THE STORY 
 
 OF His LIFE
 
 II 
 
 THE ] [BRARY 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 JOSEPH LIVESEY.
 
 T 
 
 UOHN BYUWO 
 LITIOIANS GUIDE OFFICE 
 130, FLEET SJflEET, fi.O, 
 
 JOSEPH LlVESEY: 
 
 *J c. -\5. 
 
 THE STORY OF HIS LIFE. 
 
 1794 1884. 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 JAMES WESTON, 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 S. W. PARTRIDGE & CO., 
 9, PATERNOSTER Row.
 
 PREFATORY NOTE. 
 
 T is only necessary to state by way of 
 Preface that the present sketch of the 
 great social and political reformer /is 
 founded principally upon the Autobiography published 
 by Mr. Livesey in his Staunch Teetotaler during 
 1868. The publishers believe that the public 
 generally will be glad to have the story of his life in 
 a handy form, for, quite apart from Joseph Livesey's 
 teachings, that life is a fine example of successful 
 self-help, and, as such, affords a valuable lesson for 
 young readers. 
 
 9, Paternoster Row, 
 
 September, 1884.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
 I. EARLY LIFE . 
 
 II. MARRIAGE AND COMMERCIAL LIFE 
 
 III. THE CORN LAW REPEALER ' 
 
 IV. THE TEMPERANCE REFORMER 
 
 V. THE AUTHOR . 
 
 VI. THE CITIZEN . 
 
 VII. LAST DAYS 
 
 II 
 
 25 
 
 37 
 49 
 74 
 85 
 100
 
 JOSEPH LIVESEY:' THE STORY OF HIS LIFE, 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Early Life. 
 
 N a damp cellar, in the village of 
 Walton-le-Dale, three hand-looms 
 are being actively worked by two 
 men and a youth. The cellar is not a 
 cheerful place for working in, for the 
 walls shine with the percolating moisture, 
 and occasionally the place is inundated 
 by the rising of the Kibble or the Darwen. The 
 youth sits away in the far corner with his back in 
 close proximity to the wet wall. Hands and feet 
 are fully engaged with the machine, but on the 
 " breast-beam " of the loom stands an open copy of 
 Lindley Murray's Grammar, to which his eyes ever 
 and anon return. 
 
 The lad's name is Joseph Livesey, and this is 
 also the name of the eldest of the trio, the boy's
 
 12. Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 grandfather. The third party is. Thomas Livesey, the 
 old man's son and the youngster's uncle. It is easy 
 to see that these people are living in a condition of 
 poverty, and few persons acquainted with that lad's 
 antecedents would have the hardihood to predict for 
 him either a long or a successful career. At the age 
 of seven he had been left an orphan, both parents 
 having been carried off within ten weeks by that 
 insidious foe, consumption. And yet that lad, al- 
 though not wholly escaping the attacks of sickness, 
 was to complete the term of fourscore years and ten, 
 and to successfully inaugurate the greatest and most 
 beneficent social revolution of modern times. 
 
 Old Joseph Livesey, the grandfather, had been a 
 small farmer, and his son John was a hand-loom 
 cloth manufacturer, and one of the earliest makers of 
 cotton goods in that district. He was, for that period, 
 a well-educated man, and he had married one Jennet 
 Ainsworth, the daughter of a neighbouring farmer. 
 
 The couple resided in a small cottage at Walton 
 Cop, and here on March the 5th, 1794, oar hero 
 drew his first breath. There was another son born 
 to them, but he died when very young, and, as we 
 have said, his parents had followed him when young 
 Joseph was but seven years old. 
 
 What was to be done with him ? He had neither 
 father, mother, brother or sister to take charge of him 
 and instruct him. There were his grandparents, 
 however, and they kindly undertook the care of the 
 destitute little orphan. 
 
 Old Joseph had invested all the money he could
 
 Early Life. 1 3 
 
 spare in his son's business, and when John died, the 
 old man gave up his farm and came to live in the 
 clothworker's house in the village. " Here, his 
 troubles, poor old man ! commenced. He knew 
 nothing of the business, and my uncle, upon whom 
 most of the management devolved, knew as little. 
 Either from ' bad times/ or bad management, or 
 both, the concern came to grief. I don't recollect 
 how long, but I suppose they did not carry on the 
 business more than three or four years. Their em- 
 barrassments kept increasing ; and I remember well 
 the old man, on a Tuesday night, upon the return of 
 Thomas with unfavourable reports from Manchester 
 market, crying like a child. Young as I was, I 
 busied myself in the warehouse, sometimes at the 
 warping mill, sometimes helping to hook pieces, or 
 weighing out the weft. The 'moutre' trade was 
 then carried on to a great extent, 'and the disputes 
 with weavers and threats of ' bating ' were frequent. 
 Both yarn and cloth were enormously dear ;* .so 
 there was a great temptation to weavers to sell 
 ' cops,' to take off ' half-beers,' and, by obliterating 
 the ' smits,' to get longer ' fents ' than they were 
 allowed. Not long ago, there resided in Preston 
 a female who had a cambric petticoat, the material 
 of which she said she bought of my father at seven 
 shillings a yard."t 
 
 * In 1801, when Joseph was seven years old, the price of 
 wheat was ^5 153. nd. per quarter, and, of course, other 
 things were dear in proportion. 
 
 t "Autobiography/ 3
 
 14 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 Considering the commercial ignorance of these 
 men, it is not astonishing to find that the business 
 speedily proved a complete failure. The old man 
 liquidated the affairs of the concern, and it was, so 
 far, satisfactory to find that the assets realised 
 sufficient to pay off all liabilities in full, but that was 
 all. He had sacrificed everything to discharge these 
 debts, and had now to seek some other occupation in 
 order to live. Fortunately, it was customary with 
 the small farmers of that locality to combine loom 
 weaving with agriculture, and most of them had a 
 weaving shop attached to the farm. Both father and 
 son were acquainted with this occupation, so now they 
 fell back upon it, and, of course, took their orphan 
 relative with them. They took a house at a rental 
 of ^5 per annum, and here the looms were set up. 
 
 In a short time the old grandmother died, and, as 
 their means would not allow them to keep a house- 
 keeper or other servant, young Joe had to discharge 
 the domestic duties. He says : " From necessity 
 I became pretty proficient in all kinds of labour con- 
 nected with domestic life ; and I have never regretted 
 this : for in speaking to the poor during my visi- 
 tations I have found my early experience of great 
 service ; and in the event of any reverse, I have 
 always felt that I was prepared to live where others 
 would be beset with difficulties, or perhaps starve." 
 
 Previously to his grandmother's death, he had 
 been principally engaged in winding weavers' bobbins, 
 but as soon as he was able to do the work he was 
 put to one of those looms in the cellar where we have
 
 Early Life. . 1 5 
 
 already seen him. The cellar was so damp that, he 
 says, from the day it was plastered to the day he left 
 it after seven years' occupation the mortar was 
 soft, water remaining in the walls. Working for so 
 many years, so close to the wet wall, it was to him 
 a wonder that illness was not the immediate result, 
 but he adds, " I can only suppose that this was 
 counteracted in a great measure by the incessant 
 action of almost every muscle of the body required 
 in weaving. ' All fours ' never cease action on the 
 part of the hand-loom weaver. Yet it is very pro- 
 bable that the four rheumatic fevers that I have had 
 to endure, and the seven years' chronic rheumatism 
 in my lower joints rendering me unable to walk 
 about without great pain which followed, had their 
 remote cause in that miserable place." 
 
 We have as yet said nothing of Joseph's educa- 
 tion, and in truth, so far as that education was derived 
 from others, there is not much to be said of it it 
 was so small in quantity. He had been taught 
 sufficiently to enable him to read the New Testament, 
 to write a little, and to count. Beyond this his edu- 
 cation was like that of many another intrepid soul, 
 refusing to be bound down by adverse circumstances : 
 he had the desire for knowledge, and resolved to 
 educate himself. No mean task this for the poor 
 little fellow in those days, when books were scarce, 
 and the present agencies for popularising knowledge 
 did not exist and had hardly been thought of. 
 Referring to this period in after years, he wrote : 
 " The writer once was glad to pick up a stray leaf,
 
 1 6 Joseph Livesey: The Story of his Life. 
 
 or to borrow an old backless book, with which to 
 allay his thirst for knowledge."* The book, when 
 borrowed, he would plant on the weaving beam, and 
 thus he could read and work at one and the same 
 time. 
 
 " This cellar was my college, the ' breast-beam ' 
 was my desk, and I was my own tutor." 
 
 In this day-and-night struggle with Lindley 
 Murray and other educational difficulties, he received 
 assistance from no one ; but, for all that, he conquered. 
 " Anxious for information, and having no com- 
 panions from whom I could learn anything, I longed 
 for books, but had no means with which to procure 
 them. There was no public library, and publications 
 of all kinds were expensive ; and, if I could succeed 
 in borrowing one, I would devour it like a hungry 
 man would his first meal Indeed, few of our young 
 men can have any idea of the contrast betwixt the 
 present and the past, as to the advantages of gaining 
 knowledge. At the period I refer to there were no 
 national schools, no Sunday-schools, no mechanics' 
 institutions, no penny publications, no cheap news- 
 papers, no free libraries, no penny postage, no tem- 
 perance societies, no tea-parties, no Young Men's 
 Christian Associations, no steamboats, no railways, 
 no gas, no anything in fact that distinguishes the 
 present time in favour of the improvement and en- 
 joyment of the masses. Most of the articles of 
 necessity for a poor man's home, during the war 
 with France, were nearly double their present 
 * "The Teetotal Progressionist," 1852.
 
 Early Life. 1 7 
 
 price, and all felt the pressure of the times." 
 His only pocket-money had been " the Sunday 
 penny," and great was his pride as he went among 
 his companions when that allowance had been 
 increased to the large sum of threepence. 
 
 But in a few years he had the means of purchasing 
 a few books, for he was set to do a certain amount of 
 work per week, with the understanding that if he 
 accomplished more he was to have the financial 
 surplus to himself. Here was the opportunity for 
 which he had longed. Knowledge might be his at 
 last. As he earned this money, he expended it in 
 the acquisition of books. It was in this way that he 
 obtained the copy of Lindley Murray, with the 
 exercises and key, and followed it up by buying a 
 " Cann's Reference Bible " and other works. And 
 now that he had obtained his books, he lost no 
 opportunity of consulting them. He took his meals 
 with an open volume before him, and, as we have 
 said, he fixed a book upon the " breast-beam " of the 
 loom, and read whilst he worked. He assures us he 
 has done this for hours, and that without making bad 
 work. " Head, hands, and feet, all busy at the same 
 time ! " But still the day was too short to satisfy his 
 thirst for knowledge ; whenever he could, he would 
 remain after his relatives had retired to rest, and 
 read by the light of the waning fire, for no candles 
 were allowed him. He was always anxious to reach 
 the end of a book, and once having opened it did not 
 care to lay it down until he had reached the last 
 page. In contrasting the advantages of the present 
 
 Joseph Lfvesey. "
 
 1 8 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 over the past, for the seeker after knowledge, he 
 says : 
 
 " Whilst thousands of costly volumes lie dormant, 
 unopened, and unread by their owners, the backless 
 volume of a borrowed book was read by me with 
 eagerness ; and this doubtless has been the case with 
 others. What would I not have given at that day to 
 have had the opportunity afforded by the Preston 
 Institution to have availed myself of its valuable 
 library a privilege too much undervalued by the 
 working-classes of the present time. And yet it is 
 a question in many cases whether want or plenty 
 makes the most sterling character. My first book- 
 case consisted of two slips of wood, value about 
 eightpence, hung to the wall by a cord at each end, 
 and the first work placed upon these anti-aristocratic 
 shelves was 'Jones' Theological Repository,' a 
 periodical of a number of volumes, which I had got 
 at second-hand. I shall never forget, as I descended 
 the cellar-stairs, how I sometimes turned back to 
 look and admire my newly-acquired treasure." 
 
 Undoubtedly, the many instances we have in 
 modern history of this heroism in humble life 
 afford good grounds for Joseph Livesey's question, 
 *' Whether want or plenty makes the most sterling 
 character ? " Many of the finest characters of our 
 time have been formed in that early fight with cir- 
 cumstances, which has called forth the nobler 
 qualities of our nature. It is almost a matter of 
 necessity that this should be so, for self-denial, tem- 
 perance, perseverance, and the determination
 
 Early Life. 19 
 
 " To rise 
 
 Out of the prison of my mean estate ; 
 And with such jewels as the exploring mind 
 Brings from the caves of knowledge, buy my ransom 
 From those twin gaolers of the daring heart 
 Low Birth and iron Fortune," 
 
 are qualities not called forth in the case of the child 
 of wealthy parents. It is true that to a majority of 
 the poor the adverse circumstances of their existence 
 are too depressing, and the budding virtues are early 
 nipped off, to be replaced by a callous indifference to 
 fate, or by the feeling that it is useless for them to 
 attempt to rise above that position in life to which 
 they have been born or have sunk. 
 
 But Livesey had the hope that better times would 
 come for him, so did his best to prepare the way 
 for them. There is no use in hoping for better days 
 and simply sitting down to wait for them we must 
 be prepared to take advantage of the better day when 
 it comes. The words of Shakspere are true : 
 
 " There is a tide in the affairs of men, 
 Which taken at the flood, leads on to fortune ; 
 Omitted, all the voyage of their life 
 Is bound in shallows and in miseries." 
 
 But the important thing is to be prepared for the tide 
 at its rising. 
 
 Not satisfied with getting a little knowledge, 
 Livesey did his best to get away from the damp 
 cellar and the loom. He tried shuttle-making and 
 failed, but succeeded somewhat better at " twisting 
 in " for the weavers. Then he tried for a situation
 
 2O Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 as "jobber." The result was he lost a complete 
 week, and, of course, got no wages. 
 
 It must not be supposed that young Livesey had 
 no experience of play, although it is probable that his 
 efforts at self-education left him little time for more 
 frivolous amusement. In addition to this, the boys 
 of the village were rather too rough in their play, 
 and dubbed him " soft," because he would not join 
 their fighting-parties, for which the village was 
 famous. The less boisterous games of the girls were 
 more to his taste, and he says, " I generally made 
 the girls my companions, in preference to the boys." 
 Still, as a young boy, he had his games of marbles 
 chiefly to his disadvantage hare-and-hounds, hide- 
 and-seek, forfeits, etc. He joined his companions 
 in their evening story-telling parties, when " Jack the 
 Giant-killer " and other legendary heroes filled their 
 narratives. They believed in " bogies," and some- 
 times were occupied with the exploits of the " Ban- 
 nister Doll," a well-known local bogie, whose head- 
 quarters were the Bannister Hall print works. Their 
 chief rendezvous was the house of Thomas Jolly, 
 who had a large family, and this naturally attracted 
 the other children of the village, sometimes in such 
 numbers and accompanied with so much noise that 
 Mrs. Jolly was compelled to pack them all off to their 
 own homes. They went nutting in the Cuerdale 
 woods, but not without fear of the keepers. Once 
 he thought it would be a grand thing to go hunting 
 and follow the hounds. He did so for a whole day 
 in his clogs. He had no further-aspirations that way.
 
 Early Life. 2 1 
 
 But he liked to wade in the Ribble, or to sit on its 
 banks for hours watching the " float " of his fishing- 
 tackle. At certain seasons he would lay night-lines 
 in the river, but sometimes when he went to reap his 
 harvest, he found both fish and lines had gone. 
 
 He remembered being taken to Preston in 1802 to 
 witness the processions of the famous Preston Guild. 
 Cotton-spinning had only just been introduced into 
 Preston, which was then a small town of six or seven 
 thousand inhabitants, and various products of the 
 new industry were exhibited in the procession, which 
 was, of course, a very grand affair. 
 
 " I was surrounded by mental darkness and vice, 
 without the companionship of congenial spirits ; but 
 still cherishing the aspirations of future advancement, 
 it was to me a great consolation, and a source of 
 future hope, to become acquainted with a family of 
 the name of Portlock, the heads of which, and some 
 of the members, were decidedly religious. I began 
 then, when about sixteen, to feel the value of exist- 
 ence, the importance of sacred things, and to enjoy 
 the comforts of religious and friendly intercourse." 
 
