE ABBOT COUNT ROBERT OF PARIS. 
 
 KENILWORTH .,^.....,..^..^..... „ .,.. ......CASTLE DANGEROUS. 
 
 THE PIRATE.,..^....^.,...^..... THE BURGEON'S DAUGiHTER, &«. 
 
 ANY or THE ABOVE NOVELS SOU), IN PAPE^l COVERS, AT FIFTY CENTS EACH. 
 
 ALSO, 
 
 AN ILLUSTRATED EDITION 
 
 OF 
 
 I^^M £'^W A V ERLEY NOVELS, 
 
 In Twelve Volumes, Royal Octavo, on Superfine Paper, with 
 
 SEVERAL HUNDRED CHARACTERISTIC AND BEAUTIFUL ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 •2- ELEGANTLY BOUND IN CLOTH, GILT. 
 
LIPPINCOTT'S 
 
 GABINET'HISTGRIES OF THE STATES. 
 
 The subscribers have been for some time preparing to publish 
 a series of Cabinet Histories of all the States of the Union, 
 to embrace a volume for each State; and they have so far com- 
 pleted all their arrangements as to be able to issue the whole seriea 
 in the shortest possible time consistent with its careful literary 
 production. Several volumes are now ready for sale. 
 
 The importance of a series of State Histories, like those now in 
 preparation, can scarcely be estimated. Being condensed as care- 
 fully as accuracy and interest of narrative will permit, the size 
 and price of the volumes will bring them within the reach of 
 every family in the country, thus making them home-reading 
 books for old and young. Each individual will, in consequence, 
 become familiar, not only with the history of his own State, but 
 with that of the other States : thus, mutual interests will be 
 reawakened, and old bonds cemented in a firmer reunion. 
 
 The talented authors who have engaged to write these histories 
 are no strangers in the literary world. What they undertake, 
 the public may rest assured will be performed thoroughly, and 
 that no sectarian, sectional, or party feeling will bias their judg- 
 ments, or lead them to violate the integrity of history. 
 
 In this series of histories the authors, while presenting a concise 
 but accurate narrative of the domestic policy of each State, will 
 give greater prominence to the personal history of the people. 
 The dangers which continually hovered around the early colonists; 
 the stirring rom'ance of a life passed fearlessly amid peril ; the 
 incidents of border warfare; the adventures of hardy pioneers; 
 the keen watchfulness, the subtle surprise, the ruthless attack, and 
 prompt retaliation — all these, having had an important influence 
 upon the formation of the American character, are to be faithfully 
 recorded; while the progressive developments of the citizens of 
 each individual State, from the rough forest life of the earlier day 
 to the polished condition of the present, will exhibit a picture of 
 national expansion as instructing as it is interesting. 
 
 The public may depend upon one thing, that these books are 
 not to be mere hurried, superficial, catch-penny affairs; but care- 
 fully prepared, accurate, and reliable histories, in which matters 
 of interest and importance, scattered through many bulky volumes, 
 will be brought, as far as regards each State, into one, and the 
 entire history of each individual State, from its origin to the pre- 
 sent time, given in a clear and continuous narrative. 
 
 LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & Co. 
 
 M>. 14 North Fourth Streetj Philadelphia, 
 
AUNT PHILLIS'S CABIN; 
 
 OE, 
 
 SOUTHERN LIFE AS IT IS. 
 
 LIPPmCOTT, GRAMBO & CO, PhUadelphia, 
 
 HAVE JtrST PUBLISHKS 
 
 AUNT PHILLIS'S CABIN; or, Southern Life as It Is. 
 
 BY MRS. MARY H. EASTMAN. 
 
 This volume presents a picture of Southern life taken at dif- 
 ferent points of view from the one occupied by the author of 
 « Uncle Tom's Cabin." 
 
 The writer, being a native of the South, is familiar with the 
 many varied aspects assumed by domestic servitude in that sunny 
 region, and therefore feels competent to give pictures of " Southern 
 Life as it is." Pledged to no clique or party, and free from the 
 pressure of any and all extraneous influences, she has written her 
 book with a view to its truthfulness; and the public at the North, 
 as well as at the South, will find in Aunt Phillis's Cabin, not the 
 distorted picture of an interested painter, but the faithful tran- 
 script of a Daguerreotypist. It is the truth that all profess to 
 seek, and in a matter of such vital interest to the whole nation as 
 Domestic Slavery, Truth — not highly-wrought imaginary repre- 
 sentations — is above all things demanded. Such truth, in the en- 
 ticing garb of a skilful fiction, will Aunt Phillis's Cabin present. 
 
 The author does not come before the public as the apologist of 
 Slavery, but with the earnest desire to represent it as it is ; and 
 in doing so, she will show its ameliorating features in strong con- 
 trast with the painful scenes so elaborately set forth in " Uncle 
 Tom's Cabin." 
 
14 DAY USE 
 
 RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED 
 
 LOAN DEPT. 
 
 This book is due on the last date stamped below, 
 or on the date to which renewed. Renewals only: 
 
 Tel. No. 642-3405 
 Renewals may be made 4 days ijriod to date due. 
 Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 
 
 A^^H^ -> 
 
 fNTER-LIBRARY 
 
 LQAN 
 
 MAR 31 1971 
 
 3HFI002g^a# 
 
 OCT Q82QIB. 
 
 LD21A-60m.8,'70 TT„:£L"fI^if^^.^fiI. 
 
 (N88378l0)476— A-32 
 
 University of California 
 Berkeley 
 
YB 30815 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNIA LIBRARY