 The Portlocks were Baptists, and were very kind 
 to Livesey. Soon we find him attending the Baptist 
 Chapel, although he did not confine his attentions to 
 that place of worship, but occasionally visited the 
 Independents and the Methodists. Charles Portlock, 
 Thomas Jolly, and Joseph Livesey became intimate 
 friends and close companions. They were filled with 
 the same religious ideas, and in 1811 Charles and 
 Joseph were baptised together in the Baptist Chapel,
 
 22 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 which stood on the site now occupied by St. 
 Saviour's Church, and Thomas Jolly followed their 
 example soon after. It should be stated that this 
 act was taken in opposition to the wishes of Livesey's 
 relatives ; but he had the conviction that he was 
 doing the will of God and did it. It was a day of 
 great enjoyment to him, and keenly did he look 
 forward to the following Sundays, when he would 
 march off in his clogs to Preston, to attend the 
 prayer-meetings in the vestry. 
 
 To the last he retained a copy of Watts' hymns, 
 bought at that time, and in which he had inscribed, 
 "Joseph Livesey's Book, 1811. Is any merry, let 
 him sing psalms. Jas. v. 13." At the end of the 
 volume he had written the following lines : 
 
 " Hope is my helmet, faith my shield, 
 Thy Word, my God, the sword I wield ; 
 With sacred truth my loins are girt, 
 And holy zeal inspires my heart." 
 
 The congregation of the chapel was too poor to 
 support a regular minister, so they had to be content 
 with the lay ministrations of Mr. Baker, a tailor and 
 draper ; but this gentleman evidently did not give 
 satisfaction to all. A split occurred, and the con- 
 gregation was divided into Bakerites and Anti- 
 Bakerites. What was the origin of the difference 
 does not appear, but one Sunday matters had reached 
 such a pitch, that one party had locked up the 
 chapel, and the other party broke it open. This 
 evidently disgusted Livesey, for a little later he 
 joined a sect known then-as " Scotch Baptists." But
 
 Early Life. 23 
 
 it was decided to refer the Baker dispute to the deci- 
 sion of the ministers who would shortly assemble at 
 Accrington, for the ordination of a Mr. Edwards. 
 This reference was attended with no satisfactory 
 result, but it is worth noting here, for the interesting, 
 though unpleasant light it throws upon the habits 
 of the time. With the others, Livesey tramped to 
 Accrington a distance of about fourteen miles from 
 Walton. He says : 
 
 " The Rev. Mr. Stephens preached the Ordination 
 Sermon, from the text, ' One is your Master,~even 
 Christ ; and all ye are brethren.' Equality was what 
 I admired, and I was much pleased with the dis- 
 course. At the close of the service it was announced 
 that any one who wished to take dinner could be 
 accommodated at a certain inn at one shilling each. 
 But I learnt that there was a free dinner for the 
 ministers and other rich friends. I felt as one of 
 the poor who really needed a dinner, and not having 
 a shilling to spare, that the doctrine of equal brother- 
 hood, though brilliant in the pulpit, was not so in 
 ' word and deed.' But what offended me most was 
 that, being allowed to enter the large room after the 
 dinner, I saw the ministers and other friends enjoying 
 themselves with their long pipes amid the fumes of 
 tobacco, drinking spirits and other liquors. Though 
 physically feeble, I was never deficient in moral 
 courage, and when we were introduced to the rev. 
 gentlemen who were to hear our case, I could not 
 forbear giving vent to my feelings. I protested against 
 this eating and drinking, and said that in primitive
 
 24 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 times men were ordained to the ministry with 
 ' prayer and fasting.' A poor, simple, ill-dressed, 
 illiterate, unknown lad lecturing divines on the primi- 
 tive duties of self-denial ! A regular laugh was the 
 response, and indeed what else could be expected ? 
 I believe this exhibition gave a cast to my mind, of 
 which I have never got clear, and I should be glad 
 to believe that nothing similar is to be met with in 
 the present day." 
 
 He acknowledges the value to himself of his con- 
 nection with the " Scotch Baptists," but it was not 
 an unmixed good. The society was small, and 
 attached prime importance to what they called 
 " soundness in the faith." Livesey had not much 
 intercourse with those of other religious opinions, 
 and hence he " became the zealous advocate of 
 opinions, rather than the promoter of charity among 
 all good people." He gave his mind to controversial 
 theology, and in settling, as he thought, the disputed 
 points between Calvinists and Arminians, Unitarians 
 and Trinitarians. His self-confidence upon these 
 points received a check, which did him much good. 
 He was writing a lengthy letter of a controversial 
 character to a minister in Manchester, and in it used 
 this phrase : " I never see anything wrong but I am 
 determined to set it right." These words show the 
 resolute character of this reformer of eighteen years, 
 but his correspondent administered a severe rebuke, 
 
 which 
 
 rved, and profited by it.
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 Marriage and Commercial Life. 
 
 ITUATED as young Livesey was, at 
 an early age his mind was fully 
 alive to the miseries of a single life, 
 and he looked forward eagerly to 
 the time when he could have a home 
 of his own. But it was necessary 
 that he should wait until he was twenty- 
 one, for this reason he had no money, 
 but a relative dying, had bequeathed him the mag- 
 nificent sum of 30, which would be placed in 
 his hands on his attaining his majority. The 
 subsequent experience of a lengthy married life 
 decided him in favour of early marriages, provided 
 certain prudential considerations are taken into 
 account. " Of course, making a judicious choice, 
 and being prepared with means to start with comfort, 
 out of debt, and with a fair prospect of resources to 
 meet eventualities." He held it to be right, that no 
 man should take a wife till he has a home furnished 
 ready for her to come to. " To commence in
 
 26 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 [furnished] lodgings, as some newly married pairs 
 do, is abominable." 
 
 But he does not recommend those about to marry 
 to select a wife after the manner adopted by himself, 
 although his turned out to be one of the happiest 
 and most prosperous of marriages. At the time he 
 decided to ask Miss Jenny Williams to become Mrs. 
 Joseph Livesey he had never seen her ! He had 
 heard of her as an amiable, religious girl, and with 
 his characteristic resolution, decided that she should 
 be his wife, provided that she would consent. The 
 (father was a master-rigger, in Liverpool, and he 
 having taken to himself a second wife, his daughter 
 had anything but a pleasant home with her step- 
 mother. The result was, Jane went to Manchester, 
 to take up her residence with an intimate friend of 
 her father's, who kept a china and earthenware shop 
 in that city. Her friends were Scotch Baptists, and 
 she became a member of the same church. 
 
 Acting upon the resolution he had formed, Joseph 
 got introduced to the family, -and, paying them a 
 visit, he attended their prayer-meeting, and as they 
 had heard of his giving exhortations at Preston, they 
 invited him to do the same now. He acceded to the 
 request, and in after years Mrs. Livesey often con- 
 fessed that it was owing to the favourable impression 
 she formed whilst he was speaking, more than to 
 anything else, that he owed the favourable reception 
 she gave to his request for her hand. He says : 
 " We were thus fixed thirty miles from each other, 
 and with the exception of about three visits, all the
 
 Marriage and Commercial Life. 27 
 
 love-making, which lasted about a year, was done by 
 long sheets of paper filled to every corner." 
 
 This was prior to the age of railways, and his visits 
 to Manchester had to be performed on foot. On one 
 occasion he had got as far as Bolton, and felt unable 
 to proceed. It was late, and there were still eleven 
 miles between the young lady and himself. The 
 question was, should he spend five shillings for an 
 outside seat on the mail-coach and finish his journey, 
 or should he stay at Bolton for the night, and go on 
 to Manchester in the morning ? He decided upon 
 the former course, although he could ill afford the 
 money. 
 
 When he had obtained the 30 legacy, he rented 
 a nice little cottage in the village, at ,j a year, and 
 set to work to furnish it. He attended sales of 
 furniture, in order to obtain his chairs and tables as 
 cheaply as possible, and this method of proceeding 
 seems to have amused the neighbours. But that 
 made no difference to Livesey, and on the 3Oth of 
 May, 1815, he had the satisfaction of leading his bride 
 to the altar in St. Peter's Church, Liverpool. There 
 was no attempt at display no carriages no orange 
 blossoms. According to one of the two chief actors, 
 " the parson gabbled over the service as quickly as 
 possible," and Livesey paid him a crown-piece, 
 remarking that he had got a wife cheaply. Then 
 they returned to the house of the bride's father, who 
 gave his friends a supper in the evening to celebrate 
 the great event. It was a great event to Livesey, for 
 after fifty years of married life, he could say that his
 
 28 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 wife was the greatest blessing of his life to him. 
 The age of the bride was nineteen years and a half 
 the bridegroom a little over twenty-one. Their 
 wedding tour was a very short one from Liverpool 
 to their new home at Walton next morning, where 
 they received the congratulations of their neighbours, 
 and the bride, of course, underwent the usual criticism 
 from the female portion of the population. " Here we 
 both settled down to our work, Joseph to his loom, 
 and Jane to her wheel ; and though as low in means 
 as most people to start with, we have ' lived and 
 loved together,' now (1868) more than fifty-two years, 
 never once having reason to regret the step we took. 
 I soon learnt the truth of the old saying, ' In taking a 
 wife you had better have a fortune in her, than with 
 her ; ' and if all men were guided by this, and the 
 females knew it, we should have happier marriages, 
 and the girls would aim to acquire substantial instead 
 of artificial attractions." 
 
 Like her husband, Mrs. Livesey had to work hard. 
 In addition to the housework she had to keep the 
 three weavers Joseph, his uncle, and grandfather 
 supplied with full bobbins, and we are told that she 
 fulfilled all her duties well. Under her cleanly and 
 orderly habits, for which none could excel her, the 
 little cottage became as comfortable as any palace. 
 In his spare time Livesey made the garden a place 
 of delight for them to walk in, although he could 
 not have had much leisure, seeing that he commenced 
 work at the loom early in the morning, and kept at it 
 till ten at night, and sometimes later.
 
 Marriage and Commercial Life. 29 
 
 But in less than a year they had found residence 
 in Walton inconvenient, so removed to Preston, 
 where they took a house at two shillings and sixpence 
 per week rental. This was the year during which 
 the accursed Corn laws were passed, whilst a body 
 of soldiers guarded the House of Commons with 
 bayonets drawn. These laws had a double effect 
 they increased the price of food enormously, in the 
 interests of the landlords, and seriously depressed 
 the price of labour. Not merely did the workman 
 have to pay more for the necessaries of life, but he 
 had actually less money to expend upon them. We 
 can, therefore, imagine something of Livesey's feelings 
 of alarm when his wife gave birth to twins. Two 
 additional mouths to fill was a serious matter in those 
 days, but one of the children died soon after birth, 
 and the other is now living at the ripe age of sixty- 
 eight. 
 
 And now a few months later than the interesting 
 event just related came a turning-point in Livesey's 
 life. It was the rising of the tide referred to by 
 Shakspere. Would young Joseph " take it at the 
 flood," and so be led to fortune ? As is so often the 
 case, there was no evidence to him that it was flood- 
 tide, nor any indications whither it would lead him 
 if he took it. But he took it, simply with the desire 
 to cheapen the food not only of his own little house- 
 hold, but of his neighbours also. 
 
 The outlook was very gloomy for Joseph Livesey 
 just then. The house was not adapted for the 
 weaving business, prices were high, there was
 
 3O Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 another mouth to fill, and, to crown all, his own 
 health was failing. A doctor was consulted, and he, 
 following the pet remedy of the time, advised him to 
 live better. He was to take a sup of malt-liquor 
 with some bread and cheese in the middle of the 
 forenoon. It is not remembered whether he got the 
 beer, but a bit of common cheese, sevenpence or 
 eightpence per pound, was purchased. That bit 
 of cheese was the cornerstone, so to speak, 
 upon which Livesey's business career was 
 established ; for about that time the Lancaster 
 cheese-fair was being held, and he had heard 
 some one saying that prices had gone down to 
 about fifty shillings the hundredweight. He imme- 
 diately put his self-taught arithmetic into use, and 
 calculated that this meant fivepence per pound. 
 Then it occurred to him that if he had sufficient 
 money to purchase a whole cheese, he could retail it 
 in small pieces to his neighbours at cost price and 
 retain sufficient for himself on the same terms. He 
 had no idea of reaping a profit from the transaction. 
 That had never occurred to him. It was co-opera- 
 tion of the purest kind. But where was the money 
 to come from ? He might have gone round to his 
 neighbours, and, telling them of his plan, asked for the 
 money in advance of the cheese. This does not seem 
 to have occurred to him either. He went into the 
 market, where the farmers stood with their cheese. 
 He met a farmer named Bradley, who had sold all 
 but two cheeses. Livesey inquired the price, and 
 as the farmer was anxious to return home, he offered
 
 Marriage and Commercial Life. 3 1 
 
 to sell at the rate of fourpence-three-farthings per 
 pound. Alas ! it would need a sovereign to purchase 
 the two cheeses, and Joseph had no money. 
 
 He had, however, soon decided on a course of 
 action. In Friargate lived a draper whose name was 
 Burnett, well-known as a kind friend to those in 
 need. To him went Livesey, and told him of this 
 fine chance of providing the people with sevenpenny 
 cheese at fivepence a pound. He at once lent the 
 sovereign, and Joseph hurried down to the market 
 with it and purchased the cheeses, which were soon 
 on the weaver's table. Having informed his neigh- 
 bours of this grand achievement, he obtained their 
 promises to take portions ; but to cover any loss 
 that might ensue from the cutting and weighing, 
 they agreed to pay him fivepence-halfpenny per 
 pound, and they would still save at least three half- 
 pence per pound. Again repairing to his friend 
 Burnett, Livesey obtained the loan of weights and 
 scales, but after all the neighbours had been served 
 there still remained a considerable stock on hand. 
 In the afternoon he took this into the Vauxhall Road, 
 and sold a quantity of it to the public at the same 
 low prices. At the end of the day he counted his 
 money and weighed the remaining stock, and found 
 that he had unintentionally made a profit of eighteen- 
 pence. This was far more than he could have 
 obtained during the time by weaving, so he was 
 quite elated with his success. This was Saturday 
 night, and on the Monday he hawked the remnant 
 about until he had sold it. Then he returned to his
 
 32 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 loom, but throughout that week the people came to 
 him for some more of his cheap cheese. So on 
 Saturday he again solicited the help of Mr. Burnett, 
 in order that he might repeat his experiment. 
 
 Thus for some time Livesey devoted himself to 
 his loom all the week, and on Saturday sold his 
 cheese at the corner of Syke Hill, and at last had 
 the audacity of making his stand in the Market- 
 place itself, where he caused considerable consterna- 
 tion by retailing cheese in small quantities at five- 
 pence-halfpenny a pound. The quantity thus dis- 
 posed of increased every week, until soon he was 
 getting rid of three hundredweight in a day. Then 
 he entered into the wholesale branch, selling it by 
 the whole cheese and sometimes by the hundred- 
 weight. His wife had now appeared in the Market- 
 place, and she cut up and sold the small portions 
 whilst he looked after the wholesale customers. 
 Although this was in winter, they continued at it in 
 the belief and hope that they were now on the road 
 to future success. To fill up the whole of the week 
 with his cheese-selling, Livesey attended the markets 
 at Chorley, Blackburn, and Wigan, walking to and 
 from Preston, for there were as yet no railways. 
 
 There was an end of the weaving, and the loom 
 was given to a poor man named Woodruff, from 
 whom, in after years, Livesey rebought it for a 
 sovereign and had its pieces remade into a writing- 
 table. Of this article of furniture he wrote in his 
 seventy-fifth year : " Turn it over and you will see 
 the several pieces that constituted the cradle of my
 
 Marriage and Commercial Life. 33 
 
 future usefulness ; and when I am in the grave, 
 may this remind my children that their father was 
 a poor man, and that of all the duties incumbent 
 upon them they should never forget the poor ! " 
 
 By-and-by he began to attend Bolton Market^ 
 walking the double journey of forty miles and sell- 
 ing his goods in the one day ; but later he was 
 enabled to buy a pony, for several friends, seeing his 
 success, lent him money at interest to enable him 
 to keep up a stock. He now rode out into the 
 country districts, calling upon the farmers and buying 
 their cheese. After his long journeys to Bolton and 
 back he had to turn out from his rest in the chimney 
 corner to go into the stable to clean the pony. He 
 was anxious to pay off his loans, and therefore 
 would not spend a penny more than he could help. 
 Every Monday morning for twenty years with 
 scarcely an exception he went to Bolton, for next 
 to Preston it was his best market. The next im- 
 provement in his circumstances was the acquisition 
 of a gig. 
 
 For eight years he stood with other cheesedealers 
 in the street (Cheapside), until in 1 824 a part of the 
 new Corn Exchange was allotted for the sale of 
 cheese. But this was cold work in winter, and they 
 all laboured under the old delusion that strong drink 
 kept the cold out, so that their excursions across the 
 Market-place to Mrs. Rigby's (the " Blue Anchor "), 
 for some of her 2^d. ale, were probably frequent. 
 Livesey himself was kept from excess, but he fears 
 that his example on that account may have been 
 
 Joseph Livtity.
 
 34 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 the more dangerous to others, who went with him, 
 but did not come out with him, often staying till they 
 were intoxicated. 
 
 In his journeys to country places in quest of 
 cheese, it is only to be expected that in those days 
 he would meet with a few adventures and discom- 
 forts. On one occasion he had gone as far afield as 
 Ulverston, and had to leave there in the evening to 
 catch a coach at Leven's Bridge. In the intervening 
 district he was quite a stranger. With darkness 
 there came on a heavy dew, so that he could not 
 tell where he was or what to do. He kept on the 
 road, and at last came to a farmhouse ; but he was 
 afraid to knock, lest they should mistake him for some 
 objectionable character and set the dogs at him. So 
 he wisely decided not to make any noise, but sought 
 an outhouse, and threw himself down on some hay, 
 and rested there till daybreak, when he quietly 
 walked out without anybody seeing him. He was, 
 on another occasion, nearly overtaken by the tide 
 whilst crossing the famous Eleven-mile Sands, where 
 so many travellers have been drowned. He was on 
 foot, and saw the waves rolling rapidly in from the 
 west. In an instant he started eastward at his 
 quickest pace, and was able to reach the land in 
 safety ; but his escape was of the narrowest. On a 
 similar occasion he was on business at Wardless, and 
 with one of his sons desired to cross the Wye. The 
 boatman was called out, but he was partially intoxi- 
 cated. He got out his boat a light, flat-bottomed 
 craft and they all got in and steadied themselves as
 
 Marriage and Commercial Life. 35 
 
 much as possible, but when in the middle of the 
 stream the drunken boatman toppled right over into 
 the water, and Livesey thought they were both 
 following him. They managed to keep upright and 
 prevent the boatman pulling them over in his efforts 
 to get in. They were relieved to see him get to the 
 stern of the boat and push them to shore, for he had 
 evidently found the bottom with his feet. 
 
 The cheese-business went on increasing, until it had 
 become the largest of the kind in North Lancashire, 
 and throughout its building-up as, indeed, through- 
 out her life Livesey had the active help, as well 
 as the sweet sympathy, of a good wife. We are not 
 often introduced to her in the Autobiography, but the 
 reason is stated ; Livesey was positively interdicted 
 with the injunction : " See thou sayest nothing 
 about me" In spite of this, however, and regardless 
 of the " curtain-lecture " which he looked forward to 
 as the reward of disobedience, he has contrived to 
 give us a little information about this most estimable 
 lady. He says : " I cannot do justice to my feelings 
 if I do not say a few words as to the excellencies of 
 my dear wife. In our early struggles, when com- 
 mencing business out of nothing, she was not only 
 my counsellor in difficulties, but an active and effi- 
 cient helper to the extent of, and even beyond her 
 power. She was no lady-wife ; -though respectably 
 connected and accustomed to plenty before marriage, 
 she willingly shared my poverty and privations, and 
 bore a full part of our burdens. She shared my joys, 
 and more than shared my sorrows, for she wiped
 
 36 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 them away. Whenever I was cast down, she was 
 the one to revive my spirits. For a long time she 
 did all the house-work, as well as attending to busi- 
 ness, and she would sit up past midnight making and 
 mending the children's clothes. No pen could do jus- 
 tice in describing the sympathy she showed towards 
 every sufferer that came within her reach ; nor set 
 forth her willingness to undergo any toil to give them 
 relief. If ever a ' good mother ' existed, she de- 
 serves that name. No labour was ever too much, 
 no anxiety too great, or sacrifice too severe to pro- 
 vide for the wants of her children, to get them well 
 educated, and to bring them up respectably. Her 
 motherly kindness never waned, and never will ; for, 
 to this day, her happiness is bound up with the 
 happiness and well-doing of her family. Though 
 delicate from the first, the amount of endurance she 
 has manifested is truly wonderful. If ever we had 
 a bit of a ' tift ' (and these are sometimes useful in 
 clearing the connubial atmosphere), it was almost 
 always about her working too hard ; and yet I am 
 strongly inclined to think that this exercise, and the 
 pleasure she had in seeing her house and children 
 nice, have contributed far more to her lengthened life 
 than the opposite would have done. A lady's life of 
 soft indulgence, rising late in the morning, lolling on 
 a sofa most of the forenoon reading novels, with little 
 exercise, fed with rich food, and pampered with de- 
 licacies these have killed many a thousand with 
 better constitutions than Mother Livesey's."
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 The Corn Law Repealer. 
 
 t 
 
 O enable the young reader to judge of the 
 social conditions of the time when 
 Livesey undertook the responsibilities 
 of married life, it will be well to take 
 a glance back a few years. Restrictions 
 upon the trade in corn had been imposed 
 at various periods from the fifteenth 
 century upwards. Burke's Act of 1773 permitted 
 the import of foreign wheat at the nominal duty 
 of 6d. per quarter, when the price of home-grown 
 wheat was 485. per quarter; but ultimately the 
 landowners and farmers complained that when 
 the price of English wheat was down to 485., it 
 was unfair to admit foreign grain on payment of 
 so small a duty, and demanded that greater restric- 
 tions should be imposed upon the imports. In con- 
 sequence for the landowners were the dominant 
 power in the State an Act was passed in 1791 pro- 
 viding that the 6d. duty should not come into force 
 except when the home price was 545. or upwards. 
 From 545. to -503. the duty was 2s. 6d. ; from 
 
 412694
 
 38 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 505. downwards there was a prohibitory duty of 
 24.5. 3d. per quarter ! This, too, at a time when we 
 were involved in great wars which had seriously 
 disturbed commerce ; when the expenses incidental 
 to import and export had been increased about four 
 hundred per cent., and when the war expenditure was 
 so flagrantly lavish that the resources of the country 
 were all but expended. The price of corn, as of all 
 other commodities, rose enormously. 
 
 In 1801, the average price of wheat was 1195. 6d., 
 but when in 1803 it had dropped to 583. iod., the 
 landowners were again dissatisfied, and called for 
 further restrictions on import. They sought to keep 
 up the high prices of 1801, and, therefore, in 1804 an 
 Act was passed, the result of which was to impose 
 an import duty of 243. 3d. whenever the home price 
 was 633. or less. The price rose to 893. 9d. in 1805, 
 and to I22s. 8d. in 1812. But these prices were to 
 a large extent due to the war and the scarcity of 
 money, and it was foreseen that with peace would 
 come a fall both in the price of wheat and the rent of 
 land. In the temporary peace of 1814, the price of 
 British wheat fell to 553. 8d. The landed interest 
 took alarm, and in 1815, the year of peace with 
 France, after the final overthrow of Buonaparte at 
 Waterloo, a Bill was rushed through both Houses of 
 Parliament with indecent haste. This Bill raised the 
 price at which import duty ceased to 8os. ; and below 
 this price importation was prohibited. The object 
 of this Act was to keep up the price of wheat per- 
 manently to about 80s.
 
 The Corn Law Repealer. 39 
 
 The reason for this is to be found in the fact that 
 rents had been largely increased, to make up to the 
 landowner for the heavy war taxes, which all had to 
 pay. The farmer had, therefore, to pay his own tax 
 and the landlord's too ; but by the imposition of these 
 unjust corn laws, both landlord and farmer were 
 practically reimbursed for their taxes, and the whole 
 burden fell upon the consumer, who could find no 
 way of avoiding payment of his taxes. During the 
 discussions in the Commons, the House was sur- 
 rounded by an excited mob, which stopped the 
 carriages of members, and subjected the latter to 
 insults. . Cries of " No Corn Laws " were continuously 
 and loudly raised, and the constables becoming in- 
 sufficient to quell the tumult, the soldiers were called 
 out, and they surrounded the House with fixed 
 bayonets during the remainder of the debates. The 
 mob now marched off to the houses of ministers and 
 members who were in favour of the Corn Laws, 
 breaking in and causing great destruction of property. 
 The Bill was read a first time in the House of Com- 
 mons on March ist; a second time on the 3rd; 
 passed through Committee on the 6th, and on the 
 loth was read a third time and passed. It passed 
 through the Lords even more rapidly, taking only 
 eight days for its passage there, and three days later 
 it received the Royal Assent and became law ! These 
 were the conditions under which the people were 
 bidden to rejoice for the victories of Wellington's 
 arms ! In the preface to the Annual Register for 
 that year it is stated : " There has rarely been a
 
 4O Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 time of more widely diffused complaint than the close 
 of the current year ; and all the triumphant sensations 
 of national glory seem almost obliterated by general 
 depression." 
 
 But now that the war was ended, and commerce 
 revived somewhat, the people began to feel the whole 
 burden of the immense war debts, and consequently 
 gave their minds to questions of home politics. They 
 began to see that the supposed good effect of the 
 Corn Laws upon the country was a huge delusion. 
 Various Acts were passed in succeeding years ; but 
 for the most part they were inoperative, owing to 
 natural causes, but the whole drift of them was the 
 maintenance of high prices for the benefit of the land- 
 owner. In glancing at the history of such a time as 
 this, it is interesting to have the views of one who 
 experienced all the privations caused by those laws, 
 and who helped in no mean measure to hasten their 
 abolition. 
 
 Joseph Livesey tells us that, " The indecent haste 
 with which, the Bill was passed was calculated to 
 arouse the opposition of the people as much as the 
 measure itself. If we want a proof of the wantonness 
 of class legislation, of the regardlessness of the rights 
 of the people, and of the sacrifice, even of common 
 decency, at the shrine of selfishness, we find it in the 
 history of the passing of the Corn Bill." " The har- 
 vest of 1816 was said to be ' one of the worst ever 
 known in England, both for quantity and quality.' 
 No loaves could be baked, all the wheat being un- 
 sound, and flour could only be used by being made
 
 The Corn Law Repealer. 41 
 
 into cakes. It was by military force that the people 
 were kept down, mobbing and rioting taking place all 
 over the country. The Luddites, in 1811 and 1812, 
 committed sad depredations in breaking machinery. 
 They mistook the cause of their sufferings ; being led 
 to believe that the depression in trade and the reduc- 
 tion in wages were caused by the introduction of 
 machinery." 
 
 Meetings were held in opposition to the Corn Laws, 
 and among them was the great gathering of from 
 60,000 to 100,000 people, in Peters fields (Peterloo), 
 Manchester where now the Free Trade Hall stands. 
 This latter meeting was, by order of the magistrates, 
 charged by two regiments of Hussars and cavalry, 
 with drawn swords. Eleven persons were killed 
 and six hundred wounded. The chairman of the 
 meeting was taken, tried and sentenced to be impri- 
 soned for two years and a half. In an excited time 
 like this, when trade was fettered and the food of 
 the people taxed almost to prohibition, it was im- 
 possible for a man like Joseph Livesey to keep aloof 
 from the agitation. He went into it heart and soul ; 
 but not only did he agitate, he showed his sympathy 
 in a manner, perhaps, more immediately practical. 
 He assisted in the organisation and distribution of 
 relief in Preston, on several occasions of distress ; but 
 we shall have occasion to refer to this matter anon. 
 
 " Though not a professed political agitator, I took 
 a share in every movement which had for its object 
 the freedom of trade and the untaxing of the people's 
 food. It was impossible for me to remain a mere
 
 42 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 spectator, and when I saw my fellow-creatures 
 suffering so severely from a removable cause, and on 
 every occasion I endeavoured to expose the cruel 
 tendency of the Corn Laws ; the wickedness of ex- 
 cluding foreign food, when the people were starving, 
 for the selfish purpose of keeping up the value of 
 land. Ten years before the Anti-Corn Law League 
 was fairly at work, in my Moral Reformer I wrote 
 strong articles upon this subject." 
 
 Witness the following extract from one of these 
 articles in the number for March, 1831 : 
 
 " To me it is quite clear, after the opening of the 
 budget, that, in the present circumstances of the 
 country, to expect an efficient relief for the poor and 
 labouring classes, from a reduction of taxes merely, 
 would be the greatest delusion. What relief is there 
 offered to the poor weaver ? About a penny a week 
 in candles ! Is this likely to conciliate the country ? 
 To live like human beings the weavers' wages must 
 be doubled ; but as that is not practicable, the price 
 of his bread ought to be balanced with his wages. 
 The curse of the country is the Corn Law, and till that 
 is repealed persons may drag their weary limbs about, 
 may beset the dispensary for physic, crowd the work- 
 house to excess ; may sink beneath their sufferings 
 and die from hunger ; but there will be no relief. I 
 could fill a volume with detailing the most miserable 
 and wretched cases which have come before me during 
 the past month. Oh ! how hard, that honest and 
 industrious men should hunger while God gives bread 
 enough and to spare."
 
 The Corn Law Repealer. 43 
 
 He then proceeds to show that the net average 
 wage of a weaver, working from five a.m. to nine or 
 ten p.m., was 5s. u|d. per week, and continues: 
 " Such is the miserable pittance of the weaver, and 
 with provisions at the present exorbitant price, if any 
 man in the country can behold this state of things 
 without raising his determined voice against it, he 
 must be destitute of the common feelings of humanity." 
 
 His journal, The Struggle, although containing 
 articles upon Temperance and kindred subjects 
 of social reform, yet had for its main object the 
 furtherance of the Corn Law agitation. It was 
 illustrated with cartoons and smaller cuts, in which 
 the chief actors in and phases of the struggle were 
 cleverly though roughly caricatured. In one of these, 
 Sir Robert Peel is meditating among the tombs of 
 those killed by the Corn Laws. In another, Britannia 
 sits upon the ground, her hair dishevelled, and the 
 emblems of her power scattered around, whilst her 
 hands are manacled by the Corn Law chain. To 
 her appears the ghost of Buonaparte, who exclaims, 
 " My Berlin decrees were mere waste-paper ; the 
 Corn Laws of her landowners have ruined that com- 
 merce, to destroy which was the dearest object of my 
 heart." Another exhibits a farmer and his man 
 hauling a poor cow up to the roof of a house covered 
 with grass. This was a satire upon the prescription 
 of emigration as a cure for the ills of labour, when 
 the simplest and cheapest plan for the nation was 
 to bring the food to the man, instead of sending the 
 man to the food.
 
 44 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 Here also appeared the following 
 
 FAMILY PETITION. 
 
 To the Honourable the Commons of Great Britain 
 and Ireland in Parliament assembled. 
 
 The Petition of Joseph Livesey and family, cheese 
 factor, Preston, in the county of Lancaster, 
 
 iambln Sfctfotlfc, 
 
 That they regard the Corn and Provision Laws of 
 this country as unjust, cruel, impolitic, deceitful, and 
 impious, and fast tending in their influence to ruin the 
 whole country. 
 
 They, therefore, humbly beg your Honourable House 
 IM MEDIA TEL Y to REPEAL the same, and your 
 Petitioners will ever pray. 
 
 Joseph Livesey 
 Jane Livesey 
 
 William Livesey 
 Joseph Livesey, junr, 
 John Livesey 
 
 Newton Livesey 
 
 Howard Livesey 
 Jane Livesey, the younger 
 James Livesey 
 Alfred Livesey 
 Franklin Livesey 
 
 Of this lively and useful periodical, Livesey issued 
 235 numbers, but towards the last days of the 
 agitation, he became so worn out in the struggle that 
 he was unable to arrange for an engraving for the last 
 number, but had to repeat that of the previous week, 
 and even that was a copy from Punch. In this last 
 number, Livesey bids farewell to the subscribers to 
 his journal, and pays a tribute to the discretion and 
 sagacity of Sir Robert Peel, who, " whatever may have 
 been, or whatever may be, his political errors, his
 
 The Corn Law Repealer. 45 
 
 name will ever be honourably associated with the 
 history of this important era, as one who gratefully 
 received enlightenment from the people, and gave the 
 people in return the copious blessings of trade, peace, 
 and plenty." 
 
 Throughout the agitation, taken up as he was by 
 an increasing business, Livesey managed to find time 
 to write, speak, and agitate, on behalf of repeal. 
 " Though I never assumed the character of a political 
 agitator, yet I feel it no slight honour to have stood 
 with Cobden and Bright, on a platform in the open 
 air, denouncing monopoly, and pleading for the 
 people's rights. And, comparing the last twenty with 
 the previous thirty years,* I don't hesitate to say 
 that the free trade policy, advocated so long by 
 Colonel Thompson, Villiers, Cobden, and Bright, and 
 at last taken up by Sir Robert Peel, has saved this 
 country from revolution, and, in fact, has been the 
 forerunner of that contentment, tranquillity, and 
 progress, which have marked this latter period." 
 
 It is probable that Livesey's most valuable aid to 
 the agitation consisted in the publication of The 
 Struggle, previously referred to. Its circulation 
 fluctuated somewhat, but at times it reached 15,000 
 per week, which was not an insignificant number, 
 when it is considered how restricted was the reading 
 public in those days. The writing in it was very clear 
 and forcible, and great stress was laid upon the point 
 
 * This was written in 1868, and should now read as *' thirty- 
 six " and " forty-six," respectively.
 
 46 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 that the Corn Laws, though ostensibly imposed in 
 the farmer's interest, were really opposed to it. 
 
 A Mr. Christy used to take large numbers of this 
 periodical, and circulate them among the farmers 
 and their labourers. 
 
 In 1 844, a great Free Trade Bazaar was held in 
 Covent Garden Theatre, the object being to raise a 
 fund of .100,000 to carry on the agitation. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Livesey had charge of a stall, and to that stall 
 they-attended from morning till night, through a whole 
 fortnight. Livesey formed one of the deputation of 
 Free Traders that waited upon Sir Robert Peel, 
 previous to his conversion. When that conversion 
 was complete, Sir Robert confessed that it was due 
 to the arguments of the Anti-Corn Law League. It 
 is thought, that one of the most convincing arguments 
 was the determination of the repealers, to raise a 
 quarter of a million of money, for the purchase of 
 freehold estates, in order to qualify voters in districts 
 were there was a repeal sentiment. He says, that 
 had not repeal taken place, he has no doubt at all 
 that every farthing of that sum would have been raised 
 and spent for the purpose. Livesey assisted in the 
 collection of this fund, and retained two of the collec- 
 ting books as mementoes. He, himself, assisted in 
 the purchase of properties in Preston, to the extent 
 of 1 7,600, for making freehold votes. The same plan 
 was adopted in Cheshire, West Yorkshire, and in 
 such other counties as offered a chance of electing a 
 free-trader. For himself and sons, he purchased free- i 
 holds in North and South Lancashire, North Cheshire, '*
 
 The Corn Law Repealer. 47 
 
 and other counties. In fact, for this purpose, he 
 became a pluralist voter, and though such schemes 
 would hardly be sanctioned by the popular party to- 
 day, it was then the only practicable weapon with 
 which the holders of corrupt seats could be fought. 
 " It was this money power, more than the arguments, 
 that confounded the protectionists, and compelled them 
 at last to relinquish the law for crippling trade and 
 making food dear. Though there is nothing I dislike 
 more than mixing myself up with electioneering con- 
 tests, yet, viewing the repeal of the Corn Laws as a 
 question of humanity, I never hesitated when an 
 opportunity offered." 
 
 He spent ten days at Walsall, assisting the 
 candidature of the popular candidate and super- 
 intending the issuing of a little morning paper, The 
 Alarm. 
 
 In 1846 Sir Robert Peel put an end to the long 
 and bitter struggle by the famous Act 9 and 10 Viet. 
 c. 22, which provided that a small duty ranging 
 from 45. to i os. should immediately supersede the 
 old and heavy one, when the price was below 485., 
 and that in three years' time these duties should 
 cease altogether and foreign corn be henceforth 
 admitted at the uniform rate of is. per quarter and 
 foreign meal and flour at 4|d. per hundredweight. 
 In 1860, even these nominal duties were swept away, 
 and the import of foreign grain and flour is now 
 absolutely free. Whoever values the blessing of 
 abundant and cheap bread, let him thank such men 
 as Joseph Livesey, who prepared the way for the
 
 48 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 more powerful parliamentary advocacy of the Brights, 
 the Cobdens, and the Villiers. 
 
 " I have been connected with many public institu- 
 tions and philanthropic movements, local and general, 
 but I feel convinced that I have never rendered as 
 much service to the cause of humanity and national 
 good, as by my labours in promoting free trade and 
 the temperance movement. The one serves to pro- 
 vide liberally the comforts and necessaries of life, 
 and the other teaches the people the rational way of 
 enjoying them. If there be one day in the year 
 which I should like to celebrate as a day of thanks- 
 giving and gladness, it would be the 26th of June, 
 the day on which Queen Victoria, in 1 846, placed her 
 royal name to the charter of our commercial liberties. 
 The Prayer Book speaks gratefully of ' cheapness 
 and plenty/ and if ever there is another thanks- 
 giving service added it ought to be for the repeal of 
 the Corn Laws. I have often wondered that no monu- 
 ment worthy of the event has as yet been erectedjn 
 any part of Lancashire."
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 The Temperance Reformer. 
 
 ARLY in the year 1831, Livesey had to 
 call upon two tradesmen to settle an 
 account resulting from an unfortunate 
 partnership he had been led into. As 
 was customary on these occasions, a 
 bottle of drink was produced. It was 
 whisky a liquor Livesey had never before 
 tasted. He was pressed to drink, and took a glass 
 of whisky-and-water. On the way home the 
 strange drink " took hold of him," and he felt 
 very queer. He retired to bed feeling very un- 
 well, and by the morning had made up his mind that 
 he would never take any kind of intoxicants again. 
 That resolution he kept religiously during the 
 remainder of his life. He had a large family of boys, 
 and the resolution was made chiefly for their sakes. 
 At that time Livesey kept an adult Sunday-school, 
 and, as the result of his example, he was enabled, on 
 the ist January, 1832, to enrol the young men of his 
 school into a temperance society. Nothing had been 
 said then about total abstinence, although, of course, 
 
 Joseph Livesey.
 
 5O Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 some few " extreme " people practised it. The pledge 
 was usually one to abstain from spirits and to use 
 malt liquors "in moderation." Soon after this event 
 a Mr. John Smith began circulating temperance tracts 
 in the town, and Livesey and some fellow-townsmen 
 joined him in his labours. Thus combined they 
 sought the aid of the Rev. Mr. Jackson, who was 
 the agent of the Bradford Temperance Society, and 
 who delivered two lectures for them, before large 
 audiences. On the 22nd of March, in the same year, 
 this little band formed themselves into the Preston 
 Temperance Society with the usual pledge. Soon 
 they engaged a building called the " Cock Pit," where 
 the fighting of cocks had previously been held, and 
 here they held their meetings during the next twenty 
 years. The Cock Pit was capable of holding 700 
 persons, and for several years they had crowded 
 audiences. The meetings were characterised by great 
 enthusiasm, and they enrolled as members many who 
 were held to be " very hard cases." But it was soon 
 found that the liberty of taking malt liquors " in 
 moderation " was a loophole which occasioned much 
 backsliding, and hence arose a heated controversy upon 
 the point whether the pledge should not be made more 
 stringent. Livesey, with several others, considered 
 there would be no safety for their converts unless the 
 pledge was made one of total abstinence, but this was 
 held to be a violation of temperance orthodoxy 
 which was too dangerous to be considered it would 
 break up the society. However, in spite of all 
 opposition, Livesey determined to move in the matter.
 
 The Temperance Reformer. 5 1 
 
 " One Thursday (August 23rd, 1832), John King 
 was passing my shop in Church Street, and I invited 
 him in, and after discussing this question, upon 
 which we were both agreed, I asked him if he 
 would sign a pledge of total abstinence, to which he 
 consented. I then went to the desk and wrote one 
 out (the precise words of which I don't remember). 
 He came up to the desk, and I said, ' Thee sign it 
 first.' He did so, and I signed after him." 
 
 On the following Saturday week (September 1st), 
 a special meeting of the Society was called to discuss 
 the proposed innovation. There was a warm dis- 
 cussion, and at the close of the meeting a small group 
 gathered together and still further discussed the 
 matter. The result was that Joseph Livesey, John 
 King, and five others agreed to the new pledge, 
 which was as follows : 
 
 " We agree to abstain from all liquors of an intoxicating 
 quality, whether ale, porter, wine, or ardent spirits, except 
 as medicines. " 
 
 John Gratrex 
 Edward Dickinson 
 John Broadbelt 
 
 Joseph Livesey 
 David Anderton 
 John King. 
 
 John Smith 
 
 " These then were the ' seven men of Preston ' so 
 often referred to ; but it is but justice to say, that 
 though their signing, no doubt, gave a great impetus 
 to the cause, there were many others who did a 
 great deal more to forward its interests and secure its, 
 success, than some of these seven. Scarcely any 
 record remains of the labours of some of these ;
 
 52 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 three are dead ; two, who are living, broke their 
 pledges; John King and myself only remain 'staunch/ 
 and I may be said to be the only worker. Among 
 those who really deserve to be called ' the men of 
 Preston ' for their early devotion to this noble enter- 
 prise, I may mention the following : James Teare, 
 Edward Grubb, Thomas Swindlehurst, William 
 Howarth (' Slender Billy '), James Broughton, Henry 
 Anderton (poet), Isaac Grundy (treasurer), Hen. 
 Bradley (secretary), Jos. Richardson, Richd. Turner 
 (' Dicky Turner '), Willm. Gregory, Jonathan Simp- 
 son (secretary), Robt. Jolly, Geo. Cartwright, Jos. 
 Dearden, John Bimson, Thos. Osbaldeston, John 
 Barton, Robt. Charnley, Thos. Walmsley, Jas. 
 Stephenson, Geo. Toulmin, Saml. Smalley, John 
 Walker, Miles Pennington, John Brade, and some 
 others." 
 
 With a few exceptions, the above were working 
 men, and about one-half of them were reformed 
 drunkards. They formed a most enthusiastic band 
 of disinterested labourers speakers, visitors, tract 
 distributors, etc. Many of them are still living, and 
 the bulk of these remain abstainers. Livesey expresses 
 the conviction that more good was done by the 
 sodality thus composed, than by any similar agency 
 since. 
 
 After this meeting the majority of the committee 
 accepted Livesey's pledge, but as a Society they went 
 on as before, with the exception that at all their sub- 
 sequent meetings the new pledge was offered side by 
 side with the oM one and was constantly signed.
 
 The Temperance Reformer. 53 
 
 But for a couple of years the battle of the pledges 
 total abstinence or partial abstinence went on. At 
 the next annual meeting a pledge of abstinence for 
 twelve months was adopted, to run with the old one, 
 and at the corresponding meeting in 1835 the so- 
 called " moderation pledge " was abolished amid 
 much enthusiasm. 
 
 It must be remembered that at that period drink 
 was believed in as an absolute necessary of life by 
 all classes ; even people in the villages were addicted 
 to the same habits as the townsfolk, and drunkenness 
 was regarded as a very venial offence. The condi- 
 tion of Walton during his boyhood is a fair repre- 
 sentation of other villages and towns at that period. 
 The weavers crowded the public-houses and " St. 
 Monday " was an honoured festival. " The villagers 
 all thought well of drink, and at the dame's school, 
 kept by Jenny Holmes, to which I was first sent, 
 there was spiced ale or wine at the Christmas ban- 
 quet, and the little folks, I remember, were showing 
 off by imitating the drunkard. We had a sad wet 
 lot connected with the church. The gravedigger and 
 his father were both drunkards ; ringers and singers 
 both were hard drinkers, and I remember the latter 
 singing in my father's kitchen one Christmas Day 
 morning in a most disgraceful condition. The parish 
 clerk was no exception. When the church clock was 
 standing for want of winding up on a morning, as 
 was often the case, the remark was, ' The clerk was 
 drunk again last night.' The hospitality of my 
 father's house always included the bottle. One of
 
 54 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 my uncles (Ainsworth) a timber dealer in the 
 village, a fine healthy man, killed himself in the 
 prime of life with drinking, and left a large family 
 unprovided for. I need not say more." 
 
 "Cheese-buying in the country, too, was a dan- 
 gerous business, the farmers generally keeping the 
 bottle to bring out over making a bargain. Many 
 have been ruined, and it is a mercy that neither I 
 nor any of my sons were ever overcome by it." 
 
 Steeped as the people were in this habit, it was no 
 light task which Joseph Livesey and his brave com- 
 panions undertook. But they were filled with enthu- 
 siasm, they were well organised, and they knew how 
 to appeal to their fellow-men. Livesey gave much of 
 his time to the work, drew up their plans of opera- 
 tion, and was usually consulted on matters of the 
 campaign. So great was the change they effected in 
 Preston, that when the Society abolished the old 
 partial pledge the church bells were set pealing. At 
 one of the succeeding meetings, held in the theatre, 
 the Rev. J. Clay (chaplain of the Preston House of 
 Correction) testified that " this was the sixth assizes 
 (at Lancaster) at which there had not been a single 
 case of felony from Preston." 
 
 But they did not confine their attentions to the 
 town alone. They had a " teetotal car" built, and in 
 this parties of them would make incursions into the 
 neighbouring villages, holding meetings there, and 
 returning in the car, perhaps at midnight. The town 
 was divided into twenty-eight districts for the 
 purposes of the Society, and to each of these a
 
 The Temperance Reformer. 55 
 
 captain was appointed with a number of visitors 
 under him. People who were known to be drinkers 
 were visited and invited to become abstainers, and 
 those who had signed the pledge were looked after 
 and " nursed " until their new principle had time to 
 strengthen. The society was formed on a broad 
 basis and its constitution forbade the introduction of 
 party politics or sectarian religion. 
 
 In order that temperance workers and reformed 
 drunkards should have a convenient place in which 
 to meet for friendly counsel and relaxation they 
 founded a temperance hotel. But owing to misman- 
 agement it was for a time a failure, until Mrs. 
 Livesey volunteered to leave her own home in order 
 to manage the hotel and make it a success. This 
 she accomplished, and after two years, when it was 
 well established, it was handed over to William 
 Howarth (" Slender Billy "), in whose family it has 
 since remained. 
 
 In connection with this period, a reference must be 
 made to " Dicky Turner," the once drunken fish- 
 hawker and plasterer, who was the author of the term 
 "teetotal," which is now historical. One evening when 
 Dicky was the worse for liquor, he strayed into the tem- 
 perance meeting, for the purpose of " having a lark," 
 but before he left he had signed the pledge of total 
 abstinence. It appears that Dicky was always causing 
 considerable amusement by coining words when he 
 was at a loss for one sufficiently expressive for his 
 purpose, and by his use of words not unlike in sound 
 but as wide apart as the poles in meaning. Thus in
 
 DICKY TURNER.
 
 The Temperance Reformer. 57 
 
 one of his addresses he referred to the wives of the 
 reformed drunkards as " wearing veils and palisades 
 (parasols)." He also suffered from what Mrs. 
 Malaprop described as " a derangement of epitaphs," 
 as witness this sentence from a speech in which he 
 urged his fellow-workers to greater efforts : " We 
 will go with our axes on our shoulders and plough 
 up the great deep, and then the ship of temperance 
 shall sail gallantly over the land." But he was a 
 good and earnest worker, and thus atoned for his 
 liberties with the King's English. In September, 
 1833, Dicky delivered a characteristic speech in the 
 old Cock-pit, and being at a loss for a word, he 
 excitedly affirmed that " nothing but the te-tee-total 
 would do." 
 
 " I remember well crying out ' That shall be the 
 name/ amid great cheering in the meeting ; witnesses 
 say that along with this I patted him on the shoulder, 
 but this I do not remember. When Dicky used this 
 word it was intended to affirm that moderation in 
 beer and wine was delusive, and that nothing but the 
 teetotal, that is, entire abstinence from all kinds of 
 liquors, would do. It has been said that, the term is 
 a Lancashire provincialism, but of that no satisfactory 
 evidence has ever been given." 
 
 For fourteen years Dicky Turner worked hard, and 
 only gave up when he broke a blood-vessel in the 
 stomach, which had a fatal result. " He never could 
 do too much. To the sound of his rattle through the 
 streets we often owed the attendance at the meetings 
 we held in the town and villages, in schools and
 
 58 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 other places. In 1 846, Richard undertook a mission 
 on his own account to the south, preaching teetotal 
 all the way to London, where he attended the 
 World's Temperance Convention. He went as far 
 as Southampton, from whence a letter came, saying, 
 ' Let Dicky be sent everywhere, as he will do much 
 good.' " 
 
 His remains lie in St. Peter's Churchyard, Preston, 
 and on his grave is the following inscription 
 " Beneath this stone are deposited the remains of 
 Richard Turner, author of the word ' teetotal,' as 
 applied to abstinence from all intoxicating liquors, 
 who departed this life on the 2/th day of October, 
 1846, aged 56 years." 
 
 The meetings at that date were very large, the halls 
 being crowded and numbers of people being unable 
 to gain admission. Some of these would cling to the 
 windows, so eager were they to catch a few words of 
 the new teaching. They were subjected to all kinds 
 of annoyance and persecution at the hands of " the 
 trade," but even this was sometimes turned to the 
 benefit of the movement. 
 
 " These were happy days. We had some stirring 
 scenes on the Marsh ; on the one hand, our veterans 
 with their movable platform were denouncing the 
 drink and inviting the spectators to come and join ; 
 close by was a cart laden with barrels and bottles in 
 the care of a notorious individual, named ' Jem Duck- 
 worth,' sent, we presumed, by the publicans, who, 
 with his assistants, was serving out free drink in 
 opposition, in order to attract the people away."
 
 The Temperance Reformer. 59 
 
 They had their teetotal processions through the 
 town, and their tea-parties. The greatest of all these 
 was the Christmas Day tea-party of 1833, which was 
 held in the Corn Exchange Assembly Rooms. For 
 a fortnight previously a .party of workers had been 
 occupied day and night in decorating the place. The 
 walls and the tables the latter 630 feet in length 
 were covered with white cambric, and the company 
 was broken up into parties of ten persons each, to 
 whom was appointed a complete service of tea requi- 
 sites. Altogether twelve hundred persons attended, 
 of whom 850 partook of tea together, the balance 
 being served afterwards. 
 
 They were not content with merely agitating the 
 town of Preston and the villages around. In 1833 
 seven of them of whom Livesey was one, as a matter 
 of course determined to pay a visit during " the 
 race week," to the chief towns in Lancashire, there to 
 establish societies on the new principle, or where 
 old societies were in existence, to graft the new 
 principle upon them. Provided with nearly ten 
 thousand tracts and a neat white silk flag, with a 
 suitable motto upon it, they started off in their car 
 on Monday morning, and visited Blackburn, Has- 
 lingden, Bury, Heywood, Rochdale, Oldham, Ashton, 
 Stockport, Bolton, Manchester, and the intervening 
 villages. 
 
 " We divided our party so that we could hold two 
 meetings each night, some in buildings and some 
 
 in the open air Scarcely any previous 
 
 arrangements had been made, or proper placards
 
 60 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 printed and posted. One of our party usually went 
 before the rest to fix upon places, and we never 
 failed in getting an audience. At Bury, for instance, 
 a cart was procured and sent through the town, con- 
 taining the bellman, who announced the meeting, 
 another who carried a placard stating the time and 
 place, and a third who showered tracts as they went 
 along. ... At Rochdale we drove through the 
 main streets with our car, and our flag flying, on 
 which was gilt ' Temperance Meeting.' The bell- 
 man was not at home, so we left his fee and took the 
 bell, and rang it ourselves in the car. James Teare, 
 who had a powerful voice, announced the meeting to 
 be held on the ground called ' The Butts,' at twelve 
 o'clock at noon. A large congregation was collected ; 
 several powerful addresses were delivered, and al- 
 though sneered at by a lawyer, and openly opposed 
 by a liquor merchant, it was evident the people were 
 deeply affected. It is not too much to say that the 
 success of co-operation in Rochdale, owes something 
 of its vitality to the results of this meeting." 
 
 John Brearley, who was afterwards one of the most 
 active leaders in the co-operative movement, was 
 induced to sign the pledge at this meeting. 
 
 " An evening meeting was held at Heywood, but 
 before leaving next morning, another meeting was 
 convened in the main street by sending the bellman 
 round, and one of the mills stopped working in order 
 to allow the workpeople the opportunity of attending. 
 AtAshton the Superintendent Wesleyan Minister pre- 
 sided; and early next morning Charles Hindley, Esq.,
 
 The Temperance Reformer. 61 
 
 afterwards M.P. for Ashton, sent for us to breakfast 
 with him, and we were very much pleased with the 
 interest both he and Mrs. Hindley evinced in the 
 object of our mission. It was three o'clock in the 
 afternoon before we entered Stockport, and by some 
 mistake no place had been secured for the meeting, 
 and it was not until half-past six that the Primitive 
 Methodist Chapel was obtained. Up to this time no 
 notice had been given of any meeting. What was to 
 be done ? ' Have you a drum ' said I, ' and a man 
 that can beat it ? ' ' Yes ! ' Both were immediately 
 procured ; I ordered the car out, and off we started. 
 We drove rapidly through the streets, stopping at 
 every crossing, one beat the drum, another called 
 out the meeting, and the rest of us showered out the 
 tracts. The fact is, such an excitement of the kind 
 I never saw before or since. Our purpose was 
 answered, and an hour and a half seemed on this occa- 
 sion sufficient to accomplish what, on our modern 
 slow-going system, would require a fortnight. ... At 
 Manchester the meeting was held in the theatre of 
 the Mechanics' Institution, and was addressed by six 
 of us, who were constantly interrupted by the plaudits 
 of the assembly, consisting of a fair proportion of the 
 upper and working classes. At this meeting, a man 
 named Kennedy was made a teetotaler, and he after- 
 wards came to Preston once every year, while he was 
 able, to express his gratitude for the blessing he had 
 received. Our last place was Bolton, and the meeting 
 was held there in the Independent Methodist Chapel 
 on the Saturday night. The effect of the addresses by
 
 62 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 our reformed drunkards was shown by the tears that 
 were shed, and by every other demonstration of feel- 
 ing. The chapel was granted for me to deliver a 
 regular lecture on the following afternoon, Sunday. 
 It commenced at a quarter to five, and continued 
 about an hour and a quarter, listened to by a large 
 audience with great attention. Up to this time, like 
 all the rest, the Bolton Society was on the basis of 
 abstinence from spirits only, the vicar being the 
 president ; but in the following week ' the Bolton 
 New Temperance Society ' was inaugurated, I and 
 two others from Preston assisting on the occasion. 
 After the meeting was over, we had to drive to 
 Preston, twenty miles. Thus ended a hard, but a 
 glorious week's work, and which served to show how 
 much may be done by few hands and humble instru- 
 ments where right principles have taken deep root, and 
 where regard for respectable appearances and the 
 fear of man are entirely abandoned." 
 
 What was the position among these earnest men 
 occupied by Joseph Livesey, appears in the following 
 sentence written by Mr. Edward Morris, of Glasgow, 
 who visited Preston in 1832 and lectured there. He 
 says: " In no place since I quitted Glasgow did I 
 find the temperance cause so flourishing as in Preston. 
 The teetotal principle was then rising and showing 
 its buds in that town. / found that Mr. Livesey was 
 the life of the Preston Society, ably and zealously 
 supported by Messrs. Dearden, King, Teare, Swindle- 
 hurst, and other worthies, whose names I fondly 
 believe are written in the Lamb's book of life."
 
 The Temperance Reformer. 63 
 
 In 1834, Livesey visited Birmingham and London, 
 establishing teetotal societies in each place. In 
 London he encountered the strong opposition of the 
 British and Foreign Temperance Society, composed 
 of the " little drop " men, and under " Royal, noble, and 
 sacerdotal patronage." They refused him their assis- 
 tance in getting a meeting together, and he deter- 
 mined to do without it. He employed their porter 
 to purchase him the necessary materials for his Malt 
 Liquor Lecture, and after due interval, found that 
 these had been left at his lodgings, together with the 
 " change " out of the sovereign entrusted to him, and 
 a note saying that he would gladly have rendered 
 further assistance to Livesey, but his committee had 
 intimated that if he did so it would be "as much as 
 his place was worth." 
 
 This was discouraging, but Livesey did not give up. 
 He went out with handbills, and, by means of wafers, 
 affixed them to the walls among other places, in the 
 passages of the Bank of England ! Whatever could the 
 Old Lady of Threadneedle Street have thought of such 
 impudence ? This meeting was to be held in a room 
 in Providence Row, Finsbury, and when the time 
 arrived he found that his audience consisted of about 
 thirty persons. Still, he delivered his lecture, and 
 it had good effect on those present. 
 
 This Malt Liquor Lecture had already become cele- 
 brated, and to it we owe the conversion of many of the 
 foremost leaders in the movement. Only a short time 
 before he had delivered it at Leeds, when Dr. (then Mr.) 
 F. R. Lees was among his audience, and was induced
 
 64 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 henceforth to enter into the work. It must be borne 
 in mind that, at that period, even educated persons 
 were extremely ignorant respecting the composition 
 and action of intoxicants. A wide distinction was 
 made between spirits and malt-liquors, the latter 
 being considered incapable of doing harm to the 
 drinker. Livesey set himself to show the people that 
 the active and pernicious principle was the same in 
 each, varying only in the degree of their strength. He 
 would get a shilling's worth of ale, and pay a chemist 
 to distil the alcohol from it, and precipitate the solid 
 matter. Then he would exhibit on the platform a 
 shilling's worth each of rum, gin, whisky, ale, and 
 spirits of wine, and set fire to them all in separate 
 plates. This was to show that the essential portion 
 in each of these liquors is the same as, and only differs 
 in quantity from the pure spirits of wine. He would 
 have a " still " on the platform, and would distil the 
 spirit from a quart of ale, in full view of his audience. 
 Then he would show how little nutriment there is in 
 the ale by turning the " wash," after the spirit had 
 been taken out, into a small brass pan and letting it 
 boil a short time. Then, whilst he proceeded with 
 his lecture, he would let the mixture simmer until all 
 the water had evaporated, and left the solid matter 
 quite dry. From a quart of ale this would amount to 
 about two and a half ounces, and, setting this on a plate 
 beside a sixpenny loaf, the contrast was somewhat 
 striking. He would say, " Now, I will take a quart 
 of ale, and cut it into three pieces ; the largest, and 
 by far the best, is the water, weighing about thirty-
 
 The Temperance Reformer. 65 
 
 six ounces out of the forty ; the next is the extract 
 or a small quantity of the inferior part of the barley 
 that remains in the ale when you drink it, weighing 
 at most two and a half ounces. This is all the food 
 there is in your sixpenny quart of ale, and, in point 
 of nutrition, it is inferior to common bread. Then 
 we have the alcohol the spirit (the devil, if you will) 
 weighing, when got out pure, one and a half ounce." 
 Then, pouring it on a plate, and lighting it, he would 
 explain how this spirit " inflamed the stomach, rotted 
 the liver, gave some a red-hot face, and, in most 
 
 cases, burnt the bottom of their pockets out 
 
 The burning of the spirit always produced a great 
 impression ; and this simple threefold division of the 
 quart was one that they could long remember. At 
 the end of the lecture, I invited them to come and 
 taste of the extract the real nourishment of the 
 famous Englishmen's drink and the result was, that 
 all the honour they did to the ashes of poor John 
 Barleycorn, was to spit them on the floor ! And yet, 
 such is the delusion created by this alcohol in beer, 
 that its power is believed in, by all classes, with as 
 much faith and veneration, as the great Juggernaut 
 was by his Hindoo worshippers." * 
 
 Shortly after his return from London, he received 
 a note from Mr. Pascoe, which ran : "Sir, Temper- 
 ance, I think, is gaining ground in London. I am 
 informed that much good has resulted from your 
 lecture in Providence Row. The proprietor, who is 
 an ale-brewer and partner of Dr. Epps, has given up 
 * " Staunch Teetotaler," p. 181. 
 
 Joseph Livesey. E
 
 66 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 the use and sale of it from what he heard at your 
 lecture." In the following year, a meeting of a dozen 
 London teetotalers took place at the house of Mr. 
 Grosjean, in Regent Street, at which it was decided to 
 form a society ; and an invitation was sent to Preston, 
 asking Livesey, Swindlehurst, and Howarth, to come 
 to London, to assist them. They came, and on the 
 evening following their arrival, a meeting of three or 
 four hundred persons was held in Theobald's Road, 
 Holborn, at which the British Teetotal Temperance 
 Society was inaugurated, with a full abstinence 
 pledge. There was a probability of this meeting 
 becoming a failure, for Livesey says : 
 
 " When it was getting near the time to commence, 
 the attendance seemed very slender, and feeling rather 
 cast down, I said to Swindlehurst and Howarth, ' We 
 must try to get more people to hear us ; ' and 
 with this Howarth and I went out, and borrowed a 
 small bell, and started through the adjoining streets, 
 ringing the bell and calling the meeting. We had not 
 gone far when a policeman came up, and told us that 
 that sort of work was not allowed in London, intima- 
 ting that if we did not instantly desist, he would have 
 to do his duty. Of course we did as requested, but 
 
 this was productive of good results. We 
 
 all spoke, and evidently astonished the people, and 
 especially Mr. Howarth, who, from his being about 
 the stoutest man in Preston, was generally known as 
 ' Slender Billy.' We held three other meetings on 
 the succeeding nights ; agitating and distributing 
 tracts during the day. That on the Wednesday was
 
 The Temperance Reformer. 67 
 
 held in the National Schoolroom, Quaker Street, 
 Spitalfields, at which our friend, John Andrew, of 
 Leeds, gave us help. That on Thursday night was 
 in Humphrey's Riding School, Waterloo Road. 
 At these two meetings I delivered the malt liquor 
 lecture, and at the latter, it was said that three 
 brewers and about twenty publicans were present. 
 The others also addressed the meeting, and at the 
 close I challenged any present to come forward to 
 dispute my statements, but no one responded. The 
 Friday night's meeting was held in the Mariners' 
 Church, Wellclose Square. Mr. Swindlehurst im- 
 pressively urged the importance of the cause, and 
 Mr. Andrew also ; but what is remarkable, as far as 
 I can remember, no Londoner came forward to speak, 
 excepting a working man or two. My own visit in 
 1834, and this in 1835, were the means of starting 
 a new organisation, in the face of ' The British and 
 Foreign Temperance Society.' The conflict for a 
 time was severe, but the truth prevailed." 
 
 In his " Reminiscences of Early Teetotalism," to 
 which we have been greatly indebted for the infor- 
 mation contained in the present chapter Livesey 
 calls attention to the fact that " neither the discovery 
 nor the infantile vigour of teetotalism owes anything 
 
 to the college, the senate, or the school I 
 
 may say we all came from the 'ranks,' and the 
 advanced position of each shows what this and its 
 advocacy can do. About nine of my earliest working 
 years were spent on the loom ; James Teare was a 
 shoemaker ; Edward Grubb a tailor ; and Thomas
 
 68 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 Whittaker a dresser in a cotton mill ; and from these 
 humble implements, in the providence of God, went 
 forth a message which has blessed every part of the 
 world, and is improving most of our social institutions." 
 But in a later article in the same series he adds, 
 " our ranks were never so destitute of literary, medical, 
 and scientific talent as many moderns suppose. . . . 
 And next, I observe, our men felt that they had a 
 mission committed to them ; they believed they were 
 able to execute it, and hence they were determined, 
 in their own minds, to finish the work. Enthusiasm 
 may not always be connected with wisdom and fore- 
 sight, but without it the world will never be reformed. 
 The ' bit and bit ' work, to which we seem to have 
 reconciled ourselves at this day, formed no part of 
 their creed. A coup de main was their ideal, and, 
 believing that they could destroy the drinking system 
 in a few years, root and branch, they gloried in the 
 anticipation, and worked for it like heroes. If those 
 who remain, like most reformers, have had to reap 
 the bitter fruits of disappointment, they have at any 
 rate conferred a blessing upon humanity for which 
 posterity can never be too thankful." 
 
 In 1835 he attended the conference of deputies 
 from the various temperance societies in Lancashire 
 and the neighbouring counties, which resulted in the 
 formation of the British Temperance Association (now 
 B. T. League] on teetotal principles. Of this asso- 
 ciation which numbered two M.P.'s among its six 
 original vice-presidents, viz., James Silk Buckingham 
 and Joseph Brotherton Livesey was elected one of
 
 The Temperance Reformer. 69 
 
 the first secretaries, having as his coadjutors the 
 Revs. Francis Beardsall and Richard Kenney. 
 
 On the completion of his " Reminiscences " in the 
 Staunch Teetotaller, he reprinted them in pamphlet 
 form, adding some " Concluding Reflections," from 
 which we quote, as showing the opinions held respect- 
 ing the modern aspects of the movement. He 
 regrets that much of the old fire of those early days 
 has gone out, that the old methods have been, to a 
 great extent at least, abandoned, and that a greater 
 reliance has come to be placed upon legislative 
 enactment rather than on individual example and 
 effort. 
 
 " In the early days we felt that we were really 
 engaged in a ' temperance reformation. 1 We gave 
 heart and soul to it. The conflict was fierce ; and 
 the resistance manifested in hostile opposition served 
 only to fire our zeal. We seemed as if we would 
 turn the world upside down. We scarcely feel in 
 this mood now. Our working-men sawyers, 
 mechanics, and men of all trades were constant 
 speakers at the meetings ; they went everywhere, 
 and no others were listened to with equal attention. 
 Instead of these fearless heroes, reverend gentlemen 
 and professional lecturers, to a great extent, have 
 taken their place (more so in Scotland than here), 
 although for penetrating the masses and benefiting 
 the millions, there is no agency equal to the plain, 
 pointed, short/- unvarnished speech of the teetotal 
 
 artisan Statements are now frequently put 
 
 forward of the numbers of abstaining ministers, as
 
 70 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 signs of present progress ; but I very much doubt 
 whether the number of consistent men of this class 
 exceeds what we had at one time ; and for labour and 
 devotedness, my belief is that they then excelled." 
 
 Of course, in reading the above, a good deal must 
 be allowed to the fact that the writer was then in 
 his seventy-fifth year, and old folks are proverbially 
 pessimists, more or less. The things of the old 
 time, looked at through the mellowing glass of many 
 years, are bound to look bigger, brighter, and better 
 when compared with the things of the present. 
 Notwithstanding, it cannot be denied that there were 
 strong grounds for Joseph Livesey's comparisons, 
 which are not those of a mere grumbler, disappointed 
 with the small result of stupendous efforts. 
 
 " Though I may seem to some to be writing in a 
 desponding spirit, I assure all my friends that I feel 
 quite happy in the belief that a sound system of 
 sobriety, based on science and experience, and tested 
 by time, has been established : and though I may 
 never again see the fire and enthusiasm of the olden 
 time, it is a happy reflection to know that one has 
 done somewhat towards establishing principles that 
 command the admiration if they don't secure the 
 practice of all good men. It is not difficult to 
 account for the change. The novelty of the enter- 
 prise has subsided ; persecution has almost ceased ; 
 and the confidence that we should in a few years 
 sweep away the whole drinking system we have 
 been compelled to relinquish. We did not at one 
 time stop to calculate the strength of the strongholds
 
 The Temperance Reformer. 71 
 
 of the enemy, nor to conceive of the difficulties in 
 the way of overcoming them. Experience has 
 sobered down our youthful enthusiasm, and repeated 
 disappointments, I regret to say, have induced many 
 to relinquish the work. And instead of widening 
 the basis of our movement, and making it as broad 
 as possible, there has grown up a disposition to con- 
 tract it ; to place it principally in the keeping of the 
 Church, as an auxiliary to its success. Instead of 
 making teetotalism a dietetic and an hygienic ques- 
 tion of embedding it in physiology and advocating 
 it on moral, social, domestic, and national grounds, 
 it has become regarded by too many as a useful 
 expedient only, for the furtherance of denominational 
 religion. ' Never will it succeed,' say many, ' till 
 the Church takes it up.' This has been said for 
 thirty years, and the Church (speaking of it in its 
 widest sense) has not yet taken it up ; and I think 
 a very little reflection will show that, as a body, it 
 is not likely to do so at least, with the energy, 
 plain speaking, zeal, and devotedness of primitive 
 times. The temperance cause requires a course of 
 hard, aggressive, self-denying, unfashionable labour, 
 which few ministers are willing to undertake, and 
 which mere church and chapel-goers don't under- 
 stand. Owing to the temptations of the public-houses 
 causing so many to backslide, many workers became 
 lukewarm, and fixed their hopes on the removal of 
 these temptations by a Maine law, and, latterly, by 
 a permissive bill. Though repeatedly disappointed, 
 they still adhere to these as the best remedies, and
 
 72 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 regard the primitive mode of agitation relying on 
 moral suasion and not on law with much less favour 
 than formerly." 
 
 It must not be inferred that Livesey was opposed 
 to temperance legislation on the contrary, he re- 
 joiced to see the smallest Act of Parliament that 
 would in any degree curtail the power of drink in this 
 country. But looking at the almost supreme power 
 of the liquor interest in this country, he regarded it 
 as a loss of time to be using available strength in 
 political agitation when there were so many drunkards 
 to be saved by moral suasion. Of course, the posi- 
 tion taken by his friends of the United Kingdom 
 Alliance and, in spite of this difference of view, 
 they were his friends is that it is folly to attempt to 
 purify the stream whilst the source of pollution is 
 allowed to remain, and that the short cut to obtain a 
 sober nation is to stop the supply of that which 
 makes the people drunken. This latter position is 
 perfectly logical, but we cannot help thinking there 
 was great force in Livesey's position that if you 
 operate upon the people first and improve their habits 
 your legislative enactments will come more quickly, 
 because, with a sober nation, they would be sooner 
 brought " within the range of practical politics," 
 whilst, on the other hand, if you can force your pro- 
 hibitory or permissive measures from Parliament they 
 must become inoperative, unless backed up by a 
 sober people. 
 
 "It is true I have not lived to see the ' Victory ' 
 that teetotalers have so often anticipated, and of
 
 The Temperance Reformer. 73 
 
 which we have so often sung; and until a great 
 change comes over the opinions of the country (for 
 opinions and practices don't go together), and teeto- 
 talers begin to rely more upon their own efforts, and 
 less upon legislation legislation in the hands of 
 believers in drink we shall have to wait a long 
 time."
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 The Author. 
 
 T a very early date, Livesey was afflicted 
 with the rage for scribbling, and 
 exercised it in a variety of ways. 
 " Addresses " and " Appeals " were 
 printed as broadsheets and posted on the 
 walls, and as early as 1825 he had published 
 a twopenny pamphlet on domestic manage- 
 ment, entitled, " An Address to the Poorest 
 Classes." Another, entitled "The Besetting Sin," 
 was directed against drunkenness, but from the 
 " moderate " standpoint. Among these earliest of 
 his publications was a " First Book," for those learn- 
 ing to read, which he thinks had some merit. "Each 
 lesson rilled a page, and finished with a verse of 
 poetry of my own composition, for which, I confess, 
 I have no talent. Commencing with short words, with- 
 out silent letters, the lessons were better adapted for 
 beginners than those in any elementary work I have 
 seen." In January, 1831, appeared the first number 
 of his Moral Reformer, which was issued monthly for 
 three years, at sixpence a number, and afterwards
 
 The Author. 75. 
 
 continued as the Temperance Advocate, the first 
 teetotal periodical issued in England. This he con- 
 tinued to issue till 1847, when he transferred it 
 to the British Temperance Association and it still 
 exists under the extended title of British Tempe- 
 rance Advocate. " In no work of that period, I may 
 venture to say, was there the same amount of 
 clear reasoning, strong arguments, powerful facts, 
 and interesting narratives and intelligence, as in this 
 periodical." In 1842 appeared The Struggle, to which 
 we have referred in a previous chapter. The sole 
 object with which he undertook this publication was 
 to help forward the repeal of the Corn-laws, and on 
 the day when the Act of Repeal received the Royal 
 Assent appeared the last number of The Struggle. 
 Many of the illustrations in this spirited half-penny- 
 worth were engraved by his son Howard. In 1844 he 
 established the Preston Guardian, with a similar 
 object in view. In this venture he was largely 
 assisted by his sons, William, Franklin, and Howard. 
 Its development was rapid and successful, and of it 
 Mr. Cobden said, " I never remember a case of a 
 local paper succeeding as this has done in so short 
 a time, and subject to the same competition." His 
 son John undertook the editorship when only in his 
 twenty-first year, and William acted as sub-editor 
 and manager of the business department, until com- 
 pelled to relinquish it on account of ill-health. The 
 younger sons, Howard and Frank, were also some 
 time connected with the paper, but the father super- 
 intended the affair generally, besides writing the
 
 76 Joseph Livescy : The Story of his Life. 
 
 leaders upon local matters. He continued to issue 
 this for fifteen years, and in 1859, when it had become 
 a valuable property, he sold it to the present pro- 
 prietor, Mr. George Toulmin, who was formerly 
 one of the " teetotal youths " of Livesey's Sunday- 
 school, and is the present proprietor. 
 
 In 1852 he commenced the " Teetotal Progressionist, 
 or Advocate of Temperance and Physical, Medical, 
 Moral, Social, and Religious Reform. Originated by 
 Joseph Livesey, of Preston, and published on the 1st 
 of each month. Price One Penny." The title-page 
 contains a symbolical escutcheon with panels 
 emblematic of the above, and supported by a man 
 and woman, each bearing a banner with the respec- 
 tive inscriptions, " Sobriety " and " Domestic Com- 
 fort." Within the panels, between the scrolls beneath, 
 are views of the prison, the gin-palace, and the pawn- 
 shop ; but the prison is marked "To let," the gin- 
 palace is in ruins, whilst a man is engaged in taking 
 down the sign from the pawnbroker's shop. The 
 object of this paper is further set forth in these 
 words, " This work is intended primarily to advocate 
 the Teetotal Cause, and to enforce its claims upon 
 the public ; but, at the same time, as circumstances 
 occur, taking up any question in which the World's 
 Progressive Improvement is involved." " J. L. 
 accepts the entire responsibility for the whole of 
 the articles appearing in this journal." In the initial 
 " leading article," entitled, " Progression," he laments 
 the slow progress that has been made in social 
 affairs, but expresses gratitude for the reality of the
 
 The Author. 77 
 
 small amount. " We have cambric at 6d. per yard, 
 that used to cost 5s. ; and the girls who once could 
 only purchase as much blue-and-white print, for a 
 bed-gown, as would only just catch below the apron- 
 strings, can now sport an everyday dress often yards, 
 and silks for Sundays. Look at the size of the 
 loaves, as they stand one upon another on the pantry 
 shelf, and compare them with the ' cobs 'in 1812, 
 and entertain another doubt, if you can, as to this 
 being the age of Progression. The writer once was 
 glad to pick up a stray leaf, or to borrow an old back- 
 less book, with which to allay his thirst for know- 
 ledge ; but that was before the age of cheap periodi- 
 cals had been ushered in by the ' Penny Magazine/ 
 and before the Northern Sun of knowledge had 
 begun to dispense his rays from Chambers' office. 
 Now, any operative can satiate his desires for reading 
 out of a library of 4,000 volumes for i|d. per week." 
 " As a teetotaler, who expected by this time that every 
 drinking shop would have been deserted, I certainly 
 feel disappointed in the result, yet I should not 
 forget that, while the population has greatly increased 
 during the last fifteen years, the quantity of liquor 
 consumed has nevertheless decreased; and while it 
 was gentlemanly at one time to get drunk, and a sign 
 of a sound judgment to praise the liquor, both are 
 now regarded as features of a dark and bygone age." 
 In another article he says, " PROGRESSION, then, is 
 my motto, and to it I devote these columns. Pro- 
 gression, first, in Teetolah'sm, for I deem that the 
 pioneer to every good. Reformers are on the move
 
 78 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 for various changes, but the moral materiel they have 
 to deal with is so ill-fitted for improvement, by reason 
 of the drinking usages, they have constantly to lament 
 their disappointment. As we succeed in making the 
 people teetotalers,- I would willingly push on with 
 others to aid in every laudable movement calculated 
 to promote the well-being of man and the happiness 
 of our country." 
 
 It may not be without interest to note, that in an 
 early number of this periodical, he drew attention to 
 the evils and horrors of " tight-lacing," in a vigorous 
 article illustrated by diagrams, showing the action of 
 the ribs, lungs, and midriff, in healthy respiration, 
 and the restriction of the same, and consequent dis- 
 placement of the organs by the evil practice. A 
 perusal of this periodical would convince any one, 
 that Joseph Livesey was by no means a man of one 
 idea, but a thorough, all-round reformer. Unfortu- 
 nately, after the issue of the first six or seven 
 numbers of this periodical, his health became so bad 
 that he was compelled to hand it over to others, but 
 throughout the whole series there are many articles 
 signed "J. Livesey," showing that though he had 
 parted with it as a property, his sympathy still 
 remained with it. 
 
 He issued a series of " Letter Linings " tracts, 
 neatly printed on note paper of a size that allowed them 
 to be enclosed in an ordinary letter, without folding. 
 The title of a few of these were : " For the Parlour 
 Table," " Remember the Poor," " Pay your Debts," 
 etc. Then, aware as he was of the necessity of
 
 The Author. 79 
 
 keeping a firm hand on domestic expenditure wherever 
 economy was to be practised, and being dissatisfied 
 with the existing " Housekeeper's Registers," he got 
 one up on what he deemed to be an improved and 
 correct arrangement, and published it at a shilling. 
 But it was a failure. " I was disappointed in its 
 sale, and I have always found, for some reason or 
 other, that wives are very unwilling to use a register. 
 If they are supplied with one, the entries are either 
 irregular or neglected." 
 
 His temperance publications, chiefly tracts, were 
 very numerous, and for some time after 1832 the 
 whole country was supplied with temperance tracts 
 and handbills from his office. In that year, to meet 
 the requirements of the new movement, he started a 
 printing office, where, besides many tracts of his own 
 writing, he reprinted several of American origin. The 
 original ones got copied into American papers, and 
 he was often amused in after years to find they had 
 found their way thence to the English temperance 
 journals with the usual acknowledgment, " From 
 American Paper." He published a sheet of thirty- 
 two of these two-page tracts, and sold them at ten- 
 pence per thousand. He afterwards issued a new 
 series of these on larger and better paper, charging 
 eighteenpence per thousand for them, which was the 
 mere cost of paper and machining. These were for 
 house-to-house visitation, without which he did not 
 think any temperance society could be said to do its 
 duty. He drew up the first teetotal almanac, and 
 selected the Preston collection of temperance melodies.
 
 8o Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 One of the greatest successes of his pen was the 
 " Malt Liquor Lecture," which first appeared in the 
 Moral Reformer, but was afterwards published as a 
 sixpenny pamphlet. It has gone through many 
 editions, and provided facts and arguments for a whole 
 army of speakers and lecturers. When orally 
 delivered before an audience it was always well 
 received, and some of the foremost of living abstainers 
 owe their conversion to temperance principles to the 
 " Malt Liquor Lecture." For the last forty-five years 
 it has been issued as a penny pamphlet, and its circu- 
 lation has been enormous. 
 
 " In emergencies I seem always to have been able 
 to make an effort to defend what I considered to be 
 the truth. I brought out a pamphlet of sixteen pages, 
 in defence of Wilson Patten's Bill on Sunday Closing, 
 when it was threatened to be repealed. Every 
 member of the Houses of Commons and Lords was 
 supplied with a copy. I addressed a letter to Mr. 
 Gladstone when he introduced his wine and grocers' 
 licenses. Preferring, as I do, imperial to permissive 
 legislation in coping with the drink traffic, so power- 
 ful in numbers, wealth, and audacity, I published a 
 pamphlet in 1862 entitled 'Free and Friendly Remarks 
 upon the Permissive Bill, Temperance Legislation, 
 and the Alliance.' When the repeal of the malt tax 
 was threatened in 1864, I entered fully into every 
 branch of the question in a pamphlet entitled ' Malt, 
 Malt Liquor, Malt Tax, Beer, and Barley,' being a 
 reply to Sir Fitzroy Kelly, M.P. for East Suffolk, 
 Mr. Everett, Mr. Smee, and other gentlemen, on the
 
 The Author. 81 
 
 Repeal of the Malt Tax, and which had a large circu- 
 lation." 
 
 It was one of the necessities of his existence that he 
 must be always hard at work, but there were times 
 when as was to be expected Nature sternly told 
 him he must rest, and forced him to give up his 
 work. But it was only for a time. As soon as 
 possible he was heavily harnessed again, and doing 
 his own or somebody else's work. In spite of his 
 " Free and Friendly Remarks upon the Alliance," we 
 find him helping to establish the Alliance News, to 
 which he devoted considerable time. 
 
 The Temperance Advocate had suffered, somewhat, 
 for want of good management since it had left his 
 hands, and, in order to revive its circulation, he con- 
 sented in 1862 to again take the editorship and com- 
 mence a new series. At this period he received the 
 following letter from his old friend, Thomas Whit- 
 taker, well known as a temperance advocate : 
 
 " I am made young again by the intelligence that 
 Mr. Joseph Livesey, the father of the Temperance 
 Advocate, has consented once again to revive and dis- 
 cipline his somewhat wayward child. Many besides 
 myself will rejoice at this arrangement." 
 
 The circulation improved at once under the new 
 yet old editorship, but at the end of nine weeks he 
 began to feel he was again overworked, and had to 
 give up. In 1864 he published his "Temperance 
 Lecture on the Teetotal Principle." 
 
 In 1867 he commenced to issue The Staunch 
 Teetotaler, an admirably written and conducted 
 
 c* 
 
 Joseph Livesey.
 
 82 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Lije. 
 
 periodical, issued monthly at one penny per number. 
 This periodical contained nothing foreign to the 
 reform he had so much at heart, and the style of the 
 articles affords abundant evidence that all, or nearly 
 all, its contents were from his own active pen. 
 Each number invariably opened with an " address " 
 upon some important temperance topic, and usually 
 dedicated specially to one particular class of the 
 community. Thus, taking the first half-dozen 
 numbers, the leading addresses bear the following 
 titles: "New Year's Present, 1867,"* "To the 
 Teetotalers of the United Kingdom," " To the Young 
 Men who are not Teetotalers," "An Address to 
 Young Females," "An Address to the Cheap 
 Trippers," " An Address to Husbands and Fathers," 
 etc. It was in this periodical that he published his 
 " Autobiography " and " Reminiscences of Early 
 Teetotalism," from both of which we have given 
 numerous extracts. " My chief aim, from the first, 
 was to stimulate our friends to increased efforts, and 
 to convince them of the folly of relying upon 
 patronage, plausible reports, legislation, or anything 
 else in place of their own labours." 
 
 But even this was doomed to an early death, in 
 the midst of its full vigour. In the number of 
 December, 1868, appears this valedictory notice. 
 " I am sorry to have to announce that this number 
 will be the last of The Staunch Teetotaler at least, 
 
 * This address was also printed as a tract, and delivered, 
 before New Year's Day, at every house in Preston and its 
 suburbs. In this way an edition of 20,000 was exhausted.
 
 The Author. 83 
 
 under my management. My reasons for this decision, 
 I am sure, will be duly appreciated by my friends. 
 My health, I find, is becoming unreliable ; my dear 
 wife has been so great a sufferer for two years as to 
 require my constant attention, and she is now almost 
 helpless, and almost confined to her bed. When, to 
 these, are added the duties imposed upon me by my 
 share in the directorship of the Preston Bank ; the 
 attentions required by so numerous a family as 
 happens to have fallen to my lot, and a very 
 extensive general correspondence, I think I shall be 
 excused for not continuing a labour which of late I 
 have felt to be very onerous. I hope still to be able 
 to serve the cause of teetotalism through the medium 
 of the press, without being tied, as I have been, to 
 appear always at a fixed time." The average 
 monthly circulation of this journal was a little over 
 14,000. 
 
 In 1868 he issued "A Word to Publicans," and it 
 had been his custom for many years to issue to his 
 fellow-townspeople a New Year's address (see note, 
 page 82). The last of these was issued on January 
 1st, 1 88 1. Since that date he had not felt equal to 
 the task of writing them. Almost up to the last he 
 issued pamphlets and leaflets, entitled, The Preston 
 Temperance Teacher, in which there were apt quota- 
 tions, occasionally from works and speeches followed 
 by his own comments. One of his latest leaflets was 
 a letter he sent to the great Temperance Conference 
 in London, in June, 1881, containing suggestions 
 on the special means for reaching neglected classes.
 
 84 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 " In writing, my great aim has always been to make 
 everything plain and easy to be understood, and 
 without this no permanent impression can be ex- 
 pected. Some authors boast of writing their sheets 
 and sending them, off-hand, direct to the printers. I 
 cannot do this. Perhaps I am too fastidious ; but 
 every article I write is afterwards read over and 
 corrected twice. If there is a weak expression, I try 
 to strengthen it ; if a confused sentence, I alter it 
 or write it afresh ; and for this extra labour I have 
 always been rewarded by the appreciation of my 
 
 readers And, after all, I seldom read one of 
 
 my own articles in print but I could improve it. If 
 the penmanship were as plain as my diction, the 
 printer would have less occasion to complain." 
 With all his labour he often lamented that he had 
 done so little. When his old friend and fellow- 
 worker, Mr. Thomas Walmsley, was with him a few 
 months prior to his death, he clasped his hands and 
 said, " Thomas, what I regret the most is the little I 
 have done in my life. Oh, do work as much as ever 
 you possibly can." Such was the humble view 
 taken of his vast labours by this truly noble and 
 unselfish man.
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 The Citizen. 
 
 HROUGHOUT the whole of his long 
 life Joseph Livesey was a good citizen, 
 in the best sense of the term. It was 
 not necessary for him to ask, " Who 
 is my neighbour ? " In any question 
 that arose he was for humanity, and he 
 put humanity before all else. But in this chapter we 
 desire to give some idea of the work he did in con- 
 nection with the municipality of " Proud Preston." 
 
 Occupied as his mind was with the struggle for 
 existence, Corn Law repeal, teetotalism, and literature, 
 one would hardly expect him to find time for aesthetic 
 matters. But we have seen how he worked hard in 
 his first home to make the garden a pleasant place to 
 walk in. He continued to have the love of trees and 
 flowers, and liked to look upon them and walk among 
 them. During his married life he lived altogether 
 in ten different houses, and he says that he always 
 contrived to select a house where there was a bit of 
 garden to be made attractive, and where he could 
 look out upon fields and trees. At the front of his
 
 86 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 second house he levelled the street a work not in- 
 cumbent upon him, but undertaken purely out of good 
 citizenship and a love of order and planted flowers, 
 although, for lack of sun and air, these soon died. Later 
 they occupied a little farm at a place called Holme 
 Slack, and here he rearranged gardens, drained and 
 hedged, planted shrubs and trees, and reaped the 
 benefit in calm, blissful repose in the summer evenings 
 on his return from the town. " Oh, how I did enjoy 
 the tranquillity of those delightful walks and the 
 perfumes of those ever-enchanting flowers ! I felt a 
 sense of repose as I opened the gate ; and the quiet 
 of walking under those shady trees, how it seemed to 
 obliterate the recollection of crowded streets and long 
 chimneys. For about twenty years we remained 
 there, and long before the end of that period I beheld 
 the ivy covering the walls to the eaves, which I had 
 planted with my own hand. There were also the 
 fine Portugal laurels, the tall Irish yew, the holly 
 bush, the aucuba, with a variety of roses, forming a 
 pleasant avenue, and rendered tenfold more interest- 
 ing from the recollection that all these were put 
 down tiny plants by myself at moments stolen from 
 the calls of business. It was some time before we 
 erected a dwelling of our own at Windermere, and 
 there I have had the credit of good taste and a love 
 of order in laying out the grounds with shrubs and 
 flowers. The last little service I did in this way 
 was the presentation of a dozen choice plants of 
 Araucaria plants to our Park, .... one of which I 
 assisted to plant myself."
 
 The Citizen. 87 
 
 It will be seen from this extract that Livesey was 
 all for improving and beautifying the surroundings, 
 and making existence as pleasant as possible. He 
 was, in fact, one of those men eulogised by Dean 
 Swift as being greater benefactors of their country 
 than " the whole race of politicians put together " 
 one of those who delight to make two blades of 
 grass grow where only one grew before. It was 
 therefore to be expected that his official connection 
 with the municipality of Preston would be used in 
 favour of improving and beautifying the town, and 
 this proved to be the case. He says that when he 
 became an inhabitant of Preston it could only boast 
 of a piece of a church, " the steeple, built of red sand- 
 stone, being in a dilapidated condition ; it has now 
 (1868) twelve. It then comprised little more than 
 three main streets Churchgate, Friargate, and 
 Fishergate and in each was fixed a bar where a toll 
 was collected, there being no ingress or egress for 
 horses and conveyances but through these." 
 
 During his connection with the borough, he filled 
 the offices of Select Vestryman, Guardian, Com- 
 missioner for Improvement of the Borough, and 
 Town Councillor. As a commissioner his influence 
 was exerted in favour of improvements, and he was 
 always pointing out desirable alterations on the 
 score of health and cleanliness. He says he would 
 have liked the office of Inspector of Nuisances, and 
 adds, " I would often go ahead of my coadjutors, 
 and, but for them holding back, I should have in- 
 curred more expense than was justifiable, though
 
 88 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 what I proposed was not in the way of ornament, 
 but for purposes of general utility." 
 
 No doubt had age permitted he could have given 
 some valuable information to the " Royal Commis- 
 sion on the Housing of the Poor," respecting the 
 comparative comfort or squalor of the poor districts 
 in the great cities of the three kingdoms. When- 
 ever he visited a large town, whether it were Dublin, 
 Edinburgh, Liverpool, or London itself, his first 
 " lions " to be inspected were the slums, and these 
 visits enabled him to get a tolerably good idea how 
 the poor lived. Though his progress as an Improve- 
 ment Commissioner was slower than he wished, he 
 was able to accomplish some valuable alterations. 
 Among these were the widening of Orchard-street, 
 and the improvement of the walks by the side of the 
 Ribble, from Jackson's Gardens to Penwortham 
 Bridge. This latter improvement he had long de- 
 sired to make, for it was very difficult for pedestrians 
 to make their way alongside the river between the 
 two points mentioned. In 1847 the opportunity 
 came, and with it the chance of averting a consider- 
 able amount of pauperism. Trade was bad, many 
 persons unemployed, and the town was afflicted with 
 a superabundance of beggars. " Large subscrip- 
 tions were being raised for the relief of Ireland, and 
 this suggested to me the advantage of making an 
 effort to get these poor people some relief through 
 the medium of employment. I mooted the project of 
 a walk along the Ribble ; a public meeting was con- 
 vened, and a ' Labour Association ' formed." They
 
 The Citizen. 89 
 
 raised 445 143. /d., and this, together with help 
 given by the Corporation, enabled them to employ 
 a body of men for fifteen months, and to effect many 
 improvements additional to that for which the fund 
 was raised. Streets and open land were cleared of 
 rubbish and levelled, pits of stagnant water that 
 were a nuisance were filled ; side-walks put straight 
 and cindered ; roads and streets, formerly almost 
 impassable, were relaid and made into good thorough- 
 fares. Then they set about the Ribble-walks ; em- 
 banking, staking, bringing earth from a distance, 
 and levelling the walks, and making good and im- 
 proving the approaches thereto. " I don't know that 
 I was ever connected with any undertaking that gave 
 me more satisfaction." 
 
 That the people of Preston could not say there 
 was nothing for them to drink except what the 
 taverns provided, he had no less than eight drink- 
 ing-fountains erected in different parts of the town 
 as " preachers of temperance." He also erected a 
 beautiful fountain at Bowness Bay, near to where the 
 passengers land from the Windermere steamers, and 
 his son William placed one upon the Douglas pier. 
 
 Remembering those years of poverty he had 
 himself passed through, Joseph Livesey always felt 
 himself strongly drawn to the poor and suffering. 
 And not merely did he express sympathy with their 
 unfortunate condition, but he sought to give them 
 immediate relief, and to help them " out of the prison 
 of their mean estate." It is scarcely an exaggeration 
 to say that even in the foulest slums of his native
 
 90 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life, 
 
 town for Walton is really a part of Preston his 
 genial face was as well-known as any. He gave 
 liberally to the poor, but he generally took the pre- 
 caution of visiting them in their own homes to prevent 
 imposition on the part of the drunken and profligate. 
 " It seems natural to me to enjoy myself among the 
 poor; and if my present means were doubled or 
 trebled, I think it would make no difference. I feel 
 happier at any time at the fireside of a poor man's 
 cottage, chatting with his family, than in the drawing- 
 room of my richest friend." This was not a senti- 
 ment that crept into his heart as age exerted its 
 mellowing influence it tinctured the whole of his 
 life, and is the secret of his long and weary labours 
 as repealer, author, and temperance reformer. He 
 worked not for himself, but that the blessings of 
 cheap food, comfort, and sobriety might be extended 
 to the poverty-stricken and the dissolute. Soon after 
 his marriage he heard of a poor man lying sick, 
 and covered with putrefying sores, in a cellar in 
 Vauxhall-road. Livesey himself was poor, but in- 
 stead of merely expressing his sympathy with the 
 sufferer, he sent him his best and probably only 
 feather-bed. 
 
 He was not content with calling at the houses of 
 the poor and making inquiries at the door. He went 
 into their rooms to find out their wants in regard to 
 bedding, etc. Some of these visits were made at 
 night-time, and what he saw induced him to turn his 
 attention especially to the condition of the bedrooms. 
 He found many without bed or bedding of any
 
 The Citizen. 91 
 
 kind, and he was not long in finding out what was 
 the most comfortable cheap bed. He found that a 
 chaff-bed was the best. Acting upon this, in one 
 hard winter (about 1826) he distributed 900 sacks of 
 chaff among the poor. He enlisted a few friends to 
 assist him in the work of visiting the worst quarters 
 and finding out who were in most need, and then 
 distributed the chaff in quantities of one, two, or three 
 sackfuls according to need, but he made it an abso- 
 lute condition that, after throwing out their old chaff, 
 and before receiving the new, they should wash their 
 bed-ticks. He bought the chaff from the farmers at 
 about 8d. per sack, and they delivered it in their 
 carts according to the list of names he supplied them 
 with. The experience thus gained was valuable on 
 other occasions when the townspeople were induced 
 to organise relief in times of special distress. At 
 these times Livesey was generally bed-distributor- 
 in-chief. 
 
 In 1858 he inaugurated what was known as the 
 " Bedding Charity," and in this work he obtained the 
 help of the vicar as chairman, Mr. Myers as trea- 
 surer, and Rev. J. Shaw, curate, as secretary, whilst 
 he was denominated vice-chairman. They appealed 
 for help, and got it to the extent of over .1,100. Here, 
 again, it was made a condition that the ticks should 
 be washed, but where these were too old or where 
 there were none, as was too often the case new 
 ones were given. Sheets and quilts were supplied 
 to them at a low price. Lime for whitewashing 
 their rooms, and sometimes soap, was also given.
 
 92 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 But in some cases the people were too sick or too 
 old to clean out their place, in which cases women 
 from the workhouse were sent to do it. There had 
 never been such a cleaning out before, and to 
 many the feeling of comfort caused by the strangely 
 fresh room was the beginning of habits of cleanli- 
 ness. All over the town men were busy with 
 truck-loads of beds, of which some thousands were 
 given to the poor. Livesey's post was at the 
 depot, where the supply was 'stored, and here for 
 weeks he remained all day, not even going home 
 to dinner, but contenting himself with a bun and a 
 glass of water. In a sermon which Canon Parr, 
 the vicar, preached in the parish church on February 
 I4th, 1858, occurs this passage : 
 
 " The Bedding Charity has been organised with a 
 view to mitigate the extremity of distress known to 
 exist. Honour be to Mr. Livesey, the prime mover in 
 it honour to the first and most munificent con- 
 tributors to it honour, above all, to the laborious 
 and self-denying visitors, and to the honorary and 
 earnest efficient secretary, the Rev. J. Shaw. 
 Thanks to all these, much has been done to re- 
 lieve, and, more, to discover, an extent .and depth of 
 suffering which must be seen to be adequately under- 
 stood and felt." 
 
 In 1845 he conceived and carried out the idea of 
 giving an annual summer trip to the very poorest 
 classes of Preston. " Every summer the poorest 
 in the town, ' the halt, the lame, and the blind,' the 
 scavengers, the sweeps, and workhouse people, have
 
 The Citizen. 93 
 
 been treated by a railway trip to Blackpool, South- 
 port, Fleetwood, or some other sea-bathing place." 
 This was spoken of in the town as the " Poor 
 People's Trip;" the " Old Women's Trip," the "Butter- 
 milk Trip," the latter from their custom of taking a 
 truck-load of milk for the use of the excursionists. 
 At first they took from 2,000 to 2,500 persons, but it 
 gradually grew in numbers until it had reached 4,000. 
 " We arranged with the railway companies to 
 take them for sixpence a head, and we issued tickets 
 in packets at eightpence, including for each person a 
 bun and milk ad libitum. Latterly, coffee was substi- 
 tuted for milk. Benevolent persons and employers 
 purchased the tickets and distributed them among the 
 poor, and the demand, I may say, always exceeded 
 the supply. It was managed by a committee, of 
 which Mr. Joseph Dearden is one of the oldest. 
 This low charge continued for twenty years ; but for 
 the last two years the railway companies have de- 
 manded one shilling. I don't blame them for this, 
 for it had become impossible to discriminate suffi- 
 ciently so as to prevent numbers of persons taking 
 advantage of the charity trip who were well able to 
 pay a full fare. The trips, however, have gone as 
 before, though at the higher charge, except that re- 
 freshments are not supplied ; and it is not looked 
 upon now as an exclusively charitable arrangement. 
 It used to be an interesting sight to me to see the 
 trains start one after another, every carriage crammed 
 with the poor people as ' happy as princes.' It was 
 the only ' out ' many of them got during the whole
 
 94 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 year, and they would talk of it many a long day. 
 Long before the day arrives the old women will call 
 to ask when the trip will come off, and describe their 
 ailments, telling marvellous tales how much they 
 were benefited the year before. I often think how 
 much friendship and goodwill might be diffused 
 among the poor if the rich would but only mix more 
 with them, and contrive for their enjoyments. They 
 little think of the store of gratitude that is lodged in 
 breasts covered with rags for any one who becomes 
 their benefactor." 
 
 His mind was ever active, thinking in what way 
 he could be of use to his poorer fellows. He was 
 struck with the gross frauds practised upon the poor 
 by the system of selling coals by the sack or hundred- 
 weight. He had some of these weighed, and found 
 that instead of the 112 Ibs., they did not contain more 
 than from 90 to loo Ibs. each. He determined upon 
 a new system which would ensure the poor getting 
 their proper weight at a lower price. He had cart- 
 loads of coal brought to different points of the town, 
 accompanied by a weighing-machine on wheels, so 
 that the poor could see their coals weighed up, thrown 
 into baskets, and wheeled away on a truck to their 
 homes. They were sold at a price to cover expenses, 
 and for ready-money. The scheme was most success- 
 ful and beneficial, and after he had seen it fully 
 established he induced his friend, Mr. Wm. Toulmin, 
 to take it up. The latter, somewhat improved upon 
 it by establishing permanent retail coal-yards in 
 various quarters of the town.
 
 The Citizen. 95 
 
 In that awful period of the Lancashire Cotton 
 Famine, Preston probably suffered more than any 
 other town, for it was almost entirely dependent upon 
 the cotton trade. Livesey was, of course, to the 
 front again, urging on his fellow-townsmen to organise 
 methods of relief before the people were actually 
 starving. He foresaw what some of his friends could 
 not see, that their trouble would be of long duration, 
 and if the people were to be sustained in their struggle 
 with want, not a moment was to be lost in making 
 preparations. A few friends united with him to 
 arrange for the first meeting of a relief committee 
 which was called by the Mayor. The Vicar proposed 
 the first resolution, recommending a public subscrip- 
 tion, and after it had been duly seconded, Mr. T. B. 
 Addison, the Recorder, rose and made a lengthy 
 speech against it, urging that relief should only be 
 afforded through the Board of Guardians. " He 
 seemed to have made a great impression upon the 
 meeting ; a pause ensued ; no one rose to reply, 
 although the meeting, called by circular, was attended 
 both by ministers and private gentlemen. With me 
 it was a moment of intense anxiety ; I had laboured 
 hard to bring this meeting about, and I feared that 
 the ingenious appeal of the learned Recorder had 
 frustrated all my hopes. Just as the motion was 
 about to be put to the vote, I felt impelled to speak 
 (though, according to arrangement, I was to speak to 
 a later motion), and once upon my legs, I felt no 
 difficulty in replying to Mr. Addison. Warming up 
 as I proceeded, I carried the meeting with me
 
 96 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 Several others then followed, and the resolution was 
 carried with but two dissentients, Mr. Addison 
 and another. If ever I felt that I had rendered a ser- 
 vice to humanity, it was by coming forward at this 
 critical moment. A committee was appointed, the 
 Vicar being chairman, and I vice-chairman, and after- 
 wards all went on successfully." 
 
 They took large premises, and fitted them up for 
 the campaign against Want. There were store-rooms 
 for meat, bread, flour, and clothing ; seven boilers 
 for making soup. One floor was filled with chaff and 
 cut straw, and the beds which were being filled for 
 the poor. Above this were joiners, shoemakers, and 
 tailors at work. Altogether they employed 489 
 persons. The offices were close to the store, and 
 here Livesey was on duty daily, seldom going home. 
 In one part of the building he made arrangements 
 for washing the poor little children who came for 
 relief, often very dirty, and, where necessary, a ticket 
 was given to the boys on leaving, with the following 
 inscription : " To promote cleanliness and decency, 
 Mr. Livesey will pay to any hairdresser one penny 
 who cuts the hair of this poor boy. This ticket will 
 be his claim for payment any time he may wish." 
 The relief then given was extraordinary. From all 
 parts of the kingdom help was received, especially 
 through the Manchester Central, and the London 
 Mansion House Committees. On some days as many 
 as fifty bales of material and cast-off clothing were 
 received. They worked, without intermission, for 
 three years and three months, and expended ,131 ,000
 
 The Citizen. 97 
 
 in relief. The number of relief-tickets issued was 
 5,141,418, and the number of persons relieved 
 40,627. " This was a gigantic undertaking, and was 
 managed so as to secure the praise of visitors from all 
 parts of the world." Well might he exclaim, after 
 his experiences in this connection, " I hope no one 
 living may ever see another ' Cotton Famine.' " 
 
 In 1834 there came into operation a new and more 
 stringent Poor Law, the carrying out of which in- 
 volved harsher treatment of the poor and the centra- 
 lisation of authority, besides being more expensive 
 for overburdened ratepayers. It was another result 
 of the Corn Laws. His old opponent, Mr. Addison, 
 was the champion of the new Poor Law, and Livesey 
 as resolutely opposed its introduction into the 
 town, but only with partial success. The fight 
 was, however, a brave one on Livesey's part, and he 
 had the satisfaction of seeing certain of the obnoxious 
 regulations repealed or modified, and others allowed 
 to remain in abeyance. 
 
 Soon after their marriage, both Livesey and his 
 wife started a Sunday-school for adults, hiring a 
 cottage for the purpose. He opened reading-rooms, 
 and a few years after a youths' Sunday-school, which 
 was carried on for seven years entirely at his own 
 expense. Thjere the scholars were also taught to 
 write, and on certain nights in the weeks he taught a 
 grammar class. Among the members were many 
 lads who are now respected citizens of Preston. In 
 1827 Livesey rented rooms in Cannon Street for 
 various educational purposes, and here one evening 
 
 - 
 
 Joseph Livesey. '
 
 98 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 six individuals met him in response to a circular he 
 had issued inviting co-operation in the formation of 
 a mechanics' institution. 
 
 " If the reader of this will imagine half a dozen 
 persons seated on forms, with a single candle to en- 
 lighten their proceedings, and the writer of this 
 opening out his plans, he will have a view of the 
 origin of that Institution whose building is now among 
 the first in the town, an ornament to Avenham Walks 
 and the vicinity, with a library of 8,OOO volumes." 
 
 In addition to this he founded a successful work- 
 ing men's club. In his earlier days he always took 
 . part in the parliamentary elections, working for the 
 Liberal candidates, but in after years he did not feel 
 in harmony with the drinking and bribing that used 
 to characterise these contests. He was a strong 
 opponent of compulsory Church rates and Easter 
 dues, which he would never pay. " I could never 
 see the justice of a minister of religion having the 
 power to lay a tax upon every family in his parish, 
 charging the poor widow as much as the richest 
 lady, and all independent of any services rendered 
 or required." He refused to pay, and the usual re- 
 sult was a couple of cheeses were taken out of his 
 warehouse to defray a rate of 6d. He formed an 
 " Anti-Easter Dues Association " ; but after finding 
 that he would not pay and that interference with 
 him brought on agitation, the officials let him alone 
 and never asked for the rate. 
 
 In 1866, the Preston Bank suspended payment, 
 and all chance of its resuscitation was deemed hope-
 
 The Citizen. 99 
 
 less. Livesey expressed his belief that it could be 
 done. Meeting after meeting of the shareholders 
 was called, and they elected Livesey chairman. It 
 was difficult work. Livesey was only the holder of 
 five shares in the undertaking, but he had before 
 him all the misery and ruin that would ensue to 
 many families if it were wound up. He gave him- 
 self up entirely to the work for weeks, and finally 
 was gratified to know that satisfactory arrangements 
 had been completed, and every creditor paid off in 
 full, whilst the bank was re-established on a surer 
 footing, and Livesey, at the earnest solicitation of the 
 shareholders, became a director. " In looking back 
 upon this successful affair, my satisfaction is only 
 equal to the gratitude of my townsmen."
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 Last Days. 
 
 T will, perhaps, come as an astonishing 
 fact to the reader, after our recital of 
 the chief accomplishments of the 
 grand old Prestonian, to be told that 
 throughout his life Joseph Livesey 
 suffered much from illness. Yet such 
 was the fact. From his mother he had in- 
 herited a tendency to rheumatism, and the 
 damp cellar of his early working days had provided 
 the conditions favourable to its development. He 
 had been afflicted with rheumatic-fever four or five 
 times, and had suffered greatly. This was the cause 
 of his relinquishing his literary work on several 
 occasions, but as soon as he was convalescent he 
 commenced something else. As we have seen, this 
 was his reason for giving up the Staunch Teetotaler 
 at the end of 1868. His beloved wife was ill at the 
 same time, and her complaint terminated fatally in 
 June, 1869, when she was seventy-three years of 
 age. At the beginning of 1871, he lost his son 
 Franklin, at the age of thirty-five.
 
 Last Days. 101 
 
 Livesey had had the attentions of a different doctor 
 in each illness, but he stated that none of them did 
 him any good. At last he heard of the hydropathic 
 treatment, and determined to try it. He received 
 very great benefit from it, and used to tell his 
 readers that without the water cure they would have 
 had no Staunch Teetotaler. From that time he would 
 have nothing to do with physic, " not even, an aperi- 
 ent pill occasionally." In his later years he also 
 adopted the vegetarian diet, and found it very bene- 
 ficial. He was thus temperate in all things except 
 work. In reply to the expressions of wonder that 
 he could find time to do so much, he wrote, "Whatever 
 I engaged in I pursued with as much energy as if the 
 success depended upon my exertions alone" This was 
 the secret of Joseph Livesey's success in whatever 
 he undertook. 
 
 On the occasion of his eightieth birthday, March 
 5th, 1874, a public celebration was held in Preston, 
 which testified to the wide-spread veneration and 
 esteem felt for the veteran reformer. A Temperance 
 Conference was held in the Corn Exchange in the 
 morning, and in the evening a public meeting was 
 held, at which illuminated addresses and telegrams 
 of a congratulatory character were poured in from 
 temperance societies in all parts of the country. The 
 hero of the occasion was present in fairly robust 
 health, and in reply to the speeches and addresses, 
 he urged all present to work on with stronger faith 
 and greater energy. Since then he has been waited 
 upon on each recurring anniversary by members of
 
 IO2 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 the Preston Temperance Society and others with 
 congratulatory addresses. On the occasion of his 
 eighty-fifth anniversary, he said, in reply to the 
 deputation from the Preston Society, that while he 
 lived, while he could handle a pen, while he had 
 health, he would still consecrate his energy and in- 
 fluence in promoting the good old cause. 
 
 His latter days were spent in peaceful retirement, 
 his mind blessed with the knowledge that throughout 
 his long and honourable career he had helped in 
 spreading untold joy and gladness to millions of his 
 fellow-creatures in all parts of the world. 
 
 He had been suffering from illness for some time, 
 and on September 2nd, 1884 a day after the fifty- 
 second anniversary of that memorable pledge-signing 
 by the seven he passed peacefully to rest, in the 
 presence of his sons and other members of the 
 family. " So passed the strong, heroic soul away," 
 and from every part of the country came expressions 
 of hearty sympathy for his bereaved family. For 
 him that had gone as the Daily News remarked in 
 its leading article the usual common-places of regret 
 were inapplicable, for he had died " in the extreme 
 fulness of years and after his unselfish and humane 
 labours had produced their beneficent fruits." 
 
 It is not for us here to chronicle the details of the 
 splendid sorrow and gladness sorrow for the country's 
 loss, and gladness that she had been blessed with such 
 a son manifested in Proud Preston on that fifth day 
 of September, when the mortal remains of Preston's
 
 Last Days. 103 
 
 noblest citizen were laid to rest, by the side of her 
 who had been his true and faithful helpmeet for fifty- 
 four years. Many houses of business were closed, 
 and the Guildhall was given up as a meeting-place 
 for the hundreds that had come from all parts of the 
 country, as delegates of thousands more, to testify at 
 Joseph Livesey's grave their sense of the blessing he 
 had been to the civilised world. Ten thousand people 
 in the streets uncovered and bowed their heads as the 
 solemn procession passed, and in the crowds were 
 many working folk who testified in rough but earnest 
 language to the good he had caused to them and 
 theirs. Around the vault in the cemetery were 
 gathered representatives from all the national tem- 
 perance organisations and from many of a more local 
 character. We have not space to reproduce the words 
 spoken by earnest men over the open grave, many of 
 the speakers being themselves veterans in the fight. 
 Among them was one of the old workers named by 
 Joseph Livesey Edward Grubb (of Rotherham) 
 whose words are worthy of quotation : " He had 
 been a witness that day of the manifestation of good feel- 
 ing to a distinguished fellow-citizen who had grown up 
 amongst them and laboured for them through a long 
 life ; one who had not only shown himself good in 
 public, but also in private life, and proved that he had 
 been an Englishman of whom they might all well be 
 proud. He was an example to moral and political 
 reformers of sound views, of correct taste, of a 
 
 genuine faith in principles Mr. Livesey had 
 
 not been merely the instructor of the poor and the
 
 1 04 Joseph Livesey : The Story of his Life. 
 
 sympathiser with the widow, but the great temperance 
 reform in Preston, in England, or in the world was 
 blessed by the fact that it had been associated with 
 the name of Joseph Livesey. It was not alone for 
 the ability and genius of Mr. Livesey, shown in the 
 cause of temperance, that he would be remembered. 
 It was through the universality of his knowledge, of 
 his benevolence, the broadness of his patriotism, that 
 grand and expansive interest in humanity which 
 recognised a brother in distant climes it was through 
 that that he knocked off the shackles from the slave, 
 that he took away imposts on their food, that he 
 opened their -ports to free trade and became an 
 instructor to the statesmen and politicians of his 
 
 day Mr. Livesey's young disciples had this 
 
 singular merit that the first original temperance 
 society was established in England, Ireland, Scotland, 
 and Wales, and its principles propagated by the 
 Preston men at their own expense In con- 
 clusion, he tendered his love and sympathy to the 
 members of Mr. Livesey's family for the ' great loss 
 they had sustained. He entered most acutely into 
 the private feelings of their dear friends. There was 
 one there who had been to him as a brother, and who 
 he knew would accept from him this declaration in the 
 presence of his dead father, that neither that father's 
 genius, nor his talents, nor his character, nor his ser- 
 vices would go neglected or unrecorded." 
 
 LONDON : S. W. PARTRIDGE & Co., 9, PATERNOSTER Row.
 
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 CATALOGUE OF NEW AND POPULAR WORKS. 5 
 
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 CATALOGUE OF NEW AND POPULAR WORKS. 9 
 
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 CATALOGUE OF NEW AND POPULAR WORKS, n 
 
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 CATALOGUE OF NEW AND POPULAR WORKS. 15 
 
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 Volumes for 1887, 1888, and 1889 may still be had as above. 
 
 The Yearly Volume for 1890, with numerous Engravings, Ornamental Cover, is. 6d. 
 cloth, as. ; gilt edges, 2s. 6d. 
 
 THE CHILDREN'S FRIEND. With excellent serial and short 
 Stories, Prize Competition, Puzzles, Music, etc., and illustrations by the best artists. 
 One Penny Monthly (16 ages).' The Yearly Volumes for 1887, 1888, and 1889 may 
 still be had as above. 
 
 The Yearly Volume for 1890, Ornamental Cover, it. fid. ; cloth, as. ; gilt edges, as. 6d. 
 
 THE INFANTS' MAGAZINE. Printed in clear, bold type, 
 and containing charming pictures for the little ones. One Penny Monthly (16 pages). 
 The Yearly Volumes for 1887, 1888, and 1889 may still be had as above. 
 
 The Yearly Volume for 1890, hi Ornamental Cover, is. 6d. ; cloth, at. ; gilt edges, as. 6d. 
 
 THE FRIENDLY VISITOR. Gospel Stories and Poems, 
 printed in large type, and Finely Illustrated. One Penny Monthly dfi pages). 
 The Yearly Volumes for 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888, and 1889 may still be had as 
 above. 
 
 The Yearly Part for 1890, with Coloured Cover and fall of Engravings, is. ; gilt, as. each. 
 
 THE BAND OF HOPE REVIEW. The leading Temperance 
 Journal for Youth, with striking illustrations by the foremost Artists of the day. 
 One Halfpenny Monthly. The Yearly Parts for 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888, and iSe'g may 
 still be had as above. 
 
 The Yearly Volume for 1890, with Coloured Cover, is. 6d. ; cloth, as. ; gilt edges, 
 as. 6d. each. 
 
 THE MOTHERS' COMPANION. One Penny Monthly (16 
 pages), fully Illustrated. Containing, in addition to serial Stories and Articles 
 of general interest by popular writers, Papers upon all matters relating to the 
 Management of the Home. The Yearly Volumes for 1887, 1888, and 1889 may still 
 be had. 
 
 9, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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